,transcrib]'s notes3 ,?is pla9 text e-book conta9s tables1 equations & *emical =mulae1 "s ( :i* _c be r5d]$ v reali/ically 9 pla9 text =mat - ! html v]sion is /ongly recomm5d$1 view$ ) a /&>d web br[s]4 ,italic script is d5ot$ by und]scores & bold by 99a/]isks994 ,subscript$ text is enclos$ )9 & prec$$ by an und]score1 e4g4 ,ca7,,oh7#b4 ,sup]script$ text is likewise enclos$ b prec$$ by 1 e4g4 #aj-eb4 ,! text ( ! book has mo/ly be5 pres]v$ 9 its orig9al =m1 includ+ inconsi/5t italics1 capitalisation1 & hyph5ation4 ,h[ev]1 "s defects h be5 correct$ sil5tly1 su* z miss+_/inconsi/5t punctuation1 p>5!ses & spac+1 & an errone\s has be5 replac$ by 9 a fraction 9 footnote #fi4 ,tables h be5 =matt$ to mat* ! orig9asl1 b a l>ge table t 0 orig9ally split ov] f\r pages 7pp4 #ih-aja71 has be5 cond5s$ into two sections4 ,footnotes h be5 numb]$ & position$ bel[ ! relevant p>agraphs1 & "s illu/rations h be5 mov$ clos] to ! relevant text4 ,! foll[+ typographic corrections h be5 made3 mutipli$ multipli$ ,ko?beize ,ko?beiz5 ( on ph5olphtale9 ph5olph?ale9 hydroxylion hydroxyl ion ,ca7,,oh#b7 ,ca7,,oh7#b peps9e peps9 bibliographic xref 7#i7 7#ai7 ,! foll[+ inconsi/5t spell+s h n be5 alt]$3 ,frank=t a_/,m - ,frank=t o_/,m ,z5ck]i - z5k]i ,cas59 - ,caseu9 ,k5tniss - ,k5ntnis - ,k5ntniss resi/ant - resi/5t c4c4 - c4cm4 urea - ure ae - ,,! ,,pu]+1 ,,bat+ ,,dr5*+ ,,( ,,sk9s ,sci5tia et pot5tia humana 9 idem co9cidunt1 quia ignoratio caus de/ituit effectum4 ,natura enim non nisi p>5do v9citur3 et quod 9 contemplatione in/> caus e/1 id 9 op]atione in/> regul e/4 ,k & human p[] are synonym\s1 s9ce ! ignorance ( ! cause fru/rates ! effect2 = nature is only subdu$ by submission1 & t1 :i* 9 contemplative philosophy corresponds ) ! cause1 9 practical sci5ce becomes ! rule4--,,bacon1 ,aphorism ,,iii4 ,,! ,,pu]+1 ,,bat+ ,,dr5*+ ,,( ,,sk9s ,,by ,,joseph ,,turney ,,wood ,,director ,,( ,,turney ,,bro!rs1 ,,limit$1 ,,nott+ham2 ,,exam9] ,,9 ,,lea!r ,,tann+1 ,,dress+ ,,( ,,sk9s1 ,,& ,,lea!r ,,dye+ ,,to ,,! ,,city ,,& ,,guilds ,,( ,,london ,,in/itute2 ,,memb] ,,( ,,! ,,int]national ,,association ,,( ,,lea!r ,,trades ,,*emi/s1 ,,etc4 #cc ,,illu/rations ,illu/ration ,london ,e4 ,f4 ,n4 ,,spon1 ,ltd41 #eg ,,haym>ket ,new ,york ,,spon ,,*amb]la91 #abc ,,lib]ty ,,/reet #aiab ,,d$icat$ ,,to ,,sir ,,john ,,turney ,,! ,,vet]an ,,( ,,! ,,light ,,lea!r ,,indu/ry ,,9 ,,grateful ,,ackn[l$gm5t ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ix ,,preface xi ,i4 ,,description ,,( ,,! ,,pu]+ ,,& ,,bat+ ,,process #a ,,ii4 ,,! ,,*emi/ry ,,( ,,bat+ #bc ,,iii4 ,,! ,,physics ,,( ,,bat+ #ee ,,iv4 ,,! ,,bact]iology ,,( ,,! ,,bate #hg ,v4 ,,action ,,( ,,enzymes #abg ,,vi4 ,,orig9al ,,pap]s ,,on ,,bat+ #adg ,,vii4 ,,artificial ,,bates #agh ,,viii4 ,,pat5ts #aic ,,ix4 ,,dr5*+ #bcc ,x4 ,,orig9al ,,pap]s ,,on ,,dr5*+ #bdf ,,xi4 ,,bibliography #bhb ,,conclusion #bib ,,index #bie ,,illu/rations ,,fig4 ,,page #a4 ,curve %[+ removal ( lime by wa%+ #f #b4 ,cubical 8truck0 = measur+ sk9 fac+ #h #c4 ,pu] :eel #ac #d4 ,front elevation ( pu] :eel #ac #e4 ,end elevation & section ( pu] :eel #ad #f4 ,sir ,john ,turney's scudd+ ma*9e fac+ #ag #g4 ,curves ( a% cont5ts dur+ pu]+ #ch #h4 ,diagram ( volum5omet] #fb #i4 connexions ( electrometric app>atus #gf #aj4 ,electrometric app>atus #gh #aa4 ,app>atus = measur+ degree ( fall+ #hc #ab4 ,curves obta9$ by measur+ app>atus #he1 #hf #ac4 ,improv$ app>atus = measur+ degree ( fall+ #hf #ad4 ,v>i\s =ms ( bact]ia 9 pu] liquors fac+ #hh #ae4 ,b4 coli commune #hh #af4 ,b4 erodi5s 7,beck]7 #ig #ag4 ,plate culture f fre% pu] #ig #ah4 pu] :eel #ajc #ai4 ,b4 putrificus #ajc #bj4 ,organisms 9 pigeon dung1 #ajjj #ajd #ba4 ,pure culture ( bacillus 7d7 f sweat$ sk9 fac+ #ajf #bb4 7e7 #ajf #bc4 ,b4 butyricus 7,hueppe7 #aab #bd4 ,spirillum volutans 7,kuts*]71 /a9$ to %[ flagell #aab #be4 un/a9$ prep>ation #aab #bf4 ,curves %[+ rate ( hydrolysis #abi #bg4 ,organisms 9 bran dr5*1 #ajjj #bdj #bh4 ,*a9s ( bran bact]ia1 #ajjj #bdj #bi4 ,bran f]m5tation1 advanc$ /age #bda #cj4 ,b4 furfuris1 fac+ #bfi #ca4 ,b4 furfuris1 #bfi #cb4 ,cultures ( 9 glucose gelat9 #bfh #cc4 ,gas curve 7,b4 furfuris7 #bgg ,,preface ,! pres5t volume is ! outcome ( a desire to pres]ve ! num]\s notes :i* ,i h made dur+ ov] tw5ty ye>s' "w at ! practical & sci5tific /udy ( bat+4 ,x has be5 my wi% to complete ! inve/igation ( ?is important process 9 lea!r manufacture1 =1 z ,"l ,all]ton has p>adoxically rem>k$3#a 8,good lea!r is made be=e ! sk9s g into ! tan liquor at all10 b ow+ to circum/ances hav+ drawn me m & m to ! comm]cial side ( ! bus9ess1 ,i h be5 compell$ to ab&on ?is project4 #a ,report ( ,fir/ ,conf]5ce ( ,lea!r ,trade ,*emi/s1 #ahig1 p4 #adf4 ,:5 le>n+ ! trade z an appr5tice e fault 9 ! lea!r 0 attribut$ to ?is "p ( ! "w1 & ! tr\bles & mis]ies ( ! 8pu] %op0 fir/ caus$ me to take up ! /udy ( pu]+4 ,i 0 det]m9$ to "k ! causes und]ly+ ! process4 ,pu]+ is n only a fil?y & disgu/+ op]ation1 b is prejudicial to heal?1 & 9 ! nature ( x is att5d$ by m worry & tr\ble ?an all ! re/ ( ! processes 9 lea!r mak+ put toge!r4 ,by giv+ a rsum ( ! "w done up to ! pres5t "t1 ,i hope to be ( assi/ance to ! y\ng] g5]ation ( ,tann+ ,*emi/s1 to "s ( :om is res]v$ ! privilege ( c>ry+ on ! "w4 ,i ?9k x may n[ be said1 at any rate1 t ! solution ( ! problem ( con/ruct+ an artificial bate on sci5tific pr9ciples1 :i* w replace ! pres5t crude me?ods1 is well )9 sight4 ,! pr9cipal ob/acles are1 on ! "o h&1 ! in]tia ( ,engli% manufactur]s2 on ! o!r h&1 ! class ( lab\r employ$ 9 pu]+ is n ( ! highe/ ord] ( intellig5ce4 ,innovations 9 mo/ ?+s are resi/$1 p>tly because !y necessitate *anges 9 ! me?od ( work+1 & p>tly because ( ! innate cons]vatism ( human nature4 ,x is c]ta9ly a significant fact t al?\gh mo/ ( ! pione] "w on ?is subject 0 done 9 ,engl&1 ! practical side has be5 tak5 up 9 ,g]many1 & by freely sp5d+ money on l>ge trials 9 ! works !y h enabl$ ! manufacture ( artificial bates to be develop$ on a comm]cial scale4 ,9 #ahhf1 :ile /udy+ ,*emi/ry "u ,pr(essor ,frank ,cl[es1 ,i began to exam9e microscopically ! v>i\s liquors ( a light lea!r factory1 & m especially ! bran dr5*es4 ,at t "t ,i knew no?+ ( bact]iology1 = ! simple reason t little b pa?ological "w 9 ?is l9e 0 be+ done 9 ,engl&4 ,?r\gh ! k9dness ( ,pr(essor ,cl[es1 ,i obta9$ an introduction to ,mr4 ,adrian ,br[n 7n[ pr(essor at ! ,univ]sity ( ,birm+ham71 & 9 8 laboratory at ,burton-on-,tr5t ,i saw ! fir/ pure cultivations ( ,bact]ium ,aceti :i* he _h isolat$1 & ( :i* he _h completely /udi$ ! *emical action4#b ,i _h !re an opportunity ( see+ ! me?ods & app>atus employ$4 ,i also _h ! b5efit ( ,mr4 ,br[n's advice 9 comm5c+ a sy/ematic /udy ( ! process ( dr5*+4 ,pr(essor ,p]cy ,frankl&1 !n at ,dundee1 advis$ me fur!r z to ! microscope & o!r matt]s4 ,my w>me/ ?anks are due to ^! fri5ds = direct+ me 9 ! "r way4 #b ,j\r4 ,*em4 ,soc41 ,m>4 #ahhf4 ,z a result ( my fir/ inve/igations1 on ,decemb] #aa1 #ahhi1 ,i read a %ort pap] entitl$ 8,me?ods ( ,bact]iological ,rese>*--) "s acc\nt ( ,bran ,f]m5tation10 be=e ! ,society ( ,*emical ,indu/ry4 ,! way 9 :i* ?is pap] 0 receiv$ l$ to a fur!r rese>* into ! nature ( bran f]m5tation 9 conjunction ) ,mr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,willcox1 ,b4,sc4 7n[ ,s5ior ,analy/ to ! ,home ,(fice71 by :i* ! action ( ! bran dr5* 0 ?or\ghly inve/igat$1 & ! results publi%$ 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,society ( ,*emical ,indu/ry1 ,may #ca1 #ahic4 ,?is 0 foll[$1 on ,june #cj1 #ahig1 by a pap] 8,on a ,pure ,cultivation ( a ,bacillus ,f]m5t+ ,bran ,infusions10 also 9 conjunction ) ,dr4 ,willcox4 ,9 #ahih1 9 reply to a publication ( ,director ,eitn]1 ( ,vi5na1 ,i publi%$ 9 ! ,lea!r ,trades' ,review 7,novemb] #ae71 a rsum ( ! :ole subject1 entitl$ 8,! ,rationale ( ,dr5*+40 ,already1 9 ! fir/ pap] above nam$ 78,me?ods ( ,bact]iological ,rese>*071 ,i _h call$ att5tion to ! bact]ia ( ! bate prep>$ f dogs' dung1 & 9 a pap] entitl$ 8,f]m5tation 9 ! ,lea!r ,indu/ry10#c develop$ ?is aspect ( ! subject1 & fir/ po9t$ out ! influ5ce ( enzymes 9 bat+4 ,i !re=e decid$ to /udy ! ph5om5a occurr+ 9 ! bate 9 ! same way z ,i _h /udi$ dr5*+4 #c ,j\r4 ,soc4 ,*em4 ,ind41 #ahid4 p4 #bah4 ,! "w 0 begun 9 #ahie1 &1 z x 0 likely to occupy an indef9ite "t1 ! fir/ in/alm5t1 entitl$ 8,notes on ! ,con/itution & ,mode ( ,action ( ! ,dung ,bate 9 ,lea!r ,manufacture10 0 publi%$ ,novemb] #cj1 #ahih2 :ile 8,fur!r ,notes on ! ,action ( ! ,dung ,bate0 0 publi%$ on ,novemb] #cj1 #ahii4 ,9 ^! pap]s ,i indicat$ ! l9es on :i* a culture ( bact]ia might be practically appli$ to ! bat+ ( sk9s1 & gave ! composition ( a liquid :i*1 :ile act+ z a nutri5t m$ium = ! bact]ia1 conta9$ at ! same "t mo/ ( ! active *emical comp\nds ( dog dung4 ,mean:ile1 ,dr4 ,popp & ,dr4 ,beck]1 9 ,frank=t a_/,m1 7 inve/igat+ indep5d5tly ! bact]ia ( dog dung1 & conceiv$ ! idea ( employ+ !m comm]cially4 ,my de> fri5d ,franz ,ka?re9]1 ( ,worms1#d put me 9 communication ) ^! g5tlem51 & we 7 ?us enabl$ to "w 9 conjunction4 ,z a result ( our comb9$ lab\rs1 an artificial bate1 call$ 8,erod910 0 put ^u ! m>ket4 ,?is w be fully treat$ ( 9 ! *apt] on ,artificial ,bates4 #d ,di$1 ,april #aije4 ,i %all give fir/ a %ort acc\nt ( bat+1 & !n sum up z briefly z possible ! pres5t /ate ( our k ( ! process1 aft]w>ds giv+ an acc\nt ( ! m important ( ! v>i\s pat5ts :i* h be5 tak5 out = artificial bates4 ,al?\gh ! book is divid$ into sep>ate sections = conv5i5ce1 x is obvi\s t we _c sep>ate *emi/ry f physics1 nor bact]iology f *emi/ry1 nor enzyme action f all ?ree4 ,my own pap]s are pr9t$ z read4 ,! ,bibliography does n pr(ess to be complete1 b includes mo/ ( ! works consult$4 ,no "o realizes m ?an ,i h[ incomplete ! "w is1 & h[ mu* rese>* /ill rema9s to be done 9 ord] to complete x4 ,?anks to ! ef=ts ( ! ,lea!r ,indu/ries ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,le$s1 & ! ,te*nical ,college ( ! ,lea!r ,sell]s' ,company1 ,b]mondsey1 ! era ( ,rule ( ,?umb is pass+1 & !re is little d\bt t ! "w t is be+ done 9 ^! in/itutions w be translat$ into practical use 9 ! factories by ! com+ g5]ation4 ,i wi% to express my special ?anks to ,mr4 ,,d\glas ,j4 ,,law1 & to ,dr4 ,h4 ,j4 ,s4 ,,s& = assi/ance 9 prep>+ ! notes = publication1 to ,dr4 ,j4 ,,gordon ,,p>k]1 ,director ( ! ,lea!r ,sell]s' ,te*nical ,college1 ,london1 = ! description ( ! bat+ ( hides1 & to ,,pr(essor ,,kr,l1 ( ,prague1 = "s ( ! photographs ( bact]ia4 ,,joseph ,t4 ,,wood4 ,nott+ham3 ,janu>y #aiab4 ,,pu]+1 ,,bat+1 ,,& ,,dr5*+ ,,( ,,sk9s ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,pu]+ ,,& ,,bat+ ,,process4 8,beiz5 s9d ,/(fe die mit dem ,kalk ni*t nur e9 *emis*e ,v]b9dung e9zugeh5 im ,/&e s9d1 wodur* d]selbe lsli* und somit voll/ndig uns*dli* wird1 sond]n au* d5 geg5seitig5 fe/5 ,s*luss d] e9zeln5 ,w&ung5 d] ,zell5elem5te me*anis* lock]n1 d5 ganz5 ,bau d] ,haut 9 si* na*giebig] ma*5 und s die ,v]s*iebb>keit d] e9zeln5 ,hautgebilde erhh540--,j4 ,c4 ,h4 ,,lietzmann1 #ahfb4 8,bates are mat]ials :i* are n only able to ent] into *emical comb9ations ) ! lime1 :]eby x becomes soluble1 & is !reby r5d]$ completely h>mless1 b !y also me*anically loos5 ! cem5t+ sub/ance ( ! sep>ate cell elem5ts1 & r5d] ! :ole /ructure ( ! hide m pliable1 & ?us increase ! mobility ( ! v>i\s p>ts40 ,! object ( bat+ or pu]+ is to r5d] ! sk9s1 & ! result+ lea!r1 s(t & supple4 ,sk9s :i* h und]gone ! lim+ process1 mu/ be ?or\ghly fre$ f lime be=e go+ into ! tan liquors1 &1 = light & s(t lea!rs1 !y mu/ be r$uc$ or 8br\ght d[n10 s t ! ela/icity or resili5ce ( ! sk9 fibres is got rid (1 & ! sk91 :5 tann$1 c be /ret*$ )\t spr++ back4 ,?is is usually done 9 ! case ( light lea!rs1 by pass+ ! sk9s ?r\gh a bate or pu]1 compos$ ( an infusion ( dogs' dung 9 wat] at a temp]ature ( #ce to #dj ,c41 until ! requir$ result is obta9$4 ,?is condition is kn[n to ! workman by ! feel ( ! sk94 ,a good indication is1 t ! sk9 :5 8d[n0 reta9s ! impression ( ! ?umb & f+] if squeez$4 ,a prop]ly pu]$ sk91 :5 dropp$ on ! floor1 w also be p]fectly flaccid1 ! folds ly+ closely toge!r4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be said t x is only by exp]i5ce & a k9d ( in/9ct t ! exactly correct condition ( ! sk9 c be judg$4 ,i "k ( no v e>ly works on lea!r manufacture giv+ an acc\nt ( bat+4 ,x 0 a 8secret process10 & ! results obta9$ dep5d$ almo/ entirely ^u ! judgm5t ( ! op]ator2 & ?is judgm5t 0 frequ5tly 9 error1 ow+ to ! fact t he did n und]/& :at took place 9 ! bate4 ,! e>lie/ acc\nt ,i h be5 able to f9d is 9 a book#e 9 ! possession ( ,mr4 ,seym\r-,jones1 ( ,wrexham1 entitl$ 8,! ,art ( ,tann+ & ,curry+ ,lea!r1 ) an ,acc\nt ( all ! ,diff]5t ,processes made use ( 9 ,europe & ,asia = ,dy+ ,lea!r ,r$ & ,yell[1 ,collect$ & ,publi%$ at ! ,exp5se ( ! ,dubl9 ,society1 to :i* are add$ ,mr4 ,philippo's ,me?od ( ,dy+ ! ,turkey ,lea!r z approv$ ( by ! ,society = ! ,enc\ragem5t ( ,arts1 etc41 & = :i* he _h a ,rew>d ( #ajj1 & _! ,gold ,m$al1 = ! ,secret4 ,also ! ,new ,me?od ( ,tann+ inv5t$ by ! late ,david ,macbride1 ,m4,d41 ,london4 ,repr9t$ = ,j4 ,n\rse1 on ! ,/r&1 ,booksell] to ,8 ,maje/y1 #aghj40 #e ,!re is a copy 9 ! ,briti% ,museum & also 9 ! ,pat5t ,(fice ,libr>y4 ,9 ! *apt] entitl$ 8,alum$ ,calf ,sk9s = ,bookb9d+0 7p4 #ach71 aft] ! lim$ sk9s h be5 fle%$1 ! writ] cont9ues-- 8,to alum !m1 put into a l>ge vat1 ?ree or f\r pails ( dogs' turd 7?is dogs' turd is call$ alum72 on ?is !y fl+ a l>ge pail ( wat] to dilute x2 ?is done1 ! workman goes into ! vat1 &1 ) 8 wood5 %oes1 tramples x1 fill+ ! vat half full ( wat]4 ,! alum]1 on 8 "p1 p\rs wat] out ( 8 boil] into ?is vat1 mix+ x ) ! cold wat]1 aft] :i* he fl+s 9 ! sk9s1 /irr+ !m & turn+ !m = "s mom5ts ) great /icks40 ,! "w is describ$ pretty mu* z n[ practis$1 ! pu] tub be+ kept at a uni=m heat by con/antly tak+ out liquor1 heat+ x1 & return+ x4 ,b nei!r ^! goods1 nor morocco1 are put ?r\gh a 8dr5*0 aft] ! pu]1 z we d n[2 !y are scudd$ on ! fle%1 & well wa%$ sev]al times 9 cle> wat] be=e be+ tann$4 99,morocco ,lea!r99 7p4 #bjd74--,! dry sk9s are soak$ ?ree or f\r days1 8p>$0 on ! beam1 & unhair$ 9 weak lime pits "o mon?4 ,at ,nicosia !y put ! sk9s into lime1 r$uc$ to p[d]1 = tw5ty days 9 summ]1 or tw5ty-five to ?irty 9 w9t]2 out ( ! lime1 ! sk9s are well wa%$ & dra9$4 ,! au?or cont9ues-- 8,! riv] "w f9i%$1 ! sk9s are put into ! dogs' confit1 or ma/]+2 = e f\r doz5s ( sk9s !y add "o bucket ( dogs' excrem5t1 conta9+ f\rte5 or fifte5 qu>ts1 :i* is work$ up ) _! h&s into a k9d ( pap & well dilut$4 ,! sk9s are flung 91 /irr$ & work$ 9 ! ma/]+ = "s m9utes1 !n turn$ & left to re/4 8,!y rema9 ab\t twelve h\rs 9 ! ma/]+1 :i* op5s !m1 & takes (f ! rawness1 disposes !m to relax1 fill & f]m5t4 ,?is excrem5t1 by its alkal9e p>ts1 also cleanses !m & takes out ! grease1 :i* w\ld h9d] !m f tak+ ! col\r4 ,i %all h]eaft] speak ( bran ma/]+4 8,at ,di>bekir1 !y make use ( ^! ma/]+s 9 a diff]5t way4 ,:il/ ! sk9s are dry+1 !y fill great holl[s made 9 ! e>?1 l our lime pits1 ) dogs' dung1 :i* is dilut$ to ! consi/5ce ( honey1 or ( ?9 pap1 9 :i* !y soak ! sk9s = eight days 9 w9t]1 & ?ree 9 summ]1 tread+ !m ea* day ) ! feet4 ,!y are tak5 out ( ?is fecal matt]1 & well wa%$ ) fre% wat]1 aft] :i* ano!r ma/]+ is made ) bran dilut$ ) wat]1 9 :i* ! sk9s are soak$ six days 9 w9t]1 & ?ree 9 summ]1 obs]v+ to tread !m ea* day ) ! feet1 ! same z 9 ! dogs' ma/]+2 !y are !n tak5 out1 wa%$ 9 fre% wat]1 & prep>$ = dye+40 ,f ^! primitive me?ods ! majority ( tann]s1 ev5 ( ! pres5t day1 h dep>t$ b little1 except t1 in/ead ( /irr+ ! goods & liquor ) a /ick1 a paddle is us$1 & ! process ?us %ort5$ consid]ably4 ,be=e describ+ ! op]ation ( pu]+1 x w be be/ to describe ! prelim9>y wa%+ ( ! sk9s1 because1 al?\gh lim$ sk9s may be ent]$ direct into ! pu] & br\ght d[n q satisfactorily1 9 ?is case m pu] & m "t are requir$1 h5ce x is usual to get rid ( ! bulk ( ! lime by wa%+ !m 9 wat] be=e putt+ !m into ! pu]4 ,9 "s cases v dilute hydro*loric or o!r acid is us$1 9 ord] to %ort5 ! "t ( wat]+4 ,x is n[ well kn[n t lime _c be entirely remov$ f sk9s by wa%+ 9 wat]1 no matt] h[ long ! wa%+ be cont9u$4 ,a lim$ sk9 conta9+ #df p] c5t4 ,ca,o1 calculat$ on ! dry weight1 0 f\nd to conta9 aft] wa%+-- ---------------------------------------- ---- ,"t ( ,p] c5t4 ,ca,o on ,p] c5t4 lime wa%+ dry sk9 remov$ ---------------------------------------- ---- #a h\r #cje #cd #b h\rs #bbj #eb #c #age #fb #f #aee #ff #g #aee #ff #bd #aej #fg ---------------------------------------- ---- ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,if ! wa%+ be cont9u$1 a less am\nt ( lime is remov$ 9 ea* successive p]iod ( "t1 s t x is evid5t a po9t is soon rea*$ at :i* x becomes a wa/e ( "t to cont9ue ! wa%+4 ,9 practice ?is po9t is rea*$ 9 ab\t two h\rs4 ,! progress ( ! wa%+ is be/ %[n by ! curve 9 ! diagram 7,fig4 #a71 9 :i* ! ord9ates repres5t ! p]c5tage ( lime 7,ca,o7 9 ! dry sk91 & ! absciss "t 9 h\rs4 ,x w be se5 t ! "* ( ! curve is a hyp]bola2 su* a curve only approa*es a l9e 7repres5t+ 9 ! example *os5 ab\t #a-a_/b p] c5t4 ( lime7 asymptotically--9 o!r words1 x is impossible to wa% out all ! lime except by an inf9ite numb] ( *anges ( wat]1 s9ce ea* wa%+ removes a less am\nt ?an ! previ\s "o4 ,! above is a typical case ( ! wa%+ ( lim$ gra9s f ! splitt+ ma*9e 9 ! manufacture ( skiv]s4 ,^! conta9 f #d to #e p] c5t4 ( lime on ! dry sk91 &1 aft] wa%+ 9 wat] 9 a paddle = six h\rs1 analysis %[s !m to conta9 /ill ab\t f #ae p] c5t4 to #ai p] c5t4 ( lime 7,ca,o74#f #f ,"s fur!r analyses ( gra9s at ,tr5t ,bridge gave ! foll[+ results3-- ,wat] ,ca,o ,ca,o on dry sk9 ,gra9 f splitt+ ma*9es #gfc #aad #dh ,! same aft] wa%+ #bd hrs4 #hfj #jbb #aeg ,! same aft] pu]+ -- -- #jhj ,ano!r gra9 #gig #ajf #ebj ,! same aft] delim+ z completely z possible ) -- -- #jde ,h,cl ,sk9 9 natural condition #fdj -- #jabe ,m4 ,c4 ,lamb has f\nd 9 %eep gra9s split = skiv]s ! foll[+ am\nts3-- ,a% ,ca,o ,ca,o 9 ,a% ,gra9 f splitt+ ma*9e #ic #cb #cdh ,! same aft] wa%+ #da #ae #cea ,! same aft] pu]+ #ca #ji #bia ,! same aft] bran dr5* #ag #jee #cbd ,! figures are all p]c5tages calculat$ on ! dry weight ( ! sk94 ,munro ,payne 7,tann]s' ,ye> ,book1 #aije1 p4 #ge7 gives ! foll[+ am\nts ( lime z ,ca7,,oh7#b 9 lim$ hides1 calculat$ on dry weight at #bab ,f43-- ,direct f limes max4 #chei p] c5t4 m94 #bhcf ,lim$ = buff #dfba ,lim$ = tann+ #cgfei ,ditto aft] bat+ #jfhi ,calf lim$ #bfja ,calf bat$ #jabae ,goat lim$ #efac ,goat bat$ #abfh ,! effect ( wa%+ dep5ds on ! "* ( ! wat] 7h>d or s(t71 & also on its temp]ature4 ,h>d wat]s %\ld h a small quantity ( clean lime add$ to !m be=e ent]+ ! goods1 9 ord] to remove dissolv$ ,,co#b1 :i*1 by c>bonat+ ! lime on ! surface ( ! sk9s1 r5d]s ! gra9 h>% & ! subsequ5t pu]+ difficult4 ,) reg>d to temp]ature1 x is pref]able to employ cold wat] until ! bulk ( ! lime is out1 s9ce ?is dissolves m lime ?an w>m wat]4 #ajj c4c4 ( saturat$ lime wat]1 at #aj ,c41 conta9s #jacd grm4 ,ca,o4 #ajj c4c4 at #dj ,c4 conta9s #jaaai grm4 ,ca,o4 ,moreov]1 a comp>atively small rise ( temp]ature causes a consid]able decomposition 9 a fully lim$ sk91 by :i* ! sk9 sub/ance is r5d]$ m soluble1 & consequ5tly lo/ = ! purposes ( ! tann]4 ,= a fully lim$ sk9 ! limit ( temp]ature is ab\t #hb ,f4 7#bh ,c471 :]eas a sk9 free f lime or alkali may be submitt$ to a temp]ature ( #abj ,f4 7#di ,c47 )\t damage to ! fibre4 ,lamb pref]s a %ort wa%+ ( half an h\r 9 wat] at #ce to #ch ,c41 = ! reason t ! increas$ temp]ature causes ! goods to become m flaccid1 b ?is condition is atta9$ at ! exp5se ( ! loss ( sk9 sub/ance we h m5tion$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4--;,cubical ,truck4 ,9 ord] to save "t & wat]1 ! foll[+ me?od is adopt$4 ,! goods are measur$ by means ( a cubical truck on :eels 7,fig4 #b72 x holds #bej kilos ( wet sk9s 7#eej lb474 ,f\r ( su* trucks are plac$ 9 a wa% :eel1 & a /ream ( wat] f a #a-;94 pipe turn$ on4 ,! goods are run f ?ree-qu>t]s ( an h\r to "o h\r2 ! wat] is !n /opp$1 & #djjj c4c4 ( comm]cial hydro*loric acid 7#ah ,b47 is run 9 sl[ly1 9 a v dilut$ /ate1 ?r\gh a p]=at$ lead pipe4 ,aft] all ! acid has run 91 ! :eel is run = half an h\r1 !n wat] turn$ on aga9 = half an h\r 9 ord] to wa% away ! calcium *loride produc$4 ,dur+ ?is la/ wa%+1 hot wat] is admitt$ at ! back ( ! :eel ?r\gh a p]=at$ pipe1 9 ord] to raise ! temp]ature ( ! goods1 s t !y d n ent] ! pu] :eel 9 a cold condition1 & ?us l[] ! temp]ature ( ! pu] liquor4 ,! goods are n[ ready = pu]+4 ,! *emical action ( ! acid is a v simple "o1 & is express$ by ! =mula-- ,ca7,,oh7#b #b;,h,cl ,ca,cl#b #b;,h#b,o #gd #gca #aaji #cfg #g ,f ! molecul> weights x w be se5 t #gd grm4 ( calcium hydrate1 equival5t to #ef grm4 ( lime 7,ca,o71 require #gc grm4 ( ,h,cl gas = neutralization4 ,?is quantity ( gas is conta9$ 9 #bfe grm4 ( comm]cial hydro*loric acid ( #ah ,b41 or ab\t #bcj c4c4--t is1 = #ajj grm4 ,ca,o1 #daj c4c4 ( #ah ,b4 acid are requir$2 h5ce = ! #ajj kilos wet gra9 conta9+ #djj grm4 ,ca,o1 #afdj c4c4 ( acid are requir$ = complete neutralization4 ,x is impracticable to use ?is am\nt ( acid1 = ! reasons /at$ above4 ,x w be not$ t ! quantity ( acid us$ is only ab\t "o-t5? ( t requir$ to neutralize completely ! lime 9 ! sk94 ,if a great] am\nt ( acid be us$ ! sk9s beg9 to absorb acid be=e ! lime 9 ! int]ior is neutraliz$2 b1 provid$ ! lime on ! surface ( ! sk9s is remov$1 t rema9+ 9 ! int]ior is =c$ out dur+ ! c\rse ( ! bat+ process 7see ,*apt] ,,iii474 ,if m acid 7 us$1 !n x w\ld require to be add$ s sl[ly t "t w\ld be wa/$ unnecess>ily 9 do+ ! "w4 ,) reg>d to ! use ( o!r acids = delim+1 ,lamb consid]s =mic acid pref]able to hydro*loric1 & /ates t ! removal ( lime is m effectively accompli%$ by its use4 ,he attributes a pull+ d[n action to ! calcium =mate produc$1 s t less =mic acid is requir$ ?an w\ld be equival5t to hydro*loric1 m]ely reg>d$ z a solv5t = lime4 ,we %all ref] to ?is po9t aga9 9 ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,x may be /at$ "h t ! au?or has obta9$ bett] results by ! use ( a mixture ( =mic & acetic acid1 9 equal proportions1 ?an f ei!r acid alone1 b t ! co/ ( work+ is consid]ably great] ?an ) hydro*loric acid4 ,lactic acid is 9 fairly common use z a delim+ ag5t4 ,9 practice #a p] c5t4 lactic acid 7#ej p] c5t4 /r5g?7 calculat$ on ! wet weight ( pelt1 is us$1 add$ gradually 9 small quantities4 ,?is does n remove ! :ole ( ! lime1 b suffici5t = ! sk9s to pu] quickly4 ,"s tann]s measure _! acid p] doz5 sk9s4 ,9 a case :i* came "u my notice1 #abjj c4c4 #ij p] c5t4 =mic acid 7 be+ us$ = t5 doz5s m$ium goat sk9s at a temp]ature ( #ce ,c41 "t #a-a_/d h\rs4 ,! foll[+ table1 due to ,pr(essor ,h4 ,r4 ,proct]1#h gives ! co/ ( dissolv+ #a lb4 ( lime at pres5t approximate prices ( ! v>i\s acids4 ,! dissociation con/ant ,k %[s _! relative 8/r5g?20#i ! equival5t1 ,eq41 ! weight 9 lb4 ( #ajj p] c5t4 acid requir$ to dissolve #bh lb4 ( lime4 ,ord9>y wet lim$ hides1 unhair$ & fle%$1 conta9 only ab\t #d lb4 lime p] #ajjj lb4 wet weight4 #h ,tann]s' ,ye> ,book1 #aiaa1 p4 #ei4 #i ,see ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,co/ ,,( ,,acids ,,to ,,remove #a ,,lb4 ,,lime4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,co/ ,/r5g? ,co/ = ,acid ,eq4 ,k p] cwt4 p] c5t4 #a lb4 ,ca,o ---------------------------------------- ------------------- s4 d4 d4 ,hydro*loric #cfe say #bjj #c #c #cae #ad ,sulphuric #dij #d #j #iej #jh ,oxalic #fcj #ja #cj #d #iij #ha ,=mic #dfj #jjbad #ce #j #hgd #gj ,lactic #ijj #jjach #bf #j #dig #ahj ,acetic #fjj #jjjah #ah #j #djj #ajj ,butyric #hhj #jjjaae #ba #j #hbh #hj ,boracic #fbj #jjjjjjjja #bg #j #iij #fe ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,x w be se5 f ! above table t sulphuric is ! *eape/ acid to use2 b1 ow+ to ! insoluble nature ( ! calcium sulphate1 x is be/ to use hydro*loric acid4 ,proct] has sugge/$ us+ a mixture ( sulphuric acid & common salt 9 molecul> proportions1 s z to avoid ! iron :i* is g5]ally pres5t z an impurity 9 comm]cial hydro*loric acid4 ,! au?or has tri$ ?is1 & f\nd x p]fectly satisfactory4 ,= a complete discussion ( *emical delim+1 see ,proct]'s 8,pr9ciples ( ,lea!r ,manufacture10 *apt] xiii4 ,q rec5tly butyric acid1 :i* is n[ be+ manufactur$ on a comm]cial scale by ! process ( ,dr4 ,effront 7,brussels71 has come into use = delim+4#aj & is likely to become a useful acid1 z x c be manufactur$ *eaply4 ,accord+ to ,p>k]1 x dissolves less sk9 sub/ance ?an =mic1 acetic or lactic acids1 :i* obs]vation is confirm$ by ,?uau4 ,! quantity requir$ p] #ajj lb4 ( ord9>y wa%$ %eep sk9 is ab\t #a_/b lb4 ( ! #hj p] c5t4 acid4 ,x is us$ 9 exactly ! same way z o!r acids1 i4e4 x %\ld be add$ 9 small quantities1 suitably dilut$1 at successive int]vals ( "t4 #aj ,see also ,l',acide ,butyrique dans la ,tann]ie1 ,urba9 ,j4 ,?uau1 ,le ,cuir1 ,aug4 #aiaj4 ,also ,collegium1 #aiaj1 pp4 #cdg1 #cfc4 ,acid salts are also us$ = delim+1 & ,proct] sugge/$ sodium bisulphate ,na,h,s,o#d 78,pr9ciples10 p4 #aee74 ,m rec5tly1 sodium bisulphite 7,na,h,s,o#c7 has be5 recomm5d$2#aa ! sk9s are tumbl$ = half an h\r ) a dilute solution1 :i* comb9es ) ! lime accord+ to ! foll[+ equation-- 7#a7 ,ca7,,oh7#b ,na,h,s,o#c ,ca,s,o#c ,na,o,h ,h#b,o if sulphides are pres5t ! reaction is-- 7#b7 ,na#b,s #b,na,h,s,o#c ,h#b,s #b ,na#b,,s#c #aa ,le d*aulage des ,peaux en tripe1 ,ettore ,guisiana 7,tur971 ,coll4 #aiaj1 p4 #ad4 ,aft] ?is treatm5t ! !oretical quantity ( hydro*loric acid1 dilut$ ) pl5ty ( wat]1 is run 9 ?r\gh ! axle ( ! tumbl]1 & ! sk9s run ano!r half h\r4 ,! reactions are-- 7#a7 ,ca,s,o#c #b;,h,cl ,ca,cl#b ,,s#b ,h#b,o 7#b7 ,na#b,,s#c #b;,h,cl #b,na,cl ,,s#b ,h#b,o ,! sulphur\s acid evolv$ 9 ?is way slightly swells ! sk9s1 & also removes /a9s due to ! alkal9e polysulphides2 x is also said to remove salt /a9s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4--,pu] ,:eel1 ) ,cov] ,remov$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4--;,elevation ( ,pu] ,:eel 7back74 ,a m int]e/+ process1 introduc$ by ,dr4 ,gr4 ,eb]le#ab z a bat+ process1 b :i* is really a delim+ process1 consi/s 9 us+ organic acids 9 ! =m ( _! anhydrides1 lactones1 or lactides4 ,dur+ ! process ^! anhydrides1 lactones1 or lactides1 are gradually decompos$ ) =mation ( ! free acids1 :i* 9 a nasc5t condition unite directly ) ! lime 9 ! sk9s4 ,! anhydrides ( acetic1 propionic1 butyric & lactic acid h be5 tri$1 ! lactone ( -oxybutyric acid ,,*#b ,,*#b ,o1 & ! lactide ( lactic acid4 _/ ,,*#b ,,co #ab ,v]fahr5 zum ,beiz5 von ,hat51 ,l$]te*nis*e ,runds*au1 ,no4 #bd1 #aiaj4 ,coll4 #aiaj1 p4 #cgb4 ,aft] wa%+ & delim+1 ! goods1 w>m$ to a temp]ature ( #ij to #ajj ,f41 are n[ measur$ 9 ! truck above describ$1 & put z quickly z possible into ! bat+ paddle4 ,?is is con/ruct$ to c>ry two trucks4 ,! figures 7,figs4 #c1 #d & #e7 %[ a mod]n paddle adapt$ = pu]+ light sk9s1 su* z goat1 %eep1 splits 7gra9s71 ei!r ) dung or ) an artificial bate4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4--;,end ,elevation ( ,pu] ,:eel4 ,! inside dim5sions are3 l5g?1 #d ft4 #f 942 wid?1 #d ft42 dep?1 #b ft4 #f 94 ,a copp] pipe ( two coils is provid$ at ! back1 ?r\gh :i* /eam is pass$ = ma9ta9+ ! temp]ature ( ! :eel--! goods are prev5t$ f com+ 9 contact ) ?is pipe by a p]=at$ bo>d4 ,ano!r /eam pipe1 jo9t$ s t x may be turn$ 9 & out ( ! paddle1 is provid$ = heat+ up ! :eel to ! requir$ temp]ature be=e beg9n+ ! bat+4 ,?is pipe is n %[n 9 ! draw+4 ,! !rmomet] c be read :ile ! paddle is 9 motion4 ,a suitable spe$ to keep ! goods 9 motion is tw5ty revolutions p] m9ute4 ,! :ole :eel is cov]$ 91 = ! purpose ( pres]v+ ! heat1 & also to exclude light & air1 :i* are prejudicial to ! action ( ! bact]ia4 ,su* a paddle1 or :eel1 has a capacity ( #bjj gallons liquor1 or #ijj litres1 & w bate #be doz5s ( av]age gra9s1 weigh+ 9 ! wet /ate #aajj lb4 or #ejj kilos4 ,! dog dung1 :i* is usually obta9$ f hunt+ k5nels1 & ( :i* ! composition is giv5 9 ,*apt] ,,ii41 is simply dilut$ ) wat] 9 ! paddle2#ac five buckets1 weigh+ ab\t #afe lb41 are requir$ = ! above quantity ( goods4#ad #ac ,:5 ! pu] is dirty x %\ld be dilut$ ) wat] & /ra9$ ?r\gh a bag1 or ! dilut$ pu] may be put into a tub & ! heavy grit & dirt all[$ to fall to ! bottom ( ! vessel4 ,pu] f hunt+ k5nels is usually clean en\gh to use )\t ?is process4 #ad ,! quantities ( pu] us$ v>y consid]ably 9 diff]5t works4 ,at ,tr5t ,bridge1 #aj to #ae lb4 ( wet pu] f hunt+ k5nels are us$ p] #ajj lb4 ( wet pelt4 ,9 a ,g]man works1 #ae kilos ( fairly dry dog dung are us$ p] #ajj kilos ( pelt 7,blsse74 ,9 an ,am]ican works1 two buckets 7"o bu%el7 wet dog dung 7 us$ to pu] #aj doz5s ( #h lb4 calf sk9s4 ,?is is equal to ab\t #fb lb4 ( pu] to #ajj lb4 ( sk91 :i* seems an excessive quantity4 ,9 an ,italian works1 two kilos dry dung 7 us$ to #bj sk9s ( %eep1 equival5t to ab\t f\r kilos p] #ajj4 ,9 an ,engli% tann]y1 #ajj hides = h>ness lea!r requir$ f\r bu%els by measure ( pigeon dung1 co/+ #as4 #f;d4 p] bu%el 7"o bu%el equals eight gallons74 ,! am\nt us$ dep5ds on ! /ate ( ! goods1 ! prevail+ wea!r1 &1 fur!r1 on ! quality ( ! pu]4#ae ,:5 ! temp]ature is ma9ta9$ at #dj ,c41 ord9>y lim$ goods1 :i* h be5 wa%$1 come d[n 9 f "o to ?ree h\rs4#af #ae ,a ,g]man firm1 :o supply dry dog & pigeon dung = bat+ purposes1 recomm5d t ! mat]ial %\ld be spread 9 a w>m room at #cj ,c41 & moi/5$ up to #hj p] c5t4 ( its weight ) an infusion ( oat /raw1 & cont9u\sly turn$ ov] until completely s(t5$4 ,o!r mat]ials may be us$ = ! f]m5t+ fluid 9 place ( ! oat /raw infusion1 su* z bro? made f wa/e fle%+s1 :ey1 or ev5 a simple inorganic solution1 su* z is us$ = cultivat+ bact]ia1 consi/+ (-- #b p>ts potassium phosphate4 #a "p magnesium sulphate4 #a "p calcium nitrate4 #ae "p calcium *loride4 #ajj p>ts wat]4 ,?is proc$ure is nei!r m nor less ?an an application ( ! pr9ciples ( bact]ial cultivation & propagation1 %[n to be practically useful 9 ! bat+ process by ,pr(essor ,h4 ,beck]1 ( ,frank=t1 & by ! ,au?or 9 v>i\s publications 7see ,*apt] ,,vii474 #af ,!re is consid]able v>iation 9 ! l5g? ( "t requir$ to br+ d[n ! sk9s4 ,lamb /ates t half an h\r is frequ5tly suffici5t1 b at ,tr5t ,bridge #b-c h\rs are g5]ally requir$4 ,! causes ( ! v>iation are n altoge!r cle>1 b dep5d p>tly on ! previ\s hi/ory ( ! goods 7fellmong]+1 lim+1 etc471 & p>tly on ! wat] us$4 ,dur+ pu]+1 ! lime soaps 9 ! sk9 are decompos$1 & ! fat set free--9 an e/imation ( ! fat1 #jaea p] c5t4 on ! wet sk9 0 f\nd be=e pu]+1 & #bdh p] c5t4 aft] pu]+4 ,! fat ?us set free c be remov$ to a great ext5t by scudd+2 b 9 mod]n practice ?is is n pu%$ to extremes1 z ! gra9 is liable to be damag$ by excessive scudd+4 ,! fat is aft]w>ds remov$ f ! dry lea!r by means ( b5z9e or o!r solv5t1 employ$ 9 a suitable app>atus4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig #f4--,sir ,john ,turney's ,scudd+ ,ma*9e = ,%eep ,gra9s4 99,scudd+499--,:5 ! goods are 8d[n10 !y are ready = scudd+4 ,?is op]ation 9 ! case ( gra9s is p]=m$ ei!r by h& ov] ! beam1 or by means ( a special scudd+ ma*9e4 ,! scudd+ ma*9e figur$ 7,fig4 #f7 0 inv5t$ by ,sir ,john ,turney 9 #ahhj1ag & is ! only type ( ma*9e :i* w safely scud split sk9s4 ,x w readily be und]/ood t ! usual type ( scudd+ ma*9e1 9 :i* a spiral knife is us$1 w\ld te> ! delicate /ructure ( ! gra94 ,! ,turney scudd+ ma*9e works ) h>d1 circul> bru%es1 :i* revolve aga9/ a wood5 roll] c>ry+ ! sk94 ,at ! same "t a cont9u\s /ream ( wat]1 at a temp]ature ( #aaj ,f41 is spray$ ^u ! sk9s f a p]=at$ pipe4 #ag ,! orig9al ,turney scudd+ ma*9e1 0 inv5t$ 9 #ahga1 & pat5t$ 9 t ye>4 ,! specifications are numb]$ #acea1 & #ccaj1 #ahga4 ,x 0 also pat5t$ 9 ,am]ica4 ,specification ,no4 #aca1dhj1 dat$ ,septemb] #ag1 #ahgb4 ,improvem5ts 9 app>atus = clean+ & sc\r+ hides & sk9s4 ,aft] scudd+1 ! sk9s are wa%$ 9 cold wat] = ab\t t5 m9utes4 ,?is *ecks ! action ( ! pu]1 & also wa%es away any loose dirt4 ,!y are !n ready to pass on to ! dr5* 7,*apt] ,,ix471 or to ! pickl+ process1 or direct to ! tan liquor1 accord+ to ! k9d ( lea!r requir$4 99,! ,bat+ ( ,hides = ,h>ness or ,dress+ ,purposes499--,! hides int5d$ = h>ness lea!r1 or = dress+ purposes1 are usually bat$ ) h5 or pigeon manure4 ,! exact process v>ies 9 diff]5t tany>ds1 be+ dep5d5t ^u ! condition ( ! pelt prior to bat+1 z to :e!r x is bat$ directly aft] fle%+ or receives a prelim9>y delim+4 ,! process is also dep5d5t ^u ! am\nt ( bat+ action requir$ = ! specific purpose prior to tann+1 b ! foll[+ ?ree me?ods are 9 actual use1 & may be tak5 z typical me?ods3-- ,h>ness ,backs4--,ab\t a hundr$weight ( h5 manure is put into a suitable tub or vat capable ( hold+ ab\t fifty gallons2 "s ?irty gallons ( wat]1 at a temp]ature ( ab\t #ajj ,f41 is p\r$ on to ! manure1 & ! :ole is ?or\ghly /irr$ up by means ( a wood5 /ick or plung]1 work+ ! manure ab\t 9 ord] to mix x to a consi/5ce ( ?9 s\p4 ,! vat is n[ /or$ 9 a w>m place1 s t ! temp]ature is kept ab\t #gj ,f4--x is cu/om>y to /ore ?is 9 ! boil]-h\se1 or "s simil> w>m room4 ,x %\ld be /irr$ two or ?ree times a day1 until x beg9s to %[ signs ( work+2 two days is g5]ally suffici5t = ?is4 ,a pit is n[ prep>$1 ) ! necess>y am\nt ( wat]2 &1 by ! aid ( a /eam pipe1 or o!r simil> means1 ! temp]ature ( ! wat] is rais$ to #gj1 & ! cont5ts ( ! bate tub are n[ add$4 ,?is %\ld be p\r$ into ! pit ?r\gh a sack1 or a canvas filt]1 s z to keep back /ones1 solids1 fea!rs1 & o!r extrane\s matt]s4 ,! pit is n[ ?or\ghly plung$1 & ! goods ent]$2 ^! %\ld be h&l$ up ?ree to f\r times a day = two days4 ,at ! end ( two days ! goods are usually scudd$1 by work+ ! back on an ord9>y unhair+ beam ) an unhair+ knife4 ,!y !n g into a fre% pit conta9+ a new solution ( bate made up 9 ! same mann]1 &1 :5 suffici5tly bat$1 :i* g5]ally takes ab\t ?ree days1 ! goods are remov$ f ! pit1 scudd$ aga9 by work+ !m ov] ) a slate scudd+ tool1 :5 !y are ready = tann+4 ,"s tann]s give !m a ba? ( boracic acid prior to _! go+ into ! tann+ liquor2 ?is has ! effect ( mat]ially bright5+ ! col\r4 ,! second pack ( h>ness backs g into ! same liquor--:i* mu/ be re-w>m$ to a temp]ature ( #gj--;9 :i* !y are h&l$ z be=e = ab\t two days1 & are f9i%$ (f 9 a new liquor made z above describ$4 ,x w be und]/ood1 !re=e1 t 9 a tany>d1 work+ regul>ly1 ! pack ( backs g fir/ into an old bate = two days1 & are !n f9i%$ (f 9 a fre%ly made "o2 s t ea* pack gets two days 9 an old pit1 & "o or m days 9 ! new4 ,! bate 9 ! tub may also h a second wat]1 or be /r5g!n$4 ,dress+ ,hides4--,= ^! goods a some:at /rong] bat+ effect is requir$1 & pigeon manure is !re=e frequ5tly us$4 ,! prep>ation ( ! bat+ liquor is z describ$ above1 bo? z reg>ds quantity & temp]ature ( ! wat] & "t ( mac]ation4 ,! :ole process may be c>ri$ out exactly z describ$ = h>ness backs1 b ! foll[+ is an illu/ration ( ano!r me?od 9 practical use4 ,imag9e f\r ord9>y bat+ pits1 work$ 9 a r\nd4 ,! fir/ pit is v old1 hav+ _h ?ree packs ( hides ?r\gh x2 ! second hav+ _h two packs1 & ! ?ird "o pack2 & ! f\r? is made new4 ,! goods1 aft] unhair+ & fle%+1 & wa%+1 are put into ! fir/ pit q cold1 are h&l$ 9 ?is ?ree times on ! fir/ day1 & aft]w>ds put into ! second pit1 ! temp]ature ( ! second pit hav+ be5 previ\sly rais$ to #fe--! cold pelt go+ into ?is pit r$uces ! temp]ature to ab\t #fj4 ,!y are h&l$ 9 ?is pit twice1 & rema9 ov]night2 & ! ?ird day !y g into ! ?ird pit1 ! temp]ature ( :i* is rais$ to #gj be=e ! goods g 94 ,!y are rais$1 scudd$ ?or\ghly on ! gra91 & new liquor is made f new bat+ liquor prep>$ z describ$ above2 ! goods are n[ ent]$1 h&l$ at lea/ twice a day1 &1 if insuffici5tly bat$1 are left ov]night4 ,by ! next day !y w probably be suffici5tly 8d[n0 to p]mit ( !m go+ on to ! scudd+ beam & !nce on to tann+4 ,9 ! ev5t ( any hide be+ insuffici5tly bat$--9 o!r words1 if ! 8bone0 has n completely disappe>$ 9 ! inn] "p ( ! hide--!y are return$ once m = ?ree or f\r h\rs1 ! temp]ature ( ! pit be+ rais$ to #gj ) a /eam coil4 ,by ?is sy/em1 :i* is kn[n z a sy/em ( 8sets10 x w be notic$ t ! pits are work$ 9 a r\nd ( f\r2 ! fir/ pit1 or olde/1 be+ us$ m or less z a wa% pit1 ! actual bat+ tak+ place 9 ! second1 ?ird & f\r? pits4 ,no pit has m ?an f\r packs pass+ ?r\gh x1 & ! temp]ature nev] rises above #gj1 or1 at ! outside1 #ge4 ,! reason ( ! comp>atively l[ temp]ature is due to ! fact t 9 pit bat+1 if ! temp]ature is rais$ above #ge1 ! gra9 ( ! hide becomes affect$ be=e ! int]nal 8bone0 is suffici5tly s(t1 :i* results 9 a t5d] gra91 :i* consid]ably affects ! result+ /a9+ or dye+ :i* ! lea!r usually receives be=e x is put on ! m>ket4 ,! ,?ird ,process4--,?is process is suitable = ei!r h>ness or dress+ hides1 & diff]s f ! above-describ$ process only 9 ! fact t in/ead ( bat+ ! hides 9 pits1 a lattic$ drum is us$ 9 ord] to keep ! hides 9 con/ant motion4 ,?is consi/s ( a l>ge pit1 9 :i* a lattic$ drum revolves two-?irds imm]s$ 9 ! liquor4 ,! bate liquor is made up z usual1 & ! temp]ature ( ! liquor rais$ to #ge or #hj ,f42 ! hides are !n plac$ 9 ! lattic$ drum1 :i* revolves at f f\r to six revolutions p] m9ute1 &1 if ! goods are put 9 ! drum 9 ! morn+1 & if ! temp]ature is kept at ab\t #gj ,f41 ! hides are g5]ally suffici5tly bat$ by ev5+4 ,!y may !n be tak5 out ( ! drum1 scudd$1 & left susp5d$ 9 boracic acid ov]night1 & c !n be tak5 to ! liquor next morn+4 ,:]e !re is consid]able motion1 ev5 ! heavie/ hides w /& a temp]ature ( #ge1 & ev5 #hj4 ,"s tann]s :o use ! lattic$ drum me?od1 d n place _! hides 9 ! drum until ! aft]noon2 !y are drumm$ = ab\t an h\r 9 ! cold bate1 & left ov]night2 next morn+ ! temp]ature ( ! bate is rais$ to #ge1 & ! drum />t$2 !y are !n remov$ f ! drum t[>ds ! aft]noon1 :5 suffici5tly 8d[n0 to admit ( !m pass+ =w>d into ! next process4 ,! above are ?ree typical me?ods 9 common use 9 ,engl&1 b _m modifications ( ^! processes exi/4 ,ev]y?+ dep5ds ^u ! am\nt ( lime 9 ! hide1 on ! numb] ( haul+s or h&l+s giv5 to ! goods1 & ! temp]ature or ! conditions "u :i* ! hides are bat$1 s t no h>d-&-fa/ l9es c be laid d[n4 ,mu* also dep5ds ^u ! me?od ( lim+ us$1 prior to ! bat+4 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ! bat+ ( hides1 & ev5 ( kips1 diff]s mat]ially f ! bat+ ( goat & %eep sk9s1 z "o has to deal ) d\ble or ev5 treble ! sub/ance4 ,if ! bate is work$ at a temp]ature ( ev5 #gj or #ge1 !re is ! dang] ( ! gra9 be+ s]i\sly affect$ be=e ! bate has p5etrat$ to ! int]ior ( ! pelt1 unless ! goods are kept 9 con/ant motion4 ,in/ead ( a lattic$ drum1 l>ge paddles are us$ 9 "s factories4 ,if ! pit is l>ge en\gh ! paddle causes bo? hides & liquor to revolve1 & ?us gives ! requir$ movem5t necess>y = a regul> & ev5 8bat+ effect0 to be obta9$4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,*emi/ry ,,( ,,bat+4 8,& n[1 z we _c und]/& ! frame ( a ,wat*1 )\t tak+ x into pieces2 s nei!r c ,nature be well kn[n1 )\t a resolution ( x into its beg9n+s1 :i* c]ta9ly may be be/ ( all done by ,*ymical ,me?ods0--,,jos4 ,,glanvill1 #affh4 ,pr(essor ,h4 ,r4 ,,proct]1 9 8 8,pr9ciples ( ,lea!r ,manufacture10 #aijc1 p4 #aec1 has giv5 a v complete acc\nt ( *emical delim+1 & also ( ! bat+ & pu]+ processes4 ,meuni] & ,vaney1 8,la ,tann]ie10 #aijc1 give a g5]al review ( our k ( ^! processes up to t date4 ,^! acc\nts are extremely useful1 b treat ! subject 9 a g5]al mann]4 ,i propose to treat ( ! p>ticul> case ( pu]+ by means ( an infusion ( dogs' dung 9 wat]1 z ,i believe ?is w give an insight into all ! o!r bat+ processes4 ,s f> z ! purely *emical action ( ! bate goes1 x consi/s 9 ! solution ( ! lime conta9$ 9 ! sk9s1#ah ?us sett+ free a c]ta9 portion ( sk9 sub/ance :i* 0 comb9$ ) ! lime1 & ! subsequ5t solution ( m or less ( ?is sk9 sub/ance4 #ah ,lim$ %eep gra9s1 or ,pelts1 :i* h be5 lim$ = splitt+1 conta9 f #c p] c5t4 to #f p] c5t4 ,ca,o on ! dry sk9 7see footnote1 p4 #g71 & ab\t #hj p] c5t4 ( wat]4 ,9 a typical case ( a fully lim$ gra91 ! lime 0 f\nd to be di/ribut$ z foll[s3-- ,free uncomb9$ lime 7,ca,o7 #ag p] c5t4 on ! dry sk9 ,ca,o comb9$ ) sk9 #be ,ca,o z c>bonate1 or o!r salts #ad ----- #ef ,?us1 #ge p] c5t4 ( ! total lime 9 ! sk9 0 9 ! cau/ic /ate4 ,if ! sk9 be cut dur+ ! progress ( ! bat+ op]ation1 & a solution ( ph5olph?ale9 appli$ to ! cut surface1 ! c\rse ( bat+ may be foll[$1 & x w be f\nd t ! cau/ic lime disappe>s f ! sk9 9 a v %ort p]iod ( "t1 accompani$ by ! sudd5 collapse ( ! fibres4 ,we %all treat ( ?is m fully 9 ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,aft] pu]+1 ! lime 7,ca,o7 conta9$ 9 ! sk91 am\nts to #je to #ji p] c5t41 calculat$ on ! dry sk94 ,?is lime is 9 a p]fectly neutral /ate1 & is m or less 9 comb9ation ) ! fibre ( ! sk94 ,! exact /ate 9 :i* ! lime exi/s 9 ! sk9 aft] pu]+ is n kn[n1 & w\ld =m a v int]e/+ subject = rese>*4 ,if a fre% pu] be made & boil$ = half an h\r1 !n all[$ to cool to #ie ,f41 x w be f\nd to remove ! lime f ! sk9 9 a v simil> way to an ord9>y bate1 b x has n s rapid a r$uc+ action z an unboil$ bate4 ,9 ?is case bo? bact]ia & enzymes are de/roy$1 s t ! action may be put d[n to ! *emical con/itu5ts ( ! bate4 99,*emical ,composition ( ! ,pu]499--,! m9]al con/itu5ts ( ! fces1 bo? 9 dogs & human be+s1 are well kn[n1 ow+ to ! /udy ( ! processes ( dige/ion & nutrition 9 physiological laboratories2 b ! organic con/itu5ts are yet little kn[n1 & ! sum ( ! weight ( ^? at pres5t e/imat$ is f> f ! total ( ^! matt]s pres5t4 ,x is a mi/ake to suppose t ! fces repres5t ! residue only ( ! food tak54 ,/rassburg]#ai e/imates t bact]ia alone acc\nt = ne>ly "o-?ird ( ! dry matt]4 ,9 addition1 ! inte/9al muc\s membrane is an important excretory *annel = lime1 magnesia1 iron & phosphoric acid1 z has be5 %[n by analyses ( fces f m5 & dogs1 dur+ prolong$ fa/+4#bj ,ev5 :5 no nitrog5\s food is eat51 ! dry fces always conta9 f #d to #h p] c5t4 ( nitrog52 9 a dog f$ on meat x am\nts to #fe p] c5t4 #ai ,s*midt1 & ,/rassburg]1 ,die ,fces des ,m5*5 7,hirs*wald1 ,b]l971 #aija4 #bj ,lambl+1 ,prcis de ,bio*imie1 #aiaa1 p4 #bba4 ,9 mak+ a *emical analysis ( ! fces1 ! m9]al matt] is e/imat$ 9 ! a% 9 ! usual way = a% ( organic sub/ances1 ) special precaution1 on acc\nt ( ! phosphates pres5t4 ,! mat]ial is fir/ *>r$1 ! salts remov$ by acetic acid2 ! acetic acid solution is !n decant$1 ! residue wa%$ ) di/ill$ wat]1 & ! combu/ion !n complet$4 ,! acetic solution & wa%+s are add$ to ! f9al a%1 ! :ole evaporat$ to dryness1 & g5tly ignit$ to decompose ! acetates4 7,cf4 ,bull4 #df1 ,u4,s4 ,dept4 ( ,agriculture1 ,wa%+ton1 #ahii47 ,9 e/imat+ ! fats1 ! dry pu] is gr\nd up ) s&1 !n extract$ ) e!r 9 a ,soxhlet4 ,! fats are pres5t 9 f\r /ates3--#a1 neutral fats2 #b1 free fatty acids2 #c1 alkali soaps1 soluble 9 e!r2 #d1 small quantities ( lime & magnesia soaps rema9+ 9 ! residue 9 ! ,soxhlet4 ,= details z to ! sep>ation & e/imation ( ^!1 ,lewk[its*'s 8,oils1 ,fats & ,waxes0 7,macmillan7 %\ld be consult$4 ,! sep>ation & e/imation ( ! organic con/itu5ts 9 ! pu]1 is "o ( ! mo/ difficult problems ( physiological *emi/ry1 & to include ! me?ods us$ w\ld dem& a special treatise beyond ! scope ( ! pres5t volume4 ,hoppe-,seyl]'s 8,physiological ,*emi/ry10 & ,all5's 8,comm]cial ,organic ,analysis10 vol4 iv41 may be consult$2 & !re is a mass ( useful in=mation 9 ,dr4 ,r5 ,gaulti]s' 8,prcis de ,coprologie ,cl9ique0 7,p>is1 ,baillire et ,fils1 #aijg74 ,x is propos$ to give "h ! results ( a numb] ( analyses ( dog dung made by ! au?or & o!rs1 & to discuss ! action ( ! v>i\s bodies ^u ! sk9s4 ,_m m exp]im5ts & mu* rese>* requires to be done1 be=e ! complete action ( ! bate is cle>1 b only by ! me?od ( exp]im5t ) ! v>i\s bodies pres5t c ! problem ev5tually be solv$4 ,analysis ( raw pu] f hunt+ k5nels 7,quorn7 %[$ ! approximate composition ( #ajjj grm4 ( raw pu]1 conta9+ #aej grm4#ba ( dry matt] to be z foll[s3-- #ba ,ano!r sample conta9$ #acf grm4 dry matt]4 ,grammes ,sodium *loride & sodium sulphate #ba ,sodium ammonium phosphate #adj ,e>?y phosphates1 pr9cipally ,ca#c7,,po#d7b #ccf ,f]ric phosphate #jhg ,calcium sulphate #aid ,silicic acid #cdj ,calcium 9 solution z ,ca,o #adb ,total ,p#b,o#e 9 solution #djj ,non-volatile acids 7z lactic7 #cjj ,volatile acids 7z acetic7 #bbj ,am9es 7z ammonia7 #fbj ,enzymes #cff ,nitrog5\s bodies n includ$ 9 ! above1 consi/+ ( complex amido-acids1 leuc91 tyros91 xan?91 & o!r pur9e bases1 indol & skatol #agjj ,organic matt]1 cellulose1 etc4 mo/ly insoluble1 includ+ fats & soaps #gjjj ,on ! dry matt] ! am\nts extract$ by v>i\s solv5ts 73-- ,p] c5t4 ,wat] #bdjc ,alcohol #bbbg ,,cs#b #aeeg ,c#b;,h,cl#c 7,tri-*lore?yl5e7 #adde ,petrol4 e!r #acbc ,no c>bohydrates 7sug>s7 capable ( r$uc+ ,fehl+'s solution 7 f\nd 9 ! pu]s exam9$4 ,! a%#bb ( ! dry fces f dogs f$ on a fle% diet v>ies f #bj to #cdbg p] c5t41 ) ! foll[+ p]c5tage composition3-- #bb ,gaulti]4 ,see also analysis giv5 9 ,*apt] ,,vi4 ,silica #gjd ,,co#b #dfb ,,s#c #gcg ,fe#b,o#c #dbb ,ca,o #bebi ,p#b,o#e #bfda ,mg,o #aeeb ,cl #aej ,alkali #eec ,9 a dog weigh+ #cj kilos41 f$ on a mix$ diet ( #ejj grm4 meat & #bjj grm4 />*1 #ghf grm4 dry fces 7 obta9$ conta9+ #bcgf p] c5t4 a% ( ! foll[+ p]c5tage composition3-- ,ca,o #bbc ,p#b,o#e #bed ,fe#b,o#c #ajf ,mg,o #ih ,,s#c #ej ,cl #jb ,alkali #aa ,insol4 9 ,h,cl #bah ,x is obvi\s t ! composition ( ! fces w v>y ) ! food giv51 & 9 ?is connexion x may be /at$ t ! pu] us$ 0 obta9$ f dogs f$ on a mixture ( boil$ horsefle% & oatmeal porridge1 ab\t equal quantities4 ,sometimes *>coal & cabbage are mix$ ) ! food1 9 ?is case ! pu] is v d>k col\r$4 ,! d>k col\r s produc$ is to be c>efully di/+ui%$ f ! d>k col\r caus$ by decomposition ( ! pu]4 ,we _c leave out ( acc\nt ! ur9>y products1 :i*1 9 ! case ( dung f hunt+ k5nels1 are always pres5t1 ?\gh 9 v>y+ quantities4 ,! total nitrog5 9 #aebj c4c4 ( ur9e 0 f\nd#bc to be #aei grm4 #bc ,abd]hald51 ,physiological ,*emi/ry4 ,ea* #ajj grm4 total nitrog5 0 di/ribut$ z foll[s3-- ,urea #hei ,,nh#c #da ,creat99e #cc ,uric acid #je ,n 9 o!r comp\nds #eg ,! inorganic comp\nds 73-- ,p] c5t4 ,sulphur 7z sulphate7 #cca ,p#b,o#e #cih ,cl #fcj ,! ur9e ( c>nivora is acid1 t ( h]bivora is neutral or alkal9e4 ,urea1 :i* is ! *ief nitrog5\s con/itu5t1 is v quickly f]m5t$ by sev]al species ( bact]ia1 & entirely decompos$ into ammonium c>bonate1 s t x is ?is latt] body :i* acts 9 ! bate4 ,uric acid exi/s 9 ! ur9e ( ! c>nivora1 b ! quantity is small comp>$ ) ! urea4 ,h]bivora excrete1 mo/ly1 hippuric acid ,,nhc1 ,h#e,o _/ 7b5zoyl-glycocoll1 ,,*#b 71 ,,cooh & ?is diff]5ce may acc\nt to "s ext5t = ! diff]5ce 9 bat+ prop]ty1 t ( ! excreta ( h]bivora be+ v small z comp>$ ) ! c>nivora1 su* z ! dog4 ,9 ?is respect !re are diff]5ces :i* are difficult to acc\nt =2 = in/ance1 ! excreta ( ! lion1 f$ entirely on a meat diet1 0 n f\nd to h su* a p[]ful bat+ effect z ord9>y dog pu]4 ,ev5 aft] keep+ = sev]al weeks1 to all[ ! bact]ial flora to develop1 ! result 0 ! same4 ,! analysis ( ! lion's dung gave ! foll[+ results3-- ,p] c5t4 ,wat] #eib ,a% #baa ,lime 7,ca,o7 #ajc ,phosphates 7,p#b,o#e7 #ajfg ,organic matt] #aig ,dog dung conta9s "s non-volatile bases ( ! pur9e gr\p1 su* z xan?9 7,c#e;,h#d,n#d,o#b7 & guan9 7,c#e;,h#e,n#e,o71 b ! action ( ^! bodies 9 ! bate1 has n be5 /udi$4 ,x is also extremely probable t ^! & simil> bodies are =m$ dur+ ! bat+ by a process ( auto-dige/ion ( v>i\s proteids4#bd ,! quantity ( fat 9 dry pu]1 am\nts to #aj-aa p] c5t4 ,*ole/]ol 0 pres5t4#be ,"p ( ! fat is 9 ! =m ( lime & magnesia soaps1 b "p 9 ! =m ( an emulsion1 :i* probably plays an important "p 9 ! pu]+ process4 ,! function ( ! fatty con/itu5ts ( pu] is "o ( ! problems on :i* fur!r rese>* is necess>y4 #bd ,cf4 ,mann4 ,*emi/ry ( ! ,proteids1 #aijf1 p4 #dcb4 #be ,! *ole/]ol 0 obta9$ by extract+ ! dry pu] ) e!r1 saponify+ ) alcoholic pota%4 ,%ak+ out ! unsaponifiables ) e!r1 evaporat+ to dryness4 ,! residue 0 tak5 up ) absolute alcohol1 decoloriz$ ) animal *>coal4 ,on cool+1 *>act]i/ic cry/als ( *ole/]ol sep>at$4 ,hoppe-,seyl] f9ds f #a p] c5t4 to #d p] c5t4 *ole/]ol 9 fces4 ,see also ,gaulti]1 ,coprologie ,cl9ique1 p4 #afj4 ,! col\r+ matt]s ( ! pu] are ne>ly all d]iv$ f bile products4 ,mo/ ( !m are f\nd 9 ! petroleum extract1 :i* conta9s f> m ( ! col\r+ matt]s ?an ! *lor(orm extract4 ,! foll[+ bile col\r+ matt]s h be5 prep>$ by ,m]ck1 ( ,d>m/adt3 bilihum91 bilipras91 bilirub91 bilifusc91 biliv]d94#bf ,s f> z has be5 asc]ta9$ by ! au?or1 _! effect 9 ! bat+ is nil1 b1 9 s f> z !y imp>t col\r to ! pelt1 !y are detrim5tal4 #bf ,= qualitative te/s = ! col\r+ matt]s1 see ,gaulti]1 ,prcis de ,coprologie ,cl9ique1 p4 #aei4 ,exp]im5ts on ! action ( bile are giv5 9 ! pap] repr9t$ 9 ,*apt] ,,vi4 ,rec5tly ,eb]le#bg has propos$ to add a proportion ( gall juice 7bile7 to a bate conta9+ pancreatic enzymes1 ) a view ( en]giz+ ! latt]4 ,?is "p ( ! subject w be dealt ) 9 ,*apt] ,v4 #bg ,engli% ,pat5t1 #babjb1 #aiji4 ,see also ,*apt] ,,viii4 99,! ,reactions ( ! ,pu]499--,! organic acids are pres5t pr9cipally 9 ! =m ( ! sodium or calcium salts4 ,! inte/9al juices conta9 sodium c>bonate1 b ?is is neutraliz$ by lactic acid f\nd 9 ! inte/9es1 s t ! excreta usually h an acid reaction4 ,! reaction ( a fre% pu] liquor is fa9tly acid to litmus1 b ?is acid is imm$iately neutraliz$ by ! introduction ( ! sk9s1 s t ! re/ ( ! bat+ process takes place 9 a neutral or alkal9e m$ium1 & ! quantity ( lime remov$ by ! free acids is probably small4 ,! acidity ( a filt]$ pu] liquor made up fre%ly & titrat$ ) ,n_/#e soda1 & ph5olph?ale9 z indicator1 0 f\nd to equal #aj c4c4 ,n_/#a acid p] #ajjj c4c4 ( bate4 ,9 ! volume ( liquor us$1 namely1 #ijj litres1 ?is w\ld neutralize only #bej grm4 ( lime 7,ca,o74 ,! det]m9ation ( ! exact acidity or alkal9ity ( pu] liquors by ord9>y me?ods ) indicators is n easy1 z ! end reactions are n %>p4 ,! liquor above describ$ 0 alkal9e to me?ylorange & litmus1 al?\gh acid to ph5olph?ale91 & ! results also v>y some:at1 accord+ to ! quantity ( bate us$ = titration1 & accord+ to ! /r5g? ( ! acid or alkali us$4 ,! me?od us$1 bo? at ! ,tr5t ,bridge laboratory & ,messrs4 ,do]r & ,re9h>t's laboratory at ,worms1 is z foll[s3-- ,! pu] liquor is filt]$ ?r\gh a ,s*lei*] & ,s*ulls h>d filt]1 ,no4 #fjb1 #ah-a_/b cm4 diam42 #ej c4c4 are tak51 #d drops ( ph5olph?ale9 solution 7#aj gr4 dissolv$ 9 #cjj c4c4 alcohol7 add$1 & titrat$ ) ,n_/#e acid or alkali z ! case may be4 ,if ! acidity be det]m9$ by add+ excess ( alkali & titrat+ back1 a l>g] am\nt ( acid is f\nd ?an by direct titration4 ,9 ! above-m5tion$ case1 an indirect titration %[$ an acidity equal to #ah c4c4 ,n_/#aj acid p] #ajj c4c4 ( liquor4 ,on add+ ! alkali to a fre% filt]$ pu] liquor1 a floccul5t precipitate is produc$1 :i* appe>s to be due to ! decomposition ( proteid comp\nds ( weak organic acids1#bh ! alkali unit+ ) !m & sett+ ! proteids free4 ,z ^! comp\nds are und\bt$ly decompos$ by ! lime 9 ! sk9s1 x seems probable t ! acidity available = neutraliz+ lime may be great] ?an t %[n by direct titration4 #bh ,probably synton91 or bodies ( a simil> nature 7see ,all54 ,comm4 ,org4 ,anal4 iv4 p4 #d74 ,! supposition is support$ by ! fact t solutions ( pu] h a slight laevorotatory action on pol>iz$ light4 ,see also note on ,van ,li]s pap]1 ,coll4 #cgf1 #aiji1 p4 #hbc4 ,a me?od :i* 0 sugge/$ by me = ! e/imation ( ! acidity ( tan liquors may be appli$ also to ! exam9ation ( ! bate liquors1 namely1 ! me?od by :i* ! electric pot5tial betwe5 a hydrog5 electrode dipp+ into ! bate liquor1 & a /&>d calomel electrode1 is us$ to det]m9e ! neutral po9t 7= details see ,*apt] ,,iii471 us+ ! pot5tiomet] devis$ by ,dr4 ,h4 ,j4 ,s4 ,s&4#bi #bi ,see pap] entitl$1 8,! ,employm5t ( ! ,electrometric ,me?od = ! ,e/imation ( ! ,acidity ( ,tan ,liquors10 by ,h4 ,j4 ,s4 ,s&1 ,ph4,d4 ,d4,sc41 & ,d4 ,j4 ,law1 ,b4,sc4 ,f4,i4,c41 ,j4,s4,c4,i4 #aiaa1 p4 #c2 also ,"p ,,ii41 by ,wood1 ,s& & ,law1 ,j4,s4,c4,i4 #aiaa1 p4 #hgb4 ,pu] liquors1 titrat$ 9 ?is mann] ) ,n_/#aj soda or ,h,cl until a pot5tial ( #jfi volts is rea*$ 7at :i* po9t ph5olph?ale9 turns f col\rless to r$71 gave ! foll[+ results p] #ajj c4c4 filt]$ liquor4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,alkali ,no4 ,description ( ,reactionc4c4 ,n_/#aj or ,requir$ = ,liquor ,acid ,neutralization ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #a ,new pu] ,acid #gd alkali be=e goods #b ,! same aft] ,alkal9e #jeg acid goods #c ,new pu] ,acid #ha alkali be=e goods #d ,! same aft] ,alkal9e #cbe acid goods #e ,us$ pu] aft],alkal9e #ejj acid goods #f ,sp5t pu] ,alkal9e #ff acid ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,det]m9ations made 9 ?is way are m accurate ?an ! colorimetric me?od above describ$4 ,pu] liquors aft] use are f\nd by ! electrometric me?od g5]ally on ! alkal9e side1 :]eas su* liquors %[ neutral to ph5olph?ale9 ow+ to "s action ( ! bate con/itu5ts on ! indicator4 ,,pu] ,,liquors ,,9 ,,electrometric ,,app>atus4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- c4c4 ( c4c4 ( ,p4,d4 ,n_/#aj ,,koh ,p4,d4 ,n_/#aj ,h,cl ,be=e requir$ ,aft] requir$ ,no4 ,sk9s = ,sk9s = ,description ( ,liquor #ej c4c4 #ej c4c4 volt liquor to volt liquor to #jfi volt #jfi volt ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,a#a #jfbb #aie 44 44 ,new pu] ,a#b 44 44 #jgdg #ai ,a#a aft] #b packs sk9s ,b#a #fjg #cg 44 44 ,new pu] ,b#b 44 44 #ggj #ca ,b#a aft] #c packs sk9s ,c#a #ehj #dc 44 44 ,new pu] ,c#b 44 44 #gfb #bh ,c#a aft] #b packs sk9s ,d#a #ehj #eb 44 44 ,new pu] ,d#b 44 #jh #fhj 44 ,d#a aft] #a pack sk9s 7/ill on ! acid side ( #jfi7 ,e#a #egj #fb 44 44 ,d#b #d buckets m pu] ,e#b 44 44 #gbj #jh ,e#a aft] #a pack sk9s ,f#a #faj #cj 44 44 ,new pu] ,f#b 44 #je #fhj 44 ,f#a aft] #a pack sk9s 7/ill on ! acid side ( #jfi7 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,! pot5tial at ! neutral po9t1 us+ an auxili>y electrode fill$ ) ,n_/#a potassium *loride1 0 #jfi volts4 ,pot5tials bel[ ?is po9t1 !re=e1 indicate an acid reaction1 &1 conv]sely1 pot5tials above #jfi volts indicate an alkal9e reaction4 ,! app>atus is ?us v useful 9 foll[+ ! c\rse ( ! bat+ process4 ,! initial pot5tial also enables ! hydrion conc5tration ( ! bate liquor to be det]m9$ directly 7see ,*apt] ,,iii474 ,x 0 f\nd t dur+ ! bat+ ( a pack ( sk9s ! hydrion conc5tration ( ! liquor dim9i%$ f #aj-eb to #aj-gd normal4 ,su* acidities z are f\nd by ?is me?od1 e4g4 #g-h c4c4 ,n_/#aj acid p] #ajj c4c41 are too great if made up by tak+ a solution ( ! free acids4 ,! ionization mu/ be almo/ entirely repress$ by ! pres5ce ( suffici5t neutral salts ( ! same acids 9 ! bat+ liquid1 9 ord] to obta9 a simil> result to ! pu]4 ,! table opposite gives ! values f\nd = a s]ies ( pu] liquors1 made ) dog manure f hunt+-k5nels4 ,! reaction ( pu] liquors 7express$ 9 c4c4 ( ,n_/#a alkali or acid p] #ajjj c4c4 ( bate71 9 a s]ies 9 :i* ! wa%$ goods 7 run = "o h\r 9 old pu]1 out ( :i* goods _h be5 tak51 & !n transf]r$ to a fre%ly-made pu]1 0 z foll[s3-- ---------------------------------------- ,bate ,be=e ,goods ,aft] ,goods ---------------------------------------- ,old pu] ,neutral #bh c4c4 acid ,fre% #aj c4c4 alkali ,neutral ,old pu] ,neutral #dj c4c4 acid ,fre% #aa c4c4 alkali ,neutral ---------------------------------------- ,^! figures 7 obta9$ by ! ord9>y colorimetric me?od describ$ on p4 #cb4 ,add+ toge!r ! alkal9ity ( ! bate run away1 & ! acidity ( ! new bate :i* is neutraliz$1 ! total = #a & #b #ch c4c4 ,n_/#a acid1 & = #c & #d1 #ea c4c4 ,n_/#a acid4 ,multiply+ by #haj 7volume ( bate less volume ( dry sk971 we f9d t ! sk9s h neutraliz$ #cjgh & #daca litres ,n_/#a acid respectively4 ,s9ce "o litre ( ,n_/#a acid w neutralize #bh grm4 ( lime1 x foll[s t ! lime remov$ by ! bate 0 9 "o case #hfb grm41 9 ! o!r case #aaeg grm4 ,! #ejj kilos1 ( wet wa%$ gra9s introduc$ into ! paddle conta9 approximately #je p] c5t4 ( lime ,ca,o1 equival5t to #bejj grm4 altoge!r4 ,z w be se5 f ! figures giv5 9 table1 p4 #ce1 ! free acids pres5t 9 ! fre% bate are only capable ( neutraliz+ #aj #haj c4c4 ( normal alkali1 & ?is is equival5t to #bbe grm4 ( ,ca,o1 or #i p] c5t4 ( ! total lime4#cj #cj ,eitn]1 ,d] ,g]b]1 #eff1 p4 #gg1 /ates t little or no neutralization ( lime by acids or acid salts takes place 9 ! bate4 ,9 addition to ?is1 a consid]able am\nt ( lime is remov$ f ! sk9s :i* is n f\nd aft]w>ds 9 solution1 b :i* is precipitat$ 9 an insoluble =m dur+ ! c\rse ( ! bat+ process4 ,9 an exp]im5t to det]m9e ! am\nt ( ?is insoluble lime1 ! foll[+ figures 7 obta9$3-- ,,lime ,,9 ,,pu] ,,liquor1 ,,grams ,,p] ,,litre ,ca,o4 ,be=e ,sk9s ,aft] ,sk9s ,soluble lime #jai #jdhe ,insoluble lime #jac #jdhe ---- ----- #jcb #jigj ,x w be not$ t ! am\nt ( insoluble lime has increas$ to a great] ext5t ?an ! soluble lime1 %[+ t "p ( ! lime f ! sk9s has be5 precipitat$ 9 an insoluble =m4 ,! increase ( lime 9 ! solution is #jbie grm4 p] litre ( soluble lime1 & #jcee grm4 p] litre ( insoluble lime1 a total increase ( #jfej grm42 t is1 ! ratio ( soluble lime to insoluble lime 9 ! orig9al pu] is #adf 3 #a4 ,9 ! us$ pu] x is #a 3 #a1 s t 9 ! above case m ?an half ! lime remov$ f ! sk9s 7#ede p] c5t47 has be5 precipitat$ 9 an insoluble =m1 "s ( x 9 ! =m ( calcium phosphate1 & ! rema9d] probably 9 ! =m ( calcium oxalate4 ,cry/als ( calcium oxalate may be se5 "u ! microscope 9 ! pu] residues4 ,! oxalic acid is produc$ by bact]ial action1 z has be5 %[n by ,zopf#ca & ,bann+#cb2 b x is difficult to e/imate x 9 ! bate1 & a reliable analytical me?od ( do+ s requires devis+4 #ca ,b]4 ,deuts*4 ,botan4 ,ges4 #aijj1 xviii4 #cb1 ,j4,s4,c4,i4 #aijj1 #chf4 #cb ,c5tr4 ,bakt4 ,p>asit5k1 ii4 ,abt4 viii41 #cic1 etc41 ,j4,s4,c4,i4 #aijb1 #aaea4 ,a fur!r #cj p] c5t4 to #dj p] c5t4 ( ! lime 9 ! sk9s is remov$ by ! *emical action ( ! complex am9es ( ! organic acids1 & by ! me*anical effect ( ! paddle or drum1 s t ! f9al result is m or less z foll[s3-- ,p] c5t4 ,lime neutraliz$ by free acids #i ,lime dissolv$ by complex am9es #be ,lime precipitat$ #cj ,lime rema9+ 9 ! sk9s #cf --- #ajj ,! lime rema9+ 9 ! sk9s is n 9 ! cau/ic /ate1 b pr9cipally 9 ! =m ( neutral salts 7see footnote to p4 #bd74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,"s ( ^! neutral salts appe> to be absorb$ by ! sk9 dur+ ! c\rse ( ! bat+1 =1 on exam9+ pieces ( ! same sk9 at frequ5t int]vals dur+ ! op]ation1 & det]m9+ ! a%1 x 0 f\nd t a m9imum po9t = a% cont5t 0 rea*$ 9 ab\t t5 m9utes1 aft] :i* ! a% actually increas$4 ,! results are %[n 9 ! foll[+ table1 & also graphically by ! curves1 ,fig4 #g--;9 :i* ,a is a 8gra90 previ\sly wa%$ z free f lime z possible2 ,b1 an unwa%$ 8roan40 ,! effect ( ! absorption ( inorganic matt] is v noticeable 9 bo? cases4 ,a "p ( ! effect only is app>5t s9ce a c]ta9 am\nt ( sk9 sub/ance pass$ into solution4 ,,v>iation ,,( ,,a% ,,p]c5tage ,,dur+ ,,pu]+4 ---------------------------------------- --------- -- ,a%1 p] c5t4 on ,dri$ ,sk9 ---------------------------------------- -------- ,"t ( ,pu]+ ,wa%$ ,delim$ ,lim$ ,roan 7,b7 9 ,m9utes ,gra9 7,a7 ---------------------------------------- -------- #j #bhh #gjc #e #bia -- #aj #cbj #ced #ae #dhj -- #bj #djh #dbd #be #dbi -- #cj #dhe #eai #ce #dei -- #dj #dgj #ede #de #dfj -- #ej #dde #efg #ee #ddb -- #fj -- #ejj ---------------------------------------- -------- ,! foll[+ analyses give ! am\nt ( lime 9 solution be=e & aft] ! bat+ ( ! sk9s1 9 grams p] litre ( filt]$ pu] liquor3-- ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,no4 ,bate ,be=e ,goods,aft] ,goods,increase ( ,ca,o ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #a ,fre% pu] #jajh #jfb #jeab #b #jcd #jgb #jch #c #jbj #jeb #jcb #d #jai #jdi #jcj #e ,old pu] #jed #jhd #jcj #f ,old pu]1 goods #jih #ach #jdj n wa%$4 #g ,fr5* pu] #jcjh #jedh #jbd %op4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,! limit ( ! quantity ( lime 9 solution 9 a normal pu]1 9 ! =m ( calcium salts1 appe>s to be ab\t #a grm4 p] litre4 ,if m lime be pres5t$ to ! liquor1 ! goods /op com+ d[n4 ,if n[ fre% dung be add$1 !y w cont9ue to come d[n1 b ! quantity ( lime 9 solution does n increase2 ! excess ( lime is precipitat$1 p>tly z phosphate & p>tly z oxalate1 9 ! way /at$ above4 ,! type ( reaction by :i* ! lime is dissolv$ is simil> to t occurr+ betwe5 ammonium *loride & lime1 & is express$ by ! =mula-- #b,,nh#d;,cl ,ca7,,oh7#b ,ca,cl#b #b,,nh#c #b;,h#b,o & 9 ! case ( ! calcium c>bonate 9 ! sk9s-- #b,,nh#d;,cl ,ca,c,o#c ,ca,cl#b 7,,nh#d7b;,,co#c1 s t e molecule ( lime neutraliz$1 lib]ates two molecules ( ammonia4 ,jean /ates t ! production ( ammonia progresses regul>ly dur+ ! pu]+1 & t :5 ! free ammonia rea*es #jb grm4 p] litre ! bate is unfit = fur!r use4 ,b if ! excess ( ammonia be neutraliz$ by ! addition ( phosphoric acid1 :i* also precipitates ! lime br\ght 9 by ! sk9s1 ! bate may be kept 9 con/ant use = "s "t4 ,jean f\nd #jjf grm4 ,,nh#c p] litre 9 ! pu] z made up = use1 &1 aft] "o lot ( sk9s _h be5 put ?r\gh1 #jjhf grm4 p] litre2 aft] two lots ( sk9s1 #jace grm4 p] litre4 ,9 ord9>y pu] :eels1 z us$ at ,tr5t ,bridge1 we f9d-- 7a7 7b7 ,be=e goods #jjhaf #jjhej grm4 ,,nh#c p] litre ,aft] #jjhcc #jjgii s t !re is little or no diff]5ce be=e & aft] pu]+ 9 ?is case4 ,"p ( ! ammonia =m$ escapes into ! air2 a fur!r portion unites ) ! acids :i* are be+ =m$ by ! action ( bact]ia 9 ! bate 7see ,*apt] ,,iv471 & x is also probable t "p comb9es 9 "s way ) ! calcium salts 9 ! bate4 ,! actual reactions tak+ place are ( c\rse mu* m complicat$ ?an ?is simple case1 because1 in/ead ( ammonia & ammonium *loride1 we h a numb] ( complex salts =m$ by comb9ation ( organic acids ) sub/itut$ ammonia d]ivatives1 su* z me?ylam9e1 e?ylam9e1 etc4 ,! *ief ( ^! are e?ylam9e & me?ylam9e butyrates1 & lactates1 & probably propionates1 al?\gh ,i h n be5 able to sep>ate ! latt]4#cc #cc ,fitz 7,b]i*te1 #ahgf-ahhd1 see ,h]feldt1 ,j4,s4,c4,i4 ,may #ca1 #ahie71 has %[n t lactates 9 dung are decompos$ by bact]ia1 ! *ief product be+ propionic acid4 ,! reaction ) ! butyrate is repres5t$ by ! equation-- #b;,c#b;,h#e,,nh#b;,c#c;,h#g;,,cooh ,ca,o #b;,c#b;,h#e,,nh#b ,c#c;,h#g;,,coo ,ca ,h#b,o _/ ,c#c;,h#g;,,coo by :i* x w be se5 t ! am9e is set free j 9 ! same way z ammonia 9 ! equation on p4 #dj4 ,9 ord] to asc]ta9 if ! action ( ! am9es 0 ! same z t ( salts ( ammonia1 ,i prep>$ ! foll[+ comp\nds & te/$ _! action on sk9s at #cg ,c41 a control piece ( ! same sk9 be+ kept 9 wat] at ! same temp]ature4 ,! "t 9 ea* case 0 "o h\r4 ,all ! solutions 7 neutral4 #a4 ,e?ylam9e lactate3 sk9 swells slightly1 n 8d[n0 equal to pu]4 #b4 ,e?ylam9e propionate3 sk9 mod]ately fall51 n equal to pu]4 #c4 ,e?ylam9e butyrate3 ab\t ! same z ,exp4 #a4 #d4 ,trime?ylam9e butyrate3 v simil> action to ,exp4 #c & to ammonium butyrate4 ,! results correspond v closely ) ^? obta9$ 9 previ\s exp]im5ts ) v>i\s salts ( ammonia 7see ,*apt] ,,vi471 & ju/ify u 9 assum+ t 9 all ess5tial respects ! action is simil>4 ,! free am9es ent] into fre% comb9ations ) acids :i* are produc$ by bact]ial action1 & ?is process goes on until all ! nutri5t mat]ial is exhau/$4 99,! ,role ( ,phosphates 9 ! ,bate499--,!re is no d\bt t ! phosphates 9 ! bate play an important "p1 b exactly 9 :at mann] !y act is n yet kn[n4 ,"o ( ! pr9cipal effects is ! "p !y play z 8buff]s10 9 prev5t+ brusque *anges ( ! hydrion conc5tration dur+ ! bat+ process4 ,?is has be5 po9t$ out by ,so]5s5 9 ! case ( enzyme reactions4 ,! phosphates 9 dung are mixtures1 :i* are capable ( fix+ bo? acids & bases2 & s ! small quantities ( ^! bodies1 :i* are produc$ by ! splitt+ up ( ! organic matt]1 are tak5 up or releas$ z ! case may be4 ,! *emi/ry ( ! phosphates is "o ( ! mo/ complicat$ bran*es ( inorganic *emi/ry1 &1 z a consequ5ce1 ! det]m9ation ( ! con/itution ( ! v>i\s phosphates 9 dung is an extremely difficult matt]1 & dem&s a l5g?y rese>*4 ,= in/ance1 besides ! salts directly d]iv$ f ! ?ree phosphoric acids1 ,,hpo#c1 ,h#c,,po#d & ,h#d,p#b,o#g1 phosphates exi/ :i* are probably d]iv$ f hypo!tical di-1 tri-1 or meta-phosphoric acid1 n,,hpo#c1 & a few salts h be5 isolat$1 :i* are p]haps d]iv$ f ! hypo!tical acids ,p#d,o#g7,,oh7#f & ,p#aj,o#ai7,,oh7#ab 7,watt's ,dict41 art4 8,phosphates074 ,includ+ ! d\ble salts1 !re are m ?an #af diff]5t calcium salts ( phosphoric acids4 ,! normal lime salt ,ca#c7,,po#d7b is v slightly soluble 9 wat]1 b its solubility is increas$ by ! pres5ce ( v>i\s organic sub/ances su* z exi/ 9 dung1 & "p ( ! soluble phosphates f\nd 9 ! bate are und\bt$ly no?+ m ?an ?is salt 9 solution4 ,?is fact has be5 utiliz$ 9 ! manufacture ( ! artificial bate ,erod9 7see ,*apt] ,,vii474 ,! phosphoric acid 9 ! pu] is p>tly precipitat$ by ! lime 9 ! sk9s1 & h5ce dim9i%es dur+ ! bat+ process4 ,9 "s cases practically ! :ole ( ! phosphoric acid disappe>s f ! solution4 ,! foll[+ exp]im5t w give an idea ( ! am\nt ( lime precipitat$ z phosphate4 ,a filt]$ pu] liquor 0 analys$ = lime & phosphoric acid1 be=e & aft] ! sk9s 7 pass$ ?r\gh4 ,! results 71 9 grm4 p] litre-- ,be=e ,aft] ,soluble lime z ,ca,o #jcfd #jedj ,p#b,o#e #jdbd #jcbh ,increase ( lime1 #jagf grm42 dim9ution ( ,p#b,o#e1 #jjif grm4 ,calculat$ to calcium phosphate ,ca#c7,,po#d7b1 ?is am\nt ( phosphoric acid has comb9$ ) #jaad grm4 ,ca,o4 ,assum+ t ! ratio ( soluble to insoluble lime is ! same z giv51 p4 #cf1 !n ! lime is di/ribut$ z foll[s3-- ,grm4 ,increase ( soluble ,ca,o #jagf insol4 ,ca,o #jbaj ,lime z ,ca#c7,,po#d7b #jaad ,h5ce oxalate 787 #jjif ,t is1 ( ! lime precipitat$1 #ed p] c5t4 is phosphate1 #df p] c5t4 oxalate4 ,9 ano!r pu] conta9+ be=e use #jchc grm4 ,p#b,o#e p] litre1 only traces ( phosphates 7 f\nd 9 solution aft] goods _h be5 pu]$ 9 ! liquor1 & 9 "s analyses by ,jean 7#ci7 ! foll[+ figures 7 obta9$3-- ,,grams ,,( ,,phosphoric ,,acid ,,p] ,,litre4 ,fre% dung aft] f\r days' mac]ation #jjhb ,bate aft] "o pack ( sk9s #jjcf ,bate aft] two packs ( sk9s #jjah ,al?\gh ^! figures are less ?an ^? f\nd at ,tr5t ,bridge1 !y confirm ! fact t ! soluble phosphates dim9i% dur+ ! bat+ process4 ,! phosphates 9 solution ?us dim9i% dur+ ! bat+1 & are f\nd 9 ! insoluble matt] :i* sep>ates out4 ,a small portion ( ! lime rema9+ 9 ! sk9s is also conv]t$ into phosphate by ! action ( ! bate4 ,9 an exp]im5t to det]m9e ?is1 a portion ( ! same sk9 0 tak5 be=e & aft] pu]+4 ,! pieces 7 dri$1 a%$1 ! a% dissolv$ 9 dilute nitric acid1 & ! phosphates precipitat$ by ammonium molybdate4 ,9 ! sk9 be=e pu]+ no phosphates 7 pres5t1 b 9 ! sk9 aft] pu]+ !re 0 a small am\nt1 ?\gh n suffici5t to weigh4 ,! action ( ammonium phosphate on ! lime 9 ! sk9 is v small4 ,a sk9 0 treat$ ) a #ja p] c5t4 solution ( ammonium phosphate at #ajj ,f4 = "o h\r4 ,! ,ca,o 9 ! dry sk9 0 e/imat$1 & f\nd to be-- ,p] c5t4 ,be=e ! exp]im5t #aic ,aft] #ade ,a consid]able am\nt ( calcium phosphate 0 f\nd 9 ! sk9 aft] ! exp]im5t4 ,o!r *emical comp\nds exi/+ 9 ! pu]1 or =m$ by ! action ( bact]ia 7pr9cipally ,b4 coli commune1 see ,*apt] ,,iv471 are indol1 skatol & a numb] ( aromatic oxyacids1 pr9cipally p>a-oxyph5yl-propionic acid1 a little p>a-oxyph5ylacetic acid & skatol c>bonic acid4 ,9 addition1 tyros91 leuc91 tryptophan & m]captans h be5 sep>at$4#cd #cd ,rettg]1 ,am]4 ,j\r4 ( ,physiol41 viii4 p4 #bhd2 ,ko*'s ,jahresb]i*t1 #aijc1 p4 #aab4 ,) ^! bodies no exp]im5ts on sk9 h be5 made1 s f> z ,i am aw>e1 except ) indol & skatol4 ,ka?re9] f\nd t ^! _h a slight r$uc+ action on sk91 s t "o may say !y play "s "p 9 ! pu]+4 ,! action ( ! bile salts1 glyco*olate & tauro*olate ( soda1 also ne$s inve/igation4 ,^! h an indirect effect 9 ! pu]1 z !y fav\r ! developm5t ( "s species ( bact]ia 7*iefly coli7 & h9d] ! gr[? ( o!rs4 ,"s action has also be5 ascrib$ to sulphurett$ hydrog51 b 9 ! pu] liquors :i* ,i h exam9$ no ,h#b,s 0 f\nd1 ei!r be=e or aft] ! sk9s 7 ent]$4 ,x w be se5 t ! ammonia comp\nds 9 ! bate are n ( !mselves p>ticul>ly fitt$ = ! purpose ( remov+ lime#ce f ! sk9s1 b ow+ to bact]ial action 7:i* we %all treat ( 9 ,*apt] ,,iv471 acids are produc$ :i* comb9e ) ! ammonia1 & 9 ?is way ! small quantity ( ^! comp\nds orig9ally pres5t is cont9ually be+ reg5]at$ :ile ! bat+ is 9 progress4 ,ammonia is set free by ! lime 9 ! sk9s4 ,x is !n neutraliz$ by acids produc$ by bact]ia1 & ?us acts z a c>ri] = ! acids1 & ! bate rema9s 9 a ne>ly neutral condition4 ,z ! lime increases 9 ! liquid ! action ( ! bact]ia dim9i%es1 & f9ally ! alkal9ity becomes too great to all[ ! bact]ial or *emical action to proce$ fur!r4 #ce ,delim+ ) acids :5 c>efully done takes out m lime ?an ! pu]1 )\t 9 any way injur+ ! sk91 b :5 tann$ ) sumac ! bellies & axilla are h>%1 & ( a br[n] col\r ?an 9 a pu]$ sk94 ,analysis %[$ no m lime 9 ! br[n portions ?an 9 ! c5tre ( ! sk91 :]e ! col\r 0 q bright & satisfactory4 ,x w be not$ t ! conc5tration ( ! active salts 9 ! bate is extremely small4 ,if ! am9e comp\nds be assum$ to consi/ ( e?ylam9e butyrate or lactate1 ! conc5tration ( ! solution is approximately #a grm4 p] litre2 x is important t ! conc5tration ( salts %\ld n greatly exce$ ?is am\nt4 ,i h f\nd by exp]im5t ) ammonium *loride solutions1 t ! be/ r$uc+ action is provid$ by a conc5tration ( #jg to #a grm4 ,,nh#d;,cl p] litre2 if ! conc5tration be rais$ to #b or #c grm4 p] litre1 ! sk9s become 8lea!ry0 & d n fall prop]ly4 ,! alkal9ity mu/ n be great] ?an #c-e c4c4 ,n_/#aj p] #ajj c4c4 bate1 = ! bate to "w at its be/4 99,solution ( ,sk9 ,sub/ance dur+ ! ,pu]+499--,! det]m9ation ( ! total sk9 sub/ance dissolv$ by ! pu] is be/ done by ,kjeldahl's me?od be=e & aft] ! goods4#cf #cf ,vide ,proct]1 ,l4,i4,l4,b41 #aijh1 p4 #fd4 ,! diff]5ce 9 ! total nitrog5 f\nd multipli$ by #ef gives ! am\nt ( sk9 sub/ance dissolv$ by ! bate1 assum+ ! am\nt ( nitrog5 9 ! dry a%-free sk9 to be #agh p] c5t4 ,if v great accuracy be requir$1 a small correction = nitrog51 br\ght into solution f ! pu] itself1 is necess>y4#cg ,?is correction mu/ be asc]ta9$ = ! p>ticul> pu] us$ by actual exp]im5t4 #cg ,9 a blank exp]im5t to det]m9e ?is1 #jjdgf grm4 ,n p] litre 0 f\nd to be br\ght into solution f ! pu]4 ,! foll[+ figures give ! results 9 grams p] litre obta9$ 9 ! pu]+ ( %eep gra9s4 #ej c4c4 ( ! filt]$ pu] liquor are slightly acidifi$ ) sulphuric acid1 evaporat$ ne>ly to dryness & ,kjeldahl$ 9 ! usual way4 ,mean ,total nitrog5 be=e sk9s #jbfcb #jbfjd #jbegf aft] #jdibh #jdhdd #jdgfj ,diff]5ce -- #jbbdj ,equival5t to #abed grm4 sk9 sub/ance p] litre4 ,?is 0 some:at ov] a kilogram ( sk9 sub/ance = ! paddle 9 "q1 & equal to #a p] c5t4 ( ! dry a%-free sk94 ,z to ! diff]5tiation ( ! dissolv$ sk9 sub/ance into albumoses1 peptones1 monam9o acids1 diam9o acids1 ammonia1 etc41 a modification ( ,/iasny's me?od#ch = ! exam9ation ( soaks & old limes may be us$4 #ch ,/iasny1 ,on ,old ,limes4 ,collegium #aiaj1 p4 #aha4 ,! me?od is bas$ on ! fact1 discov]$ by ,s*iff1 t =maldehyde reacts ) am9o acids1 =m+ me?yl5-am9o acids1 :i* are di/9ctly acid & all[ a %>p titration ) ph5olph?ale9 z indicator1 :ile ! am9o acids !mselves react almo/ neutral4 ,so]5s5 has work$ out a me?od on ?is basis = ! det]m9ation ( diff]5t am9o acids1 & = trac+ ! c\rse ( hydrolysis ( album9\s matt]s4 ,in/ead ( us+ ph5olph?ale9 z an indicator1 ! electrometric app>atus ( ,s& 7see p4 #gf7 is employ$4 #ej c4c4 ( ! filt]$ pu] liquor are put into a beak]1 ! hydrog5 electrode is imm]s$ 9 ! liquor1 & ! pot5tial diff]5ce 7,p4,d47 obs]v$2 ?is gives ! hydrog5 ion conc5tration ( ! solution4 #aj c4c4 ( neutral =maldehyde solution 7#dj p] c5t47 are add$1 & ! ,p4,d4 aga9 obs]v$2 x w be f\nd to dim9i% rapidly1 b soon becomes con/ant1 indicat+ t ! reaction is a quick "o4 ,! increase ( acidity1 z %[n by ! l[]+ ( ! pot5tial diff]5ce1 is due to ! acidity develop$ by ! comb9ation ( ! =maldehyde ) ! am9o acids =m+ me?yl5-am9o acids ( appreciable hydrion conc5tration4 ,! am\nt ( su* acids is e/imat$ by titrat+ ) ,n_/#aj cau/ic soda solution until ! ,p4,d4 rises to ! same voltage z t orig9ally f\nd4 ,! foll[+ figures 7 f\nd 9 an exp]im5t3-- ,orig9al ,pu] ,! same ,liquor ,aft] ,goods 7volts7 #jfa #jfi aft] #aj c4c4 =mal9 #jec #jed ,n 7,kjeldahl71 grm4 p] litre #jcacf #jeicf ,increase ( ,n -- #jbhjj ,n_/#aj soda = #ej c4c4 to orig9al voltage #gj #aaf c4c4 increase ,n_/#aj soda -- #df #a c4c4 ,n_/#aj soda mg ,n -- #cje ,a pref]able me?od is to add dec9ormal acid or alkali to ! orig9al liquor until ! ,p4,d4 ( #jfi is rea*$1 at :i* po9t ! liquor w be neutral to ph5olph?ale91 &1 aft] add+ =maldehyde1 to titrate ) ,n_/#aj soda until ! ,p4,d4 ( #jfi is aga9 rea*$4 ,! factor :i* connects ! am\nt ( dec9ormal soda requir$ = ! titration1 aft] ! addition ( =maldehyde1 ) ! total nitrog5 z det]m9$ by ,kjeldahl's me?od1 w af=d in=mation z to ! ext5t ( ! hydrolysis und]gone by ! proteid matt]1 9 ! same mann] z ,/iasny 7loc4 cit471 has propos$ to diff]5tiate ! dissolv$ proteid matt] 9 lime liquors4 ,z hydrolysis proce$s ! p]c5tage ( nitrog5 9 ! molecule increases1 be+ at its maximum 9 ! ultimate nitrog5\s product ammonia2 ! factor1 !re=e1 becomes less z hydrolysis becomes m advanc$4 ,= ammonia #a c4c4 ,n_/#aj soda #ad mg4 ,n hydroliz$ gelat9#ci #bi ,witte peptone completely hydroliz$#ci #cf lys9 #bh arg99 #ef hi/id9 #db #ci ,/iasny4 ,collegium #aiaj1 p4 #ahd4 ,we may conclude t ! sk9 sub/ance dissolv$ 9 ! pu] liquor is hydroliz$ almo/ z completely z gelat9 is by boil+ ) sulphuric acid4 ,i h previ\sly po9t$ out t dilute acids dissolve a c]ta9 am\nt ( sk9 sub/ance 7see p4 #aeg71 & 9 ?is connexion1 ,dr4 ,georges ,abt has giv5 me ! results ( "s exp]im5ts1 on ! solubility ( sk9 9 v>i\s organic acids1 :i* he made 9 ,vi5na4 ,pieces ( sk91 weigh+ #dj grm4 9 ! wet /ate1 7 all[$ to rema9 = "o mon? 9 ,n_/#aj solutions ( ! acids4 ,! ,n 0 !n det]m9$1 by ,kjeldahl's me?od1 ) ! foll[+ results1 express$ z p] c5t4 ( ! wet sk9 dissolv$3-- ,p] c5t4 ,acetic acid dissolv$ #jfde ,lactic #bbg ,butyric #jegg ,=mic #adg ,x w be se5 t butyric acid dissolv$ ! lea/ am\nt ( sk91 lactic acid dissolv+ close ^u f\r times z mu*4 99,scud499--,a c]ta9 am\nt ( sk9 sub/ance comes away 9 ! 8scud40 ,?is is ! liquid squeez$ out ( ! sk9 by ! pressure ( ! scudd+ knife aft] pu]+4 ,! liquid has ! same composition z ! pu] liquor out ( :i* ! goods h be5 tak51 & 9 addition conta9s l>ge quantities ( pigm5t granules1 wool roots1 & "s sk9 sub/ance1 :i* toge!r con/itute ! s-call$ 8fil?0 ( ! sk94 ,analysis ( a scud f ,engli% %eep gra9s %[$ only #jafd p] c5t4 ,n1 equival5t to ab\t #a p] c5t4 sk9 sub/ance 7#iae grm4 p] litre74 ,fat1 #gi grm4 p] litre4 ,eb]le & ,krall h rec5tly#dj analys$ ! fatty matt] :i* adh]es to ! m5's knives 9 scudd+ lamb sk9s = glov+ "w4 ,!y obta9$ ! foll[+ results3-- #dj ,ueb] die ,zusamm5setzung des beim ,beiz5 von ,lammfell5 mit ,hundekot abfll5d5 8fe/5 ,s*mutzes03 e9 ,beitrag zur ,beiz5frage4--,coll41 #aiaa1 p4 #dde4 ,p] c5t4 ,wat] #big ,fat #dbj ,fatty acids comb9$ ) lime #ff ,album9\s matt] soluble 9 wat] #ch ,hair & insoluble album9\s bodies #add ,a% 7conta9+ #eg p] c5t4 ,ca,o7 #ce ,! fat _h a-- ,melt+-po9t #dj-dd ,saponification numb] ab\t #aba ,iod9e numb] #caf ,hehn] value #iai ,acid value #ic ,dr4 ,fahrion f\nd1 9 a sample ( ! fat extract$ ) e!r3-- ,p] c5t4 ,iod9e numb]4 ,unsaponifiable #dgf #bgc ,fatty acids 7sol4 9 petrol e!r7 #cic #cjb ,oxy acids 7sol4 9 e!r7 #ace #acd ,! figures obta9$ = ! fat !re=e agree closely ) ^? = wool fat4 99,action ( ! ,bird-,dung ,bate499--,! deplet+ action ( ! pigeon- & h5-dung bate is v simil> to t ( ! pu]1 or dog-dung bate2 b ! bat+ process ) ^! mat]ials1 z we h se5 7p4 #ah71 is c>ri$ out at a l[] temp]ature1 & is consequ5tly m prolong$4 ,! pr9cipal diff]5ce betwe5 ! two bates appe>s to be a *emical "o1 due to ! fact t bird dung conta9s all ! ur9>y products :i* are pres5t only to a small ext5t 9 ! dung ( mammals4 ,9 birds uric acid is ! *ief /age 9 nitrog5\s katabolism1 ! me*anism ( its =mation be+ a process ( syn!sis 9 ! liv] 7,halliburton74 ,urea is also pres5t 9 consid]able am\nt1 & does n appe> to be s easily decompos$ z ! urea 9 animal ur9e4#da ,z we %all %[ 9 ! next *apt]1 urea1 & probably also urates1 greatly facilitate ! p]meability ( gelat9e1 & to ?is fact may be ascrib$ ! m gradual action ( bird-dung bates4 ,if we attempt to bate hides ) dog-dung1 ! gra9 ( ! hide is f\nd to be attack$ & de/roy$ be=e ! bate has p5etrat$ to ! int]ior ( ! hide4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a bird-dung bate may be us$ at a temp]ature ( #ch to #dj ,c4 = ! pu]+ ( sk9s de/9$ = light lea!r1 b its action is n s fav\rable z t ( ! pu]s4 #da ,urea is pres5t to ! ext5t ( #e p] c5t4 9 samples ( ,p]uvian guano4 ,,composition ,,( ,,bird ,,excreta4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,pigeon ,h5 ,duck ,goose ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,moi/ure #ehcb #efjh #fjhh #dffe #ggjh ,organic matt] #bhbe #aief #aibb #cfab #acdd ,phosphates #bfi #bed #ddg #cae #jhi ,c>bonate & sulphate #age #cjh #ghe #cja ( calcium #bid ,alkal9e salts #aii #jhb #aji #jcb ,silica & s& #gjj #agib #ffi #ajge #efe ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #ajjjj #ajjjj #ajjjj #ajjjj #ajjjj ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,conta9+ nitrog5 equal to ammonia #age #aba #jgd #jhe #jfg ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,macadam#db /ates t pigeon dung is ! mo/ conc5trat$4 ,h5 manure conta9s ! l>ge/ proportion ( phosphates1 & is foll[$ by duck dropp+s4 ,t ( ! goose is ! lea/ valuable4 ,! prec$+ table is tak5 f 8 pap]4 #db ,manures1 ,natural & ,artificial1 ,w4 ,ivison ,macadam4 ,j\r4 ,soc4 ,*em4 ,ind4 #ahhh1 p4 #gi4 ,proct]#dc quotes ! foll[+1 z a mean ( #dj analyses ( pigeon dung by ,s*ulze3-- #dc ,pr9ciples ( ,lea!r ,manufacture1 p4 #agi4 ,p] c5t4 ,wat] #bajj ,nitrog5 #bec ,phosphoric acid #agi ,pota% #adf ,he rem>ks t ! action ( bird dung is m p5etrat+1 b less s(t5+ & loos5+ ?an t ( dog dung1 & ?is effect may be expla9$ by :at has be5 said above4 ,un=tunately1 f> less "w has be5 done on ! bird-dung bate ?an on ! pu]1 & !re is a wide field op5 = rese>* 9 ?is direction4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,physics ,,( ,,bat+4 8,! mo/ important aspect ( any ph5om5on1 f a ma!matical po9t ( view1 is t ( a measurable quantity40 --,,maxwell4 ,x is impossible 9 ! space ( a %ort *apt] to give an adequate explanation ( ! physical *anges tak+ place dur+ ! pu]+ process4 ,an outl9e only c be giv51 & p]haps a few signpo/s to indicate = ^? int]e/$1 9 :at direction fur!r "w c be usefully done4 ,x is obvi\s t if m be attempt$1 a treatise on physics & physical *emi/ry w\ld be requir$2 su* a "w is beyond ! scope ( ! pres5t volume4 ,x is to be hop$ t ! :ole ( ! que/ions dealt ) "h1 includ+ ! physical *emi/ry ( sk9 & ( ! :ole tann+ process1 w %ortly be fully treat$ by ! ma/] h& ( our greate/ tann+ *emi/1 ,pr(essor ,h4 ,r4 ,proct]4 ,s9ce tann+1 9 ! e>li] /ages1 is = ! great] "p a physical absorption1 or colloidal co-precipitat+ action1#dd ! physical /ate ( ! sk9 fibre1 or condition ( ! sk9 be=e x ent]s ! tann+ liquor1 is ( ! greate/ importance4 ,9 fact1 ! :ole ( ! op]ations to :i* ! sk9 is subject$ previ\s to tann+ are direct$ t[>ds *ang+ its physical /ate1 & ! *emical *anges und]gone are small & pr9cipally hydrolytic4 #dd ,/iasny1 ,kritis*e und ,exp]im5telle ,beitrge zur ,aufklrung d] ,g]bvorgnge4 ,collegium #aijh1 p4 #aag4 ,wood1 ,comp\nds ( ,gelat9 & ,tann94 ,collegium #aijh1 p4 #did4 ,! two mo/ important physical influ5ces ov] :i* we h control are pressure & temp]ature4 ,! pressure dur+ pu]+ is practically con/ant1 viz4 ! atmosph]ic pressure1 b1 z we %all see lat]1 a dim9ution ( pressure is fav\rable to fall+ or depletion4 ,x w\ld1 !re=e1 be int]e/+ to conduct exp]im5ts on pu]+ 9 vacuo1 or "u r$uc$ pressure4 ,be=e consid]+ ! effect ( temp]ature & ! *anges 9 ! volume ( ! sk9 dur+ pu]+1 x w be well to consid] ! prop]ties ( ! sk9 & ! pu] liquor4 ,9 ! sk9 prep>$ = tann+1 practically all ! k]at9 & epid]mis & soluble matt]s are got rid (1 & we h a mass ( fibres :i* are compos$ ( collag51 a proteod1 :i* by prolong$ boil+ ) wat] is conv]t$ into gelat94 ,nei!r ! *emical =mula nor ! molecul> weight ( collag5 is kn[n ) c]ta9ty1 b1 f a s]ies ( ultimate analyses1 ! *ange ( collag5 into gelat9 is repres5t$ by ,h(mei/]#de by ! foll[+ equations3-- #de ,all51 ,comm4 ,org4 ,analysis1 iv4 p4 #dei4 ,c#ajb;,h#adi,n#ca,o#ch ,h#b,o ,c#ajb;,h#aea,n#ca,o#ci collag5 gelat9 f :i* x w be se5 t he assigns a molecul> weight ( #bdaf to collag51 & #bdcd to gelat94 ,o!r consid]ations1 h[ev]1 make x probable t ! molecul> weight is d\ble ! above figures4 ,gelat9 is a typical colloid1 & we may consid] t sk9 is practically a colloid ) a /ructure 7a v important po9t1 z we %all see lat]71 b behav+ 9 _m ways z gelat94 ,! pu] solution is to a l>ge ext5t colloidal4 ,!re=e1 bo? ! sk9 & ! pu] are 9 ! colloidal /ate4 ,9 ! typical cry/alloid solution ( an electrolyte1 ! dissolv$ body is sep>at$ into its molecules1 & to a l>ge ext5t into individual ions1 :ile1 9 ! colloid /ate1 ! units ( di/ribution are ei!r l>ge & (t5 conjugat$ molecules1 or m frequ5tly m9ute p>ticles compos$ ( _m molecules unit$ by cohesive attraction4#df ,9 ! case ( ! sk9 ! molecules are n free to move1 b are held 9 place by ! /ructure ( ! sk91 & ! fibres ?us act z semi-p]meable membranes1 ) capill>y spaces betwe5 !m1 9 :i* wat] & o!r fluids are m]ely held by capill>y attraction4 #df ,proct]1 ,colloidal ,*emi/ry4 ,brit4 ,assoc4 ,rep4 #aijh4 ,if filt]$ pu] liquor is put into a vessel clos$ by a membrane ( sk91 & ! :ole imm]s$ 9 cle> lime wat]1 ! pu] solution becomes turbid 9 a %ort "t1 b ! out] solution rema9s cle>1 %[+ t ! sk9 is p]meable to ! lime solution 7cry/alloid71 b n to ! pu] solution 7colloid74 ,x 0 obs]v$1 h[ev]1 t ! acids conta9$ 9 ! pu] diffus$ ?r\gh ! membrane2 ?is 0 %[n by ! addition ( a few drops ( ph5olph?ale9 to ! lime solution1 :5 ! p9k col\r disappe>$ aft] a %ort "t 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! sk94 ,^! ph5om5a are due to osmosis4 ,x is ! fundam5tal prop]ty ( all animal membranes1 to all[ "s sub/ances to pass ?r\gh !m m easily ?an o!rs4 ,9 _m cases1 su* membranes1 :ile freely p]meable to wat]1 are practically imp]meable to c]ta9 sub/ances 9 solution1 & play ! "p ( sieves 9 direct+ & controll+ ! diffusion4 ,9 ! case ( sk9 ! ph5om5a are complicat$ by ! fact t ! sk9 comb9es *emically ) _m sub/ances 9 solution1 & ?us we d n always "k :at "p to assign to *emical comb9ation & :at to ! osmotic ph5om5a4 ,proct] has %[n 7,colloid4 *em4 ,beihefte #aiaa1 ii41 pp4 #bdc-bhd7 t1 :ile gelat9 is v p]meable z su* to solutions ( acids & salts1 !re may be =m$ 9 ! pres5ce ( excess ( acid a hydrolysable *emical complex ( ! nature ( a salt1 9 :i* ! gelat9 functions z base1 & :i* is probably less p]meable to acids & _! salts ?an ! neutral gelat94 ,! conditions w\ld !n be simil> to ^? :i* obta9 :5 solutions ( an acid & its salt are sep>at$ by a movable membrane1 :i* is p]meable = ! acid & wat] b n = ! salt solution4 ,f ! organiz$ /ructure ( ! sk9 surface1 x is unlikely t osmosis takes place betwe5 ! sk9 itself & ! out] solution1 ) ! two surfaces ( ! sk9 z semi-p]meable membrane4 ,osmotic action is mo/ likely to occur 9 ! int]ior ( ! sk91 betwe5 ! sk9 fibres !mselves & ! int]fibrill> spaces4 ,! colloids 9 ! pu] solution1 :i* con/itute a l>ge proportion ( its mat]ial1 _c1 f _! nature1 p5etrate ! sk94 ,?is may be %[n by ! above-m5tion$ exp]im5t4 ,f ?is x is reasonable to assume t ! lime is n actually dissolv$ f ! int]ior ( ! sk9 by ! pu] acids1 b t solution takes place = ! mo/ "p aft] x has diffus$ out into ! pu] solution4 ,x is probable1 h[ev]1 t "p ( ! bodies ( acidic "* pres5t 9 ! pu] are capable ( p5etrat+ ! sk9 fibre1 z has be5 expla9$ above4 ,! int5sity ( ! osmotic action ( pu] ^u sk9 mu/ dep5d ^u ! quantity ( sub/ances conta9$ 9 x1 to :i* sk9 sub/ance acts z an imp]meable membrane1 & :i* on t acc\nt induces an osmotic pressure betwe5 ! out] pu] solution & ! solutions held 9 ! sk9 fibre4 ,! effect ( pu]+ does n necess>ily imply ! actual expulsion ( wat] f ! sk9--9 fact1 well pu]$ sk9 may q possibly conta9 z mu* wat] z x did 9 ! swell$ condition4 ,! diff]5ce consi/s 9 ! mann] 9 :i* ! wat] is held 9 ! sk91 & its fre$om to move f p>ts :i* are submitt$ to pressure4 ,9 ! swoll5 sk91 ! fibres may be conceiv$ z swoll5 by ! wat] & hold+ x 9 ! same mann] z a gelat9 jelly2 aft] pu]+1 ! fibres are 8fall510 & ! wat]1 hi!rto held by !m1 surr\nds !m 9 ! liquid =m4 ,! osmotic pressure#dg ( a solution ( conc5tration c1 temp]ature ,t1 & pressure p1 is ! diff]5ce ( pressure ex]t$ on bo? sides ( a semi-p]meable membrane 9 !rmodynamic equilibrium1 hav+ on ! "o side ! solution "u ! above condition1 & on ! o!r side ! pure solv5t "u ! pressure p#j ( its own saturat$ vap\r4 ,on ?is def9ition ! osmotic pressure ( a normal solution is ov] #bb atmosph]es1 or #ccj lb4 p] sq4 942 & s9ce a saturat$ lime solution is ab\t #a_/bj normal1 its osmotic pressure is ab\t #aa atmosph]es1 or #af lb4 p] sq4 94--?is repres5ts ! =ce caus+ ! lime to diffuse into wat] 9 :i* ! sk9 is plac$4 ,! pu] solution be+ ( a colloidal nature1 ex]ts practically no osmotic pressure1 & s9ce x conta9s sub/ances capable ( ent]+ into comb9ation ) lime1 ! latt] is remov$ f ! surface v quickly4 ,! curve repres5t+ ! removal ( lime by wat] has be5 giv5 9 ,*apt] ,i41 p4 #f4 ,t = pu] is n ( su* a simple "* 7see ,fig4 #g1 p4 #ch71 b x w be se5 t ! great] "p ( ! lime is remov$ dur+ ! fir/ #aj m9utes4 ,! curve is plott$ = p]c5tage ( a%1 s9ce ! lime is no long] 9 a cau/ic condition b 9 ! =m ( salts4 ,x is rem>kable t ! p]c5tage ( a%1 aft] rea*+ a m9imum1 increases consid]ably4 ,?is ph5om5on /ill requires inve/igation4 #dg ,m4 ,planck1 ,zeit4 f4 ,phys4 ,*em4 xlii4 p4 #ehd 7#aijc74 99,d5sity ( ,sk9499--,com+ to ! consid]ation ( ! volume ( sk9 & its *anges dur+ pu]+1 we "k t ! volume v is ! reciprocal ( ! d5sity1 i4e4-- v #a_/1 & !re=e #a_/v4 ,c>9i#dh has c>ri$ out exhau/ive exp]im5ts on ! d5sity ( sk9 dur+ tann+1 b1 s f> z ,i am aw>e1 little or no "w has be5 done z to ! effect ( pu]+ on ! d5sity ( raw sk94 #dh ,sull' appliccazione della bilancia idro/atica p] il controllo della concia delle pelli1 ,milan1 #aijc4 ,! usual me?ods ( det]m9+ d5sity are well kn[n1#di & consi/ 9 weigh+ ! body fir/ 9 air1 !n 9 wat] or o!r liquid4 ,if m be ! weight ( ! body1 & x loses ! weight w :5 weigh$ 9 wat]-- m_/w4 #di ,see ,kohlraus*1 ,an ,introduction to ,physical ,measurem5ts1 #ahid1 p4 #dc4 ,see also1 ,weigh+ ,hides 9 ,wat]1 ,c4 ,e4 ,p>k] & ,g4 ,h4 ,russell1 ,tann]s' ,ye>-,book #aije1 p4 #de4 ,= exp]im5ts on sk91 in/ead ( weigh+ 9 wat] x has be5 f\nd m conv5i5t to use a simple volum5omet]1 :i* 0 devis$ by ,mr4 ,d\glas ,j4 ,law 7see ,coll4 #aiaa1 p4 #bcj47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4--,volum5omet] = ,raw ,sk94 ,! app>atus 7,fig4 #h7 consi/s ( ! two vessels ,a & ,b1 connect$ by means ( ?ick rubb] tub+ to ! burette ,c1 ( :i* ! top is enl>g$ to a bulb4 ,! bottle ,a1 :i* 0 specially made = u by ,messrs4 ,t[nson & ,m]c]1 ,london1 is ( ab\t #a litre capacity1 & ! wide m\? is clos$ by a /opp]1 accurately gr\nd to fit ! neck1 & ext5d+ d[n to ! bottom ( ! neck4 ,! upp] "p ( ! /opp] is elongat$ to a tube1 :i* is clos$ by ! tap ,g4 ,! vessel ,a is also fitt$ ) a tap ,e4 ,! vessel ,b s]ves z a res]voir1 & is us$ to adju/ ! level ( ! liquid 9 ! burette ,c by means ( ! tap at ,f4 ,to f9d ! volume ( a piece ( sk91 ! me?od ( proc$ure is z foll[s4 ,! bottle ,a is fill$ ) wat] up to ! neck1 & ! /opp] ,d1 c>efully greas$1 is ins]t$4 ,! tap ,e is !n clos$1 & ! burette is fill$ ) wat]4 ,!n1 ) ! taps ,g & ,e op51 ! bottle ,a is fill$ ) wat] up to ,d by rais+ ! burette4 ,g & ,e are !n clos$1 & by op5+ ! tap ,f ! level ( ! wat] 9 ! burette is adju/$ to z]o :5 ,f is aga9 clos$4 ,g & ,e are !n op5$ aga91 &1 by l[]+ ! burette1 ! wat] 9 ,a is all[$ to fall bel[ ! level ( ! neck ( ! bottle4 ,e is !n %ut1 ! /opp] ,d remov$1 & ! piece ( sk9 is c>efully introduc$1 avoid+ air bubbles4 ,! /opp] ,d is !n replac$ ) ! tap op51 &1 by op5+ ,e & rais+ ! burette1 ! wat] is all[$ to come up to ! /opp] ,d aga94 ,! taps ,g & ,e are !n clos$1 & ! volume ( ! piece ( sk9 read (f directly f ! burette scale4 ,volumes up to #ej c4c4 are measurable z describ$ above1 b l>g] volumes may be measur$ if a kn[n volume ( wat] is run f ! burette into ! res]voir be=e introduc+ ! sk94 ,by us+ v>i\s solutions 9 ! app>atus in/ead ( pure wat]1 ! real swell+ or contract+ effect ( ^! ^u ! sk9 may be obs]v$4 ,! sk9 is introduc$ into ! bottle ,a1 & ! solution adju/$ to ,g1 :i* is !n clos$2 !n1 by leav+ ! tap ,e op51 ! real swell+ or contraction ( ! sk9 is measur$ by ! rise or fall ( ! liquid 9 ! burette4 ,petroleum or o!r liquid may be us$ in/ead ( wat]2 9 "s cases1 ! use ( petroleum is m advantage\s4 ,! d5sity ( dry gelat9 z det]m9$ by ,ldek+ is #adab1 :i* is n greatly diff]5t f t ( sk94 ,c>9i gives ! foll[+ figures = ox-hide3-- ,sk9 ) hair #adej depilat$ ) lime #adbe depilat$ ) sodium sulphide #adda b does n give details h[ ^! figures 7 obta9$1 & if correct$ = a% & fat4 ,! d5sity ( lim$ & pu]$ %eepsk91 det]m9$ by dry+ ! sk9 ov] sulphuric acid until ! weight 0 con/ant1 !n det]m9+ ! volume 9 petroleum1 gave ! foll[+ results3-- ,lim$ sk9 #abcce ,pu]$ #abeij ,i4 ,by det]m9+ ! volume ( ! wet sk9 9 ! volum5omet]1 & ! p] c5t4 ( wat] on dry+ ! sk91 ! calculat$ d5sities 7-- ,lim$ sk9 #adch ,pu]$ #acjj ,,ii4 ,correct+ = a% & fat1 ! dry a%-free sk9s _h ! d5sities-- ,lim$ sk9 #acig ,pu]$ #acce ,,iii4 ,! d5sity ( ! wet lim$ sk9 0 #ajfc1 b ! d5sity calculat$ f ! results 7,i47 above is #ajdge2 f ?is1 x is evid5t ! fibres ( ! swoll5 lim$ sk9 und]go compression on swell+1 or t ! wat] conta9$ 9 !m is 9 a /ate ( compression1 9 ! same way z gelat9 swoll5 ) wat] occupies a less volume ?an ! sum ( ! volumes ( gelat9 & wat]4 ,ldek+#ej f\nd = #aj p] c5t4 gelat9 jelly #ajfi2 calculat$ 0 #ajda4 ,he attribut$ ! :ole ( ! compression to ! wat]1 s t #a c4c4 ( wat] 9 a #aj p] c5t4 gelat9 jelly occupi$ a volume ( #jifjfi c4c4 ,see also p>4 #d p4 #fh4 #ej ,wi$emann's ,annal d4 ,physik1 xxxv4 p4 #ceb 7#ahhh74 ,x may be ( int]e/ to give ! figures us$ 9 ! prec$+ l9es 9 tabul> =m4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,lim$ sk9,pu]$ sk9 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,d5sity ( wet sk9 #ajfc #ajec ,p] c5t4 ( wat] f\nd #hjfc #ghb calculat$ #giej #gii ( a% on wet sk9 #aga #aag ( fat #jaea #bf ,d5sity ( dry a%-free sk9 sub/ance #acigj #accef ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,9 addition to ! dim9ution ( ! d5sity ( ! sk9 by pu]+1 ! increase ( fat is v m>k$4 ,! p]c5tage ( wat] ref]r$ to ! wet sk9 may be calculat$ f ! =mula 77v#b - v#a7_/7a - v#a77 x #ajj :]e v#a specific volume ( ! dry sk94 v#b specific volume ( ! wet sk94 ,! specific volume ( ! dry sk9 7v#a7 may be calculat$ f ! specific volume ( ! wet sk9 7v#b71 ! p]c5tage ( wat] 7w7 be+ kn[n by ! foll[+ =mula3-- v#a 7v#b - 7w_/#ajj77_/7a - 7w_/#ajj771 & by comp>+ ! volume ?us obta9$ ) ! volume det]m9$ by direct exp]im5t1 ! am\nt ( contraction is asc]ta9$4 ,9 ! case we h be5 consid]+ 7viz4 lim$ sk9 ) #hj p] c5t4 wat]7 v#b calculat$ #jiee v#b f\nd #jida ,! specific volume ( ! dry sk9 v#a calculat$ #jfiee v#a f\nd #jhaab ,! diff]5ce = ! dry sk9 is surpris+1 & consid]ably great] ?an anticipat$1 b has be5 v]ifi$ by a l>ge numb] ( exp]im5ts4 ,x may be rem>k$ t ! exact det]m9ation ( ! d5sity ( sk9 by dry+ out pieces is liable to error on acc\nt ( ! non-homog5eity ( ! pieces4 ,!re appe>s to be "s *emical comb9ation betwe5 ! wat] & ! sk9 v simil> to t betwe5 wat] & alcohol1 & al?\gh ! figures obta9$ 9 ! above exp]im5ts by ?is me?od are accurate1 x is n c]ta9 t !y repres5t ! true d5sity4 ,x is possible t ! int]ior ( ! sk9 may /ill conta9 "s moi/ure1 &1 9 ord] to arrive at absolute c]ta9ty1 x w\ld be necess>y to p[d] ! sk91 & asc]ta9 its d5sity 9 a f9ely divid$ condition4 ,:5 ?is is done1 ! results obta9$ are v mu* m concordant ?an :5 pieces ( sk9 are us$4 ,! foll[+ results 7 obta9$ = ! d5sity ( dry hide p[d] 7z us$ = analysis by ! ,i4,a4,l4,t4,c473-- ,9 petroleum e!r #abefh ,9 c>bon tetra*loride #abegj ,9 alcohol #abehj ,mean #abegb ,?is is equival5t to a specific volume v#a #jgied4 ,! d5sity ( ! p[d]$ sk9 may also be det]m9$ 9 ! air volum5omet] 7,say2 ,kopp4 ,kohlraus* ,physical ,measurem5ts1 p4 #ec74 99,swell+ & ,fall+499--,! sk91 9 its liv+ condition on ! heal?y animal1 is ! mo/ supple & p]fect ( cov]+s1 & 9 produc+ s(t lea!rs x is ! object ( ! tann] to reta9 ?is supple condition4 ,to d ?is1 ! swoll5 fibres mu/1 z we h se51 be got back to _! natural /ate4 ,! ph5om5a ( swell+ & depletion ( sk9 h be5 discuss$ by ,krn]1#ea & rec5tly ,pr(4 ,h4 ,r4 ,proct]#eb has publi%$ a pap] :i* goes into ! :ole !ory ( colloidal swell+4 ,9 ord] to und]/& depletion1 :i* is ! opposite ( swell+1 x is necess>y to consid] :at takes place :5 a body l sk9 is swoll54 ,i am indebt$ to ,dr4 ,?4 ,krn] = ! foll[+ summ>y ( ! ph5om5a ( swell+4 ,!re are ?ree types ( swell+3 #a4 ,capill>y attraction2 #b4 ,endosmose2 #c4 ,molecul> imbibition4 #ea ,?4 ,krn]1 #aj ,jahres4 ,b]i*t1 d4 ,deuts*4 ,g]b]s*ule zu ,freib]g1 #ahii1 p4 #cb4 #eb ,proct]1 ,ueb] die ,e9wirkung ,v]dnnt] ,saur5 und ,salzlsung5 auf ,gelat9e1 ,kolloid ,*em4 ,beihefte1 #aiaa1 ii4 p4 #bdc4 ,! la/ nam$ is ( ! greate/ importance 9 tann+4 ,krn] 7loc4 cit47 enum]ates c]ta9 pr9ciples gov]n+ molecul> swell+4 #a4 ,a body capable ( swell+1 :5 put into wat]1 absorbs a def9ite quantity ( ! wat] up to a maximum1 :i* _c be exce$$4 7,c4 ,ludwig47 #b4 ,! maximum ( swell+ dep5ds ^u ! *emical composition ( ! body1 on its cohesion & ela/icity1 & on ! temp]ature & int]ior pressure ( ! liquid4 7,c4 ,ludwig47 #c4 ,p[] ( resi/ance to swell+ increases f ! ext]ior to ! int]ior1 accord+ to a p>abolic law2 i4e4 ! ext]nal lay]s ( ! body atta9 ! maximum swell+ soon] ?an ! int]nal portions4 7,l4 ,ma?iess5 & ,a4 ,s*w>z47 #d4 ,! volume ( ! swoll5 body is small] ?an its orig9al volume1 plus t ( ! liquid absorb$4 7,qu9cke47 #e4 ,swell+ is accompani$ by developm5t ( heat4#ec #ec ,duv]noy1 ,e4 ,wi$emann1 & ,ldek+1 ,wi$4 ,ann4 xxv4 #ahhe1 p4 #ade4 ,! production ( heat is simply due to ! contraction1 & n to any *emical ph5om5on1 su* z hydration4#ed ,?is expla9s a fact well kn[n to tann]s1 viz4 t sk9s swell 9 cold wat] & 8fall0 9 w>m wat]4 ,riecke#ee concludes t ! degree ( swell+1 m#b_/,m 7:]e m#b mass ( wat] absorb$1 ,m mass ( ! body swoll571 9 a space fill$ ) aque\s vap\r1 unsaturat$1 is a function ( ! pressure & temp]ature4 #ed ,rodewald4 ,!rmodynamik d] ,quellung1 ,zeit4 f4 ,phys4 ,*em4 xxiv4 #ahig1 p4 #aic4 #ee ,zur ,lehre von d4 ,quellung1 ,wi$4 ,ann4 liii4 #ahid1 p4 #efd4 ,! velocity ( swell+ 7,pas*eles7 may be express$ by ! =mula-- d,q_/dt 7,m - ,q7,k :]e ,m maximum ( swell+1 ,q am\nt ( swell+ 9 ! "t t1 & ,k a con/ant4 ,! diff]5tial quoti5t d,q_/dt gives ! velocity = ea* mom5t1 & x w be se5 t ! swell+ becomes sl[] & sl[] z ! maximum is approa*$4 ,?us1 ! law ( ! velocity ( swell+ is id5tical ) t ( ! velocity ( inv]sion ( cane sug>1 itself an application ( ! law ( masses4#ef #ef ,n]n/ & ,s*nfliess4 ,e9leitung 9 die ma!matis*e ,beh&lung d] ,naturwiss5s*aft1 ,mn*5 #b ,aufl4 #fg4 ,= e process ( swell+1 ! con/ant ,k mu/ be det]m9$ exp]im5tally f obs]vation ( ,m1 & x may be %[n t-- ,k #a_/t log7,m_/7,m - ,q77 :5ce ! value ( ,k may be calculat$ = ea* s]ies ( det]m9ations4 ,on ! mann] 9 :i* wat] is held 9 swoll5 colloid bodies1 ?ree hypo!ses h be5 put =w>d4#eg #eg ,see also ,colloidal ,*emi/ry1 ,h4 ,r4 ,proct]1 ,m4,sc41 ,brit4 ,assoc4 ,reports1 ,dubl91 #aijh4 #a4 ,! hypo!sis t colloids h a /ructure 9 ! =m ( a honeycomb4 7,bts*li47 #b4 ,! wat] is absorb$ at ! surface ( colloids 9 a specially cond5s$ =m4#eh #eh ,wilhemy4 ,pogg4 ,ann4 cxix4 pp4 #aba1 #abb4 ,! wat] =ms1 ) ! swoll5 body1 a 8solid solution40 7,ngeli47 ,swell+1 & its opposite1 contraction1 are connect$ ) ! surface t5sion betwe5 ! swell+ or contract+ bodies & ! surr\nd+ solution4 ,) dim9i%$ surface t5sion1 ! surfaces ( contact betwe5 ! two become great]1 i4e4 swell+ takes place1 ) simultane\s dim9ution ( ! volume ( ! :ole sy/em1 & vice v]sa4 ,= ! absorption ph5om5a :i* occur1 ! foll[+ relation holds good3 ,:5 a sub/ance 9 solution dim9i%es ! surface t5sion at ! divid+ surface1 its conc5tration is increas$2 x is absorb$4 ,:5 a sub/ance 9 solution increases ! surface t5sion at ! divid+ surface1 its conc5tration is dim9i%$4 ,9 ! sy/em wat]-hide sub/ance ! rese>*es ( ,wi$emann & ,ldke+ h %[n t swell+ is accompani$ by evolution ( heat4 ,s9ce a rise ( temp]ature is fav\rable to a sy/em =m$ by absorption ( heat1 x !re=e h9d]s swell+ & vice v]sa4 ,?is is confirm$ by practical exp]i5ce1 & mo/ bat+ op]ations are conduct$ at temp]atures betwe5 #ce & #dj ,c4 ,) reg>d to ! influ5ce ( pressure on swell+1 a simil> law holds good z = temp]ature1 :i* may be express$ z foll[s4 ,:5 a *emical sy/em is compress$ at con/ant temp]ature1 its equilibrium is %ift$ 9 t direction by :i* ! reaction is accompani$ by dim9ution ( volume4 ,qu9cke1 h[ev]1 has %[n :at appe>s to be a p>adox1 namely1 t swell+ is accompani$ by dim9ution ( volume1 i4e4 ! swell+ sub/ance1 plus ! wat] tak5 up1 occupies a small] space ?an ! sum ( ! two con/itu5ts tak5 toge!r2 !re=e1 an increase ( pressure mu/ be fav\rable to swell+1 & conv]sely a dim9ution ( pressure is fav\rable to 8fall+40 ,we mu/ cle>ly be> 9 m9d t 9 all cases ( swell+1 x is ! entry ( wat] into ! sy/em :i* is ! cause ( ! swell+1 & s9ce pu]+ is a process :i* acts 9 a contr>y direction1 i4e4 ! sk9 falls1 ?is means t wat] is expell$ f ! sy/em1 sk9 plus wat]4 ,by direct det]m9ation1 f #c to #h p] c5t4 ( wat] is expell$ dur+ pu]+4 ,calculations made f d5sity det]m9ations are mask$ by ! fact1 above ref]r$ to1 t ! d5sity ( ! sk9 *anges dur+ pu]+4 ,a fall5 sk9 conta9s less wat] ?an :5 9 ! swoll5 condition1 b ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! p]c5tages ( wat] 9 ! sk9 9 ! two /ates is only relatively small1 & obvi\sly insuffici5t 9 itself to acc\nt = ! great diff]5ce 9 ! physical prop]ties ( ! sk9 9 ! two conditions4 ,x is evid5t1 !re=e1 t ! /ate 9 :i* ! wat] is held 9 ! two /ages mu/ be diff]5t4 ,x is reasonable to suppose t1 9 ! case ( swoll5 sk9 sub/ance1 ! :ole ( ! capill>y cavities ( ! organiz$ /ructure ( ! sk9 are completely fill$ ) wat]1 :i*1 ow+ to its incompressible nature1 conf]s ^u ! sk9 ela/ic & unyield+ prop]ties :i* x always possesses 9 ?is condition4 ,! wat]1 ent]+ ! organiz$ cell /ructure 9 ! fir/ place by osmotic pressure1 is fix$ !re & conf]s ^u ! sk91 9 "p1 its own prop]ty ( incompressibility4 ,x is a well-recogniz$ fact t1 dur+ ! pu]+ process1 l>ge quantities ( ! sk9 sub/ance are dissolv$ by ! action ( ! enzymes 9 ! bate1 & x is probable t ! f9] organiz$ /ructure is fir/ attack$4 ,! walls ( ! cells :i* hold ! wat] are p>tly de/roy$1 leav+ ! sk9 )1 q possibly1 ! same am\nt ( wat] conta9$ 9 x z a :ole1 b ) ! wat] disp]s$ at l>ge ?r\gh\t its int]ior /ructure in/ead ( be+ held 9 ! fibres4 ,! result ( ?is is1 t :5 a small area ( ! pu]$ sk9 is subject$ to local pressure ! wat] 9 ! portion und]go+ compression is free to move into ! adjac5t portions ( ! sk91 & !re is no =ce act+ ^u x1 except t ( capill>ity1 to cause x to return to t area :5 ! pressure is remov$ f x4 ,:5 a portion ( a pu]$ sk9 is compress$1 ! surr\nd+ "p is always swoll5 to an equival5t am\nt4 ,t ?is view is1 9 ! ma91 correct is support$ by an obs]vation ( ,abt 7,p>is71 t1 :ile cell nuclei may be demon/rat$ 9 ! lay]s ne> ! epid]mis ( an unpu]$ sk91 !y are entirely abs5t f a pu]$ sk91 %[+ t ! pu] has completely dissolv$ ! nucle> /ructure ( ! cells4 ,! swell+ caus$ by alkalis is ( a diff]5t nature to ! swell+ caus$ by acids4 ,proct] has po9t$ out#ei t alkal9e swell+ is n repress$ by sodium *loride1 ev5 :5 caus$ by sodium hydrate1 b is repress$ by suffici5t conc5tration ( ! hydroxyl ion 9 ! out] solution4 #ei ,colloidal ,*emi/ry1 p4 #ai4 ,mll]#fj po9ts out t jellies conta9+ c]ta9 non-electrolytes 7glucose1 glyc]9e1 alcohol7 r5d] ! diffusion ( soluble matt] mu* sl[] ?an pure jellies ( ! same conc5tration1 b ! pres5ce ( urea fav\rs ! p]meability ( gelat9 & ag> jellies4 ,! diff]5ces 9 ! velocity ( diffusion ( v>i\s salt solutions ?r\gh jellies ( ! same /r5g?1 are ?us n due altoge!r to ! great] diffusibility ( ! p>ticul> salt solution1 b are to be attribut$ to ! influ5ce ( ! salt on ! p]meability ( ! colloidal m$ium4 ,lim$ sk9 treat$ ) a #a p] c5t4 solution ( urea at #dc ,c4 is deplet$ or 8falls10 b bo? ! solution & ! sk9 rema9 alkal9e4 #fj ,allgeme9e ,*em4 d4 ,kolloide1 p4 #ac4 ,pibram#fa has rec5tly %[n t ! swell+ & contraction ( muscle are to be ascrib$ to absorption & expulsion ( wat] f ! cells ( ! muscle2 ! rapid *anges tak+ place1 are br\ght ab\t by *anges 9 ! conc5tration & composition ( ! liquid compon5ts ( ! muscle4 ,lactic & phosphoric acids are produc$ ) enorm\s rapidity1 & ( relatively high conc5tration2 dur+ a %ort p]iod ^! cause in/antane\s *anges 9 ! swell+ ( ! muscle cells1 foll[$ by a return to _! orig9al /ate4 ,= ! evid5ce ( ?is ! orig9al pap] mu/ be consult$1 b x goes to %[ t ! equilibrium ( ! sy/em--colloids1 electrolytes1 wat]--dep5ds on ! proportions & quantities ( ea* ( ^! con/itu5ts4 ,! ph5om5a we are consid]+ ?us con=m to ! g5]al law ( mass action 7,guldb]g & ,waage74 #fa ,pibram1 ,die ,b$eutung d] ,quellung und ,entquellung fr physiologis*e und pa?ologis*e ,ers*e9ung54 ,kolloid ,*em4 ,beihefte1 ii4 p4 #a4 99,influ5ce ( ,solid ,matt] 9 ! ,bate499--,x 0 fir/ po9t$ out by ,wood 7,j4,s4,c4,i4 #ahii1 p4 #iia7 t a filt]$ pu] liquor _h less action on ! sk9 ?an an unfilt]$ liquor conta9+ mu* f9ely susp5d$ matt]4 ,on add+ an in]t solid 7kaol97 to ! filt]$ bate1 ! action 0 ha/5$4 ,no d\bt mu* ( ! colloidal matt]1 & ) x "s ( ! enzymes1 are remov$ by filtration1 b nev]!less1 ! susp5d$ p>ticles 9 ! bate h "s effect on ! process4 ,9 a mo/ int]e/+ pap]1 ,p]r9#fb has rec5tly %[n1 t ! granules 9 susp5sion 9 a colloidal liquid function l ! invisible molecules ( a p]fect gas ) a molecul> weight ( #cc x #aj-i4 ,su* granules are end[$ ) ! molecul> 7,br[nian7 movem5t1 & !re=e may ex]t a me*anical effect on ! fibres ( ! sk94 ,al?\gh ! mass ( ! p>ticles is l>ge#fc comp>$ ) molecul> dim5sions1 !y are small en\gh to p5etrate ! pores ( ! sk91 & :]e pu]+ is c>ri$ too f>1 may become deposit$ b5ea? ! f9e hyal9e lay]1 & ?us r5d] x cl\dy & unsuitable = f9e col\rs4 #fb ,p]r91 ,kolloid ,*em4 ,beihefte1 i4 p4 #bba4 #fc ,a p>ticle ( gamboge 9 a colloidal solution has a mass #aji times t ( a molecule ( hydrog54 99,hydrog5 ion ,conc5tration ( ,pu] ,liquors499--,x has already be5 %[n1 9 ,*apt] ,,ii41 t fre% pu] liquors h a c]ta9 acidity 7#g c4c4 ,n_/#aj p] #ajj c4c47 at ! comm5cem5t ( ! op]ation1 b t at ! end !y are alkal9e 7#c c4c4 ,n_/#aj p] #ajj c4c474 ,if an artificially acid liquor be made by dilut+ hydro*loric acid until x %[s ! same numb] ( c4c4 by titration1 x w be f\nd f> too 8/rong10 & w swell ! sk9s4 ,?is br+s u to ! consid]ation ( :at is meant by ! /r5g? ( acids4 ,proct] & ,jones#fd h drawn att5tion to ! po9t 9 _! pap] on 8,acids 9 ,tan ,liquors40 ,z is well kn[n1 ! ionic !ory affirms t degree ( acidity dep5ds on ! conc5tration ( hydrog5 ions1 a /rongly acid solution be+ "o 9 :i* ! hydrion conc5tration is great1 an alkal9e solution "o 9 :i* x is extraord9>ily m9ute1 & if we adopt pure wat] z our /&>d ( neutrality1 a neutral solution is "o 9 :i* ! hydrion conc5tration is approximately #aj-g normal4 ,a normal solution ( hydrog5 ions w\ld conta9 #a gram ( hydrog5 ions p] litre2 9 ! case ( hydro*loric acid ?is w\ld equal #ace ,n_/#a ,h,cl4 #fd ,acids 9 ,tan ,liquors1 ,j\rn4 ,soc4 ( ,*em4 ,ind41 #aiaj1 p4 #aced4 ,s& & ,law1#fe & ,wood1 ,s& & ,law1#ff h describ$ ! mode ( e/imat+ ! hydrog5 ion conc5tration 9 tan liquors directly by means ( ! electrometric me?od1 & ?is me?od is especially applicable to ! e/imation ( ! hydrog5 ion conc5tration 9 pu] liquors4 ,x c also be us$ to titrate ! liquors1 & we h already giv5 "s ( ! results 9 ,*apt] ,,ii4 #fe ,j\rn4 ,soc4 ,*em4 ,ind41 #aiaa1 p4 #c4 #ff ,ibid41 #aiaa1 p4 #hgb4 ,! me?od is bas$ on ! !ory ( ,n]n/1 t ! diff]5ce ( pot5tial betwe5 a metal plate & ! solution ( "o ( its salts into :i* ! metal is dipp+1 dep5ds on ! osmotic pressure ( ! free ions ( t metal 9 ! solution 79 o!r words1 on ! conc5tration ( ! solution74 ,9 ! case ( hydrog5 ions1 we use a plate ( plat9um coat$ ) plat9um black & saturat$ ) hydrog51 & ! diff]5ce ( pot5tial dep5ds1 !re=e1 on ! conc5tration ( ! hydrog5 ions 9 solution4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4--;,diagram ( ,connexions ( ,electrometric ,app>atus4 ,! accompany+ figure 7,fig4 #i7 %[s ! hydrog5 electrode ,i1 & ! auxili>y electrode ,,ii1 drawn to scale1#fg on ! "r1 :]eas ! electrical app>atus is expla9$ diagrammatically on ! left4 #fg ,an improv$ =m ( hydrog5 electrode devis$ by ,dr4 ,h4 ,s& may n[ be obta9$ f ,univ]sitts-mecanikes ,fritz ,khl]1 ,leipzig4 ,x is %[n at ,i 9 ,fig4 #aj4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! me?od ( measurem5t consi/s 9 connect+ ! two ends ,p & ,q1 ( a slid+ rheo/at to ! t]m9als ( a dry cell1 ,d1 & balanc+ ! pot5tial-diff]5ce to be measur$ aga9/ ! pot5tial-diff]5ce betwe5 "o end1 ,p1 & ! slid]1 ,s1 by means ( a special =m ( enclos$ capill>y electromet]1 ,e4 ,! value ( ?is pot5tial-diff]5ce is read directly on a delicate voltmet]1 ,v4 ,! connexions1 :i* are f\nd ready-made 9 ! box1 h be5 drawn out1 :]eas1 ^? to be made by ! op]ator are %[n by dott$ l9es4 ,! /eps to be tak5 by ! latt]1 consi/ fir/ 9 tak+ (f ! capill>y electromet] & manipulat+ x 9 su* a mann]1 t on return+ x into position ! capill>y may be p>tly fill$ ) a ?read ( m]cury & p>tly ) ! acid4 ,! t]m9als1 ,x & ,y1 m>k$ batt]y & 1 are connect$ to a dry cell1 & ! t]m9als1 ,z & ,u1 m>k$ ca?ode & auxili>y respectively1 to ! hydrog5 & calomel electrode4 ,v c>eful insulation ( ! connexion betwe5 ! t]m9al m>k$ auxili>y & ! calomel electrode is necess>y4 ,! hydrog5 is pass$ ?r\gh ! hydrog5 electrode until a con/ant ,p4,d4 betwe5 x & ! calomel electrode is obta9$4 ,?is ,p4,d4 is measur$ by mov+ ! slid] up & d[n until no movem5t ( ! m]cury 9 ! capill>y electromet] is obs]v$ on depress+ ! key ,k m>k$ electromet]4 ,fig4 #aj is a view ( ! app>atus z set up = ! titration ( a pu] liquor4 ,h is a cyl9d] ( compress$ hydrog52#fh ,i1 ! hydrog5 electrode1 dipp+ into ! beak] ,c conta9+ ! liquor = titration2 b1 ! burette1 conta9+ ,n_/#aj acid or alkali2 ,,ii1 ! auxili>y electrode1 ! capill>y ( :i* is also se5 dipp+ into ! beak] ,c2 ,p1 ! pot5tiomet] box conta9+ ! slid+ rheo/at ,s & electromet] ,e2 ,d1 a dry batt]y4 ,! acid or alkali is run 9 f ! burette until ! voltmet] %[s #jfi volts1 indicat+ t ! liquid is neutral or has a hydrog5 ion conc5tration ( #aj-g4 #fh ,x is necess>y to use pure hydrog54 ,?is may n[ be obta9$ comm]cially f ! ,kn[les' ,oxyg5 ,co41 ,wolv]hampton4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4--;,electrometric ,app>atus4 ,! foll[+ table %[s "s results obta9$ on pu] liquors be=e & aft] sk9s h be5 put ?r\gh4 p,h has be5 call$ by ,sor5s5 ! expon5t ( ! hydrog5 ion conc5tration ,c1 & is def9$ by ! equation p,h log7#a_/;,c7 i4e4 x is equival5t to ! log>i?m ( ! reciprocal ( ! factor ( normality ( ! solution ) respect to ! hydrog5 ions4#fi p,h = pure wat] or a neutral solution is #g1 correspond+ to #jfi volts4 ,! measurem5ts 7 made on filt]$ pu] liquors1 us+ a ,n_/#a ,k,cl calomel electrode z auxili>y1 ! capill>y ( ! electrode be+ fill$ ) #ce,n potassium *loride3-- #fi ,! =mula = calculat+ p,h = ! ,n_/#a auxili>y electrode us$ is z foll[s3-- ,s9ce 7#jbhc #jjege log7#a_/;,c7 volt7 log7#a_/;,c7 p,h 7 - #jbhc7_/jjege pot5tial diff]5ce f\nd ,c conc5tration ( hydrog5-ions4 -------------------------------------- ,be=e goods4 ,aft] goods4 ---------------------------------- ,no4 ,volts4 p,h ,volts4 p,h ------------------------------------- #a #jefj #dg #jgee #haf #b #jehe #eaf -- -- #c #jfjj #ed #jfeh #fdd #d #jeie #ece #jgaj #gce #e #jfjj #ed #jgbe #gf #f -- -- #jggj #hce ------------------------------------- ,no4 #f 0 a v old 8sp5t0 liquor4 ,! mean hydrog5 ion conc5tration be=e goods 0 #jehh volt1 i4e4 ! conc5tration 0 #aj-ecb normal equival5t to #jjjjjjdgi grm4 p] litre ( hydrog5 ions4 ,!re=e ! value ( p,h 0 #ecb4 ,a solution ( hydro*loric acid ( ! same /r5g? by titration consum$ #jg c4c4 ,n_/#a alkali p] #ajj c4c4 ,measur$ by ! electrometric app>atus1 x %[$ #jdaj volt1 correspond+ to p,h #ba1 or a hydrion conc5tration ( #jjgi,n4 ,9 o!r words1 ! ,h,cl solution has an acidity or /r5g? #afjj times t ( ! pu] liquor4 ,! mean hydrog5 ion conc5tration ( ! liquors aft] goods 0 #jjjjjjjjgf grm4 p] litre1 correspond+ to #jgae volt & p,h #gab1 i4e4 ! liquor 0 alkal9e to a slight ext5t4 ,= comp>ison saturat$ lime-wat] gave a read+ ( #aja volt1 correspond+ to p,h #abe4 ,! hydrog5 ion conc5tration is ( ! greate/ importance = ! prop] action ( ! enzymes 9 ! bate2#gj we %all1 h[ev]1 treat ( ?is 9 ,*apt] ,,vii4 #gj ,vide ,sr5s51 ,sur la mesure et l'importance de la conc5tration des ions hydrogne dans les ractions enzymatiques4 ,comp4 r5d4 ,lab4 de ,c>lsb]g1 #hme4 vol4 #a;ere livraison1 ,cop5hag51 #aiji4 99,conductivity ( ,pu] ,liquors499--,x 0 ?\ght ( int]e/ to exam9e ! electrical conductivity ( pu] liquors 9 actual use1 9 ! hope t ! numb]s obta9$ might give "s useful indications4 ,x 0 f\nd t ! conductivity increas$1 z might be expect$ f ! lime go+ into solution1 b ! difficulties ( ! me?od r5d] x ( less use ?an ord9>y *emical analysis4 ,! results ( a typical liquor are giv5 "h z a record-- ,conductivity 7,k7 ( liquor be=e goods #jjjcaf7a_/7ohm cm477 ,conductivity 7,k7 ( liquor aft] goods #jjjdbc7a_/7ohm cm477 ,! difficulty ( express+ ! complex reactions ( pu]+ num]ically is1 we h se51 v great1 =1 z ,m9ot#ga says1 8) human m9ds con/itut$ z !y actually are1 we _c anticipate t !re w ev] be a ma!matical expression = any organ or ev5 a simple cell1 al?\gh =mul w cont9ue to be useful = deal+ n[ & !n ) isolat$ details4 ,nev]!less1 ! value ( graphic me?ods to e /ud5t ( sci5ce has be5 imm5se40 #ga ,m9ot1 ,address to ,am]4 ,assoc4 = ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce1 ,m9neapolis1 ,dec4 #bi1 #aiaj4 ,nature1 #aiaa1 p4 #if4 ,x has long be5 my endeav\r to express quantitatively ! degree to :i* a sk9 has fall54 ,my fri5d ,dr4 ,s& has sugge/$ t ?is may be done by subject+ a piece ( ! sk9 successively to increas+ & !n decreas+ pressures1 & measur+ ! ?ickness "u ea* load4 ,exp]im5ts c>ri$ out ) ! app>atus describ$ bel[ %[ t a lim$ sk9 treat$ 9 ?is way is fir/ compress$1 & !n on releas+ ! pressure recov]s m or less ( its =m] ?ickness1 accord+ to ! am\nt ( plump+ x has receiv$1 i4e4 x %[s a c]ta9 am\nt ( resili5ce4 ,a well-pu]$ %eep-sk91 on ! o!r h&1 %[s no resili5ce at all1 i4e4 on releas+ ! pressure ! :ole ( ! compression p]si/s4 ,9 ! case ( an ox-hide subject$ to a bate ( h5-dung1 a slight recov]y takes place on releas+ ! pressure4 ,?is accords ) ! fact t x w nev] be possible to pu] a ?ick ox-hide s effectively z a ?9 %eep-sk94 ,a piece ( india-rubb]1 on ! o!r h&1 is completely resili5t1 i4e4 x :olly recov]s its ?ickness on releas+ ! pressure4 ,! relative ?ickness ( ! same sk9 9 ! lim$ & pu]$ conditions "u v>y+ loads is also ( int]e/4 ,! process ( pu]+ may1 z a rule1 be tak5 to r$uce a lim$ sk9 to betwe5 two-?irds & "o-half ( its ?ickness 9 ! swoll5 condition4 ,if bo? lim$ & pu]$ sk9 be !n subject$ to ! same load1 ! pu]$ sk9 w at fir/ be compress$ v mu* m ?an ! lim$ "o4 ,?is is probably due to ! expulsion f x ( wat]1 held simply by capill>y attraction4 ,on fur!r increas+ ! load1 h[ev]1 ! compression decreases greatly 9 ! case ( ! pu]$ sk92 ) bo? lim$ & pu]$ sk9 increase ( compression ultimately becomes practically proportional to increase ( pressure1 & is slightly great] ) ! =m] ?an ) ! latt]4 ,! table gives repres5tative results obta9$ on ! same %eep-sk9 7roan7 9 ! lim$ & 9 ! pu]$ condition4 ,^! results are express$ graphically 9 ,fig4 #ab4 ---------------------------------------- ----- ,load ,?ickness 9 mm p] sq4cm4 -------------------------------- 9 grm4 ,lim$ sk9 ,pu]$ sk9 ---------------------------------------- ---- #j #cde #agh #afg #bj #cdc #aeh #ahe #dj #ccc #adc #aij #fj #cbh #ace #aic #hj #cbb #abc #aii #ajj #cae #aac #bjb #abj #cjh #ajh #bjj #adj #cjc #aje #aih #afj #bie #aja #aid #ahj #bij #ih #aib #bjj #bhc #ie #ahh #cjj #bgc #hh #ahe ,all (f #bih -- -- #chj #bfa #hb #agi #fjj #bdc #gf #afg ,all (f -- #gf -- ---------------------------------------- ---- diff]5ce 9 ?ickness ( ! sk9--i4e4 compression "u ! same load4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4--;,app>atus = ,measur+ ,degree ( ,fall+ m micromet] dial4 ,,jj jaws betwe5 :i* ! sk9 is plac$4 b balance-weight atta*$ to cord pass+ ov] pulleys p p1 to c\nt]balance weight ( frame f f4 k knife edge support+ pan & weights w4 ,fig4 #aa %[s ! app>atus#gb t 0 employ$ to obta9 ^! results4 ,x consi/s ess5tially ( a comm]cial =m ( micromet] = measur+ ! ?ickness ( lea!r4 ,to "o ( its jaws a pan = weights is atta*$1 by means ( ! frame f f1 9 su* a mann] z to secure a p]fectly /raight pull4 ,! weights ( ! frame & pan are c\nt]balanc$ 9 ! mann] %[n by a c\nt]poise b4 ,! delicacy ( measurem5t may be increas$ by ins]t+ l>g] jaws 9 ! =m ( suitably fa%ion$ disks1 b ev5 :5 ?is is done ! results are to a c]ta9 ext5t vitiat$ by ! r consid]able friction ( ! micromet]4 #gb ,! app>atus 0 con/ruct$ by ,mr4 ,w4 ,l9ney1 ( ! ,univ]sity ,college1 ,nott+ham4 ,s9ce ?is app>atus 0 con/ruct$ ,pr(essor ,h4 ,r4 ,proct] has in=m$ me t an appliance devis$ by ,mr4 ,&]son1 ( ! ,le$s ,univ]sity1 = measur+ ! ?ickness ( lea!r "u v>y+ pressures1 has be5 9 use 9 ! lea!r indu/ries dep>tm5t = "s mon?s = ! purpose ( measur+ ! proportion ( ! p]man5t to ela/ic compression4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4--;,curve obta9$ by ,measur+ ,app>atus4 7,! dott$ l9es %[ ! pressure on tak+ (f ! load47 ,an app>atus free f ?is fault is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ac4 ,x consi/s ess5tially ( a c\nt]balanc$ lev] ,a1 to :i* ! upp] jaw ,j is rigidly atta*$4 ,by means ( a slid+ weight ,w1 any desir$ load1 f z]o upw>ds1 may be put on ?is jaw4 ,! lev] c>ries a v delicate _s level1 :i* all[s x to be set accurately horizontal 9 e exp]im5t4 ,! l[] jaw is movable v]tically betwe5 p>allel guides1 & its position is controll$ by ! screw-:eel ,s :i* be>s a divid$ circle on its circumf]5ce4 ,! position ( ?is :eel1 & !re=e ( ! l[] jaw1 may be accurately read on ! v]ni] v4 ,9 e exp]im5t x is adju/$ s z to make ! upp] lev] accurately horizontal4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4--;,improv$ ,app>atus = ,measur+ ! ,degree ( ,fall+4 7,s&47 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,bact]iology ,,( ,,! ,,bate4 8,omne vivum ex ovo40--,,h>vey 7#aegh-afge74 ,:5 a drop ( liquid f a pu] :eel 9 use is exam9$ "u ! microscope#gc ) #a_/ab o4i4 objective1 x is se5 to be sw>m+ ) bact]ia4 #gc ,a good microscope1 ) #a_/ab oil-imm]sion objective & ,abbe cond5s]1 is necess>y = bact]iological "w4 ,! new d>k-gr\nd cond5s] made by ,james ,swift & ,son1 ,london1 is extremely useful = exam9+ liv+ bact]ia "u high magnifications4 ,! majority are %ort rods 7bacilli71 b o!r =ms1 cocci & spirilli1 are se5 9 less] numb]s4 ,mo/ ( ^! bact]ia move briskly 9 ! liquid2 z ! temp]ature ( ! slide s9ks1 _! movem5ts become sl[]1 & f9ally cease4 ,! illu/ration1 ,fig4 #ad1 %[s ! v>i\s =ms ( bact]ia obs]v$ by ! au?or 9 pu] liquors #ajjj diam4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4--,v>i\s ,=ms ( ,bact]ia 9 ,pu] ,liquors4 ,! liv+ bact]ia are be/ exam9$ 9 a drop culture 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,a clean cov]-glass1 ( ! prop] ?ickness = ! objective to be us$1 is laid ^u a black glass plate4 ,) a plat9um loop1 previ\sly heat$ to r$ness 9 ! flame1 a drop ( /]ile physiological salt solution 7#jf to #jge p] c5t47 or /]ile bro? is plac$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! cov]-glass4 ,) a plat9um ne$le a m9ute quantity ( ! pu] liquor is /irr$ into ! drop4 ,a slide ) a depression 9 ! c5tre is tak51 ! edge ( ! depression pa9t$ r\nd ) vasel9e1 & press$ ov] ! cov]-glass1 s t ! drop is exactly c5tral4 ,if ! :ole be n[ turn$ sm>tly ov]1 ! drop w hang c5tral 9 ! holl[ space4 ,if ! r+ ( vasel9e is cont9u\s1 & ! cov] well press$ d[n1 ! drop is pres]v$ f evaporation1 & ! bact]ia may be exam9$ 9 _! natural condition--be/ on ! edge ( ! drop4 ,= illum9at+ ! drop culture1 ! concave mirror is us$1 & a small diaphragm )\t cond5s]2 :]eas1 = /a9$ prep>ations1 ! flat mirror is us$ 9 conjunction ) ! ,abbe cond5s]4 ,if ! cov]-glass be c>efully remov$1 & dri$ "u a bell glass1 ! culture may be pres]v$ 9 a dry condition1 or may be /a9$ & m\nt$4#gd #gd ,! mo/ rec5t me?od is to pres]ve ! slides )\t cov]-glasses3 a drop ( c$> oil is plac$ directly on ! prep>ation1 &1 aft] exam9ation1 c>efully wa%$ (f ) xylol4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 n to t\* ! prep>ation ) ! f+]s4 ,if ! dri$ prep>ation is on a cov]-glass1 x %\ld be held 9 ! f+]s 7prep>$ side upw>ds71 & pass$ sl[ly ?ree times ?r\gh ! flame ( a ,buns5 burn]4 ,by hold+ ! prep>ation 9 ?is way1 ! exact temp]ature = prop] fixation is obta9$4 ,a drop ( fu*s9 /a91 or g5tian violet1 is all[$ to rema9 on ! prep>ation = five m9utes2 wa% (f ! sup]flu\s dye ) wat]1 & exam9e1 ei!r 9 ! wet /ate or aft] dry+ & m\nt+ 9 balsam4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4--;,b4 ,coli ,commune4 ,/a9$ to %[ ,flagellae4 ,= a detail$ acc\nt ( ! te*nique ( /a9+ & m\nt+1 ! foll[+ works may be consult$3-- ,me?ods & ,=mul4 ,p4 ,w4 ,squire4 7,*ur*ill47 ,tas*5bu* fr d5 bakt]iologis*5 ,praktikant54 ,dr4 ,rudolf ,abel4 7,/ub]s-,v]lag1 ,wrzburg47 ,te*nique ,microbiologique4 ,nicolle & ,reml+]4 7,octave ,do91 ,p>is47 ,practical ,bact]iology4 ,kan?ack & ,drysdale4 7,macmillan1 ,london47 ,! rec5t rese>*es ( ,tissi] & ,met*nik(f h %[n t ! flora ( ! inte/9es1 bo? ( m5 & animals1 consi/ v l>gely ( ana]obic bact]ia4 ,^! h be5 ov]look$ 9 previ\s rese>*es1 ow+ to imp]fect means ( /udy+ ?is class ( organisms4 ,inde$1 9 "o "w on ! microbes ( ! alim5t>y canal ( ! dog1 no m5tion 0 made ( !m1 :]eas !y are all v active4 ,mo/ ( ^! organisms1 & ! new me?ods by :i* !y h be5 isolat$1 are fully describ$ 9 a new "w entitl$ 8,les ,anrobies10 by ,m4 ,jungano & ,a4 ,di/aso1 ( ! ,pa/eur ,in/itute1 ,p>is4#ge #ge ,masson et ,cie1 ,publi%]s4 ,! foll[+ bact]ia h up to ! pres5t be5 isolat$ f dung 7mo/ly dog dung71 & /udi$ 9 pure cultures3-- #a4 ,micrococcus ureae 7,cohn74 7,pa/eur47 #b4 fulvus 7,cohn74 #c4 prodigiosus4 #d4 ureae liquefaci5s4 #e4 ,bact]ium sulphureum4 #f4 coli commune4 7,fig4 #ae47 #g4 coli an9dolicum4 #h4 ,bact]ium coli ana]og5es4 #i4 furfuris 7,wood74 7,fig4 #cj47 #aj4 furfuris 7,wood74 7,fig4 #ca47 #aa4 ,bacillus fluoresc5s putridus4 #ab4 liquefaci5s4 #ac4 subtilis4 #ad4 saprog5es 7,h]feld71 ?ree v>ieties4 #ae4 butyricus 7,hueppe74 7,fig4 #bc47 #af4 putrificus4 7,fig4 #ai47 #ag4 pyocyaneus4 #ah4 jan?9us4 #ai4 coprog5es ftidus4 #bj4 pyog5es ftidus 7a v>iety ( ,b4 coli74 #ba4 z5k]i4 #bb4 magnus4 #bc4 sp9osus4 #bd4 liquefaci5s 7,eis5b]g1 ,frankl&74 #be4 amylobact] 7,van ,tieghem74 #bf4 acidi p>alactici4 #bg4 ,i4 ,isolat$ f horse manure by ,sev]91 #bh4 ,,ii4 ,c5tr4 ,bl4 f4 ,bakt4 7#b71 i41 #ig4 #bi4 ,,iii4 #cj4 f horse dung 7ana]obic7 ,sev]91 ,c5tr4 ,bl4 f4 ,bakt4 7#b7 iii41 #gjh4 #ca4 f horse dung 7ana]obic71 ,no4 #c1 ditto4 #cb4 o$ematis maligni 7,vibrion ,septique1 ,pa/eur74 #cc4 mes5t]icus vulgatus4 #cd4 lactis a]og5es4 #ce4 cavicida 7,brieg]74 #cf4 album9is 7,bi5/ock74 #cg4 ,bi5/ockii4 #ch4 t5uis4 #ci4 ent]itidis sporog5es 7,kle974 #dj4 lactis acidi 7,ank]s*mid1 #aije74 #da4 mega!rium4 #db4 cadav]is sporog5es 7,kle97 said to be id5tical ) ,no4 #af4 #dc4 !rmophilus4 7,h\/on74 #dd4 a4 f pu]4 ,see p4 #afb4 #de4 b4 #dg4 ,bacillus mycoides4 #dh-fa4 #ad species isolat$ f dog & pigeon dung by ,pr(4 ,h4 ,beck]4 ,zeit4 f4 ,(f5tli*4 ,*emie4 ,heft xxiii4 ,jahrgang ,x4 p4 #ddg1 includes ,b4 erodi5s 7,fig4 #af74 #fb4 ,s>c9a fim5t>ia 7,lehmann & ,neumann74 #fc4 ,/reptococcus f sewage4 7,h\/on47 #fd4 brevis4 #fe4 longus4 #ff4 pyog5es4 #fg4 liquefaci5s coli4 7,gamgee ,phys4 ,*em4 #b47 #fh4 ,/repto?rix f /able manure4 7,sev]91 #f47 #fi4 ,spirillum s]p5s 7,kuts*]74 #gj4 t5ue #ga4 undula #gb4 volutans 7,figs4 #bd & #be74 #gc4 f pig dung4 ,smi?1 ,c5tr4 ,bl4 f4 ,bakt4 #af1 7#a71 #abd #gd-gf4 ,vibrio1 ?ree species isolat$ by ,kuts*]4 #gg4 ,clo/ridium butyricum 7,prazm[ski71 said to be id5tical ) ,no4 #be4 #gh4 ,/reptococcus faecalis4 ,sidney ,m>t91 #cg & #ch2 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,loc4 ,gov4 ,bo>d1 #aijg-i2 ,nature1 ,m>* #c1 #aiaj1 p4 #bb4 #gi4 ,bacillus bifidus4 #hj4 p]fr+5s4 #ha4 bif]m5tans4 #hb4 funduli=mis 7,veillon74 #hc4 capillosus4 #hd4 sporog5es4 #he4 v5triosus4 #hf4 rodella ,,iii4 #hg4 ,/aphylococcus p>vulus4 #hh4 ,diplococcus orbiculus4 #hi4 ,coccobacillus preacutus4 #ij4 ,coccobacillus ovi=mis4 #ia4 ,bacillus faecalis alkalig5es 7,petrus*ky74 7#gi-ij are ana]obic bact]ia1 describ$ & figur$ by ,jungano & ,di/aso47 ,x w be surmis$ f ! above li/1 to :i* additions are /ill be+ made1 t ! flora ( ! inte/9es is pretty ext5sive1 &1 consequ5tly1 ! /udy ( ! "p play$ by ! v>i\s species ( bact]ia is a long & difficult "o4 ,! me?ods ( isolat+ ^! bact]ia1 & ! compositions ( ! m$ia employ$1 w\ld dem& a treatise on bact]iology2 b1 = g5]al purposes1 a good liquid m$ium = ! cultivation ( pu] bact]ia is a gelat9 peptone bro?1 made by dige/+ #aj grm4 gelat9 ) #f-a_/b grm4 #hj p] c5t4 lactic acid 9 #ajj c4c4 wat] "u pressure = ?ree h\rs1 neutraliz+ ) ammonia1 add+ #a grm4 potassium phosphate1 mak+ up to #ajjj c4c41 & filt]+4 ,a /]ile infusion ( fre% dung may be us$1 b x is tr\blesome to prep>e & n easy to get uni=m 9 /r5g? or composition4 ,! culture liquids are left slightly alkal9e1 an alkal9ity equal to #jjfcf p] c5t4 ,na#b;,,co#c or #ab c4c4 ,n_/#a soda p] litre4 ,! am\nt ( alkali may be increas$ to #jae p] c5t4 ,na#b;,,co#c )\t affect+ ! gr[? ( ! bact]ia4 ,( solid m$ia1 #aj p] c5t4 nutri5t gelat91 or 9 summ] #ae p] c5t41 is good if us$ at temp]atures bel[ #be ,c4 ,= high] temp]atures1 up to #ci & #dj1 nutri5t ag> is requir$4 ,! be/ nutri5t gelat9 = g5]al "w is made accord+ to ,kle9's =mula4#gf ,= m$ia 9 g5]al1 a mo/ useful comp5dium is ,abel's ,tas*5bu*4 #gf ,kle91 ,e41 ,micro-organisms & ,disease 7,macmillan71 p4 #bb4 ,see also1 ,kan?ack & ,drysdale1 ,practical ,bact]iology 7,macmillan #ahif71 p4 #hf4 ,! numb] ( bact]ia 9 fre% fces v>ies greatly1 b is ( ! ord] ( #aj1jjj1jjj p] grm4 ( dry matt]1 capable ( develop+ 9 nutri5t gelat94 ,( ?is numb]1 ab\t #ajj1jjj are spore-be>+ organisms4 ,?is e/imate applies to heal?y animals2 9 a diseas$ condition1 ! numb]s v>y enorm\sly4 ,dr4 ,a4 ,c4 ,h\/on f\nd 9 raw ,london sewage f #c1jjj1jjj to #i1jjj1jjj microbes p] c4c41 ( :i* m ?an "o-t5? 7 gelat9-liquefy+ organisms4 ,!re 7 only ab\t #cjj spores ( a]obic bact]ia1 ab\t #ajj1jjj ,b4 coli1 #ajj ,b4 ent]itidis sporog5es1 & /reptococci1 9 "o gram ( fces4 ,) ! object ( asc]ta9+ ! effect ( ! v>i\s species ( bact]ia conta9$ 9 ! dung ^u sk9s1 a l>ge numb] h be5 isolat$1 & ! effect ( pure cultures 9 diff]5t m$ia has be5 tri$ ^u sk94#gg ,a numb] ( ! results h be5 publi%$ 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,society ( ,*emical ,indu/ry4 ,pr(essor ,h4 ,beck]1 :o has done a great deal ( ?is "p ( ! "w1 is ( op9ion t ! pr9cipal organisms conc]n$ 9 ! bat+ exi/ 9 ! dog's inte/9es1 & belong to ! gr\p ( coli bact]ia4 ,^! are v widely di/ribut$ bact]ia1 & are f\nd 9 ! l>ge inte/9es ( mammals1 &1 z a consequ5ce1 9 almo/ all soils1 & 9 ! mud ( riv]s & lakes4 ,! pr9cipal v>iety is ,b4 coli commune4 #gg ,! subject is n s f> remov$ f direct human int]e/ z "o might suppose4 ,= _m ye>s ,met*nik(f1 9 ,p>is1 has be5 /udy+ ! bact]ial flora ( ! human inte/9es4 ,8 !ory is1 t old age is caus$ by ! poison\s products ( ^! inte/9al bact]ia1 & he proposes to c\nt]act ! effects ( ^! poison\s organisms1 by introduc+ into ! sy/em l>ge quantities ( lactic acid bact]ia1 ei!r 9 ! =m ( tabloids1 or 9 ! =m ( s\r milk cultures4 ,lortet f\nd x1 along ) o!r organisms1 9 ! mud ( ! ,lake ( ,g5eva1 at a spot :]e ! wat] 0 *emically v pure4 ,dr4 ,a4 ,c4 ,h\/on1 ! bact]iologi/ ( ! ,metropolitan ,wat] ,bo>d1 enum]ates sixte5 v>ieties ( ?is organism1 #hj p] c5t4 ( :i* produc$ acid & gas 9 lactose-peptone cultures1 indol 9 peptone-wat] cultures1 & :5 gr[n 9 milk produc$ acid & clot4 ,! bact]ium 7,fig4 #ae7 resembles t ( typhoid fev]1 & has frequ5tly be5 mi/ak5 = x4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 mu* m resi/5t to de/ructive influ5ces4 ,x is a %ort bacillus1 possess+ flagellae1 by :i* x moves m or less rapidly4 ,b4 coli =ms %ort rods #jh wide1 #a to #c long4 ,x moves some:at sl[ly by means ( flagell1 :i* may be demon/rat$ by /a9+ ) ,l(fl]'s me?od4#gh ,x gr[s equally well 9 abs5ce or pres5ce ( air1 t is1 x is a facultative ana]obe4 ,al?\gh x w gr[ at room temp]ature1 ! optimum gr[? is at #cg ,c4 ,9 plate cultures ! appe>ance ( ! colonies bel[ ! surface ( ! gelat9 is q diff]5t f t ( ! surface colonies4 ,! =m] are small r\nd colonies1 ab\t ! size ( a p9 head2 ! latt] spread into a :iti% iridesc5t film1 ) irregul> edges4 #gh ,= ! demon/ration ( flagell1 ! mat]ial is tak5 f a culture on solid m$ia--a "y ag> culture is be/4 ,make a dilution by ,soyka's me?od 7p4 #ajc71 dry & fix on a cov]-glass z describ$1 p4 #hh1 !n proce$ z foll[s3-- #a4 ,mordant ) a mixture ( #aj c4c4 #bj p] c5t4 tann9 solution1 #e c4c4 cold saturat$ f]r\s sulphate1 #a c4c4 fu*s9 or wool-black solution4 ,?is solution is put on ! prep>ation1 :i* is !n heat$ = "o m9ute until /eam is giv5 (f4 #b4 ,wa% "u ! tap1 !n 9 alcohol4 #c4 ,/a9 ) anil9-wat]-fu*s9 solution1 prep>$ by dissolv+ ! dye 9 anil9-wat] & add+ #a p] c5t4 ( a #a p] c5t4 solution ( cau/ic soda until ! liquid beg9s to g cl\dy4 #d4 ,wa% (f ! /a9 ) di/ill$ wat]4 ,b4 coli does n liquefy ! gelat94 ,:5 gr[n 9 nutri5t solutions conta9+ sug>s1 x produces mu* acid1 & at ! same "t gases are giv5 (f1 consi/+ ( ,,co#b & hydrog54 ,if ! gr[? 9 ?is solution be all[$ to cont9ue a second>y f]m5tation ensues1 & ! culture ev5tually becomes alkal9e4 ,indol is produc$ by ,b4 coli1 & may be demon/rat$ by add+ to #aj c4c4 ( ! culture1 #a c4c4 ( a #a_/ej p] c5t4 solution ( pure potassium nitrite2 !n add+ a few drops ( conc5trat$ sulphuric acid1 :51 if indol be pres5t1 a r$ coloration 7nitroso-indol7 is produc$4 ,?is bact]ium r$uces nitrates to nitrites4 ,cultivat$ 9 a #a p] c5t4 solution ( peptone1 to :i* #a_/ajjjj p] c5t4 ( potassium nitrate has be5 add$1 aft] f\r h\rs at #cg ,c41 ! pres5ce ( nitrite may be %[n2 aft] ! gr[? has cont9u$ = sev5te5 h\rs1 ! nitrite is fur!r r$uc$ to ammonia4 ,among o!r products ( ,b4 coli1 ,h>d5 f\nd lactic1 =mic1 acetic1 & succ9ic acids1 e?yl-alcohol1 ,,co#b & hydrog54 ,9 ,g]many1 ,w4 ,lembke & ,h4 ,beck] h specially inve/igat$ ! bact]ial flora ( ! dog's inte/9es4 ,lembke1 9 #ahifgi cultivat$ ! bact]ia f ! fces ( ! dog1 f$ 9 v>i\s ways--bread1 meat1 & fat diet--& f\nd ,b4 coli con/antly pres5t1 al?\gh ! =m ( ! individuals1 z well z ! colonies1 & ! int5sity ( ! indol & gas =mation1 %[$ great v>iations4 #gi 8,beitrag zur ,bakt]i5flora des ,d>mes10 ,ar*iv f4 ,hygi5e1 ,bd4 #bf1 p4 #bic4 ,! o!r species ( bact]ia pres5t v>i$ ) ! k9d ( food2 ?is has a great influ5ce on ! flora ( ! inte/9es1 :i* 0 f\nd to be v diff]5t :5 ! dogs 7 f$ on bread to :at x 0 :5 !y 7 f$ on meat4 ,lembke describes two o!r species ( bact]ia closely resembl+ ,b4 coli1 "o ( :i* he calls ,b4 coli an9dolicum1 :i*1 z ! "n implies1 gives no indol reaction2 ! o!r1 ,b4 coli ana]og5es1 is non-motile1 possesses no flagell1 & diff]s f ,b4 coli by ! abs5ce ( gas production 9 ! f]m5tation ( sug>s4 ,besides ,b4 coli1 !re are sev]al species ( bact]ia :i* liquefy gelat91 & a numb] ( facultative organisms1 ^: pres5ce is m or less accid5tal4 ,by *ang+ ! food1 & introduc+ ) x quantities ( =eign organisms1 ! composition ( ! inte/9al flora may be *ang$4 ,by introduc+ = a consid]able p]iod ,b4 coli an9dolicum1 ,lembke succe$$ 9 entirely suppress+ ,b4 coli commune4 ,on return+ to normal fe$+1 ! =eign organisms 9 "s cases entirely disappe>$4 ,! rese>*es ( ,dr4 ,h4 ,beck]#hj 7 appli$ m directly to ! use ( bact]ial cultures = ! bat+ ( sk9s1 & to ! elucidation ( ! bact]ial action ( dog-dung infusions4 ,he isolat$ #ed v>ieties ( bact]ia f dog-dung1 & tri$ ! action ( pure cultures ( _m ( !m on a sk94 #hj ,zeit4 f4 ,(ft4 ,*em41 ,heft4 xxiii4 ,jahr4 ,x4 p4 #ddg4 ,a li/ ( ! v>i\s bact]ia isolat$ by ,beck] is giv5 9 tabul> =m on pp4 #ih-aja4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4--;,b4 ,erodi5s 7,beck]74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4--,plate ,culture f ,fre% ,pu]4 ,pr(essor ,beck]'s ,bact]ium ,no4 #ab1 :i* he has nam$ ,bacillus erodi5s 7,fig4 #af71 is und\bt$ly a v>iety ( ,b4 coli1 b has a m rapid motion1 & does n coagulate milk1 al?\gh x r5d]s x some:at ?ick4 ,cultivat$ 9 bro? x gives (f mu* gas1 consi/+ ( #ab p] c5t4 c>bon dioxide1 #he p] c5t4 hydrog51 #c p] c5t4 oxyg54 ,if glucose be add$1 ! quantity ( c>bon dioxide rises to #dj p] c5t41 & acid is produc$4 ,! mo/ rapid gr[? is at #cg ,c41 & at ?is temp]ature a bro? culture has a di/9ct r$uc+ action on sk94 ,accord+ to ! m$ium 9 :i* x is gr[n1 x produces acid or alkali1 & ?us comes "u ! head+ ( mix$ bact]ia4 ,9 sug>#ha solutions acid is produc$1 & 9 proteid solutions ammonia comp\nds1 indol1 & evil-smell+ gases are giv5 (f4 ,?us1 by v>y+ ! m$ium1 ! effect produc$ may also be v>i$4 #ha ,dr4 ,a4 ,c4 ,h\/on has be5 k9d en\gh to make an exam9ation ( ,b4 erodi5s1 & to asc]ta9 its action on v>i\s sug>s4 ,x produces fluoresc5ce 9 neutral-r$ bro? cultures1 acid & gas 9 lactose cultures1 indol1 & acid1 & clot 9 milk cultures4 ,x f]m5ts dulcite ) production ( acid1 b n cane sug>1 adonite1 inul91 inosite1 salic91 or raff9ose4 ,b4 erodi5s does n secrete any tryptic enzymes1 h5ce its action on ! sk9 is to be attribut$ ei!r to an intracellul> enzyme1 or to its *emical products1 :i*1 be+ secret$ 9 situ1 h a m fav\rable & p[]ful action ?an if m]ely add$ to ! bat+ liquid4 ,x 0 = ?is reason t ,i propos$ to use a mix$ culture ( bact]ia1 especially bact]ia f ! sweat+ process 7see p4 #aje71 :i* secrete a mild =m ( proteolytic f]m5t1 capable ( dissolv+ ! m easily soluble portion ( ! sk9 fibres 7or c]ta9 con/itu5ts71 b n capable ( attack+ ! hyal9e lay]4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,no4 ( ,%ape ,gr[? ! ,bac- ,:]e & ,motility ,gr[? on ,gelat9 on t]ium ,f\nd ,arrangem5t ,ag>-ag> ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- #a ,dog ,small rods ,lively ,9 ! gelat9 /ab-culture,a :ite dung ( ! size ! bact]ia %[ a good surface ( ! ,bac4 gr[? 9 ! dep?4 ,at !lay] is prodigiosus4 surface x =ms a small =m$ on :ite button4 ,! gelat9 incl9$ is n liquefi$4 ,! col- /iff5$ onies :i* h rea*$ ag>-ag>4 ! surface ( ! gelat9- plate spread 9 ! %ape ( a leaf1 ) a "m- (-pe>l-l gloss4 #b ,d4 ,small rods ( ,d4 ,/ab-culture3 ,! g]ms ,a yell[i%- ! size ( develop along ! entire :ite lay] ! hay track4 ,small arms ext5d is =m$ bacillus4 sideways into ! gelat94 along ! ,a :ite lay] is =m$ on inoculat+ ! surface4 ,! gelat9 is/ab4 sl[ly liquefi$4 ,gelat9-plate3 ,:5 !y rea* ! surface1 ! col- onies spread out 9 ! %ape ( a leaf & !n are slightly fluoresc5t4 #c ,d4 ,v small ,d4 ,/ab-culture3 ,v good ,a :ite rods r\nd$ gr[? 9 dep?4 ,v _m deposit is at ! arms ext5d lat]ally f =m$ on ends4 ! track ( ! /ab into incl9$ ! gelat94 ,small knots ag>-ag>4 are =m$ at ! ends ( ! arms4 ,a ?9 :ite coat+ is =m$ on ! surface4 ,gelat9 is n liquefi$4 ,gelat9-plates3 ,! colon- ies locat$ deep] d[n appe> z pale-yell[ small r\nd disks1 :i* gradual- ly "w up t[>d ! sur- face & !re =m circu- l> disks :i* %[ l>g] dots 9 ! middle4 #d ,d4 ,small rods z,sl[ ,! gelat9 /ab-culture ,heavy :ite l>ge z hay movem5tresembles t ( ! hay deposit on bacilli4 bacillus1 :ile ! gr[? ! entire 9 ! gelat9-plate m surface4 resembles t ( ! an- ?rax bacillus4 ,?reads ex- t5d f ! liquid colon- ies :i* h be5 let 91 :i* ?reads are at fir/ braid$ & twi/$1 & lat] on ext5d /raight into ! gelat94 #g ,d4 ,small rods ,lazy ,/ab-culture3 ,/rongly li- ,:ite simil> to quefy+4 ,a :ite sk9 unev5ly ! hay =ms on ! surface4 ,along?9 lay]s bacillus4 ! liquefi$ prick are ra-)spurs4 diations into ! solid gelat94 ,gelat9-plate3 ,quickly li- quefy+ colonies :i* =m a :ite sk9 at ! top4 #aa ,d4 ,m$ium-siz$ ,motile ,/ab-culture3 ,a :ite coat-,a :ite small rods4 + is =m$ on ! sur- deposit face4 ,! gelat9 is n along ! liquefi$4 ,! bact]ia puncture4 gr[ well 9 ! dep?4 ,! colonies :i* come to ! surface spread out leaf-l ) a "m-(- pe>l-l gloss4 #ab ,dog ,m$ium-siz$ ,lively ,/ab-culture3 ,gr[s ev5ly ,heavy :ite dung small rods4 along along ! track4 ,ge- deposit2 lat9 is n liquefi$4 ,a glossy4 ?9 glossy deposit on ! surface4 ,gelat9-plates3 ,! l[]- ly+ colonies appe> z pale-yell[ circul> small disks4 ,braids are notic$ 9 "s colonies simil> to ! sup]ficial colonies ( ,proteus4 ,/rong decay+ smell4 #ac ,d4 ,d4 ,motile ,/ab-culture3 ,a ?9 coat- ,:ite + =ms on ! surface4 deposit ,! bact]ia gr[ d[nw>d along ! bri/le-l4 ,small buttonspuncture4 are =m$ at ! ends ( ! bri/les4 ,gelat9-plates3 ,leaf-l1 "m-(-pe>l glossy1 spread+4 #ch ,pigeon ,small rods ,lively ,/ab-culture3 ,bag-%ap$ ,yell[ & liquefy+ ( ! gelat91 spread+ p\ltry !same be+ col\r$ ov] ! dung4 yell[4 surface ( ! culture ,gelat9-plates3 ,! deep- m$ium4 seat$ colonies are gran- ul>1 yell[4 ,^? t h =c$ _! way to ! surface =m :ite gli/5+ small buttons4 #dj ,d4 ,d4 ,d4 ,/ab-culture3 ,a :ite heavy,:ite deposit is =m$ on ! irregul> surface ( ! culture me- deposit4 dium2 gr[s v well along ! track4 ,gelat9-plates3 ,leaf-l deposits ) l9e sy/em4 #db ,d4 ,d4 ,d4 ,/ab-culture3 ,a :ite heavy ,d4 ,spread+4 ,v good gr[? along ! prick4 ,gelat9-plates3 ,leaf-%ap$ deposits ) l9e sy/em4 #dc ,d4 ,l>ge1 ,n ,/ab-culture3 ,! gelat9 ,:ite gr\p$1 motile is sl[ly liquefi$4 ,only puncture grape-l4 slight gr[? 9 ! dep?49 yell[4 ,! culture m$ium is col- our$ *amois col\r4 ,gelat9-plates3 ,yell[ disks4 #dd ,pigeon ,small rods1 ,lively ,/ab-culture3 ,a heavy :ite,:ite & q spread+ on ! surface4 irregul> p\ltrydiff]5t ,v good gr[? along ! deposit4 dung4 9 size4 prick4 ,gelat9-plates ,leaf-%ap$ deposits ) ! l9e sys- tem4 #de ,d4 ,small rods ,d4 ,/ab-culture3 ,a heavy :ite,v ?9 spread+ on ! surface4 deposit4 ,slight gr[? only 9 dep?4 ,gelat9-plates3 ,leaf-%ap$ deposit) cle> l9e sys- tem4 ,! entire colonies appe> mu* ?9n] ?an ^? ( ! prec$+ numb]s4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- table cont9u$ ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,no4 ( ,gr[? ,gr[? ,be/ ,developm5t ! ,bac- on 9 ,gr[? ( ,special ,rem>ks t]ium ,potatoes ,milk at-- ,gas ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- #a ,! bact]-,milk is #cg ,c ,only slight ,)\t d\bt a v>- ium %[s n iety ( bact]ium only a weak*ang$ ,coli commune4 gr[? on potatoes4 ,x =ms a yell[ lay]4 #b ,dirty ,milk ,room ,does n occur -- yell[i% rema9s temp4 lay]4 un*ang$4 #c ,yell[i% ,milk is #cg ,c ,v pron\nc$4 ,culture-m$ium to deposit caus$ to ,f fifty cubic :i* blue litmus at ! curdle c5timet]s ( is add$ turns r$4 place ( only aft] bro? #fe cubic inocula- x has c5timet]s gas tion4 be5 9 7 produc$ 9 ! incu- fifte5 h\rs1 ( bator = :i* #ce p] c5t4 f\r days4 0 oxyg51 #ajg p] c5t4 c>bonic- acid gas1 & #heh p] c5t4 nitrog54 #d ,:ite1 dry1,milk is ,d4 ,does n occur -- spread+4 *ang$4 ,s]um is sep>at$ out4 #g ,:ite1 dry4,/rong ,d4 ,d4 -- s]um =mation4 #aa ,yell[i% ,milk ,d4 ,weak ,/rongly resembles glossy curdles ! bact]ium,coli deposit4 commune & diff]s !refrom only 9 t ! milk curdles quick]4 #ab ,yell[i% ,milk #cg;,c ,consid]able4 ,five ,if #jbe cubic c5ti- glossy becomes cubic c5timet]s met]s ( bro?- cov]+4 pappy4 ( gas w be de- culture are inject$ velop$ f fifty "u ! epiga/ri- cubic c5timet]s um1 ! animal is ( common bro? 9 tak5 viol5tly ill4 an incubator dur+,aft] f\r h\rs ! fir/ fifte5 viol5t di>rhea h\rs & six cubicoccurs4 ,soon ! c5timet]s dur+ m\se c h>dly move2 ! fir/ =ty- looks bri/ly4 ,on ! eight h\rs1 con- ?ird day ! animal si/+ ( #abab dies4 ,on op5+ ! p] c5t4 c>bonic body a /rong putrid acid1 #c p] c5t4 smell is notic$4 oxyg51 & #hdi ,"s ( ! inject$ p] c5t4 hydrog54bact]ia are f\nd 9 ,! gas obta9$ ! blood4 ,! intes- f a culture- t9es are col\r$ m$ium conta9+ gre5 & black4 grape-sug> ,! o!r organs are conta9s ab\t #dj pale4 p] c5t4 c>bonic acid4 #ac ,gli/5+1,/rong ,d4 ,weak ,9 old /ab-cultures yell[i%4 curdl+4 a br[n discoloration ( ! culture-b$ is notic$ along ! l5g? ( ! /ab4 ,diff]s 9 ! gelat9 /ab-culture f ! common bact]ium ,coli communelikewise 9 ! curdl+ ( ! milk4 #ch ,yell[ ,milk ,d4 ,n notic$ -- gli/5+ is n deposits4 *ang$4 #dj ,:ite1 ,d4 ,d4 ,weak4 ,is only -- gli/5+4 notic$ 9 culture- ,only v b$ conta9+ slight grape-sug>4 gr[?4 #db ,sulphur ,no *ange ,d4 ,/rong only 9 -- yell[1 ( ! m$ia conta9+ gli/5+4milk4 grape-sug>4 #dc ,no gr[? ,d4 ,d4 ,none -- #dd ,weak devel-,curdl+ ,d4 ,v weak4 ,only 9 opm5t4 ,! m$ia conta9+ culture is grape-sug>4 sulphur yell[4 #de ,weak ,milk is ,d4 ,n notic$ -- yell[i% n deposit4 *ang$4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,! practical difficulty is to keep su* cultures uni=m dur+ propagation1 & s f> ?is has prev5t$ _! introduction 9 practice4 ,simil> difficulties h influ5c$ ! use ( pure cultures ( yea/ 9 ! brew+ ( ,engli% be]s1 al?\gh ! use ( a s+le species ( yea/ is common 9 ! l[ f]m5tation brew]ies on ! ,cont95t4 ,i f\nd 9 /udy+ ! bact]ia ( dog dung1 t ! species exi/+ 9 ! fre% dung1 :i* develop$ 9 ord9>y plate cultures1 appe>$ to belong to f\r or five species only1 mo/ly bacilli4 ,at ! end ( two or ?ree weeks1 ! orig9al species _h giv5 place to o!rs1 mo/ly cocci1 9 a v simil> way to ! *ange :i* takes place 9 putrefaction4 ,9 fact1 _m ( ! organisms are id5tical ) ^? :i* cause putrefaction4 ,x w be se51 !re=e1 t no s+le species produces ! complex *emical & physiological *anges :i* take place1 or ! bodies necess>y = ! bat+ ( sk91 z "s obs]v]s h suppos$2 b ! v>i\s species succe$ "o ano!r z ! m$ium *anges its reaction & composition1 until f9ally ! organic portion is resolv$ into ! simple/ bodies su* z c>bon dioxide1 ammonia1 & hydrog54 ,!re is ?us a mom5t :5 ! dung is at its be/ s f> z ! bat+ action is conc]n$1 & ?is mom5t is due to ! vital activity ( bact]ia1 & consequ5tly v>ies accord+ to ! temp]ature & "s o!r influ5ces 7electrical condition ( ! atmosph]e1 etc474 ,"o may say x is at its be/ at ab\t fifte5 days 9 summ]1 & "o mon? or m 9 w9t]4 ,pu] :i* has be5 dri$1 is n s p[]ful 9 its action z t :i* is imm$iately made into a pa/e ) wat]4 ,x appe>s to lose its 8nature10 p>tly ow+ to irrev]sible dehydration processes1 & p>tly because "s ( ! bact]ia are kill$4 ,plate cultures on ag> f fre% pu] 7,fig4 #ag71 & f a pu] :eel 9 use 7,fig4 #ah71 %[ ! numb] ( bact]ia 9 ! pu] :eel to be mu* great] ?an 9 ! fre% pu]4 ,:5ce x is evid5t1 t ! bact]ia cont9ue to develop 9 ! pu] & to produce _! v>i\s products1 enzymes1 etc4 ,we h already consid]$ ! action ( ! *emical products1 & 9 ,*apt] ,v4 we propose to discuss ! action ( enzymes4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4--,plate ,culture f ,pu] ,:eel4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4--;,b4 ,putrificus4 99,pigeon-,dung ,bate z us$ = ,hides499--,! bact]ia conta9$ 9 ! inte/9es ( birds & 9 bird dung h n be5 /udi$ to ! same ext5t z ^? ( mammals1 s t x is n possible to give any?+ b a meagre acc\nt ( !m4 ,a microscopical exam9ation ( fre% pigeon dung1 collect$ on a /]ile ,petri di%1 %[$ debris ( food1 cellulose1 etc41 among ! debris1 a l>ge numb] ( dumb-bell bact]ia 7b7 7,fig4 #bj71 & a few motile pairs 7c72 no bacilli 7 se54 ,cells ( a sac*>omyces 7a7 7 also obs]v$4 ,f ?is pigeon dung att5uations 7 made by a modification ( ,soyka's me?od1#hb & f ! f\r? att5uation a plate culture 0 made 9 ord9>y nutri5t gelat94 ,! colonies f ?is plate 7 pr9cipally ( two v>ieties 7bo? non-liquefy+ organisms71 correspond+ to ! bact]ia obs]v$ 9 ! orig9al dung4 ,l>ge cultures 7 made 9 a ,c>lsb]g vessel1 z describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,vi41 & ! effect ( ^! cultures tri$ ^u sk94 ,no p>ticul> r$uc+ effect 0 obta9$4 #hb ,! modification ( ,soyka's me?od ( mak+ att5uations ( bact]ia is t ( ,gn!r 7,bakt]iologie1 #ahih1 p4 #bjd71 & is c>ri$ out z foll[s3--,on ! inn] surface ( ! cov] ( a /]ile ,petri di% 7:i* is to be us$ = mak+ ! plate culture71 place f\r drops ( /]ile bro?1 or /]ile wat]2 inoculate ! fir/ drop1 by means ( a plat9um ne$le1 ) ! mat]ial to be exam9$2 heat ! ne$le 9 ! flame1 dip x into ! fir/ drop1 &1 ) ! liquid adh]+1 inoculate ! second drop4 ,proce$ 9 ?is way1 ea* "t heat+ ! ne$le1 to ! f\r? drop4 ,f ?is f\r? drop a tube ( nutri5t gelat9 is inoculat$1 & p\r$ on to ! plate4 ,! cov] is !n put on1 & ! plate put into ! incubator4 ,! drops on ! cov] d n 9 any way contam9ate ! culture4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4--,organisms 9 ,pigeon ,dung4 #ajjj4 ,a microscopical exam9ation ( a bat+ pit us$ = kips1 %[$ an extraord9>y mixture ( bact]ia1 bacilli1 vibrios1 & monads2 "s comp>atively l>ge dumb-bell %ap$ bact]ia1 v motile1 7 pres5t4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! bat+ liquor & ! fre% dung 0 v m>k$1 especially 9 ! v>iety ( species pres5t4 ,cultures made f sev]al colonies isolat$ f ! above bate1 9 a nutri5t liquid1 consi/+ ( #aj litres wat]1 & #bj grm4 gelat91 peptoniz$ by heat+ "u pressure ) #aj c4c4 sulphuric acid1 aft]w>ds neutraliz+ ) ammonia1 & add+ ! soluble matt] f #bjj grm4 bone-meal1 _h no action on sk94 ,x w\ld be unsafe to say f ^! two exp]im5ts t ! bact]ial effect ( ! pigeon-dung bate is negligible1 b we may assume t x is diff]5t & n s great z ) ! dog-dung bate or pu]4 ,a complete rese>* z to ! v>i\s species ( bact]ia develop+ 9 ! bird-dung bate is necess>y be=e ?is "q c be answ]$4 99,g5]al ,consid]ations on ! ,gr[? ( ,bact]ia 9 ,v>i\s ,m$ia499--,s9ce ! publication ( ,fur!r notes on ! action ( ! dung bate 7,*apt] ,,vi471 ,i h f\nd t ! bat+ organisms gr[ bett] 9 ! special m$ium1 :5 x is neutraliz$ ) ammonia1 ?an :5 x is neutraliz$ ) sodium c>bonate1 i4e4 ! pres5ce ( organic ammonium salts is m fav\rable to ! gr[? ( ! bact]ia ?an ! correspond+ sodium salts4 ,i also f\nd t bact]ia obta9$ f o!r s\rces ?an dung1 viz4 f ! roots ( wool j beg9n+ to 8slip0 9 a sweat+ /ove1 7 equally effective 9 caus+ ! sk9 to fall4 ,n[ ^! bact]ia produce ammonia1 & x seems cle> t !y are ess5tial to ! *emical "p ( ! process4 ,!y also produce proteocla/ic enzymes1 :i* act ^u ! sk9 fibre 7see *apt] on ,enzyme ,action74 ,! products ( ! bact]ia dep5d v mu* ^u ! composition ( ! nutri5t m$ium4 ,_m organisms gr[n 9 m$ia conta9+ sug> or o!r c>bohydrates produce acids1 b1 gr[n 9 proteids free f sug>s1 !y produce alkal9e comp\nds4 ,villon 78,! ,lea!r ,indu/ry10 #aija1 p4 #djh7 describes a bact]ium :i* he consid]s to be ! special micro-organism conc]n$ 9 ! depilation ( sk9s1 :i* resembles ,bacillus d 7,wood7 7,fig4 #ba71 b he does n describe ! appe>ance ( ! cultures2 he /ates1 h[ev] 7p4 #daj71 t ?is is ! only bact]ium :i* c develop 9 ! limes1#hc & t x is ! cause ( ! unhair+ 9 ?is case also4 ,s9ce ! production ( ammonia 9 limes is kn[n to be due to bact]ial action1 x is v probable t ?is bact]ium1 :i* is ubiquit\s1 is also ( use 9 ! bate1 & a rese>* 9 ?is direction w\ld be int]e/+4#hd #hc ,villon f\nd t ,bact]ium pill9e develop$ #jadb p] c5t4 ammonia 9 t5 days 9 lime liquors us$ = unhair+ sk94 #hd ,cultures made f old limes h1 h[ev]1 n be5 f\nd effective 9 bat+4 ,"s ( ! f]m5tations tak+ place 9 ! dung come "u ! head+ ( putrefactive processes 7see p4 #aaf74 ,tyros9 is =m$ 9 consid]able quantities dur+ putrefactive f]m5tation1 b is soon fur!r decompos$1 accord+ to ,n5cki1 ) =mation ( indol1 ,,co#b & hydrog54 ,leuc9 gives val]ianic acid1 ammonia1 ,,co#b & hydrog52 nitrog5\s bodies ( ! aromatic s]ies are also produc$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4--;,bacillus d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4--;,bacillus e4 ,bacillus urea1 ,b4 prodigiosus1 & ,b4 fluoresc5s putridus1 evolve trime?ylam9e 7,h]feldt71 &1 z ! writ] has %[n1 ?is am9e has an important action 9 ! pu]+ process4 ,9 comb9ation ) organic acids1 x removes lime f ! sk91 & 9 addition x fav\rs ! gr[? ( bact]ia1 su* z bacillus d & e 7,figs4 #ba & #bb7 & ,b4 coli4 ,! album5s & peptones ( ! dung are pretty well decompos$ & absorb$ be=e evacuation2 ! bact]ia subsequ5tly split up ! amido acids into fatty acids & ammonia4 ,! fatty acids are !n decompos$ g5]ally 9 ! =m ( ! calcium salts1 9 ! mann] %[n 9 ! table 7p4 #ajh71 = :i* ,i am indebt$ to ,dr4 ,e4 ,h]feldt1 ( ,bonn4 ,we h already treat$ ( ! action ( ^! v>i\s products 9 ,*apt] ,,ii41 b x w be se5 f :at has be5 said 9 ! pres5t *apt] t ! *emi/ry & bact]iology ( ! pu] ov]lap1 & t x is difficult1 if n impossible1 to sep>ate !m entirely4 ,! bact]ia are cont9ually manufactur+ *emical comp\nds1 & decompos+ o!rs4 ,9 ?is respect x is int]e/+ & in/ructive to note t ,n5cki1 9 8 classical "w 8,! ,*emical ,me*anism ( ,putrefaction10#he consid]s ! processes by :i* ! putrefaction ( proteids is br\ght ab\t by bact]ia1 to be analog\s to ^? tak+ place by melt+ ! bodies ) pota%1 & he holds ! view t 9 ! hydration processes br\ght ab\t by bact]ia1 ! wat] plays ! same "p z ! pota%4 #he ,j\rn4 f4 ,prakt4 ,*em41 ,bd4 xvii41 #ahgh2 see also ,/oklasa1 ,c5t4 ,bl4 f4 ,bakt4 vi41 p4 #ebf4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,no4 ,f]m5t+ ,cause ( ,f]m5tation ,au?ors4 ,sub/ance4 ,f]m5tation4 ,product4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- #a ,calcium ,bact]ia f ,calcium c>bonate1 ,hoppe-,seyl]1 =mate sew] slime4 ,,co#b & ,h ,ar*iv f4 d4 g4 ,physiol4 xii4 #b ,calcium ,calcium c>bonate1 acetate ,,co#b & ,,*7#d7 #c ,calcium ,?9 bacillus #a4 ,propionic acid1 ,fitz1 n9e lactate &1 z by-products1 pap]s 9 ,und]goes acetic acid1 ! 8,b]i*te f\r succ9ic acid & d] ,deuts*4 diff]5t alcohol4 ,*em4 f]m5tations ,gesells*aft10 ,o!r species #b4 ,propionic acid #ahgf-ahhd4 ( bact]ia3 & val]ianic %ort a]obic1acid4 butyric bact]ia #c4 ,butyric acid & 7,fitz74 propionic acid4 #d4 ,butyric acid1 accord+ to ,pa/eur 7,comptes r5d4 #ahfa7 #d ,calcium ,bact]ia #a4 ,*ief product1 ,s*tz5b]g]1 malate 7n propionic acid2 8,f]m5tation10 describ$74 &1 z by-product1 #ahgf4 ,?9 bacilli4 acetic acid4 #b4 ,*ief product1 succ9ic acid2 &1 z by-product1 "s acetic acid4 #c4 ,butyric acid & ,h4 ,bact]ia #d4 ,lactic acid & ,,co#b4 #e ,calcium ,diff]5t #a4 ,*ief product1 t>trate species ( propionic acid2 bact]ia4 by-product1 acetic acid4 #b4 ,butyric acid4 #c4 ,*ief product1 calcium acetate2 by-products1 e?yl alcohol1 butyric & succ9ic acids4 #f ,calcium ,small1 ?9 ,acetic acid 9 ,fitz4 citrate bacilli l>ge quantities1 along ) small quantities ( e?yl alcohol & succ9ic acid4 #g ,calcium ,micrococci #a4 ,calcium acetate1 glyc]ate along ) small quantities ( succ9ic acid & e?yl alcohol4 ,m$ium-siz$ #b4 ,=mic acid1 bacilli ) "s me?yl alcohol & acetic acid4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,n5cki expla9s1 = example1 ! metamorphosis ( leuc9 by putrefaction 9 ?is way3 ,! bact]ia decompose ! wat] into hydrog5 & hydroxyl1 :i* act ^u ! leuc9 z foll[s3-- ,,*#c ,,oh ,,* - ,,*#b - ,,* - ,,cooh ,h ,,nh#c _/ ,,*#c ,leuc9 ,,nh#b ,,oh - ,,*#b 7,,*#b7d ,,cooh 7oxycaproic acid7 ,! result+ oxycaproic acid is !n split up by ! second wat] molecule into me?yl5glycol & val]ianic acid3-- ,,oh ,,*#b ,,oh ,h ,,*#b 7,,oh7#b ,,*#c 7,,*#b7c ,,cooh 7,,*#b7d ,,cooh ,! me?yl5glycol1 :i* *anges into =maldehyde & wat]1 is n[ split up into ,,co#b & hydrog51 z x w\ld be by melt+ ) cau/ic alkali4 ,,oh ,h ,h4,,oh _/ ,c ,o ,,co #b;,h#b ,h ,h4,,oh ,,oh ,z we %all see 9 ! *apt] on ! action ( enzymes1 ! ph5om5a are ( a catalytic nature4 ,any urea pres5t is decompos$1 by ! direct action ( micrococcus ure1 into ammonium c>bonate & ammonium c>bamate1 s t x does n play any "p 9 ! bat+ process z usually c>ri$ out ) dung :i* has be5 kept = "s "t1 b ! ammonia produc$ plays an important "p 9 ! *emical action ( ! bate1 z we h already se54 ,if1 h[ev]1 dung conta9+ ! ur9>y products be us$ 9 a fre% condition1 ! urea has indirectly a v important influ5ce on ! bat+1 z x fav\rs ! p]meability ( ! sk9 fibre4 7,see p4 #gb47 ,! f]m5tation ( ! cellulose 9 ! dung has n be5 /udi$ f ! bat+ /&po9t1 b x is well kn[n t x is f]m5t$ by v>i\s species ( bact]ia1 :i* h be5 gr\p$ toge!r "u ! g5]ic "n ( ,amylobact]4 ,deh]a9 & ,gayon fir/ %[$ t ! solution & f]m5tation ( cellulose 9 ! =m ( dead vegetable matt]1 :i* _h previ\sly be5 obs]v$1 also took place 9 dung4 ,van ,tieghem1 9 #ahgi1 %[$ t ! solution ( cellulose is caus$ by bact]ia1 ^: prop]ties correspond ) ^? describ$ by him z ,amylobact]4 ,tappe9] 0 able to f]m5t cellulose by mix$ cultures ( bact]ia f ! inte/9es ( ox5--9 neutral solution1 ,,co#b1 me?ane1 ,h#b,s1 aldehyde1 butyric acid1 & acetic acid1 7 all recogniz$4 ,9 alkal9e solutions1 ! pr9cipal products 7 ,,co#b & hydrog51 toge!r ) ! same by-products z be=e4 ,f ! rese>*es ( ,van ,s5nis1 9 #ahij1 x seems pretty c]ta9 t ! f]m5tation ( cellulose is due to ! symbiotic action ( at lea/ two diff]5t organisms ,! decomposition ( ! cellulose may be expla9$ by consid]+ t fir/ a sug>-l c>bohydrate is =m$ by hydrolysis1 & t ?is is !n split up into equal volumes ( ,,co#b & ,,*#d4 ,x may be not$ t ! f]m5tation is ana]obic1 & no d\bt1 s f> z bat+ is conc]n$1 ! *ief products are ! organic acids produc$1 pr9cipally butyric & acetic acids4 ,van ,s5nis ne>ly always f\nd ,clo/ridium butyricum associat$ ) ?is f]m5tation4#hf #hf ,proc4 ,roy4 ,soc41 lxvii41 #aijj4 ,ano!r gr\p ( organisms :i* h "s influ5ce 9 ! bat+ process1 are ! class call$ by ,beij]9ck1 ,granulobact]4 ,!y produce butyric acid1 & ?is acid1 comb9+ ) ! ammonia comp\nds ( ! dung1 =ms salts :i* und\bt$ly ex]t an effect on ! lime 9 ! sk9s1 ?\gh its action on ! fibre is1 p]haps1 n s great z ! comp\nds ( lactic & propionic acids4 ,! mo/ common butyric f]m5t is ! old ,clo/ridium butyricum1 n[ kn[n z ,b4 butyricus1 7,prazm[sky71 :i* is ana]obic4 ,x =ms sp9dle-%ap$ spores1 h5ce ! "n ,clo/ridium 7f 1 a sp9dle74 ,ano!r species 7,fig4 #bc71 f\nd 9 milk by ,hueppe 7#ahhd71 is a]obic1 & f]m5ts lactic acid & its salts to butyric acid1 ,,co#b1 & hydrog52 x appe>s to correspond ) ,granulobact] polymyxa ( ,beij]9ck4 ,oxalic acid is kn[n to be produc$ by "s bact]ia & ! m\lds ,p5icillium & ,scl]ot9ia1 & 9 ! :ite rot ( ! turnip x is produc$ by ,pseudomonas2 x is also produc$ by "s sac*>omycetes1 su* z ,b4 ,hans5ii4#hg ,!re is reason to believe t its production plays a "p 9 ! bate1 z we h already m5tion$ 9 ,*apt] ,,ii41 b ! organisms produc+ x & _! mode ( action /ill rema9 to be inve/igat$4 #hg ,reynolds ,gre51 ,f]m5tation1 p4 #cej4 ,!re are1 ( c\rse1 a l>ge numb] ( putrefactive bact]ia 9 ! pu]1 among ^! ,b4 putrificus 7,fig4 #ai71 isolat$ by ,bi5/ock2 x is a spore-be>+ ana]obic bacillus1 & is int]e/+ z specially attack+ fibr94 ,n[ fibr9 is extremely resi/ant to ! action ( mo/ putrefactive bact]ia1 & x is v probable t specific organisms f]m5t ! diff]5t album9\s comp\nds1 9 ! same way t ! diff]5t c>bohydrates are ea* decompos$ by specific f]m5ts4 ,v int]e/+ are ! v>i\s =ms ( spirilla met ) 9 dung2 ,figs4 #bd & #be %[ ,spirillum volutans 9 ! un/a9$ condition1 & also /a9$ to %[ ! flagell4 ,x w be not$ t ! appe>ance is s diff]5t t1 to an inexp]i5c$ obs]v]1 !y might be tak5 = diff]5t species4 ,! rle play$ by ^! organisms /ill requires inve/igation4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4--;,b4 ,butyricus4 7,hueppe47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4--,spirillum ,volutans4 7,kuts*]47 ,/a9$ to %[ ,flagellae4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4--,spirillum ,volutans4 7,kuts*]47 ,un/a9$ ,prep>ation4 ,i h po9t$ out previ\sly ! importance ( ! nutri5t m$ium1 or sub/ratum1 9 :i* ! bact]ia gr[1 on ! species surviv+4 ,9 x "o c see on a small scale ! ,d>w9ian process ( natural selection4 ,!re is a great /ruggle = exi/5ce betwe5 ! v>i\s species1 & ! circum/ances det]m9+ ! survival ( ?is or t organism are extremely complicat$1 & we are yet v mu* 9 ! d>k z to ! action ( ! v>i\s *emical comp\nds conta9$ 9 ! pu]1 s t x is unsafe to neglect ev5 ^? :i* are pres5t 9 only small am\nts4 ,v m9ute quantities ( c]ta9 bodies1 almo/ too small = detection by *emical means1 are suffici5t to cause l>ge diff]5ces 9 ! gr[? ( c]ta9 organisms4 ,= in/ance1 ,raul9 f\nd t ! addition ( a trace ( z9c to 8 nutri5t liquids increas$ ! crop ( ! m\ld ,asp]gillus nig] m ?an f\r times ! weight ( a crop gr[n 9 ! same liquid free f z9c4 ,if we inoculate a nutri5t mat]ial ) a pure culture ( bact]ia1 & ! m$ium is n exactly adju/$ to ! ne$s ( ! p>ticul> organism1 x w n ?rive1 & w spe$ily be ov]gr[n by "s o!r species obta9+ access f ! air4 ,?is fact v mu* disc\nts ! use ( pure cultures ( bact]ia :i* h be5 propos$ = bat+1 al?\gh 9 ! case ( erod91 :]e ! m$ium has be5 adju/$ to suit ! organism1 consid]able success has be5 atta9$4 ,! :ole ( ! enzymes & *emical comp\nds ess5tial = a p]fect bate1 are n pres5t 9 ! dung :5 x leaves ! animal's body1 b ^! comp\nds are produc$ by ! cont9u$ action ( ! inte/9al bact]ia & o!r organisms :i* obta9 access f ! air4 ,! production ( ! enzymes dep5ds1 too1 ^u ! composition ( ! nutri5t m$ium1 s9ce ?is ex]ts a selective influ5ce on ! species ( bact]ia obta9+ access to x4 ,j z 9 ! spontane\s s\r+ ( milk num]\s bact]ia h free access to x1 yet ! lactic f]m5t is g5]ally s pure t x may be1 & is1 us$ z a pure culture on a l>ge scale 9 ! manufacture ( lactic acid4 ,com+ to ! action ( ! bact]ia on ! sk9 fibres1 f ! "w ( ,abt & ,/iasny1#hh we may conclude t ! sub/ance ( ! conjunctive fibres is less pr(\ndly decompos$ by bact]ial f]m5tation ?an by ! action ( lime4 ,! latt] dissolves ab\t #b p] c5t4 ( sk9 sub/ance f a fre% sk91 :]eas a pu] act+ normally dissolves ab\t #a p] c5t4 #hh ,s5sibilit de la peau v]te1 et de la peau aprs l'*auffe1 les pela9s1 et les confits1 l'g>d de la *aux du sel1 et de l'acide actique4 ,georges ,abt et ,edmund ,/iasny1 ,collegium #aiaj1 p4 #a #i4 ,! nucle9 ( ! sk9 fibres appe>s to be all remov$ by ! pu]1 s9ce ,abt confirms ! fact t no nuclei c be se5 "u ! microscope 9 a pu]$ sk94 ,! actual solution ( ! sk9 sub/ance is br\ght ab\t by enzymes ( a tryptic "*4 7,see ,*apt] ,v47 ,:ile ! ma9 l9es ( ! bact]iology ( ! dung bate are n[ pretty well kn[n & und]/ood1 x w be se5 t mu* "w /ill rema9s to be done z to details1 & ?is pr9cipally ) ! ana]obic bact]ia ( ! dung1 :i* h be5 /udi$ by few inve/igators4#hi ,i h sugge/$#ij t su* a rese>* might well be und]tak5 by ! bact]iological laboratories ( our ,lea!r ,indu/ries ,s*ools 9 ,le$s & ,london4 #hi ,see ,les ,ana]obies1 ,jungano & ,di/aso 7,masson et ,cie ,p>is1 #aiaj74 #ij ,! ,bact]iology ( ! ,lea!r ,indu/ry1 ,j4,s4,c4,i41 #aiaj1 p4 #fff4 99,m\lds & ,putrefaction499--,9 view ( ! fact t m\lds are ( frequ5t occurr5ce on dog dung1 a brief m5tion ( !m is necess>y4 ,s f> z our pres5t k goes ! rese>*es ( ,van ,tieghem1 ,de ,b>y1 ,rank91 ,m>%all ,w>d1 ,v4 ,h4 ,blackman & o!rs indicate t _! action on ! ess5tial bat+ con/itu5ts ( ! dung is a de/ructive "o4 ,!y gr[ usually on acid m$ia1 & 9 s do+ break d[n ! acids pres5t into simple inorganic bodies1 su* z ,,co#b & wat]1 utiliz+ ! c>bon & nitrog5 = _! own gr[?4 ,al?\gh ^! fungi secrete almo/ all v>ieties ( enzymes 7,b\rquelot71 yet we h no evid5ce t any ( ! enzymes conta9$ 9 dog dung are f ?is s\rce4 ,9 ! usual case ( dung pres]v$ 9 pits or casks1 ! upp] surface only becomes m\ldy1 s9ce m\lds require a free supply ( oxyg54 ,! mycelium p5etrates b a v little way into ! body ( ! dung1 & _c !re=e effect any decomposition1 except ( ! surface lay]4 ,! dung expos$ to ! action ( ! m\ld is g5]ally a bad col\r1 & is reject$ z unsuitable = pu]+4 ,! foll[+ species h be5 not$ & classifi$ z gr[+ on dog dung1 ?\gh probably n all ( !m are specific4 #a4 ,pilaira dimidiata 7,grove74 #b4 ,mucor can9us 7a v>iety ( ,mucor muc$o74 #c4 ,circ9ella simplex 7,van ,tieghem74 #d4 ,pilobolus cry/all9us 7also on c[-dung74 ,c]ta9 myxobact]ia are f\nd on dung1 among ^! ,*ondromyces1 describ$ z long ago z #aheg by ,b]keley1 & at t "t includ$ among ! ,hyphomycetes4 ,x 0 r$iscov]$ 9 #ahib by ,?axton1 & ow+ to 8 rese>*es ! :ole class ( myxomycetes is n[ g5]ally consid]$ z a division ( ,bact]ia4 ,ano!r myxomycete1 ,polyangium primig5um 7,quehl71 =m+ a r$ fructification on dog dung1 is figur$ 9 ! ,encyclopdia ,britannica1 ,,xi4 edition1 vol4 #c1 p4 #afc4 ,! foll[+ ab/ract gives "s acc\nt ( putrefaction1 & may be ( use 9 conjunction ) ! acc\nt ( ! bact]iology ( ! bate :i* has be5 giv54 ,s9ce x 0 writt5 ,dr4 ,g4 ,abt 7see ,bibliography #ea7 has also giv5 a v full description ( putrefactive processes z affect+ lea!r manufacture4 ,! subject is /ill occupy+ ! att5tion ( a l>ge numb] ( bact]iologi/s1 & we may expect m light to be ?r[n on ! :ole "q dur+ ! next few ye>s4 ,,ab/ract ,,( ,,pap] ,,on ,,rec5t ,,advances ,,9 ,,! ,,bact]iology ,,( ,,putrefaction4 ,read be=e ! ,nott+ham section ( ! ,society ( ,*emical ,indu/ry1 ,janu>y #bd1 #aijf4ia #ia ,repr9t$ f ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,society ( ,*emical ,indu/ry1 ,febru>y #ae1 #aijf1 ,no4 #c1 vol4 xxv4 ,! numb]s 9 brackets ref] to ! ,bibliography1 ,*apt] ,,xi4 ,to ^? :o h to d ) ! manufacture ( lea!r1 ! *anges :i* take place 9 ! sk9 f ! "t x leaves ! animal are ( ! utmo/ int]e/4 ,! mo/ important ( ^! *anges is ! natural process ( decomposition kn[n z putrefaction4 ,putrefaction may be def9$ z ! decomposition ( nitrog5\s organic matt] by liv+ organisms1 accompani$ by ! evolution ( malodor\s gases4 ,! /udy ( x may be divid$ into two p>ts--7#a7 ! biological1 7#b7 ! *emical4 ,! fir/ conc]ns ! organisms :i* break d[n ! proteid molecule ei!r directly or by means ( enzymes2 ! second t ( ! diff]5t products ( ! action ( ^! organisms4 ,x is extremely difficult to sep>ate ^! two /udies4 ,dr4 ,sims ,woodhead 7#ei7 gives a concise acc\nt ( ! e>lie/ rese>*es on ! organisms caus+ putrefaction by ,leeuw5hoek 7#afib71 ,pl5ciz ( ,vi5na1 ,mll] ( ,cop5hag5 7#aghf71 ,ne$ham 7#agdi71 ,spallanzani 7#agfi71 ,s*wann 7#ahcg71 ,s*ro$] & ,van ,dus* 7#ahed71 ,tyndall 7#ahgj71 ,li/] 7#ahgh74 ,^! names %[ t ! hi/ory ( putrefaction proce$s p>allel ) ! evolution ( ! microscope & ! developm5t ( ! comp>atively rec5t sci5ce ( bact]iology4 ,i propose to-night briefly to c>ry x up to ! pres5t day4 ,i ne$ sc>cely say t putrefaction is n a specific f]m5tation l alcoholic or acetic f]m5tation1 b t x is extremely complex4 ,9 any putrefy+ matt]1 su* z gelat9 or album91 a l>ge numb] ( diff]5t species ( bact]ia may be obs]v$ z well z monads & infusoria1 & 9 "s cases m\lds1 all ( :i* take "p 9 ! process4 ,! fir/ /age is a process ( oxidation 9 ! pres5ce ( air1 9 :i* robic bact]ia use up ! oxyg5 pres5t & only simple inorganic comp\nds are =m$1 c>bon dioxide1 nitrates & sulphates2 ?is "p ( ! process is g5]ally )\t od\r4 ,! second /age1 or true putrefaction1 takes place 9 ! abs5ce ( oxyg5 by anrobic bact]ia1 & is a process ( r$uction4 ,x has be5 %[n t !re are no bact]ia 9 heal?y tissues1 & if a muscle or any organ is tak5 f an animal "u antiseptic conditions x may be pres]v$ indef9itely 9 a /]ile vessel to :i* filt]$ air has free access4 ,solid matt] is usually liquefi$ by organisms l ,b4 liquefaci5s magnus1 :i* are inv>iably pres5t 9 ! air1 & :i* prep>e ! way = m specifically putrefactive bact]ia1 su* z ,proteus vulg>is & ,b4 putrificus1 b if "o obs]ves a numb] ( putrefactions ( ! same k9d ( matt] "u natural conditions1 sc>cely any two foll[ ! same c\rse4 ,! mod]n /udy ( putrefaction dates f ,haus] 7#eh71 :o1 9 #ahhe1 isolat$ f putrefy+ fle% ! ?ree organisms--,proteus vulg>is1 ,p4 mirabilis1 & ,p4 z5k]i4 ,he /udi$ ! action ( ^! 9 pure cultures1 & came to ! foll[+ conclusions3-- ,t ,bact]ium t]mo 7,ehr47 is n a s+le def9ite species2 v>i\s =ms & /ages ( o!r organisms h be5 describ$ "u ?is "n4 ,! v>i\s species ( ,proteus g ?r\gh a wide range ( =ms dur+ _! developm5t 9 :i* cocci1 %ort & long rods1 ?read =ms1 vibrios1 spirilli1 & spiro*t occur4 ,"u special nutritive conditions ,proteus goes ?r\gh a sw>m /age1 9 :i* condition x is capable ( mov+ ov] ! surface & 9 ! solid gelat94 ,! ,proteus bact]ia are facultatively anrobic1 !y all cause putrefaction2 ,p4 vulg>is & ,p4 mirabilis are ! commone/ & mo/ active ( all putrefactive bact]ia4 ,!y d n secrete an unorganis$ f]m5t1 b decompose album9\s bodies by direct action4 ,!y also produce a p[]ful poison1 ( :i* small quantities inject$ into animals produce septicmia4 ,tito ,c>bone 7#fj7 f\nd among/ ! products ( ,p4 vulg>is1 *ol9e1 e?yl5$iam9e1 gad99e1 & trime?ylam9e4 ,mac 7#fa71 criticis+ ,haus]'s "w1 consid]s ! cocci =m ( ,proteus to be spores4 ,bi5/ock 7#fb7 believes ! rle ( ! ,proteus gr\p some:at d\btful4 ,he discov]$ 7#ahhd7 ano!r widely di/ribut$ putrefactive organism1 :i* he call$ ,bacillus putrificus2 x is a spore be>+1 drum/ick %ap$ bacillus f\nd 9 fces2 x is anrobic & specially attacks fibr94 ,n[ fibr9 is extremely resi/5t to ! action ( mo/ putrefactive bact]ia1 & x is v probable t specific organisms f]m5t ! diff]5t album9\s comp\nds 9 ! same way t ! diff]5t c>bohydrates are ea* decompos$ by specific f]m5ts4 ,a c]ta9 numb] ( species ( bact]ia are able to decompose bo? c>bohydrates & proteids4 ,tissi] & ,m>telly 7#gj7 call ^! mix$ f]m5ts1 & divide !m fur!r into two gr\ps 7#a71 mix$ proteolytic f]m5ts1 includ+ ,b4 p]fr+5s1 ,b4 bif]m5tans sporog5es1 ,/aphylococcus albus1 ,micrococcus flavus liquefaci5s1 ,proteus vulg>is1 ?is gr\p decompose album9 by means ( tryptic enzymes4 7#b7 ,mix$ peptolytic f]m5ts are only able to attack ! album9 :5 x has und]gone a prelim9>y decomposition4 ,?is gr\p comprises ,b4 coli1 ,b4 fili=mis1 ,/reptococcus pyog5es1 ,diplococcus griseus non liquefaci5s4 ,! second class ( bact]ia are ^? :i* are )\t action on c>bohydrates1 & only attack proteids2 ^! consi/ ( ! true proteolytic bact]ia ,b4 putrificus1 & ,b4 putidus gracilis1 & ! peptolytic bact]ia1 ,diplococcus magnus ana]obius & ,proteus z5k]i1 :i* c only decompose peptones4 ,^! au?ors /ate t ,b4 putrificus is always pres5t 9 putrefy+ album91 b always accompani$ by facultative robes :i* fav\r ! gr[? & developm5t ( ! special putrefactive bact]ia4 ,9 ! putrefaction ( meat ! reaction is fir/ acid ow+ to ! action ( ! mix$ f]m5ts on ! sug>s pres5t4 ,9 ! next /age ammonia is =m$ by ! tryptic enzymes secret$ by ! robic bact]ia1 & s ! anrobic organisms are enabl$ to develop4 ,we c ?us und]/& h[ x is t putrefaction proce$s m rapidly ! m mix$ f]m5ts !re are pres5t1 al?\gh ^! 7 =m]ly suppos$ to h9d] putrefaction f tak+ place4 ,:5 meat is expos$ to air x is fir/ attack$ by ! mix$ f]m5ts1 ,micrococcus flavus liquefaci5s1 ,/aphylococcus1 ,bacillus coli1 ,bacillus fili=mis1 ,/reptococcus & ,diplococcus1 & becomes acid2 at ! same "t1 ! pres5ce ( decomposition products ( album9 may be detect$1 proteoses1 amidoacids1 am9es & ammonia2 ! latt] quickly neutralise ! acids1 & 9 ?ree to f\r days ! meat is alkal9e1 & has a fa9t putrid smell4 ,bacillus p]fr+5s & ,bacillus bif]m5tans sporog5es n[ make _! appe>ance2 ! latt] ( ^! organisms produces am9es1 amido-acids & ammonia4 ,9 ?is /age ! simple anrobic f]m5ts are able to beg9 _! "w1 & real putrefaction sets 92 z ?is proce$s1 ! mix$ f]m5ts gradually disappe>1 & f9ally ! only organisms rema9+ are ,bacillus putrificus1 ,bacillus putidus gracilis1 & ,diplococcus griseus non liquefaci5s4 ,ano!r organism1 :i* appe>s to play an important "p 9 ! decomposition ( animal bodies1 is describ$ by ,kle9 7#fc72 he f\nd t 9 bodies1 :i* _h be5 buri$ f ?ree to six weeks1 bact]ia su* z ,b4 coli & ,b4 proteus _h almo/ disappe>$1 & an anrobic bact]ium1 :i* he calls ,b4 cadav]is sporog5es1 0 v active4 ,x is a motile bacillus #b-d long1 ) flagell all ov] its surface4 ,spores are =m$ at ! r\nd$ ends1 giv+ x a drum/ick =m4 ,x coagulates milk1 ! clot gradually dissolv+4 ,x gr[s on all ! usual nutritive m$ia1 b only "u /rictly anrobic conditions4 ,9 a pap]1 entitl$ 8,f]m5tation 9 ! ,lea!r ,indu/ry10#ib ,i gave a %ort acc\nt ( ! progress ( putrefaction z x takes place 9 ! animal sk91 & also describ$ "s ( ! organisms ,i _h obs]v$ 9 putrefy+ sk94 ,a small piece ( sk9 0 plac$ 9 wat] & all[$ to /& at room temp]ature4 ,dur+ ! fir/ two days !re 0 little *ange1 b on ! ?ird day a numb] ( swiftly mov+ d>t+ monads made _! appe>ance4 ,"s ( ^! 7 propell$ by flagell1 b a few _h assum$ amboid =ms4 ,a sl[ly mov+ bacillus consi/+ ( a long /raight rod1 app>5tly brok5 up into cells exactly l ! ,vibrio subtilis1 illu/rat$ 9 ! 8,micrographic ,diction>y10 0 obs]v$1 accompani$ by "s species ( spirillum4 ,high] organisms pres5t 7 a ,p>amcium & a col\rless transp>5t piece ( protoplasm1 %ap$ l a dumb-bell1 ) a sl[ rotat+ motion4 ,on ! fif? day ! numb] ( vibrios & spirilli _h greatly increas$1 "s ) a swift] motion ?an o!rs4 ,!re 7 also _m l>ge infusoria pres5t2 "o ( a peculi> d\ble =m1 :i* appe>$ to be a developm5t ( ! dumb-bell %ap$ piece ( protoplasm se5 on ! ?ird day4 ,on ! sev5? day ! mo/ /rik+ feature 0 ! great increase 9 ! numb] ( vibrios2 ! field ( ! microscope 0 cr[d$2 masses ( ! bacilli c\ld be se5 clu/]$ r\nd small p>ticles ( ! dis9tegrat+ sk9 z if fe$+ ^u x2 !re 7 m infusoria1 _m ( !m %ort1 boat-%ap$ monads1 ) a trembl+ motion1 refract+ light /rongly2 ^! evid5tly accompany ! putrefaction bact]ia1 & assi/ 9 ! f9al dis9tegration4 ,on ! n9? day ! piece ( sk9 0 entirely dissolv$4 #ib ,j4,s4,c4,i41 #ahid1 #bah4 ,proct] calls att5tion to ! relative putrescibility ( ! diff]5t con/itu5ts ( sk91 & especially to ! rapid putresc5ce ( ! lymph & s]um4 ,s f> z ,i "k1 ?is "p ( ! subject has n be5 /udi$ at all ?or\ghly1 & !re is a consid]able field op5 to work]s 9 our rese>* laboratories4 ,pure fat is n decompos$ by bact]ia1 b if album9\s matt] is pres5t1 ! fat is split up by sev]al species ( bact]ia & m\lds4 ,s*reib] 7#gc7 has %[n t ! pres5ce ( oxyg5 is necess>y4 ,z ?is subject sc>cely comes )9 ! category ( putrefaction1 ,i ref] y to ,s*reib]'s pap]1 & also to an important pap] by ,otto ,rahn 7#gd7 rec5tly publi%$4 ,9 ! putrefaction ( vegetable matt] ! cellulose is attack$ by specific organisms1 :i* h be5 ?or\ghly inve/igat$ by ,omeliansky 7#ge74 ,he has %[n t ! f]m5tation ( cellulose is an anrobic process1 caus$ by two species ( bact]ia belong+ to ! class ( butyric f]m5ts4 ,morphologically ! organisms closely resemble "o ano!r1 b "o ( !m decomposes ! cellulose ) evolution ( hydrog51 ! o!r ) evolution ( me?ane2 9 bo? cases consid]able am\nts ( acetic acid & normal butyric acid are produc$4 ,i h previ\sly /at$ t monads & infusoria take "p 9 ! process ( putrefaction1 b ,i d n "k t _! action has be5 /udi$ 9 ! same way z t ( bact]ia4 ,! life hi/ory & morphology ( "s ( ^! monads 0 /udi$ 9 #ahga to #ahge by ,dall+] & ,drysdale 7#gf74 ,^! au?ors1 9 _! rese>*es into ! life hi/ory ( ! monads f\nd 9 a putrefy+ infusion ( cod's head1 came to ! conclusion t 8bact]ia are n ! only or ev5 79 ! end7 ! *ief organic ag5ts ( putrefaction1 = mo/ c]ta9ly 9 ! lat] /ages ( a dis9tegration ( dead organic matt] ! mo/ active ag5ts are a l>ge v>iety ( flagellate monads40 ,dall+] cultivat$ "s ( ! monads 9 ,cohn's fluid1 & f\nd t !y liv$ & multipli$ 9 x4 ,_! spores 7 kill$ at a temp]ature ( #bej ,f4 ,!re is a big field ( rese>* op5 9 ?is direction4 ,! consid]ation ( ! *emical aspect ( putrefaction is a va/ subject1 & w\ld dem& a special treatise4 ,i %all only call y\r att5tion to "o or two po9ts ( int]e/4 ,tak+ ! simpl] bodies fir/1 sulphurett$ hydrog5 is =m$ 9 putrefy+ liquids 9 two ways3 7#a7 by r$uction ( ! sulphates 9 ! liquid by an anrobic organism ,spirillum desulfuricans2 7#b7 by bact]ia capable ( gr[+ 9 ! pres5ce ( oxyg5 su* z ,b4 coli commune & ,b4 lactis rog5es1 :i* f]m5t glucoses ) =mation ( lvorotatory lactic acid & evolution ( ,,co#b & hydrog51 & if at ! same "t ! mat]ial conta9s album9 or sulphur1 ,h#b,s is giv5 (f2 ^! organisms are incapable ( r$uc+ sulphates4 ,beij]9ck 7#fd7 has inve/igat$ ?is process1 & f\nd a v>iety ( diff]5t =ms int]m$iate betwe5 ! two above-m5tion$1 b all possess+ ! same *>act]i/ics s f> z _! *emical action is conc]n$1 s t !y may be class$ z "o ord]1 :i* he calls ,a]obact]4 ,/i* 7#fe7 f\nd phosphorus p5toxide 9 ! residue f ! putrefaction ( case91 nucle91 leci?91 & protagon2 & 9 ! putrefaction ( c]ta9 organs ( animals & plants1 gases conta9+ phosphorus are evolv$4 ,! nucleic acid ( yea/ yield$ phosphoric acid along ) hypoxan?9 & xan?94 ,vitali 7#ff7 f\nd 9 ! putrefaction ( muscle1 :i* _h be5 fre$ f sug>s & fat1 t "s alcohol 0 produc$4 ,he consid]s t a hexose is split (f f ! album9 9 a simil> mann] to ! splitt+ (f ( a f]m5table sug> f ! glucoproteids 7comp\nds ( simple prote9s ) c>bohydrates74 ,! =mation ( alcohol 9 ! putrefaction ( muscle occurs 9 ! alkal9e /age4 ,?us alcoholic f]m5tation is caus$ n alone by sac*>omyces1 b also by c]ta9 putrefactive bact]ia4 ,l]m] 7#gg7 f9ds t ! putrefaction ( b>ley resembles butyric f]m5tation4 ,an analysis ( ! gases giv5 (f dur+ ! lat] /ages ( ! process gave ! foll[+ result3 nitrog51 #ehhh2 hydrog51 #cgdc2 me?ane1 #cae4 ,9 ! residue f ! putrefaction he f\nd acetic1 butyric & val]ianic acids1 b n caproic or caprilic acid4 ,9 ! normal /eep+ process employ$ = b>ley ! gases giv5 (f consi/$ almo/ entirely ( c>bon dioxide & nitrog54 ,?is obs]vation is int]e/+ to comp>e ) ! evolution ( nitrog5 9 ! f]m5tation ( bran %[n by ,wood & ,willcox4#ic #ic ,j4,s4,c4,i41 #ahic1 #ddb4 ,! action ( putrefactive bact]ia has be5 f\nd capable ( trans=m+ hexoses into p5toses4 ,salk[ski & ,neub]g 7#gh7 inoculat$ a solution ( d-glukuronic acid ) putrefy+ meat1 & %[$ t x 0 *ang$ into l-xylose ) evolution ( ,,co#b accord+ to ! foll[+ =mula3-- ,,coh7,,*oh7#d;,,cooh ,,co#b ,,coh,,*oh#c;,,*#b,,oh4 ,?is is an int]e/+ fact1 especially z1 accord+ to ,neub]g1 ! p5tose conta9$ 9 animal nucleo-proteids is l-xylose4 ,i wi% to express my indebt$ness to ,dr4 ,alfr$ ,ko*'s 8,jahresb]i*t b] ,grungs-organism50 = "s ( ! ab/racts4 ,! foll[+ is a li/ ( putrefactive bact]ia :i* h be5 /udi$ 9 pure cultures3-- #a4 ,proteus ,vulg>is 7,haus]74 #b4 ,proteus mirabilis4 #c4 ,proteus ,z5ck]i4 #d4 ,bacillus ,o$ematis maligni 7,k]ry1 ,n5cki1 ,bovet74 #e4 ,bacillus ,*auvi ,b4 s>cophyematos bovis4 #f4 ,b4 ,liquefaci5s magnus4 #g4 ,b4 sp9osus4 #h4 ,b4 putrificus 7,bi5/ock74 #i4 ,b4 pseudo dematicus 7,liborius74 #aj4 ,b4 ent]itidis sporog5es 7,kle974 #aa4 ,b4 tetani4 #ab4 ,clo/ridium ftidum4 #ac4 ,b4 cadav]is sporog5es 7,kle974 #ad4 ,spirillum desulfuricans 7,beij]9ck74 #ae4 ,b4 coli commune4 #af4 ,b4 lactis rog5es4 #ag4 ,b4 f]m5tationis cellulos4 #ah4 ,micrococcus flavus liquefaci5s 7,flgge74 #ai4 ,diplococcus griseus non liquefaci5s 7n4 sp474 #bj4 ,/reptococcus pyog5es4 #ba4 ,/aphylococcus pyog5es albus4 #bb4 ,bacillus fili=mis robius 7n4 sp474 #bc4 ,diplococcus magnus anrobius 7n4 sp474 #bd4 ,bacillus putidus gracilis 7n4 sp474 #be4 ,b4 p]fr+5s 7,frankel74 #bf4 ,b4 bif]m5tans sporog5es 7n4 sp474 ,m\lds tak+ "p 9 putrefaction1 pr9cipally ( fruit & vegetable matt]3-- #a4 ,p5icillium glaucum4 #b4 ,mucor muc$o4 #c4 ,mucor piri=mis 7,fis*]1 possibly id5tical ) #b74 #d4 ,mucor /olonif] 7,ehr5b]g74 #e4 ,botrytis c9]ea 7,p]s74 #f4 ,mucor racemosus 7,fres74 #g4 ,monilia fructig5a 7,p]s74 #h4 ,fus>ium putrefaci5s 7,o/]wald]74 #i4 ,cephalo!cium roseum4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,action ,,( ,,enzymes4 8,! liv+ organism is enabl$ by ! use ( enzymes to br+ ab\t1 "u ord9>y conditions ( temp]ature & mod]ate conc5trations ( acid or alkali1 _m *emical reactions :i* w\ld o!rwise require a high temp]ature or p[]ful reag5ts40--,w4 ,m4 ,,bayliss4 ,9 a rec5t "w1#id ,dr4 ,bayliss def9es enzymes z ! 8cataly/s produc$ by liv+ organisms40 ,a cataly/ is a body :i* greatly accel]ates ! rate ( reaction 9 *emical processes1 )\t app>5tly tak+ "p 9 ! process4 ,= in/ance1 p]oxide ( hydrog5 is decompos$ into oxyg5 & wat] by m]e contact ) f9ely divid$ plat9um1 :ile ! latt] rema9s unalt]$ 9 ! process4 ,9 ?is case ! plat9um black is ! cataly/4#ie #id 8,! ,nature ( ,enzyme ,action10 by ,dr4 ,w4 ,m4 ,bayliss1 ,,frs4 #ie ,! important discov]ies ( ,,mm4 ,paul ,sabati] & ,s5d]5s on ! catalytic action ( f9ely divid$ metals1 notably nickel & copp]1 h rec5tly be5 ext5d$ to a /udy ( ! catalytic action ( v>i\s metallic oxides4 ,9 ! ,comptes r5dus1 ,,mm4 ,paul ,sabati] & ,a4 ,mailhe give an acc\nt ( a new syn!tic me?od1 bas$ on ! catalytic effect ( titanium oxide1 :i* w\ld appe> to possess _m practical applications4 ,!y %[ t if a column ( titanium dioxide is ma9ta9$ at a temp]ature ( #bhj-cjj ,c41 & a mixture ( ! vap\rs ( a prim>y alcohol & a fatty acid 7o!r ?an =mic acid7 is l$ ov] x1 ! correspond+ e/] is =m$4 ,! same limit is "h rea*$ in/antane\sly z 0 f\nd by ,b]!lot aft] prolong$ contact4 ,an excess ( ei!r con/itu5t fav\rs ! limit ( comb9ation ( ! o!r4 ,foll[+ ?is me?od1 ! me?yl1 e?yl1 propyl1 butyl1 isobutyl1 & isoamyl e/]s ( acetic1 propionic1 butyric1 isobutyric1 isoval]ic & caproic acids h be5 prep>$4 ,e/]s ( b5zyl alcohol h also be5 readily obta9$ by ?is me?od4 ,! inv]se action--! direct hydrolysis ( e/]s by wat]--is also easily effect$1 & ! use ( titanium dioxide r$uces any second>y reactions to a negligible am\nt4 ,see ,nature1 ,m>* #i1 #aiaa1 p4 #ed4 ,see also ,dr4 ,s&'s pap]--bibliography4 ,9 natural processes ! be/ kn[n type ( an enzyme is dia/ase 7amylase71 ! enzyme conta9$ 9 malt1 & :i* enables ! malt to conv]t />* into dextr9 & sug> 7maltose74 ,x is capable ( trans=m+ m ?an #bjjj times its own weight into sug>1 :i* fact is q suffici5t to %[ t its action diff]s f t ( an ord9>y *emical reaction4 ,ano!r enzyme1 sucrase1 accord+ to ,o',sullivan & ,?ompson1 w hydrolyze #ajj1jjj times its weight ( cane sug> to inv]t sug>4 ,r5net w coagulate #bej1jjj times its own weight ( case9 9 milk4 ,! li/ ( enzymes gr[s long] almo/ daily1 z "s new "o is sep>at$ hav+ a specific action1 until "o is almo/ l$ to believe t ! me*anism ( life itself1 z manife/$ 9 ! cell1 is due to enzymes4 ,x has be5 f\nd t enzymes act v mu* 9 ! same way z inorganic catalys]s4 ,z an example1 ! velocity ( ! reaction ( inv]tase 7! enzyme ( yea/ :i* hydrolyses cane sug> to grape sug>7 has be5 comp>$ ) ! same hydrolysis br\ght ab\t by heat+ a solution ( cane sug> ) a m9]al acid4 ,9 bo? cases ! reaction is 9 accordance ) ! law ( mass action 7,guldb]g & ,waage7 t ! am\nt ( sug> trans=m$ w decrease z less rema9s to be trans=m$4 ,9 ! diagram 7,fig4 #bf7 ! curve ,a is = inv]tase 7,jas4 ,o',sullivan1 8,j\rn4 ,in/4 ( ,brew+10 vol4 v4 p4 #afh72 curve ,b is = ! hydrolysis by acid 7,wilhelmy71 f :i* x w be se5 t ! mann] 9 :i* ! hydrolysis proce$s is practically ! same 9 bo? cases4#if #if ,!re are app>5t exceptions & complications ( ?is law :i* we %all n "h ent] into1 except to say t !y may be expla9$ by ! fact t ! action ( "s enzymes is rev]sible 7see p4 #ada1 "u lipase47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4--;,curves %[+ ,rate ( ,hydrolysis4 ,9 ! case ( f]m5tation by ! liv+ organism1 ! f]m5tation rises rapidly1 & !n gradually sl[s d[n & comes to an end be=e ! :ole ( ! f]m5table matt] is us$ up2 ! curve1 !re=e1 is ( a hyp]bolic "*1 ,c 9 ! diagram1 :i* repres5ts1 9 a g5]al way1 ! f]m5tation ( glucose by ,b4 furfuris4 ,! ord9ates repres5t ! am\nt ( acid produc$ by ! bact]ia4 ,! "t 9 ?is case w\ld be m ne>ly repres5t$ by h\rs in/ead ( m9utes on ! abscissa4 ,! ma!matical expression = ! velocity ( ! reaction is dx_/dt k7a x7 :]e a orig9al conc5tration ( solution x ! quantity trans=m$ 9 "t t k coeffici5t ( velocity ( ! reaction ,by integrat+ ! above equation1 x may be %[n t #a_/t log7a_/7a x77 k ,= ! exp]im5t ( ,j4 ,o',sullivan ) inv]tase1 k has a mean value ( #jjjac2 = ,wilhelmy's exp]im5t ) acid1 k has a mean value ( #jjjacgg4 ,enzymes are produc$ by ! liv+ cell1 ) o!r secretions1 & z a consequ5ce are f\nd 9 all plants & animals4 ,c]ta9 organs1 h[ev]1 produce enzymes 9 l>ge quantities1 or appe> to be specially set ap>t = _! production4 ,9 plants1 ! se$s are ! *ief seat ( enzyme activity2 9 animals1 c]ta9 gl&s1 su* z ! saliv>y gl&s & ! pancreas4 ,! muc\s membrane ( ! /oma* & inte/9es also secrete enorm\s quantities4 ,! production ( enzymes by bact]ia 0 obs]v$ by ,wortmann 9 #ahhb4 ,x has be5 f\nd t ! secretion ( ! enzymes dep5ds ^u ! composition ( ! nutri5t m$ium 9 :i* ! bact]ia are gr[n4 ,= in/ance1 ,pfeff] f\nd t ! secretion ( dia/ase by ,bacillus mega!rium dep5d$ ^u ! am\nt ( cane sug> 9 ! nutri5t m$ium4 ,! cane sug> *eck$ ! secretion ( ! dia/ase1 & ! same effect 0 obs]v$ 9 ! case ( ! common m\ld ,p5icillium glaucum4 ,9 ,bacillus mes5t]icus vulgatus1 dia/ase has be5 f\nd to exi/ side by side ) f\r o!r enzymes4 ,pass9i1#ig 9 /udy+ ! putrefactive ana]obic bact]ia ( ! normal human inte/9es1 succe$$ 9 sep>at+ f ,b4 putrificus a proteolytic enzyme filt]$ free f bact]ia1 & :i* caus$ proteolysis 9 m$ia :i* 7 too acid to p]mit ( ! bact]ia gr[+4 ,! enzyme easily dissolv$1 )\t previ\s neutralization1 ! coagulat$ case9 caus$ 9 milk by old coli cultures4 ,acid gelat9 m$ia 7 also liquefi$ by ! enzyme4 #ig 8,zeit4 f4 ,hygi5e10 ,bd4 xlix4 p4 #ace4 ,f ! evid5ce we h at pres5t x seems probable t e v>iety ( enzyme1 hydrolys+1 oxidiz+1 ammoniacal1 etc41 c be produc$ by bact]ia4 ,! foll[+ useful classification ( enzymes is due to ,effront4#ih #ih ,les ,enzymes1 ,dr4 ,jean ,effront1 ,p>is1 #ahii4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,"n ( ,enzyme ,sub/ance on :i* ,products ( ! ! ,enzyme acts ,reaction ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,a4 ,,hydrolyz+ ,,enzymes #a4 ,f]m5t+ ,c>bo- hydrates3 ,sucrase or inv]t9 ,cane sug> ,inv]t sug> ,dia/ase or amylase ,/>* & dextr9 ,maltose ,maltase or glucase ,dextr9 & maltose,glucose ,lactase ,milk sug> ,glucose & galactose ,trehalase ,trehalose ,glucose ,inulase ,inul9 ,levulose ,cytase ,cellulose ,sug>s ,pectase ,pect9 ,pectates & sug>s ,c>\b9ase ,c>ob9 ,c>ob9ose #b4 ,f]m5t+ ,glucosides3 ,emuls9 ,amygdal9 & ,glucose1 oil ( o!r glucosides bitt] almonds1 & prussic acid ,myros9 ,myronate ( pota% ,glucose & allyl isosulphocyanate ,betulase ,gaul!r9 ,oil ( gaul!ria1 glucose ,rhamnase ,xan?oram9 ,rhamnet9e1 isodulcite #c4 ,f]m5t+ ,fats 7,lipolytic73 ,/eaps9 ,fats ,glyc]9 & ,lipase ,fats fatty acids #d4 ,f]m5t+ ,proteids3 ,r5net ,case9 ,caseu9 ,plasmase ,fibr9og5 ,fibr9 ,casease ,case9 ,peps9 ,album9oids ,proteoses1 peptones ,tryps9 ,ditto ,proteose1 peptones1 ,papa9 ,ditto amides #e4 ,f]m5t+ ,urea3 ,urease ,urea ,ammonium c>bonate ,b4 ,,oxidiz+ ,,f]m5ts ,laccase ,urus*ic acid1 ,oxyurus*ic acid1 tann91 anil91 v>i\s oxidation etc4 products ,oxyd9 ,col\r+ matt]s ,ditto ( c]eals ,malase ,ditto1 ( fruits ,ditto ,olease ,olive oil ,ditto ,tyros9ase ,tyros9 ,ditto ,o5oxydase ,col\r+ matt] ,ditto ( w9e ,c4 ,,f]m5t ,,:i* ,,splits ,,up ,,! ,,molecule ,zymase ,v>i\s sug>s ,alcohol & c>bon-dioxide ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,a m rec5t classification bas$ on *emical prop]ties is t ( ,kossel & ,dak94#ii ,!y divide f]m5ts into two classes3-- 7#a7 ,oxylytic f]m5ts capable ( break+ ! ,o-l9k by :i* ! radicals are held toge!r 9 fats & c>bohydrates4 7#b7 ,im9o-lytic f]m5ts1 includ+ ! am9o-lytic f]m5ts :i* act on ! am9o gr\ps ( urea4 ,gr\p #b is sub-divid$ into-- 7a7 ,tryps9 & ereps91 :i* sep>ate ! imide ,,nh f ! neighb\r+ c>bonyl ,,co4 7b7 ,arg9ase1 :i* sep>ates (f urea f arg994 #ii ,zeit4 f4 ,physiol4 ,*em4 xli4 f4 #aec 7#aijd74 ,see also ! articles by ,mr4 ,a4 ,seym\r ,jones1 ,b4,sc41 writ+ "u ! pseudonym ( 8,he( ,joppa10 9 ! ,lea!r ,trades' ,review1 ,july #ai1 #aiaa1 p4 #edj2 & ,aug4 #af1 #aiaa1 p4 #fbe4 ,al?\gh x is some:at d\btful :e!r ! enzymes conta9$ 9 dog dung are ( gl&ul> orig91#ajj x is q c]ta9 t o!r enzymes are secret$ by bact]ia develop+ 9 ! dung :ile x is kept prior to be+ us$ = pu]+4 ,^! enzymes may be sep>at$ by ! foll[+ me?od4 ,ab\t #aej c4c4 ( pu] is well mix$ ) an equal quantity ( glyc]91 & all[$ to /& = sev5 days4 ,x is !n filt]$ ?r\gh pap] by means ( a pump1 & yields a cle> filtrate ( a deep gold5-br[n col\r2 ! filtrate is p\r$ 9 a ?9 /ream into a tall vessel conta9+ ab\t #aejj c4c4 ( #ih p] c5t4 alcohol4 ,a copi\s floccul5t precipitate ( ! album9\s matt] & enzymes is ?r[n d[n1 ! solution is filt]$ & ! precipitate wa%$ on ! filt] ) absolute alcohol1 & !n dri$ ov] sulphuric acid 9 vacuo4 ,! result+ p[d] is1 ( c\rse1 a mixture ( all ! album9s 9 solution1 & probably only a small portion ( x consi/s ( ! pure enzymes4 ,we h m]ely succe$$ by ?is me?od 9 conc5trat+ !m4 ,! prop]ty ( album9\s bodies 9 ! act ( coagulation to c>ry d[n soluble matt] is well kn[n1 & ?is also r5d]s ! prep>ation ( any pure proteid extremely difficult4 ,x may be m5tion$ "h t rec5t evid5ce goes to %[ t enzymes are n ( a proteid nature1 s9ce1 by repeat$ purification1 ! proteid matt] may be almo/ entirely got rid (1 :ile ! activity ( ! residue conta9+ ! enzyme becomes consid]ably great]4 #ajj ,see1 h[ev]1 ! rec5t pap] by ,eb]le & ,krall1 ,ueb] d5 ,na*weis des ,tryps9s im ,hundekot1 ,collegium #aiaa1 p4 #bja1 9 :i* ! au?ors endeav\r to %[ ! pres5ce ( un*ang$ tryps9 9 dog dung4 ,_! pro( dep5ds ^u ! action ( an antipancreatic s]um on infusions ( dog dung bas$ on ! "w ( ,a*alme1 ,ann4 de l',in/4 ,pa/eur1 #aija1 p4 #gcg4 ,see also ! criticism on ?is pap] by ,dr4 ,otto ,rhm & ,dr4 ,max ,goldman1 ,collegium1 #aiaa1 p4 #bfe4 ,hamm>/5 7,physiol4 ,*emi/ry1 #aiaa1 p4 #did7 /ates t 8among ! secretions :i* und]go putrefaction 9 ! inte/9e1 ! pancreatic juice1 :i* putrefies mo/ readily1 takes place fir/40 ,krawkov's me?od ( prep>+ dia/ase f saliva 7,gre51 p4 #df7 may also be m5tion$1 z x is ( g5]al application4 ,x consi/s 9 salt+ out ! enzymes1 by saturat+ ! cle> solution 79 ?is case saliva dilut$ ) an equal volume ( wat]7 ) neutral ammonium sulphate4 ,! precipitate :i* is caus$ by ! saturation is collect$ on a filt]1 & wa%$ = a %ort "t ) /rong alcohol4 ,x is !n all[$ to /& "u absolute alcohol = "o or two days1 & f9ally dri$ at #cj ,c4 ,on extraction ) wat] x yields a solution :i* is /rongly dia/atic1 & :i* gives no proteid reactions4 ,!re are sev]al o!r me?ods = ! prep>ation & purification ( enzymes1 b up to ! pres5t x may safely be /at$ t no "o has succe$$ 9 prep>+ an enzyme 9 a /ate ( purity4 ,9 consid]+ ! me*anism by :i* enzymes act1 x mu/ be rememb]$ 9 ! fir/ place t !y are colloids1 &1 z su*1 w =m absorption comp\nds ) ! sub/rate1 or body1 ^u :i* !y are act+4 ,x is difficult to und]/& h[ an enzyme c ex]t an action on ! sub/rate1 unless x ent]s into "s k9d ( comb9ation ) x1 al?\gh ?is may be only a tempor>y "o4 ,! action ( "s enzymes has be5 f\nd to be due to extremely small am\nts ( c]ta9 metals1 e4g4 9 ! case ( ! oxidiz+ enzyme laccase1 ! metal is manganese4 ,9 ! pure/ samples ( ?is enzyme prep>$1 #jaf p] c5t4 ,mn 0 f\nd1 & x has be5 suppos$ by "s obs]v]s t ! :ole ( ! action ( ! enzyme may be attribut$ to ! physical /ate ( ! manganese :i* x conta9s4 ,accord+ to ?is hypo!sis1#aja ! active "p ( ! enzyme is ! ion ,mn4 ,?is ion may exi/ 9 ! solution 9 two conditions1 diff]+ by ! electric *>ge :i* !y c>ry4 ,"o ( !m ,mn c>ries two positive *>ges1 ! o!r ,mn c>ries ?ree4 ,9 ! fir/ phase1 ,mn is trans=m$ into ,mn by absorb+ ! *>ge ( "o ion ( hydrog5 7,h71 & two hydrog5 ions ?us dis*>g$1 9 ! nasc5t /ate1 unite ) ! oxyg5 dissolv$ 9 ! liquid to =m wat]4 #aja ,duclaux4 ,see ,bibliography4 #b,mn #b;,h #j #b,mn ,h#b,o ,9 ! second phase ! ion ,mn ) ?ree *>ges w be trans=m$ into ! ion ) two *>ges1 by decompos+ a molecule ( wat]1 ( :i* ! nasc5t oxyg5 w atta* itself to ! oxidizable body ,r yield+ ! oxide ,,ro4 #b,mn ,h#b,o ,r #b,mn #b;,h ,,ro & ! same cycle ( op]ations w beg9 aga91 & cont9ue indef9itely4 ,9 ! above illu/ration ! enzyme action 0 an oxidiz+ "o4 ,9 ! case ( pu]+ x is a hydrolytic action1 9 o!r words a molecule ( wat] is add$ to ! sk9 sub/ance4 ,! fibre or "s portion ( x is conv]t$ fir/ into proteoses1 & f9ally into peptones1 & simpl] bodies4 ,! active metal 9 ^! cases appe>s to be calcium1 b by :at me*anism x br+s ab\t ! hydrolysis is at pres5t unkn[n4 ,poz]ski#ajb f\nd t ! pancreatic juice1 :i* is secret$ aft] injections ( c]ta9 s]a 7anti-pancreatic action71 & z a consequ5ce has no pancreatic action1 conta9s no calcium1 b pancreatic juice secret$ "u ! influ5ce ( pilo-c>p9 is m or less ri* 9 calcium1 & its proteolytic action increases ab\t equally ) ! am\nt ( calcium conta9$ 9 x4 ,! same probably holds good = ! inte/9al juice4 #ajb ,ko*'s ,jahresb]i*t b] ,grhungs ,organism51 #aijh1 #fce4 ,victor ,h5ri has %[n t ! p[] ( metals 9 ! colloidal /ate to br+ ab\t ^! catalytic actions v>ies ) ! metal employ$1 & is 9 inv]se ratio to ! size ( ! p>ticle4 ,!re is a v int]e/+ & wide field ( rese>* op5 "h 9 ord] to det]m9e ! conditions "u :i* ! v>i\s metals act4 ,to ?is end ! a%es f ! pure/ enzyme prep>ations might be /udi$1 & me?ods devis$ = produc+ ^! metals 9 ! colloidal /ate1 = x seems evid5t t x is ! /ate ( ! body act+ :i* gives x ! prop]ties obs]v$1 & n its *emical prop]ties 9 ! usual s5se4 ,! enzymes conta9$ 9 dog dung :i* are effective 9 ! pu]+ process belong to sev]al gr\ps1 pr9cipally ! proteolytic & lipolytic gr\ps1 b indirectly enzymes ( ! fir/ gr\p 7see p4 #acb71 7f]m5t+ c>bohydrates7 & ( ! fif? gr\p 7f]m5t+ urea7 also play "s "p by decompos+ v>i\s comp\nds 7e4g4 cellulose & urea7 conta9$ 9 ! pu]4 ,! action ( c]ta9 enzymes f ! animal body ^u sk9 has be5 tri$ by ! au?or4#ajc ,^? select$ 7 peps9 & pancreat91#ajd z be+ mo/ likely to be pres5t 9 dung4 ,peps9 only acts 9 pres5ce ( ,h,cl4 ,two portions ( ! same sk9 7 tak51 "o ( !m 0 treat$ ) a #a p] c5t4 solution ( peps91 acidifi$ ) #jb p] c5t4 ( hydro*loric acid2 ! o!r 9 a bate liquor ( dogs' dung 7pu]71 bo? at a temp]ature ( #dj;,c4 ,at ! end ( "o h\r ! sk9 9 ! peps9 solution 0 consid]ably 8fall510 b t 9 ! manure solution 0 bat$ ne>ly away1 i4e4 ! great] "p ( x 0 dissolv$4 ,a #a p] c5t4 solution ( pancreat9 7,m]cks7 0 f\nd to act f> m rapidly ?an peps92 #ae p] c5t4 ( *lor(orm 0 add$ to ! solution1 to prev5t ! developm5t ( bact]ia4 ,! sk9 0 r$uc$1 b _h n ! peculi> t\* ( a pu]$ sk94 ,z w be %[n lat]1 ?is 0 f\nd to be due to ! abs5ce ( any *emical action ^u ! lime salts 9 ! sk91 & consequ5tly x felt 8limey40 ,?is action took place 9 ! pu]$ sk91 b n 9 ! sk9 treat$ ) pancreat9 alone4 #ajc ,j4,s4,c4,i41 vol4 xiii41 #ahid1 p4 #bah4 #ajd ,! ^w pancreat9 is us$ ?r\gh\t 9 ! s5se ( pancreas extract4 ,z is well kn[n1 ?is conta9s sev]al enzymes1 tryps91 /eaps91 maltase1 & also a r5n94 ,w4 ,j4 ,salomon 7#i7 has also attribut$ ! activity ( ! bate to peps9 & pancreat91 b he does n give any pro( ( ! pres5ce ( ^! f]m5ts 9 ! bate4 ,s9ce x is practically impossible up to ! pres5t1 to sep>ate ^! enzymes f ! dung 9 a /ate ( purity1 ! me?od describ$ on p4 #acd 0 employ$4 ,! enzymes prep>$ 9 ?is way consi/ ( a mixture ( all ! enzymes pres5t 9 ! dung1 ! am\nt obta9$ f #ajjj grm4 ( dung be+ ab\t #d grm4 ,! product _h a slight dia/atic action ^u />*2 #je grm4 9 #ajj c4c4 ( wat] at #ce ,c4 0 f\nd to h a v consid]able r$uc+ action ^u sk91 & :5 comb9$ ) ! am9e comp\nds prep>$ f ! dung1 ! action 0 m p[]ful1 & m rapid ?an ) pu]4 ,lim$ sk9 0 pu]$ 9 ?irty m9utes 9 ?is solution to a p]fect condition1 9 ! abs5ce ( bact]ia1 & ) no evil smell+ comp\nds4 ,! reaction ( ! solution at ! beg9n+ ( ! exp]im5t 0 fa9tly alkal9e2 at ! end ( ! exp]im5t x 0 consid]ably alkal9e4 ,?is exp]im5t proves t ! action ( ! dung is a complex "o1 due to ! comb9$ action ( enzymes & *emical comp\nds ^u ! sk94 ,^! comp\nds1 :i* are pr9cipally am9es1 & salts ( am9o-acids1 probably assi/ ! enzymes1 & at ! same "t act ^u ! lime rema9+ 9 ! sk9 f ! previ\s lim+ process4 ,:e!r a sk91 :i* has nev] be5 submitt$ to ! lim+ op]ation1 c\ld be bat$ by enzymes alone1 )\t ! addition ( am9es1 has n1 s f> z ,i "k1 be5 tri$1 b x is highly probable t ?is w\ld be ! case4 ,9 ord] to comp>e ! action ( ! enzymes prep>$ f dung ) t ( ! enzymes produc$ by bact]ia1 a mix$ culture ( bact]ia f pu] 9 dextrose gelat91 aft] sev5 days' gr[?1 0 tak54 #bjj c4c4 ( ?is 0 mix$ ) #bjj c4c4 ( dilute alcohol 7#fe p] c5t471 & well %ak53 gelat9 & album9oid bodies are by ?is means precipitat$4 ,! liquid 0 filt]$ & p\r$ into eight times its volume ( #ih p] c5t4 alcohol4 ,! precipitate :i* came d[n 0 wa%$ ) absolute alcohol1 & dri$ 9 vacuo4 ,! enzymes ?us obta9$ 7 re-dissolv$ 9 wat]1 & ! =m] exp]im5t ) ! sk9 repeat$ ) ?is solution1 ) ! addition ( ! am9es4 ,! sk9 0 br\ght d[n 9 exactly ! same way z be=e1 %[+ conclusively t x is ! enzymes produc$ by bact]ia1 act+ 9 conjunction ) ! am9es1 :i* bate ! sk94 ,x w\ld seem t ! action ( ! enzymes is aid$ by ! pres5ce ( am9e comp\nds1 9 addition to ! *emical action :i* ^! latt] h ^u ! sk94 ,! action is int]dep5d5t1 i4e4 bact]ial action alone is insuffici5t1 & *emical action alone is insuffici5t1 ! true bat+ action be+ a comb9ation ( ! two4 ,!re seems little d\bt t x is ! enzymes :i* dissolve ! sk9 sub/ance1 or r c]ta9 p>ts ( ! int]cellul> sub/ance ( ! fibres1 & ! comp\nd ( ?is sub/ance ) lime4 ,! action is a dige/ive "o1 & may be comp>$1 z we h %[n1 to t ( ! dige/ive f]m5t ( ! pancreas4 ,?is fact has be5 made use ( 9 ! artificial bate 8,oropon0 7see ,*apt] ,,vii471 9 :i* extract ( pancreas is comb9$ ) ammonium *loride1 & "s in]t mat]ial4 ,! effect ( pu]+ on ! fatty matt] 9 ! sk9 is well kn[n4 ,! fat & grease are p>tially emulsifi$1 & set free1 s t !y c be remov$ by scudd+4 ,?is action is a mo/ important "o1 & "o 9 :i* artificial bates h hi!rto be5 want+4 ,! emulsification ( ! fats is br\ght ab\t by means ( an enzyme ei!r id5tical )1 or closely resembl+1 lipase4#aje ,?is enzyme is f\nd 9 ! pancreatic juice1 & 9 ! se$s ( _m plants4 ,x br+s ab\t ! emulsification ( ! fat by saponify+ a portion ( x1 i4e4 ! fat is split up into glyc]9#ajf & a fatty acid1 accord+ to ! equation-- ,c#c;,h#e7;,c#ah;,h#ce,o#b7c #c;,h#b,o ,/e>94 ,c#c;,h#e7,,oh7#c #c7;,c#ah;,h#ce,,oho7 ,glyc]94 ,/e>ic ,acid4 #aje ,also kn[n z /eaps91 or pyol9 7,all51 p4 #ceg1 vol4 iv41 ,comm4 ,org4 ,analysis74 #ajf ,9 ! dige/ion ( fat by dogs ! glyc]ol produc$ is all absorb$ be=e ! ileum is rea*$1 s t none exi/s 9 ! excrem5t4 7,levites1 ,*em4 ,soc4 ,ab/4 #aijg1 vol4 iv4 p4 #hia47 ,lipase 0 "o ( ! fir/ enzymes 9 :i* ! rev]sibility ( ! reaction 0 %[n1 i4e4 x is n only capable ( hydrolys+ a fat1 b also ( caus+ ! =mation ( "o by ! comb9ation ( ! fatty acid & glyc]94#ajg ,?is expla9s :y ! reaction ( su* an enzyme is nev] complete4 ,an equilibrium is rea*$ j z ) ord9>y rev]sible *emical reactions l ! precipitation ( magnesium hydroxide by ammonia4 #ajg ,ano!r in/ance ( ! rev]sibility ( enzyme action is ! secretion ( a peptolytic enzyme1 by ,b4 pyocyaneus2 i4e4 x has ! p[] ( syn!siz+ prote9s1 z well z ( decompos+ !m4 7,zak4 ,*em4 ,soc4 ,ab/4 #aijg1 p4 #iif47 ,leci?91 & possibly o!r fatty comp\nds1 are kn[n#ajh to be important auxili>ies 9 ! f]m5t-l actions produc$ by tox9s2 *ole/]ol has a simil> effect1 & z ?is body is a con/itu5t ( dung1 x may play "s "p 9 pu]+4 ,"h1 aga91 is a fur!r problem await+ inve/igation4 #ajh ,*em4 ,soc4 ,annual ,reports ,,iv41 #aijg1 p4 #beb4 ,loev5h>t has %[n t ! bile salts1 sodium *olate1 & sodium glyco*olate1 greatly increase ! activity ( lipase1 & ,magnus f\nd t syn!tic bile salts h ! same effect2 su* bodies are kn[n z co-enzymes4 ,i h %[n t bile itself is n fav\rable to ! bat+ action1 b ! bile salts1 by /imulat+ ! action ( ! fat splitt+ enzymes1 are probably ess5tial to ! full action ( ! dung bate4 ,ano!r enzyme :i* may be ( importance 9 pu]+ is ereps91 ! enzyme ( ! inte/9al juice1 :i* is responsible = ! completion ( ! dige/ive process4 ,! pancreatic enzymes act ^u ! peptones produc$ by ! peps9 ( ! /oma*1 splitt+ !m up into simpl] comp\nds1 :ile ! ereps9 acts fur!r ^u ^! products4 ,x dissociates albumoses & peptones into am9o acids1 tak+ z x 7 ! la/ traces ( nutrim5t f ! food pass+ ?r\gh ! inte/9e4 ,x acts be/ 9 alkal9e solutions4 ,?is f]m5t is v widely di/ribut$ 9 ! animal k+dom1 & occurs 9 o!r organs & tissues besides ! inte/9es4 ,! quantity ( ereps9 9 ! fre% fces mu/ be consid]able1 s9ce a dog secretes f #djj to #ejj c4c4 ( inte/9al juice p] day4 ,x rema9s to be %[n :e!r ?is reta9s its prop]ties aft] excretion1 & = h[ long4 ,a mo/ important po9t 9 connexion ) ! activity ( enzymes is ! reaction ( ! m$ium1 i4e4 its acidity or alkal9ity1 or1 m /rictly speak+1 its hydrog5 ion conc5tration4 ,a v slight increase or decrease ( ! acidity or alkal9ity ( ! liquor w dim9i% ! rate ( action ( ! enzyme by a l>ge am\nt1 & 9 "s cases cause ! action to cease4 ,9 all cases enzymes h an optimum acidity or alkal9ity2 9 o!r words1 = e enzyme !re is a p>ticul> hydrog5 ion conc5tration at :i* its activity is at a maximum4 ,! "w ( ,so]5s51 to :i* ,i h already ref]r$1 gives a v complete acc\nt ( ?is aspect ( enzyme action & also ( ! me?ods he employ$ to inve/igate x4 ,8 "w %\ld c]ta9ly be c>efully /udi$ by anyone wi%+ to take up ?is "p ( ! subject4 ,! same rem>ks z to optimum conditions apply to temp]ature1 al?\gh ! effect ( ?is is bett] kn[n4 ,mo/ tryptic enzymes act be/ at ! body temp]ature1 viz4 #ih to #ajj ,f4 7#cg to #dj ,c471 & h5ce pu]+ %\ld be conduct$ at ?is temp]ature4 ,9 ! case ( ! h5 or pigeon-dung bate ! enzymes h n yet be5 /udi$1 s f> z ,i am aw>e1 s t x is n possible to give an acc\nt ( !m4 ,at ! same "t x seems highly probable t1 z ^! bates are employ$ at comp>atively l[ temp]atures1 ! enzyme action is kept back1 & !re=e ! *ief action w\ld be a *emical "o4 ,enzymes are ret>d$ 9 _! action 9 ! fir/ place by _! own products1 9 a v simil> mann] to bact]ia1 9 ! second place ! ret>d+ or inhibit+ action is br\ght ab\t by ! s-call$ anti-bodies4 ,( ^! ! longe/ kn[n & be/ /udi$ are ^? :i* are produc$ by tox9s1 & :i* neutralize ! action ( ! tox9s ^u ! animal organism 7anti-tox9s74#aji ,normal s]um also inhibits ! action ( tryps9 & _m o!r enzymes4 ,ano!r v important gr\p ( anti-bodies are ! precipit9s4 ,if ! s]um ( an animal be inject$ repeat$ly into ano!r animal ( diff]5t species1 a precipit9 appe>s 9 ! s]um ( ! animal treat$1 :i* causes a precipitate :5 add$ to ! s]um ( ! fir/ animal4 ,! special importance ( ?is fact is1 t x c be utiliz$ z a me?od ( di/+ui%+ betwe5 human blood & t ( animals1 :i* is (t5 ( importance 9 m$ical juris-prud5ce4#aaj #aji ,hamm>/51 p4 #gj4 #aaj ,gull&1 ,ency4 ,britt4 iv41 p4 #hc4 ,?is fact has be5 made use ( to di/+ui% dog dung f o!r matt]s1 ) :i* x has be5 adult]at$4#aaa ,a p]fectly cle> extract ( dog dung filt]$ free f bact]ia 0 inject$ into a rabbit4 ,! s]um obta9$ f ! rabbit 0 f\nd to conta9 a precipit91 & on addition ( ! s]um to ! dog dung extract a precipitate 0 produc$4 ,:5 ! s]um 0 add$ to ! extract f ! dung ( ano!r animal no precipitate 0 =m$4 ,:5 add$ to ! extract ( ! adult]at$ dung a v mu* small] precipitate 0 produc$ ?an ) ! extract f dog dung alone4 #aaa ,appelius1 ,te*nis*e ,briefe1 ,no4 #bc1 ,april #aiji4 ,! coli bact]ia 9 ! pu] also produce an anti-body--agglut994#aab ,if a culture ( ,b4 coli be exam9$ "u ! microscope1 ! bact]ia are se5 mov+ "h & !re 9 ! liquid1 ev5ly di/ribut$4 ,on ! addition ( a trace ( ! s]um ( an animal :i* has be5 previ\sly inject$ ) coli bact]ia ! bact]ia on ! slide cease _! movem5ts & collect toge!r 9 clumps4 ,!y are said to be agglut9at$4 ,?is prop]ty is us$ to diagnose bact]ia 9 suspect$ cases ( *ol]a & "s o!r diseases4 #aab ,h>d51 see ,bibliography4 ,! wond]ful discov]ies t h be5 made 9 ?is direction con/itute "o ( ! mo/ m>vell\s *apt]s 9 ! hi/ory ( sci5ce4 ,s]um diagnosis & s]um !rapeutics are n[ firmly e/abli%$ z invaluable aids to ! physician 9 8 fight aga9/ disease & dea?4 ,! ext5t ( our pres5t k ( ! action ( enzymes 9 pu]+ may be summ$ up z foll[s4 ,active enzymes are produc$ by bact]ia gr[+ 9 ! infusion ( dung1 9 addition to dige/ive enzymes :i* may be orig9ally pres5t 9 ! dung2 ! bact]ial enzymes are produc$ m rapidly 9 a dilute infusion1 z employ$ 9 ! pu] :eel1 ?an 9 ! dung itself4 ,! enzymes are ( v>i\s k9ds1 proteolytic1 peptolytic1 lipolytic1 etc41 b ! proteolytic & lipolytic are ! mo/ important4 ,^! h a solv5t action on ! fibres ( ! sk91 b little or no action on ! hyal9e lay]1 at ! conc5tration usually f\nd 9 ! pu] liquor4 ,! fatty matt]s & soaps 9 ! sk9 are act$ ^u by ! lipolytic enzymes1 & ! fats to "s ext5t emulsifi$1 s t !y may be easily remov$ f ! sk9 by scudd+ or press+4 ,x mu/ be cle>ly und]/ood t enzyme action alone is n suffici5t1 z has be5 previ\sly expla9$1 b t ! dung enzymes1 act+ 9 conjunction ) ! *emical comp\nds pres5t1 produce ! specific pu]+ effect4 ,!re is /ill mu* "w to be done be=e ! action ( ! enzymes 9 dung is fully und]/ood1 b f ! above %ort acc\nt x w be se5 t ! "p !y play 9 ! bate is ( great importance4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,orig9al ,,pap]s ,,on ,,bat+4 ,! repr9ts ( ^! pap]s be+ no long] available1 ,i h ?\ght x be/ to pr9t !m 9 ! pres5t volume exactly z publi%$1 ) ! exception ( ! pap] entitl$ 8,f]m5tation 9 ! ,lea!r ,indu/ry0 f :i* only s mu* is reproduc$ z relates to pu]+ & bat+4 ,i4 ,,"p ,,( ,,pap] ,,entitl$ 8,,f]m5tation ,,9 ,,! ,,lea!r ,,indu/ry40 ,read be=e ! ,nott+ham ,section ( ! ,society ( ,*emical ,indu/ry1 ,febru>y #ad1 #ahid4 ,9 ! next process1 t ( 8bat+10 ! bact]ia play a m important "p1 & may be put 9 our second category1 viz4 helpful to ! tann]1 ?\gh1 f ! v nature ( ! mat]ial us$1 x =ms a nidus = v>i\s putrefactive f]m5ts1 & is !re=e dang]\s4 ,! mat]ials usually employ$ are bird dung & dog dung2 ! =m] ( ^! is %>p & pi]c+ 9 its action1 :ile ! latt] has a m s(t5+ action on ! sk94 ,9 bo? bates1 h[ev]1 a rapid solution ( ! gelat9\s & album9\s hide sub/ance 7cori97 takes place4 ,! hide fibres1 h[ev]1 are n attack$ until all ! nutri5t mat]ial 9 ! liquid has be5 consum$ by ! bact]ia4 ,eitn] 7,d] ,g]b]1 xv41 #aeh7 /ates t a /]ile bate is )\t action on ! sk9s1 & appe>s 9 t article to attribute ! entire work+ ( ! bate to ! action ( micro-organisms4 ,he seems to h bas$ 8 conclusions on exp]im5ts ) an old bate /]ilis$ ) creol91 :i* he f\nd _h no action on ! sk9s4 ,if1 h[ev]1 a fre% bate be made & boil$ = half an h\r1 !n all[$ to cool to #ij-ie ,f41 x w be f\nd to h a consid]able action on ! sk9s1 ?\gh n s rapid a "o z ! unboil$ bate4 ,! boil+ kills all organisms1 & fre% ones h n "t to develop f spores /ill rema9+ be=e ! exp]im5t is at an end4 ,lately1 ! action ( unorganis$ dige/ive f]m5ts 9 ! dung has be5 f\nd to be consid]able4 ,?us bat+ is an exce$+ly complex process4 ,! action appe>s to be ?reefold3-- 7i7 ,a purely *emical action ( ! soluble salts pres5t 9 ! bate on ! lime 9 ! sk94#aac 7ii7 ,an action due to organis$ f]m5ts4 7iii7 ,an action due to unorganis$ f]m5ts4 #aac ,ref]5ces to bat+3 ,proct]4 ,text-book ( ,tann+1 #ahhe1 #ahd4 ,d] ,g]b]1 x4 7#ahhd71 #aig1 ,mi/beiz54 ,d] ,g]b]1 xv4 7#ahhi71 #bfg4 ,j4 ,anal1 & ,appl4 ,*em41 #ahic1 vii4 #hg1 #ie4 ,j4,s4,c4,i41 xii4 #ecj1 ,palm] & ,s&=d4 ,salomon1 ,w4 ,j41 ,te*4 ,qu>t]1 #ahib1 v4 #ha1 etc4 ,j4,s4,c4,i41 xii4 #ggd1 ix4 #bg4 ,! precise am\nt ( influ5ce ea* ( ^! actions has on ! sk9 is difficult to assign4 ,! *emical action ( ! ammonia comp\nds dissolves ! lime rema9+ 9 ! sk91 b ! simple removal ( ! lime is n suffici5t1 z may be %[n by remov+ x completely ) dilute hydro*loric acid or o!r simil> means1 & wa%+ p]fectly free f acid 9 di/ill$ wat]4 ,:5 tann$1 su* a sk9 is h>d & brittle4 ,! organis$ f]m5ts or bact]ia1 ( :i* !re are _m species 9 ! bate1 probably act on ! sk9 by secret+ soluble f]m5ts1 :i* h ! p[] ( dissolv+ hide fibre4 ,i h isolat$ 9 plate cultivations sev]al species :i* liquefy ! gelat94 ,if sk9s are all[$ to lie 9 ! bate1 zooglo ( ^! bact]ia collect 9 ! folds & attack ! f9e 8gra910 s t ! lea!r is cov]$ ) l9es & m>k+s1 or 8flak$40 ,?us ! op]ation is a v critical "o1 requir+ c>eful wat*+2 "u c]ta9 atmosph]ic conditions & at a temp]ature ( #ce-dj ,c4 ! sk91 if only left a %ort "t too long1 w completely melt away4 ,! m sk9 sub/ance is dissolv$ 9 ! liquid1 ! m rapid & pron\nc$ ! bact]ial action becomes4 ,s f> z is at pres5t kn[n ! unorganis$ f]m5ts 9 ! dung1 besides ^? :i* are secret$ by ! bact]ia1 are mo/ly dige/ive f]m5ts#aad --peps91 pancreat91 & tryps9--c]ta9 quantities ( :i* pass out ( ! animal's body 9 an un*ang$ condition4 ,( ^!1 peps9 only acts 9 an acid solution1 &1 al?\gh fre% bate liquor is fa9tly acid to litmus1 x quickly becomes neutralis$ by ! lime 9 ! sk9s1 s t ! action ( ?is f]m5t c only be limit$ 9 ext5t4 ,pancreat9 w act 9 a neutral solution1 & has1 !re=e1 a consid]able effect on ! sk94 #aad ,h>ris & ,g[1 ,j\r4 ( ,physiol41 xiii4 #dfi4 ,g4 ,tammian1 ,zeits*r4 f4 ,physiol4 ,*em41 xv4 #bga4 ,o4 ,loew41 ,j4 ,prak4 ,*em41 #cg1 #aja4 ,j4,s4,c4,i41 #ahhh1 #bbd4 ,,"s ,,dung ,,analyses4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,h5 ,dung ,dog ,dung ,guano ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,p] ,c5t4 ,p] ,c5t4 ,p] ,c5t4 ,moi/ure #fjhh ,ca #dcjdi ,urea #ejj ,organic matt] #aibb ,mg #jjhg ,k#b,,s#d #gij ,phosphates #ddg ,k #jcjb ,na,cl #ejj ,ca,c,o#c & ,na #jdch 7,,nh#d7c,,po#d #eej ,ca,s,o#d #ghe ,si #jjjd 7,,nh#d7b,o #jfj ,alkal9e salts #aji ,,po#d #cddf ,si,o#b #bbe ,silica & s& #ffi ,,co#b #gdfd ,ca#c7,,po#d7b #ijj ------ ,cl #jjcg ,mg,n,h#d,,po#d #aebe #ajj4jj ,fe & loss #jjjh ,ammon4 urate #aebe ,organic ,organic matt] matt] #adaeb 7#ag p] c5t4 ,n7 #dagc ,conta9+ ,h#b,o #cajac ,moi/ure #feb ,n ammonia #jgd ------- ------ #ajj4jjj #ajj4jj ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,w4 ,i4 ,macadam1 ,j4,s4,c4,i41 #ahhh1 #hj4 ,viollet1 ,diction d',analyses ,*im4 ,! dog dung actually us$ 9 a tann]y is f animals f$ on a m vegetable diet1 ! "o giv5 hav+ an extremely high p]c5tage ( lime1 no d\bt ow+ to ! animal hav+ eat5 bones4 ,a dung z br\ght f ! k5nels 0 f\nd to conta93-- ,p] ,c5t4 ,m9]al matt] #dfgi ,organic #igca ,wat] #heeij ------ #ajjjjj ,i f9d by exp]im5ts ) ! purifi$ f]m5ts t _! action is v sl[ comp>$ ) ! bate itself4 ,two portions ( ! same sk9 7 tak53 "o ( !m 0 treat$ ) a #a p] c5t4 solution ( peps9 acidifi$ ) #jb p] c5t4 ( hydro*loric acid1 ! o!r 9 a bate liquor ( dog's dung2 bo? at a temp]ature ( #dj ,c4 7#ajd ,f474 ,at ! end ( "o h\r1 ! sk9 9 ! peps9 solution 0 consid]ably 8fall510 b t 9 ! manure solution 0 bat$ ne>ly away1 i4e4 ! great] "p ( x 0 dissolv$4 ,a #a p] c5t4 solution ( pancreat9 7,m]ck's7 0 f\nd to act f> m rapidly ?an peps94 ,at #dj ,c4 9 a neutral solution ! sk9 fell rapidly1 & ! action cont9u$ ev5 9 ! cold4 ,9 ?is exp]im5t x 0 f\nd t 9 #ae h\rs ! liquid 0 sw>m+ ) m9ute bact]ia4 ,9 ord] to gu>d aga9/ ! influ5ce ( bact]ia a simil> exp]im5t1 at ! sugge/ion ( ,mr4 ,h4 ,r4 ,proct]1 ( ! ,york%ire ,college1 ,le$s1 0 tri$ ) ! addition to ! pancreatic solution ( #ae p] c5t4 ( *lor(orm2 ?is prev5ts ! developm5t ( bact]ia1 :ile x does n int]f]e ) ! action ( ! pancreat94 ,! sk9 0 r$uc$ z be=e1 b 9 nei!r case _h x ! peculi> t\* ( a 8pu]$0 sk91 nor 7 ! *>act]i/ics ( ! lea!r ! same4 ,,ii4 ,,notes ,,on ,,! ,,con/itution ,,& ,,mode ,,( ,,action ,,( ,,! ,,dung ,,bate ,,9 ,,lea!r ,,manufacture4 ,read be=e ! ,nott+ham section ( ! ,society ( ,*emical ,indu/ry1 ,oct4 #bf1 #ahih4 ,9 a pap] read be=e ! ,society ( ,*emical ,indu/ry 7,j4,s4,c4,i41 #ahid1 #bai71 ! au?or gave an outl9e ( ! bat+ process z f> z he _h !n inve/igat$ x4 ,fur!r rese>*es h %[n t1 al?\gh ! views !n put =w>d mu/ be some:at modifi$1 9 ! ma9 !y are correct4 ,9 #ahie-if a s]ies ( exp]im5ts 0 und]tak5 ) a view ( asc]ta9+ h[ mu* ( ! r$uc+ action ( ! bate 0 due to3 7#a7 ! *emical con/itu5ts2 7#b7 ! bact]ia2 7#c7 ! dige/ive f]m5ts & enzymes4 ,! pu] us$ 0 dog dung obta9$ fre%ly e week f hunt+ k5nels4 ,x conta9$ on an av]age3 wat]1 #he p] c5t42 organic matt]1 #aj p] c5t42 m9]al matt]1 #e p] c5t42 ab\t #c p] c5t4 ( ! organic is soluble & ab\t #a p] c5t4 ( ! m9]al matt]4 ,accord+ to ,gamgee 7,phys4 ,*em4 #b71 a dog f$ on fle% diet excretes f #bg to #dj grm4 ( fces 9 #bd h\rs1 ( :i* #abi grm4 are solids4 ,on a bread diet ! am\nt ( fces is mu* m4 ,an ultimate analysis gave ! foll[+ results3-- ------------------------------------- ,bread ,diet ,meat ,diet ------------------------------------- ,c #dgci #dcdd ,h #fei #fdg ,n #bib #fej ,o #cfjh #aceh ,m9]al matt] #gjb #cjja ------------------------------------- ,^! figures alone are suffici5t to %[ :at v>iable quantity is ! pu] employ$ 9 a tann]y4 ,! m9]al matt] is compos$ z foll[s3-- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,soluble 9 wat] ,na,cl & ,na#b,,s#d #acg #djj ,sodium phosphate #bfe ,e>?y phosphates #hjcg ,insoluble 9 wat] ,f]ric phosphate #bji #idic ,ca,s,o#d #deb ,silicic acid #gid ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,! ammonia comp\nds comb9e ) ! lime rema9+ 9 ! sk91 b ! con/itution ( ^! comp\nds 0 unkn[n4 ,! pu] 0 exam9$ = ammonia by ,s*ls+'s me?od1 #ej c4c4 be+ mix$ ) #ej c4c4 milk ( lime plac$ "u an air-tight bell-glass1 toge!r ) an op5 vessel conta9+ a measur$ quantity ( /&>d acid1 = #cf h\rs4 ,no ,,nh#c 0 giv5 (f4#aae #aae ,?is is n inv>iably ! case3 o!r samples ( pu] exam9$ h giv5 (f ,,nh#c :5 simil>ly treat$1 b only 9 small quantity4 ,a simil> in/ance has be5 obs]v$ by ,rideal & ,or*>d 9 ! liquefaction & decomposition ( gelat9 by ,b4 fluoresc5s liquefaci5s 7,! ,analy/1 ,octob] #ahig71 :]e ! quantity ( ammonia produc$ 0 insignificant1 am\nt+ ev5 aft] #af days' incubation to only #jafh grm4 ( ,n p] #ajj c4c41 correspond+ to #jbjd grm4 ( ammonia4 ,! mixture ( dung & ,ca7,,oh7#b 0 filt]$ & a p]fectly cle> filtrate ( a gold5-yell[ col\r obta9$4 ,?is conta9$ free am9es1 calcium salts ( volatile & non-volatile acids4 ,x 0 di/ill$ until ! di/illate 0 no long] alkal9e1 & made up to #ejj c4c4 #ej c4c4 requir$ = neutralisation #eg c4c4 ( 7,n_/#ajj7 ,h#b,,s#d1 equival5t to #jaich grm4 ( ,,nh#c p] litre ( orig9al pu]1 be+ ! am9es set free by ,ca7,,oh7#b 9 cold solution4 ,a fur!r #ej c4c4 0 di/ill$ ) ,na,o,h1 ! am9es giv5 (f neutralis$ #h c4c4 ( 7,n_/#a7 ,h,cl1 equival5t to #bgb grm4 ( ,,nh#c p] litre4 ,! neutralis$ liquid 0 evaporat$ to dryness2 ! residue1 consi/+ ( am9e hydro*lorates1 am\nt$ #jbg grm4 ,a qualitative te/ %[$ bo? prim>y & second>y am9es to be pres5t4 ,! action ( ^! am9e hydro*lorides 0 tri$ ^u sk91 pieces ( lim$ %eep gra9 previ\sly wa%$ 9 wat] be+ us$4 ,! solution 0 ma9ta9$ at #ce;,c4 ,9 ! fir/ exp]im5t #jbg grm4 0 dissolv$ 9 #ajj c4c4 ( wat]4 ,9 two h\rs ! sk9 0 consid]ably r$uc$1 b _h n ! t\* ( a 8pu]$0 sk94 ,x tann$ well & 0 a good col\r1 %[+ t ! lime _h be5 remov$1 b ! lea!r 0 n suffici5tly s(t4 ,) a /r5g? ( #a grm4 p] #ajj c4c4 ! action 0 ha/5$1 ! same result be+ obta9$ 9 #a-a_/d h\rs1 b ! cori9 ( ! sk9 0 n dissolv$4 ,a comp>ison piece ( ! same sk9 9 dung 0 bat$ too mu*4 ,) a view ( comp>+ ! action ( analog\s bodies1 sk9 0 treat$ 9 a solution ( anil9 hydro*loride1 #a grm4 p] #ajj c4c4 = #a-a_/d h\rs at #ce ,c4 ,! solution 0 acid1 lime 0 remov$1 & ! sk9 felt v simil> to t 9 ! previ\s exp]im5t4 ,cori9 0 n dissolv$1 & ! sk9 did n 8come d[n40 ,( ! m9]al con/itu5ts m5tion$ above1 only ! *lorides#aaf h a r$uc+ action on sk91 ! o!r comp\nds be+ in]t1 e4g4 silicates1 or m]ely supply food = ! bact]ia4 #aaf ,proct]1 ,text ,book ( ,tann+1 p4 #he4 ,= a g5]al outl9e ( ! decompositions tak+ place 9 dung1 see ,dr4 ,h]feld's pap] 7,j4,s4,c4,i41 ,may #ahie74 ,we ne$ only consid] ! action ( ! *ief organic comp\nds1 z ! am\nt ( *lor9e is too small 79 "o case #jjec p] c5t4 on ! dry dung7 to be ( importance4 ,! pr9cipal comp\nds are3-- ,organic ,acids4--,=mic1 acetic1 butyric1 val]ianic1 lactic1 malic1 t>t>ic1 citric1 & glyc]ic4 ,amido ,comp\nds4--,leuc91 tyros91 glutamic acid1 glutam9e1 asp>ag91 glycocol4 ,bases1 consi/+ ( am9es1 skatol1 & indol1 & v>y+ am\nts ( ammonia1 accord+ to ! age ( ! dung4 ,! organic acids exi/ p>tly z salts ( ! alkal9e e>?s1 p>tly comb9$ ) am9es4 ,a di/illation ( 8pu]10 aft] acidify+ ) ,h#b,,s#d1 gave #bb grm4 p] litre ( volatile acids reckon$ z acetic4 ,no ,h,cl came ov]4 ,on decompos+ ! sodium salts ( ! acids ) ,h#b,,s#d1 ! smell ( butyric acid pr$om9at$4 ,i h also %[n ! pres5ce ( lactic acid 9 ! dung1 b h be5 unable to det]m9e ! am\nt4 ,action ( ,amido ,comp\nds4--,a mixture ( glycocol & leuc9#aag 0 prep>$ by boil+ #h grm4 ( gelat9 9 #djj c4c4 ( wat]1 acidifi$ ) #a c4c4 ( ,h,cl = two h\rs ) inv]t$ cond5s]4 ,! acid 0 !n neutralis$ ) ammonia4 ,! solution _h a v consid]able r$uc+ action on sk9 at #ce ,c4 9 #ij m9utes1 b n suffici5t = practical purposes4 ,x appe>s to dissolve a little cori9 9 a simil> way to dilute acids4 ,x 0 f\nd on fur!r inve/igation t ! action 0 l>gely due to ! ,,nh#d;,cl pres5t4 #aag ,accord+ to ! text books2 b = lat] rese>*es see ,paal & ,s*ill+1 ,*em4 ,zeit4 #ahie1 #adhg2 also ,j4,s4,c4,i41 #ahih1 #ehi4 ,action ( ,dilute ,acids4--,al?\gh ! bate 9 practice is almo/ always alkal9e1 yet a fre% bate is acid1 & x may be z well1 be=e proce$+1 to consid] briefly ! action ( weak & dilute acids on sk94 ,! fibres ( ! sk9 h only a limit$ capacity = hold+ acids1 & soon beg9 to swell abnormally & p>tially dissolve4 ,reim]#aah has f\nd t ! mat]ial may be reprecipitat$ by lime wat]4 ,x =ms a fibr\s mass1 :i* has n ! /icky feel ( gelat91 b is at once conv]t$ into t body by boil+4 #aah ,h4 ,k4 ,proct]1 8,text ,book ( ,tann+10 #ahhe1 p4 #ah4 ,! au?or has exam9$ ! action ( dilute ,h#b,,s#d on %eep sk9s1 & ?is may be consid]$ typical ( ! action ( acids on sk9 g5]ally4 ,:5 pu]$ & dr5*$ %eep sk9 is treat$ = #bj m9utes ) a v dilute solution ( ,h#b,,s#d 7#a_/bhj71 x swells up consid]ably & becomes s(t & semi-transp>5t1 ,! fibres ( ! sk91 :i* "u normal conditions h a diamet] ( #d-f become #bj or m2 on /a9+ ) picro-c>m9 !re are se5 to be c]ta9 fibres :i* are unaffect$ or only slightly affect$ by ! acid4 ,^! are ! ela/ic fibres#aai & ! capill>y blood vessels4 #aai ,see ,proct]1 8,text ,book ( ,tann+10 pp4 #h & #ba4 ,on filt]+ a solution ( ! above /r5g? 9 :i* sk9 9 excess has be5 treat$ = #bj m9utes1 & evaporat+ #ajj c4c4 to dryness 9 a plat9um di%1 a residue ( #jdiib grm4 0 obta9$4 ,a second exp]im5t gave #jdif grm4 ( :i* #fa p] c5t4 0 organic matt]4 ,by ,kjeldahl+ ano!r portion ( ! residue1 ! ,n 9 #jab grm4 am\nt$ to #jjabb grm4 equival5t to #jjgc grm4 ( sk9 sub/ance2 i4e4 #fj p] c5t4 ( ! soluble matt] is sk94 ,x is evid5t t ! matt] 9 solution is a comp\nd ( sk9 sub/ance & ,h#b,,s#d toge!r ) a little soluble m9]al matt] conta9$ 9 ! sk94 ,! am\nt ( sub/ance dissolv$ dep5ds ^u ! condition & previ\s treatm5t ( ! sk94 ,9 ! pres5ce ( ,na,cl1 :i* prev5ts ! swell+ ( ! fibres1 pu]$ %eep gra9s take up #gj c4c4 ( 7,n_/#a7 ,h#b,,s#d f a solution conta9+ #ag c4c4 ( 7,n_/#a7 ,h#b,,s#d 7#jhcc grm4 ,h#b,,s#d7 & #gh grm4 ( ,na,cl p] #ajj c4c4 ,ab\t #cjj grm4 wet sk9 p] litre 7 us$4 ,! sk9 sub/ance dissolv$ by ! acid 9 ! "t nam$ does n appe> to be m ?an t dissolv$ by ! weak acids ( a dr5*1 al?\gh an equival5t weight ( ,h#b,,s#d has a mu* m p[]ful swell+ action on sk9 ?an ^! acids4 ,a piece ( pu]$ & dr5*$ %eep sk9 0 c>efully wa%$ 9 di/ill$ wat] & !n dri$ 9 vacuo until x ceas$ to lose weight2 ! absolute dry weight 0 #dbfgj grm4 ,! sk9 0 soak$ d[n 9 di/ill$ wat] & aga9 dr5*$ = #cj h\rs 9 a clean bran dr5*1 develop+ approximately #jh grm4 lactic acid1 & #je grm4 acetic acid p] litre 7see ?is ,j\rnal1 ,may #ahic74 ,x 0 aga9 wa%$ & dri$ 9 vacuo4 ,x weigh$ #dab grm41 a loss ( #jad grm4 #cdd p] c5t4 ,! action1 !re=e1 ( ! acids is a r$uc+ "o1 inasmu* z sk9 is dissolv$1 b z ! fibres hold a c]ta9 am\nt ( acid1 ! sk9 appe>s to be plump$4 ,:]e ! acid is a m9]al "o ! sk9 tans plump1 b ) a brittle & inela/ic fibre1 weak organic acids make a plump1 s(t lea!r ) a mod]ately ela/ic fibre1 giv+ to ! sk9 a some:at india-rubb] feel4 ,we ?us see t weak acids alone d n produce a simil> result to a dung bate1 :i* causes ! sk9 to fall & produces a flat s(t lea!r ) a /ret* 9 x1 :i* w n spr+ back4 ,i h also tri$ ! action ( ! foll[+ ,na & ,,nh#c salts ^u sk93-- ,sodium lactate1 ,c#c;,h#e,o#c,na1 prep>$ by neutralis+ #b grm4 lactic acid ) sodium c>bonate 9 #ajjj c4c4 wat]4 ,! solution 0 us$ "u ! same conditions z ! o!r bat+ exp]im5ts1 viz4 at #cg ,c4 ! r$uc+ action 0 nil1 b on prolong+ ! dige/ion1 ! m$ium 0 f\nd to be v suitable = ! developm5t ( putrefactive organisms1 &1 z a consequ5ce1 ! sk9 0 attack$ & p>tly peptonis$4 ,ammonium lactate1 prep>$ 9 a simil> way1 _h an almo/ id5tical action on ! sk91 b 0 m effective 9 remov+ ! la/ traces ( lime4 ,ammonium butyrate1 prep>$ z above1 remov$ lime1 b in/ead ( a r$uc+ action x appe>$ to plump ! sk9 slightly4 ,action ( ,bile4 ,among/ o!r comp\nds 9 ! dung :i* might h "s action on sk9 7 ! bile salts & bile col\r+ matt]s4 7,= a full description ( ^!1 see ,gamgee1 ,phys4 ,*em4 ii47 ,exp]im5ts 7 made ) ox bile1 #be c4c4 be+ dilut$ ) #bej c4c4 ( wat]4 ,pieces ( %eep gra9 previ\sly wa%$ 9 wat] 7 dige/$ 9 ?is solution at #cg ,c4 = #a-d h\rs4 ,! bile _h no r$uc+ action on ! sk9 & 9 fact h>d5$ x1 at ! same "t /a9+ x a dirty yell[i% br[n1 ! col\r diff]+ f t ( ! col\r+ matt] ( dung 7hydrobilirub974 ,ev5 aft] cont9u$ /&+ !re 0 little or no developm5t ( bact]ia1 ! bile appe>+ to h an antiseptic action4 ,action ( ,bact]ia4 ,hav+ asc]ta9$ ! action ( ! *ief *emical con/itu5ts ( ! dung1 t ( ! bact]ia 0 next exam9$4 ,9 ! fir/ exp]im5t1 elim9at+ all b bact]ial action1 a tube ( nutri5t gelat9 0 inoculat$ f an active bate4 ,9 two days ! gelat9 _h liquefi$ along ! ne$le track4 ,! culture 0 n[ transf]r$ to ! foll[+ solution3-- ,gelat9 #d grm4 ,dextrose #d ,k#b;,,hpo#d #aj ,mg,s,o#d #jb ,na,cl #jd ,wat] #bjjj c4c4 ,! gr[? 9 ?is 0 fairly rapid & ! smell v slight at ! end ( a week4 ,a piece ( wa%$ %eep gra9 work$ 9 ?is culture at #cg ,c4 = f\r h\rs 0 consid]ably r$uc$1 ! gra9 0 n attack$1 ! action diff]+ 9 ?is respect f a prolong$ pu]+4 ,?is mix$ culture 0 gr[n 9 v>i\s o!r nutri5t m$ia1 gelat91 gelat9 & m9]al salts1 bro? made f %eep & calf fle%+s1 etc41 ) practically ! same results4 ,9 no case did ! bat+ action equal t ( dung1 & 0 insuffici5t = practical purposes4 ,a cursory bact]iological exam9ation ( dung w %[ t ! numb] ( species ( bact]ia x conta9s is v l>ge1 b on mak+ a plate cultivation f a suffici5tly dilute infusion ( fre% dog dung1 mo/ ( ! colonies develop+ appe> to belong to f\r or five species4 ,! foll[+ is a li/ ( all ! organisms :i*1 s f> z my k goes1 h be5 isolat$ f diff]5t k9ds ( dung3-- ,,li/ ,,( ,,kn[n ,,bact]ia ,,9 ,,dung4 ,^! organisms h #a4 ,bacillus fluoresc5s putridus be5 =m]ly de- #b4 liquefaci5s scrib$ z ,bact]ium #c4 ,proteus vulg>is4 t]mo by v>i\s #d4 mirabilis4 au?ors4 #e4 ,bacillus subtilis4 ,j4 ,t4 ,wood1 ,j4,s4,c4,i41 #f4 ,micrococcus fulvus4 #ahij1 #bh4 #g4 ,bact]ium ure4 7,cohn47 #h4 ,bacillus saprog5es1 ,i41 ,,ii41 ,,iii4 ,vide ,h]feld1 ,j4,s4,c4,i41 ,may #ahie4 #i4 ,bacillus butyricus4 #aj4 ,b4 putrificus coli4 #aa4 ,b4 pyocyaneus4 #ab4 ,b4 jan?9us4 #ac4 ,b4 coprog5es ftidus4 #ad4 ,b4 pyog5es ftidus4 #ae4 ,b4 prodigiosus4 #af4 ,b4 z5k]i4 #ag4 ,b4 magnus4 #ah4 ,b4 sp9osus4 #ai4 ,b4 liquefaci5s4 #bj4 ,b4 coli4 #ba4 ,b4 duclauxii ,b4 ure4 #bb4 ,micrococcus ure4 #bc4 liquefaci5s4 #bd4 ,proteus sulphureus4 #be4 ,bact]ium sulphureum4 #bf4 ,bacillus amylobact]4 #bg4 ,clo/ridium butyricum4 #bh4 ,b4 acidi p>alactici4 #bi4 ,bacillus ,i4 ,isolat$ f horse manure by #cj4 ,,ii4 ,s4 ,a4 ,sev]91 ,c5tr4-,bl4 f4 ,bakt4 ii4 #ca4 ,,iii4 #a1 #ig4 #cb4 ,spirillum s]p5s4 #cc4 t5ue4 #cd4 undula4 ,isolat$ by ,kuts*]1 ,zeit4 f4 #ce4 volutans4 ,hyg4 xx4 #de4 #cf4 ,vibrio ,i4 #cg4 ,,ii4 #ch4 ,,iii4 #ci4 ,spirillum f pig dung4 ,smi?4 ,c5tr4-,bl4 f4 ,bakt4 xvi4 #a1 #abd4 #dj4 ,/reptococcus liquefaci5s coli4 ,gamgee4 ,phys4 ,*em4 ii4 #da4 ,bacillus mycoides4#abj #abj ,s9ce ! above 0 writt51 ,sev]9 7,c5tr4-,bl4 iii4 #b1 #fbh7 has describ$ sev5 o!r species ( bact]ia1 isolat$ f horse dung2 = ! description & prop]ty ( ^! ! orig9al memoir mu/ be consult$4 ,popp & ,beck]1 ,g]man ,pat5t #hf1cce1 #bh1 describe f\rte5 species :i* !y isolat$ f dog & pigeon dung1 ( :i* ?ree h consid]able bat+ action on sk9s1 & :i* =m ! subject ( ! pat5t4 ,"s ( ^! are probably id5tical ) organisms 9 ! above li/4 ,!re are besides _m unnam$ species ( bact]ia 9 dung1 among :i* are ! two foll[+ isolat$ by me f pu]-- 7a7 ,plate ,cultures4--,small yell[i% colonies1 slightly fluoresc5t1 liquefy ! gelat9 sl[ly4 ,rods resembl+ ,b4 subtilis :5 at re/1 b mov+ ) a rapid undulatory motion4 ,cultures 9 nutri5t gelat9 h a consid]able r$uc+ action on sk94 7b7 ,plate ,cultures4--,blui% colonies liquefy+ gelat9 rapidly1 micro-bact]ia 9 pairs4 ,n s m>k$ an action on sk9 z 7a74 ,! organism resembles ,proteus vulg>is1 b sw>m+ islets n obs]v$4 ,( ! species m5tion$ above1 a pure culture ( ,b4 subtilis 9 meat bro?1 ma9ta9$ = "o week at #ce ,c41 _h no r$uc+ action on sk94 ,b4 fluoresc5s liquefaci5s _h a mod]ate r$uc+ action4 ,! species develop+ on ! plates v>y accord+ to ! age ( ! dung4 ,9 horse manure1 accord+ to ,sev]91#aba bacilli pr$om9ate 9 ! e>ly /ages4 ,at ! end ( two to ?ree weeks micro-bact]ia1 cocci & diplococci make _! appe>ance1 :ile ! bacill> =m becomes sc>ce4 ,9 ?ree mon?s cocci pr$om9ate1 =m+ zooglo2 /repto- & /aphylo-cocci & spirilli 7 seldom f\nd4 ,yea/s & s>c9a 7 nev] obs]v$4 ,f obs]vations ext5d+ ov] sev]al ye>s x is evid5t t a simil> cycle occurs 9 dog dung4 ,:5 q fre% x conta9s comp>atively few bact]ia2 !n c]ta9 gr\ps ( species take possession1 caus+ decompositions 9 ! dung2 ^! 9 _! turn give place to o!r species1 :i* decompose ! products =m$ by ! fir/1 s t no "o species produces or c produce ! complex *emical & physiological *anges :i* take place1 or ! bodies necess>y = ! bat+ ( sk91 z has be5 suppos$ by "s obs]v]s4 #aba ,c5tr4-,bl4 ii4 #a1 #ig4 ,none ( ! exp]im5ts1 ei!r ) mix$ or pure cultures ( bact]ia1 _h a p]fect r$uc+ action on sk91 al?\gh ! action 0 consid]ably great] ?an t ( ! *emical solutions4 ,x 0 f\nd1 h[ev]1 t by add+ a small quantity ( ! am9es above m5tion$ to ! bact]ial cultures1 ! r$uc+ action became ne>ly z rapid & effective z ) dung itself2 & x 01 !re=e1 cle> t ! pr9cipal bat+ effect 0 due to a comb9ation ( two ?+s1 viz4 an active gr[? ( bact]ia 9 ! pres5ce ( am9e comp\nds4 ,x 0 n[ necess>y to asc]ta9 ! mode ( action ( ! bact]ia on ! sk9s4 ,i h previ\sly %[n#abb ! action ( dige/ive f]m5ts or enzymes to be notable 9 ! case ( pancreat94 ,a c>eful /udy ( ! behavi\r ( ! dige/ive enzymes 9 ! animal body %[s1 h[ev]1 pretty conclusively1 t !y are all de/roy$ be=e ! fcal matt] is dis*>g$1#abc &1 !re=e1 ! enzymes 9 ! dung are n f ?is s\rce4 #abb ,j4,s4,c4,i41 #ahid1 ,m>* #ca1 #bah-bba4 #abc ,see ,gamgee1 ,phys4 ,*em4 #b4 ,an attempt 0 made to filt] ! dung dilut$ ) wat] ?r\gh a ,b]kefeld filt]1 & ?us obta9 a cle> filtrate conta9+ all ! enzymes & free f bact]ia2 x 0 f\nd impossible to filt] ! liquid 9 ?is way4 ,! me?od ( ,claudio ,f]mi#abd 0 also tri$1 b a cle> filtrate c\ld n be obta9$4 #abd ,ann4 de ,micrograph1 ii4 #f1 ,m>* #bj1 #ahif4 ,! au?or has succe$$ 9 obta9+ ! enzymes be/ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3--,ab\t #aej c4c4 ( ! above-m5tion$ 8pu]0 0 well mix$ ) an equal quantity ( glyc]9 & all[$ to /& = sev5 days2 x 0 !n capable ( be+ filt]$ on a filt] pump1 al?\gh v sl[ly1 & yield$ a cle> filtrate ( a deep gold5 br[n col\r2 ! filtrate 0 p\r$ 9 a ?9 /ream into a tall vessel conta9+ ab\t #aejj c4c4 ( #ih p] c5t4 alcohol4 ,a copi\s floccul5t precipitate ( ! album9\s matt]s & enzymes 0 ?r[n d[n1 ! alcohol 0 filt]$ (f & ! precipitate wa%$ on ! filt] ) absolute alcohol1 & dri$ ov] sulphuric acid4 ,! result+ amorph\s body 0 ( light br[n col\r1 & became d>k] :5 expos$ to ! air4 ,! am\nt obta9$ f #aej c4c4 ( dung 0 #jee grm4 7#cff grm4 p] litre74 ,! body consi/s ( a mixture#abe ( all ! enzymes exi/+ 9 ! dung along ) o!r album9\s bodies4 ,x has a v slight dia/atic action on />*4 #je grm4 9 #ajj c4c4 ( wat] at #ce ,c4 _h a v consid]able r$uc+ action on sk94 ,a fur!r exp]im5t ) #je grm4 ( am9e hydro*lorides1 #je grm4 ( enzymes & #ajj c4c4 ( wat]1 at #ce ,c4 br\ght d[n a piece ( lim$ %eep gra9 9 #cj m9utes exactly l pu]2 ! reaction ( ! solution at ! comm5cem5t ( ! exp]im5t 0 fa9tly alkal9e2 at ! end ( ! exp]im5t x 0 consid]ably alkal9e4 #abe ,i did n consid] x necess>y to purify ! enzymes1 ! object be+ to exam9e ! action ( ! bact]ial products ap>t f ! liv+ organisms4 ,x 0 not$ t ! fcal od\r ( ! glyc]9 solution disappe>$ on /&+ = two or ?ree weeks1 & ! solution smelt /rongly ( e?yl butyrate1 ! enzymes be+ /ill pres5t4 ,^! enzymes 7 prep>$ f dung1 & x n[ rema9$ to prep>e !m 9 ! laboratory by ! action ( bact]ia alone4 ,= ?is purpose #bjj c4c4 ( a mix$ culture ( dung bact]ia 9 ! solution above describ$1 sev5 days old1 0 mix$ ) #bjj c4c4 ( dilute alcohol 7alcohol #fe1 wat] #ajj7 & well %ak54 ,gelat9 & album9oid bodies are by ?is means precipitat$4 ,! liquid 0 filt]$ & p\r$ into eight times its volume ( #ih p] c5t4 alcohol4 ,! precipitate :i* came d[n 0 wa%$ ) absolute alcohol & dri$ 9 ! usual way4 ,! enzymes ?us obta9$ 7 r$issolv$ 9 wat] & ! =m] exp]im5t ) sk9 repeat$ ) ?is solution4 ,! same effect 0 produc$1 %[+ conclusively t x is ! enzymes produc$ by ! bact]ia1 act+ 9 conjunction ) ! am9es1 :i* bate ! sk94 ,x w\ld seem t ! special action ( ! enzymes is aid$ by ! pres5ce ( am9e comp\nds1 9 addition to ! *emical action :i* ^! latt] h ^u ! sk94 ,! action is %[n to be int]dep5d5t1 i4e41 bact]ial action alone is insuffici5t1 & *emical action alone is insuffici5t1 ! true bat+ action be+ a comb9ation ( ! two4 ,9 conclusion ! au?or has pleasure 9 ackn[l$g+ ! valuable assi/ance ( ,mr4 ,h4 ,s4 ,%rewsbury 9 c>ry+ out "s ( ! exp]im5ts4 ,,iii4 ,,fur!r ,,notes ,,on ,,! ,,action ,,( ,,! ,,dung ,,bate4#abf #abf ,repr9t$ f ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,society ( ,*emical ,indu/ry1 ,novemb] #cj1 #ahii1 ,no4 #aa1 vol4 xviii4 ,! pres5t notes are a cont9uation ( ^? publi%$ 9 #ahih4 ,x has be5 impossible = me to foll[ up ! subject except 9 a desultory mann]1 b ,i ?9k x desirable to put fur!r results1 h[ev] meagre1 be=e y ) ! object ( ?r[+ m light on ! complex process ( bat+ hides & sk9s4 ,s9ce ! previ\s notes 7 writt51 ,dr4 ,?4 ,krn]#abg has call$ att5tion to ! physics ( ! process1 a matt] :i* ,i _h n previ\sly m5tion$4 ,he expla9s "p ( ! action by diff]5ces ( osmotic pressure4 ,! ammonium salts & salts ( organic bases conta9$ 9 ! dung1 possess a small] osmotic pressure ?an ! solution ( calcium hydrate conta9$ 9 ! sk9s4 ,! ammonium ion endeav\rs to unite ) ! hydroxyl ion ( ! calcium hydrate to =m undissociat$ ammonium hydroxide4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! osmotic pressure & ! electro/atic attraction ( ! oppositely *>g$ ions1 ! calcium hydrate solution is )drawn f ! sk9 & ! latt] falls4 #abg #aj ,jahresb]4 d4 ,deuts*4 ,g]b]s*ule zu ,freib]g1 #ahih-ii3 ,beitrge zur ,k5tniss d] wiss5s*aftli*5 ,grundlag5 d] ,g]b]ei1 p4 #cb4 ,exp]im5ts ) ,bact]ia on a ,l>ge ,scale4 ,i h %[n#abh t simple cultures ( bact]ia 9 c]ta9 nutri5t m$ia1 9 ! abs5ce ( am9es & o!r bodies1 h an imp]fect bat+ action on sk94 ,?is 0 ! case1 :e!r ! cultures 7 pure or mix$1 b ! mix$ cultures h a bett] action ?an ! pure cultures ( any ( ! organisms ,i h hi!rto us$4 ,bact]iological processes 9 nature are usually c>ri$ on by a mixture ( species ( bact]ia2 /ill !re are f]m5tations l ! spontane\s s\r+ ( milk1 ! =mation ( nitrites f nitrates1 & ! ammoniacal f]m5tation ( urea1 :i* may be consid]$ z natural pure cultures4 ,^! are examples ( :at ,i may call ! selective influ5ce ( ! nutri5t m$ium4 ,! nutri5t m$ium us$ 9 my =m] exp]im5ts 0 a solution ( gelat9 & m9]al salts1 su* z is us$ 9 g5]al bact]iological "w1 modifi$ 9 v>i\s ways4 ,on c>eful consid]ation1 ?is did n appe> to be a m$ium at all correspond+ to ! natural bate4 ,! album9oids 9 ! process ( dige/ion are peptonis$1 & dung conta9s only ^? bodies :i* ! animal is incapable ( assimilat+4 ,x is f ^! bodies t ! necess>y enzymes are produc$ by bact]ia4 ,( ! num]\s trials ) pure cultures ( diff]5t organisms f dung1 ,i f\nd t mo/ ( ^? hav+ ! prop]ty ( secret+ bat+ enzymes1 7 non-liquefy+ bact]ia4 ,popp & ,beck] h also po9t$ out t peptonis+ bact]ia d n ex]t a fav\rable r$uc+ action on sk94 ,x is impracticable to gr[ ^! non-peptonis+ organisms on a l>ge scale 9 a solid m$ium1 & x occurr$ to me t gelat91 previ\sly peptonis$ by *emical means1 w\ld be a fav\rable m$ium4 ,exp]im5ts ) hydro*loric & sulphuric acids gave hopeful results4 ,! acid 0 neutralis$ ) ammonia aft] ! *emical action 0 complete1 & ! bact]ia cultivat$ 9 ?is solution4 #abh ,j4,s4,c4,i41 #ahih1 p4 #ajaa1 see previ\s pap]1 p4 #aeb4 ,a bett] result 0 obta9$ by dige/+ #aj grm4 gelat91 #e grm4 lactic acid 7anhydr\s by calculation71 #ajj c4c4 ( wat]1 9 a clos$ vessel on ! wat] ba? = ?ree h\rs4 ,a slight black precipitate ( melanoidic acid 7humic acid7 is =m$4 ,! liquid is ( a cle> br[n col\r1 & conta9s a l>ge numb] ( nitrog5\s bodies result+ f ! break+ d[n ( ! gelat9 molecule4 ,x has be5 impossible = me to asc]ta9 its exact composition1 b ,i h p>tially exam9$ x ) ! foll[+ results3-- #a4 ,a small quantity ( ! liquid p\r$ into absolute alcohol1 gives a :ite precipitate :i* re-dissolves on ! addition ( ab\t #cj p] c5t4 wat]4 ,?is %[s abs5ce ( gelat94 #b4 ,on saturat+ ) ammonium sulphate1 a br[ni% precipitate is ?r[n d[n :i* is p]fectly soluble 9 cold wat]4 ,x consi/s ( gelatose lactates :i* are evid5tly =m$ 9 an analog\s mann]1 to ! gelatose hydro*lorides prep>$ by ,c4 ,paal4#abi ,! gelatoses correspond to ! protoses =m$ dur+ ! dige/ion ( album94 ,9 "o sample #ac grm4 gelatose lactates p] #ajj c4c4 0 f\nd4 #abi ,b]4 #be1 #abjb2 also ,all51 8,comm4 ,org4 ,analysis10 iv41 #dff4 ,f4 ,m>pmann1 ,c5tralblatt f4 ,bakt4 #b1 #e1 #fg4 #c4 ,! filtrate f 7#b7 0 dialys$ aga9/ runn+ wat] = #ae h\rs to get rid ( ! ammonium sulphate4 ,! result+ gelat9-peptones1 or gelatones1 am\nt$ to #ia grm4 p] #ajj c4c4 ,9 o!r words1 ! heat+ "u pressure _h trans=m$ #hg p] c5t4 ( ! orig9al gelat9 into true peptones4 ,x may be presum$ t ! o!r & simpl] nitrog5\s bodies =m$1 are ! same z ^? produc$ by ! treatm5t ( gelat9 solutions by dilute m9]al acids1 & t ! bases comb9e ) ! free lactic acid4 ,an excell5t li/ ( ^! & a v int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! protam9es & hexones :i* g to =m ! complex album9 molecule is giv5 9 a pap] by ,dr4 ,a4 ,kossel4#acj #acj ,rev4 ,g54 des ,sci5ces1 #ahii1 p4 #chj4 ,! solution ( gelatone lactates & free lactic acid prep>$ z above1 0 neutralis$ ) sodium c>bonate & dilut$ to #ajjj c4c42 x 0 f\nd to be a v good m$ium = ! gr[? ( ! bat+ organisms aft] ! addition ( a small quantity ( potassium phosphate4 ,9 look+ r\nd = suitable means ( te/+ ! action ( bo? pure & mix$ cultures ( bact]ia on a practical scale1 x occurr$ to me t ! ,c>lsb]g vessels1 z us$ by ,hans5 = ! pure cultivation ( yea/1#aca w\ld answ] = ! cultivation ( bact]ia also4 ,i 0 unable to obta9 any in=mation on ! subject1 & 0 surpris$ to f9d t ! app>atus is v little us$ 9 ,engl&4 ,i procur$ two ( ^! vessels f ,j5s5 ( ,cop5hag51 & f\nd !y answ]$ v well4 ,! bact]ia 7 transf]r$ f ! te/ tube 9 :i* ! orig9al inoculation _h be5 made to a ,pa/eur flask ( #bej c4c4 capacity conta9+ ! nutri5t solution2 :5 ! gr[? 9 ?is flask 0 suffici5tly vigor\s ! ,c>lsb]g vessel 0 inoculat$ f x 9 ! mann] describ$ by ,hans51 & ) all ! usual precautions4 #aca ,jorg5s51 ! 8,micro-organisms ( ,f]m5tation10 p4 #bj4 ,aft] ?ree days at a temp]ature ( #cg ,c4 ! :ole ( ! #aj litres 0 us$ = inoculat+ #ajj litres ( ! nutri5t m$ium above m5tion$ conta9$ 9 a clean b>rel /&+ 9 a room1 ! temp]ature ( :i* 0 ma9ta9$ at #cg ,c4 ,by us+ ?is comp>atively l>ge volume ( pure culture = pit*+1 if ,i may be all[$ to use a famili> brew+ t]m1 ! l>ge culture 0 kept practically pure1 al?\gh x c\ld n be suppli$ ) g]m-free air1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,c>lsb]g vessel4 ,us+ a nutri5t m$ium conta9+ #a p] c5t4 orig9al gelat91 ! maximum bat+ effect 0 obta9$ ) ! majority ( organisms 9 ?ree days4 ,9 my previ\s notes ,i %[$#acb t a mixture ( dige/ive enzymes & am9e hydro*lorates 0 effective 9 bat+ sk94 ,! liquid 9 ?is case 0 free f bact]ia4 ,x 0 f\nd1 h[ev]1 t ! action ( ! bate 0 ha/5$ :5 an active gr[? ( bact]ia 0 go+ on at ! same "t 9 ! liquid1 ev5 ?\gh ! quantity ( enzyme pres5t 0 small]4 ,?is is :at "o might inf] f a c>eful /udy ( ! process4 ,x appe>s bett] = small quantities ( enzymes to be produc$ 9 ! liquid z requir$1 ?an to use l>g] quantities ( /ale enzymes4 #acb ,j4,s4,c4,i41 #ahih1 p4 #ajab4 ,mr4 ,loxley ,meggitt 0 k9d en\gh to conc5trate = me ab\t #agj litres ( a culture ( bat+ organisms4 ,! conc5tration 0 conduct$ 9 vacuo at a temp]ature bel[ #ej ,c41 at :i* ! enzymes 7 c]ta9ly n injur$1 & x 0 f\nd t :5 ?is conc5trat$ culture 0 dilut$ to ! same /r5g? z ! orig9al1 ! action 0 consid]ably dim9i%$4 ,?is dim9ution ( activity 0 due 9 "p to a loss ( volatile products 9 ! evaporation1 b m especially to ! abs5ce ( an active f]m5tation go+ on 9 ! liquid4 ,! nutri5t m$ium above describ$1 besides act+ 9 a selective mann] on a mixture ( bact]ia1 & provid+ !m ) food /uff1 conta9s amido comp\nds & o!r bodies1 :i* are em95tly fav\rable to ! proteolytic action ( ! enzymes1 & !re=e act 9 ! same way z ! am9e hydro*lorates :i* ,i us$ 9 =m] exp]im5ts4 ,! action ( ! foll[+ bact]ia gr[n 9 ?is m$ium has be5 tri$ on sk94 ,! pure cultures are lett]$ 9 cont9uation ( previ\s descriptions 7see previ\s pap]1 p4 #afb74 #a4 ,bacillus c1 isolat$ f pigeon dung bate4 ,small1 r\nd1 blui%-:ite colonies1 /&+ up slightly above ! surface ( ! gelat91 b n spread+ out on ! surface1 non-liquefy+ pairs ( micro-bact]ia4 ,?is 0 ! pr9cipal organism f\nd 9 a pigeon dung bate z us$ = ! bat+ ( ,e4,i4 kips4 ,gr[n 9 nutri5t bro? or 9 ! special m$ium x _h no r$uc+ effect on sk94 #b4 ,bacillus pyocyaneus f blue sk91 i4e4 sk9 9 an e>ly /age ( putrefaction4 ,no action4 #c4 ,mix$ culture f fre% pigeon dung1 collect$ 9 a /]ile vessel4 ,?is conta9$ v few bact]ia capable ( develop+ 9 ! special m$ium4 ,! action on sk9 0 no m ?an t due to ! *emical comp\nds pres5t4 #d4 ,mix$ culture f fre% dog dung4 ,?is conta9$ rem>kably few species ( bact]ia :i* came to a good developm5t 9 ! special m$ium4 ,! pr9cipal organisms 7 a jo9t$ bacillus ) extremely rapid vibrionic movem5t1 & a small bact]ium 9 pairs2 ! action on sk9 0 p]ceptible b slight4 #e4 ,mix$ culture f dog dung "o mon? old1 z us$ 9 ! bate4 ,! action ( ?is 9 a c]ta9 m$ium has already be5 describ$ 7see p4 #afj74 ,9 ! special m$ium x 0 di/9ctly bett] & almo/ equal to t ( ! dung bate4 #f4 ,mix$ culture f fre% fces gave a simil> result to 7#c74 ,a microscopic exam9ation %[$ pairs ( small bact]ia & micrococci1 b no bacill> =ms4 #g4 ,mix$ culture f fre% horse dung _h a mod]ate b di/9ct action on sk91 ab\t equal to 7#d74 #h4 ,bacillus d1 isolat$ f wool infusion4 ,v slight action4 #i4 ,bacillus e1 isolat$ f wool infusion4 ,simil> result to 7#h74 #aj4 ,mix$ culture ( bacilli d & e only4 ,v p[]ful bat+ action1 sk9 bat$ m rapidly ?an ) dung4 ,^! exp]im5ts t5d to confirm ! conclusion ,i previ\sly arriv$ at1 viz4 t no s+le species ( bact]ia produces ! complex *emical & physiological *anges :i* take place 9 ! dung1 & :i* result 9 ! production ( ! bodies necess>y = ! prop] bat+ ( sk94 ,x is a well-kn[n fact t dog dung requires keep+ = at lea/ a mon? be=e x gives ! be/ result4 ,dur+ ?is "t x und]goes a k9d ( f]m5tation & cont9ues to improve up to two mon?s1 aft] :i* x det]iorates4 ,! rate ( f]m5tation dep5ds ^u ! season4 ,x is evid5t f ^! facts t ! bact]ia pres5t 9 ! dung :5 x leaves ! animal's body d n produce ! requir$ enzymes & *emical comp\nds1 & t ^! are produc$ by bact]ia :i* obta9 access f ! air4 ,x is also evid5t t ! production ( ^! enzymes dep5ds ^u ! composition ( ! nutri5t m$ium1 s9ce ?is ex]ts a selective influ5ce on ! species ( bact]ia obta9+ access to x4 ,9 ! spontane\s s\r+ ( milk num]\s bact]ia 9 ! air h free access to ! milk1 yet ! lactic f]m5t is g5]ally s pure t x may be & is us$ z a pure culture on a l>ge scale 9 ! manufacture ( lactic acid4 ,dog dung is a fav\rable m$ium = ! bact]ia secret+ ! bat+ enzymes2 b if dextrose or o!r c>bohydrate be add$ to fre% dung an acid f]m5tation is set up :i* effectually prev5ts ! developm5t ( ! bat+ organisms4 ,reason+ along ^! l9es ,i 0 l$ to try "s cultures ( air bact]ia 9 my special m$ium1 & ,i f\nd t a good s\rce ( su* organisms likely to h a useful effect 0 a sweat+ /ove z us$ = ! depilation ( sk9s4 ,! hair roots are loos5$ by bact]ial action2 ! wool1 :5 x slips1 br+s away ) x ! epid]mis4 ,! root portions ( ! wool 7 cut (f & dige/$ 9 wat] at #ce ,c41 ! liquid /ra9$ (f & us$ = mak+ plate cultures 9 ! usual way4 ,9 mak+ ! att5uations = ! plate cultures1 ! f\r? 0 f\nd to be practically a pure culture ( ! organism ,i h call$ bacillus d1 or ! sweat+ bacillus4 ,x =ms l>ge :iti% colonies1 spread+ on ! surface1 ) irregul> cont\r4 ,! bacilli are v small1 mo/ly 9 pairs1 b sometimes jo9+ toge!r 9 ?read-l =ms4 7,fig4 #ba47 ,gr[n 9 ! special m$ium x _h little or no action on sk94 ,at ! same "t ,i f\nd t a culture made f ! orig9al liquid1 i4e41 a mix$ culture ( ! sweat+ organisms1 _h an exce$+ly p[]ful bat+ action2 inde$1 ! sk9 0 bat$ m rapidly ?an ) dung4 ,all ! exp]im5ts c>ri$ out s f> t5d to prove t mix$ cultures ( suitable bact]ia possess$ ! requir$ action1 :]eas pure cultures d n4 ,a fur!r exam9ation ( ! infusion ( wool roots %[$ t ! bact]ia conta9$ 9 x1 consi/$ practically ( two species only4 ,! fir/ ( ^! ,i h already describ$1 ! second "o1 bacillus e 7,fig4 #bb71 =ms small br[ni%-yell[ boat-%ap$ colonies on gelat9 plates1 v simil> to "o ( ! dung bact]ia4 ,!y consi/ ( plump cells1 two or ?ree times ! size ( bacillus d1 unit$ 9 pairs & %ort *a9s & surr\nd$ by a capsule2 ! cells appe> to v>y consid]ably 9 size4 ,cultivat$ 9 ! same way z ! o!rs x has v little action on sk94 ,x is evid5t f ^! facts t ! gr[? ( ! bact]ia is a symbiotic "o2 sep>ately !y ex]t little or no action1 :]eas us$ toge!r ! action is mo/ rem>kable4 ,! au?or wi%es to express 8 indebt$ness to ,mr4 ,j4 ,gold+1 ,f4,i4,c41 ( ,univ]sity ,college1 ,nott+ham1 :o made ! fir/ pure cultures ( ^! 8wool0 bact]ia4 ,! ,influ5ce ( ,solid ,matt] 9 ! ,bate4 ,9 mak+ comp>ative te/s ( my artificial bates & dog dung1 ,i usually took ! latt] f ! paddles 9 :i* x 0 dilut$ ready = use1 & ma9ta9$ bo? solutions at exactly ! same temp]ature4 ,p>ts ( ! same sk9 7 !n dige/$ 9 ea* solution1 & ! results not$ aft] #a-a_/b h\rs4 ,9 ord] to make !m m /rictly comp>able ,i filt]$ ! dung bate1 s z to employ ! matt] actually 9 solution :5 ! bate 0 made up4 ,x 0 f\nd t ! filt]$ bate _h f> less action ?an :5 x 0 us$ 9 an unfilt]$ condition4 ,t ?is is n :olly due to ! pass+ into solution ( "s ( ! solid matt] dur+ ! bat+ 0 %[n by add+ an in]t solid1 viz41 kaol91 to ! filt]$ bate1 :5 ! action 0 greatly ha/5$4 ,on add+ kaol9 to ! artificial bate & keep+ ! liquid agitat$1 ! same result 0 obta9$4 ,x seems t ! f9ely-divid$ solid matt] acts z a c>ri] = ! enzymes1 p]haps by a k9d ( mass action1 ea* p>ticle (f]+ a surface va/ly great] ?an ! molecules ( dissolv$ solids4 ,9 ! case ( 8pu]10 ! organic insoluble matt] is gradually br\ght into solution by bact]ial action z ! bat+ proce$s1 ?\gh ,i d n believe ?is occurs to any great ext5t4 ,! foll[+ quantities ( soluble & insoluble matt] 7 f\nd 9 pu] :eels 9 actual practice p] #ajj c4c43-- -------------------------------------- ---- #a #b #c #d -------------------------------------- ,total solids #ajbj #hfc #hfd #cbf ,soluble #fjj #deg #fai #bad ,insoluble #dbj #djf #bde #aab -------------------------------------- #a4 ,:eel 9 con/ant use = a week4 #b4 ,:eel fre%ly made up4 #c4 ,! same :eel aft] "o lot ( sk9s4 #d4 ,f pigeon dung bate pit4 ,on comp>+ #b & #c x w be se5 t app>5tly #afa grm4 ( ! insoluble matt] has pass$ into solution4 ,?is is n entirely ! case1 = "p ( ! additional soluble matt] is lime & hide sub/ance f ! sk9s1 :ile "p ( ! insoluble at ! same "t adh]es to ! sk9s & is n e/imat$4 ,9 conclusion1 x w be se5 t x is n[ q possible to produce an artificial dung bate1 or r a bate hav+ ! ess5tial prop]ties ( a dung bate1 by produc+ ! requir$ enzymes by f]m5tation & !n add+ to !m ! am9e comp\nds4 ,su* a bate ,i am able to %[ y "h4 ,! *ief difficulty 9 its practical application 9 ! tann]y is ! "q ( co/4 ,if ?is c be ov]come1 & ef=ts are be+ made to ov]come x1 !re is no d\bt t ! tann]s ( ! next g5]ation w be suppli$ ) a bate :i* w d ! same "w z ! dung bate1 & :i* w h a def9ite & uni=m composition & prop]ties1 & a regul> & c]ta9 action4 ,! tann]y w become clean] & heal?i]1 & :at is p]haps ( equal importance1 ! sewage efflu5ts w be comp>atively h>mless4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,artificial ,,bates4 ,z may be suppos$1 inv5tors h f v e>ly times turn$ _! att5tion to ! sub/itution ( "s o!r mat]ial 9 place ( ! unappetiz+ "o s long 9 use4 ,b z ,i po9t$ out 9 a %ort article entitl$ 8,rationale ( ,bat+0#acc _m ( !m look$ ^u bat+ & pu]+ z a process = remov+ lime f ! sk9s1 & no?+ m2 :]eas we h se5 t x is a v complicat$ process 9 :i*1 n only is lime remov$ m or less effectively1 b ! sk9 fibres are act$ ^u1 & portions ( !m r5d]$ soluble1 & ! sk9 ?us got into ! necess>y condition4 #acc ,lea!r ,indu/ries1 ,sept4 #ahih4 ,?is misconception ( ! object ( bat+ or pu]+ prev5t$ ! success ( mo/ inv5tions ( artificial bates up to q rec5t times4 ,proct] /ates t ! use ( ammonium *loride z a bate 0 pat5t$ by ,zollik(f] 9 #ahch4 ,su* ag5ts z ?is1 & v>i\s acids1 :i* h be5 propos$ are m]ely *emical delim+ ag5ts1 &1 z su*1 we d n propose to discuss _! use z artificial bates4 ,proct]#acd gives an excell5t acc\nt ( ^! processes1 includ+ "o ( 8 own1 9 :i* ammonium *loride is us$ 9 conjunction ) metabisulphite ( soda1 & = successive packs suffici5t sulphuric acid is add$ to neutralize ! ammonia =m$4 #acd ,pr9ciples ( ,lea!r ,manufacture1 p4 #afj4 ,! same au?or#ace also m5tions an ,am]ican inv5tion = bat+ by ! use ( old lime liquors neutraliz$ ) sulphuric acid4 ,?is me?od is mu* m sci5tific ?an w\ld at fir/ sight appe>1 & m ne>ly approximates to ! conditions ( ! dung bate ?an any ( ! e>ly inv5tions4 ,old lime liquors conta9 mu* ammonia & weak organic acids1 su* z caproic1 amido-caproic 7leuc97 & tyros94 ,on add+ sulphuric acid1 ! lime =ms an in]t sulphate1 & ! sulphate ( ammonia & ! weak organic acids :i* rema9 dissolv$ are j :at are requir$ 9 a *emical bate4 ,! au?or has us$ ?is bate ) success on c]ta9 classes ( goods4 #ace ,text ,book ( ,tann+1 #ahhe1 p4 #ahe4 99,tiffany's bate991 :i* is us$ 9 ,am]ica1 is compos$ ( glucose & glue1 & bates ( ?is composition are also 9 use 9 ,engl&4 ,z an example1 #aj lb4 glucose & #a_/b lb4 ( glue dissolv$ 9 #ajjj gallons wat]1 at a temp]ature ( #ge ,f41 & all[$ to f]m5t = a few h\rs1 may be us$ = ! bat+ ( bellies1 & if us$ 9 a paddle or lattic$ drum w br+ !m 8d[n0 v rapidly4 ,davis#acf gives a li/ ( tw5ty-n9e pat5ts = bat+ issu$ by ! ,u4,s4,a4 ,gov]nm5t f #agij to #ahhc inclusive4 ,i d n "k :e!r any ( ^! are 9 use at ! pres5t day4 #acf ,! ,manufacture ( ,lea!r1 ,philadelphia1 #ahhe4 99,erod9499--,s9ce ! publication ( ! au?ors rese>*es on ! con/itution & mode ( action ( ! dung bate1 r5ew$ att5tion has be5 giv5 to ! con/ruction ( bates1 or pu]s1 hav+ an id5tical action4 ,"o ( ^! has be5 work$ out by ,pr(essor ,dr4 ,h4 ,beck]1 ( ,frank=t o_/,m1 9 conjunction ) ! au?or "u ! "n ( ,erod9 7,lat91 erod]e1 ! equival5t ( ! ,g]man beiz5--to bate74 ,z ?is 0 ! fir/ artificial bate 9 :i* a pure culture ( bact]ia has be5 appli$ to ! treatm5t ( sk9s1 ,i propose to describe x 9 "s detail4 ,erod9#acg consi/s ess5tially ( a nutri5t mat]ial 9 ! =m ( p[d] & ( a pure culture ( ,b4 erodi5s :i* is add$ to ! p[d] mix$ 9 a def9ite quantity ( w>m wat] 7#dj ,c474 ,on ! av]age ab\t #aj grm4 ( ?is mat]ial is suffici5t to bate "o kilo ( wet prep>$ sk94 #acg ,at ! ?ird ,conf]5ce ( ! ,i4,a4,l4,t4,c41 held 9 ,cop5hag5 ,aug41 #ahii1 ,f4 ,ka?re9] 7,worms7 br\ght =w>d communications f ,wood 7,nott+ham7 & ,dr4 ,beck] 7,frank=t-on-,ma97 on artificial bates1 f :i* x is %[n by exp]im5ts & trials on a l>ge scale at ! works ( ,messrs4 ,do]r & ,re9h>t t bo? ^! g5tlem5 _h work$ out simil> processes q indep5d5tly4 ,wiss4 ,te*n4 ,beilage des ,l$]m>kt1 #ahii-aijj1 p4 #h4 ,bem]kung5 b] die ,wirkung d] ,ko?beiz51 ,j4 ,t4 ,wood4 ,idem1 p4 #dc4 ,popp & ,beck]'s und ,wood's ,ersatzmittel fr ,k?beiz54 ,franz ,ka?re9]4 ,idem1 p4 #ej4 ,e9iges b] die ,anw5dung von ,erod9 e9em ,ersatzmittel fr ,hundeko? u4 d]gl4 9 d] ,l$] indu/rie4 ,b]i*t von ,dr4 ,h4 ,beck]1 ,frank=t-on-,ma94 ,wiss4 ,te*n4 ,beilage des ,l$]m>kt4 ,bd4 i41 p4 #ci4 ,fur!r p>ticul>s ab\t ! bate & its con/ruction w be f\nd 9 ,*apt] ,,viii4 ,9 practice x is f\nd t ?is mat]ial acts f> m en]getically on ! sk9s :5 liv+ bact]ia are pres5t 9 ! liquid2 we suppose t !y p5etrate ! sk9 & =m _! products 9 ! int]cellul> spaces4 ,x 0 f\nd t1 9 ! evaporation ( ! cultures to dryness1 ! bact]ia 7 mo/ly kill$ or s f> r$uc$ 9 activity1 t on prep>+ ! bate aft] a c]ta9 lapse ( "t x 0 liable to become infect$ by =eign organisms4 ,9 ord] to ensure uni=m results a pure culture ( ! special bat+ bact]ia is suppli$ ) e #e kilos ( ! erod9 p[d]4 ,! weigh$ am\nt ( erod9 is plac$ 9 a p]fectly clean ma%+-tub1 ) #ej times ! weight ( wat] at a temp]ature ( #dj ,c4 a pure culture ( ,bacillus erodi5s is add$ to ! mixture1 & ! :ole cov]$ ) a clean cov] & all[$ to /& = two or ?ree days4 ,a little /eam is admitt$ morn+ & ev5+ s z to ma9ta9 ! temp]ature at ab\t #dj ,c41 or "s o!r suitable device = heat+ is appli$4 ,sev]al tubs may be kept 9 a small /ove heat$ to ! "r temp]ature by /eam pipes4 ,9 ?is way ! bat+ bact]ia develop rapidly1 & if ! prop] precautions z to cleanl9ess & temp]ature h be5 obs]v$1 !re is no fe> ( any adv5titi\s g]ms gett+ ! upp] h&4 ,z soon z a vigor\s gr[? is atta9$1 usually on ! ?ird day1 ! bate is ready = use4 ,erod9 is 9 use on a fairly l>ge scale1 &1 z is usually ! case1 difficulties h aris5 on a manufactur+ scale :i* d n occur 9 ! laboratory4 ,9 ! practical application ( ! mat]ial ! ma%+-tub may be #c ft4 #i 94 9 diamet] & #c ft4 #c 94 9 height & ( a capacity ( #bjj galls4 ,/eam is admitt$ directly by means ( a copp] pipe fitt$ ) a boil+ jet4 ,! goods are bat$ 9 ! ord9>y bat+ paddle or pu] :eel 7,fig4 #c1 p4 #ac74 ,dur+ ! ye> #aija ab\t #ijjj doz5s ( %eep 8gra9s0 7 pu]$ ) ,erod9 at ,tr5t ,bridge ,works 7,messrs4 ,turney ,bro!rs1 ,ltd47 ,nott+ham1 & consid]able exp]i5ce ga9$ 9 its use4 ,! mode ( op]ation 0 z foll[s3--,on ,fridays #cj kilos ( ,erod9 p[d] 0 ma%$ 9 a wood5 vessel 9 #afjj litres wat] at #dj ,c4 & inoculat$ ) a suffici5t quantity ( a pure culture ( ,b4 erodi5s4 ,! temp]ature 0 kept at #ce-dj ,c4 by admission ( a little /eam fir/ ?+ 9 ! morn+1 aga9 at noon1 & 9 ! ev5+1 & ! liquid s prep>$ 0 ready = use on ,monday4 ,"o :eel or paddle 0 kept go+ = ! "w4 ,to />t ! op]ation1 #bjj litres ( /ock liquor 0 put into ! :eel1 & suffici5t wat] add$ = ! goods to turn freely4 ,! sk9s previ\sly wa%$1 z describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,i41 7 paddl$ until suffici5tly 8fall50 or 8d[n40 ,= ! foll[+ lots1 ! liquor 0 /r5g!n$ by ! addition ( #ajj to #adj litres ( ! /ock liquor1 ! :eel be+ run (f & clean$ out once a week4 ,! g5]al result %[$ t 8high-lim$0 sk9s & previ\sly salt$ sk9s 7 m refractory to ?is bate ?an to dung4 ,z 9 ! ,engli% sy/em ( collect+ pelts !re are all /ages ( lim+1 sk9s conta9+ f #a4e to #i p] c5t4 ,ca,o on ! dry sk91 x is n surpris+ t consid]able difficulty 0 exp]i5c$ 9 keep+ ! pu]+ uni=m4 ,sk9s conta9+ ov] #c p] c5t4 ,ca,o on ! dry sk91 seem to require a real putrefactive action 9 ord] to 8br+ !m d[n0 suffici5tly1 or x may be t _! alkal9ity is too great to all[ ! bat+ enzymes to act prop]ly4 ,x may "h be said t if ! fibres ( sk9 are actually damag$ by excessive action ( lime or any o!r *emical1 no subsequ5t treatm5t is ( avail to rem$y ! defects4 ,%e>l+ pelts 7 excell5t :5 pu]$ ) erod91 a fur!r pro( t ! alkal9ity is ( importance1 s9ce ^! pelts d n require s mu* lime z 8old fells0 to br+ !m into prop] condition = splitt+4 ,= %eep & calf sk9s treat$ f ! m>ket condition & consequ5tly conta9+ a uni=m am\nt ( lime--#b-c p] c5t4--! process is q reliable1 & is 9 practical use on a l>ge scale4 ,goat sk9s h be5 successfully bat$ ) erod9 by treat+ !m 9 a conc5trat$ liquor 9 a drum1#ach in/ead ( a paddle1 ! me*anical effect ( ! drumm+ enabl+ ! bate to p5etrate ! h>d & compact sk91 :ile ! m conc5trat$ solution ( ! enzymes attacks ! s-call$ 8be>d10 & r5d]s ! sk9s z supple z %eep sk9s bat$ 9 a paddle4 #ach ,"o litre ( erod9 /ock liquor 7#a "p erod91 #dj p>ts wat]7 7 us$ p] kilo dra9$ wa%$ pelt1 9 ! drum = #a-a_/b h\rs4 ,9 "s cases less ?an #a litre suffic$4 ,x may be ( int]e/ to give "h "s ( ! results ( ! e>ly trials ( erod9 9 a tabul> =m1 due to ! late ,franz ,ka?re9]4 ,!y are a fur!r pro( ( ! ?or\ghness ) :i* he c>ri$ out all 8 "w4 ,,lea!r1 ,n4,f4 ,,& ,,kalo*rom4 ,date ( ,trial1 ,nov4 #bb1 #ahih4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,no4 ,te/ ,e #dg ,b #c ,b #d ,b #e ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #a ,erod91 m>k & date,erod9 ,m ,wood ,wood ,wood #ba_/i_/ih #a_/aa_/ih #a_/aa_/ih #a_/aa_/ih #b reaction ,slightly acid ,acid ,acid ,acid #c total quantity #ejj gr4 #bf ,l4 #ac ,l4 #gjj gr4 #ac ,l4 kaol9 #d quant4 p] kilo scudd$ weight #e quant4 p] kilo slat$ #f quant4 p] kilo tumbl$ #c gr4 #afj c4c4 ,z = ,b#c #bfj c4c4 n neutraliz$ neutraliz$ #g #h #i #aj ,wat] us$ #bfj l4 #baj l4 #adj l4 #abe l4 #aa ,temp]ature ( bate at #aj4be #cd ,r4 #cd ,r4 #cc ,r4 #cb ,r4 #ab ( bate at #aj4cj #bh #bg #bh #bf #ac ( bate at #b4cj #bf #be #be #bd-a_/b #ad ,"t run #d hrs4 #c-a_/d hrs4 #c-a_/d hrs4#c-a_/d hrs4 #ae /&+ -- #a_/b hr4 #a_/b hr4 #a_/b hr4 #af ,mode ( motion ,paddle #a ,paddle #b ,paddle #c ,paddle #d #ag ,acidity ( #ej c4c4 #jb ,n_/#aj #ah ,n_/#aj #aae ,n_/#aj #bg ,n_/#aj be=e neutraliz+ soda soda soda soda #ah #ej c4c4 aft] kaol9 -- -- #aae ,n_/#aj -- soda #ai #ej c4c4 aft] kaol9 #bj ,alkal9ity ( #ej c4c4#ab ,n_/#aj #bb ,n_/#aj #ad ,n_/#aj #ac ,n_/#aj aft] #b hrs acid acid acid acid #ba #ej c4c4 #bb #ej c4c4 #bc ,no4 ( sk9s & size #de ,x #df ,x #c #bc ,x #bc ,x goat sk9s #bd ,weight aft] #be #bf tumbl+ #ajj kilo #ajj kilo #ej kilo #ej kilo #b-a_/b goat #bg #bh /rik+ out #gg #gg #cf #cf #bi ,invoice #cj ,date ( soaks -- #e_/aa_/ih -- -- #ca ,m>k -- ,t4 #ga -- -- #cb #cc #cd ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,rem>ks4--#bb sk9s ( ,e #dg aft] #c h\rs runn+ _h #bej c4c4 #gj p] c5t4 lactic acid2 !y 7 m>k$ ) a hole 9 ! tail2 7 m fall5 ?an ! o!rs4 ,judgm5t aft] ,scudd+4--,all lots well d[n2 ,e #dg :ite/ col\r2 all smoo? gra91 ,e #dg & ,b #c smoo!/4 ,! #c goat 7 n l[ en\gh4 ,x 0 obs]v$ bo? 9 laboratory exp]im5ts#aci & 9 practical "w t ! pres5ce ( solid matt] 9 ! pu]+ liquor _h a consid]able influ5ce on ! spe$ at :i* ! goods fell4 ,! cle>] ! liquor ! sl[] ! action4 ,! explanation ( ?is fact is n q cle>4 ,possibly ! f9ely divid$ solid matt] acts z a c>ri] = ! enzymes1 ea* p>ticle (f]+ a v ext5d$ surface1 or x may be t ! action ( ! solid matt] is me*anical1 l t obs]v$ 9 bran dr5*+4 #aci ,j4,s4,c4,i41 #ahii1 p4 #iaj4 ,see also p4 #gc4 ,! goods pu]$ ) erod91 :e!r split or unsplit sk9s1 %\ld be scudd$ on ! gra94 ,%eep splits are scudd$ ) a ma*9e ( ,sir ,john ,turney's type4 7,fig4 #f1 p4 #ag47 ,roans & goat may be scudd$ ) any ( ! spiral knife ma*9es 7,turn]1 ,mnus1 etc47 9 g5]al use4 ,! foll[+ figures1 p4 #ahg1 giv+ ! reactions ( an erod9 bate 9 c4c4 ,n_/#e alkali or acid requir$ to neutralize #ej c4c4 filt]$ bate1 are ( int]e/ z be+ tak5 f actual "w4 ,!y 7 k9dly communicat$ to me by ,h]r ,k>l ,s*orlemm]1 *emi/ to ,messrs4 ,do]r & ,re9h>t1 ( ,worms4 ,erod91 te/$ by ! electrometric me?od1 0 f\nd to h ! foll[+ hydrog5 ion conc5trations3--,paddle be=e goods1 #jfgb volt1 equival5t to a hydrog5 ion conc5tration p,h #ff4 ,! same liquor aft] goods1 #jgaj1 equival5t to p,h #gc4 ,comp>e pu] liquors1 p4 #gi4 ---------------------------------------- -- ,bate ,be=e ,goods ,aft] ,goods ---------------------------------------- -- #a4 ,old #jje alkali #jd acid #b4 ,fre% #jae neutral #c4 ,old #jje #jee acid #d4 ,fre% #jb #jje #e4 ,old #ja #ja #f4 ,fre% #jde #jae alk4 #g4 ,old #jae #jc acid #h4 ,fre% #je #ja alk4 #i4 ,old #ja #jc acid #aj4 ,fre% #jc neutral #aa4 ,old #ja #jg acid #ab4 ,fre% #jb #jje alk4 #ac4 ,old4 #ja #jbe acid #ad4 ,fre% #jd #jae alk4 #ae4 ,old4 #jje #jc acid #af4 ,fre% #jde #ja alk4 ,mean ( old #jjhg #jca acid ,mean ( fre% #jcc #jjea alk4 ---------------------------------------- -- 99,oropon499--,an int]e/+ application ( ! !ory ( ! bat+ process :i* 0 put =w>d by me#adj is t ( ,dr4 ,otto ,rhm#ada 9 #aijh1 9 :i*1 in/ead ( a bact]ial culture1 he employs an infusion ( pancreas 9 conjunction ) ammonium salts4 ,?is bate has be5 put ^u ! m>ket 9 ! =m ( a p[d] "u ! "n ( ,oropon4 #adj ,j4,s4,c4,i41 #ahih1 p4 #ajac4 #ada ,see ,*apt] ,,viii4 ,! approximate composition is3-- ,p] c5t4 ,ammonium *loride #fe ,wood fibre #ca ,dry pancreas ab\t #ce ,! nitrog5 unacc\nt$ = by ammonium *loride is #jcb p] c5t4 ,its *ief advantage is ! simplicity ( application1 no previ\s f]m5tation be+ requir$4 ,ab\t #e oz4 to #i oz4 are requir$ p] #ajj lb4 wet pelt1 & x is recomm5d$ to s(t5 ! wat] by add+ a c]ta9 quantity ( cle> lime wat] to x previ\s to mak+ up ! pu]4 ,its disadvantages are1 t unless a previ\s ba? is us$1 ! quantity ( ammonia giv5 (f is detrim5tal to a prop] bat+ action1 s t = good work+ a prelim9>y bat+ is requir$4 ,ano!r disadvantage is t ! :ole ( ! enzymes be+ 9 ! bate _! action is m sup]ficial & ! gra9 may be pu]$ too mu* :ile ! int]ior ( ! sk9 is n p5etrat$ by ! enzymes4 ,! au?or has made "s exp]im5ts ) an enzyme bate us+ ammonium butyrate in/ead ( ammonium *loride1 & ca/or oil se$ meal 9 place ( ! wood fibre4 ,x 0 f\nd t ! am\nt ( ammonium salts 9 solution 9 ! mo/ effective bate 0 approximately "o gram p] litre4 ,! bat+ liquid 0 !re=e made up z foll[s3-- ,ammonium butyrate #a grm4 ,ca/or oil se$ meal #b ,dry pancreas #jja ,wat] #ajjj c4c4 ,?is liquid at #dj ,c4 bat$ a sk9 well 9 "o h\r4 ,on increas+ ! quantity ( ca/or oil se$ meal to #d grm4 p] litre1 ! bat+ effect 0 n s good4 ,sub/itut+ #je c4c4 liquor pancreaticus 7,b5g]7 = ! solid pancreas1 ! bat+ effect 0 too p[]ful1 ! ?9n] sk9s 7 attack$ by ! bate1 & ! gra9 de/roy$ 9 pat*es 9 a v simil> mann] to ov]-pu]$ sk9s4 ,fur!r exp]im5ts %[$ t a little m ?an "o-t5? ( ?is am\nt ( pancreatic solution p] litre w\ld be suffici5t 7#gj_/ajj c4c4 liquor pancreaticus p] #ajjj litres74 ,ca/or oil se$ conta9s a lipatic enzyme1 & :5 %ak5 up ) olive oil w emulsify ! oil4 #ge grm4 ca/or oil se$ meal1 & #aj c4c4 ( olive oil 7 %ak5 up ) #dij c4c4 ( wat] & =m$ a p]fect emulsion1 no fat be+ visible on ! surface ( ! liquid4 ,! mixture 0 dilut$ to #g litres1 & a gra9 treat$ 9 x at #dj ,c4 = half an h\r2 x 0 fairly well bat$ 9 ?is "t1 & _h a smoo? slipp]y feel1 su* z sk9s h 9 ! pu]1 b 0 p]ceptibly 8high]0 ?an ! sk9s bat$ 9 ! new bate conta9+ pancreat94 ,?is exp]im5t appe>s to confirm ! fact t a mixture ( enzymes is necess>y1 or1 at any rate1 t a lipatic enzyme alone is insuffici5t = complete pu]+4 99,d]mi=ma499#adb--,?is is an ,am]ican prep>ation1 put on ! m>ket by ! ,n[ak ,manufactur+ ,co4 ( ,*icago1 & is describ$ z a natural bact]ial liquor ( organic acidity4 ,= #abjj lb4 scudd$ calf sk9s1 #i gallons ( ! liquid ,d]mi=ma are us$ at #ajj ,f41 "o-?ird be+ put 9 to />t ) & ! rema9d] add$ gradually2 "t requir$1 ab\t #c h\rs4 ,= %eep sk9 a less quantity is requir$4 ,?is bate 0 f\nd to be a prep>ation ( :ey1 & conta9s a c]ta9 quantity 7#ah-bj p] c5t47 ( lactic & o!r organic acids1 produc$ by f]m5tation2 x is !re=e to be class$ z a dr5*1 & is n a true bate or pu]1 s9ce tryptic f]m5ts or bact]ia are n pres5t4 #adb ,see ,*apt] ,,viii42 also ,j4,s4,c4,i4 #aijf1 p4 #fdg4 99,pu]9e499--,ano!r bate1 manufactur$ 9 ,am]ica is adv]tis$ "u ! "n ( ,pu]9e1 8! long-look$-= bact]ial bate40 ,! manufactur]s give ! foll[+ directions = use4 ,to />t a bat+ liquor1 #aj lb4 ( ! dry p[d]$ pu]9e is put into a half b>rel ( w>m wat] 7#ajj ,f471 & all[$ to /& = #c or #d days1 ma9ta9+ ! temp]ature by occasionally w>m+ ! infusion ) a /eam pipe4 ,?is am\nt is suffici5t = ea* #ajj galls4 wat] 9 ! bat+ vat or paddle :eel1 & w bate z _m sk9s z c be turn$ 9 #ajj galls4 ,:5 ! w>m infusion ( pu]9e has /ood ! requir$ l5g? ( "t1 9 ord] to g5]ate ! necess>y bact]ial f]m5ts1 ! bat+ vat is run up ) w>m wat] say1 #ajj degrees 9 w>m wea!r & #aaj 9 cold wea!r1 & ! infusion ( pu]9e1 includ+ ! undissolv$ portion1 is add$ to ! bat+ vat1 & ! sk9s ent]$ into ! bat+ liquor4 ,z ! action ( ! pu]9e on ! sk9s is exactly ! same z a dung bate1 ! judgm5t ( ! op]ator mu/ det]m9e :5 ! sk9s are 8l[ en\gh40 ,x is n necess>y to make a fre% bat+ liquor = ea* pack ( sk9s1 because ! bat+ liquor improves ) age4 ,) ea* succe$+ pack ( sk9s1 en\gh w>m wat] is add$ to ! bat+ vat to make up = ! loss ( liquor :i* is occasion$ by ! removal ( ! previ\s pack1 & f #c to #e lb4 ( pu]9e = ea* #ajj galls4 add$ directly to ! bat+ liquor2 x is !n 9 condition imm$iately to use aga94 ,! bate 0 f\nd to consi/ ( ,sug>4 ,gelat94 ,sodium ,ammonium ,*lorides & sulphates4 ,bisulphite ( lime4 ,meal4 ,z x is all[$ to f]m5t )\t ! addition ( bact]ia1 x w be se5 t x acts 9 q a diff]5t mann] to erod91 be+ m ( a modifi$ dr5* ?an a true bate1 & is n 9 any way a p]fect sub/itute = ! dung bate4 99,sucan9e499--,?is is a ,fr5* bate1 put on ! m>ket by ,messrs4 ,mull] & ,co41 ,r\52 x is describ$ z 8conc5trat$ dog pu]1 *emically clean1 i4e41 all =eign matt]s h be5 elim9at$ & x conta9s only t :i* is really necess>y40 ,! directions /ate t ! quantity to be us$ is ! same z ( dog pu] prep>$ ready = use4 ,! paddle is kept at a temp]ature ( #cj ,c4 ,?is mat]ial 0 f\nd to be a liquid conta9+ ammonium sulphide1 phosphates & *lorides ( sodium 9 solution1 a consid]able quantity ( solid matt] 9 susp5sion consi/$ ( calcium phosphate & calcium sulphide4 ,!re 0 suffici5t organic matt] to p]mit ( bact]ia gr[+ 9 ! dilut$ liquid4 ,x _h no h>mful effect on sk9s & 8br\ght d[n0 mo/ %eep sk9s 9 an effective mann]2 "s resi/ant sk9s appe>$ to require fur!r pu]+4 99,purgatol99 is a pat5t bate put on ! m>ket by ,dr4 ,g4 ,eb]le & ,co41 ( ,/uttg>t4 #a-c_/d lb4 is said to be suffici5t to bate #ajj lb4 wet pelt 9 #a-b h\rs at #ch-dj ,c4 ,x is a d>k br[n liquid ) an unpleasant smell4 ,:5 boil$ ) pota% x gives volatile alkal9e products4 ,di/ill$ ) sulphuric acid x gives an acid di/illate consi/+ ( organic acids mo/ly ( ! fatty s]ies4 ,x conta9s am9es & volatile nitrog5\s bases1 b no enzymes or bact]ia4 ,x mu/ !re=e be class$ z a delim+ ag5t & n z a true bate or pu]4 998,esco4099--,?is rec5t artificial bate is ( an acid "*1 & is said to h an action int]m$iate betwe5 ! bran dr5* & pigeon dung2 x conta9s no animal enzymes1 b appe>s to conta9 "s vegetable enzymes ( a lipatic "*2 x also conta9s #ah p] c5t4 ( ammonium *loride 9 :i* respect x resembles 8,oropon40 ,x is manufactur$ by ,e4 ,/ickelb]g] & ,co41 ,haltig51 ne> ,basle4 ,o!r artificial bates are treat$ ( 9 ! next *apt] "u ! respective pat5ts4 ,!re is also an int]e/+ article on new bates by ,eitn] 9 ,d] ,g]b]1 ,nos4 #hgh & #hgi1 #aiaa4 ,see also ,collegium1 #aiaa1 p4 #djb4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,pat5ts4 ,9 ,*apt] ,,vii4 we h describ$ a few ( ! _m artificial bates :i* h be5 propos$1 & = :i* 9 _m cases pat5ts h be5 tak5 out4 ,x w\ld be impossible )9 ! limits ( a s+le *apt] to give an adequate acc\nt ( all ^! pat5ts1 & !re=e x is n propos$ to deal ) ^? :i* are m]ely delim+ processes1 b solely ^? 9 :i* ! use ( bact]ia & enzymes is directly appli$4 ,we m5tion1 h[ev]1 "o or two ( ! m int]e/+ delim+ pat5ts4#adc #adc ,a mo/ useful s\rce ( in=mation is ,section ,,xv4 7,j\rnal & ,pat5t ,lit]ature7 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,society ( ,*emical ,indu/ry1 publi%$ =tnightly at ,palace ,*amb]s1 ,we/m9/]4 ,ab/racts ( all pat5ts relat+ to bates w be f\nd "u ! above head+4 99,am5d1 ,otto ,paul991 ,new ,york 7,u4,s4 ,pat4 #gfc1cdg1 #aijd2 ,eng4 ,pat4 #ah1ead & #ah1ead;,a1 #aijd74--;,improv$ ,process = ,bat+ & ,pu]+ ,sk9s1 & ,improvem5ts relat+ to ! ,bat+1 ,de-acidify+ & ,oxidiz+ ( ,hides & ,sk9s4 ,! sk9s are treat$ ) a solution ( an ammoniacal salt1 small quantities ( an acid su* z hydro*loric acid be+ add$ at int]vals1 s z to re=m ! salts4 ,pickl$ sk9s are de-acidifi$ & oxidiz$ by treatm5t 9 a neutral or slightly alkal9e solution ( a nitrite ( an alkali or alkal9e e>? su* z sodium nitrite4 99,n[ak1 ,o4 ,h4991 ,*icago 7,fr5* ,pat4 #cfj1hed1 #aije2 ,eng4 ,pat4 #bf1gga1 #aije74--,sub/ance = ,treat+ ,hides & ,process = ,mak+ same4 ,?is is ! 8d]mi=ma0 describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,vii4 ,al?\gh bact]ial action is us$ to prep>e ! bate1 ! ess5tial action is an acid "o1 &1 z we h said1 resembles ! dr5*4 99,norris1 ,w4 ,m4991 ,new ,j]sey 7,u4,s4 ,pat4 #hdj1gid1 #aijg2 ,eng4 ,pat4 #bi1ffa1 #aijf74--;,improv$ ,process ( ,treat+ ,hides & ,sk9s4 ,9 ?is process ! sk9s are subject$ to treatm5t ) a dilute solution ( hyposulphite ( soda1 :i* is said to 8set0 ! gelat9\s fibres ( ! sk94 ,! delim+ is complet$ ) hydro*loric acid 9 ! pres5ce ( salt4 99,boehr+] ,sohn1 ,c4 ,h499 7,eng4 ,pat4 #c1adj1 #aiaa7 ,proposes to use 9 place ( ! free organic acid1 9 ?is case lactic1 ! sodium salt1 & !n to add sl[ly ! am\nt ( hydro*loric or sulphuric acid requisite = delim+4 ,! m9]al acid comb9es ) ! sodium salt1 lib]at+ an equival5t am\nt ( ! weak] organic acid1 :i* !n acts ^u ! lime 9 ! sk9s4 ,= delim+ #ajj kilos4 ( pelt1 #jbe kilo4 ( sodium lactate 7#ej p] c5t47 & #jef kilo4 hydro*loric acid 7#bj ,b47 are us$4 ,! advantage ( ! me?od is t a consid]able sav+ is effect$ 9 comp>ison to ! quantity ( ! free organic acid :i* w\ld be requir$4 ,9 ! above example #a kilo4 ( lactic acid 7#dc p] c5t47 w\ld be requir$ to neutralize a correspond+ am\nt ( lime4 ,9 addition to ^! delim+ processes1 !re are a numb] ( bates 9 :i* v>i\s nutritive m$ia are all[$ to f]m5t naturally1 )\t ! addition ( any specific bact]ia4 ,among ^! may be m5tion$3-- 99,dr4 ,nrdl+]'s ,bate991 9 :i* a pa/e ( potatoes is all[$ to f]m5t at #cj-cg ,c4 = sev]al days2 x is !n dri$ at #dj-ej ,c41 & us$ 9 ! same way z dog dung4 99,h4 ,e4 ,simons'1 ,phosphorbutyral9991 consi/s ( ! beetroot residues 9 sug> manufacture :i* h und]gone an acid f]m5tation1 & conta9 butyrates & phosphates ( ammonia4 99,oakes99 7,,u4 ,pat4 #gih1jgj1 #aije2 ,eng4 ,pat4 #bd1dhh1 #aije74--;,9 ?is pat5t an album9\s body1 su* z case9 is all[$ to putrefy1 at a temp]ature ( #ajj ,f41 = sev]al days2 an equal weight ( fl[]s ( sulphur is !n add$1 & ! mixture us$ z a bate or pu]4 ,! sulphur is said to play an ess5tial "p 9 ! bate4 ,a simil> process1 by ! same au?or 7,u4,s4 ,pat4 #gih1bic71 is describ$ by ,dr4 ,all5 ,rog]s#add 9 :i* #e p] c5t4 ( glucose syrup & #aj p] c5t4 ( sulphur1 comput$ on ! weight ( ! sk9s1 is f]m5t$ ) yea/ = tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 aft] :i* x is us$ z a bate4 ,f a *emical po9t ( view1 x is difficult to express ! reactions tak+ place4 #add ,j4,s4,c4,i4 #aijf1 p4 #ajc4 ,:5 ! ba? is fir/ prep>$1 x is neutral 9 reaction1 b1 aft] /&+1 gradually assumes a slight acid reaction4 ,on introduc+ ! sk9s1 x becomes alkal9e1 ow+ to diffusion ( ! lime4 ,aft] a %ort "t1 x becomes neutral aga91 & rema9s ?us until ! sk9s are 9 a p]fect condition1 :5 a slight acid reaction is obs]v$4 ,^! *anges are caus$ by ! f]m5tation ( ! glucose1 c>bon dioxide & alcohol be+ g5]at$4 ,ow+ to ! pres5ce ( sulphur1 a quantity ( hydrog5 sulphide is produc$1 :i*1 9 its nasc5t condition1 comb9es ) ! alcohol to =m m]captans1 :i* 9 _! turn are sl[ly oxidiz$ to ?ioacids4 ,^! m]captans & ?ioacids1 be+ ( weak acid "*1 act 9 conjunction ) any excess ( hydrog5 sulphide ^u ! lime1 conv]t+ x into soluble comp\nds1 :i* are readily remov$ by diffusion4 99,l$]]1 ,l499 7,fr5* ,pat4 ,no4 #djd1ibf ( #aiji74--,me?od ( ,prep>+ a ,sub/itute = ,animal ,excrem5t 7dog dung7 9 ,pu]+ ,sk9s = ,glac ,lea!r4 ,9 ?is process a mixture ( #aj p>ts f9ely p[d]$ bone meal1 & #a "p ( cru%$ lup9 se$s or beans is =m$ into a pa/e ) wat] & all[$ to und]go spontane\s f]m5tation f #c-d weeks4 ,! mixture is said to =m a p]fect culture m$ium = ! micro-organisms indisp5sable 9 bat+4 ,! removal ( ! lime is facilitat$ by ! addition ( #b p] c5t4 ( fat1 #jge p] c5t4 sodium polysulphide & #a-a_/b p] c5t4 common salt reckon$ on ! weight ( ! bone meal4 ,9 ?is pat5t ! rese>*es ( ,wood1 ,&reas* & ,eitn] are ref]r$ to1 & also ,b5k]'s process ( bat+ ) ,p]uvian guano to :i* soda has be5 add$4 99,turney1 ,sir ,j4 & ,wood1 ,j4 ,t499--,com+ n[ to bact]ial & enzymatic bates1 ! au?or 9 conjunction ) ,sir ,john ,turney appli$ = a pat5t = a new & improv$ me?od ( bat+ sk9s 7,no4 #be1hid1 #ahif71 9 :i* cultures ( suitable bact]ia 7 to be us$ 9 place ( infusions ( dog or pigeon dung4 ,x 0 f\nd h[ev] t ?is pat5t _h be5 anticipat$ by ! pat5t #ba1gbj ( #ahie1 ( ,dr4 ,popp & ,dr4 ,beck] ( ,frank=t o_/,m1 & ! application 0 !re=e n proce$$ )4 ,z has be5 relat$ 9 ,*apt] ,,vii4 ! late ,franz ,ka?re9]1 :o knew ( ! "w :i* 0 be+ done bo? by ,dr4 ,h4 ,beck] & ! au?or1 made u p]sonally acqua9t$1 & mo/ ( our lat] "w 0 done 9 conjunction4 ,l _m o!r new ideas1 x 0 arriv$ at q indep5d5tly by ,dr4 ,h4 ,beck] & ! au?or4 7,see ,report ( ,?ird ,conf]5ce ( ,i4,a4,l4,t4,c41 ,cop5hag51 #ahii1 ,wiss4 ,te*n4 ,beilage des ,l$]m>kt1 #ahii-aijj1 p4 #h47 ,we %all !re=e give ! orig9al pat5ts 9 full1 & aft]w>ds ! translation ( ,dr4 ,otto ,rhms' pat5t1 & ! rec5t pat5t ( ,dr4 ,eb]le1 z ^! cov] ! :ole gr\nd ( ! bact]ial & enzymatic bates up to ! pres5t "t4 99,dr4 ,popp & ,dr4 ,beck]'s ,engli% ,pat5t99 7,no4 #ba1gbj1 #ahie74 ,improvem5ts 9 ,lyes or ,liquors = ,prep>+ ,hides = ,tann+4 ,an important role 9 ! process ( manufacture ( _m k9ds ( lea!r is play$ by ! dung liquor or lye1 :i* 9 p>ticul> = calf sk9s & skiv]s con/itutes "o ( ! necess>y prep>atory op]ations = ! subsequ5t actual tann+ process1 & :i* has = its purpose to br+ ! sk9s or hides1 :i* h be5 previ\sly swell$ by ! lim+ process1 into a condition :i* all[s ! easy & ?or\gh removal ( ! lime & lime soap z well z ! rema9+ hairs by ! subsequ5t me*anical treatm5t1 & to obta9 a uni=m %r9k+ ( ! swell$ hides4 ,! process hi!rto employ$ consi/s 9 treat+ ! hides or sk9s = "s "t 7su* z = #d or #e h\rs7 9 a vat provid$ ) a reel1 & conta9+ a lye or br9e =m$ ( solutions ( dog or pigeon or p\ltry dung4 ,g5]ally speak+1 ! dog dung acts be/ 9 "s cases1 & pigeon or p\ltry dung 9 o!r cases1 b no satisfactory & s\nd explanation has z yet be5 giv5 z to ! nature ( ! action4 ,my correspond5ts h 9 ! fir/ place asc]ta9$ t ! action ( ^! lyes or br9es is ! result ( bact]iological processes1 especially ( ! products creat$ by ! action ( c]ta9 bact]ia1 & is c]ta9ly n1 z x has hi!rto be5 g5]ally assum$1 ! result ( ! action ( phosphoric acid or o!r acids4 ,! exam9ation ( ! dog1 pigeon & p\ltry dung 9 bact]iological respect1 & ( ! indu/rial applicability ( all ! diff]5t results obta9$1 %[s 9 ! fir/ in/ance t1 ev5 aft] removal ( all o!r +r$i5ts1 :i*1 accord+ to ! hi!rto rul+ views1 ent] into reaction1 ! result ( ! treatm5t rema9s ! same z x _h be5 be=e ! removal4 ,! cont9u$ rese>* l$ to ! second result t a great numb] ( micro-organisms play a role 9 ! lye1 p>tially an advantage\s1 & p>tially a detrim5tal "o4 ,g5]ally speak+1 ! non-peptoniz+ bact]ia act advantage\sly1 :ile ! peptoniz+ ones g5]ally h a detrim5tal effect4 ,9 connexion h]e) two me?ods ( utiliz+ ^! discov]ies h be5 f\nd4 ,"o c ei!r1 accord+ to ! me?ods ( bact]iology 7plate process71 remove all ! detrim5tal or ev5 ! less useful bact]ia1 & effect ! treatm5t ( ! hide or sk9s by apply+ a pure culture ( "o or at lea/ a mixture ( ! diff]5t mo/ effective bact]ia2 or "o c1 )\t employ+ su* a ref9$ process1 b /ill utiliz+ ! said discov]ies1 apply ! dog dung1 & 9 p>ticul> ! :ite descriptions :i* are mo/ effective1 or1 = c]ta9 k9ds ( lea!r1 ! pigeon or p\ltry dung1 subject+ ! said dungs to a c]ta9 treatm5t1 :i*1 by ! use ( a suitable cultivat+ b$1 w develop ! useful bact]ia1 :ile on ! o!r h&1 ! increase ( detrim5tal bact]ia may be prev5t$ or ret>d$ by ! addition ( mat]ials h9d]+ ! developm5t ( ! latt]4 ,9 e case ! employm5t ( ! process secures great] rapidity ( execution1 & m reliable & bett] results ?an ! process h]et(ore appli$4 ,! lea!rs obta9$ are t\gh & yet s(t]1 & 9 any case any discol\r+1 su* z is (t5 unavoidable ) dog dung1 is avoid$4 ,an advantage n to be und]rat$ ) ! use ( g]m cultures1 is t liquors or cakes hav+ a def9ite p]c5tage ( really effective sub/ance c be prep>$1 :]eas x 0 h]et(ore necess>y to proce$ by way ( trials1 ! result be+ subject to great unc]ta9ty4 ,9 addition1 ! dung liquors are subject to *anges ov]night "u ! influ5ce ( atmosph]ic *anges 7?und]-/orms7 9 a mo/ unacc\ntable mann]1 ow+1 z has n[ be5 discov]$ by my correspond5ts1 to ! gr[? ( detrim5tal bact]ia :i* are mix$ ) ! effective ones1 & :i* ga9 ! upp] h& ov] ! latt] "u ! *ange ( atmosph]ic conditions4 ,! features ( ! newly discov]$ useful bact]ia are fully describ$ 9 ! foll[+1 & exp]im5ts h %[n t ! p>ticul> k9ds design$ ) #c1 #g & #ab 9 ! table ( bact]ia1 set =? 9 ! ,specification to ,g]man ,pat5t ,no4 #hf1cce & h]e9aft] fully describ$1 are ^? :i* are ( value = ! purpose 9 "q2 9 p>ticul> ,no4 #ab is ! mo/ effective1 & #c ! lea/ effective ( ^! ?ree descriptions4 ,all ?ree are bact]ia to be f\nd 9 ! dog dung1 & bact]ia ,no4 #c consi/s ( v small rods r\nd$ at ! ends & are exce$+ly mobile1 :ile bact]ia ,no4 #g1 :i* are simil> to ! hay bacillus1 are sl[ly-mov+ rods1 & bact]ia ,no4 #ab are m$ium-siz$ rods hav+ rapid motion4 ,! prick-culture gives ) bact]ia ,no4 #c a v good gr[? 9 ! dep?2 f ! inoculat+ prick ext5d lat]ally _m arms into ! gelat94 ,at ! ends ( ! arms are =m$ small knots4 ,on ! surface is =m$ a ?9 :ite cov]+4 ,! gelat9 is n liquefi$4 ,on gelat9 plates1 ! deep-seat$ colonies consi/ ( pale yell[ r\nd disks1 :i* gradually p5etrate to ! surface1 & !re !y =m circul> disks :i* %[ at ! c5tre l>g] spots4 ,on incl9$ ag>-ag> !re is =m$ a :ite sup]/ratum4 ,) bact]ia ,no4 #g1 ! gelat9 is /rongly liquefi$ 9 ! prick-culture4 ,on ! surface ( ! zone ( liquefaction !re is =m$ a :ite sk94 ,along ! liquefi$ prick are =m$ radiations into ! solid gelat94 ,on gelat9 plates !re are =m$ rapidly liquefy+ colonies =m+ at top a :ite sk91 ag>-ag> gives a :ite unequal ?9 sup]/ratum ) bran*+s4 ,bact]ia ,no4 #ab gr[ ) prick-culture equally well along ! prick2 ! gelat9 is n liquefi$4 ,on ! surface !re is =m$ a ?9 %9+ cov]+4 ,on gelat9 plates1 ! deep ly+ colonies consi/ ( pale yell[ circul> disks4 ,_m colonies h tails simil> to ! surface colonies ( ! ,proteus4 ,dur+ ! gr[? ( ?is bact]ium on gelat9 plates a /rong putrid smell is develop$4 ,on ag>-ag> ?is bact]ium =ms a /rong :ite %9+ sup]/ratum4 ,^! bact]ia gr[ easily 9 any decoction ( meat1 & ! fle% p>ticles f ! fle% sides ( ! hides1 :i* o!rwise =m a wa/e product ( little or no value1 may be advantage\sly employ$ = ?is purpose2 bran1 & o!r mat]ials kn[n to (f] good culture-b$s1 may be employ$ in/ead4 ,= ?is purpose a vessel provid$ ) a cov] is *>g$ ) equal p>ts ( wa/e fle%1 su* z is obta9$ 9 ! tann]y1 & wat]1 & ?is is boil$ = ab\t half an h\r by ! direct introduction ( /eam1 aft] :i* conc5trat$ c>bonate ( soda solution is introduc$ until ! reaction is slightly alkal9e1 aft] :i* ! decoction is cool$ d[n4 ,z soon z ! temp]ature has sunk to ab\t #ce ,c4 !re is add$ ! pure culture obta9$ by ! gelat9 plate process 7) dilution71 describ$ 9 ! works on bact]iology ( ,ko*1 ,fra5kel1 ,hueppe & o!rs1 & also by ! fur!r treatm5t correspond+ to ! *>act]i/ic peculi>ities ( ! bact]ia1 & ! :ole is all[$ to /& cov]$ up = a p]iod ( f twelve h\rs to five days1 dep5d+ on ! "t ( ye> & ! temp]ature4 ,! hides or sk9s are !n dipp$ into ! conc5trat$ decoction = a %ort "t1 accord+ to ! /ate ( developm5t ( ! bact]ia2 or ! decoction c be dilut$ & ! hides be !n imm]s$ !re9 = a great] l5g? ( "t4 ,! fur!r treatm5t is !n c>ri$ out 9 exactly ! same way z ?\gh ! hides or sk9s _h be5 treat$ 9 dog-dung lye1 ) ! exception t ! duration is %ort]4 ,9 case ! pure culture ( ! bact]ia is to be disp5s$ )1 & x is only desir$ to obta9 an advantage ov] ! exi/+ me?ods 9 s f> z to obta91 on ! "o h& an artificial increase ( ! ooze m$ium viz4 ! numb] ( useful bact]ia & _! products exi/+ 9 ! dog dung1 by provid+ a suitable culture b$1 & on ! o!r h& to be 9 a position to limit oneself to ! be/ initial mat]ial1 ! process c be c>ri$ out by />t+ ) a practically prov$ dog dung1 !re=e 9 p>ticul> ! :ite k9ds1 & ! bact]ia are caus$ to propagate 9 a decoction su* z above describ$4 ,aft]w>ds x is advantage\s to effect ! kill+ ( ! detrim5tal bact]ia by a small addition ( acid1 su* z #je p] c5t4 ( dilute sulphuric acid or equival5t mat]ials1 z 9 ?is case ! useful bact]ia are also ! mo/ endur+4 ,! m useful bact]ia %[1 9 p>ticul> 9 ! pres5ce ( alkalis1 ! same behavi\r4 ,= example1 ! m useful bact]ia arrive at developm5t equally ) ! detrim5tal ones1 if to ! describ$ culture b$ be add$ #je p] c5t4 ( c>bonate ( soda1 :ile ! useful bact]ia prepond]ate to a consid]able ext5t1 & ! detrim5tal ones are practically unimportant1 if ! additions ( c>bonate ( soda be rais$ to ab\t "o p] c5t4 ,! pure cultures ( ! bact]ia may be pres]v$ 9 a suitable liquid or solid mat]ial1 & br\ght on ! m>ket 9 a suitable pack+4 ,9 ord] to obta9 a product :i* %all bo? be durable1 & capable ( be+ deliv]$ 9 def9ite doses1 /]iliz$ bran1 fl\r1 etc41 c be inoculat$ ) def9ite quantities ( ! pure cultures1 & ! p]c5tage ( wat] be r$uc$1 by dry+1 press+1 etc41 to "u a c]ta9 p]c5tage 7#aj to #ab p] c5t47 :i* w n all[ (1 or w ret>d ! evolution ( g]ms4 ,! bact]ia may also1 aft] hav+ be5 prop]ly develop$1 especially aft] hav+ creat$ a suffici5t quantity ( _! products1 be kill$1 = in/ance by heat+1 & ! result+ /uff be br\ght on ! m>ket 9 liquid or solid =m1 z an effectual lye or br9e1 x hav+ be5 f\nd t ! liquids conta9+ ! said bact]ia d n lose _! effect if !y are /]iliz$ & ! bact]ia !reby kill$1 provid$ t a suffici5t numb] ( bact]ia has be5 produc$4 ,claim4--#a4 ,! process = ! production ( a lye = treat+ hides or sk9s prep>atory to tann+1 consi/+ 9 ! propagation ( ! bact]ia ( dung1 9 p>ticul> dog & bird dung1 by means ( suitable culture b$s sub/antially z describ$4 #b4 ,z a new article ( manufacture a lye conta9+ a pure culture ( "o or m ( ! describ$ bact]ia4 #c4 ,9 ! process ( produc+ a lye ref]r$ to 9 ! fir/ claim1 ! elim9ation ( ! detrim5tal ag5ts sub/antially z describ$4 #d4 ,9 ! process ref]r$ to 9 ! fir/ claim1 ! addition ( acids or alkalis = ! purpose set =? & sub/antially z describ$4 #e4 ,! process = ! production ( a lye = treat+ hides1 consi/+ 9 ! sep>ation f ! dung ( ! bact]ia h]e9 designat$ z #c1 #g & #ab1 produc+ pure cultures !re(1 & introduc+ ! same into a decoction pref]ably fre$ by boil+ f o!r bact]ia & conta9+ a suitable culture b$1 sub/antially z describ$4 #f4 ,a process = ! production ( cakes1 = ! treatm5t ( hides1 consi/+ 9 ! inoculation ( /]iliz$ bran1 fl\r1 etc41 ) cultures hav+ a def9ite p]c5tage ( bact]ia & ! removal ( ! proportion ( wat] t is necess>y = ! developm5t ( ! bact]ia1 sub/antially z describ$4 #g4 ,z a new article ( manufacture /]iliz$ cakes1 conta9+ a c]ta9 quantity ( ! describ$ bact]ia1 sub/antially z describ$4 #h4 ,z a new article ( manufacture ! solid or liquid mat]ial conta9+ ! products ( ! decomposition1 z g5]at$ by ! pure cultures ( ! said bact]ia1 :e!r su* mat]ial does or does n also conta9 ! said bact]ia1 ei!r 9 ! active condition or kill$ by /]ilization1 sub/antially z describ$4 99,wood's ,engli% ,pat5t99 7#ab1edi1 #ahih74--;,improvem5ts 9 & relat+ to ! means us$ = ! ,bat+ ( ,hides & ,sk9s4 ,?is inv5tion has ref]5ce to improvem5ts 9 & relat+ to ! means1 liquid or bate1 us$ = ! bat+ or pu]+ ( hides & sk9s previ\s to ! process ( tann+ ! same4 ,at ! pres5t "t sk9s are usually bat$ by means ( a liquid or bate prep>$ f dog or pigeon dung1 & al?\gh ! bat+ action or actions h n hi!rto be5 ?or\ghly und]/ood1 x is a well kn[n fact t f]m5tations go+ on 9 ! dung play an ess5tial "p4 ,x 0 also po9t$ out 9 #ahhe by ,h4 ,r4 ,proct]1 9 8 8,text ,book on ,tann+10 t ! action ( ! bate 0 9 a great measure due to bact]ia4 ,x is also a kn[n fact to practical tann]s t a dung bate1 prop]ly appli$1 produces ! be/ quality ( lea!r4 ,ow+1 h[ev]1 to ! v>y+ composition ( ! dung us$1 ! bate made !refrom possesses v>y+ prop]ties1 its bat+ action is unc]ta91 its prop]ties are readily affect$ by atmosph]ic influ5ces1 & ! sk9s treat$ are liable to putrefaction4 ,z a sub/itute = dung bate1 x has be5 propos$1 z set =? 9 ! ,specification ( ,pat5t ,no4 #ba1gbj1 ,a4,d4 #ahie1 to use a bate made f a pure culture ( bact]ia4 ,su* bate1 h[ev]1 does n possess all ! ess5tial prop]ties ( a dung bate2 & al?\gh bact]ial action is necess>y1 su* action alone is n suffici5t1 z 0 po9t$ out by ! pres5t inv5tor 9 #ahid 9 ! 8,j\rnal ( ! ,society ( ,*emical ,indu/ry40 ,! pres5t inv5tor has n[ discov]$ t ! bat+ action ( a dung bate is due to ! comb9$ action ( enzymes or unorganiz$ f]m5ts1 & to c]ta9 am9e comp\nds 9 ! dung4 ,^! comp\nds consi/ ( am9es 7i4e4 ammonia 9 :i* "o or m atoms ( hydrog5 has or h be5 replac$ by alcohol radicles71 9 comb9ation ) lactic1 acetic & o!r organic acids conta9$ 9 ! dung1 ! acids nam$ be+ ! pr9cipal ones4 ,! pres5t inv5tor has also discov]$ t ! bat+ action ( ! enzymes alone1 or ! action ( ! *emical comp\nds alone1 are ineffici5t1 & t ! enzymes ex]t _! bat+ action 9 ! pres5ce ( ! *emical comp\nds1 :ile ^! latt] 9 addition h an indep5d5t action4 ,! object ( ?is inv5tion is ! production1 accord+ to sci5tific me?ods1 ( a bate hav+ simil> prop]ties to ^? ( a dung bate1 su* prop]ties 9 ! improv$ bate be+ def9$ & def9ite1 b capable ( be+ modifi$ accord+ to ! requirem5ts ( ! sk9s to be bat$ & ! lea!r to be produc$4 ,accord+ to ?is inv5tion1 ! liquid or bate is made by produc+ by f]m5tation an enzyme or enzymes ( ! same "* z ! enzymes conta9$ 9 dog dung or produc$ f bact]ia obta9$ f dung1 & to ! liquid ?us obta9$ !re is add$ an organic acid & an alkali4 ,! inv5tor has discov]$ t = an effici5t bate a pure culture ( bact]ia is insuffici5t1 & t no s+le organism hi!rto isolat$ w give results equal to dung4 ,he has also discov]$ t ! production ( ^! enzymes dep5ds m ^u ! composition ( ! nutri5t m$ium 9 :i* ! bact]ia are cultivat$ ?an ^u ! k9d ( bact]ia1 al?\gh ^! latt] mu/ be capable ( produc+ ! requir$ enzymes1 ! production ( :i* appe>s to be due to a symbiotic gr[? ( bact]ia1 at pres5t little und]/ood4 ,x is desirable t ! nutri5t m$ium %\ld be )\t sug>s or />*y matt]s1 &1 al?\gh ! composition ( ! nutri5t m$ium may be v>i$1 good results c be obta9$ accord+ to ord9>y bact]iological me?ods by us+ a m$ium compos$ (-- ,gelat9 #ej p>ts ,potassium or sodium phosphate #a d4 ,wat] #bejj d4 ,?is m$ium is ma9ta9$ at a temp]ature ( ab\t #cg ,c4 7! mo/ fav\rable temp]ature = ! f]m5tation7 until ! requir$ bact]ial action is complet$1 ! "t necess>y be+ ab\t sev5 days1 & to ea* litre ( ! liquid ?us obta9$ !re are add$ f #b to #f grs4 ( lactic acid4 ,acetic or o!r simil> organic acid may be us$ in/ead ( ! lactic acid1 b sulphuric or m9]al acids mu/ n be us$4 ,! acid liquid is aft]w>ds neutraliz$ by ammonia1 :i* is add$ :5 ! bate is to be us$1 & !re are !n =m$ c]ta9 *emical comp\nds simil> to ^? f\nd 9 a dung bate4 ,! addition ( ! acid to ! nutri5t m$ium w imm$iately /op ! gr[? ( bact]ia1 b ! acid is n add$ = t p>ticul> reason1 b = ! p>ticul> purpose set =?4 ,in/ead ( ! enzymes obta9$ f ! bact]ia ( dung1 o!r enzymes ( a simil> "* may be us$1 su* z ! enzymes obta9$ f ! bact]ia f\nd on sk9s dur+ ! sweat+ process4 ,= bat+ sk9s 9 a practical mann] ) ! improv$ bate h]e9 set =?1 ! me?od ( us+ ! same is pref]ably v>i$ accord+ to ! sk9s to be treat$ & ! k9d ( lea!r x is requir$ to produce4 ,?us = kid sk9s1 skiv]s & o!r sk9s = :i* dog dung has hi!rto be5 us$1 ! sk9s1 aft] ! lim+ process1 are fir/ well wa%$ 9 wat] 9 ! usual way to remove ! bulk ( ! lime4 ,! sk9s are !n plac$ 9 a :eel or paddle ) ! bate prep>$ z be=e describ$1 ) ! acid exactly neutraliz$ by ! ammonia or s ne>ly neutraliz$ t ! alkal9e action ( ! sk9s w complete ! neutralization1 all sk9s be+ alkal9e :5 introduc$ into ! bate4 ,! bate is dilut$ accord+ to ! am\nt ( lim+ ! sk9s h und]gone1 & :5 9 ! paddle or :eel ! sk9s & bate are ma9ta9$ at a temp]ature ( ab\t #cg ,c41 & ! sk9s paddl$ until !y h 8fall50 consid]ably4 ,! sk9s are !n remov$ f ! :eel or paddle & scudd$ pref]ably on ! 8gra90 side1 aft] :i* !y are return$ to ! :eel or paddle & ! paddl+ cont9u$ until ! bat+ action is complet$1 ?is be+ judg$ 9 ! usual way by a practical tann] accord+ to ! feel ( ! sk9s4 ,! /r5g? ( ! bate aft] ! scudd+ process may be v>i$ if f\nd desirable4 ,aft] ! bat+ process is complet$ ! sk9s are treat$ 9 ! usual mann]4 ,:5 ! improv$ bate is to be us$ = light hides & simil> sk9s :i* h hi!rto be5 treat$ ) pigeon dung1 ! sk9s1 aft] ! lim+ process1 are wa%$ 9 ! usual mann]1 heat$ to a temp]ature ( ab\t #cg ,c41 & plac$ 9 a :eel or paddle conta9+ by pref]5ce ! improv$ bate 9 an acid condition1 t is be=e ! ammonia has be5 add$1 ! bate be+ previ\sly dilut$ accord+ to ! am\nts ( lim+ ! sk9s h und]gone4 ,! sk9s are !n paddl$ until ! tann]1 by ! feel1 judges t ! :ole ( ! lime has be5 remov$4 ,! acid bate is !n neutraliz$ by ammonia1 ) or )\t remov+ ! sk9s1 & ! paddl+ is cont9u$ until ! bat+ process is complet$1 ?is be+ judg$ ( by ! feel ( ! sk9s4 ,! bat$ sk9s are !n scudd$1 wa%$1 & treat$ 9 ! usual mann]4 ,! /r5g? ( ! bate1 into :i* ! sk9s are plac$ = bo? me?ods1 is v>i$ accord+ to ! am\nt ( lim+ ! sk9s h und]gone2 t is to say1 = 8high0 lim$ sk9s1 a /rong] bate is requir$ ?an = sk9s :i* h be5 subject$ to a mod]ate lim+4 ,claim4--#a4 ,a bate hav+ ! ess5tial prop]ties ( a natural dung bate1 b prep>$ accord+ to sci5tific me?ods f ! means & 9 ! mann] sub/antially z set =? 9 ! accompany+ specification4 #b4 ,! bate describ$ & set =? 9 ! accompany+ specification4 99,wood's ,am]ican ,pat5t99 7#fch1hbh1 ,dec4 #ab1 #ahii7 99,bate499--,?is inv5tion has ref]5ce to improvem5ts 9 & relat+ to ! means1 liquid1 or bate1 us$ = ! bat+ or pu]+ ( sk9s previ\s to ! process ( tann+ ! same4 ,at ! pres5t "t1 sk9s are usually bat$ by means ( a liquid or bate prep>$ f dog or pigeon dung2 &1 al?\gh ! bat+ action or actions h n hi!rto be5 ?or\ghly und]/ood1 x is a well-kn[n fact t f]m5tations :i* ! dung und]goes play an ess5tial "p4 ,x 0 also po9t$ out1 by ,h4 ,e4 ,proct] 9 #ahhe1 9 8 8,text ,book ( ,tann+10 t ! action ( ! bate 0 9 a great measure due to bact]ia4 ,x is also a kn[n fact to practical tann]s t a dung bate prop]ly appli$ produces ! f9e/ & mo/ supple lea!r4 ,ow+1 h[ev]1 to ! v>y+ compositions ( ! dung us$1 ! bate made !refrom possesses v>y+ prop]ties3 its bat+ action is unc]ta91 its prop]ties are readily affect$ by atmosph]ic influ5ces1 & ! sk9s treat$ are liable to putrefaction4 ,z a sub/itute = a dung bate1 x has be5 propos$1 z set =? 9 ! specification ( ! ,briti% ,pat5t ,no4 #ba1gbj1 ,a4,d4 #ahie1 & ! specification ( ! ,g]man ,pat5t ,no4 #hf1cce1 ,class #bh1 to use a bate made f a pure culture ( bact]ia4 ,su* bate1 h[ev]1 does n possess all ! ess5tial prop]ties ( a dung bate1 &1 al?\gh bact]ial action is necess>y1 su* action alone is n suffici5t1 z 0 po9t$ out by me 9 #ahid 9 ! 8,j\rnal ( ! ,society ( ,*emical ,indu/ry40 ,i h n[ discov]$ t ! bat+ action ( a dung bate is due to ! comb9$ action ( enzymes1 or unorganiz$ f]m5ts1 & c]ta9 *emical comp\nds1 :i* comp\nds consi/ pr9cipally ( am9es--i4e4 ammonia 9 :i* "o or m atoms ( hydrog5 has or h be5 replac$ by alcohol radicles--9 comb9ation ) organic acids usually f\nd 9 dung1 & ( ! comp\nds s =m$ ! lactates & acetates are ! mo/ important4 ,i h also discov]$ t ! bat+ action ( ! enzymes alone1 or ! action ( ! above-ref]r$-to *emical comp\nds alone1 is ineffici5t1 & t ! enzymes ex]t _! bat+ action 9 ! pres5ce ( ! *emical comp\nds1 :ile ^! latt]1 9 addition1 h an indep5d5t action on ! limes 9 ! sk9s1 & on ! sk9 fibre4 ,! object ( ?is inv5tion is ! production1 accord+ to sci5tific me?ods1 ( a bate hav+ simil> prop]ties to ^? ( a dung bate1 su* prop]ties 9 ! improv$ bate be+ modifi$ accord+ to ! requirem5ts ( ! sk9s to be bat$ & ! lea!r to be produc$4 ,accord+ to ?is inv5tion1 ! liquid or bate is made by produc+ by f]m5tation1 an enzyme or enzymes ( ! same "* z ! enzymes conta9$ 9 dog dung1 or produc$ f bact]ia conta9$ 9 ! dung1 & to ! liquid ?us obta9$ !re is add$ an organic acid & an alkali4 ,i h discov]$ t = an effici5t bate a pure culture or s+le species ( bact]ia is insuffici5t1 & t no s+le organism hi!rto isolat$ w give results equal to dung4 ,i h also discov]$ t ! production ( enzymes ( ! "* above ref]r$ to1 dep5ds m ^u ! composition ( ! nutri5t m$ium 9 :i* ! bact]ia are cultivat$1 ?an ^u ! k9d ( bact]ia1 al?\gh ^! latt] mu/ be capable ( produc+ ! requir$ enzymes1 ! production ( :i* appe>s to be due to a symbiotic gr[? ( bact]ia at pres5t little und]/ood4 ,! bact]ia us$ = ! purpose ( ?is inv5tion may be ! bact]ia f\nd 9 dog dung1 or ! bact]ia obta9$ f ! roots ( ! hairs ( sk9s dur+ ! sweat+ process1 ^! latt] be+ us$1 by pref]5ce1 on acc\nt ( ! ease ) :i* !y are obta9$1 comp>$ ) ! difficulty ( isolat+ f ! dog dung ! p>ticul> mixture ( species mo/ desirable1 !re be+ s _m undesirable species pres5t4 ,( ! bact]ia f\nd on ! roots ( ! hair dur+ ! sweat+ process1 & h]e9aft] ref]r$ to z 8sweat+0 bact]ia1 ,i h f\nd t two species pr$om9ate1 &1 s f> z ,i am aw>e1 ^! h n be5 previ\sly isolat$4 ,! pr9cipal organism1 :i* ,i call 8bacillus d10 9 cont9uation ( a s]ies ( previ\s inve/igations describ$ 9 ! 8,j\rnal ( ! ,society ( ,*emical ,indu/ry10 ,a4,d4 #ahih1 =ms l>ge :iti% colonies1 ) irregul> cont\r spread+ on ! surface ( ! gelat91 ! bacilli be+ v small1 mo/ly occurr+ 9 pairs1 b sometimes jo9$ toge!r 9 ?read-l =ms4 ,! second organism1 call$ by me 8bacillus e10 =ms small br[ni%-yell[ boat-%ap$ colonies on gelat9 plates4 ,! bact]ia consi/ ( plump cells two or ?ree times ! size ( bacillus d1 unit$ 9 pairs & *a9s1 b ! cells v>y consid]ably 9 size1 & are surr\nd$ by a capsule4 ,i h discov]$ t ! above bact]ia1 :5 us$ sep>ately z pure cultures1 ex]t little or no action on ! sk91 b :5 us$ toge!r ! action is v rem>kable4 ,! gelat9 & gelat9 plates ref]r$ to 9 ! above description are ! gelat9 & gelat9 plates us$ = ! cultivation ( bact]ia1 accord+ to ! ord9>y bact]iological me?ods z describ$ 9 ,gn!r's 8,bakt]iologie10 publi%$ by ,george ,?ieme1 ,leipzig1 9 #ahih1 & 9 o!r text-books4 ,9 ! accompany+ draw+s1 made f photographs :i* are ( record 9 ?is case1 ! bacillus d is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ba1 & ! bacillus e 9 ,fig4 #bb1 bo? photographs %[+ ! bacilli magnifi$ #ajjj diamet]s4 ,a culture may be prep>$ f ! sweat+ bact]ia by tak+ ! hair f ! sk9 :5 x 8slips0--t is1 :5 x c be remov$ by simply pull+ x4 ,! root portion ( ! hairs are !n cut (f1 & ab\t #aj grm4 c>efully dige/$ 9 #ajj c4c4 ( wat] at a temp]ature ( #cb to #ce c5tigrade = sev]al h\rs4 ,! liquid portion is !n p\r$ (f1 & us$ = inoculat+ #aj1jjj c4c4 ( a nutri5t m$ium ( ! "* h]e9aft] describ$4 ,! inoculat$ nutri5t m$ium is !n ma9ta9$ = ?ree days at a temp]ature ( #cg c5tigrade1 & may !n be us$ = ! inoculation ( a l>g] quantity ( nutri5t m$ium4 ,!oretically1 a s+le cell ( a bact]ium is suffici5t to inoculate any quantity ( any suitable fluid2 b 9 practice x is f\nd necess>y or exp$i5t to employ #e or #aj p] c5t4 ( inoculat+ matt] to ! volume ( ! liquid to be inoculat$4 ,! inoculation ( ! #aj1jjj c4c4 ( nutri5t m$ium may be done 9 a ,c>lsb]g vessel1 z describ$ by ,hans5 9 8 8,unt]su*ung5 aus d] ,praxis d] ,grungs9du/rie40 ,x is desirable t ! nutri5t m$ium %\ld be )\t sug>s or c>bohydrates2 &1 al?\gh its composition may be v>i$1 good results c be obta9$ by ord9>y bact]iological me?ods1 by us+ a m$ium compos$ ( gelat91 #ej p>ts or #bj grm42 potassium or sodium phosphate1 #a "p or #jd grm42 sodium *loride1 #a "p or #jd grm42 wat]1 #bejj p>ts or #ajjj c4c4 ,?is m$ium1 aft] inoculation1 is ma9ta9$ at a temp]ature ( #cg c5tigrade1 until ! requir$ bact]ial action is complet$1 i4e41 until ! :ole ( ! nutrim5t = ! bact]ia is exhau/$1 at :i* "t ! maximum quantity ( ! requir$ enzymes has be5 produc$4 ,! "t requir$ = ?is action is n less ?an ?ree days1 nor m ?an sev5 days4 ,! exhau/ion ( ! nutrim5t may be asc]ta9$ sci5tifically by a microscopic exam9ation ( ! liquid1 ! bacilli at ?is p]iod comm5c+ to =m spores4 ,to ea* litre ( ?is liquid !re is !n add$ f #b to #f grm4 ( lactic acid1 & ! acid liquid is aft]w>d neutraliz$ by ammonia1 :i* is add$ :5 ! liquid is to be us$ z a bate1 ! addition ( ! ammonia =m+ c]ta9 *emical comp\nds simil> to ^? f\nd 9 ! dung4 ,in/ead ( lactic acid1 acetic or o!r simil> organic acid may be us$1 b sulphuric or m9]al acids mu/ n be us$4 ,! addition ( ! acid to ! liquid w imm$iately /op ! gr[? ( ! bact]ia2 b ! acid is n add$ = t p>ticul> purpose1 b = ! =mation ( ! *emical comp\nds above ref]r$ to4 ,! above-describ$ me?od is mo/ suitable1 :5 ! bate has to be kept = a "t be=e be+ us$1 or :5 x is desir$ to conc5trate x = transit or export2 b if ! bate is to be us$ imm$iately1 x may be prep>$ z foll[s3 #ajj p>ts ( gelat9 are dissolv$ 9 #ajjj p>ts ( wat]1 & !re is !n add$ #ej p>ts ( comm]cial lactic acid4 ,! mixture is !n heat$1 9 a clos$ vessel1 to #ajj c5tigrade1 by :i* op]ation ! gelat9 is p>tially peptoniz$1 & ! subsequ5t bact]ial action is ha/5$4 ,! acid liquid is aft]w>d neutraliz$ ) ammonia1 or o!r alkali1 & ! :ole dilut$ ) wat] to #bj1jjj p>ts4 ,! dilution may conv5i5tly take place 9 ! :eel or paddle 9 :i* ! bat+ is to be done1 & to ! liquid ?us obta9$ !re is add$ f #e to #aj p] c5t4 ( ! active culture f ! ,c>lsb]g vessel1 z above describ$4 ,! liquid is !n all[$ to /& = #ae to #bj h\rs at a temp]ature ( #cg c5tigrade1 & is !n ready = use4 ,= bat+ sk9s 9 a practical mann] ) ! improv$ bate h]e9 set =?1 ! me?od ( us+ ! same is v>i$1 accord+ to ! sk9s to be treat$ & ! k9d ( lea!r x is requir$ to produce1 & ! /r5g? ( ! bate is v>i$ 9 exactly ! same mann] z ! /r5g? ( a dung bate1 & su* v>iation is made accord+ to ! judgm5t ( ! tann]1 ! improv$ bate act+ 9 ! same mann] z a dung bate4 ,= kid-sk9s1 calf-sk9s1 skiv]s1 & o!r sk9s = :i* dog dung has hi!rto be5 us$1 ! sk9s1 aft] ! lim+ process1 are fir/ well wa%$ 9 wat] 9 ! usual way1 to remove ! bulk ( ! lime4 ,! sk9s are !n plac$ 9 a :eel or paddle1 ) ! bate prep>$1 z above describ$1 ) ! acid exactly neutraliz$1 or s ne>ly neutraliz$1 t ! alkal9e action ( ! sk9s w complete ! neutralization1 all sk9s be+ alkal9e :5 introduc$ into ! bate4 ,! bate is ma9ta9$ at a temp]ature ( #cg c5tigrade1 & ! sk9s are kept 9 motion until !y h 8fall50 consid]ably1 i4e41 until ! swoll5 condition ( ! fibres due to ! lim+ has disappe>$4 ,! sk9s are !n remov$ f ! :eel or paddle & scudd$ by h& or ma*9e1 pref]ably on ! gra9 side1 & ! sk9s n suffici5tly r$uc$ are return$ to ! paddle1 & ! bat+ cont9u$ until ! action is complet$1 ?is be+ judg$ 9 ! usual way by ! tann] by ! feel ( ! sk9s4 ,! /r5g? ( ! bate1 :5 sk9s are return$ !reto1 may be v>i$ f ! orig9al /r5g?1 if desir$1 & aft] ! bat+ is complet$ ! sk9s are treat$ 9 ! usual mann]4 ,! /r5g? ( ! bate into :i* ! sk9s are plac$1 is v>i$ accord+ to ! am\nt ( lim+ ! sk9s h und]gone--t is to say1 = a high-lim$ sk9 a /rong bate is requir$4 ,= mod]ately-lim$ sk9s ! bate may be ( su* a /r5g? t ea* litre z prep>$ = use conta9s five grm4 ( ! orig9al gelat9 conta9$ 9 ! nutri5t m$ium1 :i* is equal to "o "p ( liquid 9 :i* ! culture has tak5 place to ?ree p>ts ( wat]4 ,:5 ! bate is prep>$ = imm$iate use1 its /r5g? is v>i$ 9 ! paddle z requir$4 ,= v h>d sk9s1 su* z goat-sk9s1 ! culture may be us$ z a bate undilut$ or x may be dilut$ ) an equal quantity ( wat]4 ,= light-dress+ hides & simil> sk9s1 :i* h hi!rto be5 treat$ ) pigeon dung1 ! sk9s are wa%$ 9 ! usual mann] aft] ! lim+ process1 heat$ to #cg ,c41 & plac$ 9 a :eel or paddle conta9+ ! improv$ bate1 pref]ably 9 an acid condition--t is1 be=e ! ammonia or alkali has be5 add$--! /r5g? ( ! bate be+ equival5t to five grm4 ( orig9al gelat9 conta9$ 9 ! nutri5t m$ium to ea* litre ( ! bate us$4 ,:5 ! lime has be5 remov$ f ! sk9s by ! bate1 :i* w be 9 ab\t "o h\r1 a quantity ( ! orig9al culture previ\sly neutraliz$ ) ammonia or o!r alkali & equal to ab\t "o-half ( ! quantity ( ! orig9al culture fir/ add$ is plac$ 9 ! :eel & ! bat+ cont9u$ until ! process is complet$1 ?is be+ judg$ by ! feel ( ! sk9s4 ,if 9 ! above me?od ! *emical reaction ( ! bate be exam9$ be=e ! second portion ( culture be add$1 x w be f\nd neutral1 & ! action ( ! enzymes takes place 9 a neutral or alkal9e solution1 z 9 ! fir/-describ$ me?od4 ,! "* ( ! pr9cipal enzyme 9 dung & 9 ! improv$ bate is a proteolytic "o2 i4e4 x resembles ! tryps9 conta9$ 9 pancreatic juice4 ,in/ead ( add+ an organic acid & neutraliz+ x by an alkali1 z describ$ ) ref]5ce to bo? processes1 !re may be add$ an organic salt ( ! same "* z t =m$ by ! comb9ation ( ! acid & ! alkali4 ,claim4--#a4 ,a bat+ liquor or bate conta9+ enzymes ( ! same "* z ! enzymes conta9$ 9 dog dung1 an organic acid1 & an alkali1 or _! *emical equival5t1 i4e4 an organic salt sub/antially z h]e9 set =?4 #b4 ,a bat+ liquor or bate conta9+ enzymes ( ! same "* z ! enzymes conta9$ 9 dog dung & produc$ by f]m5tation an organic acid & an alkali1 or _! *emical equival5t sub/antially z h]e9 set =?4 #c4 ,a bat+ liquor or bate conta9+ "o or m enzymes ( ! "* ( ! enzymes conta9$ 9 dog dung1 an organic acid & an alkali1 or _! *emical equival5t sub/antially z h]e9 set =?4 #d4 ,a bat+ liquor or bate conta9+ "o or m enzymes ( ! "* ( ! enzymes conta9$ 9 dog dung1 or produc$ f bact]ia obta9$ f dog dung1 an organic acid1 & an alkali or _! *emical equival5t sub/antially z h]e9 set =?4 #e4 ,a bat+ liquor or bate conta9+ enzymes ( ! same "* z ! enzymes conta9$ 9 dog dung1 two to six grm4 ( an organic acid to ea* litre ( ! liquid & neutraliz$ by an alkali sub/antially z h]e9 describ$4 #f4 ,a bat+ liquor or bate conta9+ enzymes ( ! same "* z ! enzymes conta9$ 9 dog dung1 f two to six grm4 ( lactic acid to ea* litre ( liquor & neutraliz$ by ammonia sub/antially z h]e9 describ$4 #g4 ,a bat+ liquor or bate conta9+ enzymes ( ! same "* z ! enzymes conta9$ 9 dog dung & obta9$ f bact]ia f\nd on ! roots ( hairs dur+ ! sweat+ process1 f two to six grm4 ( lactic acid1 & neutraliz$ by ammonia sub/antially z h]e9 set =?4 #h4 ,a bat+ liquor or bate conta9+ enzymes produc$ f bact]ia obta9$ f dog dung & cultivat$ 9 a m$ium compos$ ( fifty p>ts ( gelat91 "o "p ( potassium or sodium phosphate1 "o "p ( sodium *loride & two ?\s& five hundr$ p>ts ( wat]1 two to six grm4 ( lactic acid to ea* litre ( liquor & neutraliz$ by ! addition ( ammonia sub/antially z h]e9 describ$4 99,oropon99 7,g]man ,pat5t #bjj1eai1 ,july #ba1 #aijh74--,process = ,bat+ ,hides4 ,dr4 ,otto ,rhm1 ,essl+5 a_/,neck>4 ,9 ! pres5t process1 a wat]y extract ( ! pancreas 9 comb9ation ) ammonia or alkal9e salts or mixtures ( ^! salts is us$ z a bate liquor4 ,! object ( ! process is to replace ! dung bate4 ,f ! rese>*es ( ,wood#ade also ,jettm>#adf x appe>s t ! peculi> behavi\r ( ! dog dung bate is to be attribut$ to ! action ( enzymes 9 comb9ation ) organic am9e comp\nds & ammonia salts4 ,/>t+ f ! assumption t o!r enzymes1 kn[n to h an action on hide sub/ance1 might h an analog\s action to ! dog dung bate1 ! au?or discov]$ t ! tryps9 ( ! pancreas _h exactly ! same bat+ action z ! enzymes ( dog dung4 ,! action is aid$ by ! fat-splitt+ enzyme ( ! pancreas1 /eaps91 :i* saponifies ! fat 9 ! hides4 #ade ,j4,s4,c4,i4 #ahih1 pp4 #ajaj to #ajac1 & #ahii1 pp4 #iij to #iic4 #adf ,an ab/ract ( ,wood's "w4 #aija1 p4 #adh1 section #d1 p4 #adi4 ,a good bat+ action is obta9$ by a wat]y extract ( pancreas1 by ! addition ( an ammonium salt1 :i* *anges ! cau/ic lime 7f ! lim$ pelt7 into a soluble lime salt1 & gradually r$uces ! alkal9ity ( ! bate liquor caus$ by ! lime 9 ! sk9s1 s9ce ! ammonia lib]at$ by ! lime escapes to a great ext5t f ! liquor4 ,! fav\rable action ( ! ammonium salt on ! sk9s causes !m to fall & become ?9n]1 nor d !y become r\gh :5 plac$ 9 clean wat] aft] bat+1 z a /rongly alkal9e sk9 w if plac$ 9 wat] conta9+ calcium c>bonate4 ,= example1 ! process may be conduct$ by extract+ a pancreas weigh+ ab\t #bej grm4 ) #a litre ( wat]1 & add+ #aj c4c4 ( su* extract to #iij c4c4 ( a solution conta9+ #jae p] c5t4 ammonium hydrosulphide & #jc p] c5t4 sodium *loride4 ,su* a solution =ms a v active bate4 ,9 place ( ! ammonium hydrosulphide1 any o!r ammonium salt yield+ a soluble lime salt may be us$1 e4g41 ammonium *loride4 ,! pancreas extract us$ 9 ! above process mu/ be us$ 9 a fre% condition or pres]v$ f putrefaction by ! addition ( "s suitable pres]vative2 if putrefi$1 & consequ5tly acid1 x w n "w4 ,! pres]vation ( ! pancreas may also be br\ght ab\t by dry+1 & ! bate liquor made f ! dry mat]ial by putt+ x 9 wat]4 ,no putrefaction occurs dur+ ! bat+ process4 ,! action ( ! enzymes is fav\r$ by ! alkal9e reaction ( ! hide4 ,claim4--,process = bat+ hides1 *>act]iz$ by ! use ( a wat]y extract ( ! pancreas1 ) ! addition ( an ammonium or alkali salt :i* =ms soluble lime salts1 or mixtures ( su* salts to ! liquid4 ,9 an addition to ! above pat5t1 ,dr4 ,rhm proposes to s(t5 ! wat] us$ by add+ ! prop] am\nt ( cle> lime wat] to x4 ,/>* pa/e c also be us$ = ! same purpose1 or a mixture ( lime wat] & />* pa/e4 ,9 a fur!r addition1 a weak acid mixture1 consi/+ ( #jje to #ja p] c5t4 lactic acid & #jje to #ja p] c5t4 ammonium *loride1 is propos$ 9 place ( ! ammonium salt alone1 s9ce ! evolution ( free ammonia _h be5 f\nd to be detrim5tal to ! sk9s4 99,eb]le's ,engli% ,pat5t99 7#ba1bjb1 #aiji74--;,improv$ ,process = ,bat+ ,hides4 ,ef=ts h be5 made = ye>s to replace dogs' excrem5t us$ 9 _m cases 9 tann+ z a bate1 by o!r simpl] products & me?ods :i* 9 p>ticul> %all h ! advantage ( great] uni=mity & !reby act ) great] c]ta9ty4 ,n[ x has be5 asc]ta9$ t sub/ances :i* are only solv5ts ( lime1 su* z acids ( inorganic or organic nature & _! salts1 =m an incomplete sub/itute4 ,x has be5 %[n by ,eitn]1 ,wood & o!rs t !re are enzymes & bact]ia to :i* dogs' dung owes its specific or bat+ prop]ties4 ,! action ( dogs' dung is expla9$ z "o :i* liquefies or dissolves ! sk9 sub/ance1 su* z is o!rwise only done by enzymes & bact]ia4 ,exp]im5ts 9 ! laboratory & 9 practice h %[n t x is n ! dissolv+ action on ! sk9 sub/ance 9 ! n>r[ s5se :i* is desir$ 9 bat+ ! d]m ) dogs' dung1 b 9 ord] to prep>e ! hide = ! manufacture ( a s(t & ela/ic lea!r1 ! album9\s int]cellul> sub/ances & m p>ticul>ly ! lay]s ( fat ly+ at ! roots ( ! hair1 9 ! corium & 9 _m cases also on ! epid]mis1 mu/ be dissolv$ & !reby ! fibrils ( ! sk9 loos5$4 ,! highly solv5t action ( ! dung bate on ! sk9 sub/ance means 9 v _m cases a direct disadvantage by reason ( ! loss ( lea!r sub/ance4 ,ext5sive exp]im5ts ) ! sep>ate con/itu5ts ( dogs' dung h %[n t ) none ( !m employ$ alone c a satisfactory action be obta9$4 ,= ! exp]im5ts1 ! organic & inorganic salts conta9$ 9 dog's dung 7 employ$4 ,pure cultures ( inte/9al bact]ia 7 also exam9$ & also ! inte/9al juices1 secretions ( ! gall bladd]1 ( ! pancreatic gl& & secretions ( ! inte/9al muc\s membrane4 ,! relatively be/ bat+ action 0 obta9$ ) ! secretion ( ! gall bladd]2 only a mod]ate bat+ action c\ld be obta9$ ) ! juices ( ! pancreatic gl& & ! secretions ( ! inte/9al muc\s membrane4 ,x 0 !re=e v surpris+ to f9d & c\ld n be =ese5 t mixtures ( ^! ?ree secretions ( ! dige/ive app>atus alone ex]t$ an excell5t bat+ action1 & t su* mixtures n only =m$ a p]fect sub/itute = ! bate ( dogs' dung1 b t !y act$ f> bett] ?an ! latt]1 )\t x be+ necess>y1 z 0 recomm5d$ else:]e1#adg to add lime-dissolv+ salts to ! bate1 or to take measures 9 any o!r mann] = ! removal ( ! lime f ! wat]4#adh #adg #a4 ,see ,g]man ,pat5t ,no4 #bjj1eai or ,briti% ,pat5t ,no4 #ecggjh ,roehm1 ,essl+54 #adh #a4 ,see ,g]man ,pat5t ( ,addition ,no4 #bjc1hhi ,roehm1 ,essl+54 ,! explanation ( ! effective action ( su* mixtures is evid5t f ! foll[+ /atem5ts3-- ,pancreatic juice conta9s ?ree f]m5ts1 ( :i* = our purpose tryps91 :i* decomposes album51 & /eaps9 :i* decomposes fat1 are ! mo/ important4 ,bo? f]m5ts are conta9$ z zymog5s1 t is to say 9 an inactive =m1 9 ! pancreatic juice4 ,! latt] !re=e only gives an incomplete bat+ action4 ,gall conta9s f]m5ts :i* h prop]ties :i* are ma9ly fat decompos+1 b are also album5 dissolv+4 ,gall also conta9s ! salts ( gallic acids :i* h ! p[] 9 a high degree ( dissolv+ & emulsion+ greases or fats1 & among o!rs h a great solv5t action on ! *lore/]9 conta9$ 9 ! sk91 m p>ticul>ly 9 ! roots ( ! hair4 ,z reg>ds ! fat-decompos+ & dissolv+ action1 gall is f> sup]ior to pancreatic juice4 ,! f]m5ts ( gall are1 h[ev]1 also capable ( en]gis+ ! action ( ! /eaps9 9 ! pancreatic juice z a fat-decompos+ f]m5t1 t is to say ( imp>t+ to ! pancreatic juice1 :i* 9 a pure condition has a v slight action on fat1 a high capacity = decompos+ fat4#adi #adi #b4 ,see ,abd]hald51 8,text-book ( ,physiological ,*emi/ry10 #aijf1 page #eee & foll[+4 ,f9ally gall 9 bat+ ! d]ms may be ( great importance inasmu* z its acids =m easily soluble lime salts4 ,ext5sive exp]im5ts h %[n t gall1 z su*1 is adapt$ to dissolve a comp>atively l>ge quantity ( lime4 ,9 h>d wat] an addition ( gall prev5ts ! precipitation ( calcium c>bonate1 & ! r\gh5+ ( ! d]m1 :i*1 = in/ance1 has be5 notic$ :5 pure bact]ia cultures are employ$1 is prev5t$ by ! addition ( gall4 ,! inte/9al juice conta9s 9 addition to c>bonates & alkalis1 enzymes :i* aga9 ex]t a slight] bat+ action on ! hide ?an ^? ( gall4 ,! inte/9al juice alone has a simil> action to pancreatic juice1 b if inte/9al juice be add$ to pancreatic juice1 ! mo/ p[]ful enzyme ( pancreatic juice1 namely ! album5-decompos+ tryps9 is en]gis$1 & only 9 ?is way does ! pancreatic juice fully acquire ! prop]ty ( dissolv+ album9\s sub/ances4#aej #aej #a4 ,see ,abd]hald51 8,text-book ( ,physiological ,*emi/ry10 #aijf1 page #eef4 ,! proportions 9 :i* su* mixtures be/ develop _! actions1 are ^? :i* obta9 9 animal organisms2 ! temp]ature also especially plays a great "p4 ,! maximum temp]ature lies ab\t #dj ,c4 ,f ! above /atem5ts x is evid5t t x is possible to produce v>i\s actions ) ! juices ( ! pancreas1 gall & ! inte/9es1 q dep5d5t on :i* are consid]$ ! mo/ important 9 ! bat+4 ,simil>ly1 z ! proteolytic action ( ! mixture ( ! ?ree juices may be increas$ or dim9i%$ by us+ l>g] or small] quantities ( inte/9al juice & pancreas1 ! fat-decompos+ & fat-dissolv+ action ( ! mixture may also be increas$ or dim9i%$ by us+ l>g] or small] quantities ( gall1 & ( gall & pancreas respectively4 ,f9ally ! quantity ( ! gall to be add$ is decid$ accord+ to ! am\nt ( lime conta9$ 9 ! wat] employ$ 9 ! bat+4 ,exp]i5ce has %[n t a relatively small addition ( gall w act v advantage\sly4 ,x mu/ be especially rem>k$ t artificial bates made 9 ?is way are extremely *eap z comp>$ ) ! natural dogs' dung1 z gall & inte/9al juice may be procur$ at v l[ prices & a consid]ably small] quantity ( ! en]gis$1 m exp5sive1 pancreatic juice is necess>y ?an1 = in/ance1 w\ld be necess>y if ?is juice 7 employ$ 9 a pure condition4 ,! advantage ( ?is inv5tion also consi/s 9 its be+ possible to make bett] bates ?an t :i* is made1 = in/ance1 f dogs' dung because1 z h]e9be=e /at$1 x is a disadvantage ( ?is latt] bate t x 9 _m cases dissolves too l>ge a quantity ( ! album9\s sub/ance4 ,o!rwise1 ! composition ( ! improv$ bate q co9cides qualitatively ) ! composition ( dogs' dung1 z ! latt] actually consi/s 9 addition to ! unabsorb$ portions ( food1 ( secretions ( gall1 ! pancreatic gl& & ! muc\s membrane ( ! inte/9es4 ,! tryps9 & /eaps9 respectively z well z be+ d]iv$ f ! pancreatic juice1 may also be d]iv$ f ! vegetable k+dom1 = in/ance1 !re are consid]able quantities ( tryps9 9 ! sap ( ! fig4 ,/eaps91 9 n inconsid]able quantity1 is f\nd 9 ! saps ( flax1 hemp1 maize1 etc4 ,x mu/ also be rem>k$ t ! col\r+ matt]s 9 gall are ( q subord9ate importance1 & may be disreg>d$4 ,! view =m]ly adopt$ t ! col\r+ matt]s 9 gall /a9 ! lea!r is incorrect4 ,example3--#bjj c4cm4 ( gall juice 9 #a litre ( wat] are mix$ ) ! wat]y extract ( #bjj grm4 ( *opp$ small inte/9e 9 #a litre ( wat] on ! "o h&1 & #ajj grm4 ( ! pancreatic gl& 9 #a litre ( wat]1 on ! o!r h&4 ,?is wat]y solution is add$ to ! bat+ ba?1 accord+ to ! bat+ action desir$4 ,x c also1 9 ord] to all[ ( be+ m easily h&l$1 be obta9$ 9 solid =m by absorption 9 sawdu/ or kieselguhr & dry+ at #cj to #dj ,c4 ,claim4--,a process = bat+ hides1 *>act]is$ by ! use ( mixtures ( gall1 ! secretion ( ! pancreatic gl& & inte/9al juice1 & by ! use ( mixtures ( ! active enzymes 9 ^!1 or active enzymes d]iv$ f ! vegetable k+dom1 sub/antially z describ$4 99,pr(4 ,dr4 ,h4 ,beck]'s ,engli% ,pat5t99 7#bd1ihb1 #aiaj74--;,improvem5ts 9 ,pu]+ & ,bat+ ,hides & ,sk9s4--,x has be5 %[n by ,wood1 ( ,nott+ham1 & by ,dr4 ,popp & ,dr4 ,beck]1 ( ,frank=t-on-!-,ma91 t ! action ( a good pu] or bate on hides1 is connect$ ) ! developm5t ( c]ta9 species ( bact]ia4 ,! prep>ation ( pure cultures ( ^! bact]ia 7:i* are d]iv$ f dog dung7 has enabl$ :at may be prop]ly t]m$ a safe pu] to be obta9$1 inasmu* z by its use ov]pu]+ ! hides is entirely prev5t$4 ,fur!rmore1 ! lea!rs are full] & d n lose any excess ( hide sub/ance1 s t a doz5 %eepsk9s t h be5 suitably pu]$ by ! bact]iological me?od1 w weigh ab\t #i ounces m ?an a doz5 sk9s ( ! same k9d & orig91 t h be5 treat$ 9 exactly ! same way 9 o!r respects1 b pu]$ ) dog dung4 ,! me?od ( action ( ! bact]ial pu] has be5 elucidat$ z foll[s4 ,! bact]ia pres5t 9 ! pu] are microscopically small & pass easily into ! sk9 ?r\gh ! pores ( ! latt]1 :ile on ! surface & 9 ! sub/ance ( ! sk9 !y produce _! metabolic products & enzymes4 ,^! sub/ances are p>tly proteolytic1 p>tly fat decompos+1 & also dia/atic 9 "*1 s t ! highly proteid int]m$iate sub/ance ( ! sk9 is degrad$4 ,by means ( ! ultimately =m$ ammonia1 am9e bases & ammonium bases assi/$ by ! action ( organic acids produc$ by ! bact]ia1 ! lime soaps are decompos$4 ,lime & fat are p>tially dissolv$1 & p>tially fur!r decompos$ or conv]t$ into a =m :i* enables !m to be work$ out by me*anical means4 ,at ! same "t ! roots ( ! hairs are also loos5$ s t ! hairs also c be readily remov$ by me*anical treatm5t4 ,ano!r ess5tial factor is ! lib]ation ( gases =m$ )9 ! sk9 by ! action ( ! micro-organisms & ex]t+ a v g5tle pressure on _! environm5t4 ,! /ructure ( ! fibres is loos5$1 ! fibrils are /raight5$ individually )\t su/a9+ any important loss ( corporeal matt]1 & 9 ?is way a firm1 t\gh & yet s(t h&l+ lea!r is obta9$4 ,attempts h be5 made to improve ?is pu] by add+1 = in/ance1 organic acids & salts to ! bact]ial cultures4 ,o!r me?ods ( pu]+1 bas$ on ! direct weak5+ ( ! sk9 fibres f ! outside1 may also effect ! pull+ d[n ( ! hides1 & moreov]1 9 consequ5ce ( t attack on ! sk9 fibres )\t /raight5+ ! fibrils1 an immod]ate am\nt ( sub/ance is lo/1 & !re=e a h>d1 /iff1 ?9 & light lea!r is obta9$4 ,to ?is class belong also ! purely dige/ive pu]s su* z pancreatic juice1 inte/9al juice & ! l1 or purifi$ enzymes4 ,^! enzymes are colloidal & !re=e incapable ( diffusion1 & consequ5tly !y dige/ ! hide ma9ly f ! surface1 t is to say1 ! gra9 side & inn] side ( ! hide4 ,! fibres1 9-s-f> z !y are accessible at all to ! action ( ! colloidal enzymes1 are remov$ f outside )\t ! fibrils be+ loos5$ & /raight5$4 ,h5ce !y are weak5$ by ! dige/ive pu] to su* an ext5t t ! hides seem to be gradually pull$ d[n2 b ! sk9 w by t "t h lo/ too mu* sub/ance1 s t1 int] alia1 ev5 ! gra9 appe>s to h be5 corrod$4 ,9 ?is way ! lea!r is r5d]$ ?9n] & light] ?an t f ! dung or bact]ial pu]--a defect manife/ to e exp]t4 ,?is dang] is p>ticul>ly great :51 by ! artificial admixture ( corporeal juices1 complications are set up1 t int5sify ! de/ructive action ( ! dige/ive enzymes on ! mat]ial1 & :5 _! supplem5t>y action is n suitably controll$4 ,^! animal or dige/ive enzymes & fat decompos+ sub/ances orig9ate1 9-s-f> z !y are n ( vegetable orig91 = ! mo/ "p 9 ! upp] portions ( ! dige/ive tract4 ,! use ( ^! sub/ances effects an imitation ( ! purely enzymatic & fat decompos+ processes t g on 9 ! upp] "p ( ! inte/9es1 b omits ! processes--n less important = dige/ion & ! =mation ( excrem5t--occurr+ 9 ! l>ge inte/9e & ! adjo9+ portions ( ! dige/ive tract4 ,"h ! bact]ia & ! vegetable enzymes secret$ !reby1 play ! *ief "p4 ,!y decompose n only ! food con/itu5ts--p>tly by putrefaction--b also ! album9oid dige/ive secretions & ! gall1 s t only small quantities !re( are left4 ,h5ce :5 appli$ to ! pu]+ process1 ! use ( bact]ia1 toge!r ) _! specific enzymes & metabolic products1 is equival5t to a re/riction ( ! immod]ate dige/ive action ( ! pancreatic & dige/ive juices1 i4e4 ( ! animal enzymes4 ,dige/ion !re=e1 ) ! result+ =mation ( excrem5t1 is c>ri$ on ) ! accompanim5t ( a mutual control1 excitation & re/riction on ! "p ( ! dige/ive secretions & ! bact]ial ph5om5a4 ,^! latt] =m ! real basis ( ! pu]+ ( hides 9 dung prep>ations4 ,?is is also evid5t f ! purely practical exp]i5ce t dog dung pu]1 e4g4 = glove lea!r1 is ess5tially improv$ by leav+ ! dung to f]m5t = sev]al weeks or r mon?s4 ,dur+ ?is process an increase occurs 9 ! micro-organisms pres5t1 & also 9 _! metabolic products & enzymes1 b n 9 ! dige/ive juices orig9at+ 9 ! organs ( ! animal body--! t]m 8dige/ive juices0 be+ re/rict$ to indicate only su* juices z are produc$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! dige/ive tract by ! organs & cells ( ! animal body1 9 contradi/9ction to ! juices produc$ by bact]ia4 ,accord+ to ! pres5t inv5tion1 ! bact]ial cultures1 toge!r ) _! metabolic products or products ( dige/ion & enzymes1 are us$ 9 comb9ation ) "o or m ( ! sub/ances t are excret$ 9 ! dige/ive tract by ! animal body itself 9 ord] t n only ea* ( ^! sub/ances may ex]t its special action on ! sk91 b also t ! a=esaid mutual influ5c+1 & m p>ticul>ly regulat+ ( ! action may take place4 ,on ?is pr9ciple1 9 prep>+ an artificial pu] = hides1 & 9 accordance ) ! nature & prelim9>y treatm5t ( ! raw mat]ial1 & ! requirem5ts put =w>d 9 respect ( ! f9i%$ product1 ! bact]ial pu]1 nutri5t m$ium or culture is mix$ ) ! correspond+ dige/ive juices1 or ) purifi$ animal or vegetable enzymes1 z well z ) fat decompos+ m$ia1 if necess>y1 su* z gr\nd ca/or-oil se$s1 hemp se$ or ! l1 or ) extracts ( same1 or ) gall4 ,:]e x seems necess>y1 sub/ances capable ( dissolv+ lime may also be add$1 = example1 sug>1 molasses1 salts ( ammonia1 organic acids1 or ! correspond+ salts or ! l4 ,f9ally1 also1 ! sev]al op]ations may be c>ri$ out indep5d5tly ( "o ano!r1 x be+ 9 su* case aga9 advisable to adh]e to ! processes go+ on 9 ! inte/9es4 ,if1 = in/ance1 specially h>d goat sk9s are to be pull$ d[n /rongly by pu]+1 x is advisable to add to ! nutri5t m$ium ( ! bact]ia a little papayot9 or papa91 ei!r--accord+ z r5d]$ necess>y by ! local conditions--9 ! prep>ation ( ! bact]ial pu]+ liquor1 or dur+ ! propagation ( ! bact]ia4 ,if ! fells are less h>d s t less pull+ d[n is requir$1 ! hides are fir/ treat$ ) a weak solution ( ! dige/ive f]m5ts1 & !n ) ! bact]ial liquor4 ,9 ?is way excessive dige/ive action is c\nt]act$ 9 good "t4 ,%eep & goat sk9s t are p>ticul>ly ri* 9 fat are imm]s$ 9 a bact]ial pu]+ liquor1 conta9+ gr\nd ca/or-oil se$ or ca/or-oil cake 9 susp5sion4 ,! fat-decompos+ f]m5t conta9$ 9 ?is meal !n comes into imm$iate action1 & ! lib]at$ fatty acids =m readily soluble soaps ) ! ammonia1 orig9at+ f ! degradation ( ! proteid sub/ances1 & ) ! alli$ bases4 ,ext5sive practical exp]im5ts h also %[n t1 9 ! case ( v fat sk9s1 ! action ( ! bact]ial pu] is increas$ by mix+ a suitable salt ( sulpho-ric9oleic acid ) ! pu]+ liquor1 or by wa%+ ! sk9s ) solutions ( simil> soaps ei!r be=e !y are imm]s$ 9 ! pu]+ liquor1 or subsequ5tly4 ,local conditions1 & ! requirem5ts laid on ! f9i%$ lea!r1 mu/ decide :i* ( ^! me?ods is specially advisable4 ,9 any ev5t1 h[ev]1 ! comb9ations ( ! bact]ial pu] af=d a means ( obta9+ an increas$ pu]+ effect 9 _m cases :]e pu]+ ) ! sep>ate auxili>ies m5tion$ does n produce a suffici5t result4 ,claim4--,9 ! me?od ( pu]+ hides :]e9 bact]ial cultures1 _! metabolic products & enzymes are employ$1 ! comb9$ use ) ^! ag5ts ( dige/ive juices1 mixtures ( dige/ive enzymes or pure dige/ive enzymes 7&1 if desir$1 ( fat-decompos+ sub/ances71 ei!r simultane\sly ) said ag5ts or subsequ5tly !reto4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,dr5*+4 ,9 ! manufacture ( _m k9ds ( light lea!rs1 sk9s1 aft] bat+1 are dr5*$4 ,! process usually consi/s 9 plac+ ! sk9s 9 a mixture ( bran & wat]1 half to "o p] c5t4 ( bran be+ us$ 7#e to #aj grm4 p] litre1 or #a_/b to #a lb4 p] #aj gall47 at a temp]ature ( #bi to #ce ,c4 ,?is f]m5ts vigor\sly = #ah to #bd h\rs1 ) evolution ( a consid]able quantity ( gas1 & ! =mation ( weak organic acids4 ,! acids neutralize any lime :i* has n be5 neutraliz$ 9 ! bate1 & !y d ?is 9 a v gradual & mild way1 be+ produc$ by bact]ial f]m5tation exactly z requir$1 9 a simil> mann] to f]m5tations tak+ place 9 pres5ce ( calcium c>bonate4 ,! gases evolv$ br+ ! sk9s to ! surface ( ! dr5*1 & di/5d ! fibres2 ! workman att5d+ to ! dr5*es puts ! sk9s d[n "u ! liquor ) a pole1 b a bett] way is to h ! dr5* vat fitt$ ) a wood5 paddle1 :i* may be pull$ r\nd by h& :5 necess>y2 9 ?is way ! sk9s are put "u ! liquor )\t dang] ( te>+ or trapp+ !m2 9 ! case ( gra9 splits ! paddle is a great advantage ov] ! pole4 ,! sk9s are all[$ to rise two or ?ree times1 accord+ to ! condition requir$4 ,= _m k9ds ( alum lea!r ! bate is omitt$ & ! dr5* only is us$4 ,9 ,engli% practice ! bran is ma%$ 9 ! vat1 9 :i* ! dr5*+ is to take place1 at a temp]ature ( ab\t #ie ,f4 7#ce ,c472 ! sk9s are !n put 9 & ! dr5* well /irr$ or paddl$ until ! :ole is uni=m1 ! temp]ature is !n usually d[n to #he to #hc ,f4 7#bie to #bhb ,c471 at :i* temp]ature ! f]m5tation beg9s4 ,! temp]ature all[$ v>ies ) ! /ate ( ! goods & ! prevail+ ext]ior temp]ature2 9 w9t] x may be high] ?an 9 summ]1 b nev] usually high] ?an #ij ,f4 7#cbb ,c474 ,9 "s cont95tal works ! bran is ma%$ 9 boil+ wat]1 all[$ to /& = "s h\rs to cool1 & only ! bran-wat] is us$2 9 ?is case ! f]m5tation is diff]5t to t 9 :i* ! bran is ma%$ at a l[] temp]ature4 ,9 ! fir/ process ! />* ( ! bran und]goes *anges to dextr9 & glucoses1 :i* are !n f]m5t$ by bact]ia ) ! production ( acids & gases 7see ,*apt] ,x471 9 ! latt] case ! />*1 :i* has be5 gelat9iz$ is f]m5t$ by o!r organisms1 :i* probably secrete dia/atic enzymes4 ,less gas is giv5 (f 9 ?is f]m5tation ?an :]e ! bran is ma%$ at #ie to #ajj ,f4 ,! temp]ature ( f]m5tation is kept l[1 usually #be ,c4 7#gg ,f474 ,bran conta9s a suffici5t am\nt ( nitrog5\s matt]1#aea to furni% ! bact]ia ) nutrim5t1 & until ?is is exhau/$ !re is no fe> ( ! sk9s be+ attack$4 #aea ,bran exam9$ by ,kjeldahl's process conta9$ #bb p] c5t4 ,n1 equival5t to ab\t #ac-ad p] c5t4 proteids4 ,!re is also a 8sweet0 bran dr5* us$ on ! cont95t1 9 :i* f]m5tation is n all[$ to take place1 ! sk9s be+ paddl$ 9 an infusion ( bran 9 wat] = a %ort "t only1 two to ?ree h\rs at ! mo/4 ,9 addition to ! me*anical clean+ action1 :i* ! fre% bran has ^u ! sk9s1 !re is also a s(t5+ effect due to "s con/itu5t ( ! bran1 :i* is at pres5t n und]/ood4 ,"o reason = ?is1 is t ! usual dr5* employ$ be+ an acid "o1 rese>* has practically be5 conf9$ to ! latt]4 ,ano!r me?od ( prep>+ ! bran dr5*1 consi/s 9 all[+ ! requir$ quantity ( bran to soak 9 cold wat] = sev]al h\rs2 a suffici5t quantity ( hot wat] is !n add$ to br+ ! temp]ature up to #ej ,c42 at ?is temp]ature ! dia/atic enzymes 9 ! bran act rapidly on ! />* & trans=m x into easily f]m5table sug>s4 ,! temp]ature is all[$ to fall to #cd to #ce ,c41 & !n a quantity ( an old dr5* is add$ to />t ! f]m5tation4 ,! liquor becomes acid1 & 9 two days usually rea*es its maximum acidity1 :5 x is ready = use4 ,! bran is /ra9$ (f & only ! milky liquor us$4 ,su* a dr5* is l>gely employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( *amois lea!r1 ! goods 7%eep fle%es7 be+ paddl$ 9 x = "s h\rs previ\s to press+4 ,! ,fr5* also use a simil> process 9 ! prep>ation ( su$e lea!r4 ,! bran is /ra9$ (f & only ! s\r p>tly f]m5t$ & f]m5t+ liquor us$4 ,! /ra9+ (f ( ! bran also saves work+ ov] ! beam :i* w\ld o!rwise be requir$ to get rid ( ! bran adh]+ to ! sk9s4 ,x has rec5tly be5 propos$ to employ ! bacillus bulg>icus1 ! organism :i* causes ! f]m5tation ( milk 9 ! prep>ation ( ,bulg>ian & ,turki% 8,yoghurt0 7,bibliography #abd7 = dr5*+4 ,bacillus bulg>icus is capable ( produc+ up to #be p] c5t4 ( lactic acid1 or ab\t ?ree times ! quantity ( t produc$ by ord9>y lactic bact]ia4 ,dr4 ,hugo ,khl 7loc4 cit47 proposes to cultivate ! bacillus 9 ! "m liquors1 :i* are a by-product 9 ! manufacture ( milk sug>1 & to use su* liquor z a dr5*4 ,:]e skim milk or butt] milk is to be _h1 ?is may also be us$4 ,a simil> process is already 9 use 9 ,am]ica1 :]e ! evaporat$ product is put ^u ! m>ket "u ! "n ( ,d]mi=ma 7see pp4 #ahi & #aid74 ,z a sub/itute = ! dr5*1 & 9 ord] to fur!r remove lime aft] erod91 ! late ,franz ,ka?re9] employ$ a solution ( anticalcium1 #a 9 #ejj wat]1 9 :i* ! sk9s rema9$ ov]night4 ,anticalcium is a mixture ( sulphonic acids d]iv$ f cresols1 & has antiseptic prop]ties1 s t its action is q di/9ct f t ( ! bran dr5*4 ,x is put on ! m>ket by ,j4 ,hauff1 ,feu]ba*1 ne> ,/uttg>t4 99,dr5* ,damage499--,dr5*+ is a v important & useful process 9 lea!r manufacture1 b1 l o!r f]m5tive processes1 requires great c>e & exp]i5ce 9 its application4 ,al?\gh n s risky z pu]+1 a good deal ( s]i\s damage may occur 9 ! dr5*4 ,! writ] kn[s ( no full] discussion ( all ! v>i\s =ms ( dr5* damage ?an ! articles ( ,eitn] & o!rs :i* appe>$ 9 8,d] ,g]b]0 dur+ a long s]ies ( ye>s 7#ahhb-aijj74 ,9 ^! articles p]haps e kn[n =m ( dr5* damage is describ$4 ,proct]#aeb also gives a concise acc\nt ( dr5*+4 ,x w suffice to m5tion briefly ! *ief accid5ts to :i* ! dr5* is liable2 ^! are g5]ally kn[n z ! 8turn+0 ( ! dr5*4 #aeb ,pr9ciples1 pp4 #aff-agj4 #a4 ,acid 8turn+40--,?is usually occurs :5 ! atmosph]e is *>g$ ) electricity--dur+ ?und]/orms4 ,x appe>s to be an extremely rapid =m ( butyric f]m5tation1 :i* has n be5 fully inve/igat$4 ,! sk9s become swoll51 transp>5t & t5d]1 &1 unless ! f]m5tation is /opp$1 soon dissolve to a jelly4 ,! only way to save ! sk9s f de/ruction is to add salt to ! dr5*2 ?is r$uces ! swell+ &1 9 fact1 pickles ! sk94 ,i h po9t$ out else:]e t ?is is really ! orig9 ( ! mod]n pickl+ process1 :i* is /ill kn[n by ! "n ( 8ris+40 ,a v acid dr5* w swell ! sk9s almo/ ! same z dilute sulphuric acid1 & if !y are !n plac$ 9 a salt solution1 or salt is add$ to ! s\r liquor1 x is absorb$ by ! sk9s1 & !y are pres]v$ almo/ z effectually z by ! use ( m9]al acids4 #b4 ,putrid 8turn+40--,?is occurs "u v simil> atmosph]ic conditions to #a1 & may be almo/ z rapid4 ,in/ead ( becom+ acid1 ! liquor turns slightly alkal9e1 frequ5tly becom+ blui% black1 due to ! pres5ce ( c]ta9 *romog5ic bact]ia4 ,! goods fall z 9 a pu]4 ,bo? ! *romog5ic & o!r bact]ia pres5t are peptoniz+ organisms1 :i* obta9 ! upp] h& ow+ to fav\rable conditions1 & rapidly dige/ ! sk9 unless ! action is /opp$4 ,! be/ rem$y is to remove ! sk9s f ! dr5* & pickle !m )\t delay by ! usual acid & salt process4 #c4 8,p9holey0 dr5*4--,?is is ! same z ! ,g]mans call 8pikir510 & is g5]ally due to a too rapid evolution ( gas bo? 9 ! dr5* & 9 ! capill>y spaces ( ! sk9 itself4 ,! gases =m "u ! hyal9e lay]1 & f9ally bur/ ?r\gh 9 small holes4 ,a damage v simil> 9 appe>ance is also caus$ by colonies ( gelat9 liquefy+ bact]ia develop+ on ! gra94 ,ea* colony =ms a small hole4 ,! tr\ble is usually due to ! sett+ ( ! dr5* at too high a temp]ature4 #d4 ,spongy lea!r may be produc$ by leav+ ! goods too long 9 a s\nd dr5*1 if !y are all[$ to rise too (t54 ,9 ?is case exp]i5ce alone c det]m9e ! prop] duration ( ! dr5*+ process4 ,a special case 9 :i* ! hyal9e lay] is slightly attack$ & its brilliance de/roy$ has be5 describ$ by ,eitn]4#aec ,a slimy film 0 =m$ on ! surface ( ! dr5* & also on ! gra9 ( ! sk9s4 ,?is film 0 f\nd to consi/ ( ,bacillus megat]ium 7! potato bacillus71 & :]e x 0 gr[+ on ! hyal9e lay] ! latt] 0 et*$ z x 71 by ! peptoniz+ enzyme secret$ by ! bacillus1 s t :5 tann$ ! gra9 0 cov]$ ) dull pat*es v mu* resembl+ 8bla/40 #aec ,d] ,g]b]1 #ahih1 p4 #bjd4 99,f]m5tations 9 ! ,dr5*499--,comp>$ ) ! dung bate1 or pu]1 ! f]m5tation tak+ place 9 ! bran dr5* is a simple "o2 z w be %[n 9 detail 9 ! next *apt]1 ab\t half ! weight ( ! bran consi/s ( />*2 ?is becomes hydrolys$ by ! enzymes 9 ! bran 7& 9 "s cases secret$ by ! bact]ia7 into glucoses4 ,accord+ to ! foll[+ equation3-- 7,c#f;,h#aj,o#e7n ,h#b,o n ,c#f;,h#ab,o#f />* glucose ,?is expresses ! *ange 9 its simple/ =m2 9 reality x is mu* m complex1 v>i\s dextr9s & sug>s be+ =m$ simultane\sly4 ,! sug>s are !n f]m5t$ by a v>iety ( bact]ia ) =mation ( v>i\s organic acids1 9 accordance ) ! equation ,c#f;,h#ab,o#f #b ,,*#c;,,*7,,oh7,,cooh :i* repres5ts ! =mation ( lactic acid4 ,9 addition1 =mic & butyric acids are produc$ along ) small quantities ( o!r bodies1 z w be %[n4 ,x is pretty c]ta9 t ! butyric acid is =m$ by ! fur!r f]m5tation ( ! lactic acid & lactic salts 9 ! liquid2 at ! same "t ,,co#b & hydrog5 are evolv$ z foll[s3-- #b ,c#c;,h#f,o#c ,c#d;,h#h,o#b #b ,,co#b ,h#b ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg4--,organisms 9 ,bran ,dr5* #ajjj4 ,fig4 #bg is a draw+ ( ! organisms se5 9 ! dr5*1 "u a magnification ( #ajjj diamet]s4 ,?is 0 tak5 f a dr5* :i* _h be5 set ab\t #c h\rs1 & 0 j beg9n+ to f]m5t2 ! bact]ia =m *a9s ( v>y+ l5g?3 ! %ort *a9s h a sl[ motion 9 ! liquor4 ,z ! f]m5tation proce$s1 ^! =m long] *a9s 7,fig4 #bh71 "s ( :i* are v beautiful objects1 especially :5 view$ by d>k gr\nd illum9ation4 ,! o!r organisms pres5t are bact]ia & bacilli f ! pu]1 & at a lat] /age1 z ! nutri5t mat]ial = ! bran f]m5t becomes less1 !y beg9 to develop1 fir/ caus+ butyric & f9ally putrefactive f]m5tation4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh4--;,*a9s ( ,bran ,bact]ia #ajjj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi4--;,bran ,f]m5tation4 ,advanc$ ,/age4 ,a fairly pure culture may be obta9$ by inoculat+ a tube ( bran infusion1 previ\sly /]iliz$1 by means ( a fre%ly made capill>y pipette1 :i* is pu%$ into ! tube )\t remov+ ! cotton-wool plug4 ,! tube is plac$ 9 ! incubator at #cj ,c41 & ! organisms caus+ ! f]m5tation develop rapidly2 z soon z ! tube is obs]v$ to become cl\dy1 indicat+ ! developm5t ( ! bact]ia1 ano!r tube is inoculat$ 9 ! same mann]1 us+ a v m9ute quantity ( liquid2 ?is second 8att5uation0 is !n c>ri$ on to five or six m tubes4 ,9 ! fif? tube w usually be f\nd a pure culture ( ! bran f]m5t+ organisms1 :i* ,i h call$ ,bact]ium furfuris4 ,! bact]ia 7see ,fig4 #cj7 are mo/ly 9 ! =m ( dumb-bells or pairs1 ea* cell #jge #abe 3 !y v>y slightly 9 size1 "s =m+ *a9s2 ^? on ! surface become surr\nd$ by a k9d ( jelly1 & =m an iridesc5t pellicle on ! surface ( ! liquid1 ! zoogloae =m4 ,:5 ! nutrim5t ( ! liquid is exhau/$ or ! acidity becomes too great1#aed ?is film s9ks to ! bottom & ! liquid above becomes comp>atively cle>4 ,!re is no spore =mation1 &1 consequ5tly1 ! culture soon dies unless inoculat$ into a fre% nutri5t m$ium4 ,! liquor1 aft] ! f]m5tation bo? 9 ! dr5*es & tubes ( pure cultivations1 is always slightly ropy4 #aed ,clafl9 7#ib7 gives ! limits ( acidity = lactic bact]ia f #jjb to #je p] c5t4 ,reynolds ,gre5 7#ig1 p4 #cdf7 gives ! upp] limit = ,b4 acidi lactici z #h p] c5t4 lactic acid4 ,b4 furfuris probably belongs to ! gr\p ( coli bact]ia1 "s ( :i* f]m5t milk & o!r sug>s ) production ( lactic acid & gases4 ,?is expla9s ! ease ) :i* ! f]m5tation takes place1 s9ce ! sk9s br+ 9 imm5se numb]s ( bact]ia f ! bate1 among :i* are ! organisms describ$4 ,eitn]#aee /ates t ! action ( ! bran dr5* _c be consid]$ a *emical "o1 & t ! *ief action is a dynamical "o1 result+ f ! gases g5]at$ 9 ! liquid & 9 ! sk94 ,:ile ,i d n d5y t ! gas has su* action--inde$ ,i po9t$ out 9 #ahicaef t ! gas act$ by float+ & di/5d+ ! sk9s1 & s enabl+ !m bett] to take up ! acids--,i ma9ta91 h[ev]1 t ! *ief action is a *emical "o & due to ! weak organic acids produc$2 ?is 0 confirm$ exp]im5tally4 ,! rese>*es on bran dr5*+ comm5c$ 9 #ahhg by myself1 & lat] 9 conjunction ) ,dr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,willcox1 prove conclusively t ! am\nt ( acid produc$1 & especially ! lactic acid1 is suffici5t to produce a v decid$ action on sk94 ,9 actual work+ we f\nd f #ajg to #bcd grm4 total acids p] #ajjj c4c41 :ile 9 artificial cultures1 ) addition ( calcium c>bonate1 inoculat$ ) pure cultures ( bact]ia1 obta9$ f dr5*es1 we obta9$ f #dec to #aadd grm4 total acids p] #ajjj c4c4 ,n[ traces ( lime 9 ! sk9s act 9 j ! same way z ! calcium c>bonate2 !y neutralize a portion ( ! acid produc$ by ! bact]ia1 & s all[ a great] am\nt ( acid to be produc$ ?an if x accumulat$ 9 ! liquid4 ,by prep>+ solutions ( ! above acids ( suitable /r5g? & agitat+ sk9s 9 !m1 results 7 obta9$ 9 #a-a_/b h\rs equal to a dr5*+ ( #ad h\rs4 ,! defect ( su* artificially prep>$ liquids 9 practice is due to ! fact t !y d n conta9 any p>ticles ( bran or fl\r2 ^! take up dirt f ! sk9 me*anically1 & s produce a bett]-col\r$ lea!r4 ,:]e ! sk9 has be5 bat$ 9 a p]fectly clean bate1 & !n paddl$ 9 su* an artificial dr5*1 ! lea!r is 9 e way equal to t prep>$ by means ( ! dung bate1 foll[$ by a bran dr5*4 #aee ,d] ,g]b]1 #bd1 #egj4 #aef ,j\r4 ,soc4 ,*em4 ,ind41 #ahic1 p4 #dbf4 ,by f> ! mo/ important action = ! tann] is ! solution ( ! la/ traces ( lime n dissolv$ by ! bate1 & ?is is ! *ief reason = its use1 :]e col\r is a desid]atum1 & :]e sweet liquors are us$2 = "s k9ds ( lea!r :]e x is desirable n to lose pelt1 ! dr5* is us$ alone = ?is purpose4 ,a dung bate1 su* z mo/ light lea!r tann]s use1 is seldom run (f m ?an once a week1 & conta9s a consid]able am\nt ( dissolv$ lime2 ! am\nt 9 a fre%ly made-up pu] :eel is f #ja grm4 to #jc grm4 lime 7,ca,o7 p] litre4 ,aft] ! :eel has be5 9 use = a week1 x rises to #je grm4 to #jh grm4 p] litre4 ,x w be readily se5 t a liquid :i* already conta9s su* consid]able quantities ( lime is n an especially good m$ium to use = its complete removal f ! sk9s1 h5ce dr5*+ is necess>y to get rid ( ! lime left 9 ! sk9s4 ,eitn] /ates t ! f]m5tation is alcoholic at ! comm5cem5t1 & !n becomes an acid f]m5tation ) g5]ation ( gas4 ,9 tan liquors !re is no d\bt t ?is is ! c\rse ( ! acetic f]m5tation1 z has be5 %[n by ,&reas*1#aeg b 9 ! usual type ( bran dr5* ! action is c]ta9ly a diff]5t "o4 ,! acetic acid1 z f> z we c asc]ta91 is produc$ directly f ! dextrose1 )\t ! previ\s production ( alcohol1 s9ce ! pres5ce ( ! latt] is n %[n by te/s 9 any /age ( ! f]m5tation4#aeh ,no yea/s 7 obs]v$#aei & no alcohol 0 f\nd 9 any /age ( ! f]m5tation4#afj ,j4 ,o',sullivan rem>ks t al?\gh x has n be5 notic$ x is possible t 9 ?is case ! production ( alcohol & its oxidation into acetic acid are simultane\s1 b t !re is no prelim9>y f]m5tation by yea/s foll[$ by acetic f]m5tation by bact]ia su* z ,eitn] indicates is c]ta94 #aeg ,d] ,g]b]1 #ahie1 p4 #aic1 etc4 #aeh ,j4,s4,c4,i41 #ahig1 p4 #eac4 #aei ,ibid41 #ahij1 p4 #bh4 #afj ,ibid41 #ahic1 p4 #dbb4 ,to sum up ! conclusions arriv$ at f ! exp]im5ts above quot$4 ,! />* ( ! bran or fl\r is fir/ trans=m$ into glucoses & dextr9 by ! action ( an unorganiz$ f]m5t call$ c]eal94 ,! glucoses are !n f]m5t$ by c]ta9 species ( bact]ia1 ,bacillus furfuris be+ p]haps ! *ief1 ) ! =mation ( lactic1 acetic1 =mic & butyric acids1 & ! evolution ( c>bon dioxide1 hydrog51 nitrog51 & a small quantity ( sulphurett$ hydrog54 ,! pr9cipal acid produc$ is lactic2 ! acetic acid is produc$ directly f ! glucoses by ! above-m5tion$ bact]ia )\t any prelim9>y alcoholic f]m5tation by yea/s4 ,! mode ( action ( ! dr5* on ! sk9s may be summ$ up z foll[s3-- #a4 ,! solution ( ! la/ traces ( lime :i* has n be5 remov$ by ! bate1 by ! organic acids produc$ by ! f]m5tation1 & ! subsequ5t swell+ action ( ^! on ! sk9 fibres4 ,! acids also dissolve a small am\nt ( sk9 sub/ance4 #b4 ,simultane\sly ) 7#a7 ! di/5sion & float+ ( ! sk9s by gases produc$ by ! f]m5tation1 s enabl+ !m bett] to take up ! acids4 #c4 ,! me*anical absorption ( dirt by ! p>ticles ( bran or fl\r 9 ! dr5*4 ,x is n propos$ to ent] into fur!r detail1 s9ce ! next *apt]1 consi/+ ( ! orig9al pap]s ( ,dr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,willcox & ! au?or1 conta9s a pretty complete acc\nt ( ! analysis ( ! dr5* & !ory ( ! dr5*+ process4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,orig9al ,,pap]s ,,on ,,dr5*+4 #a4 ,,fur!r ,,contribution ,,on ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,bran ,,f]m5tation4 ,by ,j4 ,t4 ,wood ,w4 ,h4 ,willcox1 ,b4,sc47,lond474 7,repr9t$ f ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,society ( ,*emical ,indu/ry1 ,may #ca1 #ahic4 ,no4 #e1 vol4 xii4 p4 #dbb47 ,! pap] :i* "o ( u _h ! hon\r ( read+ be=e ?is ,section on ,decemb] #aa1 #ahij1afa dealt *iefly ) me?ods ( bact]iological rese>*1 b especially 9 connection ) ! f]m5tation ( bran z appli$ 9 ! manufacture ( light lea!rs4 ,! object ( ! pres5t pap] is to give an acc\nt ( fur!r rese>* into ! nature ( ! f]m5tation & its products1 ! =m] communication be+ v incomplete4 ,9 fur!r inve/igat+ ! matt]1 we endeav\r$-- #afa ,j4,s4,c4,i41 #ahij1 #bg4 #a4 ,to obta9 a complete k ( ! products ( ! actual f]m5tation z x takes place 9 practice4 #b4 ,to discov] 9 :at way ! f]m5t acts1 bo? on ! mat]ials f]m5t+ & on ! sk9s4 #c4 ,to exam9e 9 ! same way ! products ( a pure cultivation ( ! bact]ium caus+ ! f]m5tation4 #a4 99,! ,products ( ! ,actual ,f]m5tation499--,^! may be divid$ into ?ree gr\ps3--7#a7 gases2 7#b7 volatile bodies2 7#c7 non-volatile bodies4 ,x 0 /at$ 9 ! =m] pap] t ! f]m5t produc$ an inflammable gas along ) consid]able quantities ( ,,co#b1 ,h#b,s1 etc4 ,! inflammable gas 0 ?\ght by analogy f ! rese>*es ( ,tappe9]#afb to be me?ane2 x has1 h[ev]1 prov$ to be pure hydrog54 ,! abs5ce ( hydro-c>bons 0 %[n by ! foll[+ me?od4 ,"s ( ! gases 7 collect$1 ! ,,co#b & ,,%#b remov$ by absorption ) ,,koh1 & ! rema9+ gases explod$ 9 a eudiomet] tube ) oxyg54 ,! gases :i* rema9$ aft] explosion did n dim9i% 9 volume aft] /&+ ov] ,,koh solution1 %[+ abs5ce ( ! p>aff9s & olef9es4 #afb ,zeits4 fr ,biologie1 xxiv4 #aje4 ,= ! purpose ( analysis1 ab\t #a-a_/b litres ( ! gas 7 collect$ at a "t 9 a l>ge flask1 fitt$ ) a ca\t*\c /opp] & a funnel hav+ an area ( #bh sq4 94 ,?is 0 inv]t$1 fill$ ) ! dr5* liquid1 ov] ! vat4 ,! gas :5 collect$ 0 transf]r$ imm$iately 9 ! vat to a glass-/opp]$ bottle1 seal$ ) a small quantity ( ! f]m5t+ liquid & exam9$ at once4 ,n9e analyses h be5 made1 mo/ ( !m 9 duplicate4 ,! foll[+ table1 p4 #bdh1 gives ! results ( ?ree ( ^! duplicate analyses1 :i* h be5 p]=m$ by ,hempel's me?od1 ! hydrog5 be+ e/imat$ by combu/ion 9 air ov] heat$ pallad9is$ asbe/os4 ,we f9d t ! gases giv5 (f dur+ ! f]m5tation are practically ! same1 ) or )\t sk9s4 --------------------------------------- ,gases ,a ,b ,c --------------------------------------- ,,co#b & ,h#b,s #bai #beb #dbd ,o#b #aj #ba #cf ,h#b #eca #dfg #bhb ,n#b #bdj #bfj #beh --------------------------------------- ,a is f a vat conta9+ no sk9s1 #a-b days4 ,b f a vat conta9+ sk9s1 #b-c days4 ,c f a vat conta9+ sk9s1 #c-d days4 ,! ,h#b,s is pres5t only 9 small quantities f #a-b p] c5t4 ,its pres5ce 0 %[n by aspirat+ ! gases dissolv$ 9 #a litre ( dr5* ?r\gh a dilute solution ( lead acetate conta9+ a few drops ( acetic acid4 ,! gases 7 lib]at$ by heat+ ! liquid1 & at ! same "t aspirat+ air ?r\gh x4 ,! ,h#b,s is pres5t bo? 9 ! gases evolv$ f dr5*es :i* d n conta9 sk9s1 & f ^? :i* d1 ?\gh to a slightly great] ext5t 9 ! latt]4 ,! am\nt ( ,,co#b giv5 (f increases z ! f]m5tation proce$s2 ! oxyg5 also increases1 ! nitrog5 rema9+ practically con/ant4 ,we consid] t "s ( ! nitrog5 giv5 (f is t dissolv$ 9 ! wat]1 ! oxyg5 be+ p>tly us$ up by ! f]m5t 9 its e>li] /ages2 ! rema9d] ( ! nitrog5 is probably produc$ f ! decomposition ( ! nitrog5\s bodies conta9$ 9 ! bran4 ,x may be not$ "h t ! bran f]m5tation "u ord9>y circum/ances ceases on ! f\r? day1 & sometimes e>li]4 ,frankl& & ,frew1 9 a pap] on a pure f]m5tation ( mannitol & dulcitol#afc h %[n ! hydrog5 & c>bon di-oxide giv5 (f 7 produc$ by ! decomposition ( =mic acid1 ! f]m5t produc+ =mic acid & ! latt] imm$iately splitt+ up into an equal numb] ( molecules ( c>bonic anhydride & hydrog54 ,we h e reason to believe1 f exp]im5ts :i* w be includ$ 9 ! ?ird section ( ! pap]1 t ! s\rce ( ! ,h & ,,co#b is ! same 9 ! f]m5tation we are consid]+4 #afc ,j\r4 ,*em4 ,soc41 #ahib1 ,trans4 #bed4 #b4 99,volatile ,bodies499--,^! may be divid$ into 7#a7 acids1 & 7#b7 am9es4 ,we _h previ\sly %[n ! abs5ce ( aldehyde by ! rosanil9e reaction1 & ( alcohol by ,lieb5's iod(orm te/4 ,9 ! fir/ exp]im5t to det]m9e ! acids1 #ae1fgj c4c4 ( ! liquid f a normally f]m5t+ vat 0 tak5 :5 ! f]m5tation 0 at its height2 ?is 0 submitt$ to di/illation1 & to ! la/ portions di/ill$ wat] add$ & #af1bjj c4c4 di/ill$ ov]2 ! di/illate 0 neutralis$ ) sodium c>bonate1 & ! :ole 0 !n evaporat$ 9 a porcela9 di%1 ! residue dri$ fir/ at #ajj ,c41 !n ov] /rong sulphuric acid1 ! weight ( ! sodium salts ( ! volatile acids ?us obta9$ be+ #ahjg grm4 ,^! salts 7 treat$ ) #bjj c4c4 absolute alcohol & #bj c4c1 /rong ,h#b,,s#d2 heat 0 evolv$1 & !re 0 a /rong smell ( e?yl acetate & butyrate4#afd ,! mixture 0 all[$ to /& = #bd h\rs & !n di/ill$ on ! oil-ba?1 ! temp]ature = a long "t rema9+ at #ha ,c41 f9ally ris+ to #if ,c4 #bai c4c4 ( di/illate 0 obta9$1 & to ?is a saturat$ solution ( common salt 0 add$1 b ! e/]s ( ! volatile acids did n sep>ate out4 ,! :ole 0 aga9 r$i/ill$ ) ! same result4 #afd ,d] ,g]b]1 xvi4 7#cfh71 #d4 ,fail+ 9 ?is way to sep>ate ! acids 9 ! =m ( _! e/]s1 ! mixture ( e/]s & alcohol 0 exam9$ qualitatively2 #ge c4c4 0 tak5 & saponifi$ ) #hj c4c4 ,n_/#a ,na,o,h 9 a di/ill+ flask1 ) inv]t$ cond5s]1 = half an h\r1 until all ! fragrant smell ( ! e/]s _h disappe>$4 #ga c4c4 ,n_/#a ,h,cl 0 !n add$1 & ! app>atus connect$ ) a cond5s] 9 ! usual way4 ,! di/illate 0 acid4 #hjj c4c4 0 tak5 (f1 =m+ fraction #a4 ,! rema9d] ( ! acid requir$ to neutralise ! sodium hydrate 0 add$1 & ano!r #hjj c4c4 di/ill$ (f1 =m+ fraction #b4 ,fraction #a smelt /rongly ( butyric acid1 fraction #b ( acetic acid4 ,! fractions 7 !n ea* boil$ = half an h\r ) excess ( b>ium c>bonate2 ?is 0 filt]$ (f & wa%$1 ! filtrate evaporat$ to dryness1 & dri$ at #acj4 ,a portion ( b>ium salt ( fraction #a 0 heat$ ) alcohol & sulphuric acid & gave ! *>act]i/ic p9eapple smell ( e?yl butyrate4 ,! solution ( ! b>ium salts ( fraction #b 0 conc5trat$ by evaporation1 & to a portion excess ( ,h#b,,s#d 0 add$1 ! ,ba,s,o#d filt]$ (f1 & ! filtrate c>efully neutralis$ ) ammonia & a portion add$ to a solution ( neutral f]ric *loride4 ,x 0 col\r$ d>k r$1 & a f9ely-divid$ precipitate ( basic acetate ( iron came d[n on boil+4 ,a second portion ( ! conc5trat$ solution 0 heat$ ) sulphuric acid & gave (f a /rong smell ( acetic acid4 ,to a ?ird portion silv] nitrate 0 add$1 & a slight excess ( acetic acid2 a little silv] 0 deposit$ 9 ! =m ( a film1 %[+ a trace ( =mic acid4 ,hav+ ?us %[n ! pres5ce ( butyric1 acetic1 & =mic acids 9 ! dr5*1 we proce$$ to asc]ta9 ! quantities =m$ 9 a normal f]m5tation ( bran )\t sk9s4 ,= ?is purpose a dr5* 0 made 9 a clean vessel ) #aj litres ( di/ill$ wat] & #bjj grm4 ( bran ma%$ at a temp]ature ( #ch ,c41 &1 aft] cool+ to #cc1 inoculat$ ) bact]ia f an actual dr5* :i* 0 f]m5t+ vigor\sly2 ?is 0 kept 9 ! dr5* h\se s t ! f]m5tation & g5]al conditions might be exactly simil>4 ,9 #dh h\rs all gases _h ceas$ to be evolv$1 & ! true f]m5tation 0 at an end4 ,! liquid _h an acid1 n unpleasant smell1 & 0 acid to litmus pap]4 ,! bran 0 /ra9$ (f ?r\gh musl91 wa%$ ) a little wat]1 & well squeez$2 ! liquid measur$ #aj litres4 ,?ree litres ( ?is 7 tak5 = ! sep>ation & e/imation ( ! volatile acids1 ! rema9d] be+ set aside = exam9ation & e/imation ( ! non-volatile acids1 etc4 ,two ( ! ?ree litres 7 plac$ 9 a di/ill+ flask ) #e grm4 ( pure ,ca,c,o#c1 & di/ill$ d[n to "o litre4 ,! di/illate 0 alkal9e to litmus1 & _h a peculi> fi%y smell2 ! rema9+ litre ( dr5* 0 add$1 & ! liquid tak5 d[n until ! di/illate ceas$ to be alkal9e & only bad a fa9t smell4 ,! alkal9e di/illate gave a yell[ precipitate ) ,nessl]'s solution1 z well z ! foll[+ reactions3-- ,ag,n,o#c ,a fa9t br[n precipitate4 ,hg,cl#b ,a yell[i%-:ite curdy precipitate4 ,pb,a ,a br[ni%-:ite precipitate4 ,cu,s,o#d ,a dirty blue precipitate1 :i* *ang$ to a br[ni% turbidity on boil+4 ,h,cl 0 add$ to ! di/illate 9 slight excess & ! liquid evaporat$ to a small bulk2 to a portion *lor(orm & alcoholic pota% 7 add$1 & ! liquid heat$2 no smell ( isocyanides 0 giv5 (f2 ! body is1 !re=e1 n a prim>y am9e4 ,phosphomolybdic acid gives no precipitate1 !re=e ! body is n an alkaloid4 ,f ! above te/s & its *>act]i/ic smell1 we conclude t ! body is trime?ylam9e4 ,! plat9um salt 0 =m$ by evaporat+ ! above conc5trat$ solution ( trime?ylammonium hydro*loride ) excess ( plat9um *loride1 a precipitate ( ! plat9um salt insoluble 9 alcohol be+ =m$4 ,!re 0 n1 h[ev]1 a suffici5t quantity f ! ?ree litres to asc]ta9 ! molecul> weight4 ,proce$+ ) ! e/imation ( ! volatile acids1 #ajj c4c4 ,n ,h,cl be+ requir$ to completely neutralise ! ,ca,c,o#c us$1 #ej c4c4 7 fir/ add$ & ! di/illation cont9u$2 ! di/illate 0 only v fa9tly acid4 ,f\r fractions 7 n[ di/ill$ (f1 us+ respectively #aj1 #aj1 #aj1 & #bj c4c4 ,n ,h,cl4#afe #afe ,me?od recomm5d$ to u by ,dr4 ,frankl&4 ,vide ,j\r4 ,*em4 ,soc4 ,trans4 #ei1 p4 #id4 ,app5dix ,,ii4 ,det]m4 ( ,vol4 ,acids by di/4 ) ,h,cl4 ,fraction #a 0 boil$ ) excess ( b>ium c>bonate1 filt]$1 ! ,ba,c,o#c wa%$ ) hot wat]1 & ! filtrate evaporat$ to dryness1 & ! ,ba salts dri$ at #acj ,c4 till ! weight 0 con/ant2 ! salts 7 !n decompos$ ) /rong sulphuric acid1 ignit$1 & ! b>ium sulphate weigh$4 ,fractions #b1 #c1 & #d 7 treat$ 9 an exactly simil> way1 ! b>ium salts obta9$ & ! weight & p]c5tage ( b>ium sulphate be+ %[n 9 ! foll[+ table3-- ---------------------------------------- --- ,fraction ,weight ( ,weight ( ,p] ,c5t ,salts ,ba,s,o#d ,ba,s,o#d ---------------------------------------- --- ,i4 #jeehe #jdiia #hicfe ,,ii4 #jejfj #jdfah #iabfe ,,iii4 #jcafge #jbidae #ibhf ,,iv4 #jddge #jdbeb #iejb ---------------------------------------- --- ,calculat+ ! fractions #a & #b z mixtures ( b>ium butyrate & acetate1 & fractions #c & #d z mixtures ( b>ium acetate & =mate1 we may summ>ise ! results ?us3-- ---------------------------------------- --------- ,fraction ,weight ( ,ba ,ba ,ba ,salt ,acetate ,butyrate ,=mate ---------------------------------------- --------- ,i4 #jeehe #jdijd #jjfha 44 ,,ii4 #jejfj #jejcj #jjjcj 44 ,,iii4 #jcafge #jbgdi 44 #jjdahe ,,iv4 #jddge #jbfbi 44 #jahdfj ,total #ahbhge #aecab #jjgaa #jbbfde ---------------------------------------- --------- or z free acids3-- ----------------------------------- ,fraction ,acetic ,butyric ,=mic ----------------------------------- ,i4 #jbcjh #jjche 44 ,,ii4 #jbcfg #jjjag 44 ,,iii4 #jabic 44 #jjagj ,,iv4 #jabcg 44 #jjgdh ,total #jgbje #jjdjb #jjiah ----------------------------------- ,proce$+ n[ to 7#c7 non-volatile bodies1 we f9d ^! to consi/ ( 7#a7 acids1 & 7#b7 soluble c>bohydrates4 ,= exam9ation1 ! rema9+ #d litres ( exp]im5tal dr5* 7 evaporat$ d[n to #a litre & filt]$2 ! residue 7consi/+ ( />*y matt]7 0 well wa%$ & ! wa%+s add$ to ! filtrate1 ! :ole plac$ 9 a l>ge di/ill+-flask & di/ill$ ) cont9u$ addition ( di/ill$ wat] until ! di/illate 0 no long] acid 7?is requir$ ! addition & di/illation ( #d litres ( di/ill$ wat]74 ,a fur!r deposit ( solid matt] r5d]+ boil+ dang]\s1 ! liquid 0 aga9 filt]$ & ! residue wa%$ free f acid4 ,?is residue 0 f\nd to consi/ ( nitrog5\s organic matt] & calcium phosphate1 toge!r ) a trace ( calcium oxalate1 bo? be+ d]iv$ f ! bran4 ,! cle> liquid conta9+ ! non-volatile acids & o!r bodies 0 fur!r conc5trat$ & made up to #ejj c4c42 x 0 d>k br[n 9 col\r & 0 v acid to litmus2 ow+ to a trace ( floccul5t matt]1 x 0 aga9 filt]$4 ,! pres5ce ( lactic acid 0 %[n 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 #aj c4c4 ( ! liquid 7 plac$ 9 a small di/ill+-flask along ) #b c4c4 /rong ,h#b,,s#d & ab\t #je grm4 potassium *romate 9 a little wat]4 ,?is 0 di/ill$ & ! vap\rs receiv$ 9 a te/-tube surr\nd$ by cold wat]2 on add+ mag5ta solution1 decoloris$ by ,,s#b1 to ! liquid 9 ! te/-tube1 a r$ col\r 0 produc$ by ! aldehyde =m$ f ! lactic acid2 aldehyde 0 also recognis$ by its smell4 ,we f9d ?is an exce$+ly delicate te/ = lactic acid1 & z f> z we "k x is q new 9 ?is =m4 ,= #aj c4c4 ( liquid to be exam9$1 we f9d #b c4c4 /rong ,h#b,,s#d & #a grm4 ( potassium *romate to be ! be/ proportions4 ,=mic1 acetic1 propionic1 butyric1 val]ianic1 succ9ic1 malic1 t>t>ic1 & citric acids d n give ! reaction4 ,! liquid 0 n[ te/$ = succ9ic & malic acids4 #be c4c4 0 tak5 & decoloris$ by treatm5t ) pure animal *>coal = half an h\r2 ! liquid 0 !n filt]$1 ! *>coal wa%$ free f acid1 & ! filtrate conc5trat$2 ammonia 0 add$ 9 slight excess1 ! precipitate ( calcium phosphate filt]$ (f4 ,to ! filtrate ,ca,cl#b 0 add$ 9 slight excess to remove ! rema9d] ( phosphates1 ! liquid filt]$1 & ! filtrate cauti\sly neutralis$ ) ,h,cl2 ! addition ( neutral f]ric *loride to a portion gave no precipitate1 %[+ ! abs5ce ( succ9ic acid4 ,to ! rema9d] an equal volume ( absolute alcohol 0 add$ & ! liquid boil$2 !re 0 no precipitate4 ,twice ! volume ( absolute alcohol 0 !n add$ & gave no precipitate4 ,on ! addition ( f\r times ! volume ( absolute alcohol1 a slight :ite precipitate came d[n1 :i* evid5tly consi/$ ( dextr91 f ! mann] 9 :i* x settl$ r\nd ! sides ( ! tube1 & f its insolubility on add+ ,h,cl4 ,we !re=e conclude t !re is no malic acid pres5t1 & t ! only non-volatile acid produc$ is lactic acid4 ,! acidity 0 fir/ det]m9$ by titrat+ #aj c4c4 ( ! solution ) ,n_/#aj sodium hydrate1 us+ glaz$ litmus pap] to det]m9e ! po9t ( neutralisation4 ,! #aj c4c4 requir$ #fff c4c4 ,n_/#aj ,na,o,h1 equival5t to #jfff ( ,n lactic acid #jgdha grm4 p] litre ( orig9al dr5*4 ,9 ord] to sep>ate ! lactic acid f ! col\r+ matt] & o!r bodies 7dextr9 & soluble />*7 pres5t1 #ajj c4c4 ( ! conc5trat$ liquid 0 decoloris$ ) #aj grm4 ( animal *>coal1 ! mixture filt]$ & ! *>coal well wa%$1 ! filtrate evaporat$ to dryness1 & #ae drops ( ,n_/#aj ,h#b,,s#d add$ to decompose any salts ( lactic acid pres5t2 ?is 0 n[ extract$ ) e!r1 ! e!real extract ( lactic acid plac$ 9 a di/ill+-flask1 ! e!r di/ill$ (f1 & ! residue boil$ ) di/ill$ wat] & pure calcium c>bonate4 ,! small am\nt ( calcium sulphate pres5t 0 remov$ by boil+ ! filtrate f ! ,ca,c,o#c ) b>ium c>bonate1 & filt]+4 ,! filt]$ liquid n[ consi/$ ( a solution ( calcium lactate2 x 0 evaporat$ to dryness 9 a plat9um di%1 & ! residue dri$ at #aaj ,c42 x 0 !n wa%$ fir/ ) e!r1 !n absolute alcohol4#aff #aff ,julius ,wladika4 ,vide ,d] ,g]b]1 xvi4 #bh4 ,zur ,k5ntniss d] ,organ4 ,sur5 9 ,fi*t5brh54 ,! insoluble residue 0 dri$ at #aaj ,c4 till ! weight 0 con/ant4 ,! total weight ( calcium salts obta9$ 0 #jgffa grm4 7f #d_/e litre ( dr5*71 ( :i* #jedic grm4 yield$ on ignition #jacih grm4 ,ca,o #bede p] c5t4 ,!ory requires = calcium lactate 7,c#c;,h#e,o#c7b;,ca #befi p] c5t4 ,ca,o4 #jgffa grm4 calcium lactate 9 ! quantity us$ #jiegf grm4 p] litre #jgijg grm4 lactic acid p] litre4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ?is & ! prec$+ am\nt ( lactic acid f\nd by titration1 viz4 #jjdbf grm41 is probably acc\nt$ = by ! pres5ce ( a small quantity ( salts ( lactic acid 9 ! dr5*4 ,! second "p ( ! subject :i* we propos$ to consid] 0 8,9 :at way does ! f]m5t act on ! bran & on ! sk9s80 ,! av]age composition ( bran is %[n 9 ! foll[+ table3-- ,p] ,c5t4 ,wat]4 #ad ,fibr91 etc4 #ae ,/>* #dd ,fat #d ,lignose & cellulose #ag ,a% #f ,x w be se51 z /at$ 9 ! =m] communication1#afg t ! />* mu/ be ! pr9cipal body act$ ^u2 b ! cellulose is also an important con/itu5t1 & be=e go+ fur!r x 0 necess>y to asc]ta9 if x took "p 9 ! f]m5tation4 ,= ?is purpose "s pure cellulose 0 prep>$ f cotton wool 9 ! usual way1 & small portions plac$ 9 tubes conta9+ yea/-wat]#afh z a nutri5t mat]ial4 ,^! 7 /]ilis$ by /eam+2 two tubes 7 inoculat$ f a pure cultivation ( ! bact]ia obta9$ 9 #ahhi1 two 7 inoculat$ f an actual dr5*1 & ?ree left un9oculat$2 all ( !m 7 plac$ on ! incubator at a temp]ature ( #cj-cc4 ,on ! second day ! inoculat$ tubes 7 cl\dy1 b no gas 0 giv5 (f1 nor 0 any acid =m$2 9 #aj days ! cellulose _h n disappe>$1 nor on exam9ation ) ! microscope c\ld any action be detect$4 ,! exp]im5t 0 repeat$ ) peptone z a nutri5t m$ium1 b ) ! same result4 ,! conclusion is t ! bact]ium does n attack ! cellulose1 :i* ?us takes no "p 9 ! f]m5tation4 ,! />* & nitrog5\s bodies ( ! bran are !re=e ! only bodies act$ ^u by ! bact]ia 9 ?is f]m5tation4 #afg ,j4,s4,c4,i4 #ahij1 #bg4 #afh #g grm4 ( yea/ boil$ 9 #ajj c4c4 ,h#b,o4 ,f ! fact t bran dr5*es f]m5t 9 ! same way :5 ma%$ at all temp]atures f #bj ,c4 to #dj ,c41 & t 9 all cases ! />* is decompos$1 x 0 suppos$ t ! f]m5t 0 capable ( attack+ ! />* 9 its undissolv$ condition4 ,to asc]ta9 if ?is 7 s1 x 0 necess>y to use pure cultivations 9 ! laboratory4 ,! usual me?ods employ$ _h ?r[n no light on ?is "p ( ! subject1 z 9 ord] to /]ilise ! solutions !y _h be5 repeat$ly boil$1 & 7 ?us n comp>able ) ! f]m5tation z x takes place 9 ! works4 ,9 ord] to get rid ( ?is difficulty1 ! />* 0 /]ilis$ 9 a dry condition 9 ! hot-air ov51 by heat+ = sev]al h\rs on successive days to #aaj ,c4 ,?is /]ile />* 0 mix$ ) /]ilis$ wat] 9 tubes plugg$ ) /]ile cotton-wool4 ,eight tubes 7 tak51 z foll[s3-- #a4 ,/]ile />* & wat]4 #b4 ,/]ile />* & wat] inoculat$ pure culture4 #c4 ,/]ile />* & yea/-wat] inoculat$ pure culture4 #d4 ,/]ile />* & asp>ag9 inoculat$ pure culture4 #e4 ,yea/-wat] alone inoculat$ pure culture4 #f4 ,dextr9#afi & yea/-wat] inoculat$ pure culture4 #afi ,prep>$ by precipitation ) alcohol4 #g4 ,soluble />*#agj & yea/-wat] inoculat$ pure culture4 #agj ,prep>$ by heat+ />* & wat] to #ej ,c4 = #ah h\rs & filt]+4 #h4 ,/>* mucilage & yea/-wat] inoculat$ pure culture4 ,^! 7 all[$ to /& on ! incubator at #cc-ce;,c41 & exam9$ = acid ea* day by ! me?od describ$ 9 ! previ\s communication = />* te/+4 ,!y all rema9$ neutral1 al?\gh ! bact]ia develop$ 9 all b ,no4 #a4 ,^! exp]im5ts 7 repeat$ sev]al times1 ) ! same result 9 e case4 ,!y %[ t ?is f]m5t is unable to act on />* ei!r 9 its insoluble or soluble condition1 alone or 9 ! pres5ce ( nitrog5\s bodies4 ,n[ x has be5 kn[n = a consid]able p]iod t bran conta9s an unorganis$ f]m5t call$ c]eal91#aga :i* is capable ( *ang+ />* into dextr9 & o!r c>bohydrates2 b ! in=mation to be obta9$ ab\t x 0 v meagre1 & z x appe>$ t ?is body might play an important "p 9 ! f]m5tation1 we proce$$ to prep>e "s pure c]eal9 & to asc]ta9 its action on pure />*4 ,! c]eal9 0 prep>$ by tak+ a kilo ( bran & extract+ x ) #b litres ( di/ill$ wat] at #cj ,c2 ! extract 0 filt]$ cle> & #b litres ( /rong spirits ( w9e conta9+ #ij p] c5t4 alcohol 0 add$1 :5 a floccul5t precipitate sep>at$1 :i* 0 wa%$ on a filt] ) alcohol1 dehydrat$ ) absolute alcohol1 & dri$ ov] ,h#b,,s#d4 ,! c]eal9 ?us prep>$ is an amorph\s sub/ance n q :ite1 difficultly soluble 9 wat]1 ?\gh we ?9k ?is is due to its hav+ be5 coagulat$1 & t x might be prep>$ 9 "s o!r way :i* w\ld %[ x to be m soluble ?an t :i* y n[ see4 #aga ,watts' ,dict41 ,old ,ed4 ,c]eal9 discov]$ by ,mje ,m\ris1 ,comptes r5d4 #cg1 #cea2 #ch1 #eje2 #dc1 #aabb2 #dh1 #dca2 #ej1 #dfg4 ,to %[ its action on />* we took #aj grm4 ( pure />* 9 #bjj c4c4 wat] at #dj ,c41 & plac$ equal quantities 9 two flasks2 to ,no4 #a ab\t #ja grm4 ( ! c]eal9 0 add$2 ,no4 #b 0 left blank4 ,^! 7 kept at #dj ,c4 = #aj h\rs1 ! cle> liquid filt]$ (f1 & exam9$ ) ,fehl+'s solution4 ,no4 #a r$uc$ x /rongly1 %[+ t glucoses 7 pres5t 9 consid]able quantity4 ,no4 #b _h no effect :atev]4 ,addition ( alcohol to ,no4 #a gave a :ite precipitate2 ?is 0 ?r[n on to a filt]1 wa%$ ) alcohol1 & dri$ at #ajj1 aga9 dissolv$ 9 wat]1 & inv]t$ by boil+ ! solution ) #a_/bj "p ( /rong sulphuric acid & !n neutralis+ ) sodium hydrate4 ,! result+ solution r$uc$ ,fehl+'s solution1 %[+ t ! body 0 dextr94 ,/rong bran infusion 7:i* ( c\rse conta9s c]eal97 act+ on a ?ick />* mucilage1 liquefies x1 & =ms glucoses & dextr94 ,we h ?us %[n t ! c]eal9 produces glucoses z well z dextr91 bo? f solid />* & f />* mucilage4 ,?is is mo/ important1 z x has be5 previ\sly %[n by "o ( u t ! f]m5t attacks glucose v easily4 ,! dr5*es 7 n[ exam9$ 9 ord] to asc]ta9 ! pres5ce ( glucose & dextr92 9 ! =m] communication x 0 /at$ t ^! 7 abs5t4 ,we f9d1 h[ev]1 t by conc5trat+ ! liquid1 t bo? are pres5t 9 ! e>ly /ages4 ,samples 7 tak5 "o h\r aft] ma%+1 & at #c1 #f1 #ab1 & #ah h\rs1 :ile ! dr5* 0 work+4 ,^! 7 evaporat$ to #a_/e bulk1 filt]$1 & divid$ into two portions1 "o ( :i* 0 exam9$ ) ,fehl+'s solution2 to ! o!r alcohol 0 add$2 ! :ite precipitate aft] addition ( alcohol 0 filt]$ (f1 wa%$ ) alcohol1 dri$ at #ajj ,c41 r$issolv$ 9 wat]1 & boil$ ) sulphuric acid to inv]t x1 !n exam9$ ) ,fehl+'s solution4 ,! foll[+ results 7 obta9$3-- ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,h\rs #a #c #f #ab #ah ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,glucoses or sug>s ,pres5t 9 ,pres5t ,abs5t,abs5t,abs5t r$uc+ ,fehl+'s consid]able9 small solution directly quantity quantity ,dextr9s1 ,fehl+'s ,pres5t 9 ,pres5t ,traces,fa9t ,abs5t solution r$uc$ consid]able traces aft] inv]sion quantity ,soluble />* ,abs5t ,abs5t ,abs5t,abs5t,abs5t ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,9 a bran infusion kept f f]m5t+ by a little e!r or *lor(orm1 ! =mation ( glucose & dextr9 goes on cont9u\sly1 ! glucose increas+ 9 quantity2 ! action is1 h[ev]1 mu* sl[] ?an 9 ! case ( dia/ase2 at ! end ( #ab h\rs1 at a temp]ature ( #dj ,c41 ab\t half ! />* is trans=m$4 ,x appe>s f ?is & a numb] ( o!r exp]im5ts t glucoses & dextr9 are =m$ by ! c]eal91 ! =m] only be+ decompos$ by ! bact]ia almo/ z fa/ z x is produc$1 = aft] ?ree h\rs no glucose is f\nd 9 ! dr5*es4 ,we h ?us %[n t ! acids & gases are produc$ f ! />* conta9$ 9 ! bran1 ! />* be+ fir/ *ang$ into glucoses by ! action ( an unorganis$ f]m5t or f]m5ts2 & t ! glucoses are decompos$ by a specific organism1 ! nitrog5\s mat]ial 9 ! bran s]v+ = its nutrim5t2 t ! action is ! same ) or )\t sk9s al?\gh !re appe>s to be a little m ,h#b,s gas giv5 (f f dr5*es conta9+ sk9s1 ?an f ^? conta9+ none4 ,! f]m5t has no direct action on ! sk9s4 ,?is may be %[n by tak+ a piece ( lim$ sk91 9 :i* a consid]able portion ( ! lime exi/s z c>bonate1 & submitt+ x to ! action ( ! f]m5t2 9 ?is case ! action goes on mu* long] ?an 9 ! dr5*es1 be+ complete 9 ab\t #ae days1 b ! sk9 may be left 9 ! result+ liquid = ?ree mon?s )\t und]go+ fur!r *ange ?an solution ( ! lime1 provid$ t suitable means be tak5 to exclude m\lds1 :i*1 by de/roy+ ! organic salts & acids produc$1 enable putrefactive f]m5tation to beg94 ,x has be5 ?\ght t ! bran itself ex]cis$ "s peculi> action on ! sk91 & possibly ?is may be s to a slight ext5t1#agb z ! sweet bran dr5* is occasionally us$ on ! cont95t1 b if sk9s are plac$ 9 a mixture ( bran & wat] 79 ! proportions = dr5*+7 :i* is prev5t$ f work+ by ! addition ( a m9ute quantity ( ,hg,cl#b #a_/ajjjj1 su* a dr5* has no action on !m1 & :5 tann$ !y are h>% & h>d1 simil> exp]im5ts h be5 made on a small] scale1 us+ e!r & *lor(orm to prev5t f]m5tation1 ) ! same results4 #agb ,vide d] ,g]b] xiv4 #beg ,ssse ,klei5beize4 ,9 ord] to %[ :e!r ! acids alone 7 ! cause ( ! action on ! sk9s1 an artificial dr5* 0 made up ( ! foll[+ composition-- #je grm4 p] #ajjj glacial acetic acid4 #aj lactic acid sp4 gr4 #abaj4 ,9 ?is sk9s 7 work$ int]mitt5tly = #a-a_/b - #b h\rs1 & x 0 f\nd t 9 ?is "t !y 7 9 a simil> condition to sk9s :i* _h be5 9 a dr5* f #ab-af h\rs4 ,!y 7 aft]w>ds tann$1 & f\nd to be good lea!r1 & 9 e way equal to simil> sk9s :i* _h be5 8dr5*$40 ,a numb] ( exp]im5ts h be5 tri$ ) sulphuric & hydro*loric acids 9 ord] to asc]ta9 if ^! _h a simil> action1 b ! results h n be5 satisfactory4 ,) reg>d to ! ?ird portion ( ! rese>*1 viz4 ! products ( a pure cultivation ( ! bact]ia1 we h obta9$ a good numb] ( results2 b z ! description ( ! exp]im5ts is ( a great] l5g? ?an we anticipat$1 & z !re is /ill "s "w to d 9 v]ify+ !m1 we are oblig$ to leave ?is portion = ano!r pap]1 :i* we hope to h ready by ! next session4 ,9 conclusion1 we may summ>ise ! results obta9$ up to ! pres5t 9 ! f]m5tation ( bran by ! organism we h us$2 rem>k+ t !re may be o!r organisms capable ( f]m5t+ bran 9 a some:at simil> mann]4 #a4 ,x has be5 %[n t ! f]m5tation inve/igat$ is due to a specific organism1 ( :i* we f9d no acc\nt1 & :i*1 p5d+ fur!r exp]im5ts1 we h !re=e provisionally nam$ ,bact]ium furfuris4 #b4 ,t ! />* & nitrog5\s bodies 9 ! bran1 alone take "p 9 ! f]m5tation1 ! />* be+ fir/ trans=m$ into glucoses & dextr9 by ! action ( an unorganis$ f]m5t or f]m5ts2 ! glucoses & nitrog5\s bodies only1 be+ decompos$ by ! bact]ia1 ) ! =mation ( =mic1 acetic1 butyric1 & lactic acids1 & ! simultane\s evolution ( hydrog51 c>bon dioxide1 nitrog51 & a small quantity ( sulphurett$ hydrog54 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! quantities f\nd 9 an exp]im5tal dr5* p] #ajjj c4c4 ,grm4 ,=mic acid #jjcjf ,acetic acid #jbdjb ,butyric acid #jjacd ,lactic acid #jgijg ------ ,total #ajgdi ,we f9d 9 actual "w t ! quantity ( acid produc$ v>ies f #a to #c grm4 p] litre4 #c4 ,t if ^! acids are appli$ to ! sk9s 9 ! same proportions z !y occur 9 ! dr5*1 ! action on !m is ! same1 & mu* quick] ?an an ord9>y dr5*4 #d4 ,t ! gas !re=e1 has no action on ! sk9s p] se1 ) ! exception ( float+ & di/5d+ !m1 & s enabl+ !m bett] to take up ! acids4 ,we are indebt$ to ,mr4 ,h4 ,r4 ,proct]1 ( ! ,york%ire ,college1 ,le$s1 & to ,dr4 ,p]cy ,f4 ,frankl& = valuable sugge/ions 9 c>ry+ out "s ( ! "w4 ,,ii4 ,,on ,a ,,pure ,,cultivation ,,( ,a ,,bacillus ,,f]m5t+ ,,bran ,,infusions4 ,by ,j4 ,t4 ,wood & ,w4 ,h4 ,willcox1 ,b4,sc47,lond474 ,repr9t$ f ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,society ( ,*emical ,indu/ry1 #cj? ,june1 #ahig1 ,no4 #f1 vol4 xvi4 p4 #eaj4 99,isolation ( ,pure ,culture499--,9 our previ\s communication on bran f]m5tation z appli$ 9 ! manufacture ( light lea!rs1#agc we gave an acc\nt ( ! actual f]m5tation & its products1 toge!r ) ! mode ( action on ! bran & on ! sk9s = :i* ?is f]m5tation is us$1 res]v+ to ! pres5t pap] an acc\nt ( ! products ( a pure cultivation ( ! bact]ia caus+ ! f]m5tation4 #agc ,j4,s4,c4,i4 #ahic1 #dbb4 ,! cultivation us$ 9 ! fir/ exp]im5ts = ?is purpose 0 "o isolat$ 9 #ahhi1 & us$ 9 ! cellulose & />* exp]im5ts describ$ 9 ! above-m5tion$ pap]4 ,?is cultivation _h n be5 obta9$ f a s+le colony f gelat91 & 9 ord] to make q sure t ! cultures us$ 7 pure1 x 0 decid$ to make ano!r attempt to isolate ! bacillus by plate cultivation4 ,previ\s attempts to d ?is _h fail$1 bate organisms & gelat9 liquefy+ bacilli1 develop+ 9 su* numb]s t ! plates 7 spoil$ be=e ! organism1 :i* caus$ ! f]m5tation1 _h "t to develop2 beside :i* ! organisms1 z obta9$ direct f ! dr5*es1 grew ) difficulty 9 ! ord9>y nutri5t gelat94 ,a special gelat9 0 !re=e prep>$ ( ! foll[+ composition3-- ,gelat9 #ajj grm4 ,glucose #cj #agd,salt solution #bjj c4c4 ,wat] #hjj #agd ,potassium phosphate1 #a grm42 magnesium sulphate1 #jb grm42 calcium *loride1 #ja2 wat]1 #ajjj c4c4 ,vide ,frankl& & ,frew1 ,trans4 #ahib1 #bee4 ,plates ( ?is gelat9 9 ,petri di%es 7 prep>$ f ! previ\sly us$ suppos$ pure cultures :i* _h be5 pres]v$ 9 seal$ tubes4 ,^! 7 f\nd to be dead4 ,a modification ( ! me?od previ\sly describ$ by "o ( u#age 0 adopt$4 #age ,j4,s4,c4,i4 #ahij1 #bh4 ,a solution ( nutri5t glucose 0 inoculat$ f a work+ dr5*1 & z soon z ! liquid 0 obs]v$ to become cl\dy1 a tube ( ! solid glucose gelat9 0 inoculat$ f x by plung+ 9 a plat9um ne$le4 ,9 two days ! bact]ia develop$ along ! ne$le track4 ,fig4 #cb %[s ! appe>ance ( ! tube f\r days aft] inoculation1 a bubble ( gas be+ =m$ 9 ! solid gelat94 ,on ! foll[+ day1 ! tube 0 brok51 & f ! portion :]e gas 0 giv5 (f mo/ vigor\sly o!r tubes ( solid & liquid m$ia 7 inoculat$4 ,acid 0 quickly =m$ 9 ! nutri5t glucose solutions4 ,9 ! gelat9 tubes1 ! bact]ia develop$ well 9 ! dep?4 ,! n[ purifi$ culture 0 pass$ ?r\gh ?ree m glucose gelat9 tubes1 ea* "t also a glucose tube be+ inoculat$4 ,f ! la/ ( ^! tubes a v m9ute quantity 0 tak5 #ab h\rs aft] inoculation on ! po9t ( a plat9um ne$le1 & a /reak culture made on glucose gelat94 ,9 #bd h\rs a gr[? c\ld be se5 on ! surface ( ! gelat9 9 ! =m ( m9ute dots p]fectly sep>at$ "o f ano!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb4--;,cultures ( 9 ,glucose ,gelat91 %[+ ,bubbles ( ,gas4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj4--;,b4 ,furfuris 4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca4--;,b4 ,furfuris 4 ,,organisms ,,caus+ ,,bran ,,f]m5tation4 ,,pure ,,cultures4 ,f "o ( ^! dots a tube 0 inoculat$ & f ?is sev]al plate cultivations 7 made4 ,! colonies :i* develop$ on ^! plates 7 ( two k9ds1 ! majority be+ r\nd1 yell[i% & ( small size1 a small] numb] spread+ out on ! surface ( ! gelat9 & slightly iridesc5t4 ,^! surface expansion colonies :5 exam9$ ) a l[ p[] appe> l a milky drop1 ) v f9e granul> cont5ts1 ! :ole surr\nd$ by wavy l9es :i* foll[ exactly ! irregul> cont\r ( ! expansion4 ,! small r\nd colonies gr[+ 9 ! dep? occur 9 ! proportion ( ab\t #c to #a ( ! surface expansion colonies4 ,! microscopic appe>ance ( ! bact]ia compos+ ! two k9ds ( colonies1 is almo/ exactly simil>1 !y are extremely small & regul> 9 size1 #jge #je to #jg #a 4 ,:5 spread ^u a slide1 !y are n readily miscible ) wat]1 & appe> greasy4 ,bo? colonies inoculat$ into glucose tubes produc$ acid4 ,! exi/5ce ( ^! two organisms 0 confirm$ 9 ! foll[+ way3--,a glucose tube 0 inoculat$ f a dr5* 9 active f]m5tation2 z soon z ! liquid became cl\dy1 a second tube 0 inoculat$ f x by means ( a plat9um ne$le2 f ?is tube ! f]m5tation 0 c>ri$ ?r\gh two m tubes2 a plate cultivation 0 made f ! la/ tube #aj h\rs aft] inoculation4 ,aga91 ! two k9ds ( colonies develop$ exactly simil> 9 e respect to ^? obta9$ f ! /reak cultures4 ,x seems probable f ^! results1 & also f a comp>ison ( ! f]m5tations made ) ! organisms f an actual dr5*1#agf & f purifi$ cultures ) ^? f a s+le organism1 :i* are describ$ 9 ! pres5t pap]1 t ! action 9 ! dr5*es is a symbiotic "o 9 :i* two or m organisms take "p4 #agf ,j4,s4,c4,i4 #ahib1 #dbb4 99,! ,f]m5tations499--,dur+ ! "t occupi$ by ! isolation ( pure cultures ( ! bact]ia1 two f]m5tations 7 conduct$ ) ! suppos$ pure cultures4 ,^! f]m5tations 7or r ! second ( !m1 = ! fir/ 0 un=tunately lo/ ?r\gh ! breakage ( a bottle7 may prove ( consid]able int]e/ z ?r[+ "s light on ! symbiotic action ( ! two organisms4 ,! fir/ f]m5tation ) pure cultures ( ! bacillus 7,b4 furfuris7 obta9$ f a s+le colony 9 glucose gelat91 0 inoculat$ on ,septemb] #af1 #ahid1 ! composition ( ! f]m5t+ liquid be+-- ,glucose #bg grm4 ,peptone #ad ,salt solution #adj c4c4 ,wat] #hfj ,pure calcium c>bonate #aj grm4 ,?is 0 conta9$ 9 a n>r[-neck$ litre flask fitt$ ) a rubb] /opp]1 & n>r[ deliv]y tube dipp+ "u m]cury1 & /]ilis$ ) all ! usual precautions4 ,! f]m5tation began on ! second day1 rea*$ its height f ! #f?-#h? day1 & cont9u$ = #ci days1 :5 gas ceas$ to come (f4 ,! exam9ation ( ! gases w be describ$ lat] on4 ,:5 ! f]m5tation 0 ov]1 ! liquid 0 br\ght to boil+ temp]ature4 ,x 0 !n exam9$ = ! volatile acids 9 exactly ! same mann] z we describ$ 9 our previ\s pap]4 #adj c4c4 normal ,h,cl 0 add$ & di/illation comm5c$2 ! di/illate 0 acid4 ,! di/illation 0 cont9u$ until ! di/illate ceas$ to be acid1 =m+ fraction ,i4 ,?ree m fractions 7 n[ di/ill$ (f us+ respectively #aj1 #bj1 & #ag c4c4 ,n#a;,h,cl4 ,! fractions 7 boil$ ) excess ( ,ba,c,o#c filt]$1 ! ,ba,c,o#c wa%$ ) hot wat]1 ! filtrate evaporat$ to dryness1 & ! b>ium salts dri$ at #acj ,c4 till ! weight 0 con/ant4#agg ,! salts 7 !n decompos$ ) /rong ,h#b,,s#d1 ignit$1 & ! b>ium sulphate weigh$4 ,! foll[+ is a tabulat$ /atem5t ( ! results3-- #agg ,vide ,note on ! ,e/imation ( ,butyric ,acid1 ,w4 ,h4 ,willcox1 ,j4 ,*em4 ,soc41 ,nov4 #ba1 #ahie4 ---------------------------------------- - ,fraction ,weight (,weight (,p] ,c5t4 ( ,salts ,ba,s,o#d ,ba,s,o#d ---------------------------------------- - ,i4 #abdbj #ajiae #hghh ,,ii4 #jiiae #jiagj #ibdi ,,iii4 #abaee #aaihj #ihef ,,iv4 #jfcej #jfbcj #ihaa ---------------------------------------- - ,calculat+ fraction ,i4 z a mixture ( b>ium acetate & butyrate1 & fractions ,,ii41 ,,iii41 & ,,iv4 z mixtures ( b>ium acetate & =mate1#agh we get3-- #agh ,vide ,j4 ,*em4 ,soc4 7,trans471 lix41 #id1 ,app4 ,,ii4 ---------------------------------------- -- ,fraction ,weight ( ,ba ,ba ,ba ,salts ,butyrate,acetate,=mate ---------------------------------------- -- ,i4 #abdbj #jbfcj #jigij 44 ,,ii4 #jiiaea 44 #jhiccj #jjihb ,,iii4 #jbaee 44 #jddjjj #jggee ,,iv4 #jfcej 44 #jbeeb #jcgih ---------------------------------------- -- ,totals #djhdj #jbfcj #befge #abece ---------------------------------------- -- ,calculat+ ! b>ium salts into _! respective acids we get3-- ---------------------------------------- ----- ,fraction ,=mic ,acid,acetic ,acid,butyric ,acid ---------------------------------------- ----- ,i4 44 #jdfjgj #jadhh ,,ii4 #jjcihj #jdbjdj 44 ,,iii4 #jcadc #jbjgaj 44 ,,iv4 #jaeci #jabja 44 ---------------------------------------- ----- ,totals #jejhj #abjhc #jadhh ---------------------------------------- ----- ,! total volatile acids produc$ am\nt+ to #ahfea grm4 ,! residual liquid conta9+ ! non-volatile acids 0 submitt$ to ! te/ = lactic acid previ\sly us$1#agi & x 0 f\nd to be pres5t4 #agi ,j4,s4,c4,i4 #ahic1 #dbd2 vide supra1 p4 #bed4 ,! me?od employ$ = e/imat+ lactic acid 9 our previ\s communication prov+ some:at difficult1 we endeav\r$ to improve x by extract+ ! conc5trat$ solution ( ! non-volatile acids on prep>$ pumice /one ) e!r 9 a pap] ?imble conta9$ 9 a ,soxhlet fat-extraction app>atus4 ,aft] repeat$ trials we f\nd t ?is me?od did n give accurate results4 ,! solution 0 !re=e titrat$ ) #a_/aj ,n sodium hydrate1 us+ glaz$ litmus pap] to det]m9e ! po9t ( neutralisation4 ,! acidity f\nd correspond$ to #bdch grm4 ( lactic acid p] #ajjj c4c4 ( ! f]m5t$ liquid4 ,we h done sev]al o!r f]m5tations ) ?is organism & f9d ! same acids produc$ & ! same gases evolv$1 ! results j giv5 be+ fully confirm$4 ,at ! same "t ! am\nt ( ! acids produc$ & _! proportions v>y1 t is to say1 ! quantity ( acid f a giv5 f]m5tation _c be pr$ict$ ) absolute accuracy1 al?\gh ! conditions "u :i* we c>ri$ out ! exp]im5ts 7 made z l z possible4 ,we give ! total acids f f\r f]m5tations to %[ ! am\nt ( v>iation4 ,i4 is a symbiotic f]m5tation caus$ by organisms & 2 ! rema9d] are f]m5tations by alone4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,f]m5tation ,i ,,ii ,,iii#ahj ,,iv ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,total vol4 acids1 grm4 p] #bdifh #ahfea #jigch #aefcf #ajjj c4c4 ,mean p]c5tage ,ba,s,o#d #hiag #iagf #ied #icf f ,ba salts ( vol4 acids ,lactic acid #hiejj #bdchj #adgcg #bigjj ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,,comp>ison ,,( ,,acids ,,f ,,f]m5tation ,,ii4 ,,& ,,iii4#ahj --------------------------------------- -- ,lactic ,=mic ,acetic ,butyric --------------------------------------- ,,ii4 #bdchj #jejhj #abjhc #jadhh ,,iii4 #adgcg #jciad #jeeic #jjbca --------------------------------------- #ahj #bjjj c4c4 gave only ab\t ! same am\nt ( acids z #ajjj c4c4 f]m5tations4 ,= p]c5tages ( acids1 see table1 p4 #bha4 ,,f]m5tation ,,iii41 #bjjj ,c4,c4 --------------------------------------- ,weight (,weight (,p] ,c5t4 ( ,fraction ,salts ,ba,s,o#d ,ba,s,o#d --------------------------------------- ,i4 #jgbfj #jfece #ijja ,,ii4 #jhaej #jgdaj #ijib ,,iii4 #baebe #bacdb #iiae ,,iv4 #jcfie #jcfbg #ihaf ,v4 #jcecj #jcejj #iiae --------------------------------------- ,,calculation ,,( ,,b>ium ,,salts ,,z ,,b>ium ,,butyrate1 ,,acetate1 ,,& ,,=mate4 ---------------------------------------- - -- ,ba ,butyrate,ba ,acetate,ba ,=mate ---------------------------------------- - ,i4 #jjeig #jfffc 44 ,,ii4 #jjbbc #jgibg 44 ,,iii4 44 #jfffb #adhfc ,,iv4 44 #jadfi #jbbbf ,v4 44 #jajgj #jbddj -------------------------------- ,totals #jjhbj #bcgia #aiebi ---------------------------------------- - ,equival5t to #jjdfc grm4 butyric acid4 #aaahf acetic #jghbh =mic or "o-half ( ^! quantities p] litre ( ! f]m5t$ liquid4 ,,note4--,mr4 ,adrian ,j4 ,br[n1 ( ,burton-on-,tr5t1 has be5 k9d en\gh to exam9e a sample ( ! glucose us$ 9 ! above f]m5tations1 & f\nd ! rot>y p[] to be equival5t to #ief p] c5t4 pure dextrose4 ,! z9c salt ( ! lactic acid produc$ _h no rot>y p[]4 99,! ,gases499--,9 deal+ ) ! gases evolv$1 we fir/ comp>e ^? giv5 (f 9 ! f]m5tation ( glucose ) t ( bran "u exactly simil> conditions4 ,! f]m5tation 0 conduct$ 9 op5 vessels z be=e describ$1#aha & ! gases 7 collect$ & exam9$ 9 ! same way4 #aha ,j4,s4,c4,i4 #ahic1 #dbc4 ,,mean ,,( ,,?ree ,,analyses4 ---------------------------------------- -- ,bran & ,sk9s ,glucose & ,sk9s ---------------------------------------- ,,co#b #beb #bde ,o#b #ba #ae ,h#b #dfg #dih ,n#b #bfj #bdb ---------------------------------------- ,! composition ( ! gases is ?us almo/ exactly simil>1 &1 we ?9k1 fully proves our previ\s conclusions z to ! *ange ( ! />* ( ! bran into glucoses by means ( an unorganis$ f]m5t 7c]eal974 ,9 ! clos$ f]m5tations we _h previ\sly collect$ only small quantities ( gas ov] m]cury1 ow+ to ! difficulty ( cont9u\sly collect+ l>ge quantities :i* came (f dur+ ! night4 ,9 ! f]m5tation ( ,septemb] #af1 #ahid1 we collect$ ! :ole ( ! gas giv5 (f1 tak+ samples e day ov] m]cury1 ! gas com+ (f at night be+ collect$ ov] w>m wat]4 ,( c\rse ?is me?od does n give ! total am\nt ( gas evolv$ ) absolute accuracy1 b ! exact composition ( ! gases 0 kn[n f day to day1 & ! am\nt ( ,,co#b absorb$ by ! wat] c\ld be calculat$ ) mod]ate accuracy4 ,! f]m5tation 0 conduct$ 9 a n>r[-neck$ litre flask fitt$ ) a n>r[ deliv]y tube dipp+ "u m]cury1 & /]ilis$ ) all ! usual precautions4 ,! temp]ature 0 ma9ta9$ at #be-cj1 gas 0 evolv$ = #ci days1 :5 x ceas$ to come (f1 ! total am\nt collect$ be+ #cdce c4c4 ,"o-half ( ?is quantity1 h[ev]1 came (f 9 sev5 days4 ,ab\t #cjj c4c4 ( ,,co#b 0 absorb$ by ! wat] dur+ ! :ole p]iod4 ,! diagram 7,fig4 #cc7 %[s ! mann] ( evolution ( ! gases1 ! ord9ates repres5t+ volume ( gas & ! absciss lapse ( "t aft] inoculation4 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! composition ( ! gas at diff]5t /ages ( ! f]m5tation4 7,! f]m5tation 7,,ii47 is ! "o ( :i* ! *emical analysis has be5 previ\sly giv51 page #bgc73-- ,,composition ,,( ,,gases ,,evolv$ ,,9 ,,f]m5tation ,,( #ajjj ,c4,c4 ,,glucose ,,) ,,pure ,,f]m5t4 ,,septemb] #af1 #ahid4 ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,day -- ------------------------------------ ,mean #e #i #ab #ai #bf-ca #ce-ci ---------------------------------------- -------- ,,co#b #ecg #efd #ddc #ebf #eef #dcb #dii ,o#b #ah #je #ag #ai #jh #bh #ah ,h#b #ceh #cdf #dab #cjc #cdg #cah #cdh ,n#b #hg #he #abh #aeb #hi #bbb #ace ---------------------------------------- -------- ,! total quantity ( ,,co#b actually collect$ #aefc c4c4 #cjij grm42 ! am\nt ( ,,co#b due to decomposition ( ! ,ca,c,o#c by ! acids produc$ 0 f\nd to be #ffg c4c4 7#acahi grm74 ,! vol4 ( hydrog5 collect$ 0 #ajhf c4c4 #jigc grm4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cc4--;,evolution ( ,gases f ,pure ,cultivation ( ,b4 ,furfuris4 ,9 a second f]m5tation 7,,iii47 we endeav\r$ to asc]ta9 ! exact am\nt ( ,,co#b evolv$1 z 9 ! previ\s f]m5tation ?is _h n be5 done4 ,x 0 !re=e decid$ to absorb ! ,,co#b by means ( pota%4 ,! f]m5tation 9 ?is case 0 conduct$ 9 a n>r[-neck$ flask ( #bjjj c4c4 capacity1 connect$ by means ( a n>r[ glass tube ) two pota% bulbs conta9+ /rong cau/ic pota%1 & furni%$ ) a deliv]y tube dipp+ "u wat]2 ! :ole app>atus /ood ^u an iron plate1 & 0 ma9ta9$ at a temp]ature ( #be-cj 9 ! same mann] z ! previ\s f]m5tation4 ,! gases 7 evolv$ = #ba days--a consid]ably %ort] p]iod ?an ! #ajjj c4c4 f]m5tation2 b resembl+ x 9 t "o-half ! gas 0 evolv$ 9 eight days4 ,! diagram %[s ! curve z 9 ! previ\s f]m5tation1 :i* x resembles = ! fir/ #ad days1 aft]w>ds h[ev] /opp+ sudd5ly4 ,:5 ! f]m5tation 0 at an end ! flask & cont5ts 7 heat$ to boil+ po9t1 at ! same "t a curr5t ( air free f ,,co#b 0 drawn ?r\gh x1 & ! ,,co#b giv5 (f be+ collect$ 9 pota% bulbs z 9 ! f]m5tation4 ,un=tunately ! e/imation ( ! ,,co#b 0 r5d]$ valueless ow+ to an accid5t4 ,! table %[s ! composition ( ! gases o!r ?an ,,co#b evolv$ 9 ?is second f]m5tation4 ,,gases ,,f ,,f]m5tation ,,( #bjjj ,c4,c4 7,,exclud+ ,,co#b7 ,,f]m5tation ,,iii4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,days -- -------------------------------------- ,mean #b-d #d-e #e-f #aa #ad-ae #af-ag ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,o#b #cd #bb #ae #jdb #ji #bd #adh ,h#b #hac #hcc #hbd #gij #gag #gbb #gggb ,n#b #aec #ade #afa #bje #bgd #bed #bjgh ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,! gas f days #ah-ba 0 un=tunately mix$ ) air4 ,on comp>+ ! mean composition ( gases o!r ?an ,,co#b collect$ f bo? f]m5tations1 we get ! foll[+ result3-- -------------------------------- -- ,f]m5tation1,f]m5tation1 #ajjj c4c4 #bjjj c4c4 -------------------------------- ,o#b #ceg #adh ,h#b #fid #gggb ,n#b #bgj #bjgh -------------------------------- ,if n[ ! ,o & "p ( ! ,n 9 ! proportion to =m air be tak5 away1 ! composition ( ! gases f ! two f]m5tations is f\nd to be almo/ exactly simil>3-- -------------------------------- -- ,f]m5tation1,f]m5tation1 #ajjj c4c4 #bjjj c4c4 -------------------------------- ,h#b #hdd #hci ,n#b #aef #afa -------------------------- #ajj4j #ajj4j -------------------------------- ,! gases f a ?ird f]m5tation 7 almo/ exactly simil> 9 composition1 b ! total volume 0 n measur$4 ,a rem>kable fact 9 ?is f]m5tation is ! evolution ( free ,n1 :i* seems to be r>e1 except 9 ! case ( putrefactive organisms1 z 9 ! va/ numb] ( f]m5tative decompositions due to bact]ia1 almo/ ! only gases f\nd are c>bonic anhydride1 hydrog51 ,h#b,s1 & m>% gas4 ,gayon#ahb 9 #ahge1 9 an inve/igation on ! putrefaction ( eggs1 collect$ ! gas giv5 (f f l>ge o/ri* eggs1 & f\nd 9 x #bi p] c5t4 ( nitrog52 he adds1 h[ev]1 t its pres5ce may be due to ! accumulation ( a c]ta9 quantity ( air 9 ! air-bubble be=e putrefaction4 #ahb ,s*utz5b]g]1 8,f]m5tation10 #ahgf1 p4 #bbg4 ,b*amp#ahc f\nd t yea/ cells "u suitable conditions1 b sug> be+ )held1 produc$ pure nitrog5 along ) leuc91 tyros91 a soluble album9\s sub/ance coagulable by heat1 an enzyme1 a peculi> gummy sub/ance1 phosphates & acetic acid1 alcohol & ,,co#b4 ,^! are almo/ ! only in/ances :]e obs]v]s ( repute h be5 conv9c$ ( ! evolution ( free ,n by bact]ia4 ,we f9d s9ce ! above "w 0 c>ri$ out t ,imm5dorf#ahd has f\nd c]ta9 bact]ia 9 dung :i* =m ammonium nitrate1 & ?is body1 z is kn[n1 splits up at a comp>atively l[ temp]ature into nitrog5 & wat]4 #ahc ,woodhead1 8,bact]ia & _! ,products10 p4 #abe4 #ahd ,die ,/ick/(fkons]virung im ,/alldng]1 ,j\r4 f4 ,l&wir?%41 xlii4 p4 #fi4 ,f ! bact]iological z well z ! *emical results1 x is n[ evid5t t ! f]m5tation z x takes place 9 practice is a symbiotic "o 9 :i* two organisms play ! mo/ important "p1 & v probably cause ! entire f]m5tation4 ,?is is %[n by comp>+ ! acids produc$ by ! f]m5tation 9 ! works ) ^? produc$ by a mixture ( ! organisms & 1 ! relative am\nts be+ v close1 :ile 9 all ! f]m5tations ) alone a mu* less proportion ( lactic acid is produc$1 z ! foll[+ table %[s3-- ---------------------------------------- ------------------- -- ,f]m5tation,f]m5tation,f]m5tation,f]m5ta tion 9 ,works & 7,,ii47 7,,iii47 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,=mic acid #bh #jh #aah #afj ,acetic #bbe #afd #bgi #bbg ,butyric #ab #de #ce #ji ,lactic #gce #ghc #efg #fjb ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,,note4--,ruge 7,sitzungsb]4 d4 ,wi54 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss1 ,vol4 xliv41 #ahfb1 #gcd7 f\nd t ! gases ( ! l>ge inte/9e conta9$ #egh p] c5t4 ( ,n1 & ,gamgee rem>ks 89 "p a diffusate f ! blood1 b is c]ta9ly 9 "p d]iv$ f ! bact]ial decomposition ( proteids40 7,gamgee1 ,phys4 ,*em4 ,vol4 ii41 p4 #dfg47 ,! acetic acid1 z f> z we c asc]ta91 is produc$ directly f dextrose )\t ! previ\s production ( alcohol1 s9ce ! pres5ce ( ! latt] is n %[n by its te/s at any /age ( ! f]m5tation4 ,we h also asc]ta9$ t ! organism is )\t action on dilute solutions ( alcohol1 9 yea/ wat]1 no acid be+ produc$4 ,we are indebt$ to ,mr4 ,h4 ,s4 ,%rewsbury = ! analysis ( "s ( ! gases & volatile acids1 & also = ! prep>ation ( ! diagrams4 ,9 conclusion we may /ate t ! inve/igation ( ?is f]m5tation 9 ! tann]y has be5 ! means ( po9t+ ! way to a /ill m complicat$ process1 viz41 8bat+40 ,x may ev5 be possible 9 ! future to place ^! processes on some:at ! same foot+ z ! accurately und]/ood f]m5tations 9 ! brew+ indu/ry al?\gh ! difficulties 9 ! way are mu* great]4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,bibliography4 ,! foll[+ %ort bibliography ( works on tann+ & ! bact]iology ( lea!r manufacture1 does n pr(ess to be complete1 b is giv5 9 ! hope t x may prove useful4 ,x includes mo/ ( ! works consult$ or ref]r$ to 9 ?is book4 ,= p>ticul>s ( "s ( ! e>li] works 7,nos4 #a1 #b1 #d1 #e1 #f1 #g1 & #h71 ,i am indebt$ to ,dr4 ,e4 ,/iasny1 ( ,le$s ,univ]sity4 ,nos4 #a-aj are old works on ,tann+ g5]ally4 ,nos4 #aa-eg books & pap]s ref]r+ *iefly to bat+ & ! bact]iology ( ,lea!r ,manufacture4 ,nos4 #eh-gh deal ) putrefaction4 ,nos4 #gi-acc are g5]al works consult$1 9 ord] ( date4 #a4 ,la ,tann]ie et la prep>ation des ,cuirs4 7,,ms47 ,desbillettes4 #agjh4 #b4 ,l'art du tanneur4 ,de la ,l&e4 #agfd4 #c4 ,! art ( tann+ & curry+ lea!r1 ) an acc\nt ( all ! diff]5t processes made use ( 9 ,europe & ,asia = dye+ lea!r r$ & yell[1 collect$ & publi%$ at ! exp5se ( ! ,dubl9 ,society4 ,to :i* are add$ ,mr4 ,philipo's me?od ( dye+ ! ,turkey lea!r z approv$ ( by ! ,society = ! ,enc\ragem5t ( ,arts1 etc41 & = :i* he _h a rew>d ( #ajj & _! gold m$al = ! secret4 ,also ! new me?od ( tann+ inv5t$ by ! late ,david ,macbride1 ,m4,d41 ,london1 repr9t$ = ,j4 ,n\rse 9 ! ,/r&1 ,booksell] to ,8 ,maje/y4 #aghj4 #d4 ,lohg]b]ei1 ,ignatz ,bauts*4 ,dresd51 #agic4 #e4 ,ueb] die ,be>beitung d] ,ti]hute zu all5 ,gattung5 von ,l$]4 ,p4 ,j4 ,ka/eleyn4 ,g]man translation f ! ,dut*4 ,leipzig1 #agig4 #f4 ,*emis*-te*nologis*e ,grundstze d] gesammt5 ,l$]g]b]ei4 #b vols4 ,s4 ,f4 ,h]mb/dt4 ,b]l91 #ahje & #ahjg4 #g4 ,diction>y ( ,*emi/ry & ,m9]alogy4 #b vols4 ,a4 & ,c4 ,r4 ,aik91 #ahjg4 #h4 ,h&-,encyclopdie fr das ,g]b51 ,zuri*t51 etc41 des ,l$]s1 ,l4 ,f4 ,kumm]1 ,b]l91 #ahcj4 #i4 ,h&bu* d] ,gesammt5 ,lohg]b]ei4 ,vom ,dr4 ,*4 ,h4 ,s*midt4 ,weim>1 #ahdg4 #aj4 ,lehrbu* d] ,sohll$]g]b]ei4 ,dr4 ,g4 ,w4 ,bi*on1 ,b]l94 #aa4 8,das ,beiz5 d] ,glac-,felle0 9 ,h&bu* d] ,weissg]b]ei4 ,anton ,brggemann4 ,qu$l9burg & ,leipzig1 #aheg4 p4 #ba4 #ab4 ,erfahrung5 auf dem ,gebiete d] ,g]b]ei4 ,j4 ,c4 ,h4 ,lietzmann1 ,b]l91 #ahfb4 #ac4 8,das ,beh&eln 9 d] ,klei5beize0 9 ,h&bu* d] ,weissg]b]ei4 ,dr4 ,w4 ,f4 ,g9tl4 ,weim>1 #ahgc4 p4 #ea4 #ad4 ,mi/beiz54 ,d] ,g]b]1 #ahhd4 p4 #aig4 #ae4 ,! ,manufacture ( ,lea!r4 ,davis1 ,philadelphia1 #ahhe4 p4 #cce1 etc4 #af4 ,trait pratique de la ,fabrication des cuirs et du ,travail des peaux4 ,villon1 #ahhi4 p4 #djg4 #ag4 ,die ,englis*e ,me?ode fr die ,*evrett5g]bung4 ,beizv]fahr51 ,d] ,g]b]1 ,bd4 ,,xv4 #ahhi4 p4 #bfg4 #ah4 ,me?ods ( ,bact]iological ,rese>*1 ) "s acc\nt ( ,bran ,f]m5tation1 by ,j4 ,t4 ,wood4 ,j\r4 ,soc4 ,*em4 ,ind4 ,,ix4 #ahij4 p4 #bg4 #ai4 ,! ,!ory & ,practice ( ,tann+4 ,w4 ,j4 ,salomon4 ,te*4 ,qu>t]ly1 #ahib4 #e 7#a & #b71 #ha-hh4 #bj4 ,fur!r contribution on ! ,nature ( ,bran ,f]m5tation1 by ,j4 ,t4 ,wood1 & ,w4 ,h4 ,willcox1 ,b4,sc41 ,london4 ,j\r4 ,soc4 ,*em4 ,ind4 ,,xii4 #ahic4 p4 #dbb4 #ba4 ,! ,*emi/ry ( ! ,gra9] ,pit1 by ,t4 ,palm] & ,p4 ,g4 ,s&=d4 ,j4 ,anal4 & ,appl4 ,*em41 #ahic1 #g1 #hg-ie4 #bb4 ,f]m5tation 9 ! ,lea!r ,indu/ry1 by ,j4 ,t4 ,wood4 ,j\r4 ,soc4 ,*em4 ,ind4 ,,xiii4 #ahid4 p4 #bah4 #bc4 ,! ,bact]ia ( ,/able ,manure & _! ,action4 ,dr4 ,e4 ,h]feldt1 ,bonn4 ,j\r4 ,soc4 ,*em4 ,ind4 ,,xiv4 #ahie1 pp4 #ddi-deb4 ,translat$ ) =eword by ,j4 ,t4 ,wood4 7,?is pap] conta9s a ,bibliography ( #ba items47 #bd4 ,ub] die ,beziehung d] ,bakt]iologie zur ,g]b]ei4 ,dr4 ,f4 ,h4 ,ha5le94 ,c5t4 ,bl4 f4 ,bakt4 ,,ii4 #ahie4 p4 #bf4 #be4 ,die im ,mi/e vorkomm5d5 ,bact]i5 und d]5 physiologis*e ,rolle bei d] ,z]zetzung desselb54 ,s4 ,a4 ,sev]94 ,c5tral ,bl4 f4 ,bakt4 7,,ii71 ,vol4 ,i41 #ahie1 pp4 #ig1 #afj1 #gii4 ,vol4 ,,iii4 pp4 #fbh1 #gjf4 #bf4 ,ghrungs]s*e9ung5 9 ,g]bbrh54 ,fr4 ,&reas*4 ,d] ,g]b]1 #ahie-g4 #bg4 ,w4 ,s*mitz ,dumont4 ,! ,sweat+ ,process 9 ! ,tann]y4 ,d+4 ,polyt4 ,j\r4 #ahif1 #cjj1 #aci-add4 ,j4,s4,c4,i4 #ahif1 p4 #dfa4 #bh4 ,on a pure cultivation ( a ,bacillus f]m5t+ ,bran ,infusions1 by ,j4 ,t4 ,wood & ,w4 ,h4 ,willcox1 ,b4,sc41 ,london4 ,j\r4 ,soc4 ,*em4 ,ind4 ,,xvi4 #ahig4 p4 #eaj4 #bi4 ,! ,rationale ( ,bat+1 by ,j4 ,t4 ,wood4 ,lea!r ,indu/ries4 ,septemb]1 #ahih4 #cj4 ,notes on ! con/itution & mode ( action ( ! ,dung ,bate 9 lea!r manufacture4 ,j4 ,t4 ,wood1 ,j\r4 ,soc4 ,*em4 ,ind4 ,,xvii4 #ahih4 p4 #ajaj4 #ca4 8,s*witz50 9 ,g]b]ei ,*emie1 ,sammlung von ,aufstz5 ,pr(essors ,dr4 ,julius von ,s*rod]1 #ahhf-ahie1 publi%$ #ahih4 #cb4 ,beiz5 und neue ,beizmittel1 ,w4 ,eitn]1 ,d] ,g]b]4 ,bd4 ,,xxiv4 ,no4 #efc-efg1 #ahih4 #cc4 ,! ,rationale ( ,dr5*+1 by ,j4 ,t4 ,wood4 ,lea!r ,trades ,review1 ,nov4 #ae1 #ahih4 #cd4 ,cantor ,lectures on ,lea!r ,manufacture1 by ,pr(4 ,h4 ,r4 ,proct]1 ,f4,i4,c41 ,society ( ,arts4 ,lecture ,,ii41 ,april #bd1 #ahii4 #ce4 ,fur!r notes on ! ,action ( ! ,dung ,bate1 by ,joseph ,t4 ,wood4 ,j\r4 ,soc4 ,*em4 ,ind4 ,,xviii4 #ahii4 p4 #iij4 #cf4 ,das ,beiz5 d] ,blss5 9 ,h&bu* d] ,*romg]bung4 ,jos4 ,jettm>4 ,s*ulze & ,co41 ,leipzig1 #aijj4 #cg4 ,j4 ,borgmann4 ,die ,fe9l$] ,fabrikation1 ,b]l91 #aija4 ,das ,beizv]fahr51 p4 #fe4 #ch4 ,das ,beiz5 d] ,blss5 9 ,praxis und ,!orie d] ,l$] ,erzeugung1 von ,josef ,jettm>1 ,julius ,spr+]1 #aija4 #ci4 ,micro-organisms & ,antiseptics 9 ,tann+4 ,f4 ,jean1 ,rev4 ,*im4 ,ind41 #aija4 #dj4 ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,lea!r ,manufacture1 by ,pr(essor ,h4 ,r4 ,proct]4 ,e4 & ,f4 ,n4 ,spon1 ,london1 #aijc4 ,*ap4 ,,xiii4 #da4 ,la ,tann]ie1 p> ,l\is ,meuni] & ,clm5t ,vaney1 ,gau?i]-,vill>s4 ,p>is1 #aijc4 p4 #abe1 etc4 #db4 ,bakt]iologis*e ,vorgnge 9 d] ,l$]9du/rie4 #aijd1 ,h4 ,beck]4 ,zeits*rift f4 ,(f5tli*e ,*emie1 ,heft4 ,,xxiii4 ,jahrgang4 ,x4 #dc4 ,unt]su*ung5 b] die ,bakt]i5 im ,v]dauungskanal des ,r9des4 ,p4 ,ank]smit4 ,c5tralbl4 f4 ,bact]4 ,i1 ,o1 ,bd4 #ci1 #aije4 p4 #cei4 #dd4 b] ana]obe ,bakt]i5 im ,r9d]d>m1 ,neubau]4 ,ar*iv f4 wiss5s*4 u4 prakt4 ,ti]heilk4 ,bd4 #ca1 p4 #aec1 #aije4 #de4 ,/udi5 b] fulniss]reg5de ana]obe ,bakt]i5 des normal5 m5s*li*5 ,d>mes1 und ihre ,b$eutung4 ,f4 ,pass9i4 ,zeits*4 f4 ,hygi5e4 ,bd4 #di1 p4 #ace4 #aije4 #df4 ,a new process ( pu]+ or bat+ hides & sk9s4 ,all5 ,rog]4 ,j4,s4,c4,i41 p4 #ajc1 #aijf4 #dg4 ,rec5t advances 9 ! ,bact]iology ( ,putrefaction1 by ,j4 ,t4 ,wood4 ,j4,s4,c4,i4 ,,xxv4 #aijf1 p4 #aai4 7,conta9s a bibliography ( #ba items47 #dh4 b] d5 ,bakt]i5gehalt m5s*li*] und ?i]is*] ,fces4 ,m4 ,lissau]4 7,ar*iv f4 ,hyg4 ,bd4 #eh1 p4 #acf47 ,see also ,ko*'s ,jahresb]i*t1 #aijf1 p4 #aie4 #di4 ,"* ( ! ,bact]ial ,flora ( ,c>nivor\s & ,h]bivor\s animals4 ,a4 ,h]t]4 7,sci5ce ,n4,s4 ,vol4 #bd1 p4 #hei4 #aijf47 #ej4 ,lea!r ,trades ,*emi/ry4 ,s4 ,r4 ,trotman1 ,griff91 #aijh4 p4 #gi4 #ea4 ,le ,rle des ,microbes dans la putrefaction des peaux en poils et en tripe et dans les confits1 p> ,dr4 ,gr4 ,abt4 ,bull4 ,m5s4 du ,synd4 ,g54 de cuirs et peaux de ,france4 ,nov4-,dec41 #aijh4 p4 #daf4 #eb4 ,bakt]i5 9 d] ,l$]9du/rie4 ,h4 ,beck]1 ,collegium1 #aiji4 p4 #afi4 #ec4 ,a new ,*romog5ic ,organism4 ,s4 ,r4 ,trotman1 ,j4,s4,c4,i41 #aiji4 p4 #abch4 #ed4 ,problems ( ! ,lea!r ,indu/ry4 ,pr(4 ,h4 ,r4 ,proct]1 ,j4,s4,c4,i41 #aiaj4 p4 #cbi4 #ee4 ,les ,ana]obies1 p> ,m4 ,jungano et ,a4 ,di/aso4 ,p>is1 ,masson & ,cie41 #aiaj4 #ef4 ,! ,bact]iology ( ! ,lea!r ,indu/ry4 ,j4 ,t4 ,wood1 ,j4,s4,c4,i41 ,june #ae?1 #aiaj4 p4 #fff4 #eg4 ,! ,seym\r-,jones ,an?rax ,/]ilization ,me?od1 by ,alfr$ ,seym\r-,jones4 ,bradbury1 ,agnew & ,co41 ,ltd41 ,decemb]1 #aiaj4 #eh4 ,haus]1 ,g4 ,ueb] ,fulnissbact]i5 und d]5 ,beziehung5 zur ,septicmie4 ,e9 ,beitrag zur ,morphologie d] ,spaltpilze1 #ahhe4 #ei4 ,woodhead1 ,g4 ,s4 ,bact]ia & _! products4 7,w4 ,scott1 #ahia47 #fj4 ,c>bone1 ,tito4 ,ueb] die von ,proteus ,vulg>is erzeugt5 ,gifte 7,c5t4 ,blat4 f4 ,bakt41 ,dec4 #d1 #ahij74 #fa4 ,mac1 ,trait pratique de ,bact]iologie4 ,p>is4 ,baillire4 #fb4 ,bi5/ock1 ,re*]*es sur la putrfaction4 7,ann4 de l',in/4 ,pa/eur1 #ac1 #hed47 #fc4 ,kle94 ,e9 ,beitrag zur ,k5tniss d] ,lei*5v]wesung4 7,c5t4 ,blatt4 l4 #be1 #bgh47 #fd4 ,beij]9ck1 ,w4 ,s*wefelwass]/(fbildung 9 d5 ,/adt4 grb5 und ,auf/ellung d] ,gattung ,a]obact]4 7,c5tral ,bl4 f4 ,bakt4 ,,ii41 ,bd4 #f1 p4 #aic47 #fe4 ,/i*1 ,c4 ,ueb] die ,bildung gasfrmig] ,phosphorv]b9dung5 bei d] ,fulniss4 7,mit?4 a4 d4 analyt4 ,laborat1 d] ,krank5hausapo!ke ,leipzig1 p4 #bb47 #ff4 ,vitali1 ,d4 ,bildung von ,alcohol bei d] ,fulniss von ,prote9sub/anz51 die von ,kohlehydrat5 befreit s9d4 7,bul4 *imico f>maceutico1 vol4 #ch1 #ahhi1 p4 #gbi47 #fg4 ,behr5s1 ,j4 ,fad5zieh5des ,brot4 7,wo*5bl4 d4 l&w4 ,v]e9s im ,gros%]zog?um ,bad51 p4 #efi47 #fh4 ,bi5/ock4 ,unt]su*ung5 b] die ,aetiologie d] ,eiweissfulniss1 ,mil*fulniss1 ,v]h9d]ung d] ,fulniss dur* ,mil*1 ,d>mfulniss4 7,ar*iv f4 ,hygi5e1 ,bd4 #ci1 #cij47 #fi4 ,taylor1 ,a4 ,e4 ,ueb] ,eiweissspaltung dur* ,bact]i51 ,zeits*r4 f4 ,phys4 ,*emie1 ,bd4 #cf1 p4 #dhg4 #gj4 ,tissi]1 ,h41 et ,m>telly4 ,re*]*es sur la putrefaction de la vi&e de b\*]ie4 ,ann4 de l',in/4 ,pa/eur1 t4 #ah1 p4 #hfe4 #ga4 ,wohltmann1 ,f41 ,fis*]1 ,h41 & ,s*neid]1 ,ph4 ,bod5bakt]iologis*e und ,bod5*emis*e ,/udi5 aus dem ,popplesdorf] ,v]su*sfelde4 7,j\r4 f4 ,l&wir?s*aft1 #aijd1 #ig47 #gb4 ,o/]wald]1 ,a4 ,ueb] e9e bi%] unbekannte ,art d] ,k]nob/fule1 v]ursa*t dur* ,fus>ium putrefaci5s nov4 spec4 7,c5tralbl4 f4 ,bakt4 #b ,ab4 ,bd4 #ac1 p4 #bjg47 #gc4 ,s*reib]1 ,k>l4 ,fettz]setzung dur* ,microorganism54 7,ar*iv f4 ,hygi5e1 ,bd4 ,,xli4 #cbh1 ,c5t4 ,bl4 ,,ix4 #hdi47 #gd4 ,rahn1 ,otto4 ,die ,z]setzung d] ,fette4 7,c5t4 ,bl4 f4 ,bakt4 ,zweite ,ab?4 ,,xv4 #ec47 #ge4 ,omelianski1 ,w4 ,sur la f]m5tation =mnique de la cellulose4 7,ar*4 de sci5ces biol4 ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 t4 #aa1 #bea4 ,c5tr4 ,bl4 f4 ,bakt4 ,,ii41 ,bd4 #h1 #aic47 #gf4 ,dall+] & ,drysdale4 ,mon?ly ,microscopical ,j\rnal1 vol4 ,x41 #ec1 #bde2 ,,xi41 #g1 #fi2 ,,xii41 #bfa2 ,,xiii41 #ahe2 ,,xiv41 #ajf4 #gg4 ,l]m]1 ,k4 ,ueb] die ,produkte d] ,fulniss d] ,g]/e1 ,zeits*r4 f4 d4 ges4 ,brauwes51 p4 #afe4 #gh4 ,salk[ski & ,neub]g4 ,die ,v]w&lung von d4 ,glukuronsaure 9 #a-,xylose ,zeits*r4 f4 physiol4 ,*emie ,bd4 #cf1 p4 #bfa4 #gi4 tudes *imiques sur la ,vgtation4 ,j4 ,raul91 ,p>is1 #ahgj4 #hj4 ,die ,spaltpilze4 ,w4 ,zopf4 ,breslau1 #ahhe4 #ha4 ,a ,text ,book ( ,tann+4 ,h4 ,r4 ,proct]4 ,spon1 #ahhe4 #hb4 ,micro-organisms & ,disease4 ,e4 ,kle94 ,macmillan1 #ahhf4 #hc4 ,manual ( ,bact]iology4 ,e4 ,m4 ,crook%ank4 ,lewis1 #ahhg4 #hd4 ,manures1 ,natural & ,artificial4 ,w4 ,iveson ,macadam4 ,j4,s4,c4,i41 #ahhh1 p4 #gi4 #he4 ,me?ods & ,=mul us$ 9 ! ,prep>ation ( ,animal & ,vegetable ,tissues4 ,p4 ,w4 ,squire4 ,*ur*ill1 #ahib4 #hf4 ,micro-organisms & ,f]m5tation4 ,a4 ,jrg5s54 ,macmillan 7,london71 #aijj4 #hg4 ,micro-organisms 9 ,wat]4 ,p]cy ,frankl& & ,mrs4 ,frankl&4 ,longmans1 #ahid4 #hh4 ,dis9fection & ,dis9fectants4 ,s4 ,rideal4 ,griff91 #ahie4 #hi4 ,guide to ! ,briti% ,mycetozoa1 ,dept4 ( ,botany1 ,briti% ,museum4 ,ar?ur ,li/]1 ,f4,l4,s41 #ahie4 #ij4 ,elem5t>y ,practical ,bact]iology4 ,kan?ack & ,drysdale4 ,macmillan1 #ahie4 #ia4 ,les ,f]m5ts ,solubles4 ,e4 ,b\rquelot4 ,p>is1 #ahif4 #ib4 ,! ,manufacture & ,applications ( ,lactic ,acid4 ,a4 ,clafl94 ,j4,s4,c4,i41 #ahig1 p4 #eaf4 #ic4 ,bakt]iologie4 ,c4 ,gn!r4 ,leipzig1 #ahih4 #id4 ,bates & ,new ,bat+ ,mat]ials4 ,d] ,g]b] #bd #efc1 #efd & #efe4 ,j4,s4,c4,i41 #ahih1 p4 #cfa4 #ie4 ,les ,enzymes4 ,j4 ,effront4 ,p>is1 #ahii4 #if4 ,fix]ung1 ,frbung und ,bau des ,protoplasmas4 ,a4 ,fis*]4 ,j5a1 #ahii4 #ig4 ,soluble ,f]m5ts & ,f]m5tation4 ,j4 ,reynolds ,gre54 ,cambridge ,univ]sity ,press1 #ahii4 #ih4 ,ueb] die ,zusamm5setzungund ,wirkungsweise d] ,mi/beiz54 ,d] ,g]b]1 #ahii1 p4 #ca4 #ii4 ,! ,mycetozoa4 ,sir ,edw>d ,fry & ,agnes ,fry1 ,london1 8,k0 ,(fice1 #ahii4 #ajj4 ,le ,proteus ,vulg>is4 ,l4 ,felz4 ,baillire1 ,p>is1 #aijj4 #aja4 ,bat+ ,process1 ,improvem5ts 94 ,lea!r ,trades ,review1 #cd #ggc1 #ba4 ,ab/r4 9 ,j\r4 ,soc4 ,*em4 ,ind41 #aija1 p4 #bfc4 #ajb4 ,opp5heim]1 ,c4 ,f]m5ts & _! ,actions4 ,trs4 ,c4 ,a4 ,mit*ell4 ,griff9 & ,co41 #aija4 #ajc4 ,h>d54 ,! ,*emical ,action ( ,bacillus ,coli communis on ,c>bohydrates & alli$ ,comp\nds4 ,j4 ,*em4 ,soc41 ,trans4 #gi1 #aija1 #faj4 #ajd4 ,trait de ,te*nique ,microbiologique4 ,nicolle et ,reml+]4 ,do941 ,p>is1 #aijb4 #aje4 ,c>9i4 ,sull' ,applicazione della ,bilancia idro/atica p] il controllo della concia delle ,pelli4 ,milan1 #aijc4 #ajf4 ,trait d',electro*imie4 ,max ,le ,blanc4 ,p>is1 #aijd4 #ajg4 ,! ,role ( ,diffusion dur+ ,catalysis by ,colloidal ,metals & simil> ,sub/ances4 ,h5ry ,j4 ,s4 ,s&1 ,ph4,d4 ,m4,sc4 ,proc4 ,*em4 ,soc4 #gd1 #cef4 #aijd4 #ajh4 ,*emi/ry ( ! ,proteids4 ,g4 ,mann4 ,macmillan1 #aijf4 #aji4 ,cann+ & ,pres]v+ ,food ,products1 ) ,bact]iological ,te*nique4 ,e4 ,w4 ,duckwall1 ,m4,s41 ,bact]iologi/ to ! ,national ,cann]s ,laboratory1 etc4 ,new ,york1 #aije4 #aaj4 ,prcis de ,coprologie ,cl9ique4 ,r4 ,gaulti]4 ,baillire1 ,p>is1 #aijg4 #aaa4 ,allgeme9e ,*emie d] ,kolloide4 ,a4 ,mll]4 ,leipzig1 #aijg4 #aab4 ,zur ,erk5ntniss d] ,kolloide4 ,r4 ,zsigmondy4 ,j5a1 #aije4 #aac4 ,! ,nature ( ,enzyme ,action4 ,w4 ,m4 ,bayliss4 ,longmans1 #aijh4 #aad4 ,ueb] die ,int]fibrillre ,sub/anz d] ,l$]haut bei ,suge?i]54 ,g4 ,h4 ,b4 ,van ,li]4 ,coll41 #aiji1 #cba4 #aae4 ,practical ,caus]ie on ,delim+4 ,alex4 ,t4 ,h\gh4 ,tann]'s ,ye> ,book1 #aiji1 p4 #hc4 #aaf4 ,grundriss d] ,kolloid ,*emie4 ,m4 ,o/wald4 ,dresd51 #aiji4 #aag4 ,beiz54 ,w4 ,appelius4 ,te*nis*e ,briefe ,monat%efte von 8,hute und ,l$]10 ,no4 #bc4 ,april #aiji4 #aah4 ,kolloid ,*emis*e ,beihefte4 ,ed4 ,wo4 ,o/wald4 ,dresd51 #aiji-aiaa4 #aai4 ,v]fahr5 zum ,beiz5 von ,hut54 ,otto ,rhm4 ,coll41 #aiji1 p4 #eh4 #abj4 ,a ,brief ,review ( ,bact]iological ,rese>* 9 ,phytopa?ology1 ) ,bibliography4 ,m4 ,c4 ,pott]1 ,sc4,d41 ,m4,a4 ,sci5ce ,progress1 ,oct4 #aiaj1 p4 #aia4 #aba4 ,la ,*imie de la ,matire ,vivante4 ,j4 ,duclaux4 ,felix ,alcan1 ,p>is1 #aiaj4 #abb4 ,s5sibilit de la peau v]te1 et de la peau aprs l'*auffe1 les pela9s1 et les confits1 l'g>d de la *aux1 du sel1 et de l'acide actique4 ,georges ,abt et ,edmund ,/iasny4 ,coll41 #aiaj1 p4 #ahi4 #abc4 ,b5nett1 ,h4 ,g4 ,! ,analytical ,exam9ation ( ,bat+4 ,lea!r ,trades ,review1 #aiaa1 pp4 #fig1 #igb4 #abd4 ,d] ,bacillus bulg>icus des ,yoghurt 9 d] ,g]b]ei4 ,l$]-te*nis*e ,runds*au1 ,no4 #be1 #aiaa4 ,collegium1 #aiaa1 p4 #dei4 #abe4 ,physiological ,*emi/ry4 ,olaf4 ,hamm>/54 ,trans4 ,j4 ,a4 ,m&el1 ,wiley1 #aiaa4 #abf4 ,prcis de ,bio*emie4 ,e4 ,lambl+4 ,p>is1 #aiaa4 #abg4 ,bact]iological & ,enzyme ,*emi/ry1 an ,introduction to4 ,gilb]t ,j4 ,f[l]4 ,edw>d ,arnold1 #aiaa4 #abh4 ,microbes et ,tox9es4 ,e4 ,burnet4 ,biblio?que de ,philosophie ,sci5tifique4 ,flamm>ion4 ,p>is1 #aiaa4 #abi4 ,! ,physical ,*emi/ry ( ! ,prote9s4 ,t4 ,b4 ,rob]tson1 ,pr(essor at ! ,b]keley ,univ]sity1 ,cali=nia1 #aiaa4 #acj4 ,contributions to ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,enzyme ,bate4 ,collegium1 #aiaa4 ,otto ,rhm1 ,h4 ,beck]1 ,g4 ,eb]le1 ,j4 ,t4 ,wood1 pp4 #bga1 #bgf1 #bgh1 #bha1 #cab1 #cbd4 #aca4 ,! ,fungi ( ,excreta4 ,jas4 ,scott4 ,! ,lea!r ,_w1 ,jan4 #aa1 #aiab1 p4 #ba4 #acb4 ,microbiology1 by v>i\s ,contributors4 ,edit$ by ,*>les ,e4 ,m>%all1 ,ea/ ,lanc+1 ,mi*igan1 ,pr(essor ( ,bact]iology & ,hygi5e1 ,mi*igan ,agricultural ,college4 ,j4 & ,a4 ,*ur*ill4 #acc4 ,te*nical ,mycology4 ,laf>4 ,c4 ,griff9 & ,co41 #aiaa4 #acd4 ,manual ( ,bact]iology4 ,r4 ,t4 ,hewlett 7,*ur*ill71 #aiab4 #ace4 ,tas*5bu* fr d5 bakt]iologis*5 ,praktikant54 ,dr4 ,rudolf ,abel4 ,wrzburg4 ,a4 ,/ub]'s ,v]lag4 ,,li/ ,,( ,,au?ors4 ,! numb]s ref] to ! ,bibliography4 ,abel1 ,r41 #ace ,abt1 ,g41 #ea1 #abb ,aik91 ,a4 & ,c4 ,r41 #g ,&reas*1 ,f41 #bf ,ank]smit1 ,p41 #dc ,appelius1 ,w41 #aag ,bayliss1 ,w4 ,m41 #aac ,bauts*1 ,i41 #d ,beck]1 ,h41 #db1 #eb1 #acj ,behr5s1 ,j41 #fg ,b5nett1 ,h4 ,g41 #abc ,beij]9ck1 ,w41 #fd ,bi*on1 ,g4 ,w41 #aj ,bi5/ock1 #fb1 #fh ,borgmann1 ,j41 #cg ,b\rquelot1 ,e41 #ia ,brggemann1 ,a41 #aa ,burnet1 ,e41 #abh ,c>bone ,tito1 #fj ,c>9i1 #aje ,clafl91 ,a41 #ib ,crook%ank1 ,e4 ,m41 #hc ,davis1 #ae ,dall+]1 #gf ,de la ,l&e1 #ba ,desbillettes1 #a ,di/aso1 ,a41 #ee ,drysdale1 #gf1 #ij ,duckwall1 ,e4 ,w41 #aji ,duclaux1 ,j41 #aba ,eb]le1 ,g41 #acj ,eitn]1 ,w41 #ad1 #ag1 #cb1 #id1 #ih ,effront1 ,j41 #ie ,felz1 ,l41 #ajj ,fis*]1 ,a41 #if ,fis*]1 ,h41 #ga ,f[l]1 ,gilb]t ,j41 #abg ,frankl&1 ,p4 & ,mrs41 #hg ,fry1 ,sir ,edw>d & ,agnes1 #ii ,gaulti]1 ,r41 #aaj ,g9tl1 ,w4 ,f41 #ac ,gre51 ,j4 ,reynolds1 #ig ,gn!r1 ,c41 #ic ,ha5le91 ,f4 ,h41 #bd ,hamm>/51 ,o41 #abe ,h>d51 ,a41 #ajc ,haus]1 ,g41 #eh ,h]t]1 ,a41 #di ,h]feldt1 ,e41 #bc ,h]mb/dt1 #f ,hewlett1 ,r4 ,t41 #acd ,h\gh1 ,a4 ,t41 #aae ,jean1 ,f41 #ci ,jettm>1 ,j41 #cf1 #ch ,jrg5s51 ,a41 #hf ,jungano1 ,m41 #ee ,kan?ack1 #ij ,ka/eleyn1 ,k4 ,t41 #e ,kle91 ,e41 #fc1 #hb ,kumm]1 ,l4 ,f41 #h ,laf>1 #acc ,lambl+1 ,e41 #abf ,le ,blanc1 ,max1 #ajf ,l]m]1 ,k41 #gg ,lietzmann1 ,j4 ,c4 ,h41 #ab ,lissau]1 ,m41 #dh ,li/]1 ,ar?ur1 #hi ,mac,bride1 #c ,mac1 ,e41 #fa ,macadam1 ,w4 ,iveson1 #hd ,mann1 ,g41 #ajh ,m>%all1 ,c4 ,e41 #acb ,m>telly1 #gj ,meuni]1 ,l41 #da ,mll]1 ,a41 #aaa ,neubau]1 #dd ,neub]g1 #gh ,nicolle1 ,m41 #ajd ,omelianski1 ,w41 #ge ,opp5heim]1 ,c41 #ajb ,o/]wald]1 ,a41 #gb ,o/wald1 ,wo41 #aaf1 #aah ,palm]1 ,t41 #ba ,pass9i1 ,f41 #de ,pott]1 ,m4 ,c41 #abj ,proct]1 ,h4 ,r41 #cd1 #dj1 #ed1 #ha ,rahn1 ,o41 #gd ,raul91 ,j41 #gi ,reml+]1 ,p41 #ajd ,rideal1 ,s41 #hh ,rhm1 ,o41 #aai1 #acj ,rob]tson1 ,t4 ,b41 #abi ,rog]1 ,a41 #df ,salomon1 ,w4 ,j41 #ai ,salk[ski1 #gh ,s&=d1 ,p4 ,g41 #ba ,s&1 ,h4 ,j4 ,s41 #ajg ,s*neid]1 ,ph41 #ga ,s*reib]1 ,k41 #gc ,s*midt1 ,dr4 ,*4 ,h41 #i ,s*mitz-,dumont1 #bg ,s*rd]1 ,j4 von1 #ca ,scott1 ,j41 #aca ,sev]91 ,s4 ,a41 #be ,seym\r-,jones1 #eg ,squire1 ,p4 ,w41 #he ,/i*1 ,c41 #fe ,/iasny1 #abb ,taylor1 ,a4 ,e41 #fi ,tissi]1 ,h41 #gj ,trotman1 ,s4 ,r41 #ej1 #ec ,vaney1 ,c41 #da ,van ,li]1 ,g4 ,h4 ,b41 #aad ,villon1 #af ,vitali1 ,d41 #ff ,willcox1 ,w4 ,h41 #bj1 #bh ,wood1 ,j4 ,t41 #ah1 #bj1 #bb1 #bh1 #bi1 #cj1 #cc1 #ce1 #dg1 #ef1 #acj ,woodhead1 ,g4 ,sims1 #ei ,wohltmann1 ,f41 #ga ,zopf1 ,w41 #hj ,zsigmondy1 ,r41 #aab ,,conclusion4 8,:at is a man1 ,if 8 *ief good & m>ket ( 8 "t1 ,be b to sleep & fe$8 ,a bea/--no m4 ,sure1 ,he t made u ) su* l>ge disc\rse1 ,look+ be=e1 & aft]1 gave u n ,t capability & godlike reason ,to fu/ 9 u unus$40 ,pr(essor ,proct]1 9 8 pap]1 entitl$ 8,problems ( ! ,lea!r ,indu/ry10#ahe says3 8,!re is1 h[ev]1 no reason t all ! necess>y effects bo? ( pu]+ & bat+ %\ld n ultimately be atta9$ by purely *emical treatm5t )\t ! risk & unc]ta9ty :i* mu/ always atta* to bact]ial & f]m5t action40 #ahe ,j4,s4,c4,i4 #aiaj1 p4 #cca4 ,:ile ,i agree ) him 9 ?is1 /ill x is well to rememb] t 9 ! case ( "o ( ! v olde/ ( ! f]m5tation indu/ries1 t ( ! production ( alcohol1 a comp>atively simple body1 ! natural process has n yet be5 replac$ by a *emical "o1 & ,i believe ?is applies also to ! manufacture ( v9eg>4 ,*emical me?ods ( bat+ may be us$ = lea!rs l *rome & alum lea!r1 b ev5 "h natural processes l dr5*+1 9 :i* acids are produc$ gradually dur+ ! work+ ( ! sk9s1 give m beautiful results4 ,) vegetable tann+ mat]ials1 ! advantage is /ill on ! side ( ! natural processes :5 ^! are conduct$ 9 a prop] mann]4 ,f9ally1 ! au?or regrets t ! subject ( ! "w is n an inspir+ & l(ty "o1 su* z is a/ronomy = example4#ahf ,limit$ 9 ext5t1 imp]fect 9 execution1 & 9 p>ts only sugge/ive 9 "*1 ?is little book may p]haps s]ve z a f\ndation1 on :i* /ud5ts ( ! sci5ce ( tann+ may raise ! sup]/ructure ( _! own exp]i5ce & ev5tually p]fect ! processes t\*$ ^u1 s t ! use ( su* fil?y mat]ials may be entirely avoid$4 ,9 t case ! au?or's int5tion w be fulfill$4 #ahf ,cele/ial ,objects1 ,webb1 #ahha4 ,,f9is ,,index4 ,absorption ph5om5a1 #gj ,abt1 ,dr4 ,g41 #ea1 #gb ,acid 8turn+0 ( dr5*1 #bcg ,acids1 action (1 #aef ---- fractionat+1 #bgj ---- delim+ )1 #i ---- 9 dr5*1 #bfe ---- to remove lime1 co/ (1 #aa ,adult]ation 9 dog-dung1 detect+1 #add ,agglut991 #add ,alum1 a t]m = pu]1 #c 8,alum$0 calf sk9s1 #c ,am5d's bate1 #aic ,amido comp\nds1 #aef ,am9es1 #afc1 #bjf ---- 9 dung1 #aed ,ammonia 9 pu] liquors1 #da ,ammonium phosphate1 #de ,analyses1 bird excreta1 #ec ---- dog dung1 #bf1 #aej1 #aeb ---- dr5*1 #bdi ---- gas1 #bdg ---- gra9s1 #g ---- guano1 #aej ---- h5 dung1 #aej ---- pu]1 #bf ---- ultimate1 ( dung1 #aec ,&reas*1 ,f41 #bdd ,anti-bodies1 #adc ,anti-calcium1 #bcf ,arg9ase1 #acc ,artificial dr5*1 #bfc ,a% ( sk91 #ci ,au?ors1 li/ (1 #bij ,bacillus butyricus1 #aab ---- c1 #agb ---- ,coli commune1 #id ---- d1 #ajf1 #agc1 #agd ---- e1 #ajg1 #agc ---- erodi5s1 #ig ---- f pigeon dung bate1 #agb ,bact]ia1 action (1 #afj ---- bate1 exam9ation (1 #hg ---- bran1 pure culture (1 #bfi ---- dung1 #hi1 #ih1 #ajb1 #afa ---- gr[? 9 v>i\s m$ia1 #aje ---- pigeon dung1 #ajc ---- putrefactive1 #abe ---- 8,sweat+10 #aje1 #bac ,bact]ial dia/ase1 #aca ,bact]ium furfuris1 #bda1 #bfd1 #bfi ---- t]mo1 #aah ,b>ium salts f pure cultures ( ,b4 furfuris1 #bga ---- ---- ( volatile acids1 #bec ,bate1 ,am5d's1 #aic ---- ,beck]'s pat5t1 #bbg ---- bird dung1 #eb ---- ,boehr+]'s pat5t1 #aig ---- conc5tration ( salts 91 #dg ---- ,d]mi=ma1 #ahi ---- ,eb]le's pat5t1 #bba ---- ,erod91 #agi ---- ,esco1 #aib ---- exam9ation ( bact]ia 91 #hg ---- glucose1 #agi ---- ,l$]]'s1 #aif ---- ,nordl+]'s1 #aie ---- ,norris's1 #aid ,bate1 ,n[ak's pat5t1 #aid ---- ,oake's1 #aie ---- ,oropon1 #adj1 #ahf1 #bai ---- phosphates 91 #dc ---- pigeon dung1 #ajc ---- ,phosphorbutyral91 #aie ---- ,popp & ,beck]'s pat5t1 #aig ---- ,pu]9e1 #aij ---- ,purgatol1 #aib ---- r$uc+ action (1 #aeb ---- ,rhm's pat5t1 #bai ---- ,simon's1 #aie ---- solid matt]1 influ5ce (1 #agf ---- soluble matt] (1 #agf ---- ,sucan9e1 #aia ---- ,tiffany's1 #agi ---- ,wood's ,am]ican pat5t1 #baj ---- ---- ,engli% pat5t1 #bje ---- ,zollik(f]'s1 #agh ,bayliss1 ,dr4 ,w4 ,m41 #abg ,b*amp1 #bhj ,betulase1 #acb ,beck]'s pat5t1 #bbg ,bibliography1 #bhb ,bile1 #ca ---- action (1 #aei ---- col\r+ matt]s1 #cj ---- salts1 effect on pu]1 #df ---- ---- ---- ---- lipase1 #adb ,bird dung bate1 #eb ---- excreta1 composition (1 #ec ,boehr+]'s pat5t1 #aid ,bone meal1 #aif ,books ( ref]5ce1 #hi1 #bhb ,bran bact]ia1 #bdj ---- ---- pure cultures (1 #bfi ---- composition (1 #beg ---- dr5*1 #bcc ---- ---- non-volatile bodies 91 #bed ---- ---- products ( f]m5tation1 #bdg ---- ---- sweet1 #bfc ---- ---- volatile bodies 91 #bdi ---- f]m5ts1 action on />*1 #beh ,br[n1 ,adrian ,j4 ,pr(41 #bgd ,butyric acid1 #aa ---- ---- f]m5tation1 #aaa ,calcium 9 enzymes1 #acf ---- phosphate1 #de ,c>lsb]g vessel1 #agj1 #bad ,c>\b9ase1 #acb ,casease1 #acb ,ca/or-oil se$1 #ahh1 #bcb ,cataly/s1 #abg ,cellulose f]m5tation1 #aaj ,c]eal91 #bde1 #bfj ,*emical composition ( pu]1 #bd ---- delim+1 #e ,*lor(orm1 use (1 9 pancreat9 solution1 #aea ,*ole/]ol1 #cj ,collag51 #ef ,colloidal /ate1 #eg1 #acg ,conc5tration ( salts 9 bate1 #dg ,cond5s]1 ,abbe's1 #hg1 #hh ---- d>k gr\nd1 #hg ,conductivity ( pu] liquors1 #hj1 #ha ,cop5hag5 conf]5ce1 #ahj ,cultivation ( bat+ bact]ia1 #aii ,culture m$ium1 #aje1 #bjg ,cytase1 #acb ,delim+1 *emical1 #e ,d5sity ( sk91 #fj ,d]mi=ma1 #ahi ,dextr91 #bei1 #bfa ,dia/ase1 #abh1 #aca1 #acb ---- ,krawkov's me?od ( prep>+1 #ace ,dia/atic enzymes1 #bce ,dige/ive f]m5ts1 #adh ---- juices1 #bcj ,dog dung1 analyses (1 #bf1 #aej1 #aeb ---- bact]ia 91 #hi1 #ih ---- detect+ adult]ation (1 #add ---- fre%1 bact]ia 91 #ajb ---- influ5ce ( food on1 #bh1 #ie1 #aec ---- me?od ( analysis1 #be ,dog dung1 sep>at+ enzymes f1 #acd ---- tryps9 91 #acd ,do]r & ,re9h>dt's laboratory1 #cb ,dr5*1 acid 8turn+0 (1 #bcg ---- acids 91 #aef ---- action (1 #bcc1 #bdb1 #bde ---- artificial1 #bfc ---- bact]ia 91 #bci ---- damage1 #bcf ---- f]m5tations (1 #bch ---- gases f1 #bdb1 #bdh ---- glucoses 91 #bfa ---- 8p9holey10 #bch ---- putrid 8turn+0 (1 #bcg ---- sweet bran1 #bce ,dress+ hides1 #ai ,drop culture1 #hg ,dung analyses1 #bf1 #aej1 #aeb1 #aec ---- m9]al matt] (1 #aec ,eb]le1 ,g41 #ac ,eb]le's pat5t1 #bba ,effront1 ,dr41 #aa ,eitn]1 #bdb1 #bdd ,electrometric app>atus1 #gf ---- me?od1 #cc1 #di ,emuls91 #acb ,enzymatic bates1 #aig ,enzymes1 action (1 #ade ---- ---- ( s]um on1 #add ---- ---- on sk91 #adj ---- calcium 91 #acf ---- def9$1 #abg ---- dia/atic1 #bce ---- f bact]ia1 #aca ---- hydrolys+1 #acb ---- 9 dog's dung1 #acg ---- lipolytic1 #ade ---- manganese 91 #acf ---- prep>ation (1 #acd1 #afd ---- proteolytic1 #ade ,ereps91 #acc1 #adb ,erod91 #agi ,erod91 /ock liquor1 #ahb ,esco1 #aib ,e/]s1 syn!sis (1 #abg ,e?yl butyrate1 #afe ,e?ylam9e butyrate1 #db ---- lactate1 #db ---- propionate1 #db ,fahrion1 ,dr41 #eb ,fall+1 #fg ---- app>atus = measur+ degree (1 #hb ,fat 9 pu]1 #be1 #cj ---- 9 sk9s1 #af ,fe$+ ( dogs1 #bh1 #ie ,f]m5tation 9 ! lea!r indu/ry1 #adg ---- nitrog5 f1 #bgi ,f]m5ts1 dige/ive1 #adh ---- gall1 #bbd ---- hydrolys+1 #acb ---- im9o-lytic1 #acc ---- oxidiz+1 #acc ---- oxylytic1 #acc ,flagell1 /a9+ (1 #id 8,flak$0 gra91 #adi ,=mic ,acid1 #i ,fractionat+ acids1 #bej ,frankl& & ,frew1 #bdi ,gall f]m5ts1 #bbd ,gamgee1 #bha ,gas analysis1 #bdg ,gases f dr5*1 #bdb1 #bdh ---- f pure cultures1 #bge ---- inte/9al1 #bha ,gayon1 #bhj ,gelat91 #ef ---- d5sity (1 #fc ---- glucose1 #bfg ---- molecul> weight (1 #ef ---- peptoniz$1 #afh ,glucose bate1 #agi ---- gelat91 #bfg ,glucoses 9 dr5*1 #bfa ,glyc]91 #ada ,goat sk9s1 #ahc ---- ---- bat+ (1 #bca ,guano1 analysis (1 #aej ,gold+1 ,j41 #age 8,gra9s10 analysis (1 #g ,h>ness backs1 #ag ,hauff1 ,j41 #bcf ,h5 dung1 analysis (1 #aej ,hexoses1 #abe ,hide-p[d]1 d5sity (1 #ff ,hides1 bat+ (1 #ag ,h\/on1 ,dr41 #ic1 #id1 #ig ,hydrog5 f dr5*1 #bci ,hydrog5-ion conc5tration1 #gd1 #gi ,hydro*loric acid1 use 9 delim+1 #aa ,hydrolysis1 #abh ---- velocity (1 #acj ,hydrolys+ enzymes1 #acb ,imm5dorf1 #bhj ,im9o-lactic f]m5ts1 #acc ,indol1 #ie1 #ajf ,infusoria1 #abc ,inte/9al gases1 #bha ---- juice1 #bbe1 #bbh ,inulase1 #acb ,jean1 ,f41 #da ,jones1 ,arnold ,seym\r1 #ge1 #acc ,kaol91 #agf ,ka?re9]1 ,f41 #df1 #bcf ---- bate trials by1 #ahc1 #ahd ,ko*'s ,jahresb]i*t1 #abe ,krn]1 ,dr4 ,?41 #fg1 #afg ,kossel1 ,dr4 ,a41 #agj ---- & ,dak91 #acc ,kral1 ,pr(41 xv ,khl1 ,dr4 ,h41 #bcf ,laccase1 #acc1 #ace ---- manganese 91 #ace ,lactase1 #acb ,lactic acid1 #aj ---- ---- f ,b4 furfuris1 #bgb ,lamb1 ,m4 ,c41 #i ,law's volum5omet]1 #fa ,leci?91 #ada ,l$]]'s bate1 #aif ,lime 9 %eep gra9s1 #bc1 #cg ---- 9 pu] liquors1 #cf1 #dj1 #dd ---- soaps1 #af ,lim$ sk91 #e1 #g ,lion's dung1 #bi ,lipase1 #acb1 #ada ---- effect ( bile salts on1 #adb ,lipolytic enzymes1 #ade ,liquor pancreaticus1 #ahi ,malase1 #acc ,maltase1 #acb ,manganese 9 enzymes1 #acf ,ma/]+1 a t]m = pu]1 #c ,m]captans1 #df ,measur+ truck1 #h ,meggitt1 ,loxley1 #aga ,met*nik(f1 #ic ,m9]al matt] ( dung1 #aec ,m9ot1 ,pr(41 #ha ,mix$ cultures1 #agc ,molecul> weight ( gelat91 #ef ,monads1 #abc ,morocco lea!r1 #c ,m\lds1 #aad1 #abf ,mll]1 #gb ,muscle1 contraction (1 #gc ,myros91 #acb ,myxomycetes1 #aaf ,n5cki1 #ajg ,nitrog5 f f]m5tation1 #bgi ---- 9 bran1 #bcd ---- 9 pu] liquors1 #dh ,nitrites1 use (1 9 bat+1 #aic ,non-electrolytes1 influ5ce (1 #gb ,nrdl+]'s bate1 #aid ,n[ak's pat5t1 #aid ,nucle91 #aad ,oake's bate1 #aie ,o5oxydase1 #acc ,olease1 #acc ,organic acids1 use 9 delim+1 #ac ---- ---- 9 pu]1 #aee ,oropon1 #adj1 #ahf1 #bai ,osmosis1 #eh ,osmotic pressure1 #ei1 #afg ,o',sullivan1 ,j41 #bdd ---- & ,?ompson1 #abh ,oxalic acid f]m5tation1 #aaa 8,oxidiz+0 sk9s1 #aic ,oxyd91 #acc ,oxylytic f]m5ts1 #acc ,paddle1 #ad ,pancreas1 #bbj ,pancreat91 action on sk91 #ach1 #aea ,papa91 #acb ,p>k]1 ,dr4 ,gordon1 xv1 #aa ,pectase1 #acb ,p5toses1 #abe ,peps91 #acb ---- action on sk91 #ach ,peptolytic f]m5ts1 #aai ,peptoniz$ gelat91 #afh ,phosphates 9 ! bate1 #dc ,phosphorbutyral91 #aie ,pigeon dung1 #ajc 8,p9holey0 dr5*1 #bch ,plasmase1 #acb ,plate cultures1 #ajc ,popp & ,beck]'s pat5t1 #aig ,precipit91 #add ,pribram1 ,dr41 #gc ,proct]1 ,pr(4 ,h4 ,r41 #aj1 #ee1 #bje1 #baj ,proteolytic enzymes1 #ade ---- f]m5ts1 #aai ,proteus bact]ia1 #aah ,pu]1 amido comp\nds 91 #aef ---- *emical composition (1 #bd ---- fat 91 #be1 #cj ---- organic acids 91 #aee ---- quantity us$1 #ae ---- reactions (1 #ca ---- :eel1 #ac ,pu]9e1 #aij ,pu]+1 solution ( sk9 sub/ance 91 #dg ,pure cultures ( bran bact]ia1 #bfi ,purgatol1 #aib ,pur9 bases1 #cj ,putrefaction1 #aaf ---- ,see ,nos4 #eh to #gh ( ,bibliography1 #bhb ---- me*anism (1 #ajg ---- ( meat1 #abj ,putrefactive bact]ia1 #ajg ,putrid 8turn+0 ( dr5*1 #bcg ,reaction ( pu]1 #ca ,r5net1 #abh1 #acb ,rhamnase1 #acb ,rog]s1 ,dr4 ,all51 #aie ,rhm's pat5t1 #bai ,ruge1 #bha ,sabati] & ,s5d]5s1 #abg ,salt solution1 physiological1 #hg ,salts solution1 #bfg ,s&1 ,dr41 xv1 #cc1 #ha ,s*orlemm]1 ,k41 #ahf ,scud1 #ea ,scudd+1 #af ---- ma*9e1 #ag ,s]um1 action (1 on enzymes1 #add ,%e>l+ pelts1 #ahc ,%rewsbury1 ,h4 ,s41 #aff1 #bha ,simon's bate1 #aie ,skatol1 #df ,sk9 sub/ance1 a% (1 #ci ,sk9 sub/ance1 d5sity (1 #fj ---- ---- fat 91 #af ---- ---- solution (1 #dg1 #ea ,so]5s51 ,pr(41 #dc1 #hj ,solid matt] 9 bate1 #gc ---- ---- influ5ce (1 #age ,soluble matt] ( bate1 #agf ,soyka's dilution me?od1 #ajc ,spirillum volutans1 #aab ---- delsulfuricans1 #abd ,spongy lea!r1 #bch ,/a9+ & m\nt+1 books on1 #hi ---- ( flagell1 #id ,/>*1 action ( bran f]m5ts on1 #bei ,/eaps91 #acb ,/iasny1 ,pr(4 ,e41 #bhb ,sucan9e1 #aia ,sucrase1 #abh1 #acb ,sulphuric acid1 use 9 delim+1 #aa ,sulphurett$ hydrog51 #df 8,sweat+0 bact]ia1 #aje1 #bac ,sweet bran dr5*1 #bce ,swell+1 #fg ---- alkal9e1 #gb ,symbiosis1 #bfi ,syn!sis ( e/]s1 #abg ,synton91 #cb ,?io-acids1 #aif ,tiffany's bate1 #agi ,tox9s1 #adc ,trehalase1 #acb ,tr5t bridge laboratory1 #ajg1 #beb ,trime?yl-am9e1 #ajg1 #beb ---- butyrate1 #db ,tryps91 #acb1 #acc ,tryps91 9 dog dung1 #acd ,turney1 ,sir ,john1 scudd+ ma*9e1 #ag 8,turn+0 ( dr5*1 #bhg ,tyros9ase1 #acc ,urea1 #bi ,urease1 #acb ,uric ,acid1 #bi ,velocity ( hydrolysis1 #acj ,volum5omet]1 #fa ---- air1 #fg ---- ,law's1 #fa ,wladika1 ,j41 #bef ,willcox1 ,dr4 ,w4 ,h41 #bdc1 #bde ,wood's ,am]ican pat5t1 #baj ---- ,engli% pat5t1 #bje ,wool bact]ia1 #agd ,xylose1 #abe ,yea/ wat]1 #bei ,yoghurt1 #bcf ,z9c1 effect on gr[? ( m\lds1 #aac ,zollik(f]'s bate1 #agh ,zooglo1 #bdb ,zymase1 #acc ,,london3 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,william ,,cl[es ,,& ,,sons1 ,,limit$ ,,great ,,w9dmill ,,/reet1 ,w41 ,,& ,,duke ,,/reet1 ,,/am=d ,,/reet1 ,s4,e4