,,fresco ,,pa9t+                        
,illu/ration                            
,,fresco ,,pa9t+                        
,,its ,,art ,,& ,,te*nique              
,,) ,,special ,,ref]5ce ,,to ,,! ,,buono
                        ,,& ,,_s        
,,fresco ,,me?ods                       
,,by                                    
,,james ,,w>d                           
,,au?or ,,(        8,,pr9ciples ,,(     
,,ornam5t10 8,,col\r ,,h>mony ,,&       
,,contra/10             8,,hi/oric      
,,ornam5t10 8,,progressive ,,design10   
,,etc4    ,) ,f\r ,plates 9 ,col\r &    
,?irty-"o ,half-tone ,illu/rations      
( ,italian & o!r ,fresco ,pa9t+s        
,,london                                
,,*apman ,,& ,,hall1 ,,ltd4             
#aiji                       ,,ri*>d     
,,clay  ,,sons1 ,,limit$1               
,,bread ,,/reet ,,hill1 ,e4,c41 ,,&     
,,bungay1 ,,suffolk4     ,,preface   ,i 
h endeav\r$ 9 ?is treatise to place be=e
 /ud5ts "s practical h9ts 9 ! me?ods &  
processes ( fresco pa9t+1 :i* are !     

outcome ( my exp]i5ce 9 ! practice ( !  
8buon-fresco10 & ! 8_s-fresco0 sy/ems ( 
wall decoration4 ,z to ! /]eo*rome1 or  
,g]man 8wat]-glass10 & its lat] v>iety1 
! ,keims process ( fresco pa9t+1 ,i d n 
pret5d to h a def9ite k1 hav+ no        
practical exp]i5ce 9 pa9t+ 9 ^! me?ods1 
b1 on see+ ! condition ( "s frescos 9   
,engl& :i* h be5 execut$ 9 /]eo*romy1 ,i
 %\ld pref] to tru/ to ! buon-fresco or 
to ! _s-fresco m$iums :5 x is a "q ( !  
p]man5cy ( wall pa9t+s4  ,x is common   
en\gh to-day to he> & to read ( !       
condemnation ( fresco pa9t+ by critics1 
& ev5 by "s em95t arti/s1 all ( :om seem
 to e*o ea* o!r 9 po9t+ out ! failures 9
 ! examples execut$ on ! walls ( !      
,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t & o!r places2 & all  
agree1 because ( ^! failures1 t fresco  
pa9t+ is impossible 9 ?is c\ntry1 ow+ to
 ! dampness ( ! climate4 ,our damp      
climate seems to h a deal to answ] =1 b 
x is h>dly fair to blame x = ! ignorance
 ( "s ( our mid-,victorian arti/s z to !
 nature & behavi\r ( ! mat]ials us$ 9   

fresco pa9t+1 & = _! possibly limit$ k (
 ! *emi/ry ( col\rs & ! aft] action (   
cau/ic lime on ! col\rs !y us$4  ,i tru/
 t ! te*nical notes & obs]vations on "s 
( ! ,italian frescos may be ( int]e/ & (
 "s value to /ud5ts ( decorative art4   
,j4 ,,w>d4     ,,cont5ts   ,,*apt] ,i   
,,page  ,,! ,,relation%ip ,,( ,,mural   
,,pa9t+ ,,to ,,ar*itecture              
#a   ,,*apt] ,,ii  ,,mural              
,,decoration--,,sy/ems ,,& ,,me?ods     
#h   ,,*apt] ,,iii  ,,fresco-,,buono    
,,process--,,col\rs--,,prep>ation ,,(   
,,! ,,wall--,,me?od ,,( ,,execution     
#ab   ,,*apt] ,,iv  ,,pa9t+ ,,( ,,fle%  
,,& ,,drap]ies--,,p]man5ce ,,(          
,,buon-,,fresco                         
#be   ,,*apt] ,v  ,,_s ,,fresco ,,pa9t+ 
#ca   ,,*apt] ,,vi  ,,te*nical ,,notes  
,,on ,,! ,,composition1 ,,col\r1 ,,&    
,,pres5t ,,/ate ,,( ,,"s ,,italian      
,,frescos                               
#ci   ,,*apt] ,,vii  ,,fresco ,,pa9t+s  
,,by ,,gozzoli ,,& ,,p]ug9o             
#ea   ,,*apt] ,,viii  ,,! ,,"w ,,(      

,,p9turic*io ,,& ,,ghirl&ajo            
#ef   ,,*apt] ,,ix  ,,frescos ,,by      
,,&rea ,,del ,,s>to1 ,,lu9i1 ,g4        
,,f]r>i1 ,,raffaelle ,,& ,,mi*ael       
,,angelo                                
#fc  ,,index                            
#ga     ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations        
,,plate                                 
,to face page  #a4 ,,! ,,arts ,,(       
,,peace 7col\r74 ,"l ,leighton          
,frontispiece  #b4 ,,fragm5t ,,(        
,,anci5t ,,fresco ,,f ,,tiryns          
#aj  #c4 ,,portion ,,( ,,fresco ,,bord] 
7col\r74 ,aft]    ,sir ,e4 ,j4 ,poynt]1 
,p4,r4,a4                               
#bj  #d4 ,,trial ,,piece ,,( ,,buon     
,,fresco4 ,g4 ,f4 ,watts1 ,r4,a4        
#bc  #e4 ,,trial ,,piece ,,( ,,buon     
,,fresco4 ,g4 ,f4 ,watts1 ,r4,a4        
#be  #f4 ,,gr\p ,,( ,,?ree ,,figures    
7col\r74 ,g4 ,f4 ,watts1 ,r4,a4         
#bg  #g4 ,,/4 ,,/eph5 ,,be=e ,,8        
,,accus]s1 ,,& ,,! ,,/on+ ,,( ,,/4      
,,/eph54 ,sir ,e4 ,j4 ,poynt]1 ,p4,r4,a4
                           #cj  #h4     

,,detail ,,f ,,! ,,arts ,,( ,,w>4 ,"l   
,leighton                       #cb  #i4
 ,,detail ,,f ,,! ,,arts ,,( ,,w>4 ,"l  
,leighton                       #cd     
#aj4 ,,detail ,,f ,,! ,,arts ,,(        
,,peace4 ,"l ,leighton4                 
#cg  #aa4 ,,! ,,bir? ,,( ,,! ,,virg94   
,giotto                                 
#ci  #ab4 ,,! ,,dea? ,,( ,,/4 ,,francis4
 ,giotto                                
#dj  #ac4 ,,/4 ,,l\is1 ,,k+ ,,(         
,,france4 ,giotto                       
#db  #ad4 ,,! ,,meet+ ,,( ,,ss4 ,,joa*im
 ,,& ,,anna4 ,giotto                    
#dc  #ae4 ,,*ri/ ,,appe>+ ,,to ,,m>y    
,,magdal5e4 ,fra ,angelico              
#dd  #af4 ,,! ,,deposition ,,9 ,,!      
,,sepul*re4 ,fra ,angelico              
#df  #ag4 ,,detail ,,( ,,!              
,,crucifixion4 ,fra ,angelico           
#dg  #ah4 ,,! ,,tribute ,,money 7col\r74
 ,masaccio                              
#di  #ai4 ,,angels1 ,,f ,,! ,,p>adise4  
,b4 ,gozzoli                            
#ea  #bj4 ,,angels1 ,,f ,,! ,,p>adise4  

,b4 ,gozzoli                            
#ec  #ba4 ,,/4 ,,b5$ict4 ,p]ug9o        
#ed  #bb4 ,,/4 ,,john4 ,p]ug9o          
#ee  #bc4 ,,detail ,,f ,,! ,,*ri/',s    
,,*>ge ,,to ,,pet]4 ,p]ug9o             
#ef  #bd4 ,,/4 ,,ca!r9e ,,disput+ ,,be=e
 ,,maximianus4 ,p9turic*io         #eg  
#be4 ,,detail ,,( ,,! ,,/4 ,,ca!r9e     
,,fresco4 ,p9turic*io                #eh
  #bf4 ,,! ,,nativity1 ,,spello         
,,ca!dral4 ,p9turic*io                  
#ei  #bg4 ,,flor5t9e ,,lady4 ,ghirl&ajo 
#fj  #bh4 ,,! ,,dea? ,,( ,,/4 ,,francis4
 ,ghirl&ajo                             
#fa  #bi4 ,,flor5t9e ,,lady4 ,ghirl&ajo 
#fb  #cj4 ,,detail ,,f ,,! ,,bir? ,,(   
,,! ,,virg94 ,ghirl&ajo                 
#fc  #ca4 ,,fresco ,,( ,,an ,,infant    
,,angel4 ,b4 ,lu9i                      
#fd  #cb4 ,,! ,,virg9 ,,& ,,*ild4 ,b4   
,lu9i                                   
#fe  #cc4 ,,/4 ,,lucy ,,s5t5c$ ,,to     
,,dea?4 ,jacopo d',avanzo               
#ff  #cd4 ,,! ,,fire ,,9 ,,! ,,borgo4   
,raffaelle                              

#fh  #ce4 ,,figure ,,( ,,adam1 ,,si/9e  
,,*apel4 ,mi*ael ,angelo                
#fi     ,,fresco ,,pa9t+     ,,*apt] ,i 
,,! ,,relation%ip ,,( ,,mural ,,pa9t+   
,,to ,,ar*itecture   ,:5 consid]+ !     
subject ( mural pa9t+1 & inde$ !        
progress & developm5t ( art g5]ally1 ( !
 s-call$ 8f9e arts10 or ( ! less] arts t
 m9i/] to ! uses & wants ( ev]yday life1
 we _c reg>d !m z isolat$ creations (   
human activity ap>t f _! legitimate     
connection ) ! laws & pr9ciples ( good  
ar*itecture4 ,! progress1 developm5t1   
culm9ation1 & decad5ce ( ar*itecture    
syn*ronize ) ! simil> /ages ( pa9t+ &   
sculpture4  ,9 a noble build+ ! special 
functions ( ! ?ree si/] arts are cle>ly 
def9$2 ea* supplies its own di/9ct      
qualities ( expression to make up !     
g5]al arti/ic unity4 ,! sev]e l9es &    
proportional rhy?m ( ! ar*itecture are  
enri*$ by sculpture1 :i* 9 its turn is  
*a/5$ & modifi$ by ! contigu\s sev]ity (
 ! =m]1 :ile pa9t+ adds ! necess>y col\r
 f9i% to ! b>e spaces t are enclos$ by !

 m\ld+s & con/ructional l9es ( !        
ar*itecture1 borr[+ at ! same "t mu* (  
its dignity1 re/fulness ( =m1 simplicity
 ( composition1 & :atev] else t adds to 
its nobility & monum5tal fitness1 f its 
close association ) ! ar*itecture4 ,?us1
 :ile ! ?ree arts are ea* limit$ to _!  
own special functions1 !y1 at ! same "t1
 w\ld appe> to assimilate f ea* o!r :at 
is lack+ 9 !mselves1 & s contribute to !
 complete arti/ic h>mony4  ,pa9t+1 z !  
mo/ ornate ( ! ?ree1 ow+ to its great]  
p[] ( expression & beauty ( col\r1 mu/  
nev]!less be employ$ to decorate1 9 !   
true s5se ( ! ^w1 ! pla9 spaces 9 a     
build+1 & 9 ! l>ge/ & simple/ mann]1 )\t
 any def9ite attempts to repres5t ! true
 facts ( nature1 or at lea/ x %\ld be   
sugge/ive ( su* facts r ?an descriptive 
( !m4  ,! arrangem5t & composition (    
l9e1 re/fulness ( ! masses ( =m1 & !    
h>monic balance & purity ( col\r are    
among ! prim>y ess5tials ( mural pa9t+1 
& all ^! indisp5sable requisites ( ?is  
=m ( art are due to its contact )       

ar*itecture4 ,:ile be>+ ?is 9 m9d1 we   
mu/ n =get t pa9t+ has its special      
functions ap>t f ^? ( ar*itecture1 :i*  
include a controll+ p[] ov] =m & col\r1 
& ! faculty ( illu/rat+ ideas1 by means 
( ! repres5tation ( a !me or an incid5t1
 a subject or a /ory4  ,n[ if !         
ess5tials ( monum5tal pa9t+1 :i* we h   
nam$1 & ! special functions ( ! art ( ! 
pa9t] are unit$ 9 any s*eme ( mural     
decoration1 ! result w\ld be an ideal "w
 ( decorative art1 examples ( :i* may be
 f\nd 9 ! frescos ( ,giotto1 & 9 ^? ( ! 
majority ( ! ,italian pa9t]s :o foll[$  
him1 d[n to ! sublime creations (       
,mi*ael ,angelo4  ,! old] art ( !       
,egyptian1 ,greek1 ,roman1 ,byzant9e &  
,m$ival s*ools 01 9 ea* case1 influ5c$  
by1 & 9 p]fect h>mony ) ! ar*itecture ( 
! respective p]iods1 & n less1 b ev5 m  
s1 7 ! pa9t+ & sculpture ( ,italy f !   
middle ( ! ?irte5? c5tury till ! end ( !
 sixte5? c5tury4 ,! ,byzant9e &         
,romanesque mosaics :i* decorate !      
*ur*es ( ,rav5na1 ,v5ice & ,rome are    

dignifi$ & sculpturesque 9 treatm5t1 & f
 an ornam5tal po9t ( view1 admirably    
fill ! ar*itectural spaces ( bo? walls &
 vault$ ceil+s4 ,! arti/s ( ^! anci5t   
s*ools rightly treat$ ! wall spaces z   
flat surfaces1 ! wall be+ /rictly       
consid]$ z su*1 & no attempt 0 made to  
treat ! subject ( ! pa9t+ 9 pictorial   
p]spective1 or to give ! wall ! illusion
 ( a w9d[4 ,! subject or incid5t1 0     
also1 = ! mo/ "p1 my/ic 9 "*1 & elevat$ 
9 a spiritual s5se1 s t ! v s\l ( _! art
 0 express$ & symboliz$2 :ile :at we may
 call ! bodily "p1 ei!r f a want ( _!   
p[] ( express+ x or f a c>eless or /udi$
 neglect ( ?is side ( _! art1 0 limit$ &
 incomplete4 ,& ev5 :51 9 lat] times1 ! 
sci5ce ( art1 z express$ 9 anatomy &    
p]spective1 0 well und]/ood1 ?is        
traditional treatm5t ( ! design 0 foll[$
 out by ! ,italian arti/s1 bo? 9 _!     
mosaics & wall pa9t+s1 & 0 nev] lo/     
sight ( by ! pa9t]s subsequ5t to        
,giotto1 until ! sev5te5? c5tury1 :5 !  
g5]al decad5ce ( art _h set 94  ,! ?ree 

absolute ess5tials ( anci5t & m$ival    
pa9t+1 :i* also *>act]iz$ ! be/ "w ( !  
,r5aissance1 appe> to h be5 a /riv+ aft]
 ! symbolic expression ( ! _s ( !       
subject1 a re/fulness & dignity ( =m1 & 
! beauty ( col\r4 ,:atev] else we look  
=1 we ought to f9d ^! ?ree ess5tials 9 a
 successful "w ( monum5tal pa9t+4 ,9 ?is
 k9d ( art1 & inde$ 9 all art1 small ?+s
 %\ld be sacrific$ to great1 & !        
commonplace or matt]-(-fact to ! r5d]+  
or expression ( ! idea2 9 p>5!ses1 x    
might be po9t$ out1 t 9 a g5]al s5se !  
t5d5cy ( ! art ( ! pres5t day is t[>ds a
 great] dext]ity ( h&l+ clos]           
repres5tations ( ! facts ( nature1 b    
less s9c]ity ( aim4  ,! m important     
pa9t+s ( ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies 7 
^? :i* decorat$ ! walls ( ! ,italian    
*ur*es & palaces1 & ! au?ors ( ^! works 
7 n only pa9t]s1 b ! majority ( !m 7    
also ar*itects1 sculptors1 & craftsm5 9 
gold & silv] "w4 ,ev5 ^? :o conf9$ _!   
att5tion *iefly to pa9t+1 ?or\ghly      
und]/ood ! pr9ciples ( ar*itecture1 &   

(t5 design$ & c>ri$ out ar*itectural "w1
 z witness ,giotto1 ,ghirl&ajo1 ,mi*ael 
,angelo1 ,leon>do ,da ,v9ci1 & _m o!rs4 
,if we n[ consid] ano!r aspect ( art1   
:]e x is appli$ to objects ( g5]al      
utility1 we %all f9d t ! design &       
decoration ( su*1 :5 rightly und]/ood1  
are 9 ea* case subject to ! laws t gov]n
 good ar*itecture4 ,take1 = in/ance1 !  
=m or %ape ( a common c&le/ick1 a vase 9
 pott]y or 9 metal1 a cab9et or a *air1 
& let u see h[ f> we c apply ! pr9ciples
 ( ar*itecture to _! design &           
decoration4 ,:5 design+ su* objects !   
fir/ consid]ation is _! utility1 & !    
next is ! mat]ial ( :i* !y are made4 ,x 
is a common en\gh truism to say t ! =ms 
& proportions :i* may be suitable =     
objects made 9 a c]ta9 mat]ial1 su* z   
pott]y or glass = example1 %\ld n be    
imitat$ 9 ano!r1 su* z metal or         
woodwork4 ,:5 ! que/ions ( utility &    
mat]ial h be5 settl$1 we c apply ! laws 
& pr9ciples ( ar*itecture to guide u 9 !
 design & decoration ( ! giv5 object4 ,z

 to design1 fir/1 we %\ld /rive to obta9
 good proportion ( ! p>ts & divisions to
 ea* o!r1 & to ! :ole4 ,x w be f\nd t   
correct proportion g5]ally po/ulates !  
det]m9ation ( beautiful outl9es & %apes4
 ,we %\ld also aim = ! expression (     
contra/+ elem5ts ( =ms1 su* z curves )  
/raight l9es1 %>p curves ) o!rs ( less  
curvature1 horizontal l9es to c\nt]act  
v]tical t5d5cies1 or m\ld+s & l9es (    
v>y+ wid?s arrang$ to fit 9 su*         
positions t w give1 or sugge/1          
con/ructive /r5g?2 all ( :i* are simply 
ar*itectural pr9ciples1 :i*1 if appli$  
to ! design ( common objects1 w\ld give 
!m a def9ite claim to be consid]$ z     
works ( art4  ,v little decoration is   
requir$ on any article or object :i* has
 be5 design$ on correct ar*itectural    
pr9ciples1 beyond t already express$ by 
! l9es or m\ld+s & space divisions4 ,if1
 h[ev]1 ! nature or use ( ! object      
p]mits ( ! display1 or adv5titi\s aid ( 
su*1 9 ord] to height5 its beauty1 by   
mak+ x /ill m attractive & comely to !  

eye1 !n ! laws & pr9ciples ( ar*itecture
 w aga9 help u by indicat+ :]e !        
decoration may be plac$1 ! "r am\nt to  
use1 ! scale ( su*1 & ! ord] ( its      
disposition4 ,we le>n1 = in/ance1 f     
ar*itecture t we mu/ n weak5 ! appe>ance
 ( ! con/ructive p>ts1 su* z ! l9es1 or 
! m\ld+s1 by any fretful ornam5tation1 b
 on ! panels & pla9 spaces we may       
legitimately place our decoration1 yet  
/ill re/ra9$ s f> z n to int]f]e ) ! "r 
uses ( ! object1 & design$ s z to       
h>monize1 & 9 "s in/ances contra/1 ) !  
l9es & cont\r4 ,examples ( arti/ic      
objects1 design$ on ar*itectural        
pr9ciples1 may be f\nd 9 ! ,greek &     
,etruscan vases & ,pompeian bronzes1 &1 
on ! o!r h&1 if "s examples may be      
m5tion$ :]e ! laws ( ar*itecture d n f9d
 expression 9 _! =m or decoration1 & :]e
 art is almo/ non-exi/+1 we might safely
 po9t out ! m]etrici\s creations ( !    
,*elsea & ,dresd5 *9aw>e1 & ! gold &    
silv]smi?s' "w ( ! mid-,victorian p]iod4
 ,?is digression f our subject may be   

ju/ifi$1 on ! gr\nds ( %[+ h[ important 
! /udy ( ar*itecture is to ! pa9t]1 !   
decorative arti/1 & to ! design] 9 any  
bran* ( art4     ,,*apt] ,,ii  ,,mural  
,,decoration--,,sy/ems ,,& ,,me?ods     
,v>i\s processes1 sy/ems1 or me?ods h   
be5 employ$ 9 anci5t & mod]n times 9 !  
col\r decoration ( walls & ceil+s4 ,"u  
?is section ( art is includ$ all k9ds ( 
wall pa9t+s1 f ! repres5tation ( !      
symbolic hi]oglyphics1 f\nd 9 !         
,egyptian tombs1 to ! monum5tal pa9t+s  
on ! walls ( public build+s1 *ur*es1 &  
palaces4 ,! decoration ( wall surfaces 9
 col\r is "o ( ! v olde/ =ms ( art1 & to
 a wall pa9t+ ( any k9d ! t]m 8fresco0  
has usually1 b some:at loosely1 be5     
appli$4 ,/rictly speak+1 h[ev]1 a       
v]itable fresco pa9t+ is "o t is execut$
 on ! fre% or wet lime pla/] ( ! wall1 &
 is n re-t\*$ aft] ! pla/] has become   
dry4 ,all o!r v>ieties ( s-call$        
8fresco0 pa9t+s c only be designat$ z   
wall pa9t+s1 & qualifi$ accord+ to _!   
k9d1 su* z 8fresco-secco10 or 8dry0     

fresco1 a k9d ( fresco :]e ! wall is    
prep>$ 9 ! same way z 9 true fresco1 &  
is !n all[$ to dry4 ,be=e ! pa9t+ is    
comm5c$1 ! wall is well saturat$ ) lime 
wat]1 & ! col\rs us$ are ! same z ^?    
employ$ 9 fresco pa9t+4 ,x is n s       
p]man5t z "w execut$ on ! fre%1 wet     
pla/]4 ,"s ( ! old writ]s frequ5tly use 
! t]m 8secco0 :5 temp]a pa9t+ is        
evid5tly meant4 ,pa9t+ 9 temp]a on ! dry
 wall is a process 9 :i* ! col\rs are   
temp]$ ) a b9d+ m$ium1 su* z glue size1 
gum1 p>*m5t size1 or a size made f eggs 
beat5 up ) wat]2 ! ,italian pa9t]s add$ 
! juice1 or gum1 ( ! fig tree1 &        
sometimes v9eg> to ! egg size4 ,o!r     
me?ods are encau/ic1 or pa9t+ ) wax z a 
m$ium1 heat be+ aft]w>ds appli$ to !    
wall to bl5d or to protect ! col\rs2 _s 
fresco1 9 :i* ! col\rs are gr\nd 9 a wax
 m$ium & ?9n$ ) spirits ( turp5t9e or   
oil ( spike2 wat]-glass1 a ,g]man me?od 
( wall pa9t+2 ,keim's process1 an       
improv$ v>iety ( wat]-glass1 & wall     
pa9t+ 9 oil col\rs4  ,! only advantage t

 ^! v>ieties ( wall pa9t+ seem to       
possess ov] ! buon1 or true fresco1     
process--& x may be consid]$ z a        
que/ionable "o--is1 t z reg>ds ! numb] (
 ! col\rs1 ! arti/ may use an almo/     
unlimit$ or unre/rict$ palette1 :ile 9  
buon fresco 8 col\rs are limit$ to ! v  
few :i* rema9 un*ang$ :5 subject$ to !  
cau/ic action ( ! lime 9 ! pla/]4       
,temp]a pa9t+ on walls has be5 s mu*    
mi/ak5 = ! fresco process t x is        
impossible to say :5 ! latt] 0 fir/     
practis$1 b accord+ to ! /atem5ts (     
,vitruvius & ,pl9y1 ! process 0 well    
und]/ood by ! ,greeks & ,romans4 ,p]haps
 "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ revelations 9 !     
hi/ory ( ! art has be5 br\ght ab\t by ! 
discov]y ( sev]al fragm5ts ( wall &     
ceil+ decorations1 f\nd rec5tly by !    
late ,dr4 ,s*liemann dur+ ! excavations 
( ! anci5t cities & palaces ( !         
pre-,hell5ic ,myc5e & ,tiryns1 (        
primitive ,greece4 ,"o ( ^! fragm5ts (  
fresco pa9t+1 :i* 0 f\nd 9 a palace at  
,tiryns1 consi/$ ( a portion ( a wall or

 ceil+1 a /ucco slab1 compos$ ( lime &  
s& pla/]1 on :i* is pa9t$ !             
repres5tation ( a spirit$ bull ) !      
figure ( a man vault+ ov] its back4 ,?is
 int]e/+ piece ( "w mu/ h be5 execut$ at
 lea/ z e>ly z #aejj ,b4,c41 z ! city ( 
,tiryns 0 a mass ( ru9s %ortly aft] ?is 
date4 ,_m o!r fragm5ts ( fresco pa9t+s h
 also be5 f\nd 9 ! ru9s ( ^! anci5t     
palaces1 "s ( :i* 7 decorat$ ) l9e> &   
geometric ornam5t1 conv5tional fl[]s1 & 
animal =ms4 ,n only 7 ! walls & ceil+s  
decorat$ ) frescos1 b ! floors ( "s ( ! 
ap>tm5ts 7 treat$ 9 a simil> mann]4     
,/ill e>li] examples ( fresco pa9t+ h   
be5 f\nd 9 prehi/oric ,!ra1 "o ( !      
,grecian isles1 & o!rs 9 ! ,m9oan palace
 at ,cnossus1 9 ,crete1 bo? ( :i* may h 
be5 pa9t$ z e>ly z ! n9ete5? c5tury     
,b4,c41 & c]ta9ly n lat] ?an ! eighte5?4
  ,! wall pa9t+s ( ! ,egyptian tombs 7  
,illu/ration3  ,to face p4 #aj  ,,plate 
#b4--;,,fragm5t ,,( ,,anci5t ,,fresco   
,,f ,,tiryns  execut$ 9 temp]a on a     
gesso or /ucco :ite gr\nd1 ! same me?od 

be+ foll[$ 9 ! decoration ( ! mummy     
cases & o!r objects4 ,9 "s in/ances ^!  
temp]a pa9t+s ( ! ,egyptians 7 v>ni%$1  
:i* 0 n an advantage to _! appe>ance1 z 
! v>ni% d>k5$1 & 9 a great measure      
de/roy$1 ! beauty ( ! orig9al col\rs4   
,"s ( ! wall pa9t+s f\nd at ,pompeii are
 said to h be5 execut$ 9 v]itable       
fresco1 s9ce lime has be5 f\nd 9 mixture
 ) mo/ ( ! col\rs us$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ?is
 has be5 disput$1 & "s au?orities       
classify !m z temp]a or secco pa9t+s2 b 
p]haps ! tru? ( ! matt] is1 t a c]ta9   
am\nt ( ! fir/ col\r+ 0 really execut$  
on ! wet lime pla/]1 & t1 9 "s in/ances1
 c]ta9 col\rs1 us$ 9 ! f9i%+ ( ! "w1 7  
appli$ aft]w>ds 9 a temp]a m$ium :5 !   
wall surface _h become q dry4 ,?is me?od
 ( proc$ure1 accord+ to ! /atem5ts (    
,vas>i & ,c5n9i1 0 n an uncommon        
practice ) ! ,italian frescanti ( !     
f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies4     ,,*apt] 
,,iii  ,,fresco-,,buono                 
,,process--,,col\rs--,,prep>ation ,,(   
,,! ,,wall--,,me?od ,,( ,,execution     

,fresco-buono1 or true fresco1 is s     
call$ because ! pa9t+ is execut$ 8a     
fresco10 t is1 directly on ! fre%1 or   
wet pla/]1 :i* =ms ! pa9t+ surface ( !  
wall4 ,?is pla/]1 or mort>1 is a mixture
 ( lime & s&1 & ! col\rs us$ 9 ! pa9t+  
are su* z w rema9 un*ang$ 9 hue :5 9    
contact or 9 mixture ) ! lime4 ,:5 all  
necess>y details relat+ to ! me?od (    
proc$ure connect$ ) ! "w are c>efully   
c>ri$ out1 true fresco pa9t+s may be    
said to h a high] degree ( p]man5ce &   
durability ?an ^? execut$ by any o!r    
me?od or m$ium4 ,! f9e surface texture &
 lum9\s quality ( buon fresco           
pre-em95tly di/+ui%es x z ! mo/         
beautiful col\r f9i% = mural decoration4
  ,! great p]man5ce ( fresco pa9t+s is  
due to ! =mation ( c>bonates1 &         
sometimes silicates1 ( lime on ! surface
 ( ! pla/]1 :i* takes place dur+ ! dry+ 
( ! latt]4 ,! c>bonic acid conta9$ 9 !  
natural lime/one is driv5 out ( x by !  
process ( burn+ 9 ! kiln1 & aft] ! burnt
 lime has be5 slak$ into lime 8putty10 x

 has !n become :at is kn[n z a hydrate (
 lime4 ,z long z ! pla/] is wet on !    
wall ! lime 9 ! pla/] exi/s 9 ! /ate ( a
 hydrate1 & ! appli$ col\rs ( ! pa9t+   
become saturat$ ) ?is =m ( lime2 b dur+ 
! process ( dry+1 ! lime on ! surface1 &
 to a slight dep? bel[ ! surface ( !    
pla/]1 rapidly absorbs c>bonic acid gas 
f ! atmosph]e1 & becomes a c>bonate (   
lime1 :i* is =m$ z a h>d & cry/all9e    
sk91 or surface cov]+1 "u :i* ! col\rs  
are lock$ up1 & s protect$ f any        
atmosph]ic influ5ces4 ,9 addition to ?is
 c>bonate surface a silicate ( lime is  
sometimes =m$1 especially :5 9 ! pa9t+  
"s ( ! m e>?y col\rs are us$ :i* may h  
silica 9 _! composition4 ,^! ?9 cov]+s (
 c>bonates & silicates ( lime r5d]      
fresco pa9t+s imp]vi\s to wet or damp on
 ! surface1 s t !y may be occasionally  
wa%$ )\t injury2 b bad air1 su* z       
sulphurett$ hydrog5 gases1 or ! sulphur 
products giv5 (f by gas & coal          
combu/ion1 w 9 "t conv]t ! c>bonate     
cov]+ into a sulphate ( lime1 a sub/ance

 :i* dis9tegrates & de/roys1 n only !   
col\rs1 b ! pla/] surface also4 ,?is    
w\ld sugge/ t 9 build+s :i* conta9      
fresco pa9t+s coal fires & gas %\ld n be
 us$ = heat+ & light+ purposes1 & also t
 ! build+s %\ld be prop]ly v5tilat$4    
,,prep>ation ,,( ,,! ,,wall ,,9         
,,buon-,,fresco3  ,! wall on :i* a "w 9 
buon-fresco is to be pa9t$ %\ld be (    
good brick1 or if a /one wall1 x %\ld be
 l9$ ) brick on its inn] face1 or1 bett]
 /ill1 x %\ld be :at is kn[n z a holl[  
brick wall--t is1 "o hav+ an air-space  
betwe5 ! out] & inn] l9+s4 ,! jo9ts     
betwe5 ! bricks %\ld be scor$ out1 s z  
to leave a key = ! fir/ coat+ ( r\gh    
pla/]2 ?is %\ld consi/ ( old lime &     
co>se1 gritty1 well-wa%$ riv] s&1 mix$ )
 ox-hair1 or :ite asbe/os cut into small
 bits1 s z to b9d ! mixture m           
effectually4 ,= ?is fir/ coat+ ( pla/] !
 usual proportions are "o "p ( lime &   
two p>ts ( ! gritty s&2 x %\ld be ab\t  
?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* 9 ?ickness4 ,?is   
coat+ %\ld h a r\gh5$ surface1 made by  

scrat*+ x ) a co>se-too!d k9d ( wood5   
comb1 & %\ld be left = ! be/ "p ( a ye>1
 s t x may ?or\ghly h>d51 be=e x        
receives ! second1 & la/1 coat ( pla/]1 
t on :i* ! pa9t+ is to be execut$1 :i*  
is kn[n z ! intonaco4 ,?is pla/] mixture
 mu/ be prep>$ ) great c>e1 & m ?an     
suffici5t to cov] ! :ole wall space %\ld
 be made be=e beg9n+ ! pa9t+1 s z to get
 ! :ole surface ev5ly temp]$1 & ( ! same
 mixture2 = if diff]5t mixtures 7 made1 
& at diff]5t times1 ! lime & s& might   
v>y 9 proportions1 :i* w\ld possibly    
affect ! col\rs ( ! pa9t+1 & prev5t !m  
dry+ uni=mly1 z to t9t or tone4  ,!     
proportions ( lime & s& = ! intonaco is1
 "o "p ( lime & ?ree p>ts ( f9e &       
well-wa%$ riv] s&4 ,pit s& mu/ n be us$1
 on acc\nt ( ! clay & e>?y matt] :i* x  
conta9s2 nor sea s&1 :i* ( c\rse conta9s
 a c]ta9 am\nt ( salt t w\ld attract    
damp & cause ! lime to p]i%4 ,! lime mu/
 be well slak$1 & mu/ be fairly old 9 ! 
8putty0 /ate1 s t !re may be no fe> (   
its bli/]+ & bl[+ (f "h & !re 9 r\nd    

flakes on ! f9i%$ surface1 :i* x w d if 
x is too new or n prop]ly slak$1 ev5 six
 or eight mon?s aft] ! pla/] has be5    
spread on ! wall4  ,! me?od ( prep>+    
lime = fresco "w is1 fir/ to select !   
be/ :ite v>iety :i* has be5 prop]ly     
calc9$4 ,! lime is put into a l>ge wood5
 tr\gh ) suffici5t clean wat] to slake &
 dissolve x into a ?9 creamy consi/5cy4 
,! mixture is !n /ra9$ ?r\gh a f9e sieve
 into a brick-l9$ pit1 ro($ ov] to keep 
out ! wet & du/4 ,a ?ick coat+ ( clean  
riv] s& %\ld be put ov] ! lime :5 x has 
cool$ d[n & ?ick5$ into a pa/e1 & has   
become :at is kn[n z 8lime putty40  ,!re
 are _m tales & leg5ds conc]n+ ! extreme
 old age ( lime putty be=e x has be5 us$
 9 ! pla/] ( wall surfaces1 or z a pa9t+
 mat]ial 9 fresco4  ,x has be5 /at$ t = 
"s ( ! ,italian frescos ! lime us$ 0    
eighty ye>s old4 ,z a matt] ( fact x is 
q ripe = use ab\t "o ye> aft] x has be5 
slak$4 ,! lime us$ by ,sir ,edw>d ,j4   
,poynt] 9 8 fresco 9 ,/4 ,/eph5's ,*ur* 
at ,dulwi* 0 ab\t two ye>s old1 & t us$ 

9 ! ,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t frescos 0 ?ree   
ye>s4 ,! quality ( ! lime1 h[ev]1 is ( m
 consequ5ce ?an its age4 ,! common grey 
lime us$ by ! ,london build]s %\ld be   
avoid$2 ! be/ ,engli% v>iety is ! pure  
:ite lime/one1 :i* is qu>ri$ & burnt ne>
 ,buxton 9 ,d]by%ire4  ,be=e describ+ ! 
me?od ( lay+ on ! la/ pla/] gr\nd1 or   
intonaco1 a few words mu/ be said ab\t !
 prep>ation ( ! design or subject to be 
pa9t$4 ,a f9i%$ col\r$ draw+ or pa9t+ ( 
! design1 to a small]1 or ev5 to ! same 
scale z ! fresco pa9t+1 mu/ be prep>$1 &
 ! arti/ %\ld endeav\r to make an exact 
copy ( ?is on ! pla/] surface1 z !re is 
no "t to exp]im5t 9 col\r s*emes1 or to 
make alt]ations f ! orig9al col\r$      
design 9 ! %ort p]iod t is at ! disposal
 ( ! pa9t] :5 he is at "w on ! wet      
pla/]4 ,if ! col\r sket* ( ! "w is      
prep>$ on a small scale x w be also     
necess>y t a c>toon 9 light & %ade draw+
 %\ld be made to ! full scale ( ! fresco
 pa9t+1 be=e beg9n+ to pa9t on ! wall4  
,z ! col\rs1 & ev]y?+ else t may be     

requir$1 mu/ be 9 read9ess1 & close at  
h& be=e lay+ on ! pla/] gr\nd & be=e    
comm5c+ ! pa9t+1 x w be z well to       
indicate "h ! prop] col\rs :i* may be   
safely us$ on ! lime pla/]4  ,al?\gh !  
palette 9 buon-fresco pa9t+ is v simple 
& re/rict$ z to ! numb] ( ! col\rs :i*  
may be tru/$ to )/& ! cau/ic action ( ! 
lime1 at ! same "t a fairly ri* & lum9\s
 col\r s*eme may be obta9$1 not)/&+ !   
limit$ range ( ! palette4 ,! foll[+ li/ 
may be safely reli$ ^u3--       ,,:ite4 
,lime :ite 7hydrate ( lime74            
,,yell[4 ,raw si5na 7a f]rug9\s e>?74   
8   4 ,cadmium yell[ 7cadmium sulphide74
       ,,r$4 ,v]milion 7sulphide (      
m]cury74         8   4 ,light r$ 7calc9$
 ,ox=d o*re74         8   4 ,indian r$  
7f]ric p]oxide74       ,,blue4 ,cobalt  
blue 7phosphate ( cobalt & alum9a74     
,,gre54 ,oxide ( *romium 7anhydr\s      
sesquioxide ( *romium74         8   4   
,em]ald oxide ( *romium 7hydrat$ oxide (
 *romium &               borax74        
8   4 ,cobalt gre5 7oxides ( cobalt &   

z9c74       ,,orange4 ,burnt si5na 7raw 
si5na calc9$74       ,,br[n4 ,raw umb]  
7oxides ( iron1 manganese1 & clay74     
8   4 ,burnt umb] 7raw umb] calc9$74    
,,black4 ,ivory black 7*>r$ bones74     
,!re are o!r pigm5ts t might be us$1 b  
are really n necess>y1 & "s ( !m are    
d\btful z to _! p]man5ce4 ,"o col\r1 n 9
 our li/1 is ! g5u9e ultram>9e1 a       
spl5did blue1 & ?or\ghly p]man5t 9      
buon-fresco1 b its great price prohibits
 its use1 except 9 v small quantities1  
or on small portions ( ! "w4 ,fr5*1 or  
factiti\s1 ultram>9e is also v p]man5t1 
& )/&s ! action ( ! lime1 b at ! same "t
 x is a mo/ h>% & disagreeable col\r :5 
us$ 9 lime or 9 any o!r k9d ( fresco2 :5
 us$ alone x de/roys by its int5sity (  
hue ! prop] values ( o!r col\rs 9 !     
s*eme2 on ! o!r h&1 if any attempt is   
made to tone x d[n by mix+ x ) ano!r    
pigm5t1 or by glaz+ ano!r col\r ov] x1 !
 result is cold & muddy 9 ! extreme1 s x
 is be/ left out ( ! li/1 z x is almo/  
unmanageable 9 fresco4 ,v]milion is     

r5d]$ durable 9 fresco by p\r+ lime-wat]
 ov] ! p[d]$ col\r1 & !n dra9+ ?is wat] 
(f1 )\t di/urb+ ! col\r4 ,?is wa%+ is   
repeat$ f\r or five times1 be=e !       
v]milion is ready = use4 ,p]man5t :ite1 
:i* is a b>ium sulphate1 & t9 :ite1 or  
t9 b9oxide1 may bo? be us$ 9 lime       
frescoes1 b !y are unnecess>y1 & n s    
good = ! purpose z lime :ite4 ,lemon    
yell[1 ,naples yell[1 aureol91 ,v5etian 
r$1 & t]re-v]te may be us$ ) lime1 b x  
all dep5ds on ! manufacture ( ^! col\rs 
z to :e!r or n !y may be us$ ) safety4  
,= example1 ! ,naples yell[1 ,v5etian   
r$1 & t]re-v]te pigm5ts ( to-day are q  
diff]5t 9 _! *emical con/itu5ts to !    
same nam$ col\rs ( ! f\rte5? & fifte5?  
c5turies4 ,yell[ o*re1 ?\gh x has be5   
us$ v mu* by ! old ,italian frescanti1  
is n to be dep5d$ ^u :5 us$ 9 lime      
fresco 9 ?is c\ntry1 z x consi/s ( a    
mixture or comb9ation ( hydrate ( iron &
 clay2 x !re=e attracts ! damp t is     
ne>ly always pres5t 9 our atmosph]e4 ,( 
c\rse1 x c be safely us$ 9 v dry        

climates1 b x may be m5tion$ t x has be5
 "o ( ! pigm5ts :i* has l>gely p]i%$ 9  
"s ( ! frescos ( ! ,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t4  
,ano!r objection to its use 9 fresco is1
 t ! cau/ic nature ( ! lime is apt to   
*ange yell[ o*re to a light r$1 an aft] 
effect :i* may n be altoge!r desirable4 
,raw si5na1 h[ev]1 m ?an takes ! place (
 yell[ o*re1 & is "o ( ! mo/ useful     
col\rs 9 fresco pa9t+4 ,we %\ld say t ! 
?ree mo/ p]man5t & beautiful col\rs =   
use on ! lime pla/] are raw si5na1 burnt
 umb]1 & ,indian r$1 & :e!r us$ 9       
transp>5t wa%es or 9 solid t9ts1 z :5   
mix$ ) lime-:ite1 or 9 ! full /r5g? ( _!
 hues1 !y always dry out lum9\s &       
brilliant4 ,all ! col\rs %\ld be gr\nd v
 f9ely 9 wat]1 & kept 9 cov]$ j>s or    
wide-m\!d glass bottles4 ,! lime-:ite   
%\ld be /ra9$ ?r\gh musl9 & kept cov]$4 
,a bone or ivory palette knife mu/ be   
us$1 & ! palette %\ld be made ( t9n$    
metal1 hav+ a s]ies ( small circul>     
wells to hold ! v>i\s col\rs4 ,bru%es   
are ( ! ord9>y k9d1 hog-hair1 & a few   

long sable rigg]s4 ,hog-hair bru%es are 
be/ = use :5 !y are ( a flat %ape1 b ( a
 r\ndi% f9i% at ! end1 l an old or      
half-worn bru%1 s t :5 9 use !y w n     
di/urb ! surface ( ! wet pla/]1 :i* a   
new or squ>e-end$ bru% is apt to d4  ,:5
 ev]y?+ is 9 read9ess to comm5ce "w1 a  
portion ( ! r\gh wall surface %\ld be   
?or\ghly saturat$ ) wat]1 & ! pla/]     
gr\nd1 or intonaco1 %\ld be laid on ) a 
wood5 tr[el1 beg9n+ at ! top & at an    
angle ( ! wall1 & l>ge en\gh 9 area to  
con/itute a day's "w1 or1 r1 z mu* z c  
be done 9 ab\t five h\rs2 = aft] t "t x 
is n safe to "w on ! new pla/]1 z x !n  
becomes too dry3 if all[$ to get 9 ?is  
condition ! col\rs w n prop]ly          
incorporate ) ! body ( ! pla/]1 = if any
 pa9t+ is done :5 ! pla/] is 9 a        
half-dry /ate ! col\rs w n adh]e        
p]man5tly to ! wall1 b w scale (f !     
surface1 or may be bru%$ (f loosely :5  
dry4 ,:5 any portion ( ! pla/] gr\nd    
becomes too dry to "w ^u4  ,illu/ration 
x mu/ be cut "r away & a new coat+ (    

pla/] appli$2 x is ( no avail to syr+e x
 ) wat] 9 ord] to keep x damp = pa9t+   
on1 z ! wat] only weak5s ! nature ( !   
lime 9 ! pla/]4 ,! *emical action betwe5
 ! atmosph]e & ! lime1 necess>y = ! firm
 lock+ up ( ! col\rs1 w h tak5 place    
aft] f\r or five h\rs' "t1 accord+ to   
condition ( ! atmosph]e2 & ?is action w 
n repeat itself or be br\ght ab\t by any
 application ( wat] aft] ! p]iod nam$4  
,:5 ! day's "w is f9i%$1 any "p ( !     
surface n pa9t$ on mu/ be cut away1 & ! 
pla/] all ar\nd ! edge mu/ be "u-cut1 ! 
cut slop+ well inw>ds1 s z to =m a key =
 ! new piece ( pla/] = ! next day's "w4 
,?is coat+ ( pla/] %\ld be r m ?an      
half-an-in* 9 ?ickness1 & %\ld be f9i%$ 
to a level1 b n too smoo?1 a surface1 ) 
! wood5 tr[el1 or 8float40 ,an iron     
tr[el mu/ n be us$4 ,aft] ! pla/] is    
laid on x %\ld rema9 ab\t t5 m9utes or s
 be=e pa9t+1 s z to all[ x to set4 ,x   
%\ld !n be coat$ ) a t9t1 t w\ld be a   
deep vellum col\r :5 dry1 made ( a      
mixture ( lime-:ite & a little raw      

si5na1 ab\t ! ?ickness ( cream2 ?is w   
give a slightly smoo!r surface to !     
pla/] & w act z a lum9\s gr\nd = !      
subsequ5t col\r+1 besides act+ a v      
important "p z an "u-coat+ on :i* !     
sup]impos$ col\rs w 8be> out0 m         
effectively4 ,! wat] us$ %\ld be di/ill$
 or boil$1 or ra9 wat] collect$ 9 clean 
vessels1 z h>d wat] g5]ally conta9s a   
quantity ( *alk1 & = ?is reason x is n s
 p[]ful a solv5t ( ! lime z s(t or      
di/ill$ wat]4  ,! portion ( ! design    
select$ = ! day's pa9t+ is trac$ f !    
c>toon1 & is transf]r$ to ! s(t pla/]   
?r\gh ! holes1 :i* are prick$ ?r\gh !   
trac+ pap]1 by means ( p\nc+ ) p[d]$    
*>coal conta9$ 9 a musl9 bag1 or x may h
 ! outl9e trac$ ?r\gh ) a %>p-po9t$     
wood5 /ile2 ?is w leave a slightly      
depress$ l9e on ! s(t pla/]1 & is a     
clean] me?od ?an ! *>coal p\nce1 & on ! 
:ole ! m pref]able "o4  ,we h n[ arriv$ 
at ! /age ( ! "w :5 ! pa9t+ may be      
proce$$ )4 ,x may be "h m5tion$ t1 9    
ord] to try ! hues ( ! col\rs & v>i\s   

t9ts1 an ord9>y brick hav+ a ?ick coat+ 
( pla/] ( ,p>is1 t has be5 all[$ to     
become ?or\ghly dry1 %\ld be at h&4 ,if 
a t\* f ! bru%1 dipp$ 9 any t9t1 be put 
on ?is pla/]$ brick x w dry imm$iately1 
& %[ at once ! actual %ade ( col\r t su*
 a t9t w be :51 aft] "s days1 x has dri$
 out on ! pla/] surface4 ,x g5]ally     
takes ?ree or f\r days1 accord+ to !    
season ( ! ye>1 or heat ( ! room1 be=e !
 wall surface & ! appli$ col\rs f9ally  
dry out1 & all  ,illu/ration3  ,to face 
p4 #bc4  ,,plate #d4--,,trial ,,piece   
,,( ,,fresco ,,pa9t+  ,g4 ,f4 ,watts1   
,r4,a41 ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum      
col\rs1 m p>ticul>ly ! light] t9ts &    
half-tones1 dry ev5tually ev] s mu*     
light] ?an !y appe> :5 fir/ laid on4 ,x 
is only ! v d>ke/ tones1 or pigm5ts us$ 
9 _! full /r5g?1 ^? t h no lime mix$ )  
!m1 t dry any?+ ne> ! full /r5g? ( _!   
wet /ate1 & !n !re are exceptions to    
?is2 s x foll[s t 9 buon-fresco pa9t+ ! 
arti/ mu/ pa9t 9 a mu* d>k] key ?an ! "w
 is int5d$ to appe> :5 x has dri$ out4  

,z reg>ds ! me?od ( execution 9 pa9t+ x 
may be urg$ t ! arti/ w "w accord+ to 8 
own feel+ or temp]am5t3 = example1 "s   
may decide to pa9t 9 ?9 transp>5t wa%es 
or glaz+s1 z 9 wat]-col\r pa9t+2 o!rs   
may pref] to use ! col\rs 9 a ?ick      
impa/o me?od1 z 9 oil pa9t+4 ,ei!r me?od
 may be adopt$ ) success1 b we %\ld say 
t a judici\s mixture ( bo? me?ods1 9 !  
same "w1 w obta9 ! cle>e/ & mo/ lum9\s  
results1 =1 z a matt] ( te*nique1 fresco
 l5ds itself admirably to ei!r me?ods ( 
pa9t+4 ,! g5]al rule is to model !      
%ades1 half-tones & lights1 broadly at  
fir/ & 9 ! ord] nam$1 ) bru%es r l>ge   
?an small1 & !n to f9i% (f by /r5g!n+ ! 
%ad[s ) less] t\*es1 or by a s]ies (    
delicately hat*$ l9es1 & bright5+ !     
lights 9 ! same way1 us+ = ^! purposes  
sable rigg] bru%es4 ,! reason = ?is is t
 e t\* tells1 especially :5 us+ a sable 
bru%2 y _c press or lean on y\r bru% on 
! s(t pla/] )\t di/urb+ ! und]nea?      
col\rs1 & possibly de/roy+ ! surface ( !
 pla/] z well4 ,x w be se5 f ?is t !    

fresco pa9t] mu/ cultivate a light h& = 
8 "w2 he _c indulge1 = in/ance1 9 t     
dext]ity ( h&l+ t may be accompli%$ 9   
oil or 91 say1 _s-fresco pa9t+1 simply  
because ( ! dang] ( work+ up ! s(t & wet
 pla/] gr\nd3 he mu/ "k :at he has to d1
 & mu/ d x frankly & at once2 =1 al?\gh 
to a c]ta9 ext5t ! arti/ may be able to 
pa9t ov] p>ts & s correct occasional    
mi/akes1 x is n advisable to d s1 z !   
corrections w m or less %[ :5 ! "w has  
dri$ out1 by look+ muddy1 & consequ5tly 
less lum9\s ?an !y ought to be4 ,! only 
alt]native1 :5 a correction is necess>y1
 is to cut ! piece out1 & lay on a fre% 
pla/] gr\nd4 ,all ?is %[s h[ important x
 is to h a full-siz$ c>toon 9 light &   
%ade1 & also a col\r s*eme previ\sly    
prep>$1 f :i* ! fresco pa9t+ may be     
almo/ copi$ directly on to ! wet pla/]4 
,illu/ration3  ,to face p4 #be4  ,,plate
 #e4--,,trial ,,piece ,,( ,,fresco      
,,pa9t+  ,g4 ,f4 ,watts1 ,r4,a41        
,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum     ,,*apt]  
,,iv  ,,pa9t+ ,,( ,,fle% ,,&            

,,drap]ies--,,p]man5ce ,,(              
,,buon-,,fresco   ,9 beg9n+ ! pa9t+ (   
fle% & drap]ies on ! wet pla/]1 or inde$
 9 any o!r k9d ( wall pa9t+1 x is       
important to comm5ce ) a k9d ( modifi$  
outl9e4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 applies also to  
any o!r prom95t objects 9 ! design or   
composition4 ,x is !re=e advisable t1   
be=e lay+ 9 ! fir/ masses ( col\rs1 !   
ma9 features ( ! draw+ %\ld be outl9$   
firmly ) a sable bru%1 ev5 if y modify  
or half-oblit]ate ! outl9e :5 aft]w>ds  
pa9t+ )9 x4 ,hav+ outl9$ ! portion      
select$ = pa9t+ on ! prep>$ light or    
cream-col\r$ gr\nd1 suppos+ x to be a   
head or o!r "p ( ! human figure1 a v    
good way to beg9 is to lay 9 ! %ad[s    
fir/1 us+ a s(t or half-worn hog-hair   
bru%1 ! %ad[ col\r to be ( a w>m gre5i% 
t9t1 ( a mixture ( em]ald oxide (       
*romium1 raw si5na1 & light r$1 us$ ?9ly
 to get transp>5cy4 ,imm$iately aft] !  
%ad+1 or modell+ ( ! %ad[s1 is          
accompli%$ a g5]al fle%-col\r$ t9t is   
made1 ( a m$ium tone1 & is swiftly bru%$

 ov] ! p>ts :]e ! lights & half-tones   
w\ld be1 tak+ c>e t x is work$ v ?9ly or
 sp>+ly into ! %ad[s4 ,?is fle%-col\r$  
t9t ought to h a v little quantity (    
lime-:ite to r5d] x semi-opaque4 ,z soon
 z ?is is done ! c>nations ( ! *eeks &  
lips & col\rs ( ! eyes %\ld be pa9t$ 94 
,!n on ! top ( ! g5]al fle% t9t ! col\rs
 ( ! =ehead1 *eeks1 & neck %\ld be work$
 91 accord+ to ! col\r ( ! sket*1       
gradually bright5+ ! light] p>ts &      
/r5g!n+ ! %ad[s z requir$4 ,= ?is second
 pa9t+ ( ! fle% ! %ade col\r1 modifi$ ( 
c\rse accord+ to ! complexion & position
 x is to occupy1 may be made ( a mixture
 ( raw si5na1 light r$1 burnt si5na1 & a
 v little em]ald oxide4 ,! same col\rs1 
) v]milion & lime-:ite add$1 may be us$ 
= lights & half-tones1 & ! transition   
tones betwe5 lights & half-tones may be 
obta9$ by lightly dragg+ ! light] t9ts  
ov] ! half-tones1 :i* op]ation usually  
produces ! natural greyness requir$ 9 ^!
 p>ts4 ,= ! d>k] m>k+s ( ! no/rils1     
lips1 eyes1 & eyebr[s1 or any d>k       

acc5tuations ( ! fle% t9ts1 burnt umb]  
us$ alone or mix$ ) a little v]milion1  
or burnt si5na1 may be employ$4 ,black  
may also be us$ = ! same purpose if mix$
 ) burnt si5na or v]milion4 ,at ?is /age
 ! fle%-col\r$  ,illu/ration  p>ts may  
be left to dry 9 a little & get firm]   
be=e f9ally f9i%+ ^! p>ts1 :5 att5tion  
may n[ be direct$ to ! pa9t+ ( ! hair1  
head-dress1 or any small accessory4 ,^! 
portions ( ! "w may be laid 9 at once ) 
an almo/ flat t9t ( /rong local col\r1 &
 ! lights & %ades modell$ into x4 ,on   
com+ back to ! fle% portions x may be   
f\nd necess>y to d a consid]able am\nt (
 ret\*+2 ?is c /ill be done ne> ! end ( 
! day's "w1 z long z ! t\*es are small &
 delicate1 & provid$ !re is no s]i\s    
repa9t+ attempt$4 ,z reg>ds ! g5]al "q (
 ret\*+ a ^w ( w>n+ is necess>y2 & t is1
 x (t5 happ5s t "s t\*es :i* are int5d$ 
to dry out light] ?an ! col\r on :i* !y 
are sup]impos$ w appe> actually d>k] ?an
 ! und]nea? col\r :5 !y are fre%ly laid 
on2 ?is g5]ally happ5s :5 ! col\r :i* is

 be+ us$ conta9s "s lime-:ite 9 its     
mixture1 & x is ow+ to ?is caprici\s    
behavi\r ( opaque or semi-opaque t9ts t 
"s arti/s h pref]r$ to "w almo/ entirely
 9 transp>5t wa%es on ! lime-:ite gr\nd4
 ,x /&s to reason1 h[ev]1 t ! "w w be m 
lum9\s & m p]man5t if ! col\rs are all  
mix$ 9 "s degree ) lime1 & also !re w be
 m complete incorporation or cohesion ) 
! col\rs & ! pla/] gr\nd4  ,x may be    
m5tion$ t if a g5]al tone ( col\r is to 
be giv5 to any l>ge surface1 or if !    
same col\r is to appe> 9 diff]5t p>ts ( 
! fresco1 z 9 drap]ies1 skies1 build+s1 
etc41 a few %ades ( ! col\rs requir$    
%\ld be mix$ & pres]v$ 9 clos$ j>s =    
future use1 z x is almo/ impossible to  
mat* %ades ( a col\r ) any degree (     
accuracy :]e lime is "o ( ! +r$i5ts ( ! 
mixture4  ,! simple/ way to pa9t drap]y 
9 fresco is to fir/ outl9e ! "w1 & also 
indicate ! pr9cipal folds 9 outl9e1 !n  
prep>e ?ree %ades ( ! g5]al col\r s t ! 
d>ke/ or %ad[ t9t w n be s d>k z ! f9al 
d>ke/ %ade1 nor ! lighte/ s light z !   

f9i%$ lights are int5d$ to be4 ,pa9t 9 !
 %ades & %ad[s fir/1 ! middle t9ts or   
half-tones next1 & always f9i% ) pa9t+ !
 lights2 ea* t9t1 ( c\rse1 9 ! op]ation 
mu/ be lightly or delicately modell$    
into its neighb\r+ t9t4 ,?is w con/itute
 ! fir/ pa9t+1 & :5 f9i%$ x %\ld be     
all[$ to rema9 = t5 m9utes1 or m1 to s9k
 prop]ly into ! pla/]4 ,= ! second pa9t+
 a d>k] %ade ?an ! d>ke/ us$ 9 ! fir/ is
 prep>$1 & ! d>ke/ acc5ts & dep?s ( !   
folds are delicately express$2 & ) a    
/ill light] t9t ?an ! lights ( ! fir/   
pa9t+1 us$ 9 a fairly ?ick consi/5cy1 & 
) a full bru%1 ! high] lights ( ! drap]y
 are !n pa9t$ 94 ,! piece ( "w ought n[ 
to pres5t ! appe>ance ( a mono*rome /udy
 9 light & %ade1 b x may be necess>y to 
indicate reflect$ lights 9 "s portions (
 ! %ad[s1 & ! lights may want a blu% (  
"s o!r col\r to make ! /udy a m tru?ful 
repres5tation ( drap]y texture1 or ( !  
accid5tal lights1 & also reflections f  
surr\nd+ objects4 ,^! extra t9ts %\ld be
 put 9 _! prop] places aft] ! second    

pa9t+ is done2 & c>e %\ld be tak5 to mix
 !m ( a pur] or bright] col\r ?an !y    
appe> 9 ! col\r$ sket*1 s t1 :5 !y are  
glaz$ lightly ov] ! "w1 ! und]pa9t+1 :i*
 is ( a diff]5t col\r1 w slightly %[    
?r\gh & modify ^! bright glaz+s to !    
requir$ tones4 ,x may be necess>y to    
glaze ov] m ?an once 9 ord] to get !    
desir$ effects1 b t w n matt]1 provid$ t
 ! glaz+ is done ) a light h&1 s t !    
und]pa9t+ is n di/urb$4  ,:5 pa9t+      
foliage1 fl[]s1 fruit1 ornam5t1 or      
ar*itecture1 ! same me?od ( work+ w also
 apply1 b ! treatm5t ( su* objects w\ld 
be simpl]1 & w be f\nd less difficult1  
?an ! pa9t+ ( drap]y4  ,we h gone       
some:at into detail 9 giv+ ?is          
description z to ! me?ods ( pa9t+ 9     
buon-fresco1 b we h done s because we   
believe x to be ! be/ & highe/ =m ( wall
 decoration1 & we are conv9c$ t if a dry
 wall is obta9$1 prop]ly prep>$1 & none 
b ! be/ & safe/ col\rs us$1 x is a      
p]fectly possible m$ium = wall          
decoration1 ev5 9 ?is climate ( ours4   

,z a pro( ( ?is we wi% to m5tion t !    
fresco pa9t$ 9 ?is me?od1 & ) col\rs    
simil> to :at h be5 describ$ z suitable 
= buon-fresco1 by ,sir ,edw>d ,j4       
,poynt]1 ,p4,r4,a41 9 ! *ancel ( ,/4    
,/eph5's ,*ur* at ,dulwi*1 ab\t         
?irty-five ye>s ago1 is at ! pres5t     
mom5t 9 a p]fectly s\nd condition1 & is 
almo/ z fre% look+ & bright z :5 fir/   
pa9t$4 ,x is expos$ to ! effects (      
cond5s$ vap\r & moi/ure 9 ! w9t] mon?s1 
:5 ! *ur* is heat$1 & x is subject$ to !
 fumes ( ! gas t lights ! *ur*1 yet x   
%[s no signs ( det]ioration2 on !       
contr>y1 ! surface looks1 & feels to !  
t\*1 m l t]ra-cotta1 or ( ! texture &   
firmness ( biscuit porcela91 ?an any?+  
else "o c ?9k (4  ,:5 "o he>s ( frescos 
p]i%+ 9 ?is c\ntry1 l "s ( ^? 9 ! ,h\ses
 ( ,p>liam5t1 we may be sure t ! causes 
are n always due to ! damp climate1 nor 
altoge!r to sulphur gases1 b ei!r to a  
badly prep>$ wall surface1 or1 :at is m 
?an likely1 ! use ( "o or two d\btful   
col\rs1 t 9 p]i%+ w ev5 loos5 or de/roy 

o!r s\nd] col\rs :5 juxtapos$ to or mix$
 ) !m4  ,illu/ration3 ,photo4 ,bolas4   
,to face p4 #cj4  ,,plate #c4--,,/4     
,,/eph5 ,,be=e ,,8 ,,accus]s1 ,,& ,,!   
,,/on+ ,,( ,,/4 ,,/eph5  ,sir ,e4 ,j4   
,poynt]1 ,b>t41 ,p4,r4,a41 ,fresco 9 ,/4
 ,/eph5's ,*ur*1 ,dulwi*     ,,*apt] ,v 
,,_s ,,fresco ,,pa9t+   ,! me?od ( pa9t+
 foll[$ out 9 ! _s-fresco sy/em1 z f> z 
! manipulation ( ! col\rs is conc]n$1 is
 almo/ precisely ! same z t ( ! lime or 
buon-fresco process1 ! exception be+1 t 
! ov]-pa9t+s & ret\*+s may be execut$ at
 any "t1 weeks1 mon?s1 or ev5 ye>s1 aft]
 any previ\s pa9t+ ( ! same p>ts2 b z ! 
prep>ation ( ! wall is ( c\rse some:at  
diff]5t1 & ! m$ium is altoge!r s1 a %ort
 description ( ! me?od or sy/em may be (
 int]e/ to /ud5ts4  ,_s-fresco pa9t+ is 
a me?od or process inv5t$ by ,mr4       
,gambi] ,p>ry ( ,gl\ce/]1 & :i* he      
adopt$ :5 pa9t+ 8 mural decorations 9   
,/4 ,&rew's ,*apel 9 ,gl\ce/] ,ca!dral1 
& 9 ,highnam *ur*4 ,! process 0 adopt$  
by ! late ,"l ,leighton = ! wall pa9t+s 

( 8,! ,arts ( ,peace10 & 8,w>10 9 !     
,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum1 &1 _m ye>s  
previ\s to ! pa9t+ ( ^! works1 = !      
fresco pa9t$ by him 9 ,lyndhur/ *ur* 9 !
 ,new ,=e/4 ,"s ( ! frescos 9 ! ,man*e/]
 ,t[n ,hall1 by ,=d ,madox ,br[n1 are   
pa9t$ 9 ?is process1 & "s ( ! pa9t+s by 
v>i\s mod]n arti/s :i* decorate !       
int]ior ( ! ,royal ,ex*ange are execut$ 
9 ! _s-fresco m$ium on co>se canvas1 &  
aft]w>ds fa/5$ to ! wall4  ,al?\gh we _c
 claim = _s-fresco t peculi> quality (  
monum5tal dignity1 nor ! und\bt$        
lum9osity or p[] ( reflect+ light t is  
*>act]i/ic ( buon-fresco pa9t+s1 /ill1  
if ! entire sy/em is c>efully c>ri$ out1
 f ! prep>ation ( ! wall d[n to ! f9i%$ 
pa9t+1 ! "w %\ld be z la/+ & z p]man5t z
 any o!r k9d ( wall pa9t+4  ,= in/ance1 
! _s-fresco execut$ by ,"l ,leighton 9  
,lyndhur/ *ur*1 =ty-f\r ye>s ago1 _h    
/ill reta9$ its brilliancy ( col\r & 0 9
 a p]fectly s\nd condition ?ree ye>s    
ago1 :5 ! writ] la/ saw x4 ,9 ! w9t]    
season wat] f ! cond5s$ moi/ure         

con/antly runs d[n ! surface ( ?is      
fresco1 b does n seem to injure x4 ,no  
am\nt ( damp or wet on ! surface w      
injure _s-fresco pa9t+s1 z ! col\rs are 
practically lock$ up 9 wax1 ^u :i* wat] 
has little or no injuri\s effect1 b if !
 wall is damp at ! back1 or wat] gets 9 
by accid5t1 ! pla/] gr\nd beh9d becomes 
s(t & friable1 & ! col\r$ surface is    
soon de/roy$4 ,damp beh9d ! surface is !
 greate/ enemy to ?is k9d ( fresco1     
,illu/ration3  ,to face p4 #cb4  ,,plate
 #i4--;,,detail ,,f ,,! ,,arts ,,( ,,w> 
,,fresco  ,"l ,leighton1 ,victoria &    
,alb]t ,museum  & consequ5tly ! inn]    
surface ( an outside wall %\ld n be *os5
 = an important "w 9 ?is process4  ,z ! 
writ] _h ! hon\r ( assi/+ ,"l ,leighton 
9 ! execution ( ! 8,arts ( ,peace0 &    
8,w>0 frescos 9 ! ,victoria & ,alb]t    
,museum1 & also prep>$ bo? walls be=e ! 
pa9t+s 7 execut$1 he is !re=e enabl$ to 
give a brief description1 z outl9$ bel[1
 ( ! :ole me?od ( proc$ure1 bo? z to !  
prep>ation ( ! walls & ! me?od ( pa9t+  

adopt$1 :i* w s]ve to expla9 ! sy/em (  
_s-fresco pa9t+4  ,x may be m5tion$ t ! 
walls 7 prep>$ 9 /rict accordance ) ,mr4
 ,gambi] ,p>ry's me?od & directions4    
,mr4 ,p>ry inspect$ ?is "p ( ! "w1 &    
decl>$ t ! :ole prep>ation _h be5 done  
to 8 satisfaction4  ,fir/ ( all ! r\gh  
brick surface ( ! wall _h a coat+ (     
pla/]1 consi/+ ( a mixture ( lime & riv]
 s&1 exactly ( ! same proportions1 &    
laid on 9 ! same ?ickness z t ( ! fir/  
pla/] coat+ 9 buon-fresco4 ,aft] ?is _h 
rema9$ = two ye>s1 a second coat+1 aga9 
simil> 9 composition & 9 ?ickness to t  
us$ 9 ! la/-nam$ process1 0 appli$4 ,?is
 pla/] coat+ 0 f9i%$ (f ) a rectangul>  
wood5 tr[el1 &1 9 ! case ( ! wall on :i*
 ! 8,arts ( ,w>0 fresco 0 pa9t$1 x 0    
left ) a fairly r\gh surface4 ,! wall   
surface ( ! 8,arts ( ,peace0 fresco 01  
on ! contr>y1 br\ght to a mu* smoo!r    
face1 z x 0 ! desire ( ,"l ,leighton to 
h a smoo? surface = ! latt] pa9t+1 =    
work+ on ! r\gh surface ( ! =m] fresco  
01 z he rem>k$1 8l pa9t+ on a gravel    

walk40  ,:5 ! coat+ ( pla/]1 :i* 0 r m  
?an half-an-in* 9 ?ickness1 _h rema9$ = 
ab\t eight mon?s1 9 ord] t x might get  
?or\ghly dry1 ! wall 0 saturat$ ) two   
coats ( ! 8wall wa%10 ?is be+ made f !  
m$ium 9 :i* ! _s-fresco col\rs are      
gr\nd1 mix$ ) "o & a half ( its bulk (  
turp5t9e4 ,! _s-fresco m$ium is a       
mixture ( pure :ite wax1 gum elemi1 oil 
( spike1 & arti/s' copal2 ! proportions 
( ea* are giv5 at end ( ?is *apt]4 ,aft]
 ! second coat+ ( ! wall wa% _h dri$ 91 
a day be+ all[$ = ?is1 a coat+ made (   
dry :ite lead1 & half its quantity (    
gild]s' :it5+1 ?9n$ out ) wall wa%1 0   
appli$ z ?ickly z x c\ld be conv5i5tly  
us$4 ,a little yell[ o*re 0 add$ to ?is 
mixture 9 ord] to obta9 a creamy :ite   
gr\nd1 :i* enables ! arti/ to see by    
contra/ ! pure :ite lights t may be us$ 
9 ! pa9t+1 z ! "w proce$s4  ,! 8,arts ( 
,w>0 fresco gr\nd 0 treat$ ) "o coat+   
only ( ?is la/ mixture1 :i* acc\nt$ =   
its extremely r\gh texture1 :ile !      
8,arts ( ,peace0 wall surface _h ?ree   

coat+s1 z  ,illu/ration3  ,to face p4   
#cd4  ,,plate #h4--;,,detail ,,f ,,!    
,,arts ,,( ,,w> ,,fresco  ,"l ,leighton1
 ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum  ! nature ( 
! subject 0 ?\ght to dem& a smoo!r      
surface4  ,! wall wa%1 prep>ation coats1
 & ! col\rs us$ 9 ! pa9t+1 be+ all mix$ 
or dilut$ ) ! same m$ium1 & ! spike oil1
 us$ 9 ! arti/'s dipp]1 hav+ ! effect ( 
op5+ up ! gr\nd coat+1 all[s ! col\rs to
 unite )1 or melt into1 ! gr\nd1 ! latt]
 be+ extremely por\s1 s t :5 f9i%$ & dry
 ! "w =ms a cont9u\s body f ! surface "r
 into ! pla/]4 ,9 ?is cont9uity ( body  
_s-fresco resembles closely t ( !       
buon-fresco4  ,! process admits (       
repa9t+ & ret\*+ z (t5 z may be         
necess>y1 ?\gh x is be/1 = ! sake ( ga9+
 a desir$ lum9\s effect1 to pa9t frankly
 ) a full bru%1 lay+ on ! col\r 9 an    
impa/o1 & :]e dep? ( tone or transp>5cy 
is desir$ ^! effects are be/ obta9$ by  
wa%+ 9 ?9ly or glaz+ ! %ad[s1 us+ !     
col\rs & ! spike oil m$ium1 z 9         
wat]-col\r pa9t+4 ,! me?od ( "w is      

really1 9 ! execution1 a mixture ( !    
te*niques ( oil & wat]-col\r pa9t+4 ,"o 
( its great advantages is ! practically 
unlimit$ range ( col\rs all[$ on !      
palette1 & ano!r is t ! arti/ c take up 
8 "w at any "t1 or /age1 nei!r ( :i*    
obta9s 9 buon-fresco4  ,x may be (      
int]e/ to describe ! me?od ( c>ry+ out !
 pa9t+ ( ! "w 9 connection ) ! ,s\?     
,k5s+ton frescos4 ,! orig9al designs 7  
pa9t$ c>efully 9 br[n mono*rome1 9 light
 & %ade1 & 7 enl>g$ z f9e outl9es on a  
canvas to ! exact size ( ! wall space2 f
 ^! enl>gem5ts trac+s 7 made on trac+   
clo?1 & ^! trac+s 7 prick$ ?r\gh & p\nc$
 on to ! wall ) p[d]$ *>coal1 ?is       
impression be+ int5sifi$ by go+ ov] x ) 
a lead p5cil4 ,a small col\r$ sket* 9 ! 
case ( ea* fresco 0 prep>$ 9 oil col\r1 
:i* 0 fairly closely copi$ 9 ! col\r+ ( 
! l>g] "w4 ,= conv5i5ce1 ! mono*rome    
c>toons 9 ea* case 7 photograph$ to full
 scale1 9 sections1 & ! light & %ade 0  
fai?fully copi$ f ^! photographs1 s t 9 
! execution ( ! pa9t+ on ! wall !re %\ld

 be no hesitation1 nor any exp]im5t+ 9  
col\r4  ,! fir/ piece ( "w done on !    
wall 0 "o ( ! l>ge/ & mo/ prom95t       
figures1 & 0 pa9t$ z f> z possible 9    
direct & full col\r4 ,! nature ( !      
m$ium1 h[ev]1 does n always l5d itself  
to ! f9i%+ ( ! "w /raight (f 9 "o pa9t+2
 ?is is ! case especially 9 ! fle% t9ts1
 or 9 any elaborate drap]y modell+4 ,!  
me?od usually adopt$ 0 to lay 9 ! t9ts )
 a full bru% & solid col\r1 c>ry+ !     
modell+ z f> z possible 9 ! fir/ pa9t+4 
,too mu* work+ ov] ! same "p is liable  
to br+ up ! wax1 & to cause ! "w to dry 
unpleasantly glossy4 ,:5 !re is a dang] 
( ?is occurr+ x is bett] to leave (f &  
take up ! "p aga9 aft]  ,illu/ration3   
,to face p4 #cg4  ,,plate               
#aj4--;,,detail ,,f ,,! ,,arts ,,(      
,,peace  ,"l ,leighton1 ,victoria &     
,alb]t ,museum  all[+ a day or s = dry+4
 ,:5 any "p requir$ a second or ?ird    
pa9t+1 :i* usually happ5s1 x 0 f\nd be/ 
to beg9 by moi/5+ ! :ole ( x ov] ) a v  
?9 transp>5t t9t ( ! local col\r1 us+   

pl5ty ( spike oil2 ?is has ! effect (   
op5+ up ! wall surface by caus+ a slight
 melt+ ( ! pa9t und]nea?4 ,! pa9t+ 0 !n 
c>ri$ to a complet] /age ( f9i% by      
re9=c+ ! high] lights & deep] %ad[s4 ,! 
process l5ds itself to ! accompli%m5t ( 
almo/ any degree ( f9i% by ! use (      
subsequ5t wa%es ( ?9 col\r 9 ! %ad[s4 ,x
 is bett]1 z a matt] ( te*nique1 9 any  
k9d ( fresco pa9t+ to always employ !   
bru% /rokes 9 ! direction ( ! l9es ( !  
=m1 & n across x1 z is (t5 done 9 oil   
pa9t+2 "o reason = ?is is t ! "w c be   
accompli%$ m directly & rapidly1 & ano!r
 is t ! draw+ ( ! =ms is bett] express$4
  ,x may be notic$ t !re is a m>k$      
diff]5ce 9 ! te*nique ( ! pa9t+ ( ! two 
frescos 9 ! museum4 ,! 8,arts ( ,w>10   
pa9t$ fir/1 is treat$ broadly1 & ! col\r
 ?r\gh\t us$ r ?ickly1 :ile 9 ! 8,arts (
 ,peace0 a ?9n] me?od ( treatm5t 9 ! use
 ( ! col\r is app>5t1 & ! modell+ 9 !   
latt]1 especially 9 ! heads & nudes1 is 
c>ri$ to a high] degree ( f9i%1 )\t any 
loss ( bread?1 by means ( small bru%    

/rokes1 or 8hat*+40 ,?is me?od ( "w is (
 special value 9 fresco pa9t+1 & 0      
adopt$ to a v great ext5t by ! ,italian 
frescanti ( ! fifte5? & sixte5?         
c5turies4 ,mi*ael ,angelo pa9t$1 or at  
lea/ f9i%$ 8 frescos 9 ! ,si/9e ,*apel 9
 hat*$ l9es2 ,"l ,leighton _h satisfi$  
himself on ?is po9t by a close          
exam9ation ( ! ,si/9e frescos :5 he     
copi$ ! figure ( ,adam f ! 8,creation ( 
,man10 :i* is pa9t$ 9 "o ( ! ceil+      
panels ( ! *apel4 ,! broad] me?od (     
treatm5t1 z se5 9 ! te*nique ( ! 8,arts 
( ,w>0 fresco1 is ! m popul>1 b ,"l     
,leighton pref]r$ ! te*nique ( 8 lat]   
"w1 ! 8,arts ( ,peace40  ,! foll[+ are !
 con/itu5ts ( ! m$ium 9 :i* ! _s        
fresco-col\rs are gr\nd1 accord+ to     
,gambi] ,p>ry3--                ,elemi  
res9 7gum elemi7 #b ozs4  weight        
,pure :ite wax #d ozs4                  
,incorporat$  by heat4      ,oil ( spike
 lav5d] #h ozs4    liquid               
,f9e/ prep>ation ( arti/'s  measure     
copal #bj ozs4                    ,!    

col\rs 9 a dry p[d] are gr\nd up 9 ?is  
m$ium1 & put into tubes = use4 ,spike   
oil to be us$ freely 9 ! dipp]1 :5      
pa9t+4  ,illu/ration3 ,photo4 ,al9>i4   
,to face p4 #ci4  ,,plate #aa4--,,!     
,,bir? ,,( ,,! ,,virg9  ,giotto1 ,cloi/]
 ( ,/a4 ,m>ia ,novella1 ,flor5ce        
,,*apt] ,,vi  ,,te*nical ,,notes ,,on   
,,! ,,composition1 ,,col\r1 ,,& ,,pres5t
 ,,/ate ,,( ,,"s ,,italian ,,frescos    
,dur+ a visit to ,italy 9 ! summ] ( la/ 
ye> ! writ] made "s notes on !          
composition1 col\r1 te*nique1 & pres5t  
/ate ( "s ( ! ,italian frescos1 :i* he  
hopes may int]e/ ! read]4  ,among !     
frescos by ,giotto 7#abgf-accf7 :i* /ill
 exi/ 9 ,flor5ce1 p]haps ! f9e/ are ^? 9
 ! ,b>di ,*apel1 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,santa     
,croce1 :]e s _m ( ! illu/ri\s          
,flor5t9es are laid at re/4             
8 444 "h repose     ,angelo's1 ,alfi]i's
 bones1 & 81     ,! />ry ,galileo1 ) 8  
woes2     ,"h ,ma*iavelli's e>? return$ 
to :5ce x rose40  ,! ?ree small frescos 
on ! walls ( ! cloi/]s ( ! ,*ur* (      

,santa ,m>ia ,novella are ( great int]e/
 to /ud5ts1 z !y 7 pa9t$ by ,giotto :5 8
 arti/ic p[]s 7 9 full maturity1 & are  
among ! be/ examples ( ! ma/]4  ,on !   
walls & ceil+ ( ! ,b>di ,*apel1 ,giotto 
has pa9t$ a s]ies ( frescos illu/rat+   
sc5es 9 ! life & dea? ( ,/4 ,francis (  
,assisi4 ,on ! "r wall1 beg9n+ f ! top1 
is ! 8,confirmation ( ! ,rules ( 8 ,ord]
 by ! ,pope02 8,/4 ,francis be=e !      
,sultan02 8,*all5g+ ! ,magi to ! ,ordeal
 ( ,fire02 8,/4 ,francis bless+         
,assisi02 &1 8 appe>+ to ! ,bi%op (     
,assisi4 ,on ! left wall are ! pa9t+s1  
8,/4 ,francis flees f 8 ,fa!r's ,h\se10 
&1 8 ,dea?1 :]e he is surr\nd$ by 8     
sorr[+ confrat]nity4 ,! latt] fresco is 
! l[e/ "o on ! left1 & is "o ( ,giotto's
 be/ compositions1 ?\gh x is n mu* m ?an
 a col\r$ outl9e1 & has be5 mu* repa9t$4
 ,x is ! only pa9t+ ( ! s]ies 9 ?is     
*apel :i* has be5 notic$ by ,vas>i 9 8  
life ( ,giotto4 ,! figures 9 ?is fresco 
are pa9t$ almo/ 9 grisaille1 ) !        
exception ( ! cloak ( ! kneel+ figure ( 

! pode/a1 :i* is a deep r$4 ,! sky1 :i* 
has be5 repa9t$1 is a d>k blue1 9 !     
c5tre ( :i* appe>s ! figure ( ! sa9t 9 a
 halo1 surr\nd$1 or support$ by f\r     
angels on cl\ds4 ,! col\r+ ( ?is portion
 is 9 beautiful gold5 t9ts1 & is        
evid5tly ! unt\*$ "w ( ,giotto's h&4 ,! 
backgr\nd ar*itecture is express$ 9     
brok5 t9ts ( a yell[i% /one-col\r4 ,9   
spite ( ! repa9t+1 ! complete design &  
"s ( ! orig9al col\r+ & h&l+ /ill rema94
 ,x is  ,illu/ration3 ,photo4 ,al9>i4   
,to face p4 #dj4  ,,plate #ab4--;,,dea? 
,,( ,,/4 ,,francis  ,giotto1 ,b>di      
,*apel1 ,/a4 ,croce1 ,flor5ce  "o ( !   
be/ ( ,giotto's didactic works1 ap>t f !
 excell5ce ( its design4 ,! sa9t1 sket*$
 calmly 9 dea?2 ! int5se1 yet dignifi$  
sorr[ ( "s ( 8 surr\nd+ bre?r52 & ! eag]
 exam9ation by o!rs ( ! m>ks ( !        
/igmata1 are well express$ 9 ! attitudes
 & faces ( ! c5tral gr\ps ( figures1    
:ile bo? sides ( ! pa9t+ are occupi$ by 
obs]vant & /ately figures1 :o look on ! 
c5tral sc5e :]e all ! action is         

repres5t$4 ,?is symmetrical k9d (       
composition1 produc$ by plac+ ! m       
quiesc5t & *oragic figures at ei!r side 
( ! picture1 & ! *ief actors 9 ! c5tre1 
0 a fav\rite design ( ,giotto's1 :i* he 
adopt$ 9 _m ( 8 great works--among o!rs1
 = example1 9 8,/4 ,francis flee+ f 8   
,fa!r's ,h\se10 pa9t$ on ! upp] "p ( !  
left wall1 & 9 ! 8,ordeal ( ,fire10 on !
 c5tre ( ! opposite wall4 ,x may be     
po9t$ out t _m ,italian arti/s subsequ5t
 to ,giotto h also adopt$ ?is arrangem5t
 9 _! decorative compositions4  ,x is a 
moot "q :e!r ,giotto ?\ght ! illu/ration
 ( ! sc5e1 or ! /ory1 or ! correct      
balance & di/ribution ( ! units ( 8     
composition 0 ! m important2 9 any case1
 h[ev]1 he inv>iably told 8 /ory well1  
no "o c\ld tell x bett]1 :ile at ! same 
"t 8 compositions are und\bt$ly consi/5t
 ) ! pr9ciples ( good decoration4  ,9   
?is *apel ( ! ,b>di1 on ei!r side ( !   
w9d[1 ,giotto has pa9t$ life-size       
figures ( ,/4 ,l\is 7,k+ ( ,france71 ,/4
 ,l\is ( ,t\l\se1 ,/4 ,elizabe? (       

,hung>y1 & ,/4 ,claire4 ,ea* is /&+ "u a
 pa9t$ ni*e ( ! ,campanile-,go?ic       
ar*itecture4 ,! 8,/4 ,l\is ( ,france0 is
 ! mo/ int]e/+1 & ! f9e/ figure ( !     
s]ies2 & al?\gh consid]ably repa9t$1 x  
has /ill mu* ( ,giotto's "w left unt\*$1
 especially 9 ! head & hexagonal po9t$  
cr[n4 ,x is a mo/ dignifi$ & s]i\s r5d]+
 ( ! sa9tly k+1 z he /&s 9 a firm & easy
 pose1 ,osiris-l1 ) 8 k+ly attributes ( 
sceptre & :ip ( au?ority 9 ei!r h&4  ,! 
?ree small frescos by ,giotto1 pa9t$ on 
! walls ( ! cloi/]s1 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,santa 
,m>ia ,novella1 at ,flor5ce4 ,two ( ^!1 
! 8,meet+ ( ,joa*im & ,anna at ! ,gold5 
,gate10 & ! 8,bir? ( ! ,virg910 are on !
 recess$ wall1 on ei!r side ( ! tomb ( !
 ,m>*essa ,/rozzi-,ridolfi1 & on ! "r ( 
^! two w be f\nd ! ?ird1 ! 8,pres5tation
 ( ! ,virg9 at ! ,temple40 ,^! small    
frescos measure ea* ab\t #d feet 9 wid?1
 & are %ap$ l qu>t]s ( a circle4 ,f !   
te*nical po9t ( view1 ! 8,meet+ (       
,joa*im & ,anna0 is ! mo/ int]e/+1 z x  
has suff]$ lea/ ( ! ?ree f repa9t+1 &   

!re are "s f9e passages ( beautiful1    
?\gh fad$ col\r1 & ( frank & decisive   
bru%work1 :i* is decid$ly *>act]i/ic ( !
 h& ( ,illu/ration3 ,photo4 ,al9>i4  ,to
 face p4 #db4  ,,plate #ac4--,,/4       
,,l\is1 ,,k+ ,,( ,,france  ,giotto1     
,b>di ,*apel1 ,/a4 ,croce1 ,flor5ce     
,illu/ration3 ,photo4 ,al9>i4  ,to face 
p4 #dc4  ,,plate #ad4--,,meet+ ,,( ,,ss4
 ,,joa*im ,,& ,,anna ,,at ,,! ,,gold5   
,,gate  ,giotto1 ,cloi/]s ( ,/a4 ,m>ia  
,novella1 ,flor5ce  ,giotto4 ,joa*im is 
clo!d 9 r$ drap]y1 ! folds ( :i* are v  
naturally arrang$1 & ! te*nique ( !     
pa9t+ ( ?is g>m5t reveals ! swift & sure
 t\* ( ! ma/]4 ,!re is no hesitation 9 !
 execution ( ! bru%-drawn folds1 ! col\r
 is laid on ?9ly & transp>5tly1 s t !   
effect ( ! light gr\nd is /ill app>5t   
?r\gh ! sup]impos$ t9ts4 ,giotto pa9t$ 8
 frescos1 z f> z "o c make out1 v ?9ly1 
& s aim$ 9 gett+ a lum9\s & almo/       
transp>5t effect1 s we may safely come  
to ! conclusion t :5 c]ta9 p>ts ( 8     
frescos look heavy & solid we may be    

sure t ^? p>ts h be5 repa9t$ by "s "o   
else4 ,/4 ,anna has blue drap]y1 & !    
figure next1 on ! left1 has an orange   
cloak4 ,! delightful little angel1      
repa9t$ h[ev]1 is ( a yell[ gold5 col\r1
 & ! sky has be5 repa9t$ 9 a r too d>k  
blue col\r2 x is q likely t ! latt] has 
be5 orig9ally mu* light]1 & ! angel     
deep] & w>m] 9 tone4 ,! ar*itecture ( ! 
,gold5 ,gate & ! adjac5t build+s1 beh9d 
! figures1 is pa9t$ 9 creamy :ite &     
p9ki% t9ts4 ,! two figures ( ! pass+ m5 
) game are col\r$ 9 greys & pale r$s1 & 
af=d good examples ( ! e>ly ,italian    
co/ume4 ,! l&scape ( ! backgr\nd is v   
mu* fad$ to a neutral grey2 x may h be5 
clo!d ) fl[]s by ,giotto1 b ! little    
tufts ( vegetation :i* are n[ spr9kl$   
ov] ! hillside are evid5tly rec5t       
additions4  ,if we wi% to see "s ( ! be/
 works 9 fresco t h be5 execut$ by      
,beato ,fra ,angelico 7#achg-adee71 we  
mu/ visit 8 old mona/]y ( ,/4 ,m>k's1 n[
 ! ,museum ( ,/4 ,m>k's1 9 ,flor5ce1 & !
 be/ ( all are ! s]ies ( ! small frescos

 pa9t$ by him betwe5 #adcf & #adde1     
walls ( ! cells1 =m]ly occupi$ by !     
monks ( ?is old mona/]y4 ,9 f\rte5 ( !  
cells w be f\nd ! small frescos1 "o 9   
ea* cell1 ea* measur+ ab\t six feet 9   
height1 by ab\t f\r 9 wid?4 ,! rema9+   
cells conta9 frescos pa9t$ by ,fra      
,angelico's bro!r1 ,fra ,b5$etto1 & !   
o!rs by 8 pupils or assi/ants4 ,! latt] 
are v inf]ior 9 design & workman%ip to  
^? ( ! fir/-m5tion$ s]ies4  ,9 ! fir/   
cell on ! left is pa9t$ ! sc5e at !     
,sepul*re1 :]e 8,*ri/ appe>s to !       
,magdal510 ! design & col\r ( :i* are   
extremely good4 ,! robe on ! figure (   
,*ri/ is ( a l95-:ite tone1 ) umb]i%    
%ades2 t ( ! ,magdal5 is ( a yell[i% p9k
 col\r2 ! hurdle f5ce :i* runs across ! 
backgr\nd ( ! picture is ( a gold5 /raw 
col\r2 trees1 fl[]s & foliage are *iefly
 9 t9ts ( brok5 gre5s1 & ! rock "w &    
entrance doorway to ! tomb are 9 cool   
greys4 ,9 ! fresco ( ! second cell1 !   
8,deposition ( ,*ri/ 9 ! ,sepul*re10 !  
compos+ l9es ( ! drap]ies & ( ! rocks   

fl[ h>moni\sly into1 & also out ( ea*   
o!r1 ! figures are s arrang$ z to =m a  
decorative  ,illu/ration3 ,photo4       
,al9>i4  ,to face p4 #dd4  ,,plate      
#ae4--;,,*ri/ ,,appe>+ ,,to ,,m>y       
,,magdal5e  ,fra ,angelico1 ,mona/]y (  
,/4 ,m>k1 ,flor5ce  patt]n-l effect1 at 
! same "t ! int5se f]v\r & piety ( !    
subject is well express$4 ,! figure ( ! 
female sa9t at ! feet ( ,*ri/ has a r$  
dress1 ! rema9d] ( ! l[] figures h      
purple g>m5ts1 & ,/4 ,dom9ic has ! black
 & :ite dress ( 8 ord]4 ,!              
8,resurrection10 pa9t$ 9 ! eigh? cell1  
has a col\r arrangem5t ( pale purples1  
gre5s1 :ite1 & d>k blue1 :i* is v       
h>moni\s4 ,! col\r+ ( ! fresco 9 ! la/  
or inn] cell on ! "r1 ! 8,adoration ( ! 
,magi10 ?\gh some:at fad$1 is /ill v    
beautiful3 ! ,virg9 has a blue dress1 & 
= ! re/ ( ! col\r+1 pea* & plum1 & gold5
 t9ts prevail4 ,! col\r s*emes ( !      
frescos 9 ! o!r cells1 t h be5 pa9t$ by 
,fra ,angelico1 are simil> to ^? ( !    
fir/ & second ( ! s]ies1 ) ! exception (

 ! t5?1 :i* has ! entire backgr\nd ( !  
subject1 ! ,pres5tation 9 ! ,temple1    
pa9t$ 9 a brok5 ,v5etian r$ col\r1 :i* c
 h>dly h be5 ! orig9al col\r4  ,!       
execution or te*nique ( ^! small frescos
 by ,angelico is exce$+ly firm & direct2
 !y are frankly pa9t$1 )\t any app>5t   
hesitation ( t\*--inde$1 9 ^! pa9t+s !  
/ud5t w f9d a m ma/]ly fre$om 9 !       
workman%ip ?an 9 ! case ( ! lab\r$ &    
m9iature-l pa9t+s ( ! m popul>          
alt>-pieces & easel pictures ( ?is ma/]4
 ,^! rem>ks apply to ^? ( ! cell        
frescos1 :i* are ! au!ntic "w ( ?is     
ma/]2 & "u ?is head w\ld come m         
p>ticul>ly ! fir/1 ! ?ird 7!            
8,annunciation071 six? 7!               
8,transfiguration071 n9? 78,coronation (
 ! ,virg9071 & ! 8,adoration ( ! ,magi10
 on ! wall ( an inn] cell4  ,two        
bett]-kn[n works ( ,angelico are1 !     
8,annunciation10 on ! wall ( ! upp]     
corridor1 fac+ ! /aircase1 & 8 l>g] "w1 
! lunette ( ! 8,crucifixion0 9 !        
*apt]-h\se ( ?is mona/]y4 ,! fresco ( ! 

8,annunciation10 :i* has be5 consid]ably
 repa9t$1 is v simple 9 composition1 b v
 effective2 & ! col\r+1 ?\gh n[ dull &  
opaque1 has /ill some?+ rem9isc5t (     
,angelico's col\r arrangem5ts4 ,!       
,virg9's dress is d>k blue1 ) olive-gre5
 l9+2 ! angel's dress is a p9ki%        
dove-col\r2 ! grass1 foliage1 & fl[]s   
are 9 grey gre5s & :ite2 ar*itecture1 a 
light /one-col\r2 & ! pal+ beh9d is a   
w>m grey4  ,! great "w ( !              
8,crucifixion0 9 ! *apt]-h\se is 9 a    
fairly s\nd condition1 b x has be5 mu*  
repa9t$4 ,! col\r treatm5t ( ! backgr\nd
 is some:at unusual1 z x is m>k$ out 9  
?ree di/9ct & %>ply divid$ b&s ( col\r3 
! upp] portion be+ ( a d>k purpli% r$ 7!
 orig9al col\r may h be5 a d>k blue71 ! 
c5tral horizontal b& ( a light vellum   
t9t1 & ! l[]1 or gr\nd col\r1 ( a gold5 
yell[4 ,! pa9t+ ( ! figures 9 _! pres5t 
condition is  ,illu/ration3 ,photo4     
,al9>i4  ,to face p4 #df4  ,,plate      
#af4--,,! ,,deposition ,,9 ,,!          
,,sepul*re  ,fra ,angelico1 ,mona/]y (  

,/4 ,m>k  ,illu/ration3 ,photo4 ,al9>i4 
,to face p4 #dg4  ,,plate               
#ag4--;,,detail ,,( ,,! ,,crucifixion   
,fra ,angelico1 ,mona/]y ( ,/4 ,m>k1    
,flor5ce  mo/ c>eful 9 execution3 ^? on 
! "r half1 ! ,dom9ican fa!rs & bro!rs1 &
 o!r f\nd]s ( religi\s ord]s1 are 9 !   
d>k grey1 :ite1 & br[n dresses ( _!     
ord]s1 ! balance ( col\r on ?is side be+
 obta9$ by ! bright r$ ( ! ,c>d9al's hat
 & ( a book-cov]1 & ! gold5-col\r$ nimbi
 ( ! figures4 ,a w>m] s*eme ( col\r is  
notic$ on ! left half ( ! pa9t+1 :]e    
gold5 t9ts1 s(t r$s1 grey gre5s1 :ite1 &
 grey complete an excell5t h>mony4 ,!   
figure ( ,*ri/ on ! ,cross is 9 v pale  
fle% t9ts1 & has a :ite g>m5t2 ! fle%   
t9ts ( ! ?ieves on ei!r side be+ d>k] 9 
tone4 ,! g5]al effect ( ! col\r+ is v   
pure & lum9\s4  ,aft] ,giotto1 we may   
say1 t ! arti/ ^: influ5ce is mo/ app>5t
 9 ,italian art 0 ! ,flor5t9e pa9t]1    
,masaccio 7#adja-adbh874 ,8 mo/         
important works are ! frescos he pa9t$ 9
 ! ,brancacci ,*apel ( ! ,*ur* ( ,s4    

,m>ia del ,c>m9e1 at ,flor5ce4 ,!       
in/ructor ( ,masaccio is suppos$ to h   
be5 ,masol9o da ,panicale 7#achd-adce71 
:o fir/ pa9t$ "s frescos 9 ! above      
*apel1 & :o1 accord+ to ,vas>i1 0       
commission$ to decorate ! *apel ) sc5es 
f ! hi/ory ( ,/4 ,pet]1 "s ( :i* he _h  
execut$1 b !y are no long] 9 exi/5ce1   
unless we place to 8 cr$it ! 8,adam &   
,eve0 fresco on ! "r wall1 al?\gh "s    
writ]s h ascrib$ ?is "w to ,filipp9o    
,lippi 7#adfj-aeje71 ! son ( ! pa9t]    
,filippo ,lippi1 & a s*ol> (            
,botticelli4  ,!re are really v few     
works left by ,masaccio1 b ^? :i* /ill  
are 9 exi/5ce cle>ly prove t he 0 f> 9  
advance ( any arti/ ( 8 "t 9 8 complete 
ma/]y ( ! human figure1 z %[n by 8 se>*+
 & accurate draughtsman%ip1 8 great k ( 
anatomy1 & 8 facility 9 giv+ _s1 action1
 & vitality to 8 decorative             
compositions4 ,8 gifts 9 ^! directions  
place him at ! head ( ! greate/ arti/s (
 ! e>ly half ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,8     
a*ievem5ts are all ! m wond]ful if we   

believe1 z x is said1 t he di$ at ! e>ly
 age ( tw5ty-six1 ?\gh "s au?orities    
/ate t he rea*$ ! age ( =ty-"o ye>s4 ,! 
f9e/ au!ntic "w f 8 h& is ! fresco ( 8,!
 ,tribute ,money10 :i* he pa9t$ on !    
left wall ( ! ,brancacci ,*apel1 & ?is  
"w /ill rema9s z a monum5t to 8 great   
p[]s4 ,?is "w is a picture :i* includes 
?ree sc5es 9 its composition2 namely1   
7#a7 ,! c5tral gr\p1 :]e ,*ri/ rebukes  
,/4 ,pet]1 ar\nd :om are ! /&+ figures (
 ! apo/les1 ) v>i$ expressions (        
indignation2 ! figure 9 ! =egr\nd1 back 
view1 9 ?is gr\p is t ( ! tax-collector1
 & ! la/ figure ( ?is c5tral gr\p1 on ! 
"r1 is a portrait ( ,masaccio4 7#b7 ,!  
sc5e on ! left1 middle di/ance1         
repres5ts ,/4 ,pet] f9d+ ! money 9 !    
body ( ! fi%1 & 7#c7 t on !             
,illu/ration  "r is ,/4 ,pet] giv+ !    
money to ! tax-collector4 ,! figures are
 all admirably drawn1 & pa9t$ ) great   
bread? ( treatm5t2 t ( ! back view ( !  
tax-collector is m especially a         
rem>kable example ( accurate draw+ & (  

easy fre$om 9 ! pose & action4 ,! same  
p]son1 b 9 front view1 repres5t$ 9 ! "r 
sc5e1 has a simil> fre$om ( pose &      
action1 & !re is an int5sely gratifi$   
expression 9 8 face z he receives !     
tribute money4 ,! natural treatm5t ( !  
hilly l&scape ( ! backgr\nd is also f> 9
 advance ( ! l&scape-pa9t+ ( ,masaccio's
 "t4  ,on ! alt> wall !re is ano!r      
fresco by ?is pa9t]1 ?\gh n[ 9 a v bad  
/ate2 ! subject is 8,/4 ,pet] baptiz+10 
:]e1 among o!r figures1 is ! celebrat$  
nude figure ( a b5umb$ & %iv]+ y\?1 a   
figure s well drawn1 & s correct 9      
anatomy1 t1 z ,lanzi says1 8x has made  
an epo* 9 ! hi/ory ( art40  ,ano!r v f9e
 & au!ntic "w by ,masaccio is !         
8,expulsion f ,p>adise10 pa9t$ on ! left
 wall ( ! *apel1 :]e ,adam & ,eve are   
repres5t$ z be+ driv5 f ! gates ( ,ed5  
by ! angel ) ! flam+ sword4 ,! figures 9
 ?is int5sely dramatic composition h be5
 borr[$1 ) little alt]ation1 by         
,raffaelle1 & us$ 9 "o ( ! ,loggia      
frescos1 & he has also adapt$ "s o!r    

figures f ! pa9t+s 9 ?is *apel = !      
c>toons1 & 9 8 frescos ( ! ,/anze ( !   
,vatican2 & yet he1 to :om s _m o!rs 7  
indebt$1 01 z ,vas>i tells u1 8little   
e/eem$ 9 life40 ,x 0 aft] 8 dea? t 8    
real greatness 0 discov]$2 = d we n read
 t ! great arti/s ( ,italy & o!r        
c\ntries came to /udy ! "w ( ,masaccio 9
 t v]itable s*ool ( art1 ! ,brancacci   
,*apel ( ! ,c>melite ,*ur*1 & x 0 only  
!n t he 0 truly hon\r$8 ,filipp9o ,lippi
 f\nd$ 8 /yle on ! "w ( ,masaccio1 &    
,ghirl&ajo1 ,v]oc*io1 ,leon>do1 ,p]ug9o1
 ,raffaelle1 & ,mi*ael ,angelo ackn[l$g$
 8 greatness & le>n$ ( him4 ,?is pa9t]  
:o 01 l _m o!r great m51 s little e/eem$
 9 life1 _h1 aft] 8 dea?1 ?is epitaph   
writt5 on him--      8,i pa9t$1 & my    
picture 0 z life2      ,_s & movem5t to 
my =ms ,i gave--      ,i gave !m s\l &  
be+4 ,he :o taught      ,all            
o!rs--,mi*ael ,angelo--,i taught3       
,he deign$ to le>n ( me44440            
,illu/ration3 ,photo4 ,brogi4  ,to face 
p4 #ea4  ,,plate #ai4--;,,angels4       

,,detail ,,f ,,! ,,p>adise  ,b5ozzo     
,gozzoli1 ,ricc>di ,palace1 ,flor5ce    
,,*apt] ,,vii  ,,fresco ,,pa9t+s ,,by   
,,gozzoli ,,& ,,p]ug9o   ,b5ozzo        
,gozzoli 7#adbj-ig71 ! mo/ celebrat$    
pupil ( ,fra ,angelico1 is se5 at 8 be/ 
9 8 great decorative frescos :i* adorn !
 f\r walls ( a room 9 ! ,ricc>di ,palace
 9 ,flor5ce4 ,?is room1 :i* _h =m]ly be5
 ! ,*apel ( ! ,m$ici1 has its walls     
completely pa9t$ ov] ) ! processional   
subject1 ! 8,j\rney ( ! ,magi10 by      
,gozzoli1 :5 he 0 ab\t =ty ye>s old4 ,x 
is "o ( ! be/1 if n ! be/1 pres]v$      
fresco pa9t+s 9 ,flor5ce4 ,! col\r+ is v
 ri* & w>m 9 gl[+ tones1 z 9 ! case (   
all ,gozzoli's "w :i* has rema9$        
un9jur$4 ,! extremely ri* effect is     
consid]ably height5$ by ! free use (    
gold on ! embroid]ies ( ! pr9cipal      
figures1 & on ! horse-trapp+s4 ,! "w    
conta9s _m portraits ( ! pr9cipal p ( ! 
"t1 among :i* are ^? ( ,cosimo de       
,m$ici1 ,lor5zo ! ,magnific5t1 & t ( !  
arti/ himself4 ,! k+s1 9 sumptu\s       

app>el1 are repres5t$ on horseback1     
att5d$ by lords1 squires1 reta9]s &     
s]vants1 all travell+ sl[ly & ) mu*     
solemnity1 ?r\gh a beautiful c\ntry4 ,a 
hunt+ p>ty occupies ! left wall1 look+  
t[>ds ! w9d[1 :]e "s leop>ds & hawks1   
us$ = hunt+1 are admirably drawn &      
pa9t$4 ,on ! recess$ wall surr\nd+ !    
w9d[ ! sc5e repres5t$ is ,p>adise1 or ! 
,g>d5 ( ,heav51 9 :i* _m angels are 9   
pray]1 & o!rs so>+ 9 ! cl\ds4 ,! f9e    
condition ( ^! frescos pres5ts a great  
contra/ to ! decay$ & almo/ oblit]at$   
pa9t+s execut$ by ,gozzoli on ! walls ( 
! ,campo ,santa at ,pisa4 ,v little1    
inde$1 except slight traces1 n[ rema9s (
 ! latt] pa9t+s1 b ! cause ( _! decay is
 n f> to seek4 ,x is true t all ! pa9t+s
 on ! walls ( ! ,campo ,santa h always  
be5 expos$ to ! op5 air1 b ! real cause 
( ! dis9tegration ( ! ,gozzoli pa9t+s 9 
?is place is f _! be+ pa9t$ 9 temp]a1 or
 fresco-secco1 & n1 z 9 ! case ( !      
,ricc>di frescos1 9 v]itable or         
buon-fresco4 ,! ,campo ,santa frescos by

 ,gozzoli repres5t sc5es f ! hi/ory ( ! 
,old ,te/am5t1 f ! "t ( ,noah to ! ,que5
 ( ,%eba's visit to ,k+ ,solomon4 ,!y 7 
pa9t$ betwe5 #adfi & #adhe1 :5 ! arti/ 0
 9 ! z5i? ( 8 p[]s1 & f :at rema9s ( !m 
we c easily imag9e !m to h be5 ! f9e/ ( 
any works execut$ by ?is great          
nature-lov+ arti/4 ,an ,italian arti/ :o
 0 engag$ 9 repair+ ! m decay$          
,illu/ration3 ,photo4 ,brogi4  ,to face 
p4 #ec4  ,,plate #bj4--;,,angels4       
,,detail ,,f ,,! ,,p>adise  ,b5ozzo     
,gozzoli1 ,ricc>di ,palace1 ,flor5ce    
portions ( ,gozzoli's wall pa9t+s 9 !   
,campo ,santa1 9 ! summ] ( #aijh1 in=m$ 
! writ] t ne>ly all ! rema9+ col\rs on  
^! pa9t+s 7 9 a p[d]y /ate on ! surface 
( ! wall1 & c\ld easily be du/$ (f4 ,?is
 r>ely happ5s 9 ! case ( pa9t+s :i* h   
be5 execut$ 9 buon or v]itable fresco1 &
 !re is d\bt t ! *ief cause ( decay & ( 
! fad$ appe>ance ( _m ( ! old ,italian  
frescos is due to ! fact t !y 7 ei!r    
execut$ 9 temp]a1 or 9 ! fresco-secco   
me?od1 or t !y 7 begun 9 buon-fresco &  

f9i%$ aft]w>ds ) glaz+s & opaque t\*es (
 temp]a col\r4 ,_m ( ,simon ,memmi's    
frescos 9 ! ,spani% ,*apel1 9 ! ,*ur* ( 
,santa ,m>ia ,novella at ,flor5ce1 7    
repa9t$ or 8re/or$0 ab\t "o hundr$ ye>s 
aft] 8 dea?1 & ,rusk9 has /at$ t "s ( ! 
re/or]'s ov]-pa9t+ has s9ce fall5 away1 
reveal+ ! v pure orig9al "w und]nea?4   
,pietro ,vanucci1 bett] kn[n z ,pietro  
,p]ug9o 7#addf-aebd71 0 "o ( ! mo/      
important arti/s ( ! ,umbrian s*ool (   
pa9t+1 & 0 ,raffaelle's e>ly in/ructor4 
,he pa9t$ _m frescos 9 ,flor5ce1 :]e he 
liv$ & work$ = ab\t f\rte5 ye>s1 & :]e  
he acquir$ mu* ( ! ,flor5t9e mann] (    
design & pa9t+4 ,"o ( 8 mo/ important   
works 9 ,flor5ce is ! great fresco ( !  
8,crucifixion10 ) sa9ts /&+ ar\nd ! foot
 ( ! cross1 :i* he pa9t$ 9 ?ree         
comp>tm5ts on ! wall ( ! *apt]-h\se ( ! 
,*ur* ( ,/4 ,m>ia ,maddal5a de' ,pazzi1 
9 ! ,via ,colona4 ,! design & pose ( !  
figures 9 ?is fresco are v *>act]i/ic ( 
,p]ug9o's mann]1 :i* may be se5 9 !     
upca/ & wi/ful expression ( ! eyes1 !   

pose ( ! heads1 & dev\t attitudes ( 8   
/&+ figures4 ,! illu/rations ( ! two    
heads f ?is fresco1 "h giv51 are 9 !    
above respects v typical ( ,p]ug9o's "w2
 !y also admirably %[ 8 me?od ( h&l+1 z 
well z ! bru%-m>ks ( ! fresco4 ,! light 
t\*es 9 ! be>d & hair ( ! male head are 
lat] re9=cem5ts1 b ) ?is exception1 !   
:ole ( ! pa9t+ 9 ^! heads is q likely to
 be ! g5u9e "w ( ,p]ug9o4 ,ano!r fresco 
9 ,flor5ce1 kn[n z ! 8,c5acolo di       
,foligno10 is ascrib$ to ,p]ug9o2 x is 9
 ! refectory ( ! old conv5t ( ,/4       
,on(rio1 9 ! ,via ,fa5za4  ,?is arti/   
pa9t$ "s important frescos 9 ! ,si/9e   
,*apel ( ! ,vatican1 at ,rome1 "s ( :i* 
are /ill 9 exi/5ce1 namely1 ! 8,baptism 
( ,*ri/10 & ! 8,deliv]y ( ! ,keys to ,/4
 ,pet]40 ,x is record$ t he _h also     
pa9t$ a fresco on ! wall at ! back ( !  
alt> 9 ?is *apel1 b t x 0 de/roy$ 9 ord]
 to make way = ,mi*ael ,angelo's 8,la/  
,judgm5t40 ,9 ^? palmy days ( great     
arti/ic activity x 0 evid5t t "s        
difficulty 0 exp]i5c$ 9 f9d+ suffici5t  

wall space on :i* ! pa9t]s (            
,illu/ration3 ,photo4 ,al9>i4  ,to face 
p4 #ed4  ,,plate #ba4--,,/4 ,,b5$ict1   
,,f ,,! ,,crucifixion  ,p]ug9o1 ,*ur* ( 
,/a4 ,m>ia ,maddal5a de' ,pazzi         
,illu/ration3 ,photo4 ,al9>i4  ,to face 
p4 #ec4  ,,plate #bb4--,,/4 ,,john1 ,,f 
,,! ,,crucifixion4  ,p]ug9o1 ,*ur* (    
,/a4 ,m>ia ,maddal5a de' ,pazzi  t "t   
might execute _! num]\s commissions1 :51
 z we see1 ma/]pieces _h to be de/roy$  
to make room = /ill great] works4 ,if we
 contra/ ^? spaci\s days ( art ) ^? (   
our own "t & 9 our own c\ntry1 x af=ds u
 food = "s reflection ( a m\rnful k9d to
 f9d !re are acres ( blank spaces on !  
walls ( our *ur*es & public build+s1 &  
capable en\gh arti/s 9 our mid/ :o might
 be employ$ to decorate ^! b>r5 spaces1 
b nobody1 or no ,gov]nm5t1              
public-spirit$ en\gh to entru/ mod]n    
arti/s ) commissions to execute su*     
works4     ,,*apt] ,,viii  ,,! ,,"w ,,( 
,,p9turic*io ,,& ,,ghirl&ajo   ,,b]n>d9o
 ,,p9turic*io ( ,p]ugia 7#aded-aeac7 0  

an excell5t pa9t] 9 fresco1 al?\gh      
,vas>i1 9 8 ,lives ( ! ,pa9t]s1 has done
 scant ju/ice to 8 great m]its4 ,9 !    
face ( mu* spl5did "w t has be5 done by 
,p9turic*io1 ! want ( appreciation ( 8  
m]its by ,vas>i is q inexplicable4 ,any 
"o :o has se51 & c>efully exam9$ 8      
frescos 9 ! ,borgia ap>tm5ts ( !        
,vatican mu/ ackn[l$ge him z "o ( !     
greate/ decorative arti/s ( 8 "t1       
great]1 = example because less          
conv5tional1 ?an ,p]ug9o1 8 contempor>y1
 ) :om he sometimes collaborat$1 & :o   
(t5 got cr$it = "w :i* 0 done by        
,p9turic*io4 ,to comp>e 8 "w ) t (      
,p]ug9o we %\ld say t 9 ! design &      
col\r+ ( ! =m] arti/ !re is m life1 m   
spontaneity1 & mu* less mann]ism ?an is 
se5 9 ! "w ( ,p]ug9o4 ,9 design 8 wall  
decorations are *>act]iz$ by great      
v>iety & pl5itude ( incid5t1 & al?\gh he
 may appe> at times to aim at !         
expression ( too  ,illu/ration3 ,photo4 
,al9>i4  ,to face p4 #ef4  ,,plate      
#bc4--;,,detail ,,f ,,*ri/',s ,,*>ge    

,,to ,,pet]  ,p]ug9o1 ,si/9e ,*apel     
,illu/ration3 ,photo4 ,&]son4  ,to face 
p4 #eg4  ,,plate #bd4--,,/4 ,,ca!r9e    
,,disput+ ,,be=e ,,! ,,emp]or           
,,maximianus  ,p9turic*io1 ,borgia      
,app>tm5ts1 ,vatican1 ,rome  mu*        
individuality 9 ! figures ( 8 gr\ps1 !  
outcome p]haps ( 8 great v]satility1 yet
 9 a ma/]ly way he inv>iably succe$s 9  
unit+ ! v>i\s & contra/+ elem5ts ( 8 "w 
into "o h>moni\s arrangem5t1 ! unity be+
 l>gely assi/$ by ! judici\s disposition
 ( 8 col\r1 :i*1 g5]ally speak+1 is a   
h>mony ( azure & gold4 ,p9turic*io has  
be5 adv]sely criticis$ = 8 practice (   
giv+ undue prom95ce to "s ( ! m\ld+s &  
o!r sali5t po9ts ( ! pa9t$ ar*itecture 9
 8 frescos1 & ! patt]ns ( embroid]y on !
 dresses ( 8 figures1 by modell+ !m 9 l[
 relief & aft]w>ds gild+ !m1 ! objection
 be+ t su* a practice is n ! function ( 
pa9t+2 t may be1 b surely an arti/ may  
be all[$ to treat 8 subject 9 8 own way1
 by us+ any means to produce ! desir$   
end he may h 9 view1 especially if t end

 is to produce a beautiful "w 9 h>mony )
 its surr\nd+s4 ,arti/ic h]esies may be 
illogical en\gh1 b x matt]s v little if 
! result is a production ( beauty1 = d  
we n (t5 see t "s dreadfully logical p  
only succe$ 9 produc+ ! ugl9ess ( !     
commonplace h[ev] c>eful !y may be 9 !  
due obs]vance ( arti/ic laws8  ,9 !     
vault$ ceil+ panels & on ! gro9$ ribs ( 
! vaults 9 ! ,borgia ap>tm5ts !re is a  
good deal ( /ucco relief modell+ (      
ornam5t & animal =ms by ,giovanni da    
,ud9e & ,p]9a del ,vaga1 ?is relief     
decoration be+ col\r$ & gild$1 simil> to
 ! cameo reliefs 9 ! loggia ( !         
,vatican1 :i* ! two la/-nam$ arti/s _h  
execut$ "u ,raffaelle's direction2 & z  
,p9turic*io's frescos 7 9 all           
probability pa9t$ be=e ! date ( ! ceil+ 
decorations1 x is n at all unlikely t ! 
relief "w on ! wall frescos und]nea?    
sugge/$ 9 a great measure a simil>      
enri*m5t ( ! vault$ ribs & ceil+s4 ,9   
any case ! :ole ( ! decorations on bo?  
walls & ceil+s ( ! ,borgia ap>tm5ts are 

9 s+ul> h>mony & unity1 al?\gh ! "w has 
be5 done by diff]5t h&s4  ,p9turic*io 0 
employ$ by ! ,pope1 ,alex&] ,,vi1 to    
decorate ! ,borgia ap>tm5ts2 accord+ly1 
! frescos ( ! second1 ?ird1 & f\r? rooms
 7 pa9t$ by him1 ) sc5es f ! life (     
,*ri/1 ! lives ( ! ,sa9ts1 & )          
allegorical repres5tations ( ! arts &   
sci5ces respectively4 ,! mo/ important &
 l>ge/ fresco has ! subject ( ,/4       
,ca!r9e ( ,alex&ria disput+ be=e !      
,emp]or ,maximianus1 9 ! backgr\nd ( :i*
 is a repres5tation ( ! ,ar* (          
,con/ant9e4 ,?is is pa9t$ on ! back wall
 ( ! ?ird room4 ,! figure ( ,/4 ,ca!r9e 
is f9ely design$ & pa9t$1 & is suppos$  
to be a portrait ( ,lucretia ,borgia4   
7,see illu/rations47 ,among ! be/ "w (  
,p9turic*io are 8 frescos 9 ! fir/ *apel
 to ! "r 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,s4 ,m>ia ,araceli1
 ,rome1 repres5t+ sc5es f  ,illu/ration3
 ,photo4 ,&]son4  ,to face p4 #eh4      
,,plate #be4--,,portrait ,,( ,,lucrezia 
,,borgia4 ,,/4 ,,ca!r9e ,,disput+ ,,be=e
 ,,! ,,emp]or4 ,,detail ,,( ,,fresco    

,p9turic*io1 ,borgia ,app>tm5ts1        
,vatican  ,illu/ration3  ,to face p4 #ei
  ,,plate #bf4--,,! ,,nativity          
,p9turic*io1 ,*ur* ( ,/a4 ,m>ia del     
,popolo1 ,rome  ! life ( ,/4 ,b]n>d (   
,si5a1 & on ! vault$ ro( is pa9t$ ! f\r 
,evangeli/s1 all ( :i* are v vigor\s &  
lifelike repres5tations2 ! same may also
 be said ( 8 frescos 9 ! ,baglioni      
,*apel 9 ! ,duomo at ,spello4 ,8 two    
frescos 9 ! ,si/9e ,*apel1 8,moses      
j\rney+ to ,egypt0 & ! 8,baptism (      
,*ri/10 7 =m]ly ascrib$ to ,p]ug9o4  ,! 
,flor5t9e arti/1 ,dom5ico ,ghirl&ajo    
7#addi-adih71 0 "o ( ! mo/ em95t fresco 
pa9t]s ( 8 "t4 ,he 0 fond ( introduc+   
sumptu\sly dress$ p]sonages into 8      
works1 _m ( :om 7 repres5tations ( ! p (
 8 day4 ,! p[]ful ,tornabuoni family (  
,flor5ce 7 8 patrons1 :o commission$ him
 to pa9t _m frescos 9 ,flor5ce & 9      
,rome4 ,he c claim ! di/9ction ( hav+   
,mi*ael ,angelo z "o ( 8 pupils4  ,"s ( 
8 be/ exi/+ works are ^? 9 ! *oir ( !   
,*ur* ( ,santa ,m>ia ,novella1 & ! ,*ur*

 ( ,/4 ,tr9ita at ,flor5ce4 ,9 ! ,*ur* (
 ,santa ,m>ia degli ,innoc5ti1 9 !      
,f\ndl+ ,hospital at ,flor5ce1 is a     
well-pres]v$ alt>-piece1 a temp]a pa9t+ 
on panel by him1 ! 8,adoration ( !      
,magi10 :i* is dignifi$ 9 its design1 & 
! col\r+ is brilliant 9 r$s & gold5     
hues1 ^! col\rs be+ v *>act]i/ic ( 8    
lat] works4 ,9 ! backgr\nd ( ?is f9e "w 
is a beautiful l&scape1 & at ! foot ( ! 
hill on ! left is ! sc5e repres5t+ !    
slaught] ( ! ,innoc5ts4 ,! drap]y ( !   
kneel+ k+ is ma/]ly 9 ! design ( its    
folds1 b ! /&+ figure ( ! y\?ful k+ on !
 left is ! mo/ beautiful ( ! l>g]       
figures4 ,9 all ! range ( ,italian art x
 w\ld be difficult to mat* = beauty & = 
types ( innoc5ce ! two little babes1 or 
innoc5ti1 :o are kneel+ at ! bottom ( ! 
picture1 ador+ & adorable1 z 9 e way !y 
are4 ,at ! top1 kneel+ on cl\ds above ! 
mang]1 are f\r lovely angels hold+ a    
scroll1 on :i* is writt51 8,gloria 9    
excelsis ,deo40 ,g5]ally speak+1 8      
frescos are rem>kable = _! high degree (

 c>eful f9i%1 & ne>ly all ( ! spectators
 or accessory figures 9 8 pa9t+s are    
portraits ( 8 patrons & contempor>ies4  
,8 compositions are v simple & dignifi$1
 ) a c]ta9 degree ( solemn sev]ity 9 !  
draw+ ( ! pr9cipal figures4 ,! latt]    
*>act]i/ic is p>tly due to 8 practice ( 
mak+ _m ( 8 figures /ately portraits1 & 
p>tly to ! long & /raight folds ( 8     
drap]ies1 :i* rem9d u ( ,masaccio's "w1 
&1 9 a less] degree1 t ( ,giotto4 ,x is 
int]e/+ to compose & note ! simil>ity ( 
design :i* is app>5t 9 8 fresco1 !      
8,call+ ( ,,ss4 ,pet] & ,&rew10 9 !     
,si/9e ,*apel1 ) ! 8,tribute ,money10 by
 ,masaccio1 9 ! ,brancacci ,*apel ( !   
,c>melite ,*ur* at ,flor5ce2 & also 8   
celebrat$ "w1 ! 8,dea? ( ,/4 ,francis10 
9 ,/4 ,tr9ita at ,flor5ce1 ) ! same     
subject pa9t$ by ,giotto  ,illu/ration3 
,photo4 ,al9>i4  ,to face p4 #fj4       
,,plate #bg4--;,,flor5t9e ,,lady4       
,,detail ,,( ,,fresco1 ,,bir? ,,( ,,/4  
,,john  ,ghirl&ajo1 ,*ur* ( ,/a4 ,m>ia  
,novella1 ,flor5ce  ,illu/ration3  ,to  

face p4 #fa4  ,,plate #bh4--;,,dea? ,,( 
,,/4 ,,francis  ,ghirl&ajo1 ,*ur* ( ,/4 
,tr9ita1 ,flor5ce  9 ! ,b>di ,*apel (   
,santa ,croce4 ,9 ! latt] "w we see     
piety & s5tim5t m /rongly express$ by   
,giotto1 :ile portraiture & light & %ade
 are m 9 evid5ce 9 ,ghirl&ajo's r5d]+ ( 
?is subject1 b ! figure composition 9   
bo? works is almo/ id5tical4  ,! frescos
 by ,ghirl&ajo 9 ! *oir ( ! ,*ur* (     
,santa ,m>ia ,novella are among ! mo/   
important ( 8 works1 & rema9 z f9e      
examples ( 8 skill z a great decorator4 
,! subjects are f ! life ( ! ,virg9 &   
,john ! ,bapti/1 all ( :i* are treat$ ) 
great c>e & elaboration ( ri* detail1 ! 
utmo/ f9i% be+ n only accord$ to !      
pr9cipal actors 9 ! sc5es1 b also to !  
ar*itectural backgr\nds1 ) _! panels &  
friezes ( figures1 ! embroid]$ patt]ns  
on ! dresses1 & o!r decorative          
accessories1 9 fact all 8 beauties (    
/yle 9 design1 execution1 & col\r+ are  
admirably express$ 9 ^! *>act]i/ic      
works4  ,9 ! ,mona/]y ( ,san ,m>co 9    

,flor5ce1 9 ! small] refectory1 is an   
int]e/+ fresco ( ! 8,c5acolo10 or ,la/  
,supp]1 by ,ghirl&ajo4 ,!re is a little 
/iffness & =mality 9 ! composition ( ?is
 "w1 b ! heads ( ! pr9cipal figures are 
lifelike & well pa9t$4 ,! col\r+ is     
/rong & ri*1 gold has be5 freely us$ 9 !
 nimbi & on ! dresses ( ! figures1 & 9 !
 backgr\nd4 ,above ! figures1 9 !       
backgr\nd1 is pa9t$ an abundance (      
cypress1 orange trees1 & fl[]s2 :ile 9 !
 sky1 hawks are pursu+ wild duck4 ,!re  
is also a simil>1 b 9 "s ways a mu*     
bett]1 8,c5acolo0 by ,ghirl&ajo 9 !     
refectory 9 ! conv5t ( ! ,*ur* ( !      
,ognissanti at ,flor5ce4  ,illu/ration3 
,photo4 ,al9>i4  ,to face p4 #fb4       
,,plate #bi4--;,,flor5t9e ,,lady4       
,,detail ,,( ,,fresco1 ,,bir? ,,( ,,!   
,,virg9  ,ghirl&ajo1 ,*ur* ( ,/a4 ,m>ia 
,novella1 ,flor5ce  ,illu/ration3       
,photo4 ,al9>i4  ,to face p4 #fc4       
,,plate #cj4--;,,detail ,,f ,,fresco1   
,,bir? ,,( ,,! ,,virg9  ,ghirl&ajo1     
,*ur* ( ,/a4 ,m>ia ,novella1 ,flor5ce   

,,*apt] ,,ix  ,,frescos ,,by ,,&rea     
,,del ,,s>to1 ,,lu9i1 ,g4 ,,f]r>i1      
,,raffaelle ,,& ,,mi*ael ,,angelo   ,9 !
 ant]ior c\rt ( ! ,*ur* ( ! ,santissima 
,annunziata1 9 ,flor5ce1 !re are five   
fairly well-pres]v$ frescos by ,&rea del
 ,s>to 7#adhh-aecj74 ,9 ! same c\rt !re 
are o!rs pa9t$ by 8 pupils1 &           
contempor>y arti/s4 ,! be/ ( ! five by  
,&rea is ! 8,dea? ( ,/4 ,filippo10 :]e a
 "y man is rais$ to life by ! dead body 
( ! sa9t4 ,! col\r+ is v /rong & lum9\s1
 & has ! s(t melt+ "* ( ! v>i\s tones   
into ea* o!r1 :i* di/+ui%es ! "w ( ?is  
pa9t]1 m especially se5 9 8 easel       
pictures4 ,! next fresco 9 importance ( 
?is s]ies is t :i* repres5ts ! miracles 
wr\ght by ! robes ( ,/4 ,filippo1 :]e   
*ildr5 are heal$ by t\*+ 8 g>m5ts4 ,!   
col\r+ ( ?is pa9t+ is lively & fre%1 & !
 effect ( light & %ade is a v important 
feature 9 ! "w4 ,! backgr\nds ( ^!      
frescos1 :e!r ar*itectural or l&scape1  
are at pres5t exce$+ly light 9 tone1 :i*
 ei!r means t ^! p>ts h fad$ or h be5   

de/roy$ by clean+4 ,?is causes ! figures
 to look completely out ( tone ) ! pale 
backgr\nds4  ,! ,br]a ,palace at ,milan 
conta9s a great numb] ( small &         
extremely int]e/+ frescos1 t h be5      
remov$ f v>i\s *ur*es & suppress$       
conv5ts 9 ! city & neighb\rhood1 among  
:i* are "s v good examples ( ,b]n>d9o   
,lu9i's "w 7#adgj-aecj874 ,lu9i 0 ! mo/ 
fam\s s*ol> ( ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 & 0 s  
greatly influ5c$ by ! latt] t _m        
pictures _h = a long "t be5 ascrib$ to 8
 ma/]4 ,he 0 a mo/ prolific & indu/ri\s 
arti/1 bo? 9 fresco & 9 easel pictures1 
& z a rule 8 "w is full ( grace & *>m4  
,! female figures & *ildr5 pa9t$ by     
,lu9i are always *>act]iz$ by _! easy   
natural poses1 & h a ref9$ delicacy &   
sweetness ( expression4 ,8 col\r+1      
always ri* & w>m 9 tone1 is *iefly      
di/+ui%$ by its fre%ness & purity2 ^!   
qualities are be/ se5 9 8 small]        
frescos1 n[ 9 ! ,br]a gall]ies4 ,9 !    
entrance corridor !re is an example ( 8 
fresco "w1 br\ght f ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,m>ia 

di ,br]a1 9 ,milan4 ,! subject is !     
8,virg9 & ,*ild10 ) an angel & two o!r  
figures1 ,/4 ,abate1 & ,/4 ,b>b>a1 & a  
boy ) a lute4 ,! col\r & draw+ ( ?is    
example are extremely good1 ?\gh ! g5]al
 composition is lack+ 9  ,illu/ration3  
,photo4 ,al9>i4  ,to face p4 #fd4       
,,plate #ca4--;,,fresco1 ,,infant       
,,angel  ,lu9i1 ,br]a1 ,milan           
,illu/ration3 ,photo1 ,al9>i  ,to face  
p4 #fe4  ,,plate #cb4--,,! ,,virg9 ,,&  
,,*ild ,,) ,,/4 ,,john ,,& ,,/4 ,,m>?a  
,lu9i1 ,fresco 9 ! ,br]a1 ,milan        
cohesion & unity4 ,! 8,burial ( ,/4     
,ca!r9e0 is also 9 ! ,br]a4 ,x is a     
small fresco br\ght f ! ,conv5t della   
,pelucca1 & is "o ( ! m successful works
 ( ,lu9i4 ,?ree f9ely design$ angels are
 c>ry+ ! body ( ,/4 ,ca!r9e1 bel[ :i* is
 ! tomb4 ,! robes ( ! sa9t are r$ 9     
col\r1 :ile ^? ( ! angel on ! "r are    
purple2 ! middle1 gre52 & ! angel to !  
left has yell[ drap]y4 ,! be/ "w1 h[ev]1
 by ,lu9i 9 ! ,br]a is ! beautiful      
fresco1 9 ! ,sala ,,xvi1 ( ! 8,virg9 &  

,*ild0 ) ,/4 ,m>?a1 ,/4 ,john1 & a nun4 
,9 ?is "w ! l&scape backgr\nd is        
rem>kably fre% & pure 9 col\r1 & is     
pa9t$ 9 a v naturali/ic mann]1 !        
treatm5t ( ! trees1 & details ( !       
l&scape rem9d+ "o =cibly ( a picture by 
,con/able4 ,!re are "s f9e passages (   
lum9\s & h>moni\s col\r+ 9 ! drap]ies1 !
 faces ( ! figures h a t5d]ness & purity
 ( expression1 & ! :ole "w is a conv9c+ 
example ( ! ma/] at 8 be/4 ,be+ on a    
level ) ! eye1 & 9 a good light1 "o is  
enabl$ to see 9 ?is fresco t ,lu9i's    
me?od ( pa9t+ consi/$ 9 8 fir/ modell+ !
 =ms 9 a solid impa/o1 & aft]w>ds f9i%+ 
8 "w1 l ! majority ( ,italian fresco    
pa9t]s1 by %ad+ transp>5tly 9 f9ely     
hat*$ l9es4  ,!re are o!r examples (    
,lu9i's fresco "w 9 ! ,br]a1 consi/+    
*iefly ( heads & figures ( boys4 ,9 !   
old ,romanesque basilica *ur* ( ,/4     
,ambrogio at ,milan1 9 ! fir/ *apel ( ! 
left aisle1 is a fresco by him1 ! 8,ecce
 ,homo10 9 a fairly good /ate (         
pres]vation1 & 9 ! six? *apel ( ! "r    

aisle is 8 "w1 ! 8,leg5d ( ,/4 ,george40
 ,! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,m>ia della ,grazie 9 ! 
same city conta9s 8 fresco ( ! 8,virg9  
,en?ron$10 ) sa9ts ar\nd1 ! col\r &     
composition ( :i* are good1 b an        
injuri\s du/y bloom has appe>$ on "s    
portions ( ?is f9e "w4 ,num]\s examples 
( ,lu9i's fresco decorations may be se5 
9 ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,maurizo 7,mona/]o      
,maggiore71 includ+ ! l>ge              
8,crucifixion10 on ! wall ov] ! entrance
 to ! *oir4 ,?is great "w conta9s ne>ly 
#adj figures1 _m ( :i* are ( s+ul>      
beauty4 ,at ,s>onno1 n f> f ,milan1 9 ! 
,*ur* ( ! ,santu>io !re are also "s v   
important frescos by ,lu9i1 repres5t+   
sc5es 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,virg91 ! be/ ( :i*
 is a v f9e 8,adoration ( ! ,magi40     
,gaud5zio ,f]r>i 7#adhd-aedi7 0 ano!r   
,milanese pa9t]1 ?\gh a native (        
,pi$mont1 b ,milan & its neighb\rhood 0 
/rictly speak+ ! c5tre ( 8 lab\rs4 ,he 0
 a foll[] ( ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 al?\gh he
 _h work$ ) ,p]ug9o1 & lat] )           
,raffaelle4 ,he pa9t$ num]\s frescos 9  

,milan1 ,s>onno1 & ,v>allo2 mo/ ( !m are
 *>act]iz$ by life & animation ( pose 9 
! figures1 & z a rule 8 works conta9 _m 
figures ( great m]it & beauty1          
,illu/ration3  ,to face p4 #ff4  ,,plate
 #cc4--,,/4 ,,lucy ,,s5t5c$ ,,to ,,dea? 
,jacopo ,d',avanzo1 ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,an?ony1
 ,padua  %[+ f9e qualities ( fre$om 9 ! 
execution4 ,b 8 "w z a :ole is unequal1 
ow+ to 8 t5d5cy ( all[+ himself to be   
influ5c$ by t ( 8 contempor>ies4 ,! be/ 
( 8 frescos are ^? :i* are mo/ ,lu9esque
 9 /yle & "*4  ,9 ! side entrance ( ! "r
 aisle1 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,ambrogio1 9    
,milan1 ,f]r>i has pa9t$ ! frescos1     
8,*ri/ be>+ ! ,cross10 & ! 8,?ree       
,m>ys02 ! latt]1 ?\gh d>k5$ mu*1 is 9 a 
good /ate ( pres]vation1 & is n[ "u     
glass4 ,at ,s>onno1 9 ! ,*ur* ( !       
,santu>io1 he has decorat$ ! cupola ) an
 assemblage ( angels & w+$ boys1 "s (   
:i* are design$ ) great _s1 & are       
beautifully pa9t$4 ,lat] "w by ,f]r>i is
 ! fresco decoration ( ! f\r? *apel 9 ! 
"r aisle ( ,/4 ,m>ia delle ,grazie      

7#aedb71 :]e he pa9t$ ! p[]ful          
compositions ( ! ,passion1 namely1 !    
8,crucifixion10 ! 8,sc\rg+ ( ,*ri/10 &  
8,*ri/ ,cr[n$ ) ,?orns40 ,! figures are 
life-size1 & are *>act]iz$ by mu*       
animation1 /rong col\r+1 & great fre$om 
( execution4  ,! works ( ,raffaelle &   
,mi*ael ,angelo 9 fresco pa9t+ :i* adorn
 ! ,/anze ( ! ,vatican & ! ,si/9e       
,*apel1 respectively1 h be5 s mu*       
describ$1 & are s well kn[n to /ud5ts1 t
 any criticism :i* might be (f]$ "h w\ld
 am\nt to an un/9t$ appreciation ( _!   
lab\rs4 ,x goes )\t say+ t x is a v     
s]i\s ?+ = ! sake ( ,italian ,art t s   
mu* ( ! f9e/ "w ( ^! ma/]s has ei!r gone
 v d>k & dirty1 or1 :at is worse1 has 9 
places almo/ p]i%$ by ! dis9tegration ( 
! col\rs4 ,! l>ge fresco ( ! 8,s*ool (  
,a!ns10 9 ! ,/anze ( ! ,vatican1        
probably ! be/ "w 9 fresco f ! h& (     
,raffaelle1 is n[ q diff]5t f :at x mu/ 
h be5 :5 fir/ x 0 pa9t$4 ,! composition 
( ! figures & "s portions ( ! orig9al   
col\rs /ill rema91 b all else mu/ be    

entirely *ang$4 ,ev5 :]e ! orig9al col\r
 is /ill on ! wall1 su* p>ts are        
extremely black5$ by age & dirt1 b !    
ar*itectural backgr\nd1 ! c5tral flight 
( /eps1 & ! =egr\nd ar\nd & betwe5 !    
figures are1 on ! contr>y1 mu* light] 9 
tone ?an !y mu/ h be5 orig9ally1 &      
consequ5tly all ! %ade & %ad[s1 :i*     
=m]ly connect$ ! masses ( ! figure gr\ps
 toge!r1 h disappe>$4 ,! pres5t extreme 
lightness ( tone :i* surr\nds ! d>k     
figures1 unduly emphasizes ! latt]1 &   
gives an unsatisfactory & v spotty      
appe>ance to ! g5]al composition1 :i* is
 at v>iance ) ! e>ly engrav+s & copies (
 ?is fresco4 ,x is q likely t ! pres5t  
aspect ( ?is great "w is due to ! fact t
 ! clean]s & re/or]s engag$ on x f "t to
 "t h employ$ _! cleans+ en]gy on !     
backgr\nd m ?an on ! figures1 & h clean$
 (f ! dirt1  ,illu/ration3 ,photo4      
,&]son4  ,to face p4 #fh4  ,,plate      
#cd4--,,! ,,fire ,,9 ,,! ,,borgo        
,raffaelle1 ,/anza dell' ,inc5dio1      
,vatican1 ,rome  ,illu/ration3 ,photo4  

,braun1 ,clm5t et ,cie4  ,to face p4    
#fi4  ,,plate #ce4--;,,figure ,,(       
,,adam1 ,,f ,,! ,,creation ,,( ,,man    
,mi*ael ,angelo1 ,si/9e ,*apel1         
,vatican1 ,rome  & pa9t z well1 s leav+ 
?is portion 9 a clean-look+ or light    
/ate2 & if we be> 9 m9d t ! backgr\nd "w
 has 9 all probability be5 pa9t$ mu* m  
?9ly1 or ) less impa/o1 ?an ! figures1  
we c easily imag9e t 9 ! p>ts "u notice 
!re has always be5 less body ( col\r to 
be de/roy$ by ! clean]s4 ,x is also     
noticeable t :]e a blue or grey col\r   
has be5 us$ 9 ! drap]ies1 ! pa9t+ ( su* 
p>ts has badly p]i%$1 :i* sugge/s t ei!r
 a vegetable or a copp]-blue pigm5t has 
be5 us$1 in/ead ( a cobalt or an        
ultram>9e blue1 or t ^! p>ts h be5      
aft]w>ds repa9t$ 9 temp]a4 ,! o!r       
frescos 9 ?is room1 ! 8,m\nt ,p>nassus10
 & ! 8,prud5ce1 ,=titude & ,temp]ance10 
are 9 a mu* bett] /ate ?an ! 8,s*ool (  
,a!ns40  ,mi*ael ,angelo's great "w 9   
fresco1 on ! ceil+ ( ! ,si/9e ,*apel1 is
 /ill1 =tunately1 9 a fairly good /ate1 

b ! 8,la/ ,judgm5t10 on ! alt> wall1 is 
v grimy1 & 9 a mu* black5$ /ate4 ,"o _c 
help ?9k+ t a good deal ( ! dirt c\ld be
 remov$ f ?is "w by a little judici\s   
clean+4   ,,! ,,end     ,,index   ,&rea 
del ,s>to1 #fc-fd  ,ar*itecture1 #a     
,ar*itecture1 pr9ciples (1 #f  ,arts (  
,peace fresco1 #cd  ,arts ( ,w> fresco1 
#cc-cd   ,b>di ,*apel1 ,santa ,croce1   
,flor5ce1 #ci-dj  ,b5ozzo ,gozzoli1     
#ea-ec  ,borgia ap>tm5ts1 ,vatican1     
#ef-eh  ,brancacci ,*apel1 ,c>melite    
,*ur*1 #dg-di  ,br]a ,palace1 ,milan1   
frescos at1 #fd-fe  ,br[n1 ,=d ,madox1  
#cb  ,bru%es = fresco1 #bj              
,buon-fresco1 #i   ,campo ,santa1 ,pisa1
 #eb  ,c>toons1 #af1 #ag1 #bd1 #ef      
,c5acolo by ,ghirl&ajo1 #fa-fb          
,cnossus1 #aj  ,col\r sket*es1 #af1 #cf 
,col\rs = buon-fresco1 #ag-ai   ,design 
9 objects ( g5]al utility1 #e  ,drap]y  
pa9t+1 #bh-bi   ,egyptian temp]a1 #aa   
,encau/ic pa9t+1 #i   ,filipp9o ,lippi1 
#dg  ,fle% pa9t+1 #be-bg  ,f\ndl+       
,hospital1 ,flor5ce1 #ei-fj  ,fra       

,angelico1 #dd-df  ,fresco-buono1 #ab   
,fresco-secco1 #h1 #aa  ,fresco1 sy/ems 
& me?ods1 #h   ,gaud5zio ,f]r>i1 #ff-fg 
,ghirl&ajo1 ,dom5ico1 #ei-fa  ,giotto1  
#ci-dc  ,giovanni da ,ud9e1 #eg-eh      
,gl\ce/] ,ca!dral1 #ca   ,h\ses (       
,p>liam5t frescos1 #cj   ,intonaco1 #ae 
,keim's process1 #i   ,la/ ,judgm5t     
fresco1 #fh  ,leighton1 ,"l1 #cb-cc     
,lu9i1 ,b]n>d9o1 #fd-ff  ,lyndhur/ ,*ur*
 fresco1 #cb   ,masaccio1 #dg-di        
,masol9o da ,panicale1 #dg  ,me?od (    
execution 9 buon-fresco1 #bc  ,me?od (  
execution 9 _s fresco1 #cf-cg  ,mi*ael  
,angelo1 #ch1 #ej1 #ed1 #fh  ,mona/]y ( 
,/4 ,m>k frescos1 #dd-df1 #fa           
,monum5tal pa9t+1 ess5tials (1 #d       
,mosaics1 #c  ,myc5e1 #aj   ,pa9t+1 #b  
,p>ry1 ,gambi]1 #ec  ,p]9a del ,vaga1   
#eg-eh  ,p]ug9o1 #ec-ee  ,p9turic*io1   
#ef-eh  ,pompeii1 #aa  ,poynt]1 ,sir ,e4
 ,j41 ,b>t41 ,p4,r4,a41 #af1 #cj        
,raffaelle1 #di1 #fg1 #fi  ,ret\*+1 #bg 
,ricc>di palace1 #ea  ,rusk91 #ec       
,santa ,m>ia della ,grazie1 ,milan1     

#ff-fg  ,santa ,m>ia ,maddal5a de       
,pazzi1 #ed  ,santa ,m>ia ,novella1     
,flor5ce1 #ci1 #fa  ,santissima         
,annunziata1 ,*ur* ( !1 #fc  ,/4        
,ambrogio1 ,milan1 #ff-fg  ,/4 ,ca!r9e (
 ,alex&ria1 #eh  ,/4 ,maurizo ,*ur*     
7,mona/]o ,maggiore71 #ff  ,/4 ,/eph5's1
 ,dulwi*1 #ga  ,s>onno1 ,*ur* ( !       
,santu>io1 #ff-fg  ,s*ool ( ,a!ns       
fresco1 #fh  ,simon ,memmi1 #ec  ,si/9e 
,*apel1 #ch1 #ed1 #ei  ,spani% ,*apel1  
#ec  ,_s fresco1 #ca  ,_s fresco m$ium1 
#ch  ,_s fresco pa9t+1 #i   ,temp]a     
pa9t+1 #i  ,te/ brick = col\r1 #bb      
,!ra1 #aj  ,tiryns1 #aj   ,und]coat+1 or
 gr\nd t9t1 #ba   ,vas>i1 #dj1 #ej1 #ef 
,vatican1 ,loggia ( !1 #eh  ,victoria & 
,alb]t ,museum1 #cc   ,walls = fresco   
pa9t+s1 #ad1 #cc  ,walls1 prep>ation (1 
#ad1 #cc-cd  ,wat]-glass fresco1 #i     
,ri*>d ,clay  ,sons1 ,limit$1 ,london & 
,bungay4