,transcribed from the #ahdd ,matchett1 ,stevenson1 and ,matchett edition by ,david ,price1 email ccx#jgdpglaf4org ,picture3 ,public domain book cover ,picture3 ,eccles ,church1 the present state of the ,beach at ,happisburgh1 ,norfolk4 ,c4 ,graf4 ,lith4 to ,her ,majesty4 ,d4 ,hodgson1 delt4 ,,an ,,essay ,,on ,,the ,,encroachments ,,of ,,the ,,german ,,ocean ,,along ,,the ,,norfolk ,,coast1 ,,with ,a ,,design ,,to ,,arrest ,,its ,,further ,,depredations2 ,,dedicated ,,to ,,the ,,right ,,honourable ,,the ,,lords ,,commissioners ,,of ,,the ,,admiralty4 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,by ,w4 ,,hewitt1 ,,surgeon4 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,,norwich3 ,,printed ,,for ,,the ,,author1 ,,by ,,matchett1 ,,stevenson1 ,,and ,,matchett1 ,,market-,,place4 ,,sold ,,also ,,by ,,edwards ,,and ,,hughes1 #ab1 ,,ave-,,maria-,,lane1 ,,london4 #ahdd4 ,,dedication4 ,to the ,right ,honourable the ,lords ,commissioners of the ,admiralty4 ,,my ,,lords ,,and ,,gentlemen1 ,a communication with your ,lordships in #ahdc1 led me to infer that an ,essay upon the interesting subject connected with the present inquiry1 would be received with a degree of attention according to its merits1 and the importance of the object connected with it4 ,but should you1 in your superior wisdom1 perceive sufficient evidence has not been advanced to render it deserving the consideration requisite at your hands1 future proofs may arise upon the foundation contained in the following pages4--,on the contrary1 should it meet with your approbation1 the high and honourable position you maintain for the benefit of maritime affairs will1 ,i trust1 induce you to exercise your influence towards effecting a trial of the plan submitted1 for the benefit of the community at large1 ,i and for the honour and credit of your noble establishment4 ,i am1 ,,my ,,lords ,,and ,,gentlemen1 ,your very humble and obliged ,servant1 ,,the ,,author4 ,,preface4 ,many persons may consider it a remarkable circumstance1 that an individual1 whose profession requires his leisure time to be devoted to the acquirement of knowledge for the comfort of man in his corporeal ailments1 should find an opportunity to direct considerable attention to a subject1 so very different in character1 as the one now submitted to the reader4 #e ,the suggestions1 however1 of a near1 respected1 and venerable relative1 aroused and stimulated me to make the strictest investigation1 and subsequently led to the submitting a plan or design for future benefit1 not only to the mariner1 the merchant1 the ship-owner1 to those whose landed property lies contiguous to the ocean1 but what is of still greater consequence1 the preservation of human life2 and although an abler and a more experienced individual might have given a better statement1 or submitted a better design1 yet it is hoped sufficient will be found in this first and hasty attempt1 to excite the attention of the learned and the wealthy4 ,an acknowledgment of the truth1 a grateful feeling for the assistance derived for the most important particulars on this interesting subject1 induces me to introduce the name1 with the exertions of my venerable relative to the notice of my readers4 ,the ,rev4 ,john ,hewitt1 ,b4,a41 ,perpetual ,curate of ,walcot1 in this county1 ,vicar of ,grantchester1 and formerly a ,fellow of ,corpus ,christi ,college1 ,cambridge1 after several years of often repeated attention to the subject embraced in this ,essay1 expended in the year ,a4,d4 #ahjb upwards of one hundred pounds in an attempt to fill up1 at his own expence1 the worst breach existing between ,waxham and ,horsey1 and the design to carry it into effect appeared so feasible1 that to lessen the expence1 the ,hon4 ,harbord ,harbord1 the first ,lord ,suffield1 lent implements to aid the undertaking4 ,but unfortunately1 prior to the task being completed1 a strong north-west wind1 upon a spring tide1 ensued1 and a quantity of water passed through the breach partially repaired4 ,a cottager residing near the place1 witnessed the circumstance only just previous to the irruption of the water1 and informed my relative had he possessed a shovel1 he could have prevented it4 ,the circumstance attending this catastrophe caused in little minds derision and contempt1 from the failure of the experiment4 ,but a humble individual1 whose ideas were more enlarged1 contended upwards of three hundred pounds worth of good had been effected2 and the spot on that part of the coast is recognized to this day as ,hewitt's ,bank4 ,while some persons1 therefore1 considered it a direct failure1 my relative deemed it a partial one1 and watched with undiminished ardour the effect produced by the stranding of the ,hunter cutter1 ,a4,d4 #ahjg2 the particulars of which are fully entered into in the following pages4 ,a knowledge of the tides and currents has been principally acquired from the perusal of several works of the most renowned philosophers1 whose erudition have stamped them with truth stable and incontrovertible4 ,i have1 therefore1 adopted their language rather than my own1 fearful ,i should mar their intent1 and my regard for such comprehensive writings induces me to add the truism transmitted to us by an ancient ,latin author-- ,unius tatis sunt qu fortiter fiunt1 qu ,vero pro utilitate scribuntur terna4 ,vegetius4 ,should the design be put in execution1 and found efficacious1 it will be applicable to other coasts1 by taking every particular respecting them into consideration1 and great will be the reward on the ambition attained of having endeavoured to benefit the community at large4 ,,the ,,author4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,,introduction4--,,the ,,formation ,,of ,,the ,,tides ,,considered1 ,,their ,,variation1 ,,and ,,effects4 ,for1 lo6 the sea that fleets about the land1 ,and like a girdle clips her solid waste1 ,music and measure both doth understand3 ,for his great crystal eye is always cast ,up to the moon1 and on her fixed fast3 ,and as she danceth in her pallid sphere1 ,so danceth he about the centre here4 ,the above lines1 so beautifully expressed by one of our earlier poets1 introduces a subject generally understood1 but the important object connected with our present inquiry cannot be maintained without a thorough knowledge of cause and effect4 ,a minute acquaintance1 therefore1 with the formation of the tides and currents1 their variation and effects1 transmitted to us by the observations1 experiments1 and discoveries of the earlier1 and confirmed by the researches of the modern philosophers1 will not be deemed altogether superfluous1 as they will tend to remove any obstacle that might otherwise present itself on the consideration of so difficult a subject4 ,by the term tide is meant that regular motion of the sea1 according to which it ebbs and flows twice in the twenty-four hours4 ,after some wild conjectures of the earliest philosophers1 observes ,goldsmith1 it became well known in the time of ,pliny that the tides were entirely under the influence in a small degree of the sun1 but in a much greater of the moon4 ,it was found that there was a flux and reflux of the sea in the space of twelve hours and fifty minutes1 which is exactly the time of a lunar day4 ,it was observed that whenever the moon was in the meridian1 or in other words1 as nearly as possible over any part of the sea1 that the sea flowed to that part1 and made a tide there2 on the contrary1 it was found that when the moon left the meridian1 the sea began to flow back again from whence it came1 and there might be said to ebb4 ,thus far the waters of the sea seemed very regularly to attend the motions of the moon4 ,but as it appeared1 likewise1 that when the moon was in the opposite meridian1 as far off on the other side of the globe1 that there was a tide on this side also1 so that the moon produced two tides1 one by her greatest approach to us1 and another by her greatest distance from us2 in other words1 the moon1 in once going round the earth1 produced two tides1 always at the same time2 one1 on the part of the globe directly under her2 and the other1 on the part of the globe directly opposite4 ,kepler was the first who conjectured that attraction was the principal cause2 asserting1 that the sphere of the moon's operation extended to the earth1 and drew up its waters4 ,but what ,kepler only hinted1 has been completely developed and demonstrated by ,sir ,isaac ,newton4 ,after his great discovery of the law of gravitation1 he found it an easy matter to account for the whole phenomena of the tides4 ,the moon1 like all the rest of the planets1 has been found to attract and to be attracted by the earth4 ,this attraction prevails throughout our whole planetary system2 the more matter there is contained in any body1 the more it attracts1 and its influence decreases in proportion as the distance1 when squared1 increases4 ,this being premised1 let us see what must ensue upon supposing the moon in the meridian of any tract of the sea4 ,the surface of the water immediately under the moon1 is nearer the moon than any part of the globe is1 and1 therefore1 must be more subject to its attraction than the waters anywhere else4 ,the waters will there be attracted by the moon1 and rise in a heap1 whose eminence will be the highest where the attraction is greatest4 ,in order to form this eminence1 it is obvious that its surface1 as well as the depths1 will be agitated1 and that wherever the water runs from one part1 succeeding waters must run to fill up the space it has left4 ,thus the waters of the sea1 running from all parts to attend the motion of the moon1 produce the flowing of the tide2 and it is high tide at that part wherever the moon comes over it1 or to its meridian4 #aa ,but when the moon travels onward1 and ceases to point over the place where the waters were just risen1 the cause of their rising ceasing to operate1 they will flow back by their natural gravity into the lower parts from whence they had travelled2 and this retiring of the waters will form the ebbing of the sea4 #ab;a ,thus the first part of the demonstration is obvious1 since in general it requires no great sagacity to conceive that the waters nearest the moon are most attracted or raised highest by the moon4 ,but the other part of the demonstration1 namely1 how there come to be high tides at the same time on the other side of the globe is not so easy to conceive4 ,to comprehend this1 it must be observed1 that the part of the earth and its waters farthest from the moon1 are the parts of all others that are least attracted by the moon2 it must also be observed1 that all the waters1 when the moon is on the opposite side of the earth1 must be attracted in the same direction that the earth itself attracts them2 that is apparently quite through the body of the earth1 towards the moon itself4 ,this1 therefore1 being conceived1 it is plain that those waters which are farthest from the moon will have less weight than those of any other part on the same side of the globe1 because the moon's attraction1 which conspires with the earth's attraction1 is there least4 ,now1 therefore1 the waters farthest from the moon having less weight1 and being lightest1 will be pressed on all sides by those that having more attraction are heavier1 and the heavier waters flowing in1 will make them swell and rise in an eminence directly opposite to that on the other side of the globe1 caused by the more immediate influence of the moon4 #ab;b ,in this manner the moon1 in one diurnal revolution1 produces two tides2 one raised immediately under the sphere of its influence1 and the other directly opposite to it4 ,as the moon travels1 this vast body of waters rears upward1 as if to watch its motions1 and pursues the same constant rotation4 ,however1 in this great work of raising the tides1 the sun has no small share1 it produces its own tide constantly every day1 just as the moon does1 but in a much less degree1 because the sun is at an immensely greater distance4 ,thus there are solar tides and lunar tides--when the forces of these two great luminaries concur1 which they always do when they are either in the same or in the opposite parts of the heavens1 they jointly produce a much greater tide1 than when they are so situated in the heavens as each to make peculiar tides of their own2 in the former1 the attraction of the sun conspires with the attraction of the moon1 by which means the high spring tides are formed2 in the latter1 the action of the sun is opposed to that of the moon1 consequently the effect must be to depress the waters where the moon's action has a tendency to raise them1 and hence the production of the lower neap tides4 #ac;a ,the spring tides #ac;b do not take place on the very day of the new and full moon1 nor the neap tides on the very day of the quadratures1 but a day or two after2 the effect is neither greatest nor least when the immediate influence of the cause is greatest or least3 as the greatest heat1 for example1 is not on the solstitial day1 when the immediate action of the sun is greatest1 but some time after it4--,and although the action of the sun and moon were to cease1 yet the ocean would continue to ebb and flow for some time1 as its waves continue in violent motion for some time after a storm4 #ad;a ,sir ,isaac ,newton has shown that the tides increase as the cube of the distances decrease1 so that the moon1 at half her present distance1 would produce a tide eight times greater4 ,now the moon describes an ellipse about the earth1 and of course must be once in every revolution nearer the earth than in any other part of her orbit2 consequently she must produce a much higher tide when in this point of her orbit than in the opposite point4 #ad;b ,this is the reason that two great spring tides never take place immediately after each other2 for if the moon be at her least distance at the time of new moon1 she must be at her greatest distance at the time of full moon1 having performed half a revolution in the intervening time2 and1 therefore1 the spring tide at the full will be much less than at the preceding change4 ,for the same reason1 if a great spring tide happens at the time of full moon1 the tide at the following change will be less4 #ad;c ,the spring tides are highest and the neap tides lowest about the beginning of the year2 for the earth being nearest the sun about the first of ,january1 must be more strongly attracted by that body than at any other time of the year3 hence the spring tides which happen about that time1 will be greater than at any other time1 and should the moon be new or full in that part of her orbit1 which is nearest to the earth at the same time1 the tides will be considerably higher than at any other time of the year4 ,the tide which happens at any time while the moon is above the horizon1 is called the superior tide1 and when below the horizon1 the inferior4 ,when the moon is in the equinoctial1 the superior and inferior tides are of the same height1 but when the moon declines towards the elevated pole1 the superior tide is higher than the inferior4 ,if the latitude of the place and the declination of the moon are of contrary names1 the inferior tides will be the highest4 ,but the highest tide at any particular place is when the moon's declination is equal to the latitude of the place1 and of the same name1 and the height of the tide diminishes as the differences between the latitude and declination increases1 therefore the nearer any place is to that parallel whose latitude is equal to the moon's declination and of the same name1 the higher will be the tide at that place4 ,in comparing the height of tides at different places1 it is supposed that the sun and moon are at the same distances from the earth1 and in the same position with respect to the meridian of these places4 #ae;a ,the above observations relative to the regularity of the tides could only result by supposing the earth to be covered with the waters of the ocean to a great depth1 but as this is not the case1 it is only at places situated on the shores of large oceans where such tides exist4 #ae;b ,from local circumstances the tides are subject to great irregularities1 such as meeting with islands1 headlands1 passing through straits1 c4 ,in order that they may have their full motion1 the ocean in which they are produced ought to extend #ij from east to west1 because that is the distance between the greatest elevation and the greatest depression produced in the waters by the moon4 ,hence it is that the tides in the ,pacific ,ocean exceed those of the ,atlantic1 and that they are less in that part of the ,atlantic which is within the torrid zone between ,africa and ,america1 than on the temperate zones on either side of it where the ocean is much broader4 #af;a ,tides are not perceptible in lakes and most inland seas1 and deep and extensive as is the ,mediterranean1 are scarcely sensible to ordinary observation1 their effects being quite subordinate to the winds and currents4 ,in some places1 however1 as in the ,straits of ,messina1 there is an ebb and flow to the amount of two feet and upwards2 at ,naples and at the ,euripus1 of twelve and thirteen inches1 and ,rennell informs us1 at ,venice1 of five feet4 #af;b ,the ebb and flow of the ocean is very slight in islands remote from any continent1 as for example1 at ,st4 ,helena1 where it seldom exceeds three feet4 ,tides are remarkably high on the coasts of ,malay1 in the ,straits of ,sunda1 on the open coast of ,patagonia1 along the coasts of ,china and ,japan1 at ,panama1 in the ,gulph of ,bengal1 and at the mouth of the ,indus1 where the water rises thirty feet in height4 ,tides are greatest in any given line of coast1 in narrow bays and estuaries2 and are least in the intervening tracts where the land is prominent4 #af;c ,on the authority of the late ,captain ,hewett1 ,r4,n41 at the entrance of the estuary of the ,thames1 the rise of the spring tides is eighteen feet2 but when we follow our eastern coast from thence northward2 towards ,lowestoft and ,yarmouth1 we find a gradual diminution1 until at the place last mentioned the highest rise is only seven or eight feet4 ,from this point there begins again to be an increase1 so that at ,cromer1 where the coast again retires towards the west1 the rise is sixteen feet2 and towards the extremity of the gulph called 8the ,wash10 as at ,lynn and in ,boston ,deeps1 it is from twenty-two to twenty-four1 and in some extraordinary cases1 twenty-six feet4 ,from thence again there is a decrease towards the north2 the elevation at the ,spurn ,point being from nineteen to twenty feet1 and at ,flamborough ,head1 on the ,yorkshire coast1 from fourteen to sixteen feet4 ,it is also recorded1 on the authority of ,captain ,beaufort1 ,r4,n41 that at ,milford ,haven1 in ,pembrokeshire1 at the mouth of the ,bristol ,channel1 the tides rise thirty-six feet1 and at ,king-road1 near ,bristol1 forty-two feet4 ,at ,chepstow1 on the ,wye1 a small river which opens into the estuary of the ,severn1 they reach fifty feet1 sometimes sixty-nine1 and even seventy-two feet4 #ag ,the tides at ,tonquin are the most remarkable in the world4 ,in this part there is but one tide and one ebb every twenty-four hours2 whereas in other places there are two4 ,besides twice in each month there is no tide at all1 when the moon is near the equinoctial1 the water being for some time quite stagnant4 ,these1 with other peculiar appearances attending the same phenomena1 were considered by many as inscrutable2 but ,sir ,isaac ,newton adjudged them to arise from the concurrence of two tides1 one from the ,south ,sea1 and the other from the ,indian ,ocean4 ,of each of these tides there come successively two every day2 two at one time greater1 and two at another that are less4 ,the time between the arrival of the two greater is considered by him as high tide2 the time between the two lesser as ebb4 ,in short1 with this clue that great mathematician solved every appearance1 and so established his theory as to silence every opposer4 ,this fluctuation of the sea from the tides1 observes the same author1 produces another and more constant rotation of its waters from the east to the west1 in this respect following the course of the moon4 ,this may be considered as one great and general current of the waters of the sea2 and although it be not every where distinguishable1 it is nevertheless every where existent1 except when opposed by some particular current or eddy produced by partial and local causes4 ,this tendency of the sea towards the west is plainly perceivable in all the great straits of the ocean2 as for instance1 in those of ,magellan1 in ,south ,america1 where the tide running in from the east nearly twenty feet high1 and continues flowing six hours1 whereas the ebb continues but two hours1 and the current is directed to the west4 ,this proves that the flux is not equal to the reflux1 and that from both results a motion of the sea westward1 which is more powerful during the time of the flux than the reflux4 ,this motion westward has been sensibly observed by navigators in their passage back from ,india to ,madagascar1 and so on to ,africa4 ,in the great ,pacific1 also1 it is very perceivable2 but the places where it is most obvious are1 as it was said1 in those straits which join one ocean to another4 ,in the straits between the ,maldivia ,islands1 in the gulph of ,mexico1 between ,cuba and ,jucatan4 ,in the straits in the gulph of ,paria1 the motion is so violent1 that it has received the appellation of the ,dragon's ,mouth4 ,northward1 in the sea of ,canada1 in ,waigat's straits1 in the straits of ,java1 and in short1 where the ocean on one part pours into the ocean on the other4 ,in this manner is the sea carried with an unceasing circulation round the globe1 and at the same time that its waters are pushed backward and forward with the tide2 they have thus a progressive current to the west1 which1 though less observable1 is not the less real4 #ai ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,the ,,origin ,,of ,,currents ,,their ,,variation1 ,,effects1 ,,and ,,velocity ,,considered4 ,,another impulse communicated to the waters of the ocean arises from its currents4 ,these are caused by the winds blowing for many months in one direction1 which produce on an expansive ocean movements of considerable magnitude3 this may be easily conceived when we observe the effects produced on our own seas by the temporary action of the same cause4 ,a strong south-west or north-west wind invariably raises the tides to an unusual height along the east coast of ,england and the ,channel4 ,smeaton ascertained by experiment that in a canal four miles in length1 the water was kept up four inches higher at one end than at the other1 merely by the action of wind along the canal2 and ,rennell informs us that a large piece of water1 ten miles broad1 and generally only three feet deep1 has by a strong wind had its waters driven to one side1 and sustained so as to become six feet deep1 while the windward side was laid dry4 ,he also observes1 8,as water1 when pent up so that it cannot escape1 acquires a higher level1 so1 in a place where it can escape1 the same operation produces a current1 and this current will extend to a greater or less distance according to the force by which it is produced40 ,currents flowing alternately in opposite directions are also occasioned by the rise and fall of the tides4 ,the effect of this cause is1 as before observed1 in estuaries and channels between islands4 ,evaporation by solar heat is another cause of oceanic currents1 of which the great current setting through the ,straits of ,gibraltar into the ,mediterranean1 is a remarkable example4 ,a stream of colder water always flows from the ,black ,sea into the ,mediterranean4 ,it must happen in many other parts of the world that large quantities of water1 raised from one tract of the ocean by solar heat1 are carried to some other1 where the vapour is condensed1 and falls in the shape of rain1 and this1 in flowing back again to restore equilibrium1 will cause sensible currents4 ,there is still another way in which heat and cold must occasion great movements in the ocean2 a cause to which1 perhaps1 currents are principally due4 ,it is now ascertained that there is in sea water no point1 as in fresh water1 at which an increase of cold causes the fluid to begin again to expand4 ,in the ocean1 therefore1 whenever the temperature of the surface is lowered1 condensation takes place1 and the superficial water having its specific gravity increased1 falls to the bottom1 upon which lighter water rises immediately1 and occupies its place4 ,when this circulation of ascending and descending currents has gone on for a certain time in high latitudes2 the inferior parts of the sea are made to consist of colder or heavier fluid than the corresponding depths of the ocean between the tropics4 ,if there be a free communication1 if no chain of submarine mountains divide the polar from the equatorial basins1 a horizontal movement will arise by the flowing of colder water from the poles to the equator1 and there will then be a reflux of warmer superficial water from the equator to the poles4 ,a well-known experiment has been adduced to elucidate this mode of action in explanation of the 8trade winds40 ,if a long trough1 divided in the middle by a sluice or partition1 have one end filled with water1 and the other with quick silver1 both fluids will remain quiet so long as they are divided1 but when the sluice is drawn up1 the heavier fluid will rush along the bottom of the trough1 while the lighter1 from being displaced1 will rise1 and flowing in an opposite direction1 spread itself at the top4 ,the expansion and contraction of sea water by heat and cold1 have in a similar manner1 a tendency to set under currents in motion from the poles to the equator1 and to cause counter currents at the surface1 which are impelled contrary to that of prevailing-trade winds4 ,the geographical and other circumstances being very complicated1 we cannot expect to trace separately the movements due to each cause1 but must be prepared for many anomalies1 especially as the bed of the ocean must often modify and interfere with the course of the inferior currents1 as much as the position and form of continents and islands alter the direction of those on the surface4 ,thus1 on sounding at great depths in the ,mediterranean1 ,captains ,berard and ,d',urville have found that the cold does not increase in a high ratio1 as in the tropical regions of the ocean1 the thermometer remaining fixed at about #ee ,f4 between the depths of #ajjj and #fjjj feet2 and ,captain ,smith has shown in his survey1 that the deepest part in the ,straits of ,gibraltar is only #acbj feet1 so that a submarine barrier exists there1 which must prevent the influx of any under current of the ocean cooled by the polar ice4 ,the rotation of the earth on its axis is another cause which can only come into play when the waters have been already set in motion by some one or all of the forces above described1 and when the direction of the current so raised happens to be from south to north1 or from north to south1 the principle on which this operates has been long recognized in the case of trade winds2 thus1 when a current flows from the ,cape of ,good ,hope towards the ,gulph of ,guinea1 it consists of a mass of water1 which1 on doubling the ,cape1 in latitude #ce1 has a rotatory velocity of about #hjj miles an hour2 but when it reaches the line1 it arrives at a parallel where the surface of the earth is whirled round at the rate of #ajjj miles an hour1 or about #bjj miles faster4 ,if this great mass of water was transferred suddenly from the higher to the lower latitude1 the deficiency of its rotatory motion1 relatively to the land and water with which it would come into juxta position1 would be such as to cause an apparent motion of the most rapid kind 7of no less than #bjj miles an hour7 from east to west4 #bc ,in the case of such a sudden transfer1 the eastern coast of ,america being carried round in an opposite direction1 might strike against a large body of water with tremendous violence1 and a considerable part of the continent might be submerged4 ,this disturbance does not occur1 because the water of the stream1 as it advances gradually into new zones of the sea1 acquires by friction an accelerated velocity4 ,yet as this motion is not imparted instantaneously1 the fluid is unable to keep up with the full speed of the new surface over which it is successively brought2 and ,herschel1 in his ,treatise on ,astronomy1 observes1 when speaking of the trade winds1 it lags or hangs back in a direction opposite to the earth's rotation1 that is from east to west2 #bd;a and thus a current which would have run simply towards the north but for the rotation1 may acquire a relative direction towards the west1 or become a south-easterly current4 #bd;b ,the most extensive and best determined system of currents is that which has its source in the ,indian ,ocean1 under the influence of the trade winds2 and which1 after doubling the ,cape of ,good ,hope1 inclines to the northward1 along the western coast of ,africa2 then crosses the ,atlantic near the ,equator1 and is lost in the ,caribbean ,sea2 yet seems to be again revived in the current which issues from the ,gulph of ,mexico1 by the ,straits of ,bahama1 and flows rapidly in a north-easterly direction1 by the bank of ,newfoundland1 towards the ,azores4 ,rennell informs us1 that the ,lagullas current1 so called from the cape and bank of that name1 is formed by the junction of two streams flowing from the ,indian ,ocean1 the one from the channel of ,mozambique1 down the south-east coast of ,africa1 the other from the ocean at large4--,the collective stream is from ninety to one hundred miles in breadth1 and runs at the rate of from two and a half to more than four miles per hour4 ,it is at length turned westward by the ,lagullas bank1 which rises from a sea of great depth1 to within one hundred fathoms of the surface4 ,it must therefore be inferred1 says ,rennell1 that the current here is more than one hundred fathoms deep1 otherwise the main body of it would pass across the bank1 instead of being deflected eastward1 so as to flow round the ,cape of ,good ,hope4 ,from this ,cape it flows northward1 along the western coast of ,africa1 taking the name of the ,south ,atlantic current4 ,it then enters the ,bight or ,bay of ,benin1 and is turned westward1 partly by the form of the coast there1 and partly1 perhaps1 by the ,guinea current1 which runs from the north into the same great bay4 ,from the centre of this bay proceeds the ,equatorial current1 holding a westerly direction towards the ,atlantic1 which it traverses from the coast of ,guinea to that of ,brazil1 flowing afterwards by the shores of ,guiana to the ,west ,indies4 ,the breadth of this current varies from one hundred and sixty to four hundred and fifty geographical miles1 and its velocity is from twenty five to seventy nine miles per day1 the mean rate being about thirty miles4 ,the length of its whole course is about four thousand miles4 ,as it skirts the coast of ,guiana1 it is increased by the influx of the waters of the ,amazon and ,orinoco1 and by their junction acquires accelerated velocity4 ,after passing the island of ,trinadad1 it expands1 and is almost lost in the ,caribbean ,sea2 but there appears to be a general movement of that sea towards the ,mexican ,gulph1 which discharges the most powerful of all currents through the ,straits of ,florida1 where the waters run in the northern part with a velocity of five miles an hour1 having a breadth of from thirty five to fifty miles4 #be ,the temperature of the ,gulph of ,mexico is #hf in summer1 or #f higher than that of the ocean in the same parallel 7#be ,n4 lat47 and a large proportion of this warmth is retained1 even where the stream reaches the #dc ,n4 lat4 ,after issuing from the ,straits of ,florida1 the current runs in a northerly direction to ,cape ,hatteras1 in ,north ,carolina1 about #ce ,n4 lat4 where it is more than seventy miles broad1 and still moves at the same rate of seventy five miles per day4 ,in about #dj ,n4 lat4 it is turned more towards the ,atlantic by the extensive banks of ,nantucket and ,st4 ,george1 which are from two hundred to three hundred feet beneath the surface of the sea2 a clear proof that the current exceeds that depth4 ,on arriving near the ,azores1 the stream widens and overflows1 as it were forming a large expanse of warm water in the centre of the north ,atlantic1 over a space of two or three hundred miles from north to south1 and having a temperature of from #h to #aj ,fahr4 above the surrounding ocean4 ,the whole area covered by the gulph water is estimated by ,rennell at two thousand miles in length1 and at a mean1 three hundred and fifty miles in breadth1 an area more extensive than that of the ,mediterranean4 ,the warm water has been sometimes known to reach the ,bay of ,biscay1 still retaining five degrees of temperature above that of the adjoining ocean2 and a branch of the gulf current drifts fruits1 plants1 and wood1 the produce of ,america and the ,west ,indies1 to the shores of ,ireland and the ,hebrides4 #bf ,from the above statements1 observes ,mr4 ,lyell1 we may understand why ,rennell has characterised some of the principal currents as oceanic rivers1 which he describes as being from fifty to two hundred and fifty miles in breadth1 and having a rapidity exceeding that of the largest navigable rivers of the continent1 and so deep as to be sometimes obstructed and occasionally turned aside by banks1 the tops of which do not rise within forty1 fifty1 or even one hundred fathoms of the surface of the sea4 ,the ordinary velocity of the principal currents of the ocean is from one to three miles per hour2 but when the boundary lands converge1 large bodies of water are driven gradually into a narrow space1 and then1 wanting lateral room1 are compelled to raise their level4 ,whenever this occurs1 their velocity is much increased4 ,the current which runs through the ,race of ,alderney1 between the island of that name and the main land1 has a velocity of about eight ,english miles an hour4 ,the late ,captain ,hewett found that in the ,pentland ,firth the stream1 in ordinary spring tides1 runs ten miles and a half an hour1 and about thirteen miles during violent storms4 ,the greatest velocity of the tidal current through the 8,shoots or ,new ,passage10 in the ,bristol ,channel1 is fourteen miles an hour2 and ,captain ,king observed1 in his recent survey of the ,straits of ,magellan1 that the tide ran at the same rate through the 8,first ,narrows10 and about eight geographical miles an hour in other parts of those straits4 ,the course of currents on the ,british shores is ascertained to be as winding as that of ordinary rivers4 ,sometimes they run between banks of sand1 which consist of matter thrown down at certain points where the velocity of the stream has been retarded1 but it very frequently occurs1 that as in a river one bank is made of low alluvial gravel1 while the other is composed of some hardy and lofty rocks constantly undermined1 so the current in its bends strikes here and there upon a coast which then forms one bank1 whilst a shoal under water forms the other4 ,if the coast be formed of solid materials1 it yields slowly2 so also if it be of great height1 for in that case a large quantity of matter must be removed before the sea can penetrate to any distance4 ,currents depend1 like tides1 on no temporary or accidental circumstances1 but on the laws which preside over the motions of the heavenly bodies4 ,the height to which tides rise1 and the violence and velocity of the currents1 depend in a great measure on the actual configuration of the land1 the contour of a long line of continental or insular coast1 the depth and breadth of channels1 the peculiar form at the bottom of the seas--in a word1 on a combination of circumstances which are made to vary continually by many igneous and aqueous causes1 and among the rest1 by the tides and currents themselves4 ,although these agents of decay and reproduction are local in reference to periods of short duration1 such as those which history embraces1 they are nevertheless universal1 if we extend our views to a sufficient lapse of ages4 #bh ,currents1 observes ,goldsmith1 act their part in a smaller sphere1 being generally greatest where the motions of the sea are least1 namely1 nearest the shores1 and with the tides1 produce the most rapid changes2 their motion agitates the substances of which their bed is composed1 and at the bottom of the sea1 the greatest wonders are performed1 for while the sea has been known to recede from some lands1 so it has been found to encroach upon others1 and probably these depredations on one part of the shore may account for the dereliction of another1 for the current which rested upon some certain bank1 having got an egress in some other place1 it no longer presses upon its former bed1 but pours all its stream into the new entrance1 so that every inundation of the sea may be attended with some correspondent dereliction of another shore1 where the sea meets no obstacles1 it spreads with a gentle intumescence1 till all the power is destroyed by wanting depth to aid the motion1 but when the progress is checked in the midst by the prominence of rocks or the abrupt elevation of land1 it dashes with all its force its depth against the obstacle1 and forms1 by its repeated violence1 that abruptness of the shore which confines its impetuosity4 ,where the sea is extremely deep1 and very much vexed with tempests1 it is no small obstacle that can confine its rage2 and for this reason1 we see the boldest shores projected against the deepest waters1 all less impediments having long before been surmounted and washed away4 ,in places where the force of the sea is less violent1 or its tides less rapid1 the shores are generally seen to descend with a more gradual declivity4 ,upon these shores the sea seldom beats with any great violence1 as a large wave has not depth sufficient to float it onwards1 so that here only are to be seen gentle surges making towards the land1 and lessening as they approach4 ,as the sea1 in the former description1 is generally seen to present prospects of tumult and uproar1 here it more usually exhibits a repose and tranquil beauty4 ,its waters which1 when surveyed from the precipice1 afforded a muddy greenish hue1 arising from their depth and position to the eye1 #bi when regarded from a shelving shore1 were the colour of the sky1 and seem rising to meet it4 ,the deafening noise of the deep sea is here converted into gentle murmurs2 instead of the waters dashing against the face of the rock1 it advances and recedes1 still going forward but with just force enough to push its weeds and shells1 by insensible approaches1 to the shore4 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,the ,,german ,,ocean--,,its ,,geographical ,,position--,,its ,,tides--,,disastrous ,,effects ,,in ,,combination ,,with ,,gales ,,of ,,wind ,,from ,,the ,,north-,,west ,,on ,,different ,,parts ,,of ,,the ,,coast ,,under ,,consideration--,,examples4 ,,the workings of ,nature itself1 under the control of an ,allwise and ,omnipotent ,being1 ever exhibit a restorative as well as a destructive power4 ,its laws and constitution being no where directly revealed to us1 are only to be inferred from the inspection of particular facts1 obtained from observation and experiment1 the only trust-worthy guides to the knowledge of ,nature4 ,let us inquire--first1 the cause of the ,german ,ocean gaining upon the ,norfolk coast8 secondly1 whether every portion is the subject of such visitation1 attended with similar results8 and thirdly1 whether art can arrest its progress8 ,the ,german ,ocean1 from its being intersected with numerous shoals of sand1 some of immense length and breadth1 presents a greater variation in the tides and currents than probably any other ocean in the world2 and from its exposure to variable and violent winds1 renders the navigation extremely dangerous4 ,its extent in area is about two millions of square miles1 and is confined within its narrowest limits between ,england and ,holland1 and there in consequence the tides rise highest4 ,it opens into the ,atlantic on the north1 and communicates with the ,english ,channel by the ,straits of ,dover1 and with the ,baltic ,sea by the ,scaggerac and ,cattegat4 ,it may be considered as divided into two parts by the ,dogger ,bank1 which traverses it in almost all its width1 and a strong tide runs from north to south1 #cb which is much increased by north and north-west winds4 ,from the earliest records to the present time1 that portion of the coast extending from ,cromer to ,winterton-ness has been most subjected to the ravages of the ocean2 lands have been swept away1 buildings of considerable value have been swallowed up1 and notwithstanding every effort hitherto made1 the sea continues to advance in the interior as little satiated as before4 ,the line of coast is extremely favourable to its rapacity1 presenting1 as it does1 the appearance of a cape1 and the different strata composing the cliffs are generally of too yielding a nature to resist its influence1 even under ordinary circumstances4--,the ,hasborough ,sands1 extending from ,winterton1 to or a little beyond ,bacton1 must1 from their dimensions and abrupt elevation1 be a source of considerable mischief1 confining a vast body of water within a narrow limit1 which1 when increased and disturbed by gales of wind from the north-west1 upon a spring tide1 urges the waves against the cliffs with a greater or less velocity1 and with a force not only sufficient to sweep away large quantities of the earth1 which1 from the perpendicularity of the cliffs1 is deposited at their base1 but actually to undermine them to a considerable extent4 ,numerous instances can be adduced where the current has taken away twenty-one yards of land from the interior in three tides2 and it was computed when the present ,inn was built in ,lower ,sherringham1 near ,cromer1 in #ahje1 that it would require seventy years for the sea to reach the spot1 the mean loss of land being calculated1 from previous observations1 to be somewhat less than one yard annually2 the distance between the house and the sea was fifty yards1 but no allowance was made for the slope of the ground being from the sea1 in consequence of which the waste was naturally accelerated every year as the cliff grew lower1 there being at each succeeding period less matter to remove when portions of equal area fell down4 ,between the years #ahbd and #ahbi1 no less than seventeen yards were swept away1 and the distance between the house and the edge of the cliff at this time is only from eight to ten yards4 ,the whole site of ancient ,cromer #cc;a now forms part of the ,german ,ocean1 the inhabitants having gradually retreated inland to the present situation1 from whence the sea still threatens to dislodge them4 ,the locality of this portion of the coast1 the scarcity of sea beach material in the offing1 the bed of the ocean of a rocky character1 and the beach presenting nearly a level approaching a dead flat render it peculiarly liable to its invasion4 ,at ,trimingham #cc;b upwards of fifty acres of land have been removed during the last sixty years1 and on one occasion four acres and a half were taken away in one tide4 ,the property belonging to ,mr4 ,wheatley1 at ,mundesley1 #cd;a has become considerably reduced in extent and value1 and has only been preserved to the present time by substantial walls erected next the sea1 and numerous piles of wood driven into the sand beyond them3 but what renders it most disheartening is1 the sea has excavated the cliff at their extremity2 and the probability is1 should a heavy lasting gale of wind ensue from the north-west upon a spring tide1 they1 with perhaps the greater portion of the property1 will be swept away by the water intruding behind and between them4 ,land attached to the estate of ,s4 ,bignold1 ,esq41 adjoining ,walcot #cd;b ,gap1 previous to #ahci1 was rapidly taken away4 ,at ,hasborough1 #cd;c the sea has encroached upwards of one hundred and seventy yards during the last sixty years1 and it is calculated the church will be engulphed in the ,ocean before the middle of the ensuing century4 ,the ancient villages of ,shipden1 #cd;d ,whimpwell1 #cd;e and ,keswick #cd;f have entirely disappeared1 and nearly the whole of ,eccles4 #cd;g ,a monument1 however1 still remains in the ruined tower of the old church1 which is half buried in the dunes of sand4 ,these have been fast encroached upon since #ahci1 laying bare the foundations of dwellings1 the chancel end of the church1 with a portion of a wall supposed to have surrounded the church-yard4 ,the upper part of the buildings had evidently been removed previous to the foundations having been buried under the sand4 ,hills of blown sand1 between ,eccles and ,winterton1 #cd;h extending to ,yarmouth1 have barred up and excluded the tide for many centuries from the mouths of several small estuaries2 but there are records of nine breaches1 from twenty to one hundred and twenty yards wide1 having been made through these1 by which immense damage was done to the low grounds in the interior4 ,one of the most remarkable occurred in the year #agib1 on which occasion a body of water passed through between ,horsey #ce;a and ,waxham1 #ce;b extending beyond ,hickling1 a village situated three miles inland1 which1 uniting with the fresh water contained in a large lake1 termed the ,hickling broad1 destroyed all the fish4 ,the injury the land sustained in the immediate neighbourhood was very considerable2 upon one farm a loss of upwards of three hundred pounds was experienced1 and years passed by before the land recovered its former fertility4 ,the effluvia arising from the subsidence or sinking of the water filled the air with malaria of the worst description4 ,intermittent and typhoid fevers of a most formidable character prevailed1 so that many an individual was brought to a premature grave through this catastrophe4 ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,remarks ,,on ,,the ,,german ,,ocean ,,continued4--,,its ,,restorative ,,powers ,,on ,,other ,,coasts ,,demonstrated4--,,increase ,,of ,,the ,,shoals ,,of ,,sand ,,off ,,hasborough1 ,,caister1 ,c4--,,the ,,smaller ,,shoals ,,of ,,sand ,,along ,,the ,,coast--,,their ,,formation ,,and ,,effects ,,considered4 ,,having now brought together ample proofs of the destructive operations of the waves1 tides1 and currents upon our eastern coast1 let us observe examples of their restorative power1 in many instances aided and assisted by the hand of man4 ,the ,german ,ocean is deepest on the ,norwegian side1 where the soundings give one hundred and ninety fathoms2 but the mean depth of the whole basin may be stated at no more than thirty-one fathoms4 #cf ,the bed of this sea is traversed by several enormous banks3 one of which1 occupying a central position1 trends from the ,frith of ,forth in a north-easterly direction1 to a distance of one hundred and ten miles2 others run from ,denmark and ,jutland1 upwards of one hundred and five miles to the north-west2 while the greatest of all1 the ,dogger ,bank1 extends for upwards of three hundred and fifty-four miles from north to south4 #cg;a ,the whole superficies of these enormous shoals is equal to about one-fifth of the whole area of the ,german ,ocean1 or to about one-third of the whole extent of ,england and ,scotland4 #cg;b ,the average height of the banks measures1 according to ,mr4 ,stevenson1 about seventy-eight feet2 the upper portion consisting of fine and course silicious sand1 mixed with comminuted corals and shell4 #cg;c ,some long narrow ravines are found to intersect the banks4 ,one of these varies from seventeen to forty-four fathoms in depth and has very precipitous sides3 in one part1 called the 8,inner ,silver ,pits10 it is fifty-five fathoms deep4 ,the shallowest parts of the ,dogger ,bank were found to be forty-two feet under water1 except in one place1 where the wreck of a ship had caused a shoal4 ,these sands receive fresh increase every day2 so that in time the place bids fair to become habitable earth4 ,the kingdom of ,holland seems to be a conquest upon the sea1 and in a manner rescued from its bosom4 ,the surface of the earth1 in this country1 is below the level of the bed of the ocean2 and ,i remember1 observes ,buffon1 upon approaching the coast1 to have looked down upon it from the sea1 as into a valley3 however1 it is every day rising higher by the depositions made upon it by the sea1 the ,rhine and the ,meuse1 and those parts which formerly admitted large men of war1 are now known to be too shallow to receive ships of very moderate burden4 ,the formation of new lands by the sea's continually bringing its sediment to one place1 and by the accumulation of its sands in another1 is easily conceived4 ,we have had many instances of this in ,england4 ,the island of ,oxney1 which is adjacent to ,romney-marsh1 was produced in this manner4 ,this had for a long time been a low level1 continually in danger of being overflown by the river ,rother2 but the sea1 by its depositions1 has gradually raised the bottom of the river1 while it has hollowed its mouth2 so that the one is sufficiently secured from inundations1 and the other is deep enough to admit ships of considerable burthen4 ,on many parts of the coasts of ,france1 ,england1 ,holland1 ,germany1 and ,prussia1 the sea has been sensibly known to retire4 #ch;a ,instances of new lands having been produced from the sea are brought about by two different ways2 first1 by the waters raising banks of sand or mud where the sediment is deposited2 and1 secondly1 by their relinquishing the shore entirely1 and leaving it unoccupied to the industry of man4 #ch;b ,the quantity of sand1 stones1 c41 moved here and there by the tidal current is very considerable1 and no given line of the coast can afford a better example than the one under consideration4 ,the ,hasborough ,sands probably increase in breadth if not in length1 since every year they receive fresh accessions from vessels buried in their vortex1 which afford a nucleus for retaining the sand lodging against them4 ,the ,cockle ,sands1 off ,caistor1 #ci have increased since #ahcf one mile and a half in extent to the northward4 ,the deposition of sands1 stones1 shingle1 c41 upon our coast1 especially during the summer months1 when easterly1 southerly1 and westerly winds prevail1 would strike the beholder unaccustomed to witness the contrary effects1 as an apparent impossibility1 that the water could remove such an immense quantity of material especially in the short time that it does when a north-west gale prevails4 ,shoals of sand of various length1 breadth1 and depth1 appear and disappear1 form and re-form1 in the offing4--,in north-westerly gales only are they solid1 stable1 and compact1 and increase in breadth1 while the materials on the beach are swept away4 ,they extend in a direction parallel with the shore1 and present an inclined plane1 on each side of their base a corresponding shallow exists1 and the tidal current will not allow materials to rest on their surface sufficiently to increase their elevation1 and render them more efficient4 ,as it is1 however1 they are natural breakwaters1 but from their irregularity in extent1 dimensions1 and situation1 they afford only a partial protection to the coast4 ,the incursions of the sea at ,aldborough1 in ,suffolk1 were formerly very destructive2 and this borough is known to have been once situated a quarter of a mile east of the present shore4 ,the inhabitants continued to build further inland1 till they arrived at the extremity of their property1 and then the town decayed greatly2 but two sandbanks thrown up at a short distance1 now afford a temporary safeguard to the coast4 ,between these banks and the present shore1 where the current now flows1 the sea is twenty-four feet deep on the spot where the town formerly stood4 ,immediately off ,yarmouth1 #dj;a and parallel to the shore1 is a range of sand-banks1 the shape of which varies slowly from year to year1 and often suddenly after great storms4 ,the late ,captain ,hewett1 ,r4,n41 found in these banks1 in #ahcf1 a broad channel sixty-five feet deep1 where there was only a depth of four feet during a prior survey in #ahbb4 ,the sea had excavated to the depth of sixty feet in the course of fourteen years1 or perhaps a shorter period4 #dj;b ,wherever a shoal of sand exists in the offing1 at a distance beyond where the ebbing of the tide recedes to its greatest extent1 denominated low water mark1 there the innermost shallow will probably be3 another shoal immediately forms1 the base commencing at low water mark1 and a gradual rise takes place towards the cliffs1 terminating at or beyond the extent of the flowing of the tide denominated high water mark4 ,here1 then1 the shoal will be more efficient2 the tidal wave and current will be checked and broken against the ascending bank4 ,but should a shoal of sand form whose superior surface terminates at low water mark1 the innermost shallow #da will be observed nearer to1 and its course frequently terminate in1 an angular direction to the cliffs2 and between the intermediate spaces of the shoals existing in the offing1 a current frequently sets in towards the shore1 which will aid the force of the tidal wave and current1 when called into excessive action1 in its attack either upon the cliff opposite1 or a partial shoal nearest it4 ,under these circumstances1 the one will soon lose its inclined surface1 and the other will become undermined4 ,where shoals of sand exist in the offing1 there the beach is widest1 and where they do not exist1 there the beach is narrowest4 ,,chapter ,v4 ,,means ,,taken ,,to ,,arrest ,,the ,,depredations ,,of ,,the ,,german ,,ocean ,,by ,,public ,,and ,,private ,,individuals4--,,the ,,erection ,,of ,,jetties1 ,,piers1 ,,and ,,groins ,,considered4--,,the ,,beneficial ,,effects ,,arising ,,from ,,the ,,two ,,former ,,at ,,yarmouth ,,and ,,cromer--,,the ,,partial ,,failure ,,of ,,the ,,latter ,,at ,,trimingham1 ,,and ,,their ,,injurious ,,effects ,,on ,,other ,,coasts ,,demonstrated4 ,,it appears1 from the observations of ,mr4 ,palmer and others1 that if a pier or groin be erected anywhere on our southern or south-eastern coast1 to stop the progress of the beach1 a heap of shingle soon collects on the western side of such artificial barriers1 #db;a while on our eastern coast1 sand1 stones1 c41 accumulate to the northward4 ,the plans hitherto pursued by public and private individuals have been to place abrupt perpendicular bodies1 not to the southward of the property they have been most anxious to save1 but have erected them directly opposite4 ,thus ,mr4 ,wheatley1 of ,mundsley1 #db;b had the hulls of old vessels placed upon the shore at the base of the cliffs adjoining his property2 they were filled with large stones1 secured with piles driven into the beach on either side1 fore and aft1 also by a strong chain cable1 c42 but a few years since they were entirely removed by the sea during a heavy gale of wind from the north-west upon a spring tide4 ,the town of ,cromer1 #dc;a on the same occasion1 met with considerable loss4 ,the jetty erected at the north end of the town caused a large mound of sand to accumulate to the eastward of it1 presenting an inclined surface towards the sea1 and during the intervention of north-westerly gales1 indigenous grasses sprung up1 and covered the surface nearest the banks2 this time1 however1 the jetty gave way1 and the greater portion of the mound of sand was removed2 but still there was sufficient left to convince the inhabitants1 had the jetty been erected at the west end of the town1 their property would have been saved4 ,in the erection of a groin at ,trimingham1 #dc;b a few years since1 large square piles1 about ten or twelve inches in diameter1 were driven into the beach1 at a right angle1 to the base of the tall cliffs1 and extended to or beyond low water mark2 they were left projecting a considerable height above the then surface of the beach1 and strong planks1 fastened with iron bolts1 were continuously attached to the tops of the projecting piles4 ,the shallow existing must have been considerable in length1 breadth1 and depth2 for subsequently a heavy sea1 produced from a northerly gale1 removed several of the piles entirely1 and others were forced from a perpendicular to a horizontal position4 ,this circumstance1 however1 is readily accounted for1 the strata into which the piles were inserted at a particular part1 passed through blue clay into blue sand of a loose texture1 and the piles were not driven to a depth necessary to reach or enter the solid strata beneath2 now if we take into consideration the length and depth of the shallow1 and breadth of surface presented by pile and plank1 subjected to the full sweep of the tidal current from north to south1 or rather at this point from east to west1 aided and assisted by an increased flow of water from the ,atlantic1 we cannot be surprised at the result above mentioned4 ,it was found necessary to support those left with additional piles placed horizontally on the west side4 ,the effect produced by this costly groin was an accumulation of sea-beach materials to the northward1 extending about thirty yards from the base of the cliff towards the sea1 reaching to the top of the pile and plank2 from thence an abrupt declination ensued1 and terminated at the part from whence the piles1 c41 alluded to had been removed4 ,immediately to the southward of this barrier scarcely any accumulation of sea-beach materials had taken place1 and the sea was committing greater ravages upon the cliffs adjoining than before4 #dd ,the plan of driving piles into the beach1 for the purpose of retaining it1 and encouraging materials to lodge on its surface1 and consequently to break the force of the waves1 has long been adopted on different coasts in ,england2 and where a continuation of them has been practised1 in certain localities1 seem to have been attended with success2 in others they have exhibited only a partial protection1 from their temporary duration1 and considerable inconvenience has been felt on coasts where shingle predominates1 from pebbles pouring over in great numbers during heavy gales4 ,the immense quantity of sand displayed on this portion of the coast affords not only a different feature1 but more gratifying results may be anticipated4 ,in ,yarmouth1 the sea has not advanced upon the sands in the slightest degree since the reign of ,elizabeth1 and where the town is built became firm and habitable ground about the year #ajjh1 from which time a line of dunes has gradually increased in height and breadth1 stretching across the whole entrance of the ancient estuary1 and obstructing the ingress of the tides so completely1 that they are only admitted by a narrow passage1 which the river keeps open1 and which has gradually shifted several miles to the south4 #de;a ,by the exclusion of the sea1 thousands of acres in the interior have become cultivated lands2 and exclusive of small pools1 upwards of sixty fresh water lakes have been formed1 varying in depth from fifteen to thirty feet1 and in extent from one to twelve hundred acres4 #de;b ,the benefit derived from the erection of piers at the ,haven's mouth1 has1 in conjunction with the jetty1 afforded great protection to the town of ,yarmouth4 ,the tidal wave and current has been checked1 the shore has been elevated1 retained1 and rendered wider to the northward1 as far as ,winterton2 #de;c a shoal of sand has formed1 and extends a considerable distance into the sea1 at right angles to the shore1 beyond the termination of the north pier1 so that it has been found necessary to place a buoy at its extremity1 as a guide for the mariner to steer due east from the ,haven's ,mouth to ,yarmouth ,roads4 ,the jetty1 extending into the sea upwards of four hundred and fifty feet1 is now about to be added to1 in consequence of the shallowness of the water4 ,the question now arises1 would the jetty and piers have been so beneficial1 had they not been continued into the sea to the extent alluded to8 ,certainly not4 ,the shoals of sand1 which formerly existed in the offing1 have been removed1 or rather have been converted into a solid mass2 the current has been diverted from a southerly to a north-easterly direction1 and the bed of the ocean nearest the shore has been elevated1 and no doubt terminates into the sea upon an inclined plane4 ,the failure of groins1 erected with pile and plank1 appear to arise from their being placed in a wrong situation1 from their not extending far enough into the sea1 from the piles not being driven sufficiently into the beach1 and from their sudden elevation1 present an abrupt surface for the tidal wave to play upon1 which during heavy gales of wind upon spring tides1 cannot withstand its powerful effect1 should the materials lying adjacent to or between them be removed4 ,therefore they can only be available where the interstices are completely filled with sea beach materials1 and their durability must depend upon the latter cause4 ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,,the ,,restorative ,,power ,,of ,,the ,,german ,,ocean ,,proved ,,in ,,certain ,,localities4--,,assistance ,,given ,,to ,,it ,,from ,,the ,,stranding ,,of ,a ,,vessel ,,at ,,purbeck1 ,,and ,,on ,,this ,,coast ,,at ,,hasborough4--,,hills ,,of ,,blown ,,sand ,,or ,,dunes ,,considered--,,examples ,,of ,,their ,,stability ,,given ,,at ,,wells1 ,,cley1 ,c41 ,,and ,,of ,,their ,,instability ,,at ,,eccles1 ,,palling1 ,c4--,,sea-,,breach ,,commissioners ,,appointed4--,,the ,,engagement ,,and ,,opinions ,,of ,,an ,,eminent ,,engineer ,,in #ahjd4--;,,concluding ,,remarks4 ,,examples of ,nature endeavouring to combat with herself are shown from the immense quantity of sand1 shingle1 c41 brought from low to high water mark1 during the summer months1 and should easterly winds prevail1 the sand is removed towards the cliffs1 and accumulates in some situations more than in others4 ,thus at ,walcot1 #dg a deposition of sea beach materials commenced in #ahci1 and gradually augmented from six to eight feet in depth1 within a distance of one mile and a half1 and in a space comprising a few yards1 it attained a perpendicularity above the cliffs1 extending to high water mark1 and the tidal wave1 even in a northerly wind1 ebbed and flowed without disturbing its surface1 from the above period to ,november1 #ahdc4 ,a gale of wind then ensued from the north-west1 upon a neap tide1 which removed the greater part of the mound of sand1 and a subsequent gale1 upon a spring tide1 in ,february1 #ahdd1 swept away the remainder4 ,a similar instance of accumulation was observed to have taken place on the ,essex coast1 commencing about the same period1 and extended a distance of seven miles1 which appeared in ,december1 #ahdc1 likely to remain4 #dh;a ,the flat shores at ,wells #dh;b are considerably elevated above the depths of the ocean1 into which they probably terminate in a gradual descent4 ,the stranding of three large vessels off ,winterton #dh;c and ,horsey1 #dh;d years ago1 have possibly prevented its encroachments in these places4 ,when a vessel is stranded in shallow water1 it usually becomes the nucleus of a sand-bank1 as has been exemplified in several of our harbours1 and this circumstance tends greatly to its preservation4 ,between the years #aghj and #agij1 a vessel from ,purbeck1 laden with three hundred tons of stone1 struck on a shoal off the entrance of ,poole harbour1 and foundered2 the crew were saved1 but the vessel and cargo remain to this day at the bottom4--,since that period1 the shoal at the entrance of the harbour has so extended itself in a westerly direction1 towards ,peveril ,point1 in ,purbeck1 that the navigable channel is thrown a mile nearer that point4 ,the cause is obvious2 the tidal current deposits the sediment with which it is charged1 around any object which checks its velocity4 ,matter also drifted along the bottom1 is arrested by any obstacle1 and accumulates round it1 just as the ,african sand-winds raise a small hillock over the carcase of every dead camel exposed on the surface of the desert4 #di;a ,upon the #ahth day of ,february1 in the year #ahjg1 the ,hunter cutter1 #di;b during a heavy gale1 struck on a shoal of sand in the offing1 and finally drifted into a shallow near the shore1 about a quarter of a mile to the northward of the old cart gap1 at ,hasborough1 the stern part towards the cliff4 ,in a very short time1 sand1 shingle1 c41 accumulated around her1 and completely filled the shallow to its utmost length4 ,within twelve months after1 several shoals and shallows showed themselves opposite the town gap1 evincing that the flowing of the tide had received a check1 which proved an inconvenience to fishermen1 as they had to heave their boats much farther before they could launch them into the sea2 they were so aware that the ,hunter cutter was the cause of this circumstance1 that many a harsh expression did they utter towards her4 ,in less than two years1 more than one hundred yards could be paced from her bows on the ebbing of the tide to low water mark1 and a large mound of sand accumulated between her stern and the cliff1 which existed upwards of twenty years1 and arrested the devastation of the sea directly opposite4 ,from subsequent gales1 however1 the cliffs were taken away to the northward1 the water intruded behind the mound of sand1 and entirely removed it4 ,a greater proof of the check the waves had received was observed at low water mark1 a ridge of gravel was deposited and left undisturbed on the ebbing of the tide1 extending from the ,hunter cutter to ,bacton coal gap1 a distance of three miles to the northward2 the first spring tide1 however1 swept away nearly the whole of the ridge of gravel1 except that portion nearest the ,hunter cutter4 ,although the benefit derived to the preservation of the cliffs from the stranding of the vessel has been entirely lost1 still to the present time no shallows have formed immediately adjacent to her1 and the beach would have been higher than it now is1 had her bulwarks1 taffrel1 c41 not been removed4 ,the irruption of the sea1 through the breaches in the dunes of sand1 #ej;a in the neighbourhood of ,eccles1 #ej;b ,horsey1 #ej;c ,waxham1 #ej;d c41 having been attended with serious inconvenience and spoliation1 caused a body of highly respected and influential gentlemen to be appointed ,sea-breach ,commissioners1 and in the year #ahjd1 they engaged an eminent ,engineer1 since deceased1 who1 among other information1 gave it as his opinion1 that if the shallows were all filled up1 and the beach kept on an inclined plane1 the sea would never gain on the ,norfolk coast4 ,he did not1 however1 point out how such an assertion could be substantiated1 or submit a plan to effect so desirable an object2 but the accident occurring to the ,hunter cutter1 the effects produced from her immersion in a cavity on the beach1 the benefit in preserving the lands opposite for a long period1 and the discontinuation of shallows forming in her immediate neighbourhood1 at once indicate the truth of his assertion1 and suggest the plan about to be submitted4 ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,,the ,,general ,,features ,,of ,,the ,,coast4--,,the ,,variation ,,and ,,effects ,,of ,,the ,,wind ,,from ,,different ,,points ,,considered4 ,to combat successfully with so restless and powerful an agent as the ocean1 requires great consideration and attention2 for the obstacles presented on this coast are of no ordinary character4 ,among them may be enumerated powerful tides and currents1 a confined space for a large body of water upon extraordinary occasions1 cliffs of a soft yielding nature1 a limited and irregular shore1 with cavities and projections1 either a dead flat or hollow descent from low water mark towards the cliffs1 constitute a beach of the worst character4 ,the shoals of sand in the offing1 in certain localities1 are numerous and irregular1 their dimensions and situation variable1 and while they afford a partial protection to the coast1 are decidedly injurious to vessels liable to be stranded4 ,to make the sea subservient to our wishes1 and agreeable to our design1 in other words1 to make it perform the duty of bringing its contents from the bottom of its waters towards the cliffs1 to protect them1 if possible1 for ages1 let us consider its auxiliary1 the wind1 the effects1 whether beneficial or injurious4 ,the long-shore wind blowing from the north1 but more particularly from the north-west1 causes the water1 upon a spring tide1 to remove1 as before observed1 materials from the beach1 to undermine the cliffs1 and should a strong breeze have continued for two or three days previous from the south-east1 and suddenly veer to the former point1 a heavier sea will be the result on this part of the coast4 ,for the waters of the ocean1 having been kept back by the south-east wind1 cannot escape so readily1 had the superior force of what is commonly termed 8the flood tide0 from the north1 a tidal wave derived from the ,atlantic1 not been checked4 ,a small part of this wave passes eastward up the ,english ,channel1 and through the ,straits of ,dover1 and then northwards1 while the principal body of water1 moving much more rapidly to a more open sea on the western side of ,britain1 first passes the ,orkney ,islands1 and then turning1 flows down between ,norway and ,scotland1 and sweeps with great velocity along our eastern coast4 ,the lee shore wind1 blowing from the north-east1 removes the shoals of sand in the offing towards the shore1 and wherever these find a resting place1 from the suddenness of their removal1 quicksands are sure to exist2 fortunately1 however1 not to so considerable a depth as mentioned by the celebrated ,scottish ,bard1 in the fate attending the ,master of ,ravensworth1 but yet sufficiently alarming to render persons cautious how they venture upon their surface1 especially on horseback4 ,wind blowing from the east produces these effects to a greater extent than from the north-east1 and wind blowing from the south-east causes the sand on the sea-shore to be extremely loose and porous1 while the north wind renders the sand firm1 solid1 and compact4 ,some years since1 on one occasion1 after the formation of these sands1 a vessel laden with timber1 was stranded at ,trimingham1 near ,cromer4 ,a waggon and horses being employed to convey the timber ashore1 became immersed1 and the latter could not be extricated1 on account of their being attached to the waggon1 until life was extinct4 ,on the same day1 a lady1 riding on horseback between ,horsey and ,waxham1 met with a similar accident1 and was with difficulty released from her perilous situation4 ,when the wind changes to another quarter1 these sands disappear1 and shoals are visible in their former situation4 ,too often does the unfortunate mariner experience the bitter effects of quicksands in immediate connection with the large shoal off ,hasborough3 while the surface on its inner side is covered with water eighteen or twenty inches deep1 within a short distance is as many fathoms4 ,between the spaces loose sands exist to a great depth2 and1 therefore1 only those well acquainted with this circumstance1 can possibly escape destruction1 for should a vessel strike the fore part of her keel on the more solid portion of the shoal1 numerous instances can be adduced where the stern has sunk foremost into the quicksands1 and hull1 masts1 and every thing belonging to her1 have been engulphed in a very short time1 and sometimes1 probably1 before those on board have had an opportunity to make their escape4 ,an off-shore wind on this coast blows from west to south1 and causes all heavy bodies1 stones1 c41 to be brought towards the shore2 which are left between high and low water mark on the ebbing of the tide4 ,,chapter ,,viii4 ,,the ,,general ,,feature ,,of ,,the ,,cliffs ,,considered--,,causes ,,of ,,irregularity1 ,,and ,,the ,,geological ,,strata ,,composing ,,them4 ,,the cliffs #ee extending from ,hasborough to or a little beyond ,cromer1 are found1 upon approaching near1 to be extremely irregular4 ,in some places small promontories or points project1 in others small bays are formed1 according to the influence of the sea1 and the materials composing their structure4 ,their perpendicularity is partially averted from the fallen masses deposited at their base2 which1 where the cliffs are lofty1 are often considerable2 arising either from the sand or clay beneath the more solid strata being removed2 or the landslips which ensue1 from fresh water springs abounding in certain localities4 ,thus1 in the winter of #ahbe1 a fallen mass was precipitated from near the light-house at ,cromer1 which covered twelve acres1 extending far into the sea1 the cliffs being two hundred and fifty feet in height2 and ,mr4 ,lyell observes1 the undermining by springs has caused large portions of the upper part of the cliffs1 with houses still standing upon them1 to give way1 so that it is impossible1 by erecting breakwaters at the base of the cliffs1 permanently to ward off the danger4 ,the wasting of the cliffs is also accelerated from other causes--the continuation of strong north-easterly winds1 of drought producing fissures from their superior surface downwards1 heavy rains1 and after severe and successive frosts4 ,the cliffs generally consist of clay1 sand1 and loam4 ,by some writers they have been termed mud cliffs1 from their dark colour and general appearance4 ,mr4 ,lyell includes them in a series called the ,boulder formation4 ,mr4 ,woodward1 in his ,outline of the ,geology of ,norfolk1 considers them to be of diluvial origin2 but upon close inspection1 they are found to contain strata and fossils which partake of the characters and may be ascribed to various parts of the tertiary period4 ,the cliffs form part of an extensive series1 extending from ,hasborough ,lighthouses to ,weybourne1 north-west of ,cromer1 comprising a distance of about twenty miles1 and are supposed continuously to rest upon chalk4 ,in some places the cliffs are very regularly stratified1 presenting at various parts1 layers of red and white sand1 but in other places they are wholly devoid of stratification1 exhibiting one continuous mass of till4 ,this position of the various strata will be found pretty correct3-- ,tertiary ,diluvial #a ,brown clay3 containing bones of the horse1 ox1 c4 #b ,till ,newer ,pliocene #c ,crag #d ,fresh water1 lacustrine1 lignite1 c4 ,older ,pliocene #e ,blue clay containing bones of elephants1 rhinoceros1 #f ,red gravel c4 ,eocene #g ,green sand3 with bones of extinct mammalia4 #h ,chalk ,the entire series of these cliffs bears evidence of great and successive changes2 the strata1 in many places1 are folded and bent1 and superimposed upon others1 which have undergone no dislocation whatever4 ,on the till1 with an even horizontal surface1 beds of laminated clay and sand are seen to repose1 succeeded by vertical1 bent1 and contorted beds1 having a covering of coarse gravel and flints4 ,between ,bacton and ,mundsley1 small pits or furrows may be seen at various distances1 from the top of the cliffs filled with fragments of white chalk2 regular strata being superimposed4 ,many of these furrows are several feet in width and depth4 ,in the till1 to the east of ,bacton1 these furrows are again largely developed4 ,the till and marl1 layers of which are met with towards ,mundsley1 frequently present grooved surfaces1 and at different places appear to dip into the beach1 the grooves left being filled with superimposed sand4 ,the gravel also takes a like dip4 ,while on the one hand there are evidences which prove the slow deposition of some of these strata1 on the other there are proofs of great convulsions and derangement4 ,as a regular description of the separate strata may not prove uninteresting1 let us inquire into the first-- ,,till4 ,this term is a provincial word1 widely used in ,scotland for similar masses of unstratified matter1 which contain boulders2 and the same term has been applied by ,mr4 ,lyell to this part of the ,norfolk strata4 ,the till is of a dark blue colour1 somewhat resembling that of the ,london clay1 and has been classed by some writers with that formation1 because of the boulders with which it abounds4 ,mr4 ,woodward calls it blue clay4 ,a positive distinction between this and the regular blue clay1 however1 must be made4 ,this till forms a large portion of the cliffs between ,hasborough and ,mundsley1 rising in some places from twenty to nearly eighty feet in perpendicular height4--,the whole of its organic remains appears to have been washed from other formations1 to be deposited in it1 and it contains1 mingled with them1 fragments of almost every rock of the secondary and primary series2 comprehending immense blocks of granite1 porphry1 greenstone1 oolite1 lias1 chalk1 pebbles1 trap1 micaceous chist1 sand-stones of various kinds1 chert1 marl1 c4 ,near ,hasborough it is much intermingled with chalk4 ,the second stratum1 as we descend beneath the till1 is the ,,crag4 ,a layer of which1 between the watch-house and coal gaps at ,bacton1 has been termed by ,mr4 ,lyell hard ferruginous crag4 ,it consists of several thin plates1 containing compressed wood1 fragmentary and whole shells1 intermixed with clay1 gravel1 and white sand4 ,this bed forms a dip towards the north-west1 having a support of red sand on the one side1 and green sand on the other4 ,a section of the crag is more largely developed at ,cromer1 ,runton1 and ,weybourne4 ,between ,bacton coal gap and ,mundsley1 vertical layers of crag occur1 composed of thickly cemented fragments of shells4 ,immediately beneath the crag occur those formations which are generally termed ,fresh ,water1 consisting of lignite and lacustrine deposits4 ,,lacustrine4 ,at several spots between ,hasborough and ,mundsley1 these deposits may be examined4 ,they contain many species of shells1 with fish and bones of mammalia4 ,the first of these occurs at a place called ,ostend1 between ,hasborough and ,bacton1 about half a mile from the latter place4 ,it is composed of bluish mud1 with occasional patches of brown clay1 and extends several yards along the beach4 ,this formation was discovered by ,mr4 ,green1 in ,august1 #ahda4 ,about two hundred yards from the forest peat at ,bacton1 the second lacustrine bed occurs4 ,it is confined to occasional patches about the middle of the cliff1 near the watch-house gap4 ,the shells are deposited in thin layers of sand and blue clay1 containing much wood1 which appears as if bored by some insect4 ,the third lacustrine formation is at the village of ,mundsley1 and is distinguished from the other cliffs by its dark muddy appearance4 ,its height is about twenty feet1 and it extends one hundred yards along the beach4 ,mr4 ,lyell1 referring to this bed1 says1 8,it consists of brown1 black1 and grey sand1 and loam mixed with vegetable matter1 sometimes almost passing into a kind of peaty earth1 containing much pyrites40 ,,lignite4 ,this name has been given to extensive forest beds1 containing much carbonized wood4 ,the deposit prevails very generally along the ,norfolk coast1 and may be instructively examined at ,hasborough1 ,bacton1 ,mundsley1 ,trimingham1 and ,cromer4 ,at ,bacton extensive sections are laid bare after high tides4 ,they are mostly formed of black peaty earth1 which may be separated into thin layers1 and has generally an aluminous taste1 and abounds with pyrites4 ,at ,bacton the depth of these sections1 from the top of the cliff1 is about five feet2 at ,ostend1 between ,bacton and ,hasborough1 about thirty1 and at ,mundsley1 one hundred feet4 ,these deposits are occasionally mixed with masses of red sand1 containing pipes of hard clay4 ,this formation presents the appearance of a wood1 having been overthrown and crushed in situ2 for after strong north-west winds1 the stumps of the trees may be seen really standing1 with their strong roots extended1 and intermingling with each other4 ,in the winter of #ahdj-da1 ,mr4 ,green measured some of these trunks1 which were then exposed about a foot from the root4--,one measured five feet eleven inches round1 and the other five feet4 ,whilst at ,bacton this bed is formed of black peaty earth1 at ,ostend it is mixed with a greenish sand4 ,mr4 ,lyell speaks of that at ,hasborough as 8laminated blue clay1 about one foot and a half in thickness1 part of the clay being bituminous1 and inclosing compressed branches and leaves of trees40 ,mr4 ,r4 ,c4 ,taylor1 in his ,geology of ,eastern ,norfolk1 observes of the deposit generally3--8,it consists of forest peat1 containing fir cones and fragments of bones2 in others of woody clay2 and elsewhere1 of large stools of trees1 standing thickly together1 the stems appearing to have been broken off about eighteen inches from the base40 ,the ,rev4 ,james ,layton1 cited by ,mr4 ,fairholme in his ,geology1 states1 in a letter1 8the line of crushed wood1 leaves1 grass1 c41 frequently forming a bed of peat1 extends just above low water mark4 ,about this stratum1 numerous remains of mammalia are found1 the horns and bones of at least four kinds of deer1 the horse1 the ox1 hippopotamus1 rhinoceros1 and elephant4 ,these fossil remains are found at ,hasborough and its neighbourhood1 on the denuded clay shore4 ,at ,mundsley1 they are found in the cliff4 ,this stratum may be seen as the underlying formation1 along the whole line of beach from ,eccles to ,mundsley40 ,at ,cromer1 ,mr4 ,simons has observed1 beneath the drift1 several feet below high water mark1 a bed of lignite1 in which were found the seeds of plants1 c4 ,he also observed ten or more trees1 in the space of half an acre1 exposed below the cliffs eastward of that town1 the stumps being a few inches1 all less than a foot1 in vertical height1 some no less than nine or ten feet in girth1 the roots spreading from them on all sides1 throughout a space of twenty feet in diameter4 ,mr4 ,richard ,taylor believes this bed1 as visible at ,hasborough1 to be an extension of the well-known stratum at ,watton cliff and ,harwich4 8,there is10 he says1 8evidence sufficient to prove that it extends more south than ,palling1 even as low down as ,winterton1 and ,caister2 also at ,lowestoft40 ,the two last strata nearest the chalk are the ,,blue ,,clay ,,and ,,the ,,red ,,gravel4 ,these two beds 8seem to have been deposited contemporaneously1 as they are much intermixed1 and every where contain the same species of mammalian remains4 ,from the unusual quantity of bones contained in these strata1 they have been provincially termed the ,bone ,rocks1 but from the immense quantity of elephants' bones annually exhumed1 they may1 for the sake of distinction1 be termed the ,elephant ,beds40 ,in some places the blue clay is deposited upon the red gravel4 ,the red gravel appears to be composed of rolled materials1 which no doubt have been brought to this place from some distance4 ,it comprehends a mixture of red sand and gravel1 ferruginous and ochraceous nodules2 blue clay1 peat1 sulphur1 loam1 flints1 pebbles1 masses of granite1 porphry1 fragments of and whole bones1 and is much mineralized by iron4 ,these rocks are traceable to a considerable distance beyond ,cromer4 ,the immediate bed upon which the strata rests appears to be ,,chalk4 ,this is met with about half a mile north-west of ,mundsley1 about low water mark1 and for upwards of a mile forms the beach4 ,near ,trimingham three very remarkable protuberances1 which rise up and form a part of lofty cliffs4 ,further northward1 masses of chalk are included in the drift1 or crop out in the interior1 at a short distance from the shore1 as at ,overstrand1 near ,cromer1 where a pit has been worked1 in which the chalk is in a very disturbed and shattered state4 ,at ,cromer1 the chalk has been again detected1 and is every where the fundamental rock1 lying about the level of low water1 and rising on the north of that town1 to the height of some yards above the level4 ,at ,sherringham it ascends above high water mark1 and enters largely1 from thence to ,weybourne1 into the strata of the cliffs4 ,from the appearance then of so much chalk in the immediate neighbourhood1 and some of it apparently in an undisturbed state1 as may be seen by its horizontal layers of flint at ,sherringham1 beyond doubt its existence may be concluded both to the east as well as the north4 ,in the year #ahcf1 the humerus bone probably of the ,great ,mastodon1 was found at ,bacton1 after a very high tide1 one side of which1 from the appearance it presents1 must have reposed upon chalk4 ,this bone was discovered in the red gravel1 which1 in many places1 is the nearest bed to the chalk4 ,fragments of chalk are attached to the bone4 ,in the early part of this year the tibia probably of the same animal1 was exposed1 and obtained after a high tide by ,mr4 ,green1 in whose possession it still remains4 ,,chapter ,,ix4 ,,observations ,,upon ,,the ,,cliffs ,,continued4--,,land-,,springs1 ,,their ,,injurious ,,effects1 ,,with ,,plan ,,to ,,counteract ,,them4--,,reduction ,,of ,,the ,,cliffs ,,considered ,,advisable1 ,,especially ,,where ,,great ,,irregularities ,,in ,,sand ,,dunes ,,exist1 ,,with ,a ,,plan ,,to ,,increase ,,their ,,height ,,where ,,necessary4 ,,having considered the cliffs with respect to the contour they present1 the different strata composing their structure1 the injury they experience from the atmospheric air1 from drought1 from heavy rains1 from severe and successive frosts1 and from the formidable visitations of the ,german ,ocean against their base2 yet1 they possess an internal enemy peculiar to themselves1 which in certain localities is more formidable than the ocean itself--these are the ,land-springs previously alluded to4 ,to check their baneful influence is a task that requires consideration1 for although we know their existence1 we cannot tell whether they arise from a broad or a narrow surface1 at a great depth1 or at a considerable distance from whence they are seen to issue2 and although so serious in their consequences1 yet the extent arising from such contingencies1 on this part of the coast1 is generally limited4 ,wherever they abound1 the cliffs ought1 where practicable1 to be reduced from a perpendicular to an inclined plane2 then let stakes1 or rather strong piles1 be driven in a parallel direction to the extent required1 and sufficiently deep into the solid strata beneath1 at short distances one from another1 with splines fastened horizontally1 or what would be preferable1 strong wooden faggots interposed between the piles and the cliffs1 especially where the materials consist of a loose texture2 these would be found efficient1 until a more natural1 solid1 and lasting support could be obtained4 ,great benefit might be derived by sinking wells on the inner or land side of the cliffs1 subjected to their influence2 for at ,trimingham1 the loss of four acres and a half of land1 mentioned in a previous chapter1 is primarily attributed to a foolish individual1 who a few months before filled up three wells in the immediate neighbourhood4 ,the question now comes--would it not be advisable to remove generally1 where practicable1 the taller1 cliffs8--,possibly it would4 #ast4 ,the air in heavy gales of wind would not be so much condensed against their base1 and add so much weight to the waves when nearing the shore as is now evidently the case1 and the latter would be less liable to disarrange the legitimate beach during its formation4 #bndly4 ,wherever land-springs abound1 an egress for the fresh water would ensue1 without causing shoots of land to take place1 where the former exist beyond or rather above the reach of the stakes recommended1 which might retard the formation of the legitimate beach4 #crdly4--,it will be decidedly applicable1 where dunes or hills of blown sand from their irregularity1 produced from the north-east winds1 are reduced to an extent liable to admit an irruption of the sea1 observable at ,eccles1 ,palling1 c4 ,and lastly4 ,the application of a plough in a locality where such fissures exist1 upon the plan recommended in the ensuing chapter2 and due attention to the transplanting the marram #fg from time to time as required1 will accomplish the rest without directly interfering with the land belonging to private individuals on the inner side of those banks4 ,,chapter ,x4 ,,the ,,author',s ,,plan ,,for ,,eventually ,,counteracting ,,the ,,injurious ,,effects ,,of ,,the ,,german ,,ocean ,,along ,,the ,,eastern ,,coast ,,of ,,norfolk1 ,,comprised ,,within ,a ,,distance ,,of ,,thirty ,,miles1 ,,extending ,,from ,,winterton-,,ness ,,to ,,or ,a ,,little ,,beyond ,,cromer4--,a ,,plan ,,for ,,the ,,erection ,,of ,,jetties ,,submitted1 ,c4 ,,the knowledge gained upon this interesting subject1 the instances adverted to in the former chapter1 prove almost beyond a doubt1 that the question--,whether art can arrest the progress of the ,german ,ocean along the ,norfolk coast8 may be answered in the affirmative4 ,the first and greatest desideratum necessary to be obtained is a bold shore1 formed by a legitimate beach1 a term applied by the eminent engineer1 previously alluded to1 who stated its ascent should be three inches and a half in the yard1 which would realize seventeen feet and a half in two hundred and ten yards2 a height which no sea upon this coast could ever reach4 ,from there being plenty of materials in the offing1 the ascent could be more gradual1 which would be preferable1 for a two-fold object must be kept in view2 the one1 for the preservation of the lands in the interior2 the other1 for the safety of mariners1 should misfortune attend and compel them to run their vessel ashore4 ,besides the more abruptly a body presents itself1 whether natural or artificial1 to the almost irresistible force of the tidal wave1 when called into excessive action1 the less it is likely to remain stable and compact4 ,it will therefore be necessary to ascertain the extent of the shoals existing in the offing1 and the elevation likely to be realized may easily be calculated4 ,a single row of piles driven into the beach at right angles to the shore1 wherever a shallow exists1 will be sufficient1 with plank fastened to them1 to encourage the materials1 brought by the tidal wave and current1 to be retained and lodged against them4 ,the length of the piles necessary1 must depend upon the supposed elevation required1 taking into consideration1 not only the depth of the sand lying at the bottom of the shallow1 but also the strata beneath4 ,in a very short time1 by gradually adding the plank1 the shallow will become filled up1 and the tidal wave will pass over without disturbing its surface1 the same plan must be adopted wherever a shallow exists at low water mark1 but possibly the difficulty of applying the plank in that situation cannot be so easily accomplished2 consequently a greater number of piles will be required1 as they must be inserted near to each other4 ,after a shallow has been filled to the level of the beach then existing1 and the upper part of the pile still projecting1 let plank1 if necessary1 be gradually added about one or two feet in breadth at a time1 as the deposition accumulates4 ,proceeding onwards into the sea as opportunity offers1 some portion of the shoals will be removed into the shallows2 another1 probably1 will be carried towards the cliffs4 ,to facilitate this object1 let a long tined harrow be fastened to the stern of a boat1 which being urged by men1 will loosen the materials on the surface of a shoal2 and the flowing of the water will carry them1 if the wind is in a favourable quarter1 towards the shore1 and thus will the beach become a consolidated body1 with superabundant materials deposited at high water mark3 these of course must be removed towards the cliffs4 ,if the materials consist principally of sand1 a plough might be employed with considerable advantage1 turning the furrows inward towards the cliffs2 on the contrary1 should stones predominate1 they must be deposited at the base of the cliffs4 ,easterly winds will remove the loose dry sand towards and fill up the spaces between them4 ,many suggestions1 however1 to expedite the work will present themselves upon inspection and trial4 #gj ,the distance required from one row of piles to another must also depend upon circumstances4 ,wherever the sea reaches in1 should a shallow or flat exist1 there piles will be necessary1 as well as to the southward of it1 which will greatly accelerate the deposition of materials where they are so much required4 ,picture3 ,the breakwater1 shewing the supposed elevation of the beach from the deposit of sand4 ,d4 ,hodgson1 delt4 ,c4 ,graf1 ,lith4 to ,her ,majesty ,discrimination will also be necessary in the application of the piles2 for a minute and continuous observer will perceive it frequently happens1 the alteration of a current and the wind favouring it1 the sea will reach in towards the cliffs1 and undermine and excavate one locality1 while another1 previously visited1 will become filled up by materials dislodged from the former place4 #ga ,in the latter instance1 piles will not be required to be applied immediately1 for probably some of the materials1 irregularly accumulated1 will be requisite to be shifted to their former situation4 ,hence the reason of applying piles to the southward and not to the northward of a locality requiring immediate assistance4 ,again1 considerable difference in the insertion of the piles must be made according to the contour the beach presents2 between a distance continuously flat1 and a shallow that only requires to be filled up4 ,in the latter a few piles inserted from west to east1 will answer extremely well2 in the former1 an opposite direction must be pursued2 that is1 from the north-west to the south-east1 according to the accompanying plate1 for the sweep of the water must be taken into consideration1 and also the necessity for encouraging sea-beach materials to accumulate to the southward of a groin1 as well as to the northward4 ,upon this our final success depends4 ,while the above plan presents the least resistance to the tidal wave when most agitated1 the tidal current will be checked and rendered powerless1 and the gradual elevation1 from the deposition of materials1 will produce the effects exhibited by the breaking of the waves on a shelving shore2 and1 as they roll onwards1 their power will become diminished1 by wanting weight and depth to aid their motion4 ,in several places on this beach1 the sand1 shingle1 c41 do not exceed four feet in depth1 and in some instances are still shallower2 thus at ,cromer1 a large body of calcareous deposition exists1 and projects above the beach at low water mark2 but between that and the cliffs1 now temporarily protected by a sea wall1 a shallow or cavity of considerable length and depth must have existed3 this induced the inhabitants1 who had witnessed the good the jetty had effected 7previous to the injury ,cromer sustained1 and alluded to in a former chapter71 to insert a groin immediately to the southward1 or rather westward1 of the town1 eighty-four yards in length4 ,the shallow or cavity became filled up to the top of the groin1 and a quantity of sea-beach material1 consisting principally of sand1 seemed disposed to accumulate against the base of the walls in ,june1 #ahdd1 but unfortunately the groin was not sufficiently extended towards the sea2 the piles1 instead of projecting above1 did not equal in height the mound alluded to1 and consequently it is not so efficacious as it would otherwise have been4 ,the jetty too has some influence towards prohibiting a still further proof of the efficacy of this groin1 at least along shore to the northward1 or rather eastward2 for rude in construction1 it is ill calculated to effect a twofold object1 which ought to arise from it4 ,the platform resting upon piles of huge dimensions in height and diameter1 appears to have been one continuous length1 from the base of the cliffs to the elevated rock at low water mark4 ,its considerable altitude above the surface of the beach1 its unwieldy structure1 from the timbers employed1 and above all1 its extent towards the sea being limited1 accounts for its partial destruction in the storm alluded to4 ,the dashing of the waves against the piles1 even in calm weather1 gives an impetus to the water at their base1 and produces eddies or whirlpools1 which prevent sea-beach materials accumulating in the immediate vicinity4 ,the inhabitants1 however1 appear so far to have been aware of this circumstance1 that in repairing the jetty1 they had recourse to iron stanchions1 presenting a flat surface towards the sea2 but the same impediment to utility still exists4 ,let us now consider whether a jetty could not be constructed to afford not only a delightful promenade1 the necessary appendage to a frequented watering place1 but the retention of sea-beach materials1 and the consequent elevation of the beach4 ,for this purpose let wooden piles of ,english oak be employed1 of requisite length to enter the solid strata beneath the surface of the beach4 ,the extremity for insertion must be pointed and shod with iron1 and the opposite end must be protected with a rim of the same material1 which ought to project above each pile1 so as to leave a cavity sufficiently deep to receive the one end of an iron pillar1 about eight or more inches in diameter1 if considered necessary2 and the length of this iron pillar being determined1 its upper part can be readily formed to support the wooden plank constituting the platform of the jetty1 to which it can be fastened4 ,now1 if the piles are inserted into the beach in a continuous range towards the sea1 leaving a space between each pillar1 from two to three feet apart1 it may readily be inferred1 that the desirable object will be realized1 and a permanent good will be obtained4 ,the expense1 in the first instance1 will of course be considerable1 but its durability and usefulness ought to supersede such an obstacle4 ,it is a source of congratulation to observe considerable economy in the expenditure which so great an undertaking requires1 can be effected by using1 in a general way1 the ,pinus ,sylvestris1 or red fir1 grown in the neighbouring plantations2 #gd these1 if taken down in the winter months1 trimming them1 and depositing them in the sea1 in readiness for insertion as opportunity suits1 will retain their resinous properties in the greatest abundance1 and prevent the exudation1 which an exposure to the spring and summer months would inevitably produce4 ,upon the resin they contain their toughness depends1 and by adopting the above plan1 and using those small in diameter1 the instrument necessary for propelling them into the beach1 will not disturb the surface of the pile most exposed to its influence4 ,the following instance will prove their durability1 and that a careful insertion of the piles is only necessary to render their stability certain1 even if extraordinary gales should cause the legitimate beach to be disturbed4 ,at ,mundsley1 several years ago1 not within the memory of the oldest inhabitant1 some fishermen drove four piles1 six inches in diameter1 into the beach1 between high and low water mark1 for the purpose of forming what is termed a coy1 for containing lobsters caught at sea1 until an opportunity for their disposal occurred4 ,to the piles were attached some boards1 so as to form a square1 within which was placed a box for their reception2 and a piece of wood1 fastened upon the top1 prevented the box from being disturbed by the water4 ,at length1 however1 it became disused1 the boards attached to the piles gave way1 but the latter still remain firmly imbedded in the strata beneath1 and their tops are only visible when north and north-west winds prevail1 the sand lying around1 above1 and between them being then removed4 ,the shipowner1 and above all the hardy sailor1 cannot but rejoice at the prospect of obtaining a broad beach upon an inclined plane1 for should a vessel be driven on in ever so heavy a gale1 instead of having to contend with the cheerless prospect now before them1 rendered not only formidable1 but terrible1 from the numerous shoals existing on this coast1 there would be only one1 and the vessel would arrive at its destination in a more gradual manner2 her keel would become almost immediately impacted in the sand to such an extent1 as to render her steady2 for the waves having to attain an ascent1 would be checked in their career1 and for want of depth1 would neither be able to injure the vessel nor destroy the mariner3 hitherto1 the great power they possess has1 in many instances1 dashed the former to pieces after she had struck the beach1 and the latter has been hurled towards it1 either too suddenly1 or by their rebounding1 swept into the depths below2 while he1 poor creature1 so long as consciousness or presence of mind exists1 uses his feeble efforts to reach the blessed shore1 but1 alas6 too frequently in vain2 he either sinks1 to be wafted to another1 a lifeless1 mangled corpse1 or arrives too late to be saved1 even if the vibration of the heart exists1 for want of proper accommodation and attention4 ,if a legitimate beach could be once formed1 a little exertion and assistance from those on shore1 would be able to rescue him from the now almost inevitable destruction4 ,,chapter ,,xi4 ,,the ,,conclusion4 ,,let not the plan proposed in the previous chapter make too hasty an impression1 or cause the reader to be too sanguine as to the result1 however it may bear the semblance to truth and reality2 but1 if upon inquiry1 consideration1 and inspection1 it is found to originate in facts1 not theory alone1 let no longer time be wasted in delaying a trial of its efficacy than is really necessary4 ,for a series of years1 the wondrous body of waters has committed most dreadful ravages upon this and other coasts1 not only to the loss of property1 but what is of far greater consequence1 human life4 ,many countries1 that have been destroyed1 bear melancholy witness to the truth of history1 and show the tops of their houses and the spires of their steeples1 still standing at the bottom of the water4 ,the ,german ,sea has advanced upon the shores of ,holland near ,catt1 that the ruins of an ancient citadel of the ,romans1 which was formerly built upon the coast1 are now actually under water4 ,in ,friezland and ,zealand1 there are more than three hundred villages overwhelmed1 and their ruins continue still visible on a clear day4 ,the ,baltic ,sea has by slow degrees covered a large part of ,pomerania1 and among others destroyed and overwhelmed the famous port of ,vineta4 ,one of the most remarkable inundations recorded in history1 occurred in the reign of ,henry ,i41 which overwhelmed the estates of the ,earl ,godwin1 and formed the bank now called the ,goodwin ,sands4 ,in the year #aedf1 a similar irruption of the sea destroyed a thousand persons in the territory of ,dort1 and a yet greater number round ,dullart4 ,to these accidents several more might be added2 our own historians and those of other countries abound with them2 almost every flat shore of any extent being able to show something it has lost1 or something it has gained from the sea4 ,there are some shores on which the sea1 where it has overflowed1 and after remaining perhaps some ages1 has again retired of its own accord1 or been driven back by the industry of man1 which1 if applied in the case submitted1 would1 we earnestly pray1 verify the words contained in the #eth chapter of the prophet ,jeremiah1 and the #bbnd verse4 ,and should this design be found to answer1 who is there can deny that1 by continued attention and perseverance1 not only will the lands in future be protected1 but those which now appear lost1 may in after years be regained1 and that the saving of human life will be considerable4 ,there are many lands in ,norway1 ,scotland1 and the ,maldivia ,islands1 that are at one time covered with water1 at another time free4 ,the country round the ,isle of ,ely1 in the time of ,bede1 about a thousand years ago1 was one of the most delightful spots in the whole kingdom2 it was not only cultivated1 and produced all the necessaries of life1 but grapes also1 that afforded excellent wine4 ,the accounts of the time are copious in the description of its verdure and fertility1 its rich pastures covered with flowers and herbage1 its beautiful shades and wholesome air4 ,but the sea breaking in upon the land1 overwhelmed the whole country1 took possession of the soil1 and totally destroyed one of the most fertile vallies in the world2 its air1 from being dry and healthful1 from that time became unwholesome1 and the small part of the country1 which by being higher than the rest escaped the deluge1 was soon rendered uninhabitable from its noxious vapours4 ,the island continued under water some centuries1 till at last the sea1 by the same caprice which had prompted its invasion1 began to abandon the earth in like manner4 ,it has continued for some ages to relinquish its former conquests2 and although the inhabitants can neither boast the longevity nor the luxuries of the original possessors1 yet they find ample means of subsistence1 and if they happen to survive the first years of residence there1 they are often known to arrive at a good old age4 ,on this coast several manors and large portions of the neighbouring parishes have been swallowed up2 nor has there been any intermission1 from time immemorial1 in the ravages of the sea within a distance of twenty miles in length in which these places stood4 ,many a poor fisherman has lost his life within sight of his parents1 wife1 and children1 whose uplifted hands1 streaming eyes1 and shrieks of wild despair1 proclaimed the pangs they endured1 the agony they suffered1 at losing their offspring1 their husband1 their father2 and this too1 when the tenderest ties of affection endeared them to each other2 on a sudden lost1 gone for ever6 leaving those behind1 who1 if not bereaved of their senses entirely1 remain during their sojourn in this vale of tears1 for ever broken-hearted and disconsolate4 ,this gloomy picture may appear over-drawn2 but1 alas6 it is too true and melancholy to think of1 where such accidents are frequent1 and likely to continue till time shall be no more4 ,but there is a ray of hope1 that the object which appears so difficult to accomplish1 may eventually be attained by the industry of man1 with the means given and transmitted from the acquisition of knowledge1 through an ,allwise and ,merciful ,creator4 ,let us earnestly pray that ,his blessing may be bestowed upon our humble endeavours1 to the fulfilment of this or a superior design4 ,,appendix4 ,,bacton4 ,bacton or ,backton1 termed in the ,doomsday ,book ,baketuna1 is situated about four miles and a half north-east by east of ,north ,walsham4 ,from bordering on the sea1 it continually experiences its devastating effects1 which is the more to be regretted1 as the land1 about #afjj acres1 is extremely fertile4 ,the ,church1 dedicated to ,st4 ,andrew1 is a neat edifice1 situated on elevated ground1 about a quarter of a mile distant from the sea2 and the interior1 though unadorned with costly monuments1 contains several neat stones to record departed worth4 ,the venerable relic of ,norman grandeur ,broomholme ,priory1 generally termed ,bacton ,abbey1 is situated in the centre of the village1 and from its being in a better state of preservation than probably any other in this county1 which possesses the astonishing number of one hundred and twenty-two1 is ever a source of interest to the lovers of antiquity4 ,the architectural style of the ,priory of ,broomholme appears to be that of the ,norman and the early or lancet gothic united4 ,the editor of the ,general ,history of the ,county of ,norfolk says3 8,a part of its architecture is so entirely of the same style as ,norwich ,cathedral1 that it can scarcely be doubted but they are of the same era40 ,the north transept1 with its triforium arches1 many of which still remain1 bears some resemblance to those of ,norwich ,cathedral and the ,church of ,st4 ,nicholas1 ,yarmouth4 ,the churches generally were built in the form of the latin cross1 terminating at the end in a semi-circular apsis4 ,the internal elevations consisted of three divisions1 the lower arches--the triforium1 occupying the space between the vaulting and external roof of the side aisles--and the celestory4 ,the circular arched entrance north of the transept appears to be built of ,caen stone1 and though plain1 attests the origin of at least this part of the building4 ,to the east a very lofty arch presents itself of the early gothic4 ,the chapter-house has a very large window of the early pointed gothic1 supposed to have been added in the reign of ,henry the ,,vii1 but it appears of a much earlier date4 ,the arcades of the face of the interior walls are very plain and simple2 and are intended to take off the effect of a large extent of plain surface as the windows are but small4 ,this appears to have been general in all ,norman architecture4 ,the chimney is very modern1 as the builders of the middle ages gave the preference to warming their halls by a central hearth1 leaving the smoke to blacken the roof and escape as it best might by an open lantern4 ,the niche in the north transept1 which bears traces of the ornamental gothic1 was probably added with other parts of the building1 as the abbey increased in fame and opulence4 ,the following are the supposed dimensions of the various buildings1 c43-- ,the church #aab feet ,north transept #bb feet by #ah feet ,chancel #bc feet ,quadrangle #gc feet by #dg feet ,cloister #gf feet by #ba feet ,large hall #ajj feet by #bd feet ,this priory was founded in #aaac1 by ,william de ,glanville1 in the reign of ,henry the ,first1 for monks of the order of ,cluni1 as a cell to ,castleacre priory4 ,here the monks of the latter sent their junior brethren1 when too much crowded at home1 or refractory monks1 to do penance for non compliance with monastic rules4 ,subsequently1 ,bartholomew de ,glanville1 who was ,sheriff of ,norfolk and ,suffolk1 confirmed the priory of ,castleacre to this priory4--,the first prior was inducted to the abbey in the reign of ,henry the ,first1 and the last in the reign of ,henry the ,eighth4 ,the monks attached to this establishment appear1 according to early historians1 to have derived great profit from a cross1 said to have been made out of that part of the ,saviour's cross to which the hands and feet were attached1 particularly the part where it was most sprinkled with his blood2 and ,capgrave informs us1 8that no fewer than thirty-nine were raised from the dead1 and nineteen blind persons had their sight restored by it40 ,in this priory were also preserved the 8girdle for ,zona1 and milk of the blessed ,virgin1 and fragments of the crosses of ,st4 ,peter and ,st4 ,andrew40 ,such was the rage for relics in former times1 that ,mabillon1 a ,benedictine1 complained that the altars were loaded with counterfeits2 numerous spurious ones being every where offered to the piety and devotion of the faithful4 ,he also observes1 8that bones were often consecrated1 which so far from belonging to the saints1 probably never belonged to ,christians60 ,to shew how far this fraud extended1 the 8girdle0 of the ,virgin ,mary1 said to have been possessed by the monastery of ,broomholme1 was shown to the visitors appointed by ,henry the ,eighth1 in eleven different places4 ,the following 8,legendary ,fragment10 written by an intimate friend of the ,author's1 may not be deemed inappropriate3-- ,broomholme1 thy ruined grandeur tells ,a saddening tale of man's decay1 ,it speaks how all his glories pass1 ,how all his relics droop away2 ,how all his efforts fall a prey ,to ,desolation's ruthless reign1 ,how all the records he would trace ,the hand of ,time outblots again4 ,thou hast looked forth for ages past1 ,and seen the unwearying ebb and flow ,of yonder calm and azure sea1 ,glittering in summer's golden glow2 ,and oh6 how many a winter's snow ,hath wrapped thee in its spotless vest1 ,how many a ,spring with cheerful hand ,thy fair domain in beauty drest4 ,how oft within thy ruined fane ,has many a haughty zealot knelt1 ,and muttered o'er some holy prayer ,his thankless heart had never felt3 ,thou'st heard the groans of souls that melt ,with anguish and repentance cleft1 ,who1 though engulphed in blood and crime1 ,had yet the hope of mercy left4 ,oh6 could yon gloomy pile reveal ,the thousand tales its records bear1 ,and rend the dark mysterious seal ,that ,time has fixed for ever there1 ,perchance 'twould tell of pain and care1 ,the same unvarying round of woe1 ,the same dark chain of human ills ,that links us all to life below4 ',twould tell of horrors dark and dire1 ,that well the sternest heart might thrill1 ,how man with rapine1 sword1 and fire1 ,had wrought with zeal his brother's ill4 ,strange that ungrateful man should fill ,the cup of woe1 for pride or pelf1 ,yet madly1 fondly1 vainly hope1 ,to taste the streams of bliss himself4 ',twould tell how bright1 to ,childhood's eyes1 ,the glory of existence seems1 ,how swiftly life's ensuing hours ,lose one by one their golden gleams4 ,how fondly ,hope's delusive dreams ,the hearts of men with smiles enslave1 ,how those forlorn and weary here1 ,may learn to look beyond the grave4 ,and ,fancy often wanders back1 ,through ,time on her enchanted wings1 ,to snatch one legend from the gloom ,that age about thy ruin flings4 ,and thus ,imagination sings ,in fond conceit and varied lay1 ,with all a ,poet's trembling pride1 8,a tale of ,broomholme's ,abbey grey40 ,the northern blast is sighing now1 ,in every withered leafless bough1 ,the dirge of the departed year2 ,and the lone sea-bird's dismal wail1 ,that ever comes in storm and gale1 ,foretells the gathering tempest near4 ,the gloom of night is deepening fast1 ,and on the wild and fitful blast ,the stormy clouds like shadows fly2 ,and darkened by their rapid flight1 ,the pale and placid orb of night ,is shrouded from the seaman's eye4 ,the vivid lightning's transient flash1 ,and then the deafening thunder crash1 ,proclaims the elemental war2 ,and when the lightning leaves the skies1 ,and when the rolling thunder dies1 ,hark1 how the raging waters roar4 ,the wild waves that in wanton play ,fling to the winds their feather'd spray1 ,but seem to mock the angry sky2 ,but seem to sport in maddening pride1 ,when all is dread and dark beside1 ,and ghastly ,death is hovering nigh4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,morn3 oh6 how many anxious eyes ,have watched the live-long night for thee1 ,that from the threshold of the skies1 ,now looks o'er a tempestuous sea2 ,the ocean that so softly bright ,hath mirror'd oft the ,queen of ,night1 ,in lustrous lines of liquid light1 ,and1 oh6 hath looked so calm and fair1 ,as if no storm could gather there4 ,like to those living lights that shine ,so pure and placid from the eyes1 ,when at ,religion's holy shrine ,the humble soul in rapture lies1 ,and gloomy passions wake within1 ,that lead away the heart to sin2 ,then all that looked so fair and bright1 ,so pure in its own sportive glee1 ,becomes a torture and a blight1 ,and wilder than the raging sea4 ,the gale now slowly dies away1 ,with the approach of dawning day1 ,and every wave that chafes the shore1 ,salutes the strand with sullen roar1 ,and on the beach in sadness flings ,all that to ,hope was once so sweet1 ,like trophies which a warrior brings1 ,and lays them at his country's feet4 ,records that blood and death had earned1 ,when mercy from her shrine was spurned4 ,alas6 when angry storms break forth1 ,and wake the waters into wrath2 ,ah6 then the treacherous heaving wave ,rolls over many a wanderer's grave1 ,and striving winds and foaming surge ,sing many a mournful funeral dirge4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,oh1 ,heaven6 that such a lovely form ,could brave so dread and fierce a storm1 ,that one so beautiful and frail ,could bide the harsh and bitter gale2 ,and she who angels might have kept ,in hallowed watches while she slept1 ,is pillowed on the sandy shore1 ,her lullaby the waters' roar3 ,and frowning skies in sorrow spread ,their canopy around her head4 ,and now beside the maiden kneels ,a messenger of fond relief1 ,one who with sweet religion heals ,the wounded spirit's cankering grief2 ,and raises from the chilly sand ,the form that cold and lifeless lay1 ,sustains it with a trembling hand1 ,and wraps it in his mantle grey4 ,and from that frontlet wipes away ,the wanton water's brackish spray4 ,and now her wild and anxious gaze ,is fixed upon his swarthy cheek1 ,and faint and feebly she essays ,her wonder and despair to speak2 ,and he who looked so calm before1 ,is moved to tears of sorrow now1 ,that as he bends the maiden o'er1 ,those drops of pity damp her brow4 ,he turns as though ashamed to own ,his heart has soft and yielding grown4 ,and now is many an offer made ,of home and hospitable aid1 ,by those who throng around the maid1 ,to them the monk his charge commends1 ,with promises of bounteous pay1 ,and with a heart of trouble wends ,his steps to ,broomholme ,abbey 8grey40 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,what charm is there in ,nature's smile1 ,when ,hope be dead the weary while1 ,or what in all the world can please1 ,when aching hearts are ill at ease4 ,and1 oh6 what rapture could he feel1 ,who left the fair and beaten track ,of sweet ,religion's holy zeal1 ,and to the cold world wandered back2 ,whose only oriflamme should be ,the sanguine cross of ,calvary4 ,yes1 he whose life had aye been spent ,in self denial's lowly creed1 ,in turning sinners to repent1 ,and share the ,abbey's thrifty meed4 ,yes1 he who taught that heavenly love ,should all absorb the anxious mind1 ,that hearts should look to hopes above1 ,and leave the thoughtless world behind3 ,yes1 he whose years though few had been1 ,in much of deep devotion past1 ,who joy'd the smiling summer scene1 ,and braved the winter's bitter blast2 ,yes1 he who told how dear and sweet ,was holy influence to the mind1 ,who walked the world with weary feet1 ,to succour helpless human kind2 ,yes1 he forgot for beauty's smile1 ,his oath to ,heaven1 his hopes above1 ,he gave his heart to pleasures wile1 ,and lost his soul for woman's love4 ,yes1 he forgot the lowly mien1 ,the holy mass1 the rosary1 ,and all that he had ever been1 ,for hopeless love and misery4 ,alas6 that grief should ever wear ,so pale a cheek with sorrow's tear1 ,that anguish and remorse should trace ,their furrowed lines on ,beauty's face1 ,and early troubles lead the way ,for dread disease and slow decay4 ,there is a canker of the breast ,that pleasure cannot charm away1 ,when the young heart becomes a prey ,to dread disquiet1 and un-rest4 ,day after day--day after day1 ,along that smooth and sandy shore1 ,did ,herbert with fair ,edith stray1 ,oft listening to the angry roar ,of the wild ocean's troubled sound1 ,till the fair earth had wandered round ,the presence of the glorious sun2 ,and when the winter had begun ,to shackle every limpid river1 ,and silence every gurgling rill1 ,and in the woodland on the hill ,the aspen leaves had ceased to quiver1 ,and every minstrel in the wood ,was silent in its solitude1 ,those lovely birds that gaily chanted ,their songs of gladness from the grove2 ,ah6 oft had ,edith's bosom panted ,with silent and supreme delight1 ,when they have woke the lovely night ,with their melodious songs of love4 ,ah6 many and many a lovely eve1 ,beneath the ,heaven's bespangled roof1 ,did her young heart delight to weave ,the future like a fairy woof3 ,and with her ,herbert by her side1 ,in the sweet hush of eventide1 ,when night-blown flowers of beauty rare ,with perfume filled the stilly air2 ,often in those delightful hours1 ,when the young dreamy heart of youth ,plucks many a wreath from ,fancy's bowers1 ,and knits them on the brow of truth4 ,and once she said1 with tearful eye1 ,with quivering lip1 yet tender tone1 ,as if her weak and trembling heart ,were half afraid its fears to own-- 8,herbert forgive1 ,i know thou wilt1 ,or else my heart the wish would rue1 ,ah6 if it bears the taint of guilt1 ,in mercy1 ,heaven1 absolve me too4 ,when death with chilling hand shall sever ,the souls that nought but death could part1 ,herbert1 a slow consuming fever ,is burning at my brain and heart3 ,i feel that death is calmly stealing ,over my senses1 day by day1 ,immortal longings and a feeling ,of rapture charms my pulse away4 ,herbert1 dear ,herbert1 my request1 ,my last sad dying wish would be1 ,that in the last embrace of death1 ,my rest may then be near to thee2 ,and by the willows that o'ershade ,the streamlet on the woodland hill1 ,our dust may be in sadness laid1 ,and1 though in death1 together still40 ,down ,herbert's cheeks the drops of woe ,coursed sad and slowly--whilst the maid ,her last and earnest wishes prayed4 ,it was a dread and bitter throe-- ,such as fond hearts1 when doomed to sever1 ,at once unheeded and for ever1 ,pure ardent souls alone could know4 ,he clasped her to his aching heart-- ,her brow1 alas6 how pale and chill2 ,an icy glaze is o'er her eye1 ,and yet her lips are quivering still4 ,ah6 what is all the world to him8 ,a sleepless night1 a cheerless day1 ,now those endearing eyes are dim1 ,and his twin spirit passed away4 ,now what to him is hill or dale1 ,the summer's sun or winter's gale8 ,alas6 they only tell a tale ,that wakes a sorrow in his breast1 ,whispering o'er and o'er again1 ,that he was blest1 supremely blest4 ,autumn or winter1 summer or spring1 ,what are they now to him8 ,he walks the earth like a withered thing1 ,whose lamp of life is dim4 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,the keenest pangs of mortal woes1 ,and ,sorrow's agonizing throes1 ,the briny drops of ,misery ,that overflow the mourning eye1 ,when ,hope has lost its faintest gleam1 ,will make the sweetest ,eden seem ,a barren and unkindly waste4 ,alas6 how bitter to the taste ,is that dark cup ,remembrance fills ,with all the worst of human ills1 ,and crowns with pleasures past away4 ,as waters silently decay ,the flinty rocks they hourly fret1 ,so does the wildness of ,despair1 ,and the slow canker of ,regret1 ,the weary human bosom wear4 ,in ,broomholme's cloistered turret now ,herbert de ,colville lowly lies1 ,and withered is his burning brow1 ,and haggard are his frenzied eyes2 ,those wandering orbs whose meteor light ,shines wildly from their mortal spheres1 ,when ,fever like a deadly blight1 ,the wavering sense with madness sears2 ,it fills the eye and rends the heart1 ,when ,reason's heavenly rays depart1 ,and leave the mind so faint and dim4 ,that it had ever been to him1 ,to leave the ,abbey's holy wall1 ,and from that sweet ,religion fall1 ,that should have been his hope--his all1 ,when earthly scenes began to pall2 ,that he should learn the bitter truth1 ,when buoyant hours are all gone by1 ,that the wild erring steps of youth ,must be retraced1 when health and prime ,have left the frame1 and when the eye ,is dim with pain and misery2 ,when the lone heart is worn and weak1 ,and the untiring hand of ,time ,hath written ,manhood on his cheek4 ,and round about him watchful stand ,the ,brethren of that holy band1 ,whose pure devoted lives are given ,to work the glorious will of ,heaven4 ,and their's is not a bigot's zeal1 ,whose dear delight is but to heal ,the souls that pant for sweet repose1 ,o'erwhelmed with sin and worldly woes1 ,to succour in the hour of need ,the hearts that ache and inly bleed1 ,whose crown of glory is the meed1 ,that ,love upon the soul bestows2 ,the sweet rejoicing of the heart1 ,that well performs its mortal part2 ,and not ingratitude nor slight1 ,nor the world's cold and biting scorn1 ,contempt and scoffing hourly borne1 ,hath power to dim the holy light ,that ,love around her votary flings1 ,for she can wrap them in delight1 ,and fan them with ambrosial wings1 ,when death with calm approaches steep ,their senses in eternal sleep4 99 99 99 99 99 99 8,alas6 'tis not my lowly couch1 ,nor ,misery's unkindest touch1 ,no1 nor the world so long forgot1 ,although in grief remembered now1 ,nor yet my lone and humble lot1 ,that made me what ye see me now4 ,she was perchance an erring light1 ,a beauteous wandering meteor flame1 ,that on my waking vision came1 ,to cross my pathway like a blight2 ,or else a ,heavenly spirit sent ,from a diviner element1 ,who left some star-lit world that lies ,far off in azure's seas than this1 ,to teach my spirit what sweet bliss1 ,were in her home beyond the skies4 ,but yet she passed1--she drooped away1 ,like a fair rose untimely blighted1 ,like an ,hymeneal altar lighted ,on a fond bridegroom's dying day4 ,there was a flush upon her cheek1 ,that in my soul a sadness wrought1 ,a warning voice that used to speak1 ,the lesson of her life's decay2 ,there was a lustre in her eyes1 ,like a celestial glory caught1 ,from some bright meteor of the skies4 ,there was a music in her tone1 ,like the low wind of ,autumn makes1 ,through the lone woods in sadness sighing1 ,when the bright leaves and flowers are dying1 ,as if it sighed for their sweet sakes4 ,although ,i know and feel she died1 ,her form and voice are with me now1 ,these are the hands that from her brow ,were wont so often to divide ,the tresses of her golden hair1 ,when the night winds had wanton'd there4 ,but when we wandered through the glade1 ,and heard the night bird on the bough1 ,or side by side together prayed1 ,is but a fading vision now40 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,broomholme's ,abbey is old and grey1 ,and monks are kneeling the live-long day1 ,from matin time till eve2 ,many and sweet are the ,aves they say1 ,and many the souls they shrieve4 ,at midnight1 censors were brightly swinging1 ,and slowly and sad was the requiem singing1 ,and masses are singing still1 ,for him they laid in the willow's shade1 ,by the stream on the woodland hill4 ,,caister4 ,caister or ,caistor1 a pleasant village situated upon the coast1 about two miles and a half to the northward of ,yarmouth1 possesses the remains of a ,roman station1 and the ruins of ,caister castle4--,a lofty circular tower and a large portion of the north and west walls belonging to the latter are very prominent4 ,this is supposed to be one of the oldest brick mansions in ,england4 ,it was erected by ,sir ,john ,fastolf1 who was born here1 or at ,yarmouth1 in #acgh4 ,he entered early in life a brilliant military career1 and signalized himself by many acts of bravery during a forty years' campaign under the ,english ,regency in ,france1 and history records1 in the course of this period1 he was made in the field of battle a ,knight ,banneret1 a ,baron of ,france1 ,knight of the ,garter1 ,marshal of the ,regent's ,household1 the ,king's ,lieutenant in ,normandy1 and progressively appointed to various public offices4 ,he subsequently returned to ,caistor1 and his liberality1 munificence1 and acts of charity were not equalled in the period in which he lived4 ,he became a founder of religious and other edifices1 a generous patron of learning1 an encourager of piety1 and a benefactor to the poor4 ,a quibble on the name of this truly great and eminent man has been raised by some authors1 who supposed him to be the ,sir ,john ,falstaff1 whom our immortal bard ,shakspeare delineated in the humorous but abandoned character as constantly lounging about the court of ,prince ,henry 7afterwards ,henry the ,vth4 of ,england74--,the poetical ,falstaff was nearly threescore years of age at the battle of ,shrewsbury1 ,a4,d4 #adjc1 when the ,norfolk hero was not more than twenty-five4 ,the former ended his career soon after ,prince ,henry ascended the throne--the latter survived ,henry the ,vth4 thirty-seven years1 and died at ,caistor in #adei4 ,,cromer4 ,cromer1 formerly a small market town1 is situated nine miles ,n4,n4,w4 of ,north ,walsham1 and on the verge of the ,german ,ocean4 ,at the ,doomsday survey ,cromer formed part of the lordship and parish of ,shipden1 a considerable village1 which1 with its church1 dedicated to ,st4 ,peter1 appears to have been swallowed up by the sea about the time of ,henry the #dth4 ,a patent to collect certain dues for the erection of a pier was granted in the #adth of ,richard ,,ii4 ,at neap tides1 in calm weather1 are still to be seen1 about half a mile distant from the shore1 large masses of wall1 which are supposed to have belonged to the church alluded to4 ,many large portions of land were washed away in #afaa1 previous to which the inhabitants expended considerable sums of money and ingenuity in a fruitless attempt to maintain a small harbour4 ,in the winter of #agii1 the light-house cliffs1 projecting from the beach three hundred and twenty feet1 made several remarkably large shoots1 one of which brought with it half an acre of ground1 and extended into the sea beyond low water mark4 ,on ,january #aeth1 #ahbe1 another large mass of earth was detached from the light-house hills1 and fell with great force on the beach1 extending in breadth above three hundred yards from the cliffs1 covering an area of twelve acres1 and containing1 it was supposed1 not less than half a million of cubic yards of earth4 ,the fall of this enormous body was sudden and unexpected4 ,a large stream of water issued from the bank immediately after its fall1 and discharged itself down upon the beach with great noise and violence4 ,early in the morning of ,august #aith1 #ahcb1 another large shoot of the cliffs occurred near the light-house1 which threatened the destruction of that useful edifice4 ,it was deemed expedient to erect another on the hill1 two hundred and fifty yards inland2 but the remains of the old one are still standing about three-quarters of a mile east of the town1 where it was built of brick in #agai4 ,these immense landslips were almost entirely owing to the numerous fresh water springs abounding in this locality1 but the damage the town of ,cromer experienced1 and referred to in ,chapter ,,iii41 was caused by the ocean1 during a continuous gale of wind4 ,according to tradition1 ,cromer church1 dedicated to ,st4 ,peter and ,st4 ,paul1 is supposed to have been erected in the reign of ,henry #dth1 soon after the village of ,shipden disappeared4 ,it is a large and handsome edifice1 built of flint and free-stone1 in the ,gothic style1 with a fine tower #aed feet in height1 and richly ornamented with sculpture4 ,the west entrance1 the north porch1 and the chancel have been long in ruins1 and very little of the latter now remains2 and history informs us1 that many of its ornaments were destroyed by ,cromwell's soldiers1 who converted it into barracks4 ,as a watering place ,cromer richly deserves the celebrity it has attained2 and the encomiums conferred by those who have visited it during the summer months1 are certainly not exaggerated4 ,nature indeed1 appears to have bestowed her favours with no sparing hand to render it a delightful retreat for the invalid--or those who require a relaxation from the noise and bustle of a city life--and for those who are desirous to prosecute their studies with ease and comfort1 almost amounting to enchantment4 ,the most fastidious could but be pleased with the beauty of the surrounding scenery--with the accommodation provided by enterprising individuals--with the civility and courteous demeanour of its inhabitants1 who from the highest to the lowest grade1 take every possible pains to deserve lasting esteem and friendship4 ,the fishermen too are exceedingly well behaved1 and their looks pourtray a contentment approaching to happiness1 that indicates the labour attending their perilous vocation is rewarded4 ,the village of ,shipden1 with its church dedicated to ,st4 ,peter1 which lay between ,cromer and the sea1 has wholly disappeared4 ,,eccles4 ,eccles by the ,sea1 nine miles east by south of ,north ,walsham1 was a hamlet of the great lordship of ,hasborough or ,happisburgh1 from whence it is about two miles distant4 ,it not only appears fast sinking into oblivion itself1 but also holds a fearful destiny over a large tract of valuable marsh land in the eastern division of the county1 by reason of the inlet it may sooner or later afford to an irruption of the sea4 ,in the reign of ,edward the ,confessor it was held by ,edric1 a ,dane of noble extraction1 afterwards by ,ralph1 ,earl of ,norfolk1 through whom it became forfeited to the ,crown4 ,william the ,conqueror bestowed it upon ,roger ,bigot1 whence it passed successively into the hands of ,william de ,albini1 ancestor of the ,earls of ,arundale1 ,william le ,parker1 and several other noblemen of renown in the annals of chivalry4 ,many curious privileges and customs the lords of the manor derived in those days--for we find in #ccrd of ,edward the #ast1 #acje1 ,william le ,parker was entituled to receive wreck of sea1 lagan1 and resting geld1 customs1 and other profits upon the sea and land1 and of every crew of a ship or boat washing their nets in the said village after ,michaelmas to ,martlemas1 an hundred herrings1 and also a fee for goods1 chattels1 c41 coming to land by sea1 without the help of the said ,william or his servant1 or resting upon the land one day and one night2 and if the said ,william or his men1 c41 immediately after imminent danger1 or after shipwreck1 shall do their endeavour to save such things1 then the said ,william shall have a third part of all such things1 or the value of them1 unless of his good will he will omit something1 but must not be asked4--,among the land customs was the bed gild1 and at every wedding1 noble or ignoble1 the lords of the manor had the privilege of consummating the nuptials of the bride1 or receiving a fee instead4 ,this indecorous system prevailed in some parts of ,scotland not many years since4 ,these arbitrary laws1 enacted in the earlier period of ,england's history1 when ignorance prevailed1 and barbarism allowed the honoured and the wealthy to impose exactions cruel and oppressive1 on those beneath them1 may possibly have in many instances1 from humanity1 been omitted4 ,at all events1 as knowledge advanced1 we find that not only have those which pressed so heavily upon the poor industrious fishermen been cancelled1 but that others have been reduced to an extent compatible with the necessary protection to property exposed to the pilferer1 from lamentable accidents on the coast4 ,and it is highly gratifying to observe1 that until recently no murmur or complaint has been raised against the lords of the manor1 and this is confined to two or three districts1 and arose from the following circumstance3--,from time immemorial1 it appears1 persons have been allowed to take whatever sea-beach materials they required for domestic or other purposes1 without molestation or the exaction of any fee4 ,but the increasing demand induced individuals who were deputed by the lords of the manor to officiate in their stead1 to apply for permission to charge so much per freight or load2 which being granted1 a pretty income has been realized from the hundreds of loads of sand1 stones1 c41 removed annually4--,a curious coincidence1 however1 is connected with it4 ,one of these deputy lords1 a few years since1 observed that the removal of sea-beach materials1 within a given distance of the road or gangway to the beach1 afforded an inlet for the ocean to under mine and remove the foot of the gangway to such an extent1 that an expence was necessarily incurred1 from time to time1 in repairing it1 besides the loss of land on either side of it4 ,he therefore applied for permission to fix up a board in the vicinity1 on which was printed-- 8,by order of the ,magistrates4 8,notice is hereby given--,should any person or persons take away or remove any sand near the gangway and foot of the cliffs1 he or they shall be prosecuted1 and upon conviction1 shall suffer the extreme penalty of the law40 ,but strange to relate1 no sooner did the deputy lord receive permission to dispose of the sea-beach materials1 than the board was taken down1 and individuals are permitted to take them away1 if not in the immediate vicinity of the gangway1 at least at the foot or base of the cliffs4 ,every remaining vestige of ,eccles denotes antiquity4 ,ancient stone walls have been exposed within the last three years by the action of the sea1 removing lofty sand hills1 and the peasantry have picked up silver and copper coins of great antiquity4 ,but a still stronger evidence of a remote period may be traced in the wells constructed with large unburned bricks1 formed in a mould wider at one end than at the other1 to adapt them to the true circumference of the well itself4 ,it is quite clear the wells had been filled up with earth1 and ceased to be used before the abandonment of the place1 since near to every one of them is a stone well1 built with mortar1 similar to the churches1 which possibly denotes the first step towards civilization in this country4 ,it formerly contained two thousand acres of land1 but so wasted by the incursion of the ,german ,ocean1 that the inhabitants1 in their petition for a reduction of taxes1 in the reign of ,james the #ast1 complained they had then only fourteen houses and three hundred acres of land4 ,the whole now comprises a few cottages1 with the church tower1 and one hundred and fifty acres of land4 ,the church was dedicated to ,st4 ,mary4 ,history informs us1 that the parish of ,whimpnell1 formerly situated between ,hasborough and ,eccles1 has been entirely removed by the sea4 ,,hasborough4 ,hasborough1 denominated also ,happisburgh1 situated seven miles south-east of ,north ,walsham1 is a considerable village1 containing a church dedicated to ,st4 ,mary4 ,its steeple1 #aaj feet in height1 stands on an elevated point of land1 and is extremely useful to the mariner as a land-mark4 ,in former days a large wooden cross presented itself a considerable height above and from the centre of the steeple1 which rendered it still more conspicuous1 and prior to #ahah it became so decayed1 that it was blown down4 ,the inhabitants erected another in its stead1 which1 during a heavy tempest in #ahbb1 unfortunately served as a conductor for the electric fluid1 which demolished it1 and also a large portion of the south-east buttress2 the latter fell upon and passed through the roof of the church1 on to the aile beneath4 ,on this occasion the electric fluid set fire to the church1 and had not the promptest measures been resorted to1 it must have been destroyed4 ,here also was erected1 in #agia1 two light-houses1 the one a hundred and the other eighty feet high4 ,the upper part of each terminates in a dome2 immediately beneath is the lantern1 and on the outside a platform1 surrounded with iron palisading1 whose verge consists of a flat piece of the same material4 ,some years since1 an unfortunate individual1 subject to mental aberration1 while in an extremely excited state1 walked on the top or rim of the palisading1 round one of the lights4 ,this feat he safely accomplished1 and extraordinary to relate1 it had the desirable effect to render him calm and collected for several years4 ,a lover of the picturesque would be amply repaid for the trouble taken to reach the platform1 which1 as before observed1 describes a circle1 the one half presenting1 on a clear day1 a beautiful marine view1 the other a splendid landscape4 ,in the former1 the ocean1 as far as the eye can reach1 exhibits a vast expanse of troubled water1 imparting sound which murmurs discontent4 ,its bosom too1 after northerly and north-easterly winds1 is frequently bedecked with vessels bound to some distant port1 and from their being so numerous1 so variable in size and form1 and gliding so near the shore1 they produce a beautiful panorama1 not surpassed on any other part of the coast4 ,from the latter is seen in the distance1 the spire of ,norwich ,cathedral1 ,cromer and ,winterton light-houses4 ,the intermediate space presenting pretty scenery of hill and dale1 with here and there a mansion surrounded with plantations4 ,the spires of the village churches too are numerous and conspicuous1 and the ruins of antiquated buildings1 especially the ,priory of ,broomholme1 at ,bacton1 is a picture in itself inviting our thoughts to roam to by-gone times4--,the lands divided with fences1 neat and trim1 and the fields1 exhibit1 during the summer months1 the various colours of the ripening corn4 ,farm-houses located at uncertain distances1 and the humble cottages of the industrious poor1 present at once a coup-d'il of the blessings conferred on industry and enterprize4 ,to the ,geologist and the ,antiquarian a fine field for research1 and a glorious treat1 is afforded them4 ,within a short distance to the northward are lofty cliffs1 containing in the different strata1 relics of animals2 some similar to those in the present day2 others that never existed in the memory of the oldest historian2 and those which now exist only in the torrid zone4 ,the shells of fish that only inhabit rivers whose waters have departed to other channels1 whose beds have been covered up probably for ages1 while the trunks of trees1 and stumps1 with their strong roots extended1 are frequently exposed after strong gales of wind4 ,to the southward is old ,eccles steeple1 ready to be snatched into the briny ocean2 at its foot1 towards the sea1 is the remaining portion of the sacred edifice1 with other foundations1 indicating where once had existed the humming noise of human beings1 exercising their vocation for individual and collective benefit4 ,on either side of the old steeple are capacious banks1 where the marram grows spontaneously1 whose long tufts conceal the wily rabbit and the timid hare4 ,here the weary may rest2 the contemplative picture to himself scenes that are past1 present1 and to come4 ,here pic-nic parties1 merry meetings1 the young and old1 may partake of a delightful recreation1 which a wonderful yet beautiful world presents2 containing the fountain from whence all ,philosophy springs and ends1 and embracing the evidence of an ,infinite ,being1 in the grandeur and magnificence of ,creation4 ,,horsey4 ,horsey next the ,sea must have been formerly one of the most uninviting hamlets ever beheld4 ,it lies between ,waxham and ,winterton1 and is eleven miles north by west of ,yarmouth4 ,its lonely situation1 its containing a large lake1 called ,horsey mere1 and intersected with ditches of stagnant water1 cannot render it even now prepossessing4 ,and were it not for its complete exposure to wind from every quarter1 it probably would be very unhealthy4--,such a singular aspect did it assume some years since1 that an early historian1 alluding to ,horsey1 recommended it to the notice of government1 as being peculiarly adapted for prisoners of war1 especially the ,french2 observing they could be retained there readily1 as there was only one road to it2 and its growing roots in abundance1 besides an innumerable quantity of frogs1 the expense for maintaining them would be inconsiderable4 ,the present proprietor's highly respected ancestor1 about fifty years since1 purchased the manor1 when it was of little value1 being generally flooded1 and having expended a considerable sum of money in draining the marshes1 repairing the sea-bank1 and making a road to ,somerton1 an adjoining village leading to ,yarmouth1 has rendered it one of the most fertile estates in the county4 ,on the sea-bank within the bounds of this parish is ,little ,waxham1 a manor of #afj acres2 but the village1 and its church dedicated to ,st4 ,margaret1 were swept away by the ocean many years ago4 ,,keswic4 ,keswic or ,casewic1 situated to the east of ,bacton1 appears to have been part of the manor1 and extended to this place and ,broomholme4 ,in #achb1 the church1 dedicated to ,st4 ,clement1 was standing1 and when it became deserted cannot be determined4 ,extensive ruins remained for several years1 which were taken down on the day of the coronation of ,george the ,third and ,queen ,charlotte1 with the exception of a small portion1 now forming walls to two or three cottages4 ,a considerable part of the village is now in the sea from the falling of the cliffs4 ,,mundesley4 ,mundesley is a pleasant village1 situated about five miles north by east of ,north ,walsham1 and has considerably improved during the last few years1 but1 similarly to ,bacton1 to which it is annexed1 is continually wasting by the sea4 ,a villa erected by ,f4 ,wheatley1 ,esq41 commands a beautiful marine view1 but to preserve it from the rapacity of the ocean1 upwards of three thousand pounds have been expended4 ,,palling4 ,palling next the ,sea lies between ,eccles and ,waxham1 and is about twenty miles north-east of ,norwich4 ,it is celebrated in ancient records as being the residence of ,godwin1 ,earl of ,kent1 in the reign of ,edward the ,confessor4 ,william the ,conqueror afterwards seized on it1 and at the grand survey1 ,godric was bailiff or steward of it for that king4 ,within the last few months1 the sea has removed the beach at low water mark1 and exposed the strata beneath its surface4 ,in it are the remains of the trunks and roots of trees2 the former broken off from three to four feet above the strata1 while around lie the remaining portions consisting of the branches1 leaves1 c41 but very much compressed4 ,the bark of the beech is very distinct1 but the oak1 and especially the red fir1 are in the best state of preservation4 ,the wood of the latter has evidently undergone considerable chemical change1 for the ligneous or fibrous part is very perfect1 but its resinous properties are absent1 consequently the wood when dried1 is much lighter1 and smells strongly of sulphur4 ,it is impossible to ascertain how long the trees have been covered up1 but probably some centuries4 ,,trimingham4 ,trimingham is situated on the tall cliffs between ,mundesley and ,cromer1 and five miles north by east of ,north ,walsham4 ,like the former1 it has been subject to the encroachments of the ocean for a series of years1 and is now reduced to a small village4 ,the church stands on the highest point of the cliffs2 and history relates that its ancient priests professed to have the head of ,st4 ,john the ,baptist4 ,pilgrims came a long distance with great offerings1 and thus became the dupes of superstition and deceit4 ,,waxham4 ,waxham lies on the coast between ,palling and ,horsey1 and is about fourteen miles north-west of ,yarmouth4 ,this parish was formerly much more extensive1 and although it has not been encroached upon for some years1 yet the sand hills appear evidently inclined to recede4 ,the church1 dedicated to ,st4 ,john1 exhibits considerable dilapidation1 the chancel end being quite in ruins4 ,in the church-yard lies interred the remains of the unfortunate mate of the ,hunter cutter4 ,,wells4 ,wells next the sea is situated five miles north by west of ,walsingham1 and #cb miles north-west of ,norwich4 ,it possesses a tolerably good harbour and several neat buildings1 but its streets are very irregular4 ,the church1 dedicated to ,st4 ,nicholas1 is a neat edifice1 with a square tower4 ,on ,july #aeth1 #ahag1 a gale of wind from the north produced so high a tide1 that the marshes near ,wells became inundated4 ,,winterton4 ,winterton is an ancient village1 annexed to ,horsey on the south1 and within eight miles north by west of ,yarmouth4 ,it is sheltered on the north-east by a bold promontory called ,winterton-,ness1 and well known to the mariner as the most fatal headland between ,scotland and ,london4 ,the church1 dedicated to the ,holy ,trinity and ,all ,saints1 possesses a fine tower1 #aah feet in height1 which commands an extensive view of the ocean4 ,on the #bgth of ,december1 #affe1 a tremendous high tide caused such alarming breaches in the sand hills at ,winterton1 ,horsey1 and ,waxham1 as to threaten destruction to all the valuable marsh land from thence to ,yarmouth1 ,beccles1 c4 ,,yarmouth1 ,frequently termed ,great ,yarmouth1 is the principal sea-port town in ,norfolk1 and #abc miles distant ,n4,e4 of ,london4 ,it stands on the east bank of the river ,yare 7from whence it takes its name71 at its confluence with the ,bure1 about two miles from the mouth of the haven1 which is very extensive and commodious4--,from the appearance of the country1 and an ancient chart1 supposed to have been drawn about ,a4,d4 #ajjj1 it is evident that a broad and extensive estuary divided this part of the eastern coast1 not only in the time of its most ancient inhabitants1 but for a long period after the ,saxon ,conquest1 extending its waters westward to the city of ,norwich1 northward to ,caistor1 ,reedham1 ,herringby1 and ,strumpshaw1 and southward to ,gorleston1 ,burgh1 ,bungay1 ,harleston1 and ,haddiscoe4 ,this large arm of the ocean forming the grand receptacle of all the eastern waters of ,norfolk 7as it still continues under the circumscribed form of the ,yare71 began to disappear after the fifth century1 when the sand collecting at its entrance1 was1 by the action of the waters1 gradually formed into an island1 which ultimately extended itself to the main land1 and became the peninsula on which ,yarmouth is founded4 ,several successive disappointments1 and an immense outlay of capital in endeavouring to erect substantial havens for the guidance of the river waters into the sea1 had been experienced1 and at length finally accomplished by the erection of those beautiful piers and noble jetty4 ,in #aebh the work was commenced1 and on the #bnd day of ,march1 #aeei1 men1 women1 and children1 to the number of one thousand1 were employed1 and succeeded1 in the short space of two days1 in causing the water to issue forth into the sea1 leaving a depth of ten feet at ebb tide4 ,in #aefg1 the water forced a passage down the old channel1 towards the village of ,corton4 ,after this disaster1 a celebrated ,dutch engineer was employed1 who commenced his operations by driving and hedging down large stakes and piles1 to make a firm substantial foundation2 this was first done on the north and afterwards on the south side of the entrance1 for the purpose of forcing the ebbing of the tide to run out by a north-east channel4 ,the next step was the erecting of piers for preventing the haven from overflowing1 and preserving1 at all times of the tide1 a sufficient depth of water for ships to float at their moorings4 ,the jurisdiction of the haven includes that part of the sea called ,yarmouth roads1 extending northward to ,scratby1 and southward to ,corton1 in ,suffolk4 ,,inundations1 ,,shipwrecks1 c4 ,in #abhg1 ,st4 ,nicholas' ,church was completely inundated by the sea1 during a tremendous flood1 that did incredible damage to the town1 the greater part of which was under water4 ,in #aeed1 fifty sail of vessels was lost in one day and night1 and the crews perished4 ,in #afib1 a fleet of two hundred sail of colliers1 having left the roads with a fair wind1 were suddenly assailed by a tremendous gale from the north-east4 ,after they had passed ,winterton-ness1 some of them tacked and arrived back safe in the roads2 the remainder pushed out to sea1 but were unable1 through its violence1 to clear the ,ness to the southward4 ,the night was exceedingly dark1 and missing the lights1 few could find their way2 some rode out at a distance2 but the rest1 amounting to one hundred and forty sail1 were driven ashore1 completely wrecked1 and scarcely any of the crews saved4 ,at the same unfortunate juncture1 a number of coasting vessels1 laden with grain1 bound to ,holland1 from ,lynn and ,wells1 having just left the roads1 experienced the same disaster2 so that in the whole more than two hundred vessels and one thousand people were lost in twenty-four hours4 ,if vessels leaving ,flamborough ,head1 proceed southward1 and meet with a heavy gale from any point between north-east and south-east2 or if leaving the ,yarmouth roads1 proceeding to the northward1 they are retarded by the wind blowing hard from the north-east1 so that they cannot weather ,winterton-ness1 they become embayed1 and the only chance for safety is to run for the ,lynn ,deeps1 in attempting which they are in danger of foundering on the rocks near ,cromer1 or stranding on the flat shores between ,cromer and ,wells4 ,in #agij1 seventy sail of ships met with a similar fate1 and also their crews4 ,in #agia1 a raging tide inundated the denes and the meadows to such a depth1 that boats rowed on ,southtown turnpike4 ,in #ahje1 a tremendous storm at sea occurred1 accompanied by a raging tide1 which nearly destroyed the old jetty4 ,in #ahbe1 a destructive tide ensued1 which did much damage to the town4 ,the water flowed nearly to the doors of some of the houses on the quays4 ,the ,southtown road was completely overflowed and rendered impassable1 the lower apartments in several houses on the west side were under water1 and much corn1 grain1 and other merchandize in the store-houses spoiled4 ,to do ample justice to the highly interesting records associated with this celebrated sea-port town1 would form a volume in itself1 and the ingenuity and embellishments displayed by its inhabitants1 to be properly appreciated ought to be visited1 to form a lasting impression of their industry4 ,situated on a narrow strip of land1 less than a mile in breadth1 and stretching five miles from north to south1 it cannot boast of any pretty inland scenery1 as the country is extremely flat1 but it possesses resources interesting and inviting to the stranger4 ,its harbour is excellently situated for affording shelter for vessels unable to contend against contrary winds4 ,its extensive traffic in coal and corn1 and above all the celebrity it has attained for its herring and mackerel fisheries1 must ever render it a place of the greatest importance4 ,as a watering-place its merits must not be forgotten4 ,splendid edifices and admirable accommodation have been provided near the sea-shore1 enabling its visitors to partake of 8delightful breezes to their hearts' content10 or to mingle with the gaieties of a city life4 ,as a naval station during the late war1 it proved highly advantageous2 and in accordance with that circumstance1 a beautiful ,monumental ,pillar was erected on the south ,denes1 about a mile from the town1 to the memory of the gallant ,nelson4 ,it is of ,grecian ,doric order1 elegantly fluted1 and one hundred and forty-four feet in height1 ascended by an easy flight of steps4 ,upon the plinth are the names of the four ships1 8,vanguard1 ,captain1 ,elephant1 and ,victory10 on board which the heroic ,admiral's flag was so valorously displayed2 and on the coping of the terrace are inscribed the names of the four principal battles--8,aboukir1 ,st4 ,vincent1 ,copenhagen1 and ,trafalgar40 ,on each of the four sides of the pedestal is a flight of steps leading to the terrace1 which affords a promenade round the shaft4 ,the roof is supported by ,caryatides1 surrounded by a ball1 and a figure of ,britannia1 admirably cast1 holding in her hand a trident and a laurel wreath4 ,on the west side is a very elegant ,latin inscription1 from the pen of a ,norfolk ,gentleman1 of which the following is a translation3-- ,,horatio ,,lord ,,nelson1 ,whom1 as her first and proudest champion in naval fights1 ,britain honoured1 while living1 with her favour1 and1 when lost1 with her tears2 ,of whom1 signalized by his triumphs in all lands1 the whole earth stood in awe on account of the tempered firmness of his counsels1 and the undaunted ardour of his courage2 ,this great man ,,norfolk ,boasts her own1 not only as born there of a respectable family1 ,and as there having received his early education1 ,but her own also in talents1 manners1 and mind1 ,the glory of so great a name though sure long to ,outlive all monuments of brass and stone1 ,his fellow-countrymen of ,norfolk have resolved to commemorate ,by this column1 erected by their joint contributions4 ,he was born in the year #ageh2 ,entered on his ,profession in #agga2 ,and was concerned in nearly #aej ,naval ,engagements with the enemy4 ,being ,conqueror1 among various other occasions1 ,at ,aboukir1 ,august1 #agih2 ,at ,copenhagen1 ,april1 #ahja2 ,and at ,trafalgar1 ,october1 #ahje3 ,which last ,victory1 the crown of so many glorious achievements1 ,he consecrated by a death1 equally mournful to his country1 ,and honourable to himself4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,finis4 ,,list ,,of ,,subscribers4 ,the ,right ,honourable ,lord ,,wodehouse1 the ,lord ,lieutenant for the ,county of ,norfolk4 ,the ,right ,honourable ,lady ,,wodehouse4 ,the ,honourable ,miss ,,wodehouse4 ,the ,right ,reverend ,dr4 ,,stanley1 ,lord ,bishop of ,norwich1 ,president of the ,geological and ,linnean ,societies4 ,the ,most ,honourable the ,marquis of ,,douro1 ,m4,p4 ,the ,most ,honourable the ,marquis of ,,cholmondeley4 ,the ,right ,honourable the ,earl of ,,stradbroke1 ,lord ,lieutenant for the ,county of ,suffolk4 ,the ,right ,honourable the ,countess of ,,stradbroke4 ,the ,right ,honourable the ,earl of ,,leicester4 ,the ,right ,honourable and ,reverend ,lord ,,bayning4 ,the ,right ,honourable ,lord ,,sondes4 ,the ,right ,honourable ,lord ,,walsingham4 ,the ,right ,honourable ,lord ,,beresford4 ,the ,right ,honourable ,lord ,,charles ,,townshend4 ,the ,right ,honourable ,lord ,,stafford4 ,the ,right ,honourable ,lord ,,sandon1 ,m4,p4 ,the ,right ,honourable ,lord ,,henniker1 ,m4,p4 ,the ,right ,honourable ,lord ,,rendlesham1 ,m4,p4 ,the ,honourable and ,very ,reverend ,,george ,,pellew1 ,d4,d41 ,dean of ,norwich4 ,the ,honourable and ,reverend ,,frederick ,,de ,,grey4 ,the ,honourable ,captain ,,edward ,,thornton ,,wodehouse1 ,r4,n4 ,the ,honourable ,w4 ,r4 ,,rous4 ,the ,honourable ,mrs4 ,,rous4 ,the ,reverend ,dr4 ,,buckland1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,professor of ,mineralogy and ,geology in the ,university of ,oxford4 ,the ,reverend ,,adam ,,sedgwick1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,woodwardian ,professor to the ,university of ,cambridge4 ,r4 ,,murchison1 ,esq4 ,president of the ,royal ,geographical ,society4 ,,charles ,,lyell1 ,esq4 ,f4,r4,s4 ,vice-,president of the ,geological ,society4 ,general ,,grosvenor4 ,lieutenant ,general ,sir ,,edward ,,kerrison1 ,m4,p4 ,lieutenant ,colonel ,,robert ,,rushbrooke1 ,m4,p4 ,r4 ,,sanderson1 ,esq4 ,m4,p4 ,the ,honourable ,mrs4 ,,sanderson4 ,,edmond ,,wodehouse1 ,esq4 ,m4,p4 ,w4 ,l4 ,w4 ,,chute1 ,esq4 ,m4,p4 ,,henry ,,negus ,,burroughes1 ,esq4 ,m4,p4 ,,william ,,wilshere1 ,esq4 ,m4,p4 ,,benjamin ,,smith1 ,esq4 ,m4,p4 ,major ,,william ,,beresford1 ,c4,b41 ,m4,p4 ,sir ,,robert ,j4 ,,harvey4 ,lady ,,harvey4 ,sir ,,john ,p4 ,,boileau1 ,bart4 ,sir ,,james ,,clark1 ,bart4 ,m4,d4 ,sir ,,charles ,,mansfield ,,clarke1 ,bart4 ,m4,d4 ,sir ,t4 ,f4 ,,buxton1 ,bart4 ,sir ,,jacob ,,preston1 ,bart4 ,sir ,w4 ,j4 ,h4 ,b4 ,,folkes1 ,bart4 ,sir ,,william ,,foster1 ,bart4 ,sir ,,robert ,,shafto ,,adair1 ,bart4 ,sir ,t4 ,s4 ,,gooch1 ,bart4 ,sir ,t4 ,s4 ,,dickens1 ,k4,c4,h4 ,admiral ,sir ,,george ,,parker1 ,k4,c4,b4 ,sir ,,henry ,,pelly1 ,k4,c4,b4 ,j4 ,,petre1 ,esq4 ,the ,honourable ,mrs4 ,,petre4 ,a ,adair ,a4 ,s41 ,esq41 ,flixton1 ,suffolk ,adams ,rev4 ,richard1 ,edingthorpe ,alexander ,rev4 ,john1 ,norwich ,alexander ,captain1 ,twickenham ,ames ,mr41 ,ingham ,amis ,edward1 ,esq41 ,heigham ,anderson ,mr41 ,hasborough ,armes ,miss1 ,sutton ,atkinson ,rev4 ,henry1 ,bacton ,atkinson ,mrs41 ,bacton ,atkinson ,charles1 ,esq41 ,knapton ,atkinson ,roberts1 ,esq41 ,walcot ,aufrere ,miss1 ,norwich ,aufrere ,rev4 ,george1 ,ridlington ,aufrere ,rev4 ,p4 ,du ,val1 ,scarning ,austrin ,miss1 ,norwich ,b ,bagge ,edward1 ,esq41 ,lynn ,baker ,robert1 ,esq41 ,north ,walsham ,baker ,mr4 ,william1 ,stalham ,bane ,miss1 ,east ,ruston ,barber ,william1 ,esq41 ,sutton ,barber ,mr41 ,hickling ,barcham ,wm41 ,esq41 ,lower ,sherringham ,barne ,fred41 ,esq41 ,dunwich1 ,kent ,bathurst ,rev4 ,walter1 ,ludham ,beckwith ,a4 ,a4 ,h41 ,esq41 ,norwich ,bell ,richard1 ,esq41 ,gorleston ,bell ,thos41 ,esq41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,london ,betts ,mr4 ,john1 sen41 ,hasborough ,bickersteth ,john1 ,esq41 ,m4,d41 ,liverpool ,bidwell ,henry1 ,esq41 ,north ,walsham ,bignold ,samuel1 ,esq41 ,norwich ,bilham ,mr41 ,stalham ,birch ,rev4 ,charles1 ,hasborough ,birkbeck ,henry1 ,esq41 ,norwich ,blakelock ,rev4 ,r41 ,gimingham ,blyth ,mr41 ,north ,walsham ,bolton ,rev4 ,h41 ,great ,ormesby ,bond ,mrs41 ,bacton ,borrett ,james1 ,esq41 ,m4,d41 ,great ,yarmouth ,bourne ,william1 ,esq41 ,stalham ,bower ,william1 ,esq41 ,heigham ,brightwen ,thomas1 ,esq41 ,great ,yarmouth ,brightwen ,john1 ,esq41 ,great ,yarmouth ,brown ,john1 ,esq41 ,stanway1 ,essex ,bulman ,mr41 ,hasborough ,bulwer ,w4 ,e4 ,l41 ,esq41 ,heydon-hall ,burrows ,rev4 ,h4 ,n41 ,great ,yarmouth ,c ,cannon ,mr41 ,bacton ,cater ,wm41 ,esq41 ,waxham ,cato ,mr41 ,hasborough ,clark ,mrs41 ,ludham ,clarke ,rev4 ,w4 ,h41 ,great ,yarmouth ,clarke ,mr41 ,bacton ,clarke ,mr41 ,hasborough ,clements ,mr41 ,lessingham ,clowes ,wm41 ,esq41 ,stalham ,clowes ,john1 ,esq41 ,great ,ormesby ,clutterbuck ,henry1 ,esq41 ,m4 ,d41 ,london ,cobbold ,n4 ,r41 ,esq41 ,saxmundham ,coleby ,john1 ,esq41 ,north ,walsham ,coleby ,chas41 ,esq41 ,north ,walsham ,colk ,wm41 ,esq41 ,north ,walsham ,colk ,mr41 ,ridlington ,colk ,mr4 ,john1 ,scottow ,collins ,john1 ,esq41 ,bacton ,collyer ,rev4 ,dr41 ,peckham ,comyn ,rev4 ,h4 ,n41 ,brunstead ,conquest ,j4 ,t41 ,esq41 ,m4,d41 ,london ,cook ,robert1 ,esq41 ,stalham ,cook ,wm41 ,esq41 ,stalham ,cook ,rev4 ,s41 ,knapton ,cook ,lieut4 ,thos41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,croydon1 ,surrey ,cook ,mr41 ,forncett ,st4 ,peter's ,copeman ,edward1 ,esq41 ,coltishall ,cooper ,bransby1 ,esq41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,london ,cory ,mr41 ,stalham ,cotterill ,rev4 ,james1 ,blakeney ,coulson ,wm41 ,esq41 ,london ,cresswell ,fras41 ,esq41 ,king's ,lynn ,crosse ,j4 ,g41 ,esq41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,norwich ,crowe ,wm41 ,esq41 ,catfield ,crowe ,mr41 ,ashmanhaugh ,crowe ,mr41 ,sutton ,cubitt ,rev4 ,benjamin1 ,sloley ,cubitt ,mrs41 ,southrepps ,cubitt ,benjamin1 ,esq41 ,lessingham ,cubitt ,thomas1 ,esq41 ,bacton ,cubitt ,mr4 ,william1 ,bacton ,cubitt ,mr4 ,john1 ,bacton ,cubitt ,mr4 ,thomas1 ,witton ,cubitt ,mr4 ,thomas1 ,ridlington ,cubitt ,mr4 ,robert1 ,ridlington ,cubitt ,mr4 ,tuthill1 ,waxham ,culley ,mr4 ,r41 ,bacton ,culley ,mr41 ,stalham ,cunningham ,rev4 ,f41 ,lowestoft ,d ,dalrymple ,archibald1 ,esq41 ,norwich ,day ,rev4 ,chas41 ,norwich ,deacle ,rev4 ,h41 ,coltishall ,dibol ,mrs41 ,ridlington ,dix ,rev4 ,thos41 ,irstead ,dix ,john1 ,esq41 ,smallburgh ,ducker ,mr41 ,hasborough ,ducker ,miss1 ,hasborough ,durrant ,cubitt1 ,esq41 ,brunstead ,durrell ,mr4 ,john1 ,east ,ruston ,e ,earle ,charles1 ,esq41 ,cromer ,ebbetts ,john1 ,esq41 ,great ,witchingham ,ellis ,lieut4 ,f4 ,w41 ,r4,n41 ,southwold ,evans ,l41 ,esq41 ,m4,d41 ,norwich ,evans ,charles1 ,esq41 ,norwich ,f ,faulke ,mr4 ,james1 ,hasborough ,fauquier ,rev4 ,g4 ,w41 ,bacton ,fauquier ,mrs41 ,bacton ,fenn ,mr4 ,thomas1 ,stalham ,flavell ,rev4 ,john1 ,ridlington ,fletcher ,mr4 ,charles1 ,hasborough ,flowerday ,mr41 ,norwich ,flowerday ,mr41 ,sutton ,foster ,sampson1 ,esq41 ,norwich ,fowler ,rev4 ,f4 ,c41 ,lowestoft ,frarey ,mr41 ,lessingham ,frarey ,mr41 ,hasborough ,frarey ,mr41 jun41 ,hasborough ,freeman ,william1 ,esq41 ,norwich ,freeman ,mr41 ,hasborough ,g ,gaze ,mr4 ,g41 ,honing ,gaze ,mr41 sen41 ,east ,ruston ,gee ,mr41 ,bacton ,geldart ,joseph1 ,esq41 ,norwich ,gibbs ,mr4 ,v41 ,stalham ,gibbs ,mr4 ,g41 ,hickling ,gilman ,c4 ,s41 ,esq41 ,norwich ,girling ,john1 ,esq41 ,bacton ,gooch ,e4 ,s41 ,esq41 ,woodbridge1 ,suffolk ,gooding ,jonathan1 ,esq41 ,f4,g4,s41 ,southwold ,goodwin ,harvey1 ,esq41 ,cromer ,gorham ,richard1 ,esq41 ,alderton1 ,suffolk ,gotts ,mr4 ,john1 ,stalham ,groom ,mr41 ,hasborough ,gurney ,miss1 ,northrepps ,gurney ,r4 ,h41 ,esq41 ,norwich ,gurney ,j4 ,j41 ,esq41 ,norwich ,gurney ,j4 ,h41 ,esq41 ,norwich ,gurney ,danl41 ,esq41 ,north ,runcton ,guthrie ,j4 ,g41 ,esq41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,london ,h ,hall ,mr41 ,norwich ,harbord ,mr4 ,r41 ,walcot ,harris ,lieut4 ,thos41 ,r4,n41 ,palling next the ,sea ,harris ,mr4 ,thos41 ,ashmanhaugh ,harvey ,mr41 ,stalham ,harwich1 the ,council for the ,borough of ,hastings ,mr41 ,catfield ,hawkins ,bissett1 ,esq41 ,m4,d41 ,london ,heath ,mr41 ,hasborough ,heath ,mr41 ,cromer ,henderson ,mr41 ,hasborough ,hewett ,mr41 sen41 ,walcot ,hewett ,mr41 jun41 ,walcot ,hewitt ,rev4 ,john1 ,lessingham ,hewitt ,mr4 ,james1 ,lessingham ,hilton ,john1 ,esq41 ,london ,hoare ,chas41 ,esq41 ,dawlish1 ,devonshire ,hoare ,mrs4 ,hockley ,mr4 ,thos41 ,stalham ,hockley ,mrs4 ,howe ,mr41 ,colchester ,howes ,mr4 ,r41 ,ridlington ,howes ,mr41 ,north ,walsham ,hughes ,mr41 ,lower ,sherringham ,hull ,robert1 ,esq41 ,m4,d41 ,norwich ,huke ,samuel1 ,esq41 ,ludham ,humphrey ,mr41 ,north ,walsham ,hutchinson ,charles1 ,esq41 ,m4,d41 ,norwich ,i ,j ,image ,rev4 ,thos4 ,whepstead1 ,suffolk ,ives ,robert1 ,esq41 ,calthorpe ,jacobson ,rev4 ,thomas1 ,magdalen ,hall1 ,oxford ,jackson ,lieut4 ,thos41 ,r4,n41 ,bacton ,james ,lieut4 ,thomas1 ,r4,n41 ,lyme ,regis1 ,dorsetshire ,jimpson ,mr41 ,sutton ,jocelyn ,james1 ,esq41 ,ipswich ,johnson ,randell1 ,esq41 ,tunstead ,k ,keith ,thomas ,m41 ,esq41 ,norwich ,kemp ,e4 ,c41 ,esq41 ,coltishall ,kendall ,peter1 ,esq41 ,aldeburgh1 ,suffolk ,kennedy ,mr41 ,bacton ,kerrison ,e4 ,c41 ,esq41 ,melbury1 ,dorsetshire ,key ,c4 ,aston1 ,esq41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,london ,kitson ,john1 ,esq41 ,norwich ,l ,lacey ,mr4 ,robert1 ,stalham ,lack ,mr4 ,william1 ,ingham ,lacon ,j4 ,e41 ,esq41 ,yarmouth ,lawes ,j4 ,e41 ,esq41 ,gorleston ,lawrence ,mr41 ,hasborough ,leatherdale ,rev4 ,john1 ,smallburgh ,le-,frank ,mr4 ,thomas1 ,stalham ,le-,frank ,mr4 ,james1 ,stalham ,leggatt ,thomas1 ,esq41 ,worstead ,lewis ,mr41 ,ridlington ,long ,william1 ,esq41 ,saxmundham ,long ,mr41 ,hasborough ,lubbock ,rev4 ,john1 ,scottow ,lubbock ,edward1 ,esq41 ,m4,d41 ,norwich ,lyell ,mr4 ,robert1 ,walcot ,m ,m'c ,farlane ,rev4 ,john1 ,sutton ,mack ,rev4 ,thomas1 ,tunstead ,mack ,john1 ,esq41 ,paston ,mack ,mr4 ,thomas1 ,ludham ,manby ,capt4 ,g4 ,w41 ,r4,n41 ,yarmouth ,mann ,j4 ,r41 ,esq41 ,buxton ,manship ,mr41 ,bacton ,marler ,mr4 ,robert1 ,walcot ,marryat ,captain1 ,r4,n41 ,langham ,marshall ,mr4 ,james1 ,bacton ,marshall ,mr4 ,william1 ,bacton ,mason ,mr41 ,bacton ,mathews ,rev4 ,r4 ,b41 ,hingham ,mathews ,george1 ,esq41 ,ingham ,martin ,mrs41 ,bixley ,hall ,martin ,mrs41 ,stalham ,mattison ,wm41 ,esq41 ,dilham ,mays ,mr4 ,john1 ,sutton ,mead ,edw41 ,esq41 ,north ,walsham ,millard ,rev4 ,c4 ,f41 ,norwich ,millard ,philip1 ,esq41 ,north ,walsham ,mornement ,mr41 ,great ,massingham ,mower ,mr41 ,north ,walsham ,n ,nassau ,frederick1 ,esq41 ,priory1 ,colchester ,nassau ,mrs4 ,neave ,mr4 ,edward1 ,sutton ,newman ,cubitt1 ,esq41 ,brunstead ,nickels ,john1 ,esq41 ,lessingham ,nickels ,mr4 ,james1 ,hasborough ,norman ,john1 ,esq41 ,colchester ,o ,opie ,mrs41 ,norwich ,p ,page ,mr4 ,john1 ,ludham ,page ,mr4 ,cubitt1 ,ludham ,palmer ,f4 ,n41 ,esq41 ,yarmouth ,palmer ,mr41 ,walcot ,parr ,mrs41 ,stalham ,partridge ,miss1 ,norwich ,partridge ,h4 ,s4 ,esq41 ,larlingford ,pestle ,mr4 ,john1 ,stalham ,pilgrim ,p41 ,esq41 ,ingham ,playford ,harley1 ,esq41 ,northrepps ,plummer ,mr4 ,john1 ,east ,ruston ,pope ,mr41 ,north ,walsham ,postle ,john1 ,esq41 ,smallburgh ,postle ,wm41 ,esq41 ,smallburgh ,potter ,mr41 ,norwich ,potter ,mr41 ,edingthorpe ,pratt ,r41 ,esq41 ,norwich ,pratt ,mr4 ,r41 ,yarmouth ,prentice ,john1 ,esq41 ,north ,walsham ,preston ,mr41 ,cromer ,prowett ,rev4 ,wm41 ,catfield ,pull ,mr4 ,john1 ,east ,ruston ,pulling ,capt4 ,john1 ,r4,n41 ,yarmouth ,purdy ,wm41 ,esq41 ,paston ,pye ,mr4 ,william1 ,hasborough ,r ,ready ,rev4 ,henry1 ,palling next the ,sea ,riadore ,evans1 ,esq41 ,london ,riches ,mr41 ,walcot ,rising ,robert1 ,esq41 ,horsey next the ,sea ,rudd ,john1 ,esq41 ,sutton ,rudd ,ash1 ,esq41 ,east ,ruston ,rump ,hugh1 ,esq41 ,wells next the ,sea ,rust ,j4 ,w41 ,esq41 ,cromer ,s ,sandby ,rev4 ,g4 ,o41 ,flixton1 ,suffolk ,sandell ,mr41 ,walcot ,sanford ,mr41 ,cromer ,saunders ,w41 ,esq41 ,great ,yarmouth ,savory ,mr4 ,william1 ,sutton ,scarland ,mr41 ,east ,ruston ,scott ,page ,n41 ,esq41 ,norwich ,sexton ,mr4 ,robert1 ,bacton ,shepheard ,martin1 ,esq41 ,north ,walsham ,shipley ,mr41 ,north ,walsham ,shipley ,mr41 ,waxham ,siely ,andrew1 ,esq41 ,walcot ,siely ,cubitt1 ,esq41 ,north ,walsham ,siely ,mrs41 ,hasborough ,siely ,miss1 ,stalham ,siely ,mr4 ,john1 ,london ,siely ,mr4 ,james1 ,walcot ,siely ,mr4 ,john1 ,hasborough ,siely ,mr4 ,james1 ,hasborough ,siely ,mr4 ,william1 ,lessingham ,silcock ,mr4 ,r4 ,b41 ,stalham ,slipper ,mr4 ,john1 ,stalham ,simons ,mr41 ,cromer ,smith ,capt4 ,spencer1 ,r4,n41 ,great ,yarmouth ,smith ,mr4 ,r41 ,norwich ,smith ,mr4 ,d41 ,stalham ,southgate ,mr41 ,hasborough ,spurdens ,rev4 ,thos41 ,north ,walsham ,squire ,r4 ,d41 ,esq41 ,blackheath1 ,kent ,squire ,mr41 ,knapton ,staff ,mr41 ,hasborough ,stanhaw ,mr41 ,norwich ,stark ,wm41 ,esq41 ,f4,g4,s41 ,norwich ,stevenson and ,matchett ,messrs41 ,norwich ,steward ,rev4 ,g4 ,w41 ,caister ,steward ,charles1 ,esq41 ,lowestoft ,steward ,mr41 ,yarmouth ,steward ,mr41 ,hickling ,stone ,henry1 ,esq41 ,norwich ,storey ,john1 ,esq41 ,barton ,sturgess ,mr4 ,w41 ,bacton ,summers ,chas41 ,esq41 ,surgeon1 ,london ,sunman ,mr41 ,sherringham ,sutton ,s41 ,esq41 ,palling next the ,sea ,t ,tanqueray ,rev4 ,chas41 ,belaugh ,tawke ,arth41 ,esq41 ,m4,d41 ,norwich ,taylor ,shepheard1 ,esq41 ,dilham ,tonna ,lewis ,j4 ,h41 ,esq41 ,london ,trory ,mr4 ,r41 ,stalham ,turner ,dawson1 ,esq41 ,yarmouth ,turner ,mr4 ,joseph1 ,witton ,u ,upcher ,rev4 ,arthur1 ,upper ,sherringham ,upcher ,henry1 ,esq41 ,upper ,sherringham ,v ,vincent ,j4 ,p41 ,esq41 ,london ,vincent ,mr4 ,g41 ,hasborough ,vint ,henry1 ,esq41 ,colchester ,w ,warner ,mr4 ,john1 ,walcot ,warnes ,john1 ,esq41 ,trimingham ,washington ,capt4 ,john1 ,harwich ,watts ,mr4 ,g41 ,catfield ,webb ,john1 ,esq41 ,stalham ,wells ,thomas ,mr41 sen41 ,dilham ,wenn ,mr4 ,wm41 ,smallburgh ,west ,john1 ,esq41 ,stalham ,wentworth ,f4 ,w41 ,esq41 ,barnsley ,whaites ,charles1 ,esq41 ,norwich ,whaites ,john1 ,esq41 ,ingham ,whaites ,robert1 ,esq41 ,ingham ,whall ,mr4 ,r41 ,sutton ,white ,rev4 ,james1 ,stalham ,whittaker ,mr41 ,waxham ,wilemite ,miss1 ,stalham ,wilkins ,rev4 ,edward1 ,hempstead ,wilkinson ,rev4 ,w4 ,f41 ,saxlingham ,wilkinson ,g41 ,esq41 ,north ,walsham ,willis ,mr41 ,stalham ,windham ,capt4 ,henry1 ,r4,n41 ,cromer ,winter ,james1 ,esq41 ,norwich ,wiseman ,mrs41 ,bacton ,wiseman ,mr4 ,john1 ,walcot ,wiseman ,mr41 ,hickling ,wittleton ,mr41 jun41 ,east ,ruston ,wodehouse ,rev4 ,c4 ,n41 ,norwich ,wright ,warner1 ,esq41 ,m4,d41 ,norwich ,wright ,mr4 ,john1 ,london ,wright ,mr41 ,swafield ,y ,youngman ,mr4 ,john1 ,east ,ruston4 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,,entered ,,at ,,stationers' ,,hall4 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,,norwich3 ,,printed ,,by ,,stevenson ,,and ,,matchett1 ,,market-,,place4 ,,additional ,,subscribers4 ,his ,grace the ,duke of ,norfolk4 ,the ,right ,reverend ,dr4 ,allen1 ,lord ,bishop of ,ely4 ,sir ,henry ,pelly1 ,k4,c4,b41 ,trinity ,house1 ,london4 ,j4 ,f4 ,leathes1 ,esq41 ,herringfleet ,hall4 ,robert ,lee1 ,esq41 ,m4,d41 ,london4 ,f4 ,h4 ,ramadge1 ,esq41 ,m4,d41 ,london4 ,w4 ,beattie1 ,esq41 ,m4,d41 ,hampstead4 ,,errata ,,and ,,addenda4 ,page #dc1 line #aj1 instead of northward1 read eastward4 #aji line #ag1 instead of southward1 read westward4 ,page #ec4 ,observations in addition to line #bj3--,wind blowing from the east produces these effects to a greater extent than from the north-east1 and wind blowing from the south-east causes the sand on the sea-shore to be extremely loose and porous1 while the north wind renders the sand firm1 solid1 and compact4 ,page #fh1 line #ah1 read two hundred and ten1 instead of one hundred and sixty4 ,page #ga1 line #ae1 read from the north-west to the south-east4 ,page #he1 line #ag1 read hath instead of have4 ,plate the second 7opposite p4 #ga1 chap4 x471 conveys only a slight idea of the ,author's plan1 but illustrates the proposed elevation of the beach4 ,,footnotes4 #e ,the ,author may probably1 on a future occasion1 communicate all the circumstances connected with the above1 as they will afford an amusing1 interesting1 and instructive lesson1 corroborating the testimony of the ,poet1 8,from little causes great effects arise40 #aa ,see ,goldsmith's ,history of the ,earth and ,animated ,nature1 vol4 #a1 p4 #adf4 #ab;a ,see ,goldsmith's ,history of the ,earth and ,animated ,nature1 vol4 #a1 p4 #adf4 #ab;b ,ibid4 p4 #adi #ac;a ,vide ,goldsmith's ,history of the ,earth and ,animated ,nature1 vol4 #a1 p4 #adi4 #ac;b ,upon this coast the swells continue greater three days after the new and full moon than when the latter is in her meridian4 #ad;a ,see ,carey's ,astronomy1 p4 #acg4 #ad;b ,ibid4 #ad;c ,ibid4 #ae;a ,see ,carey's ,astronomy1 p4 #acg4 #ae;b ,ibid4 #af;a ,see ,lyell's ,geology1 vol4 #b1 p4 #be4 #af;b ,ibid4 #af;c ,see ,goldsmith's ,history of the ,earth and ,animated ,nature1 vol4 #a1 p4 #aej4 #ag ,see ,lyell's ,geology1 vol4 #b1 p4 #ah4 #ai ,vide ,goldsmith's ,history of the ,earth and ,animated ,nature1 vol4 #a1 p4 #aea4 #bc ,see ,lyell's ,geology1 vol4 #b1 p4 #cd4 #bd;a ,treatise on ,astronomy4 #bd;b ,lyell's ,geology1 vol4 #b1 p4 #cf4 #be ,see ,lyell's ,geology1 vol4 #b1 p4 #bd4 #bf ,rennell on ,currents1 p4 #eh4 #bh ,see ,lyell's ,geology1 vol4 #b1 p4 #cg4 #bi ,see ,newton's ,optics1 p4 #afc-afg4 #cb ,the tide flows along this coast from north to south1 and ebbs south-east1 but exhibits great variation in different places2 thus in the ,lynn ,deeps the tide flows south and ebbs north-east4 #cc;a ,see ,appendix4 #cc;b ,ibid4 #cd;a ,see ,appendix4 #cd;b ,ibid4 #cd;c ,ibid4 #cd;d ,ibid4 #cd;e ,ibid4 #cd;f ,ibid4 #cd;g ,ibid4 #cd;h ,ibid4 #ce;a ,see ,appendix4 #ce;b ,ibid4 #cf ,stevenson on the ,bed of the ,german ,ocean or ,north ,sea4--,ed4 ,phil4 ,journ4 ,no4 v4 p4 #dd4 #ahbj4 #cg;a ,the ,dogger ,sands1 in the ,north ,sea1 lie in the direction of a line drawn from ,scarborough1 in ,yorkshire1 to the coast of ,jutland1 terminating within fifty miles of the latter place4--,on the #eth of ,august1 #agha1 an obstinate engagement took place immediately off this ,bank1 between the ,english and ,dutch ,fleets4 #cg;b ,ed4 ,phil4 ,journ4 ,no4 v4 page #dd4 #ahbj4--,stevenson on the ,bed of the ,german ,ocean or ,north ,sea4 #cg;c ,ibid4 #ch;a ,button1 vol4 vi4 p4 #dbd4 #ch;b ,goldsmith's ,history of the ,earth and ,animated ,nature1 vol4 #a1 p4 #afa4 #ci ,see ,appendix4 #dj;a ,see ,appendix4 #dj;b ,lyell's ,geology1 vol4 #b1 p4 #ed4 #da ,the term shallow is applied by the ,author to any hollow or cavity which may occur in the beach1 and frequently designated a low or cane4 #db;a ,groins are formed of piles and wooden planks1 or of faggots staked down1 and they are used either to break the force of the waves1 or to retain the beach4 #db;b ,see ,appendix4 #dc;a ,see ,appendix4 #dc;b ,ibid4 #dd ,this was observed by the ,author in ,june1 #ahdd4 #de;a ,taylor's ,geology of ,east ,norfolk1 p4 #aj4 #de;b ,ibid4 #de;c ,see ,appendix4 #dg ,see ,appendix4 #dh;a ,communicated to the ,author by ,j4 ,brown1 ,esq41 ,f4,g4,s4 #dh;b ,see ,appendix4 #dh;c ,ibid4 #dh;d ,ibid4 #di;a ,see ,lyell's ,geology1 vol4 #c1 p4 #cch4 #di;b ,this vessel rests on her starboard side1 and part of her ribs are visible on the ebbing of the tide in calm weather4 ,every soul on board met with a watery grave2 and since that period the ,ranger cutter foundered in a heavy gale on the outermost bank1 and went to pieces1 about a quarter of a mile to the south-east of the same gap1 and every person on board experienced a similar fate4 #ej;a ,these sand hills are composed of dry sand1 bound in a compact mass by the long creeping roots of the plant called ,marram 7,arundo ,arenaria72 and such is the present set of the tides1 that the harbours of ,cley1 ,wells1 and other places1 are securely defended by these barriers4 #ej;b ,see ,appendix4 #ej;c ,ibid4 #ej;d ,ibid4 #ee ,the knowledge of the different strata composing the cliffs is derived from an interesting publication by the ,rev4 ,c4 ,green1 ,minister of ,bacton ,chapel1 entitled the ,history1 ,antiquities1 and ,geology of ,bacton1 in ,norfolk1 published in #ahdb4 ,the indefatigable and learned ,author being about to publish a work upon the ,geology of ,norfolk generally1 with an account of the ,fossils1 ,bones1 c41 deposited in its different strata1 the minute details of their stratification has been avoided1 as considered unnecessary for this publication4 #fg ,this valuable variety of grass would1 the author thinks1 become more serviceable1 if1 on attaining its full growth1 known by the ears containing the seed being ripe1 it were mown down4 ,the advantage derivable would cause the blades to spring up much thicker than they now do1 and the seed being threshed1 might be sown in any locality requiring its presence2 and it evidently appears to be the easiest and most certain method to propagate it4 #gj ,it is scarcely necessary to observe1 until the legitimate beach is formed1 stones1 sand1 c41 must not be taken away1 and afterwards only with discrimination4--,see ,appendix4 ,eccles4 #ga ,examples observable at ,eccles1 the cliffs opposite the lower ,lighthouse at ,hasborough1 off the high lands ,hasborough1 ,ostend ,point1 ,walcot1 a point off a remnant of the parish of ,keswick1 off the ,watch-house1 ,bacton1 ,cox's ,point1 ,mundsley1 ,trimingham1 ,cromer1 c41 in some instances scarcely ever any sea-beach materials accumulate1 and the water reaches the cliffs at half-tide1 especially upon the springs4 #gd ,loudon1 in his ,encyclopdia of gardening1 informs us1 the ,pinus ,sylvestris1 commonly but erroneously termed ,scotch fir1 can be obtained much cheaper1 and of a better quality1 in ,scotland than in ,england4 ,it appears the soil is more congenial1 particularly in some districts1 where the wood equals in texture that grown in ,america4 #aji ,in this e,book the errata have been applied4--,,dp4