,thursday1 ,novemb4 #i4 #afga4 ,at a ,meeting of the ,council of the ,r4 ,society4 ,ordered1 ,that the ,discourse presented to the ,r4 ,society1 ,entitul'd1 ,the ,anatomy of ,vegetables begun1 with a ,general ,accompt of ,vegetables thereon1 ,by ,n4 ,grew1 ,m4,d4 be ,printed by ,spencer ,hickman1 one of the ,printers of the ,r4 ,society4 ,brouncker ,pres4 ,,the ,,anatomy ,,of ,,vegetables ,begun4 ,with a ,,general ,,account ,,of ,,vegetation ,founded thereon4 ,by ,,nehemiah ,,grew1 ,m4 ,d4 and ,fellow of the ,royal ,society4 ,,london1 ,printed for ,spencer ,hickman1 ,printer to the ,r4 ,society1 at the ,rose in ,s4 ,pauls ,church-,yard1 #afgb4 ,,to ,,the ,right ,honourable ,most ,illustrious ,,the ,,president ,,fellows ,,of ,,the ,,royal ,,society1 ,the ,following ,,discourse ,is most ,humbly ,presented ,by ,the ,authour ,,nehemiah ,,grew4 ,illustration ,,to ,,the ,right ,reverend ,,john ,lord ,bishop of ,,chester4 ,,my ,,lord1 ,i hope your pardon1 if while you are holding that ,best of ,books in one ,hand1 ,i here present some ,pages of that of ,nature into your other3 ,especially since your ,lordship knoweth very well1 how excellent a ,commentary ,this is on the ,former2 by which1 in part ,god reads the ,world his own ,definition1 and their ,duty to him4 ,but if this ,address1 my ,lord1 may be thought congruous1 'tis yet more just2 and that ,i should let your ,lordship1 and others know1 how much1 and how deservedly ,i resent your extraordinary ,favours3 ,particularly that you were pleased so far to animate my ,endeavours towards the publishing the following ,observations4 ,many whereof1 and most belonging to the ,first ,chapter1 having now lain dormant near seven years2 and yet might perhaps have so continued1 had not your ,lordships ,eye at length created ,light upon them4 ,in doing which1 you have given one1 amongst those many ,tokens1 of as well your readiness to promote learning and knowledge by the hands of others2 as your high ,abilities to do it by your own4 ,both which are so manifest in your ,lordship1 that like the first ,principles of ,mathematical ,science1 they are not so much to be asserted1 because known and granted by all4 ,the ,consideration whereof1 my ,lord1 may make me not only just in owning of your ,favours1 but also most ,ambitious of your ,patronage3 which yet to bespeak1 ,i must confess ,i cannot well4 ,not that ,i think what is good and valuable1 is alwaies its own best ,advocate2 for ,i know that the ,censures of men are humorous and variable1 and that one ,age must have leave to frown on those ,books1 which another will do nothing less than kiss and embrace4 ,but chiefly for this ,reason1 lest ,i should so much as seem desirous of your ,lordships ,solliciting my ,cause as to all ,i have said3 ,for as it is your ,glory1 that you like not so to shine1 as to put out the least ,star2 so were it to your ,dishonour to borrow your ,name to illustrate the ,spots1 though of the most conspicuous4 ,your ,lordships ,most ,obliged ,most ,humble ,servant ,nehemiah ,grew4 ,illustration ,,the ,,preface4 ,of what antiquity the ,anatomy of ,animals is1 and how great have been its ,improvements of later years1 is well known4 ,that of ,vegetables is a subject which from all ,ages to this day hath not only lain by uncultivated2 but for ought ,i know1 except some ,observations of some of our own ,countrey-men1 hath not been so much as thought upon2 whether for that the ,world hath been more enamoured with the former1 or pity to humane frailty hath more obliged to it1 or other ,reasons1 ,i need not enquire4 ,but considering that both came at first out of the same ,hand1 and are therefore the ,contrivances of the same ,wisdom2 ,i thence fully assured my self1 that it could not be a vain ,design1 though possibly unsuccessful1 to seek it in both4 ,in the prosecution hereof1 how far ,i have gone1 ,i neither judge my self1 nor leave it to any one else to do it2 because no man knows how far we have yet to go1 or are capable of going4 ,nor is there any thing which starves and stinteth the growth of knowledge more1 than such ,determinations1 whether we speak or conceit them only4 ,what we have performed thus far1 lieth1 for the most part1 open to the use and improvement of all men4 ,only in some places1 and chiefly in the ,third ,chapter1 we have taken in the help of ,glasses2 wherein1 after we had finished the whole ,composure1 some ,observations made by that ,ingenious and ,learned ,person ,mr4 ,hook1 a ,worthy ,member of the ,royal ,society1 my much ,honoured ,friend1 and by him communicated to me1 were super-added3 ,as likewise some others also ,microscopical1 of my own1 which his gave me the occasion of making4 ,those that shall think fit to examine1 as well as to peruse these ,observations1 we advertise them1 ,first1 ,that they begin1 and so proceed till they end again1 with the ,seed3 ,for they will hardly be able to avoid ,errour and ,misapprehension1 if either partial or preposterous in their ,enquiries4 ,next1 ,that they confine not their ,enquiries to one time of the ,year2 but to make them in several ,seasons1 wherein the ,parts of a ,vegetable may be seen in their several ,estates4 ,and then1 ,that they neglect not the comparative ,anatomy2 for as some things are better seen in one estate1 so in one ,vegetable1 than another4 ,what1 upon ,observation already made1 we have erected1 as they are not ,sticks and ,straws2 so neither do we assure all to be of the best ,oak4 ,how ,dogmatical soever my ,assertions may seem to be1 yet do ,i not affect the unreasonable ,tyranny of obtruding upon the ,faith of any4 ,he that speaketh ,reason1 may be rather satisfied1 in being understood1 than believed4 ,,the ,,contents ,,chap4 #a4 ,of the ,seed as ,vegetating4 ,the ,method propounded4 #a1 #b4 ,the ,garden-,bean dissected4 #b4 ,the two ,coats thereof4 #b1 #c4 ,the ,foramen in the outer ,coat1 #c1 #d4 ,what generally observable of the ,covers of the ,seed1 #d4 ,the main ,body of the ,seed1 #e1 #f4 ,the ,radicle distinguish'd4 #f4 ,the ,plume distinguish'd4 #h4 ,described4 #i4 ,the ,cuticle described4 #aj1 #aa4 ,the ,parenchyma4 #aa1 #ab4 ,the ,inner ,body1 how observed4 #ad1 #af4 ,describ'd4 #ae1 #af1 #ag1 #ah4 ,the ,coats how in common subservient to the ,vegetation of the ,seed4 #bj1 #ba4 ,the ,foramen1 of what use herein4 #bb4 ,the use of the ,inner ,coat1 and of the ,cuticle4 #bb4 ,of the ,parenchyma4 #bc4 ,of the ,seminal ,root4 #bc1 #bd4 ,how the ,radicle first becomes a ,root4 #bd1 #bf4 ,how after the ,root the ,plume vegetates4 #bf4 ,how the ,lobes4 #bg4 ,that they do1 demonstrated4 #bi1 #cb4 ,how the ,lobes thus turn into ,dissimilar ,leaves4 #cb4 ,what hence resolvable4 #cb1 #cc4 ,the use of the ,dissimilar ,leaves4 ,,chap4 #b4 ,of the ,root4 ,the ,skin hereof1 its ,original4 #cg4 ,the ,cortical ,body1 its ,original4 #cg4 ,description4 #cg1 #ch4 ,pores4 #ch4 ,proportions4 #ci4 ,the ,lignous ,body1 its ,original4 #ci4 ,described by its ,pores1 #dj4 ,its ,proportions4 #db4 ,the ,insertment1 its original4 #db4 ,description4 #dc4 ,pores4 #dc4 ,number and size4 #dd4 ,a fuller description hereof1 with that of the ,osculations of the lignous ,body4 #dd1 #de4 ,the ,pith1 its original sometimes from the ,seed4 #df4 ,sometimes from the ,cortical ,body4 #dg1 #di4 ,its ,pores4 #di4 ,proportions4 #di1 #ej4 ,fibres of the lignous ,body therein4 #ej4 ,the ,pith of those ,fibres4 #ea4 ,how the ,root grows1 and the use of the ,skin1 ,cortical and lignous ,body thereto4 #ea1 #ed4 ,how it groweth in length4 #ee4 ,by what means it descends4 #ef1 #eg4 ,how it grows in breadth4 #eh4 ,and the ,pith how thus framed4 #ei4 ,the use of the ,pith4 #fj1 #fa4 ,of the ,insertment4 #fa1 #fb4 ,the joint service of all the ,parts4 #fc1 #fe4 ,,chap4 #c4 ,of the ,trunk4 ,the ,skin1 its original4 #fg4 ,the original of the ,cortical ,body4 #fg4 ,of the lignous4 #fh4 ,of the ,insertment and ,pith4 #fh4 ,the ,latitudinal ,shooting of the lignous ,body1 wherein observable4 #fi4 ,the ,pores of the lignous ,body1 where and how most remarkable4 #gj4 ,the ,pith of the same ,pores4 #gj4 ,a lesser sort of ,pores4 #ga4 ,a third sort only visible through a ,microscope4 ,observed in ,wood or ,char-coal4 #ga4 ,observed in the ,fibres of the ,trunks of ,plants4 #gb4 #gc4 ,the ,insertions where more visible4 #gc1 #gd4 ,the smaller ,insertions1 only visible through a ,microscope4 #gd1 #ge4 ,the ,pores of the ,insertions4 #gf4 ,of the ,pith4 #gg1 #gi4 ,how the ,trunk ascends4 #hj4 #ha4 ,the disposition of its ,parts consequent to that ,ascent4 #ha1 #hb4 ,consequent to the different ,nature of the ,sap4 #hc1 #hd4 ,the effects of the said ,differences4 #hd1 #hi4 ,which way1 and how the ,sap ascends4 #hi-ih4 ,the ,appendix4 ,of ,trunk-,roots and ,claspers4 ,trunk-,roots of two kinds4 #ii4 ,claspers of one kind4 #ajj4 ,the use of both4 #ajj1 #ajc4 ,,chap4 #d4 ,of the ,germen1 ,branch1 and ,leaf4 ,the ,parts of the ,germen and ,branch the same with those of the ,trunk4 #ajd1 #aje4 ,the manner of their growth4 #aje1 #ajg4 ,how nourished4 #ajg4 ,and the use of ,knots4 #ajh4 ,how secur'd4 #aji4 ,the ,parts of a ,leaf4 #aaj4 ,the ,positions the ,fibres of the ,stalks of ,leaves4 #aaj1 #aaa4 ,the visible cause of the different shape of ,leaves4 #aab4 ,and of their being flat4 #aac4 ,the ,foulds of ,leaves1 their kinds and ,use4 #aad-aah4 ,the ,protections of ,leaves4 #aai1 #abj4 ,the use of the ,leaf4 #abj1 #abc4 ,the ,appendix4 ,of ,thorns1 ,hairs and ,globulets4 ,thorns of two kinds4 #abd1 #abe4 ,hairs of divers4 #abf4 ,their use4 #abg4 ,globulets of two kinds4 #abh4 ,,chap4 #e4 ,of the ,flower4 ,its ,impalement of divers kinds4 #abi1 #acj4 ,their use4 #acj1 #acb4 ,the ,foliation1 its nature4 #acb4 ,foulds4 #acc1 #acd4 ,protections4 #ace4 ,downs4 #ace4 ,globulets4 #acf4 ,its ,use4 #acg1 #aci4 ,the ,attire of two kinds4 ,the ,description of the first4 #adj1 #adb4 ,of the other4 #adc1 #ade4 ,their use4 #ade-adh4 ,,chap4 #f4 ,of the ,fruit4 ,the ,number1 ,description1 and ,original of the ,parts of an ,apple4 #adi-aeb4 ,of a ,pear4 #aec1 #aee4 ,of a ,plum4 #aee-aei4 ,of a ,nut4 #aei1 #afa4 ,of a ,berry4 #afa1 #afb4 ,the use of the ,fruit4 #afc-afg4 ,,chap4 #g4 ,of the ,seed in its state of ,generation4 ,the ,case1 its ,figures4 #afh4 ,the outer ,coat1 its ,figures4 #agj4 ,various ,surface4 #agj1 #aga4 ,and ,mucilages4 #aga1 #agb4 ,the nature of the outer ,coat4 #agb4 ,its ,original4 #agc1 #agd4 ,the ,original of the inner4 #agd4 ,its ,nature4 #age1 #agf4 ,the ,secondine4 #agg1 #agh4 ,the ,colliquamentum herein4 #agh4 ,the ,navel ,fibres4 #agi1 #ahj4 ,in the ,generation of the ,seed1 the ,sap first prepared in the ,seed-,branch4 #aha4 ,next in the inner ,coat4 #ahb4 ,with the help of the outer4 #ahb4 ,the use of the ,secondine4 #ahc1 #ahd4 ,of the ,ramulets of the ,seed-,branch4 ib4 ,of their ,inosculation4 ib4 ,how the ,colliquamentum becometh a ,parenchyma4 #ahe1 #ahf4 ,cl4 ,glissonius in ,prolegomenis prfixis ,libro de ,hepatis ,anatomia1 c4 #a4 ,plant quoque in hunc censum 7sc4 ,anatomicum7 veniunt4 ,varia enim partium textura1 differentiis constant3 proculdubio ex accurata earundem diffectione1 utiles valde ,observationes nobis exurgerent2 prstaretq2 in illis 7inferioris licet ordinis7 rebus examinandis operam impendere1 quam in transcribendis 7ut spe fit7 aliorum laboribus1 inutiliter tatem transigere4 ,quippe1 hoc pacto1 ignavarum apum more1 aliena duntaxat alvearia expilamus1 nihilq2 bono publico adjicimus4 ,to be added and corrected4 ,pag4 #h4 l4 #ae4 after must1 adde upon the ,sprouting of the ,bean4 p4 #ab4 l4 #bc4 after dense1 adde and thence their different ,tinctures4 p4 #ah4 l4 #ac4 after that1 adde when4 p4 #bj4 l4 #h4 for the1 read an4 p4 #ef1 l4 #h4 r4 once4 p4 #ij4 l4 #aa4 dele as4 p4 #ia4 l4 #ab4 r4 older4 p4 #abj4 l4 #aa4 after all1 r4 is4 p4 #acd4 l4 #aa4 r4 ,convolvulus4 p4 #adc4 l4 #aj4 r4 ever4 p4 #ade4 l4 #ad4 for not1 r4 or4 p4 #aei4 l4 #h4 for by1 r4 to4 p4 #afj4 l4 #ah4 dele not4 p4 #ahe4 l4 #ad4 after therewith1 r4 the4 dele the former the4 ,in some ,copies4 ,p4 #afh4 l4 #d4 r4 ultimate end1 and p4 #agj4 l4 #bb4 r4 ,favous4 ,the ,reader is desired to excuse the misplacing of the ,figures by the ,graver1 in the ,authors absence4 ,transcriber's ,note ,the above additions and corrections have been made1 and in addition the following changes were made to correct suspected printing errors3 ,contents1 8,coliquamentum0 changed to 8,colliquamentum0 7,the ,colliquamentum herein47 ,contents1 8subsetvient0 changed to 8subservient0 7how in common subservient7 ,page #ac1 8anothet0 changed to 8another0 7there being another ,body7 ,page #bh1 8ruus0 changed to 8runs0 7which runs into the ,plume7 ,page #ic1 8and and0 changed to 8and0 7the ,lignous ,body1 and from the production7 ,page #ii1 8,rooots0 changed to 8,roots0 7,of ,trunk-,roots and ,claspers47 ,page #aba1 8,leavs0 changed to 8,leaves0 7the ,leaves above-named7 ,page #abf1 8althoegh0 changed to 8although0 7although they are various7 ,page #abf1 8to to0 changed to 8to0 7in some resemblance to a ,stags-,horn7 ,page #aga1 8transpareut0 changed to 8transparent0 7on the other1 transparent27 ,fig4 #af1 8,the ,the0 changed to 8,the0 7,the ,cortical ,body1 or ,barque47 ,punctuation and word spacing were amended without note2 spelling remains as printed4 ,,the ,,anatomy ,,of ,,vegetables ,begun4 ,with a ,general ,account of ,vegetation founded thereon4 ,,chap4 ,i4 ,of the ,seed as ,vegetating4 ,being to speak of ,vegetables2 and1 as far as ,inspection and consequent ,reason may conduct1 to enquire into the visible ,constitutions and ,uses of their several ,parts2 ,i chuse that ,method which may with best advantage suit to what we have to say hereon3 ,and that is the ,method of ,nature her self1 in her continued ,series of ,vegetations1 proceeding from the ,seed sown1 to the formation of the ,root1 ,trunk1 ,branch1 ,leaf1 ,flower1 ,fruit1 and last of all1 of the ,seed also to be sown again2 all which we shall in the same order particularly speak of4 ,the ,essential ,constitutions of the said ,parts are in all ,vegetables the same3 ,but for ,observation1 some are more convenient2 in which ,i shall chiefly instance4 ,and first of all1 for the ,seed we chuse the great ,garden-,bean4 ,if we take a ,bean then and dissect it1 we shall find it cloathed with a double ,vest or ,coat3 ,these ,coats1 while the ,bean is yet green1 are separable1 and easily distinguished4 ,when 'tis dry1 they cleave so closely together1 that the ,eye1 not before instructed1 will judge them but one2 the inner ,coat likewise 7which is of the most rare contexture7 so far shrinking up1 as to seem only the roughness of the outer1 somewhat resembling ,wafers under ,maquaroons4 ,at the thicker end of the ,bean1 in the outer ,coat1 a very small ,foramen presents it self3 ,in dissection 'tis found to terminate against the point of that part which ,i call the ,radicle1 whereof ,i shall presently speak4 ,it is of that capacity as to admit a small ,virginal ,wyer1 and is most conspicuous in a green ,bean4 ,this ,foramen may be observed not only in the great ,garden-,bean1 but likewise in the other kinds2 in the ,french-,bean very plainly2 in ,pease1 ,lupines1 ,vetches1 ,lentiles1 and other ,pulse 'tis also found2 and in many ,seeds not reckoned of this kindred1 as in that of ,fnugreek1 ,medica ,tornata1 ,goats-,rue1 and others3 ,in many of which1 'tis so very small1 as scarcely1 without the help of ,glasses to be discovered2 and in some1 not without cutting off part of the ,seed besides1 which otherwise would intercept the sight hereof2 it being in these and such like ,seeds1 from the place of the breaking off of the ,peduncle perfectly distinct4 ,we may then observe1 that all ,seeds which have thick or hard ,coats1 have the same likewise perforated1 in this1 or some other manner4 ,and accordingly1 although the ,coats of such ,seeds as are lodg'd in ,shells or ,stones1 being thin1 are not visibly perforated2 yet the ,stones and ,shells themselves always are2 as ,chap4 #g4 shall be seen how4 ,to which ,chapter1 what is farther observable1 either as to the nature1 or number of the covers of the ,seed1 ,i also refer4 ,the ,coats of the ,bean being stripp'd off the proper ,seed shews it self4 ,the parts whereof it is constituted1 are three2 sc4 the main ,body1 and two other appendant to it1 which we may call the three ,organical parts of the ,bean4 ,the main ,body is not one entire piece1 but alwaies divided lengthwise into two halves or ,lobes1 which are both joyn'd together at the ,basis of the ,bean4 ,these ,lobes in dry ,beans1 are but difficultly separated or observ'd2 but in young ones1 especially boil'd1 they easily slip asunder4 ,see ,fig4 #a4 ,some very few ,seeds are divided1 not into two ,lobes1 but more2 as that of ,cresses2 and some not at all divided1 but entire2 as ,corn3 ,excepting which few1 all other ,seeds1 even the smallest are divided1 like as the ,bean1 into just two ,lobes3 whereof though in most ,seeds we cannot by dissection be inform'd2 yet otherwise we easily may as shall be seen4 ,at the ,basis of the ,bean1 the two other ,organical parts stand appendent2 by mediation whereof the two ,lobes meet and join together4 ,the greater of these two parts stands without the two ,lobes1 and upon divesting the ,bean of its ,coats1 is immediately visible4 ',tis of a whiter colour1 and more glossie than the main ,body1 especially when the ,bean is young4 ,in the ,bean1 and many other ,seeds1 tis situated somewhat above the thicker end1 as you hold the ,bean in its most proper posture for growth4 ,in ,oak-,kernels1 which we call ,acorns1 ,apple-,kernels1 ,almonds1 and many other ,seeds1 it stands prominent just from the end2 the ,basis and the end being in these the same1 but in the ,bean divers4 ,see ,fig4 #a4 ,this part is not only in the ,bean1 and the ,seeds above mentioned2 but in all others3 being that which upon the ,vegetation of the ,seed1 becomes the ,root of the ,plant2 which therefore ,i call the ,radicle3 by which1 ,i mean the ,materials1 abating the ,formality1 of a ,root1 ',tis not easie to be observed1 saving in some few ,seeds1 amongst which1 that of the ,bean is the most fair and ample of all ,i have seen2 but that of some other ,seeds1 is1 in proportion1 greater2 as of ,fnugreek1 which is almost as big as one of its ,lobes4 ,the lesser of the two laid ,appendents lies occult between the two ,lobes of the ,bean1 by separation whereof only it is to be seen4 ',tis enclos'd in two small ,cavities form'd in the ,lobes for its reception4 ,its colour comes near that of the ,radicle2 and is founded upon the ,basis thereof having a quite contrary production1 sc4 towards the cone of the ,bean2 and being that very part1 which1 in process1 becomes the ,body or ,trunk of the ,vegetable4 ,see ,fig4 #a4 ,for the sake of this ,part principally it is1 that the ,bean is divided into ,lobes2 sc4 that it may be warmly and safely lodged up between them2 and so secur'd from the ,injuries so tender a ,part would sustain from the ,mould1 whereto1 had the ,main ,body been entire1 it must upon the ,sprouting of the ,bean have lain contiguous4 ,this ,part is not1 like the ,radicle1 an entire ,body1 but divided at its loose end into divers pieces1 all very close set together1 as ,feathers in a ,bunch2 for which reason it may be called the ,plume4 ,they are so close1 that only two or three of the outmost are at first seen3 but upon a nice and curious separation of these1 the more interiour still may be discovered4 ,now as the ,plume is that ,part which becomes the ,trunk of the ,plant1 so these pieces are so many true1 and already formed1 though not displayed1 ,leaves1 intended for the said ,trunk1 and foulded up in the same plicature1 wherein1 upon the sprouting of the ,bean1 they afterwards appear4 ,in a ,french ,bean the two outmost are very fair and elegant4 ,in the great ,garden-,bean1 two extraordinary small ,plumes1 often1 if not always1 stand one on either side the great one now describ'd3 ,from which1 in that they differ in nothing save in their size1 ,i therefore only here just take notice of them4 ,and these three ,parts1 sc4 the ,main ,body1 the ,radicle1 and the ,plume1 are concurrent to the making up of every ,seed2 and no more than these4 ,having thus taken a view of the ,organical ,parts of the ,bean1 let us next examine the ,similary1 sc4 those whereof the ,organical are compos'd3 a distinct observation of which1 for a clear understanding of the ,vegetation of the ,seed1 and of the whole ,plant arising thence1 is requisite3 ,to obtain which1 we must proceed in our ,anatomy4 ,dissecting a ,bean then1 the first ,part occurring is its ,cuticle4 ,the ,eye and first ,thoughts suggest it to be only a more dense and glossy ,superficies2 but better enquiry discovers it a real ,cuticle4 ',tis so exquisitely thin1 and for the most part so firmly continuous with the ,body of the ,bean1 that it cannot1 except in some small ,rag1 be distinctly seen2 which1 by carrying your ,knife superficially into the ,bean1 and then very gently bearing upward what you have cut1 will separate and shew it self transparent4 ,this ,cuticle is not only spread upon the ,convex of the ,lobes1 but also on their ,flats1 where they are contiguous1 extending it self likewise upon both the ,radicle and ,plume1 and so over the whole ,bean4 ,this ,part1 though it be so far common with the ,coats of the ,bean1 as to be like those1 an ,integument2 yet are we in a quite different ,notion to conceive of it3 ,for whereas the ,coats upon setting the ,bean1 do only administer the ,sap1 and1 as being superseded from their ,office1 then die2 as shall be seen3 this1 on the contrary1 with the ,organical ,parts of the ,bean1 is nourished1 augmented1 and by a real ,vegetation co-extended4 ,next to the ,cuticle1 we come to the ,parenchyma it self2 the ,part throughout which the inner ,body1 whereof we shall speak anon1 is disseminated2 for which reason ,i call it the ,parenchyma4 ,the ,surface hereof is somewhat dense1 but inwardly 'tis more porous1 and of a laxer ,contexture4 ,if you view it in a ,microscope1 it hath some similitude to the ,pith1 while sappy1 in the ,roots and ,trunks of ,plants2 and that for good reason1 as in ,ch4 #b4 shall be seen4 ,this is best seen in green ,beans4 ,see ,fig4 #b4 ,this ,part would seem by its colour to be peculiar to the ,lobes of the ,bean2 but as is the ,cuticle1 so is this also1 common both to the ,radicle and ,plume2 that is1 the ,parenchyma of the ,bean1 as to its essential substance1 is the same in all three4 ,the reason why the colour of the ,plume1 and especially of the ,radicle1 which is white1 is so different from that of the ,lobes1 may chiefly depend upon their being more compact and dense1 and thence their different ,tinctures4 ,and therefore the ,lobes themselves1 which are green while the ,bean is young2 yet being old and dry1 become whitish too4 ,and in many other ,seeds1 as ,acorns1 ,almonds1 the ,kernels of ,apples1 ,plums1 ,nuts1 c4 the ,lobes1 even fresh and young1 are pure white as the ,radicle it self4 ,but although the ,parenchyma be common1 as is said1 to all the ,organical ,parts2 yet in very differing proportions4 ,in the ,plume1 where it is proportionably least1 it maketh about three ,fifths of the whole ,plume2 in the ,radicle1 it maketh about five ,seavenths of the whole ,radicle2 and in each ,lobe1 is so far over-proportionate1 as to make at least nine ,tenths of the whole ,lobe4 ,by what hath been said1 that the ,parenchyma is not the only constituting ,part1 besides the ,cuticle1 is imply'd3 there being another ,body1 of an essentially different substance1 embosom'd herein3 which may be found1 not only in the ,radicle and ,plume1 but also in the ,lobes themselves1 and so in the whole ,bean4 ,see ,fig4 #b4 ,this inner ,body appears most plain and conspicuous in cutting the ,radicle athwart1 and so proceeding by degrees towards the ,plume1 through both which it runneth in a large and straight ,trunk4 ,in the ,lobes1 being it is there in so very small proportion1 'tis difficultly seen1 especially towards their ,verges3 yet if with a sharp ,knife you smoothly cut the ,lobes of the ,bean athwart1 divers small ,specks1 of a different colour from that of the ,parenchyma1 standing therein all along in a ,line1 may be observ'd2 which ,specks are the ,terminations of the ,branches of this inner ,body4 ,see ,fig4 #c4 ,for this inner ,body1 as it is existent in every ,organical part of the ,bean1 so is it1 with respect to each part1 most regularly distributed4 ,in a good part of the ,radicle 'tis one entire ,trunk2 towards the ,basis thereof1 'tis divided into three main ,branches2 the middlemost runneth directly into the ,plume2 the other two on either side it1 after a little space1 pass into the ,lobes2 where the said ,branches dividing themselves into other smaller2 and those into more1 and smaller again1 are terminated towards the ,verges of each ,lobe2 in which manner the said inner ,body being distributed1 it becomes in each ,lobe1 a true and perfect ,root4 ,see ,fig4 #b4 ,this ,seminal ,root1 as now we'll call it1 being so tender1 cannot be perfectly excarnated1 as may the ,vessels in the ,parts of an ,animal1 by the most accurate ,hand2 yet by dissection begun and continu'd1 as is above-declared1 its whole frame and distribution may be easily observ'd4 ,again1 if you take the ,lobe of a ,bean1 and lengthwise pare off its ,parenchyma by degrees1 and in very thin ,shives1 many ,branches of the ,seminal ,root1 7which by the other way of ,dissection were only noted by so many ,specks7 both as they are fewer about the ,basis of the ,bean1 and more numerous towards its ,verges1 in some good distinction and entireness will appear4 ,for this you must have new ,beans4 ,as the inner ,body is branched out in the ,lobes1 so is it in the ,plume3 ,for if you cut the ,plume athwart1 and from the ,basis proceed along the ,body thereof1 you'l find therein1 first1 one large ,trunk or ,branch1 and after four or five very small ,specks round about it1 which are the terminations of so many lesser ,branches therewith distributed to the several parts of the ,plume4 ,see ,fig4 #d4 ,the distribution of the inner ,body1 as it is continuous throughout all the ,organical ,parts of the ,bean1 is represented by ,fig4 #b4 ,this ,inner ,body is1 by dissection1 best observable in the ,bean and great ,lupine4 ,in other larger ,pulse it shows likewise some obscure ,marks of it-self3 ,but in no other ,seeds1 which ,i have observed1 though of the greatest size1 as of ,apples1 ,plums1 ,nuts1 c4 is there any clear appearance hereof1 upon dissection1 saving in the ,radicle and ,plume2 the reason of which is partly from its quantity1 being in most ,seeds so extraordinary little2 partly from its ,colour1 which in most ,seeds1 is the same with that of the ,parenchyma it self1 and so not distinguishable from it4 ,yet in a ,gourd-,seed1 the whole ,seminal ,root1 not only its ,main ,branches1 but also the ,sub-divisions and ,inosculations of the lesser ones1 are without any dissection1 upon the separation of the ,lobes1 on their contiguous ,flats immediatly apparent4 ,see ,fig4 #e4 ,and as to the existence of this ,seminal ,root1 what ,dissection cannot attain1 ocular inspection in hundreds of other ,seeds1 even the smallest1 will demonstrate2 as in this ,chapter shall be seen how4 ,in the mean time1 let us only take notice1 that when we say every ,plant hath its ,root1 we reckon short1 for every ,plant hath really two1 though not contemporary1 yet successive ,roots1 its ,original or ,seminal-,root within its ,seed1 and its ,plant-,root1 which the ,radicle becometh in its growth3 the ,parenchyma of the ,seed being in some resemblance1 that to the ,seminal ,root at first1 which the ,mould is to the ,plant-,root afterwards2 and the ,seminal ,root being that to the ,plant-,root1 which the ,plant-,root is to the ,trunk4 ,for our better understanding whereof1 having taken a view of the several ,parts of a ,bean1 as far as ,dissection conducts2 we will next briefly enquire into the use of the said ,parts1 and in what manner they are the ,fountain of ,vegetation1 and concurrent to the being of the future ,plant4 ,the general ,cause of the growth of a ,bean or other ,seed1 is ,fermentation2 that is1 the ,bean lying in the ,mould1 and a moderate access of some moisture1 partly dissimilar1 and partly congenerous1 being made1 a gentle ,fermentation thence ariseth2 by which the ,bean swelling1 and the ,sap still encreasing1 and the ,bean continuing still to swell1 the work thus proceeds3 as is the usual way of explicating4 ,but that there is simply a ,fermentation1 and so a sufficient supply of ,sap1 is not enough2 but that this ,fermentation and the ,sap wherein 'tis made1 should be under a various ,government by divers ,parts thereto subservient1 is also requisite2 and as the various preparation of the ,aliment in an ,animal1 equally necessary1 the particular process of the ,work according whereto1 we find none undertaking to declare4 ,let us look upon a ,bean then1 as a piece of ,work so fram'd and set together1 as to declare a ,design for the production of a ,plant1 which1 upon its lying in some convenient ,soyl1 is thus effected4 ,first of all1 the ,bean being enfoulded round in its ,coats1 the ,sap wherewith it is fed1 must of necessity pass through these3 ,by which means1 it is not only in a proportionate quantity1 and by due degrees2 but also in a purer body2 and possibly not without some ,vegetable ,tincture1 transmitted to the ,bean4 ,whereas1 were the ,bean naked1 the ,sap must needs be1 as over-copious1 so but crude and immature1 as not being filtred through so fine a ,cotton as the ,coats be4 ,and as they have the use of a ,filtre to the transient ,sap1 so of a ,vessel to that which is still deposited within them2 being alike accommodated to the securer ,fermentation hereof1 as ,bottles or ,barrels are to ,beer1 or any other ,fermentative ,liquor4 ,and as the ,fermentation is promoted by some ,aperture in the ,vessel2 so have we the ,foramen in the upper ,coat also contrived1 that if there should be need of some more aiery ,particles to excite the ,fermentation1 through this they may obtain their ,entry3 ,or1 on the contrary1 should there be any such ,particles or ,steams as might damp the genuine proceeding thereof1 through this again they may have easy issue3 being that1 as a common ,pasport here to the ,sap1 which what we call the ,bung-hole of the ,barrel1 is to the new-tunn'd ,liquor4 ,that this ,foramen is truly permeable even in old setting ,beans1 appears upon their being soak'd for some time in ,water3 ,for then taking them out1 and crushing them a little1 many small bubbles will alternately arise and break upon it4 ,the ,sap being passed through the ,coats1 it next enters the ,body of the ,bean2 yet not indiscriminately neither2 but1 being filtred through the ,outer ,coat1 and fermented both in the ,body and ,concave of the ,inner1 is by mediation of the ,cuticle1 again more finely filtr'd1 and so entereth the ,parenchyma it self under a fourth ,government4 ,through which ,part the ,sap passing towards the ,seminal ,root1 as through that which is of a more spacious content2 besides the benefit it hath of a farther percolation1 it will also find room enough for a more free and active fermenting and maturation herein4 ,and being moreover1 part of the true ,body of the ,bean1 and so with its proper ,seminalities or ,tinctures copiously repleat2 the ,sap will not only find room1 but also matter enough1 by whose ,energy its ,fermentation will still be more advanced4 ,and the ,sap being duly prepared here1 it next passeth into all the ,branches of the ,seminal ,root1 and so under a fifth ,government4 ,wherein how delicate 'tis now become1 we may conceive by the proportion betwixt the ,parenchyma and this ,seminal ,root2 so much only of the best digested ,sap being discharged from the whole ,stock in that1 as this will receive4 ,and this1 moreover1 as the ,parenchyma1 with its proper ,seminalities being endowed2 the ,sap1 for the supply of the ,radicle1 and of the young ,root from thence1 is duly prepared therein1 and with its highest ,tincture and ,impregnation at last enriched4 ,the ,sap being thus prepared in the ,lobes of the ,bean1 'tis thence discharg'd2 and either into the ,plume or the ,radicle1 must forthwith issue4 ,and since the ,plume is a dependent on the ,radicle2 the ,sap therefore ought first to be dispenced to this2 which accordingly is ever found to shoot forth before the ,plume1 and that sometimes an inch or two in length4 ,now because the primitive course of the ,sap into the ,radicle1 is thus requisite1 therefore by the frame of the ,parts of the ,bean is it made necessary too4 ,for we may observe that the two main ,branches of the ,seminal ,root in which the several ,ramifications in either ,lobe are all united1 commit not themselves into the ,seminal ,trunk of the ,plume1 nor yet so as to stand at right ,angles with them1 and with equal respect towards them both2 but being producted through part of the ,parenchyma of the ,radicle1 are at last united therein to the main ,trunk1 and make acute ,angles therewith2 as may be seen by ,fig4 #b4 ,now the ,sap being brought as far as the ,seminal ,root in either ,lobe1 and according to the conduct thereof continuing still to move1 it must needs immediately issue into the same part whereinto the main ,branches themselves do1 that is1 into the ,radicle4 ,by which ,sap1 thus bringing the several ,tinctures of the parts aforesaid with it1 being now fed2 it is no longer a meer ,radicle1 but is made also ,seminal1 and so becomes a perfect ,root4 ,the ,radicle being thus impregnate and shot into a root1 'tis now time for the ,plume to rouze out of its ,cloysters1 and germinate too3 ,in order whereto1 'tis now fed from the ,root with laudable and sufficient ,aliment4 ,for as the ,supplies and motion of the ,sap were first made from the ,lobes towards the ,root1 so the ,root being well shot into the ,moulds1 and now receiving a new and more copious ,sap from these2 the motion hereof must needs be stronger1 and by degrees revert the primitive ,sap1 and so move in a contrary course1 sc4 from the ,root towards the ,plume2 and1 by the continuation of the ,seminal trunk1 is directly conducted thereinto2 by which1 being fed1 it gradually enlarges and displayes it self4 ,the course of the ,sap thus turned1 it issues1 ,i say1 in a direct ,line from the ,root into the ,plume1 but collaterally into the ,lobes also2 sc4 by those two aforesaid ,branches which are obliquely transmitted from the ,radicle into either ,lobe4 ,by which ,branches the said ,sap being disbursed back into all the ,seminal ,root1 and from thence likewise into the ,parenchyma of the ,lobes2 they are both thus fed1 and for some time augmenting themselves1 really grow2 as in ,lupines is evident4 ,yet is not this common to all ,seeds2 some rot under-ground1 as ,corn2 being of a laxer and less ,oleous substance1 differing herein from most other ,seeds2 and being not divided into ,lobes1 but one entire thick ,body4 ,and some1 although they continue firm1 yet rise not as the great ,garden-,bean2 in which therefore it is observable1 that the two ,main ,branches of the ,lobes in comparison with that which runs into the ,plume1 are but mean2 and so insufficient to the feeding and vegetation of the ,lobes2 the ,plume1 on the contrary1 growing so lusty1 as to mount up without them4 ,excepting a few of these two kinds1 all other ,seeds whatsoever1 7which ,i have observed7 besides that they continue firm1 upon the ,vegetation of the ,plume1 mount also upwards1 and advance above the ,mould together with it2 as all ,seeds which spring up with dissimilar ,leaves1 the two 7for the most part two7 dissimilar ,leaves1 being the very ,lobes of the ,seed divided1 expanded1 and thus advanced4 ,the ,impediments of our apprehension hereof are the ,colour1 ,size and ,shape of the dissimilar ,leaves4 ,notwithstanding1 that they are nothing else but the main body of the ,seed1 how ,i came first to phansie1 and afterwards to know it1 was thus3 ,first1 ,i observed in general that the dissimilar ,leaves were never jagg'd1 but even edg'd3 ,and seeing the even verges of the ,lobes of the ,seed hereto respondent1 ,i was apt to think1 that those which were so like1 might prove the same4 ,next descending to particular ,seeds1 ,i observed first of the ,lupine2 that as to its ,colour1 upon its advance above the ,mould1 it ever changed into a perfect ,green4 ,and why might not the same by parity of ,reason be inferr'd of other ,seeds8 ,that1 as to its size1 it grew but little bigger than when first set4 ,whence1 as ,i discern'd 7the ,augmentation being but little7 we here had only the two ,lobes3 ,so1 7as some augmentation there was7 ,i inferr'd the like might be1 and that1 in farther degrees1 in other ,seeds4 ,next1 of the ,cucumber-seed4 ,that1 as to its ,colour1 often appearing above ground in its ,primitive white1 from white it turns to yellow1 and from yellow to green1 the proper colour of a ,leaf3 ,that1 as to its size1 though at its first arise1 the ,lobes were little bigger than upon setting2 yet afterwards as they chang'd their ,colour1 so their ,dimensions also1 growing to a three-four-five-fold amplitude above their primitive size3 ,but whereas the ,lobes of the ,seed are in proportion1 narrow1 short and thick1 how then come the dissimilar ,leaves to be so exceeding broad1 or long and thin8 ,the ,question answers it self3 ,for the dissimilar ,leaves1 for very reason are so thin1 because so very broad or long2 as we see many things1 how much they are extended in length or breadth1 so much they lose in depth1 or grow more thin2 which is that which here befalls the now effoliated ,lobes4 ,for being once disimprisoned from their ,coats1 and the course of the ,sap into them now more and more encreased1 they must needs very considerably amplifie themselves2 and from the manner wherein the ,seminal ,root is branched in them1 that amplification cannot be in thickness1 but in length or breadth3 ,in both which1 in some dissimilar ,leaves 'tis very remarkable2 especially in length1 as in those of ,lettice1 ,thorn-,apple1 and others2 whose ,seeds1 although very small1 yet the ,lobes of those ,seeds growing up into ,dissimilar ,leaves1 are extended an ,inch1 and sometimes more1 in length2 though he that shall attempt to get a clear sight of the ,lobes of ,thorn-,apple1 and some others1 by ,dissection1 will find it no easy ,task2 yet is that which may be obtained4 ,from all which1 and the observation of other ,seeds1 ,i at last found1 that the dissimilar ,leaves of a young ,plant1 are nothing else but the ,lobes or main ,body of its ,seed3 ,so that as the ,lobes did at first feed and impregnate the ,radicle into a perfect ,root2 so the ,root being perfected1 doth again feed1 and by degrees amplifie each ,lobe into a perfect ,leaf4 ,the ,original of the dissimilar ,leaves thus known1 we understand1 why some ,plants have none2 because the ,seed either riseth not1 as ,garden-,beans1 ,corn1 c4 ,or upon rising1 the ,lobes are little alter'd1 as ,lupines1 ,pease1 c4 ,why1 though the proper ,leaves are often indented round2 the dissimilar1 like the ,lobes1 are even-edg'd4 ,why1 though the proper ,leaves are often hairy1 yet these are ever smooth4 ,why some have more dissimilar ,leaves than two1 as ,cresses1 which have six1 as the ,ingenious ,mr4 ,sharrock also observes2 the reason whereof is1 because the ,main ,body is not divided into two1 but six1 distinct ,lobes1 as ,i have often counted4 ,why ,radishes seem at first to have four1 which yet after appear plainly two2 because the ,lobes of the ,seed have both a little ,indenture1 and are both plaited1 one over the other4 ,to which we might add1 ,the use of the dissimilar ,leaves is1 first1 for the protection of the ,plume2 which being but young1 and so but soft and tender1 is provided with these1 as a double ,guard1 one on either side of it4 ,for this reason it is1 that the ,plume in ,corn is trussed up within a membranous ,sheath2 and that of a ,bean1 cooped up betwixt a pair of ,surfoyls2 but where the ,lobes rise1 there the ,plume hath neither of them1 being both needless4 ,again1 that since the ,plume1 being yet tender1 may be injured not only by the ,air1 but also for want of ,sap1 the supplies from the ,root being yet but slow and sparing2 that the said ,plume therefore1 by the dissimilar ,leaves1 may have the advantage likewise of some refreshment from ,dew or ,rain4 ,for these having their ,basis a little beneath that of the ,plume1 and expanding themselves on all sides of it1 they often stand after ,rain1 like a ,vessel of ,water1 continually soaking and supplying it1 lest its new access into the ,ayr1 should shrivel it4 ,moreover1 that since the dissimilar ,leaves by their ,basis intercept the ,root and ,plume1 the greater and grosser part of the ,sap may be by the way deposited into those2 and so the purest proceed into the yet but young and delicate ,plume1 as its fittest ,aliment4 ,lastly1 we have here a demonstration of the being of the ,seminal ,root2 which since through the colour or smallness of the ,seed1 it could not by dissection be observ'd1 except in some few2 ,nature hath here provided us a way of viewing it in the now effoliated ,lobes1 not of one or two ,seeds1 but of hundreds2 the ,seminal ,root visibly branching it self towards the ,cone and ,verges of the said ,lobes1 or now dissimilar ,leaves4 ,,chap4 ,,ii4 ,of the ,root4 ,having examin'd and pursu'd the ,degrees of ,vegetation in the ,seed1 we find its two ,lobes have here their utmost period2 and1 that having conveyed their ,seminalities into the ,radicle and into the ,plume2 these therefore as the ,root and ,trunk of the ,plant still survive2 ,of these in their order we next proceed to speak2 and first1 of the ,root3 whereof1 as well as of the ,seed1 we must by ,dissection inform our selves4 ,in ,dissection of a ,root then1 we shall find it with the ,radicle1 as the ,parts of an old man with those of a ,ftus1 substantially one4 ,the first ,part occurring is its skin1 the ,original whereof is from the ,seed3 ,for that extream thin ,cuticle which is spred over the ,lobes of the ,seed1 and from thence over the ,radicle1 upon the shooting of the ,radicle into a ,root1 is co-extended1 and becomes its ,skin4 ,the next ,part is the ,cortical ,body2 the ,original whereof likewise is from the ,seed2 or the ,parenchyma1 which is there common both to the ,lobes and ,radicle1 being by ,vegetation augmented and prolonged into the ,root1 is here the ,cortical ,body1 or that which is sometimes called the ,barque4 ,the ,contexture of this ,cortical ,body may be well illustrated by that of a ,sponge1 being a ,body ,porous1 ,dilative1 and ,pliable4 ,its ,pores1 as they are innumerable1 so extream small4 ,these ,pores are not only susceptive of so much ,moisture as to fill1 but also to enlarge themselves1 and so to dilate the ,cortical ,body wherein they are2 which by the shriv'ling in thereof1 by being expos'd to the ,air1 is also seen4 ,in which dilatation many of its ,parts becoming more lax and distant1 and none of them suffering a solution of their continuity2 'tis a ,body also sufficiently pliable2 or1 a most exquisitely fine-wrought ,sponge4 ,the ,extention of these ,pores is much alike both by their length and breadth of the ,root2 which from the shrinking up of the ,cortical ,body1 in a piece of a cut ,root1 by the same dimensions1 is argu'd4 ,the proportions of this ,cortical ,body are various3 ,if thin1 'tis called a ,barque2 thought to serve to no other end1 than what is usually ascrib'd to it as a ,barque2 which is a narrow conceit3 ,if a ,bulky ,body in comparison with that within it1 as in the young ,roots of ,cychory1 ,asparagus1 c4 'tis here1 because the fairest1 therefore taken for the prime ,part2 which1 though1 as to ,medicinal use1 it is2 yet1 as to the private use of the ,plant1 not so4 ,the ,colour hereof1 though it be originally white1 yet in the continued growth of the ,root1 divers ,tinctures1 as yellow in ,dock1 red in ,bistort1 are thereinto introduced4 ,next within this ,part stands the ,lignous ,body2 the ,original whereof1 as of the two former1 is from the ,seed2 or1 the ,seminal ,roots of both the ,lobes1 being united in the ,radicle1 and with its ,parenchyma co-extended1 is here in the ,root the ,lignous ,body4 ,the ,contexture hereof is1 in many of its parts1 much more close than that of the ,cortical2 and their ,pores very different3 ,for whereas those of the ,cortical are infinitely numerous1 these of the ,lignous are in comparison1 nothing so4 ,but these1 although fewer1 yet are they many of them more open1 fair1 and visible3 as in a very thin ,slice cut athwart the young ,root of a ,tree1 and held up against the ,light1 is apparent3 ,yet not in all equally1 in ,coran-,tree1 in ,goosberry-,tree1 c4 less2 in ,oak1 ,plums1 and especially ,damascens1 more2 in ,elder1 ,vines1 c4 more conspicuous4 ,and as they are different in number and size1 so also 7whereon the numerousness of the ,pores of the ,cortical ,body principally depends7 in their shape4 ,for whereas those of the ,cortical ,body are extended much alike both by the length and breadth of the ,root2 these of the ,lignous are only by the length2 which1 especially in ,vines and some other ,roots1 is evident4 ,of these ,pores1 'tis also observable1 that although in all places of the ,root they are visible1 yet most fair and open about the ,fibrous ,extremities of some ,roots 7and in many ,roots higher7 where there is no ,pith4 ,these ,pores1 as they shew in young ,roots of ,trees1 see in ,fig4 #f1 #g4 ,this ,lignous ,body lieth with all its ,parts1 so far as they are visible1 in a ,circle or ,ring2 yet are there divers extream small ,fibres thence shooting1 usually mixed with the ,cortical ,body2 and by the somewhat different colour of the said ,cortical ,body where they stand1 may be noted these ,fibres2 the ,cortical ,body and ,skin all together1 properly make the ,barque4 ,the proportion betwixt this ,lignous ,body and the ,cortical1 is various1 as was said2 yet in this1 constant1 sc4 that in the fibrous1 and smaller ,parts of the ,root1 the ,lignous ,body is not only in compass1 but in quantity the less2 running like a slender ,wyer or ,nerve through the other surrounding it4 ,they stand both together pyramidally1 which is most common to ,infant-,roots1 but also to many other4 ,the next ,part observable in the ,root1 is the ,insertment4 ,the existence hereof1 so far as we can yet observe1 is sometimes in the ,radicle of the ,seed it self2 ,i cannot say alwayes4 ,as to its substantial nature1 we are more certain2 that it is the same with that of the ,parenchyma of the ,radicle2 being alwayes at least augmented1 and so1 in part1 originated from the ,cortical ,body1 and so1 at second hand1 from the said ,parenchyma3 ,for in dissecting a ,root1 we find1 that the ,cortical ,body doth not only environ the ,lignous1 but is also wedg'd1 and in many pieces inserted into it2 and that the said inserted pieces1 make not a meer ,indenture1 but transmit and shoot themselves quite through as far as the ,pith2 which in a thin ,slice cut athwart the ,root as so many lines drawn from the ,circumference towards the ,center1 shew themselves4 ,see ,fig4 #f1 #g4 ,the ,pores of the ,insertment are sometimes1 at least1 extended somewhat more by the breadth of the ,root1 as about the top of the ,root of ,borage may be seen2 and are thus different from those of the ,cortical ,body1 which are extended by the length and breadth much alike2 and from those of the ,lignous1 being only by its length4 ,the number and size of these ,insertions are various4 ,in ,hawthorn1 and some others1 and especially ,willows1 they are most extream small2 in ,cherries and ,plums they are large2 and in ,damascens especially1 very fairly apparent4 ,in the ,roots of small ,plants they are generally more easily discoverable2 which may lead to the observation of them in all4 ,these ,insertions1 although they are continuous through both the length and breadth of the ,root2 yet not so in all ,parts1 but by the several shootings of the ,lignous ,body are frequently intercepted4 ,for of the ,lignous ,body it is 7here best7 observable1 ,that its several shootings1 betwixt which the ,cortical is inserted1 are not throughout the ,root wholly distinct2 but that all along being enarch'd1 the ,lignous ,body1 both in length and breadth1 is thus disposed into ,braces or ,osculations4 ,betwixt these several shootings of the ,lignous ,body thus osculated1 the ,cortical shooting1 and being also osculated answerably ,brace for ,brace1 that which ,i call the ,insertment is fram'd thereof4 ,these ,osculations are so made1 that the ,pores of the ,lignous ,body1 ,i think1 notwithstanding1 seldom run one into another2 but1 for the most part1 still keep distinct2 in the same manner as some of the ,nerves1 though they meet1 and for some space are associated together1 yet 'tis most probable that none of their ,fibres are truly inosculated here1 but only in the ,plexures4 ,these ,osculations of the ,lignous ,body1 and so the interception of the ,insertions of the ,cortical1 are not to be observ'd by the traverse cut of the ,root1 but by taking off the ,barque1 or the ,cortical ,body4 ,in the ,roots of ,trees1 they are generally obscure2 but in ,plants1 often more distinctly apparent2 and especially in a ,turnep3 the appearance whereof1 the ,cortical ,body being stripp'd off1 is as a piece of close-wrought ,network1 fill'd up with the ,insertions of the said ,cortical ,body4 ,see ,fig4 #h4 ,the next and last distinct ,part of the ,root is the ,pith4 ,the substantial nature thereof1 is1 as was said of the ,insertment1 the same likewise with that of the ,parenchyma of the ,seed4 ,and according to the best observation we have yet made1 'tis sometimes existent in its ,radicle2 in which1 the two main ,branches of the ,lobes both meeting1 and being osculated together1 are thus dispos'd into one round ,trunk1 and so environing part of the ,parenchyma1 make thereof a ,pith2 as in either the ,radicle1 or the young ,root of the great ,bean or ,lupine1 may1 ,i think1 be well seen4 ,but many times the ,original hereof is immediately from the ,cortical ,body4 ,for in dissection of divers ,roots both of ,trees and ,plants1 as of ,barberry or ,mallows1 it is observable1 that the ,cortical ,body and ,pith are both of them participant of the same ,colour2 in the ,barberry both of them tinged yellow1 and in ,mallows green4 ,in cutting the smaller ,parts of the ,roots of many ,plants1 as of ,borage1 ,mallows1 ,parsley1 ,columbine1 c4 'tis also evident1 that the ,lignous ,body is not there in the least ,concave1 but standeth perfectly in the ,center2 and that the ,insertions being gradually multiplied afterwards1 the ,pith at length1 towards the thicker parts of the ,root1 shews and enlarges it self4 ,whence it appears1 that in all such ,roots1 the ,pith is not only of the same substantial nature1 and by the ,insertions doth communicate with the ,cortical ,body2 and that it is also more or less augmented by it2 which is true of the ,pith of all ,roots2 but is moreover1 by mediation of the said ,insertions1 wholly originated from it4 ,the various appearances of the ,insertions and ,pith from the ,fibrous ,parts to the top of the ,root1 see in ,fig4 #i1 #aj1 #aa1 #ab1 #ac1 #ad4 ,the ,pores of the ,lignous ,body1 entire in the said ,fibrous ,parts1 are best seen when they have lain by a night dry1 after cutting4 ,a farther evidence hereof are the ,proportions betwixt the ,cortical ,body and ,pith4 ,for as about the inferiour ,parts of the ,root1 where the ,pith is small1 the ,cortical ,body is proportionably great2 so about the top1 where the ,pith is enlarged1 the ,cortical ,body groweth proportionably less1 sc4 because by its ,insertions1 'tis gradually bestowed into the ,pith4 ,likewise the peculiar frame of some ,roots1 wherein besides the ,pith1 the ,lignous ,body being divided into a double ,ring1 there is also a thick ,ring1 of a white and soft substance1 stands betwixt them2 and is nothing else but the ,insertions of the ,cortical ,body collected into the said ,ring2 but1 towards the top of the ,root1 being inserted again1 thus maketh a large and ample ,pith2 as in ,fennel-,roots is seen4 ,the ,pores of the ,pith1 as those of the ,cortical ,body1 are extended both by the breadth and length of the ,root1 much alike2 yet are they more or less of a greater size than those of the ,cortical ,body4 ,the ,proportions of the ,pith1 are various2 in ,trees1 but small2 in ,plants generally1 very fair2 in some making by far the greatest part of the ,root2 as in a ,turnep3 ,by reason of the wide circumference whereof1 and so the finer ,concoction and ,assimilation of its ,sap2 that part which in most old ,trunks is a dry and harsh ,pith1 here proves a tender pleasant meat4 ,the parts of a ,turnep in the travers cut see in ,fig4 #h4 ,in the ,roots of very many ,plants1 as ,turneps1 ,carrots1 c4 the ,lignous ,body1 besides its main utmost ,ring1 hath divers of its osculated ,fibres dispersed throughout the ,body of the ,pith2 sometimes all alike1 and sometimes more especially in1 or near1 its ,center2 which ,fibres1 as they run towards the top of the ,root1 still declining the ,center1 at last collaterally strike into its ,circumference2 either all of them1 or some few1 keeping the ,center still2 of these principally the ,lignous ,body of the ,trunk is often originated4 ,these ,fibres1 although they are so exceeding slender1 yet in some ,roots1 as in that of ,flower-de-liz1 they are visibly concave1 each of them1 in their several ,cavities also embosoming a very small ,pith2 the sight whereof1 the ,root being cut traverse1 and laid in a ,window for a day or two to dry1 may without ,glasses be obtained4 ,and this is the general account of the ,root2 the declaration of the manner of its growth1 with the use and service of its several parts1 we shall next endeavour4 ,we say then1 that the ,radicle being impregnate1 and shot into the ,moulds1 the contiguous moisture1 by the ,cortical ,body1 being a ,body laxe and ,spongy1 is easily admitted3 ,yet not all indiscriminately1 but that which is more adapt to pass through the surrounding ,cuticle4 ,which transient ,sap1 though it thus becomes fine1 yet is not simple2 but a mixture of ,particles1 both in respect of those originally in the ,root1 and amongst themselves1 somewhat heterogeneous4 ,and being lodg'd in the ,cortical ,body moderately laxe1 and of a ,circular form2 the effect will be an easie ,fermentation4 ,the ,sap fermenting1 a separation of ,parts will follow2 some whereof will be impacted to the ,circumference of the ,cortical ,body1 whence the ,cuticle becomes a ,skin2 as we see in the growing of the ,coats of ,cheeses1 of the ,skin over divers ,liquors1 and the like4 ,whereupon the ,sap passing into the ,cortical ,body1 through this1 as through a ,manica ,hippocratis1 is still more finely filtred4 ,with which ,sap1 the ,cortical ,body being dilated as far as its ,tone1 without a solution of ,continuity will bear2 and the supply of the ,sap still renew'd2 and the purest part1 as most apt and ready1 recedes1 with its due ,tinctures1 from the said ,cortical ,body1 to the ,lignous4 ,which ,lignous ,body likewise super-inducing its own proper ,tinctures into the said ,sap2 'tis now to its highest preparation wrought up1 and becomes 7as they speak of that of an ,animal7 the ,vegetative ,ros or ,cambium3 the noblest part whereof is at last coagulated in1 and assimilated to the like substance with the said ,lignous ,body4 ,the remainder1 though not united to it1 yet tinctur'd therein1 thus retreats1 that is1 by the continual appulse of the ,sap1 is in part carried off into the ,cortical ,body back again1 the ,sap whereof it now tinctures into good ,aliment3 ,so that whereas before the ,cortical ,body was only relaxed in its ,parts1 and so dilated2 'tis now increas'd in real quantity or number of parts1 and so is truly nourish'd4 ,and the ,cortical ,body being saturate with so much of this ,vital ,sap as serves it self2 and the second ,remainders discharged thence to the ,skin2 this also is nourish'd and augmented therewith4 ,so that as in an ,animal ,body there is no instauration or growth of ,parts made by the ,bloud only1 but the ,nervous ,liquor is also thereunto assistant2 so is it here3 the ,sap prepared in the ,cortical ,body1 is as the ,arterious2 and that part thereof prepared by the ,lignous1 is as the ,nervous ,liquor2 which partly becoming ,nutriment to it self1 and partly being discharged back into the ,cortical ,body1 and diffusing its ,tincture through the ,sap there1 that to the said ,cortical ,body and ,skin1 becomes also true ,nutriment1 and so they all now grow4 ,in which growth1 a proportion in length and breadth is requisite3 which being rated by the benefit of the ,plant1 both for firm standing and sufficient ,sap1 must therefore principally be in length4 ,and because it is thus requisite1 therefore by the constitution of one of its ,parts1 sc4 the ,lignous ,body1 it is also made necessary4 ,for the ,pores hereof1 in that they are all extended by its length1 the ,sap also according to the frame and site of the said ,pores will principally move2 and that way as its ,sap moves1 the same way will the generation of its ,parts also proceed2 sc4 by its length4 ,and the ,lignous ,body first 7that is1 by a priority causal7 moving in length it self2 the ,cortical also moves therewith4 ,for that which is nourish'd1 is extended2 but whatever is extended1 is mov'd2 that therefore which is nourish'd1 is mov'd3 ,the ,lignous ,body then being first nourish'd1 'tis likewise first mov'd1 and so becomes and carries in it the ,principle of all ,vegetative motion in the ,cortical2 and so they both move in length4 ,yet as the ,lignous ,body is the ,principle of ,motion in the ,cortical2 so the ,cortical is the ,moderator of that in the ,lignous3 ,as in ,animal ,motions1 the ,principle is from the ,nerves2 yet being once given to the ,muscle or ,limb1 and that moving proportionably to its structure1 the ,nerves also are carried in the same motion with it4 ,we suppose therefore1 that as the principal motion of the ,lignous ,body is in length1 so is its proper tendency also to ascend3 ,but being much exceeded both in ,compass and ,quantity by the ,cortical as in the smaller parts of the ,root it is2 it must needs therefore be over-born and governed by it2 and so1 though not lose its motion1 yet make it that way wherein the ,cortical ,body may be more obedient to it2 which will be by descent3 ,yet both of them being sufficiently pliable1 they are thus capable1 where the ,soyl ,i may oppose a direct descent1 there to divert any way where it is more penetrable1 and so to descend obliquely4 ,for the same reason it may also be1 that though you set a ,bean with the ,radicle upward2 yet the ,radicle1 as it shoots1 declining also gradually1 is thus arch'd in form of an ,hook1 and so at last descends4 ,for every declination from a perpendicular ,line1 is a mixed motion betwixt ,ascent and ,descent2 as that of the ,radicle also is1 and so seeming to be dependent upon the two contrary ,tendencies of the ,lignous and ,cortical ,bodies4 ,what may be the cause of those ,tendencies 7being most probably external1 and perhaps something of a ,magnetisme7 is besides my ,task here to enquire4 ,now although the ,lignous ,body1 by the position and shape of its ,pores1 principally groweth in length2 yet will it in some degree likewise in breadth3 ,for it cannot be supposed that the purest ,sap is all received into the said ,pores2 but that part thereof likewise1 staying about its ,superficial parts1 is there tinctur'd and agglutinated to them4 ,and because these ,pores are prolonged by its length2 therefore is it much more laxe and easily divisible that way2 as in slitting a ,stick1 or cleaving of ,timber1 and in cutting and hewing them athwart is also seen4 ,whence it comes to pass1 that in shooting from the ,center towards the ,circumference1 and there finding more room1 its said original ,laxity doth easily in divers places now become greater1 and at length in open ,partments plainly visible4 ,betwixt which ,partments1 the cortical ,body1 being bound in on the one hand1 by the surrounding ,skin and ,moulds1 and pressed upon by the ,lignous on the other1 must needs insert it self1 and so move contrary to it1 from the ,circumference towards the ,center3 where the said contrary motions continued as begun1 they at last meet1 unite1 and either make or augment the ,pith4 ,and thus the ,root is fram'd1 and the ,skin1 the cortical and ,lignous ,bodies1 so as is said1 hereunto concurrent4 ,we shall next shew the use of the two other ,parts1 sc4 the ,insertment and ,pith2 and first of the ,pith4 ,one true use of the ,pith is for the better ,advancement of the ,sap1 whereof we shall speak in the next ,chapter4 ,the use we here observe is for the quicker and higher ,fermentation of the ,sap3 ,for although the ,fermentation made in the ,cortical ,body was well subservient to the first ,vegetations1 yet those more perfect ones in the ,trunk which after follow1 require a ,body more adapted to it1 and that is the ,pith2 which is so necessary1 as not to be only common to1 but considerably large in the ,roots of most ,plants2 if not in their inferiour parts1 yet at their tops4 ,where though either deriv'd or amplify'd from the ,cortical ,body1 yet being by its ,insertions only1 we may therefore suppose1 as those1 so this1 to be more finely constituted4 ,and being also from its co-arctation1 while inserted1 now free2 all its ,pores1 upon the supply of the ,sap1 will more or less be amplified3 ,upon which accounts1 the ,sap thereinto received1 will be more pure1 and its fermentation therein more active4 ,and as the ,pith is superiour to the ,cortical ,body by its ,constitution1 so by its ,place4 ,for as it thus stands central1 it hath the ,lignous ,body surrounding it4 ,now as the ,skin is the ,fence of the ,cortical ,body1 and that of the ,lignous2 so is the ,lignous again a far more preheminent one unto the ,pith2 the ,sap being here a brisk ,liquor1 tunn'd up as in a wooden ,cask4 ,and as the ,pith subserves the higher ,fermentation of the ,sap2 so do the ,insertions its purer ,distribution2 that separation which the parts of the ,sap1 by being fermented in the ,pith1 were dispos'd for2 being1 upon its entrance into the ,insertions1 now made3 ,so that as the ,skin is a ,filtre to the ,cortical ,body1 so are the ,insertions a more preheminent one to the ,lignous2 and as they subserve the purer1 so the freer and sufficient distribution of the ,sap3 ,for the ,root enlarging1 and so the ,lignous ,body growing thicker1 although the ,cortical and the ,pith might supply ,sap sufficient to the nutrition of its ,parts next adjacent to them2 yet those more inward1 must needs be scanted of their ,aliment2 and so1 if not quite starv'd1 yet be uncapable of equal growth3 ,whereas the ,lignous ,body being through its whole breadth frequently disparted1 and the ,cortical ,body inserted through it2 the ,sap by those ,insertions1 as the ,blood by the disseminations of the ,arteries1 is freely and sufficiently convey'd to its intimate ,parts1 even those which from either the cortical ,body or the ,pith are most remote4 ,lastly1 as the consequent hereof1 they are thus assistant to the ,latitudinal growth of the ,root2 as the ,lignous ,body to its growth in length2 so these ,insertions of the ,cortical1 to its better growth in breadth4 ,having thus seen the solitary uses of the ,several ,parts of the ,root1 we shall lastly propound our ,conjectures of that ,design whereto they are all together concurrent1 and that is the ,circulation of the ,sap3 ,for the ,sap moving through the cortical ,body1 towards the ,pith1 through the ,insertions thereinto1 obtains a pass3 ,which passage1 the superiour ,insertions will not favour2 because the ,pith standing in the same height with them1 is there large1 the fermenting and course of the ,sap quick1 and so its opposition strong4 ,but through the inferiour it will much more easily enter2 because there1 through the smalness of the ,pith1 the opposition is little1 and through the shortness of the ,insertions1 the way more open4 ,so that though the ,sap may meet with some opposition even here1 yet here meeting with the least1 here it will bestow it self 7feeding the ,lignous ,body in its passage7 into the ,pith4 ,into which fresh ,sap still entring1 this1 yet but crude1 will subside3 that first received and so become a ,liquor higher wrought1 will more easily mount upwards2 and moving in the ,pith1 as in the ,arteria magna1 in equal altitude with the more superiour ,insertions2 the most volatile parts of all will still continue their direct ascent towards the ,trunk4 ,but those of a middle nature1 and1 as not apt to ascend1 so being lighter than those beneath them1 not to descend neither2 they will tend from the ,pith towards the ,insertions in a motion betwixt both2 through which ,insertions 7feeding the ,lignous ,body in its passage7 it is1 by the next subsequent ,sap1 discharged off into the cortical ,body1 as into the ,vena cava1 back again4 ,wherein1 being still pursu'd by fresh ,sap from the ,center1 and more occurring from the ,circumference1 towards the inferiour ,insertions it thus descends2 through which1 together with part of the ,sap afresh imbib'd from the ,mould1 it re-enters the ,pith4 ,from whence1 into the ,cortical ,body1 and from thence into the ,pith1 the cruder part thereof reciprocally is disburs'd2 while the most ,volatile1 not needing the help of a ,circulation1 more directly ascendeth towards the ,trunk4 ,,chap4 ,,iii4 ,of the ,trunk4 ,having thus declar'd the degrees of ,vegetation in the ,root2 the continuance hereof in the ,trunk shall next be shew'd3 in order to which1 the ,parts whereof this likewise is compounded1 we shall first observe4 ,that which without dissection shews it self1 is the ,coarcture3 ,i cannot say of the ,root1 nor of the ,trunk2 but what ,i chuse here to mention1 as standing betwixt them1 and so being common to them both2 all their ,parts being here bound in closer together1 as in the tops of the grown ,roots of very many ,plants1 is apparent4 ,of the ,parts of the ,trunk1 the first occurring is its ,skin3 ,the ,formation whereof1 is not from the ,air1 but in the ,seed1 from whence it is originated2 being the production of the ,cuticle1 there investing the two ,lobes and ,plume4 ,the next ,part is the ,cortical ,body2 which here in the ,trunk is no new substantial formation2 but1 as is that of the ,root1 originated from the ,parenchyma of the ,seed2 and is only the increase and augmentation thereof4 ,the ,skin1 this ,cortical ,body properly so call'd1 and 7for the most part7 some ,fibers of the ,lignous mixed herewith1 all together make the ,barque4 ,next1 the ,lignous ,body1 which1 whether it be visibly divided into many softer ,fibres1 as in ,fennel1 and most ,plants2 or that its parts stand more compact and close1 shewing one hard1 firm and solid piece1 as in ,trees2 it is in all one and the same ,body2 and that not formed originally in the ,trunk1 but in the ,seed2 being nothing else but the prolongation of the ,inner ,body distributed in the ,lobes and ,plume thereof4 ,lastly1 ,the ,insertions and ,pith are here originated likewise from the ,plume1 as the same in the ,root from the ,radicle3 ,so that as to their substantial ,parts1 the ,lobes of the ,seed1 the ,radicle and ,plume1 the ,root and ,trunk are all one4 ,yet some things are more fairly observable in the ,trunk4 ,first1 the ,latitudinal shootings of the ,lignous ,body1 which in ,trunks of several years growth1 are visible in so many ,rings1 as is commonly known3 ,for several young ,fibres of the ,lignous ,body1 as in the ,root1 so here1 shooting into the ,cortical one year1 and the spaces betwixt them being after fill'd up with more 7,i think not till7 the next1 at length they become altogether a firm compact ,ring2 the perfection of one ,ring1 and the ground-work of another being thus made concomitantly4 ,from these ,annual younger ,fibres it is1 that although the ,cortical ,body and ,pith are both of the same substantial nature1 and their ,pores little different2 yet whereas the ,pith1 which the first year is green1 and of all the ,parts the fullest of ,sap1 becomes afterwards white and dry2 the ,cortical ,body1 on the contrary1 so long as the ,tree grows1 ever keepeth green and moist1 sc4 because the said ,fibers annually shoot into1 and so communicate with it4 ,the ,pores likewise of the ,lignous ,body1 many of them in well-grown ,timber1 as in ,oaken boards1 are very conspicuous1 in cutting both lengthwise and traverse2 they very seldom run one into another1 but keep1 like so many several ,vessels1 all along distinct2 as by cutting1 and so following any one of them as far as you please1 for a ,foot or half a ,yard1 or more together1 may be observ'd4 ,these greater ,pores1 though in ,wainscot1 ,tables1 and the like1 where they have lain long open1 they are but meer ,vacuities1 and so would be thought to contain only ,sap in the ,tree1 and afterwards only ,air2 yet upon a fresh cut1 each of them may be seen fill'd up with a light and spongie ,body1 which by ,glasses1 and even by the bare eye1 appears to be a perfect ,pith2 sometimes entire1 and sometimes more or less broken4 ,besides these1 there are a lesser sort2 which1 by the help of a ,microscope1 also appear1 if not to be fill'd up with a ,pith1 yet to contain certain light and filmy parts1 more or fewer1 of a ,pithy nature within them4 ,and these are all the ,pores the best ,glasses1 which1 7when upon these ,enquiries7 we had at hand1 would shew us4 ,but the ,learned and most ,ingenious ,naturalist ,mr4 ,hook sheweth us moreover1 besides these1 a third1 and yet smaller sort2 the description whereof ,i find he hath given us amongst his ,microscopical ,observations4 ,of these ,pores 7as a confirmation of what1 in the ,second ,chapter1 ,i have said of the ,pores of the ,lignous ,body in general7 he also demonstrates2 that they are all continuous and prolonged by the length of the ,trunk2 as are the greater ones2 the ,experiment whereof he imparteth to be1 by filling up1 suppose in a piece of ,char-coal1 all the said ,pores with ,mercury2 which appears to pass quite through them1 in that by a very good ,glass it is visible in their ,orifices at both ends2 and without a ,glass1 by the weight of the ,coal alone1 is also manifest4 ,upon farther ,enquiry1 ,i likewise find1 that the ,pores of the ,lignous ,body in the ,trunk of ,plants1 which at first only supposed1 by the help of good ,glasses are very fairly visible2 each ,fibre being perforated by #cj1 #ej1 #ajj1 or hundreds of ,pores4 ,or what ,i think is the truest notion of them1 that each ,fibre1 though it seem to the bare eye to be but one1 yet is indeed a great number of ,fibres together2 every ,pore being not meerly a space betwixt the several pores of the ,wood1 but the ,concave of a ,fiber3 ,so that if it be asked1 what all that part of a ,vegetable1 either ,plant or ,tree1 which is properly call'd the woody part2 what all that is1 ,i suppose1 that is nothing else but a ,cluster of innumerable and most extraordinary small ,vessels or concave ,fibres4 ,see ,fig4 #ae4 ,next the ,insertions of the ,cortical ,body1 which in the ,trunk of a ,tree saw'd athwart1 are plainly discerned as they run from the ,circumference toward the ,center2 the whole ,body of the ,tree being visibly compounded of two distinct ,substances1 that of the several ,rings1 and that of the ,insertions1 running cross2 shewing that in some resemblance in a ,plain1 which the ,lines of ,latitude and of the ,meridian do in a ,globe4 ,see ,fig4 #af4 ,these ,insertions are likewise very conspicuous in ,sawing of ,trees length-wayes into ,boards1 and those plain'd1 and wrought into ,leaves for ,tables1 ,wainscot1 ,trenchers1 and the like4 ,in all which1 as in course ,trenchers made of ,beech1 and ,tables of ,oak1 there are many parts which have a greater smoothness than the rest2 and are so many inserted pieces of the ,cortical ,body2 which by reason of those of the ,lignous1 seem to be discontinuous2 although in the ,trunk they are extended throughout its ,breadth4 ,these ,insertions1 although as is said1 of a quite distinct substance from the ,lignous ,body1 and so no where truly incorporated with it1 yet being they are in all parts1 the one as the ,warp1 the other as the ,woof1 mutually braced and inter-woven together1 they thus constitute one strong and firmly coherent ,body4 ,as the ,pores are greater or less1 so are the ,insertions also3 ,to the bare eye usually the greater only are discernable3 ,but through an indifferent ,microscope there are others also1 much more both numerous and small1 distinctly apparent4 ,so that1 ,i think1 we may observe1 that as the grand ,pith of the ,trunk communicates with1 and is augmented by the greater ,insertions2 so is the ,pith of each greater ,pore originated from the less2 and those 7at least7 pithy parts in the ,midling ,pores1 from others still less2 and suppose1 that the least of all are so far intruded into the smallest ,pores1 as only just to cause a kind of roughness on their concave sides1 and no more2 to what end shall be said4 ,see ,fig4 #ag4 ,in none of all these ,pores can we observe any thing which may have the true nature and use of ,valves1 which is easily to admit that1 to which they will by no means allow a regress4 ,and their non-existence is enough evident1 from what in the first ,chapter we have said of the ,lobes of the ,seed3 in whose ,seminal ,root1 were there any ,valves1 it could not be1 that by a contrary course of the ,sap1 they should ever grow2 which yet1 where-ever they turn into ,dissimilar ,leaves1 they do4 ,or if we consider the growth of the ,root1 which oftentimes is upward and downward both at once4 ,the ,insertions here in the ,trunk give us likewise a sight of the position of their ,pores4 ,for in a plained piece of ,oak1 as in ,wainscot1 ,tables1 c4 besides the larger ,pores of the ,lignous ,body1 which run by the length of the ,trunk2 the ,tract likewise of those of the ,insertions may be observed to be made by the breadth1 and so directly cross4 ,nor are they continuous as those of the ,lignous ,body1 but very short1 as those both of the ,cortical ,body and ,pith1 with which the ,insertions1 as to their substance are congenerous4 ,yet they all stand so together1 as to be plainly ranked in even ,lines or ,rows throughout the breadth of the ,trunk3 ,as the ,tract of these ,pores appear to the naked ,eye1 see in ,fig4 #ah4 ,by the best ,microscope ,i have at hand1 ,i can only observe the ,ranks of the ,pores2 not the ,pores themselves1 saving here and there one2 wherefore ,i have not describ'd them4 ,the ,pores of the ,pith likewise being larger here in the ,trunk1 are better observable than in the ,root3 the width whereof1 in comparison with their sides so exquisitely thin1 may by an ,honey-,comb be grosly exemplified2 and is that also which the vast disproportion betwixt the ,bulk and weight of a dry ,pith doth enough declare4 ,in the ,trunks of some ,plants1 they are so ample and transparent1 that in cutting both by the length and breadth of the ,pith1 some of them1 even to the bare eye would seem to be considerably extended by the length of the said ,pith2 which once ,i also thought they were1 and that only the rest of them were but short and discontinuous1 and as 'tis said1 somewhat answerable to the ,cells of an ,honey-,comb4 ,this was the nearest we could come to them1 by conjecture1 and the assistance of the best ,glasses we then had by us1 when upon enquiry into the nature of the ,pith3 ,but that ,worthy ,person newly mentioned ,mr4 ,hooke sheweth us1 that the ,pores of the ,pith1 particularly of ,elder-,pith1 so far as they are visible1 are all alike discontinuous2 and that the ,pith is nothing else 7to use his own words7 but an heap of ,bubbles4 ,besides what this ,observation informs us of here1 it farther confirms what in the second ,chapter we have said of the ,original of the ,pith and ,cortical ,body1 and of the sameness of both their natures with the ,parenchyma of the ,seed4 ,for1 upon farther enquiry with better ,glasses1 ,i find1 that the ,parenchyma of the ,plume and ,radicle1 and even of the ,lobes themselves1 though not so apparently1 is nothing else but a ,mass of ,bubbles4 ,in the ,piths of many ,plants1 the greater ,pores have some of them lesser ones within them1 and some of them are divided with cross ,membranes3 ,and betwixt their several sides1 have1 ,i think1 other smaller ,pores visibly interjected4 ,however1 that they are all permeable1 is most certain4 ,they stand together not indeterminately1 but in even ,ranks or ,trains2 as those of the ,insertions by the breadth1 so these by the length of the ,trunk4 ,and thus far there is a general corresponding betwixt the part of the ,root and ,trunk3 ,yet are there some considerable ,disparities betwixt them2 wherein1 and how they come to pass1 and to what especial use and end1 shall next be said4 ,we say then1 that the ,sap being in the ,root by ,filtrations1 ,fermentations 7and in what ,roots needful1 perhaps by ,circulation also7 duly prepar'd2 the prime part thereof passing through the intermediate ,coarcture1 in due moderation and purity is entertain'd at last into the ,trunk4 ,and the ,sap of the ,trunk being purer and more volatile1 and so it self apt to ascend2 the motion of the ,trunk likewise will be more noble1 receiving a disposition and tendency to ascend therewith4 ,and what by the ,sap the ,trunk is in part dispos'd to1 by the respective position and quantity of its ,parts it is effectually enabled4 ,for whereas in the ,root the ,lignous ,body being in proportion with the ,cortical1 but little1 and all lying close within its ,center2 it must therefore needs be under its controul3 on the contrary1 being here comparatively of greater quantity1 and also more dilated1 and having divers of its ,branches standing more abroad towards the ,circumference1 as both in the ,leaves and ,body of the young ,trunk and ,plume1 is seen2 it will in its own tendency to ascend1 reduce the ,cortical ,body to a compliance with it4 ,and the ,trunk thus standing from under the restraint of the ,mould in the open ,air1 the disposition of its ,parts originally different from that of the ,parts in the ,root will not only be continued1 but improved3 ,for by the force and pressure of the ,sap in its collateral ,motion1 the ,lignous ,body will now more freely and farther be dilated4 ,and this being dilated1 the ,cortical ,body also1 must needs be inserted2 and is therefore in proportion alwayes more or less smaller here in the ,trunk1 than in the ,root4 ,and as the ,cortical ,body lessens1 so the ,pith will be enlarged1 and by the same proportion is here greater4 ,and the ,pith being enlarged it self1 its ,pores 7the ,lignous ,body1 upon its dilatation1 as it were tentering and stretching out all their sides7 must needs likewise be enlarged with it1 and accordingly are ever greater in the ,pith of the ,trunk1 than of the ,root4 ,and the dilatation of the ,lignous ,body still continued1 it follows1 that whereas the ,pith descendent in the ,root1 is not only in proportion less and less1 but also in the smaller extremities thereof1 and sometimes higher altogether absent3 ,contrariwise1 in the ,trunk it is not only continued to its top1 but also there in proportion equally ample with what it is in any other inferiour part4 ,but although the openness of the ,ayr permitting be alwayes alike2 yet the ,energy of the ,sap effecting2 being different2 as therefore that doth1 the dilatation of the ,trunk will also vary4 ,if that be less1 so is this2 as in the ,trunks of most ,trees3 ,if that be greater1 so is this2 as in ,plants is common2 the ,lignous ,body being usually so far dilated1 that the utmost shootings thereof may easily be seen to jut out1 and adjoyn to the ,skin4 ,and if the ,sap be still of greater energy1 it so far dilates the ,lignous ,body1 as not only to amplifie the ,pith and all its ,pores2 but also so far to stretch them out1 as to make them tear4 ,whereupon either running again into the ,cortical ,body1 or shrinking up towards it1 the ,trunk thus sometimes becomes an hollow ,stalk1 the ,pith being wholly1 or in part voyded4 ,but generally it keeps entire2 and where it doth1 the same proportion and respect to the ,lignous and ,cortical ,bodies1 as is said4 ,the ,consequences of all which will be1 the strength of the ,trunk1 the security and plenty of the ,sap1 its ,fermentation will be quicker1 its ,distribution more effectual1 and its ,advancement more sufficient4 ,first1 the erect growth and strength of the ,trunk2 this being by the position of its several parts effected3 ,for besides the slendering of the ,trunk still towards the top1 the ,circumferential position of the ,lignous ,body likewise is1 and that eminently hereunto subservient3 ,so that as the ,lignous ,body in the smaller part of the ,root standing ,central1 we may thence conceive and see their pliableness to any oblique motion2 so here1 on the contrary1 the ,lignous ,body standing wide1 it thus becomes the strength of the ,trunk1 and most advantageous to its perpendicular growth4 ,we see the same ,design in ,bones and ,feathers3 ,the strongest ,bones1 as those in the ,legs1 are hollow4 ,now should we suppose the same ,bone to be contracted into a ,solid ,body1 although now it would be no heavier1 and in that respect1 as apt for motion2 yet would it have far less strength1 than as it is dilated to a ,circumferential posture4 ,and so for ,quills1 which1 for the same ,reasons1 in subserviency to flight1 we see how exceeding light they are1 and yet1 in comparison with the thinness of their ,body1 how very strong3 ,we see it not only in ,nature1 but ,art4 ,for hence it is that ,joyners and ,carpenters unite and set together their ,timber-pieces and several ,works oftentimes with double ,joynts2 which1 although they are no thicker than a single one might be made1 yet standing at a distance1 have a greater strength than that could have4 ,and the same ,architecture will have the same use in the ,trunks of ,plants1 in most whereof 'tis very apparent2 as for instance1 in ,corn3 ,for ,nature designing its ,sap a great ,ascent for its higher maturity1 hath given it a tall ,trunk2 but to prevent its ravenous despoiling either of the ,ear or ,soyl2 although it be tall1 yet are its sides but thin3 and because again1 it should grow not only tall and thriftily1 but for avoiding propping up1 strongly too2 therefore1 as its height is over-proportioned to the thinness of its sides1 so is its ,circumference also2 being so far dilated as to parallel a ,quill it self4 ,besides the position of the ,lignous ,body within the compass of a ,ring1 we see some shootings thereof often standing beyond the ,circumference of the said ,ring1 making sometimes a triangular1 oftner a quadrangular ,body of the ,trunk2 to the end1 that the ,ring being but thin1 and not self-sufficient1 these1 like ,splinters to ,bones1 might add strength and stability to it4 ,next1 the security and plenty of the ,sap4 ,for should the ,lignous ,body1 as it doth in the ,root1 its smaller parts1 stand ,central here also1 and so the ,cortical wholly surround it3 the greater part of the ,sap would thus be more immediately expos'd to the ,sun and ayr2 and being lodg'd in a laxe ,body1 by them continually be prey'd upon1 and as fast as supplied to the ,trunk1 be exhausted4 ,whereas the ,pith standing in the ,center1 the ,sap therein being not only most remote from the ,ayr and ,sun1 but by the ,barque1 and especially the ,wood1 being also surrounded and doubly immur'd1 will very securely and copiously be conveyed to all the ,collateral parts1 and 7as shall be said how7 the top of the ,trunk4 ,and the ,sap by the amplitude1 and great porosity of the ,pith being herein more copious1 its ,fermentation also will be quicker2 which we see in all ,liquors by standing in a greater quantity together1 proceeds more kindly3 ,and being tunn'd up within the ,wood1 is at the same time not only secur'd from loss1 but all extream mutations1 the ,day being thus not too hot1 nor the ,night too cold for it4 ,and the ,fermentation hereof being quicker1 its motion also will be stronger1 and its distribution more effectual1 not only to the dilatation of the ,trunk1 but likewise the shooting out of the ,branches4 ,whence it is1 that in the ,bodies of ,trees1 the ,barque of it self1 though it be sappy1 and many ,fibres of the ,lignous ,body mixed with it1 yet seldom sendeth forth any2 and that in ,plants1 those with the least ,pith 7other advantages not supplying this defect7 have the fewest or smallest ,branches1 or other collateral ,growths3 and that ,corn1 which hath no ,pith1 hath neither any ,branches4 ,lastly1 the ,advancement of the ,sap will hence also be more ready and sufficient4 ,for the understanding where1 and how1 we suppose that in all ,trunks whatsoever there are two parts joyntly hereunto subservient4 ,in some the ,lignous ,body and the ,cortical1 as in older ,trunks1 the ,pith being either excluded or dried3 ,but in most1 principally the ,lignous ,body and ,pith2 as in most ,annual ,growths of ,trees2 but especially ,plants1 where the ,cortical ,body is usually much and often wholly inserted4 ,of the ,lignous body it is so apparent by its ,pores1 or rather by its ,vessels1 that we need no farther evidence4 ,for to what end are ,vessels but for the conveyance of ,liquor8 ,and is that also1 which upon cutting the young ,branch of a ,sappy ,tree or ,plant1 by an accurate and steady view may be observed4 ,but when ,i say the ,pores of the ,lignous ,body1 ,i mean principally them of the younger shootings1 both those which make the new ,ring1 and those which are mixed with the ,cortical ,body in the ,barque3 that which ascendeth by the ,pores of the older ,wood1 being probably1 because in less quantity1 more in form of a ,vapour1 than a ,liquor4 ,yet that which drenching into the sides of its ,pores1 is with all thereunto sufficient ,aliment2 as we see ,orpine1 ,onions1 c4 only standing in a moyster ,ayr will often grow2 ,and being likewise in part supplied by the ,insertions from the younger ,shoots3 ,but especially1 because as it is but little1 so it serveth only for the growth of the said ,older ,wood1 and no more2 whereas the more copious ,aliment ascendent by the younger ,shoots1 subserves not only their own growth1 but the generation of others2 and is besides with that in the ,cortical ,body the ,fountain of ,perspirations1 which we know even in ,animals are much more abundant than the ,nutritive parts2 and doubtless in a ,vegetable are still much more4 ,but these ,pores1 although they are a free and open way to the ascending ,sap2 yet that meer ,pores or ,vessels should be able of themselves to advance the ,sap with that speed1 strength plenty1 and to that height1 as is necessary1 cannot probably be supposed4 ,it follows then1 that herein we must grant the ,pith a joynt service4 ,and why else in the smaller parts of the ,root1 where the ,pith is often wanting1 are the ,pores there greater8 ,why is the ,pith in all primitive growths the most ,sappy part1 why hath it so great a stock of ,sap1 if not after due maturation within it self still to be disbursed into the ,fibres of the ,lignous ,body8 ,why are the annual growths of all both ,plants and ,trees with great ,piths1 the quickest and the longest8 ,but how are the ,pores of the ,pith permeable8 ,that they are so1 both from their being capable of a repletion with ,sap1 and of being again wholly emptied of it1 and again1 instead thereof fill'd with ,ayr1 is as certain as that they are ,pores4 ,that they are permeable1 by the breadth1 appears from the dilatation of the ,lignous ,body1 and from the production of ,branches1 as hath been1 and shall hereafter be said4 ,and how else is there a ,communion betwixt this and the ,cortical ,body8 ,that they are so also1 by the length1 is probable1 because by the best ,microscope we cannot yet observ1 that they are visibly more open by the breadth1 than by the length4 ,and withal are ranked by the length1 as those of the ,insertions by the breadth of the ,trunk4 ,but if you set a piece of dry ,elder-,pith in some tinged ,liquor1 why then doth it not penetrate the ,pores1 so as to ascend through the ,body of the ,pith8 ,the plain reason is1 because they are all fill'd with ,ayr4 ,whereas the ,pith in a ,vegetating ,plant1 as its ,parts or ,pores are still generated1 they are at the same time also fill'd with ,sap2 which1 as 'tis gradually spent1 is still repair'd by more succeeding1 and so the ,ayr still kept out2 as in all primitive growths1 and the ,pith of ,elder it self3 ,yet the same ,pith1 by reason of the following ,winter1 wanting a more copious and quick supply of ,sap1 thus once become1 ever after keeps dry4 ,and since in the aforesaid ,trial the ,liquor only ascends by the sides of the ,pith1 that is of its broken ,pores1 we should thence by the same reason conclude that they are not penetrable by the breadth neither1 and so no way2 and then it need not be ask'd what would follow4 ,but certainly the ,sap in the ,pores of the ,pith is discharged and repaired every moment1 as by its shriv'ling up2 upon cutting the ,plant is evident4 ,we suppose then1 that as the ,sap ascendeth into the ,trunk by the ,lignous ,body1 so partly also by the ,pith4 ,for a piece of ,cotton with one end immers'd in some tinged ,liquor1 and with the other erect above1 though it will not imbibe the ,liquor so far as to over-run at the top1 yet so as to advance towards it1 it will2 so here1 the ,pith being a porous and spongy ,body1 and in its ,vegetating state its ,pores also permeable1 as a curious ,filtre of ,natures own contrivance1 it thus advanceth1 or as people use to say1 sucks up the ,sap4 ,yet as it is seen of the ,liquor in the ,cotton2 so likewise are we to suppose it of the ,sap in the ,pith2 that though it riseth up for some way1 yet is their some term1 beyond which it riseth not1 and towards which the motion of the ascending ,sap is more and more broken1 weak and slow1 and so the quantity thereof less and less4 ,but because the ,sap moveth not only by the length1 but breadth of the ,pith2 at the same time therefore as it partly ascendeth by the ,pith1 it is likewise in part pressed into the ,lignous ,body or into its ,pores4 ,and since the motion of the ,sap by the breadth of the ,pith not being far continued1 and but collateral1 is more prone and easie than the perpendicular1 or by its length2 it therefore follows1 that the collateral motion of the ,sap1 at such a height or part of the ,pith1 will be equally strong with the perpendicular at another part1 though somewhat beneath it2 and that where the perpendicular is more broken and weak1 the collateral will be less2 and consequently where the perpendicular tendency of the ,sap hath its term1 the collateral tendency thereof1 and so its pressure into the ,pores of the ,lignous ,body will still continue4 ,through which1 in that they are small1 and so their sides almost contiguous1 the ,sap as fast as pressed into them will easily run up2 as betwixt the two halves of a ,stick first slit1 and then tied somewhat loosely together1 may also any ,liquor be observed to do4 ,and the sides of the said ,pores being not smooth1 but by the intrusion of the smallest insertions made somewhat rough2 by that means the higher and more facile ascent of the ,sap therein will farther be promoted4 ,by all which ,advantages the facility and strength of that ascent will be continued higher in the said ,pores than in the ,pith4 ,yet since this also1 as well as that in the ,pith will have its term2 the ,sap1 although got thus far1 would yet at last be stagnant1 or at least its ascent be very sparing1 slow and feeble1 if not some way or other re-inforced4 ,wherefore1 as the ,sap moving by the breadth of the ,pith1 presseth thence into the ,pores of the ,lignous ,body2 so having well fill'd these1 is in part by the same ,collateral motion disbursed back into a yet higher ,region of the ,pith4 ,by which partly1 and partly by that portion of the ,sap1 which in its perpendicular ascent was before lodged therein2 'tis thus here1 as in any inferiour place equally repleat4 ,whereupon the force and vigour of the perpendicular motion of the ,sap herein will likewise be renew'd2 and so its ,collateral motion also1 and so its pressure into the ,pores of the ,lignous ,body1 and consequently its ascent therein2 and so by a pressure from these into the ,pith1 and from the ,pith into these reciprocally carried on1 a most ready and copious ascent of the ,sap will be continued from the bottom to the top1 though of the highest ,trunk4 ,an ,appendix4 ,of ,trunk-,roots and ,claspers4 ,the distinct ,parts whereof these are constituted1 are the same with those of the ,trunk1 and but the continuation of them4 ,trunk-,roots are of two kinds3 ,of the one1 are those that vegetate by a direct descent3 ,the place of their ,eruption is sometimes all along the ,trunk2 as in ,mint1 c4 ,sometimes only at its utmost point1 as in the ,bramble4 ,the other sort are such as neither ascend nor descend1 but shoot forth at right ,angles with the ,trunk2 which therefore1 though as to their ,office1 they are true ,roots1 yet as to their ,nature1 they area ,middle thing betwixt a ,root and a ,trunk4 ,claspers1 though they are but of one kind1 yet their nature is double2 not a mean betwixt that of the ,root and that of the ,trunk1 but a compound of both2 as in their ,circumvolutions1 wherein they often mutually ascend and descend1 is seen4 ,the use of these ,parts may be observed as the ,trunk mounts1 or as it trails4 ,in the mounting of the ,trunk1 they are for support and supply3 ,for support1 we see the ,claspers of ,vines2 the ,branches whereof being very long1 fragile and slender1 unless by their ,claspers they were mutually contain'd together1 they must needs by their own weight1 and that of their ,fruit1 undecently fall1 and be also liable to frequent breaking4 ,so that the whole care is divided betwixt the ,gardener and ,nature2 the ,gardener with his ,ligaments of ,leather secures the main ,branches2 and ,nature with these of her own finding1 secures the less4 ,their ,conveniency to which end1 is seen in their ,circumvolutions1 a motion not proper to any other ,part3 ,as also in their toughness or strength1 though much more slender than the ,branches whereon they are appendent4 ,for ,supply1 we see the ,trunk-,roots of ,ivy3 ,for mounting very high1 and being of a closer ,constitution than that of a ,vine1 the ,sap could not be sufficiently supplied to the upper ,sprouts1 unless these to the ,mother-,root were joyntly assistant4 ,yet serve they for support likewise2 whence they shoot out1 not as in ,cresses1 ,brook-lime1 c4 reciprocally on each side1 but commonly all in one2 that so they may be fastened at the nearest hand4 ,in the ,trailing of the ,trunk1 they serve for stabiliment1 propagation and shade4 ,for stabiliment1 we see the ,claspers of ,cucumbers3 ,for the ,trunk and ,branches being long and fragile1 the ,brushes of the ,winds would injuriously hoise them to and fro1 to the dammage both of themselves and their tender ,fruit1 were they not by these ,ligaments brought to good ,association and ,settlement4 ,as for this end1 so for ,propagation1 we see the ,trunk-,roots of ,camomile4 ,whence we have the reason of the common observation1 that it grows better by being trod upon3 the ,mould1 where too laxe1 being thus made to lie more conveniently about the said ,trunk-,roots newly bedded therein2 and is that which we see also effected in ,rowling of ,corn4 ,for both these ends1 we see the ,trunk-,roots of ,strawberries2 as also for shade2 for in that we see all ,strawberries delight2 and by the trailing of the ,plant is well obtain'd3 ,so that as we are wont to tangle the ,twigs of ,trees together to make an ,arbour ,artificial2 the same is here done to make a ,natural one2 as likewise by the ,claspers of ,cucumbers3 ,for the ,branches of the one by the ,linking of their ,claspers1 and of the other by the ,tethering of their ,trunk-,roots1 being couched together2 their tender fruits thus lie under the ,umbrage of a ,bower made of their own ,leaves4 ,,chap4 ,,iv4 ,of the ,germen1 ,branch1 and ,leaf4 ,the ,parts of the ,germen and ,branch1 are the same with those of the ,trunk2 the same ,skin1 ,cortical and ,lignous ,bodies1 ,insertment and ,pith1 hereinto propagated1 and distinctly observable herein4 ,for upon ,enquiry into the ,original of a ,branch or ,germen1 it appears1 ,that it is not from the ,superficies of the ,trunk1 but so deep1 as to take with the ,cortical1 the ,lignous ,body into it self2 and that not only from its ,circumference1 but 7so as to take the ,pith in also7 from its ,inner or ,central parts4 ,divers whereof may commonly be seen to shoot out into the ,pith2 from which ,shoots the surrounding and more superiour ,germens are originated2 in like manner as the ,lignous ,body of the ,trunk is sometimes principally from those ,fibrous ,shoots which run along the ,pith in the ,root4 ,the manner wherein usually the ,germen and ,branch are fram'd1 is briefly thus3 ,the ,sap 7as is said1 ,chap4 #c47 mounting in the ,trunk1 will not only by its length1 but by its breadth also1 through the ,insertions partly move4 ,yet1 its ,particles being not all alike qualified1 in different degrees3 ,some are more gross and sluggish2 of which we have the formation of a ,circle of ,wood only2 or of an ,annual ,ring3 ,others are more brisk2 and by these we have the ,germen propagated4 ,for by the vigour of their own motion from the ,center1 they impress an equal tendency on some of the inner parts of the ,lignous ,body next adjacent to the ,pith1 to move with them4 ,and since the ,lignous ,body is not entire1 but frequently disparted2 through these dispartments1 the said interiour ,parts1 upon their ,nutrition1 actually shoot2 not only towards the ,circumference1 so as to make part of a ,ring1 but even beyond it1 in order to the production of a ,germen4 ,and the ,lignous ,body thus moving1 and carrying the ,cortical along with it2 they both make a force upon the ,skin3 ,yet their motion being most even and gradual1 that force is such likewise2 not to cause the least breach of its parts1 but gently to carry it on with themselves2 and so partly by the extension of its already existent parts1 as of those of ,gold in drawing of ,guilded ,wyer2 and partly by the accretion of new ones1 as in the enlarging of a ,bubble above the ,surface of the ,water1 it is extended with them to their utmost growth4 ,in which growth1 the ,germen being prolonged1 and so displaying its several parts1 as when a ,prospective or ,telescope is drawn out1 thus becomes a ,branch4 ,the same way as the propagation of the ,parts of a ,germen is contriv'd is its due nutrition also3 ,for being originated from the inner part of the ,lignous ,body1 'tis nourished with the best fermented ,sap in the ,trunk1 sc4 that next adjacent to it in the ,pith4 ,besides1 since all its ,parts1 upon their shooting forth1 divaricate from their perpendicular1 to a cross ,line1 as these and the other grow and thrive together1 bind and throng each other into a ,knot2 through which ,knot the ,sap being strain'd1 'tis thus in due moderation purity delivered up into the ,branch4 ,and for ,knots1 they are so necessary1 as to be seen not only where collateral ,branches put forth2 but in such ,plants also as shoot up in one single ,trunk2 as in ,corn2 wherein1 as they make for the strength of the ,trunk2 so by so many percolations as they are ,knots1 for the transmission of the ,sap more and more refined towards the ,ear4 ,so that the two general uses of ,knots are for firmer standing1 and finer growth4 ,lastly1 as the due ,formation and ,nutrition of the ,germen are provided for1 so is its security also2 which both in its position upon the ,trunk1 and that of its ,parts among themselves may be observed4 ,the position of its ,parts shall be considered in speaking of the ,leaf4 ,as to its standing in the trunk1 'tis alwayes betwixt the trunk or ,elder ,branch1 and the ,basis of the ,stalk of the ,leaf2 whereby it is not only guarded from the ,injuries of any contingent ,violence1 but also from the more piercing assaults of the ,cold1 so long till in time 'tis grown1 as larger1 so more hardy4 ,the manner and uses of the position of every ,germen1 considered as after it becomes a ,branch1 hath already been by the ,ingenious ,mr4 ,sharrock very well observed2 to whom ,i refer4 ,upon the prolongation of the ,germen into a ,branch1 its ,leaves are thus display'd4 ,the ,parts whereof are substantially the same with those of a ,branch3 ,for the ,skin of the ,leaf is only the ampliation of that of the ,branch2 being partly by the accretion of new1 partly the extention of its already existent parts 7dilated as in making of ,leaf-,gold7 into its present breadth4 ,the ,fibres or ,nerves dispersed through the ,leaf1 are only the ,ramifications of the ,branch's ,wood1 or ,lignous ,body4 ,the ,parenchyma of the ,leaf which lies betwixt the ,nerves1 and as in ,gentlewomens ,needle-works1 fills all up1 is nothing else but the continuations of the ,cortical ,body1 or inner part of the ,barque from the ,branch into it self1 as in most ,plants with a fat ,leaf1 may easily be seen4 ,the ,fibres of the ,leaf neither shoot out of the ,branch nor ,trunk1 nor stand in the ,stalk1 in an even ,line2 but alwayes in either an ,angular or ,circular posture1 and usually making either a ,triangle1 or a ,semi-,circle1 or ,cord of a ,circle2 as in ,cycory1 ,endive1 ,cabbage1 c4 may be observed3 ,and if the ,leaf have but one main ,nerve1 that also is postur'd in a ,circular or ,lunar ,figure2 as in ,mint and others4 ,the usual number of these ,nerves or ,fibres is #c1 #e1 or #g4 ,see the ,figures from #bj1 to #bi4 ,the reason of the said ,positions of the ,fibres in the ,stalk of the ,leaf1 is for its more erect growth1 and greater strength2 which1 were the position of the said ,fibres in an even ,line1 and so the ,stalk it self1 as well as the ,leaf flat1 must needs have been defective2 as from what we have said of the ,circumferential posture of the ,lignous ,body in the ,trunk1 we may better conceive4 ,as likewise for the security of its ,sap3 ,for by this means it is1 that the several ,fibres1 and especially the main or middle ,fibre of the ,leaf1 together with a considerable part of the ,cortical ,body1 are so disposed of1 as to jut out1 not from its upper1 but its back1 or nether plain4 ,whence the whole ,leaf1 reclining backward1 becomes a ,canopy to them1 defending them from those ,injuries which from colder ,blasts1 or an hotter ,sun1 they might otherwise sustain4 ,so that by a mutual benefit1 as these give suck to all the ,leaf1 so that again protection to these4 ,these ,fibres are likewise the immediate visible ,cause of the shape of the ,leaf3 ,for if the nethermost ,fibre or ,fibres in the ,stalk be in proportion greater1 the ,leaf is long1 as in ,endive1 ,cycory1 and others3 ,if all of a more equal size1 it spreads rounder1 as in ,ivy1 ,doves-foot1 ,colts foot1 c4 ,and although a ,dock-,leaf be very long1 whose ,fibres notwithstanding1 as they stand higher in the ,stalk1 are disposed into a ,circle all of an equal size2 yet herein a peculiar fibre1 standing in the ,center betwixt the rest1 and running through the length of the ,leaf1 may be observed4 ,in correspondence also to the size and shape of these ,fibres1 is the ,leaf flat3 ,in that either they are very small1 or if larger1 yet they never make an entire ,circle or ,ring2 but either half of one1 as in ,borage1 or at most three parts of one1 as in ,mullen1 may be seen4 ,for if either they were so big1 as to contain2 or so entire1 as perfectly to include a ,pith1 the ,energy of the ,sap in that ,pith1 would cause the said ,lignous ,ring to shoot forth on every side1 as it doth in the ,root or ,trunk3 ,but the said ,fibres being not figur'd into an entire ,ring1 but so as to be open2 on that hand therefore where open1 they cannot shoot any thing directly from themselves1 because there they have nothing to shoot2 and the ,sap having also a free vent through the said opening1 against that part therefore which is thereunto opposite1 it can have no force2 and so neither will they shoot forth on that hand2 and so will they consequently that way only which the force of the ,sap directs1 which is only on the right and left4 ,the several ,fibres in the ,stalk1 are all inosculated in the ,leaf1 with very many ,sub-divisions2 according as these ,fibres are inosculated near1 or at1 or shoot directly to the edge of the ,leaf1 is it even or scallop'd4 ,where these ,inosculations are not made1 there we have no ,leaves1 but only a company of ,ramulets1 as in ,fennel4 ,the ,formations and ,fouldings of ,leaves have one ,date1 or are the contemporary works of ,nature2 each ,leaf obtaining its distinct shape1 and proper posture together2 both being perfect1 not only in the outer1 but ,central and minutest ,leaves1 which sometimes are five hundred times smaller than the outer2 both which in the ,cautious opening of a ,germen may be seen4 ,nor is there greater ,art in the ,forms1 than in the ,foulds or ,postures of ,leaves2 both answerably varying1 as this or that way they may be most agreeable4 ,of the ,quincuncial posture1 so amply instanc'd in by the ,learned ,dr4 ,brown1 ,i shall omit to speak4 ,others there are1 which though not all so universal1 yet equally necessary where they are2 giving two general advantages to the ,leaves1 ,elegancy and ,security1 sc4 in taking up1 so far as their ,forms will bear1 the least room2 and in being so conveniently couch'd1 as to be capable of receiving protection from other parts1 or of giving it to one another2 as for instance1 ,first1 ,there is the ,plain-,lap1 where the ,leaves are all laid somewhat convexly one over another1 but not plaited2 being to the lengthy1 breadth and number of ,leaves most agreeable2 as in the ,buds of ,pear-tree1 ,plum-tree1 c4 ,but where the ,leaves are not thick set1 as to stand in the ,plain-lap1 there we have the ,plicature2 as in ,rose-tree1 ,strawberry1 ,cinquefoyl1 ,burnet1 c4 ,for the ,leaves being here plaited1 and so lying in half their breadth1 and divers of them thus also collaterally set together1 the thickness of them all1 and half their breadth1 are much alike dimensions2 by which they stand more secure within themselves1 and in better consort with other ,germen-,growths in the same ,truss4 ,if the ,leaves be much indented or jagg'd1 now we have the same ,duplicature2 where there are divers ,plaits in the same ,leaf1 or ,labels of a ,leaf1 but in distinct ,sets1 a lesser under a greater2 as in ,tansey1 c4 ,when the ,leaves stand not collaterally1 but single1 and that they are moreover very broad2 then we have the ,multiplicature2 as in ,gooseberries1 ,mallows1 c4 the ,plaits being not only divers in the same ,leaf1 but of the same set continuant1 and so each ,leaf gather'd up in five1 seven1 or more ,foulds1 in the same manner as our ,gentlewomens ,fans3 ,where either the thickness of the ,leaf will not permit a flat lap1 or the fewness of their number1 or the smallness of their ,fibres1 will allow the ,rowl1 there this may be observed2 which is sometimes single1 as in ,bears-,ears2 sometimes double1 the two ,rowls beginning at each edge of the ,leaf1 and meeting in the middle4 ,which again1 is either the ,fore-,rowl1 or the ,back-,rowl4 ,if the ,leaf be design'd to grow long1 now we have the ,back-,rowl1 as in ,docks1 ,primroses1 c4 ,for the main ,fibres1 and that with a considerable part of the ,cortical ,body standing prominent from the ,back-plain of the ,leaf1 they thus stand securely couch'd up betwixt the two ,rowls2 on whose security the growth of the ,leaf in length depends4 ,but ,bears-,ears1 ,violets1 c4 upon contrary respects1 are rowled up inwards4 ,lastly1 there is the ,tre-,rowl1 as in ,fern2 the ,labels whereof1 though all rowled up to the main ,stem1 yet could not stand so firm and secure from the ,injuries either of the ,ground or ,weather1 unless to the ,rowls in breadth1 that by the length were super-induc'd2 the ,stalk or main ,stem giving the same protection here1 which in other ,plants by the ,leaves1 or some particular ,mantling1 is contriv'd4 ,for according to the ,form and ,foulding of every ,leaf or ,germen1 is its protection order'd2 about six wayes whereof may be observ'd2 sc4 by ,leaves1 ,surfoyles1 ,interfoyles1 ,stalks1 ,hoods and ,mantlings4 ,to add to what we have above given1 one or two ,instances4 ,every ,bud1 besides its proper ,leaves1 is covered with divers ,leafy ,pannicles or ,surfoyls2 which1 what the ,leaves are to one another1 are that to them all3 ,for not opening except gradually1 they admit not the ,weather1 ,wet1 ,sun or ,ayr1 to approach the ,leaves1 except by degrees respondent1 and as they are leisurely inur'd to bear them4 ,sometimes1 besides ,surfoyls1 there are also many ,interfoyls set betwixt the ,leaves1 from the ,circumference to the ,center of the ,bud2 as in the ,hasel3 ,for the ,fibres of these ,leaves standing out so far from a plain surface2 they would1 if not thus shelter'd1 lie too much expos'd and naked to the ,severities of the ,weather4 ,where none of all the ,protections above-named1 are convenient1 there the ,membranes of the ,leaves by continuation in their first forming 7together with some ,fibres of the ,lignous ,body7 are drawn out into so many ,mantles or ,veins2 as in ,docks1 ,snakeweed1 c4 ,for the ,leaves here being but few1 yet each ,leaf and its ,stalk being both exceeding long1 at the bottom whereof the next following ,leaf still springs up2 the form and posture of all is such1 as supersedes all the other kinds of protection1 and so each ,leaf apart is provided with a ,veil to it self4 ,the ,uses of the ,leaves1 ,i mean in respect of their service to the ,plant it self1 are these2 first1 for ,protection1 which1 besides what they give to one another1 they afford also to the ,flower and ,fruit3 ,to the ,flower in their ,foulds2 that being1 for the most part1 born and usher'd into the open ,ayr by the ,leaves4 ,to the ,fruit1 when afterwards they are display'd1 as in ,strawberries1 ,grapes1 ,rasps1 ,mulberries1 c4 ,on which1 and the like1 should the ,sun-,beams immediately strike1 especially while they are young1 they would quite shrivel them up2 but being by the ,leaves screened off1 they impress the circumjacent ,ayr so far only as gently to warm the said ,fruits1 and so to promote their ,fermentation and ,growth4 ,and accordingly we see1 that the ,leaves above-named are exceeding large in proportion to the ,fruits3 whereas in ,pear-trees1 ,apple-trees1 c4 the ,fruit being of a solider ,parenchyma1 and so not needing the like protection1 are usually equal with1 and often wider in ,diameter than the ,leaves4 ,another use is for ,augmentation2 or1 the capacity for the due spreading and ampliation of a ,tree or ,plant1 are its ,leaves3 ,for the ,lignous ,body being divided into small ,fibres1 and these running all along their lax and spongie ,parenchyma2 they are thus a ,body fit for the imbibition of ,sap and easie growth4 ,now the ,sap having a free reception into the ,leaves1 it still gives way to the next succeeding in the ,branches and ,trunk1 and the voyding of the ,sap in these1 for the mounting of that in the ,root1 and ingress of that in the ,mould4 ,but were there no ,leaves to make a free reception of ,sap1 it must needs be stagnant in all the parts to the ,root1 and so the ,root being clogg'd1 its fermenting and other ,offices will be voyded1 and so the due growth of the whole4 ,as in the motion of a ,watch1 although the original term thereof be the ,spring1 yet the capacity for its continuance in a due measure throughout all the ,wheels1 is the free and easie motion of the ,ballance4 ,lastly1 ,as the ,leaves subserve the more copious advancement1 so the higher purity of the ,sap3 ,for this being well fermented both in the ,root1 and in its ,ascent through the ,trunk1 and so its ,parts prepar'd to a farther separation2 the grosser ones are still deposited into the ,leaves2 the more elaborate and essential only thus supplied to the ,flower1 ,fruit and ,seed1 as their convenient ,aliment4 ,whence it is1 that where the ,flowers are many and large1 into which the more odorous ,particles are copiously receiv'd1 the green ,leaves have little or no smell2 as those of ,rose-tree1 ,carnations1 ,french-,marigold1 ,wood-bind1 ,tulips2 c4 ,but on the contrary1 where the ,flowers are none or small1 the green ,leaves themselves are likewise of a strong savour2 as those of ,wormwood1 ,tansie1 ,baum1 ,mint1 ,rue1 ,geranium ,moschatum1 ,angelica1 and others4 ,an ,appendix4 ,of ,thorns1 ,hairs and ,globulets4 ,thorns are of two kinds1 ,lignous and ,cortical4 ,of the first are such as those of the ,hawthorn1 and are constituted of all the same substantial ,parts whereof the ,germen it self1 and in a like proportion3 which also in their ,infancy are set with the resemblances of divers minute ,leaves4 ,in affinity with these are the ,spinets or ,thorny ,prickles upon the ,verges and ,tops of divers ,leaves1 as of ,barberry1 ,holly1 ,thistle1 ,furze1 and others2 all which ,i think are the filamentous extremities of the ,lignous ,body sheathed in the ,skin4 ,cortical ,thorns are such as those of the ,rasberry ,bush1 being not1 unless in a most extraordinary small proportion propagated from the ,lignous ,body1 but almost wholly from the ,cortical and ,skin1 or from the ,barque4 ,the growth of this ,thorn may farther argue what in the ,second ,chapter we supposed2 sc4 ,that as the proper tendency of the ,lignous ,body1 is to ascend1 so of the ,cortical to descend4 ,for as the ,lignous ,thorn1 like other ,parts upon the ,trunk1 in its growth ascends2 this being almost wholly ,cortical1 pointeth downward4 ,the use of ,thorns the very ,ingenious ,mr4 ,sharrock observed4 ,upon the ,leaves of divers ,plants two ,productions shew themselves1 sc4 ,hairs and ,globulets4 ,of ,hairs1 only one kind is taken notice of1 although they are various4 ,ordinarily they are plain2 which when fine and thick set1 as on most ,hairy ,buds2 or fine and long1 as on those of the ,vine1 we call them ,down4 ,but sometimes they are not plain1 but branched out1 from the bottom to the top1 reciprocally on every side1 in some resemblance to a ,stags-,horn2 as in ,mullen4 ,and sometimes they are ,astral1 as upon ,lavender1 and some other ,leaves1 and especially those of ,wild ,olive2 wherein every ,hair rising in one round entire ,basis a little way above the ,surface of the ,leaf1 is then disparted4 ,star-like1 into several1 four1 five or six points1 all standing at right ,angles with the said perpendicular ,basis4 ,the ,uses of ,hairs are for ,distinction and ,protection4 ,that of ,distinction is but secondary1 the ,leaves being grown to a considerable size4 ,that of ,protection is the prime1 for which they were originally form'd together with the ,leaves themselves1 and whose service they enjoy in their ,infant-estate3 ,for the ,hairs being then in form of a ,down1 alwayes very thick set1 thus give that protection to the ,leaves1 which their exceeding tenderness then requires2 so that they seem to be vested with a ,coat of ,frieze1 or to be kept warm1 like young and dainty ,chickens1 in ,wooll4 ,globulets are seen upon ,orach1 both ,garden and wild2 and yet more plainly on ,mercury or ,bonus ,henricus4 ,in these1 growing almost upon the whole ,plant1 and being very large1 they are by all taken notice of4 ,but strict ,observation discovers1 that these ,globulets are the natural and constant ,off-spring of very many other ,plants4 ,both these ,globulets1 and likewise the diversity of ,hairs1 ,i find the ,learned ,mr4 ,hook hath already observed4 ,they are of two kinds2 ,transparent1 as upon the ,leaves of ,hysop1 ,mint1 ,baume1 and many more3 ,white1 as upon those of ,germander1 ,sage1 and others4 ,all which1 though the naked ,eye will discover1 yet by the help of ,glasses we may observe most distinctly4 ,the use of these we suppose the same with those of the ,flower1 whereof we shall speak4 ,,chap4 ,v4 ,of the ,flower4 ,we next proceed to the ,flower4 ,the general ,parts whereof are most commonly three2 sc4 the ,empalement1 the ,foliation1 and the ,attire4 ,the ,empalement1 whether of one or more pieces1 ,i call that which is the utmost part of the ,flower1 encompassing the other two4 ',tis compounded of the three general ,parts1 the ,skin1 the ,cortical and ,lignous ,bodies2 each ,empaler 7where there are divers7 being as another little ,leaf2 as in those of a ,quince-,flower1 as oft as they happen to be overgrown1 is well seen4 ,as likewise in the ,primrose1 with the green ,flower1 commonly so call'd1 though by a mistake2 for that which seems to be the ,flower1 is only the more flourishing ,empalement1 the ,flower it self being white2 but the continuation of all the three aforesaid ,parts into each ,empaler1 is discoverable1 ,i think1 no where better than in an ,artichoke1 which is a true ,flower1 and whose ,empalers are of that amplitude1 as fairly to shew them all3 ,as also1 that the ,original of the ,skin of each ,empaler is not distinct from that of the rest2 but to be all one piece1 laid in so many ,plaits or ,duplicatures as there are ,empalers1 from the outermost to the inner and most central ones4 ,the ,design of the ,empalement1 is to be security and ,bands to the other two ,parts of the ,flower3 ,to be their security before its opening1 by intercepting all extremities of ,weather3 ,afterwards to be their ,bands1 and firmly to contain all their ,parts in their due and most decorous posture2 so that a ,flower without its ,empalement1 would hang as uncouth and taudry as a ,lady without her ,bodies4 ,hence we have the reason why it is various1 and sometimes wanting4 ,some ,flowers have none1 as ,tulips2 for having a fat and firm ,leaf1 and each ,leaf likewise standing on a broad and strong ,basis1 they are thus sufficient to themselves4 ,carnations1 on the contrary1 have not only an ,empalement1 but that 7for more firmitude7 of one piece3 ,for otherwise1 the foot of each ,leaf being very long and slender1 most of them would be apt to break out of compass2 yet is the top of the ,impalement indented also2 that the ,indentments1 by being lapp'd over the ,leaves before their expansion1 may then protect them2 and by being spred under them afterwards1 may better shoulder and prop them up4 ,and if the feet of the ,leaves be both long and very tender too1 here the ,empalement is numerous1 though consisting of several pieces2 yet those in divers ,rounds1 and all with a counterchangeable respect to each other 7which also the ,learned ,dr4 ,brown observes7 as in all ,knapweeds1 and other ,flowers2 whereby1 how commodious they are for both the aforesaid ends1 may easily be conceiv'd2 and well enough exemplified by the ,scales of ,fishes1 whereunto1 as to their position1 they have not an unapt resemblance4 ,the ,foliation also1 is of the same substantial nature with the green ,leaf2 the ,membrane1 ,pulp1 and ,fibres whereof1 being1 as there1 so here1 but the continuation of the ,skin1 the ,cortical and ,lignous ,bodies4 ,the ,foulds of the ,flower or ,foliation are various1 as those of the green ,leaf2 but some of them different4 ,the most general are1 ,first1 ,the ,plain ,couch1 as in ,roses1 and many other double ,flowers4 then the ,concave ,couch as in ,blattaria flore albo4 ,next the ,plait1 as in some of the ,leaves of ,pease-,blooms1 in the ,flowers of ,coriander1 c4 which is either single1 as in those nam'd2 or double1 as in ,blew-,bottle1 ,jacea1 and more of that rank4 ,next1 the ,couch and ,plait together in the same ,flower1 as in ,marigolds1 ,daisies1 and all others of an agreeing form3 where the first apparent ,fould or ,composture of the ,leaves is in ,couch2 but the ,leaves being erect1 each likewise may be seen to lie in a double ,plait within it self4 ,then the ,rowl1 as in the ,flowers of ,ladies-,bower1 the broad top of each ,leaf being by a double ,rowl foulded up inwardly4 ,next1 the ,spire1 which it the beginning of a ,rowl2 and may be seen in the ,flowers of ,mallows1 and others4 ,lastly1 the ,plait and ,spire together1 where the part analogous to the ,foliation1 is of one piece1 the ,plaits being here laid1 and so carried on by ,spiral ,lines to the top of the ,flower1 as is in divers1 and ,i think in ,convolvulus ,doronici folio more elegantly seen4 ,the reason of all which varieties1 a comparative consideration of the several parts of the ,flower may suggest4 ,ile only mention1 that no ,flower that ,i find1 hath a ,back-,rowl1 as hath the green ,leaf1 for two ,reasons2 because its ,leaves have not their ,fibres standing out much on their backside1 as the green ,leaves have2 and because of its ,attire1 which it ever embosomes1 and cannot so well do it by a ,back-,rowl4 ,the usual ,protections of ,flowers by the ,precedents are express'd1 sc4 ,green ,leaves and ,empalements4 ,some have another more peculiar1 that is a double ,vail2 as the ,spring-,crocus4 ,for having no ,empalement1 and starting up early out of the ,mould1 even before its ,green ,leaves1 and that upon the first opening of the ,spring2 lest it should thus be quite starved1 'tis born swath'd up in a double ,blanket1 or with a pair of ,sheets upon its ,back4 ,the ,leaves of divers ,flowers at their ,basis have an hairy ,tuft2 by which ,tufts the ,concave of the ,empalement is fill'd up2 that1 being very choice and tender1 they may thus be kept in a gentle and constant warmth1 as most convenient for them4 ,the ,leaves of the ,flower1 though they are not hairy all over1 yet in some particular parts they are often set with a fine ,downy ,velvet2 that1 being by their shape and posture in those parts contiguous to their delicate and tender ,attire1 they may thus give it a more softly and warmer touch4 ,thus in the ,flower of ,ladies ,bower1 those parts of its ,leaves which rowl inward1 and lie contiguous to the ,attire1 are ,downy2 whereas the other parts are plain and smooth3 ,so the ,flowers of ,pease1 ,spanish ,broom1 ,toad-,flax1 and many others1 where contiguous to their ,attires1 are deck'd with the like ,hairy ,velvet4 ,as upon the ,green ,leaves1 so upon the ,flowers are ,globulets sometimes seen2 as upon the backside of that of ,enula4 ,on none more plainly than that kind of ,blattaria with the white ,flower2 where they are all transparent1 and growing both on the ,stalk and ,leaves of the ,flower1 each shewing likewise its ,peduncle whereon it is erected4 ,the use of the ,flower1 or the ,foliation whereof we now speak1 7that is1 as to its private service7 is for the protection of the ,attire2 this1 as its under1 and the ,empalement as its upper ,garments2 as likewise of the ,fruit3 ,the necessity of which ,service1 in some ,cases1 by the different situation of the ,flower and ,fruit1 with respect to each other1 is evident2 ,apples1 ,pears1 and several other ,fruits1 standing behind or under the ,flower2 but ,cherries1 ,apricots1 and divers others1 within it2 for these1 being of a very tender and pulpous ,body1 and withal putting forth with the colder part of the ,spring1 could not weather it out against the ,variations and ,extremities of the ,air1 7as those of a more solid ,parenchyma can7 except lodged up within their ,flowers4 ,and as the ,flower is serviceable to the safety of the ,fruit1 so is it to its growth2 sc4 in its ,infancy1 or ,embryo-estate2 for which purpose1 as there is a ,flower1 so that ,flower is greater or less1 according as the nature of the ,fruit to which it belongs1 and the plenty of the ,sap by which the ,fruit is fed1 doth require4 ,thus1 where the young ,fruit is of a solider constitution1 and the ascent of the ,sap less copious1 were there here no ,flower to promote the said ascent thereof into the ,fruit 7in the manner as is effected by the ,green ,leaves7 it must needs pine and die1 or prove less kindly4 ,on the contrary1 should the ,flower be over-large1 it would not only promote the ascent of the ,sap up to the ,fruit1 but being as yet over-proportionate to it1 would likewise it self exhaust the same ,sap1 as fast as ascendent2 like a greedy ,nurse1 that prepares the ,meat for her ,child1 and then eats it up her self4 ,thus we see ,apples and ,pears with a ,flower of a moderate size1 like their ,body2 of a middle ,constitution1 and their ,sap of a middle quantity3 ,but ,quinces1 being more solid1 besides that they have as great a ,flower1 the ,impalers of their ,flower also thrive so far as to become handsom ,leaves1 continuing also after the ,flower is fallen1 firm and verdent a great while2 so long till the fruit be able to provide for it self4 ,on the other hand1 ,plums being more tender and ,sappy than ,apples and ,pears1 besides that their ,empalers are much alike1 their flower is less1 and ,gooseberries and ,currans1 which are still more ,pulpy1 and the course of the ,sap towards them more free1 have yet a flower far less4 ,and ,grapes1 whose ,sap is still of quicker ,ascent1 have scarce any flower at all2 only some small resemblance thereof1 serving just upon the setting of the fruit1 and no longer4 ,the ,attire ,i find to be of two kinds1 ,seminie and ,florie3 ,that which ,i call ,seminie1 is made up of two general parts1 ,chives and ,semets1 one upon each ,chive4 ,these ,semets have the appearance 7especially in many flowers7 of so many little ,seeds2 but are quite another kind of ,body3 ,for upon enquiry we find1 that these ,semets1 though they seem to be solid1 and for some time after their first formation1 are entire2 yet are they really hollow2 and their side1 or sides1 which were at first entire1 at length crack asunder3 ,and that moreover the ,concave of each ,semet is not a meer vacuity1 but fill'd up with a number of minute ,particles1 in form of a ,powder2 which1 though common to all ,semets1 yet in some1 and particularly those of a ,tulip1 being larger1 is more distinctly observable4 ,these ,semets are sometimes fastned so1 as to stand erect above their ,chive1 as those of ,larks-heel4 ,sometimes1 and ,i think usually1 so as to hang a little down1 in the manner and figure of a ,kidney2 as in ,mallows4 ,their ,cleft or ,crack is sometimes single1 but for the most part double3 ,at these ,clefts it is that they disburse their ,powders2 which as they start out1 and stand betwixt the two ,lips of each ,cleft1 have some resemblance to the common ,sculpture of a ,pomegranate with its ,seeds looking out at the ,clefts of its ,rind3 ,this must be observ'd when the ,clefts are recently made1 which usually is before the expansion of the ,flower4 ,the ,particles of these ,powders1 though like those of ,meal or other ,dust1 they appear not easily to have any regular shape2 yet upon strict observation1 especially with the assistance of an indifferent ,glass1 it doth appear1 that they are nothing else but a ,congeries of so many perfect ,globes or ,globulets3 ,that which obscures them2 is their being so small4 ,in ,dogs-,mercury1 ,borage1 and very many more ,plants1 they are extreamly so4 ,in ,mallows1 and some others1 more fairly visible4 ,some of these ,powders are yellow1 as in ,dogs-,mercury1 ,goats-,rue1 c4 and some of other colours3 ,but most of them ,i think are white2 and those of yellow ,henbane very elegant2 the disburs'd ,powders whereof1 to the naked eye1 are white as ,snow2 but each ,globulet1 through a ,glass1 transparent as ,crystal2 which is not a fallacy from the ,glass1 but what we see in all transparent ,bodies whatsoever1 lying in a ,powder or small ,particles together4 ,the ,florid ,attire1 is commonly known by the blind and rude ,name of ,thrums2 as in the ,flowers of ,marigold1 ,tansie1 c4 ,how adequate its imposition is1 observation will determine3 ,for the several ,thrums or rather ,suits1 whereof the ,attire is made up1 however else they may differ in various ,flowers1 in this agree1 that they are ever consistent of more than one1 sometimes of two1 and for the most part of three pieces 7for which ,i call them ,suits7 and each piece of a different1 but agreeable and comely form4 ,the outer part of every ,suit1 is its ,floret3 whose ,body or ,tube is divided at the top 7like that of the ,cowslip7 into divers distinct ,leaves2 so that a ,floret is the ,epitome of a flower2 and is all the flower that many ,plants1 as ,mugwort1 ,tansie1 and others1 have4 ,what the ,learned ,dr4 ,brown observeth of the number ,five as to the ,leaves of the flower1 is still more universally holding in these of the ,floret4 ,upon the ,expansion of the ,floret1 the next part of the ,suit is from within its ,tube brought to sight2 which we may 7with respect to that within it7 call the ,sheath3 ,for this also1 like the ,floret1 is a concave ,body2 in its shape very well resembling the ,fistulous ,pouches of ,wake-,robin1 or of ,dragon4 ,the ,sheath1 after some time1 dividing at the top1 from within its ,concave1 the third and innermost part of the suit1 sc4 the ,blade advanceth and displayes it self4 ,this part is not hollow1 as the other two1 but solid2 yet at its point1 not originally1 but after some time1 is evermore divided into two halves4 ,upon the division of the said ,point1 there appears1 as upon the opening of a ,semet2 a ,powder of ,globulets1 which before lay enclosed up within its ,clefts2 and are of the same nature with those of a ,semet1 though not so copious3 ,so that all flowers have their ,powders or ,globulets4 ,the whole ,attire may in ,knapweed1 ,blewbottle1 c4 be observed4 ,the use of the ,attire1 how contemptibly soever we may look upon it1 is certainly great4 ,and though for our own use we value the ,leaves of the ,flower1 or the ,foliation1 most2 yet of all the three ,parts1 this in some respects is the choycest1 as for whose sake and service the other two are made4 ,the use hereof1 as to ,ornament and ,distinction1 is unquestionable1 but is not all4 ,as for ,distinction1 though by the help of ,glasses we may make it to extend far2 yet in a passant view1 which is all we usually make1 we cannot so well4 ,as for ,ornament1 and particularly in reference to the ,semets1 we may ask1 ,if for that meerly these were meant1 then why should they be so made as to break open1 or to contain any thing within them8 ,since their ,beauty would be as good as if they were not hollow1 and is better before they crack and burst open1 than afterwards4 ,a farther use hereof therefore we must acknowledge1 and may observe2 and that is for food2 for ,ornament and ,distinction to us1 and for ,food to other ,animals4 ,i will not say1 but that it may serve even to these for ,distinction too1 that they may be able to know one ,plant from another1 and in their flight or progress settle where they like best2 and that therefore the varieties of these small parts are many1 and well observed by them1 which we take no notice of3 ,yet the finding out of ,food is but in order to enjoy it3 ,which1 that it is provided for a vast number of little ,animals in the attires of all ,flowers1 observation perswades us to believe4 ,for why else are they evermore here found8 ,go from one ,flower to another1 great and small1 you shall meet with none untaken up with these ,guests4 ,in some1 and particularly the ,sun-flower1 where the parts of the ,attire1 and the animals for which they provide1 are larger1 the matter is more visible4 ,we must not think1 that ,god ,almighty hath left any of the whole ,family of his ,creatures unprovided for2 but as the ,great ,master1 some where or other carveth out to all2 and that for a great number of these little ,folk1 ,he hath stored up their peculiar provisions in the ,attires of ,flowers2 each ,flower thus becoming their ,lodging and their ,dining-,room1 both in one4 ,wherein the particular parts of the ,attire may be more distinctly serviceable1 this to one ,animal1 and that to another1 ,i cannot say3 ,or to the same ,animal1 as a ,bee1 whether this for the ,honey1 another for their ,bread1 a third for the ,wax3 ,or whether all only suck from hence some ,juice2 or some may not also carry some of the ,parts1 as of the ,globulets1 wholly away3 ,or lastly1 what may be the primary and private use of the attire 7for even this abovesaid2 though great1 yet is but secondary7 ,i now determine not4 ,,chap4 ,,vi4 ,of the ,fruit4 ,the general composition of all ,fruits is one1 that is1 their ,essential and truly ,vital ,parts1 are in all the same1 and but the continuation of those which in the other ,parts of a ,vegetable1 we have already observed3 ,yet because by the different ,constitutions and ,tinctures of these ,parts1 divers considerably different ,fruits result2 ,i shall therefore take a particular view of the more known and principal of them1 sc4 ,apples1 ,pears1 ,plums1 ,nuts and ,berries4 ,an ,apple1 if cut traverse1 appears constituted of four distinct ,parts1 the ,pill1 the ,parenchyma1 ,branchery and ,coare4 ,the ,pill is only the spreading and dilatation of the skin1 or utmost part of the ,barque in the ,branch4 ,the ,parenchyma1 when full ripe1 is a tender delicate ,meat3 ,yet as the ,pill is but the continuation of the utmost part of the ,barque2 so is this but the continuance and ampliation1 or 7as ,i may call it7 the swelth and superbience of the ,inner part thereof2 which upon observation of a young and ,infant-,apple especially1 is evident4 ,thus we see the ,pith1 which is often tough1 in many ,roots1 as ,parsneps1 ,turneps1 c4 is tender and edible4 ,so here1 the ,parenchyma1 though originally no more than the ,barque1 yet the plenty and purity of its ,sap being likewise effectual to the fulness and fineness of its growth1 it thus becomes a soft and tender meat4 ,the ,branchery is nothing else but the ,ramifications of the ,lignous ,body throughout all the parts of the ,parenchyma2 the greater ,branches being likewise by the ,inosculations of the less 7as in the ,leaf7 united together4 ,the main ,branches are usually fifteen2 ten are spred and distributed through the ,parenchyma1 all enarching themselves towards the ,cork or ,stool of the ,flower2 the other five running from the ,stalk in a directer ,line1 at last meet the former at the said ,cork1 and are there osculated with them4 ,these five are originated from one2 which running along the ,center of the ,stalk1 and part of the ,parenchyma of the ,fruit1 is therein at last divided4 ,to these the ,coats of the ,kernels are fastned2 so that whereas these ,branches were originally all extended even beyond the ,fruit1 and inserted into the ,flower for the due growth thereof2 the ,fruit afterwards growing to some head1 and so intercepting and preying upon the ,aliment of the ,flower1 starves that1 and therefrom supersedes the service of the said ,branches to it self1 ten for its ,parenchyma1 and five for its ,seed4 ,the ,coar is originated from the ,pith2 for the ,sap finding room enough in the ,parenchyma1 through which to dispence it self all abroad1 quits the ,pith1 which thereby hardens into a ,coar4 ,thus we see the ,insertions1 although originate from the ,cortical ,body1 yet their ,parts being1 by the ,inosculations of the ,lignous1 so much compress'd and made to co-incide together1 they become a ,body very compact and dense4 ,and in the ,barque we see the same effect by arefaction only1 or a meer voydance of the ,sap2 the ,inner ,part whereof1 though soft and sappy1 yet its superficial ,rind is often so hard and smooth1 that it may be fairly writ upon4 ,in a ,pear there are five distinct ,parts1 the ,pill1 the ,parenchyma1 ,branchery1 ,calculary and ,acetary4 ,the three former are here and in an ,apple much alike2 saving that here the ,inner or ,seed-,branches are ordinarily ten4 ,the ,calculary 7most observable in rough-tasted1 or ,choak-,pears7 is a congeries of little stony ,knots3 ,they are many of them dispersed throughout the whole ,parenchyma2 but lying more continuous and compact together towards the ,center of the ,pear1 surround the ,acetary there in a somewhat ,globular ,form4 ,about the ,stalk they stand more distant2 but towards the ,cork or ,stool of the ,flower1 they still grow closer1 and there at last gather 7almost7 into the firmitude of a ,plum-stone it self4 ,within this lies the ,acetary2 'tis of a soure tast1 and by the bounding of the ,calculary of a ,globular ,figure4 ',tis a simple ,body1 having neither any of the ,lignous branched in it1 nor any ,knots4 ,it is of the same substantial nature with the ,parenchyma2 but whether it be absolutely one with it1 or be derived immediately from the ,pith1 my ,enquiries yet made1 determine not4 ,the ,original of the ,calculary ,i seem to have neglected3 ,but hereof we may here best say1 that whereas all the other ,parts are ,essential and truly ,vital1 the ,calculary is not2 but that the several ,knots whereof it consists1 are only so many meer ,concretions or ,precipitations out of the ,sap2 as in ,urines1 ,wines1 and other ,liquors1 we often see4 ,and that this ,precipitation is made by the mixture and re-action of the ,tinctures of the ,lignous and ,cortical ,bodies upon each other3 ,even as all ,vegetable ,nutrition or ,fixation of ,parts is also made by the joynt efficiency of the two same ,tinctures1 as hath been said4 ,hence we find1 that as the ,acetary hath no ,branches of the ,lignous ,body1 so neither hath it any ,knots4 ,hence likewise it is1 that we have so different and contrary a taste in the ,parenchyma beyond the ,calculary1 from that in the ,acetary2 for whereas this is soure1 that1 wherein the said ,precipitations are made1 is sweet2 being much alike effect1 to what we find in mixing2 of ,corals1 c4 with ,vinegar or other acid ,liquor4 ,in a ,plum 7to which the ,cherry1 ,apricot1 ,peach1 ,walnut1 c4 ought to be referr'd7 there are four distinct ,parts1 the ,pill1 the ,parenchyma1 ,branchery and ,stone4 ,the ,pill and ,parenchyma are1 as to their ,original1 with those of an ,apple or ,pear both alike3 ,as likewise the ,branchery1 but differently ramified4 ,in ,plums 7,i suppose all7 there are five main ,out-,branches1 which run along the ,surface of the ,stone from the ,basis to the point thereof1 four of them by the one ,ridge1 and one by the other opposite to it4 ,in an ,apricot there is the same number1 but the single ,branch runs not upon the ,surface1 but through the ,body of the ,stone4 ,there are likewise two or three smaller ,branches1 which run in like manner under the other ,ridge for some space1 and then advancing into the ,parenchyma1 therein disperse themselves3 ,these latter sort in ,peaches are numerous throughout3 ,but notwithstanding the different disposition of the ,branches of the ,fruits aforesaid2 yet is there one ,branch dispos'd in one and the same manner in them all3 ,the entrance hereof into the ,stone is at its ,basis2 from whence running through its ,body1 and still inclining or arching it self towards its ,concave1 is at last about its ,cone thereinto emergent1 where the ,coats of the ,seed are appendent to it4 ,of the ,seed-,branch 'tis therefore observable that after its entrance into the ,fruit1 'tis alwaies prolonged therein to a considerable length2 as is seen not only in ,apples1 c4 where the ,seed stands a good distance from the ,stalk2 but in ,plums likewise1 where it stands very near it2 in that here the ,seed-,branch1 as is said1 never strikes through the ,stone into the ,coats of the ,seed directly1 but about its ,cone or remoter end4 ,the ,stone1 though it seem a simple ,body1 yet it is compounded of different ones3 ,the ,inner ,part thereof1 as it is by far the thinnest1 so is it the most dense1 white1 smooth and simple4 ,the ,original is from the ,pith2 difficult1 but curious to observe3 ,for the ,seed-,branch1 not striking directly and immediately quite through the ,basis of the ,stone1 but in the manner as is above described1 carries a considerable part of the ,pith1 now gathered round about it1 as its ,parenchyma1 along with it self1 which1 upon its entrance into the concave of the ,stone about its farther end1 is there in part spred all over it1 as the ,lining thereof4 ,the outer and very much thicker ,part consisteth partly of the like ,precipitations or concrete ,particles1 as in a ,pear1 being gathered here much more closely1 not only to a ,contiguity1 but a coalition into one entire ,stone2 as we see in ,pears themselves1 especially towards the ,cork1 they gather into the like ,stoniness2 or as we see a ,stone1 ,mineral or ,animal1 oftentimes the product of accumulated ,gravel3 ,but as the ,parenchyma is mixed with the ,concretion in the ,calculary1 so is it also1 though not visibly1 with these in the ,stone1 the ground of the ,stone being indeed a perfect ,parenchyma2 but by the said ,concretions so far alter'd1 as to become dry1 hard and undistinguishable from them4 ,in a ,nut 7to which an ,achorn is analogous7 there are three general ,parts1 the ,cap1 ,shell and ,pith4 ,the ,cap is constituted of a ,pill and ,parenchyma derived from the ,barque1 and ,ramulets from the ,lignous ,body of the ,branch4 ,the ,shell likewise is not one simple ,body1 but compounded4 ,the ,superficial ,part thereof is originated from the ,pill or ,skin of the ,cap1 from the inside whereof it is in a ,duplicature produc'd and spred over the shell3 which1 if you look at the ,basis of the shell1 is farther evident2 for that being continuous with the ,parenchyma of the ,cap1 without the interposure of the ,skin1 the said superficial ,part is there wanting4 ,the thicker and inner part of the shell consisteth of the same ,parenchyma as that of the ,cap1 with a congeries of ,precipitations filled up1 as in a ,stone4 ,and as the ,lignous ,body is branched in a ,stone1 so1 with some difference1 in a ,shell4 ,the ,outer ,branches or ,ramulets are numerous1 each issuing out of the ,parenchyma of the cap1 and entring the ,shell at the ,circumference of its ,basis and so running betwixt its superficial and inner parts towards its cone1 in a ,round4 ,the ,inner or ,seed-,branch is single1 entering in1 as do the other1 at the ,basis of the shell1 but at the center thereof2 from whence it runs1 not through the ,shell1 as in ,plums through the ,stone2 but through the ,pith1 as far as the cone1 where the ,coats of the ,seed hang appendent to it4 ,the ,pith1 whether derived from the same part both in name and nature in the ,branch and ,stalk1 or from the ,cortical ,body1 ,i yet determine not4 ,a ,berry1 as a ,gooseberry 7to which ,currans1 ,grapes1 ,hipps1 c4 are to be referr'd7 consisteth1 besides the ,seed1 of the three general ,parts1 ,pill1 ,parenchyma and ,branchery3 ,the ,pill is originated as in the foregoing ,fruits4 ,the ,parenchyma is double1 as likewise in some other ,berries3 ,the outer is commonly1 together with the ,pill1 call'd the ,skin1 and is that part we spit out1 being of a soure taste4 ,as the ,pill is originated from the outer1 so this from the inner part of the ,barque2 and accordingly the ,pores thereof may be observed plainly of a like shape with those both of the ,cortical ,body and ,pith4 ,the inner is of a sweet taste1 and is the part we eat3 ,it is of a constitution so laxe and tender1 as it would seem to be only a thicker or jellied ,juice2 although this likewise be a true ,parenchyma1 something like that of an ,orange or ,limon1 with its ,pores all fill'd up with ,liquor4 ,the ,branchery is likewise double3 ,the ,exterior runs betwixt the ,pill and outer ,parenchyma in arched ,lines1 from the ,stalk to the ,stool of the ,flower4 ,these outer ,branches1 though of various number at the ,stalk1 yet at the ,cork are usually ten principal ones2 five for the five ,leaves of the ,flower1 and five for the ,chives4 ,the inner main ,branches are two1 diametrically opposite to each other1 and at the ,cork with the other inosculated4 ,from these two are branched other smaller1 every one having a ,seed appendent to it1 whose ,coats it entreth by a double ,filament1 one at the ,basis1 the other at the ,cone4 ,they are all very white and turgent2 and by a slaunt cut1 may be observ'd concave2 thus representing themselves analogous to so many true spermatick ,vessels4 ,the ,uses of ,fruits are for ,man1 7sometimes also other ,animals1 as are ,akerns and ,haws7 and for the ,seed4 ,for ,man1 they are so variously desirable1 that till our ,orchards and ,store-,chambers1 ,confectioners ,stores and ,apothecaries ,shops1 our ,ladies ,closets1 their ,tables or ,hands are empty of them1 ,i shall not need to enquire for what4 ,if it be asked1 how the ,fruit becomes1 generally above all the other ,parts1 so pleasant a ,meat8 ,it is partly from the ,sap1 the grosser portion thereof being deposited in the ,leaves1 and so the purer hereunto reserved2 partly from the ,globular ,figure of the ,fruit2 for the ,sap being thus in a greater quantity herein1 and in all parts equally diffus'd1 the ,concoction hereof is with greatest advantage favoured and promoted4 ,wherefore all ,fruits which we eat raw1 how small soever1 are of a ,globular form1 or thereunto approaching2 and the nearer1 the delicater2 amongst apples1 the ,peppin2 amongst ,pears1 the ,burgundian2 and amongst all ,fruits1 the ,grape2 and amongst ,grapes1 the roundest1 are of all the most dainty4 ,the visible cause of this ,globular ,figure1 is the ,flower2 or the ,inosculation of all the main ,branches at the ,stool of the ,flower2 and upon the fall of the ,flower1 the obtuseness1 and with ,wind and ,sun1 as it were the searing of their several ends3 ,for thus the ,sap entring the ,fruit1 being not able to effect1 either a ,disunion1 or a shooting forth of the said ,branches1 and so to carry on their growth in length2 they must thus of necessity be enarch'd1 and with the ,parenchyma more and more expand themselves4 ,whereas were they dispos'd and qualified otherwise1 than as is said1 instead of forming a ,fruit within bounds1 they would run out into all extravagance1 and even into another little ,tree or ,leafy growth4 ,to the ,seed1 the ,fruit is serviceable2 ,first1 in order to its being supply'd with a due and most convenient ,sap1 the greater and less elaborated part thereof being1 in its passage towards the ,seed1 thereinto received2 the ,fruit doing the same office to the ,seed1 which the ,leaves do to the ,fruit2 the ,sap in the ,fruit being in a laxe comparison1 as the ,wine2 and that for the ,seed1 a small part of the highest ,spirit rectified from it4 ,so likewise for its ,protection1 in order to the prosperous carrying on and perfecting of its generation1 and security being perfected4 ,which protection it gives not only to the ,seminal ,sap and ,seed it self2 but alwaies also to its ,seed-,branch4 ,thus we see an ,apple1 besides that it is it self of ample compass1 for the sake of its ,seed1 hath likewise its coar2 as if it were not sufficient1 that the ,walls of their ,room are so very thick1 unless also wainscotted4 ,in a ,pear again1 where the ,parenchyma is of less compass than that of an ,apple1 to what protection this affords1 that of the ,calculary is super-added4 ,but in a ,plum1 where the ,parenchyma is exceeding tender1 and in a ,peach1 which hangs late1 and till ,autumn ,frosts approach1 we have not only the ,rubbish of a ,calculary but stout ,stone-,walls4 ,within which also1 not only the ,seed it self2 but the ,seed-,branch is evermore immur'd4 ,lastly1 in a ,nut1 where the shell being not surrounded with a ,parenchyma1 that protection is wanting without1 'tis answer'd by an ample ,pith within it2 and the seed-,branch likewise included1 not meerly in the ,body of the ,shell1 as in a ,plum1 but within the pith it self4 ,so necessary is this design that what the ,hen by ,incubation or ,hovering1 is to the ,egg or ,chick2 that the whole ,fruit1 by comprehension1 is to the ,seed4 ,,chap4 ,,vii4 ,of the ,seed4 ,as the ,original1 so the ultimate end ,perfection of ,vegetation is the ,seed4 ,how it is the former1 and in its state apt for ,vegetation1 hath already been seen4 ,how the latter1 and in its state of ,generation1 we shall now lastly enquire4 ,in doing which1 what in the other state was either not distinctly existent1 or not so apparent1 or not so intelligible1 will occur4 ,the two general ,parts of the ,seed are its ,covers and ,body4 ,the ,covers in this estate are usually four2 the outmost we may call the ,case3 ',tis of a very various form2 sometimes a ,pouch1 as in ,nasturtium1 ,cochlearia2 a ,cod1 as in all ,pulse1 ,galega2 sometimes not entire1 but parted1 or otherwise open1 as in ,sorrel1 ,knotgrass1 with many other forms2 ,i think alwaies more heterogeneous to that of the ,seed1 by which it differs from the proper ,coats4 ,to this the ,caps of ,nuts1 and the ,parenchyma's of ,fruits are analogous4 ,the two next are properly the ,coats3 ,in a ,bean especially1 and the like2 from whence to avoyd ,confusion1 the denomination may run common to the responding ,covers of other ,seeds4 ,the ,colour of the outer is of all degrees1 from ,white to the ,blackness of ,jett3 ,its ,figure sometimes ,kidney'd1 as in ,alcea1 ,behen1 ,poppy2 triangular1 as in ,polygonatum1 ,sorrel2 triangular spherical1 in ,mentha1 ,melissa2 circular1 in ,leucoium1 ,amaranthus2 globular1 in ,napus1 ,asperula2 oval1 in ,speculum ,veneris1 ,tithymalus2 half ,globe1 in ,coriander2 that which we take for one single round ,seed1 being a ,conjugation of two2 half ,oval1 in ,anise1 ,fennel2 ,hastal1 in ,lactuca2 ,cylindrical1 as1 if ,i mistake not1 in ,jacoba1 ,pyramidal1 in ,geranium1 ,alth ,fol4 with many other differences3 ,but the ,perfection of one or two of the said ,figures lieth in the ,case3 ,so that as all ,lines and ,proportions are in the ,flower1 so all ,regular ,figures in the ,seed1 or rather in its ,covers4 ',tis sometimes glistering1 as in ,speculum ,veneris2 ,rough-cast1 in ,catanance2 ,studded1 in ,behen1 ,blattaria2 ,favous1 in ,papaver1 ,antirrhinum1 ,lepidium annuum1 ,alcea ,vesicaria1 ,hyosciamus1 and many more1 before the ,seeds have lain long by2 ,pounced1 in ,phalangium ,cret1 ,lithospermum2 ,ramified1 in ,pentaphyllum fragiferum1 ,erectum majus1 resembling the ,fibres of the ,ears of the ,heart2 some just ,quinquenerval1 as in ,anisum1 and many more1 the ,lignous ,body being in five main ,fibres branched therein4 ,the ,covers of not only ,quince-,seeds1 and those of ,psyllium 7more usually taken notice of7 but those also of ,horminum1 ,nasturtium1 ,eruca1 ,camelina1 ,ocymum1 and divers others1 have a ,mucilage2 which1 though it be not visible when the ,seeds are throughly dry2 yet lying a while in some warm ,liquor1 or only on the ,tongue1 it swells more or less1 and upon them all fairly shews it self4 ,on that of ,ocymum it appears grayish2 on the other1 transparent2 and on that of ,nasturtium ,hortense very large2 even emulous of the inner ,pulp surrounding a ,gooseberry-seed4 ,the putting of ,clary-seed into the ,eye1 may have been brought into use from this ,mucilage1 by which alone it may become ,medicinal4 ,and thus far of the ,superficies4 ,the nature of the outer ,coat is various1 ,membranous1 ,cartilaginous and ,stony2 the like ,precipitations being sometimes made herein1 as in a ,stone or ,shell2 as in that of the ,seeds of ,carthamum1 ,lithospermum1 and others4 ,the ,designment hereof1 being either with respect to the ,seed in its state of ,generation2 as where the ,case is either wanting1 or at least insufficient of it self1 there for its due protection and warmth2 or1 in its state of ,vegetation1 for the better ,fermenting of its ,tinctures and ,sap2 the ,fermentations of some ,seeds not well proceeding1 unless they lie in their ,stony ,casks in the ,mould1 like ,bottled ,liquors in ,sand4 ,all ,seeds have their outer ,covers open2 either by a particular ,foramen1 as in ,beans1 and other ,pulse1 as is said2 or by the breaking off of the ,seed from its ,peduncle or ,stool1 as in those in ,cucumber1 ,cycory2 or by the entering and passage of a ,branch or ,branches1 not only into the ,concave thereof near the ,cone1 but also through the ,cone it self2 as in ,shells and ,stones4 ,for the sake of this aperture it is1 that ,akerns1 ,nuts1 ,beans1 ,cucumbers1 and most other ,seeds1 are in their formation so placed1 that the ,radicle still standeth next to it2 that1 upon ,vegetation1 it may have a free and ready passage into the ,mould4 ,the ,original of the outer ,coat1 though from ,parts of the same substantial nature1 yet is differently made4 ,in a ,plum1 the ,seed-,branch which runs1 as is described1 through the ,stone1 is not naked1 but1 as is said1 invested with a thin ,parenchyma1 which it carries from the ,stalk along with it2 and which1 by the ,ramification of the said ,branch within the ,stone1 is in part dilated into a ,coat4 ,that of a ,bean is from the ,parenchyma of the ,cod2 the superficial part of which ,parenchyma1 upon the large peduncle of the ,bean becoming a thin ,cuticle1 and upon the ,bean it self a cartilaginous ,coat4 ,the ,original of the inner ,coat of the ,bean is likewise from the inner part of the said parenchyma2 which first is spred into a long ,cake1 or that which with the seed-,branch maketh the peduncle of the ,bean2 under which ,cake1 there is usually a black part or spot2 by the length of which1 the inner part of the ,cake is next inserted into the outer ,coat1 and spred all over the ,concave thereof4 ,this inner ,coat1 though when the ,seed is grown old and dry1 'tis shrunk up1 and in most ,seeds so far as scarcely to be discern'd2 yet in its first and juvenile ,constitution1 is a very ,spongy and ,sappy ,body2 and is then likewise 7as the ,womb in a pregnant ,animal7 in proportion very thick and bulky2 in a ,bean1 even as one of the ,lobes it self3 ,and in a ,plum or apricot1 ,i think ,i may safely say1 half an hundred times thicker than afterwards1 when it is dried and shrunk up2 and can scarcely be distinguished from the upper ,coat4 ,upon which ,accounts it is1 in this estate1 a true and fair ,parenchyma4 ,in this ,inner ,coat in a ,bean1 the ,lignous ,body or ,seed-,branch is distributed3 ,sometimes1 as in ,french-,beans1 throughout the whole ,coat2 as it is in a ,leaf3 ,in the ,great ,garden-,bean1 upon its first entrance1 it is bipartite1 and so in small ,branches runs along the ,circumference of the ,coat1 all meeting and making a kind of ,reticulation against the ,belly of the ,bean4 ,in the same manner the main ,branches in the outer ,coat of a ,kernel1 circling themselves on both hands from the place of their first entrance1 at last meet1 and mutually inosculate4 ,so that all the ,parts of a ,vegetable1 the ,root1 ,trunk1 ,branch1 ,leaf1 ,flower1 ,fruit and ,seed1 are still made up of two substantially different ,bodies4 ,and as every ,part hath two1 so the whole ,vegetable taken together1 is a composition of two only1 and no more3 ,all properly ,woody ,parts1 ,strings and ,fibres1 are one ,body3 ,all simple ,barques1 ,piths1 ,parenchyma's and ,pulps1 and as to their substantial ,nature1 ,pills and ,skins likewise1 all but one ,body3 the several ,parts of a ,vegetable all differing from each other1 only by the various ,proportions and ,mixtures1 and variously sized ,pores of these two ,bodies4 ,what from these two general ,observations might reasonably be inferr'd1 ,i shall not now mention4 ,the fourth and innermost ,cover we may call the ,secondine2 the sight whereof1 by cutting off the ,coats of an ,infant-,bean1 at the ,cone thereof in very thin ,slices1 and with great ,caution1 may be obtain'd4 ,while unbroken1 'tis transparent2 being torn and taken off1 it gathers up into the likeness of a ,jelly1 or that we call the ,tredle of an ,egg1 when over-boyl'd4 ,this ,membrane in larger or elder ,beans1 is not to be found distinct2 but becomes as it were the ,lining of the inner ,coat3 ,but 7as far as our ,enquiries yet discover7 it may in most other ,seeds1 even full grown1 be distinctly seen2 as in those of ,cucumber1 ,colocynthis1 ,burdock1 ,carthamum1 ,gromwel1 ,endive1 ,mallows1 c4 ',tis usually so very thin1 as in the above-nam'd1 as very difficultly to be discover'd4 ,in some ,kernels1 as of ,apricots1 'tis very thick2 and in some other ,seeds4 ,that all these have the ,analogy of one and the same ,cover1 which ,i call the ,secondine1 is most probably argu'd from their alike ,natures2 being all of them plain simple ,membranes1 with not the least ,fibre of the ,lignous ,body or ,seed ,branch1 visibly distributed in them2 as also from their ,contexture1 which is in all of them more close4 ,the ,concave of this ,membrane is filled with a most transparent ,liquor1 out of which the ,seed is formed2 as in cutting a petite and ,infant-,bean1 may be seen2 and yet better in a young ,walnut4 ,in ,beans ,i have observed it to turn1 upon boyling1 into a tender white coagulum4 ,through this ,membrane1 the ,lignous ,body or ,seed-,branches distributed in the inner ,coat1 at last shoot downright two slender ,fibres1 like two ,navles1 one into each ,lobe of the ,bean4 ,the places where the said ,fibres shoot into the ,lobes1 are near the ,basis of the ,radicle2 and by their ,blackishness well enough remark'd3 but the ,fibres themselves are so very small1 as scarcely to be discern'd3 ,yet in a ,lupine1 of the larger kind1 both the places where the ,navel-,fibres shoot into the ,lobes 7which here from the ,basis of the ,radicle is more remote7 and the ,fibres themselves1 are fairly visible4 ,for the ,seed-,branch1 upon its entrance into the ,coat of the ,lupine1 is presently divided into two main ,branches1 and those two into other less2 whereof some underly1 others aloft1 run along the ,coat1 and towards its other end meet and are inosculated2 where about two opposite1 shallow1 round1 and most minute ,cavities1 answerable to two ,specks of a cartilaginous gloss1 one in either ,lobe1 may be observed1 which ,specks are the ends of the said ,navel-,fibres1 upon the ripening of the ,seed there broken off4 ,these ,fibres1 from the ,superficies of each ,lobe1 descend a little way directly down2 presently1 each is divided into two ,branches1 one distributed into the ,lobes1 the other into the ,radicle ,plume1 in the manner as in the first ,chapter is describ'd4 ,and thus far the ,history4 ,i shall now only with a brief account of the ,generation of the ,seed1 as hereupon dependent1 conclude this ,discourse4 ,let us say then1 that the ,sap having in the ,root1 ,trunk1 and ,leaves1 passed divers ,concoctions and ,separations1 in the manner as they are said to be perform'd therein2 'tis now at last1 in some good maturity1 advanced towards the ,seed4 ,the more copious and cruder part hereof is again seperated by a free reception into the ,fruit1 or other ,part analogous to it3 being either sufficiently ample to contain it1 or at least laxe enough for its transpiration1 and so its due discharge4 ,the more ,essential part is into the ,seed-,branch or ,branches entertain'd2 which1 because they are evermore of a very considerable length1 and of a ,constitution very fine1 the said ,sap thus becomes in its ,current therein1 as in the ,spermatick ,vessels1 still more mature4 ,in this mature estate1 from the seed-,branch into the ,coats of the seed1 as into the ,womb1 'tis next delivered up4 ,the meaner ,part hereof again1 to the outer1 as aliment good enough1 is supplied4 ,the finer part is transmitted to the ,inner2 which1 being1 as is said1 a ,parenchymous and more spatious ,body1 the ,sap therefore is not herein1 as in the outer1 a meer aliment2 but in order to its being1 by ,fermentation1 farther prepared4 ,yet the outer ,coat1 being on the contrary hard and dense2 for that reason1 as it admitteth not the ,fermentation of the ,sap so well within it self2 so doth it the more promote and favour it in the ,inner1 being ,bounds both to it and its ,sap2 and also quickneth the process of the whole ,work in the formation of the ,seed4 ,nor doth the outer ,coat1 for the same reason1 more promote than declare the purity of the ,sap now contained in the ,inner3 ,for being more hard and dense1 and so not perspirable1 must needs suppose the ,parts of the ,sap encompassed by it1 since thus uncapable of any evacuation1 to be therefore all1 so choice1 as not to need it4 ,the ,sap being thus prepared in the inner ,coat1 as a ,liquor now apt to be the ,substratum of the future ,seed-,embrio1 by fresh supplies1 is thence discharged2 yet that it may not be over-copious2 which1 because of the laxity of the ,inner ,coat from whence it issues1 it might easily be2 therefore as the said inner ,coat is bounded without by the upper ,coat1 so by the ,secondine or ,membrane is it bounded within2 through which ,membrane the ,sap being filtr'd1 or1 as it were1 transpiring1 the depositure hereof1 answerable to the ,colliquamentum in an ,egg1 or to the semen ,mulibre1 into its ,concave at last is made4 ,the other ,part of the purest sap embosom'd in the ,ramulets of the seed-,branch1 runs a ,circle1 or some progress therein2 and so becomes1 as the ,semen ,masculinum1 yet more elaborate4 ,wherein also1 lest its ,current should be too copious or precipitate1 by their co-arcture and divarication where they are inosculated1 it is retarded2 the noblest portion only obtaining a pass4 ,with this purest sap1 the said ,ramulets being supplied1 from thence at last1 the ,navel-,fibres shoot 7as the privitive ,artery into the ,colliquamentum7 through the ,secondine into the aforesaid ,liquor deposited therein4 ,into which ,liquor1 being now shot1 and its own proper ,sap or ,tinctures mixed therewith1 it strikes it thus into a ,coagulum2 or1 of a ,liquor1 it becomes a ,body consistent and truly ,parenchymous2 and the supply of the said ,liquor still continu'd1 and the shooting of the ,navel-,fibres1 as is above described1 still carried on1 and therewith the said ,coagulation or ,fixation likewise4 ,and in the ,interim of the ,coagulation1 a gentle ,fermentation being also made1 the said ,parenchyma or ,coagulum becometh such1 not of any ,constitution indifferently1 but is thus raised 7as we see ,bread in ,baking7 into a ,congeries of ,fixed ,bubbles3 ,for such is the ,parenchyma of the whole ,seed4 ,,finis4 ,,the ,,explication ,,of ,,the ,,figures4 ,fig4 #a4 ,sheweth a ,bean with the two ,lobes laid open somewhat wider than the ,parts1 without a ,rupture1 will well bear1 for the better sight of that ,part which lieth between them4 aaaa ,the two ,lobes4 ,,aa ,their contiguous ,flats4 b ,the ,radicle4 c ,the ,plume4 dd ,one of the ,cavities wherein the ,plume lieth4 ,fig4 #b4 aaaa ,the ,parenchyma4 eeee ,the seminal ,root distributed throughout the ,parenchyma of either ,lobe4 b ,the ,radicle1 with the seminal ,root running through it in one ,trunk to the ,point thereof4 c ,the ,plume1 with the ,distributions of its ,inner ,body continued from the seminal ,root of either ,lobe4 xx ,the oblique ,insertion of the two grand ,branches of the ,lobes into the ,trunk of the ,radicle4 ,fig4 #c4 ,the ,lobe of a ,bean cut athwart4 aaa ,the convex or external part thereof4 bbb ,the concave side out of sight4 cccc ,the ,extremities of the ,branches of the seminal ,root1 as they appear like so many small ,specks in the traverse ,cut4 ,fig4 #d4 ,the ,plume cut athwart4 ,the black ,specks represent the ,branches of the seminal ,body thereinto inserted1 or therein distributed4 ,fig4 #e4 aaaa ,a ,lobe of a ,gourd-seed4 cccc ,the greater ,branches4 ee ,the ,sub-divisions and ,inosculations of the lesser4 ,fig4 #e4 #jj4 ,,aa ,a great white ,lupine4 aa ,the ,navel-,fibres which strike from the ,ramulets of the ,seed-,branch1 into the ,lobes4 ab ,the production of the ,navel-,fibre into the ,radicle 7b47 c ,the ,plume4 bc ,the ,pith4 aeeee ,the distribution of the ,navel-,fibre in the ,lobes2 all becoming the seminal ,root1 describ'd in the first ,chapter4 ,fig4 #f4 aaaa ,a ,slice of the ,root of a ,tree4 cccc ,the ,cortical ,body or ,barque4 e ,the ,pith4 ,the black ,pieces are the ,shootings of the ,lignous ,body4 ,the ,specks therein are its ,pores4 ,the ,white ,pieces are the ,insertions of the ,cortical ,body4 ,fig4 #g4 ,sheweth the ,root of ,berbery in the ,traverse ,cut4 aaa ,the ,cortical ,body or ,barque4 ,the white ,lines are the ,insertions4 ,the ,black ,specks are the ,pores of the ,lignous ,body4 ,fig4 #h4 aaaa ,the ,cortical ,body as appearing in a ,turnep cut athwart4 acdacd ,the ,lignous ,body1 or the several ,shoots thereof represented in their ,ranks1 by the black ,lines2 the ,pricks made along the ,lines being the ,terminations of the said ,shoots or ,fibres2 not visible except in a thin slice1 or after the ,surface of the ,turnep1 being cut1 is well dried4 cccc ,the ,cortical ,body inserted betwixt the ,shootings of the ,lignous3 or the ,pith4 ab ab ,a piece of the ,cortical ,body taken off1 that its own ,insertions 7eeee7 and the ,osculations of the ,lignous may be seen2 which is best done after the ,insertions are a little dried and shrunk4 ,the ,appearance of divers ,roots1 in their ,elder estate1 as ex4 gr4 of a ,columbine4 ,fig4 #i4 ,the ,fibrous parts of the ,root1 where the ,lignous ,body stands ,central2 the ,pores whereof are represented by the black ,specks4 #aj4 ,the ,root cut a little higher1 where the ,cortical ,body sometimes appears only once inserted4 #aa4 ,the ,root cut higher with the ,insertions in some number4 #ab4 ,the ,insertions still more numerous4 #ac4 ,the ,pith 7a7 now begun1 the said ,insertions being collected in the ,center4 #ad4 ,the ,pith 7a7 more amplified4 ,fig4 #ae4 ,sheweth a small piece of the ,trunk of ,burdock4 a ,the just size thereof to the naked ,eye4 aaaa ,the appearance of it through a ,microscope4 lll ,the ,inserted ,cortical ,body4 ccc ,the outmost shooting of the ,lignous ,body distributed into the ,leaves4 ee bb tt ,the inner ,shootings or ,fibres distributed to the ,branches4 ,the ,black ,specks are their ,pores1 which1 through a ,microscope are fairly visible in them all4 ,fig4 #af4 aaaa ,the ,slice of a ,trunk of divers years growth4 cccc ,the ,cortical ,body1 or ,barque4 e ,the ,pith4 ,the white ,lines are the ,insertions of the ,cortical ,body or ,barque4 ,the ,black ,lines are the lignous ,body4 ,the several ,shootings thereof betwixt the black ,circles shew the ,annuall ,rings4 ,fig4 #ag4 ,sheweth a small piece of ,oak cut athwart4 b ,the just bigness of it1 as it appeareth to the naked eye4 bbbb ,the appearance thereof through a ,microscope4 aaaa ,the greater ,insertions visible to the bare eye4 ,the white ,lines are the smaller ,insertions only visible by the ,microscope4 cccccc ,the greater ,pores visible to the bare eye4 eeeeee ,the middle sized4 ,the black ,spots are the smallest of all1 and both these latter visible only through the ,microscope4 c ,the ,pith of every great ,pore4 ,fig4 #ah4 aaaa ,a piece of the ,leaf of a ,table4 bbbb ,the lignous ,body with its ,pores running by the length of the ,trunk4 cccc ,the ,insertions of the ,cortical ,body1 with the ,tract of their ,pores running directly cross to those of the lignous1 viz4 by the ,diameter or breadth of the ,trunk4 ,fig4 #ai4 ,a ,slice of a younger ,trunk of a ,burdock4 cccc ,the utmost ,shootings of the lignous ,body contiguous to the ,skin2 wholly distributed into the outer ,leaves4 eeee ,the middle ,shootings running chiefly into the lower ,germens4 et et c4 ,the inner ,shootings belonging to the higher ,germens4 a ,the ,pith4 ,the various ,disposure1 ,size and ,figure of the ,fibres in the ,stalk of a ,leaf4 ,fig4 #bj ,in ,endive thus4 #ba ,coltsfoot4 #bb ,cycory4 #bc ,ivy4 #bd ,asarabacca4 #be ,mint4 #bf ,dock4 #bg ,borage4 #bh ,mullen4 #bi ,cabbage4 ,,finis4 ,illustration3 ,fig3 #ai ,fig3 #a ,fig3 #af ,fig3 #b ,fig3 #c ,fig3 #ae ,fig3 #e ,fig3 #d ,illustration3 ,fig3 #h ,fig3 #f ,fig3 #g #bj #ba #bb #bc #bd #be #bf #bg #bh #bi ,illustration3 ,fig3 #i #aj #aa #ab #ac #ad ,fig3 #ag ,fig3 #ah