,note3 ,images ( ! orig9al pages are    
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fanati#jjpittu(t      ,,consci5ce       
,,fanaticism  ,an ,essay on ,moral      
,values  by  ,,george ,,pitt-,,riv]s    
quam mem5to s]v>e m5tem                 
,illu/ration3 #aiai  ,london3 ,william  
,he9emann  ,london3 ,william ,he9emann1 
#aiai     ,,preface   ,9 pres5t+ ?is    
little volume to ! public ,i am fully   
consci\s ( my presumption 9 introduc+ my
 p]sonal views 9 a region :]e _m hundr$s
 ( bett] qualifi$ writ]s h devot$ _! be/
 ef=ts4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 no apology c      
ju/ify a pr(itless task1 if su* x be1 or
 add to its utility1 if inde$ x         
possesses any1 ,i w n attempt to make   
"o4  ,if ,i h contribut$ 9 ev] s slight 
a degree t[>ds an und]/&+ ( ! m5tal /ate
 or attitude we call fanaticism1 = !    
purpose ( gu>d+ aga9/ ! cata/rophes x   
begets1 ,i %all h a*iev$ my purpose4 ,x 
is un=tunately inevitable t a discussion

 :i* involves curr5t op9ions & beliefs  
mu/ necess>ily enc\nt] /rong prejudices 
& opposition1 b x is less on ?is acc\nt 
t ?is little "w is likely to fail ?an = 
! reason to :i* ,hume attribut$ !       
failure :i* att5d$ ! publication ( 8    
,treatise ( ,human ,nature1 :i* he      
describ$ z 8 guilt ( a v usual          
indiscretion1 9 go+ to ! press too e>ly4
 ,a circum/ance :i* prev5t$ t un=tunate 
lit]>y attempt f rea*+ su* di/9ction z  
ev5 to excite a murmur among !          
zealots4#a  ,ne$less to say1 ,i h reli$ 
= my int]pretation ( human notions &    
ideas1 & ! conduct :i* results f !m1 v  
l>gely ^u ! works ( pa/ & contempor>y   
writ]s2 & my indebt$ness to ^? ) :om ,i 
diff] no less ?an ^? ) :om ,i agree is b
 v inadequately ackn[l$g$ 9 my ref]5ces 
to ! works ( "s ( !m4  ,! e>li] portions
 ( ! essay are devot$ *iefly to an      
exam9ation ( moral ideas1 ! latt]       
portions m exclusively to ! facts (     
nature & ( m9d f :i* !y d]ive _! mean+4 
,?r\gh\t ,i h attempt$ to keep ! argum5t

 z free z possible f ! ?9 air (         
philosophical & s*ola/ic dialectic1 & z 
f> z possible 9 t]ms ( common usage &   
?\ght4 ,) ?is end 9 view1 & = ! sake (  
brevity1 ! au?ors to ^: works ,i h      
ref]r$ mo/ frequ5tly h be5 select$ ei!r 
because !y are bett] kn[n or because _! 
op9ions are m widely held ?an 9 ! case (
 o!rs4 ,b 9 any case no claim to        
exhau/ive or ev5 adequate treatm5t c be 
made = s slight a review ( s va/ a      
subject4  ,! fir/ problem :i* ,i h      
attempt$ to deal ) is "o :i* confronts  
all morali/s4 ,x consi/s 9 ! difficulty 
( d]iv+ e?ical notions f notions :i* are
 n e?ical1 or ( d$uc+ ! moral law f !   
facts ( exp]i5ce & ( nature4 ,! attempt 
to escape f ?is difficulty (t5 takes !  
=m ( adopt+ a !ory by :i* ! :ole _w is  
divid$ into two unrelat$ worlds1 a _w ( 
values & a physical _w ( me*anical      
sequ5ces4 ,9 ord] to br+ ^! two         
indep5d5t & self-consi/5t sy/ems )9 !   
same reality & to weld !m toge!r1 ,god  
is po/ulat$4 ,god is necess>y1 x is     

argu$1 to prove ! objectivity (         
morality4 ,t is to say1 t s9ce moral    
values are et]nally valid1 indep5d5tly (
 man's capacity to be consci\s ( !m1 !y 
c only h exi/5ce 9 ! "o et]nal m9d4#b   
,! purpose ( ?is essay is to (f] a      
diff]5t solution4 ,z ?is "q ( ! /atus ( 
moral values is ( great importance to ! 
moral argum5t1 a prelim9>y exam9ation ( 
! gr\nd may be helpful4  ,! pr$ication (
 value to an object :i* elicits moral   
approbation is n1 z mo/ ,!i/ic writ]s   
/ubbornly ma9ta91 an implicit           
ackn[l$gm5t ( ! objectivity ( ! goodness
 pr$icat$1 x is m]ely ! act ( appreciat+
 ! subject or valu]'s attitude 9        
relation to ! object 7! relation%ip may 
be purely hypo!tical71 b x may1 &       
usually does1 invite a simil> attitude  
on ! "p ( any numb] ( subjects4#c ,!    
relation ( subject to object--?is also  
applies to all relations--may belong to 
objective reality1 b n ! moral wor? we  
ascribe to ! object z a result ( t      
relation%ip4 ,?is di/9ction is important

 & involves1 necess>ily1 a discrim9ation
 7n always made7 betwe5 ! treatm5t ( k &
 ( value4 ,hume1 by d5y+ ! objective "* 
( ! relations & connexions ( nature     
equally ) moral judgm5t1 9 8            
int]pretation ( individual exp]i5ce1    
treat$ moral judgm5t & k ( natural      
sci5ce 9 an id5tical mann]4 ,9 ! foll[+ 
discussion tru?1 to :i* ,i h d5i$       
relativity1 is accord$ a position       
altoge!r di/9ct f value4 ,appreciation (
 tru? & int]e/ 9 kn[+ is treat$ z a     
value1 b n tru? itself to :i*           
subjectivity is d5i$4 ,! me?od ,i h     
adopt$ ( treat+ ?is fundam5tal po9t may 
p]haps be made cle>] by a simple        
illu/ration4 ,let u take any p>ticul>   
moral judgm5t1 = example1 ,a a consci\s 
individual is good4 ,! ass]tion implies 
t ,a is ! habitual do] ( desirable      
actions1 or is b5evol5tly dispos$ t[>ds 
! valu]1 ,society at l>ge1 or ,god1     
accord+ to ! valu]'s idea ( goodness4 ,9
 any case ,a's conduct or 8 attitude mu/
 h evok$ approbation by reason ( its    

effect 7emotional or mat]ial7 ^u ! valu]
 or ^? ) :om he is 9 sympa?y4 ,! valu]  
might attempt to refute ?is def9ition by
 ma9ta9+ t ,a's habitual conduct does   
him ! greate/ injury1 b t 8 pr$ication (
 good 9 respect ( ,a is ! ass]tion ( an 
objective fact4 ,9 spite ( su* an       
objection1 ,i w\ld reply t ! moral      
judgm5t may inde$ be int5d$ to imply    
c]ta9 def9ite objective qualities or    
prop]ties because ! valu] consid]s ^!   
desirable1 & *ooses arbitr>ily to def9e 
good z conta9+ ^? def9ite prop]ties1 or 
because 9 ! community to :i* he         
addresses himself !y are cu/om>ily s    
def9$4 ,! v]acity1 h[ev]1 ( ! moral     
judgm5t1 consid]$ z a /atem5t ( fact1 c 
only be te/$ aft] an agreem5t has be5   
rea*$ z to ! cont5t ( ! symbol good4 ,x 
has !n be5 giv5 a mean+ :i* alone x does
 n possess4 ,! validity ( moral judgm5t1
 :5 x is n m]ely ! expression (         
individual attitude1 w !re=e always     
dep5d ^u ! crit]ion ( conduct previ\sly 
adopt$4 ,9 ?is way x is held t a moral  

judgm5t diff]s f a /atem5t ( fact1 :i*  
is valid irrespective ( ! exi/5ce ( any 
m9d capable ( appreh5d+ t fact4  ,9 !   
la/ two *apt]s1 :]e an exam9ation (     
psy*ological processes has be5 necess>y1
 ,i h exp]i5c$ no slight difficulty 9   
f9d+ appropriate t]ms by :i* to di/+ui% 
c]ta9 conceptions :i* are 9 "s respects 
new4 ,an inapt t]m9ology & ! misuse (   
t]ms is s grave a fault1 & s habitually 
results 9 errors1 obscurity1 &          
confusion1 t x may n be sup]flu\s to    
call att5tion to ! t]ms t are m liable  
to mis9t]pretation & 9 _m ways lea/     
satisfactory4 ,= ?is purpose x w be     
necess>y to give ! briefe/ possible     
acc\nt ( ! use to :i* !y are put1 :ile  
_! m precise def9ition w be left to !   
*apt]s 9 :i* !y occur4  ,! psy*ic life &
 ! m5tal activity ( human be+s is       
condition$ by ?ree factors4 ,! fir/1    
h]$ity1 d5otes ! accumulation (         
exp]i5ces & consequ5t /ructural         
modifications acquir$ by ! race dur+ !  
process ( its adju/m5t to its           

environm5t2 ! manife/ation ( ! result ( 
?is exp]i5ce 9 behavi\r is call$ in/9ct4
 ,! second is ! result ( ! habits &     
acquirem5ts ( ! individual f ! mom5t (  
conception to ! end ( 8 exi/5ce3 ?is1   
toge!r ) ! fir/1 produces :at we call   
"*4 ,! ?ird1 ^? ext]nal influ5ces op]at+
 ^u ! individual1 we ref] to z          
environm5t4  ,if we w\ld reflect ^u !   
m5tal life ( humanity we mu/ consid] !  
individual m9d 9 relation to ! _w (     
mank9d4 ,9 consid]+ ! individual m9d ,i 
h adopt$ ! t]ms objective m9d &         
subjective m9d to d5ote two aspects (   
m9d4 ,! words objective & subjective 9  
conjunction ) m9d are us$ 9 a special   
s5se :i* has to be def9$4 ,! _w ( m5 has
 be5 consid]$ z ! psy*ic environm5t ( ! 
individual m9d1 & ,i h introduc$ a t]m  
to d5ote ! p[] ( aggregations ( human   
?\ghts & impulses4 ,x has be5 view$ z an
 aspect ( ! univ]sal process und]ly+ !  
conative disposition & w-to-p[] ( all   
liv+ be+s1 & on acc\nt ( ! mode ( its   
op]ation x has be5 t]m$ cosmic          

sugge/ion4 ,! t]m is n int5d$ to imply t
 ! psy*ic =ces ( ! human m9d c be giv5  
(f & h sep>ate exi/5ce1 l ! odylic fluid
 ( ! e>ly ,mesm]i/s4 ,! p[] is t (      
collective m9ds2 sugge/ion an effect (  
its activity1 n a d]iv$ ess5ce4 ,x mu/  
be und]/ood t ^! ?ree t]ms are          
provisional1 & w be disc>d$ if1 9 !     
c\rse ( "t1 bett] ones sugge/ !mselves4 
,f9ally1 ,i w\ld crave ! indulg5ce ( my 
read]s to say a few words ab\t !        
philosophy ( egoism4 ,!re is a view (   
egoism--! pr9ciple ( self-int]e/--z     
di/+ui%$ f altruism1 :i* is se5 9       
opposition to asceticism & my/icism1 a  
view :i* prompt$ ,lecky :5 he wrote3    
,tak+ human nature ) all its defects1 ! 
influ5ce ( an enlight5$ self-int]e/ fir/
 ( all ^u ! actions & aft]w>ds ^u ! "* (
 mank9d1 is %[n to be suffici5t to      
con/ruct ! :ole edifice ( civilization2 
& if t pr9ciple 7 )drawn1 all w\ld      
crumble 9 ! du/4444 ,:51 !re=e1 !       
ascetic1 proclaim+ ! utt] depravity (   
mank9d1 seeks to extirpate 8 mo/ natural

 passions1 to cru% ! expansion ( 8      
faculties1 to de/roy ! v]satility ( 8   
ta/es1 & to arre/ ! fl[ & impulse ( 8   
nature1 he is /rik+ at ! v =ce & en]gy (
 civilization4 ,h[ inf9itely pref]able  
is ! _s ( enlight5$ egoism to ! bl9d    
altruism ( ! fanatic6 ,! egoism t       
enhances r ?an dims ! love ( o!rs4 ,x is
 only ?r\gh ! realization ( community ( 
int]e/s & aims t l ?\ght w result 9 l   
conduct4 ,x is a recognition ( ?is      
pr9ciple ( sy/ematic integration (      
int]e/s & _! concomitant obligations1   
/>t+ f egoism1 9 ! s5se ( a realization 
( ! relation ( self to environm5t1 & !n 
?r\gh successive /ages ( wid5+          
appreciation ( ! full cont5ts (         
environm5t to ! id5tification ( ! self )
 ! community1 :i* alone leads to ,/ate  
or ,national morality1 & w lead1        
ultimately x may be hop$1 to ! morality 
( a community ( all nations--t is1 a _w 
morality4 ,x is = ?is reason t we say t 
! end & aim ( a true e?ical sy/em is to 
f9d ! int]e/s ( mank9d 9 ! int]e/s ( !  

individual4  ,& n[1 z we /& on ! ?re%old
 ( a new era--a new _w 9 se>* ( its     
s\l--:at bett] precept c we h ?an !     
simple words ( ! great ?9k] :o1 ?ree    
hundr$ ye>s ago1 also /ood on ! ?re%old 
( a new _w ( ?\ght8   ,il suffit de bi5 
jug] p\r bi5 faire1 et de jug] le mieux 
qu'on puisse1 p\r faire aussi t\t son   
mieux1 c'e/--dire1 p\r acqurir t\tes les
 v]tus1 et ensemble t\s les autres bi5s1
 qu'on puisse acqurir2 et lorsqu'on e/  
c]ta9 que cela e/1 on ne saurait manqu] 
d'tre cont5t4--,desc>tes1 ,disc\rs de la
 ,m?ode4   ,g4 ,p4 ,r4  ,,h9ton ,,/4    
,,m>y1 ,,dorset ,janu>y #a1 #aiai       
,,footnotes3  #a ,hume's ,autobiography4
  #b ,?is is ! position ( ! ,ideali/ic  
s*ools & is adopt$ 9 ,pr(essor ,sorley's
 rec5tly publi%$ ,gif=d ,lectures1      
,moral ,values & ! ,idea ( ,god4  #c    
,?is relation%ip may be express$ 9      
psy*ological t]ms4 ,dr4 ,mc,dougall     
expresses x ?us3 ,objects h value = u 9 
proportion z !y excite our conative     
t5d5cies2 our consci\sness ( _! value1  

positive or negative1 is our            
consci\sness ( ! /r5g? ( ! conation !y  
awake 9 u4--,body & ,m9d1 p4 #cbi4      
,,cont5ts  ,,*ap4                       
,,page   ,i4 ,,introduction             
#a       ,! importance ascrib$ to ! ^w  
consci5ce      by public op9ion3 by !   
,/ate3 by ! ,*ur*3      ne$ = exam9ation
 ( its cr$5tials   ,,ii4 ,,! ,,validity 
,,( ,,moral ,,judgm5ts                  
#g       ,!ism & ,det]m9ism3 !          
,intuitive s*ools3      ! ,rationali/ic 
s*ools3 recognition ( ,good3      !     
facts /at$3 ! ,utilit>ian /&>d dem&$    
,,iii4 ,,! ,,mean+ ,,( ,,moral          
,,obligation                       #bj  
,! argum5t aga9/ ,utilit>ianism3 ,mill's
 def5ce      ( ,utilit>ianism3 a        
v>iation ( ,mill's position3      !     
pr9ciple ( proximity3 ! mean+ ( ,tru?3  
duty3 an illu/ration f hi/ory3 ,rob]t   
,e4 ,lee   ,,iv4 ,,religion ,,&         
,,morality                              
#cb       ,prob+ ! ess5tials3 ! ne$ = a 
moral code3      its artificial "*3 !   

deep] morality3      ,morality &        
,religion3 religi\s & political         
fanaticism3 moral values & psy*ic =ce3  
,monism & ,duality3 a reconciliation (  
sy/ems3      cons]vation ( ! s\l3       
education & ! =mation      ( op9ion4    
,v4 ,,! ,,laws ,,( ,,sugge/ion ,,&      
,,subjective ,,m9d          #dd       ,!
 p[] ( ideas3 orig9 ( ! ,_w ,w>3        
psy*odynamics & ! law ( sugge/ion3      
,haeckel      on emotion3 ,dr4 ,samuel  
,johnson on ! progress (      an        
agitator3 consci\sness3 ,hudson's       
hypo!sis3      ! two aspects ( m9d3     
,!ology on ! orig9      ( ,good & ,evil3
 self-k3 ,socrates &      ,joan ( ,arc3 
! ph5om5a ( madness3 m5 (      g5ius3   
evolution & organic memory3 telepa?y3   
! p[] ( sugge/ion3 psy*o!rapeutics3     
fai?-heal]s3 ,*ri/ian ,sci5ce3 memory3  
,col]idge's case3 ,william ,james3      
,b]n>d ,%aw      on ,art4   ,,vi4       
,,valu] ,,& ,,valuation                 
#gc       ,factors det]m9+ valuation &  
arrangem5t (      ! discussion4         

7#a7 ,,in/9ct ,,& ,,h]$ity              
#gc       ,pr(4 ,w>d on h]$ity3 ,haeckel
 on in/9cts3      ,mc,dougall on        
in/9cts3 imitation & morality3          
demagogues & fanatics3 g5iuses &        
politicians3      mat]nal impressions3  
h]$ity v]sus environm5t3      consci5ce 
z an emotional & in/9ctive      organ1 &
 consci5ce z a ?9k+ & intellectual      
organ3 ! =ce ( cosmic sugge/ion on      
morality3      remorse4       7#b7 ,,!  
,,factor ,,( ,,emotion                  
#hf       ,emotion def9$3 its           
manife/ations3 its control3      ,w>d on
 emotion3 ,james on emotion3 ! /hetic   
emotions3 ,rac9e & ! elem5t ( my/]y 9   
,art3 ,william ,hazlitt on ! wor%ip (   
names3      emotional s5sibility3 /hetic
 appreciation4       7#c7 ,,judgm5t ,,( 
,,ends                                  
#if       ,! intellectual & critical    
processes3 realization      ( ends3     
recognition ( ,good3 ! norm ( valuation4
       7#d7 ,,cosmic ,,sugge/ion        
#ii       ,public op9ion3 emotional     

sugge/ions3 individual                  
sugge/ibility3 greg>i\s attraction3     
ec/atic      oratory3 ,rasput93 ,m>k    
,antony3 propag&a3      ! ,press3 ,mr4  
,hilaire ,belloc's views3 ! influ5ce    
( lit]ature3 ! wor%ip ( symbols3        
,b]gson's      def9ition ( metaphysics3 
! necess>y task (      religion3        
progress or decl9e3 ! highe/ =m (       
morality4     ,,consci5ce ,,&           
,,fanaticism     ,i  ,,introduction   ,9
 all ages consci5ce has be5 ! !me (     
prie/1 politician1 philan?ropi/ &       
ob/ructioni/4 ,s (t5 us$ & s seldom     
analys$1 beyond a b>e ass]tion ( its    
function1 x is curi\s to reflect on !   
/range m$ley ( uses to :i* ?is ^w is    
put4  ,consci5ce is at once ! /&>d & !  
refuge ( or?odox & fanatic1 patriot &   
an>*i/--accord+ z !y are describ$ by    
admir] or detractor--b1 let u believe ) 
,lecky1#d lea/ (t5 ( ! g5u9e hypocrite4 
,nev] 0 a nation s beset ) consci5ti\s  
m5 & wom5 z ,engl& is to-day2 "s help+1 
"s h9d]+1 "s hav+ little effect on !    

national welf>e4 ,"s flaunt ! badge     
obtrusively1 !y label !mselves          
consci5ti\s objectors to milit>y s]vice1
 consci5ti\s objectors to vacc9ation1   
consci5ti\s teetotall]s2 9 "s cases     
anti-vivisectioni/s1#e social re=m]s &  
7=m]ly7 suffragettes proclaim _!        
ex]tions endur$ = consci5ce' sake2 s1 = 
! mo/ "p1 d mission>ies & religi\s      
function>ies1 &1 9 fact1 all & any :o   
engage 9 propag&a or ob/ruction1        
because1 !y say1 some?+ high] ?an reason
 prompts our motives--'consci5ce'4#f    
,o!rs ref] to consci5ce %yly z ( some?+ 
too sacr$ to be spok5 ( publicly1 & aga9
 o!rs only 9 mom5ts ( int5se            
e>ne/ness--or alcoholic remorse4  ,a    
consci5ce1 9 fact1 is an invaluable     
asset2 :]e x does n ga9 approbation1 x  
at lea/ ga9s "s measure ( respect4  ,mo/
 p1 !n1 admit ! exi/5ce & ! reality (   
:at we popul>ly call consci5ce1 & al?\gh
 few] p are agre$ z to its orig9 &      
nature1 x is1 nev]!less1 accord$ a high 
place ( importance & almo/ univ]sal     

recognition z an arbit] 9 ! affairs (   
m54  ,s undisput$ is ?is claim to       
inviolability ( consci5ce 9             
tw5tie?-c5tury ,engl& t ! ,/ate1 9 fram+
 h] laws1 modifies _! application by !  
int]sp]sion ( caveats 9 ! =m ( consci5ce
 clauses4  ,! pr9ciple on :i* !         
consci5ce proviso is all[$ to negative !
 univ]sal applicability ( ! ,/ate's dem&
 = s]vice or compliance ) h] rules      
appe>s1 h[ev]1 to be some:at arbitr>y & 
unc]ta91 & c h>dly be said to be devis$ 
solely 9 def]5ce to any possible        
religi\s sanction1 s9ce1 al?\gh a man's 
consci5ce is all[$ to exempt him f      
vacc9at+ 8 *ildr51 ! plea ( religi\s    
sanction1 9 ! case ( a man pr(ess+ !    
polygam\s doctr9e ( ,brigham ,"y1#g w\ld
 n exempt him f am5ability to ! law     
conc]n+ bigamy2 or1 aga91 ! consci5ce ( 
a ,quak] or ( a ,*ri/adelphian#h is     
recogniz$ z a /rong] qualification =    
exemption f combatant s]vice ?an !      
equally recalcitrant consci5ces (1 e4g4 
an ,a!i/ or a ,memb] ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&4

 ,yet ! /&>dization ( privileg$         
d5om9ational consci5ces is /rongly      
disav[$6 ,9 spite1 h[ev]1 ( a c]ta9     
illogical inconsi/5cy 9 practice1 x is  
virtually conc$$ z a "r t a man %\ld    
ju/ify any conduct by ! plea (          
consci5ce1 ev51 9 _m cases1 :5 x        
militates directly aga9/ ! good ( !     
,/ate4  ,ev5 m ?an ! ,/ate & public     
op9ion does ! ,prote/ant ,*ur* insi/ ^u 
! au?ority & inviolability ( consci5ce4 
,driv51 /ep by /ep1 f ! "t ( !          
,re=mation1 by ! encroa*m5ts ( sci5ce & 
! progress ( ,rationalism1 f h] def5ce (
 ! infallibility ( ,doctr9e &           
,scripture1 ! ,prote/ant ,*ur* has s\ght
 to r5d] h] position impregnable by     
increas$ insi/5ce ^u ! inviolability &  
sanctity ( revelation & consci5ce4      
,lecky1 speak+ ( ! tr5d ( ,prote/ant    
,rationalism1 says3 ,its c5tral         
conception is ! elevation ( consci5ce   
into a position ( supreme au?ority z !  
religi\s organ1 a v]ify+ faculty        
discrim9at+ betwe5 tru? & error4#i  ,!  

mo/ rec5t /alw>ts ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& are
 equally insi/5t ^u ?is po9t1 ?us !     
,rev4 ,g4 ,l4 ,ri*>dson writes3 ,we %all
 appeal to & invigorate ! consci5ce 9   
proportion z we rely ^u ! ,holy ,_s z ! 
"o s\rce ( spiritual p[]4444 ',!        
fell[%ip ( ! ,holy ,gho/' & ,8 grace    
?r\gh ! ,*ur* is ! ma/] ^w ( ! tw5tie?  
c5tury4#aj ,?is passage well illu/rates 
! supreme importance1 ) reg>d to h]     
position1 :i* ! ,*ur* atta*es to !      
appeal to consci5ce at ! pres5t day4 ,9 
ano!r passage ! same au?or says1 !      
au?ority ( consci5ce is 444 p>am\nt = ! 
individual4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,n4 ,figgis 9 8    
,*ur*es 9 ! ,mod]n ,/ate says t any     
doctr9e :i* w\ld de/roy ! spr+s (       
spiritual life 9 ! individual consci5ce 
w\ld be disa/r\s to civic z well z to   
religi\s life4  ,hav+ rais$ ! individual
 consci5ce to a p9nacle ( e?ical        
omnisci5ce1 ! ecclesia/ic next proce$s  
to br+ x into l9e )1 or r into syn*ron\s
 subord9ation to1 ! aggregate ,*ur*     
,consci5ce4 ,! ,*ur* is a ,div9e        

society1 h] memb]s w feel an obligation 
to be loyal to h] discipl9e4444 ,!      
consci5ce ( h] memb]s w respond )       
approval or %ame :5 !y keep1 or neglect 
to keep1 h] /&>ds4 ,f ?is ! result+ code
 & s5tim5t is ! ,*ur* ,consci5ce4#aa    
,mr4 ,g4 ,k4 ,*e/]ton ?r[s fur!r light  
on ?is int]relation%ip4 ,! ',*ur*       
,consci5ce' is r to be conceiv$ z a     
=tress to :i* ! individual may return = 
%elt] & /r5g? :5 ! attacks ( temptation 
?reat5 to ov]:elm him4 ,at su* times x  
is well to feel t we are n dep5d5t on ! 
'inn] light' ( consci5ce alone1 b t we c
 ?r[ ourselves on a social =ce mighti]  
?an our own1 & behold ) a/oni%m5t &     
en?usiasm a ,div9e company & a ,div9e   
,capta94#ab  ,:il/ ,*ur* & ,/ate are 9  
agreem5t reg>d+ its importance &        
sanctity1 ! same unanimity is n exhibit$
 9 deal+ ) ! orig9 & "* ( consci5ce4    
,equally divid$ 9 ?is respect are !     
philosoph]s & psy*ologi/s4  ,prie/s are 
fond ( tell+ u t consci5ce is ! voice ( 
,god )9 u4 ,to "s m5 x appe>s /range t !

 voice ( ! same ,god %\ld frequ5tly     
induce m5 to oppose ea* o!r ) su*       
p>ticul> bitt]ness4 ,?is objection is   
sometimes met by ! explanation t al?\gh 
x is ! voice ( ,god speak+ ?r\gh ! m$ium
 ( our s\ls1 we fail to recognize or    
int]pret rightly its significance4 ,?is 
explanation1 aga91 is n altoge!r        
satisfactory1 s9ce1 if t 7 ! case1 !    
voice ( ,god mu/ be s unc]ta9 a guide x 
7 bett] n to rely on x4  ,:5 we look    
back ?r\gh ! pages ( ,hi/ory & consid] !
 actions ( m5 & ! motives to :i* !y     
ascribe !m1 & see :at an orgy ( blood1 (
 p]secutions1 ( burn+s1 ( tortur+s1 (   
bl9d passions & religi\s fr5zy1 (       
diabolical imag9+s & mon/r\s es*atology 
has be5 conceiv$ at ! in/igation (      
consci5ce & religion1 & prescrib$ 9 ! "n
 ( ,god1 we are incl9$ to inquire m     
deeply into ! mean+ & cr$5tials ( ?is   
wat*word ( all ages4  ,,footnotes3  #d  
,hypocrites1 :o f int]e/$ motives pr(ess
 op9ions :i* !y d n really believe1 are 
probably r>] ?an is usually             

suppos$4--,rise & ,influ5ce (           
,rationalism 9 ,europe4  #e ,a few ye>s 
ago ! ,animal ,def5ce &                 
,anti-,vivisection ,society di/ribut$   
pamphlets f _! headqu>t]s 9 ,piccadilly1
 beg9n+ ,d n ask ( y\r doctor 8 op9ion  
on ?is matt]1 ask y\r consci5ce1 etc4   
#f ,?is di/9ction is commonly made      
betwe5 consci5ce & ! intellectual       
faculty ( reason2 ?us1 :5 a man says1   
,my consci5ce tells me1 he usually      
means1 ,no reason w det] me4  #g ,mormon
 lead] & prea*]1 di$ 9 #ahgg1 leav+     
sev5te5 wives4  #h ,! e/abli%m5t ( bona 
fide memb]%ip ( ei!r ( ! above-m5tion$  
religi\s societies 7int] alia7 by a     
consci5ti\s objector 0 recogniz$ by     
,milit>y ,s]vice ,tribunals 7act+ "u    
(ficial in/ructions7 z suffici5t cause =
 a v]dict ( exemption4  #i ,rationalism 
9 ,europe1 #aiac edition1 p4 #afg4  #aj 
,consci5ce1 its ,orig9 & ,au?ority      
7#aiae74  #aa ,consci5ce1 its ,orig9 &  
,au?ority1 p4 #aej4  #ab ,or?odoxy1 p4  
#acg1 quot$ by ,g4 ,l4 ,ri*>dson4       

,,ii  ,,! ,,validity ,,( ,,moral        
,,judgm5ts   ,any inve/igation ( !      
ph5om5on ( moral conduct1 & ( its       
int]pretation1 br+s u face to face ) two
 sets ( conflict+ !ories4 ,^! may1 =    
conv5i5ce1 be r\ghly divid$ into ! two  
pr9cipal s*ools ( ?\ght :i* h be5 t]m$  
respectively ! ,moral ,s5se or          
,intuitive s*ools & ! ,rationali/ic     
s*ools ( e?ics4 ,c]ta9 writ]s 9 _! se>* 
= ! spr+s ( moral conduct h attempt$ to 
place ! issue betwe5 ,naturalism or     
,det]m9ism 7by no means synonym\s or    
necess>ily connect$7 on ! "o side1 &    
,!ism on ! o!r#ac2 &1 9 _! eag]ness to  
discr$it ! =m] to ! advantage ( ! latt]1
 imag9e !y demoli% ,det]m9ism 7at any   
rate 9 ! e?ical sph]e7 by pu%+ x to its 
logical conclusion & by %[+ t x has     
connect$ completely & indissolubly1 z f>
 z obs]vation c c>ry u1 m9d ) matt]2 x  
has e/abli%$ a functional relation to   
exi/ betwe5 e fact ( ?9k+1 will+ or     
feel+1 on ! "o side1 & "s molecul> *ange
 9 ! body on ! o!r side1 & man1 ) all 8 

ways & works1 is simply a "p ( nature1 &
 c1 by no device ( ?\ght1 be deta*$ f or
 set above x4#ad  ,:at1 aft] all1 is    
involv$ 9 ! acceptance ( su* a          
conclusion8 ,:at is !re to fe>8 ,to     
conc$e ?is1 x is ?\ght1 w\ld mean to    
relegate man to ! position ( a m]e      
automaton1 fre$ f acc\ntability to ,god1
 responsibility to man1 & ! fe>s (      
consci5ce4  ,s f> f ridd+ man (         
responsibility1 ! cle> recognition by   
him ( ! true nature ( 8 environm5t &    
antec$5ts1 ! laws by :i* !y influ5ce    
him1 & 8 inh]5t capacity ( resi/ance--9 
o!r words1 ! two processes obs]vable 9 !
 _w1 action contr>y to1 & action along1 
! l9e ( lea/ resi/ance#ae--;does1 on !  
contr>y1 greatly increase 8             
responsibility ( action & 8 p[] to "k   
himself4  ,is n m9d & matt] subject to !
 same law8 ,d !y n react to ! same ,god8
 ,:at matt]1 !n1 if we adopt ! =mula (  
,pampsy*ism & ass]t t all individual ?+s
 are animat$ albeit 9 div]s degrees8 or 
endorse ! conclusion ( ,pr(essor ,james 

,w>d1 :o f9ds no gr\nd = sep>at+ organic
 life f psy*ical life8 & cont9ues3 ,all 
life is exp]i5ce4 ,we _c !re=e assume t 
exp]i5ce has no "p 9 ! build+ up ( !    
organism1 & only beg9s :5 viable        
organism is already !re4#af  ,! belief t
 !re c be no life )\t m9d does n        
necess>ily imply t !re c be no m9d )\t  
body4 ,z ,john ,/u>t ,mill po9t$ out1   
,det]m9ism does n imply ,mat]ialism1 a  
man may be a spiritual be+ b yet subject
 to ! law ( causation4 ,nei!r does x d5y
 ! dynamic "* ( w1 b all[s t n only our 
conduct b our "* is 9 "p am5able to our 
w4 ,! causality involv$ 9 human actions 
w\ld1 h[ev]1 enable any "o :o knew      
p]fectly our "* & our circum/ances to   
pr$ict our actions4  ,su* consid]ations1
 h[ev]1 al?\gh contributory1 d n1 (     
!mselves1 decide ! "q ) :i* we are "h   
conc]n$1 namely1 ,:at is ! real mean+ & 
:at ! au?ority ( consci5ce1 or ( t m5tal
 act :i* takes place 9 our m9ds :5 we   
call c]ta9 conduct "r & c]ta9 conduct   
wrong8  ,ap>t f ! "q ( ! ultimate       

sanction ( moral conduct1 !re h always  
be5 two explanations ( ! m5tal act      
v>i\sly kn[n z e?ical judgm5t1 moral    
faculty1 moral s5se or consci5ce4 ,on ! 
"o side !re h be5 ^? :o consid]$ t moral
 judgm5t 0 an emotion1 an intuition1 or 
in/9ctive recognition ( "r or wrong1 :i*
 impli$ no rational or intellectual     
process beyond t :i* is involv$ 9       
regi/]+ or p]ceiv+ ! fact4 ,& on ! o!r  
side !re h be5 ^? :o treat moral        
approbation z ess5tially an act (       
judgm5t--! result ( ! reason+ &         
intellectual function ( ! m9d4  ,!      
e>lie/ expon5ts ( a morality t 9 no way 
dep5d$ ^u ! "w ( ,reason 7 ! anci5t     
,epicureans & ,cyr5aics2 s9ce = !m good 
0 pleasure & evil 0 pa91 ! s\rces & te/s
 ( all e?ical tru? 7 necess>ily1 9      
consequ5ce1 ! feel+s & emotions4  ,9 !  
eighte5? c5tury !re arose a s*ool1      
associat$ ) ! names ( ! ?ird ,"l        
,%aftesbury & ,francis ,hut*eson1 !     
,scot* philosoph]1 :i* became kn[n z !  
moral s5se s*ool1 widely diff]5t f ! old

 h$oni/ic philosoph]s1 s9ce !y 7 ! fir/ 
to ass]t ! exi/5ce ( a di/9ctively      
e?ical1 z oppos$ to a m]ely pleasurable1
 feel+4  ,! philosoph]s ( ! moral s5se  
s*ool attempt$ to prove t !re exi/$ a   
di/9ct moral faculty :i* diff]$ f all   
o!r p]ceptions or ideas1 9 t x 0 a      
sep>ate m$ium by :i* m5 c\ld recognize  
e?ical tru?1 :i* 0 r a matt] ( ! he>t   
?an ( ! head4  ,z a result ( ! attacks (
 ! v>i\s rationali/ s*ools ?is idea ( a 
moral faculty has be5 = ! mo/ "p ab&on$ 
by ^? :o approa* e?ics f ! ,religi\s or 
,!i/ic /&po9t1 = !y are f> m conc]n$ to 
e/abli% ! ,div9e au?ority & sacrosanct  
"* ( consci5ce ?an influ5c$ by          
psy*ological or metaphysical di/9ctions4
 ,= ! mo/ "p su* writ]s are cont5t to   
assume t consci5ce is ! k ( "o's own s\l
 ) reg>d to que/ions ( "r & wrong1 b    
insi/ on t elem5t ( ,div9e ,guidance :i*
 alone1 !y ?9k1 c give x ! necess>y     
au?ority & sanctity4  ,! ,rev4 ,g4 ,h4  
,ri*>dson#ag def9es consci5ce z ! :ole  
p]sonality act+ e?ically2 or1 m         

precisely1 consci5ce is ! reaction1     
pleasurable or pa9ful1 ( ! :ole         
p]sonality 9 response to a human or     
,div9e /&>d4  ,x is nei!r :olly         
emotional nor :olly rational1 b is      
s5sitive to motives ( :i* ! pure reason 
w\ld take no acc\nt2 x is m ak9 to      
in/9ct ?an intellig5ce4 ,yet )\t reason1
 consci5ce w\ld be bl9d impulse1 ?\gh x 
might feel ! consci\sness (             
obligation4#ah  ,cle>ly1 !n1 consci5ce c
 d]ive little validity f intellig5ce2 ! 
concession to ! ,rationali/s does n     
am\nt to mu*2 x might almo/ get on )\t  
reason altoge!r4 ,x is ! ,div9e au?ority
 ( consci5ce :i*1 = ! ,!i/ic writ]1 is !
 factor ( prime importance4  ,z we are  
b\nd to tru/ reason 9 ! intellectual    
sph]e1 s we are b\nd to tru/ consci5ce 9
 ! moral sph]e4 ,to d5y ! au?ority ( !  
"o or ! o!r is to di/ru/ ! ,p[] 9 :om   
physical & moral law h _! s\rce4 ,!     
au?ority ( consci5ce is ?us p>am\nt = ! 
individual2 x w be bett] = me to d :at  
is objectively wrong1 b :at ,i          

consci5ti\sly believe to be "r1 ?an d   
:at is 9 fact "r1 b :at my consci5ce    
disapproves4#ai  ,"h ! writ] appe>s to  
ab&on 8 ,rationali/ic fri5ds altoge!r2 !
 fanatic is giv5 free re91 8 rav+s are  
sacr$4  ,dr4 ,h4 ,ra%dall1 :o by _m is  
consid]$ repres5tative ( rationali/ic   
e?ics1 insi/s on ! objectivity ( moral  
judgm5t4 ,feel+s or emotions possess no 
objectivity2 & ')\t objectivity1' 9 !   
words ( ,edu>d von ,h>tmann1 'e?ic has  
no mean+'4#bj  ,! all-important task = !
 ,!i/ic writ] is to e/abli% ! factor (  
,div9e impulse4 ,!re=e we say t         
consci5ce is a fundam5tal =m ( man's    
p]sonal consci\sness ( et]nity2 t       
ineffaceable c]ta9ty t ! relation (     
,duty1 ) ,responsibility & ,judgm5t1 is 
n a relation :i* /&s & falls ) our      
relations to ! _w & to m51 b 9 its      
ess5ce is a relation to ! holy &        
,almighty ,god4444 ,additional =ce seems
 to be giv5 to ?is way ( reg>d+ !       
,au?ority ( consci5ce if we consid] t   
its activity is set 9 motion by an      

impulse f ! ,div9e ,p]sonality4#ba      
,bi%op ,butl] ref]s to consci5ce z !    
voice ( ,god1 & z supreme among human   
faculties2 & ?is is endors$ by          
,ri*>dson1 :o f9ds t ,!ism is ess5tial  
to any doctr9e ( consci5ce1 because !   
alt]native is de/ructive ( its au?ority4
  ,let u n[ summ>ize ! ,!i/ic consci5ce1
 v>i\sly describ$ 9 diff]5t passages1 9 
! au?or's own words3 ,its activity is   
set 9 motion by an impulse f ! ,div9e   
,p]sonality1 & does n orig9ate 9 !      
individual nor ! _w1 yet x reacts to    
public op9ion1 is (t5 unreasonable &    
inconsi/5t1 is subject to evolution>y   
gr[? & is n infallible1 is capable (    
inf9ite v>iety ( int]pretation & reacts 
to a human /&>d1 :i*1 h[ev]1 trails "s  
cl\ds ( glory f its ,div9e orig9al2 & 9 
conclusion1 ,if we reg>d consci5ce n z a
 phosphoresc5t gleam play+ ^u ! surface 
( consci\sness1 b z a vital impulse1    
p>tly rational1 p>tly in/9ctive1 well+  
up f ! dep?s ( ,p]sonality1 we %all n   
run ! risk ( d5y+ its au?ority4#bb ,x   

w\ld be well1 h[ev]1 n to und]e/imate ! 
risk1 al?\gh x und\bt$ly cat]s = a great
 v>iety ( ta/es4  ,alli$ to ! ,emotional
 s*ool = ! purpose ( prov+ consci5ce are
 ^? ,rationali/s1 ( :om we h tak5 ,dr4  
,ra%dall z an example1 :o h = an object 
! e/abli%m5t ( ! objective validity (   
moral judgm5t4 ,! real cont5tion becomes
 cle>]2 ! *ief po9t at issue is ! "q (  
au?ority4  ,we see1 !n1 t !re are two   
po9ts to be decid$3 7#a7 ! ultimate     
validity1 ) :i* is connect$ ! "q ( !    
,div9e ,au?ority1 ( moral judgm5ts2 &   
7#b7 ! mode ( recognition1 ) :i* is     
connect$ ! cause or propell5t :i*       
induces moral action4  ,ra%dall summ>ily
 dismisses ! dual "* ( ! problem 9 a    
phrase4 ,! "q at issue betwe5           
,rationali/s & ,emotionali/s is n :at   
impels me to d a virtu\s act1 b h[ ,i "k
 x to be virtu\s4#bc ,! connexion betwe5
 motive & judgm5t is too closely relat$ 
to be ?us calmly ignor$4 ,x is agre$ t !
 motive does n affect ! intr9sic "* or  
rightness ( an action1 b at ! same "t x 

mo/ c]ta9ly does affect a man's         
e/imation ( 8 action2 & ?is1 9 ord] to  
arrive at ! value ( moral judgm5ts1 is  
mo/ obvi\sly relevant4  ,= ,dr4 ,ra%dall
 ! di/9ction betwe5 h[ ,i "k my action  
to be "r or virtu\s1 & h[ x is virtu\s1 
does n exi/4 ,bo? imply recognition or  
/atem5t ( indisputable fact2 = him !re c
 be no ultimate d\bt z to ! "* ( moral  
good1 :i* c 9 no way be a matt] (       
op9ion1 = good is sui g5]is3 x is good &
 no?+ else2 happ9ess may be good1 hone/y
 may be good1 b good is good = no o!r   
reason ?an because su* an ab/raction is 
suppos$ to exi/ z a transc5d5tal fact4  
,!re=e good c be recogniz$ j z any      
axiomatic tru? c be recogniz$2 z1 =     
in/ance1 ! fact t #b  #b  #d1 or two    
/raight l9es _c enclose a space4 ,h[ is 
x !n t p ev5 ( ! highe/ intellig5ce d n 
inv>iably agree ab\t :at is good or     
morally "r8  ,!re are no two op9ions    
ab\t :e!r #b  #b does1 or does n1 equal 
#d1 yet !re is no su* g5]al agreem5t    
ab\t :at is "r4 ,if ask$ :y a ?+ is "r  

or good mo/ p w\ld reply ei!r by giv+ a 
reason to %[ t x is desirable or else by
 quot+ ! au?ority ( "s "o else's ipse   
dixit 79 :i* case x is inf]r$ t !       
au?ority quot$ _h "s reason = suppos+ x 
desirable74 ,! reason t #b  #b  #d is1  
on ! o!r h&1 t !re c be no possible     
alt]native4 ,yet is x true to say t !re 
c be no possible alt]native to :at !    
cons5sus ( op9ion 9 any "o c\ntry       
consid]s morally "r8 ,"s ?+s t are      
consid]$ immoral 9 ,engl& are consid]$  
moral 9 ,japan1 & vice v]sa4  ,dr4      
,ra%dall1 h[ev]1 conceives ( b two      
alt]natives 9 e/imat+ moral values1 !   
fir/ ( :i* he dismisses1 because on ?is 
view our moral judgm5ts c\ld possess no 
objective validity4 ,he says3 444 ,i    
exam9$ ! "q :e!r our moral judgm5ts are 
9 ultimate analysis m]ely /atem5ts      
ass]t+ ! exi/5ce ( a p>ticul> k9d (     
feel+ 9 p>ticul> m9ds1 or :e!r !y are   
intellectual judgm5ts ( univ]sal        
validity--judgm5ts1 ( c\rse1 ( a v      
peculi> & di/9ctive k9d1 b j z mu*      

intellectual & univ]sal judgm5ts ab\t ! 
nature ( ,reality z ! judgm5ts #b  #b   
#d1 or '?is is a good inf]5ce & t is a  
bad "o'4#bd  ,x is difficult to "k :e!r 
?is arbitr>y elim9ation ( ! subjective  
elem5t f e?ical judgm5ts1 & ! attempt to
 translate moral values into t]ms (     
ma!matical =mul1 is int5d$ to d5ote !   
infusion ( a my/ic factor into ! exact  
sci5ces1 or an attempt to r$uce         
metaphysics & morality to rule ( ?umb6  
,! foll[+ !sis1 h[ev]1 :i* w be         
elaborat$ 9 ! c\rse ( ?is discussion1 is
 bas$ on a syn*ron\s realization (      
rational pr9ciples & psy*ological       
processes4  ,?us1 :at an individual     
conceives to be morally "r & good1 :5 he
 is consci\s ( hav+ act$ s accord+ to 8 
own /&>d1 may be ei!r3  7#a7 ,:olly     
irrational1 illogical1 anti-social &    
undesirable 7f e po9t ( view except 8   
own71 ev5 ?\gh arriv$ at solely by an   
intellectual & reason+ process2 or  7#b7
 ,an entirely in/9ctive1 bl9dly         
impulsive or emotional action1 aft]w>ds 

endors$ by ! intellect 7i4e4 subsequ5tly
 rationaliz$72 or  7#c7 ,! result (     
?\ghtful delib]ation1 c>efully &        
logically design$ to br+ ab\t c]ta9     
preconceiv$ moral ends su* z social     
happ9ess1 ju/ice1 fulfilm5t ( duty2 all 
( :i* are artificial & conv5tional      
/&>ds1 & good only because !y are       
desirable1 n because !y are univ]sally  
valid--irrespective ( "t1 locality &    
circum/ances2 or  7#d7 ,any comb9ation (
 ^! ?ree4  ,! =ego+ applies z mu* to !  
aggregate moral consci\sness ( a        
community 9 diff]5t /ages (             
civilization1 or 9 v>y+ /ates (         
emotional abnormality1 z to ! individual
 consci5ce4  ,x c also be %[n t !       
communal consci5ce reacts ^u !          
individual consci5ce 9 inv]se ratio to !
 latt]'s emotional or intellectual      
capacity = resi/ance2 & t ! communal    
consci5ce 7id5tifi$ at a lat] /age ( ?is
 inquiry ) ,cosmic ,sugge/ion7 is !     
integral product ( ! num]ical & dynamic 
/r5g? ( ! convictions ( ! memb]s ( !    

community1 & op]ates ^u ! individual    
consci5ce1 ei!r consci\sly or           
subconsci\sly1 9 ! same way t           
,sugge/ion1 accord+ to ! law discov]$ by
 ,libeault & employ$ by ! ,nancy ,s*ool1
 op]ates 9 hypnotic ph5om5a4  ,x w !n   
7if ?is view c be e/abli%$7 be %[n t !  
factors ( consci5ce are3 7#a7 emotional1
 7#b7 intellectual1 7#c7 int]nal        
7includ+ h]$it>y & organic elem5ts71 &  
7#d7 ext]nal 7environm5t--mat]ial &     
psy*ic72 & t its validity1 9 ultimate   
analysis1 c b re/ on codes1 :i* may be n
 only ,conv5tional & ,artificial1 b also
 ,rational or ,intellectual1 ,social &  
,utilit>ian2 & 9 any case v>iable1 9 !  
same way t ! s\nde/ & mo/ logical       
policies mu/1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 be      
v>iable1 or capable ( adju/m5t z        
circum/ances *ange2 ! only elem5ts :i*  
%\ld be con/ant & inv>iable 9 any policy
 7:i* is n a misnom]7 be+ logic & tru?4 
,s x is ) rules ( conduct4  ,z reg>ds ! 
purely int]nal sanction ( our actions & 
?\ghts1 t is to say1 our relation%ip )  

,ultimate ,reality1 :i* is ,god or !    
,law ( ,exi/5ce1 !re is only "o         
conception ( ! latt] :i* seems to       
compreh5d ! inf9ite ) ! f9ite1 & t is   
,=ce1 because x is ! cont9uity (        
,exi/5ce1 or aft] ! mann] ( ,leibnitz3  
,sub/ance1 ! ultimate reality1 c only be
 conceiv$ z =ce4 ,any moral law :i* may 
be said to be fundam5tal 9 itself &     
indep5d5t ( circum/ances w be 9 relation
 to =ce4 ,b su* laws w also be indep5d5t
 ( ! moral imp]atives & writt5 codes1 = 
!y are indep5d5t ( volition--( ! w to   
obey !m4 ,c a man be possess$ ( love1   
greatness1 nobility1 c\rage1 hon\r1 at a
 ^w ( comm&8 ,!re=e if x c be truly said
 t love is ! greate/ ?+ 9 ! _w1 x is    
because x is ! mo/ p[]ful =ce4 ,hate is 
disruptive1 dis9tegrat+ & annihilat+2   
love is integrat+ & /r5g!n+4  ,b !re is 
yet "o good1 "o fundam5tal imp]ative :i*
 ne$s no pro(1 & t is ,tru?--ultimate   
tru?1 because x is ! /atem5t ( :at ,is2 
)\t :i* logic1 or1 inde$1 intelligible  
language1 w\ld be impossible4 ,b tru? is

 n op9ion1 or ass]tion1 or hope1 or     
fai?1 or 9 ! words ( ,huxley ^? idols   
built up ( books & traditions & f9e-spun
 ecclesia/ical cobwebs4 ,tru? & all its 
d]ivatives--hone/y1 integrity1          
tru?fulness & s9c]ity--h an intr9sic    
value ( _! own1 = _! negation implies ! 
negation ( ! pr9ciples ( ,exi/5ce4  ,b  
m5 require m ?an ?is1 !y require a moral
 code or /&>d to give coh]5ce to _!     
relation%ips2 ?is code1 !n1 is t :i* is 
desir$1 or impos$1 & ?is want is mo/    
effici5tly suppli$ by ! pr9ciple (      
,utility4  ,,footnotes3  #ac ,see       
,consci5ce1 its ,orig9 & ,au?ority1 p4  
#be4  #ad ,w4 ,h4 ,mallock1 quot$ by    
,ri*>dson4  #ae ,pr(essor ,james ,w>d   
uses ! t]ms anabolic & catabolic        
processes 9 ?is connexion1 also 9 a s5se
 analog\s to ! di/9ction betwe5 do+ &   
suff]+4  #af ,j4 ,w>d1 ,h]$ity &        
,memory1 #aiac4  #ag ,consci5ce1 its    
,orig9 & ,au?ority1 p4 #fi4  #ah ,ibid41
 pp4 #fg & #fh4  #ai ,consci5ce1 its    
,orig9 & ,au?ority1 p4 #if4  #bj ,ha/+s 

,ra%dall3 ,is ,consci5ce an ,emotion8   
#ba ,consci5ce1 its ,orig9 & ,au?ority1 
p4 #ii4  #bb ,consci5ce1 its ,orig9 &   
,au?ority1 pp4 #ii1 #ie1 #if1 #gj1 #gb &
 #gc4  #bc ,is ,consci5ce an ,emotion8  
p4 #aac4  #bd ,is ,consci5ce an         
,emotion8 p4 #eb4     ,,iii  ,,! ,,mean+
 ,,( ,,moral ,,obligation   ,! au?or (  
,consci5ce1 its ,orig9 & ,au?ority1     
attempts1 aft] ! mann] ( prie/s1 to     
demoli% ! ,utilit>ian pr9ciple (        
morality by /at+ t ! ,utilit>ian mu/1 to
 be logical1 ju/ify any means if ! end  
is desirable4 ,z ?\gh ! ,utilit>ian & n 
! ,!i/ 0 = ev] try+ to %[ t ! intr9sic  
"* or value ( an action dep5d$ ^u !     
motive 7:i* mu/ be di/+ui%$ f !         
int5tion2 a man :o sav$ ano!r f dr[n+ 9 
ord] to put him to dea? aft]w>ds w\ld be
 influ5c$ by an int5tion to murd]1 b !  
motives 73 fir/1 desire to rescue1 &1 = 
! subsequ5t action1 desire to kill74    
,mr4 ,ri*>dson writes3 ,! ,good & ! ,"r 
possess _! au?ority to ! ,utilit>ian    
because !y t5d to ! greate/ possible    

happ9ess ( ! greate/ numb] ( s5ti5t     
be+s4 ,n[ suppose a case :i* ,i d n ?9k 
actually happ5$1 b :i* may easily be    
conceiv$ z happ5+4 ,suppose t ,cecil    
,rhodes delib]ately caus$ ! ,s\?        
,african ,w>1 z _m p believ$ at ! "t4   
,?is w\ld be *>act]iz$ 7& 01 9 fact1    
*>act]iz$7 z an immoral act (           
unscrupul\s aggression4 ,b he might     
def5d 8 action ?us3 ,grant$ t s _m ?\s&s
 ( soldi]s & citiz5s w be sla91 & ! l&  
cle>$ ( its inhabitants4 ,9 a few ye>s !
 l& s cle>$ w produce increas$ h>ve/s ( 
gold & gra94 ,m food w mean an increase 
( human productiv5ess & an increase (   
population2 ?riv+ t[n%ips & f>m/eads w  
support a p m num]\s & ri*] 9 ! com=ts  
:i* make life desirable ?an c\ld h exi/$
 )\t my action4 ,!re=e on ! ,utilit>ian 
hypo!sis my action 0 "r & good1 &       
des]v$1 n reprobation1 b approval4  ,n  
only is ?is position n admitt$ by       
,utilit>ians1 b ,john ,/u>t ,mill long  
ago po9t$ out t su* a hypo!sis is to    
mi/ake ! v mean+ ( a /&>d ( morals1 & to

 conf\nd ! rule ( action ) ! motive ( x4
 ,x is ! bus9ess ( ,e?ics to tell u :at 
are our duties1 or by :at te/ we may "k 
!m2 b no sy/em ( e?ics requires t ! sole
 motive ( all we d %all be a feel+ (    
duty4444 ,! great majority ( good       
actions are int5d$1 n = ! b5efit ( ! _w1
 b = t ( individuals1 ( :i* ! good ( !  
_w is made up2 & ! ?\ghts ( ! mo/       
virtu\s man ne$ n on ^! occasions travel
 beyond ! p>ticul> p]sons conc]n$1      
except s f> z is necess>y to assure     
himself t 9 b5efit+ !m he is n violat+ !
 rights--t is1 ! legitimate & au?oriz$  
expectations--( any "o else4#be  ,?is is
 suffici5t refutation ( su* objections  
to ,utilit>ianism z ! "o br\ght =w>d by 
,ri*>dson1 & cle>ly f\nd$ on a          
misconception4  ,mill1 9 :at is /ill !  
be/ def5ce ( ?is sy/em1 cont9ues3       
,utilit>ians 444 are 444 ( op9ion t 9 ! 
long run ! be/ pro( ( a good "* is good 
actions2 & resolutely refuse to consid] 
any m5tal disposition z good1 ( :i* !   
pr$om9ant t5d5cy is to produce bad      

conduct4#bf  ,! cre$ :i* accepts z !    
f\ndation ( morals1 ,utility1 or !      
,greate/ ,happ9ess ,pr9ciple1 holds t   
actions are "r 9 proportion z !y t5d to 
promote happ9ess1 wrong z !y t5d to     
produce ! rev]se ( happ9ess4#bg  ,!     
,!i/ic writ] says ! ess5ce ( morality is
 sacrifice4#bh  ,! utilit>ian morality  
does recognize 9 human be+s ! p[] (     
sacrific+ _! own greate/ good = ! good (
 o!rs4 ,x only refuses to admit t       
sacrifice is itself a good4 ,a sacrifice
 t does n increase1 or t5d to increase1 
! sum total ( happ9ess1 x consid]s z    
wa/$4  ,z reg>ds consci5ce3 !           
,utilit>ian1 :5 he attempts an analysis1
 realizes t 9 t complex ph5om5on z x    
actually exi/s1 ! simple fact is 9 g5]al
 all encru/$ ov] ) collat]al            
associations d]iv$ f sympa?y1 f love1 & 
/ill m f fe>2 f all =ms ( religi\s      
feel+2 f recollections ( *ildhood & (   
all our pa/ life2 f self-e/eem1 desire (
 ! e/eem ( o!rs1 & occasionally ev5     
self-abasem5t4#bi  ,= ! prie/ e?ics _c  

be built securely ^u any?+ less ?an     
religi\s sanctions1 & x is = ! sake (   
consci5ce t e?ics h a practical         
value4#cj  ,c an hone/ & unbias$ ?9k]   
d\bt t ! fir/ is ! tru] /atem5t8  ,let u
 n[ return to a fur!r /atem5t ( !       
position ( ,utilit>ianism z dealt ) by  
,j4 ,s4 ,mill4 ,f ,pr(essor ,sidgwick & 
^? ,utilit>ians :o attempt to claim = ! 
a!i/ic morali/ a consci5ce ( ma!matical 
accuracy we are unlikely to d]ive mu*   
assi/ance4  ,accord+ to ! ,greate/      
,happ9ess ,pr9ciple1 ! ultimate end1 )  
ref]5ce to1 & = ! sake ( :i*1 all o!r   
?+s are desirable 7:e!r we are consid]+ 
our own good or t ( o!r p71 is an       
exi/5ce exempt z f> z possible f pa9 & z
 ri* z possible 9 enjoym5ts1 bo? 9 po9t 
( quantity & quality2 ! te/ ( quality1 &
 ! rule = measur+ x aga9/ quantity1 be+ 
! pref]5ce felt by ^? :o1 9 _!          
opportunities ( exp]i5ce1 to :i* mu/ be 
add$ _! habits ( self-consci\sness &    
self-obs]vation1 are be/ furni%$ ) !    
means ( comp>ison4#ca  ,?is1 accord+ to 

,utilit>ians1 is also ! /&>d ( morality4
  ,9 con=mance ) ?is pr9ciple ( moral   
obligation1 we *oose ! great] be=e !    
less] good4 ,betwe5 ,g5]al ,morality & !
 obligation ( ,duty1 ) :i* he associates
 ju/ice1 ,mill draws :at appe>s to be a 
some:at unnecess>ily h>d l9e (          
di/9ction1 insomu* z ! diff]5ce may be  
se5 to consi/ m ( degree ?an ( k9d4 ,o!r
 e?ical writ]s make ! same di/9ction :5 
!y divide moral duties into ! two       
classes ( p]fect & imp]fect obligation1 
! latt] be+ ^? 9 :i*1 ?\gh ! act is     
obligatory1 ! p>ticul> occasions ( p]=m+
 x are left to our *oice1 z 9 ! case (  
*>ity or b5efic5ce4  ,if1 9 assess+ !   
am\nt ( good1 we take into consid]ation1
 besides ! categories ( quantity &      
quality1 a ?ird category ( proximity1 x 
w\ld1 ,i ?9k1 prove a useful            
qualification by enabl+ ! ,utilit>ian   
,good to embrace all moral obligation1  
includ+ legal ,duty1 :i* is consid]$ by 
,mill ap>t f g5]al morality4 ,by        
proximity x is int5d$ to imply t ! ne>] 

good is m b9d+ ?an ! fur!r good1 :i* may
 9 "s measure c\nt]act ! value (        
quantity & quality :]e ^! are involv$1 &
 :5 a decision betwe5 conflict+ moral   
obligations has to be made4  ,?\gh ?is  
additional category ( ,good may n       
altoge!r aboli% ! di/9ction :i* ,mill   
makes betwe5 g5]al morality & ju/ice or 
duty :i* may be obligatory by law1 x    
appe>s to amplify & ext5d ! scope ( !   
pr9ciple ( ,utility4  ,duty1 9 ! words (
 ,j4 ,s4 ,mill1 is a ?+ :i* may be      
exact$ f a p]son z "o exacts a debt4    
,unless we ?9k t x might be exact$ f him
 we d n call x 8 duty4  ,f ?is x might  
be assum$ t !re c\ld nev] be any d\bt   
ab\t :at is a p]son's duty1 s9ce :5 any 
"o owes ano!r or ! community a debt1 he 
is cle>ly consci\s ( x1 ev5 to ! am\nt4 
,9 ! case ( "r conduct :i* implies      
,duty1 ?is1 h[ev]1 is n always s cle>ly 
recogniz$1 especially :5 ,duty implies  
,allegiance or ,responsibility4  ,9 ?is 
connexion we may say t ! good we d = our
 own c\ntry is a ne>] good ?an ! good we

 d = an ali5 c\ntry1 !re=e if do+ ! good
 involves a *oice we %\ld *oose our own 
c\ntry2 = ! debt we owe to our own      
c\ntry is great] ?an ! debt we owe to   
humanity at l>ge4 ,equally ! good we owe
 to our own family is ne>] ?an1 & !re=e 
comes be=e1 ! good we owe to society4   
,to ?is mo/ p w acc$e1 &1 9 fact1 !     
realization ( ?is is at ! base ( all    
s5se ( ,responsibility2 ?us e man1 9    
:atsoev] capacity he is act+1 :e!r z    
/atesman1 c\nty c\ncillor1 soldi] or    
head ( a family1 %\ld put !             
consid]ations ( ! body he repres5ts or  
belongs to be=e all o!rs2 & f9ally he   
owes x to himself--or ,god#cb--to be    
true to himself1 ev5 be=e he c be true  
to ano!r1 9 ! s5se t keep+ fai? ) a     
fri5d w n excuse a man act+ di%one/ly or
 untru?fully t[>ds himself4 ,& ?is = !  
reason t ,tru? is indep5d5t (           
,utilit>ian valuation1 s9ce ,tru? alone 
is an a priori & self-evid5t good2 by   
its v mean+ x is a /atem5t ( :at is1    
temporally z well z ultimately2 z su* x 

mu/ be a /atem5t ( indisputable fact1 n 
op9ion or fai? :i* re/s on ass]tion4    
,s9ce m ?+s are capable ( be+ prov$     
untrue ?an ultimately true1 x foll[s t z
 a crit]ion ( conduct its value is      
*iefly negative4 ,x c ?us be %[n t ly+1 
deception1 brea* ( contract are wrong p]
 se1 = tru? is ! basic pr9ciple ^u :i*  
all o!rs dep5d1 & ! necess>y po/ulate ( 
! idea ( ,god1 :il/ ! value ( our       
positive acts mu/ = ! mo/ "p dep5d ^u "s
 su* /&>d z ! ,greate/ ,happ9ess or     
,utility pr9ciple4  ,z an illu/ration ( 
! ne>] is ! great] good pr9ciple may be 
cit$ ! l9e tak5 up by ,disraeli :5 !    
controv]sy ov] ! opium trade betwe5     
,india & ,*9a fir/ came to ! =e4        
,disraeli firmly refus$ to ru9 our      
export trade 9 opium = any quixotic     
consid]ations involv+ ! moral effect ^u 
! ,*9aman1 :il/ x 9 no way impli$ a     
brea* ( fai? ) him4  ,less cle> is ! "q 
( prec$5ce :5 two prim>y obligations are
 conflict+2 prim>y obligations are "h   
int5d$ to mean ^? obligatory duties :i* 

may rightly be exact$ f a p]son by      
reason ( 8 indebt$ness to ! corporate   
body to :i* he belongs1 or :i* he       
repres5ts1 & :i* is entitl$ to a        
pref]5ce 9 ! good he does4  ,= in/ance1 
x may sometimes be said t a man's duty  
to 8 c\ntry z a soldi] conflicts ) 8    
duty to 8 family z its sole support2 bo?
 are prim>y obligations2 z long1 !n1 z  
allegiance to "o does n involve a       
betrayal ( ! o!r1 :i* c\ld only be if _!
 int]e/s 7 fundam5tally oppos$ & direct$
 aga9/ ea* o!r1 bo? obligations mu/ be  
equally ackn[l$g$1 & a via m$ia discov]$
 to satisfy ! claims ( bo? to an equal  
ext5t4  ,%\ld1 h[ev]1 ?is confliction ( 
int]e/s be s direct & antagoni/ic z     
necess>ily to involve an ov]t           
repudiation ( ! claims ( "o or ! o!r1 z 
9 ! hypo!tical case ( a soldi] be+ ord]$
 to execute ! memb]s ( 8 own family1 8  
conduct1 suppos+ him to be actuat$ by a 
desire to act solely 9 con=mance )      
e?ical consid]ations1 w\ld be det]m9$ by
 8 judgm5t z to :i* c\rse w\ld promote !

 great] good or ,utility1 hav+ reg>d to 
! categories3 quantity1 quality &       
proximity2 ! ne>] 9 ?is case und\bt$ly  
be+ 8 family1 ?\gh ?is fact alone w\ld n
 necess>ily outweigh ! o!r values (     
quantity & quality4 ,9 c]ta9 ,ea/]n     
c\ntries x w\ld possibly appeal to a    
man's s5se ( appropriat5ess to be ! ag5t
 by :i* ! crime or di%on\r ( 8 relative 
w\ld be expiat$4  ,a man is (t5 he>d to 
claim t 8 moral duty t[>ds himself1 9   
o!r words 8 consci5ce1 absolves him f ! 
fulfilm5t ( ano!r prim>y duty or        
obligation4 ,z ,i h attempt$ to %[1 !   
only real or a priori duty :i* a man c  
prove he owes to himself1 & !re=e has a 
"r to place be=e any o!r cle> duty d]iv$
 f ! fact ( 8 memb]%ip ( any community  
or corporate body1 is 8 obligation n to 
violate ,tru?1 :i* is a /atem5t (       
reality1 n ( op9ion4 ,?us no o!r duty c 
rightly oblige a man to p]jure himself4 
,if ?is maxim is accept$1 x w be se5 t a
 deadlock ( ?is sort betwe5 a man's duty
 to 8 c\ntry z a citiz5 & 8 duty to     

himself or 8 consci5ce1 c\ld r>ely occur
 9 a civiliz$ or rational community4    
,aga9/ ?is a man might argue t he _h    
solemnly v[$ n to %$ human blood1 ei!r z
 a soldi] or o!rwise1 & t he is "r to   
resi/ any attempt to conscript him = !  
army1 s9ce he w\ld !reby be requir$ to  
p]jure himself4 ,! answ] is simple1 = ! 
man cle>ly violat$ 8 duty to 8 c\ntry 9 
! fir/ place by v[+ he w\ld deprive 8   
c\ntry ( 8 s]vices %\ld !y be requir$1 a
 "r :i* no c\ntry has ev] =sworn & :i*  
is consid]$ ! natural return due = free 
citiz5%ip & /ate protection2 ^!         
conditions are presum$ to be accept$ ) !
 b5efits ( citiz5%ip & protection (     
p]son & prop]ty2 8 fir/ violation ( duty
 t[>ds 8 c\ntry w !re=e n absolve him ( 
a second4  ,nei!r c x be %[n accord+ to 
?is pr9ciple t a man is entitl$ to take 
an oa? ( ?is nature1 reg>dless (        
pot5tial conflict+ obligations1 on !    
score t su* an oa? is m]ely 9 con=mance 
) ! po/ulates ( ,tru?1 s9ce ! "q ( !    
,rightness or ,wrongness ( %$d+ blood "u

 all circum/ances is n susceptible (    
ultimate pro(1 b mu/ rema9 f9ally on !  
au?ority ( an ipse dixit1 or ( ,utility4
  ,?us f> we h exam9$ to "s ext5t !     
purely e?ical basis on :i* ! idea (     
priority ( duty1 z ev9c$ by consci5ce or
 reason1 re/s3 ! sanction ( consci5ce   
:i* re/s on religi\s au?ority is dealt )
 else:]e4  ,to fur!r illu/rate ! ne>]   
good pr9ciple ) :i* we h be5 deal+1 x   
may be pr(itable to ref] to a passage f 
an acc\nt ( ! life ( ,g5]al ,rob]t ,e4  
,lee1 ,comm&]-9-,*ief ( ! ,conf$]ate    
troops dur+ ! ,am]ican ,civil ,w>1 a    
dev\tly religi\s man1 & a lifelong memb]
 ( ! ,prote/ant ,episcopal ,*ur*4#cc    
,colonel ,lee 0 9 comm& ( ! dep>tm5t (  
,texas 9 #ahfj1 b 0 recall$ to ,wa%+ton 
e>ly 9 #ahfa1 :5 ! 'irrepressible       
conflict' betwe5 ! free & ! slave /ates 
seem$ imm95t4 ,:5 ,lee rea*$ ! capital 9
 ,m>* #ahfa1 sev5 /ates _h pass$        
ord9ances ( secession f ! ,union1 & _h  
=m$ ! ,s\!rn ,conf$]acy4 ,virg9ia sec$$ 
f ! ,union on ,april #ag1 & ,colonel    

,lee1 believ+ t 8 supreme political     
allegiance 0 due to 8 /ate r ?an to !   
,union1 felt compell$ to s5d 8          
resignation to ,g5]al ,scott1 :i* he did
 on ,april #bj4 ,! bitt] /ruggle betwe5 
8 p]sonal pref]5ces & 8 high s5se ( duty
 is %[n 9 ! words ( 8 wife writt5 to a  
fri5d at ! "t3 ',my husb& has wept te>s 
( blood ov] ?is t]rible w>2 b he mu/ z a
 man & a ,virg9ian %>e ! de/9y ( 8 /ate1
 :i* has solemnly pron\nc$ =            
indep5d5ce4'  ,lee's action 9 *oos+ !   
ne>] duty to 8 own /ate 9 pref]5ce to ! 
duty he ow$ to ! ,union z a soldi] & a  
citiz51 ev5 aga9/ 8 p]sonal pref]5ces &1
 z f> z "o c disc]n !m1 8 religi\s      
op9ions1 af=ds a /rik+ example ( !      
pr9ciple ,i h be5 attempt+ to illu/rate4
  ,:e!r 8 decision 0 arriv$ at          
spontane\sly & impulsively1 or z !      
result ( delib]ation1 is immat]ial z    
affect+ ! rightness ( 8 action4 ,equally
 immat]ial is ! possibility t he might h
 arriv$ at an opposite conclusion :il/  
/ill employ+ ! same pr9ciples1 by judg+ 

t ! categories ( quantity & quality     
outweigh$ t ( proximity4 ,:5ev] cle>    
duties are mutually annihilat+1 :i*     
=tunately is v r>ely ! case1 ! problem w
 always h to be solv$1 if x is solv$ )  
scrupul\s hone/y1 by a c>eful balance ( 
values1 :il/ ! result at be/ _c be      
infallible4  ,:at /&s out1 h[ev]1 9 ?is 
case1 is ! triumph ( cle>ly recogniz$   
duty f\nd$ on ne>] indebt$ness1 & s (   
responsibility1 ov] less] indebt$ness1  
ev5 ?\gh ! latt] 0 re9=c$ by p]sonal    
pr$ilection & religi\s s5tim5t4         
,,footnotes3  #be ,utilit>ianism1 #ae?  
edition1 p4 #bg4  #bf ,ibid41 p4 #cj4   
#bg ,ibid41 p4 #i4  #bh ,ri*>dson's     
,consci5ce1 p4 #aea4  #bi               
,utilit>ianism1 p4 #db4  #cj ,ri*>dson's
 ,consci5ce1 p4 #baa4  #ca ,j4 ,s4      
,mill1 ,utilit>ianism4  #cb ,! idea (   
,god p]sonifi$ is (t5 us$ z /&+ = a     
symbol or norm ( ideal conduct1 be>+ an 
aff9ity to ! ideal self or ego4 ,! !ory 
( conduct ma9ta9$ "h is !re=e equally   
applicable to ,!i/ or ,a!i/4  #cc ,n4   

,b4 ,web/] 9 ,*amb]s's ,encyclopdia4    
,,iv  ,,religion ,,& ,,morality   ,z    
long z morality is reg>d$ z a ,div9ely  
implant$ pr9ciple1 subject to no laws   
beyond ! caprice & *ang+ mood ( a       
p]sonal ,deity1 ! ess5tials :i* und]lie 
our conduct are lo/ sight (4 ,morality1 
t is to say ^? moral codes :i* are      
obs]v$ & recogniz$1 consi/s ( !         
imposition ( values2 b ! mean+ & !      
virtue ( ^? values lie 9 ! policy :i* w 
produce desir$ results4 ,moral values   
are subject to con/ant revision z _w    
influ5ces affect our outlook4 ,our      
endeav\r %\ld always be to probe !      
ess5tials4 ,z long z morality is ?\ght  
to dep5d on ,revelation & religi\s      
sup]/ition1 ! ess5tials are lo/ sight (4
 ,! connexion betwe5 ,religion &        
,morality is arbitr>y1 & s9ce ,religions
 owe _! p[] to ! fe> ( ! ,unkn[n1 & !   
virtue ( ,morality dep5ds ^u ! necessity
 ( con=m+ to t mode ( conduct :i* w     
produce kn[n results1 ,religions t5d to 
mask ! ess5tials 9 ,morality & make x   

unreal4  ,morality is held to include   
two di/9ct pr9ciples2 moral obligation1 
or conduct t[>ds o!rs1 & conduct t[>ds1 
or ! debt we owe1 ourselves4 ,we are "h 
conc]n$ *iefly ) ! fir/2 ! second--^?   
rules ( conduct :i* conc]n only         
ourselves1 are b\nd up ) ! purpose (    
exi/5ce1 ) ! ultimate end4 ,moral       
obligation has aris5 out ( ! necessity =
 co-ord9ation & sy/em 9 our mutual      
relation%ips4 ,)\t a moral code1 social 
life w\ld become *aotic & impossible1   
comp>able only to ! /ate ( ,russia "u   
mob rule 9 ! ye> ( grace #aiah--;a /ate 
immeasurably m degrad$ ?an t ( ,brita9 9
 ! era ,b4,c42 ! e>ly ,briton l ! mod]n 
,kafir1 at any rate1 gave v5t to 8      
pr$atory & murd]\s in/9cts1 = ! mo/ "p1 
outside 8 own little tribe4 ,!          
imposition ( "s recogniz$ rules (       
conduct1 safegu>d+ ! security ( life &  
prop]ty1 is z necess>y to ! community z 
! exi/5ce ( a co9age = ! negotiation (  
comm]cial b>ga9s2 9 fact x is m s4 ,!   
two are analog\s3 ! moral code mu/ give 

effect to t fir/ & univ]sal pr9ciple (  
e?ics express$ ?us1 ,d unto o!rs z y    
w\ld !y %\ld d unto y1 :i* is only ano!r
 way ( say+1 ,y may expect o!rs to treat
 y z y int5d to treat !m 9 simil>       
circum/ances4 ,h5ce ! /&>dization (     
rules ( conduct becomes a pr9ciple (    
,utility4 ,altruism has no?+ :atsoev] to
 d ) x4 ,ev5 indignation at ! spectacle 
( acute suff]+ ne$lessly inflict$ on    
animals1 :]e consid]ations ( reciprocal 
treatm5t on ! "p ( ! animal d n apply1  
is correctly bas$ on ! (f5ce su* a      
discordance causes to ! /hetic          
s5sibility ( ! cultivat$1 or ! induc$   
sympa!tic discom=t ( ! _m4 ,9 _m natures
 ! pa9-sugge/+ spectacle1 or ev5 ! m]e  
?\ght ( x1 spontane\sly evokes ang]1 :i*
 seeks satisfaction 9 ! puni%m5t ( !    
au?or ( its occurr5ce4 ,! only rational 
or intellectual process involv$ 9 !     
result+ moral judgm5t is1 z a rule1     
conf9$ to a realization ( ! pa9-sugge/+ 
idea1 & ! direction ( v5geful impulses  
aga9/ ! (f5d]1 :ile ! consequ5ces or    

ends ( conduct 9 no way det]m9e !       
judgm5t4 ,! p>ticul> idiocy ( !         
anti-vivisection agitation is obvi\s4   
,we are "h1 ( c\rse1 purposely consid]+1
 n actual & arbitr>y morality1 b !      
ess5tials ^u :i* all moralities are     
bas$4 ,we %all deal m fully z we proce$ 
) ^? psy*ic & emotional factors :i* d1 9
 fact1 col\r & di/ort all moral values4 
,to return to our analogy--we may say   
!n1 t a conv5tional moral rule /&s = !  
cr$it ( national morality1 mu* z a      
five-p\nd note /&s = ! cr$it ( national 
weal?4  ,h[ev] wise a code ( morality   
may be1 x is necess>ily artificial4 ,x  
has gr[n up to suit ! peculi>           
circum/ances & dem&s ( race1 climate &  
"t4 ,! basic reason = its exi/5ce is too
 (t5 encru/$ & disguis$ by fe>s1        
sup]/itions & illusions1 p]petual       
creatures ( ! human m9d2 ! ess5tials are
 (t5 lo/ sight ( or =gott51 & ,tru? is  
p>odi$ z ! pr9ciple t gave bir? to !    
ecclesia/ical *im]a :i* =ms ! edifice ( 
mod]n cults4 ,is x surpris+1 !n1 t      

morality is g>b$ 9 ! *ang+ coat ( a     
*ameleon8 ,t :at is held moral to-day is
 immoral to-morr[1 & t :at is held      
immoral "h is moral else:]e8  ,! second 
& deep] morality conc]ns ourselves only4
 ,x dem&s an answ] to ! et]nal "q3 ,:at 
is ! ,ultimate ,good8 ,"o great         
imp]ative /&s out pre-em95t3 we mu/ be  
true to ourselves4 ,he :o w\ld seek !   
tru? mu/ himself be true4 ,)\t tru? !re 
is no creation1 no progress4 ,b be=e we 
c be true to ourselves1 we mu/ "k       
ourselves2 t is ! problem we are        
consid]+--k ( ! ego4  ,"s m5 are cont5t 
to supply synonyms = ! ,ideal--=        
,p]fection1 ! goal ( endeav\r--imag9+ !y
 are !reby %[+ ! way4 ,o!rs realize !   
fir/ task mu/ be to cleanse ! way ( !   
inadequacies & p]v]sions :i* masqu]ade z
 ! :ole ,tru?1 z ! ^w ( ,god4  ,!       
,ultimate ,good _c be translat$ into !  
petty codes ( human conv5i5ce1 nei!r c x
 be d$uc$ f ! wanton phantoms ( man's   
wild fancy1 call$ religion1 :i*1 by     
attempt+ to exp\nd ev]y?+1 expla9s no?+4

  ,:at is religion8 ,is x ! se>* = tru?8
 ,is x n an attempt to clo! our         
conception ( ! ,inf9ite 9 t]ms f9ite8--!
 result be+ grotesque1 be>+ no relation 
to exi/5ce1 a lawless *im]a1 born (     
man's dread ( ! unkn[n1 an amorph\s     
fantasy fa%ion$ out ( ! di/ort$ visions 
( man's hopes & fe>s1 modell$1 am5d$ &  
%ap$ 9 c\rse ( "t 9 accordance ) !      
po/ulate ( man's nature--man ! religi\s 
animal6  ,sci5ce _c give u ! :ole tru? &
 admits x6 ,absolute beg9n+s or orig9s  
are beyond ! pale ( sci5ce4#cd ,b       
religion pr(esses to "k & is disprov$ at
 e /ep4 ,x is :5 ,religion refuses to   
le>n t %e is h>mful2 because h] values  
are false & h] ?\ght retrospective t %e 
is inadequate4 ,x is n because !        
religions ( ! pa/ & _! legacies to-day  
_c prove ! ,transc5d5t t !y %\ld be     
disc>d$1 b because !y attempt to prove x
 & turn ! _w into *aos 9 s do+4 ,x is n 
only because1 9 ! words ( ,huxley1      
ev]y:]e prie/s h brok5 ! _s ( wisdom &  
tri$ to /op human progress by quotations

 f _! ,bibles or books ( _! ,sa9ts1 t ! 
old religion is outgr[n1 b because x is 
daily gr[+ m & m impot5t4  ,:e!r = good 
or evil ! influ5ce ( religion on !      
conduct ( m5 daily gr[s less4 ,religi\s 
fanaticism is gradually giv+ place to   
secul> & political fanaticism1 ^:       
vot>ies %riek 9 ! "n ( ,democracy1      
,socialism or o!r wat*word ( ,utopia1   
ev] attempt+ to impose new moral values 
be>+ z little correspond5ce to reality z
 ! old values4 ,nei!r c rec5t attempts  
to express ! old religion 9 t]ms ( mod]n
 ?\ght revive t :i* is p]i%+ (          
inanition4 ,huxley wrote ?us ( !        
attempt3 ,if ! religion ( ! pres5t      
diff]s f t ( ! pa/1 x is because !      
!ology ( ! pres5t has become m sci5tific
 ?an t ( ! pa/1 n because x has r5\nc$  
idols ( wood & idols ( /one1 b beg9s to 
see ! necessity ( break+ 9 pieces !     
idols built up ( books & traditions1 &  
f9e-spun ecclesia/ical cobwebs1 & (     
*]i%+ ! noble/ & mo/ human ( man's      
emotions by wor%ip1 '= ! mo/ "p ( !     

,sil5t ,sort1' at ! alt> ( ! unkn[n &   
unkn[able4444  ,we h no desire to foll[ 
9 ! wake ( an unprovok$ attack on !     
*ur*es1 our conc]n is ! def5ce ( a      
rational1 aga9/ ! imposition ( an       
irrational1 code ( morality4  ,b e?ical 
sy/ems are /ill built ^u ! fanta/ical   
dogmas ( religi\s or political          
vision>ies4 ,e?ics1 say ! =m]1 _c be    
built securely ^u any?+ less ?an !      
,religi\s ,sanctions4 ,! rules :i* gov]n
 ! practical conduct ( life mu/ con=m to
 div9e laws :i* 9 _! int]pretation h    
pass$ ?r\gh a metamorphosis z v>i$ &    
dissimil> z ! habits & cu/oms :i*       
di/+ui% ! tw5tie? c5tury f ! second6 ,0 
x a sign ( ! security & infallibility ( 
e?ics f\nd$ on religi\s beliefs t       
,*ri/ian ,engl& z late z ! beg9n+ ( !   
,eighte5? ,c5tury#ce sanction$ !        
execution & torture ( h>mless old wom5 =
 ! imag9>y crime ( wit*craft8 ,x mu/ be 
rememb]$ t ! moral code ( ! p]iod1 en=c$
 by ! laws ( ! l&1 reflect$ contempor>y 
religi\s ?\ght4 ,lecky1 ref]r+ to !     

causes ^u :i* wit*craft dep5d$1 says3#cf
 ,x result$1 n f accid5tal circum/ances1
 individual ecc5tricities1 or ev5       
sci5tific ignorance1 b f a g5]al        
pr$isposition to see ,satanic ag5cy 9   
life4 ,x grew f1 & x reflect$1 !        
prevail+ modes ( religi\s ?\ght2 & x    
decl9$ only :5 ^? modes 7 weak5$ or     
de/roy$4 #e4  ,! fact is1 z mo/ imp>tial
 /ud5ts ( psy*ology admit1 t bo?        
religi\s & political e?ics owe f> m ( _!
 "* to ! emotional crav+s comb9$ ) !    
int]e/$ propag&a curr5t 9 ! age1 ?an to 
any real value !y may possess f a       
utilit>ian or1 assum+ ! ,div9ity to be  
rational1 f a ,div9e po9t ( view4 ,ibs5 
has truly said t moral values are       
dep5d5t on p[]-conditions2 morals1      
politics & law are to a great ext5t %ap$
 & propell$ by might-conditions1 by !   
fanci$ ne$s & int]e/s ( dom9ant classes2
 b ! greate/ factor 9 p[]-condition is  
psy*ic2 ! greate/ _w-propellant1 !      
ultima vires1 is m m9d ?an muscle2 x is 
?is great _w =ce :i* ,i h spok5 ( z     

,cosmic ,sugge/ion4#cg ,too little may  
yet be kn[n ( ?is =ce to trace its means
 ( transmission1 b ! reality ( its      
exi/5ce c no long] be d\bt$4 ,x has be5 
describ$ 9 ! foll[+ way3 !re exi/s an   
efflu5ce or =ce g5]at$ by1 or result+ f1
 ! molecul> activity ( ea* individual   
bra94 ,^! =ces are con/antly influ5c+ ! 
s\ls ( m51 enc\nt]+1 ov]com+1 & repell+ 
opposition1 & react+ ^u ! consci\s      
intellig5ce ( ! au?ors ( _! g5]ation2 or
 !y may unite !mselves into gr\ps &     
op]ate collectively1 =m+ a psy*ic /ream 
( p[]4#ch  ,! fact ( ?is p[] mu/ be     
receiv$ into ! moni/ic sy/em z "p ( ! "o
 great law4 ,a purely mat]iali/ic monism
 _c conta9 x4 ,?\gh we po/ulate a s+le  
law ) a dual aspect or duality )9 unity1
 :atev] hypo!sis we assume w be ( less  
importance ?an ! discov]y & co-ord9ation
 ( ! inv>iable laws ( its op]ation4 ,we 
accept ! pr9ciple ( monism n1 ,i fancy1 
because we are compell$ to d s by !     
logic ( ,haeckel1 ! great expon5t (     
mod]n monism1 or ( 8 fell[-sci5ti/s1 b  

because we are driv5 to d s )\t _! help4
 ,! pr9ciple ( on5ess & unity1 alone1 is
 capable ( satisfy+ our intellect1 our  
s5se ( ord] & logic4 ,!re _c be         
conflict+ tru?s2 !re _c exi/ true sy/ems
 :i* disprove ea* o!r2 all k is         
complem5t>y2 !re _c be true objective   
facts & equally true subjective ideals  
:i* contradict !m2 o!rwise ! _w is *aos 
& !re is no reality4 ,b if we "k any?+  
we "k t matt] is real & ?\ght is real1 &
 ! law ( _! int]-relation%ip is )9 !    
same reality4 ,no commonplace ( sci5ce  
is m widely kn[n or m firmly e/abli%$   
?an ! law ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy or ( !
 p]si/5ce ( =ce & ( matt]1 :i* ,haeckel 
calls ! law ( sub/ance4 ,c we be cont5t 
to believe t no =ce exi/s t is n        
susceptible to physical analysis8 ,or   
does ! fir/ /ep t[>ds ! elucidation ( ! 
ultimate & unsolv$ riddle ( exi/5ce1 t  
is1 ! real "* ( sub/ance or ! cosmos1   
lie 7z we believe7 9 ! direction (      
reconcil+ ! metaphysical ) ! moni/ic    
sy/em8  ,we seek no escape f ! und]ly+  

pr9ciple ( "o univ]sal law :i* det]m9es 
all matt]1 life & en]gy2 b our monism   
mu/ comprise ! psy*ic factor4 ,= u ?is  
_c be /at$ 9 physiological t]ms4 ,=ce _c
 be reg>d$ z a pure attribute ( matt]4  
,rec5t advances 9 psy*ological rese>*   
appe> to endorse ?is view4 ,x is1 9 any 
case1 less important to insi/ ^u "o     
p>ticul> hypo!sis1 :5 mu*1 at ! pres5t  
/age ( k1 is insoluble1 ?an to          
appreciate by obs]vation & introspection
 ! laws t appe> to evolve f x4  ,haeckel
 _c conceive m9d ap>t f matt] or1       
conv]sely1 protoplasm )\t m9d 7= him !y 
develop concurr5tly72 yet :y %\ld ! fact
 t bo? are subject to ! same cosmic law 
invalidate ! idea ( ! p]si/5cy ( an     
immat]ial =ce1 :i* may ev5 "u c]ta9     
conditions1 or metamorphoses1 break !   
p>tn]%ip ) matt]2 provid$ t ! unit (    
psy*ic =ce is 9 itself immat]ial8#ci    
,?is psy*ic unit ,haeckel t]ms          
psy*oplasm1 t is1 ! mat]iali/ic basis ( 
m9d 9 protoplasm4 ,! laws ( psy*ic      
ph5om5a1 h[ev]1 only appe> intelligible 

:5 we conc$e t ! psy*oplasm possesses an
 immat]ial aspect :i*1 at a c]ta9 /age (
 developm5t1 may p]si/ z =ce1 ev5 aft] !
 dis9tegration ( matt] into its *emical 
compon5ts4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x may1 bel[ a  
c]ta9 /age ( developm5t or int5sity1    
lose cohesion & dissipate2 organic      
matt]1 h[ev]1 is nev] )\t x4 ,! wond]ful
 discov]ies ( rec5t psy*ological rese>*1
 especially 9 ! dep>tm5t ( hypnotism1 9 
! facts ( memory & above all 9 ! evid5ce
 lately =?com+ ( ! exi/5ce ( telepa?y1  
%\ld enc\rage u to adopt a hypo!sis :i*1
 to ! mat]iali/ic philosoph]1 appe>s    
*im]ical4#dj ,a f9al decision ( !       
ultimate problem rema9s at pres5t       
unatta9able1 its discussion is !re=e (  
necessity speculative 9 "*4 ,b ! ne$ =  
recogniz+ ! exi/5ce ( a psy*ic factor1  
^: ph5om5a _c be reconcil$ on a         
mat]iali/ic basis1 makes its inclusion 9
 ! cosmic sy/em imp]ative4 ,?is ne$ is !
 great] 9 view ( ! t5d5cy among/ an     
ev]-increas+ class to relegate all      
psy*ic ph5om5a to ! *aotic realms (     

emotional ?\ght1 result+ 9 ! propagation
 ( ! wilde/ fanaticism "u su* titles z  
,spiritualism1 ,*ri/ian ,sci5ce or      
,!osophism4  ,!re are two modes ( ?\ght 
& !y lead 9 opposite directions3        
emotional assumption & analytical       
inve/igation2 ! two sy/ems are illu/rat$
 by ! _w ph5om5on ( religi\s beliefs    
aris+ f a common s\rce1 & 9 _!          
developm5t splitt+ up1 break+ away &    
v>iat+1 :il/ all sci5tific k unifies &  
becomes reconcil$ dur+ its progress1 all
 laws ev5tually resolv+ !mselves into   
"o4 ,x is (t5 said1 & x is well to      
rememb]1 t no sy/em ( human belief is   
)\t "s fact to su/a9 x4 ,b :5 ! great   
v>iety ( antagoni/ic beliefs t h sprung 
f diff]5t conceptions ( ! same facts are
 tak5 into acc\nt1 "o mu/ realize1 z too
 few educationali/s d1 t ! value ( human
 op9ions & beliefs dep5ds f> m on habits
 ( m9d & me?ods ( assimilation ?an on ! 
ultimate facts on :i* !y are bas$1 or ! 
conviction ) :i* !y are held4  ,!re are 
_m p s ignorant ( human nature &        

psy*ological fact t !y imag9e ! tru? ( a
 /atem5t may be demon/rat$ by ! cr$ulity
 ) :i* x has be5 receiv$1 =gett+ t fai? 
fills ! void ( ignorance :]e scepticism 
is res]v$ = new ideas4  ,s long z       
education comprises ! inculcation (     
beliefs f\nd$ on emotional assumption 7x
 %\ld be cle> to any "o :o ?9ks on !    
subject t few beliefs outside !         
analytical & exact sci5ces are logically
 reason$ out f fundam5tal pr9ciples7 & !
 facile repetition ( ar*aisms is        
apprais$ z intellectual ?\ght2 9 %ort1 s
 long z our me?ods are retrospective r  
?an critical1 emotion & fanaticism w    
triumph ov] reason4  ,,footnotes3  #cd  
,pr(essor ,j4 ,w>d4  #ce ,! la/         
execution = wit*craft is believ$ to h   
tak5 place 9 ,scotl& 9 #agbb4 ,see      
,lecky's ,rationalism1 #ae? edition1 p4 
#ac  #cf ,op4 cit41 p4 #hb4  #cg ,see   
def9ition 9 ,preface4  #ch ,?is         
description ) a slight v>iation is tak5 
f ,ibs5's ,qu9tess5ce4  #ci ,x may be   
object$ t ! idea ( ! cons]vation ( !    

psy*e is only intelligible on !         
assumption ( a pre-somatic1 z well z a  
po/-somatic exi/5ce1 or t x necess>ily  
involves "s =m ( transmigration4 ,9     
place ( any !ory ( ! s\l's pre=mation1  
,i w\ld pref] to view ! orig9 ( ! s\l z 
be>+ relation to ! epig5esis ( ! organic
 g]m1 be>+ 9 m9d t ! organism is b !    
m$ium ( ! s\l's activity & avoid+ all   
dogmatism on ! "q ( its ultimate        
de/9ation4 ,we %\ld1 h[ev]1 rememb]1 z  
,pr(essor ,w>d po9ts out1 be=e we apply 
! =mul ( physical sci5ce to ! realm (   
spiritual ends1 ( ?is fundam5tal        
diff]5ce3 ,individuality is insep>able f
 m9d & altoge!r =eign to matt]1 :i*     
loses no?+ by dis9tegration & ga9s no?+ 
by integration4 7,realm ( ,ends1 p4     
#bgi47  #dj ,see ,mc,dougall's ,body &  
,m9d1 #bnd edition1 p4 #cdi4     ,v  ,,!
 ,,laws ,,( ,,sugge/ion ,,& ,,subjective
 ,,m9d   ,x has long be5 recogniz$ t    
ideas rule ! _w1 & t ,p[] is !          
translation ( ideas into mat]ial =ce1 b 
! real nature ( _w =ces & ! elem5t>y    

laws ( _! op]ation h be5 obscur$ by     
sup]/ition & prejudice1 & little attempt
 has be5 made to recognize _! true      
significance4  ,! great _w w> has inde$ 
emphasiz$ ! imm5se p[] ( ideas4 ,we he> 
mu* ( propag&a & ideals4 ,9 m$ic9e we   
he> m ( psy*o!rapy1 or ! treatm5t (     
disease by p]suasive & hypnotic me?ods4 
,we are aw>e1 too1 t our m]*ants h long 
kn[n ! practical & tangible value (     
adv]tisem5t1 t is1 ! insi/5t repetition 
( a col\r$ /atem5t until x is believ$ to
 be true1 & t our prie/s1 tea*]s &      
politicians h = c5turies reli$ on ?is   
me?od alone4 ,b = ! mo/ "p ^! p h little
 real k or und]/&+ ( ! p[] !y are us+1 &
 ( :i* !y are !mselves ! m]e puppets4 ,a
 supreme illu/ration is ! real impot5ce 
( ! v>i\s bellig]5t gov]nm5ts to direct 
or cope ) ! immeasurable psy*ic =ces n[ 
pursu+ _! cataclysmic c\rse1 & _!       
inability to =etell ! direction 9 :i* !y
 are lead+ a bewild]$ _w4 ,n[h]e is ?is 
m graphically app>5t ?an 9 ,russia1 ^:  
kaleidoscopic upheavals h baffl$ all    

prophets4  ,i d n sugge/ t ! causal     
orig9 ( ! ,european ,w> is purely psy*ic
 9 "*1 x may ) great] c]ta9ty be f\nd   
ye>s be=e its disa/r\s developm5ts1 9 ! 
/eadily increas+ pressure ( population1 
assi/$ by ! gradual elim9ation ( !      
natural *ecks#da among ! indig5t &      
unfit#db & ! proportionate increase 9 ! 
burd5s ( ! fit1 due *iefly to ! gr[? (  
democratic ideas & tr5d ( religi\s      
influ5ces2 ?is pressure f\nd expression 
9 policies ( expansion among ! m        
prolific nations1 & 9 ! case ( ,g]many1 
:]e relief c\ld n adequately be f\nd 9  
colonization1 z a natural consequ5ce    
eng5d]$ assidu\s milit>y & bellicose    
propag&a1 :i* 0 b\nd ev5tually to       
culm9ate 9 a _w w>4  ,9 ord] to         
facilitate a brief analysis (           
mob-psy*ology & public op9ion1 & to     
exam9e _! rightful place 9 ! sci5ce (   
psy*odynamics & _! relation to !        
hypnotic law ( sugge/ion1 ,i h introduc$
 ! t]m ,cosmic ,sugge/ion4 ,!re are few 
?9k]s :o w\ld attempt to d5y t ! same   

factors1 processes & influ5ces are      
obs]vable 9 ! =mation ( all classes (   
op9ion1 :e!r !y are call$ religi\s1     
moral1 political or arti/ic4 ,x is1     
un=tunately1 equally evid5t t reason1   
except 9 ! case ( sci5tific op9ion1     
usually plays ! small] & emotion &      
desire ! great] "p 9 _! =mation4 ,we say
 t ?is is un=tunate because emotion nev]
 br+s u ne>] ! tru?4 ,poets & ec/atic   
vision>ies h sung ! praises ( emotion   
because to !m emotion alone 0 real & !  
normal m$ium ( tru?4 ,on ! o!r h& !     
inve/igator is b\nd to arrive at a      
diff]5t conclusion4 ,emotion has no?+   
:atev] to d ) ! atta9m5t ( tru?4 ,t :i* 
we prize "u ! "n ( emotion is an        
elaborate activity ( ! bra91 :i* consi/s
 ( feel+s ( l & dislike1 motions ( ass5t
 & diss5t1 impulses ( desire & av]sion4 
,x may be influ5c$ by ! mo/ div]se      
activities ( ! organism1 by ! crav+s ( !
 s5ses & ! muscles1 ! /oma*1 ! sexual   
organs1 etc4 ,! int]e/s ( tru? are f> f 
promot$ by ^! conditions & vacillations 

( emotion2 on ! contr>y1 su*            
circum/ances (t5 di/urb t reason :i*    
alone is adapt$ to ! pursuit ( tru?1 &  
frequ5tly m> its p]ceptive p[]4 ,no     
cosmic problem is solv$1 or ev5 advanc$1
 by ! c]ebral function we call          
emotion4#dc  ,f ! e>lie/ times %rewd    
obs]v]s h comm5t$ on ! ease ) :i* !     
passions ( m5 are inflam$ & unit$1 (t5  
by ! lea/ wor?y ( objects4 ,dr4 ,samuel 
,johnson1 describ+ ! progress ( an      
agitator bidd+ = adh]5ce1 t]sely rem>ks1
 ale & clam\r unite _! p[]s1 ! cr[d1    
cond5s$ & heat$1 beg9s to f]m5t ) !     
leav5 ( s$ition4#dd  ,be=e proce$+      
fur!r1 x may be well to make a brief    
exam9ation ( ! hypo!sis mo/ 9 accord ) !
 results ( rec5t psy*ological rese>* &  
asc]ta9able fact4  ,x has gradually come
 to be recogniz$ 9 sci5tific circles t  
rec5t advances 9 psy*ology h made x     
impossible to pursue t sci5ce any long] 
entirely on a physiological1 anatomical 
& hi/ological basis4 ,x is n[ also h>dly
 likely to be disput$ t n only is       

consci\sness n ! sum total ( man's      
psy*ic activities b t ! great] "p ( !m  
are subconsci\s or unconsci\s4 ,?us1    
accord+ to ,pr(essor ,james ,w>d1 our   
?re%old ( consci\sness mu/ be comp>$ to 
! surface ( a lake1 & subconsci\sness to
 ! dep?s b5ea? x1 & all ! curr5t        
t]m9ology ( pres5tations ris+ & s9k+    
implies ?is or "s simil> figure4  ,ano!r
 writ] 9 a rec5t publication makes use (
 an analog\s illu/ration by describ+    
human p]sonality z an iceb]g1 ! great   
bulk ( :i* is always invisible &        
subm]g$4#de  ,! matt] is fur!r          
complicat$ by ! fact t )9 ! doma9 ( !   
subconsci\s !re exi/s a vitality :i* _c 
be trac$ to a c]ebral or somatic s\rce4 
,/at$ 9 broad t]ms x may be said t m9d1 
or ! sum total ( ,p]sonality1 mu/ be    
view$ 9 two int]action>y aspects3 !     
prim>y consci\sness & second>y          
consci\sness1 or ! consci\s & !         
subconsci\s or sublim9al or 79 a special
 s5se7 subjective1 accord+ to ! v>i\s   
t]ms us$ by diff]5t writ]s to express ! 

same ?+4  ,= ! purpose ( great]         
lucidity1 x has usually be5 f\nd t ?is  
dual aspect ( m9d c be be/ express$ by  
treat+ ! :ole m5tal organization z      
consi/+ ( two m9ds1 ea* end[$ ) sep>ate 
& di/9ct attributes & p[]s2 ea* capable1
 "u c]ta9 conditions1 ( indep5d5t       
action4 ,x may be t a tru] idea w\ld be 
convey$ if ! m9d-:ole 0 describ$ z      
possess+ c]ta9 attributes & p[]s "u "s  
conditions1 & c]ta9 o!r attributes &    
p[]s "u o!r conditions4 ,z my object1   
"h1 is to ent] no fur!r into            
psy*ological que/ions ?an is necess>y = 
! elucidation ( ^? e?ical consid]ations 
:i* are dep5d5t ^u !m1 ,i %all give a   
%ort acc\nt ( ^? !ories :i*1 9 ! light (
 pres5t k1 appe> be/ f\nd$ & af=d mo/   
assi/ance 9 connexion ) ! subject (     
morality4  ,?omas ,j4 ,hudson1 ^:       
hypo!sis ,i %all make use ( to illu/rate
 my mean+1 assum$ = practical purposes t
 man has two m9ds4 ,9 mak+ use to "s    
ext5t ( ,hudson's !ory1 ,i d s n because
 x is necess>ily correct1 = 8 hypo!sis  

01 admitt$ly1 to a c]ta9 ext5t          
provisional2 b because x 0 ! fir/       
practical work+ hypo!sis on :i* all     
psy*ic & hypnotic ph5om5a c\ld be bas$1 
& because x has l>gely be5 us$ z a basis
 = subsequ5t elaborations4  ,9 #ahib1   
,hudson1 9 8 ,law ( ,psy*ic ,ph5om5a1   
said3 ,9 m rec5t ye>s ! doctr9e (       
duality ( m9d is beg9n+ to be m cle>ly  
def9$1 & x may n[ be said to con/itute a
 c>d9al pr9ciple 9 ! philosophy ( _m ( !
 able/ expon5ts ( ! new psy*ology4      
,to-day :5 psy*o!rapeutics h claim$ !   
att5tion ( /ud5ts ( pa?ology1 & :5 at   
la/ ! m$ical pr(ession has almo/ ?r\gh\t
 enli/$ ! co-op]ation & help (          
hypnotism1 !re are f> few] p :o w\ld d5y
 ! exi/5ce ( t sub/ratum ( consci\sness1
 di/9ct f ! manife/ation ( ! normal wak+
 m9d1 :i* is s pr(itably /udi$ 9 !      
ph5om5a ( somnambulism1 hypnotism &     
lunacy4  ,! briefe/ /atem5t ( ! sali5t  
features ( ,hudson's hypo!sis w suffice 
to enable me to sugge/ ! irresi/ible    
conclusion t ! prime factor 9 ! =mation 

( all op9ion1 collective & individual1 !
 *ief det]m9ant ( conduct1 & ! greate/  
motive =ce 9 ! _w1 is analog\s &        
co-relative to hypnotic sugge/ion4      
,hudson 0 ! fir/ to attempt a cle>      
def9ition ( ! rle & nature ( ! two      
elem5ts :i* con/itute ! dual m9d4 ,= !  
sake ( great] cle>ness he speaks ( ^!   
two aspects ( m9d z ?\gh !y 7 two m9ds1 
possess+ di/9ctive *>act]i/ics & a l9e (
 dem>cation betwe5 ! two1 cle>ly def9$4 
,to cont9ue 9 8 own words3 ,_! functions
 are ess5tially unlike2 ea* is end[$ )  
sep>ate & di/9ct attributes & p[]s2 &   
ea* is capable1 "u c]ta9 conditions &   
limitations1 ( indep5d5t action4 ,!     
au?or !n di/+ui%es ! two by designat+ ! 
"o objective & ! o!r subjective4 ,x is  
un=tunate t he makes use ( a nom5clature
 9 :i* ^! t]ms are slightly p]v]t$ f _! 
legitimate mean+1 or p]haps1 z he       
expresses x1 modifi$ & ext5d$1 b s9ce he
 pref]s to use !m r ?an attempt to co9  
new ones1 x w be necess>y to employ !m )
 ref]5ce to 8 law2 9 e case 9 :i* ^!    

designations are employ$ 9 conjunction )
 ! ^w m9d1 or pr9t$ 9 italics1 !y w be  
us$ 9 ?is s5se4  ,!y are def9$ ?us3 ,!  
objective m9d takes cognizance ( !      
objective _w4 ,its m$ia ( obs]vation are
 ! five physical s5ses4 ,x is ! outgr[? 
( man's physical necessities4444 ,its   
highe/ function is t ( reason+4#df ,9   
o!r words1 ! objective m9d functionates 
f ! bra9 & is susceptible ( anatomical  
localization1 :il/ ! subjective m9d     
takes cognizance ( its environm5t by    
means indep5d5t ( ! physical s5ses4 ,x  
p]ceives by intuition4444 ,x p]=ms its  
highe/ functions :5 ! objective s5ses   
are 9 obeyance4 ,9 a ^w1 x is t         
intellig5ce :i* makes itself manife/ 9 a
 hypnotic subject :5 he is 9 a /ate (   
somnambulism4#dg  ,:e!r we call x s\l or
 subjective m9d matt]s n2 :at matt]s is 
! fact t 9 all psy*ic ph5om5a !re is    
suffici5t evid5ce to %[ t ! two aspects 
( m9d int]act accord+ to c]ta9 obs]vable
 pr9ciples4 ,! ma9 pr9ciple affect+     
man's m5tal organization on :i* ,hudson 

builds 8 hypo!sis is ! ,law (           
,sugge/ion1 fir/ discov]$ by ,libeault1 
! f\nd] ( ! ,nancy ,s*ool ( hypnotism1  
dur+ 8 rese>*es 9 #ahff4 ,x is ?is3 t   
hypnotic subjects are con/antly am5able 
to ! p[] ( sugge/ion4 ,?is proposition  
may be said to h be5 demon/rat$ z true  
beyond all possibility ( d\bt4  ,/>t+ ) 
?is discov]y1 ,hudson1 aft] def9+ ! dual
 "* ( m9d1 introduces two propositions1 
namely3 t ! subjective m9d is con/antly 
am5able to control by sugge/ion1 & t !  
subjective m9d is incapable ( inductive 
reason+4 ,man 9 hypnotic /ate has       
inv>iably giv5 suffici5t evid5ce to %[ t
 ! subjective m9d accepts1 )\t          
hesitation or d\bt1 e /atem5t t is made 
to x4  ,) reg>d to ?is ,law ( ,sugge/ion
 x is well to rememb] t1 :ile !         
subjective m9d is inv>iably & con/antly 
sway$ by sugge/ion1 & is capable ( (f]+ 
no resi/ance except t :i* has be5       
communicat$ to x by ! objective m9d1 or 
:i* is inh]5t 9 its nature1 ! objective 
m9d1 on ! o!r h&1 is p]petually assail$ 

by extr9sic sugge/ion1 its capacity =   
resi/ance be+ 9 proportion to ! dom9ant 
quality & developm5t ( ! m9d-:ole4  ,!  
objective m9d1 x w !re=e be se51 is     
pot5tially selective1 t is to say1 !    
measure ( its quality is its capacity to
 select at w intellectual n\ri%m5t f !  
:ole range ( humanity & nature1 free f !
 oppression ( its psy*ic environm5t4 ,! 
r>e comb9ation ( ?is intellectual       
fa/idi\sness ) a sup]-s5sibility is !   
m>k ( true g5ius4  ,e "o is consci\s t  
at times we become aw>e ( impulses1     
incl9ations & concepts :i* seem to =m no
 "p ( our ?9k+ or wak+ m9ds2 !y seem to 
come f ! dep?s ( our s\ls 9 response to 
"s vital ne$ ( our exi/5ce4 ,:5 ! t5d5cy
 appe>s to be h]$it>y we call ^!        
prompt+s in/9cts#dh & consid] x "r to   
suppress !m or hold !m 9 *eck4 ,we d n  
resign ourselves :olesale to unbridl$   
lic5ti\sness or ang] because !          
reproductive in/9ct & pugnacity are     
inh]5t 9 our nature2 on ! contr>y1 we   
realize t our be/ int]e/s lie 9         

self-control4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 !       
impulse is less easily acc\nt$ =1 if1   
maybe1 ! message ( our s\ls runs c\nt]  
to our normal in/9cts1 our int]e/s or   
reason1 we are apt to assume t ! impulse
 emanates f outside our nature & mu/ h1 
_m ( u ?9k1 a sup]natural or ,div9e     
orig94  ,x may be said !n t mo/ p       
di/+ui% good & bad impulses1 or impulses
 :i* mu/ be inhibit$ & impulses :i* %\ld
 be foll[$ at all co/s4  ,!ology1 z     
taught 9 ! ,sunday ,s*ool1 treats !     
subject some:at aft] ?is fa%ion3 ,all   
mortals are assail$ by ! p[]s ( ,good & 
,evil2 ! vehicle ( ! ,div9e ,w is       
',consci5ce1' ! voice ( consci5ce is !  
voice ( ,god )9 u4 ,bew>e ( ! ,_w1 !    
,fle% & ! ,devil2 ! ,devil calls to 8   
victims 9 ! guise ( ! fle%4 ,?is idea is
 exploit$ = all x is wor? 9 conjunction 
) ! doctr9e ( orig9al s93 ! /ock device 
( prie/craft to enhance ! value ( its   
own m9i/rations & sacram5ts4 ,!         
spiritual tea*] w usually br+ ! lesson  
home by a vivid description ( ! habits &

 idiosyncrasies ( a ,mephi/ophelian     
,devil ) a p>ticul> liability to        
appropriate ! laws ( our l[] nature = ! 
sole purpose ( baulk+ 8 equally         
an?ropomorphic antagoni/1 ! ,god ( ,jews
 & ,*ri/ians1 ^: voice may be recogniz$ 
9 ! pangs ( remorse & self-debasem5t4 ,a
 *ild subject$ to ?is =m ( in/ruction   
dur+ ! mo/ impressionable p]iod ( its   
exi/5ce is usually left = ! rema9d] (   
its life ) a vague di/ru/ ( nature1 a   
proportionate rev]5ce = ! sup]-natural1 
& an impression t asceticism is ! highe/
 atta9able virtue1 toge!r ) a totally   
false appreciation ( m5tal ph5om5a & !  
real value ( self-control4  ,e man %\ld 
le>n to "k himself & seek ! orig9 ( 8   
impulses4 ,hi/ory is full ( examples (  
m5 & wom5 :o believ$ !mselves att5d$ by 
gu>dian angels or famili> spirits :o    
prompt$ _! actions & gave !m advice2    
,socrates 0 con/antly att5d$ by 8       
daimones1 & ,joan ( ,arc us$ to he> _s  
voices4 ,^! & simil> cases 7 evid5ce ( !
 pr$om9ance ( ! subjective ov] !        

objective m9d4 ,9 a normally balanc$ m9d
 ! objective is 9 control2 9 ! rev]se   
process ! objective m9d is dormant & !  
subjective dom9ates ! ?rone ( reason4   
,?is is ! case 9 dreams1 trance1        
hypnosis & c]ebral diseases4 ,x is also 
! case1 9 great] or less] degree1 :5ev] 
! bra9 is /unn$ or is said to be        
unbalanc$ z ! result ( great emotional  
excitem5t or %ock4 ,x is !n t impulse & 
in/9ct take ! place (1 or inhibit1      
rational ?\ght4 ,impulses emanate f !   
subjective m9d1 & may result f ! inh]5t 
nature & real "* ( ! individual2 or !y  
may reflect ! autosugge/ions ( !        
individual1 or 8 bodily desires 7?is may
 be t]m$ reflex-sugge/ion71 or !        
sugge/ions ( o!rs2 or1 aga91 ! latt]1   
act+ ^u ! subjective m9d1 may awak5     
relat$ t5d5cies or incl9ations & result 
9 new complex impulses4 ,extreme cases (
 subjective control result 9 madness2 ! 
false premises convey$ by ! disord]$    
c]ebral organs mu/ result 9 d$uctions by
 ! subjective m9d ( equal abnormality4  

,control by ! subjective m9d ne>ly      
always produces 9 ! subject ei!r a feel+
 ( dual p]sonality1 9 :i* two egos are  
realiz$1 ea* di/9ct f ! o!r--! old me & 
! new me--or else ! subjective m9d is   
id5tifi$ ) a totally di/9ct1 extr9sic & 
usually sup]ior individual2 delusions ( 
dual p]sonality or demoniacal control   
are among ! fir/ recogniz$ symptoms (   
,c]ebral disease4 ,! greate/ & madde/   
fanatics 9 hi/ory h usually attribut$ _!
 p[]s to _s control4 ,poets & arti/s h  
sometimes confess$ t _! mo/ brilliant "w
 0 produc$ "u conditions ak9 to trance2 
9 "s cases--,col]idge & ,edg> ,allan    
,poe are well-kn[n examples--! /ate 0   
artificially induc$4 ,_m h felt z ?\gh  
!y 7 possess$ by a mighti] _s ?an _!    
own1 :i* dictat$ :ile !y m]ely obey$4   
,pr(essor ,william ,james1 aft] describ+
 delusions ( dual1 alt]nat+ & sup]impos$
 p]sonality1 :i* are common symptoms (  
insanity1 cont9ues3 ,! lit]ature (      
insanity is fill$ ) n>ratives ( su*     
illusions z ^!4444 ,"o pati5t has ano!r 

self t repeats all 8 ?\ghts = him4      
,o!rs1 among :om are "s ( ! fir/ *>act]s
 9 hi/ory1 h famili> demons :o speak )  
!m1 & are repli$ to4 ,9 ano!r1 "s "o    
'makes' 8 ?\ghts = him4 ,ano!r has two  
bodies1 ly+ 9 diff]5t b$s4 ,or ! cries (
 ! pati5t himself are assign$ to ano!r  
p]son ) :om ! pati5t expresses          
sympa?y4#di  ,if ,macaulay is "r 9 !    
foll[+ passage1 subjective control w\ld 
appe> to be ! ess5tial condition = !    
production ( poetry3 ,p]haps no man c be
 a poet1 or c ev5 enjoy poetry1 )\t a   
c]ta9 uns\ndness ( m9d--if any?+ :i*    
gives s mu* pleasure ought to be call$  
uns\ndness4444 ,tru?1 inde$1 is ess5tial
 to poetry1 b x is ! tru? ( madness4 ,! 
reason+s are j1 b ! premises are        
false4#ej  ,ano!r (t5 quot$ passage1 f  
,cs> ,lombroso's ,man ( ,g5ius1 be>s out
 ! same ?+3 ,_m m5 ( g5ius :o h /udi$   
!mselves1 & :o h spok5 ( _! inspiration1
 h describ$ x z a sweet & s$uctive fev]1
 dur+ :i* _! ?\ght _h become rapidly &  
involunt>ily fruitful1 & has bur/ =? l !

 flame ( a light$ tor*4 ,kuh's mo/      
beautiful poems1 wrote ,bau]1 7 dictat$ 
9 a /ate betwe5 sanity & reason2 at !   
mom5t :5 8 sublime ?\ghts came to him he
 0 incapable ( simple reason+4  ,n !    
lea/ rem>kable ( ! p[]s ( ! subjective  
m9d is its app>5tly absolute memory2 n  
only are ^? exp]i5ces ( :i* we h        
objective cognizance indelibly record$1 
b innum]able occurr5ces 9 our           
environm5t1 :i* pass unnotic$ or ( :i*  
we are ev5 consci\sly unaw>e1 seem to be
 regi/]$ by ! subjective m9d4 ,al?\gh x 
_c be includ$ 9 ! t]m memory1 imply+    
consci\s memory1 we h good reason =     
believ+ t 9 common ) all liv+ organisms 
! subjective m9d ( m5 records n only !  
result ( its own exp]i5ce1 b also is    
impregnat$ by ^? exp]i5ces ( its        
ance/ors :i* h be5 trans=m$ into habits 
& h become innate1 & t by ?is means only
 progress & evolution are capable (     
explanation4 ,?is unconsci\s regi/] (   
ance/ral exp]i5ce1 ab\t :i* we %all h m 
to say 9 ano!r *apt]1 is "h adduc$ z be+

 an additional factor :i* mu/ h         
consid]able be>+ on ! nature (          
subjective impulses4 ,! !ories (        
unconsci\s & ( organic memories#ea ?r[ a
 great deal ( light on ! transmission ( 
h]$it>y *>act]s & ( in/9cts4 ,! v fact (
 ! appe>ance ( h]$it>y *>act]i/ics 91 = 
example1 "y ducks hat*$ out by a h51 :o 
p]si/ 9 %[+ _! ance/ry by mak+ = ! fir/ 
pond !y see 9 spite ( ! a/oni%$         
remon/rances ( _! fo/]-"m1 po9ts to race
 memory z ! only solution4  ,telepa?y is
 aga9 ano!r factor 9 connexion ) !      
subjective m9d :i* mu/ be tak5 into     
acc\nt4 ,x has be5 describ$ z ! normal  
means ( communication betwe5 subjective 
m9ds en rapport2 ! possibilities ( its  
influ5ce _c be ignor$4 ,is x surpris+1  
:5 we realize ! range1 scope &          
complexity ( ! subconsci\s intellig5ce  
)9 ourselves1 t its emanations are      
sometimes mi/ak5 = messages f ano!r _w8 
,?is brief ref]5ce to "s ( ! m          
noticeable influ5ces :i* affect ! inh]5t
 "* ( ! subjective m9d may help to      

indicate ! importance ( ! ,law (        
,sugge/ion ) reg>d to ! !ory ( consci5ce
 7lit]ally self-k--b 9 practice m (t5   
lack ( self-k74 ,?is law c be mo/       
pr(itably /udi$ 9 ! ph5om5a ( hypnotism1
 = ! reason t ! objective m9d1 or let u 
say man 9 8 normal condition1 is n      
controllable1 aga9/ reason1 positive k1 
or ! evid5ce ( 8 s5ses1 by ! sugge/ions 
( ano!r4 7,we h discuss$ 8 pot5tial     
capacity = resi/ance47 ,! subjective    
m9d1 or man 9 ! hypnotic /ate1 on ! o!r 
h&1 is unqualifi$ly & con/antly am5able 
to ! p[] ( sugge/ion4#eb ,9 ?is         
condition ! subjective m9d accepts      
unhesitat+ly e /atem5t t is made to x1  
no matt] h[ absurd or incongru\s or     
contr>y to ! objective exp]i5ce ( !     
individual4 ,if ! subject is told t he  
is a dog1 he w in/antly accept !        
sugge/ion1 & to ! limit ( physical      
possibility act ! "p sugge/$4 ,if he is 
told he is ,napoleon1 he w aga9 act ! "p
 ) wond]ful fidelity to life4 ,!        
sugge/ion ( pursu+ devils w s5d him into

 a lively t]ror4 ,he w become intoxicat$
 by dr9k+ a glass ( wat] "u ! impression
 t x is br&y4 ,if told he is suff]+ f a 
high fev]1 8 pulse w become rapid1 8    
face flu%$ & 8 temp]ature w rise4 ,9    
%ort1 he c be made to see1 smell1 he>1  
or feel any?+ 9 ob$i5ce to sugge/ion4   
,^! are fundam5tal facts kn[n n only to 
/ud5ts ( hypnotism b also v ext5sively  
to ! g5]al public4  ,equal & complem5t>y
 to ! ,law ( ,sugge/ion is ! ,law (     
,autosugge/ion4 ,hav+ accept$ = purposes
 ( cl>ity ,hudson's view ( ! indep5d5t  
p[]s & functions ( ! two aspects ( m9d1 
x naturally foll[s t ! subjective m9d ( 
an individual is z am5able to ! control 
( 8 own objective m9d z to ! objective  
m9d ( ano!r2 9 fact we h suffici5t      
reason to "k t x is m s4 ,= in/ance1 x  
is well kn[n t a normal p]son _c be     
hypnotiz$ aga9/ 8 w1 = ! contr>y        
autosugge/ion ( ! subject negatives !   
sugge/ion ( ! op]ator4 ,ev5 aft] a      
subject has cons5t$ to be hypnotiz$ !   
settl$ habits ( 8 life are suffici5tly  

/rong autosugge/ions to def5d him aga9/ 
! violation ( 8 mo/ t5aci\s pr9ciples4  
,if1 = in/ance1 a hypnotic subject is   
consci5ti\sly oppos$ to ! use ( alcohol1
 he _c be p]suad$ to dr9k wat] "u !     
impression t x is :isky4 ,?is fact is ( 
! greate/ importance 9 relation to      
crim9ology4  ,9 ?is connexion ! foll[+  
passage f ,moll's ,hypnotism is (       
int]e/3 ,! m an action is repulsive to !
 disposition ( an individual1 ! /rong]  
is 8 resi/ance4 ,habit & education play 
a l>ge "p "h2 x is g5]ally v difficult  
to sugge/ any?+ oppos$ to ! confirm$    
habits ( ! subject4  ,= in/ance1        
sugge/ions are made ) success to a dev\t
 ,ca?olic1 b directly ! sugge/ion       
conflicts ) 8 cre$ x w n be accept$4 ,! 
surr\nd+s play a "p also4 ,a subject w  
frequ5tly decl9e a sugge/ion t w make   
him appe> ridicul\s4 ,a woman :om ,i    
easily put into cateleptic po/ures1 & :o
 made sugge/$ movem5ts1 c\ld n be       
p]suad$ to put out h] tongue at !       
spectators4  ,x is int]e/+ to obs]ve !  

way 9 :i* resi/ance is express$1 bo? 9  
hypnotic & po/-hypnotic sugge/ion4 ,i1  
myself1 h obs]v$ ! int]e/+ ph5om5on t   
subjects h ask$ to be awak5$ :5 a       
sugge/ion displeas$ !m4#ec  ,x is a     
fundam5tal law ( hypnotism t x _c be us$
 z an ag5t = ! commission ( a crime1 t  
is1 unless ! subject is crim9ally       
dispos$4 ,x is obvi\s t ! same rule     
applies to sexual crimes2 ,hudson lays x
 d[n z an unassailable fact t no virtu\s
 woman ev] 01 or ev] c be1 successfully 
assault$ :ile 9 a hypnotic condition4   
,x w n[ be realiz$ t autosugge/ion      
embraces n only ! ass]tions ( !         
objective m9d ( an individual1 address$ 
to 8 own subjective m9d1 b also 8 habits
 ( ?\ght & ! settl$ pr9ciples &         
convictions ( 8 :ole life4 ,! m int5se  
^! pr9ciples & convictions are1 ! /rong]
 ! autosugge/ion w be1 & relatively h>d]
 to be ov]come by ! contr>y sugge/ions (
 ano!r4 ,x is a law ( univ]sal          
applicability t ! /ronge/ sugge/ion mu/ 
prevail4  ,s f> we h allud$ only to     

sugge/ion appli$ dur+ hypnosis2 x %\ld  
be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t x is n[ a settl$  
pr9ciple ( psy*o!rapeutics t sugge/ion  
also op]ates1 & f a !rapeutic po9t (    
view is sometimes m efficaci\s1 9 !     
normal wak+ or sleep+ condition2 ?\gh 9 
! latt] case1 )\t complete am5ability1 !
 results are seldom s /rik+4 ,!         
condition 9 normal wak+ life :i*        
produces ph5om5a mo/ closely resembl+ ^?
 ( hypnosis is t ( /rong emotional      
excitem5t4 ,we f9d1 also1 t 9 normal    
life sugge/ions ( ! greate/ pot5cy &    
hav+ ! mo/ f>-rea*+ effects are convey$ 
by means ( emotional /ates4 ,al?\gh a   
close resemblance exi/s betwe5 ! result 
( sugge/ion 9 hypnosis & ! result (     
sugge/ion 9 normal & emotion /ates1     
simil>ity ( result does n1 z ,dr4       
,bramwell po9ts out 9 ?is connexion1    
necess>ily imply id5tity ( cause4 ,9    
fact !re are "s important diff]5ces     
betwe5 ! two conditions :i* produce !   
ph5om5a1 z well z "s di/9ctions betwe5 !
 ph5om5a !mselves3 :]eas fe>1 hope1     

fai?1 religi\s excitem5t & k9dr$        
emotions are almo/ inv>iably pres5t 9   
cases :i* are cit$ z analog\s to        
hypnotic ones1 "s ( ^!1 su* z fe> & o!r 
viol5t emotions1 effectually preclude ! 
production ( hypnosis1 & fur!r1 subjects
 :o are mo/ am5able to emotional        
sugge/ions are (t5 ^? :om x is mo/      
difficult to hypnotize4#ed  ,! pr9ciple 
( psy*o!rapeutics dep5ds1 z is well     
kn[n1 ^u ! close dep5d5ce ( ! organs &  
normal bodily functions ^u ! behe/s ( ! 
m9d4 ,hudson expresses ?is 9 ! =m ( a   
proposition1 namely3 ,! subjective m9d  
has absolute control ( ! functions1     
conditions & s5sations ( ! body4 ,al?\gh
 ?is /atem5t conta9s a v important      
pr9ciple we %\ld n all[ x to obscure !  
fact ( ! rev]se process4 ,z ,james1 ,ba9
 & o!rs h %[n1 antec$5t bodily          
conditions (t5 react directly ^u ! m9d4 
,! g5]al tru?1 h[ev]1 ( ! proposition   
may be readily p]ceiv$ :5 we rememb] t  
p]fect an/hesia c be produc$ at ! w ( ! 
op]ator by sugge/ion4 ,! effect ( m5tal 

/imuli ^u functional conditions is also 
commonly obs]v$ "u normal conditions 9  
su* ph5om5a z blu%+1 turn+ pale1 !      
quick5+ ( ! pulse1 fa9t+1 etc41 all (   
:i* %\ld be suffici5t to conv9ce any "o 
:o gives ! subject a mom5t's            
consid]ation ( ! v direct & in/ant way !
 m9d affects ! body4  ,sev]al typical   
examples ( ! influ5ce ( autosugge/ion1  
or imag9ation1 ov] inte/9al action dur+ 
sleep are quot$ by ,b]nheim f !         
,biblio?que *oisie de ,mdec9e4 ,!y      
consi/ = ! mo/ "p ( record$ cases :]e1 =
 in/ance1 ! subjects1 hav+ regi/]$ an   
int5tion to use a purgative ! foll[+    
day1 h dreamt dur+ ! night ) p>ticul>   
vividness t ! dose _h already be5 tak51 
) ! result t1 influ5c$ by ! imag9>y     
ap]i5t1 !y _h awak5$ to yield to        
nature's dem&s1 ) ! same result z if !  
dose _h already be5 tak54  ,x may n be  
out ( place to ref] to ano!r example f  
my p]sonal exp]i5ce ( ! pot5cy (        
sugge/ion 9 affect+ functional          
di/urbances dur+ sleep4 ,dur+ my fir/   

week at a public s*ool1 ! dampness ( !  
new climate br\ght on a bad attack (    
bron*ial a/hma1 :i* ,i _h n be5 tr\bl$ )
 = "s "t previ\sly4 ,! fir/ bad attack  
occurr$ at night1 :5 "s noise _h caus$  
me to wake up4 ,:5 ,i _h recov]$        
suffici5tly to look at ! "t1 ,i notic$ x
 0 #b a4m4 & at ! same "t he>d ! s*ool  
clock fa9tly /rik+ t h\r4 ,fe>+ & half  
expect+ ano!r attack ! next night2 ,i   
ask$ t a/hma p[d] & ! usual rem$ies     
might be made available 9 case !y 7     
ne$$4 ,t night1 z ,i _h fe>$1 & = ! next
 t5 nights 9 succession1 ,i woke /ruggl+
 = brea?1 precisely on ! fir/ /roke ( ! 
s*ool clock /rik+ two1 & exp]i5c$ ! wor/
 attacks ,i ev] _h4 ,!y 7 und\bt$ly     
induc$ at t exact "t by ! autosugge/ion 
:i* connect$ ! symptom ) ! h\r & by !   
conviction or fe>1 aft] ! fir/ exp]i5ce1
 t ! attack w\ld recur at ! same h\r4   
,z we h already %[n1 "o ( ! *ief factors
 9 autosugge/ion is fai?4 ,?is is1 9    
fact1 a fundam5tal pr9ciple recogniz$ by
 all ,fai?-heal]s f ,jesus ( ,naz>e?    

onw>ds4  ,! cases dur+ ! pres5t w> :]e  
n]v\s aphonia & p>alysis1 popul>ly      
diagnos$ ) co-relat$ cases ( neura/h5ia 
"u ! compreh5sive title ,%ell ,%ock1 h  
completely yield$ to simple sugge/ion by
 affirmation on ! "p ( ! physician &    
confid5ce on ! "p ( ! pati5t1 mu/ numb] 
hundr$s ( record$ cases4 ,excell5t      
results are (t5 obta9$ 9 cases ( aphonia
 & p>alysis by ! sugge/ive influ5ce (   
electricity appli$ to ! vocal cords & ! 
n]ve c5tres4 ,b]nheim#ee records sev]al 
cures ( ?is description4 ,smi? & ,pe>#ef
 quote a /rik+ b some:at erratic case 9 
:i* sugge/ion 0 convey$ purely by !     
f>adic curr5t4 ,! case is record$ by    
,blsig#eg ( a sailor on ! ,g]man battle 
cruis] ,d]ffl+]4 ,a seaman f ! ,d]ffl+] 
0 br\ght into a naval hospital ) loss ( 
voice on ,decemb] #bb1 #aiad1 & c\ld    
only speak 9 a :isp]4 ,he /at$ t 8 voice
 _h always be5 cle> & well "u control4  
,at ! beg9n+ ( ,decemb] he _h a slight  
cold1 :i* he attribut$ to s5try duty on 
deck 9 v /ormy & wet wea!r4 ,:ile 9 !   

ammunition *amb] ( ! big guns1 he 0     
greatly upset dur+ ! fir+ & sudd5ly lo/ 
8 voice4 ,aft] f\rte5 days he recov]$ 8 
spee*4 ,on ,febru>y #ab1 #aiae1 he      
return$ to hospital ) complete loss (   
voice1 imm$iately aft] ! naval engagem5t
 9 ! ,nor? ,sea4 ,on ,febru>y #ae he 0  
treat$ ) electricity1 directly appli$ to
 ! vocal cords1 & on ,m>* #bj he 0      
dis*>g$ ) complete recov]y ( 8 spee*4 ,b
 on return+ to duty1 z soon z he w5t on 
bo>d 8 %ip1 8 voice 0 sudd5ly lo/ = !   
?ird "t & he rema9$ aphonic4  ,m        
spectacul>1 b n m wond]ful ?an ! cures (
 ! pr(essional psy*iatri/1 are "s ( !   
s-call$ miracles t fill ! pages (       
religi\s hi/ory2 & !y are less easy to  
expla91 accord+ to ! inv>iable laws (   
sugge/ion1 only 9 proportion to _! lack 
( au!nticity4 ,!re is no reason = d\bt+ 
t ?\s&s ( rem>kable & absolutely        
au!nticat$ cures h tak5 place at ! heal+
 wat]s ( ,l\rdes1 or t _m ( ! record$   
cases ( ! cure ( epileptics1 bl9d1 deaf 
& dumb & sick at ! h&s ( ,sa9ts & o!rs  

are sub/antially true4 ,_m ( ^! /ories  
are1 ( c\rse1 embelli%$ & exagg]at$1    
:ile o!rs are :olly fictiti\s1 b !      
majority are bas$ ^u m ?an a f\ndation (
 fact4 ,! "o ess5tial 9 all ^! cases is 
fai? 9 heal] & pati5t4 ,! tru? ( !      
hypo!sis ^u :i* t fai? is f\nd$ has n ! 
slighte/ effect on ! efficacy ( ! cure4 
,hudson quotes ! foll[+ passage f       
,b]nheim3 ,among all ! moral causes :i*1
 appeal+ to ! imag9ation1 set ! c]ebral 
me*anism ( possible causes at "w1 none  
is s efficaci\s z religi\s fai?4 ,numb]s
 ( au!ntic cures h c]ta9ly be5 due to x4
 ,on ?is fact are bas$ ! num]\s !ories  
prop\nd$ by ! diff]5t sects & s*ools (  
fai?- & pray]-heal]s t exi/ to-day4  ,! 
conclusion is irresi/ible & obvi\s to   
any "o n bl9d$ by religi\s prejudice t  
:e!r ! object ( fai? is real or false ! 
result atta9$ w be ! same 9 ei!r case4  
,fai? w produce miracles irrespective ( 
! premises on :i* x is f\nd$4 ,?is      
acc\nts = ! q consid]able success 7ap>t 
f f9ancial consid]ations7 atta9$ by     

,*ri/ian ,sci5ti/s 9 spite ( !          
self-evid5t absurdity ( _! t5ets1 & !   
fact t !y are )\t ! remote/ conception (
 ! real pr9ciples :i* und]lie _! s-call$
 sci5ce4  ,"o ( ! mo/ important & /rik+ 
facts discov]$ by /ud5ts ( hypnotism is 
! complete recollection by ! subject 9 !
 hypnotic condition ( all he may h le>n$
 or =gott5 9 ! normal /ate1 &1 9 fact1 (
 all he may consci\sly or unconsci\sly h
 exp]i5c$1 & ?is recollection c be      
induc$ at ! w ( ! op]ator4 ,! subjective
 m9d is said to h a p]fect memory1 t is 
to say1 x is capable ( regi/]+ ) unfail+
 accuracy e exp]i5ce ( ! individual2 =  
?is reason hypnotic subjects h a range &
 weal? ( k q beyond _! wak+ abilities4  
,x is self-evid5t t any =gott5 fact t is
 recall$ by an ef=t or at r&om1 :5 an   
associationi/ explanation w\ld be :olly 
inadequate1 mu/ h la9 /or$ all ! :ile   
bel[ ! level ( consci\sness4  ,z !      
factors ( memory & h]$ity toge!r h an   
important be>+ on ! gr[? ( moral ideas1 
we may deal ) ! subject a little m      

fully4 ,accord+ to ,james1 ,! ,/ream (  
,?\ght fl[s on3 b mo/ ( its segm5ts fall
 into ! bottomless abyss ( oblivion4#eh 
,ret5tion means liability ! italics are 
! au?or's to recall1 & x means no?+ m   
?an su* liability4 ,! only pro( ( !re   
be+ ret5tion is t recall actually takes 
place4#ei ,8 position is slightly       
modifi$ "s pages lat]1 :]e he says1 aft]
 record+ a few cases ( hypnotic memory3 
,all ^! pa?ological facts are %[+ u t ! 
sph]e ( possible recollection may be    
wid] ?an we ?9k1 & t 9 c]ta9 matt]s     
app>5tly oblivion is no pro( aga9/      
possible recall "u o!r conditions4 ,b   
adds3 ,!y give no c\nt5ance1 h[ev]1 to !
 extravagant op9ion t no?+ we exp]i5ce c
 be absolutely =gott54#fj ,! only reason
 he gives1 h[ev]1 = disc\nt5anc+ ?is    
possibility is t he _c f9d suffici5t    
explanation = x4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we       
believe t !re is n[ ample evid5ce to %[ 
t all exp]i5ce is reta9$ 9 "s portion ( 
! psy*ic :ole1 & t al?\gh x may n h be5 
consci\sly realiz$ at all1 x w /ill h   

be5 subconsci\sly regi/]$4 ,"o ( ! cases
 mo/ (t5 quot$ 9 illu/ration ( ?is      
appe>s 9 ,col]idge's ,biographia        
,lit]>ia#fa & is "h repeat$ s9ce x is   
giv5 by ,james & also at great] l5g? by 
,hudson4#fb ,accord+ to ! au?or x       
occurr$ a ye> or two be=e 8 arrival at  
,gtt+54  ,9 a ,roman ,ca?olic t[n 9     
,g]many1 a "y woman1 :o c\ld nei!r read 
nor write1 0 seiz$ ) a fev]1 & 0 said by
 ! prie/s to be possess$ ( a devil1     
because %e 0 he>d talk+ ,lat91 ,greek & 
,hebrew4 ,:ole %eets ( h] rav+s 7 writt5
 out & f\nd to consi/ ( s5t5ces         
intelligible 9 !mselves b hav+ slight   
connexion ) ea* o!r4 ,( h] ,hebrew      
say+s1 only a few c\ld be trac$ to !    
,bible & mo/ seem$ to be 9 ! ,rabb9ical 
dialect4 ,_m em95t physiologi/s &       
psy*ologi/s visit$ ! t[n & cross-exam9$ 
! case on ! spot4 ,all trick 0 out ( !  
"q2 ! woman 0 a simple creature3 !re 0  
no d\bt z to ! fev]4 ,x 0 long be=e any 
explanation1 save t ( demoniacal        
possession1 c\ld be obta9$4 ,at la/ !   

my/]y 0 unveil$ by a physician1 :o      
det]m9$ to trace back ! girl's hi/ory1 &
 :o1 aft] mu* tr\ble1 discov]$ t at !   
age ( n9e %e _h be5 *>itably tak5 by an 
old ,prote/ant pa/or1 a great ,hebrew   
s*ol>1 9 ^: h\se %e liv$ till 8 dea?4   
,on fur!r inquiry1 x appe>$ to h be5 !  
old man's cu/om = ye>s to walk up & d[n 
a passage ( 8 h\se into :i* ! kit*5     
op5$1 & to read to himself ) a l\d voice
 out ( 8 books4 ,! books 7 ransack$1 &  
among !m 7 f\nd sev]al ,greek & ,lat9   
,fa!rs1 toge!r ) a collection (         
,rabb9ical writ+s4 ,9 ^! works s _m ( ! 
passages tak5 d[n at ! "y woman's b$side
 7 id5tical t !re c\ld be no reasonable 
d\bt z to _! s\rce4  ,james1 :o consid]$
 t ph5om5al memories 7 acc\nt$ = by !   
exceptional p]si/5ce or p]man5ce ( !    
pa?s ( ?\ght1 a purely physiological    
prop]ty ( ! bra9-tissue ( ! individual1 
quotes a case )9 8 own exp]i5ce :i*1 if 
we accept ,hudson's !ory1 af=ds a       
typical illu/ration ( ! facility        
possess$ by "s m5 ( draw+ ^u ! k ( _!   

own subjective m9ds4  ,:at ^! cases %[  
is t ! m]e organic ret5tiv5ess ( a man  
ne$ be> no def9ite relation to 8 o!r    
m5tal p[]s4 ,m5 ( ! highe/ g5]al p[]s w 
(t5 =get no?+1 h[ev] insignificant4 ,"o 
( ! mo/ g5]ally accompli%$ m5 ,i "k has 
a memory ( ?is sort4 ,he nev] keeps     
writt5 note ( any?+1 yet is nev] at a   
loss = a fact :i* he has once he>d4 ,z  
an in/ance ( 8 desultory memory1 he 0   
introduc$ to a c]ta9 colonel at a club4 
,! conv]sation fell ^u ! signs ( age 9  
man4 ,! colonel *all5g$ him to e/imate 8
 age4 ,he look$ at him1 & gave ! exact  
day ( 8 bir?1 to ! wond] ( all4 ,b !    
secret ( ?is accuracy 0 t1 hav+ pick$ up
 "s days previ\sly an army regi/]1 he _h
 idly turn$ ov] its li/ ( names ) !     
dates ( bir?1 graduation1 promotion1    
etc41 atta*$1 & :5 ! colonel's "n 0     
m5tion$ to him at ! club1 ^! figures1 on
 :i* he _h n be/[$ a mom5t's ?\ght1     
involunt>ily surg$ up 9 8 m9d4  ,x is   
hop$ t ! =ego+ has made x cle> t a      
di/9ction exi/s betwe5 ! normal or      

objective memory1 or recollection1 :i*  
is capable ( c]ebral localization1 & !  
subjective memory1 :i* appe>s to be     
absolute & )\t anatomical basis4 ,! v   
fact t ! normal memory is mo/ effici5t  
:5 ! bra9 is heal?y1 & ! rem>kable p[]s 
( ! subjective memory are se5 to ! be/  
advantage :5 ! bra9 is diseas$ or       
dormant1 s]ves to emphasize ! di/9ction4
 ,?is1 too1 expla9s ! o!rwise           
unacc\ntable fact t q abnormal memories 
are sometimes possess$ by imbeciles     
equally ) m5 ( g5ius1 especially t type 
( ec/atic m9d (t5 mi/ak5 = g5ius by !   
_w4 ,mr4 ,b]n>d ,%aw1 lay+ great        
emphasis on ! di/9ction1 proclaims !    
dom9ation ( w1 n reason1 z ! m>k ( g5ius
 9 art4#fc ,b ! di/9ction is sup]flu\s &
 mislead+3 x is j t type ( g5ius 7871   
fruitful :5 ! w is an/hetiz$ & ! range &
 weal? ( ! subjective m9d giv5 free     
play1 ^: works deg5]ate into decad5t    
my/icism2 x is :5 reason ceases to      
direct ! c\rse ( g5ius t ! subjective   
/ratum dom9ates ! ?rone2 & ! m9d1 f$ &  

n\ri%$ by ! deep-seat$ lu/s ( ! body1   
gr[s mad ) ! exub]ance ( its own        
descriptive p[]s4  ,,footnotes3  #da ,! 
pr9cipal *ecks to population enum]at$ by
 ,mal?us 7 normally3 vice1 mis]y &      
celibacy or moral re/ra9t1 & su*        
occasional resorts ( nature to repress a
 too r$undant population 7an evil       
aggravat$ consid]ably 9 c\ntries :]e    
population is =c$ to ! limits ( its     
means ( subsi/5ce by poor-laws & grants 
9 aid ( families71 z w>s & fam9e4  #db  
,! unfit d5otes ! diseas$1 crim9als1    
paup]s & lunatics4 ,see ,! ,f]tility ( !
 ,unfit1 by ,w4 ,a4 ,*apple1 = an able  
exposition ( ! economic causes und]ly+ !
 al>m+ increase 9 ! unfit population4   
#dc ,e4 ,haeckel1 ,riddle ( ! ,univ]se4 
#dd ,! ,false ,al>m1 a pamphlet on !    
,middlesex election ( #aggj4  #de ,!    
,purpose ( ,education 7#aiae71 by ,/4   
,george ,lane ,fox-,pitt4  #df ,psy*ic  
,ph5om5a1 by ,i4 ,j4 ,hudson1 p4 #bi4   
#dg ,ibid4  #dh ,in/9ct 9 its m te*nical
 use d5otes any inh]it$ t5d5cy to p]=m a

 specific action 9 a specific way :5 !  
appropriate situation occurs4 ,9 ?is use
 in/9ct %\ld be discrim9at$ f impulse1  
:i* may be 7#a7 ! s5sation or feel+ :i* 
prompts an in/9ctive action1 7#b7 a     
simil> prompt+ to an action :i* is n    
in/9ctive 9 ! n>r[] s5se1 or :i* is     
*>act]i/ic ( an individual only & n ( a 
gr\p4--,web/]'s ,diction>y4  #di        
,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology1 vol4 i1 p4     
#cgg4  #ej ,ex ,essay on ,milton4  #ea  
,! !ory 0 develop$ by ,pr(essor ,r4     
,semon ( ,muni*1 9 #aijh1 :o us$ ! ^w   
engrams = organic memories2 quot$ by    
,pr(essor ,j4 ,w>d 9 a lecture on !     
mnemic !ory1 entitl$ ,h]$ity & ,memory1 
deliv]$ at ,cambridge 9 #aiab &         
subsequ5tly publi%$4 ,pr(essor ,w>d     
consid]s t great] emphasis %\ld be laid 
^u ! psy*ic ?an ^u ! physical           
impressions record$ by ! m9d-/uff4  #eb 
,hudson's ,psy*ic ,ph5om5a1 p4 #cj4  #ec
 ,op4 cit41 p4 #abi4  #ed ,vide         
,bramwell's ,hypnotism1 #crd edition1 p4
 #ccd4  #ee ,sugge/ive ,!rapeutics4  #ef

 ,op4 cit41 p4 #dd4  #eg ,mn*5]         
,m$iz9is*e ,wo*5s*rift1 ,june #ae1      
#aiae4  #eh ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology1 p4 
#fdc4  #ei ,ibid41 vol4 i1 p4 #fed4  #fj
 ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology1 vol4 i1 p4    
#fhb4  #fa ,ed4 #ahdg1 vol4 i1 p4 #aag2 
also quot$ 9 ,c>p5t]'s ,m5tal           
,physiology1 *ap1 x1 9 illu/ration ( 8  
!ory ( unconsci\s c]ebrations4  #fb     
,hudson's ,psy*ic ,ph5om5a1 p4 #dd1 &   
,james's ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology1 vol4  
i1 p4 #fha4  #fc ,! ,sanity ( ,art1 by  
,george ,b]n>d ,%aw4     ,,vi  ,,valu]  
,,& ,,valuation   ,value implies a      
valu]2 h[ev] univ]sal or e/abli%$ a     
value may be1 ! t]m is mean+less unless 
x be>s relation to p :o value4 ,no      
def9ition ( value is possible1 or at any
 rate satisfactory1 t does n imply !    
judgm5t1 *oice1 or ass]tion ( a valu] 9 
! act ( valu+4 ,! univ]sality ( a value 
does n make x objective or indep5d5t (  
valu]s1 b m]ely wid5s ! applicability ( 
t value ) reg>d to any imag9able valu]4 
,if ?is c be admitt$1 x foll[s t value  

_c be made indep5d5t ( ! factors t      
det]m9e or h det]m9$ ! m5tal attitude ( 
! valu]4 ,= ?is reason ,i w attempt to  
give an acc\nt ( "s ( ! factors :i* be> 
directly ^u man1 ! valu]1 & less        
directly ^u values 9 g5]al & moral      
values 9 p>ticul>4 ,! discussion w be "u
 f\r head+s3 7#a7 ,in/9ct & ,h]$ity2    
7#b7 ,emotion2 7#c7 ,judgm5t ( ,ends2   
7#d7 ,environm5t & ,cosmic ,sugge/ion4  
7#a7 ,,in/9ct ,,& ,,h]$ity  ,we h       
already allud$ to ! "p play$ by in/9ct 9
 det]m9+ ! initial "* ( ! ego4 ,in/9cts 
are "h di/+ui%$ f ! emotions to :i* !y  
give rise4 ,)\t unduly /ret*+ ! mean+ ( 
! ^w sugge/ion1 9 ! s5se ( a prompt+ to 
action n specifically 9 hypnotism1      
in/9ct may p]haps be look$ ^u z ! innate
 sugge/ion ( h]$ity4 ,! two prim>y      
factors held to be fundam5tal 9 %ap+ &  
influ5c+ ! "* ( ! individual are        
environm5t & h]$ity4 ,! "q ( !          
pr$om9ance ( ! "o influ5ce or ! o!r is !
 subject ( ke5 controv]sy1 & co9cides ) 
! cont+5t problem ( ! relative          

importance ( inh]5t & acquir$ *>act]s4  
,x is n[ becom+ increas+ly evid5t t !   
problem ( h]$ity is ne>] a solution if  
view$ r f ! psy*ical ?an f ! purely     
biological or mat]ial aspect4 ,s we seek
 ! solution ( ! secret 9 psy*ology4 ,!  
vital factor 9 organism is psy*ic f     
protozoan to man1 :e!r we id5tify x )   
psy*oplasm1 s\l1 ego1 or subjective m9d4
  ,^? :o put =w>d memory z ! basis (    
h]$ity %[ t evolution implies ! ret5tion
 by organisms ( _! exp]i5ces 9          
accommodat+ !mselves to _! gradually    
*ang+ environm5t4 ,con/ant & reit]at$   
/riv+ 9 c]ta9 directions 9 ?is process (
 accommodation1 until actions become    
automatic--free ( ef=t--produces habit4 
,9 ! words ( ,pr(essor ,w>d3 ,?is law ( 
habit we may reasonably reg>d z         
exemplifi$ 9 ! life ( e individual 9 !  
long l9e ( g5ealogical asc5t t connects 
u ) our humble/ ance/ors1 9 s f> z e    
p]man5t advance 9 ! scale ( life implies
 a basis ( habit embodi$ 9 a /ructure   
:i* has be5 p]fect$ by practice4#fd     

,labori\s obs]vations h be5 record$ (   
m9ute unicellul> creatures to %[ t !y   
succe$ z we d1 only by way ( trial &    
error4 ,?us we are l$ to ! conclusion t 
! acquisition ( habits by ! individual  
dur+ 8 ef=ts to adapt himself to 8      
environm5t1 & transmitt$ d[n a long l9e 
( g5ealogical desc5t1 is ! me?od (      
h]$ity2 & fur!r1 t man1 9 common ) o!r  
animals1 inh]its all ^! racial &        
individual acquirem5ts f 8 p>5ts4       
,in/9ct1 we h said1 may be t]m$ !       
,sugge/ion ( ,h]$ity1 :i* aga9 is race  
memory1 or ! evolution>y product (      
habits acquir$ dur+ ! process ( man's   
adaptability to 8 environm5t4 ,?is1 !n1 
is ! prim>y & fundam5tal det]m9ant ( !  
"* & quality ( p]sonality4 ,x is !      
quality :i* is inh]5t 9 a man f ! mom5t 
he beg9s 8 individual exi/5ce1 t is1 f !
 mom5t ! sexual cells ( bo? p>5ts       
coalesce 9 ! process ( conception & =m a
 new /em-cell4 ,haeckel divides !       
in/9cts into two *ief classes3 ! prim>y1
 :i* c be trac$ to ! comm5cem5t (       

organic life--! common l[] impulses     
inh]5t 9 ! psy*oplasm4 ,! *ief are      
impulses to self-pres]vation 7by def5ce 
& ma9t5ance7 & ! pres]vation ( ! species
 7by g5]ation & ! c>e ( ! "y74 ,^! two1 
hung] & reproduction1 are univ]sally    
recogniz$ z fundam5tal4 ,! second>y 7   
due to intellig5t adaption2 translat$   
into habit1 !y gradually become         
automatic & innate 9 subsequ5t          
g5]ations4 ,! e>li] ^! habits are       
acquir$ & +ra9$ 9 ! life hi/ory ( !     
race1 ! m inv>iable & immutable w be _! 
transmission2 ! habits ( a few g5]ations
 are easily modifi$ or effac$ by        
conflict+ t5d5cies or conditions4 ,!    
life hi/ory ( e new individual1 9 its   
initial /ages1 is a 7m or less          
complete#fe7 recapitulation ( ! life    
hi/ory ( ! race4 ,! e>li] ance/ral      
acquisitions h be5 trans=m$ into habit &
 h become second>ily automatic1 ! less  
are !y liable to v>iation1 & ! m        
inexorable & unfail+ w be _!            
transmission4 ,?us ,d>w9 %[$ ! great]   

immutability ( g5]ic *>act]s ov] lat]   
acquir$ specific *>act]s4 ,?is applies  
to psy*ic z well z to physical *>act]s4 
,9 ! same way ! e>li]1 dur+ ! c\rse ( 8 
life1 a man assimilates a /rong         
sugge/ion1 ! great] w be its effect & ! 
long] its influ5ce w la/4  ,let u n[    
consid] in/9ct 9 relation to moral      
conceptions4 ,dr4 ,mc,dougall gives     
prom95ce 9 8 ,social ,psy*ology to !    
foll[+ in/9cts1 :i*1 toge!r ) !         
emotional excitem5ts :i* accompany !m1  
play ! =emo/ "p 9 ! evolution ( moral   
ideas3 7#a7 ,! reproductive1 p>5tal &   
erotic in/9cts1 responsible = ! e>lie/  
=m ( social feel+2 7#b7 ! in/9ct (      
pugnacity1 ) :i* are connect$ ! emotions
 ( res5tm5t & rev5ge1 :i* give rise1 :5 
complicat$ ) o!r in/9cts1 to indignation
 at anti-social conduct2 7#c7 ! greg>i\s
 in/9ct1 :i* incl9es animals to ga!r    
toge!r 9 aggregations ( _! own          
species--?is impulse has an important   
be>+ ^u ! sympa!tic emotions & is at !  
root ( tribal loyalty2 7#d7 ! in/9cts ( 

acquisition & con/ruction1 :i* h be5    
develop$ ) ! idea ( prop]ty1 & ! moral  
judgm5ts connect$ !re)2 7#e7 ! in/9cts (
 self-abasem5t 7or subjection7 & (      
self-ass]tion 7or self-display71 ) :i*  
are connect$ ! emotions ( depression &  
elation--! =m] in/9ct gives rise to     
feel+s ( respect t[>ds sup]iors1 div9e  
or human1 & ! latt] is ! basis (        
self-respect4#ff  ,o!r writ]s lay great]
 emphasis on a di/9ct in/9ct (          
,imitation4 ,x is und\bt$ t imitation1  
bo? :5 x is spontane\s & :5 x is        
delib]ate--! di/9ction betwe5 ! two =ms 
%\ld be c>efully obs]v$--plays a great  
"p 9 ! =mation ( moral judgm5ts4        
,!ological & e?ical writ]s are fond (   
say+ t ! s5se ( moral obligation arises 
f ! consci\sness ( approval1 & consequ5t
 imitation1 ( an ideal or a /&>d :i* is 
submitt$ to our judgm5t2 ?is implies    
delib]ate imitation4 ,! imitative t5d5cy
 7purely spontane\s7 is /rongly m>k$ 9 e
 *ild 9 its fir/ ef=ts at vocalization1 
:i* are pure ,e*olalia1 i4e4 incessant  

repetition ( ! s\nds x he>s2 9 fact1    
imitation m>ks e /ep ( a *ild's gr[+    
consci\sness4 ,practically all ph5om5a1 
h[ev]1 attribut$ to ! imitative in/9ct  
is 9 reality a manife/ation ( response  
to extr9sic sugge/ion4 ,james speaks ( !
 imitative t5d5cy :i* %[s itself 9 l>ge 
masses ( m51 & produces panics1 & orgies
 & fr5zies ( viol5ce1 & :i* only ! r>e/ 
individuals c actively )/&4444 ,c]ta9   
mesm]iz$ subjects mu/ automatically     
imitate :atev] motion _! op]ator makes  
be=e _! eyes4#fg  ,to ascribe ?is t5d5cy
 to a special in/9ct w\ld be to disclose
 a faulty appreciation ( mob psy*ology &
 ! ,laws ( ,sugge/ion4 ,^! panics1      
orgies & fr5zies ( viol5ce1 & simil>    
v9dictive or en?usia/ic mob t5d5cies1   
are simply ! natural response to mass or
 cosmic sugge/ion1 z we %all see lat]4  
,! f9al & precipitate cause ( ^!        
outbreaks is frequ5tly ! p]sonal        
magnetism1 or m correctly ! sugge/ion1 (
 "o man4 ,! qualities necess>y = !      
ex]cise ( ?is p[]--! secret ( successful

 demagogy--are n1 z might be suppos$1 ! 
possession ( a dom9ant w & a            
con/ructive1 purposive or t5aci\s       
intellect4 ,x may be1 inde$1 t a great  
man ( action1 a ,napoleon or ,cs>1      
arises1 & by ^! /]l+ qualities dom9ates 
! masses & _! att5dant sycophants &     
demagogues2 b m usually ! ess5tials are 
a gift = facile & fr5zi$ oratory & ! p[]
 ( evok+ emotional pres5tations1        
qualities possess$1 p> excell5ce1 by    
madm5 & fanatics1 ! ,k]5skys1 ,l59s &   
vision>ies ( all times4 ,_! p[]s are ! m
 irresi/ible1 x is true1 if comb9$ ) a  
%rewd k ( correct me?ods ( propag&a &   
lavi% adulation1 = ! obvi\s reason t1 z 
we h se51 ! /ronge/ sugge/ion is ! "o t 
is mo/ acceptable to ! subject & mo/ 9  
accord ) 8 pr$ilections4 ,no?+ w\ld be  
tru] ?an to say t only ! r>e/           
individuals c actively )/& ! onslaught (
 cosmic sugge/ion4 ,x is significant t !
 greate/ human type1 ! true g5ius1 :o   
appe>s mo/ (t5 9 ! great philosoph]1    
less (t5 9 ! great arti/1 & :o possesses

 a sup]abundance ( dom9ant w-p[] &      
con/ructiv5ess1 is f> less p[]ful ?an ! 
great conqu]or or politician2 = he      
comm&s intellect r ?an emotion1 & ! _w  
is gov]n$ by emotion4  ,x is n          
suffici5tly realiz$ t _m s-call$        
g5iuses1 imag9ative1 hi/rionic &        
poetical1 c nev] des]ve ! highe/ place1 
= !y are ! s\nd+-bo>ds ( ! _w2 _!       
sup]lative quality is receptivity2 !y   
are in/rum5ts1 n play]s2 !y voice !     
great masses1 & !y %>e ) publici/s &    
politicians a desire to be incrim9at$ 9 
! movem5t ( _! surr\nd+s4 ,wi5+]1 9 8   
,sex & ,"*1 emphasizes ! dep5d5ce (     
publici/s & tribunes ( ! p ^u ! masses  
!y w\ld lead4 ,! politician1 l !        
pro/itute1 has to c\rt ! populace2 %e is
 a woman ( ! /reets--he is a man ( !    
/reets4 ,= ?is reason he d5ies to !     
great politician & ! man ( action !     
quality ( true greatness4 ,! man (      
action %>es ) ! epileptic ! desire to be
 9 crim9al relation to ev]y?+ ar\nd him1
 to make !m appanages ( 8 petty self4 ,!

 great man feels himself def9$ & sep>ate
 f ! _w1 a nomad among/ nomads1 & z a   
true microcosm he feels ! _w already )9 
him4  ,! really great m51 ! ,kants1 !   
,desc>tes1 ,leibnizs or ,sp5c]s1 & !    
greate/ arti/s are :olly creative1      
purposive1 dynamic2 !y owe no allegiance
 to ! masses1 = !y are great] ?an !     
masses2 !y realize all )\t reflect+ all2
 !y seek n\ri%m5t :]e !y w1 & !y spew   
out :at !y w2 ?is p]fect fre$om is      
necess>y = ! atta9m5t ( tru?4           
,tru?fulness is a necess>y attribute (  
g5ius1 b n ( /atecraft or gov]nm5t1 or (
 poetical effusions ( ! imag9ation4     
,:ile we are deal+ ) ! subject ( in/9cts
 x may n seem out ( place to ref] to !  
widely held belief t mat]nal impressions
 dur+ pregnancy h a direct influ5ce on !
 temp]am5t ( ! *ild1 & are (t5          
responsible = induc+ def9ite t5d5cies ( 
av]sion & attraction & ev5 physical     
resemblances4 ,al?\gh su* acquir$       
t5d5cies1 admitt+ _! exi/5ce1 _c /rictly
 be class$ ) ! in/9cts or t5d5cies      

inh]it$ f =m] g5]ations1 s9ce !y are    
acquir$ aft] ! inception (1 & by1 ! new 
individual2 yet !y h a resemblance 9 t  
!y are bo? pre-natal acquirem5ts1 & are 
manife/$ 9 ! same way4 ,writ]s on h]$ity
 & biology are apt to dismiss ! subject 
z unwor?y ( s]i\s consid]ation1 & to    
acc\nt = any in/ances ( ! sort attribut$
 to ?is cause z bas$ on pure co9cid5ce4 
,x is1 h[ev]1 significant t ! great     
majority ( mo!rs :o h giv5 ! matt] any  
?\ght are1 z a rule1 firmly conv9c$ ( ! 
reality ( pre-natal influ5ces4 ,:5 !    
pr9ciples ( sugge/ion are appli$ to !   
case1 x w be se5 t ! conditions (       
pre-natal exi/5ce are fav\rable = !     
reception by an unborn *ild ( /rong     
telepa?ic sugge/ions f its "m4 ,! embryo
 m9d is entirely receptive2 any viol5t  
psy*ic di/urbance 9 ! "m mu/ react ^u ! 
*ild4 ,mo/ p "k ( "s in/ance :i* po9ts  
to ! impression !ory1 & :i* x w\ld be   
impossible to acc\nt = 9 any o!r way4   
,!re appe> to be no reasonable gr\nds = 
d5y+ t mat]nal impressions may sometimes

 be held acc\ntable = temp]am5tal       
t5d5cies1 n easily attributable to      
h]$ity1 al?\gh x w\ld1 ( c\rse1 be      
absurd to attempt to acc\nt = all       
abnormalities 9 ! same way4 ,! naturally
 great] receptivity & sugge/ibility (   
wom51 %[n by _! quick response to       
emotional sugge/ion1 _! cr$ul\sness1 & !
 fact t wom5 are ! be/ m$iums1#fh       
becomes v mu* m m>k$ dur+ pregnancy4 ,at
 su* times "s wom51 normally di/+ui%$ by
 _! vig\r & initiative1 become          
conspicu\sly impressionable2 !y become1 
9 fact1 ready conductors ( sugge/ion4 ,x
 foll[s t ! influ5ces t be> /ronge/ ^u  
!m also be> ^u ! *ild4  ,great]         
importance %\ld n be atta*$ to ! psy*ic 
environm5t ( a *ild ?an to its inh]5t   
h]$it>y qualities1 :i* irrevocably      
det]m9e its native t5d5cies & ! limits (
 its ultimate possibilities4 ,environm5t
 may modify or enhance a *ild's inh]5t  
*>act]i/ics 9 an inf9ite v>iety ( ways1 
b _c nullify !m or transc5d by "o iota !
 limit ( its pot5tial developm5t4  ,9 a 

previ\s *apt] we discuss$ ! view ( ^? :o
 reg>d moral judgm5t z an emotion or    
intuition ( ! good & ! "r1 & :o f9d     
ju/ification = our rules ( conduct by   
ref]r+ !m to ! ,div9e ,w1 :i* is suppos$
 to inspire !m by means ( ! moral organ 
or consci5ce4 ,we believe t a correct   
appreciation ( psy*ology makes x        
abundantly cle> t al?\gh !re are _m     
impulsive1 in/9ctive & emotional factors
 totally unconnect$ ) any rational or   
intellectual process :i* d1 inde$1      
affect our moral judgm5ts & give rise to
 e?ical conv5tions1 ^! factors c give no
 validity to moral codes2 & t1 /ripp$ ( 
! s5tim5ts & emotions ) :i* !y are      
obscur$1 moral sy/ems mu/ be judg$ by   
pr9ciples ( utility1 :ile !y are        
en=ceable accord+ to ! univ]sality ) :i*
 !y are desir$4 ,x is1 moreov]1 equally 
absurd to look ^u moral values z        
ultimate & irr$ucible categories ( good 
& evil1 irrevocably codifi$ by an       
omnisci5t ,deity = ! conduct ( humanity 
= all "t1 & suppos$ly accessible to !   

intellig5ce ( all :o consult _!         
consci5ce4 ,?is latt] position1 :i* is  
ma9ta9$ by ,!i/ic ,rationali/s1 leads to
 precisely ! same conclusion z !        
argum5ts ( ! ,intuitionali/s1 ! only    
diff]5ce betwe5 !m be+ t ! consci5ce ( !
 ,rationali/s is a ?9k+ & intellectual  
organ1 :ile ! consci5ce ( !             
,intuitionali/s is an emotional &       
in/9ctive organ4 ,b ?is amicable        
conv]g5ce is n accid5tal b a s9e qua    
non1 s9ce 9 ei!r case ! object aim$ at  
is id5tically ! same1 t object be+ !    
e/abli%m5t ( consci5ce1 dep5d5t on      
morality1 on a p9nacle ( e?ical         
omnisci5ce & infallibility1 :]e its     
au?ority %all be unque/ionable &        
absolute4 ,!y may well be left to _!    
qu>rel1 :i* 9 reality am\nts to little m
 ?an v]bal quibbl+4  ,in/9ct1 z we h    
se51 mu/ inevitably play a v l>ge "p 9 !
 evolution ( public morality & ! moral  
impulse ( e individual4 ,c>eful /ati/ics
 h %[n t crim9al t5d5cies make _!       
appe>ance ) unfail+ p]si/5cy 9 select$  

deg5]ate families4 ,! g5ealogical record
 ( "o family may %[ a murd]] 9 e        
g5]ation2 paup]ism1 pro/itution &       
drunk5ness are *>act]i/ics ( ano!r1 & s 
on4 ,h]$ity w prim>ily det]m9e a man's  
inh]5t *>act]i/ics--8 in/9cts1          
temp]am5t1 disposition &1 eo facto1 8   
consci5ce4 ,o!r factors1 above all 8    
imm$iate psy*ic environm5t1 may1 inde$1 
modify ^! t5d5cies = bett] or worse1 b  
"u ! mo/ fav\rable conditions ,cosmic   
,sugge/ion1 9 its aspect ( public       
consci5ce1 c nev] altoge!r supplant     
/rong inh]5t t5d5cies4 ,^? :o believe 9 
! consci5ce my? sometimes object t !    
voice ( consci5ce always calls 9 ! "r   
direction1 b t a man may1 ?r\gh\t a long
 life ( crime1 /ifle & inhibit t /ill   
small voice1 yet 9 ! end 7p]haps :5 fac$
 ) ! extreme p5alty ( ! law7 ! wret*$   
s9n] w exhibit ! symptoms ( ! mo/ g5u9e 
& he>tfelt remorse & express ! greate/  
horror ( 8 evil de$s4 ,?is type (       
explanation %[s a total failure to      
int]pret psy*ological processes4 ,x may1

 inde$1 be a common occurr5ce = a       
condemn$ crim9al1 br\ght sudd5ly face to
 face ) ! prospect ( pl5>y puni%m5t1 to 
exp]i5ce real sorr[ & %ame at 8 conduct4
 ,! emotion w probably be p]fectly      
g5u9e4 ,! prison]1 ) little hope (      
enjoy+ ! fruits ( 8 felony & remov$ f ! 
direct c\nt]-influ5ce ( a crim9al       
environm5t1 w be 9 ! be/ possible frame 
( m9d to respond to ! "r cosmic         
sugge/ion--univ]sal horror & dete/ation 
( 8 de$4 ,su* a sugge/ion1 react+ ^u !  
in/9ct ( self-pres]vation1 w readily    
k9dle emotions ( remorse1 self-horror & 
sorr[4 ,p5it5ce ne$ h no?+ to d ) any   
true e?ical appreciation ( ! action (   
:i* x is suppos$ to be ! object4 ,_m    
cases h be5 record$ ( mis]able old wom5 
accus$ ( wit*craft1 :o1 le>n+ = ! fir/  
"t at _! trial ( ! crimes !y 7 suppos$  
to h committ$1 h become conv9c$ ( _!    
guilt1 & suff]+ ! ke5e/ pangs ( remorse 
h di$ ) p5it5ce & resignation4  ,fe> is 
! *ief elem5t ( remorse3 fe> ( our      
fell[-m51 vague fe>s = ! future1 or 9 ! 

mo/ lit]al s5se ! fe> ( ,div9e          
retribution or ,god4 ,rac9e dramatizes  
?is emotion 9 ! fam\s confession (      
,a?alie3 fill$ ) dread at ! words ( w>n+
 utt]$ by ! gho/ ( h] "m ,jezebel1 %e   
recalls h] vision3          ,tremble1   
m'a-t-elle dit1      fille digne de moi2
        ,le cruel ,dieu des ,juifs      
l'emporte aussi sur toi4        ,je te  
pla9s de tomb]      dans ses ma9s       
r$\tables1        ,ma fille4   7#b7 ,,! 
,,factor ,,( ,,emotion  ,un=tunately = !
 atta9m5t ( tru?1 no?+ has a great]     
influ5ce on ! =mation ( human op9ion &  
"*1 & is !re=e m inextricably b\nd up ) 
all que/ions ( politics1 religion1      
morality & art1 ?an ! complex m5tal /ate
 we call emotion4 ,no?+ affects !       
well-be+1 heal? & happ9ess ( mank9d m   
directly4  ,emotion may p]haps be def9$ 
z a cont9uity ( complex pres5tations    
manife/$ 9 organic s5sation4 ,9 a s5se1 
emotion is feel+1 :i* is ! wid] t]m2 x  
is an effect1 :i* !re=e _c exi/ )\t its 
cause1 ?\gh ! same cause "u diff]5t     

circum/ances may produce _m v>i$        
emotions1 bo? 9 quality & degree4  ,!   
visible manife/ation ( emotional        
di/urbance ne$ be> no relation to its   
int5sity4 ,p ( ! greate/ n]v\s          
s5sibility1 9 :om emotional excitem5ts  
are mo/ deeply & acutely felt1 (t5 keep 
_! emotions be/ "u control4 ,!y are n1 (
 c\rse1 able to inhibit ! involunt>y or 
visc]al processes :i* are affect$ by    
emotion3 he>t1 pulse1 saliv>y gl&s &    
respiratory sy/em may inde$ tell ! tale2
 b ! w may prev5t ! contagion spread+   
fur!r3 ! intellect may rema9 calm1 ?\ght
 & action sl[ & delib]ate1 demean\r     
outw>dly cool & collect$4#fi ,! l[] !   
level ( w-p[] & intellectual developm5t1
 ! m closely dep5d5t w all c]ebral      
processes be ^u emotional /ates &       
reactions2 at ! same "t1 ! emotions     
become crud]1 less complex & subtle &   
ev5 less deeply felt4 ,*ildr5 & savages 
are almo/ entirely emotional1 9 ! s5se t
 !y ?9k emotionally & h no p[] (        
intellectual deta*m5t4  ,pr(essor ,w>d  

describes ! effect ( emotion on ?\ght v 
cle>ly z foll[s3 ,emotional excitem5t--&
 at ! outset ! natural man does n ?9k   
mu* 9 cold blood--quick5s ! fl[ (       
ideas4444 ,famili> associations hurry   
att5tion away f ! prop] topic1 & ?\ght  
becomes n only discursive b w&]+2 9     
place ( concepts ( fix$ & cry/all9e     
complet5ess1 su* z logic describes1 we  
may f9d a cong]ies ( ideas b imp]fectly 
compact$ into "o g5]ic idea1 subject to 
cont9ual trans=mation1 & implicat+ mu* t
 is irrelevant & confus+4#gj  ,!re are  
few p inde$ ^: views on religion1       
politics1 art1 & ! rights & relations ( 
! sexes are n *iefly emotional values4  
,we may ?9k t our convictions are bas$  
on logical reason+s1 b ! =ce ( *ildi%   
impressions & associations1 & ! unresi/$
 bias ( passions & int]e/s1 are !       
processes by :i* !y h be5 cultivat$1 &  
rational ?\ght has be5 devot$ to ! task 
( f9d+ reasons = ! convictions t are    
ready made4  ,emotion1 z we h said1 is a
 cont9uity ( complex pres5tations ^:    

elem5ts are manifold2 x is a /ate (     
feel+ subject to con/ant modification & 
expansion :ile exp]i5ce develops4 ,fir/ 
among ! causal factors :i* influ5ce     
emotion are ! in/9cts1 o!rs may be      
intellectual concepts1 _m m come f !    
sub/rata ( consci\sness1 & ( ^! _m are  
/rictly physiological 9 "*2 = in/ance1  
!re may be di/urbances ( ! g5ital1      
vasomotor or dige/ive sy/ems1 c]ebell>  
di/urbances or lat5t molecul> or        
bio*emical n]v\s conditions1 dur+ :i* ! 
m9d responds to /imuli ignor$ "u o!r or 
heal?i] circum/ances2 b ov] all x is !  
inh]5t disposition ( ! immat]ial psy*ic 
or subjective m9d :i* gives ! :ole its  
tone & t5d5cy4 ,we mu/1 inde$1 admit )  
,james t a disembodi$ human emotion is a
 %e] non5tity4  ,) ! psy*o-physical     
problem z to :e!r s5sory excitation is  
antec$5t to emotional expression1 or    
emotion gives rise to bodily expression1
 we are n "h directly conc]n$4 ,s9ce    
emotion is a cont9u\s condition (       
exp]i5ce1 x may reasonably be suppos$ t 

organic di/urbance is bo? a contributory
 cause & ! reaction>y result (          
emotion4#ga ,mo/ p admit t ea* emotion  
is a resultant ( a sum ( elem5ts1 & t "s
 ( ^? elem5ts are functional & organic1 
)\t admitt+ ! cont5tion ( ,pr(essor     
,james & ^? :o insi/ ) him t emotion is 
b a sum ( organic s5sations4#gb         
,emotional di/urbances lead directly to 
! ov]?r[ ( ! m5tal balance1 :i* divides 
! normal man f ! madman & ! neura/h5ic4 
,mod]n psy*iatri/s lay /ress on !       
emotional "* ( ! latt] affection4 ,!    
und]ly+ features ( functional neurosis  
reveal !mselves 9 symptoms d5ot+ ! cla% 
( emotional elem5ts )91 toge!r ) a      
correspond+ lack ( adaptability to out] 
environm5t1 & are *>act]iz$ by          
in/ability & exagg]ation ( emotion r ?an
 impair$ intellect4#gc  ,! cultivation (
 ! /hetic1 pleasurable & b5evol5t       
emotions on ! "o h&1 & ! elim9ation (   
viol5t emotional excitem5ts or          
discordant & morbid emotions on ! o!r1  
are conditions z ess5tial = ! physical  

heal? z = ! happ9ess ( ! individual4    
,emotional s5sibility is a condition    
necess>y = ! full appreciation &        
enjoym5t ( art1 & ( all t is pleasurable
 & beautiful1 b :5 emotion is all[$ to  
col\r reason1 ! m9d is clos$ to tru?1 k 
& logic4  ,art gratifies ! emotions z   
tru? %\ld gratify ! intellect4 ,x is n  
always fully realiz$ h[ l>ge a "p       
emotional elem5ts1 :i* may embrace e =m 
( s5sory & erotic excitation1 z well z !
 :ole tone ( ! subjective m9d1 play 9 ! 
mo/ intellectual criticism ( an arti/ic 
a*ievem5t4 ,( ^! elem5ts "s may be      
irrelevant z well z irrational1 & by no 
means realiz$ by ! critic at ! "t (     
writ+ 8 appreciation4 ,elliot ,smi? &   
,pe> illu/rate ?is po9t 9 a way few p   
w\ld want to dispute4 ,let u suppose t a
 musical critic1 aft] he>+ a new        
symphony by an unconv5tional compos]1   
imm$iately writes a l5g?y appreciation (
 ! p]=mance4 ,x is cle> t nobody w\ld   
expect him to be able to give (f-h& an  
acc\nt ( 8 reasons = e s5t5ce ( !       

criticism4 ,b x is obvi\s t a s+le      
phrase 9 ?is acc\nt may be b ! apex ( a 
:ole pyramid ( memories emanat+ f !     
critic's te*nical tra9+1 8 attitude     
t[>ds ! new dep>ture1 exp]i5ces highly  
col\r$ ) emotion :i* a few notes ( music
 may h evok$1 & 8 m5tal condition at !  
"t he he>d ! p]=mance4 ,nobody d5ies t  
^! may h %ap$ or ev5 det]m9$ 8          
criticism4 ,b :o believes ei!r t !y 7   
all consci\s at ! "t ( writ+ ! article1 
or t he c\ld resuscitate !m )\t mu* "t &
 tr\ble & p]haps ! help ( a             
cross-exam9]8  ,9 addition to ! causal1 
l>gely emotional1 elem5ts might be add$ 
a prime det]m9ant 9 arti/ic             
appreciation1 namely1 cosmic sugge/ion4 
,9 ! case ( a lead+ critic1 ov]:elm+ly  
self-confid5t & secure ( 8 position1 !  
m]e k ( ! cons5sus ( in=m$ & un9=m$     
op9ion be+ fav\rable or o!rwise might   
conceivably ar\se an equally illogical  
desire to be esot]ic & diff]5t at all   
co/s4 ,an antagoni/ic autosugge/ion (   
?is sort unconsci\sly und]ly+ a critic's

 attitude w\ld m ?an negative any body (
 op9ion 9 "o direction4#gd ,b if su*    
artificial & div]se influ5ces c affect !
 mo/ highly tra9$ & mo/ hone/ critic1 h[
 mu* m w !y affect ! cr$ul\s & untra9$8 
,f> great] w be ! p[] ( au?oritative    
op9ion 9 influ5c+ ^? ^: emotional       
s5sibility is blunt & untra9$1 :o gape 9
 unresponsive p]plexity at "s arti/'s   
canvas1 wait+ to h ! emotions !y d n    
feel sugge/$ to !m1 & :o1 :5 giv5 !     
lead1 infuse by ! p[] ( association into
 ! mean+less daub or ! subtle/ motif    
alike ! same _s ( satisfaction !y d]ive 
f ! g>i% crudities :i* alone1 unaid$1   
f9d a responsive e*o 9 _! brea/s4 ,x is 
well kn[n t ! less tutor$ ! intellect ! 
m real1 z a rule1 are ! creatures ( !   
imag9ation4 ,*ildr5 & savages h a       
wond]ful faculty = believ+ 9 ! reality (
 _! illusions4 ,does n ?is acc\nt = !   
fact t ! less cle>ly a ?+ is und]/ood ! 
great] is ! p[] ( ! imag9ation 9 supply+
 a mean+4 ,a c]ta9 dimness & my/]y or   
quality ( incompreh5sibility inv>iably  

adds to ! respect & awe paid to works ( 
art & _! creators1 (ficially labell$ z  
great4 ,sometimes m]e age or di/ance    
produces ! requisite dimness4 ,rac9e    
consid]$ ?is atmosph]e ( di/ance a      
necess>y device ( /agecraft = ! prop]   
pres5tation ( a h]o4 ,on peut dire que  
le respect que l'on a p\r les hros      
augm5te  mesure qu'ils s'loign5t de     
n\s4#ge ,9 ! same way ! int5sity (      
horror be/[$ ^u ! ar*-villa9 ( ! piece  
is increas$ 9 proportion to ! di/ance   
away f :i* he is reg>d$2 9 o!r words1 ! 
less y "k ab\t him4 ,b ?is does n hold  
good = ! h]oes ( ! hi/rionic /age m     
truly ?an = ! h]oes & ar*-villa9s ( !   
wid] /age ( ! _w4 ,! pr9ciple c be      
appli$ equally to ! h]oes ( art1        
religion1 politics or w>4 ,x is n1 (    
c\rse1 ! dimness or di/ance p] se :i*   
magnifies ! object ( appreciation2      
unaid$ t w\ld m]ely h ! opposite effect4
 ,! factor ( dimness1 by plac+ ! object 
fur!r f ! grasp ( reason1 enables !     
playwright1 politician1 or critic1 z !  

case may be1 to play ) great] ease &    
c]ta9ty ^u ! emotions ( 8 audi5ce1 & by 
=ce ( sugge/ion to endue 8 puppet m     
completely ) ! symbolic quality he wi%es
 to pres5t4 ,9 spite ( ,m$ici pr9ts1    
oleographic processes & ! ext5sion (    
culture :i* r5d]s any "o liable to      
receive *oice samples ( ! ,italian      
,ma/]s free ) a packet ( cig>ettes1 :at 
,william ,hazlitt said ) ref]5ce to     
,mi*ael ,angelo is /ill lit]ally true4  
,we "k1 he writes1 no?+ ( him b 8 "n4 ,x
 is an ab/raction ( fame & greatness4   
,our admiration ( him supports itself1 &
 our idea ( 8 sup]iority seems          
self-evid5t1 because x is atta*$ to 8 "n
 only4  ,conv5tion is a v real &        
wellnigh irresi/ible p[]4 ,n a few ( our
 mo/ *]i%$ valuations--arti/ic1         
religi\s1 political & social--are       
conv5tional feti%es :i* h be5 sl[ly     
evolv$ 9 ! c\rse ( a great numb] ( ye>s 
z ! result ( det]m9+ factors1 = ! mo/ "p
 accid5tal & =gott51 & probably call$   
into exi/5ce = totally diff]5t &        

unconnect$ reasons4 ,yet ! appropriate  
emotional reaction1 evok$ by !          
association ( an object ) su* a         
conv5tional valuation or s5tim5t1 may be
 j z ke5ly & g5u9ely felt z ?\gh x      
result$ f ! awak5+ ( "s in/9ctive or    
innate law ( our nature4                
,impressionability is n a quality to be 
despis$1 b on ! contr>y to be c>efully  
gu>d$ f contam9ation4 ,x is by means (  
emotion t all pleasure & pa91 all       
av]sion & attraction1 & all s5se ( !    
/hetic is record$ by ! s5ses4 ,emotional
 s5sibility may be comp>$ to an in/rum5t
 t may be s f9ely made t x is capable ( 
regi/]+ ! mo/ delicate & exact          
vibrations s t any h>% s\nd w injure x1 
:ile1 on ! o!r h&1 x may be made ( a    
texture s co>se t x w respond in/antly &
 indiscrim9ately to any l\d & crude     
noise4 ,?is in/rum5t has an inh]5t      
quality ( excell5ce ) a pot5tiality (   
exactness t may be develop$ 9 a great   
v>iety ( directions4  ,! _m factors :i* 
play a "p 9 /hetic appreciation h be5   

abundantly explor$ by psy*ological      
writ]s4#gf ,!y h trac$ ! great v>iety ( 
ways 9 :i* art c be ! means ( evok+     
sympa!tic emotions by connect+ its      
subject ) ! inexhau/ible int]e/ 9       
p]sonality4 ,!y h cit$ ! "p play$ 9     
induc+ pleasurable s5sations 9 music by 
! association ( range1 dep? ( tone &    
pit* ) ! expression ( human passions2 & 
9 pictorial art1 ! appeal to muscul>    
s5sibility by sugge/$ associations )    
movem5t & =m1 or ! effect ( /raight l9es
 & r\nd$ =ms 9 induc+ s5sations ( vig\r 
& repose4 ,m obvi\s are ! appeals to !  
sexual in/9cts4 ,!re are also           
associations t give beauty to col\rs1   
pleasurabl5ess to ^? t9ts t sugge/ y\?1 
heal?1 vig\r & fem99e *>m4  ,x is easy  
to und]/& ! agreeabl5ess ( symbols (    
/r5g? & solidity2 ! re/fulness ( economy
 9 pres5tation1 ! pleas+ effect (       
contra/ & symmetry1 v>iety & unity1 (   
balance & ! laws ( proportion & musical 
ratios1 or ( h>mony & regul>ity4 ,! laws
 ( relativity or comp>ison & (          

famili>ity & /rang5ess are factors :i*  
play a "p 9 all appreciation4 ,f9ally1  
!re is a m exclusively intellectual     
pleasure 9 ! process ( analytical       
valuation ( arti/ic production4  ,we _c 
acquire tru? by means ( ! emotions1 :i* 
c b be ! means ( in=m+ u ( our p]sonal  
relation t[>ds our environm5t4 ,!y may  
reveal u to ourselves1 or may regi/] !  
reflection ( our environm5t )9 u2 b !   
consequ5ces ( emotion _c be reg>d$ z    
ephem]al1 = all emotional excitation mu/
 h a p]man5t residual effect ^u ! tone (
 ! subjective m9d4   7#c7 ,,judgm5t ,,( 
,,ends  ,)\t attempt+ to catalogue or   
enum]ate ! v>i\s intellectual & m5tal   
processes1 consign+ !m to int]m9able    
classes & subdivisions ( volitional1    
cognitive1 affective & cogitative /ates 
or acts1 labell$ l s _m di/9ct specim5s 
9 a collector's museum1 x may yet be    
possible to deta* c]ta9 features involv$
 9 ! process ( moral judgm5t :i* are    
di/+ui%able f ! ess5tially in/9ctive1   
emotional & sugge/$ elem5ts we h be5    

consid]+4 ,! dang] involv$ 9 r$uc+      
psy*ological processes to _! con/itu5t  
elem5ts & treat+ ( ea* elem5t z ?\gh x 7
 /atic & dissociat$1 is t x is apt to   
obscure a true appreciation ( ! actual  
manife/ations ( p]sonality :i* result f 
complex & int]action>y elem5ts 9        
cont9u\s motion1 =m+ "o integral :ole 9 
con/ant process ( influ5c+ & be+        
influ5c$ by its environm5t4 ,! :ole is  
always m & some?+ diff]5t f ! sum ( its 
p>ts4 ,! factors "h specially ref]r$ to 
:i* may det]m9e 9 great] or less] degree
 ! nature & direction ( moral valuation 
are delib]ative1 critical & analytic4   
,^! are ess5tially ! intellectual &     
objective#gg processes ex]cis$ to ! be/ 
advantage :5 fre$ to ! greate/ possible 
ext5t f in/9ctive & emotional           
complications4 ,judgm5ts =m$ "u su*     
conditions involve ! realization ( !    
ends & effects ( conduct1 & an assignm5t
 ( desirabl5ess to ^? ends4 ,x is cle> t
 an intellectual judgm5t ( ?is nature1  
assign+ value to ! ends ( conduct1 mu/  

take into acc\nt ^? inh]5t *>act]i/ics &
 in/9cts :i* und]lie all motives &      
int]e/s4 ,?us1 we recognize ! fact ( !  
in/9ct ( self-pres]vation1 & are "r 9   
assign+ ! qualification good to life z  
d5ot+ its desirabl5ess2 simil>ly !      
in/9ct ( acquisition is g5]al &         
fundam5tal 9 ! human species1#gh we     
accord+ly assign ! qualification good to
 prop]ty & weal?1 & to its de/ruction1  
evil2 ! ab/ract value ( ! end ( ?is     
in/9ct is int5sifi$ & held 9 great]     
respect ! m x is realiz$ to h be5 !     
means by :i* ! surplus en]gy ( mank9d   
has be5 utiliz$ to accumulate ! capital 
ess5tial to ! developm5t ( civilization4
 ,! desirabl5ess ( bo? life & weal? is  
also consid]ably increas$ or modifi$ by 
collat]al associations1 by ! pleasures  
!y enable u to exp]i5ce4  ,!re is 9 all 
judgm5t ( ! morality ( an action a      
p]ception ( ! end or consequ5ce ( t     
action4 ,! cle>ness or dimness ( !      
p]ception w dep5d ^u ! habits ( ?\ght & 
! organization ( motives--or lack (     

x--:i* result f ! native t5d5cies &     
developm5t ( ! subjective m9d4 ,! norm (
 valuation :i* we apply to moral conduct
 is condition$ by _m consci\s &         
unconsci\s factors :i* det]m9e our idea 
( desirabl5ess1 & ! /&>d w approximate  
to ! conv5tional & common /&>d ( !      
community 9 s f> z we are influ5c$ by   
our environm5t--or 9 proportion to our  
am5ability to cosmic sugge/ion4 ,x is on
 acc\nt ( ! obvi\s desire = pleasure & =
 avoidance ( pa9 t ,utilit>ians are     
ju/ifi$ 9 mak+ use ( t g5]al fact z a   
/&>d ( utility4 ,?is 9 no way implies t 
! motives ( all conduct are ef=ts to    
obta9 pleasurable s5sation or to avoid  
pa94 ,! mi/ake ( ?is discr$it$ doctr9e (
 psy*ological h$onism lay 9 confus+ !   
motive or impulse to action ) !         
valuation ( conduct4 ,x is an un=tunate 
b und5iable fact t conduct is lea/ (t5  
det]m9$ by valuation4 ,realization or   
anticipation ( ! end ( action is n !    
necess>y /imulus ( action1 nei!r does x 
con=m to volition or /riv+2 b           

realization ( consequ5ces frequ5tly     
inhibits ! fulfilm5t ( volition4 ,bo?   
conduct & volition are det]m9$ by !     
relation ( subject to object1 & by !    
con/itution ( ! ego1 condition$1 z x is1
 by ! innum]able factors ( h]$ity &     
environm5t4   7#d7 ,,cosmic ,,sugge/ion 
,public op9ion is (t5 spok5 ( z some?+  
my/]i\s & p[]ful1 to be recogniz$ &     
submitt$ to1 b n to be expla9$4         
,napoleon is cr$it$ ) hav+ said3 ,public
 op9ion is a p[] invisible1 my/]i\s1 &  
irresi/ible4 ,"s writ]s1 fail+ to       
appreciate ! true significance & nature 
( ?is dynamic factor 9 ! =mation (      
public s5tim5t1 are cont5t to fall back 
on ! conv5i5t subt]fuge ( ,div9e ag5cy z
 full & suffici5t explanation4 ,?us !y  
speak ( a common consci\sness :i* is !  
arbit] ( ! morals & fai?s ( m51 a       
consci\sness :i* is subject to          
evolution>y progress1 & yet owes its    
exi/5ce to ,div9e revelation4  ,h[ev]   
inadequately1 ! attempt has nev]!less   
be5 made 9 ^! pages to pres5t a wid] &1 

at ! same "t1 a m precise def9ition ( ^?
 psy*ic & vital =ces1 includ$ 9 ! t]m   
environm5t1 :i* play s great a "p 9 !   
=mation & gr[? ( human beliefs1 op9ions 
& s5tim5ts1 9 b9d+ toge!r nations1      
communities & gr\ps1 & no less a "p 9   
sett+ !m aga9/ "o ano!r4 ,= lack ( a    
bett]1 ! designation cosmic sugge/ion   
has be5 us$ z a g5]ic t]m to describe ! 
=ce result+ f ! accumulative sugge/ions 
or impulsions ( aggregations (          
individual ag5ts1 betwe5 :om & !        
subjects or recipi5ts a /ate ( rapport  
is m or less e/abli%$4 ,x is an aspect1 
or p]haps m accurately a product1 ( !   
vital en]gy ( ! cosmos4 ,9 a community  
or a mass ( m5 mov$ by common emotions &
 ideas1 ea* individual plays ! d\ble rle
 ( op]ator & affect$ object or recipi5t4
  ,! communication ( a proposition by   
sugge/ion is di/+ui%$ f1 ?\gh (t5       
accompani$ by1 o!r means by :i* ideas   
are communicat$ ?r\gh ! s5ses1 involv+  
rational processes :i* produce          
conviction4 ,emotional sugge/ions are   

ei!r reject$ or accept$ unque/ion+ly 9 !
 abs5ce ( any logical reason4 ,! supreme
 importance & g5]al applicability 9     
normal wak+ life ( ?is wid] aspect (    
hypnotic sugge/ion is seldom adequately 
appreciat$ by /ud5ts ( social           
developm5t4 ,t ! fai?s & convictions (  
m5 d n dep5d ^u _! appeal to man's      
reason+ faculties is1 h[ev]1 usually    
admitt$4 ,lecky frequ5tly dwells on ?is 
fact1 z 9 ! foll[+ passage3 ,9 mo/ m5 ! 
love ( tru? is s languid1 & _!          
reluctance to enc\nt] m5tal prejudices  
is s great1 t !y yield _! judgm5ts )\t  
an ef=t to ! curr5t1 )draw _! m9ds f all
 op9ions or argum5ts oppos$ to _! own1 &
 ?us spe$ily conv9ce !mselves ( ! tru? (
 :at !y wi% to believe4  ,dr4           
,mc,dougall recognizes1 z d mo/ mod]n   
psy*ologi/s1 ! great social importance (
 ?is curr5t ( :i* ,lecky speaks2 he t]ms
 x mass-sugge/ion4 ,*ildr51 he says1    
l>gely 9 virtue ( _! sugge/ibility1     
rapidly absorb ! k1 beliefs1 &          
especially ! s5tim5ts ( _! social       

environm5t4 ,b mo/ adults also rema9    
sugge/ible1 especially t[>ds            
mass-sugge/ion1 & t[>ds ! propositions  
:i* !y "k to be support$ by ! :ole      
weight ( society1 or by long            
tradition4#gi ,?is also he calls pre/ige
 sugge/ion4 ,individual sugge/ibility1  
he consid]s1 is condition$ by native    
disposition & "*1 & dep5d5t ^u !        
relative /r5g?s ( ! two in/9cts (       
self-ass]tion & subjection4 ,he does n1 
h[ev]1 appe> to assign to ?is factor (  
sugge/ion any conspicu\s "p 9 !         
excitation ( su* emotions z1 = in/ance1 
ang]1 moral indignation1 %ame & remorse4
 ,b ! simultane\s excitation ( ! same   
emotion 9 cr[ds is attribut$ to ! action
 ( ! greg>i\s in/9ct :i* is acc\ntable =
 ! sympa!tic induction ( emotion4 ,!    
explanation giv5 ( ! fact t ! in/9ctive 
behavi\r ( "o animal directly excites   
simil> behavi\r on ! "p ( 8 fell[s1     
consi/s 9 ! assumption t among greg>i\s 
animals ea* ( ! pr9cipal in/9cts has a  
special p]ceptual inlet t is adapt$ to  

receive ! s5se-impressions made by !    
expressions ( ! same in/9ct 9 o!r       
animals ( ! same species3 ?us1 =        
example1 ! fe> in/9ct1 int] alia1 has a 
special p]ceptual inlet t r5d]s x       
excitable by ! s\nd ( ! cry ( fe>2 !    
in/9ct ( pugnacity is simil>ly excit$   
?r\gh a p]ceptual inlet by ! s\nd ( !   
ro> ( ang]1 & s on4 ,:atev] ! value (   
?is assumption x is cle> t ! emotional  
excitem5t ( an aggregation ( individuals
 reacts ) cumulative int5sity ^u ea*    
memb] ( x4 ,x is suffici5t1 h[ev]1 to   
say t !re exi/s 9 ! human species a     
fundam5tal impulse ( greg>i\s           
attraction1 analog\s 9 ! physical _w to 
! law ( gravitation1 :i* t5ds to produce
 aggregations ( m5 & to int5sify _!     
sugge/ibility 9 relation to %e] weight (
 numb]s & proximity4 ,if we accept !    
view t ! subjective m9d is liable to be 
directly influ5c$ by o!r subjective m9ds
 ) :i* x is en rapport1 ! hypo!sis (    
special p]ceptual inlets1 design$ = ea* 
in/9ct to receive only ! correspond+    

s5se-impressions d]iv$ f ! eff]5t action
 ( ! same in/9ct 9 o!r individuals1     
becomes ( second>y importance4 ,any     
cause :i* simultane\sly provokes        
emotional excitem5t 9 a l>ge body ( p   
t5ds to br+ !m into rapport1 !nce onw>ds
 a community ( feel+ has be5 e/abli%$1 l
 elem5ts coalesce1 =eign elem5ts are    
dissipat$ or repuls$1 ! mass w ?9k1 feel
 & act z a collective :ole1 ! impulse or
 emotion ( "o w re-e*o 9 all1 z :5 a    
c]ta9 note is /ruck all ! *ords 9 !     
in/rum5t :i* are attun$ to x are set    
vibrat+4 ,a skilful orator :o c once    
succe$ 9 evok+ /rong emotional response 
9 8 audi5ce is 9 ! mo/ fav\rable        
position = transmitt+ any proposition by
 sugge/ion2 any ass]tion is !n likely to
 be receiv$ unque/ion+ly & ) ! /r5g? (  
conviction1 any sugge/ion to be resolv$ 
into action4  ,an orator ( ! ec/atic &  
fanatical type w endeav\r1 by work+     
himself into a fr5zy ( excitem5t1 to ?r[
 himself into ! subjective /ate1 = ?us  
he is 9 close/ rapport ) 8 environm5t4  

,?is is ! secret ( ! p[] ( demagogues & 
( o!r wor?less & o!rwise insignificant  
individuals4 ,x is said to h be5 ! me?od
 ( "o ( ! mo/ extraord9>y *>act]s (     
mod]n times--,rasput91 or ,grigori      
,yefimovits*1 a gross1 illit]ate1       
debau*$ & fanatical ,sib]ian monk1 :o1  
up to ! "t ( 8 murd] 9 ,decemb] #aiaf1  
_h ! reputation ( be+ ! mo/ p[]ful man 9
 ,russia4 ,accord+ to ! few reliable    
acc\nts ( him t are obta9able1 !        
influ5ce ( ?is man's p]sonality & !     
religio-erotic fr5zies :i* *>act]iz$ 8  
m9i/rations 7 su* t wom5 ( ! highe/     
culture & ref9em5t w\ld pro/itute       
!mselves1 body & s\l1 9 ob$i5ce to 8    
sugge/ion1 m9i/]s & high /ate (ficials  
habitually s\ght 8 fav\rs1 & among !    
masses he 0 a con/ant object ( idolatry4
  ,does any "o suppose t if ,m>k ,antony
 c\ld h circulat$ 8 fam\s spee* on !    
dea? ( ,cs> 9 pamphlet =m1 or c\ld h    
publi%$ 8 appeal 9 a lead+ daily1 he    
w\ld h *os5 t me?od8 ,or if he _h done s
 t he w\ld h atta9$ z /rik+ a result z  

by ! fire ( 8 oratory8 ,?is br+s u to a 
consid]ation ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 writt5 
propag&a & t :i* is spok5 or act$ &     
accompani$ by emotional sugge/ion4  ,!  
m]e writt5 or pr9t$ proposition is      
assimilat$ by autosugge/ion2 its aim is 
to awak5 :at is already 9 ! read]'s m9d1
 :e!r ( fe> or c\rage1 love or hate1    
admiration or contempt1 to make         
articulate :at be=e 0 vague & undef9$1  
to associate ^! qualities 9 ! read] to  
c]ta9 objects or symbols1 9 ?is way     
gradually build+ up s5tim5ts & ideals4  
,b cosmic sugge/ion or psy*ic environm5t
 is a vital influ5ce1 capable ( ov]com+ 
resi/ance & ( k9dl+ human passions &    
emotions4 ,x is (t5 ass]t$ t ! ,press   
accurately voices public op9ion2 ?is1   
h[ev]1 z all pressm5 "k1 is n true4 ,!  
,press to a c]ta9 ext5t approximates    
c]ta9 sections ( public op9ion1 or m    
accurately adapts itself to x1 b all x c
 tru?fully be said to repres5t is !     
newspap] proprietors1 & 9 a less] degree
 ! ho/ ( hir$ scribbl]s :om !y employ4  

,at ! same "t x w\ld be fooli% to       
m9imize ! enorm\s & ev]-increas+ p[] x  
wields--a p[] t increases p>i passu ) ! 
gr[+ p[] ( ! masses & correspond+       
decrease 9 responsibility & intellig5ce 
( _! *os5 rul]s4 ,! ,press1 no long]    
conf9+ itself to its legitimate rle (   
convey+ news1 t5ds m & m to pres5t !    
appe>ance ( organiz$ conc]ns = !        
dissem9ation ( lies & c\nt]-lies1 & !   
propagation ( hate1 envy & humbug1 ea*  
organ %\t+ its p>ticul> claptrap &      
cat*words ) ! fr5zi$ p]si/5ce (         
bucket-%op t\ts4 ,mr4 ,hilaire ,belloc  
draws a subtle di/9ction betwe5 :at he  
calls ! ,capitali/ ,press1 or ^? organs 
run = m]e pr(it1 & a ,free ,press1 or   
organs produc$ = ! sole motive (        
influ5c+ public op9ion1 i4e4 =          
propag&a4#hj ,! =m] is vici\s &         
untru?ful1 ! latt] is virtu\s & be>s    
witness to ! tru?4 ,hav+ once consign$  
all ! exi/+ press organs to _!          
respective categories z ,capitali/ or   
,free by ?is simple te/ ( motive1 ! vice

 ( ! "o & ! virtue ( ! o!r are at once  
app>5t3 any?+ m]it+ ! label ,capitali/  
is naturally bad & deprav$1 :ile        
suffici5t gu>antee ( ! integrity &      
virtue ( ! ,free ,press may be f\nd 9 ! 
fact t ,mr4 ,belloc himself writes = !  
,free ,press1 & te/ifies to ! fact t x  
does n pay4 ,:ile s arbitr>y a di/9ction
 mu/ necess>ily appe> capti\s &         
fanciful1 & absurd :5 appli$ z a te/ (  
v]acity1 we may yet p]haps r\ghly       
di/+ui% betwe5 ^? organs :i* are design$
 prim>ily to sell at a maximum pr(it &  
^? :i* are sold prim>ily to propagate a 
cause1 ev5 at a loss4 ,at ! risk (      
appe>+ cynical1 we might say t ! *ief   
diff]5ce betwe5 ! two lies 9 ! fact t ! 
=m] is design$ to p&] to ! foibles ( its
 read]s1 & ! latt] is ! expression ( !  
fanaticism ( its writ]s4 ,z a matt] (   
fact1 su* a h>d & fa/ di/9ction c seldom
 be made betwe5 ! two1 s9ce bo? motives 
are usually op]ative 9 ! same ent]prise1
 ?\gh 9 v>y+ proportions4 ,b surely x is
 absurd to claim = ei!r an inh]5t       

pr$isposition to speak ! tru?4 ,!       
failure ( ! ,free ,press--! c>p+ rags t 
imag9e !mselves indep5d5t--w\ld appe> to
 lie 9 ! v fact ( _! eag]ness to conv]t4
 ,! natural res5tm5t ( ! man :o disc]ns 
an attempt to conv]t him 0 well express$
 9 a witty spee* 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons   
dur+ a debate on ! relations betwe5     
,press & ,gov]nm5t4 ,:at _h always      
attract$ him mo/ ab\t ,"l ,nor?cliffe1  
said ! ,hon4 ,memb] = ,/ockport1 0 t he 
_h nev] pret5d$ to be a philan?ropi/4   
,he 0 n "o ( ^? pe/il5t p :o pret5d$ to 
run newspap]s 9 ord] t !y might leave ! 
_w a little bett] ?an !y f\nd x4#ha     
,tradition & ! build+ up ( s5tim5ts &   
ideals1 toge!r ) ! symbols by :i* !y are
 kn[n & famili>iz$1 are v l>gely1 if n  
exclusively1 ! "w ( ! writt5 ^w4 ,b     
,lit]ature & ! ,press are !mselves      
gov]n$ by _! pa/ hi/ory1 & by traditions
 & conv5tions t h be5 gradually built up
 f a few fundam5tal ideas1 h[ev]        
div]sifi$ !y may ev5tually h become2 &  
^! ideas1 9 _! turn1 owe _! orig9 to !  

passions & s5tim5ts ( ! race z a :ole4  
,ev5 ! "w ( g5ius has its roots 9 !     
ideas ( ! pa/4 ,are we sure1 asks a     
,fr5* au?or1 t ! ideas :i* fl[ f great  
m5 ( g5ius are exclusively _! own "w8   
,no d\bt !y always spr+ f ! weal? (     
individual s\ls1 b ! myriads ( gra9s (  
du/ :i* =m ! alluvion :]e ^? ideas h    
g5]at$ are surely =m$ by ! s\l ( !      
nation8#hb  ,we h se5 t x is a          
fundam5tal pr9ciple t ! /ronge/         
sugge/ion mu/ prevail2 mass tells aga9/ 
s+le individuals1 ov]:elm+ quantity     
aga9/ quality1 :5 ! /r5g? ( ei!r is     
measur$ aga9/ ! resi/ance to be ov]come4
 ,cosmic sugge/ion is condition$ by     
v>i\s circum/ances :i* affect its       
influ5ce4 ,x is a commonplace to say t l
 attracts l2 ?is fact is b ano!r        
attribute ( greg>i\s attraction & t5ds  
t[>ds e/abli%+ ! homog5eity (           
aggregations1 & slightly modifies !     
attraction ( m]e numb]s4 ,x results 9 a 
div]sity ( c5tres ( attraction2 b ^!    
c5tres ( attraction are apt to conv]ge &

 coalesce if = any reason !y are        
simultane\sly affect$ by relat$ or      
id5tical s5tim5ts4 ,frequ5cy & p]si/5cy1
 z is well kn[n1 also modify ! =ce ( m]e
 numb]s4 ,! l\de/ & mo/ frequ5tly       
repeat$ affirmations c>ry ! mo/ weight4 
,9 ?is way small b&s ( fanatics1 by d9t 
( reit]ation1 h _h _! cat*words &       
%ibbole?s accept$ unque/ion+ly4  ,s f> f
 weak5+ ! respect & awe ) :i* m]e       
symbols are reg>d$1 _! v obscurity &    
lack ( mean+ w ensure _! position &     
inviolability4 ,! vogue = my/icism 9    
poetry1 art1 & religion reflects ?is    
love ( symbolism4 ,m51 f ! v indol5ce ( 
_! m9ds1 love to set up symbols & to    
wor%ip !m1 )\t v]ify+ ! tru?s !y are    
suppos$ to repres5t1 = symbols are      
easily acquir$ & easily p]ceiv$1 &      
disp5se ) ! ardu\s necessity ( prob+    
reality & ! m5tal discipl9e )\t :i* tru?
 _c be rea*$4  ,! p[] ( words & symbols 
is entirely indep5d5t ( _! real mean+4  
,z we h already %[n1 ! mo/ mean+less & !
 mo/ obscure phrases are1 z a rule1 = t 

v reason ! mo/ pot5t4 ,su* t]ms z       
lib]ty1 equality1 democracy1 socialism1 
etc41 ^: mean+s are s vague t :ole      
libr>ies d n exhau/ _! possible         
int]pretations1 are solemnly utt]$ z    
?\gh !y 7 magic spells1 at ! v s\nd (   
:i* all problems disappe>4 ,symbolism & 
my/icism =m ! fanatic's *>t] ( lic5ce4  
,!y revel 9 ! dim obscurity :i*         
int5sifies ! false brightness ( _!      
symbols4 ,!y welcome ! emotional        
dom9ation ( _! m9ds t !y may ab&on      
!mselves to passions & feel+s1 & by     
develop+ _! subjective#hc p[]s1 infect !
 masses ) _! madness4 ,a true           
metaphysics1 x is well to rememb]1 is ! 
v anti!sis ( my/icism1 = x aims at !    
elim9ation ( symbols2 its me?od is to   
co-ord9ate & syn!size1 & by means ( !   
sy/ematization ( mat]ia to p5etrate     
?r\gh & beyond1 t[>ds a realization (   
direction & ( value2 x te/s ! highe/    
p[]s ( ! intellect4  ,b]gson def9es     
metaphysics z ! sci5ce :i* claims to    
disp5se ) symbols4 ,a symbol1 at be/1 c 

only /& = an aspect ( ! tru?1 a m]e     
sign-po/ po9t+ some:]e 9 its direction4 
,symbols h no "p 9 intuition1 yet       
l+ui/ic symbols are necess>y = convey+  
?\ghts & ideals to o!rs4 ,! g5]ality (  
m51 h[ev]1 c only ?9k 9 symbols1 & c    
only be influ5c$ by !m2 lies & illusions
 are propagat$ & p]petrat$ 9 ! =m (     
images1 yet images p]=m necess>y s]vice 
9 e/abli%+ goals ( endeav\r = secur+    
co-ord9ation & moral direction4         
,symbololatry is a common trait (       
humanity1 & few m5 analyse ! symbols !y 
wor%ip2 = ?is reason x is necess>y t !  
ideals & symbols ( ! good %\ld be =g$ by
 ! few & ! wise1 n by ! =ce ( ! greate/ 
numb]1 t is1 !y mu/ come f above1 n f   
bel[4 ,?us we see t 9 pa/ hi/ory        
religion has p]=m$ a necess>y function1 
& t 9 spite ( ! gross unreality ( its   
symbols x con/itut$ ! only in/rum5t (   
consolidation at ! disposal ( primitive 
man4 ,)\t ?is =ce1 born ( man's fe> ( ! 
unkn[n1 8 ignorance & false appreciation
 ( causality1 toge!r ) a vague          

realization ( 8 dep5d5ce on 8 fell[s1 ! 
imposition ( r\gh & arbitr>y values1 :i*
 fir/ con/itut$ moral conduct1 w\ld h   
be5 impossible4 ,= ?is reason any       
advancem5t & progress 9 ! direction (   
civilization w\ld h be5 impossible )\t  
religion4 ,! cons]vative _s ( religion  
is se5 to h be5 ! means ( secur+ !      
consolidation & /ability ( society :i* 0
 necess>y = ! well-be+ & /r5g? ( e      
community2 )\t ?is x c\ld n h surviv$4  
,z long z m5 are dazzl$ by symbols &    
gov]n$ by emotions1 & !re is at pres5t  
no sign ( *ange 9 ?is respect1 a /rong  
hi]>*y capable ( evok+ respect = its    
values alone c save a /ate f            
dis9tegration1 an>*y & social decay2 b  
only if t hi]>*y is compos$ ( ! highe/1 
noble/ & mo/ enlight5$ 9 ! race c ^?    
values be ! be/ possible1 & c !y cont9ue
 to improve p>i passu ) advanc+         
civilization4 ,! alt]native1 ! increas+ 
despotism ( ! _m1 articulat+ ?r\gh !    
voice ( demagogues1 result+ 9 ! gradual 
ext]m9ation ( ! few & ! highe/1 & 9 !   

imposition ( values gr[+ ev] m false1   
po9ts ! way to decad5ce & b>b>ism4      
,evolution implies decl9e no less ?an   
advancem5t1 & ! survival ( ! fitte/ 9 ! 
=m] case means ! survival ( ! l[e/ & !  
mo/ degrad$4  ,a *ild's moral conduct1 l
 primitive man's1 is at fir/ absolutely 
dep5d5t ^u 8 environm5t1 b ) !          
developm5t ( self-consci\sness & ) !    
gr[? ( an ideal ( self1 8 values & 8    
conduct become progressively fre] f 8   
pres5t environm5t1 & 9 a great] degree  
det]m9$ by ! direction ( pa/ habits & ! 
=ce ( e>ly impressions4#hd ,!re is h>dly
 any?+1 said ,mill1 s absurd or s       
mis*iev\s t x may n by ! use ( ext]nal  
sanctions & ! =ce ( e>ly impressions be 
made to act on ! human m9d ) all !      
au?ority ( consci5ce4  ,! atta9m5t ( "* 
?r\gh ! developm5t ( an ideal ( self & !
 sy/ematization ( habits & motives is a 
sl[ & gradual process1 & only r>ely is  
complete indep5d5ce ( judgm5t atta9$1   
:i* alone r5d]s ! highe/ =m ( moral     
conduct possible1 :5 all conduct is     

det]m9$ by w ) reg>d to ! realization ( 
ends4  ,,footnotes3  #fd ,h]$ity &      
,memory1 p4 #ae4  #fe ,processes kn[n   
te*nically z pal+5esis & c5og5esis1 !   
=m] t]m d5ot+ ! m complete epitomiz$    
developm5t4  #ff ,dean ,ra%dall1 :o ?us 
summ>izes 8 position1 is c&id en\gh to  
admit ! /r5g? ( ,mc,dougall's           
psy*ological analysis1 :i*1 h[ev]1 he   
fails to see und]m9es 8 own position4   
#fg ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology1 vol4 ii1 p4
 #djh4  #fh ,_m au?orities d5y t wom5   
are m easily hypnotiz$ ?an m54 ,x %\ld1 
h[ev]1 be rememb]$ t emotional          
sugge/ibility does n correspond )       
susceptibility to hypnotic influ5ce4 ,! 
neurotic1 weak-bra9$ & hy/]ical1 :o are 
usually mo/ susceptible to emotional    
sugge/ions 9 normal life1 are inv>iably 
! mo/ difficult to hypnotize1 & on ! o!r
 h&1 z ,dr4 ,bramwell po9ts out1        
,subjects :o readily respond to         
sugge/ions :5 hypnotiz$ are frequ5tly ! 
v ones :o h = ye>s resi/$ sugge/ion 9 ! 
wak+ condition1 ev5 :5 ?is has be5      

associat$ ) emotional /ates4 ,x is n1   
!re=e1 9 hypnotic ph5om5a t evid5ce ( ! 
great] sugge/ibility ( wom5 is f\nd4    
#fi ,cf4 ! foll[+ passage by ,elliot    
,smi? & ,pe>3 ,x mu/ be und]/ood t ?is  
suppression ( ! ext]nal manife/ations ( 
an emotion su* z fe> is b a p>tial      
dom9ance ( ! bodily concomitants ( t    
emotion4 ,! only *anges :i* c usually be
 controll$ by ! w are ^? ( ! volunt>y or
 skeletal muscul> sy/em1 n ^? ( !       
involunt>y or visc]al me*anism4444 ,m5  
may feel int5se emotions1 obvi\sly n (  
fe> alone1 = a long "t )\t display+ any 
signs ( !m4 ,b suppression ( emotion is 
a v exhau/+ process4 ,z ,bacon says3    
',we "k diseases ( /opp+s & suffocations
 are ! mo/ dang]\s 9 ! body3 & x is n   
o!rwise 9 ! m9d4'  #gj ,article on      
,psy*ology1 ,encyclopdia ,britannica1   
#aj? edition4  #ga ,= example1          
ereutophobia 7fe> ( blu%+7 & tremophobia
 7fe> ( tremor7 are abnormal            
psy*oneurotic conditions :i* illu/rate !
 reaction & int]action betwe5 psy*ical  

/ate & physical manife/ation4 ,blu%+ &  
spontane\s tremor are reflex            
manife/ations ( ! emotional condition1  
:i* 9 ^! cases increase 9 proportion to 
! fe> ( blu%+ or ( tremor respectively4 
,! physical ph5om5on produces !         
obsession :i*1 9 its turn1 increases !  
somatic reaction2 ! exagg]ation ( !     
latt] aga9 reacts on ! m5tal disord]4   
,su* psy*o-physical reactions op]ate 9  
v>y+ degree 9 all /ates ( emotional     
excitem5t4 7,r\ssy & ,lh]mitte47  #gb   
,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology1 vol4 ii1 *ap4  
xxv4  #gc ,conflict & repression are !  
t]ms 9 curr5t usage by psy*iatri/s ( !  
,freudian s*ool to expla9 ! me*anism (  
psy*oneurotic di/urbance4  #gd ,x %\ld  
be not$ t ?is is an inv]t$ =m ( cosmic  
sugge/ion :i* ex]ts a consid]able       
influ5ce ov] c]ta9 dispositions2 v (t5  
?is bias is conf9$ to "o or two subjects
 only 9 :i* an individual is p>ticul>ly 
int]e/$1 & 9 connexion ) :i* a p]man5tly
 repell5t autosugge/ion is develop$4 ,"s
 writ]s h spok5 ( ?is z                 

contra-sugge/ion4 ,on ^! subjects any   
sugge/ion convey$ by ^w or sign provokes
 an imm$iate & un?9k+ contradiction or  
an unreason+ ho/ile attitude or t5d5cy4 
#ge ,prface  ,bajazet4  #gf ,! /hetic   
emotions are dealt ) at l5g? by ,dr4    
,ba9 9 ,! ,emotions & ! ,w1 *ap4 xiv4   
#gg ,i4e4 processes ( ! consci\s or     
objective m9d4  #gh ,!re are a few      
notable exceptions :]e ?is in/9ct appe>s
 to be defici5t among primitive &       
nomadic tribes4 ,mc,dougall in/ances !  
,pun>is ( ,borneo4  #gi ,social         
,psy*ology1 p4 #ajj4  #hj ,! ,free      
,press1 #aiah4  #ha ,mr4 ,hughes1 ,m>*  
#aa1 #aiah4  #hb ,gu/ave ,le ,bon4  #hc 
,i4e4 p[]s ( ! subjective m9d4  #hd ,?us
 ,mr4 ,jevons says3 ,! consci\sness ( ! 
*ild reproduces ! consci\sness ( !      
community to :i* he belongs4--,! ,idea (
 ,god 9 ,e>ly ,religions4   ,,pr9t$ ,,at
 ,,! ,,complete ,,press ,,we/ ,,norwood 
,,london1 ,s4,e4