,,! ,,unf9i%$ ,,programme ,,( ,,democracy ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,books ,,by ,,! ,,same ,,au?or ,! ,r5asc5ce ( ,fai? ,! ,highroad to ,*ri/ ,*ri/ & ,ourselves ,p]sonality & ,nationality ,! ,*ur* 9 ! ,commonweal? 7,new ,commonweal? ,books7 ,! ,r$ ,cap on ! ,cross ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,! ,,unf9i%$ ,,programme ,,( ,,democracy ,,by ,,ri*>d ,,rob]ts ,illu/ration3 ,publi%]'s ,logo ,,new ,,york3 ,b4 ,w4 ,,huebs* ,mcmxx ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,to 8,,m9e ,,own10 ,n41 ,p41 ,d41 ,,& ,g4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,,page ,i4 ,,! ,,crisis ,,( ,,democracy #i ,,ii4 ,,! ,,te/s ,,( ,,democratic ,,progress #ci ,,iii4 ,,! ,,pecuni>y ,,/&>d #fd ,,iv4 ,,! ,,r$emption ,,( ,,"w #ic ,v4 ,,! ,,a*ievem5t ,,( ,,lib]ty #aca ,,vi4 ,,! ,,practice ,,( ,,fell[%ip #afj ,,vii4 ,,! ,,organisation ,,( ,,gov]nm5t #baj ,,viii4 ,a ,,democratis$ ,,_w #bea ,,ix4 ,,education ,,into ,,democracy #bie ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,preface ,,^! pages embody ! attempt ( a pla9 man to ?read a way ?r\gh ! social confusion ( our "t4 ,! book sets out ) a pr(\nd fai? 9 ! validity ( ! democratic pr9ciple2 & its object is to trace ! pa? along :i* ! logic ( ?is pr9ciple appe>s to lead4 ,no claim is made to exp]t k ( economics or political sci5ce2 b ! writ] has endeav\r$ to acqua9t himself ) ! rec5t lit]ature ( ! subject & to und]/& ! ma9 curr5ts ( prevail+ op9ion & feel+4 ,ev5ts are mov+ s rapidly at ! pres5t "t t c]ta9 passages became imp]t95t be=e ! book 0 f9i%$4 ,x is probable t be=e x f9ally leaves ! writ]'s h&s1 o!r passages may suff] 9 ! same way4 ,b ! ma9 drift ( ! argum5t rema9s unaffect$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,no attempt has be5 made 9 ! body ( ! book to discuss ! me?ods by :i* ! social & economic *anges :i* are imp5d+ %\ld be c>ri$ ?r\gh4 ,x has be5 assum$ t 9 ! ,engli%-speak+ _w1 ! traditional respect = con/itutional processes w\ld avail to prev5t resort to :at has come to be kn[n z 8direct action40 ,x is n[ cle> t ?is assumption 0 ill-f\nd$ & t !re is a consid]able movem5t ( op9ion t[>d indu/rial or 8direct0 action4 ,! writ] w\ld v5ture to /ate 8 conviction t rec\rse to ?is me?od w\ld be unspeakably disa/r\s & w\ld c>ry ) x consequ5ces :i* its pres5t advocates _c =esee4 ,x w be no easy task to re/ore ! normal con/itutional & economic processes :5 once !y h be5 scrapp$ 9 ! pursuit ( "s imm$iate object2 & x is z sure z any?+ c v well be t ! fir/ /ep 9 direct action w h to be foll[$ by o!rs & mu/ end 9 a confusion out ( :i* ! =ty ye>s x took to deliv] ,israel out ( ,egypt w\ld be all too %ort to extricate u4 ,at ! same "t x %\ld 9 fairness be ackn[l$g$ t if organis$ lab\r decides to use ?is dubi\s weapon1 x w be "u great provocation4 ,! t>d9ess ( gov]nm5ts to fulfil _! promises1 _! too obvi\s t5d]ness t[>d ! ve/$ int]e/s1 ! bl9d & ob/9ate b\rbonism ( ! privileg$ classes ov] aga9/ ! new prolet>ian awak5+--all ^! ?+s comb9e to create a situation :i* lab\r may feel intol]able & may resolve to end by a summ>y process4 ,x is inde$ only ! mo/ resolute & spe$y mobilisation ( all ! res\rces ( practical goodwill & reasonabl5ess t c av]t a great cata/rophe4 ,organis$ lab\r has prov$ itself to be nei!r v9dictive nor unreasonable :5 x has be5 met ) fair & squ>e deal+2 & if we are plung$ into ! *aos ( a g5]al /rike or p]haps worse1 ! l>g] responsibility w re/ ) ^? :o1 possess$ ( p[] & privilege1 ei!r c\ld or w\ld n see t ! clock _h mov$ onw>d a great space--&1 dur+ ! ye>s ( w>1 ) great rapidity--& s 7 unwill+ or unready to adapt !mselves to ! new circum/ances4 99 99 99 99 99 ,"o subject ( fundam5tal importance is t\*$ ^u b incid5tally 9 ^! pages--namely1 ! l&4 ,:at is said h]e9 conc]n+ prop]ty 9 g5]al applies ) ev5 m po9t to l&2 & ! plea :i* is made = ! /&>disation ( ! price ( /aple commodities cle>ly leads to ! public own]%ip ( l&1 :i* is inde$ on e gr\nd ! only reasonable solution ( ! l& "q4 ,b adequate discussion ( ! matt] w\ld c>ry ! argum5t ( ! book too f> afield4 ,9 ^! pages1 att5tion is prim>ily direct$ to ! situation :i* has be5 creat$ by mod]n indu/rialism4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! obligations ( ! writ] to fri5ds & writ]s are legion2 x w\ld be hopeless to enum]ate !m4 ,"s items ( ?is indebt$ness may be inf]r$ f ! footnotes4 ,! writ] 9 p>ticul> regrets t ,mr4 ,laski's ,au?ority 9 ! ,mod]n ,/ate did n fall into 8 h&s soon]2 b he is glad to f9d himself 9 sub/antial agreem5t ) ! argum5t & conclusions ( t notable "w4 ,ty'n-y-co$1 ,capel ,curig1 ,nor? ,wales4 ,july #ae?1 #aiai4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,crisis ,,( ,,democracy 8,:at is democracy8 ,sometimes1 x is ! "n = a =m ( gov]nm5t by :i* ! ultimate control ( ! ma*9]y ( gov]nm5t is committ$ to a num]ical majority ( ! community4 ,sometimes1 & incorrectly1 x is us$ to d5ote ! num]ical majority itself1 ! poor or ! multitude exi/+ 9 a /ate4 ,sometimes1 & /ill m loosely1 x is ! "n = a policy1 direct$ exclusively or ma9ly to ! advantage ( ! lab\r+ class4 ,f9ally1 9 its broade/ & deepe/1 mo/ compreh5sive & mo/ int]e/+ s5se1 democracy is ! "n = a c]ta9 g5]al condition ( society1 hav+ hi/oric orig9s1 spr++ f circum/ances & ! nature ( ?+s1 n only involv+ ! political doctr9e ( popul> sov]eignty b repres5t+ a cognate gr\p ( correspond+ t5d5cies ov] ! :ole field ( moral1 social & ev5 spiritual life )9 ! democratic community40--,,"l ,,morley4 8,i speak ! password primeval1 ,i give ! sign ( ,democracy1 ,by ,god6 ,i w accept no?+ :i* all _c h _! c\nt]p>t ( on ! same t]ms40--,,walt ,,:itman4 8,to be a democrat is n to decide on a c]ta9 =m ( human association1 x is to le>n h[ to live ) o!r m540--,,m>y ,p4 ,,follett4 ,,! inh]5t logic ( ! democratic idea calls = a society :i* w provide = all its memb]s ^? conditions ( equal opportunity t are )9 human control4 ,x d5ies all =ms ( special & exclusive privilege1 & affirms ! sov]eignty ( ! common man4 ,9 practice1 h[ev]1 democracy has gone no fur!r ?an ! a*ievem5t ( a =m ( gov]nm5t2 & 9 popul> discussion ! ^w has usually a connotation exclusively political4 ,x is ev5 yet b sl[ly becom+ cle> t a democratic =m ( gov]nm5t is no m ?an ! b>e framework ( a democratic society2 & democracy z we "k x is ju/ly op5 to ! criticism t x has n s]i\sly tak5 9 h& ! task ( clo?+ ! political skeleton ) a body ( liv+ social fle%4 ,mod]n democracy is1 ( c\rse1 hi/orically v "y2 & x may be reasonably ma9ta9$ t x is premature to speak ( its failure to realise its full promise4 ,nev]!less1 x is ( "s consequ5ce t already t "p ( ! democratic programme :i* has be5 a*iev$ & put to ! pro( is be+ expos$ to heavy fire ( de/ructive criticism4 ,dur+ ! pa/ few ye>s1 we h become famili> ) ! idea ( a _w made safe = democracy2 & 9 ! m9ds ( _m p democracy 7:i* 9 ?is connection means repres5tative popul> gov]nm5t7 /&s z a sort ( ultimate good :i* x is impi\s to *all5ge or to criticise4 ,yet ?is democracy1 = :i* ! _w has be5 presumably made safe at s great & sorr[ful a price1 is by "s r\ndly decl>$ to be radically unsafe = ! _w & a h9drance to social progress4 ,! syndicali/s1 = in/ance1 believe ! democratic /ate to be no m ?an ! citadel ( b\rgeois & plutocratic privilege1 & h decre$ its de/ruction1 propos+ to sub/itute = x a modifi$ an>*ism4 ,o!rs1 l ,paul ,b\rget & ,bruneti]e1 s f> f f9d+ x ! sanctu>y ( ! privileg$1 fe> x z a s\rce ( an>*y & social confusion1 & invite u to retrace our /eps to happi] days :5 au?ority be+ less diffus$ 0 m spe$ily & effectually ex]cis$4 ,nei!r ! syndicali/ nor ! au?orit>ian criticism is :olly baseless2 yet x is true t 9 nei!r case does x arise f an inh]5t defect 9 ! democratic pr9ciple4 ,! "o arises f ! circum/ance t political democracy /ill lacks its logical economic coroll>y2 ! o!r f ! fact t democracy is n su/a9$ by its prop] e?ical coeffici5t4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 are n ! only gr\nds = ! increas+ scepticism ( ! validity ( democratic in/itutions4 ,! democratic /ate1 l its pr$ecessors1 has prov$ itself to be voraci\s ( au?ority2 & 9 ! ex]cise ( its presum$ omnicompet5cy x has increas+ly occupi$ itself ) matt]s1 :i*--bo? 9 respect ( ext5t & cont5t--x is incapable ( h&l+ adequately4 ,x has become palpably impossible to submit all ! conc]ns ( gov]nm5t to p>liam5t>y discussion2 & 9 consequ5ce !re has be5 a t5d5cy on ! "o h& to inve/ adm9i/rative dep>tm5ts ) virtual legislative p[]1 & on ! o!r to conv]t repres5tative assemblies into m]e in/rum5ts = regi/]+ ! decisions ( ! executive gov]nm5t4 ,! rec5t proposal = ! e/abli%m5t ( a p]man5t /atutory ,national ,indu/rial ,c\ncil 9 ,engl& has be5 evok$ by ! palpable inability ( ,p>liam5t to deal effectually ) ! problems ( indu/rial production4 ,ev5 be=e ! ,w>1 x 0 becom+ pla9 t ! conge/ion ( p>liam5t>y bus9ess 9 ,engl& call$ = "s dra/ic rem$y if p>liam5t 0 to be sav$ f futility & discr$it4 ,b "h aga91 ! failure has be5 due to no inh]5t defect 9 ! democratic pr9ciple b r to ! fact t ! unit>y & absoluti/ doctr9e & practice ( ! /ate has h9d]$ ! prop] developm5t ( democracy4 ,9 a ^w1 ! tr\ble ) democracy is t !re is n en\gh ( x4 ,! rem$y = ! ills ( democracy is m democracy4 ,politically1 x is /ill incomplete2 its economic applications h yet to be made2 & :ile we d lip s]vice to its e?ical presuppositions1 !y are f> f be+ a rule ( life4 ,yet lack+ ^! ?+s1 democracy is condemn$ to arre/1 & ?r\gh arre/ to decay4 ,meantime ! dyna/ic pr9ciple has fall5--has inde$ fall5 "u circum/ances :i* make its revival seem exce$+ly remote4 ,nev]!less1 if democracy suff]s arre/ at ?is po9t 9 its hi/ory1 if ! peoples fail to "w out its logic1 society may lapse into an an>*y out ( :i* dyna/icism or some?+ l x may once m em]ge4 ,x is no hyp]bole to speak ( ! crisis ( democracy2 & x is only to be sav$ z ! democratic peoples set !mselves e>ne/ly to ! bus9ess ( /r5g!n+ its /akes & l5g!n+ its cords4 ,i ,few ,briti% p ( lib]al m9d are able to look back ^u t p]iod ( _! hi/ory :i* ga!rs ar\nd ! ,bo] ,w> )\t a c]ta9 humiliation4 ,pr(essor ,l4 ,t4 ,hobh\se ascribes ! popul> defection ( ! ,briti% p f ! democratic pr9ciple & temp] dur+ t "t to f\r causes3 7a7 ! decay ( pr(\nd & vivid religi\s belief2 7b7 ! diffusion ( a /ream ( ,g]man idealism 8:i* has swell$ ! curr5t ( retrogression f ! pla9 rationali/ic way ( look+ at life & its problems10 & :i* has /imulat$ ! gr[? ( ! doctr9e ( ! absolute /ate & its imp]iali/ic coroll>ies2 7c7 ! c>e] ( ,pr9ce ,bism>ck1 & 7d7 8by f> ! mo/ pot5t intellectual support ( ! reaction 444 ! belief t physical sci5ce has giv5 its v]dict 7= x came to ?is7 9 fav\r ( viol5ce aga9/ social ju/ice40 ,?is provides u ) an in/ance 7s pla9 t ano!r 7 sup]flu\s7 ( ! inability ( an unfulfill$ democratic ord] to resi/ ali5 & ho/ile influ5ces t may be 89 ! air10 & ( its consequ5t p]v]sion to ends :i* belie its own fir/ pr9ciples4 ,x is ! p]man5t dang] ( democracy :5 x is n su/a9$ & inspir$ by a g5]\s moral impulse to be pro/itut$ to undemocratic ends4 8,x is at be/0 7to quote ,mr4 ,hobh\se aga97 8an in/rum5t ) :i* m5 :o hold by ! ideal ( social ju/ice & human progress c "w2 b :5 ^! ideals gr[ cold1 x may1 l o!r in/rum5ts1 be turn$ to base uses40 ,"l ,morley1 ) a simil> s5sitiv5ess to ! p]ils ( democracy asks :e!r we mean by x 8a doctr9e or a =ce2 con/itutional p>*m5t or a glori\s evangel2 p]fect$ ma*9]y = ! wire-pull]1 ! p>ty-tactician1 ! spoils-man & ! boss1 or ! high & /]n ideals ( a ,mazz9i or a ,tol/oi40 ,x may1 inde$1 be reasonably held t worse has befall5 x ?an ,"l ,morley's fe>s4 ,we h evid5ce h[ frequ5tly democracy has 9 practice become ! tool ( /rong & unscrupul\s m5 & gangs ( su* m5 seek+ selfi% & corrupt ends2 & h[1 = ,l9coln's fam\s =mula1 we h _h gov]nm5t ( ! p by a well-to-d olig>*y 9 ! int]e/ ( ! privileg$ classes4 ,nor h we any gu>antee aga9/ ?is k9d ( degradation & deg5]acy except 9 ! p]petual reaffirmation & revitalis+ ( ! spiritual & moral gr\nds ( democracy4 ,x may inde$ be possible to create political safegu>ds aga9/ ! exploitation ( ! p & _! gov]nm5t 9 ! int]e/ ( individuals & classes2 b !re is no su* safegu>d aga9/ democracy1 z x 71 exploit+ itself = undemocratic ends or s9k+ into undemocratic practices except 9 its cont9u$ education 9 ! purposes = :i* x exi/s1 9 its ext5sion into e region ( life1 & 9 its repeat$ solemn submission ( itself to its pr9ciples & ideals4 ,until democracy becomes & is felt to be a p]sonal & collective vocation1 x is =ev] liable to corruption & apo/asy4 ,democracy c only live & ?rive :ile m5 rema9 s9c]ely & consci\sly democratic4 ,lib]ty & ,equality are d\btful & prec>i\s boons1 & may--z !y (t5 h--become positive dang]s )\t ,frat]nity4 ,democracy )\t its appropriate moral coeffici5t mu/ be a va9 & %ort-liv$ ?+4 ,s long z1 :ile pr(ess+ to give a fair field to e man1 x does no m ?an provide an op5 field = ! /rong man1 x w inevitably lead to ! exploitation ( ! multitude & to ! creation ( new =ms ( privilege2 & t 9 ! ma9 has be5 its rec5t hi/ory4 ,n less ?an by ! loss or ! abs5ce ( moral impulse1 is democracy endang]$ by ignorance or =getfulness ( :at x exi/s =4 ,two words are usually tak5 to describe ! *>act]i/ics ( democracy1 lib]ty & equality2 & ! atmosph]e ( a p>ticul> democracy dep5ds ^u :e!r x lays ! l>g] emphasis on "o or on ! o!r ( ^!4 ,9 ,engl&1 = in/ance1 ! type is lib]t>ian4 ,! ,briton has c>$ less = political equality ?an = :at he calls fre$om1 ! "r ( self-det]m9ation1 ! opportunity to live out 8 own life 9 8 own way4 ,he has be5 less doctr9aire ?an 8 ,fr5* neighb\rs & has n be5 mu* tr\bl$ by ! logical anomaly ( an ari/ocracy s long z ! ari/ocracy left him reasonable elb[-room4 ,:5 ! ari/ocracy 0 f\nd to be ob/ructive1 its pret5sions 7 suitably abridg$4 ,9 g5]al1 ! idea ( =mal equality has play$ a less important "p 9 ,engl& ?an x has 9 ,france or ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,democracy 9 ! two latt] c\ntries is m specifically egalit>ian4 ,?is diff]5ce is1 h[ev]1 ma9ly a diff]5ce ( /ress ^u two aspects ( ! same ?+1 ! egalit>ian emphasis hav+ to d ) ! =mal /atus ( ! citiz51 ! lib]t>ian ) ! p]sonal indep5d5ce :i* %\ld belong to ! /atus4 ,yet ! inadequate co-ord9ation ( ! two ideas may1 & inde$ does1 lead to c]ta9 unhappy consequ5ces4 ,9 ,great ,brita91 an insuffici5t att5tion to equality has l$ to a too prolong$ survival ( ! idea ( a 8gov]n+ class02 & social pre/ige /ill possesses an inord9ate influ5ce ^u ! di/ribution ( political p[]4 ,9 ,france1 on ! o!r h&1 an insuffici5t /ress on lib]ty has t5d$ to make ,fr5*m5 tati/es4 ,accord+ to ,emile ,faguet1 !y are accu/om$ to submit to despotism & are eag] 9 turn to practise x4 ,!y are lib]als only :5 !y are 9 a m9ority4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 egalit>ianism produces a k9d ( compulsory uni=mit>ianism4 ,x is significant t1 :ile 9 a /ate ( w> all nations are intol]ant ( diss5t & free discussion1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates :]e ! doctr9e ( political equality has rea*$ its complete/ expression1 diss5t f ! common view has be5 mu* m h>%ly treat$ ?an 9 any o!r bellig]5t c\ntry4 ,! c>d9al s9 appe>s to be t ( break+ ! ranks4 ,lib]ty1 accord+ to ,"l ,acton1 is 8! assurance t e man %all be protect$ 9 do+ :at he believes to be 8 duty aga9/ ! influ5ce ( au?ority & majorities1 cu/om1 & op9ion20 & if t be true1 x does n necess>ily foll[ t democracy is ! home ( lib]ty4 ,an egalit>ian democracy may inde$ become ! tomb ( lib]ty4 8,democracy10 says ! same le>n$ au?ority1 8no less ?an mon>*y or ari/ocracy sacrifices ev]y?+ to ma9ta9 itself1 & /rives ) an en]gy & a plausibility t k+s & nobles _c atta9 to ov]ride repres5tation1 to annul all ! =ces ( resi/ance & deviation1 & to secure by plebiscite1 ref]5dum1 or caucus1 free play = ! w ( ! majority4 ,! true democratic pr9ciple t none %all h p[] ov] ! p is tak5 to mean t none %all be able to re/ra9 or to evade its p[]2 ! true democratic pr9ciple t ! p %all n be made to d :at x does n l1 is tak5 to mean t x %all n be requir$ to tol]ate :at x does n l4 ,! true democratic pr9ciple t e man's free-w %all be z unfett]$ z possible is tak5 to mean t ! free w ( ! sov]eign p %all be fett]$ 9 no?+4444 ,democracy claims to be n only supreme1 )\t au?ority above1 b absolute1 )\t indep5d5ce bel[1 to be its own ma/] & n a tru/ee4 ,! old sov]eigns ( ! _w are ex*ang$ = a new "o1 :o may be flatt]$ & deceiv$ b :om x is impossible to corrupt or to resi/2 & to :om mu/ be r5d]$ ! ?+s t are ,cs>'s1 & also ! ?+s t are ,god's40 ,democracy appe>$ 9 ord] to deliv] ! individual f a dehumanis+ subjection2 b x may become a dehumanis+ tyranny itself4 ,a sov]eign p may become z h>% & m]ciless z a sov]eign "l4 ,! democratic idea is ! coroll>y ( ! doctr9e ( ! equal intr9sic wor? ( e individual s\l4 ,! mod]n democratic movem5t has />t$ f a recognition ( ?is pr9ciple2 & ! pr9ciple is mean+less unless x implies ! prescriptive "r ( ! individual to self-det]m9ation4 ,"l ,acton's def9ition ( lib]ty is inadequate because he approa*es x f ! /&po9t ( "o :o 0 9 a p]man5t religi\s m9ority 9 8 own c\ntry1 & 9 a p]man5t intellectual m9ority 9 8 *ur*4 ,lib]ty is surely ! assurance t a man may h full opportunity to live out 8 own life & to gr[ to ! full /ature ( 8 manhood1 to be true to himself ?r\gh ev]y?+4 ,?is requires ! recognition ( real p]sonal indep5d5ce & a def9ite m9imum ( obligatory uni=mity4 ,9 ano!r connection1 ,acton insi/s t 8lib]ty is n a means to a high] political end2 x is itself ! highe/ political end4 ,x is n = ! sake ( a good public adm9i/ration t x is requir$1 b = security 9 ! pursuit ( ! highe/ objects ( civil society & ( private life40 ,x is s frequ5tly assum$ t ! function ( gov]nm5t is ! e/abli%m5t & pres]vation ( ord] t x is well to rememb] t x is a comp>atively easy ?+ to secure "s k9d ( ord]4 ,! real difficulty is to e/abli% & to secure lib]ty4 ,we are f> too ready to assume t lib]ty is capable ( look+ aft] itself & t ! fragile plant :i* ne$s our solicitude is social ord]4 ,b lib]ty /&s 9 jeop>dy e h\r1 n less 9 a democracy ?an 9 an autocracy4 ,& 9 s f> z a democracy1 :i* 0 born ( ! crav+ = lib]ty fails to pres]ve & to ext5d lib]ty1 x proves itself bankrupt4 ,& j z democracy is only made safe f corruption & subord9ation to undemocratic ends by repeat$ solemn affirmation ( its moral & spiritual f\ndations1 s x is only made safe f decl9+ into absolutism & tyranny by con/ant return ^u its metaphysical c5tre--! sanctity ( ! individual4 ,9 ! mod]n _w1 ! multitude is n 9 dang]2 our *ief pre-occupation mu/ be to save ! individual f be+ swamp$ by ! multitude4 ,we are apt n to see ! trees = ! wood2 we mu/ be = ev] rem9d+ ourselves t ! wood is made up ( ! trees4 ,democracy t t5ds to au?ority & uni=mity is =eorda9$ to decay2 ! democracy ( life is "o ( fre$om & inf9ite v>iety4 ,democracy has yet to solve ! problem ( sett+ ! individual free )\t op5+ ! door to individualism & an>*y4 ,,ii ,x may be ) "s reason plead$ t ! defects ( mod]n democracy spr+ f ! conditions "u :i* x em]g$ z a hi/orical fact4 ,x has appe>$ ) an aspect altoge!r too negative1 z ?\gh ! abolition ( mon>*y or ari/ocracy or any =m ( privilege 7 suffici5t to br+ x to bir?4 ,! democratic pr9ciple has implications :i* are n exhau/$ ) ! de/ruction ( autocracy or ari/ocracy or ev5 ) ! =mal affirmation ( popul> sov]eignty & ! in/itution ( a univ]sal & equal fran*ise4 ,hi/orically1 democracy is ! product1 direct or indirect1 ( popul> ris+s aga9/ political privilege :e!r ve/$ 9 a p]son or 9 a class4 ,probably we %\ld h to seek a /ill ant]ior cause 9 ! p[] ( economic exploitation :i* political p[] conf]s ^u him :o holds x4 ,! ma9spr+ ( revolution is ! s5se ( dis9h]itance r5d]$ intol]able by inju/ice & exploitation & ! consequ5t dem& ( ! dis9h]it$ class = its appo9t$ %>e 9 ! common human inh]itance ( light & life4 ,b ! trag$y ( revolution 7despite ! conv5tional hi/orical judgm5t7 is t x has nev] gone f> en\gh4 ,! records ( revolution are fill$ *iefly ) its negative & de/ructive p]=mances because its impulse1 n hav+ be5 su/a9$ by an adequate social vision1 ran out be=e x complet$ its "w or be=e x c\ld sw+ on to ! bus9ess ( con/ruction4 ,x 0 too readily assum$ t ! "o ?+ ne$ful 0 to break d[n ! "o palpable disabl+ b>ri] ( privilege4 ,t done1 ! re/ w\ld foll[2 ! gold5 age w\ld at once mat]ialise4 ,b x has nev] done s4 ,x 0 n p]ceiv$ t ! logic ( revolution requir$ & po9t$ to a sequel ( positive & creative social action4 ,?is 0 ess5tially ,lam5nais' plea 9 #ahca4 ,a revolution1 he told 8 fell[ c\ntrym51 is only ! beg9n+ ( ?+s4 ,y h cle>$ ! gr\nd2 ^u t cle>$ gr\nd1 y h to raise ! fabric ( a liv+ society4 ,france did1 inde$1 already provide ! in/ance ( ! dang] ( an uncomplet$ revolution4 ,! political equality e/abli%$ by ! ,revolution ( #aghi1 0 int5d$ to give a fair field to e man2 b because x w5t no fur!r1 9 effect x op5$ ! door to ! /rong man4 ,! /rong man appe>$ pres5tly 9 ! p]son ( ,napoleon2 & ) ,napoleon came ! ,empire & all t t episode co/ ,europe 9 blood & treasure4 ,! same k9d ( misc>riage 79 ano!r region & on a l>g] scale7 has befall5 ! wid] hi/orical developm5t ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution4 ,because x 0 n se5 t ! 8natural "r0 ( prop]ty might no less ?an ! 8div9e "r0 ( noble bir? become a s\rce ( dis9h]itance1 ! door 0 op5$ to a movem5t :i* 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury produc$ a new type ( privilege & a new mann] ( dis9h]itance4 ,t ,jack's vote has be5 decl>$ to be z good z 8 ma/]'s has n sav$ ,jack f an exploitation z real & burd5some z t "u :i* 8 fa!r groan$4 ,b x is ( a diff]5t k9d4 ,! old] disability 0 *iefly agr>ian2 ! new is indu/rial4 ,! doctr9e ( political lib]ty 7int]pret$ 9 ! light ( ,adam ,smi?7 receiv$ an economic translation 9 ! doctr9e ( 8laissez-faire02 & ?is comb9$1 fir/1 ) ! re/rictions impos$ ^u ! p[] ( ! t]ritorial ari/ocracy1 second1 ) ! new comm]cial civilisation :i* began at ! ,indu/rial ,revolution1 & ?ird1 ) ! advantage ) :i* ! prop]ti$ classes1 especially ! ri* m]*ant class1 />t$ 9 ! new ord]1 has br\ght ab\t a new k9d ( disability4 ,! common p h ex*ang$ ! old ma/] = a new1 a feudal ari/ocracy = an indu/rial plutocracy1 l& b>ons = trade b>ons2 !y h be5 releas$ f agr>ian s]fdom only to be ti$ to ! :eel ( indu/rial wage-slav]y4 ,political emancipation did n br+ ) x real fre$om4 ,x 0 *>act]i/ic ( ,lam5nais' insight t he saw t political lib]ty )\t safegu>ds aga9/ economic exploitation w\ld prove a va9 ?+4 ,writ+ to ! work+ m5 ( ,p>is 9 #ahdg1 he said t1 ) !m he 8%\ld dem& t 9 accordance ) ju/ice & reason1 ! "q %\ld be gone into1 h[ x is possible1 9 ! di/ribution ( ! fruits ( lab\r1 to d away ) ! revolt+ anomalies :i* cru% "u _! weight ! mo/ num]\s portion ( ! human family40#a ,emile ,faguet ju/ly obs]ves t ,lam5nais saw t ! com+ enemy 0 8le p\voir d'arg5t10 & t he did :at he c\ld to *oke x (f be=e x c\ld e/abli% itself4 ,nor 0 ,lam5nais alone 9 8 s5se ( ! inadequacy ( political *ange to meet ! ne$s ( ! common p4 ,rob]t ,ow5 rea*$ a simil> conclusion1 &1 inde$1 0 s sceptical ( ! value ( political action = social improvem5t t dur+ "o p]iod ( 8 life he prea*$ outright to ! work+ classes a doctr9e ( political indiff]5tism4 ,! work+-class movem5ts :i* came into be+ e>ly 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury--! ,co-op]ative ,societies & ! ,trade ,unions--orig9at$ 9 ! ne$ ( c\nt]vail+ ! economic disadvantage "u :i* ! new ord] _h plac$ ! work] & :i* ! endeav\r to e/abli% political equality & lib]ty _h be5 p[]less to prev5t4 ,! gr[? ( ,socialism & ,syndicalism repres5ts a revolt f a social ord] 9 :i* ! privilege ( noble bir? has be5 sup]s$$ by ! privilege ( prop]ty1 & ! dis9h]it$ class has b suff]$ a new dis9h]itance4 ,footnote #a3 ,?is view 0 %>$ by ,mazz9i1 ^: gospel 0 at _m po9ts id5tical ) t ( ,lam5nais4 ,see ,! ,duties ( ,man1 *4 xi4 ,x is by n[ abundantly evid5t t ! next /age 9 ! evolution ( democracy w consi/ ( a movem5t ( ! prolet>ian masses to remove ! economic disabilities "u :i* !y believe !mselves to be suff]+4 ,! revolution>y movem5t 9 ,europe is direct$ n only aga9/ ! dyna/ic tradition b aga9/ ! mod]n in/itution ( private capitalism2 & :ile ! influ5ces ( *ange t h n[ ov]:elm$ ,russia & ,g]many 7 afoot long be=e ! w>1 x is n to be que/ion$ t _! lib]ation 0 due to ! ,w>4 ,b5ea? ! outw>d calm ( empire !re 0 a see?+ mass ( unre/2 & once ! cru/ ( empire 0 crack$1 ?is lava ( human passion ru%$ ?r\gh4 ,! work] has come to believe t ! orig9s ( ! w> are to be trac$ to economic causes1 direct products ( ! capitali/ sy/em ( indu/ry1 :i* is also ! s\rce ( 8 disabilities 9 times ( peace2 & :e!r 9 peace or 9 w>1 ! work] has at la/ to pay ! bill4 ,x is n to ! po9t "h to discuss :e!r ! premises f :i* ! work] argues or ! conclusions he has rea*$ are valid or n4 ,we are conc]n$ only to note ! /ate ( ! case at ! pres5t mom5t4 ,we obs]ve t ! failure ( dyna/ic imp]ialism has become ! occasion ( economic revolution2 & 9 ?is circum/ance we are to look = ! clue to ! c\rse ( ! democratic movem5t 9 ! imm$iate future4 ,! movem5t seems inde$ to be hi/orically due4 ,! fir/ great turn+ po9t 9 mod]n hi/ory 0 ! ,prote/ant ,re=mation ) its insi/5ce ^u religi\s lib]ty z aga9/ ecclesia/ical au?ority4 ,! second turn+ po9t 0 ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 :i* 0 ! fir/ act 9 ! drama ( e/abli%+ political lib]ty z aga9/ ! p[] ( ari/ocracy4 ,x may well turn out t ! ,russian ,revolution m>ks ! beg9n+ ( ! ?ird crisis 9 ! mod]n p]iod1 ! fir/ act 9 ! drama ( economic emancipation4 ,! ,prote/ant ,re=mation affirm$ ! lib]ty ( ! layman aga9/ a privilege re/+ ^u an alleg$ monopoly ( ! means ( grace2 ! ,fr5* ,revolution affirm$ ! lib]ty ( ! citiz5 aga9/ privilege re/+ ^u ! fact ( noble bir?2 ! ,revolution n[ 9 progress w affirm ! lib]ty ( ! work] z aga9/ privilege re/+ ^u ! presum$ rights ( prop]ty4 ,p]haps we are ab\t to realise ! long delay$ economic coroll>y ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution4 ,sev]al circum/ances ( w>-exp]i5ce h giv5 a p[]ful /imulus to ! movem5t = radical economic *ange4 ,be=e ! w>1 m5 7 /ill haunt$ by ! fe> t ! revolution>y *anges advocat$ by ! m advanc$ spirits might turn out to be a transition f ! fry+ pan into ! fire4 ,b ! cynical read9ess ( ! 8big bus9ess0 int]e/s 9 all ! bellig]5t c\ntries to turn ! nation's necessity to _! own advantage2 & ! n[ demon/rat$ incompet5cy & wa/efulness ( ! sy/em ( private capitali/ ent]prise h s]v$ to remove f among ! work]s any l+]+ s5se t ! good ( ! nation is b\nd up ) ! exi/+ indu/rial ord]4 ,9 ,great ,brita9 9 p>ticul> ! close indu/rial organisation requir$ by ! w> has provid$ a revelation ( hi!rto unexplor$ & ev5 unsuspect$ possibilities ( production1 prov+ 8big0 bus9ess to h be5 uncommonly bad bus9ess4 ,! imm5se increase ( output 9 all indu/ries1 ?r\gh ! prop] co-ord9ation & /&>disation ( processes1 ! sy/ematic use ( sci5tific inve/igation1 & ! m adequate ov]sight ( ! physical condition ( ! work]s has made x pla9 t private capitalism ei!r w\ld n or c\ld n make prop] use ( ! productive res\rces ( ! ,briti% p4 ,= in/ance1 ! ignorant opposition ( ! av]age employ] to ! movem5t = r$uc+ ! h\rs ( lab\r has convict$ him ( a /upid incapacity to h&le m51 especially 9 view ( su* f9d+s z ^? record$ by ,"l ,h5ry ,b5t9ck1 :o %[s conclusively 7f data drawn f ! eng9e]+1 pr9t+ & textile trades7 t 89 e case 9 :i* exp]im5ts h be5 tri$1 ! result 9 output has be5 fav\rable to a %ort5+ ( ! work+ day40#b ,footnote #b3 ,contempor>y ,review1 ,febru>y1 #aiah4 ,moreov]1 ! w>-"t emphasis ^u ! idea ( democracy has greatly /imulat$ ! dem& = its ext5sion into ! field ( indu/ry4 ,?is dem& 0 assum+ def9ite %ape be=e ! w>2 b :at 0 at t "t ! propag&a ( a comp>atively small gr\p has n[ become ! fai? ( a multitude2 & ?is fai? is becom+ m & m articulate z a dem& = a socially int5sive z well z geographically ext5sive application ( ! democratic pr9ciple4 ,! argum5t runs 9 "s su* fa%ion z ?is4 ,broadly speak+1 ! democratic idea has ?ree notes2 fir/1 ! in/itution ( ^? conditions ( equal opportunity :i* are )9 human control2 second1 ! p>ticipation ( ! community z a :ole 9 ! creation ( ^! conditions1 :i* means a univ]sal fran*ise & equal ungrad$ p>tn]%ip 9 affairs2 & ?ird1 ! abs5ce ( any privileg$ class :i* is able to impose its w ^u ! re/ or any "p ( ! re/4 ,"s r\gh approximation to ?is /ate ( ?+s has be5 made 9 ! political region2 !re x is acc\nt$ good & "r4 ,:y1 !n %\ld n ! same process be good & "r 9 o!r regions ( life8 ,= in/ance1 ! great] "p ( a man's life ga!rs ar\nd & is gov]n$ by 8 "w2 yet ?is democratic pr9ciple :i* is s e/imable 9 politics is taboo 9 indu/ry4 ,to beg9 )1 !re is no su* ?+ z a condition ( equal opportunity 9 ! indu/rial region4 ,c]ta9 antec$5t advantages ( bir?1 possession1 & education h creat$ a privileg$ class2 & ! re/ are "u a correspond+ h&icap4 ,!re 0 a "t :5 ! rank] c\ld rise out ( ! ranks & make a field = himself2 b 9 ^! days ( tru/s1 comb9es1 *a9-/ores & ! l1 ! opportunity ( ! rank] to quit ! ranks has dw9dl$ almo/ to vani%+ po9t4 ,9 ! second place1 indu/ry is "u class gov]nm5t4 ,! p]sons engag$ 9 x are divid$ into ma/]s & s]vants1 employ]s & employees2 & ! hir$ man has h>dly a ^w to say 9 det]m9+ ! conditions ( 8 "w4 ,! only fre$om he possesses lies 9 ! *oice ( a ma/]2 & ev5 ?is1 "u ! rgime ( l>ge corporations1 is /eadily disappe>+4 ,= ! re/1 he is conf9$ to a *oice betwe5 work+ "u conditions impos$ by ! employ] & n work+ at all1 :i* means />vation4 ,9 indu/ry !re is a rule ( privilege z real z t ( ! old t]ritorial ari/ocracy2 & ! mod]n practice ( inve/m5t has s]v$ to p]petuate ?is privilege )9 ! b\nds ( a s+le class by ! simple op]ation ( ! accid5t ( bir?1 j z feudal l&[n]%ip 9 ano!r age became ! f\ndation ( ari/ocratic p[]4 ,! "o qualification :i* requires to be made "h is t ! conc5tration ( l>ge multitudes ( work]s 9 urban c5tres1 z ! result ( ! ma*9e indu/ry1 has enabl$ ! work]s to jo9 toge!r 9 self-def5ce2 & ! ,trade ,union has to "s ext5t mitigat$ ! insol5ce ( plutocratic p[]4 ,! argum5t1 h[ev]1 does n end "h4 ,x proce$s to ! analysis ( ! causes ( ?is privilege2 & x f9ds x 9 ! doctr9e ( prop]ty-rights4 ,x w\ld take u too f> afield to trace ?is doctr9e to its orig9s4 ,app>5tly ! ,fr5* ?9k]s :o laid ! tra9 ( ! ,revolution believ$ t ! 8natural "r0 ( prop]ty 0 ! necess>y *eck ^u ! natural "r ( fre$om2 b !y c\ld n =esee ! developm5ts ( ! ,indu/rial ,revolution4 ,o!rwise x is que/ionable :e!r !y w\ld h f\nd ! solution ( _! problem s easy4 ,= x is n op5 to argum5t t ! presum$ sanctity ( prop]ty rights has1 "u ! conditions creat$ by ! ,indu/rial ,revolution furni%$ ! f\ndation ( ! mod]n capitali/ ord] & its coroll>ies4 ,! capitali/ owes 8 p[] to 8 possession ( prop]ty 9 ! %ape ( indu/rial plant or ( money4 ,yet x is pla9 to anyone :o analyses ! position ) any degree ( realism t ! m]e possession ( a numb] ( ?+s %\ld no m entitle or enable an individual to "l x ov] 8 fell[s ?an an inh]itance ( blue blood4 ,nev]!less1 9 po9t ( cold fact1 t is ! pres5t position2 !re is1 h[ev]1 a prospect t ! div9e "r ( prop]ty may pres5tly g ! same way z ! div9e "r ( k+s4 ,b x w g n "u ! pressure ( a !ory4 ,x w disappe> "u ! /ra9 ( economic necessity4 ,9 ,engl& ! proposal ( a 8levy on capital0 has be5 widely & s]i\sly discuss$4 ,x is ass]t$ t x w be impossible to raise by taxation a rev5ue suffici5t to pay ! int]e/ on ! w> debt aft] provid+ = indisp5sable national s]vices2 & !re appe>s to be no way out ( ?is impasse save by mak+ a levy ^u ! accumulat$ weal? ( ! c\ntry4 ,a levy equal to ! debt w\ld require to take some?+ l two-fif?s ( ! e/imat$ total ( ! private capital4 ,! me?ods by :i* ?is might be done d n n[ conc]n u2 nor does x matt] v mu* = our argum5t t ! indu/rial & comm]cial magnates1 & ! anci5 rgime economi/s are declaim+ vehem5tly aga9/ x4 ,ev5 ! fact t ! levy may n be c>ri$ out 9 ! =m n[ advocat$ is n ( great mom5t4 ,:at is important is t ! s]i\s discussion evok$ by ! proposal has %[n t ! traditional doctr9e ( prop]ty-rights is 9 liquidation4 ,!re has n be51 s f> z ! pres5t writ] has be5 able to discov]1 any lift+-up ( h&s 9 horror at ?is sugge/ion ( a sacrilegi\s invasion ^u ?is anci5t sanctity2 ! discussion has be5 conduct$ on ! plane ( exp$i5cy & utility4 ,?is m>ks a v consid]able movem5t--= to _m1 ! ,re=m ,bill ( #ahca look$ l ! end ( ! _w1 s9ce x 0 7z a politician ( ! "t said7 8a maxim t e gov]nm5t :i* t5ds to sep>ate prop]ty f con/itutional gov]nm5t mu/ be liable to p]petual revolution40#c ,prop]ty 0 ! *ief corn]/one ( ! social /ructure2 & ev5 z late z #ahhh1 ,"l ,acton wrote to ,mr4 ,glad/one t he he>s t 8! skill$ artisans ( ,london are ho/ile to ! cl]gy b n to prop]ty10 :i* latt] circum/ance he pla9ly reg>ds z a sign ( grace4 ,yet to-day1 "u ! exig5cies ( public ne$1 x is s]i\sly discuss$ :e!r ! /ate %\ld n lay its h&s on any?+ up to a half ( ! private weal? ( ! c\ntry4 ,footnote #c3 ,quot$ 9 ,laski1 ,problems ( ,sov]eignty1 p4 #gj--note4 ,?is is ess5tially a return to ! view ( a san] age4 ,! m$ival doctr9e 0 t "r 9 prop]ty 0 n absolute1 b t x 0 ( ! nature ( a tru/4 ,?is is ! view t und]lies ! project ( a levy4 ,pr(essor ,hobh\se draws a di/9ction betwe5 8prop]ty = use0 & 8prop]ty = p[]40 ,! "r to possess prop]ty c h>dly be d5i$4 ,x is ess5tial to a man's fre$om & gr[? t he %\ld h absolute control ov] a c]ta9 numb] ( ?+s4 ,b x %\ld be re/rict$ to :at is necess>y = p]sonal fre$om & gr[?4 ,a man may h1 t is1 prop]ty = use b n = p[]4 ,he may n h s mu* prop]ty z w\ld enable him to control or virtually to own ! life & lab\r ( o!rs4 ,x is to "s su* doctr9e ( prop]ty z ?is t ! m9d ( progressive lab\r is t5d+4 ,prop]ty is 9 prospect ( socialisation2 & p]haps only su* socialis$ prop]ty w 9 future be available z capital4 ,"u economic pressure1 ! doctr9e ( prop]ty is be+ e?icis$2 & to e?icise ! doctr9e is simply to decl>e prop]ty to be :olly subord9ate to social ends4 ,! fir/ /ep 9 mod]n democracy 0 ! socialisation ( political p[]2 ! second )\t :i* ! fir/ _c be complete1 w be ! socialisation ( economic p[]4 ,,iii ,we %\ld1 h[ev]1 be delud+ ourselves if we suppose t radical economic *ange w ( itself br+ ab\t ! k9d ( _w t we want4 ,! misc>riage :i* has foll[$ political revolution 9 ! pa/ may no less disa/r\sly foll[ economic revolution4 ,economic *ange is ( itself p[]less to secure u f ! appe>ance ( new types ( privilege2 & !re is n a little dang] t ! pres5t t5d5cies ( "s advanc$ ?\ght may lead to bureaucratic gov]nm5t4 ,betwe5 a prolet>ian bureaucracy & an indu/rial plutocracy !re is little to *oose2 & ! tyranny ( ! exp]t may become z gall+ z t ( a despot4 8,9 ! sociali/ic pres5tm5t10 says ,pr(essor ,hobh\se1 8! exp]t sometimes looks /rangely l ! p[]s t be--9 education = in/ance1 a cl]gyman "u a new title1 9 bus9ess t v capta9 ( indu/ry :o at ! outset 0 ! sociali/'s *ief enemy4 ,be t z x may1 z ! exp]t comes to ! front & effici5cy becomes ! wat*word ( adm9i/ration1 all t 0 human 9 socialism vani%es out ( x4 ,its t5d]ness = ! los]s 9 ! race1 its prote/s aga9/ class-tyranny1 its revolt aga9/ comm]cial mat]ialism1 all ! s\rces ( inspiration "u :i* sociali/ lead]s h fac$ pov]ty & prison1 are gone l a dream & in/ead ( !m we h a conception ( society z a p]fect piece ( ma*9]y1 pull$ by wires radiat+ f a s+le c5tre1 & all m5 are ei!r exp]ts or puppets4 ,humanity1 ,lib]ty1 ,ju/ice are expung$ f ! bann] & ! s+le ^w effici5cy replaces !m40 ,?is is1 inde$1 a suffici5tly dismal prospect1 = :i* x is h>dly wor? :ile to *ange our pres5t /ate4 ,x %\ld be said1 h[ev]1 t ?is p>ticul> p]il is greatly m9imis$ by ! curr5t emphasis ^u democratic control 9 indu/ry4 ,! dang] rema9s real not)/&+4 ,nor is x ! only dang] inh]5t 9 a purely economic *ange4 ,inde$1 x may be que/ion$ :e!r any economic *ange has elem5ts ( p]man5ce1 :ile x is only economic4 ,! ^w effici5cy betrays ! m9d ( ! age :i* gave x its curr5t connotation4 ,x 0 a ma*9e-gov]n$ m9d2 & me*ani/ic conceptions ( life & progress are f ! nature ( ! case unfri5dly to ! democratic _s4 ,! appe>ance ( ! 8effici5cy eng9e]0 %[$ ! l[ e/ate into :i* man _h fall5--man made once a little l[] ?an ! angels b n[ treat$ z a little l[] ?an ! ma*9e4 ,! bus9ess ( effici5cy eng9e]+ 0 ! clos] subord9ation ( ! man to ! ma*9e by me?ods alleg$ to be sci5tific4 ,no?+ c\ld %[ m pla9ly ?an ?is does ! abs5ce ( t broad humanism :i* is ! v brea? ( democracy2 & ev5 ! g5]\s int5tion ( ! sociali/ ideal 0 vitiat$ by ! me*ani/ic "* ( sociali/ doctr9e4 ,/atecraft itself became an affair ( effici5cy-eng9e]+ on a l>ge scale2 & ! logic ( ! me*ani/ic habit ( ?\ght rea*$ its f9e fl[] 9 ! m]ciless regim5tation ( ! ,g]man p & ! en?ronem5t ( ! 8,great ,god ,gun40 ,f ?is p]nici\s h]esy1 we may hopefully expect t reflection on our w>-exp]i5ce may deliv] u4 ,already !re are manife/ signs ( a reaction to a heal?i] & k9dli] conception ( life & its mean+4 ,! excessive & artificial c5tralisation ( p[] 9 ! ,/ate is be+ *all5g$ by a dem& = ! revival ( regional culture & su* a r$i/ribution ( ! functions ( gov]nm5t z a recognition ( ! 8region0 w\ld require4#d ,! bus9ess ( 8unscrambl+0 ! egg1 w inde$ be long & difficult2 b x is cle> t any advance 9 ! ess5tial humanities is b\nd up ) a release ( life f ! artificial integrations =c$ ^u x by ! ma*9e civilisation4 ,mr4 ,delisle ,burns has %[n u t ! ess5tial note ( ,greek life 0 its sociability2#e & ?is is inde$ a pole to :i* normal human nature ev] sw+s true4 ,b 9 ! ,greek city1 sociability 0 vitiat$ & ultimately de/roy$ by ! tragic s*ism ( a slave-sy/em2 :ile 9 mod]n civilisation x has be5 poison$ by ! dom9ion ( ! ma*9e4 ,! swamp+ ( ! 8region0 by ! /ate has enfeebl$ ! natural social bonds ( a less sophi/icat$ age2 & someh[ or o!r democracy mu/ ?read its way back to a simpl] & m spontane\s sociability4 ,= ! artificial syn!sis ( 8! individual & ! /ate10 we mu/ re/ore ! natural ord] ( 8myself & my neighb\rs40 ,footnote #d3 ,^u ?is subject1 see ,! ,com+ ,polity1 by ,g$des & ,bran=d4 7,williams & ,norgate47 ,footnote #e3 ,9 8 ,greek ,ideals4 ,b we h travell$ s f> f ! simple am5ities ( ! 8region0 & our m9ds h become s sophi/icat$ 9 artificial & me*anical mod]nity t our recov]y mu/ beg9 9 some?+ ak9 to a spiritual r5ewal1 9 a new p]ception ( ess5tial human values4 ,economic *ange w n deliv] u f ! me*ani/ic obsession2 & we %all only be sav$ f ! inh]5t dang]s ( economic *ange "u pres5t conditions by a fre% recognition ( ! c5tral pr9ciple ( democracy4 ,t e s\l has equal wor? c>ries ) x ! coroll>y t p]sonality mu/ be conceiv$ z an end 9 itself & n m]ely z a means4 ,x is our qu>rel ) ! ,junk] classes :]ev] we f9d !m1 t !y delib]ately relegate l>ge masses ( _! fell[m5 into a sub-human category4 ,democracy is ! direct d5ial ( ?is po/ure4 ,x affirms on ! contr>y t e man has a prescriptive "r to /& on 8 feet una%am$1 & to h full opportunity to become ! :ole man he may be4 ,x ascribes to him c]ta9 lib]ties & a c]ta9 inali5able /atus among 8 fell[s2 & ! employ] :o reg>ds 8 m5 z 8h&s0 d5ies democracy z directly z does ! autocrat :o reg>ds 8 subjects z s]fs or cannonfodd]4 ,9 o!r words1 democracy requires a specific type ( p]sonal relation%ip betwe5 m52 & p]haps1 its tr\bles are *iefly due to ! fact t :ile x prea*$ lib]ty & equality ) no unc]ta9 s\nd1 x neglect$ to lay a correspond+ emphasis ^u frat]nity4 ,9 tru?1 democracy is beset m p]il\sly & m p]si/5tly by ! inw>d enemy ?an ! foe )\t--! inn] enemy t lurks 9 m5's s\ls4 ,= ?\gh !re be a democrat 9 e man1 !re is also a pot5tial ari/ocrat4 ,! ultimate battle-gr\nd ( ! democratic ideal is 9 m5's he>ts4 ,aft] ! ext]nal enemies ( democracy are defeat$ on l& & on sea1 democracy w h to g on fight+ = its life 9 our s\ls4 ,9 ?is z 9 all ?+s else1 8! k+dom ( heav5 is )9 y40 ,! p]sonal practice ( democracy is comp>atively simple1 z its c5tral doctr9e is4 ,! equal wor? ( s\ls does n ( c\rse imply equal capacity2 nor does ! fact ( unequal natural capacity d away ) ! tru? ( equal wor?4 ,x simply indicates ! k9d ( _w we live 94 ,x is a _w 9 :i* capacity is ! measure n ( wor? b ( obligation2 & ! law ( life is mutual s]vice4 ,9 "o ( ! v few political allusions :i* ,jesus made1 ,he /at$ ?is po9t ) mu* pla9ness4 8,ye "k t ! rul]s ( ! ,g5tiles "l x ov] !m & !y t h au?ority ov] !m are call$ #8b5efactors'0 7z x 0 9 ! beg9n+1 & has be5 ev] s9ce1 :5 autocrats & _! l h conc$$ to _! subjects "s fragm5t ( ! natural rights ( :i* !y h despoil$ !m & !n h pos$ z 8b5efactors10 & :5 imp]iali/s talk ( conf]r+ _! peculi> ,kultur on ! 8less] bre$s )\t ! law071 8b10 said ,jesus1 8x %all n be s among y4 ,he t is greate/ among y1 let him be ! s]vant ( all40 ,?is is ! au!ntic democratic _s & ! p]sonal practice )\t :i* democracy _c live4 ,x is n en\gh to pay lip s]vice to democratic ideals--! sanctity ( p]sonality & ! obligation ( mutual s]vice2 or ev5 to accept !m 9 a _s ( pi\s s5tim5talism4 ,t k9d ( ?+ is already common en\gh4 ,to ! ideali/ic temp]1 we mu/ atta* ! pragmatic habit1 & translate our doctr9es into concrete programmes ( emancipation & co-op]ation4 ,! city ( ,god is n to be built ) good int5tions4 ,frat]nity mu/ be r5d]$ into a polity4 ,yet ev5 frat]nity may p]i% 9 =mality except x be su/a9$ by a liv+ bro!rl9ess4 ,x is ! _s t quick5e?4 ,democracy l e liv+ ?+ mu/ ei!r gr[ or decay4 ,if x /ops at a political =m or an economic s*eme1 !n x mu/ decl9e & die4 ,x is only z its ess5tial _s captures our consci5ces & wills & its c5tral pr9ciple is consi/5tly & cont9u\sly appli$ t x c survive ! p]v]sity ( our nature & ! vicissitudes ( hi/ory4 ,x mu/ become a crusade & a holy w>4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,te/s ,,( ,,democratic ,,progress 8,! fundam5tal re=m = :i* ! times call is r a reconsid]ation ( ! ends = :i* all civilis$ gov]nm5t exi/s1 9 a ^w1 ! return to a san] measure ( social values40--,,"l ,,morley4 ,,! next /age 9 ! realisation ( ! democratic ideal w\ld appe> to be tol]ably cle>4 ,we are mov+ t[>d an ext5sion ( ! democratic pr9ciple into ! economic & indu/rial sph]e2 b is ! movem5t gov]n$ by an und]/&+ ( ! goal we h 9 view8 ,are we sure t our imm$iate policies are consi/5t ) ! 8f> ga90 :i* we %\ld seek8 ,or are we to reg>d progress purely z a some:at bl9d exp]im5tal affair1 l>gely beyond control8 ,we are obvi\sly mov+--some:]e2 ! movem5t inde$ promises to be an improvem5t4 ,b are !re any te/s :i* c be appli$ to x 9 ord] t we may satisfy ourselves t ! c\rse we are on w l& u safely 9 port8 ,i ,mr4 ,?or/e9 ,vebl5 has r5d]$ an important s]vice to ?is g5]ation by %[+ h[ ! te*nology ( ! ma*9e indu/ry has invad$ our m9ds & l$ u to an almo/ exclusive pre-occupation ) processes4 ,x is ?is intellectual bias :i* expla9s--at lea/ 9 great "p--our complete capitulation to ! ,d>w9ian hypo!sis & acc\nts = ! way 9 :i* we h press$ x out ( its prop] sph]e to furni% clues 9 religion1 hi/ory1 & e?ics--regions 9 :i* !re are factors to be consid]$ :i* are n includ$ among ! data ( ! doctr9e ( biological evolution4 ,"h also is ! explanation ( ! wide acceptance ( ! pragmati/ philosophy4 ,pragmatism is inde$ ! *>act]i/ic philosophy ( ! ma*9e-age2 its po/ulate 8t tru? is :at works0 is cle>ly d]iv$ f ! eng9e-%op1 :]e effici5cy is ! only rule4 ,g5]ally x may also be said t x is ?is me*ani/ic att5tion to processes :i* acc\nts = ! importance & omnicompet5cy ascrib$ to ! /ill juv5ile sci5ce ( psy*ology2 & ?is is p>ticul>ly true ( ! application ( psy*ology & psy*ological me?od to ! problems ( sociology4 ,psy*ology is ! fruit ( ! application ( ! sci5tific me?od to m5tal processes2 its subject matt] consi/s ( ! obs]vable ph5om5a ( m9d4 ,its application to sociology has produc$ an almo/ exclusive conc5tration on social functions2 & :ile ?is has important uses1 x does n furni% u ) ! clue we ne$ to our sociological tasks4 ,m5tal functions1 :e!r ( ! individual or ( society1 _c be treat$ 9 ! same way z *emical reactions4 ,*emical reactions are pr$et]m9$ & inv>iable2 human functions are dirigible4 ,^? functions :i* ultimately gov]n & su/a9 human activity & det]m9e human "* are direct$ to m or less %>ply recognis$ & *os5 ends4 ,x is inde$ true t _m ( ! processes :i* are conc]n$ 9 ! movem5t ( life are1 z ,mr4 ,cooley has po9t$ out1 unconsci\s & seem+ly imp]sonal1 su* z ^? :i* acc\nt = ! gr[? ( tradition & ! v>iations ( language4 ,nev]!less1 z ,mr4 ,cooley himself v excell5tly %[s 9 8 illu/ration ( ! gr[? ( a book 9 its au?or's m9d1 ev5 ^! unconsci\s & involunt>y processes fall into l9e ) a def9itely fix$ purpose ( ! m9d4#f ,! problem ( s\nd social integration is n m]ely an affair ( processes op]at+ prop]ly4 ,= human p[]s may function1 at lea/ = a "t1 9 a normal way ev5 :ile !y are be+ direct$ to mis*iev\s & p]v]se ends4 ,mod]n ,g]many supplies an in/ance ( unexampl$ att5tion to social processes2 b x is n op5 to "q t all ?is has be5 direct$ to a p]v]se & immoral end1 & has 7z ! ev5t has %[n7 culm9at$ 9 cata/rophe & confusion4 ,j s a man's intellect may op]ate brilliantly2 yet ! man himself may be a ?ief4 ,psy*ology may claim t its bus9ess is a dis9t]e/$ /udy ( processes2 & ! claim is ju/ly made4 ,b ! same claim _c be made = sociology4 ,! sociologi/ may inde$ claim t he too is a sci5ti/2 & t 8 sci5ce l e o!r is empirical & n teleological4 ,b ! two claims are n p>allel4 ,psy*ology deals ) an opus op]atum1 ! actual concrete m9d z x is2 :]eas ! assumption :i* und]lies all sociology is t x is h&l+ an opus op]&um1 a "w /ill to be done1 ! production ( a liv+ & :olesome society4 ,! teleological int]e/ is necess>ily supreme4 ,?is does n mean t sociology has n its empirical aspects2 ( c\rse1 x has2 & ^! aspects are all important = ! con/ruction ( a s\nd sociology4 ,b we %all produce a m]e torso ( sociology if we suppose we c ignore ! problem ( ends4 ,! relation ( psy*ology to sociology is ( mu* ! same "* z its relation to education or ! relation ( physiology to public heal?4 ,footnote #f3 ,*>les ,horton ,cooley1 ,social ,process1 p4 #af4 ,x is probable1 moreov]1 t ! obscuration ( ?is "q ( ends has be5 help$ by ! mod]n acceptance ( ! doctr9e ( progress4 ,?is 9 its turn appe>s to be ma9ly due to ! application ( ! pr9ciple ( evolution to human affairs4 ,we h suppos$ t because liv+ nature %[s a process ( developm5t1 ! life ( man is also necess>ily gov]n$ by a law ( pr$e/9$ progress1 f worse to bett]1 f ! simple to ! m complex4 ,! result ( ?is evolution>y view ( human affairs has be5 to make ! /udy ( ends appe> imp]t95t4 ,! ends are already det]m9$2 :y !n tr\ble ourselves ab\t !m8 ,x is true t we d n "k :i!r ?is vis a t]go is propell+ u2 ! only ?+ we c d1 !re=e1 is to /udy ! processes by :i* x works z we see !m 9 op]ation 9 m5's m9ds1 :e!r ! s+le or ! mass m9d4 ,we %all obs]ve !m1 duly record !m1 & contemplate !m 9 a _s ( deta*m5t1 )\t conc]n+ ourselves ov]mu* ) _! de/9ation4 ,b x is n[ too late 9 ! day to suppose t ?is attitude c be s]i\sly ma9ta9$4 ,! area ( ! m>g9 ( human fre$om may be a subject ( controv]sy2 b x is impossible to take s]i\sly ! k9d ( det]m9ism :i* d5ies ! possibility ( direct+ human action to delib]ately *os5 ends4 ,! actual range ( our control ov] our actions may be limit$2 b )9 ^? limits x is v real4 ,& 9 any case x does n require to be v mu* to make ! evolution hypo!sis ( v d\btful validity z an int]pretation ( ! :ole life ( man4#g ,footnote #g3 ,= a concise /atem5t ( ! philosophical argum5t aga9/ a doctr9e ( progress bas$ ^u biological evolution1 see ,b]tr& ,russell1 ,my/icism & ,logic1 pp4 #aje1 #ajf4 ,sociology mu/ conc]n itself ) ends2 & x mu/ d s at its own beg9n+s4 ,if ?is means t x has to =feit its claim to a /rictly sci5tific /atus1 s be x4 ,!re is no virtue 9 reply+ t ! "q ( ends is an affair ( speculation & hypo!sis4 ,t is inde$ true2 b x _c be help$4 ,we are compell$ to speculate conc]n+ ends s9ce !re is no o!r way ( rea*+ a conception ( !m4 ,& !re is no h>m 9 speculation s long z x />ts f ! s\nde/ available premises1 & its conclusions are n h>d5$ into dogma4 ,sociology w h>dly rise above an academic futility until x ab&ons its obsession to rank z a pure sci5ce & makes bold to def9e h[ev] t5tatively ! goal t[>d :i* social processes %\ld be direct$4 ,let x by all means make its surveys & collate its /ati/ics unremitt+ly2 b ^! ?+s x ought to d & n to leave ! o!r undone4 ,,ii ,yet x becomes pla91 imm$iately we beg9 to discuss ?is "q ( ends1 t if we exclude def9itely religi\s consid]ations f ! argum5t1 we _c indicate an end t has ! "* ( a real end1 t is1 an absolute ultimacy4 ,x is inde$ que/ionable h[ f> ev5 ! religi\s po/ulate directly provides ! conception ( an end1 except to ! comp>atively small company ( p :o are /rongly my/ical by nature4 ,! ,%ort] ,cate*ism taught u t ! *ief end ( man 0 to seek ,god & to glorify ,him = ev]1 b to mo/ ( u ?is br+s n in=mation b bewild]m5t2 & ,mr4 ,kipl+'s p>adise :]e ! pa9t] 8draws ! ?+ z he sees x = ! ,god ( ?+s z !y are0 is attractive b elusive4 ,! tru? appe>s to be t = ! multitude ( religi\sly dispos$ p]sons1 ! s5se ( ,god becomes effectual = conduct only z x dramatises itself 9 ! =m ( a social vision or a p]sonal relation%ip2 & ! asc5d5cy ( ,jesus 9 ! ,*ri/ian tradition is expla9$ by ! p[] ,he has possess$ ( invit+ t unres]v$ p]sonal loyalty ?r\gh :i* ! s5se ( ,god assumes reality = common m54 ,su* a phrase z 8! glory ( ,god0 describes n our k b our ignorance4 ,all ! cont5t :i* c intelligibly be giv5 to x is t !re is an ideal end t[>d :i* we are call$ to move4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 does n mean t x is b>r5 ( imm$iate effect on conduct4 ,we "k t ?r\gh\t hi/ory x has _h ! p[] to evoke a supreme dis9t]e/$ness 9 p :o h be5 s5sitive to x4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 ak9 to :at ,mr4 ,b5jam9 ,kidd calls 8! emotion ( ! ideal20 & x is relat$ closely to ! *>act]i/ic poetic anticipation & hope express$ 9 su* passages z ,t5nyson's 9 :i* he speaks ( ! 8"o f>-(f div9e ev5t to :i* ! :ole creation moves40 ,b dis9t]e/$ness & 8! emotion ( ! ideal10 :ile !y are ess5tial to any k9d ( heal?y social exi/5ce af=d b sl5d] f\ndation = a positive social policy4 ,no moral attitude or emotion w c>ry u f> except x be evok$ by an ideal :i* c dramatise itself 9 t]ms ( a m or less a*ievable und]tak+4 ,we are !re=e compell$ to rel9qui% ! hope ( a def9ition ( absolute social ends1 & mu/ be cont5t ) some?+ m mode/ & manageable4 ,we may at lea/ attempt to indicate c]ta9 proximate social aims4 ,ev5 if we _c hopefully describe ! ultimate goal ( life1 we may reasonably endeav\r to answ] ! "q--,:at d we want our social organisation to produce8 ,j :at results are we to aim at8 ,t "s su* discussion z ?is is involv$ 9 any fruitful h&l+ ( ! "q ( social integration is cle> f ! fact t ! conception ( an aim is ei!r implicit or explicit 9 all attempts to =mulate a social polity ev] s9ce ,ari/otle def9$ ! aim ( ! ,republic z ! promotion ( ! good life4 ,b ?is def9ition1 l ,mill's 8greate/ good ( ! greate/ numb]0 raises fur!r que/ions--,:at is ! nature ( ! good8 ,:at is ! *>act]i/ic note & quality ( ! good life8 ,?is inde$ takes u to ! v c5tre ( our problem2 = at la/ ! controv]sy betwe5 ! milit>i/ & ! pacifi/1 ! protectioni/ & ! free-trad]1 ! au?orit>ian & ! lib]t>ian1 spr+s f diff]+ conceptions ( ! good life4 ,?is is n to say t ei!r p>ty has work$ out a reason$ conviction on ! po9t4 ,bo? appe> to />t f c]ta9 in/9ctive acceptances1 det]m9$ l>gely by temp]am5tal v>iations1--:i* po9ts to ! ne$ ( a rigor\sly rationali/ic exploration ( ?is entire region4 ,mr4 ,graham ,wallace speaks ( 8! organisation ( happ9ess02 b z he himself p]ceives1 he is speak+ 9 p>adox4 ,x seems 9 any case improbable t our social aims c be def9$ 9 t]ms ( an emotional /ate4 ,,iii ,a good deal ( confusion has be5 introduc$ into ?is subject by a t5d5cy to reg>d society itself z an end4 ,9 mu* mod]n ?\ght ^u ! matt]1 ! individual is conceiv$ z atta9+ 8 own end ?r\gh 8 due contribution to ! life ( ! gr\p4 ,! extreme developm5t ( ?is view is to be f\nd 9 ! ,g]man doctr9e ( ! /ate1 a doctr9e :i* prevails 9 m or less p]fection :]ev] ! ,hegelian philosophy has /ruck its roots4#h ,on ?is view1 ! individual has nei!r function nor end :i* is n to be express$ 9 t]ms ( 8 own p]sonal subord9ation to ! /ate4 ,he is a cog 9 ! :eel1 & no m4 ,! mod]n dogma ( progress has re9=c$ ?is view to "s ext5t2 z has also ! obsession ( size1 :i* is "o ( ! by-products ( our ext5d$ k ( ! physical univ]se & :i* has _h ! effect ( m9imis+ ! significance ( ! s+le life4 ,b :atev] ! causes to :i* ?is view is attributable1 its influ5ce on sociological ?\ght is beyond "q4 ,x has be5 assum$1 ) v>y+ explicitness1 t ! supra-p]sonal end :i* ! individual is to s]ve is to be id5tifi$ ) ! social gr\p to :i* he belongs4 ,x is 8 appo9t$ purpose to m9i/] to ! happ9ess ( ! gr\p or to increase its effici5cy z a milit>y or economic unit4 ,footnote #h3 ,! dev\t ,hegelian :o dislikes ! ,prussian doctr9e ( ! /ate is n[adays at "s pa9s to expla9 t ,hegel's view ( ! /ate does n coh]e q congru\sly ) ! re/ ( 8 philosophy4 7a7 ,x may be urg$ aga9/ ?is view t ! anti!sis :i* x implies betwe5 ! individual & ! gr\p is fallaci\s4 ,= ! gr\p is compos$ ( individuals & x _c h a consci\s end except 9 ! m9ds ( ! individuals :o compose x4 ,!re is a degree ( tru? 9 speak+ ( ! 8p]sonality0 ( a gr\p s long z ! analogy is n press$ too f>4 ,a gr\p may h a common ?\ght & may unite 9 a collective act2 b to say t a gr\p has a def9ite 8p]sonality0 ( its own is to c>ry ! process ( ab/raction too f>4 ,a gr\p atta9s to consci\sness only 9 ! sev]al m9ds ( its memb]s4 ,moreov] social ends mu/ take %ape 9 individual lives4 ,t ! individual %\ld s]ve a social end is true2 x is equally true t ! social aim mu/ be a*iev$ 9 ! "* & exp]i5ce ( individuals4 ,= if !y are n realis$ 9 p]sons1 :]e %all !y be realis$8 ,if our ultimate social aims d n become effective 9 ! s+le life1 !y rema9 m]e ab/ractions1 exi/+ only 9 a speculative ?\ght & nev] rea*+ ! po9t ( actuality4 ,b x s]ves u z little to insi/ on ! conv]se ( ?is view & to ass]t t ! end ( society is ! individual4 ,! tru? w\ld r appe> to be t ! individual is to rea* 8 own end 9 & ?r\gh a society :i* x is 8 fir/ bus9ess to create4 ,p]sonal self-realisation & social integration w proce$ p>i passu4 ,! individual & ! gr\p w f9d !mselves 9 ea* o!r2 ! great s\l & ! great society w arrive toge!r4 ,b f ! nature ( ! case1 we mu/ seek ! clue to ! "* ( "r social aims ?r\gh a /udy ( p]sonality1 & ( :at is involv$ 9 its self-realisation4 7b7 ,a fur!r objection to ?is view is t x subord9ates p]sonality to aims t are limit$ & sectional4 ,9 practice x may make good ,g]mans1 b almo/ c]ta9ly x _c make good m54 ,:ile x is bett] = a man to s]ve ! n>r[e/ social gr\p ?an to s]ve 8 self-reg>d1 yet ! exclusiv5ess ( ! social gr\p z x is id5tifi$ ) ! /ate or ! nation is ho/ile to t increas+ social integration :i* is impli$ 9 a self-consi/5t sociology4 ,! curr5t conceptions ( ! /ate & ! nation mu/ und]go "s revision if !y are to be made congru\s ) a fruitful social polity4 ,! nation repres5ts a /age 9 ! social education ( ! race1 9 t discipl9e :]eby ! caveman gr[s into a citiz5%ip ( ! _w2 & 9 no s5se c ! nation be e?ically reg>d$ z con/itut+ an adequate end = ! individual1 except z ! nation 9 its turn is consci\sly seek+ its own end 9 ! s]vice ( ! :ole4 ,x is true t m5 h 9 ! pa/ g5]ally reg>d$ ! glory & ! p[] ( _! p>ticul> gr\p z an end :i* has ! "r to comm& _! absolute devotion1 & h believ$ t to suff] dea? 9 su* a cause is ! highe/ conceivable self-realisation4 ,?is does inde$ repres5t a mu* high] e?ical plane ?an t on :i* a man fights only = 8 own h& or ! t9y circle ( 8 blood k9dr$4 ,b ! fact t ?is loyalty to 8 gr\p has _h ! p[] to evoke ! highe/ possible sacrifice1 does n prove t ! glory & ! p[] ( ! gr\p provides a full & valid end = him z a man4 ,9 8 "* z ,g]man or ,engli%man1 x may appe> to provide him ) an end to :i* he may prop]ly submit himself )\t res]ve2 b x is que/ionable :e!r he c d s )\t "s sacrifice ( 8 possibilities & obligations z a man4 ,! propag&a ( ,g]manism produc$ v effici5t & docile ,g]mans2 b ! records ( ! w> leave u little room to d\bt t ! process has _h a mis*iev\s effect ^u _! manhood4 ,f ! /&po9t ( an exp&+ society polity1 education %\ld produce individuals :o are human be=e !y are national4 ,!re is no sy/em ( national education :i* a*ieves ?is result2 b ! ultimate logic ( ! prevail+ educational tradition z we see x 9 ! ,g]man conduct ( ! w> %\ld provoke s]i\s misgiv+s & m9i/] to a *ange ( he>t 9 ^? p]sons :o direct ! policies ( public education4 7c7 ,x is wor? obs]v+ 9 ?is connection t ev5 9 ,g]many ! ,g]manic propag&a _h to trick itself out 9 a pseudo-univ]sal j>gon4 ,x _h to say l>ge-s\nd+ ?+s ab\t a ,kultur-mission to ! _w 9 ord] to validate itself 9 ! eyes ( ! ,g]man p4 ,! claim impli$ 9 ! ,kultur-mission z x 0 commonly exp\nd$ is s prepo/]\s z to be self-refut+ to a normal m9d2 b ?is sy/ematic diffusion ( ! idea proves t man has rea*$ a po9t :]e ! p[] & weal? ( a p>ticul> gr\p is no long] able by itself to evoke an effectual response 9 ! individuals :o compose ! gr\p4 ,! fact is t civilis$ mank9d is sl[ly le>n+ to ?9k 9 univ]sal t]ms4 ,its social grasp is already fa9tly embrac+ ! :ole _w4 ,?is circum/ance t5ds to simplify ! sociologi/'s task v mat]ially4 ,:ile ! application ( ! polity :i* he evolves w require to take acc\nt ( ! peculi> traditions & in/itutions ( diff]5t gr\ps1 he w be free to "w out 8 polity 9 t]ms :i* are indep5d5t ( ! pres5t exclusive & conflict+ aims ( ! gr\ps :i* compose ! _w ( man4 ,he w /ate ! ultimate problems ( society 9 ,g]many 9 ! same t]ms z he w /ate ^? 9 ,am]ica2 = he w necess>ily be deal+ ) ! "o factor :i* is common to bo?4 ,!re _c be a di/9ctive social sci5ce 9 ,g]many & ano!r 9 ,am]ica1 diff]+ f "o ano!r 9 ess5tials & bo? at ! same "t be+ true4 ,!re w be endless v>iety 9 ! me?ods by :i* social pr9ciples are appli$ by diff]5t gr\ps2 = we _c write (f ! pa/ ( a p & ! in/itutions 9 :i* its hi/ory is embodi$4 ,yet !re c be no true sociology 9 ,engl& or 9 ,g]many unless its po/ulates are equally valid 9 ,am]ica4 ,9 o!r words ^! po/ulates mu/ be drawn f a dis9t]e/$ /udy ( p]sonality4 ,!y w n conc]n !mselves ) ! welf>e ( a p>ticul> gr\p1 9 :atev] t]ms t welf>e may be def9$4 ,b !y w be conc]n$ ) ! good ( ! _w ( gr\ps because !y are d]iv$ f ! "o fact :i* is common to & und]lies !m all1 & :i*1 despite conflict+ aims /ill b9ds human gr\ps toge!r 9 a p]man5t unity1 namely1 p]sonality4 ,,iv ,! aims ( our social polity mu/1 !re=e1 be def9$ congru\sly ) ! nature ( p]sonality2 & ! correspond+ social processes mu/ validate !mselves by br++ to ^? :om !y affect1 ! s5se ( movem5t t[>ds a real & recognisable p]sonal good4 ,x does n require t all ! individuals compos+ a society %\ld organise _! common life ) ! consci\s & delib]ate aim ( p]sonal self-realisation2 b x is c]ta9 t ! processes ( a g5u9e social integration w be accompani$ by a c]ta9 gr[+ emotional satisfaction 9 ! p]sons conc]n$4 ,x is g5]ally assum$ t ?is emotional satisfaction is to be describ$ z happ9ess2 b x is probably some?+ deep] & m organic ?an ! /ate :i* ?is ^w connotes4 ,pr(essor ,dewey says t 8to f9d out :at "o is fitt$ to d1 & to secure an opportunity to d x1 is ! key ( happ9ess40#i ,?is is1 ( c\rse1 true s f> z x goes2 b x is symptomatic ( ! inadequate analysis :i* ?is po9t g5]ally receives4 ,obvi\sly !re are possibilities ( self-realisation & p]sonal satisfaction f> beyond ! atta9m5t :i* ,pr(essor ,dewey indicates 9 ?is s5t5ce4 ,we might1 p]haps1 f9d a bett] def9ition ( ! emotional /ate :i* we %\ld require our process ( social developm5t to produce1 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t use ( ! ^w joy4 ,!re ! ^w is cle>ly associat$ ) an emotional /ate consequ5t ^u a s5se ( accompli%m5t or discov]y4 ,! golf] exp]i5ces x = a pass+ mom5t aft] a completely successful drive f ! tee4 ,! arti/ kn[s x m durably z he puts ! f9i%+ t\* to :at he believes to be 8 ma/]piece4 ,gibbon _h x 7n )\t a l>ge t9cture ( self-admiration7 on ! memorable ev5+ on :i* he f9i%$ ! 8,decl9e & ,fall40 ,x is ! condition :i* is describ$ by ! ^w 8fruition20#aj ! inw>d reaction evok$ by ! s5se ( arrival1 ( fulfilm5t1 & ( c\rse--d]ivatively--( be+ surely on ! way4 ,x comes to a man :5 he kn[s he is on ! road to p]sonal complet5ess4 ,footnote #i3 ,democracy & ,education1 p4 #cfj4 ,footnote #aj3 ,?is ^w is s frequ5tly mi%&l$ t x is p]haps necess>y to po9t out t x does n mean be>+ fruit4 ,x is d]iv$ f ! ,lat9 ^w fruor1 ,i enjoy2 & x describes an inw>d /ate4 ,illu/rative ( ! ,new ,te/am5t use ( ! ^w joy1 ! foll[+ passages may be cit$3 ,john ii4 #cj1 8,?is my joy is made full0 7spok5 by ,john ,bapti/ on he>+ t ,jesus 0 laun*$ on ! full tide ( ,8 m9i/ry47 ,john xvi4 #ba1 8444 :5 %e is deliv]$ ( ! *ild1 %e rememb]e? no m ! angui% = joy t a man is born unto ! _w40 ,matt4 xiii4 #ad1 8,9 8 joy1 he goe? & selle? all t he ha?0 7! m]*ant man :o has f\nd ! pe>l ( great price74 ,luke xv4 #i1 8,rejoice ) me1 = ,i h f\nd my %eep t 0 lo/40 ,x is ^u ! "q ( :at con/itutes p]sonal complet5ess t we h to rea* "s k9d ( conclusion if our sociological ?9k+ is to be fruitful & if we are to h ! prop] te/s to apply to our social programmes4 ,obvi\sly ! society we want to produce is "o :i* w provide ! conditions "u :i* e man may rise to ! full /ature ( 8 manhood4 ,b :at is ! full-gr[n man8 ,app>5tly ! only p]son 9 ! mod]n _w :o has possess$ a def9ite & vivid conception ( ! full-gr[n man is ,nietzs*e4 ,b ,nietzs*e's doctr9e is rul$ out by our democratic hypo!sis4 ,he has told u t mank9d falls into two broad classes ( ma/] & slave1 & ?\gh he recognises a consid]able hi]>*y ( social grades1 he sees1 nev]!less1 at ! "o end ! rul+ class1 & at ! o!r 8! class ( man :o ?rives be/ :5 he is look$ aft] & closely obs]v$1 ! man :o is happy to s]ve n because he mu/1 b because he is :at he is1 ! man uncorrupt$ by political & religi\s lies conc]n+ lib]ty1 equality & frat]nity1 :o is half consci\s ( ! abyss :i* sep>ates him f 8 sup]iors1 & :o is happie/ :5 he is p]=m+ ^? acts :i* are n beyond 8 limitations40#aa ,obvi\sly ! only k9d ( society possible on ! ,nietzs*ean t]ms is an arm$ peace betwe5 sup]m5 & 8slave morality0 = ! re/4 ,! w to p[] soon or late issues 9 an>*y4 ,! /r5g? ( ! position ( ,nietzs*e lies 9 ! !oretic ju/ification x provides = ! native human bias :i* leads to ! que/ ( p]sonal asc5d5cy1 & ! /ruggle = possession4 ,! result ( ?is t5d5cy has be5 ! con/ant subord9ation & exploitation ( ! weak by ! /rong1 & a ceaseless scrimmage among ! /rong 9 :i* ! weak are ! pawns2 & if ?is /ruggle has n br\ght ab\t ! ,nietzs*ean equilibrium1 x is due1 presumably1 to ! en]vat+ influ5ce ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,yet1 "h1 9 ?is self-reg>d+ bias we h ! orig9al s\rce ( all our social *aos2 b ! disord] is n to be ov]come by inhibit+ ?is impulse4 ,x is sometimes suppos$ t human nature is incurably & p]man5tly self-reg>d+ & an>*ic2 b ?is is n true4 ,x is inde$ true t human nature does take easily to ! practice ( self-ass]tion z aga9/ o!rs2 ?is is ! p5alty ( our inh]itance f ! 8ape & ! tig]40 ,b x is m]e folly to suppose t man has to c>ry ?is sorr[ful entail 9 p]petuity4 ,x is fa/5$ on him l>gely by reason ( ! ext]nal circum/ances ( 8 life1 a vici\s social h]$ity :i* has put a premium ^u p[] & pu%fulness1 & an atmosph]e ( competition 9 :i* capacity & cunn+ w9 ! prize4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 n impossible to communicate to m5 a social vision :i* is able to div]t ! natural en]gies ( ! human _s into m g5]\s *annels4 ,?is1 did !y b "k x1 is ! peculi> vocation ( ! prea*] & ! tea*]4 ,footnote #aa3 ,a4 ,m4 ,ludovici1 ,nietsz*e1 pp4 #he;f4 ,mr4 ,b]tr& ,russell has rec5tly laid j emphasis ^u ! supremacy ( impulse 9 det]m9+ human conduct2 & has po9t$ out ! di/9ction betwe5 impulses :i* make = life & ^? :i* make = dea?4 ,william ,blake _h a some:at simil> view4 ,:at ,blake 9 8,! ,m>riage ( ,heav5 & ,hell0 calls en]gy appe>s to be t vital /ress :i* expresses itself 9 our impulses1 & :i* 9 ! =m ( 8poetic0 en]gy is ! s\rce ( creative art4 ,9 ,blake's psy*ology1 ?is en]gy only works out heal?ily & fruitfully :5 x is co-ord9at$ on ! "o side ) ,reason & on ! o!r by ,desire2 & he traces our human tr\bles to an undue asc5d5cy ( "o or o!r ( ^! two balanc+ pr9ciples4 ,:5 ,reason prevails ov] ,desire1 x imposes disa/r\s re/ra9t ^u en]gy2 b :5 ! tables are turn$1 ! asc5d5cy ( ,desire leads to ! 8vegetat$ life40 ,blake's analysis has mu* to comm5d x2 & x appe>s to supply ! necess>y complem5t to ,mr4 ,russell's4 ,= our impulses1 :e!r !y make = life or dea? are ! same impulses--! diff]5ce 9 _! result spr++ f a diff]5ce 9 _! direction1 & 9 ! conditions "u :i* !y op]ate4 ,! old psy*ological analysis ( ! m9d into w1 intellect1 affections1 & s =? has s]v$ its turn2 & = purposes ( social build+ we mu/ betake ourselves r to an analysis ( ,blake's en]gy or ,mr4 ,russell's impulses4 ,m4 ,b]gson has %[n u h[ ! 8elan vitale0 has 9 ! c\rse ( its onw>d m>* split up aga9 & aga91 & 9 s do+ has set afoot new l9es ( developm5t & v>iation2 & we h = result ! inf9ite weal? ( plant & animal =m :i* fills ! e>?4 ,! primitive urge ( life 0 seem+ly a bundle ( t5d5cies1 :i* 7 releas$1 "o at ?is po9t1 & ano!r at t1 "u ! /ress ( ! circum/ances enc\nt]$ on ! way4 ,9 ! same way ! en]gy1 ! vital /ress ( p]sonality is an organic complex ( impulses1 ea* ( :i* has releas$ & %ap$ itself con=mably to ! conditions 9 :i* ! human _s has f\nd itself 9 ! process ( gr[?4 ,9 ?is complex ( impulses1 x is possible to disc]n ?ree ma9 /r&s3 #a4 ,! ,impulse ( ,self-pres]vation4 ,?is has to d ) ! desire & purpose to ma9ta9 life2 & its primitive =m 0 det]m9$ by ! necessity ( procur+ food1 clo?+ & %elt]4 ,its *>act]i/ic activity 0 t ( discov]+ & adapt+ ! means :i* 7 available to ! end ( su/a9+ life2 & out ( ?is grew agriculture1 weav+1 h\sebuild+ & a range ( op]ations :i* grew 9 numb] & elaboration z ! requirem5ts ( life increas$4 ,"h is ! orig9 ( :at ,mr4 ,vebl5 has call$ ! ,in/9ct ( ,workman%ip4 #b4 ,! ,impulse ( ,reproduction4 ,?is 9 its elem5tal =m expresses itself 9 ! begett+ ( *ildr54 ,b z man became m famili> ) ! objects r\nd ab\t him1 9 ! c\rse ( h&l+ !m = ! ends ( self-pres]vation1 ?is impulse became associat$ ) ! in/9ct ( workman%ip1 & man began to attempt to reproduce himself 9 o!r m$ia ?an 8 fle%4 ,he came to d c]ta9 "w :i* 0 n requir$ by ! exig5cies ( 8 physical subsi/5ce2 & ?is "w he did--z x 7--= ! joy ( do+ x4 ,he attempt$ to express himself ^u su* mat]ials z 7 capable ( receiv+ 8 impress2 & 8 delight 9 8 h&icraft became ! beg9n+ ( ,art4 ,pres5tly he le>nt to set l9e & col\r & s\nd 9 comb9ations t pleas$ him1 & 9 :i* he 0 consci\s ( ! joy ( fa!rhood4 ,?is is ! ,in/9ct ( ,creativ5ess4 ,x is n always p]ceiv$ t !re is a v pr(\nd di/9ction to be drawn betwe5 ! workmanlike & ! creative activities4 ,miss ,hel5 ,m>ot appe>s to assume 79 h] book ,! ,creative ,impulse 9 ,indu/ry71 t a democratic =m ( co-op]ation1 & an und]/&+ ( indu/rial processes w satisfy ! creative in/9ct 9 indu/ry4 ,x is difficult to see h[ ?is c happ5 "u ! conditions ( ! mod]n l>ge-scale ma*9e indu/ry4 ,miss ,m>ot rightly insi/s t ! creative impulse is n m]ely an affair ( individual self-expression4 ,nev]!less1 x is only possible to a gr\p :5 ! gr\p is comp>atively small1 & e memb] is 9 active t\* ) ! :ole process4 ,! in/9ct ( workman%ip is ( a r\t9e productive "*1 ! in/9ct ( creativ5ess is orig9al & reproductive4 ,no?+ on ?is e>? c make our highly specialis$ ma*9e processes into opportunities ( self-expression4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 does n mean t ! ma*9e indu/ry has no place 9 ! future social ord]4 #c4 ,! ,impulse ( ,association4--,man has always liv$ ) m52 & !re is p]haps no?+ s di/9ctive ( human nature z its faculty = association4 ,we are s made t we only f9d ourselves & ea* o!r z we live toge!r 9 societies1 t we only f9d ourselves z we f9d "o ano!r4 ,! ex*anges ( love & fri5d%ip1 ! ri*es ( fell[%ip--^! are ! mo/ fruitful exp]i5ces ( life4 8,we are memb]s ( "o ano!r02 & are fulfill$ 9 ea* o!r4 ,our mutual ne$ has releas$ 9 u ! ,in/9ct ( ,sociability4 ,! weakness ( ?is k9d ( analysis is t x appe>s to untw9e ?reads t _c be untw9$ 9 practice & nev] are sep>at$ 9 exp]i5ce4 ,human in/9cts d n op]ate indep5d5tly2 !y bl5d into ea* o!r cont9u\sly & inextricably 9 c\ntless ways4 ,we h se5 h[ ! reproductive impulse fus$ ) ! in/9ct ( workman%ip into an impulse t[>d creative art4 ,b ! debt has be5 repaid 9 ! introduction ( requirem5ts ( beauty into ! ex]cise ( workman%ip4 ,9 ! era ( craftsman%ip1 ! two impulses 7 v intimately bl5d$1 workman%ip & creativ5ess go+ h& 9 h& 9 ! erection ( /ately m9/]s1 or 9 ! mak+ ( h>ness = ! squire's horses4 ,x is due to ! developm5t ( ! ma*9e t ^! two impulses h be5 s widely p>t$ 9 our "t1 to ! imm5se injury ( bo?2 & x is "o ( ! tasks1 p]haps ! *ief ( ! tasks1 fac+ u 9 ! future to re/ore !m to some?+ ( _! old-"t intimacy4 ,( ?is re/oration1 ! great mod]n prophet is ,william ,morris1 :o saw hope nei!r = ! work] nor = ! arti/ except 9 a clos] association ( indu/ry ) beauty1 & :o laid ! f\ndation ( ?is reviv$ association by 8 own pione] "w z a h\se-decorator4 ,?is does n require1 z "s suppose1 ! scrapp+ ( ! ma*9e indu/ry1 ev5 ?\gh t 7 possible2 x only requires t we und]/& ! true place ( ! ma*9e indu/ry & put x !re4 ,simil>ly1 ! in/9ct ( sociability coalesc$ ) ^? ( workman%ip & creativ5ess4 ,! signal in/ance ( ?is comb9ation is to be f\nd 9 ! _s ( ! m$ival ,guilds2 b !re are o!r in/ances 9 pl5ty4 ,mo/ ( ! great human a*ievem5ts 9 ?\ght1 religion & art1 h _h a social orig91 9 s*ools ( philosoph]s & prophets1 9 gr\ps ( arti/s & ! l1 & conv]sely new dep>tures 9 ?\ght1 religion & art h become ! foci ( new gr\ps4 ,( all ?is ! moral w\ld seem to be t we mu/ treat ! en]gy ( p]sonality1 its *>act]i/ic outgo+1 z a s+le undivid$ indivisible /ream2 yet we mu/ recognise x also z a /ream conta9+ a c]ta9 range ( +r$i5ts4 ,!re=e1 :at we %all require ( our ideal society is t x %all g5]ate an atmosph]e & an environm5t 9 :i* ! con/itu5t +r$i5ts ( p]sonal en]gy %all f9d opportunity ( full1 co-ord9at$ & p>allel developm5t4 ,x w be a society 9 :i* ! in/9ct ( workman%ip1 creativ5ess & sociability w gr[ side by side & h& 9 h& t[>d 8! p]fect man1 ( ! measure ( ! /ature ( ! fulness ( ,*ri/40 ,( ?is society !n1 we may say1 t its m>ks w be t fir/ e man %all h ! opportunity ( a secure & suffici5t physical subsi/5ce1 second1 t its "w w press upw>d to ! plane ( art1 & t its sociability w gr[ into vital & purposeful fell[%ip4 ,by ^! te/s we %all judge ! s\ndness ( democratic progress4 ,our analysis has hi!rto tak5 acc\nt only ( ! common man )\t ref]5ce to natural div]g5cies ( g5ius or capacity4 ,pr(essor ,g$des has lately be5 emphasis+ ,comte's doctr9e ( hi/ory z an int]play ( ! temporal & spiritual p[]s1 & 8 classification ( ! f\r ,social types--,*iefs1 ,p1 ,emotionals & ,intellectuals4 ,mr4 ,arnold ,b5nett f\nd m5 on ! ,clyde sort+ !mselves out into ,organis]s1 ,work]s1 ,en]gis]s & ,initiators1 :i* classification1 z ,pr(essor ,g$des ju/ly po9ts out1 corresponds closely to ,comte's4 ,^! types1 h[ev]1 r$uce !mselves to two1 namely ^? *iefly animat$ by ! impulse ( action1 & ^? *iefly animat$ by ! impulse ( reflection4 ,( c\rse1 ^! types %ade (f imp]ceptibly into "o ano!r1 because ! impulses :i* give !m _! peculi> col\r are native to & pres5t 9 univ]sal human nature4 ,& :ile x is c]ta9 t nature w see to x t mank9d w be deliv]$ f ! doom ( a dead uni=mity1 x is nev]!less necess>y t we %\ld aim at ! full developm5t ( bo? ! active & reflective impulses 9 e man4 ,w\ld t all ! ,"l's p 7 prophets6 ,hi!rto1 we h consid]$ man z actuat$ ma9ly by ! impulse ( action2 b ! release & developm5t ( ! impulse ( reflection is ess5tial to ! gr[? ( society4 ,= ! exp]i5ce :i* is ! sequel ( action is condemn$ to /]ility except x be reflect$ ^u4 ,reflection ^u exp]i5ce is ! appo9t$ guide ( fur!r action4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 add to our te/s ( s\nd democratic progress1 a f\r?1 namely1 t x %all be ( a k9d to /imulate & enc\rage reflection4 ,x mu/1 t is1 include a me?od ( education :]eby e man %all z f> z possible become capable ( indep5d5t ?\ght & s\nd judgm5t4 ,out ( all ?is em]ges imm$iately "o c]ta9 conclusion4 ,! k9d ( society :i* enc\rages creative self-expression1 indep5d5t judgm5t & a liv+ exp&+ fell[%ip mu/ necess>ily be conceiv$ & creat$ 9 fre$om4 ,= to ^! ess5tial human impulses1 fre$om is ! v brea? ( life4 ,! initial problem ( sociology is1 !re=e1 ! a*ievem5t ( fre$om2 ^u t f\ndation1 & t only1 c x build = et]nity4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,pecuni>y ,,/&>d 8,! deep] cause ( ! oppression ( ! factory op]ative & ( ! t]rible degradation & paup]isation ( ! agricultural lab\r]1 0 n ! m]e fact t ma*9es 7 inv5t$ :i* multipli$ ! effici5cy ( lab\r1 b ! previ\s monopolisation1 9 ! p]iod ( ! ,r5aissance & ! ,re=mation1 & dur+ ! e>li] "p ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 ( ! l& & ( education4 ,! great *ange !n took place 9 ! curr5t philosophy ( life1 :i* made ! :ole ( ! gov]n+ classes ( ,engl&1 ) exceptions practically negligible1 accept ) avidity ! idea m]ely m cle>ly =mulat$ by political economi/s1 t ! highe/ duty ( man 0 to buy 9 ! *eape/ & sell 9 ! de>e/ m>ket40 ,,patrick ,,g$des4 ,i ,,! say+ t 8man %all n live by bread alone0 has be5 9 famili> circulation s long & on au?ority s good t x is rem>kable h[ slightly x has affect$ ! g5]al conduct ( life4 ,bread & ! ?+s symbolis$ by bread 9 ! say+ are & mu/ rema9 ! fir/ c>e ( m51 b !y are fir/ only 9 ! s5se ( be+ prelim9>y1 ! necess>y conditions ( ! ma9 & supreme bus9ess ( life4 ,yet mod]n civilisation z a :ole has %[n no manife/ sign ( a conception ( life :i* requires t ! *ief int]e/ & en]gy ( m5 %\ld be direct$ to ends ( a high] ord] ?an t ( ma9ta9+ physical exi/5ce4 ,?is fact is to "s ext5t obscur$ f u by ! elaborate developm5t ( comm]cial organisation1 s t multitudes ( m5 are engag$ 9 ent]prises & vocations app>5tly s remov$ f ! actual bus9ess ( clo?+1 fe$+ & h\s+ o!r m5 t !y are n aw>e ( be+ connect$ ) x at all4 ,yet ! entire /ructure ( comm]ce re/s ^u ! requirem5t t c]ta9 prim>y physical ne$s ( m5 mu/ be met4 ,t m5 %all be f$1 clo!d1 %elt]$1 provid$ ) heat & light1--"h is ! s\rce ( comm]ce4 ,ar\nd ^! prim>y ne$s c]ta9 o!r dem&s h ga!r$--= elaboration 9 food & clo?+1 com=t 9 ! home1 & ! l2 & a multitude ( comm]cial activities ( a second>y k9d h be5 set afoot & add$ to ! suffici5tly complex bus9ess ( provid+ society ) ! fir/ necessities ( life4 ,?is second>y life ( comm]ce is ma9ly p>asitical & fe$s ^u ! o!r1 & its vitality dep5ds z mu* ^u ! success ) :i* dem&s are +5i\sly creat$ z ^u ! p[] to produce ! supply pr(itably4 ,add$ to ?is va/ bus9ess ( production is an enorm\s ma*9]y ( di/ribution2 & 9 ^! or 9 f9ancial op]ations1 orig9ally d]iv$ f !m b n[ l>gely controll+ !m1 we are all m or less directly engag$4 ,!re are a few pr(essional occupations :i* rema9 outside ?is classification1 :i* 7to use ,c>lyle's phrase7 8are bo>d$ & lodg$ on ! indu/ry0 ( ! community to :i* !y belong1--! doctor1 ! cl]gyman1 ! lawy]1 ! tea*]1 ! actor1 ! arti/1 ! j\rnali/2 yet s /rong & imp]i\s is ! comm]cial tradition t ! non-productive vocations are requir$ to ju/ify _! exi/5ce by provid+ ! inspiration1 ! heal?1 ! recreation & ! k necess>y to ! effectual & prosp]\s work+ ( ! economic ma*9e4 ,society seems 7outside ! 8leisure class07 fev]i%ly engag$ 9 keep+ itself alive4 ,yet if its only purpose 7 to keep itself alive1 x w\ld n ne$ to be s busy4 ,b to ! fir/ impulse ( production & ex*ange has be5 add$ ano!r int]e/1 t ( mak+ pr(it & accumulat+ weal?4 ,9 ! process ( ex*ange ! opportunity 0 f\nd ( secur+ a m>g9 ( p]sonal advantage2 & gradually ?is m>g9 ( p]sonal advantage has become ! *ief inc5tive to comm]cial ent]prise4 ,x does n belong to our purpose to trace ! hi/ory ( ?is *ange2 x is en\gh t we %\ld obs]ve ! fact t ! pr(it-seek+ motive has become ! real driv+ =ce ( mod]n comm]ce1 & t hi/orical circum/ances1 su* z ! introduction ( l>ge scale processes1 ! _w-wide ramifications ( comm]ce ?r\gh improv$ facilities ( travel & transportation1 ! inv5tion ( ! telephone & ! telegraph1 ! gr[? ( tru/s1 comb9es1 & monopolies h made possible fabul\s increm5ts & accumulations ( pr(it4#ab ,footnote #ab3 ,= an analysis ( ! process by :i* simple b>t] has gr[n into ! mod]n intricate sy/em ( comm]ce1 ) its f9e fl[] 9 8big f9ance10 see ,?or/e9 ,vebl51 ,! ,in/9ct ( ,workman%ip1 *ap4 ,v41 ,,vi41 ,,viii4 ,m summ>ily 9 ,g$des & ,slat]1 ,ideas at ,w>1 ,*ap4 ,,iii41 ,,iv41 ,v4 ,= a useful analysis ( ! curr5t comm]cial organisation see ,cole1 ,self-,gov]nm5t 9 ,indu/ry1 pp4 #agh1 #agi4 ,! effect ( ?is ^u a g5]ation habituat$ to ! pr(it-mak+ temp] has be5 to set up ! multi-millionaire z ! type ( p]fection t[>d :i* aspir+ y\? %\ld be enc\rag$ to /rive4 ,we g into bus9ess n to fe$ & clo! ea* o!r1 b to make money2 & s9ce f ! nature ( ! case only comp>atively few ( u h ! capacity & ! opportunity to become comm]cial sup]m51 ! re/ ( u rema9 9 bus9ess to fe$ & clo! ourselves1 or 7z we say7 to 8make a liv+40 ,comm]ce1 :i* owes its orig9 to social ne$1 has almo/ :olly lo/ ! social motive4 ,if we are n mak+ money ourselves1 we hire ourselves out z ! money-mak+ tools ( o!rs2 & :ile "s ( u aim at l>g] pr(its1 ! re/ ( u hope = l>g] wages4 ,! economic motive is univ]sal1 & x expresses itself exclusively 9 ! pecuni>y /&>d4 8,! ,almighty ,doll>0 is m ?an a gratuit\s ex]cise 9 satire1 x describes ! _s ( an age4 ,mu* has be5 he>d s9ce ! w> began ( ! pr(ite]1 on bo? sides ( ! ,atlantic1 & on bo? sides ( ! qu>rel4 ,b ! pr(ite] is n a ph5om5on peculi> to w>-"t4 ,l ! poor1 he is always ) u2 ! w> has b s]v$ to reveal him m vividly 9 8 prop] "*4 ,8 peculi> crime is t he makes ! extremity ( 8 c\ntry ! opportunity ( private ga94 ,b :at he does 9 "t ( w>1 he does no less s$ul\sly 9 "t ( peace4 ,8 s9 takes a deep] dye 9 w>-"t because ! national ne$ is great]1 & 8 opportunity is mu* enl>g$4 ,yet ! /ory ( h[ 8big bus9ess0 has endeav\r$1 & has l>gely succe$$ 9 ! endeav\r to control ! legislative ma*9]y ( ! nations 9 its own int]e/s 9 normal times1 is a v deplorable & %ameful *apt] 9 mod]n hi/ory4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 no new ?+ t legislatures %\ld %[ !mselves t5d] to economic int]e/s2 !re is ev5 yet no legislature 9 ! _w :i* is n m c>eful ( ! rights ( prop]ty ?an ( ! welf>e ( m5--except1 p]haps1 9 ,russia4 ,by a curi\s p>adox1 ^? :o mo/ jeal\sly gu>d$ ! sanctities ( prop]ty1 7 once ! implacable critics ( comm]cial ent]prise1 b t phase has pass$ away4 ,l&$ ari/ocracies1 no less ?an b\rgeois manufactur]s1 h be5 s s$uc$ by ! lure ( l>ge & swift ga9 t ! old l9e ( dem>cation has disappe>$2 & ! doctr9e ( prop]ty rights has be5 invok$ to secure ! sanctity ( ! capitali/ sy/em ( indu/ry4 ,! 8gov]n+ classes0 9 ,europe & ,am]ica1 :o to-day are ! economically p[]ful1 h become an unholy alliance :i* exploits ! /ate 9 ! int]e/s ( trade4 ,x is n ! ,engli% brew]s & publicans only :o say1 8our trade1 our politics10 ?\gh ^! p>ticul> p may be ! only ones :o h ! effront]y to say s 9 public4 ,x is always ! pr(ite]'s cry2 & :5ev] 9 ! pa/ a piece ( social legislation has be5 introduc$ 9 ,engl&1 he raises ! sc>e cry t 8capital w leave ! c\ntry10 :i* simply means t he e/eems 8 pr(its m highly ?an he does 8 c\ntry4 ,he is ! au?or ( ! inspir+ doctr9e t 8trade foll[s ! flag02 :i* pro/itutes national idealism to ! sordid bus9ess ( pr(ite]+2 & s deeply has ?is poison ent]$ into our life t ,*ri/ian missions to ! non-,*ri/ian _w are frequ5tly comm5d$ on ! gr\nd t !y d pione]+ "w = ! trad]4 ,all ?is is1 ( c\rse1 trite & commonplace2 & ev] s9ce ! e>ly "p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury !re has be5 a cont9u\s & increas+ note ( prote/ aga9/ ! mod]n comm]cial doctr9e ( competitive pr(it-mak+4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be admitt$ t ! prote/ has n ga9$ mu* headway aga9/ ! evil2 on ! contr>y ! evil has1 dur+ ?is same p]iod1 gr[n by leaps & b\nds1 s t ! e>li] tw5tie? c5tury witness$ its supreme a*ievem5ts4 ,mr4 ,john ,d4 ,rockefell] is ! tragical culm9ation ( ! process 9 our g5]ation2 & !re is no reason to suppose t he is ! la/1 or greate/ figure ( ! l9e ( ,crsus4 ,nor w ! subord9ation ( life to ! bus9ess ( pecuni>y ga9 be effectually /ay$ until we s]i\sly take 9 h& ! pr(ite]+ ideology :i* gov]ns all our ?\ght & conduct4 ,! ma9 +r$i5t 9 ! social h]$ity ( ?is g5]ation is ! pr(it-mak+ impulse2 t is ! atmosph]e :i* x has brea!d & :i* con/itutes its habitual univ]se ( disc\rse4 ,art & religion alike h be5 infect$ ) ! _s2 ! curr5t repute ( an arti/ is fix$ by ! prices :i* 8 pictures comm&2 & ! prosp]ity ( a ,*ri/ian congregation is judg$ by its /ati/ical returns4 ,x is requir$ ( education t x %all m9i/] prim>ily to comm]cial effici5cy2 & ! outcry aga9/ ! /udy ( ! classics1 & ! dem& = a m exclusively sci5tific & te*nical education reflect ! ess5tially comm]cial ori5tation ( our educational outlook4 ,x is1 p]haps1 ! mo/ deplorable aspect ( ?is latt] t5d5cy t x s (t5 becomes vocal 9 p]sons ^: academic tra9+ %\ld h provid$ !m ) a m discrim9at+ view ( life4 ,ev5 9 ! univ]sities1 :i* %\ld be ! impregnable citadels ( spiritual idealism1 !re is an incl9ation to capitulate to ! mon/r\s & deadly doctr9e t ! end ( national life is comm]cial supremacy4 ,comm]ce orig9at$ 9 social ne$ & %\ld be a social s]vice2 nor inde$ has its p]v]sion to pr(it-mak+ prev5t$ x f r5d]+ sub/antial s]vices to society4 ,ap>t f its provision ( ! necessities ( life1 _m ( its inv5tions h add$ mu* to ! weal? ( life indep5d5tly ( _! imm$iate purposes4 ,! unique facilities = travel :i* we mod]ns enjoy owe _! orig9s 9 ! fir/ in/ance to ! dem& = bett] comm]cial transport4 ,/eph5son's fir/ locomotive 0 int5d$ to haul coal trucks4 ,! increas+ socialisation ( life 9 our "t owes mu* to ! economic motive t has popul>is$ ! telegraph & ! telephone2 & ! supreme a*ievem5t ( ,mr4 ,h5ry ,=d is n a miracle ( /&>dis$ production1 b ! contribution :i* 8 c> has made to ! socialisation ( ! f>m]'s life4 ,our k ( ! e>?'s surface & its peoples1 & ?r\gh ?is1 "o ( ! f\ndations ( ! com+ int]nationalism1 we owe greatly to ! ent]prise ( ! trad]4 ,= a hundr$ great s]vices beyond its m9i/ry to ! elem5t>y human ne$s ( food & clo?+1 we are debtors to comm]ce & to ^? m]*ant v5tur]s 9 _m ages :o laid its broad mod]n f\ndations4 ,yet j because we ackn[l$ge a manife/ debt ev5 to pr(ite]+ comm]cial ent]prise1 x is ! m necess>y t we %\ld assail its mod]n asc5d5cy ov] life1 & its own p]v]sion to individual aims1 & po9t out ! havoc :i* its m mod]n developm5ts h wr\ght4 ,x w\ld be fooli% & undiscrim9at+ to say t x is ! sole s\rce ( our social confusion1 b x is simple tru? to say t x has become its *ief direct occasion2 & ! result is to be trac$ to ! circum/ances :i* h *ang$ comm]ce f its ess5tial function z a great social s]vice to a scramble = private ga94 ,! re/oration ( comm]ce to its own prop] place & (fice is b\nd up ) a recov]y ( a true view ( life z a :ole1 ) a new und]/&+ ( ^? ?+s o!r & great] ?an bread by :i* x is orda9$ t m5 %all live4 ,,ii ,! p>am\ntcy ( ! economic motive is no mod]n ph5om5on1 & x w\ld be a mi/ake to id5tify x exclusively ) ! mod]n comm]cial civilisation4 ,its mod]n beg9n+s are no d\bt to be f\nd 9 ! appe>ance ( ! small m]*ant class 9 ! era ( craftsman%ip2 & ! diff]5ce betwe5 him & ! m]*ant pr9ce ( ! tw5tie? c5tury is ma9ly a diff]5ce ( scale--?is diff]5ce be+ *iefly due to ! high mobility ( prop]ty :5 x assumes ! =m ( money1 & ! increas$ facilities = mobilis+ x ?r\gh ! developm5t ( ! cr$it sy/em & ! improvem5t 9 ! means ( communication4 ,! fundam5tal impulses & in/9cts :i* det]m9e ! social ord] are broadly id5tical ?r\gh\t hi/ory4 ,t is :y ,m>x' economic int]pretation ( hi/ory is probably ! mo/ lum9\s & fruitful clue to ! c\rse ( human affairs t hi/orical /udy has yet yield$ to u4 ,we are n ju/ifi$ 9 assum+ 7z "s h done7 t x is ! only valid clue2 /ill less are ^? disciples ( ,m>x ju/ifi$ :o h develop$ 8 !ory ( hi/orical int]pretation into ! metaphysical dogma ( economic det]m9ism4 ,t economic factors h controll$ ! g5]al drift ( human affairs 9 ! pa/ does n necess>ily mean t !y are pr$e/9$ to d s 9 p]petuity4 ,yet ev5 ^? :o mo/ vehem5tly d5\nce ! exi/+ pr(it-mak+ organisation ( society are /ill obsess$ by ! notion t social trans=mation is *iefly an affair ( economic revolution4 ,_! ?\ght appe>s to run :olly )9 ! economic circle4 ,x is 9 "s respects ! /range/ p>adox ( mod]n times t ! ,russian p ) _! long & unique tradition ( spirituality %\ld h be5 s completely captur$ 7to all appe>ance7 by ! doctr9aire mat]ialism ( ! ,m>xian s*ool & h accept$ ! view t ! ,k+dom ( ,heav5 comes by a prolet>ian capture ( economic p[]4 ,! circum/ance is1 ( c\rse1 capable ( explanation1 = 9 ,russia1 z else:]e1 political p[] has gone ) economic p[]2 & ! ,russian revolution>y knew :at ! ,fr5*man ( #aghi did n "k1 namely1 t no political revolution c\ld be complete or p]man5t :i* 0 n an economic revolution at ! same "t4 ,t1 !re=e1 ! ,russian revolution %\ld h be5 prim>ily economic is n /range--s9ce ,m>x _h liv$ & writt5 9 ! int]val betwe5 #aghi & #aiag2 b x rema9s a some:at s+ul> fact t ! spiritual idealism ( ,feodor ,do/oievsky & ,ly( ,tol/oi h be5 s little manife/ dur+ ^! la/ surpris+ mon?s4 ,?is preoccupation ) economic *ange is *>act]i/ic ( ! attitude ( ^? ev]y:]e :o are mo/ urg5t 9 _! endeav\r aft] social trans=mation4 ,! advocates ( ! ,national ,guild ,movem5t are nev] we>y ( reit]at+ t political p[] belongs to ^? :o wield economic p[]1 & ( urg+ t ! work]s %\ld make !mselves ma/]s ( ! economic res\rces ( society z ! necess>y prelim9>y ( lay+ hold ( ! political p[]4#ac ,?is may be a s\nd c\nsel ( imm$iate /rategy2 b x is full ( disa/] if x is treat$ z a p]man5t pr9ciple ( social practice4 ,= x leaves u /ill )9 ! vici\s circle :]e ! purely economic int]e/s are p>am\nt4 ,:5soev] we cons5t to ! /atem5t t ! "o ?+ ne$ful to society is a m equitable di/ribution ( ! weal? :i* its indu/ry produces1 we are /ill )9 ! same hopeless univ]se ( disc\rse4 ,a m equitable di/ribution ( weal? is ne$$2 s mu* is obvi\s4 ,b hav+ secur$ x1 :at !n8 ,w ! ,city ( ,god !n come d[n f heav58 ,or are we cont5t ) ! hope ( a r$eem$ society :i* goes no f>!r ?an a vision ( a community ( heal?y & cont5t$ animals8 ,x is c]ta9 t1 s long z our ?\ght ( social reg5]ation moves *iefly )9 ! exi/+ framework ( weal? production & weal? di/ribution1 our ef=t w create a range ( new social problems ( an acute & probably less soluble k9d4 ,t we %\ld lab\r to humanise & to socialise ! exi/+ comm]cial & indu/rial organisation goes )\t say+2 b !re is no c]ta9ty t aft] we h done s1 ! same economic pre-occupation w n /ill fill our m9ds4 ,x is n en\gh to "w = *ange t only transf]s ! p[] to produce & to enjoy weal? f ! h&s ( a small m9ority to ^? ( ! great majority4 ,t is inde$ only *ange1 & n necess>ily progress4 ,!re w be few] p ) m butt] on _! bread ?an !y ne$2 & few] p ) less ?an !y ne$2 & t w be some?+ ga9$4 ,b x does n necess>ily foll[ t we w n /ill be *iefly conc]n$ ab\t bread & butt]1 & :atev] elaborations ^u t simple !me t our enl>g$ res\rces may tempt u to seek4 ,footnote #ac3 ,?is is n to be tak5 z mean+ t ! ,national ,guild ,movem5t is de/itute ( a spiritual outlook4 ,on ! contr>y1 see1 = in/ance1 ! la/ *apt] ( ,s4 ,g4 ,hobson's ,guild ,pr9ciples 9 ,w> & ,peace4 ,?is is n 9 any s5se an argum5t = sp5d+ less en]gy ^u ! urg5t task ( accompli%+ ! radical economic *anges :i* social well-be+ pla9ly requires2 x is r a r5ew$ plea t we %\ld ask ourselves :e!r we are mov+ con=mably ) a vision ( man & life z a :ole4 ,:e!r we rank z re=mi/s or revolutioni/s we %\ld endeav\r to see ! evils we hate & ! mann] & matt] ( ! rem$y 9 ! light ( a philosophy ( compreh5sive & coh]5t human good4 ,! s*eme ( social insurance e/abli%$ 9 ,great ,brita9 be=e ! w> 0 a response to a def9ite social ne$2 b x is n[ no long] op5 to "q1 t bo? 9 respect ( its cont5t1 & ! me?od ( its in/itution1 its promot]s fail$ to appreciate ! precise nature & conditions ( ! ne$2 & ! f9al solution ( ! problem :i* evok$ ! measure has be5 confus$ & ret>d$4 ,& g5]ally1 s long z we ?9k exclusively ( social advance 9 economic t]ms1 out ( relation to _! context 9 life1 we are subord9at+ ! great] ?+ to ! less]1 & are 9 cont9ual dang] ( po/pon+ ! great] ?+ into an impossible future4 ,we become & rema9 virtual opportuni/s 7ev5 ?\gh we call ourselves revolution>ies671 only mov+ spasmodically & incoh]5tly )9 ! v circle ( in/itutions & t5d5cies :i* h wr\ght our pres5t confusion1 until we h ga9$ t social p]spective 9 :i* ! economic requirem5ts ( life take _! prop] place4 ,prop]ly und]/ood1 ?is place is a relatively humble "o4 ,9 our analysis ( p]sonality 9 ! previ\s *apt]1 f\r major in/9cts 7 def9$4 ,! fir/1 ! in/9ct ( self-pres]vation has to d ) ! ma9t5ance ( physical life2 ! second1 ! ?ird & ! f\r?1 z !y appe> 9 _! full developm5t1 are ma9ly conc]n$ ) ! spiritual expression ( life4 ,! fir/ is ! necess>y basis ( ! o!r ?ree--! f\ndation1 z x 71 ^u :i* !y build2 b ! real significance & joy ( life are associat$ pr$om9antly ) ! impulses ( creativ5ess1 sociability1 & reflection4 ,n[1 ! economic bus9ess ( life has to d almo/ exclusively ) ! in/9ct ( self-pres]vation2 its function ends ) ! provision ( ! conditions & mat]ials ( a :olesome physical exi/5ce4 ,yet to-day1 ! economic int]e/s absorb virtually ! :ole ( life2 ! ultimate int]e/s ( life--t range ( ?+s :i* we may broadly call spiritual1 if !y are n subord9at$ to & absorb$ 9 ! economic motive1 are consign$ to ! odds & ends ( "t :i* we are able to sp>e f ! sov]eign bus9ess ( mak+ a =tune or mak+ a liv+4 ,! di/9ctive human int]e/s ( religion1 ?\ght1 art1 & recreation are no m ?an occasional alt]natives :i* enable u to "s ext5t to repair ! we> & te> ( ! ceaseless economic drive4 ,! real revolution we ne$ is ! g5]al conviction t to put x r\ghly--z ! kit*5 is to ! home1 s ! economic int]e/ is to ! re/ ( life4 ,! kit*5 is indisp5sable to ! home2 & !re are exceptional p]sons to :om x is ! mo/ important "p ( ! home4 ,yet x is no m ?an a /rictly subord9ate "p ( ! home4 ,:5 we h f9i%$ ) ! bus9ess ( procur+ & eat+ bread1 !n ! real bus9ess ( life beg9s4 ,x is inde$ necess>y t ! kit*5 %\ld be 9 tune ) home1 & t ! "w ( produc+ & di/ribut+ ! prim>y necessities ( life %\ld be organis$ s z to be consi/5t ) ! spiritual realisation ( life4 ,we c1 ( c\rse1 no long] admit a dualism ( mat]ial & spiritual2 = ! spiritual may & mu/ infuse ! mat]ial & subord9ate x to its own ends4 ,to-day ! mat]ial has made ! spiritual ancill>y to itself2 & ! s\l is ! drudge ( ! body4 ,! radical problem ( ! future is h[ to rev]se ?is position & to en?rone ! spiritual4 ,:at ! spiritual realisation ( life implies we c no m ?an dimly guess4 ,we may speak ( love & art2 b ! pot5tialities ( social & creative a*ievem5t 9 human nature h yet to be explor$4 ,a mat]ial civilisation has l>gely kept mank9d 9 a /ate ( arre/$ developm5t on e side save t :i* has to d ) ! conditions ( its physical life4 ,psy*ology is busily1 ?\gh n yet v successfully1 expla9+ t hidd5 _w ( life :i* lies beyond ! fronti]s ( consci\sness2 !re are 7& ?is is virtually all we c say7 va/ possibilities & p[]s lat5t )9 u ( :i* we h only occasional & indi/9ct intimations4 ,we h te/$ ! p[] & ! range ( ^? end[m5ts ( :i* we are already aw>e2 & ! triumphs ( art & sci5ce %[ h[ nobly & ri*ly our nature is equipp$4 ,nev]!less1 all t art & sci5ce h yet accompli%$ are b ! promise ( t glory t is /ill to be4 ,b ! full release ( all our p[]s--kn[n & unkn[n--is cont+5t ^u a social sett+ m ri*ly human1 t is to say1 m spiritual 9 temp]1 & outlook1 ?an mank9d has hi!rto kn[n4 ,?is social sett+ w come :5 we make up our m9ds to break ! tyranny ( ! economic motive & to deliv] life f ! infam\s despotism ( ?+s4 ,no man kn[s to :at heights ( creative a*ievem5t & p]sonal self-realisation we may n atta9 :5 once ! economic preoccupation :i* swall[s our be/ en]gies is dissipat$1 & we are free to become all t we h x 9 u to be1 :5 p[]s ( fell[%ip & creation n[ in]t & unkn[n are awak5$ 9 u1 & we press on to ^? peaks ( atta9m5t ( :i* prophets h spok5 & :i* angels h desir$ to see4 ,,iii ,! task be=e u1 !re=e1 is ! deliv]ance ( life f ! asc5d5cy ( ! economic motive2 & at bottom ?is means ! r$emption ( comm]ce f ! obsession ( pr(it-mak+4 ,9 o!r words1 comm]ce mu/ be conceiv$ & conduct$ z a social s]vice4 ,x is true t 9 ! e>ly days ( mod]n comm]cialism1 ! pr9ciple ( competition 0 reg>d$ z ! heav5-s5t panacea = human ills4 ,m5 became di?yrambic ab\t laissez-faire1 & ?\gh !y p]=ce admitt$ t ! gr[? ( ! comm]cial sy/em _h caus$ c]ta9 gl>+ evils1 yet !y ma9ta9$ t ^! 7 no m ?an ! inevitable accid5ts ( a process ( readju/m5t4 ,let ! sy/em only "w out its inh]5t logic to ! end1 & !re w be a gold5 age = ev]ybody4 ,! sy/em has _h a fair trial2 & s f> f a*iev+ ! results confid5tly pr$ict$ by its advocates1 x has fail$ hopelessly to provide ev5 a tol]ably secure & suffici5t subsi/5ce = ! great mass ( m54 ,x is inde$ difficult to see h[ x c\ld be o!rwise or h[ ^? :o uphold x c\ld h expect$ a diff]5t result4 ,!re is no d\bt t ! sy/em has /imulat$ ! production ( weal?2 & ?is its protagoni/s accurately =esaw2 b !y app>5tly suppos$ t ! di/ribution ( weal? w\ld look aft] itself4 ,x _h inde$ done s1 9 a fa%ion :i* has depriv$ ! mass ( toil]s ( t security ( physical subsi/5ce :i* is a necess>y condition ( lib]ty & ( ! lib]ation ( ! spiritual impulses4 ,s f> f adequately fulfill+ ! elem5t>y s]vices ( provid+ m5 ) a /eady & reasonable supply ( ! necessities ( life1 x has made life itself insecure & prec>i\s4 ,h[ ?is situation has come ab\t may be /at$ summ>ily 9 a few words3 7a7 ,! pursuit ( pr(it t5ds to l[] ! co/ ( production1 :ile x raises ! price ( ! product4 ,*ief among ! co/s ( production is ! paym5t ( lab\r1--t is to say1 wages4 ,! result ( ?is t5d5cy is to depress ! income ( ! work] & at ! same "t to raise 8 exp5diture & s9ce !re is no limit fix$ at ei!r end ! /&>d ( life is 9 con/ant dang] ( be+ l[]$ b5ea? ! po9t ( reasonable subsi/5ce4 ,x (t5 happ5s t wages %[ an increase ov] giv5 p]iods ( "t2 b x is an increase ( money-wages & n ( real wages2 s9ce ! p]iod ( wage-increase is g5]ally also a p]iod ( a disproportionate increase 9 ! price ( commodities4 ,"s *eck has be5 plac$ ^u ! decrease ( wages by ,trade ,union action2 b ?is is (fset by ! p>tial elim9ation ( competition 9 ! m>kets ?r\gh ! gr[? ( ,tru/s & ,comb9es1 & ! consequ5t upw>d t5d5cy ( prices4 7b7 ,?is insecurity is acc5tuat$ by ! fact t ! ma9t5ance ( pr(its frequ5tly require a *eck ^u productivity 9 ord] to tight5 ! m>ket by r$uc+ ! supply ( commodities4 ,x is e/imat$ t 9 ,am]ica ?is int]f]5ce ) production has kept productivity d[n any:]e betwe5 tw5ty-five & fifty p] c5t4 bel[ its possible maximum4 ,?is ob/ruction is effect$ by su* devices z ! dim9ution ( work+ h\rs1 dismissal ( workm51 & p]iodic /oppages ( "w4 7c7 ,a fur!r elem5t ( insecurity is to be f\nd 9 ! circum/ance t lab\r is itself treat$ z a commodity1 subject to m>ket fluctuations1 its price gov]n$ by ! relation ( supply to dem&1 l any o!r commodity4 ,9 ord] to prev5t an undue rise 9 ! price ( lab\r1 ! indu/rial sy/em has evolv$ a res]ve ( lab\r1 commonly call$ unemploym5t4 ,9 normal times1 !re is 9 e trade a *ronic m>g9--v>y+ 9 am\nt--( unemploy$ m52 & no man kn[s :5 8 turn may come to fall into ! res]ve4 ,x naturally happ5s t ! less effici5t man goes fir/--! man lea/ equipp$ to face ! demoralis+ effects ( unemploym5t4 ,! result is t he deg5]ates into an unemployable & swells ! volume ( ! human driftwood ( our social ord]4 7d7 ,insecurity arises also f ! unque/ion$ & un*all5g$ au?ority ( ! own]s or repres5tatives ( ! inve/$ capital1 aga9/ ^: v]dicts !re is no appeal4 ,! work] is at ! absolute m]cy ( ! ma/] or ! =eman2 & he c usually f9d "w only at ! sacrifice ( 8 fre$om4 ,%\ld he display any signs ( re/iv5ess & be dismiss$1 ! gr[? ( ,tru/s & ,employ]s' ,associations has made x possible to d5y him employm5t )9 ! area ov] :i* su* bodies ex]cise control4 ,?is takes no acc\nt ( ! dehumanis+ & despiritualis+ effects ( ! ma*9e indu/ry "u ! conditions ( ! pr(it sy/em4 ,t is an aggravation ( ! situation :i* mu/ be consid]$ 9 ano!r connection4 ,"h we are conc]n$ to note ! failure ( comm]ce "u a pr(it sy/em to provide ! conditions ( security ( life = ! mass ( m54 ,& n ! lea/ disa/r\s consequ5ce ( ?is failure is ! deep social s*ism x has eng5d]$4 ,x has creat$ ! crim9al anti!sis ( great weal? & great pov]ty 9 great cities1 & ! virtually op5 w>f>e betwe5 capital & lab\r4 ,! inve/or & ! employ] are b5t on l>g] divid5ds ^u ! outlay ( capital2 ! work] is seek+ a l>g] return ^u 8 outlay ( lab\r4 ,9 ! /ruggle ! work] is at a disadvantage4 ,= :ile capital & lab\r1 ! produc]s1 are fight+1 ! casualties ( ! /ruggle are *iefly among ! consum]s4 ,b ! consum]s are mo/ly compos$ ( ! lab\r] & ! t5em5t-dwell]1 t is to say1 ! work+-class itself4 ,s t ! work] 9 ! /ruggle is divid$ aga9/ himself4 ,if he is successful 9 8 /ruggle = high] wages1 ! advantage is lo/ ?r\gh ! increas$ price ( commodities2 = ! employ] pays ! high] wages out ( high] prices4 ,9 ! issue1 ! work] is caught 9 ! vici\s circle ( a cont9u\s /ruggle aga9/ himself1 :i* to dep5d5ce & insecurity adds an un5d+ confusion4 ,no "q is "h rais$ z to ! legitimacy ( pr(it2 we are conc]n$ only to po9t out ! consequ5ces ( a sy/em :i* p]mits an unlimit$ expansion ( pr(its2 & x %\ld be cle> t ! r$emption ( comm]ce & its re/oration to ! /atus ( ! social s]vice x %\ld be1 are to be wr\ght fir/ by impos+ a limit ^u pr(it-mak+4 ,?is requires two measures3 ,fir/1 ! production & di/ribution ( ! necessities ( life %\ld be def9itely plac$ outside ! sph]e ( competition4 ,! ,briti% ,lab\r ,p>ty 9 its memor&um on recon/ruction1 proposes t ! coal-supply %all be s organis$ t ! ord9>y h\sehold] %all be able to h 8 coal deliv]$ at 8 door1 at a uni=m price all ov] ! c\ntry & all ?r\gh ! ye>--j z he buys po/age /amps4 ,b ! pr9ciple %\ld be ext5d$ to all ! ess5tial commodities4 ,fl\r1 milk1 coal1 meat1 wool1 cotton & _! imm$iate d]ivatives %\ld be )drawn f ! circle ( competitive comm]ce1 & be no m subject to ! fluctuations ( a m>ket manipulat$ 9 ! int]e/ ( pr(it-mak+ ?an ! wat]-supply is4 ,!re is no reason :y ! supply ( ^! prim>y articles %\ld n be s regulat$ z to be> a reasonably con/ant proportion to ! dem&4 ,= ^? :o argue t ?is w\ld dislocate ! cu/om>y economic processes1 a two-fold answ] may be return$4 ,fir/1 t ! cu/om>y economic processes des]ve to be dislocat$2 & second1 t ! only possible ju/ification ( ! cu/om>y economic processes is d]iv$ f an economic !ory :i* is no long] relevant to ! facts ( life4 ,9 po9t ( actual fact1 ! /&>disation ( prices has become 9 rec5t ye>s increas+ly common--! elim9ation ( competition by ! =mation ( tru/s & comb9es has _h ! result ( fix+ prices ) a consid]able rigidity2 & dur+ ! w>1 x has be5 done on a v l>ge scale4 ,9 nei!r case is x sugge/$ by any "o t x has _h a delet]i\s effect ^u comm]ce4 ,9 ?is proposal = ! /&>disation ( prices1 !re is no?+ new2 x is simply a revival ( ! m$ival cu/om ( ! ju/um pretium--accord+ to :i* buy]s & sell]s & m>ket au?orities toge!r det]m9$ a price = ea* commodity :i* %\ld be equally fair to ! produc] & ! consum]2 & a return to ?is practice--) su* modifications z mod]n conditions require--is oppos$ only by ^? :o /ill hold to ! curi\s illusion t ,adam ,smi? spoke ! la/ ^w ^u ?is subject4#ad ,footnote #ad3 ,revelations ( aft]-w> pr(ite]+ 9 ,great ,brita9 & ,am]ica are creat+ a def9ite dem& = /&>disation ( prices4 ,& if we are to h ,wages ,bo>ds1 :y n ,prices ,bo>ds8 ,second3 ,a limit %\ld be plac$ ^u pr(its1 divid5ds1 incomes & =tunes4 ,?is may be done by taxation1 inh]itance duties & o!r devices already famili> to ! manag]s ( public f9ance4 ,we %\ld agree to make x cease to be wor? anyone's :ile to exploit ! public1 by fix+ rigid b\nds to ! accumulation ( private weal?2 & ?is we may d ) a good consci5ce4 ,= all weal? is socially produc$2 & ! society :i* produces x has ! fir/ claim ^u x4 ,?is is a position :i* c be *all5g$ only by ^? :o /ill hold t ! possession ( prop]ty conf]s ^u its possessors a 8div9e "r0 to take ! lion's %>e ( ! weal? produc$ by ! indu/ry ( ! :ole community4 ,x w be ma9ta9$ t measures ( ?is k9d w take away ! inc5tive to indu/ry & comm]cial progress4 ,b x may be po9t$ out 9 reply t ! economic end ( ,briti% life s f> f be+ disa/r\sly und]m9$ by :olesale int]f]5ce ) economic laws dur+ ! w>1 seems to h be5 9 a r heal?i] condition ?an x _h ev] kn[n previ\sly4 ,pr(its 7 limit$2 prices 7 /&>dis$2 ! old competitive basis 0 l>gely susp5d$4 ,virtually all ^? inc5tives ( self-reg>d & ga9 :i* we h be5 told 7 ess5tial to economic developm5t 7 put out ( bus9ess4 ,yet production rea*$ an unprec$5t$ po9t1 bo? 9 quality & 9 am\nt4 ,ano!r inc5tive 0 inde$ op]ative2 b ?is inc5tive 0 n ( ! p]sonal k9d4 ,! p]il ( ! nation 9 ! great haz>d ( w> evok$ a social solid>ity :i* prov$ a m p[]ful inc5tive to indu/ry ?an ! self-reg>d+ in/9cts ev] provid$4 ,?is is our suffici5t answ] to ^? :o /ill hold to ! cynical sup]/ition t ! only motives on :i* we c rely 9 deal+ ) human nature are ^? ( selfi%ness4 ,:at is ne$$ to /imulate ef=t & devotion is ! s5se ( direct p>ticipation 9 a great social task2 & !re is no reason to suppose t ! sy/ematic education ( a c\ple ( g5]ations may n make ?is same social idealism ! normal driv+ =ce ( national ef=t4 ,x is no d\bt true t1 z ?+s are1 only su* a *all5ge to patriotic feel+ z w> br+s1 c\ld a*ieve su* a result2 b x is our bus9ess to discov] ! /imuli :i* w make ?is same int5sity ( devotion a p]man5t fact4 ,b1 x may be said1 ! economic conditions ( w>time are abnormal1 & economic 8laws0 mu/ be disreg>d$ 9 ! /ress ( national crisis4 ,?is is1 ( c\rse1 p>tly true & p>tly untrue4 ,s f> z production is conc]n$1 ! only *ange t w> requires is great] spe$ & great] volume2 ! diff]5ce is "o ( degree & n at all ( k9d4 ,x is only 9 ! region ( f9ance t w>-"t conditions "w havoc ) economic 8laws02 & ! exp]i5ce ( w>-"t has taught u ! useful lesson t ^! 8laws0 h no p]man5t "*4 ,!y are on ! contr>y cont+5t & d]ivative affairs1 be+ no m ?an g5]al /atem5ts conc]n+ economic t5d5cies :i* are set afoot & su/a9$ by ! ways 9 :i* m5 habitually act4 ,if m5 c\ld be induc$ to act diff]5tly1 !n we %\ld require to =mulate a new set ( 8laws40 ,! greate/ revelation ( ! w> 9 _m respects is ! trem5d\s a*ievem5t ( indu/rial production 9 ,great ,brita9 "u ! influ5ce ( a social emotion1 & )\t any ( ! common inc5tives ( p]sonal advantage4 ,x may be conc$$ t ?is social emotion 0 to "s ext5t /imulat$ by a gr\p antagonism1 b 9 ! ma9 x 0 ! love ( & ! desire to pres]ve--9 spite ( its faults--t p>ticul> social syn!sis describ$ z ,briti% t lay beh9d ?is great p]=mance4 ,& once m let x be repeat$ t ! p]il ( w> is n ! only organ ( social vision4 ,x is n pret5d$ t comm]ce w be r$eem$ automatically by plac+ a limitation ^u ! pr(it-motive2 b )\t su* a limitation1 x _c be r$eem$ at all4 ,x mu/ ent] into our s*eme to provide means ( k9dl+ ! social vision :i* w trans=m comm]ce into a social s]vice2 & ?is implies c]ta9 *anges ( temp] & me?od 9 ! sy/em ( education4 ,!re is no reason :y we %\ld n come to reg>d ! bus9ess ( fe$+ & clo?+ ! p z mu* a dep>tm5t ( ! public s]vice z t ( educat+ or t ( provid+ !m ) wat] or ! "t ( day1 or ( transmitt+ _! correspond5ce2 & !re is no reason = suppos+ t a "r education w n provide 9 "t z effectual a spur to patriotism z ! p]il ( w>4 ,,iv ,x is1 h[ev]1 n en\gh to /&>dise ! co/ ( liv+ & to impose a limit ^u pr(its2 = we h /ill no adequate gu>antee aga9/ a l[]+ ( ! /&>d ( life4 ,x does n necess>ily foll[ t ! surplus pr(its w g to ! rais+ ( wages1 or t /&>dis$ prices w make = a suffici5t liv+4 ,x is necess>y to def9e a m9imum /&>d ( life4 ,! dem& = a m9imum wage is a beg9n+ 9 ?is direction1 b "u ! pr(it sy/em1 ! m9imum wage def9$ z a money-wage is some?+ ( a sn>e4 ,= s long z prices t5d to fly upw>d1 no m9imum wage c effectually prev5t a depression ( ! /&>d ( life4 ,x is only z we succe$ 9 fix+ a m9imum 8real wage0 :i* takes acc\nt ( ! co/ ( liv+ t we approa* a satisfactory e/imate4 ,b1 aga91 "u ! pres5t sy/em--! relation ( supply to dem& 9 ! lab\r m>ket w r5d] ev5 a m9imum 8real wage0 exce$+ly prec>i\s4 ,! only satisfactory solution ( ?is difficulty is to dissolve ! connection betwe5 "w & wages4 ,! assumption t m5 w n "w unless !y mu/ is n true2 b x is ! tru? t :ile m5 are compell$ to "w by ! co]cion ( fe>--:e!r ( hung] or ( puni%m5t--!y w n d ! mo/ or ! be/ "w ( :i* !y are capable4 ,t workm5 n[adays are apt to d z little z !y c = z mu* z !y c get is n to be disput$2 & organis$ lab\r comb9es ) its dem& = l>g] wages ano!r dem& = few] work+ h\rs1 & "u c]ta9 conditions imposes re/rictions on output4 ,b ?is is simply ! answ] 9 k9d :i* lab\r returns to capital4 ,x is ! vici\s sequel ( a vici\s sy/em4 ,capital buys 9 ! *eape/ & sells 9 ! de>e/ m>ket2 & lab\r hav+ be5 br\ght up 9 ! same s*ool does ! same ?+4 ,if capital tries to extort z mu* z x c out ( lab\r1 x is n to be wond]$ at t lab\r %\ld take a h& 9 ! game4 ,we h to recognise t ! be/ workman%ip requires two conditions2 fir/--t ! work] %all h a direct int]e/ 9 ! ?+ he produces1 second1 t he %all enjoy ! fre$om :i* comes f a s5se ( gu>ante$ security4 ,to ! =m] we %all h to return at a lat] /age 9 ! argum5t4 ,conc]n+ ! latt]1 we h se5 h[ ! pres5t sy/em exposes ! work] to a grave & vexati\s insecurity4 ,x is /upid to suppose t m5 w habitually put _! be/ into _! "w "u su* conditions z ^!4 ,! :ole sy/em is intr9sically demoralis+ to all :om x t\*es4 ,x is demoralis+ to ! employ] because he comes to reg>d ! work] z a m]e 8h&10 a tool2 & t is a frame ( m9d :i* saps 8 own manhood4 ,x is demoralis+ to ! work] because x treats 8 physical en]gy z a ?+ to be b\ght & sold at a price1 ! highe/ price he c extort2 & s9ce a man's lab\r is actually insep>able f 8 p]son1 x r$uces him to a condition ( s]vility1 :i*1 )9 a c]ta9 limit1 is z real z t ( a *attel slave4 ,he has nei!r indep5d5ce nor security4 ,ov] aga9/ ?is /ate ( ?+s1 we mu/ affirm t a man's subsi/5ce %all be gu>ante$ to him z a cu/om>y practice1 9 good wea!r & 9 bad1 9 sickness & 9 heal?1 9 "w or unemploym5t4 ,! ,briti% ,lab\r ,p>ty's proposal ( a national m9imum /&>d ( life univ]sally en=c$ is c]ta9ly "o ( ! corn]/ones ( a :olesome social ord]4 ,! cynic w probably say t ?is w be ! p>adise ( ! slack]2 & no d\bt !re w\ld be "s p]sons base en\gh to evade _! %>e ( productive lab\r4 ,b we c c\nt ^u ! public op9ion ( a society 9 :i* fre$om has creat$ a new s5se ( social obligation & a new quality ( fell[%ip1 to make a slack]'s life n wor? liv+4 ,x may v fairly be d\bt$ :e!r at ! wor/ ! slack] :o rema9$ incorrigible w\ld con/itute s great a trag$y--ei!r 9 numb] or 9 k9d--or con/itute s cle> evid5ce ( ! bankruptcy ( a sy/em z d ! innum]able & increas+ d]elicts ( ! pres5t indu/rial ord]4 ,^! ?ree measures1 ! /&>disation ( ! co/ ( liv+1 ! limitation ( pr(its1 ! in/itution ( a m9imum /&>d ( life are necess>y to ! r$emption ( comm]ce4 ,= to r$eem comm]ce1 we mu/ 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 take away f x ! p[] & ! opportunity ( exploit+ life = ! ends ( private ga94 ,b ?is process secures ano!r result4 ,x ensures = ! mass ( ! p a reasonable security & suffici5cy ( physical subsi/5ce1 s t ! pre-occupation ) self-pres]vation ne$ no long] arre/ _! spiritual developm5t4 ,we e/abli% ! f\ndations ( fre$om--fre$om f fe>1 f anxiety1 f ! autocracy ( ! employ] or 8 ag5t--& conf] ^u ! ord9>y man a new /atus1 9 :i* we may ) good hope expect to f9d him susceptible to a social vision p[]ful to evoke 8 devotion & to br+ 8 w into captivity to its ob$i5ce4 ,comm]ce & indu/ry w !n no long] be a va/ scramble ( competition & exploitation1 b a g5]\s social co-op]ation4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,r$emption ,,( ,,"w4 8,& ! m5 ( lab\r sp5t _! /r5g? 9 daily /ruggl+ = brea? to ma9ta9 ! vital /r5g? !y lab\r$ )4 ,s liv+ 9 a daily circulation ( sorr[1 liv+ b to "w1 & work+ b to live1 z if daily bread 7 ! only end ( a we>isome life1 & a we>isome life ! only occasion ( daily bread40--,,daniel ,,defoe4 8,& p]fect ! day %all be1 :5 x is ( all m5 und]/ood t ! beauty ( hol9ess mu/ be 9 lab\r z well z 9 re/4 ,nay6 m1 if x may be1 9 lab\r2 9 our /r5g? r ?an 9 our weakness2 & 9 ! *oice ( :at we %all "w = ?r\gh ! six days & may "k to be good at _! ev5+ "t1 ?an 9 ! *oice ( :at we pray = on ! sev5?1 ( rew>d & repose4 ,) ! multitude t keep holiday we may p]haps sometimes va9ly h gone up to ! ,h\se ( ! ,"l & va9ly !re h ask$ = :at we fanci$ w\ld be m]cy2 b = ! few :o lab\r z _! ,"l w\ld h !m1 ! m]cy ne$s no seek+1 & _! wide home no hall[+4 ,surely goodness & m]cy %all foll[ !m all ! days ( _! life1 & !y %all dwell 9 ! ,h\se ( ! ,"l = ev]40--,,john ,,rusk94 ,,! clue to ! approa*+ *ange 9 ! social ord] is to be f\nd 9 ! m9d ( organis$ lab\r4 ,:at organis$ lab\r is resolv$ to a*ieve1 t x w a*ieve soon or late4 ,hi!rto we h be5 conc]n$ 9 ^! pages ) an enquiry1 m or less speculative1 into ! conditions & measures requir$ = a :olesome social evolution4 ,h[ f> does ! pres5t t5d5cy ( organis$ lab\r correspond ) ! g5]al l9es ( progress :i* our enquiry has s f> con/ra9$ u to def9e8 ,x w n be necess>y1 9 ord] to answ] ?is "q1 to survey ! :ole field ( lab\r policy4 ,= our pres5t purpose we may neglect on ! "o h& ! cons]vative elem5t 9 ! lab\r movem5t1 & ! extreme revolution>y elem5t on ! o!r4 ,?is does n imply a judgm5t on ei!r2 x simply means t we %all rea* a saf] judgm5t ^u ! direction 9 :i* lab\r is m9d$ to g by consid]+ ! c5tral mass ( ! movem5t2 & ( ?is c5tral mass x may be affirm$ ) "s assurance t its be/ m9d has receiv$ a m coh]5t & detail$ int]pretation 9 ,great ,brita9 ?an else:]e4 ,we %all1 !re=e1 consid] ! g5]al t5d5cy ( ! progressive elem5ts 9 ! ,briti% ,lab\r ,movem5t4 ,x w n be necess>y to raise ! "q ( ways & means at ?is po9t4 ,x is a "q ^u :i* /rong views are held on bo? sides--:e!r lab\r is to atta9 its goal by political or indu/rial action1 by gradual approa* or by "s cata/rophic me?od su* z ! g5]al /rike4 ,b ! "q ( me?od does n arise at ?is po9t2 our pres5t object is to exam9e s f> z we may ! goal :i* organis$ lab\r is pursu+4 ,i ,! ,trade ,union movem5t orig9at$ 9 ! necessity to provide "s rem$y = 8! helplessness 9 :i* s9ce ! indu/rial revolution1 ! individual workman /ood 9 relation to ! capitali/ employ] & /ill m 9 relation to ! jo9t-/ock company & ! national comb9e or tru/40 ,9 ?is initial /age x 0 gov]n$ by :at ,mr4 ,sidney ,webb has call$ ! 8,doctr9e ( ,ve/$ ,int]e/s10 & x 0 *iefly conc]n$ ) secur+ ^? concessions & safe-gu>ds :i* con/itute ! 8,trade ,union ,conditions0 to ! susp5sion ( :i* ,briti% ,lab\r cons5t$ = ! p]iod ( ! w>4 ,^! conditions affect$ ! rate ( wages1 ! l5g? ( work+ day1 ov]time1 night "w1 ,sunday duty1 mealtimes1 holidays1 & includ$ a c\ntless multitude ( details affect+ processes1 ma*9es1 ! employm5t ( boys & girls1 ! limitation ( output1 & o!r relat$ subjects--! :ole be+ an inconceivably intricate pat*work ( concessions & advantages ga9$ z ! result ( innum]able local skirmi%es & negotiations4 ,! policy at ?is /age may be prop]ly describ$ z "o ( 8nibbl+0 at ! enemies' l9es1 ( raid+ 8 tr5*es z opportunity (f]$ or ne$ requir$2 & x is a commonplace :at l>ge & sub/antial advantages ^! op]ations h yield$ to ! work]s z a :ole1 :e!r unioni/s or n4 ,b x 0 n possible t ^! piece-meal tactics %\ld cont9ue to be ! *ief weapon ( a gr[+1 highly organis$ movem5t :i* 0 ga9+ a k9d ( self-consci\sness & a common m9d2 & gradually out ( ! exp]i5ce ( ! ,unions grew ! 8,doctr9e ( ! ,common ,rule40 ,! ma9 emphasis has n[ %ift$ f ! local & sectional problem to t ( e/abli%+ & ma9ta9+ a ,/&>d ,rate ( ,wages & a normal ,work+ ,day4 ,?is *ange is naturally m>k$ by ! appe>ance ( a l>ge scale /rategy 9 place ( ! local & occasional tactics ( ! e>li] /age2 & ! e>li] type ( lab\r lead] is rapidly disappe>+ 9 fav\r ( p]sons :o are able to br+ "s gifts ( /atesman%ip to ! problems ( lab\r4 ,?is is n to say t ! e>li] doctr9e has be5 ab&on$2 r x has be5 supplem5t$ & ov]%ad[$ by ! new ori5tation4 ,b a situation has rec5tly aris5 :i* w probably br+ ab\t ! p]man5t & g5]al supremacy ( ! ,common ,rule doctr9e4 ,! urg5cies ( w>-production made x desirable & necess>y t ! a*ievem5ts ( ! e>li] unionism %\ld be susp5d$2 & all ! intricate ma*9]y ( safegu>ds & re/rictions 0 will+ly laid on "o side = ! p]iod ( ! w>4 ,b x is n[ evid5t t ev5 ) ! be/ w 9 ! _w1 ?is re/oration1 z x 0 orig9ally gu>ante$1 has become impracticable4 ,ev5ts 9 indu/ry h mov$ s rapidly t x is impossible to retrace our /eps to ! ante-bellum p]iod & to pick up ! l9es ( life :]e we dropp$ !m 9 #aiad4 ,at fir/ sight x w\ld appe> t ?is result prov$ t ! :ole a*ievem5t ( ! e>li] union activity _h be5 ( a peculi>ly fragile & sl5d] k9d4 ,yet1 despite ?is circum/ance1 ! ,briti% ,trade ,unions h gr[n consid]ably dur+ ! w>1 ?is gr[? be+ d\btless due to ! increas+ s5se t only a /rong corporate movem5t ( ! work]s w be able to e/abli% = !m ! necess>y conditions ( a secure & indep5d5t life1 & 9 p>ticul> su* improvem5ts 9 _! position1 9 respect ( wages & o!r matt]s1 z !y h be5 able to ga9 dur+ ! w>4 ,x n[ seems likely t ! outcome ( ! situation creat$ by ! impossibility ( re/or+ ! /atus quo ante1 & ! increase ( ,trade ,union /r5g?1 w be ! g5]al acceptance ( ! ,doctr9e ( ! ,common ,rule & a programme bas$ ^u x2 & ! dem& = ! ,re/oration ( ,trade ,union ,conditions may take ! =m ( a dem& = c]ta9 g5]al /&>ds ( life & lab\r4 ,already1 x is fairly evid5t t ! lea/ t lab\r w dem& w be :at ,mr4 ,sidney ,webb calls 8! ,new ,indu/rial ,*>t]0 9 :i* !re are five articles3 7i47 ! prev5tion ( unemploym5t2 7ii47 ! ma9t5ance ( /&>d rates ( wages2 7iii47 a 8con/itution0 = factory & indu/ry1 i4e4 ! introduction ( a measure ( democratic control ov] ! conditions ( "w2 7iv47 no limitation ( output2 7v47 fre$om = e work]4#ae ,! 8*>t]0 z x /&s1 repres5ts a m9imum dem&2 x c]ta9ly does n run to revolution>y excess & contemplates no organic *ange 9 ! exi/+ framework ( ! indu/rial ord]4 ,) its probable economic effects we are n n[ conc]n$1 b x is important to notice ! emphasis :i* x lays ^u ! /&+ ( ! work]4 ,! *>t] aims to give him security aga9/ unemploym5t1 a %>e 9 ! control ( ! conditions "u :i* he works1 & fre$om f ! autocratic dictation ( employ] or =eman1 & f ! co]cion ( necessity4 ,ev5 ?is mod]ate measure w\ld und\bt$ly br+ a great accession ( indep5d5ce to ! ord9>y work]4 ,fur!r1 ?is *>t] applies to all work]s1 n to unioni/s alone2 = once ! ,/&>d ,rate & ! ,normal ,day are conc$$1 ! old invidi\s necessity ( mak+ w> ^u non-unioni/s disappe>s2 & ) x1 to ! great good ( all conc]n$1 ! demoralis+ cu/om ( impos+ re/rictions ^u output4 ,footnote #ae3 ,! :ole position is discuss$ 9 its relation bo? to ! employ] & to ! work] 9 ,mr4 ,webb's bro*ure3 ,! ,re/oration ( ,trade ,union ,conditions4 ,s9ce ^! passages 7 writt51 ! increas$ dem&s "h =e%ad[$ h be5 def9itely made4 ,,ii ,?is 8*>t]0 w n be grant$ )\t a /ruggle4 ,! gre$ & am\r propre ( "s employ]s1 & ! /upidity ( o!rs1 w int]pose great ob/acles to its in/itution4 ,! great gr[+ /r5g? ( organis$ lab\r1 h[ev]1 gu>antees a comp>atively e>ly capitulation ( ! intransig5t employ]s4#af ,b x w\ld be a mi/ake to suppose t ?is is all t is impli$ 9 ! pres5t temp] ( lab\r4 ,a good deal ( :at lab\r is look+ to has n yet rea*$ ! /age ( articulation1 b x is impossible to misappreh5d ! g5]al direction 9 :i* x is mov+4 ,! sociali/ propag&a1 ev5 if x has n always be5 z prolific ( conv]sions z its promot]s desir$1 has be5 a s+ul>ly pot5t in/rum5t ( education1 & if ! work]s z a :ole h n accept$ ! conclusions ( ! sociali/1 x is mo/ c]ta9 t !y h be5 pr(\ndly mov$ by 8 premises4 ,probably m ?an any o!r influ5ce x has /imulat$ ! _s ( revolt aga9/ a p]man5t division ( society by a l9e ( economic privilege2 & x has enc\rag$ a v real insurg5cy aga9/ ! idea1 s com=t+ to ! =tunate classes1 t x is ! duty ( all p]sons to be cont5t 9 t /ation ( life into :i* ,provid5ce has be5 pleas$ to call !m4 ,:ile ! ri* believ$ t _! duty to _! less =tunate neighb\rs 0 an affair ( *>ity1 ! ,sociali/ _h taught ! poor to cry = ju/ice4 ,! *ief a*ievem5t ( ! ,sociali/ movem5t up to ?is "t lies less 9 ! acceptance ( its doctr9es ?an 9 ! new s5se ( "r :i* x has succe$$ 9 awak5+1 ev5 9 _m to :om ! v t]m socialism /ill repres5ts a dang]\s & =bidd+ spectre4 ,& x is ?is s5se ( "r1 ! refusal to accept z p]man5t & j a /ate ( exploitation1 ) ! dem& = economic fre$om & indep5d5ce1 :i* is work+ z an irresi/ible leav5 9 ! m9d ( ! work]-mass ( our "t2 (t5 inde$1 in>ticulately en\gh1 b 9 ! m9ds ( ! bett] educat$ & mo/ ?\ghtful work]s1 beg9n+ to express itself 9 specific requirem5ts :i* f> out/rip ,mr4 ,sidney ,webb's cons]vative int]pretation ( ! pres5t ne$4 ,footnote #af3 ,s9ce ^! p>agraphs 7 writt51 a ,national ,indu/rial ,conf]5ce conv5$ by ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t1 & compos$ ( equal numb]s ( employ]s' & work]s' repres5tatives1 has report$ unanim\sly 9 fav\r ( a univ]sal m9imum wage & a univ]sal maximum week4 ,! ,socialism popul>ly advocat$ dur+ ! la/ half-c5tury1 is1 h[ev]1 n likely to capture ! work+-class ( to-day4 ,! movem5t = ! nationalisation ( ! means ( production & di/ribution--especially ( ! prim>y necessities ( life--has inde$ ga9$ /r5g? dur+ ! w>2 & ! public own]%ip doctr9e ( or?odox socialism is 9 no dang] ( be+ disc>d$1 ?\gh x may be modifi$ 9 ! ext5t ( its application4 ,b ! or?odox sociali/ plan ( ve/+ economic & indu/rial control 9 ! /ate w n survive ! w>4 ,! mod]n doctr9e ( ! /ate rea*$ its apogee dur+ ! w>2 x is already 9 process ( rapid discr$it4 ,?is is *iefly due to ! revelation ( ! logic ( /ate-absolutism1 :i* ! ,g]man p]=mance 9 ! w> has yield$2 & we are likely to witness a /rong reaction f ! doctr9e ( ! sov]eign omni-compet5t /ate 9 ! com+ g5]ation4 ,moreov]1 9 ,engl& ! work+ ( ! ,munitions ,act has prov$ t ! /ate may be z h>% & tr\blesome an employ] z a private individual or a corporation2 & ! work]s are n m9d$ to emancipate !mselves f ! plutocracy to h& !mselves ov] to a bureaucracy4 ,b h[ is public own]%ip to be made practicable )\t slate control8 ,! exp]i5ces ( w>-"t h reveal$ a possible solution ( ! difficulty4 ,! ,g>ton ,f\ndation & ! ,:itley ,committee1 ! =m] a private1 ! latt] a p>liam5t>y body1 & nei!r committ$ to 8lab\r0 views1 h be5 l$ by ! /udy ( indu/rial conditions 9 w>-"t to advocate introduction ( democratic control into indu/ry1 & exp]im5ts 9 democratic control :i* h be5 made1 h pla9ly demon/rat$ its practicability & its economic value4 ,9 ! wooll5 trades t c5tre ^u ,brad=d1 9 ,york%ire1 v>i\s tr\bles int]f]$ ) ! output ( clo?4 ,e>ly 9 #aiaf ! ,w> ,(fice requisition$ ! output ( ! factories = ! production ( khaki1 blankets1 & o!r w>-mat]ial2 & a little lat] ! ,gov]nm5t pur*as$ all ! available wool on ! m>ket4 ,! di/ribution ( ?is wool to ! factories 0 left by ! ,army ,contracts ,dep>tm5t to a ,bo>d ( ,control :i* x e/abli%$ = ! :ole indu/ry4 8,! allocation10 says a rec5t acc\nt ( ! matt]1 8is c>ri$ out by means ( a s]ies ( ration+ committees4 ,!re are di/rict ration+ committees ( sp9n]s1 ( manufactur]s1 & a jo9t ration+ committee on :i* ! ,trade ,unions are repres5t$4 ,^! committees asc]ta9 all ! facts ab\t an individual firm's consumption ( wool1 & ! k9d & quality ( ma*9]y t has be5 us$4 ,f ^! data ! rations are arrang$ = ! sev]al mills ( ! di/rict1 :ile ! ,gov]nm5t committee settles ! rations = ! sev]al di/ricts4 ,x is an extraord9>ily int]e/+ example ( an indu/ry regulat+ its life on a pr9ciple ( equity in/ead ( leav+ ! =tune ( diff]5t mills & ! =tunes ( ?\s&s ( workm5's homes to ! bl9d scramble ( ! m>ket40 ,x is ( int]e/ fur!r to obs]ve conc]n+ ?is exp]im5t t :5 ! ,gov]nm5t requisition$ ! mills1 x e/abli%$ a me?od ( paym5t :i* elim9at$ pr(it-mak+1 & ! sp9n] & ! manufactur] became virtually gov]nm5t s]vants4 ,?is is wor? rememb]+ :5 x is urg$ t ! inc5tive ( pr(it is ess5tial to indu/rial developm5t1 especially 9 view ( ! conspicu\s success ( ! exp]im5t4 ,m to our imm$iate po9t1 h[ev]1 is t ?is is a def9ite exp]im5t 9 democratic control1 = ! organisation 9 :i* ! ultimate control ( ! wooll5 indu/ry 0 ve/$ is compos$ ( ?irty-?ree memb]s1 elev5 ea* be+ appo9t$ by ! ,gov]nm5t1 ! ,employ]s' ,associations1 & by ! ,trade ,unions4 ,! exp]im5t 9 ! wooll5 trades goes f>!r ?an ! measure ( democratic control sugge/$ by ,mr4 ,sidney ,webb 9 8 *>t]4 ,= he contemplates no m ?an a democratic control ( ! actual conditions ( "w1 :ile ! control ( raw mat]ial is ve/$ 9 ! ,bo>d ( ,control ( ! wooll5 indu/ries4 ,mr4 ,webb's sugge/ion is = 8work%op committees or %op /ew>ds0 9 e e/abli%m5t hav+ m ?an tw5ty op]ators1 to :om ! employ] %\ld be requir$ to communicate at lea/ "o week prior to _! adoption any propos$ new rules1 & also any propos$ *anges 9 wage-rates1 piece-"w prices1 all[ances1 d$uctions1 h\rs ( lab\r1 meal-times1 me?ods ( work+ & conditions affect+ ! com=t ( ! work%op4#ag ,mr4 ,webb himself w\ld probably l a good deal m ?an ?is2 b 9 8 bro*ure1 he frankly writes z "o :o believes t 8! mo/ hopeful evolution ( society 444 lies always 9 mak+ ! be/ r ?an ! wor/ out ( :at we f9d at ! mom5t to h&40 ,b 9 po9t ( fact1 v consid]able ext5sions ( ! pr9ciple are already be+ canvass$2 & x is unlikely t organis$ lab\r w be long cont5t ) ! timid bid = a %>e ( indu/rial control :i* ,mr4 ,webb's proposal repres5ts4 ,x is symptomatic ( ! pres5t t5d5cy t 9 ! ,build+ ,trades a movem5t initiat$ by ,mr4 ,malcolm ,sp>kes1 a ,london ,ma/] ,build]1 look+ t[>d ! =mation ( an ,indu/rial ,p>liam5t = ! build+ trades1 has already be5 ! subject ( s]i\s discussion bo? by ! employ]s' associations1 & ! trade unions conc]n$4 ,mr4 ,sp>kes sugge/s t ! ,p>liam5t %\ld be compos$ ( tw5ty memb]s appo9t$ by ! ,national ,association ,build+ ,trades ,c\ncil1 & tw5ty appo9t$ by ! ,f$]ation ( ,build+ ,trades ,employ]s1 & t x %\ld meet regul>ly = con/ructive1 & n at all = arbitral or conciliatory purposes4 ,to ?is p>liam5t w\ld be remitt$ su* matt]s z ! regul>isation ( wages1 unemploym5t1 te*nical tra9+ & appr5tice%ip1 publicity1 & ! inve/igation ( possible l9es ( trade improvem5t4 ,b obvi\sly su* a p>liam5t z ,mr4 ,sp>kes sugge/s c\ld h vitality & au?ority only z x /ood at ! top ( a hi]>*y ( analog\s bodies all ! way up1 ?r\gh prov9cial & di/rict c\ncils1 f ! committee ( ! s+le %op4 ,footnote #ag3 ,! ,re/oration ( ,trade ,union ,conditions1 p4 #ie4 ,! pr9ciple ( democratic control 9 indu/ry has come to /ay2 toge!r ) ! doctr9e ( public own]%ip x w probably fix ! accept$ social policy ( progressive lab\r4 ,already1 inde$1 ?is comb9ation is to be f\nd 9 ! ,briti% ,lab\r ,p>ty's memor&um on 8,lab\r & ! ,social ,ord]40 ,! ,p>ty 8dem&s ! progressive elim9ation f ! control ( indu/ry ( ! private capitali/1 individual or jo9t-/ock40 ,x /&s 8unhesitat+ly = ! national own]%ip & adm9i/ration ( ! ,railways & ,canals1 & _! union1 along ) ,h>b\rs & ,roads1 & ! ,po/s & ,telegraphs 444 9 a unit$ national s]vice ( ,communication & ,transport1 to be work$1 unhamp]$ by capitali/1 private & purely local int]e/s1 & ) a /eadily increas+ p>ticipation ( ! organis$ work]s 9 ! managem5t1 bo? c5tral & local1 exclusively = ! common good40 ,& aga91 ! ,p>ty 8dem&s ! imm$iate nationalisation ( m9es1 ! extraction ( coal & iron be+ work$ z a public s]vice1 ) a /eadily increas+ p>ticipation 9 ! managem5t1 bo? c5tral & local1 ( ! v>i\s grades ( p]sons employ$40 ,x is no exagg]ation to say t ! pr9ciple ( democratic control 9 indu/ry1 especially "u ! conditions )9 :i* ! ,briti% ,lab\r ,p>ty contemplates x1 c>ries ) x an entire *ange 9 ! /atus ( ! work]4 ,= :5 we rememb] t ) democratic control 9 indu/ry1 ! ,briti% ,lab\r ,p>ty dem&s a univ]sal application ( ! policy 8( ! ,national ,m9imum1 af=d+ complete security aga9/ de/itution1 9 sickness & 9 heal?1 9 good times & bad alike1 to e memb] ( ! community ( :atev] age or sex10 x is evid5t t we h ! two requirem5ts ( t necess>y revolution 9 ! work]'s /&+ :i* is ! corn]-/one ( a wor?y social ord]4 ,! work] is no long] dep5d5t1 a pawn 9 ! game ( production1 an employ$ wage-e>n]1 a 8h&20 he has become a p>tn]1 possess+ bo? ! fre$om & ! responsibility ( p>tn]%ip4 ,& x is no less evid5t t a great /ride has be5 tak5 9 ! direction ( sep>at+ "w f ! means ( subsi/5ce & aboli%+ 8wag]y40 ,,iii ,!re c be little d\bt t ! pr9ciple ( public own]%ip ) democratic control has receiv$ a great impulse f ! able advocacy ( :at has come to be kn[n z ,guild-,socialism4 ,! "w guild 9 ?is connection is some?+ m ?an a rem9isc5ce ( ! m$ival in/itution2 ! pres5t movem5t has q def9ite aff9ities ) its hi/orical precursor1 notably 9 ! pr9ciple ( comb9+ all ! memb]s ( a craft 9 co-op]ation4 ,b ! 8national0 guild goes beyond its =be> 9 two respects--9 ! fact ( be+ national :]e ! old] in/itution 0 local1 & 9 ! acc\nt x necess>ily takes ( ! m complex & specialis$ "* ( mod]n indu/ry4 8,a national guild10 says ,mr4 ,s4 ,g4 ,hobson1 8is a comb9ation ( all ! lab\r ( e k9d1 adm9i/rative1 executive1 productive1 9 any p>ticul> indu/ry4 ,x includes ^? :o "w ) _! bra9s & ^? :o contribute lab\r p[]4 ,adm9i/ration1 skill$ & unskill$ lab\r--e "o :o c "w--are all entitl$ to memb]%ip40 ,?is body ( p w lease f ! community ! "r & ! means to c>ry on ! indu/ry ) :i* x is conc]n$1 always provid+ t x %all be "u conditions :i* safegu>d ! int]e/s ( all ! p 9 respect ( ! products ( ! indu/ry4 ,9 ! eyes ( ! guildsman1 ! 8orig9al s90 ( ! exi/+ indu/rial sy/em is production = pr(it4 ,9 8 ,guild ,pr9ciples 9 ,peace & ,w>1 ,mr4 ,s4 ,g4 ,hobson puts side by side 7int] alia7 ! foll[+ figures1 7! p>ticul> ye> to :i* !y belong is n giv573 ,iron & ,/eel ,railway ,indu/ries4 ,con/ruction4 ,net output #cj1idh1ajj #ag1ajc1ajj ,p]sons employ$ #bfb1bbe #bda1ebj ,net output p] p]son #aah #ga ,av]age wage p] p]son #fg #fg ,"h are reveal$ two facts ( great int]e/4 ,! fir/ is t 9 railway con/ruction1 :i* is *iefly = ne$ & use1 ! disp>ity betwe5 ! av]age output & ! av]age wage p] p]son is only f\r p\nds1 :]eas ! iron & /eel indu/ries1 :]e production is = pr(it1 ! disp>ity is z high z fifty-"o p\nds4 ,railway con/ruction repres5ts output 9 locomotives1 roll+-/ock & s =? :i* ! railway companies make = _! own use2 :]eas ! products ( ! iron & /eel indu/ries are de/9$ = ! m>ket4 ,:]e product is = pr(it1 ! excess ( av]age output ov] ! av]age wage is m ?an twelve times z great z :]e ! production is = use4 ,?is is connect$ ) ! fact t ! iron & /eel indu/ries are *iefly conc]n$ ) ! provision ( divid5ds1 :]eas 9 railway con/ruction !re is no su* direct necessity4 ,! second fact ( importance is t 9 bo? cases ! av]age wage is ! same4 ,?is is ! result ( two circum/ances--fir/1 ! commodity-!ory ( lab\r1 accord+ to :i* lab\r-p[] is reg>d$ z a measureable m>ketable affair1 subject to ! law ( supply & dem& & sep>ate f ! p]sonality ( ! work]2 & second1 t res]ve ( lab\r commonly call$ unemploym5t1 ! exi/5ce ( :i* t5ds to mod]ate ! fluctuations ( ! lab\r m>ket4 ,x is 9 ! int]e/s ( capital t !re %\ld be a p]man5t m>g9 ( unemploym5t 9 ord] t ! price ( lab\r %\ld n become excessive at any "t by reason ( its sc>city4 ,9 ! pa/1 ! ma9t5ance ( ! unemploy$ 01 s f> z _! own memb]s 7 affect$1 assum$ altoge!r by ! ,trade ,unions2 b by ! provisions ( ! ,national ,insurance ,act ?is has p>tly be5 laid ^u ! employ] & ^u ! community z a :ole4 ,b1 says ! guildsman1 s9ce ! exi/5ce ( a res]ve ( lab\r seems "u pres5t conditions insep>able f ! conduct ( ! indu/ry2 & s9ce fur!r1 x is impossible to secure t "u no conditions !re w n be "s m>g9 ( unemploym5t1 ! *>ge = ! ma9t5ance ( ! res]ve ( lab\r %\ld be made to fall on ! indu/ry itself4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 imm$iately de/roys ! commodity-!ory ( lab\r4 ,"u su* an arrangem5t1 ! work] w be reg>d$ n z a pot5tial v5dor ( s mu* lab\r-p[]1 subject to ! law ( supply & dem&1 & liable to lose 8 subsi/5ce & t ( 8 family by ! *ances ( ! m>ket1 b z a regul> memb] ( a society :i* provides a f9ancial res]ve = ! purpose ( ma9ta9+ him :5 he falls into ! lab\r res]ve4 ,s once m1 we see ! /atus ( ! work] trans=m$4 ,he ceases to be a 8h&10 & becomes a p>tn]4 ,! 8national guild0 is really no m ?an ! sy/ematic developm5t ( ?is idea ( p>tn]%ip2 & because x insi/s t ?is p>tn]%ip %all be real & n fictiti\s1 x rejects all s*emes ( democratic control 9 indu/ry :i* 7l ! ,g>ton ,f\ndation & ! ,:itley s*emes7 /ill reta9 ! commodity-!ory ( lab\r1 & all s*emes ( pr(it-%>+ :i* is ! volunt>y b\nty ( ! employ]4 ,! guildsman holds t ! work] has a direct int]e/ 9 ! ?+ produc$ ap>t f 8 hire1 & t 8 contribution 9 ! way ( lab\r entitles him to a p>tn]%ip 9 ! indu/ry z real z t ( 8 employ]1 & mu* m real ?an t ( ! inve/or :o does no m ?an rake 9 8 divid5ds4 ,to ?is pr9ciple ( p>tn]%ip1 !re is1 ( c\rse1 no logical end b ! elim9ation ( ! private employ]1 :e!r an individual or a company1 & ! comb9ation ( ! adm9i/rative1 executive & productive lab\r 9 a giv5 indu/ry 9 "s su* way z is contemplat$ 9 ! 8national guild40 ,"u ^! conditions1 production = pr(it w be subord9at$ increas+ly to production = ne$ & use4 ,indu/ry w be organis$ no long] 9 ! int]e/s ( capital1 b 9 ^? ( ! community2 & ! pr(its t may accrue w g to ! community4 ,! conduct ( ! indu/ry w be ve/$ 9 a hi]>*y ( repres5tative bodies :i* w consi/ ( p]sons *os5 to act on behalf ( ! v>i\s dep>tm5ts ( production & adm9i/ration2 & ^! bodies w range all ! way up f ! small %op c\ncil to ! national c\ncil4 ,! guildsm5 ext5d _! vision fur!r to a comb9ation ( national c\ncils1 :i* w become ! economic p>liam5t ( ! nation1 emp[]$ to h&le its comm]cial & indu/rial affairs & leav+ ! legislature to occupy itself ) ^? aspects ( public life su* z education1 heal?1 art1 local gov]nm5t & s =? :i* are n[ s griev\sly neglect$ & subord9at$ to ! exig5cies ( ! comm]cial life ( ! nation4#ah ,footnote #ah3 ,! propos$ ,national ,indu/rial ,c\ncil recomm5d$ by ! rec5t ,national ,indu/rial ,conf]5ce is pla9ly an in/alm5t ( ! ,national ,guild ,c\ncil4 ,t r\ghly is ! guild !ory4 ,its great advantage is t :ile x elim9ates competitive pr(it-mak+1 x also avoids ?r\gh its emphasis ^u democratic control1 ! dang] ( excessive c5tralisation & bureaucratic control inh]5t 9 /ate socialism4 ,on ! o!r h& x does n fall into ! syndicali/ error ( antagonism to ! /ate4 ,x is n )\t int]e/ to po9t out "h 79 anticipation ( lat] discussion7 t ! national guild reflects on ! economic side ! curr5t t5d5cy 9 political philosophy t[>ds a doctr9e ( ! /ate :i* reg>ds x z multi-cellul> 9 nature1 & w\ld make x f$]ali/ic 9 practice1 9 contra/ ) ! emphasis ( ! la/ g5]ation ^u its unit>y & absoluti/ "*4 ,x w\ld appe> t sov]eignty is de/9$ to be di/ribut$ among a s]ies ( democratic functional controls4 ,! pressure ( ev5ts has already validat$ _m ( ! cont5tions ( ! guildsman4 ,we h se5 h[ 9 ! case ( ! wooll5 indu/ries ! ,gov]nm5t has initiat$ ! practice ( treat+ employ]s z its own paid s]vants1 has recognis$ ! pr9ciple ( democratic control1 has assum$ ! pur*ase & control ( raw mat]ials1 & has sup]s$$ production = pr(it by production = use2 we h "h all ! ess5tials ( a national guild save "o2 & t "o ?+ ne$ful is ! %ort /ep f gov]nm5t control to public own]%ip4 ,naturally ! end ( ! w> w br+ "s reaction f ! position ?us a*iev$2 yet x is impossible n to believe t ! ne$ to increase ! aggregate normal productivity ( ! nation1 impos$ by ! f9ancial burd5s ( ! w>1 w ultimately compel a fur!r developm5t ( ^! w>time t5d5cies4 ,c]ta9ly we h 9 ! ,briti% ,lab\r ,p>ty "s gu>antee t ?is movem5t w cont9ue4 ,its memor&um on recon/ruction virtually presupposes :]e x does n explicitly affirm ! und]ly+ pr9ciples ( ! guild-movem5t4 8,/&+ z x does = ! ,democratic ,control ( ,indu/ry1 ! ,lab\r ,p>ty w\ld ?9k twice be=e x sanction$ any ab&onm5t ( ! pres5t pr(itable c5tralisation ( pur*ase ( raw mat]ials2 ( ! pres5t c>efully organis$ #8ration+1' by jo9t committees ( ! trades conc]n$1 ( ! sev]al e/abli%m5ts ) ! mat]ials !y require2 ( ! pres5t elaborate sy/em ( #8co/+' & public audit ( manufactur]s' acc\nts1 s z to /op ! wa/e h]et(ore caus$ by ! me*anical ineffici5cy ( ! m backw>d firms1 ( ! pres5t salut>y publicity ( manufactur+ processes & exp5ses ?us ensur$2 & on ! in=mation ?us obta9$ 79 ord] nev] aga9 to rev]t to ! old-"t pr(ite]+7 ( ! pres5t rigid fix+1 = /&>dis$ products1 ( maximum prices at ! factory1 at ! w>eh\se ( ! :olesale trad]1 & 9 ! retail %op40 ,,iv 8,! "q10 ! ,memor&um cont9ues1 8( ! retail prices ( h\sehold commodities is emphatically ! mo/ practical ( all political issues to ! woman elector4 ,! male politicians h too long neglect$ ! grievances ( ! small h\sehold1 :i* is ! prey ( e pr(ite]+ comb9ation40 ,& ?is br+s u to ! answ] to our "q h[ f> ! pres5t ori5tation ( lab\r satisfies ! conditions we h laid d[n z necess>y to wor?y social progress4 ,! rigid fix+ ( ! retail prices ( h\sehold commodities1--! prim>y necessities ( life--pla9ly sub/itutes ! pr9ciple ( production = ne$ & use = t ( production = pr(it2 & :ile ?is ( itself does n elim9ate ! pr(ite] altoge!r1 x t5ds s to limit ! area ( exploitation z to br+ ! small h\sehold1 :i* is aft] all ! unit ( society1 )9 reasonable di/ance ( a heal?y security ( mat]ial circum/ance4 ,moreov]1 ! pr9ciple ( ! ,national ,m9imum virtually dissolves ! connection betwe5 "w & ! means ( subsi/5ce1 s t ! work] ga9s security ( ma9t5ance & a l>ge accession ( fre$om & indep5d5ce4 ,/ill fur!r1 ! pr9ciple ( democratic control br+s to e work] complete immunity f exploitation by ^? ^u :om an antec$5t economic advantage has conf]r$ p[] & enables him to graduate to ! dignity & responsibility ( p>tn]%ip4 ,b :at !n8 ,hav+ a*iev$ ?is new /atus1 x is c]ta9 t he w n be satisfi$4 ,= ! ?+ t is /irr+ 9 ! m9d & he>t ( organis$ lab\r to-day is some?+ mu* deep] ?an a desire = a m satisfactory physical life or = economic indep5d5ce4 ,lab\r is inde$ unable to make articulate m ?an ! m>g9 ( ! new desire ( :i* x is aw>e2 b ! ph5om5on :i* we h call$ 8lab\r unre/0 prop]ly und]/ood1 is ! result ( a crav+1 imp]i\s & n to be d5i$1 = a l>g] life4 ,( ?is l>g] life ! work] in/9ctively feels t economic security & indep5d5ce are ! indisp5sable pre-requisites4 ,accord+ to ! measure ( 8 intellig5ce & insight1 he is aim+ = ^! ?+s4 ,t is ! inw>dness ( ! pres5t /irr+s ( organis$ lab\r4 ,! work] kn[s t :ile he is compell$ to hire himself out at a price 9 ord] to provide himself & 8 *ildr5 ) bread1 "u conditions :i* make a suffici5cy ( bread p]man5tly unc]ta91 & :i* virtually d5y him ! opportunity ( be+ any?+ m--f 8 fir/ work+ day to 8 la/--?an ! tool ( int]e/s f :i* he is p[]less to deta* himself1 he c nev] become ! man he might be or exp]i5ce ! joy ( life :i* 8 intuitions decl>e to be 8 rightful inh]itance4 ,! great] "p ( life1 & especially ( ! work]'s life1 is an unr$eem$ & unexplor$ tract2 & ! possibilities hidd5 9 ^? regions beyond1 eye ha? n se5 nei!r ha? e> he>d4 ,b dimly & indi/9ctly ! work] has caught glimpses ( ?is promis$ l& & he has set 8 face t way4 ,b he has ju/ly p]ceiv$ t betwe5 him & ! promis$ l& lies ! 8great divide0 ( economic dis9h]itance ) all t x entails ( insecurity & bondage4 ,to-day he has come s f> z to be 9 ! v act ( cross+ ?is divide4 ,t he does n disc]n cle>ly :at mann] ( life awaits him 9 8 promis$ l& is no wond]2 = none ( u "k1 s9ce z yet none ( u h ta/$ save only 9 brief & transitory mom5ts ! r>e quality ( ! fell[%ip & ! creative urge :i* belong to ! life ( spiritual fre$om4 ,! ,briti% ,lab\r ,p>ty speaks ( 8! promotion ( music1 lit]ature1 f9e art1 :i* h be5 "u capitalism s grossly neglect$1 & ^u :i*1 s ! ,lab\r ,p>ty holds1 any real developm5t ( civilisation fundam5tally dep5ds40 ,?is is a h9t ( ! 8milk & honey0 ( ! promis$ l&1 & x is only 9 h9ts we c speak until we h ent]$ ^u our inh]itance ( spiritual life1 & h begun to explore its untold ri*es4 ,b ! road into t l& is ! road ( economic fre$om & indep5d5ce2 & t is ! road :i* organis$ lab\r is mak+ to-day4 ,x has discov]$ t 8society1 l ! individual1 does n live by bread alone1--does n exi/ only = p]petual weal? production40 ,if x makes bread & produces weal?1 x is only t m5 may live1 & liv+ may toge!r /rive to a*ieve ! glori\s lib]ty ( ! sons ( ,god4 ,x is a fair conjecture conc]n+ ! results ( ?is g5]al movem5t1 t x w ultimately assign to ! economic int]e/s ( life _! own prop] second>y place4 ,) ! gradual disappe>ance ( private pr(it & wages w pass ! pres5t asc5dancy ( ! economic motive ov] ! :ole ( life4 ,x is significant ( ! intr9sic impulse ( ?is movem5t t ! promot]s ( ! national guild movem5t %\ld contemplate ! sep>ation ( ! conduct & control ( ! comm]cial & indu/rial elem5ts ( national life f ! bus9ess ( ! national legislature1 s t t body may att5d to ?+s o!r & great] ?an bread4 ,?is does n mean t ! economic aspects ( life w lose _! prop] importance2 x simply means t !y w be depriv$ ( _! pres5t p>am\ntcy2 & h[ mu* t means = ! "r k9d ( social progress1 = ! developm5t ( a completely human ord] ( life1 x is impossible to d m ?an fancy4 ,b x w be a great day :5 m5 awak5 to ! fact t ! c5tre ( gravity ( life is n 9 ! body b 9 ! m9d4 ,v ,to h trans=m$ ! /atus ( ! work] is1 h[ev]1 only a "p ( ! problem ( "w4 ,an indu/rial democracy may conceivably be no bett] ?an a glorifi$ capitali/1 a national pr(it-mak+ conc]n4 ,b ?is keeps u /ill )9 ! vici\s circle ( economic dom9ation1 ) ! dang]s ( deg5]ation greatly increas$4 ,= 9 place ( individuals exploit+ individuals1 we %\ld h nations endeav\r+ to exploit nations--) two c]ta9 consequ5ces1 w> & a reaction to competitive individualism2 & our la/ /ate w\ld be worse ?an ! fir/4 ,our complete emancipation f ! economic motive requires n only a new /atus = ! work] b a new doctr9e ( "w4 ,indu/ry mu/ no m be conceiv$ z a means ( national weal? ?an ( individual weal?4 ,! true doctr9e ( "w is pres5t 9 g]m 9 ! ,briti% ,lab\r ,p>ty's =mula ( 8work]s :e!r by h& or by bra940 ,! inclusion 9 "o category ( ! indu/rial & pr(essional classes %\ld ex]t a v pr(\nd influ5ce ^u ! popul> attitude to manual lab\r4 ,mu* ( ! traditional habit ( look+ ^u manual lab\r z be+ intr9sically inf]ior to bra9 "w is due to a /upid lack ( discrim9ation4 ,= skill$ lab\r (t5 requires z nice a co-ord9ation ( m9d & h&1 & z s5sitive a n]v\s organisation z ! mo/ recondite surg]y4 ,! compet5t eng9e] is 9 no s5se ! m5tal inf]ior ( ! acc\ntant2 probably ! eng9e] has on ! :ole ! m highly organis$ m9d2 yet ! eng9e] is popul>ly assign$ to a relatively l[] social rat+4 ,! conv5tional social divisions ( ^? :o "w are entirely absurd & seem *iefly to dep5d ^u ! clo!s "o we>s4 ,t toil is reg>d$ z inf]ior :i* _c be p]=m$ )\t soil+ clo!s ( a m or less c]emonial cut4 ,b :5 once x is realis$ t ! "w ( ! physician or ! cl]gyman is diff]5t only 9 k9d & n 9 social wor? f ! "w ( ! ma*9i/ or ! f>m-lab\r]1 we %all h a m reasonable basis = classification2 & ?\gh x is true t ! m9i/] 7be+ no m immune f ! pressure ( social atmosph]e ?an o!r m57 has n be5 unm9dful ( 8 /ip5d or ! doctor ( 8 fee1 yet bo? call+s h pres]v$ en\gh ( ! ideal ( dis9t]e/$ social s]vice to pass on some?+ ( ! same impulse into occupations :i* ! common m9d reg>ds solely z means ( livelihood4 ,?is inde$1 mu/ be ! fir/ elem5t 9 our doctr9e ( "w4 ,x mu/ be reg>d$ prim>ily z a social s]vice4 ,john ,rusk9 long ago tri$ to tea* u t 9 e nation !re 7 f\r great intellectual pr(essions3 ! soldi]'s1 to def5d x2 ! pa/or's1 to tea* x2 ! lawy]'s1 to e/abli% ju/ice 9 x2 & ! m]*ant's1 to provide = x2 & x 01 he add$1 ! duty ( ea* ( ^! on due occasion to die = x4 ,:at 0 novel 9 ,rusk9's doctr9e 0 t !re 0 a due occasion on :i* a m]*ant %\ld die = 8 c\ntry4 ,b :y %\ld we /op at ! m]*ant8 ,!re is no reason :y ?is pr9ciple %\ld n be ext5d$ to e k9d ( lab\r ess5tial to ! life ( ! nation4 ,at lea/ !re %\ld be no?+ inconceivable 9 ! idea t e memb] ( ! community %\ld develop ! same degree & quality ( social devotion4 ,& 7let x be repeat$ once m7 ! indu/rial records ( ?is "t ( w> d make ?is expectation into some?+ m ?an a *imra4 ,! spl5did social devotion :i* ! em]g5cy ( w> has discov]$ & releas$ %\ld & c\ld be made a p]man5t asset4 ,x is entirely a "q ( ! "r k9d ( education4 ,if ! imp5d+ revolution 9 ! work]'s /atus br+s ) x 7z x %\ld7 a s5se ( g5u9e p>tn]%ip1 its natural sequel %\ld be a gr[+ consci\sness ( p>ticipation 9 a great social task4 ,e man w\ld come to look ^u 8 job z an integral & indisp5sable "p ( ! common s]vice4 ,?is w\ld add a new int]e/ & wor? ev5 to ! purely me*anical tasks :i* ! gr[? ( l>ge-scale production has s greatly multipli$4 ,x w\ld be no m ?an a p>tial solution ( ! entire problem involv$ 9 r\t9e me*anical toil2 b x w\ld g a great way t[>ds mitigat+ its inevitable dre>9ess1 & x w\ld c]ta9ly br+ ) x a quality ( p]sonal satisfaction 9 "w :i* work+ = a liv+ at a job 9 :i* "o's sole int]e/ is "o's hire _c possibly af=d4 ,,vi ,yet nei!r ! habit ( reg>d+ "w z p>ticipation 9 a social task nor ! elem5t ( comrade%ip :i* we may reasonably expect to gr[ out ( su* a way ( conceiv+ "w1 nor yet ! amelioration ( ! purely ext]nal conditions ( mod]n indu/rial production1 c possibly be accept$ z furni%+ a f9al solution ( ! problem ( "w4 ,x is probable t "u exi/+ conditions1 "s su* *anges z ^! are all we c hope = ov] l>ge areas ( indu/rial life2 p]haps1 inde$1 )\t a g5]al recognition ( ! real social significance ( l>ge scale production1 ! be/ we c ev] d w consi/ ( fur!r modification ( indu/rial conditions along ^! l9es4 ,yet all ?is does virtually no?+ to make "w a means ( wor?y self-expression4 ,! high degree ( specialisation :i* has foll[$ ! introduction & improvem5t ( indu/rial ma*9]y1 conf9es l>ge multitudes ( p to occupations :i* consi/ ( repeat+ ! same small r\t9e op]ation all day & e day2 & ! m5tally b5umb+ & demoralis+ consequ5ces ( ?is type ( "w is "o ( ! commonplaces ( social obs]vation4 ,n ! lea/ ( ! social s]vices ( ,trade ,unionism is t x has furni%$ to m5 occupi$ 9 purely me*anical "w an int]e/ :i* has help$ to keep _! m9ds alive4 ,x is r>ely recognis$ h[ inevitably c]ta9 ( our grav] social evils are connect$ ) ! devitalis+ influ5ces ( mod]n indu/rial conditions4 ,und\bt$ly "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful causes ( ! deadly grip ( ! dr9k traffic ^u society is ! opportunity x provides ( reaction f ! depress+ & dead5+ r\nd ( ! %op4 ,! saloon /rikes a k9d ( psy*ological balance ) ! factory4 ,! well-mean+ p]sons :o suppose t op5 spaces1 museums1 art gall]ies1 & ! l w furni% effectual (f-sets to ! public h\se1 ov]look ! fact t ! peculi> depression to :i* ! factory work] is subject$ dem&s a relief m vivid & m viol5t ?an ^! m ref9$ av5ues ( div]sion (f]4 ,temp]ance re=m]s h greatly neglect$ ?is aspect ( _! problem2 & prohibition )\t any accompany+ provision = ! heal?y equilibration ( human en]gies is likely to h consequ5ces t may a/oni% & p]haps conf\nd its advocates4 ,b ! rem$y = ?is & ! o!r p5alties :i* society has to pay = its indu/rial sy/em is n to be f\nd 9 ! ab&onm5t ( l>ge-scale processes & rev]sion to an e>li] fa%ion ( production4 ,ma*9]y c]ta9ly supplant$ a m human1 k9dli] way ( life2 & n ev5 ! ext5sive factory legislation :i* has temp]$ ! wor/ excesses ( ! new way1 has comp5sat$ = ! pass+ ( ! am5ities ( ! old] sy/em4 ,we h1 h[ev]1 to c\nt ^u ! p]man5ce & ! /ill fur!r ext5sion ( l>ge-scale processes4 ,obvi\sly x is n intr9sically an evil ?+1 pot5tially x is an asset ( incalculable value to society4 ,ev5 its monotonies h _! uses2 = a c]ta9 am\nt ( r\t9e "w is good = e man4 ,x is only evil :5 x is excessive4 ,! disadvantages :i* belong to l>ge-scale production are on ! :ole incid5tal1 & owe _! orig9 *iefly to laissez faire & ! economic motive4 ,once ?is vici\s connection is dissolv$ & production = ne$ & use becomes ! g5]al rule1 ! v pr(ici5cy ( our l>ge-scale processes w lib]ate a great volume ( human en]gy = ! pursuit ( ! spiritual ends ( life4 ,= ! elim9ation ( ! pr(it-int]e/1 & ! regulation ( production on ! basis ( calculat$ dem&1 w at once lead to a v consid]able dim9ution 9 ! numb] ( work+ h\rs4 ,x is que/ionable :e!r1 ) indu/rial processes prop]ly organis$1 x w\ld be necess>y = any man to sp5d m ?an f\r h\rs a day 9 ! actual production ( necessities4 ,?is ref]s1 ( c\rse1 to ! /rictly me*anical dep>tm5ts ( production4 ,9 agriculture1 :i* dep5ds ^u seasons & wea!r conditions1 x is obvi\s t a /&>dis$ day is impracticable4 ,moreov]1 agriculture is an avocation :i* has its own peculi> comp5sations4 ,x is c>ri$ on 9 ! op5-air & has elem5ts ( v>iety & *ange to :i* ! indu/rial work] is a /rang]4 ,yet1 ev5 9 agriculture ! great ext5sion ( me*anical & lab\r-sav+ in/rum5ts %\ld g f> to mitigate ! ackn[l$g$ disadvantages ( ! life4 ,! evils atta*+ to ! "w ( ! f>m] & 8 lab\r] are1 h[ev]1 l>gely extr9sic4 ,x is ! dullness & monotony ( 8 sp>e h\rs t weigh mo/ heavily ^u him4#ai ,) ! indu/rial1 x is diff]5t4 ,he does n lack opportunity ( social life 9 s mu* z he lives normally 9 l>ge popul\s c5tres2 b ! atonic condition to :i* he is r$uc$ by ! circum/ances ( 8 "w1 r5d]s him incapable ( creat+ & enjoy+ ! be/ k9d ( fell[%ip4 ,he is ei!r too we>y = any k9d ( fell[%ip & sits at home read+ ! newspap]1 & !n to b$2 or he turns 9 8 ne$ ( comp5sat+ excitem5t to ! que/ionable atmosph]e ( ! public-h\se4 ,a small m9ority ( t\gh] m5tal & n]v\s fibre w cultivate an allotm5t or seek div]sion 9 books or sport2 b ! majority h nei!r incl9ation nor en]gy = any active pursuits4 ,! rem$y = ?is tr\ble lies 9 ! dra/ic %ort5+ ( ! work+ day = all m5 :o are engag$ 9 ! me*anical process ( production4 ,) ! increas+ application ( sci5ce to indu/ry1 "u conditions ( production = use1 x is impossible to say h[ %ort ! necess>y work+ day may become4 ,& if x became ! rule1 z x probably %\ld1 t no memb] ( society %\ld be exempt f a %>e 9 ! "w ( ma9ta9+ its natural life & s take 8 "p 9 me*anical production1 !re is no reason :y ! indisp5sable me*anical toil expect$ ( ! individual %\ld n be r$uc$ to a v l[ po9t inde$4 ,footnote #ai3 ,! pres5t :olly inadequate remun]ation ( ! agricultural lab\r] does n come "u discussion "h1 z ! argum5t assumes t ! pr9ciple ( ! national m9imum is accept$4 ,?is assumption is ! m reasonable 9 view ( ! fact t 9 ,engl& a m9imum wage = agricultural lab\r]s has be5 fix$ & is to op]ate = five ye>s4 ,if 9 addition m5 are tra9$ f *ildhood to take ! view t ?is toil is a necess>y social task1 & !re=e1 intr9sically noble & hon\rable1 ! :ole atmosph]e 9 :i* x is dis*>g$ w\ld be organically *ang$4 ,to-day1 ! prevail+ note ( spe$ & competition r$uces ! place & s5se ( comrade%ip to v n>r[ limits4 ,! g5]al attitude ( antagonism betwe5 capital & lab\r infects ! air1 & n only makes co-op]ation betwe5 ! adm9i/rative & productive functions impossible1 b introduces a subtle poison ( dis9tegration into ! mutual relations ( ! op]atives4 ,! only comrade%ip :i* appe>s to exi/ is t :i* is creat$ by ! ne$ "u pres5t conditions ( safegu>d+ class int]e/s4 ,:5 m5 ( all classes h be5 br\ght up to reg>d a c]ta9 am\nt ( me*anical toil z an hon\rable obligation to ! society to :i* !y belong1 !y w naturally accept _! %>e 9 ! common task & br+ !mselves to x 9 a _s ( comrade%ip4 ,,vii ,b x is useless to suppose t we h done all t is ne$$ :5 we h ?us reliev$ ! irksom5ess ( ! day's "w4 ,inde$1 we h 7if we leave x at t7 only creat$ a great p]il--! p]il ( det]ioration :i* always att5ds unus$ or ill-us$ leisure4 8,satan f9ds "s mis*ief /ill = idle h&s to d20 & ! antidote to idl5ess lies 9 provid+ ?+s to d t unoccupi$ h&s w turn to d ) read9ess4 ,yet x 7 fatal to reg>d ?is z a problem ( utilis+ sp>e "t4 ,we h inde$ a great] & wor?i] task on h&2 & ! dra/ic %ort5+ ( ! /atutory work+ day provides u ) our opportunity4 ,g5u9e social progress & cont5t is1 z we h se51 to be a*iev$ only "u conditions :]e m5 h ! opportunity1 & are tra9$ 9 ! ex]cise ( ! in/9ct ( creativ5ess4 ,= ! great majority ( m51 ! means ( ?is self-expression mu/ be f\nd 9 "s sort ( manual activity4 ,x mu/ take ! =m ( "w4 ,p]haps ! solution lies 9 ! pr9ciple ( 8"o man1 two trades02 ( :i* "o %all be "s "p ( ! me*anical toil involv$ 9 social upkeep1 & ! o!r a craft 9 :i* a man may ex]cise & express some?+ ( 8 own indep5d5t m9d4 ,possibly we may di/+ui% ! two types ( occupation z utility-trades & vocations1 ! "o necess>y quality ( ! latt] be+ t m5 %\ld be able to put _! :ole s\ls into _! tasks2 & 9 s f> z ^! tasks are ( a direct productive k9d1 s9ce !y are n tasks ( m]e utility1 !y may fitly be tasks ( beauty z well4 ,we require some?+ ( ! nature ( a revival ( ! old] type ( craftsman%ip 9 :i* ! /hetic faculties f\nd room = expression2 & 9 ! matt] ( clo?+ & h\se-furniture & decoration !re is ample room = ! developm5t ( a reviv$ craftsman%ip :]e use w g h& 9 h& ) beauty4 ,x %\ld pla9ly be an organic "p ( educational policy to provide = ! e>ly lay+ ( ! f\ndations ( orig9al & creative craftsman%ip4 ,9 any wise sy/em ( education1 ! p]iod ( adolesc5ce %\ld be m>k$ by a v def9ite diff]5tiation ( vocational tra9+ 7)\t neglect+ ! o!r elem5ts ( a g5]\s education74 ,aptitudes %\ld be wat*$ =2 & ! gr[? ( ! y\? %\ld be /imulat$ along ! l9es ( 8 natural incl9ations4 ,especially %\ld any signs ( indep5d5t & orig9al creative p[] be enc\rag$4 ,*ange ( ?is sort c1 ( c\rse be br\ght ab\t only gradually2 b x %\ld be fac$ s]i\sly if society is ev] to be emancipat$ f its baleful subjection to ! economic motive4 ,t we f9d x difficult to believe t any *ange along ^! l9es is possible is due *iefly to a lack ( acqua9tance ) any o!r conditions ?an ^? :i* exi/ to-day4 ,b ,william ,morris & ,john ,rusk9 f\nd no difficulty 9 believ+ t m5 w\ld "w 8= ! joy ( ! work+10 provid$ t !y _h "w to d :i* _h 9 x ! elem5ts ( joy4 ,x 0 s t !y work$ !mselves2 & ! sub/ance ( _! tea*+ 0 a plea t "w %\ld be made once m a delight by be+ rais$ to ! plane ( art--t is to say1 t x might become ! av5ue ( indep5d5t creative self-expression4 ,x w\ld d\btless take sev]al g5]ations be=e ?is doctr9e c\ld be e/abli%$ z a habit ( m9d & society organis$ con=mably to x1 b x is no *eap speculation :i* =esees1 aris+ out ( a progressive lib]ation & discipl9e ( ! creative in/9cts ( a community1 a new bir? ( art4 ,! creative urge w\ld1 l ! sun1 %oot out coronas ( flam+ a*ievem5t2 art itself might climb to a plane x has nev] hi!rto kn[n & break out 9 directions :i* we 9 our pres5t /ate ( spiritual purbl9dness _c anticipate4 ,at lea/1 x is some?+ to be rememb]$ t ^? days 9 ,engl& 9 :i* indu/ry 0 alive ) a f9e craftsman%ip & a g5]\s comrade%ip1 7 also ! days :i* produc$ ! f9e/ monum5ts ( ,engli% art4 ,,viii ,! organisation ( society ^u l9es ( ?is k9d w\ld be a protract$ & difficult task2 & "h "o is conc]n$ m ) ! def9ition ( a t5d5cy r ?an ! precise measures necess>y to make x effective4 ,obvi\sly !re mu/ be l>ge exceptions to any rule ( life 9 any vital & develop+ social ord]4 ,b ! r$uction ( me*anical toil to ! l[e/ practicable po9t1 & a g5]\s developm5t ( ! idea & practice ( ! vocational life seem to be ess5tial4 ,& ! g5]al pr9ciple :i* we desire = me*anical tasks ( production %\ld be appli$ 9 o!r regions1 z = in/ance 9 ! di/ributive trades & 9 ^? occupations :i* are conc]n$ ) ! disposal ( wa/e4 ,! increas+ emphasis on hygi5e has l$ to ! multiplication ( a numb] ( 8wa/e-occupations10 ! /reet-clean]1 ! dra9-man1 ! g>bage-man & s =?4 ,)9 ?is region we h e "r to expect s l>ge an ext5sion ( sci5tific & me*anical me?ods ( deal+ ) ! wa/e products ( life z to make "s at lea/ ( ^! occupations :olly sup]flu\s4 ,?is type ( occupation has meantime1 ! v undesirable & injuri\s effect ( relegat+ ^? :o are engag$ 9 x to a condition ( mu* social inf]iority2 & ?is is ! m unju/1 insomu* z ! heal? ( ! community dep5ds s greatly ^u its be+ fai?fully p]=m$4 ,x 0 a happy inspiration to clo! ! ,new ,york /reet-clean]s 9 :ite2 & x %\ld h a sacram5tal sugge/ion = _! fell[ citiz5s4 ,= we are famili> ) a ^w :i* describes a multitude 8array$ 9 :ite g>m5ts40 ,! innovation e/abli%$ a po9t ( contact betwe5 urban cleanl9ess & hol9ess2 & x is )9 ?is cycle ( social judgm5t t ! wa/e occupations %\ld be plac$4 ,we %\ld !n take m k9dly to ! only equitable solution ( ! problem pres5t$ by ?is class ( "w1 namely t x %\ld be %>$ out & t all ! memb]s ( ! community %\ld be liable to be call$ out 9 companies1 z !y are n[ = jury s]vice1 to d _! "p ( ?is indisp5sable "w4 ,?is br+s ! wa/e occupations into ! same category z ! productive trades2 9 po9t ( fact1 x is !re !y really belong4 ,!re c be no intr9sic diff]5ce ( wor? betwe5 ! "w ( provid+ = ! ne$s ( society & ! "w ( dispos+ ( its wa/e4 ,= )\t ei!r ( ^!1 society _c live4 ,! only class = :i* !re %\ld be no room 9 a heal?y social ord] is ! social p>asite4 ,x is to ?is class t ! 8idle ri*0 belong1 ! p :o nei!r toil nor sp9 yet f>e sumptu\sly e day at ! exp5se ( ! lab\r ( o!rs4 ,to ?is class also belongs ! l>ge 8flunkey0 class--butl]s1 footm51 door-op5]s1 & o!r uni=m$ p]sons :o are array$ 9 f9e app>el do+ little ?+s = u t we ought to d = ourselves4 ,x is j nei!r to ^! p]sons nor to society t !y %\ld be all[$ to cont9ue 9 c>e]s ( su* complete uselessness4 ,s f> z ,europe is conc]n$ ?is class has already l>gely disappe>$1 = ! ,army or indu/ry has swall[$ x up2 & x is n likely ev] to re-em]ge on ! pre-w> scale4 ,we mu/ add also to ?is p>asitic class ^? :o are engag$ 9 luxury trades--) ! caveat t x is exce$+ly difficult to draw a /rict fronti] l9e betwe5 necessity & luxury on ! "o h&1 & on ! o!r1 betwe5 luxury & ! ?+ t may m9i/] to ! legitimate com=t1 ! heal?1 ! beauty & ! g5]al enri*m5t ( life4 ,b !re are "s ?+s s palpably on ! wrong side ( ! l9e t !re %\ld be no difficulty 9 id5tify+ !m4 ,x is a subject wor? "s reflection "h t ! w> is tea*+ u to d )\t _m ?+s :i* we _h come to reg>d z necessities4 ,x is a sad comm5t>y ^u ! civilisation we _h produc$1 t x left u ) a hung] :i* we endeav\r$ to appease by an elaboration ( ! fr+es ( life4 ,we _h gradually accumulat$ a range ( com=ts & conv5i5ces1 & n a few sup]fluities1 :i* _h come to be reg>d$ z indisp5sable4 ,b ! w> has taught u h[ few ?+s are aft] all ne$ful4 ,we h all ! mat]ials ( joyful life :5 we h food to eat1 a home to live 91 fre$om & cong5ial "w1 comrade%ip & love4 ,& unless ^! become m & m ! sure possession ( all1 our social progress is no m ?an a labori\s %am4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,a*ievem5t ,,( ,,fre$om4 8,:5 we say t "o animal is high] ?an ano!r1 we mean t x is m able to control its own de/9y4 ,progress is j ?is3 ,increase 9 ,fre$om40--,,/ew>t ,,mcd[all4 8,ne v\s laissez pas tromp] p> de va9es p>oles4 ,plusieurs *]*]ont a v\s p]suad] que v\s tes vraim5t libres1 p>ce qu'ils auront crit sur une feuille de papi] le mot de lib]t et l'auront affi* t\s les c>ref\rs4 ,la lib]t n'e/ pas un plac>d qu'on lit au co9 de la rue4 ,elle e/ une puissance vivante qu'on s5t en soi et aut\r de soi1 le gnie protecteur du foy] dome/ique1 la g>antie des droits sociaux1 et le premi] de ces droits4 99 99 99 99 99 ,la lib]t luira sur v\s qu&1 a =ce de c\rage et de p]svrance1 v\s v\s s]ez affran*is de t\tes ces s]vitudes40 ,,lam5nais4 ,i ,,political & religi\s fre$om _c be complete )\t ! w9n+ ( economic fre$om4 ,t economic dep5d5ce cuts ! n]ve ( all fre$om ne$s no pro(2 ! hi/ory ( l&[n]%ip is full ( in/ances--ev5 9 rec5t times--( ! co]cion ( dep5dants 9 matt]s ( op9ion & religi\s obs]vance4 ,s long z "o man's subsi/5ce dep5ds ^u ! w ( ano!r1 x is fooli% to suppose t he c 9 any real s5se be free2 & x is to be c\nt$ = righte\sness to ! ,trade ,unions t by b9d+ ! work]s toge!r1 !y h be5 able to resi/ encroa*m5ts on ! "p ( ! ve/$ int]e/s ^u lib]ty ( ?\ght & consci5ce4 ,nev]!less1 :ile ! pres5t acceptances ( ! indu/rial ord] prevail1 ! work] /ill lacks t lib]ty ( ! p]son )\t :i* ! lib]ty ( ! m9d1 ! cr[n & safegu>d ( all lib]ty1 c nev] be m ?an p>tial4 ,x is true t ! s]f 0 ti$ to ! l& 9 a way 9 :i* ! mod]n work] is n ti$ to 8 job4 ,yet ! diff]5ce is m app>5t ?an real2 = ! work] has obta9$ ?is fre$om at ! co/ ( t security ( subsi/5ce :i* ! s]f did und\bt$ly to "s ext5t enjoy4 ,! work] may also *oose 8 ma/] z ! s]f c\ld n2 b x is nev]!less ! *oice ( a ma/]1 a man :o dictates ! t]ms & conditions ( employm5t1 except 9 s f> z ! pr9ciple ( collective b>ga9+ has succe$$ 9 ent]+ 9 & modify+ ! magi/]ial p[] ( ! employ]4 ,fre$om ( ?\ght & consci5ce is a va9 ?+ except a man be able to translate ?\ght into act & to obey ! injunctions ( 8 consci5ce2 & s long z a sy/em1 indu/rial or o!r1 imposes re/rictions ^u a man's control ( 8 own p]son1 he does n possess t mobility ) :i* 8 own p]sonal gr[? & 8 ultimate social effici5cy are organically b\nd up4 ,to complete our h]itage ( fre$om1 x is ess5tial t ! work] %\ld receive a gu>antee ( economic security4 ,8 m9d & 8 consci5ce mud be deliv]$ f ! fe> ( />vation2 = to-day x is only at ! risk ( expos+ himself & 8 *ildr5 to hung] t he is able to ass]t 8 lib]ty )9 ! indu/rial region4#bj ,footnote #bj3 ,^u ! broad] effects ( ! economic factor ( prop]ty rights ^u lib]ty1 see pp4 #bdf;f4 ,x is fur!r to be not$ t indu/rial conditions circumscribe ! m9d 9 ano!r m subtle & probably m dang]\s way2 = a man may ass]t--& inde$ m5 h (t5 done s--8 lib]ty ( ?\ght1 & s save 8 m9d ev5 at ! risk ( />vation4 ,! evolution ( ! ma*9e indu/ry has be5 9 a direction :i* cont9ually decreases ! activity ( ! m9d4 ,x requires no m ?an habituation to a r\t9e process :i* makes no dem& = initiative & indep5d5t judgm5t on ! "p ( ! work]4 ,?is is apt to lead to a m5tal in]tia :i* accords well ) t bondage ( ! p]son :i* ! wage sy/em entails2 & ?is is no d\bt ! reason 7at lea/ 9 great "p7 ( ! g5]al apa?y ( l>ge masses ( ! work]s 9 ! pa/ to progressive indu/rial movem5ts4 ,& s long z !re is ample & easy opportunity = ^? p>ts ( ! physical & n]v\s organism :i* h laid in]t ?r\gh ! work+ day to /rike a balance ( exp5diture ) ! re/--9 ! dr9k+-%op or else:]e--!re seems to be no reason :y a l>ge proportion ( ! work]s %\ld n s9k into a p]man5t helot class4 ,we are apt to =get t ! progressive elem5ts ( ! lab\r movem5t h n hi!rto con/itut$ or repres5t$ by a great deal ! total mass ( ! work+ population2 & !re has be5 a real m5ace to ! gr[? ( lib]ty involv$ 9 ! possibility t ! apa!tic elem5ts ( ! work+ class might be h>d5$ into a virtual s]fdom4 ,= ! pres5ce 9 any society ( a p]man5tly unprivileg$ & disabl$ elem5t :i* is condemn$ 9 p]petuity to d its m5ial "w is ! undo+ n only ( lib]ty1 b at la/ ( ! society itself4 ,! problem ( lib]ty resolves itself !re=e into t ( ! lib]ty ( ! m9d4 ,! com+ a*ievem5t ( economic indep5d5ce is due l>gely to ! circum/ance t ! ,trade ,unions h af=d$ a sanctu>y = intellectual fre$om aga9/ ! dang] ( encroa*m5t ^u x by ! sy/em ( private capital & ! conditions ( ! ma*9e indu/ry4#ba ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be rememb]$ t ! fre$om ( ! m9d is dep5d5t on factors o!r ?an ext]nal2 & *iefly ^u ! capacity to use m9d 9 coh]5t & purposeful ways4 ,a m9d capable ( su* use w n long rema9 b\nd4 ,?is aspect ( ! problem belongs prop]ly to ! sph]e ( education2 & x is 9 t sett+ only t x c be pr(itably h&l$4 ,at ?is po9t our conc]n is ) ! ext]nal conditions ( m5tal fre$om4 ,footnote #ba3 ,x is wor? notic+ t on ! o!r h&1 ! gr[? ( ! ma*9e indu/ry has itself indirectly co-op]at$ 9 ?is process4 8,x foll[s z a consequ5ce ( ! l>ge & increas+ requirem5ts en=c$ by ! ma*9e te*nology t ! p]iod ( prelim9>y tra9+ is necess>ily long]1 & ! s*ool+ dem&$ = g5]al prep>ation gr[s unremitt+ly m exact+4 ,s t1 ap>t f all "q ( humanit>ian s5tim5t or ( popul> fitness = democratic citiz5%ip1 x has become a matt] ( economic exp$i5cy1 simply z a proposition 9 te*nological effici5cy at l>ge1 to en=ce ! exemption ( *ildr5 f indu/rial employm5t until a lat] date & to ext5d _! effective s*ool age appreciably beyond :at w\ld once h be5 suffici5t to meet all ! commonplace requirem5ts ( skill$ workman%ip40 7,?or/e9 ,vebl51 ,! ,in/9ct ( ,workman%ip1 p4 #cji47 ,?is educational process has _h consequ5ces beyond ^? imm$iately s\ght4 ,! quick5+ & enl>gem5t ( m9d :i* h foll[$ ev5 ! v inadequate education hi!rto provid$ 9 ! common s*ools1 h made a v consid]able contribution to ! movem5t = economic emancipation4 ,,ii ,"l ,acton's def9ition ( lib]ty1 already quot$1 z 8! assurance t e man %all be protect$ 9 do+ :at he believes to be 8 duty aga9/ ! influ5ce ( au?ority1 cu/om & op9ion10 sugge/s t ! te/ ( ! quality & measure ( lib]ty 9 a p>ticul> community1 lies 9 its attitude to & its treatm5t ( diss5t--or to put x 9 ano!r way1 its treatm5t ( m9orities4 ,& x is pla9ly true t ! fre$om ( ! m9d is a pure fiction except x be fre$om to diss5t f ! common acceptances ( ! community4 ,speak+ g5]ally1 ! common t5d5cy is t[>d ! suppression ( diss5t especially if x be ( a radical type1 9 all k9ds ( communities1 democratic or o!rwise4 ,9 "s cases1 ! suppression is dictat$ by ! obvi\s requirem5ts ( an au?orit>ian polity1 9 :i* case x is sy/ematic & delib]ate2 b ?is is on ! :ole less dang]\s ?an ! in=mal & unorganis$ suppression or opposition :i* spr+s out ( ! m5tal in]tia ( ! multitude1 ! le?>gy :i* is br$ ( hatr$ ( *ange1 & especially out ( ! prejudice :i* is easily & successfully g5]at$ 9 ! m9ds ( ! ignorant by ^? ^: int]e/s w\ld be imp]ill$ by *ange4 ,x is only by a recognition ( ! social significance & value ( diss5t1 & ! important "p x has play$ 9 hi/orical progress1 t we are likely to rea* a prop] und]/&+ ( ! true democratic attitude to x4 ,9 ! hi/ory ( religion1 x is pla9 t diss5t has almo/ always prov$ to be ! organ ( advance1 & if n ( advance1 at lea/ ( a san] balance ( religi\s fai? & practice2 & x may be said ) n a little assurance t :e!r 9 *ur* or /ate1 ! diss5t t has ga9$ a reasonable foll[+ has be5 evok$ by ! ne$ ( v9dicat+ "s natural "r or emphasis+ "s tru? or fact ( exp]i5ce :i* 0 neglect$ or obscur$ 9 ! traditional syn!ses4 ,x may /ill fur!r be /at$1 t :]eas diss5t has be5 d5\nc$ by its contempor>ies z disruptive & ho/ile to social solid>ity1 x has 9 po9t ( fact be5 ! product ( a l>g] social vision ?an t curr5t 9 ! exi/+ conv5tions4 ,diss5t has usually be5 creat$ by ! desire to broad5 ! basis ( human fell[%ip4 ,?is w be se5 by an appeal to ! m5tal outlook ( ! diss5t]4 ,( c\rse e diss5t+ movem5t has be5 hamp]$ & prejudic$1 & its ideals muddi$ by ! adhesion to x ( temp]am5tal rebels1 & ! type ( crank :i* ga!rs ar\nd any /&>d ( revolt1 j z ! opposition to diss5t has be5 degrad$ by its read9ess to accept ! help ( 8lewd fell[s ( ! bas] sort40 ,b :5 "o p5etrates to ! core ( ! movem5t 9 ! m9d ( its *ief expon5ts we f9d ourselves 9 a peculi>ly pure & /imulat+ air4 ,! great hi/orical rebels h almo/ inv>iably be5 actuat$ by a social passion4 ,"s day p]haps a compet5t /ud5t may give u a "w ^u ! psy*ology ( ! rebel4 ,t !re is some?+ typical ab\t ! m5tality ( ! great rebels may be ga!r$ ev5 f a cursory read+ ( a few obvi\s biographies4 ,!re is usually an abnormal m5tal s5sitiv5ess comb9$ ) great physical re/lessness1 a ke5 crav+ = comrade%ip1 comb9$ ) fondness = solitude & lonely m$itation1 a vivid p]ception ( pres5t evils toge!r ) a passion = a future :i* %\ld re/ore "s anci5t simplicity1 a t5d5cy--once ! fir/ /ep 9 revolt has be5 tak51--to broad5 ! rebelli\s front to include o!r issues1 a frequ5t admixture ( integrity ( "* ) a c]ta9 irregul>ity ( conduct4 ,yet ?is is only ! psy*ological basis2 & ! real diff]5tia ( ! true rebel lies 9 ! "* ( ! occasion :i* cry/allises 8 m5tal make-up into a def9ite c\rse ( action4 ,disraeli us$ to speak ( ! 8two nations0 :i* inhabit$ ,engl&4 ,^! 7 ! privileg$ p & ! dis9h]it$4 ,b t is a ph5om5on peculi> nei!r to ,engl& nor to ! mod]n _w4 ,x is ! great p]man5t l9e :i* divides ! human race f top to bottom into two classes4 ,we belong ei!r to ! exploit+ race or ! exploit$1 are ei!r top dogs or "u-dogs4 ,! ,greek cities ) all _! emphasis ^u fre$om yet ?\ght ( x z ! pr]ogative ( ! few4 8,!re 7 vague beg9n+s ( a new ideal 9 ,a!ns1 b ev5 9 ,a!ns p]sonal lib]ty su* z is n[ connect$ ) ! ^w #8democracy' 0 conf9$ to a v small p]c5tage ( ! population40#bb ,! rema9d] 7 wom5 & slaves ^u ^: subord9ation ! entire social ord] re/$4 ,! l9e ( division has n always be5 political or economic4 ,9 our own "t ! acute s5se ( dis9h]itance has be5 ! ma9-spr+ ( ! fem9i/ movem5t4 ,9 religion especially ! cleavage has be5 conspicu\s4 ,! ,re=mation controv]sy ab\t ! layman's rights to receive ! *alice 9 ! ,sacram5t 0 at bottom a repudiation ( ! tradition ( a privileg$ ca/e2 & e consid]able re=mation ( religion has involv$ a *all5ge to prie/craft on ! "p ( a dis9h]it$ laity4 ,footnote #bb3 ,g4 ,d4 ,burns1 ,greek ,ideals1 p4 #gf4 ,x is ! cle> p]ception ( ?is circum/ance--! subord9ation ( t mass :i* we commonly designate 8! p10 ! appeal ( a dis9h]it$ class1 ( 8! army ( work]s10 z ,"l ,morley said1 8:o make ! mo/ pa9ful sacrifices = ! cont9u\s nutrition ( ! social organisation10 :i* con/itutes ! decisive factor 9 %ap+ ! rebel's m9d & c\rse ( life4 ,x sometimes happ5s t a comb9ation ( circum/ances ?r[s ! ne$ ( ! dis9h]it$ into %>p relief1 & ! ensu+ f]m5t creates ! lead] ad hoc1 z x 74 ,! dis9tegration ( ! old feudal bonds 9 ,engl& lib]at$ ! social discont5t :i* r\s$ ,john ,ball & made him ! inspir] ( ! ,peasants' ,revolt4 ,dr4 ,l9dsay 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ! ,re=mation tells u ( ! exi/5ce ( an active & wide-spread evangelical piety 9 ,g]many long be=e ! ,re=mation1 & x 0 ! %>p contra/ betwe5 ! spiritual hung] ( ! p & ! b>r5 ext]nality & corruption ( m$ival ecclesia/icism1 at la/ br\ght to a head by ,tetzel's p$dl+ ( indulg5ces1 t precipitat$ ,lu!r's crisis & ) x ! ,re=mation4 ,! crisis 9 ! e>ly developm5t ( ,kansas und\bt$ly m>k$ a /age 9 ,john ,br[n's developm5t4 ,b :e!r we may be able or n to trace decisive occasions ( ?is k9d 9 ! life ( ! rebel1 ! common m>k ( ! rebel m9d is a passion = ! common p4 ,x has be5 said ( ,r\sseau t 8x 0 because he _h se5 ! wrongs ( ! poor n f )\t b f )91 n z a pity+ spectator b z "o ( _! own company1 t he by & by br\ght su* fire to ! attack ( ! old ord] & *ang$ ! blank practice ( ! old] philosoph]s into a deadly affair ( ball & %ell40 ,simil>ly ,pr(essor ,d[d5 says ( ,%elley t 8x 0 ! suff]+s ( ! indu/ri\s poor t especially claim$ 8 sympa?y2 & he ?\ght ( publi%+ = !m a s]ies ( popul> songs :i* %\ld inspire !m ) he>t & hope40#bc ,tol/oi1 accord+ to ,roma9 ,roll&1 _h = ! lab\r+ p a 8/range affection1 absolutely g5u9e10 :i* 8 repeat$ disillusionm5ts 7 p[]less to %ake4 ,sometimes1 z 9 ! case ( ,gl5d[]1 ,mazz9i & 8nationali/0 rebels g5]ally1 x is n ! case ( a dis9h]it$ class b ( an oppress$ nation :i* %apes ! rebel's c\rse4 ,! great rebel 9 e case is made by ! lure ( ! dis9h]it$4 ,footnote #bc3 ,d[d51 ,life ( ,%elley1 p4 #dcg4 ,! 8,songs & ,poems = ! ,m5 ( ,engl&10 7 publi%$ 9 #ahai1 aft] ,%elley's dea?4 ,b x is n only compassion = ! dis9h]it$ :i* moves ! rebel1 b a pr(\nd fai? 9 _! p[] to "w out _! own salvation4 ,! appeal to ! p has be5 ( ! ess5ce ( rebel policy4 ,! ,peasants' ,revolt 9 ,engl& 0 /imulat$ by ,john ,ball's dogg]el v]se1 :i* 0 specially int5d$ to /ir discont5t4 8,wyclif10 says ,john ,ri*>d ,gre51 8appeal$1 & ! appeal is memorable z ! fir/ ( su* a k9d 9 our hi/ory1 to ,engl& at l>ge4 ,) an amaz+ indu/ry1 he issu$ tract aft] tract 9 ! tongue ( ! p itself40 ,he wrote 89 ! r\gh1 cle> homely ,engli%0 ( ! pl\ghman & trad] ( 8 day4 ,! ,tract>ians ( a lat] date 7 only imitat+ _! great ,ox=d precursor :5 !y w5t di/ribut+ _! tracts f door to door4 ,b ,wyclif did n conf9e 8 popul> appeal to tracts4 ,8 ord] ( 8poor prea*]s10 8^: co>se s]mons & long russet dress mov$ ! laught] ( ! cl]gy1 =m$ a priceless organisation = ! diffusion ( _! ma/]'s tea*+40 ,john ,br[n address$ 8 propag&a at an e>ly /age to ! negro2 & x is h>dly d\btful t 8 hopes *iefly c5tr$ at la/ ^u a g5]al ris+ ( negroes 9 support ( 8 campaign4 ,long be=e1 ,john ,hus _h c>ri$ 8 appeal to ! ,bohemian p1 z ,arnauld ( ,port ,royal1 convict$ ( ,jans5ism at ! ,sorbonne1 design$ to place 8 case be=e ! ,fr5*4 ,pascal's ,prov9cial ,lett]s 7 delib]ately compos$ z an appeal f ! ecclesia/ics to ! public4 ,! great emphasis ^u public prea*+ dur+ ! ,re=mation 0 d]iv$ f ?is same fai? 9 ! efficacy ( popul> appeal4 ,x is suffici5tly well kn[n to ne$ no fur!r rem>k ?an ! rem9d] t 9 ?is way ! rebel has made important contributions to ! lit]>y z well z ! social & religi\s hi/ory ( 8 p4 ,! p>adox ( ! rebel1 !n1 is ?is1 t :ile he has be5 assail$ z a subv]t] ( social ord]1 8 own driv+ =ce has be5 a social s5se quick] & broad] ?an t ( 8 or?odox contempor>ies4 ,he attack$ ! exi/+ social organisation only to break d[n walls t h9d]$ fell[%ip4 ,he he>d ! call ( ! dis9h]it$ & x became 9 8 he>t a call to lead !m into t h]itage ( opportunity ( :i* !y 7 *eat$ by ! cupidity & cunn+ ( ! great4 ,he assail$ ! ,ba/illes ( con/itut$ au?ority1 & batt]$ ho>y in/itutions t p might--at ?is po9t or t--come into _! own4 ,he s\ght to fl+ out wide ! fronti]s ( privilege t ! poor & ! outca/ might come into a _w ( l>g] life4 ,mr4 ,wells has rec5tly told u t 8f ! fir/ dawn ( ! human /ory0 man has be5 8pursu+ ! b\nd>y ( 8 possible community40 ,b ! prime ag5t ( ?is pursuit has be5 ! diss5t]4 ,diss5t has prov$ itself to be ! gr[+ po9t ( society4 ,yet ! diss5t] has be5 /on$ & hang$ by 8 contempor>ies4 ,mu/ x ev] be s8 ,is !re no conceivable social ord] 9 :i* x %all be unnecess>y to treat ! moral pione] z a crim9al8 ,z yet we h n a*iev$ x4 ,our limit hi!rto has be5 a k9d ( tol]ation r grudg+ly accord$ s long z ! diss5t] does n di/urb u ov] mu*4 ,b no society w ev] be truly free until x has rea*$ ! po9t n only ( frank tol]ation b ( ! s]i\s enc\ragem5t ( diss5t+ op9ion4 ,= diss5t is aft] all only a manife/ation ( ! 8elan vitale0 ( a liv+ society2 & x %\ld be greet$ ) a *e]4 ,a society incapable ( diss5t or ( tol]at+ x has ent]$ ^u its la/ phase4 ,,iii ,! problem ( diss5t1 h[ev]1 goes deep] ?an ! realm ( op9ion4 ,diss5t+ op9ion w\ld n tr\ble ,israel s long z x rema9$ pure op9ion4 ,! difficulty beg9s :5 op9ion is translat$ into action4 ,william ,james said t a belief always dis*>ges itself 9 an act2 & ?is supplies u ) a conv5i5t work+ di/9ction betwe5 a belief & an op9ion4 ,b ?is br+s u into a region :]e o!r =ces beg9 to op]ate1 & p>ticul>ly t inn] con/ra9t to act 9 ob$i5ce to "o's belief :i* we call consci5ce4 ,f ! days :5 ,plato spoke ( 8 ,greek3 daimn to ours1 ! diss5t] has always claim$ t he act$ because he 8c\ld d no o!r40 ,he submitt$ to :at he believ$ to be ! in/ance ( a moral ord] f :i* he c\ld n appeal4 ,8 contempor>ies ei!r d]id$ 8 consci5ce or *>g$ him ) hypocrisy2 b x is wor? "s consid]ation t ! contempor>y judgm5t 0 rev]s$ 9 almo/ e case4 ,x is ess5tial t we %\ld attempt to "w out ! problem ( ! relation ( consci5ce to ! a*ievem5t ( lib]ty 9 view ( ! extreme dang] :i* lurks 9 ! rec5t contemptu\s criticism ( ! consci5ti\s objector4 8,! duty ( obey+ consci5ce at all haz>ds0 7to quote ,newman71 is valid only s long z we agree ) ,newman t consci5ce is 8! aborig9al vic> ( ,*ri/10 t is to say1 t x is ! inn] embodim5t ( an irrevocable & infrangible moral ord]4 ,?is does n1 ( c\rse1 imply t e 8consci5ti\s objector0 int]prets ! moral ord] rightly1 b simply t x is1 z & 9 s f> z he sees x1 ! moral ord] = him4 ,8 judgm5t may be fallaci\s2 b :at is 9 "q is n s mu* ! s\ndness ( 8 judgm5t z ! s9c]ity ( 8 conviction2 & we are r apt to =get t moral s9c]ity is a great] asset to society ?an a logical correctitude4 ,x is difficult to see h[ any "o :o takes a 8religi\s0 view ( ! _w c escape ?is conviction4 ,ev5 ,"l ,morley1 :o speaks ( 8! high] exp$i5cies0 :]e a religi\s believ] might speak ( an ultimate moral ord]1 rea*es ! judgm5t t ?is is a region 9 :i* no man ought to compromise4 ,x is on ?is acc\nt s+ul> t ! mo/ dra/ic criticism ( ! consci5ti\s objector1 bo? 9 ,engl& & ,am]ica1 has come f m9i/]s ( religion2 & x is m s+ul> /ill t ?is sev]ity ( criticism %\ld h *iefly come f m9i/]s ( ! non-au?orit>ian *ur*es :i* 7 born out ( ! /ruggle = ! rights ( consci5ce4 ,:5 ,glad/one *all5g$ ,engli% ,ca?olics to say h[ !y w\ld act 9 ! ev5t ( a collision betwe5 ! comm&s ( ! ,que5 & ! ,pope1 ! greate/ ( mod]n ,engli% ,ca?olics took up ! gage & gave answ]4 8,x is my rule10 said ,newman1 8bo? to obey ! "o & to obey ! o!r2 b t !re is no rule 9 ?is _w )\t exceptions2 & t if ei!r ! ,pope or ! ,que5 dem&$ ( me an #8,absolute ,ob$i5ce1' he or %e w\ld be transgress+ ! laws ( human nature & human society4 ,i give an absolute ob$i5ce to nei!r4 ,fur!r1 if ev] ?is d\ble allegiance pull$ me 9 contr>y ways :i* 9 ?is age ( ! _w ,i ?9k x nev] w1 !n ,i %\ld decide accord+ to ! p>ticul> case1 :i* is beyond all rule & mu/ be decid$ on its own m]its4 ,i %\ld look to see :at !ologians c\ld d = me1 :at ! ,bi%ops & ,cl]gy ar\nd me1 :at my confessor1 :at my fri5ds :om ,i rev]$1 & if1 aft] all1 ,i c\ld n take _! view ( ! matt]1 !n ,i mu/ rule myself by my own judgm5t & my own consci5ce40#bd ,he !n goes on to insi/ ^u 8! duty ( obey+ our consci5ce at all haz>ds0 & supports 8 view by an appeal to weighty ,roman au?orities4 8,c]ta9ly10 he conclud$1 8if ,i am oblig$ to br+ religion into aft]-d9n] toa/s 7:i* inde$ does n seem q ! ?+7 ,i %all dr9k--to ! ,pope1 if y please--/ill to ,consci5ce fir/1 & to ! ,pope aft]w>ds40#be ,footnote #bd3 ,lett] to ! ,duke ( ,norfolk1 p4 #fi4 7,new ,york1 #ahge47 ,footnote #be3 ,lett] to ! ,duke ( ,norfolk1 p4 #hf4 ,= a lum9\s discussion ( ?is episode see ,h4 ,j4 ,laski1 ,/udies 9 ! ,problems ( ,sov]eignty1 pp4 #aba;f4 ,=ty ye>s be=e ?is ,engli% controv]sy1 a great ,fr5* ,ca?olic f\nd himself 9 ?is dilemma4 ,no man _h m consi/5tly ma9ta9$ ! duty ( submission to ! ,pope ?an ,lam5nais4 ,8 h>d fight = religi\s lib]ty 9 ,france 0 precisely = ! "r ( ! ,ca?olic to r5d] ! ,pope a full & undivid$ allegiance 9 all matt]s relat+ to ! cont5t & practice ( fai?4 ,b a "t came :5 ! ,pope came to exact f ,lam5nais a submission he 0 unable to make4 ,z he w\ld n all[ ! /ate to h jurisdiction 9 ! spiritual sph]e1 s he d5i$ to ! ,pope jurisdiction 9 ! civil4 ,! ,pope w\ld n cons5t to ?is modification ( 8 claim to au?ority & dem&$ ( ,lam5nais an unqualifi$ submission4 ,:]eupon ,lam5nais repli$1 8,mo/ ,holy ,fa!r1 a ^w f y\r ,hol9ess is always en\gh = me1 n only to obey x 9 all t religion orda9s b to comply ) x 9 all t consci5ce all[s40#bf 8,outside ! ,*ur*10 he wrote to ! ,c\ntess de ,s5fft1 89 ! /rictly temporal ord]1 & m p>ticul>ly 9 t :i* t\*es ! affairs ( my c\ntry1 ,i d n recognise any au?ority :i* has ! "r to impose an op9ion ^u me or to dictate my conduct4 ,i say x emphatically1 9 t sph]e :i* is n t ( ! spiritual p[]1 ,i w nev] r5\nce my indep5d5ce z a man2 nor w ,i1 = ?\ght or action1 ev] take c\nsel b ( my consci5ce & my reason40#bg ,9 ?is c\rse1 ,lam5nais foll[$ ! judgm5t ( ,c>d9al ,jacobatus1 9 :at ,newman calls 8 8au?oritative "w ^u c\ncils40 8,if x 7 d\btful :e!r a precept 7( ! ,pope7 be a s9 or n1 we mu/ det]m9e ?us3 t if he to :om ! precept is address$ has a consci5ti\s s5se t x is a s9 & inju/ice2 fir/1 x is 8 duty to put (f t s5se2 b if he _c nor con=m himself to ! judgm5t ( ! ,pope1 9 t case x is 8 duty to foll[ 8 own private consci5ce1 & pati5tly to be> x if ! ,pope puni%es him40#bh ,footnote #bf3 ,b\t>d1 ,lam5nais1 sa via et ses doctr9es ,,ii41 p4 #chb4 ,footnote #bg3 ,ibid1 ,,ii41 p4 #cgj4 ,footnote #bh3 ,quot$ 9 ,newman1 ,lett] to ! ,duke ( ,norfolk1 p4 #he4 ,nev]!less1 :5 ,lam5nais foll[$ ! in/ances ( 8 consci5ce1 ,pope ,gregory ,,xvi4 9 ! ,bull ,mir>i vos took occasion to describe 8lib]ty ( consci5ce0 z 8cette maxime absurde et errone10 8cette p]nicieuse erreur10 8cette lib]t fune/e40 ,at fir/ sight !re appe>s to be no real analogy betwe5 ! case ( ! consci5ti\s objector to w>1 z we h rec5tly kn[n him1 & t prop\nd$ by ,newman4 ,newman po/ulates a conflict ( loyalties to two societies ^: requirem5ts are at a giv5 po9t antagoni/ic1 be=e invok+ ! arbitram5t ( consci5ce4 ,! consci5ti\s objector is conceiv$ z sett+ 8 own private judgm5t aga9/ ! w ( ! only society to :i* he owes allegiance4 ,t is1 at lea/1 h[ x looks on ! surface4 ,b 9 po9t ( fact1 ! consci5ti\s objector z a rule bases 8 action on ! gr\nd ( loyalty to a c]ta9 view ( human relation%ips1 t is to say1 to a social ideal2 & 9 ! case ( a man l ,/eph5 ,hobh\se ^: social idealism has be5 validat$ by a unique realism ( self-r5unciation & sacrifice1 x w\ld be idle to d5y t ! conflict ( loyalties 0 v concrete & au!ntic4 ,! ,sociali/ consci5ti\s objector :o sees 9 ! ,int]national1 if n ! city ( ,god1 at lea/ its ?re%old1 & :o does n conceive himself absolv$ f 8 loyalty to x ev5 ?\gh ! ,g]man sociali/s betray$ x1 is mov$ by no p]sonal ecc5tricity1 b by a real social emotion4 ,a sympa!tic /udy ( ! consci5ti\s objector br+s him accord+ to 8 measure into ! same category z ! hi/orical lead]s ( diss5t+ movem5ts4 ,! decisive moral surr5d]s :i* quick5 & ennoble life are acts ( ob$i5ce to a social vision2 & ! only really moral attitude to m5 :o make ^! surr5d]s1 h[ev] v>i\sly !y may make !m1 is t ( ! d$ication ( a rec5t volume--8,to all :o are fight+ = consci5ce' sake1 :e!r 9 ! tr5*es or 9 prison40#bi ,x is well = ! community t x %\ld h ^? )9 x :o are ready to endure obloquy & imprisonm5t r ?an be guilty ( :at is to !m a moral apo/asy4 ,footnote #bi3 ,dr4 ,or*>d's f9e ,! ,outlook = ,religion4 ,! consci5ti\s objector--:atev] ! subject matt] ( 8 diss5t--has always be5 an exasp]at+ figure to 8 or?odox contempor>ies4 ,?is is1 ( c\rse1 l>gely due to ! in]tia & ! dislike ( diss5t :i* settle ^u middle-ag$ communities2 b at ! pres5t "t x is probable t ! impati5ce ) ! consci5ti\s objector spr+s f o!r & m respectable s\rces4 ,yet by a curi\s p>adox ! two pr9cipal s\rces are logically anti!tical4 ,! fir/ is ! circum/ance t ! m5tal habit ( ?is g5]ation has be5 pr(\ndly affect$ by ! supremacy ( ! ma*9e4 ,its *>act]i/ic intellectual a*ievem5t is ! pragmati/ philosophy2 & z mu* 9 religion & sociology z 9 ! physical sci5ces its ma9 pre-occupation is ) processes4 ,x requires effici5cy = imm$iate concrete objects r m ?an fai?fulness to :at seems to be remote & impond]able ab/ractions4 ,consci5ti\s objection is irritat+ because x is s palpably futile1 & inde$ s vexati\sly ob/ructive ( ! bus9ess 9 h&4 ,n only does x n "w1 x actually h9d]s ! "w 9 :i* ! multitude is engag$4 ,x puts ! ma*9e out ( ge>2 9 a supreme em]g5cy :5 all h&s %\ld be at ! pumps1 ! consci5ti\s objector puts u to ! tr\ble ( putt+ him 9 irons4 ,t is obvi\sly--& naturally--h[ ! case looks4 ,! gulf betwe5 ! consci5ti\s objector & common op9ion is made by a diff]5ce ( emphasis ^u pr9ciple & process4 ,! consci5ti\s objector--be+ p]haps a sort ( rev]sion to a less sophi/icat$ age--puts ! process to ! te/ ( pr9ciple & f9ds !m incompatible4 ,common op9ion1 9 ! ex]cise ( a presumably m reali/ic judgm5t says1 8,?is is ! only process available2 let u make ! be/ use ( x we c1 & take ! risk ( com+ to t]ms ) pr9ciples aft]w>ds1 if t be necess>y40 ,! "o hit*es 8 wagon to a />2 ! o!r hit*es x to any?+ t is go+ 8 way4 ,^u ! m]its ( ?is k9d ( controv]sy1 contempor>y judgm5ts are notori\sly unsafe2 un=tunately1 none ( u w be liv+ at ! "t :5 x w be possible to say ) assurance :o 0 9 ?is case ! true reali/ aft] all4 ,meantime1 ! consci5ti\s objector1 h[ev] despis$1 may help u to a heal?i] balance betwe5 ultimate pr9ciple & imm$iate process ?an any ( u h _h ?is _m a day4 ,b along ) ! me*ani/ic habit ( ?\ght1 !re is a survival ( ! ,hegelian idealism :i* has be5 *iefly responsible = ! mod]n apo!sis ( ! national /ate4 ,x is n ! ,prussian only :o has affirm$ ! sov]eignty & omnicompet5cy ( ! /ate & its "r to undivid$ ob$i5ce2 b be+ m me*anically & remorselessly logical ?an 8 neighb\rs1 he has c>ri$ ! doctr9e to a m def9ite po9t4 ,b x seems to be g5]ally assum$ 9 all popul> political ?9k+ t our loyalty to ! /ate %\ld be n only fir/ b absolute ov] all ! o!r loyalties ( life4 ,9 our day ?is view has receiv$1 p>ticul>ly 9 democratic communities1 a subtle & plausible re9=cem5t f ! gr[+ emphasis ^u ! fact ( social solid>ity ) its implication t ! cons5sus ( ! community fixes ! norm ( conduct4 ,a man's consci5ce %\ld reflect ! collective consci5ce ( ! society4 ,moreov]1 ! egalit>ian populates ( republican democracy are con/ru$ to require a uni=mity ( conduct no less complete ?an t dem&$ by ! political !ory ( autocracy2 & ! unp>donable s9 is to break ! ranks4 8,! true democratic pr9ciple10 says ,"l ,acton1 8t e man's free w %all be z unfett]$ z possible1 is tak5 to mean t ! free w ( ! collective p %all be fett]$ 9 no?+40#cj ,democracy :i* has sl\gh$ ! ar*aism ( ari/ocracy has yet to outgr[ ! ,au/9ian doctr9e ( sov]eignty if x is n to be 9 dang] ( ceas+ to be ! sanctu>y & becom+ ! grave ( lib]ty1 & ) lib]ty ( mu* else beside4 ,:5 x no long] tol]ates ! noncon=mi/ & ! moral pione]1 8its doom is writ20 = once m let x be repeat$ t hi/orically diss5t ( ?is type has always prov$ to be ! gr[+ po9t ( society4 ,footnote #cj3 ,"l ,acton1 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,lib]ty4 ,?is is n a plea = ! consci5ti\s objector b = democracy4 ,newman said t if ! ,pope spoke aga9/ consci5ce1 8he w\ld commit a suicidal act4 ,he w\ld be cutt+ ! gr\nd f "u 8 feet40 ,! au?ority ( ! ,pope is n %ak5 because he conc$es to consci5ce ! lib]ty ( diss5t2 r x is confirm$4 ,ev5 m s d ! /ability & gr[? ( democracy dep5d ^u its recognition ( ! inviolability ( ! individual consci5ce2 = democracy _c live except its roots be deep /ruck 9 ! moral nature ( man4 ,! ultimate battlegr\nd ( democracy is 9 m5's he>ts2 & its appeal mu/ at la/ ev] be to m5's consci5ces4 ,b ! appeal to consci5ce has no mean+ unless consci5ce be free2 & :5 democracy con/ra9s m5's consci5ces x is writ+ (f its own spiritual *>t]4 ,ev5 9 "t ( w> x is saf] = democracy to let a hundr$ %irk]s g scot-free r ?an run ! risk ( p5alis+ an hone/ consci5ce4 ,= by its affirmation ( ! sov]eignty ( consci5ce x re9=ces ! consci5ces ( all its memb]s & w9s ! deep] loyalty ( ^? :o are con/ra9$ to diss5t f its policy on p>ticul> issues4 ,,iv ,! gr[? ( ! democratic ideal is b\nd up ) ! acceptance ( ! fre$om ( ! m9d 9 all its consequ5ces--ev5 at ! risk ( "s disord]2 & ! difficulty :i* political democracy is apt ev5 9 normal times to f9d 9 con=m+ to ?is view is due to ! fact t x has n yet p]ceiv$ ! logic ( its own fir/ pr9ciples4 ,?is 9 its turn is at lea/ to "s ext5t to be acc\nt$ = by ! survival 9 democracies ( m$ival conceptions ( au?ority4 ,we d n ne$ to take into acc\nt ^? doctr9es ( au?ority :i* are begott5 ( ! div9e "r ( k+s & are n[ cle>ly at _! la/ gasp4 ,! div9e "r ( k+s is1 h[ev]1 assum$ to h fall5 ^u democratic gov]nm5ts2 & ?\gh !y may n ex]cise au?ority = ! same ends z an autocrat ( ! old /yle1 yet !y conceive ( x z op]at+ 9 ! same way4 ,!oretically1 au?ority 9 democracies is ex]cis$ 9 ! int]e/s ( social ju/ice2 b we /ill suppose t ! discipl9e ( social ju/ice mu/ be impos$ ^u m5 f )\t4 ,app>5tly ! assumption und]ly+ ! au?orit>ian position is t human nature is incurably an>*ic1 t x is its in/9ctive t5d5cy to be wayw>d & disruptive1 & t !re is no rem$y = ?is /ate ( ?+s except t ( putt+ x 9 a cage1 ( surr\nd+ x ) a f9e me% ( arre/s1 *ecks & re/ra9ts4 ,?is view may owe some?+ ( its mod]n /r5g? to ! !ological doctr9e ( ! total depravity ( human nature--a dogma no long] held by sane p4 ,we "k t if we d hold a doctr9e ( orig9al s9 x mu/ be held toge!r ) ! no less true doctr9e ( orig9al goodness4 ,b ! au?orit>ian is !ologically or?odox2 man to him is a born rebel1 a natural an>*i/2 he holds t he is organically antisocial2 & !re is !re=e no?+ to d ) him b to treat him l a wild animal & put him beh9d b>s4 ,x is ( c\rse possible to subdue an>*y 9 ?is way1 & to produce "s k9d ( ord]--= a "t4 ,b x %\ld be obs]v$ t :at happ5s is t lib]ty is n s mu* discipl9$ z d5i$2 & z x appe>s to be ! inh]5t1 & incurable t5d5cy ( au?ority to fe$ ^u itself & to gr[ fat1 ! natural consequ5ce is ! progressive de/ruction ( lib]ty4 ,! hi/orical reaction f ! excess ( au?ority is a viol5t revulsion to wild & bloody an>*y2 & ov] aga9/ au?ority1 ! only hope ( lib]ty is to divide & to keep x divid$4 ,z a matt] ( fact 9 democratic communities1 !re is a curi\s discrepancy betwe5 !ory & practice2 &--some:at unusually--our practice is bett] ?an our !ory4 ,! m$ival doctr9e ( au?ority /ill haunts our political & social ?9k+2 b !re are few p 9 a democratic community :o behave !mselves only :5 & because !re is a policeman ab\t4 ,! :ole /ructure ( law 7( :i* ! policeman is ! symbol7 re/s ^u ! proposition t x is possible to def9e & to en=ce ^? moral obligations :i* are ess5tial to ! cohesion & ! ord] ( ! community1 ^? ?+s :i* memb]s ( a society mu/ d or ab/a9 f do+ if ! society is to hold toge!r at all4 ,law does n d m ?an /ate ! l[e/ common t]ms ( social duty4 ,x does n cov] 8! :ole duty ( man40 ,! maximum ( legal obligation is ! m9imum ( moral obligation4 ,t is :y ! law does n t\* ord9>y folk--except1 ( c\rse1 9 =mal adju/m5ts ( affairs ( bus9ess or prop]ty4 ,9 ! region ( p]sonal conduct1 law is = dec5t folk 9 normal times a pure irrelevancy4 ,we n only keep ! law b we to "s degree transc5d x1 & we d s )\t ?9k+ ab\t x4 ,! policeman has no t]rors = u because we d n approa* 8 fronti]s2 & he has t]rors only = ! wilful social misfit ^: native an>*y is /ill untam$4 ,law1 t is1 imposes ! discipl9e ( social ju/ice only ^u ! exceptional case1 ! individual :o is contemptu\s or neglig5t ( 8 social duty4 ,^u ! great majority ( p x is impos$ f )9--sometimes inde$ by ! fe> ( public op9ion1 b *iefly by a m or less effective social s5se4 ,we are free f ! law n because we take c>e n to break x1 b because a high] pr9ciple has lift$ u outside & beyond its b\nds4 ,our righte\sness truly exce$s ! righte\sness ( ! ,scribes & ! ,ph>isees1 t is1 ( ! legal m9d2 & t is because a high] pr9ciple ( righte\sness is at "w )9 u4 ,?is high] pr9ciple ( righte\sness is ( c\rse no o!r ?an our own indep5d5t & en]gis$ s5se ( social obligation4 ,! degree to :i* x is effectual may & does v>y 9 diff]5t p]sons2 b x is n to be que/ion$ t democracy exi/s because ( ! increas+ effici5cy ( ! inw>d s5se ( social obligation 9 its memb]s4 ,its fur!r developm5t is cont+5t ^u ! measure 9 :i* ?is inn] con/ra9t sup]s$es co]cive ma*9]y z ! organ ( social ju/ice4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 bett] = m5 to live "u law ?an 9 an>*y4 ,:at we h to und]/& conc]n+ law & its ma*9]y is t x is a /age 9 ! evolution ( social ord] & 9 our education into true fre$om4 ,at ! same "t x mu/ n be =gott5 t ! law itself may become a real h9drance to ?is process4 ,j because law is a def9ition ( obligation1 x t5ds to be reg>d$ z fix+ ! outmo/ limits ( social duty2 & :atsoev] we d beyond ^! limits ranks z "w ( sup]]ogation4 ,t is bad en\gh2 b worse may happ54 ,"o may suppose t outside ^! limits1 any k9d ( conduct is admissible2 & law1 despite its int5tion1 may !re=e arre/ ! gr[? ( ! social s5se4 ,! social s5se1 t is1 is expect$ to op]ate up to fronti] l9e def9$ by ! law2 beyond t po9t1 x is n call$ ^u to act4 ,we require to introduce into m5's m9ds a diff]5t conception ( law f t popul>ly curr5t4 ,x is ! (fice ( ! law to make itself sup]flu\s2 & its adm9i/ration requires n a sup]/iti\s v5]ation ( its maje/y or a p$antic respect = its lett]1 b humanity & common s5se4 ,! law is ov]mu* conceiv$ z our gaol]2 prop]ly und]/ood1 x is1 z ,/4 ,paul said ( ! ,mosaic ,law1 our 8s*oolma/]40 ,b s long z we talk ab\t 8v9dicat+0 ! law m ?an reclaim+ ! (f5d]--z ! legal m9d is apt to d--s long w m5 t5d to reg>d ! law n z a /epp+-/one to high] ?+s1 b z an irksome re/ra9t2 & :ile we indulge 9 tall talk ab\t ! maje/y ( ! law1 we make law-abid+ness 8! law & ! prophets10 & jeop>dise our *ance ( effect+ t increas+ enfran*isem5t ( ! social s5se 9 :i* alone is ! hope ( ! democratic ideal4 ,! fur!r developm5t ( ! democratic pr9ciple & ! a*ievem5t ( a g5u9e fre$om w\ld appe> to be cont+5t ^u ! gr[? ( ! int]ior discipl9e ( social ju/ice ) a consequ5t dim9ution 9 ! influ5ce ( ext]ior legal sanctions4 ,if society is to be reg>d$ z 9 any s5se truly organic1 & if consequ5tly its vitality is to be measur$ by its capacity = v>iation1 x is pla9 t x mu/ be releas$ f ! t5d5cy to uni=mity :i* is entail$ 9 a 8reign ( law40 ,augu/9e's def9ition ( lib]ty is p]t95t "h--,love ,god & d z y please1 & translat$ out ( ! idiom ( religion into t ( sociology 7:i* is l unto x7 ! rule runs3 ,love y\r neighb\r & d z y please4 ,au?orit>ianism makes inevitably = regim5tation2 & :ile x may 9 ?is way repress ! wayw>dness ( individualism1 x does s at ! exp5se ( t preci\s ?+1 individuality4 ,! task ( democracy is t ( de/roy+ individualism & ( cultivat+ individuality4 ,lib]ty is ! condition 9 :i* a man may be true to himself ?r\gh ev]y?+1 & may live out ! logic ( 8 own di/9ctive spiritual end[m5ts4 ,b because p]sonality is ess5tially social1 a man _c be true to himself until he is 9 a true s5se deliv]$ f himself4 ,an effectual social discipl9e is a necess>y condition ( a real lib]ty4 ,x is n a *eck ^u lib]ty b its indisp5sable concomitant4 ,)\t x1 lib]ty ov]%oots its bolt & de/roys itself4 ,b ?is relation is a mutual "o4 ,n only does a social consci5ce safegu>d & discipl9e lib]ty2 b its own mat+ ) lib]ty works = its lib]ation4 ,we h se5 h[ ! influ5ce ( legali/ic preconceptions t5ds to arre/ ! gr[? ( ! social consci5ce2 h[ ! s*ool ( law may become ! prison ( legalism4 ,! social consci5ce is some?+ m ?an a moral critic or invigilator2 x has ! quality ( a creative en]gy2 & once x is 8free f ! law10 x is = ev] try+ to outdo itself4 ,x is inde$ only an adv5tur\s social consci5ce ( ?is k9d t w avail to ov]come ^? di/9ctions ( class :i* con/itute ! immemorial & multi=m s*ism ( our race4 ,we h to "w n only = ! socialisation ( lib]ty b also = ! lib]ation ( our social in/9cts2 & ?is is to be done by an equal mat+ ( lib]ty & ! social consci5ce4 ,?is is1 9 ! ma91 ! (fice ( ! tea*] & ! prea*]1 b meantime a great deal is to be done by a sy/ematic ef=t to multiply & develop ^? social contacts :i* already exi/ ei!r actually or pot5tially4 ,! f9al reason = ?is mat+ is n m]ely to make room = diss5t 9 ! community4 ,t1 inde$1 is only an incid5tal ?+ :i* s]ves to te/ ! quality & ext5t ( ! community's fre$om4 ,fre$om is necess>y because x is ! only condition "u :i* creative self-expression becomes really possible4 ,! human _s mu/ h indep5d5ce & initiative if x is to be its :ole self4 ,x 0 n made = regim5tation2 x 0 made = a di/9ctive life ( its own4 ,b its v con/itution tells u t if x is to atta9 to a fruitful fre$om1 x mu/ a*ieve some?+ besides fre$om4 ,! motto ( a democracy resolute to live out ! full implicates ( its fir/ pr9ciples mu/ n be fre$om alone1 b fre$om & fell[%ip4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,practice ,,( ,,fell[%ip4 8,we are memb]s "o ( ano!r40--,,/4 ,,paul4 8,=soo?1 bro!rs1 fell[%ip is heav51 & lack ( fell[%ip is hell2 fell[%ip is life & lack ( fell[%ip is dea?2 & ! de$s t ye d on e>?1 x is = fell[%ip's sake t ye d !m2 & ! life t is 9 x1 t %all live on & on = ev]1 & ea* "o ( y "p ( x1 :ile _m a man's life ^u ! e>? f ! e>? %all wane4 8,!re=e ,i bid y n to dwell 9 hell b 9 heav52 or :ile ye mu/1 ^u e>?1 :i* is "p ( heav51 & =soo? no f\l "p40--,,william ,,morris1 ,! ,dream ( ,john ,ball40 8,sans d'galit donc1 po9t d'unit2 sans lib]t po9t d'galit2 mais po9t de lib]t non plus sans des devoirs mutuels volontairem5t accomplis1 c'e/-a-dire accomplis p> la volont se portant d'elle-mme et sans contra9te a t\t ce qui produit l'union entre les tres gaux2 autrem5t *acun n'aurait d'autre rgle que son intrt1 sa passion4 ,et du conflit de tant de passions1 de tant d'intrts opposs natrai5t aussitt1 avec la gu]re1 la s]vitude et la tyrannie4 ,or1 l'obissance libre au devoir e/ une obissance d'am\r2 lib]t lorsque l'am\r s'affaiblit1 la lib]t dcl9e mme proportion4 ,a la place de l'union volontaire et morale1 dont il e/ le pr9ciple1 la =ce1 loi des brutes1 opre une union purem5t matrielle40--,,lam5nais1 ,affaires de ,rome4 ,,x is usually assum$ t ! di/9ctively social end ( life beg9s 8aft] bus9ess h\rs40 ,!re is1 we say1 8no room = s5tim5t 9 bus9ess10--:i* is "p ( ! intol]able price we pay = our subjection to ! economic motive4 ,9 bus9ess ! presumption is t we are all competitors2 :5 bus9ess is ov] we are prep>$ to be fri5ds4 ,! =mality & ! ins9c]ity ( mu* social int]c\rse 9 our "t--n to speak ( its utt] fruitlessness = any heal?y human good--has its orig9s l>gely 9 ! bani%m5t ( fell[%ip f ! 8bus9ess end0 ( life4 ,?is is n to say t !re is n a great deal ( :olesome human int]c\rse 9 mod]n life or t !re are n g5u9e fri5d%ips betwe5 bus9ess competitors & betwe5 pr9cipals & subord9ates 9 indu/ry2 b x is g5]ally true t we conceive ( comm]ce & indu/ry z admitt+ ( no ext5sive ex]cise ( ! humanities2 & = ?is habit ( m9d we are puni%$ by a deep impov]i%m5t ( life4 ,!re is a s5se 9 :i* ! /ruggle = lib]ty may be reg>d$ z be+ ess5tially a /ruggle to broad5 ! basis ( human fell[%ip2 & x is und\bt$ly true t =ms ( privilege are ! mo/ prolific causes ( social s*ism4 ,no community possesses ! conditions ( real fell[%ip :ile x is 7z mod]n communities are7 divid$ into topdogs & und]dogs1 :e!r ! topdogs be ari/ocrats or plutocrats1 & ! und]dogs be s]fs or wage-slaves4 ,= ! poison ( privilege is apt to p]meate ! :ole body2 & an exploit$ class may itself be compos$ ( exploit]s4 ,9 our day ! que/ & ! possession ( pecuni>y advantage has s griev\sly muddi$ ! spr+s ( fell[%ip t we live 9 a *ronic temp] ( mutual suspicion & di/ru/4 ,we d n con/itute liv+ societies2 we are b collections ( individuals :o live toge!r because we mu/1 & come no ne>] to ea* o!r ?an is necess>y = ! indisp5sable common op]ations ( life4 ,"l ,morley has po9t$ out t ! bus9ess ( ! ,iri% ,l& ,league lay z mu* 9 adju/+ feuds among its own memb]s z 9 c>ry+ on _! common feud aga9/ ! l&lords4 ,)9 small circles !re is1 ( c\rse1 mu* g5u9e fri5dly ex*ange & co-op]ation2 !re are holiday occasions :5 good temp] & good fell[%ip rule2 b = ! re/1 we *iefly live "u jungle law4 ,x is ess5tial to ! creation ( a liv+ society t we %\ld recognise t ! pr9ciple ( fell[%ip is a condition ( ! highe/ fruitfulness ( human ef=t 9 e "p ( life4 ,b fell[%ip 9 ?is connection means some?+ m ?an ! casual & sup]ficial cam>ad]ie ( "o's leisure h\rs4 ,x mu/ be translat$ into concrete policies & into organis$ & su/a9$ co-op]ation4 ,9 ?is s5se its application to indu/ry is "o ( ! fir/ conditions ( its re/oration 9 o!r regions & 9 o!r s5ses4 ,inde$1 x may be reg>d$ z ! natural complem5t ( t *ange 9 ! work]'s /atus :i* we h se5 to be imp5d+4 ,free m5 w fl[ into fell[%ip z ! ci/]n to ! riv]2 & ! 8democratic control0 ( indu/ry is ! "n we give to ! practice ( fell[%ip 9 indu/ry :i* is ! cle> sequel to ! doctr9e ( p>tn]%ip4 ,mr4 ,sidney ,webb1 z we h se51 advocates ! grant ( a 8con/itution0 to indu/ry2 b ?is proposal suff]s f ! inh]5t defect ( ! well-mean+ exp]im5ts 9 co-p>tn]%ip & pr(it-%>+ ( :i* !re h be5 n a few 9 rec5t ye>s4 ,?is defect is t all alike pres]ve ! l9e ( privilege4 ,! b5efits are grant$ z concessions f above2 & g5]ally z inc5tives to great] assiduity4 ,!re c be no objection to ! grant+ ( concessions f above s long z ^? :o are above come d[n & /& on ! same foot+ z ^? bel[4 ,b s long z a ve/ige ( ! old diff]5tiation ( sup]ior & inf]ior1 ( ma/] & s]vant rema9s1 n all ! nom9al co-p>tn]%ip & pr(it-%>+ 9 ! _w c satisfy ! conditions ( real p>tn]%ip4 ,:ile = in/ance ! adm9i/rative & executive bran*es ( an indu/ry rema9 out ( ! sph]e ( co-p>tn]%ip1 ! p>tn]%ip is a polite fiction2 & x is only by ! pass+ ( all ! dep>tm5ts ( an indu/ry1 adm9i/rative z well z op]ative1 into ! control ( all :o c>ry !m on1 t democratic conditions c be e/abli%$4 ,! !ory ( p>tn]%ip implies an actual int]e/ 9 & an actual control ov] all ! divisions ( an indu/ry2 &1 :ile ?is does n imply t direction & lead]%ip & ! p[]s ( discipl9e w n /ill be ve/$ 9 individuals1 ^! individuals w owe _! position n to any antec$5t privilege b to ! w & cons5t ( ! work]s z a :ole4 ,on ! surface !re seems to be a dang] le/ su* an arrangem5t may lead to an exclusive & p>ticul> fell[%ip )9 sep>ate indu/ries & !re=e may militate aga9/ ! l>g] fell[%ip ( ! community1 a fell[%ip1 t is1 ( produc]s aga9/ consum]s4 ,b x is n contemplat$ t ! control ( ! work]s--:e!r op]ative or adm9i/rative--%all be absolute ov] _! indu/ry4 ,t w 9 turn be subject to ! w ( ! commonweal? z a :ole--?is sup]ior au?ority be+ made effective by su* devices z ! control ( raw mat]ial4 ,?is p>ticul> dang] may1 h[ev]1 be v easily exagg]at$4 ,aft] all1 e produc] is a consum]2 & ! co-op]ative societies h %[n t x is possible to create a v fruitful fell[%ip ( consum] & produc]4 ,moreov]1 ?is is a dang] :i* we imag9e l>gely because we argue f exi/+ conditions4 ,x w be greatly dim9i%$ z ! economic motive ceases to ex]cise its )]+ influ5ce ^u m54 ,b x /&s to reason t m5 w d bett] & m fai?ful "w "u conditions :i* give !m a direct int]e/ 9 & control ov] _! "w4 ,bo? ! quantity & quality ( "w suff] to-day because no?+ is left to ! work]'s s5se ( hon\r & responsibility4 ,x is only a m or less irksome necessity to :i* ! work] goes apa!tically & f :i* he turns ) relief4 ,b conv]t x into a social task 9 :i* fell[%ip may be actually realis$ 9 a g5u9e p>ticipation 9 control1 :]e managem5t is an affair ( common c\nsel & n ( autocratic fiats1 :]e ! ideal ( public s]vice has sup]s$$ ! purpose ( private ga91 & y set free pot5tialities bo? ( quality & quantity ( workman%ip ( :i* "u ! pres5t demoralis+ conditions x is n possible to =m a conception4 ,cle>ly ! reality ( fell[%ip 9 indu/ry mu/ be validat$ by mak+ e position ( great] responsibility op5 to e work]2 & appo9tm5t to su* positions %\ld be by *oice ( ! work]s4 ,t ! work]s may be tru/$ to make good appo9tm5ts is demon/rat$ by ! sagacity :i* has g5]ally be5 manife/$ 9 ! selection ( _! ,union lead]s2 & ?is is a f> m c]ta9 gu>antee ( effective managem5t ?an ! pres5t sy/em :i* (t5 assigns incompet5t m5 to important positions on gr\nds ( k9%ip or 8influ5ce40 ,x fur!r goes )\t say+ t a g5u9e p>tn]%ip implies ! "r ( )drawal4 ,a man mu/ be free to *oose 8 "w & ! place :]e he works4 ,fre$om is ( ! v ess5ce ( fell[%ip4 ,any?+ ( ! nature ( co]cion or conscription w\ld be deadly to ! _s :i* x is desir$ to create4 ,,ii ,naturally a liv+ society w require a liv+ fell[%ip 9 ! ord]+ ( its public affairs2 & x is true t ! arre/ & corruption ( democracy--:]esoev] ^? ills h befall5 x--are due m to ! ignorance & ! indiff]5ce ( ! mass ( ! p 9 respect ( _! common affairs ?an to any o!r s+le cause4 ,?is is ev] ! opportunity ( ! demagogue & ! spoilsman4 ,:]e !re is no vision1 said ! anci5t scribe1 ! p p]i%2 b ! p p]i% no less c]ta9ly :]e !re is no common ?\ght4 ,! m5tal indol5ce & in]tia ( ! public & ! incompet5cy ( public criticism is ! dang] ( ! /atesman1 & ! v life ( ! c>pet-bagg+ politician4 ,! ext5t ( ?is ignorance & apa?y--beyond ! n>r[ limits :]e our pockets are conc]n$--is appall+4 ,especially 9 reg>d to ! ext]nal relation%ips ( _! respective /ates1 ! common p h liv$ 9 ! pa/ 9 great d>kness1 & z ! w> has %[n1 9 ! %ad[ ( dea?4 ,if ! masses ( ! ,european peoples _h be5 9 #aiad1 z well-in=m$ conc]n+ _! neighb\rs z !y are to-day 7& ?is does n say v mu*71 ! w> might well h nev] happ5$2 & x is well t we %\ld rememb] t ! democratic control ( =eign policy1 ( :i* we ju/ly hope mu*1 w prove a va9 ?+ )\t sy/ematic education ( ! p 9 ! matt]s :i* are ga!r$ up 9 ! expression 8=eign policy40 ,&1 inde$1 ! ma9 root ( indiff]5ce is ignorance2 = we are vitally int]e/$ 9 no?+ ( :i* we d n "k some?+4 ,x is to education t we mu/ look = our ma9 rem$y4 ,"s gleams ( light h inde$ already begun to pi]ce our d>kness4 ,we h comm5c$ to educate s*ool *ildr5 9 ! rudim5ts ( civic obligation2 & !re is no reason :y hi/ory & geography %\ld n be taught1 n z at pres5t to /imulate national pride or comm]cial effici5cy1 b to g5]ate a sympa!tic & compreh5sive outlook ^u human relation%ips4 ,to ?is subject we %all ne$ to turn 9 m detail pres5tly2 "h all we ne$ is to premise t ! /imulation & mobilisation ( common ?\ght requires an education :i* %all equip ! citiz5 ) a sy/em ( k & ideas :i* w enable him to respond to ! *all5ge ( ! problems ( common life & approa* !m ) intellig5ce & sympa?y4 ,no "o :o is famili> ) ! proce$+s ( p>liam5ts & congresses w require pro( ( ! exi/5ce ( ?is ne$4 ,b ?is is no m ?an a beg9n+4 ,to education mu/ be add$ ! opportunity ( free & unfett]$ discussion4 ,e mann] ( emb>go or re/ra9t on ?\ght mu/ be remov$4 ,:5 a ,cambridge don once said t morn+ *apel %\ld be compulsory on ! gr\nd t if !re 7 no compulsory religion !re w\ld be no religion at all1 ,?irlwall1 aft]w>ds ,bi%op ( ,/4 ,david's1 repli$ t ! di/9ction 0 too subtle = 8 appreh5sion4 ,no less does re/ra9t ^u ?\ght lead to ! de/ruction ( ?\ght4 ,yet ?\ght1 j because x is free1 requires "s me?od ( te/ & correction2 & ?is is suppli$ by discussion4 ,9 ?is region especially is fell[%ip ! necess>y co-effici5t ( fre$om4 ,at pres5t ! comp>ative paucity ( opportunities ( sy/ematic discussion1 outside small circles & cot]ies1 has l$ to t lack ( m5tal indep5d5ce to :i* ! mod]n press owes its ord9ate p[]4 ,! pa!tic1 n to say tragic1 read9ess ( ! multitude to foll[ any demagogue 9 ! press :o %\ts l\dly en\gh is a manife/ sign ( dang]\s m5tal incompet5cy4 ,! ,nor?cliffes & ! ,he>/s owe _! influ5ce to ! incapacity ( ! multitude to ?9k = itself2 & no multitude w ev] be able to ?9k :i* does n acquire ! habit ( ?9k+ toge!r4 ,x is impossible to e/imate ! value ( ! ,new ,engl& ,t[n ,meet+ z an organ ( discipl9e 9 common ?\ght2 & "s su* focus ( public discussion !re %\ld be 9 e community4 ,n[adays ! community elects a bo>d or a c\ncil & relegates ! function ( discussion to ?is body1 & s f> z its local affairs are conc]n$ goes to sleep until ! next election1 except p]haps = a small m9ority *iefly compos$ ( ho/ile critics4 ,?is elect$ body r>ely rea*es a plane ( initiative & lead]%ip 9 ?\ght ev5 )9 ! n>r[ prov9ce committ$ to its c>e4 ,its discussions *iefly ga!r ar\nd m9or po9ts ( adm9i/ration2 r>ely d !y reveal any degree ( con/ructive orig9ality4 ,yet ! public _s :i* is ! life ( a community ne$s cont9ual /imulus2 & ?is /imulus is dep5d5t on discussion4 ,x is a frequ5t1 almo/ a con/ant compla9t aga9/ municipal bodies t !y are compos$ ( p]sons :o h axes ( _! own to gr9d1 or :o1 ?\gh !y are n p]sonally corrupt1 are promot+ ! advantage ( p>ticul> int]e/s4 ,!re is no way out ( ?is difficulty save by ! creation ( community c5tres = regul> & free public discussion4 ,^? :o are *>g$ ) ! conduct ( public affairs--:e!r local or national--%\ld be op5 to cont9u\s & reason$ popul> criticism = :i* an election all[s no opportunity4 ,! rapid ext5sion ( ! public ,=um 9 ,am]ica takes to "s ext5t ! place once fill$ by ! ,t[n ,meet+2 b its outlook is too g5]al & its con/itution too casual to enable x to dis*>ge ! functions ( ! latt]4 ,yet x has a v important (fice to fill2 & 9 _m respects x is ! mo/ promis+ object 9 ! outlook = democracy 9 ,am]ica4 ,z yet x is too dep5d5t ^u ! plat=m2 & que/ions d n =m an adequate alt]native to reason$ discussion4 ,^! are1 h[ev]1 defects :i* w be rem$i$ z ! movem5t develops4 ,x is n at all improbable t ! *ur*es may f9d a way ( recov]+ _! social usefulness by ! promotion ( ! ,=um me?od4 ,dr4 ,kirsopp ,lake has a !ory t j z ! sacram5tal /age ( religion has pass$1 s n[ ! 8s]mon0 /age is pass+1 & we are ent]+ ^u ! 8discussion0 /age4 ,x may be s4 ,c]ta9ly no human conc]n s /&s 9 ne$ ( vigor\s & radical discussion z does religion2 & n[ t x becomes increas+ly evid5t t ! day is :olly gone :5 religion c\ld be cultivat$ z an isolat$ int]e/ unrelat$ to ! secul> conc]ns ( life1 x w be ( untold advantage to ! *ur* & to society1 9 ! int]e/s ( tru? & "r ?9k+1 t ! free discussion ( religion & public affairs 9 ! close/ possible relation to "o ano!r %\ld be s]i\sly fo/]$4 ,nei!r religion nor any view ( ! _w :i* does n t\* life at e po9t is likely to survive 9 an age :i* is sl[ly le>n+ ! unity ( all life4 ,9 mod]n ,engl&1 ! ,trade ,union bran*es h 9 _m cases prov$ to be educational c5tres ( ! utmo/ value2 b ev5 m ?an ! ,trade ,unions has ! ,sociali/ propag&a1 ) its *all5ge to discussion1 prov$ a fruitful organ ( common ?\ght on public affairs4 ,:5 we pass f ! plane ( local to t ( national int]e/s we f9d a /ate ( ?+s :i* provokes wond] t any %r$ ( democracy has surviv$ x4 ,! sy/em ( political p>ties has its roots 9 human nature2 & we are nev] likely to outlive x4 ,! quip t we are all born ei!r little ,lib]als or little ,cons]vatives has b5ea? x ! fact ( a pr(\nd & p]haps p]man5t diff]5ce ( temp]am5t4 ,!re are ^?--& probably w always be--:o take less k9dly to *ange ?an o!rs2 & 9 ?is diff]5ce !re w always be ample room & occasion = discussion & criticism4 ,x is also well to rememb] t ! conflict ( s9c]ely held op9ion is "o ( ! mo/ fruitful =ms ( co-op]ation 9 ! se>* = tru?4 ,b !re are few exi/+ l9es ( p>ty division :i* reflect a g5u9e cleavage ( conviction4 ,! pres5t opposition ( ,republican & ,democrat 9 ,am]ica seems to h only a di/ant connection ) t pr(\nd division ( op9ion 9 :i* ! opposition fir/ orig9at$4 ,9 ,great ,brita91 ,lib]al & ,cons]vative h /ood ideally = ! two necess>y pr9ciples ( fre$om & ord]1 progress & /ability2 b ! p>ty conflict has rag$ *iefly 9 rec5t times ar\nd ! "q ( p[]4 ,x has be5 a duel ( ! 8ins0 & 8outs40 ,!re are1 ( c\rse1 ,lib]als l ,"l ,morley1 & ,cons]vatives l ,"l ,hugh ,cecil1 ^: political atta*m5ts re/ ^u deep & reason$ conviction2 b reason$ conviction is n ! ma9 subject ( int]e/ 9 ! ,:ips' (fices4 ,! f9al judgm5t ^u ! nature ( ! p>ty /ruggle is to be s\ght 9 ! practical bus9ess ( electione]+4 ,direct corruption is on ! :ole r>e 9 democratic c\ntries2 b ! organisation ( ! p>ty vote--:e!r 9 ,engl& or ,am]ica--is a :olly sc&al\s & deplorable bus9ess4 ,! practice ( canvass+ = votes1 att5d$ frequ5tly ) intimidation & g5]ally ) a good deal ( ins9c]e cajol+1 ! easily made & easily =gott5 electione]+ promises1 ! frantic %eph]d+ ( sluggi% vot]s to ! poll+ boo?1--^! ?+s %[ h[ little sub/ance ( conviction & ?\ght !re is 9 ! mod]n political game4 ,canvass+ is sometimes def5d$ z a me?od ( political education2 occasionally 9 compet5t h&s x no d\bt is s2 b anyone :o is acqua9t$ ) electione]+ me?ods kn[s t ! education is m]ely incid5tal to secur+ ! promise ( a vote4 ,canvass+ w\ld conceivably s]ve a useful purpose if ! attempt to extract ! promise ( a vote 7 decl>$ to be 9 fact :at x is 9 _s--a violation ( ! ,ballot ,act4 ,x is que/ionable1 h[ev]1 h[ long ! practice ( canvass+ w\ld survive ?is curtailm5t4 ,& 9 addition to ?is1 all inducem5ts to drag unwill+ & indiff]5t citiz5s to ! poll %\ld be made illegal4 ,democracy is n necess>ily gov]nm5t by ! mob4 ,x is r gov]nm5t by ! intellig5t & ! int]e/$2 & ! rem$y = popul> apa?y "h1 z else:]e1 is prop] education4 ,! two-p>ty sy/em ( ,great ,brita91 & 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 may 9 "t be replac$ by ! gr\p sy/em z x prevails on ! cont95t ( ,europe4#ca ,! gr\p sy/em is subject to ! evils & ! disadvantages att5d+ ! two-p>ty sy/em2 b x has ! di/9ct advantage ( mak+ possible a l>g] range & v>iety ( criticism4 ,nev]!less1 :e!r "u ! two-p>ty or gr\p conditions1 x is d\btful :e!r ! pres5t t]ritorial arrangem5t ( repres5tation c ev] secure a truly democratic gov]nm5t4 ,! t]ritorial arrangem5t is d]iv$ f a p]iod :i* long ant$ates ! railroad2 & improv$ means ( communication h creat$ national gr\ps ) specialis$ b ultra-local int]e/s1 & = ! purposes ( democratic gov]nm5t ! ,lab\r ,union 7= in/ance7 is z important a unit z ! c\nty4 ,x is absurd t ! only way 9 :i* ! specific int]e/s ( organis$ lab\r c be repres5t$ 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons is by putt+ ,lab\r c&idates 9 competition ) ,lib]als & ,cons]vatives 9 mix$ con/itu5cies4 ,"s alleviation ( ?is anomaly may be f\nd 9 ! plan ( proportional repres5tation2 b ?is does n fully provide = ! necessity ( secur+ direct & adequate repres5tation ( functional & cultural associations 9 ! c\ncils ( ! nation4 ,x is an ana*ronism t to-day ! m9d ( ! nation %\ld be ga!r$ solely on a geographical basis1 :5 ! actual liv+ m9d ( ! nation increas+ly resides 9 ! v>i\s gr\ps into :i* m5 =m !mselves on ! basis ( int]e/s t are no long] det]m9$ by local consid]ations4 ,! repres5tation ( non-t]ritorial con/itu5cies 9 ! c\ncils ( ! nation raises ! "q ( ! nature ( ! /ate :i* mu/ be consid]$ sep>ately4 ,footnote #ca3 ,! results ( ! la/ ,g5]al ,election 9 ,engl& seem to be> out ?is anticipation4 ,fre$om & fulness ( discussion is ! v brea? ( life to popul> in/itutions1 & :]esoev] any problem or range ( problems is )drawn f public discussion1 !re is a virtual d5ial ( ! democratic pr9ciple4 ,:51 = in/ance1 & 9 p>ticul>1 =eign policy is conduct$ beh9d clos$ doors1 a control ov] ! de/9ies ( ! p is ve/$ 9 individuals or 9 a class ( individuals :i* is z real & z mon/r\s z t ( an autocrat2 & democracy is d5i$ 9 its mo/ s5sitive & critical "p4 ,x is true t ! practice ( secret diplomacy has surviv$ because nations h be5 too little conc]n$ ab\t _! ext]nal affairs2 & no plausible argum5ts ab\t 8delicate situations0 & ! l c\ld resi/ = a mom5t ! insi/5ce ( an intellig5t democracy ^u ! managem5t ( its own affairs4 ,if democracy is to survive at all1 x mu/ make up its m9d spe$ily t ! pr9ciple ( its inn] life %all n be d5i$ 9 its out]4 ,b if democracy is to h a m9d at all1 x mu/ le>n to use ! m9d x has2 & ! *ief /imulus to ?is end w\ld be ! multiplication ( c5tres ( discussion4 ,?is w\ld be mat]ially help$ if gov]nm5t dep>tm5ts 7 requir$ to produce n only pond]\s blue-books :i* only bewild] ! common man1 & (ficial docum5ts intelligible only to ! exp]t1 b popul> acc\nts1 publi%$ regul>ly1 ( _! proce$+s4 ,! press %\ld be us$ f> m ext5sively = ?is purpose2 & ev5 ! *ildr5 ( ! public s*ools %\ld be provid$ ) appropriate grad$ summ>ies ( ! acts ( ! national gov]nm5t4 ,!n on ! basis ( ?is mat]ial = discussion1 ! social debat+ society1 ! read+ circle1 ! ,=um & all su* gr\ps w\ld become ! liv+ & increas+ spr+s ( democracy4 ,9 speak+ ( education we are f> too apt to conf9e ! ^w to ! education ( *ildr52 b :at may be done 9 ! education ( adults & at ! same "t 9 ! /imulation ( fell[%ip 9 ?\ght1 is well %[n by ! a*ievem5t ( ! ,work]s' ,educational ,association 9 ,engl&4 ,! education ( ! work+ class is an idea :i* dates back to ! social & political f]m5t ( ! e>ly n9ete5? c5tury--! e>lie/ expression be+ ! ,me*anics' ,in/itute movem5t4 ,?is 0 foll[$ by ! ,work+ ,m5's ,college movem5t "u ,fr$]ick ,d5ison ,maurice & 8 fri5ds4 ,!n came ! educational exp]im5ts1 fir/ ( ! ,ro*dale ,pione]s 9 #ahdj1 & !n ( ! ,co-op]ative ,societies1 out ( :i* grew ultimately ! ,univ]sity ,ext5sion movem5t4 ,! exi/+ ,work]'s ,educational ,association orig9at$ 9 an alliance ( ! educational activities ( ! ,co-op]ative1 ,trade ,union & ,univ]sity ,ext5sion movem5ts4 ,x 0 bas$ ^u 8! vital pr9ciple t !re c\ld be no complete education ( work+ p unless x 0 a result ( ! comb9ation ( work+ m5 & wom5 & s*ol>s1 respectively exp]ts 9 dem& & supply40 ,x is c]ta9--& ! w> has provid$ _m in/ances ( x--t ?is alliance ( work] & s*ol> has done mu* to break d[n ! p>tition wall ( class prejudice2 & ! 8tutorial class0 has 9 p>ticul> be5 a v fruitful ag5t ( fell[%ip & education4 8,! days ( ! ,w4,e4,a40 7z x is call$7 says ,mr4 ,alfr$ ,mansbridge1 its devot$ & able secret>y1 8h be5 few s f>2 b x has already demon/rat$ ! s\ndness ( its !ories--to take "o in/ance alone--by ! developm5t ( ! ,univ]sity ,tutorial ,class movem5t :i* con=ms 9 me?od to t ( ,plato s f> z "q & answ] develop$ 9 discussion are conc]n$4 ,9 ,engl& alone ov] eight ?\s& m5 & wom5 h pass$ ?r\gh ^! c\rses :i* are organis$ 9 connection ) e ,univ]sity & ,univ]sity ,college4 ,if x 7 n = ! cle> demon/ration ( exp]i5ce1 x w\ld seem fatu\s to expect t m5 & wom5 :o h und]gone no educational tra9+ o!r ?an t provid$ 9 ! few ye>s ( att5dance at ! elem5t>y s*ool w\ld be will+ to att5d classes = ?ree ye>s1 & 9 "s cases = z _m z sev5 or eight ye>s4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! discipl9e ( ! class ?\gh self-impos$ is sev]e4 ,no abs5ce is all[$ = o!r ?an unavoidable causes4 ,moreov]1 _! purpose is ! acquisition ( k z assi/+ ! fulfilm5t ( an educational ideal :i* is conceiv$ n 9 ! int]e/s ( ! individual b 9 ! int]e/s ( citiz5%ip4 ,! level ( intellectual a*ievem5t te/ifi$ to by _m em95t educationi/s is su* z to w>rant ! ,bo>d ( ,education 9 mak+ a regulation to ! effect t #8! in/ruction mu/ aim at rea*+ )9 ! limits ( ! subject cov]$1 ! /&>d ( ,univ]sity "w 9 hon\rs4'0#cb ,:ile ! emphasis 9 ?is acc\nt is laid *iefly ^u ! educational aspects ( ! movem5t ^? :o are acqua9t$ ) its work+ lay mu* /ress ^u ! "p :i* ! practice & realisation ( fell[%ip play 9 x4#cc ,! s5se ( common que/ is at once a s\rce & a result ( ! movem5t3 & x is n op5 to any "q t ! ,w4,e4,a4 is "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful organs ( ! new democracy n[ exi/+4 ,alongside ! ,w4,e4,a4 9 ,great ,brita9 is also ! ,adult ,s*ool movem5t1 :i* *iefly "u ! auspices ( ! ,society ( ,fri5ds is do+ mu* simil>1 ?\gh n s sev]e "w4 ,x ga!rs toge!r e ,sunday morn+ 9 all p>ts ( ! c\ntry ?\s&s ( work+ m5 & wom5 9 its _m hundr$ s*ools to /udy n only 8! pr9ciples ( ! life & tea*+ ( ,jesus1 b ! manifold & p]plex+ problems ( national & int]national life40 ,9 su* fruitful activities z ^! w ! m9d & ! temp] ( ! com+ democracy be creat$4 ,^! m5 & wom5 are le>n+ ! practice ( fre$om & fell[%ip 9 ?\ght1 :i* is ! fundam5tal democratic me?od4 ,footnote #cb3 ,contempor>y ,review1 ,june1 #aiah4 ,footnote #cc3 ,an int]e/+ sign ( :]e ! memb]s ( ! ,w4,e4,a4 !mselves feel ! ess5ce ( ! movem5t to lie is se5 9 ! inscription on a memorial cross erect$ 9 ! ,p>i% ,*ur* ( ,lambe?1 ,london1 9 memory ( ?ree tutors ( ! ,w4,e4,a43 8,9 memory ( ,philip ,an?ony ,br[n1 #ahhf-aiae4 ,alfr$ ,edw>d ,bl&1 #ahha-aiaf4 ,ar?ur ,*>leswood ,turn]1 #ahha-aiah4 ,tutors ( ! ,work]s' ,educational ,association4 ,!y liv$ = ,fell[%ip 9 ,engl& & di$ = x 9 ,france40 ,! ,*all5ge1 ,july #ai?1 #aiah4 ,,iii ,n[ t we h come to ackn[l$ge n only t ,jack's vote is z good z 8 ma/]'s1 b t ,jill's vote is z good z ,jack's1 we h laid ! tra9 ( a fur!r *ange 9 ! relations ( m5 & wom54 ,= j z surely z ! work] has discov]$ t political equality does n ( necessity remove economic disability1 & is n[ beg9n+ to dem& economic emancipation1 s also wom5 w pass on f ! acquisition ( political equality to a dem& = economic equality4 ,inde$1 ! dem& is already be+ made4 ,! w> has s]v$ to reveal ! arbitr>y & illusory "* ( ! assumptions :i* clos$ c]ta9 occupations to wom54 ,we "k t ! numb] ( occupations = :i* wom5 are temp]am5tally or physically unfitt$ is comp>atively small4 ,!re are obvi\s reasons = believ+ t "s few trades w rema9 p]man5tly undesirable = wom52 b ! imm$iate fact t confronts u is t ! traditional l9e ( dem>cation has be5 swept away "u ! /ress ( w> ne$s2 & t we %all h to "w out 9 ! s*ool ( exp]i5ce a new classification ( occupations m consonant ) ! new facts4 ,"s ye>s ago !re 0 mu* discussion 9 ,engl& conc]n+ a high legal decision t a woman 0 n a 8p]son0 )9 ! mean+ ( a c]ta9 ,act ( ,p>liam5t4 ,?is 0 symptomatic ( a g5]al survival ( ! view :i* assign$ wom5 to a slightly sub-human class2 & ! vitality ( ?is view is /ill m consid]able ?an _m hopeful m9ds are will+ to ?9k4 ,yet x is only :5 we h educat$ ourselves into ! conception ( woman :i* attributes to h] a di/9ct p]sonality ( h] own1 ) an end 9 & = h]self1 & ) all ! rights & privileges1 ! fre$om & ! indep5d5ce app]ta9+ to x1 t we %all approa* ! problem ( ! relations ( m5 & wom5 f a g5u9ely democratic /&po9t4 ,woman is commonly reg>d$ z hav+ a function r ?an an individual end4 ,x is h] "p to pres]ve ! race4 ,h] peculi> vocation is *ild-be>+4 ,x _c1 h[ev]1 be affirm$ ) too mu* emphasis t ! p]petuation ( ! race is no m ! task ( woman ?an ( man4 ,! heavi] end ( ! physical burd5 ( race-pres]vation c]ta9ly falls ^u ! woman2 b ?is fact does n indicate t ?is is ! purpose = :i* %e exi/s4 ,h] traditional assignm5t to ?is role1 & ! consequ5t limitation ( h] circle ( exp]i5ce & int]e/1 ! virtual inc>c]ation ( ! great majority ( wom5 to ! 8home10 & ! d5ial to !m ( any real p>ticipation 9 ! l>g] conc]ns ( ! common life1 mu/ cease if social exi/5ce is to a*ieve ! balance necess>y to /able & heal?y progress4 ,! pres]vation ( ! race c be left to look aft] itself4 ,race-suicide only becomes a p]il :5 ! relations ( m5 & wom5 become p]v]t$ & unnatural z !y commonly d 9 our pres5t social ord]4 ,:5 at "o end ( society1 ! br++ up ( families entails an economic burd5 too heavy to be borne1 & at ! o!r1 ! h$onism :i* accompanies excessive weal? t5ds to a s5suality :i* refuses to accept ! natural risks & to pay ! natural price ( ! sex-relation1 a poison\s arre/ is unavoidably laid ^u ! normal op]ation ( ! sex-in/9cts4 ,! mo/ easily p]v]t$ end[m5t ( human nature is sex1 & x _c reta9 a balanc$ & heal?y function+ "u disord]$ conditions ( life4 ,! incessant discussion ( m>riage & divorce misses ! po9t l>gely because x ignores ! backgr\nd ( ! problem4 ,:ile we reg>d ! physical di/9ction ( sex z ! prim>y fact to be consid]$ 9 relation to woman1 & /ill cl+ to ! obsession s de> to b\rgeois respectability t h] bus9ess is mo!rhood & 8h] place is ! home10 s long1 t is1 z we reg>d h] life & its purpose z dep5d5t ^u man1 s long w judgm5t be deflect$ f its true pole at its v s\rce4 ,:olesome & free m5 & wom5 w cont9ue to fall 9 love ) "o ano!r & w want to h *ildr5 ( ea* o!r1 :]e to-day because _! relations are un:olesome & unequal1 !y t5d only to seek possession ( "o ano!r1 )\t any disposition 7n to speak ( eag]ness7 to welcome ! fruit ( _! union2 & too (t5 ) ! delib]ate int5tion ( prev5t+ ! fruitage4 ,= ! disord] :i* leads to ?is confusion ( ! sex-relation1 ! fir/ rem$y is to e/abli% ! indep5d5ce ( ! woman4 ,! problem ( m>riage w rema9 acute--&1 inde$1 ultimately insoluble--until ! contract+ p>ties ent] x ^u ! basis ( an equal p>tn]%ip4 ,! conception ( m>riage z a 8c>e]0 = wom5 has done mu* to de/roy ! only conditions "u :i* m>riage c ev] be successful4 ,! fre$om & spontaneity ( ! relation betwe5 m5 & wom5 is made impossible by ^? calculations ( position & weal? :i* ! c>e] !ory ( m>riage requires4 ,:ile x is nom9ally ! case t no woman is compell$ to m>ry1 x is actually ! fact t _m wom5--9 ! b\rgeois classes1 mo/ wom5--are s br\ght up t m>riage becomes _! only escape f indig5ce4 ,! fact ( woman's indep5d5ce %\ld be made concrete & real by requir+ t e woman %all be self-support+1 t is to say1 t %e %all %>e 9 ! necess>y indu/rial processes ( ! community or d "s "w ( ackn[l$g$ social wor?4 ,naturally ! latt] category includes ! be>+ & upbr++ ( *ildr52 = ?an ?is !re is no "w m fundam5tal or ( great] social wor?4 ,?is requires ! economic indep5d5ce ( ! "m2 & s9ce ! social recon/ruction po/ulat$ 9 ^! pages1 involves 9 "s =m or o!r ! e/abli%m5t ( an univ]sal m9imum /&>d1 ! "m w n only be economically indep5d5t b w also be releas$ f ! h>ass+ task ( br++ up a gr[+ family ^u a /ation>y income4 ,x w be argu$ aga9/ su* proposals z ^! t !y endang] ! sanctity ( ! family4 ,b ?is criticism possesses nei!r grace nor =ce 9 a g5]ation :i* has p]mitt$ indu/rial conditions to prevail :i* h virtually de/roy$ ! home-life ( ! work+-classes4 ,! only assumption on :i* x is safe to proce$ 9 deal+ ) ?is "q is t any?+ entitl$ to be call$ a 8home life0 is q exceptional among l>ge masses ( ! population4 ,bo? ! physical sett+ ( ! home--! h\se--& ! economic condition ( its memb]s rob ! home ( t quality ( sanctu>y & base :i* is ( ! ess5ce ( a g5u9e home4 ,our problem is to recreate ! home1 ! sett+ ( t social gr\p ( man1 woman & *ild1 :i* we call ! family1 & :i* is ! natural nucleus ( ! commonweal?1 & ! moral gymnasium :]e ! "y %\ld be/ le>n ! arts ( fell[%ip4 ,! h\s+ "q has its own importance 9 ! problem2 b ( inf9itely m importance to ! recov]y ( home life is ! e/abli%m5t ( ! economic indep5d5ce ( ! woman4 ,s long z cu/om & necessity place h] 9 a position ( dep5d5ce on ! man1 s long w %e be d5i$ ! fre$om :i* is ess5tial to p]fect comrade%ip4 ,h] pres5t /atus d5ies ! equality :i* is necess>y to fell[%ip2 & mu* ( ! unhapp9ess ( mod]n m>riage is due to ! intelligible *af+ ( wom5 aga9/ ! conditions :i* dep5d5ce & inf]iority ( /atus impose ^u h]4 ,t _m m>ri$ p succe$ 9 ov]com+ ?is initial h&icap is true2 b t is due to c]ta9 qualities 9 !mselves & does n 9 ! lea/ alt] ! fact t :]e m>ital relations g awry ! evil is l>gely 9 ! conditions :i* gov]n ^? relations 9 our pres5t social ord]4 ,! relax+ ( m>riage ties is no rem$y2 x is only a relief to p]sons ( incompatible temp]s4 ,bo? ! advocates & ! oppon5ts ( great] facilities = divorce seem to argue _! case out ( all relation to ! exi/+ social environm5t ( m>riage4 ,! evils = :i* a rem$y is s\ght 9 easi] divorce are n to be f\nd 9 ! nature ( ! m>riage relation b 9 ! conv5tional & legal /atus ( wom54#cd ,:ile ! social & economic s\rces ( ! tr\ble are left unt\*$1 no am\nt ( ,ca?olic emphasis ^u ! sacram5tal "* ( m>riage is go+ to /ay ! dem& = ! great] dissolubility ( a tie :i* exi/+ conditions d mu* to make difficult & frequ5tly intol]able4 ,ev5 "u ! be/ conditions1 ! mutual adju/m5ts ( ! man & woman 9 m>ri$ life are n easy2 b :5 "o p>ty ent]s ! relation 9 a position ( m or less explicitly ackn[l$g$ dep5d5ce & inf]iority1 !re are se$s ( in]adicable tr\ble4 ,footnote #cd3 ,?is does n imply t ! pres5t writ] does n recognise ! ne$ ( "s ext5sion ( ! gr\nds ( divorce 9 ,great ,brita94 ,x simply means t he ?9ks t ! problem _c be rightly approa*$ until ! economic indep5d5ce ( wom5 has be5 e/abli%$4 ,x is n = a mom5t argu$ t ! e/abli%m5t ( ! economic indep5d5ce ( woman is a cure = all ! ills t afflict ! family4 ,b ?is is fundam5tal2 & we %all simply be beat+ ! air s long z we d n accept ?is pr9ciple4 ,= x is ! only me?od :i* holds a promise ( re/or+ ! life ( ! home4 ,at ! same "t1 x is no less necess>y t ! woman be+ by reason ( h] mo!rhood economically indep5d5t %\ld n be reg>d$ z ! economic h&maid ( ! /ate4 ,if ! end[m5t ( mo!rhood is only a provision = increas+ ! economic & milit>y human mat]ial ( ! community1 !n we are bett] )\t x4 ,= ! poison :i* vitiates our life w return to x at its mo/ delicate & s5sitive po9t4 ,to reg>d ! m>riage relation simply z ! means ( supply+ a con/ant /ream ( milit>y & economic units = ! /ate is to d5y ! spiritual nature ( man at its v s\rce1 & to reimpose on ourselves ! deadly incubus ( mat]ialism4 ,?is is ! dang] :i* ! ,eug5ics movem5t ?reat5s u )4 ,to introduce ! pr9ciple ( selective bre$+ into human relations may result 9 a community ( p]sons1 heal?y1 vigor\s & effici5t = economic & milit>y purposes2 b we are le>n+ h[ little physical h]$ity has to d ) ! ultimate purpose ( life4 ,9 s f> z ,eug5ics w lead to great] precautions aga9/ ! propagation ( diseas$ & m5tally & physically deg5]ate p]sons1 & quick5s a great] vigilance & a m insi/5t dem& = s\nd m9ds & s\nd bodies 9 ^? ab\t to give !mselves 9 m>riage1 x br+s a necess>y & valuable re9=cem5t to ! influ5ces t make = human welf>e4 ,b :5 x goes beyond ?is po9t1 x becomes a dang] to ! spiritual conception ( life & society4 ,:at we mu/ insi/ ^u is t m>riage %all be a p>tn]%ip1 delib]ately ent]$ into by two equal p]sons1 economically indep5d5t ( ea* o!r1 attract$ to ea* o!r by t physical & temp]am5tal aff9ity :i* we call love2 & t we %all import into ! relation%ip no extrane\s notions ( /ate-s]vice or ( race-pres]vation :i* may int]f]e ) ! fre$om & spontaneity ( ! relation ?us e/abli%$4 ,! be>+ ( *ildr5 may be a s]vice to ! nation2 b no *ild is well-born :o is n born simply ( ! joyful mutual selfgiv+ ( man & woman4 ,yet x may be held t ! p>tn]%ip is an affair s mom5t\s t none %\ld be p]mitt$ to ent] x s precipitately z ! m>riage laws ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates all[4 ,"s degree ( delib]ation %\ld be insi/$ ^u be=e legal recognition ( ! union is grant$4 ,! dem& = great] facilities = divorce is probably n unconnect$ ) ! extreme facility ) :i* p]sons c ent] ^u ! m>riage relation%ip4 ,b ! e/abli%m5t ( "r relations betwe5 ! sexes mu/ beg9 be=e ! p]iod :5 m5 & wom5 h rea*$ ! condition ( p]sonal indep5d5ce4 ,x %\ld be pla9 t ! s5se ( sex-diff]5ce :i* em]ges 9 adolesc5ce %\ld n be all[$ to develop 9 ! unregulat$ & caprici\s mann] 9 :i* our false mode/y compels x to develop to-day4 ,! processes ( initiation into ! my/]ies ( sex %\ld beg9 suffici5tly e>ly to av]t s f> z possible ! dang] ( its be+ discol\r$ & p]v]t$ by ! undue obtrusion ( its s5se-accompanim5ts4 ,!re is no real reason :y ! frank comrade%ip ( boys & girls %\ld n be ma9ta9$ ?r\gh adolesc5ce into y\?1 b ! crim9al neglig5ce :i* we h %[n conc]n+ ! means by :i* sex-k is communicat$ to gr[+ *ildr5 has succe$$ 9 creat+ a gulf betwe5 m5 & wom5 :i* p]si/s m or less p]man5tly & con/itutes ! mo/ ob/9ate difficulty 9 ! way ( p]fect fre$om ( fell[%ip betwe5 m5 & wom54 ,x is no exagg]ation to say t ! attitude ( mo/ m5 to wom5 is poison$--p]haps beyond p]fect recov]y at any "t--by ! conditions "u :i* z boys !y receiv$ _! fir/ intimations ( ! nature ( ! sex-relation4 ,a good deal has already be5 done to pave ! way ( *ange 9 ?is matt]2 & an increas+ numb] ( p>5ts are assum+ ! responsibility ( communicat+ ?is k to _! *ildr54 ,b !re is /ill un=tunately a great mass ( unheal?y prud]y to be ov]come be=e rational deal+ ) ?is problem becomes any?+ l univ]sal4 ,! problem ( ! fell[%ip ( m5 & wom51 h[ev]1 ext5ds beyond ! in/itution ( m>riage4 ,n[ t ! enfran*isem5t ( wom5 is op5+ up ! "q ( _! availability & qualification = national legislatures1 we are confront$ ) a v l>ge possibility ( *ange 9 ! tone & temp] ( gov]nm5t4 ,mu* nons5se is talk$ ab\t ! psy*ological diff]5ces betwe5 m5 & wom52 & ( ?is nons5se1 ! emptie/ is t :i* assumes t wom5 are dom9at$ by s5tim5t & emotion1 :ile m5 are guid$ by reason4 ,an unprejudic$ obs]v]1 wat*+ delib]ative ga!r+s ( m5 ov] any space ( "t w\ld c]ta9ly arrive at ! conclusion t ! occasions on :i* !y act$ ^u purely rational gr\nds 7 r>e & exceptional2 & x has be5 ! exp]i5ce ( ! pres5t writ] t 9 delib]ative gr\ps ( m5 & wom5 ! wom5 are on ! :ole m likely to display a dispassionate rationality 9 arriv+ at _! judgm5ts ?an ! m54 ,x is a region 9 :i* broad g5]alisations are b\nd to be uns\nd2 & ! progress ( ! high] education ( wom5 is und\bt$ly oblit]at+ any pat5t diff]5ce ( m5tal op]ation betwe5 m5 & wom54 ,at ! same "t1 !re are c]ta9 diff]5ces :i* are emb$d$ 9 ! physical /ructure ( sex & :i* may be !re=e p]man5t2 b s f> f disqualify+ wom5 f a %>e 9 gov]nm5t1 ^? v diff]5ces entitle !m to x4 ,q ap>t f ! fact t ! problems ( food & clo?+ 9 _! incid5ce on ! home are ( peculi> importance to wom51 & t ! woman's po9t ( view %\ld always be repres5t$ 9 discussion ( ! l>ge-scale problems ( production & di/ribution1 ! m9d ( woman br+s a *eck & balance to ! op]ations ( ! male m9d :i* !y v acutely ne$4 ,!re c1 = in/ance1 be no "q t ! male m9d t5ds to an inord9ate fai? 9 =ce & co]cive processes2 & :ile x w\ld h>dly be correct to say t ! female m9d possesses an anti!tic bias ( a reason$ k9d1 x does normally display a c]ta9 hesitancy to apply ! closure ( compulsion :i* ! too ready real-politik ( a purely male assembly is prone to adopt :5 x sets out to translate its emotions into enactm5ts4 ,! tru? ( ! matt]1 9 f9e1 is ?is--t because humanity is bi-sexual1 its affairs _c be reasonably & fruitfully det]m9$ save ?r\gh ! common c\nsels ( m5 & wom54 ,we h already made a beg9n+ 9 ! admission ( wom5 to ! c\ncils ( ! community4 ,a woman has sat 9 ! ,congress ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 wom5 h long be5 at home 9 ,briti% municipal bodies1 & _! "r to a place 9 ,p>liam5t has be5 ackn[l$g$4 ,x is only a matt] ( "t :5 ! logic ( ! enfran*isem5t ( wom5 w rea* its inevitable conclusion 9 _! admission to all public delib]ative bodies on equal t]ms ) m54 ,!y h a contribution to br+ to ! corporate direction ( affairs )\t :i* ! nations c no long] d2 & ! fact t z a class !y may take "s "t to become habituat$ to ! me*anics ( legislation is an argum5t = ha/5+ _! complete admission to x4 ,!re 7 ^? :o 9 ! 8militant0 /age ( ! 8,votes = ,wom50 campaign =etold t ! economic class-w> w\ld pres5tly be sup]s$$ or complicat$ by a sex-w>2 & "s wom5 !re 7 ^: utt]ances und\bt$ly po9t$ 9 t direction4 ,= ! "t1 h[ev]1 ?is dang] has dropp$ ov] ! horizon4 ,! w> has evok$ a community ( suff]+ 9 :i* m5 & wom5 alike h %>$ too deeply1 & 9 :i* _! mutual ne$ has be5 too ov]:elm+ to make ! notion ( a sex-w> ev5 ?9kable to-day4 ,b we %\ld be rejoic+ prematurely if we suppos$ t all possible s\rces ( sex-antagonism h disappe>$4 ,! political enfran*isem5t ( wom5 c]ta9ly removes "o s\rce2 b ! new indu/rial complications caus$ by ! entry ( wom5 into occupations :i* h hi!rto be5 a male monopoly1 & 9 :i* _! employm5t has be5 fully ju/ifi$ by ! "* ( _! workman%ip may1 :5 ! transition to peaceful life is be+ made1 bre$ grievances & tr\bles 9 :i* ! l9e ( cleavage w be det]m9$ by ! sex-factor4 ,b if we assume ! e/abli%m5t ( ! 8national m9imum10 applicable to m5 & wom5 alike1 & !re=e secur+ ! economic indep5d5ce ( wom51 we %all h robb$ ?is prospective dang] ( mu* ( its sub/ance4 ,= ! re/1 !re seems to be no reason :y wom5 %\ld n be freely p]mitt$ to engage 9 occupations = :i* !y are compet5t1 on equal t]ms ) m52 & ! comrade%ip ( m5 & wom5 9 ! control & ! op]ation ( indu/rial processes w\ld d mu* to fix ! n[ dom9ant sex-int]e/ 9 its prop] place 9 life4 ,! primacy ( ! sex-int]e/ 9 det]m9+ ! relations ( m5 & wom5 works def9itely t[>d ! ret5tion ( wom5 9 a subord9ate1 p>asitic & exploit$ position1 & :ile ?is la/s1 we %all /ill h ) u ! se$s ( sex-antagonism4 ,all ?is does n ov]look ! fact t !re are k9ds ( "w = :i* wom5 are physically unsuit$1 & t !re are times 9 ! life ( ! m>ri$ woman :5 %e %\ld be exempt$ f all manual "w save ( ! lighte/ sort4 ,b ^! problems are 9 ess5ce pres5t ev5 9 ! work+ conditions ( m54 ,all m5 are n suit$ = all classes ( "w2 & !re are few m5 ^: "w is n occasionally int]rupt$ by sickness4 ,:at is ne$$ 9 ! case ( wom5 is simply a fur!r application ( ^? pr9ciples ( selection & accommodation :i* already op]ate 9 e indu/ry4 ,unless "s su* position z ?is is frankly accept$1 we may be pres5tly confront$ ) a new militancy & a new sabotage at ! h&s ( wom5 :o h ta/$ ! exp]i5ce ( economic indep5d5ce & are unwill+ to surr5d] x to a conv5tion ( inequality :i* !y claim _! own w>-"t p]=mance has p]man5tly discr$it$4 ,,iv ,difficult z ! realisation ( a p]fect fell[%ip betwe5 m5 & wom5 may be1 x pres5ts a problem comp>atively easy ( solution by ! side ( t entail$ 9 ! division ( a community by a col\r-l9e4 ,9 itself ! col\r-l9e is n insup]able2 its difficulty lies 9 its symbolical "* z repres5t+ a diff]5ce & an inf]iority ( tradition & hi/ory4 ,! *ief difficulty 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates arises out ( ! memory ( ! =m] slav]y ( ! negro population2 & ! consequ5t p]si/5ce ( a prejudice aga9/ accord+ equal treatm5t to a class reg>d$ z1 if n sub-human1 at lea/ p]man5tly inf]ior 9 capacity4 ,x is useless to press ! assumption t a necess>y physical av]sion mu/ always sep>ate ! :ite f ! black1 9 ! face ( ! exi/5ce ( a va/ numb] ( palpably cross-br$ p]sons 9 ! community4 ,?is does n1 ( c\rse1 mean t mix$ m>riages %\ld be enc\rag$ or reg>d$ z normal4 ,! problems rais$ by misceg5ation are mu* too difficult to p]mit u to remove ! col\r-l9e by ! (f-h& me?od ( race-fusion4 ,! fusion ( two races sep>at$ f "o ano!r n only by ! memory ( two c5turies ( slav]y b by unnumb]$ c5turies ( widely diff]5t culture1 w\ld probably create m problems ?an x solv$4 ,! col\r-l9e w\ld be sup]s$$ by a multiplicity ( %ade-l9es2 & confusion w\ld be worse conf\nd$4 ,x is probable t ! level ( ! m advanc$ race w\ld be depress$ m ?an t ( ! m backw>d race w\ld be rais$4 ,h\/on ,*amb]la9 is probably "r 79 spite ( 8 capacity = be+ s frequ5tly & s colossally wrong7 9 hold+ t ! f9e/ racial types are produc$ by ! fusion ( two peoples n too widely sep>at$ 9 physical & hi/orical "*1 foll[$ by close inbre$+4 ,! gulf betwe5 black & :ite 9 ,am]ica & ,s\? ,africa is f> too deep1 z yet at lea/1 to make ! removal ( ! col\r-l9e by fusion a subject ( hopeful discussion4 ,b equally ! solution is n to be f\nd 9 segregation--c]ta9ly s f> z ^! two c\ntries are conc]n$4 ,! admixture ( ! black & ! :ite elem5ts 9 ! population has gone mu* too f> to make segregation a practical proposition4 ,x w\ld1 moreov]1 h ! di/9ct disadvantage ( /]eotyp+ two diff]5t types ( cultural developm5t )9 ! same commonweal? & ( consequ5tly endang]+ its unity by sett+ up ! possibility ( rivalry & antagonism4 ,9 any two-race community ! ideal mu/ be to secure s f> z may be possible a sub/antial id5tity ( outlook & culture2 & ?is is to be done n by segregation1 b by contact4 ,b x is j ?is 8contact0 t is d5i$ to ! negro race bo? 9 ,am]ica & ,s\? ,africa4 ,! races are really segregat$ z effectually z ?\gh !y liv$ 9 sep>ate res]vations2 !y live 9 q diff]5t cultural 8climates40 ,! negro ?\gh no long] a *attel-slave yet con/itutes a s]vile class2 ! duties assign$ to him 9 ! community are ess5tially ( a m5ial k9d4 ,x is *>act]i/ic ( 8 position 9 ,am]ica t ! high] ranks ( milit>y comm& are clos$ to him2 & :ile a woman has made h] way to ,congress1 !re is z yet no negro congressman2 ! idea is /ill b>ely ?9kable4 ,yet no community has ?riv$ p]man5tly :i* p]mitt$ a helot class to exi/ )9 itself2 & ! position ( ! negro--n[ t education is quick5+ 8 m9d to ! s5se ( class-dis9h]itance & race-consci\sness--may become a grave m5ace to ! inn] h>mony ( ! ,republic4 ,! logic ( ,l9coln's proclamation has yet to be work$ out 9 ! m9ds ( :ite ,am]icans4 ,to aboli% slav]y is n inde$ to make a black man :ite2 nor does x at once equip him = ! responsibilities ( fre$om4 ,b x does conf] citiz5%ip ^u him2 & ! gift ( citiz5%ip %\ld be validat$ by two ?+s2 fir/1 by a frank & g5]\s recognition ( equality ( /&+1 & second1 by a ?or\gh-go+ policy ( education4 ,p]haps ! =m] 0 m ?an c\ld be ju/ly expect$4 ,j z ! slave 0 ill-equipp$ = fre$om1 s ! :ite man c\ld h>dly rise at once to ! plane ( reg>d+ ! negro z 8 free & equal bro!r4 ,b x is a fair criticism ( ! public treatm5t ( ! negro t he has n be5 suppli$ ) ! opportunity ( ris+ to 8 :ite bro!r's plane ( culture4 ,!re h be5 volunt>y philan?ropic ef=ts 9 ?is direction1 b ?is "w %\ld n h be5 left to ! prec>i\s *ances ( *>ity4 ,j because negro emancipation 0 a public act1 ! full cultural education ( ! negro 0 a public responsibility4 ,by reason ( ?is failure on ! "p ( ! :ite man1 ! negro has n advanc$ to su* a po9t z two g5]ations ( lib]ty w\ld seem+ly entitle u to exp]t4 ,he has inevitably reta9$ mu* ( ! m5tality & _m ( ! habits ( 8 s]vitude2 & ^! are effectual b>s to t type ( social contact :i* ! negro's gr[? requires4 ,t !re is no inh]5t impossibility 9 educat+ ! negro up to ! av]age plane ( ! ,anglo-,saxon has be5 prov$ 9 a multitude ( in/ances2 & p :o are devoid ( race-prejudice f9d no difficulty 9 e/abli%+ frank & fruitful fell[%ip ) educat$ col\r$ p]sons4 ,am]ica & ,great ,brita9 9 h] dom9ions & dep5d5cies h to face ! logic ( _! democratic ideals by a su/a9$ resolution to provide ! opportunity to _! col\r$ fell[-citiz5s to rea* _! own plane ( culture4 ,z ?+s are !y d5y _! democratic pr(essions by p]mitt+ _! race prejudices to consign _! col\r$ fell[-citiz5s to a condition ( p]man5t social inf]iority4 ,if !y wi% to be democratic 9 fact & n m]ely 9 "n1 !y w ne$ to be true to ! implications ( _! democracy ?r\gh ev]y?+1 ev5 ?r\gh ! physical repugnances :i* ! p]sonal habits ( backw>d races are apt to evoke4 ,! col\r problem 0 creat$ = ?is g5]ation by its =be>s--by ^? :o sold & own$ slaves & ^? :o e/abli%$ colonies 9 di/ant c\ntries4 ,b ?\gh ! problem is n ( our mak+1 we _c absolve ourselves f ! moral responsibility :i* x lays ^u u2 & x is only by means ( an invet]ate good-w t we %all dis*>ge ?is responsibility4 ,su* a good-w mu/ re/ ^u ! tru?--h[ev] unpalatable to our prejudices x may be--t ! black man :e!r 9 ,new ,york or 9 ,cape ,t[n is equally ) ourselves end[$ ) ! human diff]5tia ( p]sonality1 & t he is morally entitl$ to all ! rights ( life & light & lib]ty t we claim = p]sonality4 ,) ?is tru? mu/ be accept$ ! task impos$ ^u u by our sup]ior advantages 7:i* l our responsibilities we owe to our fa!rs71 to raise ! m backw>d races ) :om we live to a plane on :i* !re c be free & enri*+ fell[%ip betwe5 !m & ourselves4 ,we _c hopefully g on to make ! _w safe = a pr9ciple ( common life :i* our pres5t habits %[ t we d n believe 9 at home4 ,v ,h[ev] complete & well-organis$ ! provision may be aga9/ de/itution 9 any society1 x c nev] prev5t ! di/ress :i* ensues ^u ! accid5ts ( life1 sickness & sorr[1 lonel9ess & old age--^! we %all n :olly escape ev5 9 our e>?ly p>adise4 ,we may inde$ less5 ! occasions ( sickness & ( premature dea? by a wis] & m sci5tific ord]+ ( ! physical sett+ ( life & ( p]sonal habit2 b no +5uity or skill c ov]come ! inevitable brok5ness ( life 9 a _w ( "t4 ,b ?is v circum/ance provides fell[%ip ) ! opportunity to d its mo/ p]fect "w4 ,& real fell[%ip w be possible = ! simple reason t 8*>ity0 w be sup]flu\s4 ,9 mod]n life1 ! mat]ial de/itution ( l>ge numb]s ( p has necessitat$ ! organisation ( relief on a l>ge scale1 bo? public & private2 & :ile ! *>itable impulse is intr9sically admirable1 ! conditions "u :i* x has come to be ex]cis$ h 9 effect wid5$ ! gulf betwe5 ! ri* & ! poor4 ,on ! "o h& ! ri* h contract$ ! habit ( condesc5d+ patronage2 & ! poor h fall5 into a habit ( cunn+ obsequi\sness4 ,9 self-def5ce ! ri* h built up a ma*9]y ( inve/igation & di/ribution :i* has _h ?ree disa/r\s results3 fir/1 x has set up ! mon/r\s & unfair te/ ( des]v+ness1--8! des]v+ poor0 is a phrase 9 :i* ! well-to-d h =ev] cry/allis$ _! ph>isaism2 second1 x has set a premium ^u ! petty tactics ( evasion & deceit among ! poor1 & ^u a correspond+ cunn+ & a/ut5ess 9 ^? entru/$ ) ! bus9ess ( inve/igation2 & ?ird1 x has elim9at$ f *>ity ! "o elem5t :i* c\ld make x tol]able & pres]ve ! grace :i* %\ld prop]ly g ) x--namely1 fri5dly contact4 ,= ! mo/ "p1 ! relief ( de/itution ?r\gh *>itable organisations1 has--because x elim9ates ! direct p]sonal t\* betwe5 ne$ & supply--produc$ & aggravat$ a deep & deplorable social s*ism4 ,nor is ! case any bett] ) ! public organisation ( poor relief4 ,! ,engli% poor-law has be5 s completely discr$it$ & is s ne> dissolution t x is h>dly necess>y to discuss x "h4 ,x is m imp]sonal 9 its op]ations ?an a *>ity organisation society2 b its mo/ evil consequ5ce is t x has s work$ z to atta* a /igma to hone/ pov]ty--= ! p]son :o has receiv$ poor-relief is d5i$ ! rights ( citiz5%ip4 ,old age has =tunately be5 provid$ = 9 ,great ,brita9 9 ! only wor?y way1 by a grant ( /ate-p5sions1 ?\gh ! actual am\nt ( ! p5sion is pitifully inadequate4 ,yet ! fact ( ! provision indicates a di/9ct advance 9 ! s5se ( public ju/ice4 ,b we %all n make mu* m progress until we realise t ! paup] l ! plutocrat is a social product2 & t su* de/itution z prevails to-day is due less to p]sonal p]v]sity ?an to a vici\s social ord]4 ,no "o is s fooli%ly hopeful z to suppose t ev5 ! mo/ radical social *ange w elim9ate ! prodigal & ! sp5d?rift & ! s5suali/4 ,nev]!less1 x is no long] op5 to "q t a revolution 9 economic conditions w\ld d mu* to remove ! auxili>y causes ( paup]is+ excess4 ,b ! *ief evil :i* att5ds our me?od ( deal+ ) pov]ty is t x has t5d$ to p]petuate a paup] class4 ,:e!r 9 ! relief "w ( religi\s & *>itable societies1 or 9 ! adm9i/ration ( public relief1 we h be5 *iefly gov]n$ by ! fact ( an imm$iate ne$4 ,we h liv$ 9 ! fond hope t if ! pres5t corn] c\ld be turn$1 some?+ might transpire to save ! recipi5t ( relief f ano!r crisis2 & n ev5 ! obvi\s fact t ! crisis is *ronic 9 ! case ( multitudes has %ak5 u out ( our preoccupation ) symptoms into an inve/igation ( causes4 ,9 "o ( ! supplem5t>y reports ( ! ,briti% ,poor-,law ,commission1 x 0 /at$ t ! inve/igation ( ! cases ( applicants to :om 8out-door0 relief 0 d5i$ 7! alt]native be+ to g into ! 8h\se071 %[$ t only 9 "o in/ance :]e su* p]sons _h be5 help$ by religi\s organisations 0 !re any attempt to place ! p]son conc]n$ on an indep5d5t economic foot+4 ,?is is symptomatic ( ! ineptitude ( our common ?\ght ab\t ! poor4 ,we appe> to accept ! fact ( _! dep5d5ce z *ronic & incurable2 & by ! process ( 8doles0 we aggravate ?is dep5d5ce & turn x into :at we suppose x to be4 ,?is same ineptitude has pursu$ society 9 its deal+s ) ano!r class--! crim9al4 ,crim9ologi/s d n n[adays assume ! exi/5ce ( a natural crim9al class2 b our way ( treat+ crim9als has creat$ su* a class4 ,bo? = ! paup] & ! crim9al we require a new diagnosis4 ,in/ead ( treat+ ! paup] z an incurable social p>asite we %\ld reg>d him z a p]sonal ineffici5t2 & r ?an put a premium ^u 8 ineffici5cy by a cont9ual gratuit\s relief ( 8 necessities1 we %\ld impose "s discipl9e :i* may lead to p]sonal effici5cy & an ord]$ habit ( life4 ,z = ! crim9al1 he is a social ineffici5t2 & 8 treatm5t %\ld include "s provision = 8 tra9+ 9 ! s5se & arts ( social responsibility4 ,x is a practical recognition ( ?is ne$ t con/itutes ! contribution :i* m5 l ,messrs4 ,?omas ,mott ,osborne & ,hom] ,lane are mak+ to ! solution ( a difficult problem4 ,t "s plan ( tempor>y segregation is necess>y 9 ! treatm5t ( ! ineffici5t--:e!r p]sonal or social--is n op5 to "q2 b ! poorh\se & ! prison1 z we "k !m1 only aggravate ! evil :i* !y are int5d$ to cure4 ,our increas+ att5tion to ! problem ( ! social misfit at an e>li] /age--?r\gh ! new /udy & treatm5t ( m5tally defici5t *ildr5--w consid]ably r$uce ! proportions bo? ( paup]ism & crime4 ,we are a long way f ,samuel ,butl]'s vision ( ! "t :5 ! li> w be s5t to hospital & ! sick p]son to jail2 nev]!less1 ! po9t ( ,butl]'s extravaganza is becom+ recognis$ 9 ! d\ble fact t a good deal ( disease is due to prev5table causes1 ! disreg>d ( :i* is already treat$ z a legal (f5ce2 & t mu* ( ! del9qu5cy t prevails orig9ates 9 pa?ological conditions r ?an 9 moral depravity4 ,especially are we on hopeful l9es :5 we take ! m5tally defici5t *ild & reg>d him z ! subject ( m$ical r ?an ( legal treatm5t4 ,& we %all g yet f>!r :5 we realise t ?\gh we _c & d>e n elim9ate ! factor ( p]sonal responsibility1 yet our social misfits are ! products ( our social disord]1 & x is se5 t :ile ju/ice requires t a man %all pay ! p5alty ( 8 s9s1 yet ! same ju/ice requires t ! society :i* produc$ ! s9n] %all feel a corporate responsibility = 8 re/oration4 ,& re/oration is inde$ ! v c5tre ( our problem 9 deal+ ) ! social misfit4 ,= our task ) ! paup] & ! crim9al is t ( mak+ ea* capable ( ent]+ freely & vitally into ! fell[%ip ( free m54 ,yet :5 we h dealt ) ! social misfit !re w rema91 life be+ :at x is1 a numb] ( p 9 e community = :om ! burd5 ( life has prov$ too heavy or ^: lives are cl\d$ by sickness or lonel9ess or dea?4 8,! poor10 said ,jesus1 8ye h always ) y40 ,he did n mean t we ne$ always h physically de/itute p ) u2 ,he knew bett]1 z we "k bett]4 ,b ! smok+ flax & ! bruis$ re$ we %all ev] h ) u2 & no society c af=d to despise a m9i/ry ( com=t4 ,inde$1 fell[%ip w lack its native grace if x fails to produce an unfail+ /ream ( sympa?y & consolation to ! di/ress$4 ,"h w be ! te/ ( ! vitality ( our fell[%ip4 ,= our ideal ( fell[%ip may become h>d5$ 9 organisation2 & p]sonal spontaneity may be lo/ 9 a r\t9e habit ( life4 ,& to :atev] else we may be able to give an organis$ & (ficial =m1 x is at lea/ sure t :5 ! m9i/ry ( com=t & help loses ! t\* ( p]sonal directness & spontaneity1 x is f h5ce=? a dead & useless ?+4 ,,vii ,up to ?is po9t we h consid]$ ! m g5]al problems ( fell[%ip 9 ! community z a :ole2 we h /ill to consid] "s ( ! que/ions rais$ by ! m p>ticul> associations :i* =m !mselves )9 ! community1 & 9 :i* by f> ! l>ge/ measure ( ! community's vitality resides4 ,f4 ,w4 ,maitl&1 9 an int]e/+ passage1 reviews ! endless v>iety ( social =ms 9 :i* m5 gr\p !mselves toge!r4 ,he speaks ( 8*ur*es1 & ev5 ! m$ival *ur*1 "o & ca?olic1 religi\s h\ses & m5dicant ord]s1 noncon=m+ bodies1 a presbyt]ian sy/em1 univ]sities1 old & new1 ! village community1 :i* ,g]mani/s h reveal$ to u1 ! manor 9 its gr[? & decay1 ! t[n%ip1 ! ,new ,engl& t[n1 ! c\nties & hundr$s1 ! *>t]$ bor\ghs1 ! guild 9 all its manifold v>ieties1 ! ,inns ( ,c\rt1 ! m]*ant adv5tur]s1 ! militant 8companies0 ( ,engli% condotti]i :o1 return+ home1 help to make ! ^w 8company0 popul> among u3 ! trad+ companies1 ! companies t became colonies1 ! companies t make w>1 ! fri5dly societies1 ! ,trade ,unions1 ! clubs1 ! gr\p t meets at ,lloyd's ,c(fee ,h\se1 ! gr\p t becomes ! ,/ock ,ex*ange1 & s on ev5 to ! "o man company1 ! ,/&>d ,oil ,tru/1 & ! ,s\? ,au/ralian /atutes = communi/ic villages40 ,! prevail+ political philosophy ( our "t has /at$ its problem almo/ :olly 9 t]ms ( an ab/ract /ate ov] aga9/ an ab/ract individual2 & "o ( ! mo/ he>t5+ signs ( ! invasion ( political ?\ght & practice by a m heal?y humanism is ! gr[+ recognition ( ^! _m-col\r$ nucleations ( life4 ,!re are important & difficult que/ions be>+ ^u _! political & legal /atus1 b ^! are only to be answ]$ by a frank ackn[l$gm5t t gr\p+s ( ?is k9d come into be+ because !y meet a real ne$ & answ] to c]ta9 facts ( life & human nature4 ,no political philosophy is likely to /& ! racket ( hi/orical exp]i5ce :i* does n /& ^u ! assumption t ^! associations h a real & inh]5t "r to =m !mselves1 to exi/1 to ?rive & to multiply2 = x is 9 gr\ps t are volunt>ily =m$ ar\nd a liv+ int]e/ t ! mo/ significant & important "p ( our life is liv$4 ,to ! m direct political implications ( ?is type ( association we %all turn at a lat] po9t2 "h we are conc]n$ only to emphasise ! ne$ & ! "r ( su* bodies to live1 & _! importance = ! pres]vation ( ! balance ( life1 & !re=e1 ( /able social progress4 ,_! real importance may be se5 f ! circum/ance t ! /ruggle = religi\s lib]ty 9 ,engl&1 :i* has hi/orically be5 ! spr+ ( civil & political lib]ty1 0 a /ruggle n = ! lib]ty ( ! individual b ( ! small volunt>ily associat$ gr\p4 ,^! volunt>ily associat$ gr\ps w =m !mselves ar\nd any int]e/ ( suffici5t importance2 &1 z we h se51 !y are ( ! mo/ v>i\s "* & raise ! mo/ v>i\s que/ions conc]n+ _! relation to ! commonweal?4#ce ,?is is a subject /ill 9 ! e>li] /ages ( exploration & likely to be ( increas+ importance = our political & social philosophies1 especially z x comes to be recognis$ t = ! mo/ "p ! gr\ps :i* are "h spok5 ( repres5t int]e/s & ne$s m vital to human nature ?an ! accid5tal aggregations repres5t$ by political /ates4 ,x may1 moreov]1 be held t ! multiplication ( su* gr\ps )9 ! commonweal?1 insomu* z !y be> ^u real int]e/s ( life1 is mu* to be enc\rag$2 & ! commonweal? :i* kn[s :at is good = its p w impose no re/rictions ^u _! p[] & read9ess to =m !mselves into comb9ations ( ?is k9d4 ,& inde$1 h[ev] absolute ! au?ority ( ! /ate1 x _c prev5t ! =mation ( volunt>y associations4 ,if x be n p]mitt$ to =m ^! associations op5ly1 !y w be =m$ secretly2 & ! secret society is ! undo+ ( commonweal?s4 ,footnote #ce3 ,! commone/ & ! olde/ type ( freely associat$ gr\p )9 ! commonweal? is ( c\rse ! ,*ur*1 & on ?is po9t ! read] may be ref]r$ to ! pres5t writ]'s book ,! ,*ur* 9 ! ,commonweal?4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! /ate has always be5 appreh5sive & suspici\s ( comb9ations ( any k9d )9 its own b\nds & has endeav\r$ ei!r to repress !m or to e/abli% ! pr9ciple t !y exi/ only on suff]ance4 ,b no attempts at repression :5 !y are direct$ at associations t repres5t real human conc]ns h be5 p]man5tly successful4 ,! repeal 9 #ahbd ( ! ,briti% ,acts aga9/ comb9ation1 int5d$ *iefly to fru/rate indu/rial unions1 :e!r ( employ]s or ( work]s1 is typical ( ! fate ( su* legislation4 ,^! ,acts w5t aga9/ ! actual facts ( ! human situation & naturally prov$ disa/r\s4 ,x is 9 ?is region ( indu/rial comb9ations t we h ! be/ mod]n illu/ration ( ! spontaneity & inevitability ( volunt>y human association4 ,9 ! ,guild p]iod x 0 broadly true t ,capital & ,lab\r be+ 9 ! same h&s _h int]e/s :i* 7 id5tical2 b :5 p[]-driv5 ma*9]y sep>at$ ,capital f ,lab\r & lodg$ !m 9 diff]5t h&s1 & z ! rift wid5$ ?r\gh ! op]ation ( laissez-faire1 & ! int]e/s ( ,capital & ,lab\r became antagoni/ic1 x 0 natural t ! capitali/s & ! work]s %\ld sev]ally comb9e 9 def5ce ( _! int]e/s4 ,! /ate pray$ a plague on bo? _! h\ses at t "t1 be+ equally afraid ( bo?2 lat]1 ! /ate became m complaisant to ! p[]ful own+ classes2 & look$ askance only at ! work]s' unions--an attitude :i* l$ to a v mat]ial /r5g!n+ ( ! latt]4 ,?is s*ism ( ,capital & ,lab\r dom9ates ! pres5t social situation1 & x is at ?is "t1 ev5 m ?an ! /ate1 ! grave/ h9drance to ! natural activities ( social en]gy4 ,its dis9tegrat+ & antisocial effect is pla9 f> outside ! region :]e ! imm$iate issue lies1 & x is que/ionable :e!r an organic social life is possible until ! antagonism is ov]come4 ,some?+ has be5 done to mitigate ! wor/ asp]ities ( ?is unsatisfactory position by welf>e "w1 cop>tn]%ip1 pr(it-%>+2 & /ill m w be done by ! introduction ( measures ( jo9t control ( ! conditions ( indu/ry4 ,b ! fact /ill rema9s t ?is anti!sis & sep>ation ( capital & lab\r is artificial & unnatural1 z x is also ess5tially undemocratic4 ,= p[] goes ) own]%ip "u ! conditions impos$ by ! curr5t doctr9e ( prop]ty2 & concessions & b5efits :i* are grant$ z f ! volunt>y b\nty ( ! employ] 7h[ev] worldly wise !y actually are 9 _! int5tion7 involve an assumption ( patronage :i* ! pres5t temp] ( ! work]s makes entirely unreal & obsolete4 ,! dang] ( social disruption lies 9 ?is qu>t]2 & s long z ! pres5t t5sion rema9s1 x t5ds to ret>d ! free & v>i$ expressions ( fell[%ip 9 :i* a liv+ society %\ld ab\nd4 ,society divid$ into two camps1 ) int]e/s radically div]g5t1 is condemn$ to a /ate ( t5sion :i* is ho/ile to ! free f]m5t ( association natural to m52 & ?is despite all well-mean+ ef=ts to reconcile ! conflict+ int]e/s by compromises :i* leave ! framework ( ! s*ism unt\*$4 ,s t we h come to ?is--t x is n only ! traditional attitude ( ! /ate :i* is ho/ile to ! free effloresc5ce ( social gr\ps b ! actual condition ( society "u ! pres5t indu/rial sy/em4 ,a /ate ( w>1 ev5 ( suppress$ w>1 makes = a =c$ fell[%ip ( p>tisans1 & n = ! free fell[%ip ( p>tn]s4 ,x is 9 ! int]e/s ( ! g5u9e socialisation ( life t x is dem&$ t ?is social s*ism ( capital & lab\r %\ld be ov]come2 & !re is b "o way ( ov]com+ x1 namely ! logical democratic way ( putt+ ! capital & ! p[] x wields 9 ! h&s ( ^? :o lab\r4 ,t[>ds ?is goal ! fir/ /ep has be5 tak5 9 ! movem5t t[>d democratic control 9 indu/ry2 & f ?is x is inevitable t ! work] %\ld proce$ to dem& control n only ( production1 b1 z ,mr4 ,cole says1 also ( ! product1 its sale & ex*ange2 &1 f9ally ( inve/m5ts4 ,! free v>iegat$ expression & embodim5t ( ! natural society-=m+ in/9cts ( mank9d are n possible 9 a community :]e "o class is 9 a position to impose its w ^u ano!r4 ,a /ate ( conflict t5ds inevitably to a k9d ( flatt5+ regim5tation )9 ! conflict+ bodies2 & regim5tation :e!r delib]ate or unconsci\s is an ob/ruction to ! free fl[ ( life4 ,!re is all ! diff]5ce 9 ! _w betwe5 an organis$ society & a society t is ess5tially organic4 ,an organis$ society makes = uni=mity2 an organic society w express itself 9 an endless numb] & v>iety ( social =ms4 ,if ! /ate only knew x1 its security lies 9 ! enc\ragem5t ( volunt>y associations ( all types2 & ev5 if x f9ds x difficult to rise to ! plane ( enc\ragem5t1 x %\ld at lea/ a*ieve an attitude ( tol]ation4 ,= x is ! only safegu>d aga9/ ! inevitable conflict ( loyalties :i* is b\nd to arise :5 ! /ate attempts to legislate = individuals 9 matt]s :i* t\* ! "q ( moral obligation4 ,inde$1 dur+ ! w>1 we h se5 ! /ate 9 a some:at lame & half-he>t$ way endeav\r+ to escape "s ( ! consequ5ces ( its own legislation by hav+ rec\rse to a recognition ( ! small gr\p4 ,x 0 b\nd by ! %e] nature ( ! falls to ackn[l$ge ! exi/5ce ( consci5ti\s objection to w>2 & x propos$ to ackn[l$ge ! g5u95ess ( an individual consci5ti\s objection to w> if ! p]son 9 "q 0 a memb] ( a religi\s society1 ! doctr9es ( :i* conta9$ a te/imony aga9/ w>4 ,x 0 assum$ t if a man belong$ to ! ,society ( ,fri5ds1 x con/itut$ respectable evid5ce t 8 objection to p>ticipation 9 w> 0 s9c]e4 ,9 ?is p>ticul> case1 ! te/ prov$ hopelessly inadequate2 b x does at lea/ indicate ! condition "u :i* ! unity ( ! /ate c be/ be pres]v$4 ,x is pla9ly impossible = ! /ate to avoid conflict ) ! individual consci5ce s long z x lacks ! means ( det]m9+ :e!r a consci5ti\s scruple is m]ely a p]sonal idiosyncrasy or arises f a reason$ & socially au!nticat$ view ( life4 ,by recognis+ ! "r ( ! memb]s ( a small gr\p :i* has demon/rat$ its social wor? to live _! life out 9 _! own way1 x saves itself f a dang]\s conflict ) ! individual consci5ce2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 z ! individual consci5ce is safe-gu>d$ f an an>*ic ecc5tricity by ! discipl9e ( a freely *os5 social environm5t1 ! /ate has ! assurance t x is deal+ ) a g5u9e manife/ation ( moral life :i* mu/ at all co/s be respect$4 ,! small volunt>y associat$ gr\p is ! sav+ middle t]m betwe5 ! /ate & ! individual4 ,x is n likely1 ( c\rse1 t x w prove efficaci\s )\t exception 9 solv+ ! problems involv$ 9 ! relations ( ! individual & ! /ate2 b x w\ld d mu* to mitigate ! dang]\s possibilities ( ! pres5t practice4#cf ,footnote #cf3 ,?is *apt] pret5ds to d no m ?an discuss at l>ge ^? que/ions ( fell[%ip :i* directly abut ^u ! public affairs ( democracies4 ,! promotion ( fell[%ip 9 g5]al op5s up a l>ge range ( subjects :i* w\ld n fall easily )9 ! scope ( ?is book4 ,no discussion ( ! practice ( fell[%ip c1 = in/ance1 be complete :i* does n take acc\nt ( ! actual & pot5tial social m9i/ry ( play & recreation4 ,b ?is matt] involves que/ions ) :i* ! pres5t writ] is )\t compet5cy to deal4 ,x w\ld require an ext5d$ treatm5t ( ! social reactions ( sport1 amateur & pr(essional1 ! revival ( folk-danc+ & ! maypole1 ! multiplication ( play-c5tres = *ildr5 & ( op5 spaces2 ( ! drama & ! public provision ( music--& ( o!r matt]s4 ,! subject is l>ge & important en\gh = sy/ematic discussion 9 a sep>ate volume by someone capable ( h&l+ x4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,! ,,organisation ,,( ,,gov]nm5t4 8,! p ( ,engl& 7 !n1 z !y are n[1 call$ ^u to make ,gov]nm5t /rong4 ,!y ?\ght x a great deal bett] to make x wise & hone/40--,,burke4 8,we may ne$ & we may be mov+ t[>ds a new conception ( ! /ate1 & m especially a new conception ( sov]eignty4444 ,we may h to reg>d e /ate1 n only ! f$]al /ate prop]1 b also ! /ate :i* pr(esses to be unit>y1 z 9 its nature f$]al4 ,we may h to recognise t sov]eignty is n s+le & indivisible1 b multiple & multicellul>40--,,erne/ ,,b>k]4 8,we f9d ! true man only ?r\gh gr\p organisation4 ,! pot5tialities ( ! individual rema9 pot5tialities until !y are releas$ by gr\p life4 ,man discov]s 8 true nature1 ga9s 8 true fre$om only ?r\gh ! gr\p4 ,gr\p organisation mu/ be ! new me?od ( politics1 because ! modes by :i* ! individual c be br\ght =? & made effective are ! modes ( practical politics40--,,m>y ,p4 ,,follett4 ,,! w> has giv5 ! c\p de grace to ! ,sov]eign ,/ate4 ,x 0 on its la/ legs be=e ! w>4 ,x is c]ta9 t ,mr4 ,combes' affirmation ( /ate absolutism dur+ ! debates on ! dise/abli%m5t ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* 9 ,france1 0 ! la/ s]i\s /& ( ?is doctr9e 9 democratic communities4 ,9 ,engl& ! doctr9e 0 nev] securely root$2 c]ta9ly x has n ga9$ an unque/ion$ asc5d5cy ov] political ?\ght = any consid]able p]iod ( "t2 & ! exploit ( ,au/9ian legalism :i* 79 ! ,scotti% ,*ur*es' case7 d5i$ to a *ur* ! "r to gov]n itself _h virtually to be annull$ by a special ,act ( ,p>liam5t4 ,dur+ ! w> ! claim ( ! ,/ate ^u ! individual has naturally atta9$ a po9t :i* 9 normal times w\ld h be5 un?9kable2 b ?is 0 confess$ly ! result ( an em]g5cy & n a rule = ord9>y conditions ( life4 ,! ,g]man p]=mance dur+ ! w> has reveal$ ! logic ( /ate-absolutism 9 f> too vivid a fa%ion = any ( ! some:at turgid exaltation ( ! /ate by academic p 9 ! days previ\s to ! w> to survive on any t]ms4 ,to rebut ! doctr9e ( /ate-absolutism at ?is "t w\ld be m]ely to flog a dead horse4 ,b long be=e ! w> ! absoluti/ !ory 0 be+ und]m9$4 ,9 ! region ( law & political !ory ! criticism ( ,f4 ,w4 ,maitl&1 ,nevill ,figgis1 ,duguit1 & o!rs _h rais$ a v def9ite *all5ge to ! doctr9e ( /ate-omnicompet5cy4 ,b ( mu* great] influ5ce 9 ! actual bus9ess ( modify+ ! curr5t conception ( ! /ate 0 ! gr[+ t5d5cy to =m indep5d5t foci ( au?ority )9 ! commonweal?4 ,"o obvi\s case ( ! k9d is ! in/itution ( ! ,bank ,cle>+ ,h\se :i* repres5ts ! la/ /age 9 ! process by :i* ! bus9ess ( ex*ange has pass$ f ! /ate into ! h&s ( an indep5d5t body :i* ex]cises 9 its own sph]e an au?ority :i* is h>dly to be resi/$2 & ! pres5t movem5t = ! amalgamation ( l>ge bank+ conc]ns makes x n impossible t %\ld ! bank+ int]e/ come into collision ) ! ,/ate1 !re w\ld be a v excit+ tug-(-w>4 ,! m$ical pr(ession took up an attitude ( organis$ opposition to ! ,/ate 9 ! matt] ( ! ,briti% ,heal? ,insurance ,act2 & o!r pr(essional associations are to-day s highly organis$ t 9 ! ev5t ( a collision ) ! ,/ate1 x is at lea/ d\btful h[ ! issue w\ld be decid$4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,taff ,vale decision :i* r5d]$ a ,trade ,union liable to prosecution = illegal action by its memb]s1 s ?reat5+ a prote/ ensu$ t ! legal decision _h virtually to be rev]s$ by special legislation2 & ! gr[+ solid>ity ( organis$ lab\r aga9 creates a problem ( /ate au?ority :i* is n easily soluble1 & :i* 7x is n inconceivable7 may at la/ h to be solv$ by a trial ( /r5g?4#cg ,x is no long] possible to assume t ! philosophy ( gov]nm5t c be /at$ 9 t]ms ( ! /ate & ! individual2 x w h to take increas+ acc\nt ( ! relation ( ! /ate to ! p[]ful volunt>y organisations ( citiz5s )9 ! /ate--organisations :i*1 because !y are volunt>y1 may ex]cise a m p[]ful influ5ce ^u _! memb]s ?an ! /ate c possibly d4 ,on ! economic side ?is t5d5cy t[>d ! break+ up & ! di/ribution ( c5tralis$ au?ority among functional & pr(essional gr\ps1 takes ! =m ( ,guild ,socialism2 &1 :ile ,syndicalism has n yet succe$$ 9 ga9+ a wide foot+ 9 ,europe1 its *all5ge to ! /ate has add$ a good deal to ! m9imis+ influ5ces already afoot4 ,x is wor? :ile obs]v+ t ^! indep5d5t organisations are already s p[]ful t ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t f\nd x advisable to adm9i/] its ,national ,insurance ,act ?r\gh ,lab\r ,unions & ,fri5dly ,societies4 ,footnote #cg3 ,s9ce ^! words 7 writt51 !y h receiv$ v cle> confirmation 9 ! rec5t activities ( ! 8,triple ,alliance40 ,b x is n ! gr[? ( p[]ful organisations )9 ! ,commonweal? alone t is mak+ = ! dis9tegration ( /ate-sov]eignty4 ,we are liv+ 9 a p]iod :5 great int]national bodies are com+ into be+1 & :ile mo/ ( ^! are at pres5t ( a cultural & pr(essional type1 x is evid5t t "o at lea/ is ( a "* :i* involves a v pr(\nd *all5ge to ! sov]eignty ( ! national /ate4 ,! ,sociali/ ,int]national has n be5 de/roy$ by ! w>2 x has only be5 int]rupt$2 & if ! signs are n :olly mislead+1 we may look = a /eady & wide ext5sion ( ! int]national prolet>ian movem5t4 ,9 #aiad x prov$ too immature to resi/ ! pressure ( nationalism1 b x is likely t 9 ! future x w increas+ly arm itself aga9/ a l collapse4 ,z yet x is only 9 ! case ( ! ,sociali/ ,int]national t !re is a direct *all5ge to ! national /ate2 b x w\ld require consid]able h>dihood to d5y ! possibility t o!r int]national pr(essional & functional associations may f9d !mselves at v>iance ) ! con/itut$ au?orities ( national /ates4 ,= in/ance1 ! problem ( hygi5e is becom+ m & m an int]national affair2 & x is no un?9kable ?+ t a m$ical int]national may f9d itself at odds ) ! /ate au?orities j z ! ,briti% ,m$ical ,association f\nd itself 9 conflict ) its own national ,gov]nm5t4 ,"o has only to add 9 ?is connection t ! project ( a ,league ( ,nations w require an abdication ( ! claim to absolute sov]eignty on ! "p ( ! /ates con/itut+ x4#ch ,footnote #ch3 ,?is cession ( sov]eignty may be hidd5 by a =mal cam\flage2 b !re c be no real ,league ( ,nations )\t x4 ,s t bo? f )9 & )\t1 ! m>* ( ev5ts is dis9tegrat+ ! dogma ( /ate-sov]eignty4 ,! traditional political acceptances are rapidly becom+ obsolete4 ,9 ! ma9 ?is w\ld appe> to be due to ! new situation creat$ by ! swift developm5t ( ! means ( communication dur+ ! la/ c5tury4 ,! t]ritorial factor 9 ! delimitation ( /ates & 9 _! own int]nal economy1 has ceas$ to h ! importance x possess$ 9 days :5 di/ance set %>p limits to ! int]c\rse ( m54 ,^? days are n[ pa/2 & national fronti]s & c\nty b\nd>ies are be+ gradually effac$ by /eam1 & ! sea has be5 bridg$ by ! electric curr5t & ! a]oplane4 ,,ii ,! problem creat$ 9 ?is way is n 9 its ess5ce a new "o4 ,s9ce ! dissolution ( ! ,holy ,roman ,empire1 ! conflict betwe5 ! national /ate & ! *ur*--:e!r conceiv$ z an indep5d5t association )9 ! commonweal? or z an int]national society--has provid$ "s ( ! mo/ significant passages ( political hi/ory4 ,! /ruggle = religi\s fre$om 9 ,engl& 7:i* 9 ! ev5t prov$ ! spr+ ( o!r lib]ties7 0 ess5tially a /ruggle to secure ! "r ( volunt>y religi\s associations to det]m9e _! own religi\s life & practices2 & :ile ! legal decision 9 ! ,scotti% ,*ur*es' case 0 a revival ( ! ,au/9ian doctr9e ( /ate-sov]eignty1 & an ass]tion on ! "p ( ! /ate ( its own "r to sit 9 judgm5t ^u ! religi\s proce$+s ( a *ur*1 ! ensu+ situation prov$ s impossible 7z has already be5 po9t$ out7 t ! legal decision _h to be annull$ by a special piece ( legislation4 ,s9ce t decision mo/ ( ! 8free0 *ur*es 9 ,engl& h tak5 /eps to safegu>d !mselves aga9/ simil> intrusions on ! "p ( ! /ate4 ,9 ! pres5t situation1 h[ev]1 su* security _c be absolute s9ce ! /ate /ill has some?+ to say to ! legal in/rum5ts "u :i* ! *ur*es hold _! temporalities4 ,b ! entire episode %[s h[ cle> is ! ,briti% s5se t ! omnicompet5cy ( ! /ate does n ext5d into ! sph]e ( religi\s life & practice2 & ! 8,life & ,lib]ty0 movem5t 9 ! ,e/abli%$ ,*ur* ( ,engl& is an indication t ! control ( ! /ate ev5 ov] a /ate *ur* is n beyond *all5ge4 ,! success ) :i* ! indep5d5t religi\s association has e/abli%$ its "r to live 9 ! face ( ! /ate is probably due to ! circum/ance t ! region 9 :i* x claim$ fre$om 0 /rictly def9$2 & x may be argu$ t ! /ate has be5 on ! :ole m successful 9 resi/+ ! claims ( ! *ur* z an int]national society because ^? claims 7 all[$ to ent] regions 9 :i* ! *ur*'s compet5cy c\ld be reasonably d5i$4 ,! case ( ,lam5nais' illu/rates ! po9t4 ,lam5nais began life z a f]v5t mon>*i/ & ,ca?olic4 ,he held /rongly to ! doctr9e ( ! 8two societies10 ! temporal & ! spiritual ( :i* ! ,k+ & ! ,pope respectively 7 ! heads4#ci ,^! two societies 7 di/9ct & )9 _! own sph]e1 indep5d5t ( ea* o!r4 ,b :5 ! mon>*y encroa*$ ^u ! fre$om ( ! spiritual society1 ,lam5nais broke ) x1 & :5 lat] ! papacy insi/$ ^u a )drawal ( 8 op9ion t x _h no rights outside ! spiritual sph]e1 he broke ) ! papacy also4 ,he ackn[l$g$ ! exi/5ce ( a bord]l& 9 :i* ! int]e/s ( bo? 7 comm+l$--8t undiscov]$ c\ntry10 z ,"l ,acton has put x1 8:]e *ur* & /ate are p>t$02 b ! broad configurations ( ! fronti] 7 pla9 en\gh4 ,= ! mo/ "p ! relations ( *ur* & /ate z in/itutional au?orities h consi/$ ( assaults & intrigues & =ays 9 ?is 8no man's l&02 & x has n be5 hi/orically to ! advantage ( ei!r4 ,& ! :ole hi/ory ( ?is conflict 9 ,france & out ( x po9ts to ! moral t )\t "s cle> def9ition ( function1 ! relation ( ! /ate to o!r associations )9 & )\t itself mu/ be "o ( cont9ual conflict--t is to say1 ( c\rse1 s long z ! /ate & ! o!r associations speak 9 t]ms ( "r & au?ority4 ,grant$ a measure ( good-w1 ! task ( delimit+ fronti]s %\ld n be insup]able2 b if a *ur* or a lab\r union insi/s on its rights :ile ! /ate insi/s ^u its au?ority1 ! natural result w be confusion4 ,footnote #ci3 8,t\te decl>ation qui suppos]ait de mon "p1 meme implicitem5t1 l'ab&on de la doctr9e traditionelle de deux societs di/9ctes1 indep5dante *acune dans son ordre1 s]ait non pas un acte de v]tu1 mais un acte c\pable4 ,la consci5ce ne le p]met pas--40 ,?is 0 ,lam5nais' reply to a papal dem& = retractation 9 #ahcc4 ,see ,b\t>d1 ,lam5nais ,,ii41 #chg4 ,,iii ,at ! same "t t ^! indep5d5t nucleations ( au?ority are increas+ly afoot )9 ! body politic1 we obs]ve 9 rec5t times a seem+ly opposite t5d5cy to impute compet5cy to ! /ate 9 regions :]e hi!rto its writ 0 n suppos$ to run4 ,to a puri/ political philosophy1 ! function ( ! /ate is broadly tw(old--! pres]vation ( dome/ic ord] & ! safegu>d+ ( national int]e/s ) ref]5ce to o!r nations4 ,b x has latt]ly m & m /ret*$ out its tab]nacle to cov] o!r matt]s2 ev5 go+ s f> z to assume t a positive & compreh5sive culture ( national life came legitimately )9 its doma94 ,t ?is %\ld be s 9 a dyna/ic /ate l ! ,g]man is easily und]/ood2 = ! security & pret5sions ( ! dyna/y are dep5d5t ^u an int5se developm5t ( human & mat]ial res\rces = milit>y def5ce & (f5ce4 ,b ev5 :]e su* p>ticul>i/ designs h n be5 s obtrusively pres5t1 ! /ate has t5d$ m & m to absorb into itself ! control & organisation ( national life 9 all its important phases4 ,x has1 = in/ance1 tak5 ^u its %\ld]s almo/ ! entire burd5 ( public education2 x has conspicu\sly conc5trat$ its ?\ght & wisdom ^u measures design$ to increase ! mat]ial prosp]ity ( ! nation--?\gh 9 po9t ( fact ?is has work$ out *iefly z ! prosp]ity ( a few fav\rably situat$ p]sons4 ,! c>e ( ! de/itute1 old age p5sions1 heal? & unemploym5t insurance h be5 includ$ )9 its compet5cy2 & its app>5tly insatiable absorb5t proclivity is draw+ into its capaci\s h&s ! control & op]ation ( ! means ( communication1 ! po/al s]vice1 ! railways1 telegraph & telephones4 ,pla9ly ?is ext5sion ( its (fice has be5 accompani$ by a l>ge & indef9ite increm5t ( au?ority4 ,= ?is movem5t1 two circum/ances appe> to be acc\ntable4 ,( ^! ! fir/ is ! gr[? ( an ill-def9$ & only p>tially und]/ood s5se ( collective responsibility = ! well-be+ ( ! social :ole4 ,old ,age ,p5sions1 = in/ance1 appe> to con/itute ! prop] alt]native to ! prec>i\s *>ity or ! degrad+ 8poor relief0 to :i* a less self-respect+ social pa/ committ$ ! indu/rial vet]an4 ,! means ( communication simil>ly appe> to a reasonably educat$ community to be a public s]vice r ?an a gold-m9e = private individuals or conc]ns4 ,! second circum/ance is ! pre/ige :i* accru$ to ! /ate f ! reaction ( ! late n9ete5? & e>ly tw5tie? c5turies f ! bankrupt individualism ( ! prec$+ g5]ations4 ,9 _! recoil f ! an>*y ( laissez faire & indu/rial competition m5 s\ght sanctu>y 9 ! /ate2 & 9 ! ev5t ! /ate ga9$ a repute = compet5cy :i* l$ to a facile transf]5ce to x ( all ^? int]e/s t appe> to be> mat]ially ^u ! life ( ! community z a :ole4 ,b )\t prejudice to ! "q ( public own]%ip1 x may be obs]v$ t :ile ! impulse :i* l$ to ?is reg>d = ! /ate 0 natural & admirable1 x _h ! effect ( conc5trat+ 9 ! /ate a volume ( p[] :i* 0 entirely om9\s to ! lib]ties ( ! individual4 ,inde$1 x may be said )\t mu* hesitation t ! logic ( /ate-absolutism 0 reveal$ by ! ,g]mans only 9 "t to save _! neighb\rs f ! l trag$y ( incont95t subjection to ! /ate4 ,& ! s5se ( p]sonal responsibility 0 9 dang] ( atrophy "u ! pleas+ & soporific influ5ce ( ! popul> idea t ! /ate 0 a sort ( fairy god-"m :o c\ld be tru/$ to /ep 9 & make good individual d]elictions & del9qu5cies--:i* frame ( m9d accord$ well ) ! relat$ drift t[>ds unque/ion+ submission to ! /ate4 ,,iv ,9 democratic communities ! sov]eignty ( ! /ate is a residuum left ov] f ! p]iod ( dyna/ic gov]nm5t2 & ?\gh ! div9e "r ( k+s is obsolete1 we h n yet out-gr[n ! d]ivative dogma ( ! div9e "r ( gov]nm5ts4 ,!re /ill ga!rs ar\nd ! /ate an od\r ( sanctity2 & 9 m9ds t h a turn = ab/raction x is apt to take %ape z a sacrosanct objective reality4 ,b soon or late ! democratic peoples w h to look ^u ! /ate ) a cold & bus9ess-l realism if !y are to be deliv]$ f ! dang]s t lurk 9 all quasi-religi\s & s5tim5tal abasem5t to conv5tional idols4 ,x is j ?is vague political dev\tness t makes x easy = ! common p to be /amp$$ into invidi\s comm]cial & milit>y ent]prises by /atesm5 s*ool$ 9 a tradition ei!r frankly dyna/ic or /ill d]iv+ its ma9 presuppositions f ! dyna/ic p]iod4 ,!re is no security = democracy except 9 a p]si/5t po/ure ( criticism t[>ds its in/itutions2 & !re is no imm$iate hope ( a sane re/oration ( our some:at %att]$ =tunes except z we /rip ! halo away f ! /ate & discuss x dispassionately 9 t]ms ( its functions4 ,its police responsibilities rema9 ) x z a matt] ( c\rse1 s long z human nature ne$s polic+2 & x mu/ provisionally rema9 ! organ ( ! community 9 its int]c\rse across its fronti]s4 ,) ?is latt] we are n = ! mom5t conc]n$2 :at falls to be consid]$ is ! problem ( ! /ate's function 9 respect (1 fir/1 ! pres5t t5d5cy to =m extrane\s & indep5d5t 7& on occasion conceivably ho/ile & intractable7 c5tres ( au?ority1 & second1 ! rec5t process ( inve/+ ! /ate ) a sort ( proprietor%ip & pa/orate at l>ge4 ,summ>ily x may be said t ! (fice ( ! /ate 9 respect ( ^! two developm5ts is t x %\ld be on ! "o h& ! cle>+ h\se ( ! increas+ functional & pr(essional associations among :i* its anci5t sov]eignty is be+ di/ribut$1 & on ! o!r1 ! tru/ee ( ! public 9 ! matt] ( produc+ & di/ribut+ ! goods t are ess5tial to life4 ,! /ate ( ! case & ! c\rse ( ev5ts indicate a doctr9e ( public own]%ip ) democratic functional control1 ) ! necess>y ma*9]y = ! due co-ord9ation ( ! c5tres ( control4 ,x seems a fairly safe risk to say t ! movem5t t[>d ! public own]%ip ( a c]ta9 range ( utilities w suff] no abatem5t ) ! pass+ ( "t4 ,t ! means ( communication %\ld be public prop]ty %\ld be z axiomatic z t a man's n]v\s sy/em %\ld belong to himself2 & no s]i\s "q c be rais$ z to ! c]ta9ty ( ultimate common proprietor%ip 9 ?is region4 ,) respect to ! means ( production ! case is less cle>2 b x is a fair assumption1 t if a reasonable security ( ! ma9t5ance ( life & heal? is to be a*iev$1 !re mu/ be an increas+ public own]%ip ( ! s\rces ( raw mat]ial & ( ! means ( production s f> z ! ess5tial commodities are conc]n$4 ,t !re is a range ( indu/rial production beyond ?is limit :i* is q legitimate b :i* is nev]!less n a matt] ( univ]sal conc]n is obvi\s2 & x seems v que/ionable :e!r x is ! bus9ess ( ! /ate to d m ?an to secure t ! conditions "u :i* ^! indu/ries are conduct$ are ( a piece ) ^? obta9+ 9 ! prim>y indu/ries4 ,objects ( diff]5tial & selective int]e/ d n appe> to ent] into ! prov9ce ( ! /ate2 x has to d only ) ^? = :i* ! dem& is univ]sal because !y correspond to a g5]al ne$4 ,x is a "q 7z has be5 previ\sly sugge/$7 :e!r 9 ?is region ( production x %\ld n be ! g5]al rule t e memb] ( ! community %\ld %>e2 9 :i* case !re w\ld be ample "t & occasion = ! production ( ! second>y & m selective goods = life4 ,!re is no?+ 9 ?is argum5t :i* %\ld be con/ru$ into a sugge/ion t ! ?+s call$ 9 ?is connection second>y are unimportant4 ,on ! contr>y !y are v important2 & ) ! cultural developm5t ( society _! importance is likely to gr[4 ,! production ( books & objects ( /hetic int]e/ is likely to be /imulat$ v mat]ially by any advance 9 ! "r sort ( education4 ,b 7) ! exception ( a v n>r[ m>g97 ^! are probably ?+s :i* are n suitably & fruitfully produc$ except z !y are free f c5tral regulation4 ,)9 ! limits s indicat$1 !re=e1 ! tr5d ( affairs is rightly 9 ! direction ( public own]%ip--9 :i* case we %all require an organ 9 :i* ?is own]%ip %all be ve/$4 ,= ?is purpose ! /ate is already to h&1 & is inde$1 already assum+ ! (fice4 ,its fir/ dome/ic (fice w consequ5tly be t ( a public tru/ee4 ,b ?is raises ! "q :e!r ! tru/ee is to be manag] z well4 ,x is ( c\rse pla9 t ! tru/ w\ld be a pure fiction if "s measure ( control 9 ! disposition ( ! prop]ty 7 n impli$ 9 x4 ,c]ta9ly ! la/ ^w 9 su* matt]s %\ld belong to ! /ate4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 appe>s to br+ u back to t v doctr9e ( sov]eignty f :i*1 on our premises1 x is our bus9ess to escape2 &1 inde$1 if we h no diff]5t sort ( /ate organisation 9 m9d f t n[ curr5t we %\ld be />t+ out on a new cycle ( au?orit>ianism1 7 we to ve/ 9 ! /ate s mu* au?ority4 ,b already ! specifications ( a new type ( /ate-/ructure are be+ indicat$ by ! c\rse ( ev5ts4 ,v ,x is ( "s significance at ?is po9t to obs]ve t ( ! functional associations )9 ! commonweal? to :i* ref]5ce has be5 made1 ! mo/ p[]ful are ^? :i* are conc]n$ ) ! production ( ! prim>y commodities1 & ! means ( _! di/ribution4 ,?is is no d\bt *iefly due to ! fact t ^! associations repres5t ! mo/ num]\s sections ( ! community4 ,coal m9]s1 eng9e]s1 transport work]s1 clo?+ mak]s--x is among ^! classes t ! movem5t t[>d comb9ation has be5 mo/ effectual4 ,"o notable exception--namely1 agricultural work]s--is to be obs]v$ "h1 ! significance ( :i* exception w come up = discussion pres5tly4 ,x does n1 h[ev]1 affect ! g5]al run ( ! pres5t argum5t4 ,! con/itution & activity ( ! lab\r unions are suffici5tly well kn[n to require no exposition "h--! ma9 po9t to be emphasis$ be+ t "h )9 ! commonweal? are l>ge1 gr[+ & p[]ful gr\ps =m$ ar\nd a p>ticul> int]e/2 & t ?is int]e/ is deem$ to be vital is evid5t f ! /eady gr[? ( ! gr\ps4 ,b we may fur!r inf] t ! exi/5ce ( ^! gr\ps is due *iefly to ! fact t ! p>ticul> int]e/ :i* conc]ns !m 0 n effectually reg>d$ 9 ! c\ncils ( ! commonweal? at l>ge4 ,! int]e/s ( ! work]s 7 presumably neglect$ to su* a degree t ! class conc]n$ deem$ x necess>y to organise itself 9 ord] to safegu>d & to en=ce ^! int]e/s4 ,inde$ on ! work]s' %[+ ! case 0 ev5 worse4 ,!y argu$ t n only 7 _! peculi> int]e/s neglect$ by ! exi/+ p[]s1 b t ^! p[]s 7 weight$ 9 fav\r ( ^? aga9/ :om m specifically ! work] _h to def5d 8 int]e/s4 ,! =mation & gr[? ( ! ,non-p>tisan ,league 9 ,am]ica is a rec5t in/ance ( a class nucleation "u ! pressure ( circum/ances l>gely p>allel to ^? "h outl9$4 ,! int]e/s "h discuss$ are ( an economic k9d1 b !y are vital & ess5tial4 ,x is to be obs]v$1 h[ev]1 t ^! p>ticul> associations are n conf9$ ei!r to ! work] or to int]e/s purely economic4 ,ref]5ce has already be5 made to ! ,bank ,cle>+ ,h\se4 ,?is is an in/ance ( ! =mation ( a p[]ful gr\p to promote ! common int]e/s ( its memb]s1 ?\gh 9 ?is case its =mation 0 less due to ! neglect ( ^? int]e/s by ! /ate ?an to ! fact t ! int]e/s conc]n$ h become s ext5sive 9 range & s complex 9 "* t ! /ate 0 palpably incompet5t to h&le !m pr(itably4 ,9 c]ta9 cases :]e ! /ate has assum$ liabilities ( ?is k9d 7z 9 railway control7 exp]i5ce has n 9 ! long run endors$ ! compet5cy ( ! /ate = ! job4 ,t1 h[ev]1 is less to ! po9t ?an t we %\ld obs]ve ! t5d5cy to =m volunt>y associations = ! protection & promotion ( presumably necess>y int]e/s1 & 9 "s cases assum+ 7z 9 ! case ( ! ,bank ,cle>+ ,h\se7 a k9d ( police au?ority )9 its own field4 ,besides ^! economic & f9ancial associations1 !re are also l>ge & p[]ful pr(essional associations :i* exi/ likewise to promote c]ta9 special int]e/s4 ,! ,briti% ,m$ical ,association af=ds an in/ance ( su* association2 & "h aga9 we h an association :i* 9 ! ex]cise ( its (fice also assumes a function ( discipl9e4 ,j z ! ,bank ,cle>+ ,h\se c put a recalcitrant bank out ( bus9ess1 s ! ,briti% ,m$ical ,association c 8unfrock0 a doctor :o has (f5d$ aga9/ ! pr(essional code4 ,x is true t ! excommunicat$ culprit may 9 ei!r case appeal to ! civil c\rts = r$ress2 b ! r>ity ( su* appeals %[s h[ ne>ly complete is ! au?ority ex]cis$ by ^! pr(essional associations )9 _! own prov9ce4 ,) c]ta9 modifications ! same g5]al rule obta9s 9 ,tea*]s' ,unions1 ! ,b>1 ! ,co-op]ative ,societies1 ,*ur*es & o!r volunt>y associations ( p]sons1 t ga!r ar\nd ! nucleus ( a special int]e/4 ,! case is n s pla9 9 reg>d to societies ( a specially cultural "* :i* d n s directly abut ^u ! g5]al conduct ( life1 ?\gh ! place ( ! ,univ]sities1 ,academies ( ,art1 ,au?or's ,associations & ! l1 9 ! total s*eme ( social life1 makes x impossible to exclude !m f consid]ation 9 any discussion :i* looks to ! integration ( all ! legitimate int]e/s ( life 9 an organic full-gr[+ social :ole4 ,su* integration mu/1 f ! nature ( ! case1 be a long & t$i\s process2 & ! difficulties involv$ 9 its ext5sion to su* di/ant & %ad[y regions z ,art & ,au?or%ip may be left = solution until !y become m imm95t4 ,x is 9 any case d\btful :e!r ! int]e/s involv$ 9 ^! & simil> cases are su* z w\ld be s]v$ by any =mal connection ) ! ma*9]y ( gov]nm5t1 except z reg>ds c]ta9 n>r[ legal po9ts 7e4g4 copyright74 ,?is is also true ( ! ,*ur*es ^: sole po9t ( contact ) ! ,/ate is 9 ! matt] ( _! temporalities4 ,=tunately = ! mom5t ! task ne$ n take acc\nt ( ^! remot] complexities2 & x w be a matt] = legitimate argum5t h[ f> associations ( a cultural k9d are to ent] into ! organisation ( gov]nm5t1 :5 ^? associations :i* are already abutt+ on ! prov9ce ( ! /ate & %e>+ x ( "s ( its p[]s h be5 successfully co-ord9at$ 9 a s*eme ( political managem5t4 ,,vi ,at ?is po9t x is important to be> 9 m9d two ?+s4 ,fir/ ( all1 ! real int]e/s :i* g to make up ! sum ( our life are precisely ^? :i* lead u to =m ourselves into associations indep5d5t ( ! /ate4 ,inde$1 ! p>ticul> int]e/ :i* b9ds a giv5 individual to ! /ate is g5]ally =tuit\s 9 its orig9 & l>gely imag9>y 9 "*4 ,a man *ances to be born into a c]ta9 geographical area1 & 9 ! great majority ( cases t circum/ance fixes 8 /ate affiliation = 8 entire life4 ,an emigrant may transf] 8 affiliation to ano!r /ate2 b 8 case is exceptional4 ,moreov]1 ! nature ( ! int]e/s :i* b9d him to ! /ate is ( a dubi\sly s5tim5tal & imag9>y ord]4 ,?is is n ! place to discuss ! significance ( t temp] ( atta*m5t to a p>ticul> political unity :i* is call$ patriotism2 b x w\ld appe> to h comp>atively little to d ) any ess5tial purpose ( life4 ,?is mu/ n be tak5 to mean t patriotism is to be decri$ z an evil or a futile ?+4 ,on ! contr>y1 9 s f> z x repres5ts a feel+ ( loyalty to a social gr\p1 x is admirable & ( great value4 ,its value is1 h[ev]1 compromis$ by ! invidi\s & divisive col\r :i* x habitually appe>s to we>2 & its hi/orical uses--:i* *iefly consi/ 9 its exploitation by a/ute /atesm5--con/itute a record :i* is h>dly flatt]+ to human intellig5ce4 ,9 ! ma9 x plays comp>atively little "p 9 ! sum total ( ! ord9>y man's life2 & inde$ x is h>dly ev] he>d ( 9 normal times until x is play$ up by politicians :o want a national back+ = a selfi% ent]prise at ! exp5se ( "s o!r community4 ,its *ief significance seems to be t x provides a res]ve ( s5tim5tal devotion :i* may be drawn ^u )\t limit 9 ! cause ( national pre/ige or national def5ce4 ,outside w>-"t1 ! /ate appe>s to t\* ! ord9>y man's life directly only :5 x requires him to pay ! exp5ses ( its upkeep or :5 he provokes ! att5tion ( ! police4 ,b on ! o!r h&1 :5 a man jo9s a ,trade ,union or a religi\s society x is because ! new association be>s "s sort ( vital & imm$iate relation to 8 life4 ,! mo/ au!ntic int]e/s ( life are ^? :i* move m5 to jo9 toge!r volunt>ily = _! def5ce & promotion2 & = ! purpose ( social developm5t1 ! associations t gr[ 9 ?is fa%ion are at lea/ ( no less importance to ! common run ( m5 ?an ! /ate4 ,x is no long] tol]able1 !re=e1 t 9 ! g5]al managem5t ( ! affairs ( a community ^! associations %\ld be virtually ignor$ 9 def]5ce to a doctr9e :i* presupposes t ! /ate & ! individual are ! sole t]ms ( political !ory & practice1 & t su* associations exi/ )9 ! commonweal? only on suff]ance ( ! /ate4 ,second1 x has "s be>+ ^u our pres5t argum5t t ^! associations may conceivably come at any "t into conflict ) ! int]e/s ( ! social :ole4 ,a trade union may1 = in/ance1 make claims :i* are incongru\s ) ! well-be+ ( ! g5]al public2 *ur*es h be5 kn[n to claim advantages :i* are inconsi/5t ) ! fre$om & welf>e ( o!r religi\s societies4 ,) ! multiplication ( societies )9 ! commonweal?1 & especially 9 view ( ! prospective great increase ( /r5g? 9 ! case ( trade unions1 x is entirely ess5tial t su* bodies %\ld be requir$ directly to p>ticipate 9 ! responsibility ( promot+ ! g5]al social good4 ,!y %\ld--9 _! "* ( associations *>g+ !mselves ) c]ta9 vital ?\gh p>ticul> int]e/s--be introduc$ into ! (ficial managem5t ( public affairs4 ,s long z !y live m or less isolat$ & unco-ord9at$ lives !y rema9 9 dang] ( becom+ antisocial 9 effect2 & ! only rem$y is to provide = !m a cle>+-h\se 9 ! conduct ( :i* !y are directly implicat$2 & once m1 ! /ate is already to h& & its ma*9]y %\ld be s ord]$ z to enable x to dis*>ge ?is (fice4 ,!oretically our movem5t is away f ! 8amoeba0 conception ( ! national /ate1 :i* reg>ds x z an indep5d5t unicellul> affair ) ! c5tral /ate organisation z its nucleus1 to a conception ( x z multicellul>1 & f9d+ a practical unity 9 ! contribution ( all its cells to ! activity ( a common bra94 ,?is may be bad biology b t is no argum5t aga9/ its political s\ndness4 ,a difficult "q arises :5 we come to consid] :at associations are entitl$ to ?is treatm5t2 & x is pla9 t no association :i* _c prove a g5u9e social wor? has a claim = recognition4 ,"s associations are p[]ful en\gh to claim & to receive recognition )\t =mal scrut9y ( _! cr$5tials2 b _! p[] is itself a presumptive pro( t !y correspond to a real social ne$2 & 9 ! e>ly /ages ( /ate-recon/ruction1 x w be naturally su* associations z c validate _! claims by ! volume ( au?ority ) :i* !y make !m t w ent] into ! arrangem5t4 ,= ! re/1 we %all h to take ! risk ( be+ able to cross ! bridges :5 we come to !m4 ,,vii ,discont5t ) ! exi/+ me?od ( assembl+ ! ma*9]y ( gov]nm5t has be5 gr[+ rapidly 9 rec5t ye>s4 ,! progress ( ! proportional repres5tation movem5t is ! measure ( ?is discont5t2 & x is difficult to conceive any valid objection to ! s*eme on ! "p ( ^? :o desire to give to ! p]sonnel ( ! gov]n+ body a m g5u9ely repres5tative "* ?an x possesses at pres5t4 ,at ! same "t1 ! transf]able vote does n & f ! nature ( ! case _c secure a completely repres5tative gov]nm5t--at any rate :ile we cont9ue to elect p>liam5t>y repres5tatives on a t]ritorial basis4 ,we %all no d\bt cont9ue to elect repres5tatives on a t]ritorial basis1 = x w\ld appe> to be ! only effectual me?od ( repres5t+ ! *ief int]e/s :i* all individuals 9 ! commonweal? h 9 common1 namely _! int]e/s z consum]s 7or enjoy]s74 ,b ! t]ritorial unit is m or less arbitr>y 9 def9ition1 & x does n co9cide ) ! o!r int]e/s t make up ! bus9ess ( life4 ,& ^! o!r int]e/s h assum$ a comm&+ importance 9 ! conduct ( ! bus9ess ( life 9 rec5t times4 ,ref]5ce 0 made 9 a previ\s p>agraph to ! fact t ! "o great indu/ry :i* 0 n adequately organis$ 0 agriculture4 ,! reason = ?is circum/ance is to be f\nd 9 ! great] difficulty :i* ! f>m]s & ! f>m work]s h _h 9 gett+ toge!r4 ,! o!r great indu/ries are locat$ 9 urban areas :]e facilities ( communication & meet+ are comp>atively easy4 ,! result ( facilitat+ communication among ! f>m]s is already evid5t4 ,! ,non-p>tisan ,league 0 br\ght to bir? by ! ,=d c> & ! rural telephone4 ,x is true t ! f>m-work]s /ill lack ! opportunity ( easy assembly2 b :at has happ5$ 9 ! case ( ! f>m]s has ! peculi> int]e/ ( be+ a graphic & simple object lesson 9 ! processes :i* h trans=m$ mod]n life4 ,our pres5t political me?ods & acceptances date back to ! p]iod be=e ! railroad2 & n only 9 politics1 b 9 e?ics & religion1 we h yet to take on ! task ( revis+ our traditional concepts 9 ! light ( ! va/ trans=mation wr\ght by ! swift advance 9 me?ods ( communication4 ,! ma9 result is t !re are v few m5 :o d n belong to pr(essional & trade organisations :i* /ret* out beyond _! c\nty b\nd>ies1 & !re is a gr[+ numb] to :om ^! ultra-t]ritorial associations are m vital & significant ?an ! local association ( citiz5s 9 :i* ! accid5t ( _! habitat places !m4 ,! new fact = ! problem ( gov]nm5t consi/s 9 ! actual exi/5ce & multiplication ( ^! pr(essional & vocational con/itu5cies2 & x is evid5t t t repres5tative gov]nm5t is unwor?y ! "n :i* does n repres5t ^! l>ge embodim5ts ( liv+ op9ion & int]e/4 ,if = ! mom5t !n1 we consid] ! economic aspects ( ! life ( ! community alone1 x is evid5t t two ma9 s\rces ( repres5tation h to be provid$ =--! consum] & ! produc]2 & e man %\ld h a vote 9 ea* capacity4 ,! defect ( ! ,soviet organisation 9 ,russia is t1 z x is at pres5t con/itut$1 x appe>s to provide ! consum] ) no direct repres5tation4 ,! ,russian ,soviet is a c\ncil ( work]s4 ,b x is evid5t t ! provision supply1 c>riage & di/ribution ( commodities to a village is ! conc]n ( ! :ole village indep5d5tly ( ! %>e :i* ! villag]s may h 9 ! actual production ( ^! commodities4 ,s t ! consum] qua consum] mu/ be repres5t$4 ,! physician & ! tea*]#dj may n be produc]s 9 a /rict & direct s5se2 b !y are directly int]e/$ 9 ! problem ( consumption & are int]e/$ 9 x 9 ! same way z ! village blacksmi? & ! %oemak]4 ,moreov]1 !re are problems ( sanitation & road-keep+ 9 :i* !y are all also equally conc]n$4 ,! village & ! city w>d are !re=e prop] units ( repres5tation4 ,b !y /ill rema9 only "o type ( unit4 ,! agricultural lab\r]s :o live 9 ! village may be memb]s ( a lab\r union :i* *>ges itself ) ! ov]sight ( ! conditions ( ! agricultural lab\r]'s "w4 ,! physician w also be a memb] ( an association :i* is conc]n$ ) ! special int]e/s ( 8 pr(ession4 ,"h !n we h ano!r type ( unit4 ,= our pres5t purpose we are conc]n$ ) ^! units only z !y are indu/rial & productive4 ,footnote #dj3 ,( c\rse !re may be physicians' & tea*]s' soviets2 b !y w op]ate prov9cially r ?an p>o*ially1 :ile ! village soviet w\ld appe> usually to consi/ ( peasants4 ,9 ,russia ! problem ( repres5t+ ^! 8pr(essional0 or 8indu/rial0 con/itu5cies has be5 solv$ ) great] ease ?an is likely to be ! case else:]e4 ,9 _m cases ! own]s ( indu/rial plants h be5 expropriat$ & a 8%op-c\ncil0 is 9 control4 ,?is %op-c\ncil sees to x t none b memb]s ( ! lab\r union conc]n$ are employ$ 9 ! %op2 x is free to hire :at exp]t help x requires to c>ry on production2 & 9 g5]al x rules ! roo/4 ,b x is an elect$ body1 & x =ms ! cell-unit out ( :i*1 ?r\gh a hi]>*y ( local & prov9cial bodies1 ! ,all-,russian ,congress ( ,soviets is at la/ con/itut$4 ,naturally ?is s*eme is n yet 9 univ]sal op]ation4 ,"s employ]s are /ill tol]at$ to rema9 9 possession1 & a s+le rule has n yet be5 e/abli%$ 9 ! t5ure ( l&4 ,b t is ! g5]al pr9ciple2 & :ile x mu/ necess>ily admit 9 practice ( all sorts ( exceptions1 !re is no cle> reason :y x %\ld n become effective ?r\gh\t ,russia4 ,b ?is simplicity is n likely to obta9 else:]e4 ,! =cible imm$iate expropriation ( ! employ] is n a probable cont+5cy 9 ,engl& or ,am]ica s f> z "o may judge f pres5t signs4 ,b ?is ne$ con/itute no insup]able ob/acle to ! in/itution ( %op-c\ncils su* z = in/ance h be5 set up 9 ! wooll5 trades at ,brad=d4 ,& j z 9 ?is in/ance1 ! %op-c\ncil w\ld be g5]ally ! unit out ( :i* an asc5d+ scale ( sup]ior bodies w\ld be =m$1 rea*+ at la/ to :at ! ,russians call ! 8supreme c\ncil ( public economy40 ,! outl9e ( su* an organisation is to be f\nd already 9 ,mr4 ,malcolm ,sp>kes' s*eme 7ref]r$ to 9 ano!r *apt]7 ( a 8national indu/rial p>liam5t02 & all t ne$ be add$ to ! plan is t ?is indu/rial p>liam5t %\ld be recognis$ z ! actual legislative body )9 its own sph]e1 subject to ! review & veto ( a f9al body :i* w\ld be *>g$ ) ! ov]sight ( all ! int]e/s ( ! commonweal?4#da ,footnote #da3 ,?is 8,national ,indu/rial ,p>liam5t0 has come v ne> tak+ practical =m 9 ! proposal ( ! rec5t ,national ,indu/rial ,conf]5ce = a 8,national ,indu/rial ,c\ncil0 9 ,engl&4 ,/ill conf9+ ourselves to ! economic int]e/s1 we %\ld f9d x necess>y to secure t ! lab\r unions %all f9d effective repres5tation 9 ! legislative organisation2 & s long z private own]%ip ( indu/rial plant is p]mitt$1 ! same ?+ is true ( employ]s' associations z well4 ,b x is pla9 t :ile indu/ry is subject to ?is antagonism ( int]e/s )9 itself1 x is n likely to m9i/] to ! public int]e/ z effectually z we h a "r to require ( x4 ,ultimately we %all be compell$ to e/abli% ! doctr9e t indu/rial production is a community-int]e/ & to in/itute ! pr9ciple ( national ,guilds z ! gr\nd plan ( indu/rial organisation4 ,"s approa* to ?is plan has be5 made dur+ ! w> 9 ! int]e/s ( increas$ productivity2 & ! situation consequ5t ^u ! w> 9 ! bellig]5t c\ntries is likely to aggravate r ?an abate ! acut5ess ( ! problem ( productivity4 ,on ?is acc\nt x w\ld be a grave mis=tune if indu/ry 7 p]mitt$ to relapse into its pre-w> ineffici5cy4 ,?or/e9 ,vebl51 9 a %rewd analysis ( ! work+ ( ! capitali/ic sy/em 9 ,am]ica1 e/imates t x 8l[]s ! actual output ( ! c\ntry's indu/ry by some?+ ne> fifty p] c5t4 ( its ord9>y capacity :5 fully employ$40 8,b0 he adds1 8x is at ! same "t pla9 en\gh t ?is1 9 ! l>g] s5se1 unt[>d discrepancy betwe5 productive capacity & curr5t productive output c readily be correct$1 9 "s appreciable degree at lea/1 by any suffici5t au?ority t %all und]take to control ! c\ntry's indu/rial =ces )\t reg>d to pecuni>y pr(it & loss4 ,any au?ority compet5t to take ov] ! control & regulate ! conduct ( ! community's indu/ry ) a view to maximum output z c\nt$ by weight & tale1 r ?an by net aggregate price income ov] price co/ c readily effect an appreciable increase 9 ! effectual productive capacity4444 ,! sev]al bellig]5t nations ( ,europe are %[+ t x c be done1 & !y are also %[+ t !y are all aw>e1 & h always be5 aw>e1 t ! conduct ( indu/ry on bus9ess pr9ciples is incompet5t to br+ ! l>ge/ practical output ( goods & s]vice2 incompet5t to su* a degree inde$ z n to be tol]able 9 a season ( desp]ate ne$ :5 ! nation requires ! full use ( its productive =ces1 equipm5t & man p[]1 reg>dless ( ! pecuni>y claims ( individuals40#db ,! c\rse ( ev5ts seem to po9t to ! in/itution ( ! 8suffici5t au?ority0 :i* ,pr(essor ,vebl5 indicates4 ,x is cle> t ?is au?ority mu/ be ( a "* to ignore ! exig5cies ( ! pr(it-sy/em1 & to op]ate ) an eye s+le to ! welf>e ( ! community2 9 :i* case1 soon or late1 !re mu/ be elim9at$ f x ^? :o w\ld desire to turn x to a p]sonal or sectional advantage4 ,or at lea/ _! possible advantage f indu/ry %all be s rigor\sly abridg$ z to make x cease to be wor? _! :ile to rig ! bus9ess 9 su* a way z to ret>d or o!rwise to int]f]e ) output4 ,b1 inasmu* z ?is rigg+ has be5 done 9 ! pa/ *iefly at ! exp5se ( ! work]s1 !y 9 _! turn arm$ !mselves = def5ce1 by jo9+ into unions4 ,) ! elim9ation ( ! private pr(it motive f indu/ry1 ! "* ( ! trade union z a fight+ body w\ld l>gely if n :olly lapse2 & ! ne$ = its direct repres5tation 9 indu/rial control w\ld cease to be urg5t or ev5 important4 ,especially w\ld ?is be true :5 a m9imum /&>d ( life _h be5 fix$ & univ]sally appli$4 ,! union w\ld m]ge into ! guild :i* w\ld include n ! op]atives alone b ! entire effective p]sonnel ( ! indu/ry4 ,out ( ^! guilds1 !mselves function+ ?r\gh a hi]>*y ( bodies f ! s+le %op upw>d1 w\ld be =m$ ! national indu/rial p>liam5t :i* w\ld be ! effectual economic au?ority ( ! community4 ,footnote #db3 ,?or/e9 ,vebl54 ,! ,nature ( ,peace1 pp4 #agc1 #agd4 ,,viii ,t ?is 9 its turn %\ld be subject to a /ill high] c\rt goes )\t say+4 ,= 9 ?is capacity our indu/rial p>liam5t repres5ts ! community only z produc+4 ,! g5]al int]e/s ( ! common man :o has to eat1 dr9k1 clo! himself1 f9d a ro( ov] 8 head1 m>ry1 br+ up *ildr51 are n subord9ate to 8 int]e/ z a produc]2 nor are !y cov]$ by a p>liam5t :i* sup]vises ! productive int]e/s alone4#dc ,! /&>d ( life mu/ be fix$ by ! common w ( ! community2 & x w be ! bus9ess ( ! indu/rial p>liam5t to see t ! volume1 quality & conditions ( production %all correspond to ?is /&>d2 & some:]e !re mu/ be a body :i* also sees to x t ! indu/rial p>liam5t is dis*>g+ its task effici5tly4 ,x mu/ ev5 be 9 a position to veto ! acts ( ! indu/rial p>liam5t %\ld t c\rse become necess>y2 & ?is position c\ld be secur$ by ve/+ ! pur*ase & control ( raw mat]ial 9 ! h&s ( ?is sup]ior body4 ,at ! same "t x is evid5t t !re are functions :i* ?is sup]ior body is n effici5t to dis*>ge simply on ! gr\nd ( its be+ repres5tative ( ! g5]al consum]4 ,! problems ( education & public heal?1 = in/ance1 are highly specialis$ affairs :i* a purely repres5tative assembly on ! traditional l9es has prov$ itself incompet5t to h&le--& x is notori\s h[ bo? education & national hygi5e h _h _! developm5t gov]n$ & deflect$ f its prop] c\rse by ! too great asc5d5cy ( trade & bus9ess int]e/s 9 ! legislature4 ,j z ! indu/rial affairs ( ! community are committ$ to ! *>ge ( ^? :o are directly engag$ 9 !m1 s ! education ( ! c\ntry %\ld be 9 ! h&s ( a self-gov]n+ body ( tea*]s1 & ! public heal? to a self-gov]n+ m$ical association--9 bo? cases ! p]sonnel be+ reg>d$ z memb]s ( a public s]vice s]v+ "u /&>dis$ conditions1 & _! repres5tative & executive body be+ l ! guild p>liam5t answ]able to ! supreme national assembly4 ,footnote #dc3 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t associations ( ,consum]s1 e4g4 ! ,co-op]ative ,societies1 %\ld be repres5t$ 9 ! ,national ,indu/rial ,p>liam5t4 ,x w\ld be palpably beyond ! prov9ce ( ?is writ+ to d m ?an ?us r\ghly indicate ! g5]al direction 9 :i* ! organisation ( gov]nm5t %\ld & is likely to g2 & !re are conspicu\s que/ions--su* z national f9ance & ! adm9i/ration ( law--:i* w\ld ent] deeply into a detail$ discussion b h "h to be pass$ by ) no m ?an ?is cursory m5tion4 ,x is n[ desir$ only to emphasise ! fact t ! actual conditions ( mod]n life h made ! exi/+ legislative ma*9]y obsolete1 & t moreov] !y po9t to ! nature ( ! *anges :i* are requir$ to make ! ma*9]y to fit ! facts ( ! case4 ,summ>ily1 !re=e1 x may be said t !re are two types ( social unit :i* mu/ be recognis$1 ! "o be+ ( ! geographical1 ! o!r ( ! vocational ord]4 ,some:]e ^! two s\rces ( repres5tation mu/ meet 9 a supreme common assembly2 & ! picture :i* passes ?r\gh ! m9d--say 9 ,engl&--is ( a jo9t h\se ( c\nty & municipal repres5tatives *os5 by way ( w>d & village & di/rict c\ncils1 & ( repres5tatives ( accr$it$ national indu/rial & pr(essional associations4 ,yet1 insomu* z ?is process ( delegation w\ld make ! s5se ( connection betwe5 ! individual citiz5 & ! supreme assembly some:at weak & fa9t1 x w\ld appe> to be necess>y to provide = "s measure ( direct popul> repres5tation 9 ! assembly4 ,s t we %\ld h a h\se draw+ its p]sonnel f ?ree s\rces--f ! p directly1 & by delegation f ! two types ( social con/itu5cy1 local & functional4 ,9 ?is body w\ld be ve/$ ! supreme & f9al control ( national affairs2 & to ?is body ! ,guild-p>liam5t & o!r dep>tm5tal bodies w\ld r5d] acc\nt ( _! /ew>d%ip4 ,x is only 9 "s su* way z ?is t rem$y is to be f\nd = a /ate ( ?+s1 9 :i*1 ap>t f paid exp]ts 9 adm9i/rative dep>tm5ts1 ! vital int]e/s ( indu/ry1 education & national heal? are committ$ to a body to :i* ! *ances ( a g5]al election may return n "o s+le p]son compet5t to speak to ^! matt]s at fir/ h&4 ,,ix ,x is n necess>y to ext5d ?is discussion into fur!r detail s9ce we are conc]n$ only to indicate a direction r ?an to describe a f9i%$ product4 ,x may1 moreov]1 be ju/ly que/ion$ :e!r ! bus9ess ( gov]nm5t c range to any fruitful purpose beyond ! common economic1 hygi5ic & educational conc]ns ( ! community1 & su* d]ivative & concomitant op]ations z !y require = _! effectual conduct4 ,9 any case x w\ld appe> t ! rema9+ int]e/s ( life abut on ! legitimate prov9ce ( gov]nm5t only at m9or & some:at special po9ts4 ,^! p>ticul> int]e/s are = ! mo/ "p ( ! 8spiritual0 ord]--religi\s & cultural2 & f ! nature ( ! case x 7 be/ to leave !m to g _! own way 9 peace s long z !y may n equitably be *>g$ ) encroa*+ ^u ! g5]al welf>e4 ,su* matt]s z ! prop]ty ( a religi\s society or an au?or's copyright repres5t ! k9d ( po9t at :i* ! spiritual int]e/s come into "s sort ( relation ) ! /ate2 & ^! are ess5tially matt]s 9 ! /ate-regulation ( :i* ! *ief c>e %\ld be to avoid any?+ t may int]f]e ) indep5d5ce & fre$om ( ?\ght4 ,= :5 all is said & done1 x is 9 ?is p>ticul> region t we mu/ look = ! actual & *>act]i/ic fruits ( a democratic ord]4 ,! real weal? ( a community consi/s 9 ! capacity x possesses & acquires = activity ( a creative k9d2 its true ri*es are 8! ri*es ( ! m9d40 ,& 9 a s5se we may say t ! bus9ess ( gov]nm5t is to set ! h\se-keep+ ma*9]y mov+ s smoo?ly & effici5tly t !re w be real wayleave = ! spiritual bus9ess ( life4 ,j z ! be/ physical condition ( a man is t 9 :i* he is lea/ aw>e ( 8 body1 s ! be/ gov]nm5t is t :i* makes ! gov]n$ lea/ consci\s ( its op]ation4 ,"h z else:]e1 magna ars cel>e artem4 ,b is !re any gu>antee t su* a /ate-organisation z is "h plead$ = w be any m fri5dly to fre$om ( ?\ght ?an ! exi/+ type8 ,s f> z ! traditional /ate is conc]n$1 x reg>ds fre$om ( ?\ght l>gely z a concession :i* is n q congru\s ) ! po/ulates ^u :i* x habitually acts4 ,fre$om ( ?\ght has be5 wre/$ f ! /ate by ma9 =ce2 & !n only ) ! und]/ood proviso t ! /ate is emp[]$ on due occasion to )draw ! concession4 ,! habit ( free ?\ght has h[ev] become s +ra9$ 9 ! idea ( democratic progress t !re is n[ only "o due occasion on :i* ! /ate c int]f]e ) x ) any prospect ( success--t is1 9 ! ev5t ( w>4 ,/ill f ! /&po9t ( ! /ate1 fre$om ( ?\ght is a regrettable1 ?\gh1 z ?+s are1 unavoidable defect 9 its ma*9]y4 ,x int]f]es sadly ) ! uni=mit>ian programme ( ! typical gov]nm5tal m9d4 ,b ?is grudg+ tol]ation ( fre$om ( ?\ght is an inh]itance f ! dyna/ic p]iod :5 x 0 necess>y to h a population easily mobilisable = :atev] adv5ture ! dyna/ might plan1 or :atev] necessity ( def5ce might be laid on him4 ,! dyna/ic tradition requir$ a regim5tat$ p2 & we h outgr[n ! dyna/ic tradition )\t disc>d+ all its *>act]i/ic modes ( work+4 ,?is is 9 "p to be acc\nt$ = by ! fact t ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( dyna/ic pret5sions & ! consequ5t dang] ( dyna/ic adv5tures ( a pr$atory k9d has necessitat$ ! survival ( dyna/ic ideas & practices z a measure ( insurance ev5 9 communities t h disc>d$ ! dyna/ic pr9ciple4 ,!re w be no secure fre$om ( ?\ght any:]e s long z ! _w conta9s any p[]ful survival ( ! dyna/ic tradition4 ,latt]ly ! dyna/ic tradition has 7= pat5t reasons7 be5 ! enemy2 b x is n unlikely t ! d[nfall ( ! dyna/ic tradition may d no m ?an cle> ! decks = ano!r m rec5t pr$atory in/itution1 n less om9\s = human well-be+1 :i* may secure ! rev]sion ( all ! /ock-9-trade & goodwill ( its pr$ecessor 9 ! matt] ( national pre/ige & hon\r & ! l4 ,?is is t comm]cial imp]ialism :i* has already ins9uat$ itself into ! folds ( :atev] mantle ! dyna/ic tradition is /ill able to we>--s mu* s t x is popul>ly believ$ to be impossible to def9e ! fronti] at :i* dyna/ic pret5sions end & comm]cial *auv9ism beg9s4 ,9 any case x is sure t z ! dyna/ic in/itution falls into desuetude1 ?is comm]cial imp]ialism w make a /r5u\s ef=t to /ep into its %oes & arm itself ) its weapons4 ,!re may be "s diff]5ce betwe5 ! p]son :o seeks to gobble up ! face ( ! e>? & 8 bro!r :o seeks to gobble up ! m>kets ( ! e>?4 ,b = practical purposes !y belong to ! same class & w use ! same me?ods4 ,! nations w be p]suad$ to ma9ta9 suffici5t milit>y e/abli%m5ts to protect national capital :5 x is s5t ^u pr(itable adv5tures beyond ! fronti]2 & ! prospect ( national prosp]ity & jeal\sy = national pre/ige w be work$ = all t !y are wor? 9 support ( ^! projects4 ,) ! net result t ! att5tion ( ! /ate w be *iefly direct$ 9 ! future z 9 ! pa/ to ! fur!rance ( p>ticul>i/ national int]e/s1 & ! consequ5t ne$ ( c5tralis$ p[] 9 ! /ate = ! easy regim5tation ( ! p 9 case ( em]g5cy w rema9 z a p]man5t arre/ on democratic developm5t4 ,& all ?is is ! m tragic 9 t ! 8national0 int]e/s alleg$ to be engag$ are 9 po9t ( fact ! int]e/s only ( ! capitali/ class4 ,! re/ ( ! nation /&s to ga9 no?+ mat]ial f ^! op]ations4 ,?is latt] dang] c1 h[ev]1 be dealt ) by ! simple exp$i5t ( decl>+ t ! capital goes out ( ! c\ntry at its own risk4 ,x is1 anyh[1 prepo/]\s to assume t capital has any inh]5t "r to seek national protection :5 x travels abroad on private v5tures ( its own4 ,t %\ld be z cle> z daylight2 & its recognition w\ld remove "o ( ! ma9 s\rces ( int]national tr\ble4 ,b x w\ld also release ! community f a good deal ( ! pres5t wa/eful & di/ract+ preoccupation ) ! bus9ess incid5tal to ! *ances ( int]national tr\ble1 & leave x free to conc]n itself ) ! m vital matt]s ( its inn] life4 ,& mo/ ( all1 ) ! pass+ ( ! dyna/ic dang]1 ?is refusal to "u-write ! risks ( pr(it-seek+ capitali/ic adv5tures abroad w\ld remove ! *ief reason = t residual emb>go on utt] fre$om ( ?\ght :i* mu/ exi/ 9 a community :i* has to be held 9 read9ess = swift regim5tation4 ,m5 w nev] be :olly free until ! possibility ( w> has disappe>$ f ! e>?4 ,) ! dim9ution ( ! *ances ( int]national friction1 ! urg5cy ( dome/ic uni=mity w 9 great "p disappe>2 & democratic life may be c\nt$ ^u to express itself 9 a free & unlimit$ v>iation ( ?\ght & int]e/4 ,at ! same "t x is obvi\s t ! pres5t doctr9e ( prop]ty-rights )9 ! community entails a s]i\s limitation ^u ! fre$om ( ! m9d4 ,notice has already be5 tak5 ( ! effect ( ! prop]ty-privilege z x op]ates 9 ! h&s ( ! capitali/ employ] ^u ! fre$om ( ! work]2 b ! h9drance to fre$om ranges f> beyond ?is region4 ,9 dome/ic legislation1 ! rights ( prop]ty h virtually be5 8! law & ! prophets02 & mod]n /ates h %[n !mselves m jeal\s = ! def5ce ( ve/$ int]e/s ?an ! culture ( ! national life4 ,x may be inde$ t !y h n p]ceiv$ t ^! two ?+s 7 diff]5t1 n to say oppos$4 ,b h[ f> ^! ve/$ int]e/s ent] into ! c\nsels ( ! /ate is evid5t f ! fact t x has t5d$ to treat any doctr9e :i* assails !m z crim9al2 & crimes aga9/ prop]ty are almo/ inv>iably treat$ ) great] sev]ity ?an crimes aga9/ ! p]son4 ,:ile ^! class rights are /ill recognis$ z entitl$ to ! corporate protection ( ! community1 !re w be a region )9 :i* fre$om ( ?\ght w be /ill fr[n$ ^u & s f> z may be d5i$4 ,! sun is too high 9 ! heav5s to p]mit ( p]secution save 9 sporadic cases2 & x w\ld seem t ?is is ! la/ dit* 9 :i* privilege is /ill entr5*$ 9 its retreat be=e ! advance ( fre$om4 ,lese-maje/ has ceas$ to be a dang]\s crime2 ! h]etic 9 religion enjoys 8 h]esies unmole/$2 & ! accid5t ( noble bir? has ceas$ to conf] a privilege4 ,! 8div9e rights0 ( prop]ty w pres5tly g ! way ( ! div9e "r ( k+s2 & !n democracy w h all its enemies "u its feet1 unless !re may be lurk+ beyond ! fronti] "s un=ese5 & un=eseeable enemy4 ,yet ?is enemy too ! _s ( democracy may be tru/$ to subdue4 ,entire fre$om ( ?\ght is cont+5t ^u ! ultimate disappe>ance ( all =ms ( special & exclusive privilege1 :e!r x app]ta9s to mon>*y1 ari/ocracy or prop]ty2 & fre$om ( ?\ght is /ill tol]at$ grudg+ly because gov]nm5t is contam9at$ by a survival ( habits ( ?\ght d]iv$ f ! doctr9e ( special inh]5t & sacr$ rights4 ,! type ( gov]nm5t plead$ = 9 ^! pages is "o :i* assumes t no special int]e/ %all h prec$5ce ov] ! good ( ! social :ole1 & :i* requires t e sep>ate int]e/ %all be subord9at$ to & co-ord9at$ into a g5]al s*eme ( social welf>e4 ,! rights ( prop]ty w be subject to su* curtailm5t z ! common good requires4 ,& s9ce !re=e ! ma9 causes ( exi/+ limitations on fre$om ( ?\ght w h disappe>$1 !re seems to be no reason :y ?is type ( gov]nm5t %\ld at any "t take x ^u itself to repress or to control ?\ght4 ,to ?is /atem5t "o exception may require to be made p>5!tically1 namely1 t ! cont9uance ( s\rces ( int]national tr\ble t may ev5tuate 9 w> w probably necessitate occasional int]f]5ce ) fre$om ( ?\ght & action4 ,?is matt] we %all consid] 9 m detail pres5tly4 ,meantime1 x is n ra% to believe t 9 a /ate ( ! type "h indicat$1 !re w n only be any disposition to set b\nds ^u indep5d5t ?\ght b a def9ite t5d5cy to enc\rage x4 ,x may conceivably come to conceive ( national 8pre/ige0 9 t]ms ( p]fect & untrammell$ intellectual fre$om4 ,?ree conditions seem to be necess>y to su* an end4 ,! fir/ has to d ) national education ! aim ( :i* %\ld be to make e individual capable ( ?9k+ = himself & imp>t+ to him a social vision :i* w discipl9e & fructify 8 ?\ght4 ,to ?is matt] also we %all ne$ to return at a lat] po9t4 ,! second condition is ! provision ( opportunities ( free public discussion4 ,to ?is subject "s ref]5ce has already be5 made2 & no?+ m ext5d$ ne$ n[ be add$1 save only1 p]haps1 ! ?\ght t ! enc\ragem5t ( free public discussion is ! prop] safegu>d aga9/ ! vag>ies & dang]s ( a suppress$ & in>ticulate diss5t4 ,let ! new ?+ be br\ght into ! ,agora z x 0 9 old ,a!ns2 & ! daylight w decl>e :e!r x be gold or /ubble4 ,! ?ird condition is ! full & unconditional recognition ( ! "r ( association1--! only proviso be+ t no association %all h private or occult or undecl>$ purposes4 ,a /rong t5d5cy to ! =mation ( social gr\ps ( v>i\s k9ds1 political1 cultural1 religi\s1 recreational1 %\ld be hail$ z a sign ( life 9 ! community4 ,& ev5 if ! association be =m$ = ! promulgation ( ! view ( a diss5t+ m9ority1 x %\ld be z frankly enc\rag$ z any o!r4 ,= no view ev] ga9s a consid]able foll[+ :i* does n embody "s fact or tru? ( exp]i5ce :i* is necess>y to ! :ol5ess ( life4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,*apt] ,,viii4 ,a ,,democratic ,,_w4#dd 8,we believe 9 association--:i* is b ! r$uction to action ( our fai? 9 "o sole ,god1 & "o sole law1 & "o sole aim--z ! only means we possess ( realis+ ! tru?2 z ! me?od ( progress2 ! pa? lead+ t[>ds p]fection4 ,! highe/ possible degree ( human progress w correspond to ! discov]y & application ( ! va/e/ =mula ( association4 ,we believe1 !re=e1 9 ! ,holy ,alliance ( ! ,peoples z ! va/e/ =mula ( association possible 9 our epo*2--9 ! lib]ty & equality ( ! peoples )\t :i* no true association c exi/2 9 nationality1 :i* is ! consci5ce ( ! peoples1 & :i*1 by assign+ to !m _! "p 9 ! "w ( association1 _! function 9 humanity1 con/itutes _! mission ^u e>?1 t is to say1 _! individuality1 )\t :i* nei!r lib]ty nor equality is possible2 9 ! sacr$ ,fa!rl&1 cradle ( nationality1 alt> & wor%ip ( ! individuals ( :i* ea* p is compos$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,&1 z we believe 9 humanity z ! sole int]pret] ( ! law ( ,god1 s d we believe 9 ! p ( e /ate z ! sole ma/]1 sole sov]eign1 & sole int]pret] ( ! law ( humanity1 :i* gov]ns e national mission4 ,we believe 9 ! p1 "o & indivisible1 recognis+ nei!r ca/es nor privileges1 nei!r prolet>iat nor ari/ocracy1 :e!r l&$ or f9ancial2 b simply an aggregate ( faculties & =ces consecrat$ to ! well-be+ ( all1 to ! adm9i/ration ( ! common sub/ance & possession1 ! t]re/rial globe40-- ,mazz9i4 ,footnote #dd3 ,?is *apt] 0 writt5 "s "t be=e ! ,league ( ,nations plan adopt$ at ! ,peace ,conf]5ce 0 issu$4 ,x is1 9 spite ( a few po9ts :i* might require modification1 all[$ to /& z x 0 writt51 s9ce ! g5]al c\rse ( ! argum5t /ill appe>s to be s\nd1 especially z x raises po9ts 9 relation to :i* ! (ficial s*eme w mo/ c]ta9ly require great *anges4 8,come1 read ! mean+ ( ! deep6 ,! use ( w9ds & wat]s le>n6 ',tis n to make ! "m weep ,= sons t nev] w return4 ',tis n to make ! nations %[ ,contempt = all :om seas divide2 ',tis n to pamp] w> & woe ,nor fe$ tradition>y pride2 99 99 99 99 99 ,x is to knit ) lov+ life ,! int]e/s ( l& to l&1 ,to jo9 9 f>-se5 fell[%ip ,! tropic & ! pol> /r&4 99 99 99 99 99 ,& m1 = ,k cr[ns ! ga9 ,( int]c\rse ) o!r s\ls1 ,& wisdom travels n 9 va9 ,! plung+ spaces ( ! poles4 ,o may our voice h p[] to say ,h[ soon ! wreck+ discords cease1 ,:5 e w&]+ wave is gay ,) gold5 argosies ( peace40 --,,george ,,m]$i?4 ,,democracy c only ?rive 9 a democratic sett+2 & :ile any p[]ful remnants ( ! dyna/ic tradition survive 9 ! _w1 x is unlikely t democracy w be able to rea* ! full t]m ( its own developm5t4 ,= ! dyna/ic tradition is f ! nature ( ! case ( an incurably pr$atory "*2 & democracy w be arre/$ 9 its self-realisation by s mu* ( ! dyna/ic habit ( ?\ght & way ( life z x may be necess>y to reta9 9 ord] to ga9 immunity f attack4 ,x has be5 "o ( ! commonplaces ( ! ,great ,w> t ! democratic c\ntries h be5 compell$ to def5d !mselves aga9/ ,prussianism by adopt+ ! famili> ,prussian me?ods ( repression & regim5tation4 ,& :at ! w> has actually provok$ is always pot5tially pres5t4 ,s long z !re are dyna/ic nations ) highly c5tralis$ & omnicompet5t au?ority & consequ5tly 9 a m or less advanc$ /ate ( prep>ation = milit>y ent]prise1 x is n to be expect$ t _! democratic neighb\rs w leave !mselves at _! m]cy2 & ! common democratic rights ( fre$om--:e!r ( ! p]son or ( ?\ght--h to be s f> p]man5tly subject to curtailm5t & ev5 entire susp5sion 9 ! ev5t ( w>4 ,x is easy to say t once ! dang] is pa/1 ! =m] lib]ties w be automatically re/or$2 b x does n s "w out 9 actual fact4 ,= au?ority is ev] lo? to rel9qui% any advantage x has ga9$2 & !re are always p>ties 9 e community :o ei!r on selfi% or academic gr\nds are fav\rable to ! curtailm5t ( democratic rights4 ,! re/oration ( ^! rights has commonly to be effect$ aga9/ ! opposition ( p>ties int]e/$ 9 _! curtailm5t4 ,x is a matt] ( common k t p[]ful int]e/s are already at "w1 = in/ance1 to secure t ! h>d-won privileges ( ! ,trade ,unions %all n be re/or$ to !m2 & we may expect to f9d v consid]able & dang]\s opposition to ! re-e/abli%m5t ( ^? civil lib]ties :i* 7 susp5d$ 8= ! duration ( ! w>40 ,x is n likely1 h[ev]1 t ?is opposition c be long ma9ta9$4 ,b x is c]ta9 t x w be "s "t aft] ! close ( ! w> be=e ! dome/ic lib]ties ( ! democratic c\ntries w be re/or$ to ! po9t :i* !y _h rea*$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! w>2 & by s mu* democratic advance w h be5 ret>d$4 ,i ,s t ! developm5t ( ! democratic pr9ciple requires ! cessation ( w> & ( prep>$ness = w>4 ,& ?is to beg9 ) requires ! disappe>ance ( ! dyna/ic tradition4 ,b w ! disappe>ance ( ! dyna/ic tradition necess>ily c>ry ) x ! abolition ( t preoccupation ) national 8pre/ige0 & ! l out ( :i* x has always drawn its /r5g?8 ,! dyna/y may vani%2 b nationalism may rema92 & ! cat*words ( national pre/ige & national hon\r may conceivably become a m5ace to peace & !re=e to fre$om z real z ! dyna/ic tradition4 ,& at ! pres5t "t !re is1 z has be5 previ\sly %[n1 a v real possibility t ! disappe>ance ( ! dyna/ic tradition may leave ! door op5 to ano!r type ( pr$atory nationalism no less injuri\s to ! cause ( democracy4 ,?is is t 8comm]cial imp]ialism0 to :i* ref]5ce has already be5 made4 ,! impression has be5 deeply made ^u ?is g5]ation t ! accumulation ( weal? con/itutes ! prim>y bus9ess ( ! community4 ,x %\ld aim to become ! ri*e/1 weal?ie/ nation4 ,x is n g5]ally p]ceiv$ t ! di/ribution ( ?is weal? is ( a "* :i* robs x ( any "r to be reg>d$ z a 8national0 int]e/4 ,x is ! int]e/ only ( a comp>atively small class )9 ! nation4 ,yet s s$ul\sly has ?is illusion ( national prosp]ity be5 cultivat$1 & s feeble is ! faculty ( discrim9ation 9 ! multitude1 t x w yet be possible = comm]cial adv5tur]s to invoke & receive national endorsem5t ( _! projects ev5 to ! ext5t ( a gu>antee ( milit>y support 9 case ( ne$4 ,! surplus capital ( a nation w seek av5ues ( activity beyond its fronti]s & x w move heav5 & e>? to secure t ! nation %all be committ$ to ! bus9ess ( protect+ x :5 x goes abroad4 ,& x w d ?is by fo/]+ ! illusion t 9 "s my/]i\s way its pr(itable =eign excursions br+ prosp]ity to ! home community4 ,a mom5t's reflection %\ld be suffici5t to %[ t op]ations ( ?is k9d w br+ to no nation any comp5sation t is ev5 remotely comm5surate ) ! co/ ( gu>antee+ !m4 ,nor is x = _! =eign adv5tures alone t ^! p>ticul> int]e/s w "w up national pride & prejudice4 ,!y look ^u ! home m>ket ) ! same avid eye z ! =eign2 & x is an affair ( common k t !y h n hesitat$ to inflame national feel+ 9 ord] to secure invidi\s protective t>iffs aga9/ o!r nations4 8,keep out ! =eign]0 is always an effective battlecry2 x be>s a c]ta9 imm$iate & obvi\s plausibility to ! untutor$ & uncritical m9d4 ,! argum5t = free trade lab\rs "u ! disadvantage ( n possess+ ?is k9d ( effective simplicity4 ,except 9 cases :]e free trade has be5 tri$ & is support$ by exp]i5ce1 ! argum5t = x has to lean ^u po/ulates :i* are n s easily demon/rable to ! cr[d & :i* d n l5d !mselves to glib cat*words su* z ! protectioni/s delight 94 ,x is easy = in/ance1 to %[ t ! prosp]ity ( a p>ticul> indu/ry dep5ds ^u its security aga9/ a =eign competition :i* app>5tly />ts ) ! sup]ior advantage ( *eap lab\r2 & a case may be fairly made = ! protection ( a "y & /ruggl+ indu/ry f unequal competition4 ,! protectioni/1 h[ev]1 ext5ds 8 argum5t to cov] all indu/ry2 8 conc]n is n = ! gr[? ( a /ruggl+ indu/ry b = a monopoly ( ! home m>kets--:at "t he is also actively invad+ =eign m>kets4 ,! free trad] has 9 reply to %[ t a protective t>iff is a /ranglehold ^u all indu/ry4 ,because1 = in/ance1 x r5d]s ! capitali/ produc] immune f =eign competition1 x r$uces ! necessity on 8 "p to improve me?ods ( production2 & 9 s mu* z 8 c>e is = 8 pr(its r ?an ! real developm5t ( indu/ry = ! good ( ! social :ole1 he w t5d to rema9 cont5t ) obsolete & antiquat$ me?ods ( production s long z improvem5t is n ess5tial to ! ma9t5ance ( pr(its4 ,moreov]1 x works 9 ! direction ( compell+ ! indu/ries ( ! nation to utilise ! raw mat]ials available )9 its own bord]s ev5 ?\gh ^! be inf]ior 9 quality to ^? obta9able else:]e1 ) ! result t ! national indu/ries are s]i\sly h&icapp$ 9 competition 9 =eign m>kets1 ev5 9 "s cases 9 ! home m>kets4 ,! problem ( clo?+ oneself 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica is a suffici5t illu/ration ( ! fanta/ic illusion t a protective t>iff makes = ! common good4 ,! t>iff on wooll5 goods may be useful to ! own]s ( ! wooll5 indu/ries 9 ,am]ica2 b ! advantage is ga9$ at ! exp5se ( ! :ole p1 includ+ ! v op]atives 9 wooll5 mills4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 n ! place to /ate ! :ole case z betwe5 protection & free trade4 ,*iefly x is to our po9t "h to emphasise ! fact t ! advocates ( a protective t>iff belong ma9ly to ! capitali/ class2 & t !y w plead = a protective t>iff on ! gr\nd ( national prosp]ity1 & t national pride & prejudice w be invok$ 9 support ( ! argum5t4 ,!y w be c>eful to ab/a9 f call+ undue att5tion to ! po9t t a protective t>iff w discrim9ate 9 fav\r ( ! classes t are already suffici5tly prosp]\s1 & _! popul> argum5t w h mu* to say ab\t ! high wages ( ! work]4 8,make ! =eign] pay0 0 ! battlecry ( ! ,*amb]la9ite fiscal re=m] 9 ,engl&2 & :at ! =eign] pays we all enjoy toge!r4 ,x s\nds fair en\gh2 until x is se5 t by no *ance :atsoev] does ! =eign] pay any?+4 ,he may lose some?+ 9 ! dim9ution ( 8 trade2 b he pays no?+4 ,! paym5t is made by ! dome/ic consum] 9 ! high] prices :i* imm$iately prevail 9 respect ( 8protect$0 commodities2 & ?is high] price br+s an advantage to :om8 ,to ! work]8 ,n at all1 if ! capitali/ c help x4 ,w ! work] get high] wages8 ,only if he is /rong en\gh to dem& x4 ,! empty hypocrisy ( ?is talk ab\t national prosp]ity %\ld be evid5t f ! fact t ! v p :o are int]e/$ 9 high prices are ^? :o are equally int]e/$ 9 l[]+ wages4 ,! increase ( ! wage rate dur+ ! w> has n automatically or proportionately foll[$ ! rise 9 prices2 x has always to be wre/$ by ma9 =ce f ^? ^: int]e/ lies 9 keep+ prices high & wages l[4 ,"u a protectioni/ rgime1 wages are r>ely high en\gh to comp5sate = ! high] co/ ( liv+1 & ! m dep5d5t a c\ntry is ^u importation f abroad1 ! tru] is ?is /atem5t4 ,x is only 9 c\ntries l ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica :]e ! natural res\rces are l>ge & m or less easily available t protection c effect any sub/antial appe>ance ( social prosp]ity1 & ev5 9 ^! cases x is sc>cely d\btful t ! g5]al prosp]ity w\ld be greatly increas$ by ! removal ( a protective t>iff4 ,! divid5ds ^u inve/$ capital w\ld no d\bt be l[]2 b ! g5]al level ( mat]ial well-be+ w\ld be appreciably rais$4 ,democracy mu/ make up its m9d ^u ?is po9t4 ,x mu/ turn a cold & critical eye ^u all plausible talk ab\t national prosp]ity & ask :e!r ?is prosp]ity is 9 fact ! ?+ x pr(esses to be4 ,national weal? is s inequitably di/ribut$ t ! production ( weal? z a national conc]n is a polity p\r rire4 ,protection & comm]cial imp]ialism are devices :i* "w 9 ! int]e/s ( ! already prosp]\s classes1 a v small m9ority ( ! community4 ,?is is n to say t !re are n advocates ( protective t>iffs :o s9c]ely believe all !y say s flu5tly ab\t 8national0 prosp]ity2 ( ^! good p x is n ! dis9t]e/$ness t is to be call$ into "q b ! intellig5ce4 ,b x z sure z any?+ c v well be t if a /atutory limit 7 set ^u pr(its1 incomes & =tunes1 we %\ld he> v little ab\t protective t>iffs & ! ne$ ( protect+ comm]cial int]e/s 89 p>tibus infidelibus40 ,to say t ?is w\ld imm$iately cru% ! inc5tive to ! comm]cial & indu/rial ent]prise ( ! nation w\ld be an unwor?y reflection ^u ! patriotism ( ^? :o are at pres5t direct+ ! ent]prise4 ,9 any case ! po9t :i* is com+ up = ! decision ( democratic communities is :e!r !y are go+ to id5tify !mselves )1 & commit !mselves to1 ! support ( ent]prises :i* prim>ily s]ve ! int]e/s ( a class already well en\gh provid$ = & :i* c br+ no advantage to ! p at l>ge comm5surate ) ! risk involv$ 9 endors+ !m4 ,) ! crumbl+ ( ! dyna/ic tradition1 ! "o sub/antial cause /ill out/&+ ( int]national misund]/&+ is comm]cial rivalry2 b ?is comm]cial rivalry is 9 no s5se a rivalry betwe5 peoples2 x is purely a rivalry betwe5 ! capitali/ int]e/s 9 ! diff]5t c\ntries4 ,are ! democracies /ill prep>$ to suff] arre/ ( _! own developm5t by reta9+ a sort ( pot5tial w>-foot+ 9 ! int]e/s ( :at are aft] all ma9ly class-adv5tures8#de ,footnote #de3 ,! proposal to e/abli% an ,int]national ,lab\r ,/&>d w1 ( c\rse1 d some?+ to rob ! protectioni/ argum5t ( ! =ce x borr[s f play+ up ! 8dump+0 ( goods produc$ by und]paid =eign lab\r4 ,b x may be urg$ t ev5 9 ! ev5t ( ! elim9ation ( ?is type ( comm]cial rivalry1 ! national feel+ w\ld /ill rema9--intr9sically & )\t ! adv5titi\s aid ( dyna/ic or comm]cial int]e/s--a p]man5t gr\nd ( sep>ation & possible diss5sion betwe5 peoples1 ev5 democratic peoples4 ,we are told t !re is su* a ?+ z national 8hon\r0 :i* is a sacr$ tru/ & :i* ! nation mu/ be prep>$ to def5d aga9/ all com]s4 ,x may be s]i\sly que/ion$ :e!r ?is conception ( national 8hon\r0 is n an ar*aism :i* has lapp$ ov] f ! age :5 m5 /ill talk$ ( gambl+ debts z 8debts ( hon\r0 & g5tlem5 adju/$ _! diff]5ces by means ( 8affairs ( hon\r40 ,x %\ld be evid5t t no nation has any k9d ( hon\r :i* is subject to real (f5ce save at its own h&s1 or :i* c be =feit$ save by its own act2 & a nation 9 any?+ l a mature /age ( e?ical developm5t %\ld be 79 a memorable phrase7 8too pr\d to fight0 m]ely because its am\r propre _h be5 prick$ by "s ill-behav$ ur*9 among ! nations4 ,no self-respect+ citiz5 resorts to fi/icuffs 9 ord] to av5ge an insult2 & ! m self-respect+ he is ! m effectual is ! int]ior con/ra9t :i* =bids him to act 9 t way4 ,& x is equally inconceivable t a self-respect+ nation %\ld ?9k x wor? :ile to ass]t itself 9 a retaliatory way aga9/ :at aft] all c am\nt to no m ?an rud5ess or imp]t95ce4 ,x is true t !re is a good deal ( residual sup]/ition 9 ?is p>ticul> region :i* is apt to magnify out ( all proportion ! significance ( su* improprieties z disrespect to ! flag2 b a little good hum\r$ realism is all ! antidote t is requir$4 ,su* ?+s z ^! h no real mean+ except :]e symbolic & =mal punctilio /ill takes prec$5ce ov] ! actualities ( life4 ,= ! re/1 ! only possible s\rces ( (f5ce to national hon\r lies 9 ! region :]e national hon\r travels abroad 9 ! p]sons ( (ficial & un(ficial individuals ( t nation4 ,b at ?is "t ( day1 x is inconceivable t any issues %\ld arise 9 ?is region :i* are n capable ( easy & fri5dly adju/m5t4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 t is :at usually happ5s4 ,apologies are made2 a =mula is adopt$2 & ! affair bl[s ov]4 ,x w occur to ! cynical t 9 rec5t times ! po9t ( hon\r has be5 *iefly insi/$ ^u on su* occasions z ! pursuit seem$ likely to ev5tuate 9 "s mat]ial advantage2 9 any case ! po9t ( hon\r survives only z an affair ( /atesm5 & diplomats & provokes no m ?an a languid int]e/ 9 ! rema9d] ( ! nation1 :i* has m press+ conc]ns on h&4 ,national 8hon\r0 seems on ! :ole to be b a frill left ov] f ! day 9 :i* ! div9e "r ( k+s 0 /ill a live dogma4 ,9 ! fact ( nationality itself !re is no?+ :i* necess>ily t5ds to a brea* ( ! peace4 ,we "k t x repres5ts no fact ( organic inh]itance :i* is b\nd to p]petuate divisions ( an unfri5dly or unneighb\rly k9d betwe5 peoples4 ,!re is no mod]n 8nation0 :i* c claim homog5eity ( racial orig91 ( language1 ( religion4 ,x describes a political unity )9 :i* a p by ! simple process ( liv+ toge!r has develop$ & is cont9u+ to develop a p>ticul> way ( life & quality ( culture4 ,! peculi> col\r ( national life is due ( c\rse to "s ext5t to its geographical location1 to ! circum/ances ( its hi/ory1 & to its natural res\rces1 b national unity is a*iev$ 9 ! evolution ( a common tradition & a common culture4 ,nor is x possible to fix any real b\nds to ! gr[? ( a nation4 ,x is a hi/orical commonplace h[ ! small primitive gr\p+s ( man h /eadily gr[n 9 ext5t until we h rea*$ ! /age ( va/ aggregations ( polyglot peoples compreh5d$ "u a s+le national "n--l ! ,briti% ,empire & ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! 8nation0 possesses no fixity1 & national feel+ und]goes cont9ual *ange & modification z ! result ( *ang+ circum/ances4 ,!re are _m l ! pres5t writ] ^: e>ly s*ool+ left !m ) ! impression t !re 0 a necess>y & p]man5t antagonism ( int]e/ betwe5 ! ,briti% & ,fr5*2 b s9ce !n ! ,ent5te ,cordiale & o!r mom5t\s happ5+s h completely bani%$ t ho>y tradition f ! ,briti% m9d4 ,x is1 moreov]1 n op5 to "q t ! increase & improvem5t ( means ( communication h done mu* to dispel ! ignorance f :i* national prejudice & int]national suspicion drew _! /r5g?4 ,! biological judgm5t ^u nationality is p]t95t to ?is po9t3 8,all ! mo/ important ag5cies produc+ ! div]g5t modification ( ! nations are human products & c be alt]$40#df ,^! ag5cies are presumably ! factors :i* con/itute :at ,mr4 ,b5jam9 ,kidd call$ social h]$ity2 & he has %[n ) great =ce h[ possible x is to 8impose ! elem5ts ( a new social h]$ity0 on a :ole p & to *ange its "* accord+ly4#dg ,! sum ( ! matt] is t nationality is a fluid & *ang+ entity2 & its intr9sic nature & its hi/ory appe> to po9t to ! conclusion t x is a necess>y /age 9 ! evolution ( human society1 by :i* ! caveman is to become at la/ a citiz5 ( ! _w4 ,!re is no?+ to ju/ify ! expectation t pres5t national *>act]s & national fronti]s w rema9 z p]man5t factors 9 ! life ( ! _w4 ,footnote #df3 ,*alm]s ,mit*ell1 ,evolution & ! ,w>1 p4 #ij4 ,footnote #dg3 ,b5jam9 ,kidd1 ,! ,sci5ce ( ,p[]1 p4 #cje4 ,?is does n mean t ! _w w n cont9ue to be organis$ on ! basis ( nationality2 x means only t ! pres5t national divisions are n p]man5t4 ,! law ( natural v>iation w op]ate 9 produc+ div]sity 9 ! complexion & culture ( communities2 & ! race w conta9 to ! end an inf9ite v>iety ( social types4 ,inde$ z ! dyna/ic imp]ial tradition decays1 ! t5d5cy to induce uni=mity among ! peoples br\ght "u a common rule w disappe>2 & ! free play ( v>iation w probably be m evid5t 9 ! future ?an x has be51 at lea/ 9 ! ne> pa/4 ,! emphasis ^u ! rights ( small nations & ! disruption ( ,russia & ( ! ,dual ,mon>*y into _! con/itu5t nations bo? alike indicate t we %all h a consid]able acc5tuation ( di/9ctive national types 9 ! ye>s ahead ( u4 ,b ?is is n 9 any s5se a matt] = misgiv+2 = ! l>g] ! v>iety ( typical national cultures1 ! m v>i$ & ri* w ! life ( ! race become4 ,z ,"l ,bryce said 9 ! e>ly days ( ! w>1 ! _w 0 already too uni=m & 0 becom+ m uni=m e day2 & a reaction f uni=mity is a sign ( r5ew$ life4 ,at ! same "t x mu/ n be =gott5 t )\t "s balanc+ pr9ciple !re are dang]s inh]5t 9 nationality4 ,x has be5 ju/ly obs]v$ t nationality is an admirable ?+ :5 x is be+ /ruggl$ =1 b t once a*iev$ x is apt to become a p]il4 ,! passion = nationality may ov]%oot its m>k4 ,national self-consci\sness may bre$ national self-conceit2 & out ( ?is temp] especially "u ! conditions ( mod]n comm]ce may gr[ ! _s ( aggression4 ,x is useless to hide ?is fact f ourselves2 ! rec5t hi/ory ( ,italy gives ample demon/ration ( x4 ,! ,italy ( ,g>ibaldi 0 h>dly recognisable 9 ! ,italy ( ! ,tripoli adv5ture4 ,x is !re=e necess>y t ! nations t h come to new bir? 9 ! _w-travail ( ^! la/ five ye>s1 %\ld be pres]v$ f ! dang] ( becom+ aggressive at ! exp5se ( _! neighb\rs1 & 9 ?is necessity is conta9$ 9 little ! entire problem ( int]national integration :i* is likely to occupy ! m9ds ( /atesm5 & political ?9k]s 9 ! com+ c5tury4 ,at ! same "t ! ultimate security ( ! peace :i* is necess>y to ! progress ( ! democratic pr9ciple mu/ lie n 9 ext]nal safegu>ds & *ecks b 9 ! increas+ democratisation ( national life4 ,! elim9ation ( ^? residual pr$atory int]e/s :i* /ill dog ! /eps ( democracy & are /ill able to p]v]t x to _! own ends may be help$ by ! creation ( int]national ma*9]y :i* w limit ! area ( _! opportunities2 b x dep5ds mo/ ( all ^u ! progressive disappe>ance ( class & sectional privileges )9 ! nations4 ,= privilege is always pr$atory2 & s long z !re /ill rema9 privileg$ classes )9 ! nations no int]national ma*9]y ( adju/m5t & re/ra9t c d m ?an pres]ve a highly prec>i\s equilibrium betwe5 conflict+ int]e/s4 ,,iii ,^u ?is :ole subject !re is little to be said :i* is n already p]fectly cle> to ^? :o h giv5 x any s]i\s ?\ght4 ,two c\rses are op51 & only two1 to mod]n democracies4 ,!y may *oose to reta9 ! traditional dogmas ( national sov]eignty & 8hon\r10 & ! curr5t acceptances ( ! bus9ess sy/em1 or !y may resolve ^u a break ) ! pa/4 ,! consequ5ces ( ! fir/ *oice are p]fectly evid5t f ! /ate into :i* ! _w has be5 br\ght by its op]ation 9 ! ne> pa/4 ,x implies ! ret5tion ( a privileg$ class ) int]e/s to be def5d$ at home & abroad2 x w "w out 9 competitive comm]ce & z a natural coroll>y 9 competitive armam5ts4 ,& competitive armam5ts soon or late mean w>4 ,x has already be5 po9t$ out h[ ! doctr9e ( milit>y 8prep>$ness0 mu/ inevitably ret>d & arre/ ! realisation ( democratic lib]ty )9 ! nation1 b x mu/ f>!r be recognis$ t any g5]al ret5tion ( milit>y e/abli%m5ts1 "u ! conditions ( mod]n indu/ry1 mu/ ev5tuate 9 ! total de/ruction ( democracy & civilisation4 ,! o!r *oice means a delib]ate & progressive attempt to organise ! int]c\rse ( nations ^u a basis ( reciprocity & co-op]ation4 ,ev5 ?\gh ! consequ5ces ( su* an attempt may be at pres5t unc]ta9 & problematical1 x may at lea/ be ass]t$ t !y _c be worse ?an ^? :i* h s tragically ensu$ f ! =m] tradition4 ,inde$1 we h already come to a /ate ( ! _w 9 :i* ! =m] tradition has long ceas$ to correspond to actuality4 ,s long z ! means ( communication rema9$ elem5t>y & sl[1 x 0 possible = nations to live m or less indep5d5t lives & x 0 9 _! int]e/ to become self-suffic+ & self-conta9$4 ,!y 7 suffici5tly f> f "o ano!r to meet only 9 ! ev5t ( bord] brawls or ( pr$atory excursions on a l>ge scale on ! "p ( a /rong neighb\r aga9/ a weak]4 ,b ) ! mod]n developm5t ( ! means ( communication a policy ( isolation has become utt]ly impossible4 ,! _w has become a neighb\rhood2 & national int]e/s are inextricably int]tw9$4 ,:5 ,presid5t ,wilson said 9 #aiaf t ! ,european ,w> 0 ! la/ great w> out ( p>ticipation 9 :i* x w\ld be possible = ! ,unit$ ,/ates to rema91 he 0 speak+ ) ?is p>ticul> circum/ance 9 m9d2 & n ev5 8 =esight 0 suffici5t at t "t to see t ! day ( isolation 0 already ov]4 ,9 six mon?s1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 engulf$ 9 ! bloody mael/rom4 ,! policy ( national isolation is obsolete2 & ! p]sons :o advocate milit>y prep>$ness & protective t>iffs are 8back numb]s40 ,^! atavi/ic policies are no long] possible except at ! co/ ( ! incalculable impov]i%m5t ( ! nation :i* adopts !m4 ,! nation t %uts o!rs out also %uts itself 9 & w sl[ly p]i% f an inbre$+ m9d & an +r[+ en]gy4 ,= ! b>ri] aga9/ mutual confid5ce & goodwill :i* is milit>y prep>$ness1 & ! b>ri] aga9/ reciprocal trade1 :i* is a protective t>iff1 h9d] mu* m ?an ! ex*anges ( fri5d%ip & trade4 ,!y h9d] t ex*ange ( spiritual1 intellectual & cultural goods :i* are on any radical analysis m ess5tial to a p's gr[? & weal? ?an its trade4 ,ev5 z ?+s are1 ^? b>ri]s are n suffici5t to prev5t a c]ta9 mutuality 9 trade & 9 culture4 ,nei!r ! ,g]man t>iff c\ld keep ,%effield /eel out ( ,g]many1 nor does ! ,unit$ ,/ates t>iff keep ,brad=d clo? out ( ,am]ica1 & 9 ! region ( intellectual & cultural int]e/s ! comm]ce has atta9$ 9 rec5t times a consid]able briskness4 ,b 9 ! pres5t /ate ( ! _w1 :y %\ld a nation /ill cl+ to ! illusion t x is a s\rce ( /r5g? to be self-conta9$8 ,x is simply silly to cont9ue to live on homemade goods & homemade ideas :5 "o's neighb\rs are ready to supply ^? :i* !y are 9 a position to produce bett] ?an ourselves1 & to supply !m freely on a basis ( fair ex*ange2 & x is no comp5sation = ! consumption ( second-rate goods t x helps to increase ! bank balance ( a few ( "o's c\ntrym51 especially :5 ^! few c\ntrym5 :o are ?us pr(it$ c out ( _! pr(its procure ! sup]ior =eign article :i* !y put out ( ! rea* ( ! re/4 ,! organisation ( ! _w ^u a basis ( int]national reciprocity becomes a necessity by reason ( ! proximity into :i* mod]n means ( communication h ?r[n ! peoples4 ,! process is inde$ already afoot & 9 spite ( h9drances w inevitably gr[ 9 p[] & range2 & we are only anticipat+ ev5ts :5 we set out to organise ! nations on a f\ndation ( mutuality4 ,! process is1 h[ev]1 n )\t its difficulties2 & ! conditions :i* are necess>y 9 ord] to create a league ( nations b\nd toge!r by a pr9ciple ( reciprocity may be pass$ 9 brief review4 ,,iv ,fir/ ( all x is necess>y t ! la/ ve/ige ( imp]ial dom9ion %\ld disappe>4 ,a nation :i* is held unwill+ly )9 a p>ticul> political unity %\ld be emancipat$ & be set up 9 indep5d5ce4 ,real reciprocity is only possible on a f\ndation ( common fre$om1 & x is a pre-requisite ( any s*eme ( _w f$]ation t any s-call$ 8subject0 nation :i* puts 9 a claim to indep5d5ce %\ld h its claim conc$$ at sight4 ,! :ole conception ( reciprocity is d5i$ :5 a nation is dragg$ into ! s*eme at ! tail ( ano!r4 ,at ! same "t x %\ld be made cle> t an indep5d5ce ?us recognis$ does n c>ry ) x ! pr]ogative ( a sov]eignty ( ! traditional k9d4 ,indep5d5ce is to mean autonomy 9 dome/ic affairs b n indep5d5t action 9 ext]nal affairs4 ,reciprocity implies jo9t action 9 matt]s ( int]national int]e/2 & 9 s mu* z ! work+ ( a reciprocal s*eme implies ! p[] ( au?oritative action by "s sup]ior jo9t c\ncil1 x is cle> t !re mu/ be a cession ( su* portion ( national sov]eignty z is impli$ 9 ! jo9t transaction ( int]national affairs4 ,nor is ?is to be a rule m]ely = ! less] or ! newly emancipat$ nations4 ,cle>ly x mu/ be a rule = all nations great or small :i* ent] into ! arrangem5t4 ,x is suppos$ t ! nations w be f\nd unready to make ?is surr5d]2 9 :i* case x is 9 no ne$ ( demon/ration t a ,league ( ,nations is impossible save only = ! purely negative bus9ess ( adju/+ difficulties & settl+ disputes4 ,t inde$ 7 a great ga91 ev5 ?\gh f ! nature ( ! case x w\ld 9 all probability be only tempor>y4 ,nations /ill boa/+ sov]eignty w\ld soon or late be tempt$ to take matt]s into _! own h&s 9 ! ev5t ( adju/m5ts & settlem5ts :i* prov$ unsatisfactory4 ,b 9 po9t ( fact !re is no difficulty at all ab\t ?is cession ( sov]eignty except 9 ! m9ds ( incurable j+oes or legal doctr9aires4 ,! ?+ has be5 done & is 9 practice on a l>ge scale already4 ,t va/ unity call$ ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica became & rema9s possible only because indep5d5t /ates h volunt>ily c$$ c]ta9 elem5ts ( _! sov]eignty to a f$]al au?ority2 & !re is no objection o!r ?an t ( *auv9i/ic prejudice or ( academic !ory :i* c\ld effectually prev5t ! creation ( a ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,europe on ! same basis & a greatly ext5d$ ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica z well4 ,b x requires to be emphasis$ at ?is po9t t we ne$ less a league ( nations ?an a league ( peoples2 & if x be alleg$ t ?is is a di/9ction :i* implies no real diff]5ce1 ! answ] mu/ be made t ! diff]5ce is inde$ deep & vital4 ,sir ,rab9drana? ,tagore has lately criticis$ ! idea ( ! nation on ! gr\nd t x is ! organisation ( a p 9 ! int]e/s ( its mat]ial welf>e & p[]2#dh & insomu* z ! nation f9ds its focus 9 ! sov]eign /ate1 its effect is sep>ative & divisive4 ,a league ( nations 9 ! ,we/]n ,_w w\ld t5d to be a league ( /ates1 ( gov]nm5ts2 & ! psy*ological inh]itance ( su* a league w\ld t5d to an undue preoccupation ) s*emes & policies r ?an ! broad] matt]s ( human int]c\rse4 ,x is inconceivable t a league ( nations w be able to dive/ itself f ! *>act]i/ic /ock-9-trade ( ! speciali/ 9 8=eign affairs10 s9ce x w\ld naturally be eng9e]$ by /atesm5 s*ool$ 9 ! traditional ord]4 ,no league has any *ance ( p]man5ce :i* does n break :olly ) ! curr5t conv5tions ( int]national bus9ess2 & ! only hope ( su* a break lies 9 ! direct selection by ! p ( ! v>i\s c\ntries ( _! own repres5tatives on ! c\ncil ( ! league4 ,! league mu/ be democratically controll$2 & t ) z mu* direct democratic p[] z su* exp$i5ts z proportional repres5tation & recall c secure4 ,! =eign (fices ( ,europe are s incurably /eep$ 9 an evil tradition t ! less !y h to d ) any future league ! bett]4 ,! secrecy1 ! intrigue1 ! diplomatic f9esse 9 :i* !y h be5 exp]t are incongru\s ) ! democratic pr9ciple2 & x is necess>y 9 ! int]e/ ( int]national und]/&+ t !y %\ld be put out ( commission ) all dec5t ha/e4 ,! k9d ( dome/ic organisation = =eign bus9ess :i* a league ( nations requires diff]s toto coelo f ! exi/+ in/itution2 & x w h to be built f ! bottom up4 ,footnote #dh3 ,see ,atlantic ,mon?ly1 ,m>*1 #aiag1 p4 #bia4 ,a league ( peoples requires pla9 deal+ 9 ! op52 b !re is no?+ ga9$ ev5 !n if !re be no public appreh5sion ( ! nature ( ! bus9ess 9 h&4 ,hi!rto1 ! common man has display$ b a flick]+ int]e/ 9 ! ext]nal affairs ( 8 c\ntry2 & ?is va/ & important region has be5 left ! monopoly ( a comp>atively small cot]ie ( p :o h made ! %unn+ ( publicity a f9e art4 ,?is circum/ance is b\nd up ) ! fact t speak+ g5]ally ^! p]sons h consi/5tly belong$ to ! prosp]\s classes2 & ! conv5tions ( ! diplomatic tradition h made x a pres]ve ( p possess+ consid]able indep5d5t incomes4 ,x is ne$less to obs]ve h[ inevitably ! :ole s]vice mu/ be vitiat$ by ?is anti-democratic discrim9ation4 ,! e/abli%$ sy/em is secur$ by employ+ 9 x only ^? ^: upbr++ & education h in/ill$ into !m ! _s ( class sup]iority & asc5d5cy4 ,! ,=eign ,(fices ( ,europe h f ! nature ( ! case be5 ! bre$+ gr\nd ( j+oism & *auv9ism4 ,! pr9ciple ( democratic control 9 =eign affairs1 bo? by ! public discussion ( int]national bus9ess & by ! ?or\gh democratisation ( ,=eign ,(fices is a s9e qua non n alone ( democracy at home b ( any su* league ( peoples z may be e/abli%$4 ,x foll[s z a coroll>y t !re %\ld be a sy/ematic education ( ! p 9 =eign affairs4 ,popul> ignorance w\ld nullify any advantage :i* accru$ f ! democratisation ( ! control & ! conduct ( int]national bus9ess4 ,= ! control & conduct w\ld "u su* conditions pass back into ! h&s ( speciali/s & exp]ts & int]e/$ p>ties4 ,?is popul> education does n fail to be consid]$ 9 detail at ?is po9t4 ,b x may be que/ion$ :e!r x c be effectively su/a9$ unless 9 "s =m or ano!r =eign relations c be made a p]man5t issue ( dome/ic politics4 ,p]haps we may come to ! po9t ( in/itut+ ! popul> election ( ! p]sons 9 :om ! responsibility ( =eign bus9ess %all be ve/$4 ,at ! pres5t "t x is only r>ely1 & !n b 9 a subord9ate way1 t que/ions ( =eign policy ent] into ! issues ( an election2 & until "s means is devis$ ( educat+ ! public m9d 9 ! subject-matt] ( =eign relations1 ?is condition w cont9ue4 ,v ,x is1 h[ev]1 likely t ! =ce ( circum/ances may exp$ite ?is process ( education4 ,! articles ( ! com+ peace are gu>ante$ to conta9 a provision = g5]al dis>mam5t2 & s f> z ,europe is conc]n$1 ?is w be a "w ( necessity & n ( sup]]ogation4 ,pr(essor ,delbrck1 = in/ance1 has come to ackn[l$ge t ! 8d]id$ notions0 ( dis>mam5t1 hi!rto 8ent]ta9$ only by p]sons ( no acc\nt10 are likely to be rais$ to 8! position ( ! rul+ pr9ciple ( our "t40#di ,8 conv]sion is due to ! fact t ! w> w leave ! bellig]5ts ( ,europe 9 a f9ancial position :i* w n only make ! increase ( armam5ts impossible1 b w require ! v dra/ic r$uction ( _! milit>y e/abli%m5ts4 ,! only dang] to ! process ( dis>mam5t lies 9 ! circum/ance t two ( ! bellig]5t p[]s1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,japan1 h be5 s little crippl$ by ! w> t !y are 9 a position & may get into ! mood to ma9ta9 l>ge armam5ts4 ,x is useless to obscure f ourselves ! fur!r circum/ance t ^! two p[]s t are 9 a position to af=d l>ge milit>y e/abli%m5ts look ^u "o ano!r ) a consid]able measure ( suspicion despite _! rec5t association ^u ! same side 9 ! w>1 & ! =mal pr(essions ( mutual good-w t h latt]ly be5 made4 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ,japan is /ill ma9ly dyna/ic 9 gov]nm5t & consequ5tly imp]iali/ic 9 _s1 t its economic developm5t seems to require an expansion ( m>ket+ opportunities1 & t its ov]-population w /imulate emigration4 ,9 ^! matt]s !re is pl5ty ( inflammable /uff2 & we %\ld be guilty ( n fac+ ! facts ( ! case1 did we n p]ceive t by reason ( ! attraction :i* ,we/]n ,am]ica has = ! ,japanese emigrant1 & ( ! peculi> int]e/ :i* ,am]ica has tak5 9 ! welf>e ( ,*9a1 situations ( v great p]il may arise betwe5 ,japan & ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x is ^u su* a /ate ( ! case t ! argum5t = univ]sal milit>y s]vice 9 ,am]ica w be bas$2 & inde$ mu/ be bas$2 z x is inconceivable t any ,am]ican 9 8 s5ses %\ld appreh5d any dang] f ! o!r side ( ! ,atlantic4 ,! c]ta9 democratisation ( ,europe & ! virtual c]ta9ty ( ! impossibility on f9ancial gr\nds ( any consid]able w>-l ent]prise on ! "p ( ! ,european nations make ! cont+5cy ( a ,transatlantic w> un?9kable at ! pres5t "t1 or inde$ at any future "t4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 pre-supposes t ! causes ( friction likely to arise f ! national und]writ+ ( private =eign inve/m5ts w be remov$ by a common und]/&+ t ! private v5tures ( capital abroad are made at its own risk4 ,footnote #di3 ,prssis*e ,jahrbu*] 7,novemb]1 #aiag74 ,! possible /ra9 ( ! situation betwe5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,japan is1 h[ev]1 already alleviat$ to "s ext5t by ! prospect ( a democratic movem5t 9 ! latt] c\ntry4 ,japan c 9 any case h>dly expect to keep its in/itutions intact if x ent]s into reciprocal relations ) democratic communities4 ,n[1 = ! fir/ "t1 a common] is premi] ( ,japan2 & ! widespread social discont5t is likely to /imulate ! t5d5cy to popul>ise ! ma*9]y ( gov]nm5t4 ,x is probably too mu* to expect 9 ! pres5t /ate ( ,japanese education1 t ! v5]ation 9 :i* ! dyna/y is held w spe$ily disappe>4 ,yet aft] ! swift & dramatic disappe>ance ( 8div9e rights0 9 ,g]many1 x is n wise to assume t hi/orical processes ( ?is type are necess>ily sl[4 ,ap>t1 h[ev]1 f ! possible causes ( friction betwe5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,japan1 !re seems to be little insup]able difficulty 9 rea*+ an int]national und]/&+ conc]n+ dis>mam5t4#ej ,^u su* an und]/&+1 ! :ole future ( ! project$ ,league ( ,nations hangs4 ,! ,league w be no m ?an an empty %ell if ! con/itu5t nations /ill cont9ue to g ab\t ) load$ fire-arms4 ,yet ev5 if ! ,league itself 7 n to come into exi/5ce imm$iately ! economic necessity ( dis>mam5t w\ld ( itself suffice to *ange int]national relation%ips v pr(\ndly4 ,r$uction 9 armam5ts w involve a revolution 9 =eign policy4 ,= ! two ?+s g toge!r4 ,a p>ticul> k9d ( =eign policy requires a correspond+ scale ( armam5ts2 & ! /ate ( a nation's armam5ts v mat]ially affects ! objects & ! tone ( its =eign policy4 ,9 a ^w ! r$uction ( armam5ts w\ld compel ! nations 9 "s sort to moralise _! mutual relations4 ,! old basis ( ambition-cum-fe> back$ by =ce w h to be displac$ by a practice ( pla9 deal+ & mutual und]/&+4 ,s9ce ! nations _c af=d to fight "o ano!r = "s "t to come1 !re is no?+ = x b t !y le>n to behave !mselves prop]ly t[>d ea* o!r4 ,aft] a :ile x is p]missible to hope t !y w\ld n want to fight ea* o!r4 ,footnote #ej3 ,?is /atem5t does n seem q s true n[ z :5 x 0 writt51 9 view ( ! provisions ( ! ,peace ,treaty4 ,,vi ,b if dis>mam5t is likely to compel a new type ( int]national deal+1 x is pla9 t !re mu/ be "s k9d ( int]national cle>+ h\se4 ,we h gone pa/ ! /age at :i* "o nation c transact a b>ga9 ) ano!r :i* w n affect ! int]e/s ( a ?ird p>ty4 ,! %r9kage ( ! _w has ?r[n ! nations too closely toge!r = any ( !m to suppose t !y c det]m9e _! policies 9 isolation & c>ry !m ?r\gh piece-meal ) ?is "o & t1 )\t ref]5ce to ! re/4 ,pref]5tial trade agreem5ts1 = in/ance1 are n m]ely an affair ( ! contra/+ p>ties2 !y affect all ! nations4 ,& x is impossible any long]--9 ! abs5ce ( =ce majeure--to e/abli% relations ( t k9d )\t ! cons5t ( ! re/ ( ! _w4 ,! case = an int]national cle>+ h\se is inde$ at ?is "t ( day irresi/ible4 ,moreov]1 ! imm$iate /ress ( ! food-situation ?r\gh\t ! _w is c]ta9 to require "s su* organ = ! co-ord9ation & ! di/ribution ( ! available food-supply4 ,x seems likely t ! supply ( food = ! _w w be = "s ye>s inadequate to ! ne$ )\t c>eful di/ribution2 & x w require ! mo/ c>eful organisation & ration+ ( :at food !re is if ! p ( "s p>ts ( ! _w are to escape v great & protract$ h>d%ip4 ,= ?is1 a cle>+ h\se is necess>y4 ,=tunately we h ! f\ndations ( ?is organisation already laid--on ! "o h& 9 ! ma*9]y ( int]national di/ribution creat$ by ,mr4 ,hoov]1 & on ! o!r 9 ,mr4 ,david ,lub9's f>-see+ in/itution ( an int]national bureau = ! survey ( ! _w's gra9 res\rces4 ,f a c5tral organisation ( ?is k9d ! _w w ne$ to receive its food = "s "t to come4 ,nor is ! problem ( food ! only urg5t matt] ( ?is k9d4 ,!re w be pres5tly a v great dem& = ! raw mat]ial ( indu/rial production4 ,9 ! pa/1 raw mat]ial has be5 provid$ by means ( private v5tures ( all k9ds on a competitive basis4 ,any rev]sion to su* a *aotic & uncoord9at$ me?od ( provid+ raw mat]ial w\ld be att5d$ by consequ5ces ( a mo/ disa/r\s k9d4 ,!re w\ld be no gu>antee ( equitable di/ribution among ! nations2 ) ! result t ^? unfav\rably plac$ 9 ! matt] ( capital or cr$it1 w\ld be put 9 a position ( p]man5t & increas+ economic dep5d5ce & disability4 ,if ! nations n[ releas$ f anci5t tyrannies are to be set ^u _! feet1 x is pla9 t !y mu/ receive supplies ( raw mat]ial z ne>ly adequate = _! ne$ z possible4 ,o!rwise we may create a numb] ( paup] nations4 ,9 addition to ?is fact1 !re is also ! dang] t ! private exploitation ( ! s\rces ( raw mat]ial w\ld t5d to ! subjugation ( backw>d peoples ^: l&s *anc$ to be ri* 9 su* mat]ial4 ,x is an old & a %ameful /ory h[ ! ne$ ( civilisation = raw mat]ial has l$ to ! lac]ation & impov]i%m5t ( ! native population ( 7say7 ,africa2 & x is necess>y t ! consci5ce ( ! _w %\ld refuse to tol]ate ! sy/em ( concessions & ! l :i* made ?is crim9ality possible4 ,on bo? gr\nds--! ne$ ( indu/rial production among ! civilis$ p1 & ! rights ( ! undevelop$ peoples--a sy/em ( ! jo9t int]national que/ & di/ribution ( raw mat]ial is requisite4 ,?is int]national ration+ ( raw mat]ial may seem a dra/ic & impracticable proposal2 b any consid]ation ( its alt]natives mu/ drive u to ! conclusion t we _c escape "s exp]im5t h[ev] inadequate 9 ?is direction4 ,9 ! pres5t /ate ( ! _w1 ! balance is s ov]:elm+ly 9 fav\r ( ! /rong nations t any p]petuation ( ! private & competitive que/ ( raw mat]ials w simply lead to a /ruggle ( great comm]cial imp]ialisms 9 :i* ! victims w be ! weak nations4 ,j z ! unprivileg$ classes )9 ! nation h be5 ! victims ( ! great indu/rial p[]s1 ! weak] nations :i* />t ) a h&icap 9 ! /ruggle w be disabl$ 9 p]petuity & w be squeez$ betwe5 _! /rong] neighb\rs4 ,x is difficult to see t ! economic dep5d5ce & subjection ( "o nation to ano!r diff]s appreciably 9 its consequ5ces to ! p at l>ge f t political dep5d5ce & subjection to de/roy :i* ! ,european w> 0 und]tak5 & f\ght at s t]rific a co/4 ,,vii ,! necessity & ! logic ( ! case leads u !re=e1 to expect ! creation ( an int]national organisation :i* %all h c]ta9 positive functions 9 addition to ! negative task ( mitigat+ ! causes ( int]national friction & ! adju/m5t ( diff]5ces4 ,! hope ( ! p]man5ce ( ! ,league lies 9 its positive activities r ?an 9 its purely negative (fices4 ,moreov]1 ! j ration+ ( food & raw mat]ial w\ld ( itself s consid]ably dim9i% ! possibility ( int]national misund]/&+1 t we may look to ! ext5sion ( ! positive & integrative functions ( ! ,league :ile ! ne$ ( purely m$iatorial activity w\ld naturally decrease4 ,nor h we exhau/$ ! matt]s 9 :i* ! ne$ ( ! nations requires action & organisation ( a con/ructive & positive k9d4 ,at ! pres5t "t x is pla9 t "s ( ! peoples newly lib]at$ are n 9 a position to conduct _! affairs )\t outside assi/ance4 ,pale/9e1 ,syria1 & ,mesopotamia1 = in/ance1 mu/ be guid$ & protect$ = "s "t to come2 & :ile ! peoples ( ^! c\ntries might *oose to be plac$ "u ! w+ ( "o or o!r ( ! exi/+ 8great0 p[]s1 x is n op5 to argum5t t su* a connection %\ld be "u an arrangem5t :i* secur$ ! acc\ntability ( ! protect+ p[] to an int]national body4 ,if ,great ,brita9 becomes fo/]-"m to ,pale/9e1 or ,france to ,syria1 ! agreem5t %\ld be s =mulat$ t ?is relation%ip is always subject to revision at ! h&s ( ! ,league ( ,peoples4 ,! case ) ! native populations 9 ! =m] ,g]man colonies is /ill m cle>4 ,africa1 9 especial1 has suff]$ unspeakable ?+s f ! imp]iali/ic rivalries ( ! ,european nations2 & its :ole future developm5t is b\nd up ) a gu>antee t its t]ritory & its peoples %all be immune f invasion & exploitation at ! h&s ( nations ) selfi% purposes4 ,?is aga9 po9ts to ! in/itution ( a sy/em ( int]national tutelage & sup]vision4 ,x goes )\t say+1 ( c\rse1 t any su* int]national action %\ld consi/ n only ( protection & tutelage1 b ( education into self-gov]nm5t4 ,! "q z to ! mode 9 :i* ?is int]national sup]vision %\ld be ex]cis$ is second>y4 ,! proposal t x %\ld be made effective by means ( int]national commissions is met ) ! objection t int]national commissions h prov$ to be a failure 9 practice4 ,9 "s cases ?is is d\btless true2 b x is n ! :ole tru?4 ,! ,danube ,commission & ! ,po/al ,union furni% examples ( successful managem5t by int]national commission4 ,b !re is no ne$ to mix up ! "q ( int]national sup]vision ) ! me?od ( r5d]+ x effective4 ,!re appe>s to be no inconsi/5cy 9 ma9ta9+ t ! me?od ( int]national commission w\ld be mo/ fruitful 9 "s in/ances1 :ile ! me?od ( devolv+ ! "w ^u a s+le nation suitably plac$ = do+ x w\ld be m advantage\s 9 o!r cases4 ,9 ^? in/ances1 :]e a weak or backw>d p is capable ( appreciat+ ! alt]natives1 !re is no reason :y ! *oice %\ld n be left to ! p !mselves4 ,"o ( ! fur!r consequ5ces ( ! contraction ( ! _w is t heal? has become an int]national "q4 ,! days :5 a plague c\ld be conf9$ to a city are ov]4#ea ,! rec5t spread ( ! s-call$ 8,spani%0 influ5za is an in/ance :i* proves h[ indissolubly b\nd toge!r ! _w has come to be4 ,& ! sy/em ( national qu>ant9es has to be sup]s$$ by an int]national organ = ! localisation & ! extirpation ( diseases :i* l ! bubonic & ! pneumonic plagues are capable ( easy & de/ructive diffusion2 & = ! removal ( ^? conditions ( fil? & insanitation 9 any "p ( ! _w to :i* ^! sc\rges owe _! orig94 ,x is likely1 moreov]1 t ! great increase 9 pulmon>y & v5]eal diseases z by-products ( ! w> require int]national h&l+ if _! wor/ consequ5ces are to be av]t$4 ,footnote #ea3 ,if1 inde$1 !re ev] 7 any su* days4 ,9 #affe1 ! ,great ,plague 0 br\ght f ,london to ,eyam1 a little ,d]by%ire t[n1 9 a p>cel ( clo? consign$ to ! local tailor6 ,x w also belong to ! propos$ int]national body to ov]see & improve ! facilities = travel & transport4 ,obvi\sly ?is is l>gely a "q ( keep+ ! seas an op5 highway = traffic4 ,! phrase 8! fre$om ( ! seas0 has a special connotation 9 curr5t discussions :i* is apt to obscure ! real po9t at issue4 ,! claim made by ! ,g]man ,gov]nm5t = ! e/abli%m5t ( ! 8fre$om ( ! seas0 seem$ & 0 int5d$ to imply t ,briti% naval supremacy _h con/itut$ a h9drance to sea-borne trade 9 normal times4 ,no "o ) any hi/orical k w\ld be able to cons5t to t judgm5t4 ,briti% naval supremacy has be5 9 no s5se a limitation ^u ! 8fre$om ( ! seas0 9 times ( peace4 ,! seas h always be5 free 9 mod]n times2 & s f> f its hav+ be5 re/rict$ by ,briti% naval supremacy1 a good case may be made out = ! contr>y view4 ,! safety ( ! high seas is possibly m connect$ ) ! effici5cy ( ! ,briti% navy ?an a sup]ficial judgm5t might all[4 ,! fre$om ( ! seas only comes 9 "q 9 w> "t2 & if we are m9d$ to elim9ate w> f ! _w ! :ole problem loses its relevancy anyh[1 except 9 s f> t "s measure ( police surveillance may cont9ue to be necess>y4 ,9 ! meantime x %\ld be rememb]$ t ! insul> position ( ,great ,brita9 has creat$ ! necessity 9 pa/ times = a /rong navy 9 ord] to secure ! fre$om ( ! seas = its own comm]ce2 b x is n to be ma9ta9$ = a mom5t t x has 9 rec5t times us$ its supremacy to limit ! fre$om ( o!r comm]ce4 ,ev5 if ! polic+ ( ! high seas %\ld be plac$ by ! int]national au?ority 9 ! h&s ( ,great ,brita91 its pa/ record %[s t x may be tru/$2 & 9 any case its own int]e/ 9 ! free & unimp$$ passage ( comm]ce ^u ! seas is a gu>antee t x w\ld dis*>ge its (fice effectually4 ,/ill1 x is probably n desirable t ! control ( ! seas %\ld be devolv$ ^u a s+le p[]4 ,! univ]sal int]e/s ( ! nations 9 ! fran*ise ( ! ocean highways make x necess>y t _! protection be an int]national obligation4 ,?is "p ( ! problem %\ld1 h[ev]1 pres5t no insup]able difficulty4 ,9 practice ! high seas are to all int5ts & purposes already neutralis$4 ,our difficulties arise :5 we come to ! "q ( n>r[ int]-ocean wat]ways4 ,! mo/ conspicu\s1 ?\gh p]haps n ! mo/ important1 case ( ?is type1 is ! wat] connect+ ! ,black & ! gean ,seas2 & ! obvi\s solution lies 9 ! p]man5t neutralisation ( ! ,bosphorus1 ! ,sea ( ,m>mora & ! ,d>danelles4 ,!re is no difficulty involv$ 9 ! in/itution ( an int]national commission to c>ry ?is project into effect4 ,?is p>ticul> outlet affects s _m nations t x is intol]able t x %\ld rema9 ! p>ticul> prop]ty ( a s+le nation2 & ! only possible alt]native is ?is ( neutralisation "u int]national commission4 ,! /raits ( ,gibralt> pres5t a diff]5t ?\gh a no m difficult problem4 ,) ! developm5t ( mod]n ordnance1 ! milit>y & political importance ( ! ,rock ( ,gibralt> has virtually disappe>$2 & its value is *iefly t ( a naval base & coal+ /ation4 ,x is difficult to see :at purpose "u mod]n conditions ! ret5tion ( a k9d ( ,briti% sov]eignty 9 ! ,/raits s]ves4 ,9 ! days :5 ! r\te to ,india _h to be protect$1 x 0 ( c\rse ano!r /ory2 & !re is really no reason :y ! ,/raits ( ,gibralt>--z well z all o!r n>r[ wat]ways--%\ld n be neutralis$ 9 p]petuity "u int]national gu>antee4 ,! exp]i5ce ( ! pres5t w> 9 ! matt] ( subm>9e attacks on m]*ant %ips 9 ! ,m$it]ranean %[$ h[ ineffectual any gu>dian%ip ( ! ,/raits is likely to be 9 ! future2 & ! same ?+ is true ( all wat]ways :i* are n suffici5tly n>r[ to be swiftly b>r$ aga9/ entrance by subm>9e craft4 ,! mo/ ?orny "p ( ?is problem lies 9 ! "q ( ! two great int]-ocean canals1 ,suez & ,panama4 ,^! two passages are n[ held by s+le p[]s ?\gh !y are gov]n$ 9 su* a way z to give virtual equality ( use to ! seacraft ( all nations4 ,ap>t f ! pr(its :i* accrue to ! possess+ nations f ! *>ges ^u traffic1 x is difficult to see :at advantage ! arrangem5t possesses4 ,x is 9 ! int]e/ ( ! possess+ nations to enc\rage ! g5]al use ( ! canals1 s mu* s1 inde$1 t x has be5 f\nd exp$i5t by ! ,unit$ ,/ates to r5\nce ! idea ( pref]5tial treatm5t to its own %ipp+ 9 ! ,panama ,canal4 ,probably n mu* w\ld be imm$iately ga9$ by ! neutralisation ( ^! canals1 ?\gh x is likely t ! pressure ( circum/ances may lead to su* an ev5t at a lat] "t4 ,nev]!less1 any int]national au?ority w\ld f9d x necess>y to secure t craft ( all nations %\ld h free & equal access to ! canals at all times4 ,b ! facilitation ( int]national traffic is n an affair ( ! wat] only4 ,x is no less ess5tial t ! great trunk railroads %\ld be effectually co-ord9at$4 ,! ,briti% project ( an 8all-r$ r\te0 r\nd ! _w is an in/ance ( ! k9d ( co-ord9ation t is requir$4 ,! ,int]/ate ,railroad ,commission ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates supplies ! idea at ano!r angle4 ,! conv5i5t int]national transport ( p]sons & commodities1 ! regulation ( "t-s*$ules1 ( f>es & freights1 is surely "p ( ! subject matt] ( a ,league ( ,nations4 ,x has long be5 se5 t ! roads ( a nation are its art]ies & ve9s2 & ! provision ( *eap & easy transit = p]sons & ?+s may well become "o ( ! mo/ pot5t factors 9 ! cohesive en]gy ( a ,league ( ,nations4 ,en\gh has already be5 said ^u ! conditions ( int]national trade :i* are requisite to ! project ( a ,league ( ,peoples4 ,invidi\s protective t>iffs1 8fav\r$ nation0 clauses1 pref]5tial arrangem5ts ( any k9d mu/ "w injuri\sly to ! process ( integration4 ,t ^! devices are also injuri\s to ! nations :i* utilise !m is ( less mom5t to u at ?is po9t ?an _! effect 9 creat+ rivalry & antagonism4 ,to secure a g5u9e & univ]sal reciprocity 9 trade %\ld be "o ( ! aims ( ! league1 z x w also be "o ( ! prim>y conditions ( its consolidation & gr[?4 ,,viii ,b may n ?is conc5tration ( au?ority 9 ! h&s ( an int]national body create a k9d ( sup]-/ate8 ,9 any case ?is dang] is v remote at ! pres5t "t2 b x is no less necess>y t at its inception conditions %\ld be agre$ ^u :i* w safegu>d x f su* a t5d5cy4 ,?is might be done 9 "o ( two ways4 ,x might1 = in/ance1 be orda9$ t ! ma*9]y ( ! ,league %\ld n be unit>y1 b t ! commissions requisite = v>i\s purposes %\ld be indep5d5tly appo9t$ by ! contract+ nations & d]ive _! m&ate directly f !m2 & 9 ! ev5t ( ov]lapp+1 ! commissions conc]n$ might adju/ ! matt] by jo9t session4 ,! o!r alt]native is t !re %\ld be a supreme int]national au?ority1 b t x %\ld be subject to a 8,b>ri] ,act40#eb ,?is w\ld provide t ! p[] & ! enactm5ts ( ! au?ority %\ld be p]petually subject to ! revision ( ! contract+ p>ties2 & x w\ld be impossible = ! int]national body to take any mat]ial /ep outside ! limits ( its m&ate & consequ5tly to ext5d its sph]e ( au?ority )\t ! g5]al cons5t ( ! nations conc]n$4 ,p]haps bo? ^! conditions are necess>y--! direct appo9tm5t ( commissions & ! ,b>ri] ,act2 & 9 any case a g5]al agreem5t %\ld be rea*$ be=eh& z to ! limits & nature ( ! functions to be ve/$ 9 ! int]national body4 ,x is pla91 ( c\rse1 t 9 any ev5t ! ,league mu/ /& ^u cons5t4 ,x w be a volunt>y association ( free peoples2 & its ma9t5ance w dep5d ^u ! impossibility ( its ev] accru+ any au?ority suffici5t to prev5t ! )drawal ( any nation :i* might be s m9d$4 ,x is que/ionable :e!r once ! ,league _h come into op]ation1 any nation c\ld af=d to )draw2 b no p[] %\ld be veil$ 9 x to co]ce a nation to rema9 9 ! ,league aga9/ its w4 ,! basis ( free & volunt>y association is ! only gu>antee ( g5u9e & fruitful solid>ity4 ,footnote #eb3 ,! ,b>ri] ,act 0 a ,presbyt]ian device aga9/ ha/y innovation4 8,e proposal :i* contemplates a mat]ial *ange 9 ! con/itution ( ! ,*ur* or 9 its laws respect+ doctr9e1 discipl9e1 gov]nm5t1 or wor%ip1 aft] be+ consid]$ & accept$ by ! ,synod1 mu/ be s5t d[n to ,presbyt]ies = _! approval or disapproval1 be=e x c become ! law ( ! ,*ur*40 7,! ,book ( ,ord] ( ! ,presbyt]ian ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 p4 #ej47 ,j s1 ! ,f$]al ,am5dm5t to ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates relative to prohibition _h to be ref]r$ to ! sev]al /ates = endorsem5t be=e f9al ratification4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 raises ! "q ( :e!r ! ,league %\ld be arm$ ) p[]s to en=ce its decisions4 ,t x %\ld be end[$ ) a def9ite judicial au?ority goes )\t say+2 b is x to be support$ by a police organisation8 ,9 ! pres5t /ate ( op9ion x appe>s likely t "s k9d ( int]national police =ce w be atta*$ to ! ,league2 b !re are "s reasons = d\bt+ :e!r su* a provision is necess>y or likely to be useful4 ,9 ?is connection ! int]e/+ po9t has be5 rais$ t ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates e/abli%$ a c\rt to adjudicate ^u disputes betwe5 ! ,/ates1 ) no provision ( =ce to compel a ,/ate to accept ! ,c\rt's decision1 b dep5d+ ^u public op9ion alone to validate ! judgm5t4 ,_h !re be5 any attempt on ! "p ( ^? :o fram$ ! ,con/itution to inve/ ! f$]al au?ority ) p[] to co]ce a recalcitrant /ate1 x is likely t ! ,union w\ld nev] h come into exi/5ce2 b ! ,union 0 f\nd$ & surviv$ despite ! abs5ce ( co]cive sanctions1 & ! v5ture ( fai? has be5 v9dicat$ by ! gr[? & unity ( ! ,am]ican p4#ec ,!re is a real dang] le/ ! in/itution ( a police =ce at ! disposal ( ! ,league might prove a disruptive factor2 & ! "q %\ld be c>efully canvass$ be=e a decision is rea*$4 ,9 any case x is safe to say t x %\ld be ! bus9ess ( ! ,league to "w t[>ds ! ultimate elim9ation ( co]cive sanctions4 ,footnote #ec3 ,te*nically1 9 ! ,civil ,w>1 =ce 0 us$ to prev5t ! secession ( ! ,s\?2 b :at ! ,nor? really f\ght = 0 ! abolition ( slav]y4 ,b meantime is !re any me?od by :i* ! ,league c\ld effectually deal ) recalcitrant nations o!r ?an direct physical compulsion8 ,a good deal has be5 said ab\t ! use ( economic boycott2 b x requires "s casui/ry to di/+ui% successfully betwe5 milit>y co]cion & economic boycott4 ,c]ta9ly 9 int5tion bo? devices come )9 ! same category1 & 9 result !y may "w out 9 curi\sly id5tical fa%ion4 ,con/ra9t by />vation be>s 9 effect a /rong family resemblance to con/ra9t by de/ructive =ce majeure4 ,at ! same "t x is evid5t t a nation :i* *ooses to put itself 89 contumaciam0 mu/ 9 "s way or ano!r pay ! p5alty ( its (f5ce4 ,! ,bank ,cle>+ ,h\se deals ) an (f5d+ & imp5it5t memb] by ! simple process ( exclusion4 ,9 ! ,league ( ,nations1 a nation 9 ! same position %\ld be dealt ) 9 ! same fa%ion2 x %\ld und]/& t its p]si/5cy 9 ! (f5d+ attitude c>ries ) x exclusion f ! comity ( nations4 ,x %\ld1 t is1 be compell$ to accept ! responsibility ( impos+ ! puni%m5t ^u itself4 ,x has put itself outside ! pale2 & no inju/ice is involv$ 9 accept+ its de$ at its obvi\s face value & lett+ x rema9 :]e x has *os5 to place itself until su* "t z x elects to ?9k bett] ( its action4 ,x is d\btful :e!r any con/itu5t nation w\ld ?9k x wor? :ile to indulge 9 a contumacy :i* automatically l$ to excommunication4 ,x w\ld take u too f> afield f our purpose to discuss ! details ( ! organisation requir$ by a ,league ( ,nations4 ,que/ions ( con/itution & repres5tation1 ! problems involv$ 9 ! adhesion to ! ,league ( va/ composite aggregates l ! ,briti% ,empire1 & ( ! place ( "s ( ! m9ute indep5d5t /ates t /ill rema9 9 ! _w1--^! & _m m matt]s w h to be fac$ 9 ! in/itution ( ! ,league4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 x has be5 our bus9ess m]ely to po9t out t "s su* device z a ,league ( ,peoples is entirely necess>y to ! fur!r developm5t ( ! democratic pr9ciple1 & to pass 9 brief review c]ta9 ( ! conditions :i* ! ,league mu/ satisfy1 & c]ta9 ( ! functions x mu/ assume1 if x is to be consi/5t ) & helpful to ! realisation ( ! ideal ( democracy4 ,a ,league to en=ce peace may be no m ?an ! ,holy ,alliance r$ivivus1 an unholy alliance 9 def5ce ( ! /atus quo4#ed ,:at is ne$$ is a ,league to gu>antee fre$om & to promote fell[%ip1 & giv5 su* a ,league peace w l>gely look aft] itself4 ,x is n suffici5tly recognis$ t to make peace an object 9 itself is to condemn ! _w to virtual /agnation4 ,! only peace1 l ! only happ9ess :i* is p]man5t1 is t :i* is a bye-product4 ,p]man5t peace w come f a volunt>y association ( peoples co-op]at+ on a basis ( reciprocity2 & su* a consummation is n s f> (f z x w\ld at fi/ sight appe>4 ,! reciprocity :i* has be5 e/abli%$ betwe5 ! ,alli$ peoples 9 ! w> w h to be cont9u$ long aft] ! w>4 ,_! ne$s are s va/ t !y w only escape dea? & want by close co-op]ation4 ,moreov]1 ! agreem5t ( ! ,allies report$ 9 ! press z ^! pages are writt5 to s5d food to _! late enemies1 is an asset ( ! utmo/ importance to ! creation ( ! ,league4 ,& once ! ,league is prop]ly afoot1 we may live 9 ! hope ( ! day :i* ,william ,blake =etold3 8,9 my ex*anges1 e l& %all walk1 ,& m9e 9 e l&2 ,mutual %all build ,j]usalem1 ,bo? he>t 9 he>t1 & h& 9 h&40 ,footnote #ed3 ,x is h>dly possible to resi/ ! rem>k at ?is po9t t ! ,league z fa%ion$ 9 ,p>is be>s a /rong family lik5ess to ! ,holy ,alliance1 & s f> behaves uncommonly l x1--e4g41 t[>ds ,russia & ,hung>y4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,education ,,into ,,democracy4 8,education tea*es 9 :at social welf>e consi/s4 ,x is ( fir/ importance to y t y\r sons %\ld be taught :at are ! rul+ pr9ciples & beliefs :i* guide ! lives ( _! fell[m5 9 _! own times & 9 _! own c\ntry2 :at ! moral1 social & political programme ( _! nation is2 :at ! _s ( ! legislation by :i* _! de$s w h to be judg$2 :at degree ( progress ,humanity has already atta9$ & t :i* x has yet to atta94 ,& x is important to y t !y %\ld feel !mselves f _! e>lie/ ye>s1 unit$ 9 ! _s ( equality & ( love = a common aim1 ) ! millions ( bro!rs t ,god has giv5 !m40--,,mazz9i4 ,i 8,,x 010 says ,mr4 ,b5jam9 ,kidd1 8) a well-f\nd$ in/9ct t ,william ,,ii4 ( ,g]many1 on 8 accession turn$ to ! elem5t>y s*ool tea*]s ( 8 c\ntry :5 he aim$ to impose ! elem5ts ( a new social h]$ity on ! :ole ,g]man p40 ,x is impossible at ?is "t ( day n to g f> 9 agreem5t ) ,mr4 ,kidd :5 he tells u t x is n s mu* :at is born 9 a man z :at he is born into t %apes 8 life4 ,! mo/ p[]ful =mative influ5ce 9 ! %ap+ ( "* & outlook is 8social h]$ity10 8impos$ on ! "y at an e>ly age & "u conditions ( emotion40#ee ,?is judgm5t is no long] a matt] ( speculation4 ,dr4 ,/anley ,hall's "w ^u ! ph5om5a ( adolesc5ce has made x cle> t ! pla/ic & absorb5t /uff ( y\? w inevitably take its abid+ %ape & col\r f ! cultural sett+ 9 :i* x f9ds itself4 ,! advocates ( sect>ian education 9 ! fam\s ,engli% controv]sy ab\t ! ,balf\r ,acts 71 f _! own po9t ( view1 speak+ )9 ! univ]se ( ! s\nde/ possible psy*ology :5 !y insi/$ t 9 religi\s education 8atmosph]e0 0 p>am\nt4 ,x 0 a piece ( v a/ute obs]vation on ! "p ( ! anci5t ,jews t l$ to ! practice ( br++ _! twelve-ye>-old boys to ,j]usalem = ! ,passov] c]emonies4 ,all ! e>ly tra9+ 0 cry/allis$ into a def9ite direction ( life by ! induction ( ! y\? at 8 mo/ s5sitive mom5t into ! highly *>g$ emotional atmosph]e ( ! ,holy ,city at ! great fe/ival ( national remembrance & hope4 ,he w5t !re a boy2 he return$ home a ,jew4 ,footnote #ee3 ,b5jam9 ,kidd1 ,! ,sci5ce ( ,p[]1 p4 #cje4 ,aga9 & aga9 9 ! c\rse ( ?is exam9ation ( ! conditions ( democratic evolution1 we h _h reason to look to education = a solution ( _m fundam5tal matt]s4 ,x is inde$ no long] possible to ov]look ! absolute primacy ( ! s*ool 9 any progressive democratic polity2 & if ! f\ndations ( ! com+ democratic commonweal? are to be well & truly laid1 !y mu/ be laid ar\nd ab\t ! *ild4 ,our pres5t purpose does n require t we %\ld consid] ! actual ma*9]y ( ! education prop] to democratic developm5t--t is a matt] = ! educator4 ,our bus9ess "h & n[ is to consid] ! broad g5]al *>act]s ( su* an education4 ,x is a commonplace t ne$s no lab\r+ t mod]n education suff]s _m ?+s f ! 8dead h&40 ,! tradition ( ! 8gramm> s*ool0 :i* aim$ at op5+ ! field ( k by a tra9+ 9 lett]s is /ill ) u1 despite ! fact t we h become famili>is$ 9 rec5t ye>s ) a r\nd] & full] conception ( education4 ,we h be5 told aga9 & aga9 t ! bus9ess ( education is to produce good citiz5s1 to promote ! gr[? ( moral "*1 & s =?2 & sl[ly ?is emphasis has made "s headway 9 ! m9ds ( educational (ficials4 ,b ! :ole implication ( ?is conception ( education is f> f be+ realis$1 ev5 by ^? :o are actively engag$ 9 ! "w ( education4 ,a disproportionate pre-occupation ) 8lett]s0 & k /ill rema9s to betray our bondage to traditional ideas2 & ?is 9 spite ( ! fact t popul> education has 9 rec5t ye>s receiv$ a v def9ite ori5tation ?r\gh ! dem& = indu/rial effici5cy4 ,b z yet !re has n be5--save 9 ! region ( :at is call$ 8te*nical education0--any s]i\s & su/a9$ ef=t to co-ord9ate ! :ole subject matt] ( education to ?is p>ticul> end4 8,te*nical0 education appe>s 9 ! s*eme n z an integral or organic "p ( ! process z a :ole1 b z a some:at arbitr>y & unrelat$ annex to ! la/ /age ( ! process4 ,to ?is dem& t education %\ld m9i/] to indu/rial effici5cy we %all h reason to return pres5tly4 ,"h we are conc]n$ only ) ! fact t ?\gh ?is dem& has be5 fairly g5]al & insi/5t1 x has n succe$$ 9 %ak+ ! hold ( tradition ^u ! me?od ( ! educational process4 ,popul> education /ill consi/s 9 ! ma9 ( v>iations ^u & ext5sions ( ! ?ree ,r's2 & ?\gh ! exp]ts h discuss$ widely & 9 detail ! ways & means ( direct+ ! educational processes to giv5 ends1 ! solutions h n yet arriv$ 9 any v sub/antial way 9 ! s*ools4 ,r\ghly1 our popul> education is /ill gov]n$ by ! idea ( equipp+ ! "y p]son ) su* a quantum ( k z he may be suppos$ to require 9 ord] to make a liv+ & ga9 "s sort ( settl$ place 9 life4 ,x has become m & m possible 9 rec5t times = boys & girls :o %[ unusual aptitudes to proce$ to ! high] bran*es ( le>n+2 b 9 ! ma9 our ?\ght ( popul> education has be5 col\r$ by a p]nici\s doctr9e ( 8m9imums40 ,we h ask$ h[ little education c be giv5 consi/5tly ) ! ne$ ( ! individual & ! society 9 :i* he lives2 & ! opposition :i* meets any endeav\r to raise ! 8s*ool leav+ age0 proves q conclusively t we h n g5]ally advanc$ beyond ! /age ( reg>d+ t education z be/ :i* is soone/ done )4 ,= ?is ! economic /ra9 ( life is p>tly acc\ntable2 x is desirable t ! boys & girls %\ld be wage-e>n+ z spe$ily z possible2 b ev5 m responsible = ?is /ate ( ?+s is a g5]al ignorance conc]n+ ! mean+ & purpose ( education4 ,inde$1 few ( ^? :o are n[ p>5ts h reason to recall ) any pr(\nd int]e/ or gratitude ! days :5 !y 7 receiv+ an alleg$ education4 ,some?+ 9 ! nature ( a sy/ematic campaign ( education 9 ! int]e/s ( education w\ld seem to be necess>y if ! popul> indiff]5ce is to be remov$ to any good purpose4 ,x has inde$ to be rememb]$ t popul> education is /ill 9 its infancy2 & ! prejudice x has to ov]come is ! result ( ! inevitable failures ( its exp]im5tal /ages4 ,:5 x is recall$ t elem5t>y education 9 ,engl& 0 until #ahgj 9 ! h&s ( volunt>y ag5cies1 & t only s9ce t date has education become univ]sally accessible1 x is p]haps rem>kable t education %\ld h made z mu* headway z x has made2 & mu* ( our criticism ( curr5t educational me?ods t5ds to ov]look :at is "u ! circum/ances ! real magnitude ( ! a*ievem5t 9 education4 ,at ! same "t x is pla9 t our educational me?ods are 9 ne$ ( mu* su/a9$ radical criticism if our purposes 9 education are to be sav$ f mis-c>riage4 ,,ii ,b mo/ ( all d we require to cle> our m9ds conc]n+ ! goal we are seek+ ?r\gh education4 ,x is true1 z ,pr(essor ,dewey has po9t$ out1 t x is n possible to def9e an end = education2 = 9 a pr(\nd s5se1 education has no end4 ,a true education w be t :i* fits an individual to g on le>n+ to ! end ( 8 life4 ,! aim ( education is m education4 ,at ! same "t ?is education w n be = its own sake1 or = ! le>n+ x helps ! s*ol> to acquire4 ,"h aga9 ,dr4 ,dewey helps u by rem9d+ u t "o aim ( education is social effici5cy4 ,pla9ly & beyond p]adv5ture no education w s]ve a democracy :i* does n produce socially effici5t p]sons4 ,b ?is ^w effici5cy has become discr$it$ by its rec5t use4 ,we h he>d some?+ ( effici5cy eng9e]s :o h tri$ to r$uce human faculty into ma!matical =mul = ! purpose ( spe$+ up & suitably supplem5t+ ! me*anical processes ( indu/ry4 ,x am\nts to no m ?an a sy/ematic endeav\r to fit ! human ag5t to ! ma*9e s z to get m out ( ! ma*9e4 ,! result = ! life ( ! human ag5t z a :ole is h>dly tak5 into acc\nt4 ,& ev5 if ?is my? ( effici5cy eng9e]+ has met ! fate x des]v$1 its v appe>ance & "n are symptomatic ( ! g5]al direction ( popul> ?\ght ^u ! ma9 bus9ess ( a community4 ,nor is ?is conf9$ to ! classes t are int]e/$ 9 gett+ ! utmo/ out ( ! work]1 or to ! unreflect+ public4 ,! ,briti% ,national ,union ( ,tea*]s at its ,annual ,conf]5ce 9 #aiaf decl>$ t 8?is great w>1 ) its t]rible wa/age ( human life & mat]ial has br\ght into bold relief ! economic pot5tialities ( ! *ild4 ,z nev] be=e1 ! nation n[ realises t effici5t m5 & wom5 are ! be/ p]man5t capital ! /ate possesses40#ef ,s t ! bus9ess ( education is to develop ! economic pot5tialities ( ! *ild 9 ord] to provide capital = ! /ate4 ,x does n appe> t ! *ild has any rights 9 ! matt] at all4 ,he is to be tra9$ 9 ord] to become 8! be/ p]man5t capital0 ( ! /ate4 ,x is to be hop$ t two m ye>s ( w> h br\ght a m fruitful vision to ! ,national ,union ( ,tea*]s4 ,footnote #ef3 ,quot$ 9 ! ,public 7,n4,y471 ,july #f?1 #aiah4 ,yet ! ^w effici5cy is wor? keep+1 = x embodies ! true conception ( educational aim s long z x is rightly int]pret$2 & indu/rial effici5cy mu/ be all[$ to ent] into our int]pretation ( x4 ,indu/rial effici5cy ga9s its prepond]ant emphasis 9 rec5t discussion because we are /ill 9 ! toils ( ! disa/r\s illusion t ! national ideal is national weal?4 ,we ?9k ( ! nation's well-be+ 9 t]ms ( its f9ancial prosp]ity2 & naturally we t5d to subord9ate all our social processes to ?is end4 ,b ! result ( ?is t5d5cy w be to create n a society1 b a weal?-produc+ ma*9e2 & ^? human possibilities 9 :i* ! f9al weal? ( life lies1 w h to fight a d\btful battle = _! v exi/5ce1 & at be/ c ga9 no m ?an a prec>i\s foo?old 9 ! int]/ices ( ! money-mak+ organisation4 ,f ?is bias education mu/ be deliv]$--at :atev] co/2 & a doctr9e ( social effici5cy enunciat$ :i* w be compreh5sive en\gh to satisfy ! requirem5ts ( ! s+le m9d & ! social :ole at ! same "t4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 ^! requirem5ts are virtually id5tical1 = t :i* makes a full man makes also = a full fell[%ip4 ,! individual is to f9d himself 9 precisely ^? ?+s :i* enable him to contribute 8 due to society4 ,we ne$1 !re=e1 to enquire some:at broadly into ! nature ( ! ?+s 9 :i* ! individual %all r5d] 8 due to ! commonality4 ,we %all !n be 9 a position to /ate 9 g5]al t]ms :at we %\ld look to ! educational process to provide4 ,pr(essor ,dewey has laid d[n 9 ?is connection a pr9ciple ( ! utmo/ importance4 ,he affirms t 8we may produce 9 s*ools a projection 9 type ( ! society we %\ld l to realise40#eg ,if we are to tra9 ! "y = social life1 ! prop] me?od is to surr\nd !m 9 *ildhood1 s f> z t may be1 ) ! conditions ( ! ideal social life t[>d :i* we look4 ,! s*ool %\ld be ! societas p]fecta 9 m9iature4 ,?is naturally requires a v consid]able dep>ture 9 tone f ! conditions :i* /ill prevail4 ,! pontifical & au?orit>ian tradition ( ! m$ival s*ool is /ill ) u2 & an att5tion is devot$ to problems ( discipl9e & ord] :i* is disproportionate to ! real bus9ess ( prep>+ = life 9 a democratic commonweal?1 & is to a great ext5t f an angle & 9 a _s ali5 to ! purpose 9 h&4 ,a consid]able brea* 9 ?is sy/em has already be5 made by ! new emphasis ^u ! value ( self-det]m9ation 9 education f ! e>lie/ /ages2 b ! relaxation ( ! traditional canons ( discipl9e does n c>ry u f> en\gh4 ,self-det]m9ation mu/ be recognis$ n only z an individual "r b z a gr\p responsibility2 & ! practice ( popul> self-gov]nm5t %\ld beg9 9 ! s*ools4 ,x is symptomatic ( ! pres5t t5d5cy among educators ( a lib]al & radical type t 9 ! prospectus ( a s*ool soon to be e/abli%$1 x is laid d[n t ! int]nal gov]nm5t 8%all be increas+ly democratic1 s*ol>s & tea*]s %>+ bo? legislation & adm9i/ration10 & t ! ext]nal gov]nm5t %all be ve/$ 9 a c\ncil1 repres5t+ ! tru/ees1 ! faculty & ! s*ol>s4 ,?is is a sane & fruitful me?od ( initiat+ boys & girls into ! l>g] responsibilities ( social life4 ,already ! plan has be5 adopt$ 9 "s exi/+ s*ools ) a consid]able measure ( success2 & if ! s*ool is to be ! organ ( a g5u9e tra9+ 9 social effici5cy1 we ne$ a wide ext5sion ( ?is me?od4 ,footnote #eg3 ,democracy & ,education1 p4 #cgj4 ,b beyond ?is discipl9e 9 self-gov]nm5t1 ! s*ool has to und]take ! fitt+ ( ! *ild = o!r k9ds ( social contribution4 7a7 ,he mu/ be tra9$ to contribute 8 %>e to ! supply ( ! physical ne$s ( ! community4 ,obvi\sly1 9 a s*ool1 ! direct & complete application ( ?is pr9ciple is impossible4 ,x is laid d[n 9 ! prospectus be=e ref]r$ to t 8all mu/ %>e1 tea*] & s*ol> alike1 9 ! lab\r t lies at ! basis ( human life & unites all m5 ?r\gh _! common ne$02 & x is orda9$ t 8! kit*51 ! crafts-room & ! g>d5 %all rank equally ) ! classroom40 ,x is propos$ to give ! s*ol>s 8direct exp]i5ce ( agricultural processes & ! prep>ation ( ! ma9 articles ( food1 sp9n+1 weav+1 dye+1 sew+1 c>p5try1 build+1 pott]y1 pr9t+ & any o!r crafts directly contribut+ to ! life ( ! community40 ,naturally1 no *ild is requir$ to become exp]t 9 all ^! occupations2 b 8 tra9+ 9 !m w pres5tly s]ve to reveal 8 special aptitudes & to det]m9e 8 own p]sonal *oice4 ,x is n contemplat$ 9 ?is p>ticul> exp]im5t t ma*9]y w be introduc$ to any consid]able ext5t2 & :ile x is /at$ t ma*9]y w n be exclud$1 x is obvi\s t x is reg>d$ ) "s dubiety1 if n ho/ility4 ,b x is necess>y to accept ! position t ! ma*9e indu/ry is "h ) u & is "h to /ay2 & a prop] p]ception ( its true function w save u f assum+ a fallaci\s attitude 9 reg>d to x4 ,:ile ! inc5tive to ! developm5t & improvem5t ( l>ge scale me*anical processes has be5 ! pursuit ( pr(it1 ! real (fice ( ^! processes is to dim9i% ! purely me*anical & m5ial op]ations :i* are necess>y to life1 & consequ5tly to release a l>g] volume ( human en]gy = tasks ( a m indep5d5t & creative nature4 ,!re are c]ta9 necessities ( life conc]n+ :i* our requirem5ts are t !y %\ld be good 9 quality & abundant 9 quantity--& z no "q b ( utility arises 9 relation to !m1 !y may be assign$ to ! l>ge-scale ma*9e indu/ry4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 does n 9 ! lea/ absolve u f includ+ 9 our s*ool curriculum a provision = ! habituation ( *ildr5 to me*anical processes ( ?is k9d4 ,b because ^! processes are necess>ily monoton\s & irksome1 e ef=t %\ld be made to introduce into !m :at elem5ts ( int]e/ may be atta*$ to !m2 & to r$uce to ! l[e/ possible po9t ! curr5t t5d5cy to make ! work] a m]e accessory ( ! ma*9e4 ,miss ,hel5 ,m>ot has rec5tly describ$ proposals = an educational exp]im5t :i* aims at ! association ( discipl9e 9 indu/rial production ) ! educational process4 ,?is p>ticul> exp]im5t takes ! =m ( produc+ wood5 toys2 & :ile1 z ,miss ,m>ot sees1 ! production ( toys has anyh[ an intr9sic int]e/1 ! details :i* are giv5 %[ h[ radically ! atmosph]e ( ! ma*9e indu/ry might be *ang$ by giv+ x a place 9 ! s*ool curriculum4 ,miss ,m>ot's assumption t ! ma*9e indu/ry c be s trans=m$ by democratic control z to satisfy ! creative in/9ct has already be5 adv]sely criticis$ 9 ^! pages2 b ! pres5t discussion is n affect$ by criticism ( t p>ticul> po9t4 ,:at x is to our purpose to obs]ve is t me*anical processes may be reliev$ ( "s ( _! pres5t irksom5ess by supply+ !m ) _! appropriate backgr\nd4 ,fir/ ( all1 x is necess>y t ! work] %\ld be acqua9t$ ) ! :ole process ( manufacture 9 ord] t he may p>ticipate 9 8 own special task ) a measure ( intellig5t int]e/2 & ?is w involve a degree ( famili>ity ) ! te*nical problems ( managem5t1 ) acc\nt+ & co/+1 ) ! int]nal conditions ( ! indu/ry & ! plant1 & ) ! l>g] economics ( ! ent]prise4 ,b 9 addition to all ?is m imm$iate bus9ess ( habituation to r\t9e1 provision is made = ! developm5t ( arti/ic judgm5t & execution & = ! acquisition ( k relat+ to ! craft itself--consi/+ 9 ?is case ( 8au!ntic acc\nts & inspirational /ories ( indu/rial life1 especially ( ! lumb]1 wood-work+ & ! toy indu/ry40 ,obvi\sly n all trades comm& ! int]e/ :i* c be creat$ ar\nd toy-mak+4 ,9 ! manufacture ( articles ( utility :i* are produc$ by processes ( a highly /&>dis$ k9d1 x w\ld be less easy to introduce elem5ts ( romance & s5tim5t4 ,/ill mu* c & %\ld be done 9 e trade2 & admission to any p>ticul> trade %\ld be prec$$ by "s discipl9e ( ?is k9d4 ,if ev] indu/ry is organis$ on ! basis ( national ,guilds1 surely "o function ( ! ,guilds w be to e/abli% national trade s*ools 9 :i* a g5]\s tra9+ ( ?is k9d c be giv5 & :i* %all be closely co-ord9at$ to ! entire s*eme ( public education4 ,,iii ,b x _c be too frequ5tly emphasis$ t we are n to accept ! pres5t subord9ation ( social life to ! exig5cies ( ! ma*9e indu/ry4 ,t ! ma*9e indu/ry is "h to /ay ne$ n be argu$2 & we may dismiss z impracticable ! sugge/ion ( a return to ! h&icraft sy/em4 ,! ma*9e indu/ry mu/ be reta9$ = ! production ( utilities :]e no "q ( beauty or ornam5t arises2 & x %\ld be s ord]$ z to r$uce ! purely me*anical op]ations entail$ 9 ! manufacture ( ! /aple commodities to a m9imum4 ,consequ5tly c>e %\ld always be _h to prev5t an exagg]at$ emphasis ^u ! place ( ! ma*9e indu/ry 9 education4 ,x is n to be pret5d$ t me*anical processes c ev] 9 !mselves m9i/] sub/antially to ! joy ( life4 ,! be/ t c be said is t _! pres5t disadvantages c be mat]ially r$uc$2 b n ev5 ! s5se ( p>tn]%ip & democratic control1 ! %ort5+ ( h\rs & ! addition ( intellectual int]e/1 tak5 all toge!r1 c turn factory life into 8a ?+ ( beauty & a joy = ev]40 ,"s emphasis has already be5 laid ^u ! diff]5ce betwe5 productive & creative activity4 ,creation is n m]ely production1 b reproduction1 t is to say1 ! activity 9 :i* we express ourselves = ! joy ( ! ?+ itself4 ,! pres5t writ] 0 br\ght up 9 a slate-qu>ry+ t[n 9 ,nor? ,wales4 ,! work]s sp5t _! "t 9 m9+ & dress+ ro(+-slates--an indu/ry :i* involves no special skill save only 9 ! dep>tm5t ( slate-splitt+4 ,?is is h&work & no satisfactory me*anical sub/itute = x has yet be5 contriv$2 & !re is mu* emulation among ! work]s 9 ?is process4 ,ap>t f ?is !re is no?+ note-wor?y ab\t ! indu/ry except ! v consid]able ext5t ( p>tn]%ip :i* prevails 7or us$ to prevail7 9 ! "w itself & ( fell[%ip 9 ! dress+ %ops4 ,b aft] ! day's "w 0 done !re 0 a some:at rem>kable activity ( ano!r k9d4 ,sometimes a work] w\ld take a piece ( raw slate home ) him & sp5d 8 sp>e "t 9 turn+ x into c&le/icks or "s o!r article by means ( a la! or by direct manual "w4 ,! result f an arti/ic /&po9t 0 d\btless v crude2 b x 0 int]e/+ & in/ructive to obs]ve ! almo/ in/9ctive way 9 :i* m51 releas$ f necess>y toil1 turn$ to ! production ( ?+s ( beauty4 ,?is free self-expression took o!r =ms 9 o!r m54 ,wel% qu>rym5 h always be5 well-kn[n = _! lit]>y ta/es2 & ! t[n conta9$ a consid]able numb] ( q capable writ]s ( bo? prose & v]se 9 ! ,wel% language4 ,o!rs !re 7--& ^! 7 a l>ge numb]--^: dispositions 7 musical2 & s9ce ! pur*ase ( musical in/rum5ts 0 z a rule beyond ^! m5's pockets1 !y devot$ !mselves to vocal music4 ,! congregational s++ 9 ! *ur*es 0 fam\s ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry2 & :ile !re 7 _m individual vocali/s & compos]s ( consid]able m]it1 ! developm5t ( *oral s++ rea*$ an extremely high po9t4 ,x 0 an int5sely religi\s community & 0 full ( religi\s activities ( _m k9ds4 ,x 0 p]fectly pla9 t ! real bus9ess & joy ( life lay n 9 ! production ( ro(+-slates b 9 ! ex]cises ( creative self-expression to :i* ! m5 appe>$ to turn naturally & in/9ctively :5 ! bus9ess ( mak+ a livelihood 0 ov]4 ,?is is a p>able = ! educator4 ,:ile ! bus9ess ( produc+ ! necessities ( life %\ld be s conceiv$ & ord]$ z to make p>ticipation 9 x z mu* a pleasure z a duty1 x is n to be ga9said t ! joy & ! ultimate weal? ( life lies 9 ! free & self-direct$ activity ( self-expression :e!r by ! individual himself or 9 "s free conc]t ) 8 neighb\rs4 ,education = life w necess>ily take acc\nt ( ?is circum/ance--n only because x provides a means ( p]sonal satisfaction b also because x might1 & prop]ly develop$ w\ld1 become ! *ief & ! mo/ *>act]i/ic contribution ( ! individual to ! life & gr[? ( ! community4 ,! s*ool mu/ !re=e provide opportunity ( indep5d5t p]sonal self-expression--9 e mann] ( m$ium--9 ord] t ! peculi> creative aptitude ( ea* *ild may be discov]$ & enc\rag$4 ,:e!r x be wood-c>v+ or v]se-writ+1 patt]n-design+ or viol9-play+1 any education t pret5ds to fit a *ild = a vital social s]vice mu/ make room = x4 ,x is 9 ?is region t we are to look = ! diff]5tiation ( future social function accord+ to p>ticul> aptitudes4 ,to-day1 education reproduces ! traditional social s*ism betwe5 ! privileg$ & ! dis9h]it$ classes4 ,on ! "o h&1 we h s*ools & univ]sities :i* aim to provide a culture appropriate to ^? :o h to assume ! bus9ess ( lead]%ip & gov]nm5t 9 ! community2 on ! o!r we h a popul> education :i* appe>s 9 ! ma9 to aim at provid+ a docile mass am5able to lead]%ip & gov]nm5t4 ,!re is virtually no attempt to sift out ( ! mass ^? :o h aptitudes = special social tasks or g5ius = any =m ( arti/ic production4 ,its me?ods--mitigat$ only by ! vag>ies ( ! p]sonal equation--are calculat$ to turn out human products hav+ ! uni=mity ( a %eet ( po/age /amps4 ,?is me?od c h no result b t ( produc+ & p]petuat+ a g5]al spiritual pov]ty4 ,9 a democratic community x %\ld be intol]able t s*ools = *ildr5 %\ld exi/ o!r ?an ! common s*ool4 ,! common s*ool be+ :at x is1 x is n surpris+ t !re %\ld be a dem& = s*ools t give a bett] *ance to ! human mat]ial ( boys & girls4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 t5ds to /]eotype a class-di/9ction2 & = t reason to limit ! field 9 :i* ! tal5t = public lead]%ip & arti/ic & political g5ius might be discov]$4 ,9 ! common s*ool !re %\ld be provision & enc\ragem5t = ! ex]cise ( free & orig9al self-expression 9 e possible way s t ea* *ild may be enabl$ to discov] its own peculi> vocation 9 ! commonweal?4 ,n e *ild w reveal a faculty = creative self-expression ( a high ord]2 b e *ild %\ld h ! *ance ( do+ s4 ,& x is ! only safe assumption on :i* to proce$ t e *ild has 9 x ! lat5t capacity = mak+ a unique & orig9al p]sonal contribution to ! total life & weal? & beauty ( ! community4 ,! common s*ool %\ld become ! m9e out ( :i* we dig ! raw mat]ial ( our poets1 :e!r m9or or major1 our s+]s1 our sculptors1 our fabricators ( beautiful g>m5ts1 our pa9t]s ( pictures1 our orators1 our ?9k]s & our h\se-decorators2 & !re is an untold weal? ( ?is raw mat]ial :i* is lo/ to society all ! "t "u ! conditions ( our pres5t preoccupation ) ! mak+ ( money4 ,x w\ld be /upid to suppose t e *ild c become a great arti/2 b "s k9d ( arti/ 9 "s k9d ( m$ium e *ild %\ld h ! opportunity ( becom+1 on ! assumption t "h--9 ?is region ( creative self-expression--lies ! ri*e/ contribution he c make to ! common life4 ,,iv ,b ! democratic pr9ciple fur!r requires ! intellig5t co-op]ation ( p]sons 9 ! conduct ( affairs2 & x is ! "p ( ! common s*ool to furni% ! necess>y equipm5t ( ?is p>tn]%ip4 ,9 ?is equipm5t !re are two ma9 elem5ts4 ,! fir/ is ! provision ( adequate capital ( in=mation = ! /imulation & direction ( ?\ght2 ! second is ! enc\ragem5t ( indep5d5t & orig9al ?\ght4 ,!re is a c]ta9 body ( k :i* x is ess5tial t ! *ild %\ld h if he is to ?9k rightly & to ord] 8 conduct accord+ly4 ,?is body ( k may be r\ghly describ$ z k ( ! _w 9 :i* we live2 & its two *ief p>ts h ref]5ce to ! _w z x n[ is1 & to ! /ory ( h[ x came to be :at x is4 ,! =m] involves obs]vation & int]pretation ( ! actual conditions ( ! life 9 :i* ! *ild lives2 & ! process %\ld beg9 :]e ! *ild /&s4 ,9 ! mod]n tea*+ ( geography1 ! beg9n+ is made 9 s*ool-y>d or ! prec9ct & f ?is c5tre x broad5s out to cov] "o's city1 "o's c\nty1 "o's /ate or prov9ce1 "o's c\ntry1 until at la/ x embraces ! r\nd e>?4 ,?is is z x %\ld be4 ,9 ! pa/ ! tea*+ ( geography has be5 a m]e imp>t+ ( a mass ( facts1 :i* h seem$ to possess no direct relation to life2 by mak+ ! *ild's own location a focus r\nd ab\t :i* ! available & necess>y k ( ! _w c be ga!r$ 9 a m or less coh]5t fa%ion1 ! relation ( facts1 :i* 9 !mselves might seem remote & irrelevant to ! bus9ess ( life1 becomes m evid5t1 & ! entire /udy ga9s a new vitality4 ,?is discussion is n[ tr5*+ dang]\sly ^u ! prov9ce ( educational !ory2 b x is ne$ful to emphasise h[ indisp5sable x is t k %\ld n be1 z x has s (t5 be51 all[$ to appe> unconnect$ ) ! actual bus9ess ( liv+ 9 ?is _w4 ,ev5 yet "o may he> *ildr5 ask+ 9 a bewild]$ way--8,:at on e>? is ! use ( my le>n+ ! height ( ,popocatapetl80 ,or 8:at good is x to "k ! l5g? ( ! ,yang-,tse-,kiang80 ,in=mation ( ?is k9d has no d\bt a c]ta9 fasc9ation = "s types ( m9d2 b x may be left = ^? m9ds to seek x out = !mselves4 ,! bus9ess ( ! s*ool is to make possible ! acquisition ( ! k :i* be>s ^u ! contribution :i* ! pupil is expect$ to make to ! community4 ,?is is n to say t !re is n k :i* is desirable = its own sake1 or t ! love ( k %\ld n be enc\rag$ = :at x br+s4 ,moreov]1 soon or late all k w possess a social value4 ,b ! k :i* is mo/ valuable is t :i* ! individual acquires = himself2 & ! responsibility ( ! s*ool 9 ?is matt] is to release & quick5 ! capacity = indep5d5t & cont9u\s acquisition ( k4 ,b ?is desid]atum is n 9 ! lea/ compromis$ or neglect$ by ord]+ ! acquisition ( k 9 ! fir/ in/ance ) ref]5ce to ! actual bus9ess ( social life4 ,x is ! bus9ess ( ! educator to det]m9e :at ! subject-matt] ( ! curriculum mu/ be 9 ord] to give ! pupil adequate k ( ! _w 9 :i* he has to live2 x is our bus9ess "h simply to /ress ! po9t t ?is k %all be ( a relevant & vital k9d4 ,x %\ld h to d n only ) ! physical features ( ! _w1 b ) social & political in/itutions & ! l2 & inde$ ?r\gh\t x %\ld h m to say ab\t ! ways ?an ab\t ! places 9 :i* p live4 ,b *iefly ?is aspect ( ! educational process %\ld aim to equip ! pupil ) ! necess>y k to enable him to acquire m k ?r\gh 8 own direct exp]i5ce ( ! _w4 ,b ?is k ( ! _w z x is w\ld be hopelessly inadequate 7 x n connect$ ) "s k ( h[ ! _w came to be :at x is4 ,"h aga9 ! subject-matt] mu/ be def9$ by ! exp]i5ce ( ! educator4 ,! bus9ess ( ?is writ+ is to emphasise ! requirem5t t ?is k ( ! pa/ %all be ord]$ con=mably to ! ultimate social fruitfulness ( ! pupil4 ,9 8 boyhood ! pres5t writ] 0 requir$ to /udy geology--at fir/ sight a some:at irrelevant subject = a lad 9 8 e>ly te5s4 ,b he happ5$ to live 9 a di/rict :]e slate-qu>ry+ 0 ! only indu/ry2 & :5 he le>nt t 8 bread & butt] came f ! 8,ll&eilo ,b$s02 & t ^! same 8b$s0 occupi$ a specific place 9 a m or less ord]ly process ( _w-mak+1 ! /udy ( geology assum$ a new int]e/4 ,b its mo/ important action 0 ! awak5+ ( a dim s5se ( be+ an 8heir ( all ! ages40 ,?is feel+ receiv$ a v p[]ful re9=cem5t f ano!r side4 ,! writ] well rememb]s 8 fir/ read+ ( ! /ory ( ! ,pilgrim ,fa!rs4 ,hi!rto hi/ory _h seem$ to consi/ ma9ly ( ! pu]ile & discr$itable exploits ( a succession ( royal p]sons ( :om none 7 bett] ?an !y %\ld be2 & he _h wond]$ :at on e>? all ?is _h to d ) a boy liv+ among ! ,wel% m\nta9s 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,b ! ,pilgrims ,fa!rs 7 diff]5t2 "h at la/ 0 some?+ t seem$ to h a mean+1 & x is easy to see :at t mean+ w\ld be to a lad ^: upbr++ _h be5 9 a ,/rong ,noncon=mi/ tradition4 ,x took long ye>s to fill ) a connect$ cont5t ! int]val betwe5 ! sail+ ( ! ,mayfl[] & ! campaign = ! dise/abli%m5t ( ! ,anglican ,*ur* 9 ,wales2 b f h5ce=? ! lad knew t he /ood 9 ! succession ( a tradition t _h made a diff]5ce to ! _w & t he ow$ a v great deal to x4 ,! /ory ( h[ we h come by our inh]itance ( fre$om1 ( ! age-long upw>d /ruggle ( mank9d1 ?is above all %\ld furni% ! inspiration & ! guidance = our s]vice ( ! pres5t4 ,= ?is reason1 emphasis %\ld be laid ^u ! hi/ory ( peoples r ?an ( /ates1 ^u ! movem5t ( social life r ?an ^u hi/orical biography4 ,x seems h>dly cr$ible b x is /rictly true t ! pres5t writ] left s*ool )\t ev] hav+ he>d ( ! ,craft ,guilds ( ! ,middle ages2 or ( ! great tradition ( ecclesia/ical ar*itecture :i* ent]s s organically into ! /ory ( social developm5t 9 ,engl&4 ,he _h he>d 9 a some:at casual mann] ( ,wat ,tyl] & ,john ,ball1 & ( o!r incid5ts :i* di/urb$ ! normal fl[ ( royal intrigue & adv5ture2 b ( ! /ory ( ! common p he knew virtually no?+ at all4 ,yet aft] all t is ! hi/ory t *iefly matt]s2 & mu* has yet to be done to give x its prop] place 9 ! s*ool curriculum4 ,:atev] ! subject-matt]1 its arrangem5t & pres5tation %\ld be s ord]$ z to inspire & enable ! *ild to make a will+ & wor?y contribution to ! life ( 8 community4 ,b ! social emphasis 9 education1 if x is to be true to itself & inde$ to ! g5]al hi/ory ( mank9d1 mu/ def9e society 9 wid] t]ms ?an t ( ! imm$iate community4 ,mr4 ,wells has told u t mank9d has be5 =ev] 8pursu+ ! fronti]s ( its possible community40 ,:e!r by revolution )9 ! commonweal?1 by imp]ial expansion or by fusion ) o!r commonweal?s1 !re has be5 an abid+ impulse--erratic & (t5 p]v]se 9 its op]ations--to broad5 ! basis ( human fell[%ip4 ,& 9 ! pres5t position ( ! _w1 !re is no?+ s urg5t z to quick5 a social sympa?y wide en\gh to embrace ! _w4 ,x is peculi>ly ! function ( geography & hi/ory to s]ve ?is purpose4 ,geography %\ld assume t fronti]s are ! l9es at :i* peoples meet r ?an "p2 & hi/ory %\ld lay /ress ^u ! =ces t h made = human unity r ?an = national p[]4 ,if ! writ] may be p]mitt$ to indulge 9 a la/ p]sonal rem9isc5ce1 ! t5d5cy 9 ! tea*+ ( hi/ory 9 ! pa/ may be illu/rat$ by ! fact t ! out/&+ impression left ^u him by ! s*ool hi/ory 0 t ! ,fr5* 7 ! h]$it>y enemies ( ! ,briti%2 & x is some?+ to ! po9t to obs]ve t ! text books ( ,am]ican hi/ory h 9 ! pa/ fail$ to lay prop] emphasis ^u ! circum/ance t dur+ ! ,revolution>y ,w> ! be/ m9d ( ,engl& 0 on ! side ( ! coloni/s4 ,! gratuit\s & unhi/orical prejudice :i* ! traditional attitude 9 s*ool hi/ory has br$ is n a little acc\ntable = ! divisive temp]s t h l$ to w>s4 ,to-day ! %r9kage ( ! _w has made ?is attitude m ?an ev] disa/r\s2 & 9 view ( our hope ( a ,league ( ,nations x is ess5tial t geography & hi/ory 9 p>ticul> %\ld be treat$ z ! opportunity = a g5]al expansion ( social sympa?y4 ,v ,x is h>dly necess>y to po9t out t ! conception ( hi/ory :i* is plead$ = "h includes ! hi/ory ( ?\ght1 ( art1 & ( religion2 & t s f> z is possible1 ?is hi/ory %\ld be le>nt by direct rec\rse to its s\rces 9 ! classic lit]ature & art ( ! pa/4 ,b g5]\s & compreh5sive z ! provision = acquir+ k %\ld be1 ! educational process has n f9i%$ its bus9ess until x has habituat$ ! y\? to ! task ( us+ ?is k z ! basis & mat]ial ( indep5d5t ?\ght4 ,democracy faces no great] dang] ?an ! inability ( ! p to ex]cise a critical judgm5t ^u ! voices t clam\r = _! suffrages2 & ! exp]i5ces ( w>-"t h %[n t fre$om is n inconsi/5t ) a v dang]\s unreflective docility on ! "p ( ! public4 ,?is dang] is ! great] :5 ! /aple ( a p's read+ is ! daily press1 :i* envelops m5 9 ! tumult & ! clang\r ( pass+ ev5ts )\t provid+ !m ) ! long] p]spective necess>y to a valid judgm5t4 ,! p[] ( ! demagogue & ! tyranny ( ! press are to be mitigat$ only by an educational process :i* does two ?+s--fir/ ( all1 provides a backgr\nd ( g5]al k & int]e/1 & second1 turns out individuals able & accu/om$ to ?9k = !mselves4 ,& j because ! life ( democracy requires free discussion1 ! s*ool curriculum %\ld conta9 /at$ provision = ! discussion ( curr5t matt]s1 :i* w\ld turn out to be a p[]ful /imulant ( indep5d5t ?\ght1 especially 9 its critical aspects4 ,! m con/ructive & su/a9$ elem5ts 9 indep5d5t ?\ght may be enc\rag$ by a c>eful developm5t ( ! "t-hon\r$ me?od ( ! essay4 ,b :atev] ! precise me?ods may be1 ! aim mu/ be ! sy/ematic enc\ragem5t ( ! habit ( indep5d5t ?\ght2 & 9 ?is connection1 ) prop] safegu>ds aga9/ putt+ a premium on 8cuss$ness10 x is important t diss5t+ & m9ority op9ions1 :i* :e!r "r or wrong conta9 "s gu>antee ( indep5d5ce1 %\ld be welcom$ & valu$ z ! promise ( ultimate social usefulness4 ,,vi ,important z ! mat]ials & me?ods ( education are1 we _c af=d to =get t !re are two o!r elem5ts ( our problem1 closely relat$ to "o ano!r1 :i* are 9 ! end ( great] importance4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is ! tea*]4 ,x is n a gratuit\s sl&] ^u ! g5]al body ( tea*]s to say t ! :ole me?od ( recruit+ tea*]s & ! conditions ( ! tea*+ pr(ession t5d to degrade tea*+ into a trade4 ,a great deal ne$s to be done to exalt ! tea*]'s (fice 9 ! public m9d2 & ! tea*+ pr(ession %\ld be s hon\r$ z to give x ! fir/ call ^u ! human mat]ial 9 ! community4 ,z ?+s are1 x is f> too mu* reg>d$ z a means ( livelihood1 comp>atively easily qualifi$ =1 & tol]ably well remun]at$2 & ! tra9+ requir$ = admission into ! pr(ession is q inadequate4 ,if only tea*+ 7 rightly e/eem$ & its practition]s held 9 su* hon\r z ev5 judges1 :o d a mu* inf]ior "w1 are held1 x w\ld be possible to ex]cise a f> m c>eful selection ( p]sons suit$ by _! temp]am5tal & moral *>act]s = ! "w4 ,= we h to look = some?+ inf9itely great] ?an ! successful communication ( k1 or ! tra9+ ( m5tal faculties4 ,rob]t ,ow5 foll[$ an ess5tially s\nd in/9ct :51 hav+ e/abli%$ a s*ool = infants 9 ,new ,lan>k he put at ! head ( x a man :o c\ld nei!r read or write1 b :o 0 famili> ) birds & fl[]s & _h 8a way ) him40 ,rob]t ,l\is ,/ev5son1 writ+ ( ,wordswor?1 says1 8,i d n "k t y le>n a lesson4 ,y ne$ n agree ) any ( 8 beliefs2 & yet a spell is ca/4 ,su* are ! be/ tea*]s4 ,a dogma le>n$ is only a new error1 ! old "o 0 p]haps z good4 ,b a _s communicat$ is a p]petual possession4 ,^! be/ tea*]s climb beyond tea*+ to ! plane ( art2 x is !mselves & :at is be/ 9 !mselves t !y communicate40 ,x 0 said dur+ ! education controv]sy 9 ,engl& t "s tea*]s taught m religion 9 an h\r's ari?metic lesson ?an o!rs did 9 a ye> ( 8religi\s in/ruction10 & ! say+ is true4 ,x is ! _s communicat$ t makes ! diff]5ce betwe5 a real & a spuri\s education4 ,especially is ?is ! case :5 we consid] ! bus9ess ( education f ! po9t ( view ( social effici5cy4 ,= ! pr]equisite ( social effici5cy is social vision1 social passion2 & ?is is supremely a matt] ( contagion4 ,= ?is reason1 ! true type ( tea*] w be devoid ( ! pontifical1 ex-ca!dra temp] & w r seek out a relation ( comrade%ip ) 8 pupils4 ,! =m ( a democratic education w be ess5tially co-op]ative2 & its _s w be t ( fell[%ip4 ,?is br+s u to ! second out/&+ po9t ( our discussion1 namely1 ! "q ( 8atmosph]e40 ,^u ?is subject !re is little m to be said ?an :at is conta9$ 9 ,pr(essor ,dewey's dictum t ! s*ool %\ld s f> z possible be a m9iature ( ! society we desire to create4 ,! creation ( 8atmosph]e0 is ( c\rse specifically ! task ( ! faculty2 & ! eag]ness & ! en?usiasm ( _! p>ticipation 9 ! m in=mal am5ities ( s*ool life is an important factor 9 ! process4 ,b mo/ ( all is a g5u9e social passion 9 !mselves ! sure/ gu>antee t !y w help 9 ! mak+ ( socially creative & effective p]sons4 ,mu* is be+ said at ! pres5t "t conc]n+ ! introduction ( milit>y tra9+ into s*ools4 ,x is wor? notice 9 pass+ t ,mr4 ,fi%]1 ! ,briti% ,m9i/] ( ,education1 rec5tly in=m$ a deputation ( m9]s t ! gov]nm5t _h canvass$ ! "q & _h decid$ t ! innovation _h nei!r educational nor milit>y value & w\ld n be adopt$4 ,x is no d\bt true t milit>y tra9+ w\ld h a b5eficial effect ^u ! physique ( ! boys2 b1 q ap>t f its dubi\s value = education & any subsequ5t purpose1 x mu/ be obs]v$ t ! g5ius ( ! milit>y bus9ess is intr9sically ho/ile to ! developm5t ( ! democratic ideals4 ,= ! milit>y organisation is a regim5tation ( m5 = p[]2 x entails ! me*anisation ( ! human mat]ial & imposes a discipl9e ( uni=mity ^u ^? :o are subject to x4 ,democratic education has to d ) life1 & its g5ius moves 9 ! direction ( ! l>ge/ possible spontaneity & v>iation 9 ! individuals ) :om x has to d4 ,moreov]1 milit>y discipl9e introduces ! au?orit>ian temp] into ! atmosph]e2 & ?is is a temp] altoge!r at v>iance ) ! _s ( frank comrade%ip 9 :i* a democratic education %\ld be pursu$4 ,:at advantages may accrue to ! future 9 ! %ape ( improv$ physical heal? & /r5g? 9 ! community is m ?an c\nt]-balanc$ by ! injection ( an undemocratic virus into ! m9ds ( ^? :o are call$ to su/a9 ! democracy ( ! future4 ,nor is x impossible to comp5sate ourselves = ! loss ( physical tra9+ consequ5t ^u ! rejection ( milit>y tra9+4 ,= !re are o!r ways ( provid+ = physical effici5cy2 & ^? o!r ways are m consi/5t ) ! aim ( a democratic education4 ,9 ! sports field1 = in/ance1 y h at once an in/rum5t ( physical tra9+ z well z a def9ite education 9 a team "w1 :i* does n dep5d ^u uni=m & syn*ron\s movem5ts comm&$ f )\t1 b ^u ! intellig5ce & dext]ity ( ! play]s !mselves4 ,moreov]1 ! sports field af=ds an illu/ration ( ! prop] use ( ! competitive _s4 ,! milit>y discipl9e has its eye ^u pot5tial enemies to be de/roy$2 ! sports discipl9e has its eye ^u rival teams ( fri5ds & ?us always a *e] = ! beat5 team 9 ! end4 ,x has be5 obs]v$ t ! diff]5ce 9 temp] betwe5 ! behavi\r ( ! ,g]man & ! ,engli% soldi] 0 to be trac$ to ! fact t ! football field _h play$ a l>ge "p 9 ! tra9+ ( ! latt]2 & x is n unlikely t ev5 ! sup]ior milit>y effici5cy ( ! ,engli% soldi] 9 ! latt] /ages ( ! w> has to be attribut$ to ! same circum/ance4 ,9 any case1 sportsman%ip is ne>] ak9 to ! _s ( democracy ?an ! milit>y discipl9e4 ,a plea has be5 made = milit>y tra9+ on ! gr\nd t ! rhy?m ( its movem5ts has a c]ta9 psy*ological value4 ,t ! place ( rhy?m 9 education has be5 neglect$ is inde$ true2 & !re is little d\bt t a m su/a9$ att5tion to x w\ld add mu* to physical grace & ! joy & beauty ( life4 ,! "q1 h[ev]1 rema9s :e!r ! milit>y rhy?m :i* re/s ^u a pr9ciple ( regul>ity is likely to h ! psy*ological effects prop] to su* education z ^! pages contemplate4 ,! rhy?m ( ! folk-dance l ! rhy?m ( ! ballad is a f> m accurate v]sion ( ! rhy?m :i* is natural to m5 & wom52 & ! rhy?m ( ,walt ,:itman1 :i* is ( ! same ord]1 reflects ! g5u9e rhy?m ( democracy4 ,! ,eurhy?mics ( ,dalcroze1 because !y enc\rage a spontane\s self-expression ?r\gh ! free rhy?mical movem5t ( ! body promise m = ! future grace & beauty ( democratic life ?an a milit>y discipl9e c f its v nature d4 ,,vii ,! sum ( ! matt] !n is ?is1 t ! te/ ( a true democratic education lies 9 ! quality & p[] ( ! social vision x evokes 9 ! gr[+ *ild1 9 ! measure ( p[] & capacity x gives to ! *ild to %>e 9 ! realisation ( ! vision1 & 9 ?is %>+ to give to ! *ild ! inspir+ & joy\s promise ( p]sonal self-fulfilm5t4 ,"h we h tri$ only to sket* 9 v r\gh & fragm5t>y outl9e :at w\ld appe> to be ! temp] & ! g5]al configuration ( su* an educational process2 & mu* has be5 omitt$ :i* naturally belongs to a full discussion ( ! subject4 ,( ! place ( dramatic & symbolic activities 9 education1 g5]\s notice %\ld be tak5 9 any ext5d$ treatm5t1 = x is obvi\s1 fir/ ( all t ! dramatic & ! symbolic make a peculi> appeal to ! *ild1 & second1 t ! social en?usiasm :i* x is our desire to quick5 c be quick5$ m effectively 9 no o!r way4 ,!re is "o po9t1 h[ev]1 ^u :i* x might s]ve an imm$iate purpose to dwell4 ,! graduation c]emony 9 an ,am]ican s*ool provides a fitt+ close to a s*ool c>e]2 x r\nds x (f ) dignity & solemnity4 ,b some?+ m ?an ?is %\ld be done--:e!r on leav+ s*ool or college or trade s*ool--9 ord] to impress ^u ! individual t he is pass+ into ano!r _w dem&+ o!r & m responsible s]vice4 ,"s solemn c]emonial ( initiation into ! rights & responsibilities ( citiz5%ip1 accompani$ by e circum/ance ( gravity & rev]5ce1 %\ld furni% ! fitt+ close to ! p]iod ( tra9+4 ,at pres5t we slip out into ! bus9ess ( life 9 a ragg$ insignificant way4 ,our entry ^u responsible citiz5%ip %\ld be signalis$ by a great public obs]vance :i* %\ld s]ve ! purpose n only ( laun*+ ! y\? ^u 8 c\rse 9 life1 b also ( rem9d+ ! re/ ( ! community ( its v[s & its obligations to ! common life4#eh ,footnote #eh3 ,?is discussion closes )\t any attempt to deal ) ! problem ( education beyond ! s*ool age4 ,! (fice ( ! ,univ]sity 9 democratic developm5t is obvi\sly l>ge & important2 b "h aga9 ! writ] confesses 8 inability to h&le ! subject adequately ) any degree ( confid5ce4 ,valuable sugge/ions conc]n+ ! social m9i/ry ( ! ,univ]sity may be f\nd 9 ,! ,com+ ,polity1 by ,patrick ,g$des & ,victor ,bran=d1 especially 9 ! *apt] on 8,! ,univ]sity ,militant40 -------------- ,,headley ,,bros41 ,,a%=d1 ,,k5t #ah ,,devon%ire ,,/41 ,e4,c4#b4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,miss+ or obscur$ punctuation 0 sil5tly correct$4 ,typographical errors 7 sil5tly correct$4 ,inconsi/5t spell+ & hyph5ation 7 made consi/5t only :5 a pr$om9ant =m 0 f\nd 9 ?is book4 ,text t 0 9 italics is enclos$ by und]scores 7italics74