,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,obvi\s pr9t] errors h be5 correct$ )\t note4 ,v[els ) macrons are repres5t$ 9 brackets ) an equal sign1 e4g41 a1 & ^? ) smoo?-brea?+ m>ks are repres5t$ 9 brackets ) an apo/rophe1 e4g41 'a4 ,,musical ,,in/rum5ts ,hi/oric1 ,r>e & ,unique ,,! ,,selection1 ,,introduction ,,& ,,descriptive ,,notes ,,by ,a4,j4 ,,hipk9s1 ,f4,s4,a4 ,,lond4 ,,au?or ,,( ,,! ,,article ,,pian(orte ,,9 ,,! ,,encyclop,,dia ,,britannica ,,illu/rat$ ,,by ,a ,,s]ies ,,( ,,=ty-,,eight ,,plates ,,9 ,,col\rs ,,drawn ,,by ,,william ,,gibb ,illu/ration ,a4 ,,& ,c4 ,,black1 ,,ltd4 #d1 #e ,,& #f ,,soho ,,squ>e1 ,,london1 ,w4#a #aiba ,fir/ publi%$ 9 #ahhh4 ,pr9t$ 9 ,great ,brita9 ,illu/ration ,,cont5ts4 ,,introduction ,,page ,,vii4 ,,burgmote ,,horns ,,plate ,i4 ,,que5 ,,m>y',s ,,h>p ,,ii4 ,,! ,,lamont ,,h>p ,,iii4 ,,cornemuse4 ,,calabrian ,,bagpipe4 ,,musette ,,iv4 ,,bagpipes ,v4 ,,clavicy!rium ,,or ,,upright ,,sp9et ,,vi4 ,,oliphant ,,vii4 ,,que5 ,,elizabe?',s ,,virg9al ,,viii4 ,,que5 ,,elizabe?',s ,,lute ,,ix4 ,,! ,,rizzio ,,guit> ,x4 ,,positive ,,organ ,,xi4 ,,regal ,,xii4 ,,portable ,,organ ,,& ,,bible ,,regal ,,xiii4 ,,cet]a ,,xiv4 ,,lute ,,xv4 ,,!orbo ,,xvi4 ,,dulcim] ,,xvii4 ,,virg9al ,,xviii4 ,,viola ,,da ,,gamba ,,xix4 ,,d\ble ,,sp9et ,,or ,,virg9al ,,xx4 ,,?ree ,,*it>roni ,,xxi4 ,,sp9et ,,xxii4 ,,qu9t]na ,,& ,,m&ol9e ,,xxiii4 ,,wel% ,,crw?4 ,,russian ,,balal,,ika ,,xxiv4 ,,viol9--,,! ,,helli] ,,/radiv>ius1 ,,& ,,two ,,old ,,b[s ,,not$ ,,= ,,! ,,flut+ ,,xxv4 ,,viol9s--,,! ,,al>d ,,/radiv>ius1 ,,! ,,k+ ,,joseph ,,gu>n]ius ,,del ,,ges ,,xxvi4 ,,viola ,d',,amore ,,xxvii4 ,,cet]a1 ,,by ,,antonius ,,/radiv>ius ,,xxviii4 ,,guit>1 ,,by ,,antonius ,,/radiv>ius ,,xxix4 ,,bell ,,h>p ,,& ,,hurdy-,,gurdy ,,xxx4 ,,sord9i ,,xxxi4 ,,clavi*ord ,,xxxii4 ,,! ,,empress ,,h>psi*ord ,,xxxiii4 ,,p$al ,,h>p ,,xxxiv4 ,,/ate ,,trumpet ,,& ,,kettl$rum ,,xxxv4 ,,cavalry ,,bugle4 ,,cavalry ,,trumpet4 ,,trumpets ,,xxxvi4 ,,lituus ,,& ,,bucc9a4 ,,cornet4 ,,trumpets ,,xxxvii4 ,,two ,,d\ble ,,flageolets1 ,a ,,g]man ,,flute1 ,,& ,,two ,,fl,,tes ,,d\ces ,,xxxviii4 ,,dolciano4 ,,oboe4 ,,bassoon4 ,,oboe ,,da ,,caccia4 ,,basset ,,horn ,,xxxix4 ,,sit,,rs ,,& ,v,,na ,,xl4 ,,indian ,,drums ,,xli4 ,,saw ,,duang ,,& ,,b[4 ,,saw ,,tai ,,& ,,b[4 ,,saw ,,oo ,,& ,,b[4 ,,klui4 ,,pee ,,xlii4 ,,ranat ,,ek4 ,,khong ,,yai4 ,,ta',,khay ,,xliii4 ,,hu-,,*',,9 ,,& ,,b[4 ,,%,,ng4 ,,san-,,hsi54 ,p',i-,p',a ,,xliv4 ,,*9ese ,,ti-,,tzu1 ,,s-,,na1 ,,yueh-,,*',,94 ,,japanese ,,hiji-,,riki4 ,,*9ese ,,la-,,pa ,,xlv4 ,,japanese ,,koto ,,xlvi4 ,,siamis51 ,,kokiu1 ,,biwa ,,xlvii4 ,,m>imba ,,( ,,s\? ,,africa ,,xlviii4 ,,index ,,page #aag ,! ,woodcuts at ! head ( ?is page 7f ! ,briti% ,museum7 repres5t ,sir ,mi*ael ,m]cator1 ( ,v5loo1 ,musical ,in/rum5t ,mak] to ,k+ ,h5ry ,,viii4 ,,introduction4 ,x is claim$ = ?is book1 int5d$ to illu/rate r>e hi/orical & beautiful ,musical ,in/rum5ts1 t x is unique4 ,classical1 ,m$ival1 ,japanese1 & o!r v>ieties ( ,decorative ,art1 ,weapons1 & ,co/umes1 h f\nd wor?y illu/ration & adequate description1 b hi!rto no attempt has be5 made to repres5t 9 a l mann] ! grace & ext]nal *>m ( f9e lutes & h>ps1 ( viols1 virg9als1 & o!r in/rum5ts4 ,engrav+s h be5 produc$1 9 hi/orical or te*nical works2 b ! great] numb] ( ^! are m]e repetitions cont9u$ f "o to ! o!r1 & h no specially /hetic int]e/4 ,beauty ( =m & fitness ( decoration dem& m ?an ! commonplace homage paid to simple use1 & :ile we %\ld nev] lose sight ( ! purpose ( a musical in/rum5t1 its capacity to produce agreeable & v>i\s s\nds1 we c take advantage ( its =m & mat]ial1 &1 mak+ x lovely to look ^u1 give pleasure to ! eye z well z ! e>4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to say t ! love ( adornm5t or ornam5t is an attribute ( ! human race4 ,x is to be f\nd ev]y:]e & 9 e epo* :5 life is1 = ! "t be+1 safe & ! means ( exi/5ce secure4 ,"s fav\rite mann] ( decoration is ! *>act]i/ic /amp ( a p1 a p]iod1 or a c\ntry4 ,! e>lie/ monum5ts we c po9t to t repres5t musical in/rum5ts1 %[ a t5d5cy to adorn !m or to place !m ) decorative surr\nd+s4 ,! ,egyptians1 ! ,assyrians1 ! anci5t ,greeks supply a record t has be5 cont9u$ by ! ,p]sians & ,s>ac5s1 9 ! ,go?ic age & ! ,r5aissance1 always repeat+1 z x 71 9 an ineffaceable script1 ! precept t ! h& %\ld m9i/] to ! gratification ( ! eye1 & satisfy x by alt]nat+ excitem5t ) repose4 ,& s x 01 until ! m>vell\s me*anical advance 9 ! pres5t c5tury has n only caus$ u to =get1 by its ov]:elm+ p[]1 :at our pr$ecessors s /eadfa/ly cont9u$1 b has induc$ u to reg>d ! ugly z suffici5t if ! m]e practical end is s]v$4 ,by ?us *ill+ ! appreciation & pursuit ( decorative inv5tion1 t faculty has be5 numb$ = ! "t be+1 & !re is dang] ( its be+ lo/ altoge!r4 ,x may be answ]$ t real arti/ic "w is occasionally done1 & !re are examples ( x to be f\nd 9 musical in/rum5ts2 a good organ case is sometimes made1 sometimes a f9e decoration = a piano case4 ,if !re is any hope ( an awak5+ ( ! love = musical in/rum5ts t f9ds expression 9 _! adornm5t1 its promise lies 9 ! beautiful designs t h be51 ( late ye>s1 s m]itori\sly c>ri$ out = pianos--! inv5tion ( ,mr4 ,alma ,tadema1 ,mr4 ,burne ,jones1 ,mr4 ,fox1 & ,miss ,kate ,faulkn]4 ,good decoration ne$ n be a privilege ( ! ri*2 ! old ,antw]p clavec9-mak]s1 :o 7 all memb]s ( ! guild ( ,/4 ,luke1 ! arti/s' guild1 knew h[ to wor?ily decorate _! in/rum5ts at little co/1 z may be se5 9 ! ,ruck]s ,virg9al1 ,plate ,,xviii4 ,!y pa9t$ _! s\nd-bo>ds ) appropriate ornam5tation1 & us$ bright col\r to height5 ! effect ( _! in/rum5ts :5 op54 ,! ,italians w5t ev5 f>!r 9 ri*] details1 & beautifi$ o!r /r+$ in/rum5ts besides ^? ) key-bo>ds4 ,! p]si/5ce ( noble traditions is %[n 9 ! exquisite ornam5t ( ! ,siamese in/rum5ts 7,plates ,,xlii4 & ,,xliii47 & ( ! ,japanese ,koto 7,plate ,,xlvi474 ,x w\ld be griev\s if ?is ,ea/]n inh]itance 7 lo/ ?r\gh ! engraft+ ( ,we/]n ideas & reception ( our mat]ial civilisation4 ,! inc5tive to all su* "w is ! pleasure f\nd 9 x1 & )\t pleasure 9 "w ! life ( ! work] is aimless & sad4 ,9 describ+ musical in/rum5ts we c ref] to no beg9n+s2 ^? t may be disc]n$ dimly 9 ! glimm]+ ( ! hi/oric dawn pres5t a c]ta9 complet5ess t m>ks an intellectual advance already accompli%$4 ,! well-kn[n ,egyptian ,nef]1 a spade-l guit>1 or r tamb\ra1 invit$ by its long neck ! /opp+ ( v>i\s notes ^u its /r+s4 ,z e>ly z ! ,?ird ,dyna/y1 x _h already be5 s long 9 use z to h become incorporat$ 9 ! pictorial language ( ! ,hi]oglyphics1 9 :i* its repres5tation pres5t$ ! concept or symbol ( ! attribute good4 ,?is /r+$ in/rum5t1 ?us complex 9 its play+1 mu/ h be5 already grey ) age :5 x 0 cut 9 /one 9 ! monum5t ( ! beautiful ,pr9cess ,nef]-t1 n[ 9 ! museum at ,bulaq4 ,we _c conjecture :5 x 0 discov]$ t m tones ?an "o c\ld be got f a s+le /r+ by tak+ advantage ( ! exp$i5t ( a long neck or f+]-bo>d1 or f a s+le pipe by bor+ lat]al holes 9 x1 & clos+ ^? holes to produce diff]5t notes ) ! f+]s4 ,ev5 ^! remote inv5tions1 c]ta9ly prehi/oric1 seem to require t !re %\ld be yet old] inv5tions--^? :i* plac$ pipes or /r+s ( diff]5t l5g?s1 or /r+s ( ! same l5g? b ( diff]5t ?icknesses & t5sion1 side by side1 z 9 ! syr9x or ,pan's pipes1 or ! h>p & lyre4 ,! late ,c>l ,engel1 ,music ( ! ,mo/ ,anci5t ,nations 7,london1 #ahfd71 has =m$ a k9d ( ,developm5t !ory = musical in/rum5ts1 giv+ ! e>lie/ place to ! drum1 & ! late/ to ! /r+$ in/rum5ts2 ^? ( ! latt] ) key-bo>ds hav+ be5 inv5t$ almo/ 9 our own "t4 ,?is !ory has lately be5 recon/ruct$ ^u a m sci5tific basis by ,mr4 ,r[bo?am 7,hi/ory ( ,music1 vol4 i41 ,london1 #ahhe74 ,! drum & tamb\r9e1 & o!r cla%+ & m]e "t-m>k+ in/rum5ts1 z si/rums1 cymbals1 ca/agnettes1 & triangles1 are on ! limit ( musical s\nd & noise1 incl9+1 = ! mo/ "p1 to ! latt]4 ,! drum is widely us$ 9 religi\s s]vices 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w1 & to play ! si/rum 0 9 anci5t ,egypt ! pr]ogative ( a high ord] ( prie/hood4 ,! v>i\s ,buddhi/ gongs resemble ! kettl$rums 9 ?is respect1 t !y h a m def9able musical elem5t 9 !m1 & we f9d ^! sonor\s metal in/rum5ts widely us$ 9 ,*9a & ! ,indo-,*9ese c\ntries1 9 ,java1 & ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago4 ,! ,indian drums 7,plate ,,xli471 accord+ to ! !ory j m5tion$1 %\ld be aborig9al1 b ! mo/ anci5t1 ! ,m'ridang1 is attribut$ to ! god ,s'iva1 & is !re=e ,aryan4 ,h] ,maje/y ! ,que5's ,/ate ,kettl$rum 7,plate ,,xxxv47 "h adorn$ ) a ri*ly embroid]$ silk bann]et1 s]ves to %[ ! highe/ po9t ! drum has yet atta9$ 9 e/imation & use4 ,on a mu* high] level is t arrangem5t ( wood5 or metal b>s 9 ^? in/rum5ts class$ g5]ally z ,h>monicons1 :i* are especially at home 9 ,java1 ,siam1 & ,burma1 & are kn[n to be us$ f ! ,hill c\ntry ( ,india 9 ! "o direction1 to ,africa 9 ! o!r4 ,! beautiful ,siamese ,ranat & ,khong 7,plate ,,xliii47 & ! ,zulu ,m>imba 7,plate ,,xlviii47 are examples ( ?is wide di/ribution1 & 9 ! latt] ! g\rd resonators atta*$ to ! b>s %[ ! simple/ =m ( s\nd re9=c]s1 :i*1 p]fect$ 9 v>i\s ,ea/]n in/rum5ts1 su* z ! ,indian ,vnas & ,sitrs 7,plate ,,xl47 has 9 ,europe atta9$ its cr[n+ arti/ic developm5t 9 ! beautiful pe>-%ap$ ,resonance bodies ( ! ,lute & ,m&ol9e4 ,we f9d also v>ieties ( ?is beautiful =m 9 ! ,georgian & ,turcoman tamb\ras1 ! ,colascione ( ,s\!rn ,italy & simil> in/rum5ts1 ! migrations ( :i* may "h & !re be trac$ along ! l9es ( religi\s movem5ts1 z 9 ,c5tral ,asia & ,h9do/an1 9 ,*9a1 ! ,corea1 & ,japan4 ,= in/ance1 ! %ort]-neck$ lutes & guit>s1 ! rebec1 rebab1 & o!r precursors ( ! viols & viol9s1 :i*1 borr[$ f ! ,arabic population ( ! ,holy ,l&1 actually came to ,europe ^u ! reflex wave ( ! ,crusades4 ,! ,s>ac5ic occupation ( ,spa9 _h1 h[ev]1 its %>e 9 ! transmission ( ^! in/rum5ts1 & ( a ta/e = ! pizzicato1 & also ( an elaboration ( vocal & in/rum5tal ornam5t1 :i* has rema9$ 9 ! popul> airs & dances ( t c\ntry1 &1 an important *>act]i/ic ( ! music ( ! ,tr\bad\rs & ,tr\vres1 has left its m>k ^u our mod]n music ev]y:]e4 ,! ,arab blood 9 ,spa9 may h t5d$ to pres]ve ! use ( ! guit> z a national in/rum5t 9 t c\ntry4 ,a ,guit> 7,plate ,,xxix47 & a ,cet]a 7,plate ,,xxviii47 made by ,/radiv>ius1 z he usually sign$ 8 "n1 are ( especial int]e/ z %[+ t he 0 n above mak+ m simple in/rum5ts ?an viol9s4 ,! beautiful tortoise%ell ,guit> 7,plate ,x47 has a tradition t connects x ) ,m>y ( ,scots & ! un=tunate ,rizzio4 ,9 all ^! guit> & lute in/rum5ts1 ! roses 9 ! s\nd-bo>ds %[ a weal? ( inv5tion 9 design t is truly a/oni%+4 ,a "w ( ?is k9d w\ld n be )\t int]e/ if x 7 devot$ only to ^! roses1 & to ^? ( sp9ets & h>psi*ords4 ,guit>s h flat backs1 & lutes %ell or pe>-%ap$ resonance bodies1 & ! =m] are aga9 divid$ into ! guit> prop] ) catgut /r+s1 & ci!rs ) wire /r+s necessitat+ ! employm5t ( a plectrum4 ,! ,cet]a is ! ,italian "n ( ! ci!r1 & ! "o drawn 9 ,plate ,,xiv4 is ( rem>kable1 al?\gh n unusual1 beauty4 ,! ci!r to :i* ! "n ( ,que5 ,elizabe? is traditionally atta*$1 belongs to ! ,engli% family ( ! ,p&ore1 ,orpheoreon1 & ,p5orcon2 x is n exactly "o ( ^! in/rum5ts1 b x mo/ ne>ly resembles ! la/ nam$4 ,z a f9e specim5 ( ,engli% "w1 9 no way c$+ to ! ,italian1 ?is beautiful in/rum5t1 commonly kn[n z ,que5 ,elizabe?'s ,lute 7,plate ,,ix471 _c be too highly extoll$4 ,! description accompany+ ?is draw+1 & 9 fact ! descriptions ( all ! draw+s1 mu/ be ref]r$ to = ^? special p>ticul>s t are m conv5i5tly giv5 sep>ately4 ,! ,lute 7,plate ,,xv47 is "o ( ! f9e/ exi/+ examples ( its k9d4 ,x be>s ! label ( ,vv5delio ,v5]e1 ,padua1 dat$ #afjj1 & m>ks ! culm9ation ( t once mo/ fav\rite in/rum5t4 ,! l>ge bass lutes--! !orboes & *it>roni--t came into use ab\t t date1 7 r5d]$ necess>y ?r\gh ! weakness 9 ! bass ( ! contempor>y h>psi*ord1 :i* 0 insuffici5t z a sub-/ructure = ! ,cont9uo1 or ,?or\gh ,bass1 int5d$ to accompany ! ,recitativo1 !n rec5tly introduc$ at ,flor5ce1 & =m+ an ess5tial "p ( t ,monody t 0 ! late/ bloom+ ( ! ,r5aissance1 z appli$ to ! late/ art1 h>monis$ music4 ,! ,v5etian ,!orboes 7or ,tiorbe7 & ,*it>roni 7,plates ,,xvi4 & ,,xxi47 are ( great beauty & hi/orical int]e/4 ,b ! lute1 ev5 :5 diapasons or extra bass /r+s 7 add$ to x1 w5t out1 be+ sup]s$$ by ! m useful1 al?\gh less beautifully ton$1 sp9et4 ,! late/ lute in/rum5ts are ! pleas+ ,m&ol9es to :i* fa%ion may possibly grant a new lease ( popul>ity4 ,^! in/rum5ts are drawn 9 ,plate ,,xxiii4 ,bo? e> & eye are equally gratifi$ 9 t culm9ation ( qualities atta9$ 9 a viol91 9 :i* ! s\nd & %ape are s intimately & insep>ably connect$ t we fail to conceive ! "o )\t "s m5tal ref]5ce to ! o!r4 ,! =m & col\r ( a f9e viol9 are 9 !mselves s beautiful t x seems sc>cely possible to enhance _! effect by add+ any k9d ( decoration1 b 9 ,plate ,,xxv4 x w be se5 t ,antonio ,/radiv>i1 ) :om ! in/rum5t rea*$ p]fection1 has successfully inlaid "o ( 8 ma/]pieces ) an appropriate design4 ,ano!r viol9 by ! same illu/ri\s ma/]1 9 ?is in/ance )\t adornm5t1 is drawn 9 ,plate ,,xxvi4 ,! p>ticul> *>act]i/ics ( ano!r fam\s ,cremona mak]1 ,giuseppe ,gu>n]i1 :o sign$ himself ,del ,ges1 & is acc\nt$ ,/radiv>i's only rival1 are also illu/rat$ 9 ?is plate4 ,) =ty-eight plates1 h[ev]1 to :i* ?is "w is limit$1 no complete s*eme c be (f]$ ( ! ri* v>ieties ( musical in/rum5ts t exi/1 b ! pictorially int]e/+ ,viola d',amore 7,plate ,,xxvii47 & ! ,viola da ,gamba 7,plate ,,xix47 h n be5 ov]look$4 ,w9d in/rum5ts1 al?\gh !y may be ( e>li] inv5tion 9 _! rudim5t>y =ms ?an ^? ) /r+s1 z 9 ! old-_w fable ( ,apollo & ,m>syas1 are always plac$ second4 ,b !y h an equal int]e/ intr9sically & hi/orically1 & l drums & gongs1 h an especial connection ) ! sacr$ rites ( v>i\s nations4 ,! ,jewi% ,%oph>1 a simple ram's horn1 a woodcut ( :i*1 drawn f an int]e/+ example pres]v$ at ! great ,synagogue1 ,aldgate1 ,london1 figures at ! end ( ?is ,introduction1 is ! olde/ w9d in/rum5t 9 pres5t use 9 ! _w4 ,x is fir/ nam$ 9 ! ,bible z s\nd+ :5 ! ,"l desc5d$ ^u ,m\nt ,s9ai1 & !re seems to be little d\bt t x has be5 cont9u\sly us$ 9 ! ,mosaic ,s]vice f ! "t x 0 e/abli%$ until n[4 ,x is s\nd$ 9 ! synagogues at ! ,new ,ye> & on ! ,fa/ ( ! ,day ( ,atonem5t4 ,! ,talmud gives t5 reasons = s\nd+ ! ,%oph> at ! ,new ,ye>1 :i* may be summ$ up z rem9d+ ^? :o he> x ( ! ,creation1 ,p5it5ce1 & ! ,law1 ( ! ,prophets1 :o 7 z wat*m5 bl[+ trumpets1 ( ! ,temple & ! ,b9d+ ( ,isaac1 ( ,humility1 ! ga!r+ toge!r ( ,israel1 ! ,resurrection1 & ! day ( ,judgm5t1 :5 ! trumpet %all s\nd = all4 ,! emb\*ure ( ! ,%oph> is v difficult1 & b ?ree prop] tones are usually obta9$ f x1 al?\gh 9 "s in/ances high] notes c be got4 ,! %ort rhy?mic fl\ri%es are common1 ) unimportant diff]5ces1 to bo? ! ,g]man & ,portuguese ,jews1 & consequ5tly date f be=e _! sep>ation4 ,^! fl\ri%es z us$ 9 ! ,ritual are ! ,tekiah 7,t'qi'ah7 ,music ,%eb>im 7,%'bh>im7 ,music & ,t]uah 7,t'ru'ah7 ,music usually a tongu$ vibrato ( ! l[] note4 ,! ,g$olah ,music is ! great ,tekiah conclud+ ! fl\ri%es4 ,! %oph> is usually a ram's horn flatt5$ by heat1 ! bore be+ a cyl9drical tube ( v small calibre1 :i* op5s into a k9d ( bell ( p>abolic =m4 ,! notes "h giv5 are ^? usually produc$1 b f ! empirical =mation ( ! emb\*ure & a peculi>ity ( ! play]'s lips1 an octave is occasionally produc$ in/ead ( ! normal fif?4 ,! fundam5tal1 if obta9$1 is n reg>d$ z a true %oph> note4 ,?r\gh ! m$iation ( a fri5d1 ^: assi/ance has enabl$ me to ga!r ?is in=mation1 ,i h he>d ! %oph> fl\ri%es play$ by a compet5t p]=m]1 & am enabl$ to give an au?oritative notation ( ^! /rangely int]e/+ hi/orical phrases1 = ! f9al correction ( :i* ,i h to ?ank ! ,rev4 ,francis ,coh54 ,bronze horns are also ( v anci5t use1 & exi/+ specim5s1 *iefly ( ,celtic or ,sc&9avian orig91 are frequ5tly ri*ly ornam5t$4 ,_! employm5t appe>s to h be5 = w>1 = hunt+1 & ! fea/4 ,9 m rec5t times1 _! possession has be5 atta*$ to feudal cu/oms1 z ! transf] & hold+ ( l&1 & at la/ ?r\gh ! gr[? ( l>ge cities !y became associat$1 z ! int]e/+ ,dov] & ,cant]bury ,horns 7,plate ,i47 71 ) municipal cu/oms4 ,horns 7 s\nd$ = ! curfew1 & an especially *>act]i/ic example ( su* horn-bl[+ is a dramatic feature introduc$ by ,wagn] at ! close ( ! second act ( 8 ,%akespe>ean ,music ,drama1 ,die ,mei/]s+] von ,nrnb]g4 ,e>l ,sp5c]'s v beautiful ivory horn or ,oliphant 7,plate ,,vii47 0 mo/ likely int5d$ = ! *ase4 ,( o!r simple w9d in/rum5ts dep5d+ ^u ! play]'s lips1 ! anci5t ,roman ,lituus & ,bucc9a 7,plate ,,xxxvii47 are em95tly int]e/+ examples4 ,! ,roman horse-soldi] bore ! ,lituus1 s call$ f its resemblance to an ,augur's /aff1 & ! foot-soldi]1 ! ,tuba & circul> ,bucc9a4 ,!y m>*$ to ! s\nd ( in/rum5ts1 ! tones ( :i* 7 produc$ exactly z !y are 9 ! trumpet & bugle we are famili> )--f ! vibration ( ! lips1 v>y+ ) ! pressure & =ce ( w9d )9 a cup-l m\?piece4 ,^! tones1 be+ f natural h>monics1 are n diff]5t n[ f :at !y 7 :5 ,cs> fir/ l&$ 9 ,brita91 or1 inde$1 ! fir/ notes f a horn t 7 ev] produc$4 ,( mod]n brass in/rum5ts drawn1 !re are two possess+ hi/orical int]e/--! ,cavalry ,bugle 9 ,plate ,,xxxvi4 :i* belongs to ,h4,r4,h4 ! ,pr9ce ( ,wales1 & s\nd$ ! moonlight *>ge ( ! ,h\sehold ,cavalry at ,kassass9 9 ,egypt1 & a trumpet t s\nd$ ! fam\s *>ge at ,salamanca4 ,by way ( contra/ !re is ! silv] ,/ate ,trumpet 7,plate ,,xxxv471 "o ( t5 t 7 employ$ 9 peaceful s]vice = ,h] ,maje/y ,que5 ,victoria dur+ h] long & graci\s rule4 ,! ,syr9x1 or ,pan's pipes1 has be5 already ref]r$ to1 & may be describ$ z compos$ ( a c]ta9 numb] ( flute-pipes1 ! s\nds be+ produc$ by direct+ ! brea? aga9/ ! %>p edge ( ea* pipe4 ,plato consid]$ ! use ( ! ,syr9x lawful 9 rural life1 b he condemn$ ! m ri*ly-ton$ flute4 ,! %eph]d's pipe belongs to ! ,oboe family1 inasmu* z x is s\nd$ by means ( a re$1 an artifice ( great antiquity4 ,we d n "k any?+ ab\t its e>ly developm5t1 b ,*aldean %eph]ds play$ ^u simil> in/rum5ts ne>ly #bjjj ye>s ago1 :ile wat*+ _! flocks by night1 & ,neapolitan peasants /ill play1 9 memory ( ^? %eph]ds1 ^u simil> ru/ic re$ pipes1 ! ,zampogna or ,c5namella1 = n9e days prec$+ ! great ,*ur* fe/ivals ( ! ,madonna ,immaculata & ! ,nativity4 ,^! primitive oboes mu/ be ( v great antiquity4 ,x is probable1 ! %eph]d's pipe 0 at fir/ a small] re$ ins]t$ 9 a l>g] "o1 or ! l>g] "o 0 slit = a re$ vibrator1 z boys cut !m n[4 ,! l[l& ,scot* %eph]d's pipe is made ( horn1 ! cov] = ! re$ be+ also horn4 ,! pr9ciple ( a res]voir ( air to furni% a supply = pipes1 ! primitive conception ( ! organ1 0 kn[n to ! ,romans & ! orig9al =m ( bagpipe 0 ! ,tibia ,utricul>is4 ,9 c\rse ( "t no in/rum5t 0 m popul> ?r\gh\t ,europe ?an ! bagpipe4 ,v>ieties ( x 7,plates ,,iv4 & ,v471 includ+ specim5s ( ! ,cornemuse & ,musette1 %[ ! mod]n =ms ( ?is n[ despis$ in/rum5t4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! drone-bass1 common to ! ,bagpipe & ,hurdy-gurdy 7,plate ,,xxx471 mu/ h be5 ( univ]sal acceptance 9 ,europe be=e ! k ( c\nt]po9t became g5]al4 ,! peculi> scale ( int]vals ( ! great ,highl& bagpipe adds mu* to :at is *>act]i/ic 9 ! tones ( ! in/rum5t4 ,its div]g5ce ( intonation may be due to ! incompet5cy ( ! in/rum5t-mak] to det]m9e ! true di/ances = bor+ ! lat]al holes4 ,if s1 we mu/ be l5i5t ) him1 = ev5 n[1 ) our p]fection ( me*anical appliances1 ! bor+ is n above "q4 ,b1 ( c\rse1 accuracy is m ne>ly atta9$ ?an x has be5 at any previ\s "t1 ev5 ! e>li] ye>s ( ! pres5t c5tury4 ,ano!r & a m attractive hypo!sis = ! ,highl& bagpipe scale1 d]ives its mean or neut] ?irds1 nei!r major nor m9or1 f a ,syrian scale1 /ill f\nd at ,damascus1 & attributes its pres5ce 9 ,europe to ! pipes hav+ be5 br\ght1 l rebecs1 rebabs1 & lutes1 by return+ ,crusad]s1 ^: wond]+ admiration = ,s>ac5ic ,art is well kn[n4 ,x seems sc>cely likely t ! music w\ld n also h t\*$ !m1 possess$ z x 0 ( a special *>m due to ages ( ,p]sian & ,arabic cultivation4 ,!re is abundant evid5ce 9 ! pres5t day z to ! fav\r %[n 9 ! ,ea/ = ^? indef9ite ?irds1 :i* may orig9ate f an ideally equal scale ( sev5 int]vals ( ! same ext5t1 su* z ! ,siamese accept1 in/ead ( five ( l>g] & two ( small]1 su* z obta9s ) u2 or !y may be due to an alt]ation 9 tun+ ! lute1 attribut$ by ! ,arabian philosoph] ,al ,farabi to a lut5i/ nam$ ,zalzal1 :o *ang$ "o ( ! frets ( ! lute to obta9 x4 ,x is n necess>y to d m ?an ref] to ! peculi>ities ( ^! ,ea/]n divisions ( ! scale or ! possible survival ( "o 9 ! ,highl& bagpipe2 ! inquir] w f9d in=mation c>ri$ to ! limits ( our pres5t k 9 ,re*]*es sur l',hi/oire de la ,gamme ,arabe1 p> ,j4,p4,n4 ,l& 7,leyd51 #ahhd71 & ,on ! ,musical ,scales ( ,v>i\s ,nations1 by ,alex&] ,j4 ,ellis1 a pap] read be=e ! ,london ,society ( ,arts1 & publi%$ 9 t ,society's ,j\rnal1 #bg? ,m>*1 #ahhe4 ,x is suffici5t to add t :ile ! neut] ?ird rema9s a fav\rite int]val 9 "s ,ea/]n c\ntries1 z f> z inve/igation has be5 possible x is kn[n 9 ,europe only among ! m\nta9s & 9 ! bagpipe music ( ! ,scotti% ,gael4 ,! late/ developm5t ( flute & re$ pipes is to be f\nd 9 ! flute1 oboe1 cl>9et1 & bassoon ( ! mod]n or*e/ra4 ,plates ,,xxxviii4 & ,,xxxix4 repres5t in/rum5ts t h be5 ! imm$iate precursors ( or are id5tical ) ! in/rum5ts nam$4 ,"o1 ! ,dolciano or ,t5oroon ) a cl>9et re$1 is ( unusual importance z possibly anticipat+ ! inv5tion ( ! ,saxophone4 ,x w\ld require a volume to describe ! trans=mations w9d in/rum5ts h und]gone 9 ! pres5t c5tury1 p>ticul>ly t ( ! ,flute by ! late ,!obald ,boehm4 ,! cl>9et & oboe h be5 less alt]$ because ! completely refa%ion$ in/rum5ts t h be5 int5d$ to replace !m1 ! saxophone & ! s>rusophone1 h n reta9$ ^? special qualities ( tone col\r requir$ = ! palette ( ! or*e/ral compos]4 ,b = ! brass in/rum5ts !re has be5 z yet no halt+-place4 ,furni%$ e>ly 9 ?is c5tury ) keys1 t important revolution 0 succe$$ by ano!r no less complete--! introduction ( ! valve or pi/on sy/em1 ! ga9 ( :i*1 n[ almo/ univ]sally ackn[l$g$1 has be5 l>gely tak5 advantage ( by ,wagn] & o!r rec5t compos]s4 ,! famili> ,organ is %[n 9 ! ,positive & ,portable organs 7l'orgue positif et portatif71 small in/rum5ts repres5t+ r$uc$ front portions ( ! ,montre1 ! visible speak+ pipes ( ! m$ival *ur* organ1 :i* 0 nei!r m nor less ?an a l>ge mixture regi/]2 t is to say1 ea* key :5 put d[n s\nd$ ! octave1 twelf?1 sup]-octave1 & o!r notes simultane\sly ) ! fundam5tal note4 ,! movem5t ( ! ,pla9 ,song1 or ( any melody ) ?is h>monic /ructure ^u x1 0 9 progressions t no mod]n musically tra9$ e> c\ld tol]ate4 ,n m ?an "o key ( ! l>ge *ur* organ c\ld1 h[ev]1 be put d[n by ei!r h&1 z ! keys 7 z broad z ! palm1 & to press "o d[n requir$ an attack ) ! play]'s fi/4 ,b ! keys ( ! ,portable organ1 a processional in/rum5t1 7 n>r[--"o h& manipulat+ ! bell[s :ile ! play] t\*$ ! keys ) ! o!r4 ,! positive 0 a *apel or *amb] organ1 int5d$ to be /ation>y1 & also ) n>r[ keys1 admitt+ ( ! grasp ( an octave4 ,! key-bo>d %[n 9 ! ,van ,eyck ,/4 ,cecilia panel ( ! fam\s alt>-piece at ,gh5t--! ,adoration ( ! ,lamb--has already ! complete arrangem5t ( *romatic keys1 exactly z 9 our mod]n key-bo>d in/rum5ts4 ,! date ( ?is panel c\ld n h be5 lat] ?an ,a4,d4 #adbf4 ,among ! num]\s portable organs depict$ 9 pa9t+s ( e>li] date1 ! addition ( ! ficti1 z ! *romatic notes 7 call$1 except+ p]haps ! ,b flat1 or ! ,b flat & ,e flat1 does n appe>4 ,! ,b flat1 h[ev]1 0 n a *romatic1 b an ess5tial note 9 ! ecclesia/ical scale4 ,ano!r e>ly in/ance 9 a pa9t+ by ,hans ,meml+1 pres]v$ 9 ! ,hospital ( ,/4 ,john at ,bruges1 is subsequ5t 9 date to ! ,gh5t alt>-piece1 b is /ill )9 ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,! *romatic keys are "h put f>!r back ?an 9 our usual key-bo>ds1 z !y 7 also 9 ! f\rte5?-c5tury ,halb]/adt organ4 ,! f\rte5?-c5tury portable organ drawn 9 ,critical & ,bibliographical ,notes on ,e>ly ,spani% ,music1 by ,don ,juan ,f4 ,riao 7,qu>it*1 ,london71 #ahhg1 p4 #abg1 %[s ! ,b flat only1 & figur$ z an upp] key1 app>5tly n rais$1 b level ) ! natural keys1 :i* agrees ) contempor>y repres5tations ( ! in/rum5t by ,fra ,angelico4 ,! ,portable ,organ 7,plate ,,xiii47 "h drawn is ( comp>atively late date1 ^! small in/rum5ts hav+ rema9$ 9 use until aft] ! ,re=mation4 ,! ,positive ,organ 7,plate ,,xi47 is ( e>li] date1 & is s f> develop$ z to h regi/]s & draw/ops to gov]n !m2 9 ?is example !y are an octave ap>t1 b an unimpea*able au?ority1 ,praetorius1 speaks ( a regi/] 9 a positive organ a fif? f ! fundam5tal "o6 ,our ance/ors 7 evid5tly n affect$ by a progression ( fif?s z we are4 ,! ,regal 7,plate ,,xii41 & z ,bible ,regal1 ,plate ,,xiii471 0 equally a "p ( ! old *ur* organ tak5 out & play$ by itself4 ,x is ! beat+-re$ regi/]1 s call$ because ! re$ ov]laps its frame1 & :5 vibrat+ produces a m or less j>r+ or /rid5t quality ( tone4 ,z ! free re$ does n t\* its frame x is less h>% 9 quality4 ,b ! latt] v>iety ( re$ is ( v rec5t introduction into ,europe4 ,/rangely en\gh1 x has be5 tak5 f a ,*9ese m\? organ ( great antiquity1 ! ,%ng6 ,?is ,*9ese in/rum5t has sev5te5 s\nd+ pipes1 ea* furni%$ ) a small brass or copp] free re$1 & is usually s\nd$ by draw+ 9 ! w9d1 n bl[+1 be+ 9 ?is respect foll[$ by ! pres5t ,am]ican organ4 ,! adoption 9 ,europe ( ! pr9ciple ( ! ,%ng 0 due to an application ( x at ,/4 ,pet]sburg by an organ-build] nam$ ,kirsnick1 ab\t #aghj1 & ! en?usia/ic advocacy ( ! ,abb ,vogl]4 7,sir ,george ,grove's ,diction>y ( ,music & ,musicians1 ,art4 ,vogl]1 by ! ,rev4 ,j4,h4 ,mee47 ,f x are d]iv$ our accordion & conc]t9as1 h>monium & ,am]ican organ1 z well z sundry musical toys4 ,! ,%ng is drawn 9 ,plate ,,xliv4 ,x is famili> 9 ,japan1 ) "s v>iation1 z ! ,%o1 & a l>g] in/rum5t on ! same pr9ciple us$ 9 ! ,lao ,/ates ( ,siam is !re call$ ,phan4 ,9 ne>ly all in/ances x is reta9$ z a solo in/rum5t4 ,! ,siamese musicians1 :om ,h4,m4 ! ,k+ ( ,siam v g5]\sly s5t at 8 own exp5se to ! ,london ,inv5tions ,exhibition1 & :o p]=m$ !re1 9 ! music room & 9 ! ,royal ,alb]t ,hall1 _h among !m a ,phan play]1 :o always play$ alone4 ,h>p-l in/rum5ts1 b ) resonance bodies b5ea? ! /r+s1 appe> 9 _! olde/1 b a yet highly develop$ =m1 9 ! ,*9ese ,*'91 or ,s*ol>'s ,lute4 ,! ,japanese ,sono ,koto 7,plate ,,xlvi47 is d]iv$ f a modification ( ! ,*'91 kn[n 9 ,*9a z ! ,s1 ! diff]5ce be+ t :ile ! ,*'9 has fix$ bridges & a sy/em ( /opp+1 ! ,s1 & consequ5tly ! ,koto1 h movable bridges & no /ops4 ,! ,koto is tun$ accord+ to ! five notes 9 ! octave sy/em t prevails 9 ,japan &1 ) a diff]5ce 9 ! division ( ! scale1 9 ,*9a1 nam$1 by ! late ,c>l ,engel1 p5tatonic4 ,! play] kneels ^u ! gr\nd beside ! in/rum5t1 & re/+ or sitt+ ^u 8 heels1 t\*es ! %ort] l5g?s ( ! /r+s1 z divid$ by ! bridges1 ) plectra on ! ?umb & fir/ two f+]s1 b1 at ! same "t1 makes con/ant use ( ! long] l5g?s to press ^u or relieve ! /r+s s z to alt] ! t5sion & produce int]m$iate tones4 ,! ,koto drawn is "o ( great beauty4 ,! f\r *>act]i/ic popul> in/rum5ts ( ,japan are ! ,koto1 ! ,siamis51 ! ,biwa1 & ! ,kokiu 7see ,plates ,,xlvi4 & ,,xlvii47 ,! ,siamis5 is alli$ to ! ,*9ese ,san-hsi5 & ! ,biwa to ! ,*9ese ,p'i-p'a 7see ,plate ,,xliv474 ,! v curi\s ,siamese ,ta'khay1 or crocodile 7,plate ,,xliii471 is ( ! same g5us z ! ,koto & ,*'91 b has be5 *ang$ into its pres5t =m by ,siamese +5uity1 :i* has f\nd a ri* field = employm5t 9 ! decoration ( musical in/rum5ts1 ! ,siamese1 9 ?is respect1 be>+ ! palm 9 ! ,ea/1 z ! ,italians h done 9 ! ,we/4 ,z to ! pr9ciple ( ! h>p or r ( ! psalt]y embodi$ 9 ^! p>allel /rung in/rum5ts1 x diff]s f ! ,egyptian & ,assyrian conceptions1 :i* plac$ ! resonance bodies ( _! h>ps 9 a curv$ disposition1 ! "o bel[1 ! o!r above ! /r+s4 ,greek lyres _h _! s\nd bodies directly und]nea? ! /r+s4 ,! orig9 ( ! ,greek lyre is unkn[n1 ! "n n be+ ,hell5ic2 x may possibly h be5 ,asiatic1 b 0 n orig9ally ,egyptian4 ,x w\ld solve an int]e/+ problem c\ld we "k :at 0 ! ,hebrew k9nor1 ! h>p ( ! ,au?oris$ ,v]sion1 ! mo/ prom95t /r+$ in/rum5t occurr+ 9 ! ri*e/ collection ( sacr$ poetry ! _w has kn[n1 ! ,hebrew ,psalms4 ,dr4 ,/a9]1 :o has made a complete analysis ( ! text1 has n got beyond conjecture4 ,x is only c]ta9 t ! k9nor 0 a /r+$ in/rum5t4 ,x is record$ t x 0 made by ,tubal ,ca91 play$ ^u by ,laban ! ,syrian & by ! %eph]d boy ,david4 ,x is m5tion$ 9 ! ,book ( ,job1 & ! captive ,hebrews 9 ,babylon hung _! k9nors on ! trees4 ,:e!r ) or )\t f+]-bo>d1 :e!r a lyre1 a trigonon1 or a h>p1 its tones _h p[] ov] ! feel+s to produce simil> effects to ^? ) :i* music t\*es u n[1 z surely z t ! physical law ( sympa!tic vibration 0 z active !n 9 ,syria1 or by ! wat]s ( ,babylon1 z x is to-day 9 ,ed9burgh or ,london4 ,! =ms ( ,h>p drawn 9 ?is "w 7,plates ,,ii41 ,,iii41 & ,,xxxiv47 diff] f ! anci5t h>ps :i* _h no =e>m or front pill>1 & c\ld !re=e h endur$ b little /ra94 ,yet an old ,celtic monum5t repres5ts a h>p-l in/rum5t ) ?is ,ea/]n peculi>ity4 ,! extremely int]e/+ ,celtic h>ps "h drawn1 ! ,que5 ,m>y & ! ,lamont h>ps1 h =e>ms or b[s ( a con/ructive /r5g? t w\ld1 ) ! re/ ( ! fram+1 be> a consid]able draught ( wire4 ,! ,celts & ,g]manic nations appe> to h long cultivat$ ! h>p4 ,! ^w itself is ,g]man1 b ! ,celtic p ( ^! isl&s h diff]5t names = x1 accord+ to :e!r !y are ( ! ,gaelic or ,cymric bran*4 ,! common ,gaelic "n 0 ,cruit 7,crot71 :i* comes f a root mean+ vibration1 b ?is "n has be5 sup]s$$ by ,cl>sa*1 :i* is d]iv$ f ! res\nd+ bo>d4 ,! ,wel% "n1 ,telyn1 implies /ra9 or t5sion4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! triple-/rung ,wel% ,h>p is a comp>atively mod]n in/rum5t1 & s also is ! ,wel% ,crw? 7,plate ,,xxiv471 9 ! only =m 9 :i* x has come d[n to u1 z a b[$ in/rum5t ) extra /r+s (f ! f+]-bo>d1 a peculi>ity belong+ to ! !orbo & lyra-viol4 ,! orig9 ( ! ,crw? w\ld appe> to h be5 ! classical lyre submitt$ to *anges t _h come ) "t1 &1 z ! ,cont95tal ,rote or ,rotta1 x 0 a v common =m ( in/rum5t 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,x _h to give way be=e ,ea/]n /r+$ in/rum5ts1 su* z ! rebec & lute4 ,! ,vna 7,plate ,,xl47 is ! *>act]i/ic ,h9du /r+$ in/rum5t1 & has a great antiquity attribut$ to x4 ,! /r+ is !oretically said to be divid$ into tw5ty-two small int]vals 9 ! octave1 ( equal ext5t1 call$ s'ruti1 by :i* ! tones & semitones are det]m9$2 b rec5t obs]vation %[s t ! ,h9dus are satisfi$ ) a division ( twelve semitones 9 ! octave--9 fact1 our *romatic scale4 ,small] int]vals are only us$ = grace notes1 & are produc$ by deflect+ ! /r+4 ,g\rd resonators h be5 m5tion$ z ( probably v anci5t use1 & ! employm5t ( sympa!tic /r+s1 9 vogue 9 ,europe only 9 ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies1 may be add$ z also ( remote orig9 9 ,india4 ,! ,h9dus & ,p]sians h bo? us$ g\rds atta*$ to ! ,vnas & ,sitrs 7,plate ,,xl47 = resonance4 ,9 ,s\!rn ,india1 :]e ! use ( ! orig9al ,h9du ,vna prevails1 al?\gh ! scale n[ us$ is at lea/ heptatonic1 !re is /ill a lean+ t[>ds p5tatonic =ms ( melody4 ,! accordances are 9 f\r?s or fif?s & octaves4 ,! ,sitr ( ,nor!rn ,india & great] use ( ! int]val ( ! ?ird may be attribut$ to ,p]sian introduction2 b ?r\gh\t ,india1 & m int5sely 9 ! s\?1 music is felt z a poetic art1 & has a developm5t 9 its own way1 t /ill rema9s unrecognis$ 9 ,europe1 al?\gh we n[ h s*ol>s f ^: rese>*es & zeal ?is ignorance may be 9 "t1 at lea/ p>tially1 dispell$4 ,music is acutely felt z a means ( expression 9 ,india unkn[n 9 ,*9a or among ! ,indo-,*9ese races4 ,! vex$ "q ( ! introduction ( ! b[ to /r+$ in/rum5ts1 ^u :i* ! mo/ em95t au?orities are n yet dispos$ to agree1 is "o t ne$s only to be m5tion$ "h4 ,:e!r ( ,asiatic or ,european introduction1 x w\ld appe> at fir/ to h be5 only "o ( ! ways by :i* s\nds c\ld be drawn f /r+s1 & t x gradually became victori\s ov] ! plectrum1 ) in/rum5ts ( ! viol k9d1 :i* !reby ga9$ a great developm5t4 ,x is ev5 n[ p]mitt$ to use ! f+]s to a b[$ in/rum5t 9 ! pizzicato ( ! viol9 & violoncello4 ,! ,psalt]y 0 a plectrum in/rum5t d]iv$ f ! ,arab ,qanun2 x is r>ely abs5t 9 pa9t+s ( ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies :]e musical in/rum5ts are repres5t$4 ,! same in/rum5t1 increas$ 9 ! weight ( /r++ to resi/ ! impact ( hamm]s1 is ! famili> dulcim]1 :i*1 l ! hurdy-gurdy & ! bagpipe1 has se5 bett] days4 ,:at 0 once ?\ght ( ! dulcim] is %[n by ! pa9t+ t adorns ! "o drawn 9 ,plate ,,xvii4 ,x seems almo/ vexati\s t we d n "k :o fir/ adju/$ a key-bo>d to a psalt]y1 & ?us con/ruct$ a sp9et4 ,x 0 n e>li] ?an ! fifte5? c5tury1 b ! "n ( ! m]itori\s inv5tor has n come d[n to u1 or :]e he liv$4 ,x seems mo/ likely f ! e>lie/ "n1 clavicymbalum1 be+ ,lat91 t ! in/rum5t 0 fir/ contriv$ 9 a mona/]y4 ,b we h1 =tunately1 9 ,plate ,,vi41 9 an upright ,sp9et or ,clavicy!rium1 "o ( ! e>lie/ exi/+ specim5s ( ! k9d4 ,x is a "q n yet decid$ :e!r ?is r>e in/rum5t is ( ,s\? ,g]man or ,nor? ,italian orig94 ,! reason is giv5 = ! =m] attribution 9 ! description accompany+ ! draw+4 ,yet ! ,mantegnesque feel+ is s /rong 9 ! decoration ( ! int]ior t we pause be=e accept+ ! ,swabian orig9 z conclusively settl$4 ,que5 ,elizabe?'s ,virg9al 7,plate ,,viii471 :i* has at la/ f\nd a re/+-place 9 ! spl5did collection ( old musical in/rum5ts 9 ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum1 is n a virg9al prop]1 b app>5tly an ,italian sp9et4 ,x has be5 glori\sly decorat$1 & x awak5s an int5se feel+ ( int]e/ to reflect ^u :o may h play$ ^u x & :o may h /ood by & he>d ! pleas+ tones ( an in/rum5t once s mu* c>$ =4 ,! ,sp9et 0 at t "t beg9n+ to ga9 ^u ! ,lute4 ,! p[] to p]=m "p music ) two h&s1 :i* ! lute-play]1 hav+ only "o h& to /op )1 c\ld b imp]fectly approa*1 0 an end[m5t !re 0 no ga9say+4 ,we may see ! contempor>y prosp]ity ( ! great ,v5etian republic 9 ! lutes1 !orboes1 & sp9ets t are n[ disp]s$ ?r\gh\t ,europe2 & almo/ at ! same "t su* in/rum5ts z ! ,ruck]s ,virg9al 7,plate ,,xviii47 & ! ,ruck]s d\ble ,sp9et 7,plate ,,xx47 be> witness = ,antw]p z to ! fav\r successful comm]ce has ev] %[n ! ,arts4 ,! great ,engli% sp9et-mak]s belong to ! second half ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & ! fir/ qu>t] ( ! eighte5?4 ,among !m1 ,/eph5 ,ke5e 0 9 ! =emo/ rank1 & 8 "w w /ill be> exam9ation 9 ! sp9et drawn 9 ,plate ,,xxii4 ,! eighte5? c5tury 0 m>k$ by a great advance 9 mak+ ! expressive ,clavi*ord1 :i* al?\gh p]haps ! olde/ key-bo>d /r+$ in/rum5t1 _h always _h to give way be=e ! l\d] & m graceful-look+ sp9et4 ,plate ,,xxxii4 displays ! clavi*ord at its culm9ation1 & ! ,*9ese ,lac decoration %[s t1 9 ?is specim5 at lea/1 its intimate *>m ( tone1 capable1 z no o!r key-bo>d in/rum5t 01 ( ! vibrato1 0 deem$ wor?y ( an elaborate sett+4 ,! late/ improvem5ts ( :i* ! ,sp9et g5us 0 capable1 includ+ ! ,v5etian ,swell1 are f\nd$ 9 ! ,d\ble ,h>psi*ord 7,plate ,,xxxiii47 made by ,burkat ,%udi 7,burkh>d ,ts*udi7 & ,john ,broadwood 9 #aggc1 = ! ,empress ,m>ia ,!resa4 ,x is a "q :e!r "s musical in/rum5ts ( special "* %\ld n be reta9$ = use or be made aga9 :5 t "* _c be express$ by any exi/+ in/rum5t4 ,if ?is 7 done ! ,viola d',amore1 ! ,viola da ,gamba1 ! ,h>psi*ord1 ! ,clavi*ord1 & ! old ,g]man flute1 9 ! la/ in/ance ) "s concession to defective intonation1 w\ld f9d _! places & be sometimes he>d ) pleasure4 ,) reg>d to ! selection & draw+ ( ! subjects repres5t$ 9 ! foll[+ ,plates1 x may be m5tion$ t ! pres5t writ] _h ! important advantage ( a free use ( ! rem>kable ,loan ,collection ( ,musical ,in/rum5ts exhibit$ at ! ,royal ,alb]t ,hall1 ,k5s+ton1 9 #ahhe4 ,extraord9>y facilities = draw+ ! select$ subject 7 obta9$ ?r\gh 8 (ficial connection ) ! ,music ,division ( ! ,exhibition1 & ?r\gh ! graci\s p]mission ( ! respective own]s ( ! in/rum5ts1 includ+ ,h4,m4 ! ,que51 ,h4,r4,h4 ! ,pr9ce ( ,wales1 ,h4,r4,h4 ! ,siamese ,m9i/]1 & ! ,japanese ,commission4 ,he has also utilis$ "s sket*es ( in/rum5ts select$ & drawn by ,mr4 ,rob]t ,gl5 ( ,ed9burgh1 to :om belongs ! cr$it ( orig9at+ ! idea ( ?is publication4 ,! pictorial repres5tation ( ! subjects 0 und]tak5 by ,mr4 ,william ,gibb1 & ! plates 9 ?is volume h be5 successfully reproduc$ f 8 admirable draw+s4 ,! book ga9s1 moreov]1 a special & unexpect$ value f ! fact t no illu/rat$ ,catalogue ,raisonn 0 compil$ ( ! ,music ,loan ,collection ( #ahhe1 :i* comb9$ ! mo/ beautiful & valuable ,manuscripts1 ,books1 ,pa9t+s1 etc41 z well z ,musical ,in/rum5ts1 :i* 7 ev] br\ght toge!r4 ,!re 7 no funds available1 nor 0 !re "t to p]mit ( su* a "w be+ c>ri$ out be=e ! ,collection 0 disp]s$4 ,by ^? :o deplore ! loss ( t opportunity1 ! illu/rations ( ?is "w may be reg>d$ z a valuable mem5to ( t unrivall$ ,collection4 ,a4,j4,h4 ,illu/ration3 ,,jewi% ,,%oph>4 ,illu/ration3 ,i ,,plate ,i4 ,,burgmote ,,horns4 ,beautiful horns ( hamm]$ & emboss$ bronze belong+ to ! ,corporations ( ,cant]bury & ,dov]4 ,! "r-h& "o is f ,dov]1 :]e x 0 =m]ly us$ = ! call+ toge!r ( ! ,corporation at ! ord] ( ! mayor4 ,! m9utes ( ! t[n proce$+s 7 con/antly head$ ,at a common ,horn bl[+ 7comyne ,horne ,bl[y+74 ,?is practice cont9u$ until ! ye> #afgj1 & is n yet entirely done away )1 z x is /ill bl[n on ! occasion ( c]ta9 ,municipal c]emonies4 ,! motto on ?is horn is3-- ,,johannes ,,de ,,allema9e ,,me ,,fecit prec$$ by ! talismanic lett]s ,a,g,l,a1 :i* /& = ! ,hebrew ,hebrew3 atah gibor l'olam ,adonai & mean1 ,?\ art mighty = ev]1 ,o ,"l6 ,! horn1 :i* is #ca-c_/d in*es long1 ) a circumf]5ce at ! l>g] end ( #ae-a_/b in*es1 is ( brass1 & is deeply *as$ ) a spiral scrollwork ( foliage *iefly on a hat*$ gr\nd4 ,! inscription is on a b& t />ts f\r in*es f ! m\? & cont9ues spirally4 ,! mak]'s "n is n[ ne>ly effac$1 b ! inscription %[s t he 0 a ,g]man1 & ! date is assign$ to ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,a pap] 9 ! ,antiqu>y 7vol4 #a4 pp4 #bec-ee71 writt5 by ! late ,llewellyn ,jewitt1 ,f4,s4,a41 ( :i* "s use has "h be5 made1 /ates t !re are on ! obv]se ( ! olde/ ,seal ( ,dov]1 said to h be5 made 9 #acje1 two horn-bl[]s 9 ! /]n ( a %ip1 ea* bl[+ a horn simil> to ?is example4 ,! left-h& ,burgmote ,horn belongs to ! ,corporation ( ,cant]bury1 & records ( its use = call+ meet+s ( ! ,corporation are extant f #acgf1 d[n to ! ye> #ahce4 ,! *ord measurem5t ( ! arc ( ?is ,horn is #cf in*es4 ,! antiquity ( horns1 :e!r natural or ( metal1 z in/rum5ts = s\nd+ is well kn[n4 ,_! employm5t 9 "s religi\s s]vices po9ts to cu/oms t 7 already old :5 ! olde/ hi/orical monum5ts we possess 7 rais$4 ,! ,hebrew =mul>y ^u ! ,dov] horn rem9ds u ( ! ,jewi% ,%oph>1 ref]r$ to p>ticul>ly 9 ! ,introduction 7page xii7--a ram's horn1 usually /raight5$ & flatt5$1 :i* is n only ! solit>y anci5t musical in/rum5t actually pres]v$ 9 ! ,mosaic ritual1 b is ! olde/ w9d in/rum5t kn[n to be reta9$ 9 pres5t use 9 ! _w4 ,x is /ill s\nd$ by ,jews on ! ,new ,ye> & on ! ,fa/ ( ! ,day ( ,atonem5t4 ,9 ,engl&1 horns h be5 us$ among/ ! v>i\s me?ods ( transf]r+ inh]itances4 ,!y 7 adopt$ = in/rum5ts ( conveyance ei!r 9 ,frank ,almoigne1 9 ,fee1 or 9 ,s]jeantry1 & f ?is cause h be5 (t5 pres]v$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ii ,,plate ,,ii4 ,,que5 ,,m>y',s ,,h>p4 ,?is v5]able in/rum5t1 ! lea/ impair$ ,gaelic ,h>p exi/+1 is kn[n z ,que5 ,m>y's ,h>p1 & belongs to ,c4 ,durrant ,/eu>t1 ,esq41 ( ,dalguise1 ne> ,dunkeld4 ,( ,gaelic ,h>ps we c only reckon sev5 t may be dat$ e>li] ?an ! eighte5? c5tury1 ! olde/ be+ ! ,que5 ,m>y & ,lamont ,h>ps1 n[ 9 ,ed9burgh1 & ! h>p nam$ aft] ,brian ,boru 7,boromha71 pres]v$ at ,tr9ity ,college1 ,dubl92 ^! ?ree dat+ ant]ior1 p]haps long ant]ior1 to ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,! ,que5 ,m>y & ,brian ,boru ,h>ps are ! two mo/ ne>ly resembl+ "o ano!r4 ,!y are small1 ! ,que5 ,m>y ,h>p be+ only #ca in*es high & #ah in*es f back to front4 ,!y 7 play$ re/+ ^u ! left knee & aga9/ ! left %\ld] ( ! p]=m]1 ^: left h& t\*$ ! upp] /r+s4 ,! comb is f #b-a_/b to #c-a_/d in*es high4 ,x is ins]t$ obliquely 9 ! s\nd *e/1 & projects ab\t #ad in*es4 ,! s\nd *e/1 9 %ape a truncat$ triangle holl[$ out ( ! solid1 is #e in*es wide at ! top & #ab at ! bottom1 ! dep? be+ #d-a_/b in*es4 ,! b[ or =e>m measures 9 a /raight l9e #bg-a_/b in*es1 ! *ord ( ! arc ( ! inn] curve be+ #bc in*es4 ,! front ( x is exp&$ s z to =m a conv5i5t hold = ! h&2 x tap]s slightly above & bel[1 & ends bo? ways 9 boldly c>v$ heads ( animals ( a symbolical "*4 ,! /r+s 7 ( brass & tw5ty-n9e 9 numb]1 & 7 made to s\nd by ! play]'s f+]-nails1 :i* 7 all[$ to gr[ long = ! purpose4 ,! ,que5 ,m>y ,h>p has _h ano!r 7! l[e/7 /r+ atta*$ lat]4 ,?is /r+ measur$ #bd in*es1 ! highe/ treble /r+ #b-a_/b in*es2 :at compass ! h>p _h x is n[ impossible to decide1 b1 foll[+ ! tradition ( ,iri% h>p]s1 ! accordance 0 bas$ ^u ! old diatonic scale ) ! m9or sev5?1 sometimes replac$ by ! major sev5?4 ,we le>n by ! lectures ( ! late ,dr4 ,eug5e ,o',curry t ! anci5t ,iri% _h ?ree modes 9 _! music1 ! ,cry+1 ! ,laugh+1 & ! ,sleep+4 ,:atev] ^! tun+s 71 & probably ! ,highl& ,scot* _h ! same1 _! secret is lock$ up 9 ! wood ( ! h>ps t once respond$ to !m4 ,9 ?is1 & frequ5t in/ances 9 ^! ,plates1 ! in/rum5ts are n repres5t$ z /rung4 ,x is impossible to keep old in/rum5ts ) t /ra9 cont9ually ^u !m1 & to /r+ !m only to h !m drawn w\ld h be5 att5d$ ) _m disadvantages4 ,! ,que5 ,m>y ,h>p has a hi/ory bas$ ^u ! family tradition ( its =m] own]s1 ! ,rob]tsons ( ,lude 9 ,p]?%ire1 b 9 pass+ ?r\gh sev]al m$iums x has become unreliable4 ,x 0 long believ$ to h be5 ,m>y ,/u>t's1 &1 accord+ to ! ,lude tradition1 x _h gold5 & jewell$ ornam5ts atta*$ to ! "r upp] circle ( ! b[ includ+ h] portrait & ! ,royal ,arms ( ,scotl&1 :i* 7 /ol5 ab\t #agde4 ,! hi/orical inquiry conta9+ ! in=mation respect+ ?is ,h>p is by ,john ,gunn1 ,f4,s4,a4,e41 & 0 publi%$ 9 #ahjg1 "u ! auspices ( ! ,highl& ,society4 ,a pap] read be=e ! ,society ( ,antiqu>ies ( ,scotl& by ,mr4 ,*>les ,d4 ,bell1 ,f4,s4,a4 ,scot41 & publi%$ 9 _! ,proce$+s = #ahhj-ha1 f :i* ,i h made extracts1 ?or\ghly sifts ! facts t c be d$uc$ f x1 & :i* may be ?us accept$3--,que5 ,m>y ( ,lorra9e1 ! "m ( ,m>y ,que5 ( ,scots1 gave ?is h>p to ,beatrix ,g>dyn ( ,ban*ory1 ,ab]de5%ire4 ,beatrix ,g>dyn 0 m>ri$ to ,f9la ,mr1 & f ?is m>riage ! family ( ,f>quh>son ( ,inv]cauld1 9 ,braem>1 is desc5d$4 ,f9la ,mr 0 kill$ at ! battle ( ,p9kie 9 ,a4,d4 #aedg4 ,john ,rob]tson1 ! elev5? 9 succession to ,lude1 m>ri$ ,m>g>et ,f>quh>son1 ! only daught] ( ! !n ,laird ( ,inv]cauld4 ,he 0 fifty-six ye>s 9 possession ( ,lude1 & di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #agcj4 ,! la/ p]=m] on ?is anci5t h>p 0 8 great-gr&son1 ,g5]al ,rob]tson1 :o l5t bo? ! ,lude h>ps = exam9ation by ! ,highl& ,society 9 #ahje4 ,x appe>s to h be5 ,g5]al ,rob]tson's belief t ?is h>p 0 acquir$ = ,lude by ! m>riage ( ,john1 ! elev5? ,laird1 ) a direct desc5dant ( ,beatrix ,g>dyn1 b1 foll[+ ,burke's g5ealogy ( ! family1 x w\ld appe> t x came to ,lude ) ,beatrix ,g>dyn h]self1 on h] m>riage ) ,john1 sev5? ,laird4 ,! ,rob]tsons ( ,lude are n[1 9 ! direct l9e1 ext9ct1 b ! family ( ,g>dyn is repres5t$ by ,francis ,g>d5-,campbell1 ,esq41 ( ,tr\p & ,gl5lyon4 ,que5 ,m>y's & ! ,lamont ,h>ps are on loan 7#ahhg7 9 ! ,museum ( ! ,scotti% ,society ( ,antiqu>ies1 ,ed9burgh1 & x may be m5tion$ t :5 exhibit$ 9 ! ,music ,loan ,collection1 ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 ! =m] 0 insur$ = #aejj & ! latt] = #ajjj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,iii ,,plate ,,iii4 ,,! ,,lamont ,,h>p4 ,! ,highl& ,h>p1 kn[n z ! ,cl>sa* ,lumana*1 or ,lamont ,h>p1 belongs to ! own] ( ! ,que5 ,m>y ,h>p1 ,c4 ,durrant ,/eu>t1 ,esq41 ( ,dalguise1 ,p]?%ire4 ,bo? h>ps 7 s5t to ,ed9burgh 9 #ahje by ,g5]al ,rob]tson ( ,lude1 :o own$ !m at t "t1 at ! reque/ ( ! ,highl& ,society1 & a book 0 publi%$ 9 #ahjg "u ! patronage ( ! ,society1 entitl$ ,an ,hi/orical ,enquiry respect+ ! ,p]=mance on ! ,h>p 9 ! ,highl&s ( ,scotl& f ! e>lie/ times until x 0 discont9u$ ab\t ! ye> #agcd1 by ,john ,gunn1 ,f4,a4,s4,e41 9 :i* !y 7 describ$1 & a v]sion ( ! family tradition ( ,lude giv51 compil$ f lett]s writt5 by ,g5]al ,rob]tson1 n[ un=tunately n =?com+4 ,al?\gh ,mr4 ,gunn's /ory ( ! ,que5 ,m>y ,h>p is col\r$ 9 ord] to atta* ! gift ( x to ,m>y ,que5 ( ,scots1 t ( ! ,lamont ,h>p appe>s to be accord+ to ! simple /atem5t ( ! orig9al n>rator1 & may be ?us epitomis$ f a pap] publi%$ 9 ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,society ( ,antiqu>ies ( ,scotl&1 #ahhj-ha1 by ,mr4 ,c4,d4 ,bell1 ,f4,s4,a4 ,scot43 ,! family tradition ( ,lude alleges t = sev]al c5turies pa/ ! l>g] ( ^! h>ps has be5 kn[n z ! ,cl>sa* ,lumana* or ,lamont ,h>p1 & t x 0 br\ght f ,argyll%ire by a daught] ( ! ,lamont family on h] m>riage ) ,rob]tson ( ,lude 9 #adfd4 ,x is said to be ! old] ( ! two4 ,if ! probably quiet place 9 ! h\se ( ,lude be consid]$1 & t x 0 likely to be valu$ & c>$ = !re1 also t ! repairs appe> to be ( v old date1 !n ! ,cl>sa* ,lumana* may h already1 be=e #adfd1 be5 an old brok5 & m5d$ in/rum5t ) a pre-traditional /ory we c nev] hope to he>4 ,f ,burke's ,l&$ ,g5try1 ,l9eage ( ! ,rob]tsons ( ,lude1 we le>n t ,*>les1 fif? ,laird ( ,lude1 m>ri$ ,lilias1 daught] ( ,sir ,john ,lamont ( ,lamont1 *ief ( t clan1 & t x 0 ) ?is lady1 ,lilias ,lamont1 !re came "o ( ^? v curi\s old h>ps :i* h be5 9 ! family = sev]al c5turies4 ,! draw+ %[s ! h>p z x is1 & may h be5 = c5turies1 b ,mr4 ,m',intyre ,nor?1 9 8 ,book ( ! ,club ( ,true ,highl&]s1 ,london1 #ahhj1 proposes1 by ! sub/itution ( a long] b[ or =e>m1 to br+ ?is h>p to ! l9es ( ! ,que5 ,m>y ,h>p & t ( ,brian ,boru4 ,x is suffici5t "h to obs]ve t ! pres5t b[ agrees 9 measurem5t ) t ( ! ,que5 ,m>y & ,brian ,boru ,h>ps1 & is c]ta9ly v old4 ,aga9/ its orig9ality is ! fact t ! ,lamont ,h>p appe>s to h always _h ?irty-two /r+s1 & = ! ?ree extra treble /r+s a long] b[ ought to h be5 requir$4 ,! extreme l5g? ( ! ,lamont ,h>p is #ch in*es1 & ! extreme wid? #ah-a_/b in*es4 ,! s\nd *e/1 z ) o!r anci5t h>ps1 is holl[$ out ( "o piece ( wood1 b ! back has be5 9 ?is in/rum5t r5ew$1 al?\gh probably a long "t ago4 ,! s\nd *e/ is #cj in*es long1 #d in*es 9 bread? at ! top1 & #ag at ! bottom4 ,! comb projects #ae-a_/b in*es4 ,! brok5 p>ts ( ! b[ are held toge!r by iron clamps4 ,z to ! musical effect ( a ,gaelic or ,iri% h>p :5 well play$1 ! impression ( su* a p]=mance record$ by ,evelyn 9 8 ,di>y is wor? quot+4 ,he says3 ,came to see me my old acqua9tance & ! mo/ incomp>able play] on ! ,iri% h>p1 ,mr4 ,cl>ke1 aft] 8 travells4 ,he 0 an excell5t musitian1 a discreete g5tleman1 borne 9 ,devon%ire 7z ,i rememb]74 ,su* musiq be=e or s9ce did ,i nev] he>e1 t in/rum5t be+ neglect$ = its extraord9>y difficulty2 b 9 my judgm5t x is f> sup]ior to ! ,lute itselfe1 or :atev] speakes ) /r+s4 ,else:]e he speaks ( a ,mr4 ,cl>k 7probably ! same p]=m]7 z be+ f ,nor?umb]l&1 & says ( ! in/rum5t1 ,pity 'tis t x is n m 9 use2 b inde$e to play well takes up ! :ole man1 z ,mr4 ,cl>k has assur'd me1 :o1 ?o' a g5t ( quality & p>ts1 0 yet br\ght up to t in/rum5t f #e ye>es old1 z ,i rememb] he told me4 ,illu/ration3 ,,iv ,,plate ,,iv4 ,,cornemuse1 ,,calabrian ,,bagpipe1 ,,musette4 ,! ,bagpipe 7,cornemuse & ,musette7 & ! hurdy-gurdy 7,vielle7 71 aft] ! ?irte5? c5tury1 bani%$ to ! l[] ord]s1 to ! bl9d & to ! w&]+ m5dicant class4 ,b polite society 9 ,france resum$ ^! in/rum5ts aga9 9 ! mod]n ,arcadia ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 & ,,xv4--n ! ,cornemuse1 x is true1 = t has ev] rema9$ a ru/ic in/rum5t1 z may be obs]v$ 9 ! gl[+ pages ( ,george ,s&'s ,les ,matres ,sonneurs4 ,! ,cornemuse1 z =m]ly us$ 9 ,france & ! ,ne!rl&s1 is d]iv$ f ! ,roman tibia utricul>is1 & is provid$ ) a bag1 inflat$ by ! m\? ( ! play]1 :ile a d\ble re$ is atta*$ to ! melody pipe or *ant]4 ,9 rec5t times x is furni%$ ) two drones--le gr&1 et le petit b\rdon1 :i* are made to s\nd also by re$s1 & an octave ap>t4 ,! ,musette1 :i* has practically displac$ ! ,cornemuse 9 use1 is a s(t]1 sweet] in/rum5t1 ) a d\ble re$ to a v n>r[ cyl9drical pipe1 ! effect ( :i* is to make x s\nd l a /opp$ pipe1 an octave l[]4 ,?is acc\nts = ! %ort appe>ance ( ! in/rum5t4 ,! drones1 z x w be se51 are on a m artificial pr9ciple ?an ^? ( ! ,cornemuse4 ,ano!r diff]5ce is t ! bag is always inflat$ by a small pair ( bell[s work$ by ! play]'s left arm4 ,! ,nor?umbrian & mod]n ,iri% bagpipes are also inflat$ by means ( bell[s1 & h tak5 ! place 9 nor!rn ,engl& & ,irel& ( ! l>ge bagpipe inflat$ ) ! m\? :i* is n[ reg>d$ z di/9ctly ,highl& ,scot*4 ,! ,musette 9 ! draw+ is made ( ebony & ivory ) keys ( silv]1 & has a bag adorn$ ) ne$lework4 ,! small bell[s are made ( walnut inlaid ) m>quet]ie4 ,! melody pipe 7le gr& *alumeau7 is bor$ ) eight f+]-holes1 & fitt$ ) sev5 keys = ! *romatic notes4 ,to ! left ( ! melody pipe or *ant] !re is a small flask-%ap$ pipe furni%$ ) six keys 7le petit *alumeau7 conta9+ ! additional compass upw>ds4 ,!re are f\r drones contriv$ 9 a b>rel pi]c$ ) ?irte5 bores 9 juxtaposition1 ( f #e to #ce in*es 9 l5g?4 ,! b>rel is furni%$ ) five /ops slid+ 9 grooves & regulat+ ! l5g? ( ! ap]tures = tun+ ! drones4 ,ba*'s musettes1 ! alt]natives to 8 gavottes1 always imply a drone bass4 ,x w be obs]v$ ! ,cornemuse "h drawn has a *ant] & drone fix$ p>allel 9 "o /ock4 ,! =m] has eight f+]-holes1 &1 l t ( ! ,scot* bagpipe1 has a v5t-hole n f+]$4 ,! bag cov]$ ) crimson plu% is furni%$ ) a %ort m\?piece ne> ! neck = ! purpose ( inflation4 ,! ,calabrian ,bagpipe or ,zampogna is a rudely c>v$ in/rum5t ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,x has f\r drones atta*$ to "o /ock1 hang+ d[nw>ds f ! end ( ! bag3 two ( !m are furni%$ ) f+]-holes4 ,! re$s are d\ble l ^? ( ! oboe & bassoon4 ,! bag is l>ge2 x is inflat$ by ! m\? & press$ by ! left arm aga9/ ! *e/ ( ! p]=m]4 ,! ,zampogna is *iefly us$ z an accompanim5t to a small re$ melody pipe call$ by ! same "n1 & play$ by ano!r p]=m]4 ,! quality ( ! tone produc$ is n unpleas+4 ,x has five holes only1 & consequ5tly ! sev5? ( ! scale is abs5t1 b ?is c be easily got by octav+ ! op5 note ( ! pipe & cov]+ "p ( ! l[] op5+ ( ! *ant] ) ! little f+]4 ,! ,musette1 ,zampogna1 & ,cornemuse "h %[n are f specim5s belong+ to ,messrs4 ,j4 ,r4 ,gl51 ,ed9burgh4 ,illu/ration3 ,v ,,plate ,v4 ,,bagpipes4 ,9 cont9uation ( ! ,bagpipes1 ?is ,plate %[s1 9 ! in/rum5t ) a crimson bag1 ! mod]n ,nor?umbrian ,bagpipe4 ,! f\r drones1 proce$+ f "o /ock1 are m\nt$ ) brass & ivory4 ,! *ant]1 or melody pipe1 has sev5 f+]-holes 9 front & "o beh9d2 also1 sev5 brass keys4 ,z !re is only "o hole op5 at a "t :5 ! in/rum5t is play$1 ?is mann] ( play+ is call$ close f+]+4 ,! *ant] & drones are furni%$ ) /ops at ! ends4 ,! in/rum5t ) a blue bag is ! anci5t ,nor?umbrian bagpipe4 ,x has ?ree drones1 m\nt$ ) silv] & ivory1 ( diff]5t sizes2 ! longe/ be+ tun$ an octave & ! middle "o a f\r? l[] ?an ! %orte/4 ,! *ant] is ( ivory1 ) sev5 holes 9 front & "o beh9d4 ,! l>ge bagpipe ) a gre5 bag is ! ,l[l& ,scot*4 ,x is ( boxwood1 ) ?ree drones plac$ 9 "o /ock4 ,! two %ort] drones s\nd 9 unison1 ! long "o an octave l[]1 ! same z 9 ! ,highl& ,bagpipe4 ,!y are m\nt$ ) c>v$ horn4 ,! *ant] has sev5 f+]-holes & a v5t-hole1 also ! same z 9 ! ,highl& ,bagpipe1 ) :i* ! ,l[l& agrees 9 f+]+ & o!r p>ticul>s1 except t x is inflat$ by bell[s atta*$ to ! bag by a %ort bl[-pipe1 a peculi>ity t x has 9 common ) ! o!r ,bagpipes 9 ?is ,plate4 ,! bell[s ( ! mod]n ,nor?umbrian ,bagpipe are also drawn4 ,! ,bagpipe is1 z ,mr4 ,h5ri ,lavoix has ju/ly said 9 8 ,la ,musique au ,sicle de ,sa9t ,l\is1 ! organ r$uc$ to its mo/ simple expression4 ,x is ( great antiquity1 & 9 ! ,middle ,ages 0 g5]ally popul> 9 ,europe4 ,x 0 z well kn[n 9 ,engl& z 9 ,scotl&1 9 ,france z 9 ,italy & ,g]many4 ,%akspe>e makes out ,fal/aff 9 ,"p ,i4 ( ,h5ry ,,iv4 to be z melan*oly z a lov]'s lute or ! drone ( a ,l9coln%ire ,bagpipe4 ,if we may judge by ! peculi> scale ( ! ,scot* ,bagpipe1 x w\ld appe> almo/ c]ta9 t ! in/rum5t1 9 its mod]n =ms1 has come f ! ,ea/1 & 0 mo/ likely br\ght by ! ,crusad]s4 ,?is w\ld n ( c\rse apply to ! anci5t pr9ciple ( a pipe & air res]voir1 :i* is trac$ back to ! ,romans1 b to ! bor+ ( ! f+]-holes ( ! *ant]1 ! re$ pipe by :i* ! melody is play$4 ,by _! position & size ! int]vals are s regulat$ t ! ?irds are nei!r major nor m9or1 b give a neutral or mean int]val t is nei!r ! "o nor ! o!r4 ,?is mean ?ird1 ( a tone & ?ree-qu>t]s1 has n be5 else:]e obs]v$ 9 ,europe1 b 9 ! ,ea/1 9 ,syria & ,egypt1 & 9 o!r p>ts1 x is ( common occurr5ce1 & gives a peculi> "* to ! music1 n to be expla9$1 b felt4 ,an hi/orical orig9 ( ! mean ?ird is to be f\nd 9 ,mr4 ,a4,j4 ,ellis's pap] ,on ! ,musical ,scales ( ,v>i\s ,nations 7p4 #dih71 publi%$ 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,society ( ,arts1 ,london1 ,m>*1 #ahhe4 ,mod]n ,bagpipes t h keys are1 ( c\rse1 diff]5t4 ,z to ! antiquity ( exi/+ ,bagpipes1 ,messrs4 ,gl5 ( ,ed9burgh own "o1 c>v$ ) ! initials ,r4 ,mc4,d41 & ! ,hebridean galley1 t be>s ! date ( #adji4 ,b ?is is n consid]$ to be ! olde/ exi/+1 z ! ,m',intyre pipe1 belong+ to ,n4 ,rob]tson ,m',donald1 ,esq41 ( ,k9lo*moid>t1 is reput$ to h be5 play$ at ,bannockburn4 ,possess+ "o drone only1 x has ! peculi>ity ( two v5t-holes1 in/ead ( "o1 on ea* side ( ! *ant] to accommodate a "r or left h&$ play]2 9 ei!r case "o hole is tempor>ily /opp$4 ,messrs4 ,gl5's pipe has two drones set 9 "o /ock4 ,! "n ,m',intyre1 by :i* ,mr4 ,rob]tson ,m',donald's pipe is di/+ui%$1 is d]iv$ f ! h]$it>y pip]s ( ! ,*iefs ( ,m5zies & ,clanranald4 ,bo? ^! anci5t ,bagpipes are figur$ 9 ,mr4 ,m',intyre ,nor?'s ,book ( ! ,club ( ,true ,highl&]s4 ,! ,bagpipes "h drawn are f specim5s belong+ to ,messrs4 ,j4 ,r4 ,gl51 ,ed9burgh4 ,illu/ration3 ,,vi ,,plate ,,vi4 ,,clavicy!rium ,,or ,,upright ,,sp9et4 ,?is s+ul>ly int]e/+ & r>e key-bo>d in/rum5t1 n[ ! prop]ty ( ,mr4 ,donaldson1 belong$ to ! collection ( ,c\nt ,corr] ( ,v5ice4 ,!re is no mak]'s "n or any date ^u ! in/rum5t1 :i* is ( ! k9d nam$ ,clavicy!rium by ! e>lie/ writ] on musical in/rum5ts1 ,virdung 7,musica getuts*t und auszgezog51 ,basle1 #aeaa71 :o gives a draw+ ( "o4 ,x is 9 fact a sp9et1 set upright4 ,! int]nal decoration1 z old z ! in/rum5t itself1 may be ,nor? ,italian or ,s\? ,g]man1 au?orities diff]1 b a piece ( pap] pa/$ ov] a split 9 ! inside ( ! wood5 back1 possibly by ! mak]1 proves to be a fragm5t ( a lease or agreem5t contract$ at ,ulm1 :i* is 9 fav\r ( ! ,swabian orig94 ,! in/rum5t c h>dly be ( lat] date ?an ! fir/ ye>s ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 & is probably ! olde/ sp9et or key-bo>d /r+$ in/rum5t exi/+4 ,! e>lie/ date t c be giv5 = ! introduction ( ! ,sp9et mu/ be )9 ! second half ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,! key-bo>d is ( n>r[ compass--?ree octaves & a m9or ?ird--f ! second ,e bel[1 to ! second ,g above1 middle ,c1 ?is note be+ ! l$g]-l9e ,c betwe5 ! bass & treble clefs ,music--an ext5t ab\t ! compass ( ! human voice1 :i* long rul$ t ( key-bo>d in/rum5ts4 ,9 ,virdung's "t _! compass 0 be+ ext5d$4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 m ?an likely t ! l[e/ ,e key 0 "h tun$ d[n to ! /ill l[] ,c1 accord+ to ! s-call$ %ort octave arrangem5t1 :i* alt]$ ! l[e/ ,e1 ,f%>p1 & ,g%>p1 to make f\r?s bel[ ,f1 ,g1 & ,a1 in/ead ( semitones1 & ?us get deep dom9ant basses = cad5ces4 ,exam9ation ( ! plectra or jacks ( ?is in/rum5t %[s !y 7 furni%$ ) little tongues ( wire1 & n quills or lea!r1 z 9 lat] sp9et in/rum5ts4 ,x is 9 a pa9t$ p9e case1 ! inside be+ also pa9t$4 ,an unusual feature ( ! int]ior is ! ,calv>y bel[ ! n>r[ s\nd-bo>d1 9 :i* ! s\nd holes1 judg+ by ! ornam5t t rema9s 9 "o1 h be5 ,flamboyant w9d[s4 ,!re mu/ also h orig9ally be5 figures1 p]haps ! ,transfiguration or ! ,crucifixion1 b !re is no trace ( !m left4 ,! treatm5t ( ! l&scape1 )\t o!r evid5ce1 ne>ly det]m9es ! epo* :5 ! in/rum5t 0 made4 ,! /& & ! pa9t+s on ! door1 "o ( :i* repres5ts a figure hold+ a mirror & a s]p5t1 are ( lat] date4 ,! dim5sions ( ?is truly rem>kable sp9et are--height ( in/rum5t1 #d feet #aj-a_/b in*es1 & extreme wid?1 #b feet #c in*es--! key-bo>d be+ #b feet wide4 ,! dep? ( ! case at base1 #aa in*es1 dim9i%es 9 asc5d+ to #e-e_/h in*es4 ,! table ^u :i* x /&s is #b feet high & #b feet #aa in*es wide4 ,illu/ration3 ,,vii ,,plate ,,vii4 ,,oliphant4 ,an ivory ,hunt+ ,horn belong+ to ,e>l ,sp5c]1 call$ ,oliphant because x is ( ivory1 & be>+ 9 ! ornam5t ! arms & badges ( ,f]d9& & ,isabella ( ,portugal1 may be reg>d$ z belong+ to ! fir/ half ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 ! /rap & buckle be+ evid5tly an addition ( lat] date4 ,! beautiful c>v+1 s conspicu\s 9 ?is horn1 is suppos$ to h be5 execut$ by negroes ( ! ,we/ ,coa/ ( ,africa1 :o c>v$ ivory = ! ,portuguese2 ! arms ( ,portugal1 ) ! support]s1 two angels1 hold+ ! %ield upside d[n1 (t5 appe>+ on _! "w4 ,philip ,,ii4 ( ,spa9 m>ri$ ,m>y1 daught] ( ! ,k+ ( ,portugal1 9 #aedc4 ,%e di$ 9 #aede4 ,! c>v+ ( ! ,horn 0 probably complet$ )9 t int]val1 & :5 ,philip came to ,engl& to m>ry ,m>y ,tudor1 he may h br\ght ! horn ) him4 ,besides ! uses nam$ "u ,burgmote ,horns 7,plate ,i47 horns 7 bl[n to give al>m 9 circum/ances ( dang]1 to ann\nce ! arrival ( visitors ( di/9ction1 &1 z ,mr4 ,m',intyre ,nor? in=ms u respect+ ! horn 9 ,drummond ,ca/le1 = summon+ ! h\sehold & gue/s to d9n]4 ,b horns 7 n re/rict$ to w9d+1 !re 7 also dr9k+ & p[d] horns1 (t5 beautifully adorn$4 ,! extreme l5g? ( ?is ,horn1 measur+ along ! outside ( ! curve & includ+ ! m\?piece1 is #bh-a_/d in*es4 ,! greate/ circumf]5ce is #aa-a_/b & ! lea/ #b-c_/d in*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,viii ,,plate ,,viii4 ,,que5 ,,elizabe?',s ,,virg9al4 ,?is beautiful ,sp9et is1 9 ! draw+1 plac$ ^u a /&1 :i* s]v$ = its support 9 ! ,tudor ,hi/orical ,room app]ta9+ to ! ,music ,loan ,collection ( #ahhe4 ,i believe ?is in/rum5t to be ,italian1 n ,flemi% or ,engli%1 & ,italian sp9ets _h no /&s or legs1 b :5 requir$ = use 7 )drawn f an out] case1 z ?is "o w\ld be1 & plac$ ^u a table1 or "s o!r conv5i5t position4 ,!y 7 ev5 tak5 9 ,gondolas1 z ,evelyn records1 = pleasure & ! p]=mance ( s]5ades4 ,we may assume #aegj to be approximately ! date ( ?is in/rum5t4 ,! gre5 & gold decoration1 includ+ a bord] ( gold two & a half in*es broad r\nd ! inside ( ! top1 is ( lat] date1 p]haps by ne>ly "o hundr$ ye>s4 ,an indi/9ct numb] on ! back ( ! case1 inside1 appe>s to be #affj4 ,! ,royal ,arms ( ,elizabe? are emblazon$ on "o end to ! left ( ! key-bo>d2 to ! "r a dove is se5 ris+ cr[n$4 ,! dove holds 9 its "r foot a sceptre2 b5ea? x is an oak tree4 ,?is decoration1 :e!r orig9al 9 #affj or ! copy ( a =m] "o1 goes f> to support ! claim = ?is ,sp9et hav+ be5 ,que5 ,elizabe?'s4 ,h] musical ta/e1 inh]it$ f ,elizabe? ( ,york1 & skill z a p]=m] ^u ! sp9et1 ne$ no m ?an a pass+ ref]5ce4 ,i *>act]ize ! in/rum5t z a sp9et because a true virg9al is a p>allelogram1 n a trapeze-%ap$ in/rum5t4 ,! attribution ( virg9al is1 h[ev]1 n incorrect z a g5]ic t]m2 = all key-bo>d /r+$ in/rum5ts ) jacks 7 kn[n 9 ,engl& z virg9als f ! ,tudor epo* to t ( ! ,commonweal?4 ,!re are 9 ?is in/rum5t fifty quill$ jacks 7plectra74 ,! natural keys1 ?irty 9 numb]1 are ( ebony ) gold arcad$ fronts1 & ! compass is ( f\r octaves & app>5tly a semitone1 f ,b to ,c4 ,b ! l[e/ natural key 0 tun$ ,g :5 ! in/rum5t 0 9 use4 ,! semitone keys1 tw5ty 9 numb]1 beg9 app>5tly z ,c%>p1 b ?is 0 tun$ ,a to cont9ue ! %ort octave arrangem5t4 ,!y are v elaborate1 be+ inlaid ) silv]1 ivory1 & diff]5t woods1 ea* consi/+1 x is said1 ( ab\t two hundr$ & fifty pieces4 ,! pa9t+ ( ! case ( ! in/rum5t is done ^u gold ) c>m9e & ultram>9e1 ! metal ornam5ts be+ m9utely engrav$4 ,! out] case is ( c$>1 cov]$ ) crimson ,g5oa velvet1 & l9$ inside ) yell[ tabby silk4 ,!re are ?ree gilt locks1 f9ely engrav$4 ,! entire case is five feet long1 sixte5 in*es wide1 & sev5 in*es deep4 ,que5 ,elizabe?'s ,virg9al 0 b\ght1 at ,"l ,sp5c] ,*i*e/]'s sale at ,fi%]wick 9 #ahjc1 by ,mr4 ,jonas ,*ild1 a pa9t] at ,dudley4 ,! ,rev4 ,j4,m4 ,gresley acquir$ x 9 #ahdj4 ,x has s9ce 7#ahhg7 be5 obta9$ f ! ,rev4 ,nigel ,gresley1 = ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ix ,,plate ,,ix4 ,,que5 ,,elizabe?',s ,,lute4 ,/r+$ in/rum5ts ) a f+]-bo>d1 t\*$ ) ! f+]s or a plectrum1 may be divid$1 z /at$ 9 ! ,introduction1 into two pr9cipal types3 ! lute & ! guit>1 ! =m] ) a r\nd$ back1 ! latt] ) a flat back4 ,bo? are d]iv$ f ! ,ea/4 ,accord+ to ?is division1 ! beautiful in/rum5t call$ ,que5 ,elizabe?'s ,lute mu/ resign ! "n ( lute & be consid]$ a ,guit>4 ,z a wire-/rung in/rum5t x belongs to t species ( guit> kn[n z ,ci!r1 & f ! incurvations ( ! ribs1 b t ! bridge is n set obliquely1 ,i %\ld be dispos$ to specialize ! in/rum5t z a ,p&ore or ,p5orcon4 ,praetorius reg>d$ ! ,p&ore & its v>ieties1 ! ,orpheoreon & ,p5orcon1 z ( ,engli% inv5tion4 ,?is in/rum5t1 ! prop]ty ( ,"l ,tollema*e1 0 made 9 ,london by ,john ,rose1 z ! label be>s witness3-- ,johannes ,rosa1 ,lond9i fecit1 ,9 ,bridwell1 ! #bg? ( ,july1 #aehj4 ,x is inf9itely m graceful ?an any ,p&ore1 & is p]haps be/ describ$ by ! mak]'s designation1 ,cymbalum ,deca*ordum1 c>v$ on ! ribs4 ,x _h1 z ?is "n indicates1 t5 /r+s1 :i* 7 ( wire1 to be tun$ 9 five pairs ( unisons1 & play$ ) a plectrum4 ,! c>v+ is surpass+ly lovely1 & be>s comp>ison ) contempor>y ,italian "w4 ,! jewell$ c5tre ( ! rose 9 ! s\nd-hole is s beautiful t an enl>g$ draw+ ( x has be5 made to %[ x to advantage4 ,! %ell at ! back is a *>act]i/ic feature des]v+ att5tion4 ,! extreme l5g? ( ?is in/rum5t is #b feet #aa in*es4 ,! l5g? ( ! body is #a foot #d in*es4 ,! extreme bread?1 b5ea? ! rose & ne> ! /r+-hold]1 is #ab in*es4 ,! bread?1 measur+ across ! c5tre ( ! rose1 is #aj in*es4 ,! dep? ( ! ribs v>ies f #a-a_/b to #c in*es1 ! greate/ dep? be+ ne> ! f+]-bo>d4 ,! traditions t atta* !mselves to in/rum5ts ( ?is "* require to be c>efully te/$4 ,que5 ,m>y's ,h>p1 = in/ance1 c\ld n h be5 ! gift to ,beatrix ,g>dyn f ,m>y ,/u>t ( ,scots1 al?\gh h] portrait & coat ( arms are said to h1 at "o "t1 adorn$ x4 ,! attribution to ,que5 ,elizabe? also ( a sp9et or virg9al re/s entirely ^u su* evid5ce z c be ga!r$ f ! in/rum5t itself4 ,?is s-call$ lute has no d\bt ! support ( a family tradition1 & ! /ory is ?us told 9 ,burke's ,pe]age 7,l9eage ( ! ,dys>t ,family1 #ahhd73 ,sir ,lionel ,tollema*e1 ( ,helm+ham1 high %]iff ( ,norfolk & ,suffolk 9 #aefg4 ,9 #aefa ,que5 ,elizabe? hon\r$ ,helm+ham ) h] pres5ce1 & rema9$ !re f ! #ad? to ! #ah? ( ,augu/ inclusive1 be+ mo/ hospitably & sumptu\sly ent]ta9$4 ,dur+ ,h] ,maje/y's visit %e /ood sponsor to ,sir ,lionel's son1 & pres5t$ ! *ild's "m ) h] lute1 :i* is /ill pres]v$ at ,helm+ham ,hall1 c\nty ,suffolk1 ! seat ( ,"l ,tollema*e ( ,helm+ham4 ,un=tunately ! dates d n fit4 ,john ,rose's ,lute1 made 9 #aehj1 al?\gh x might possibly h belong$ to ,que5 ,elizabe?1 c\ld n h be5 ! lute giv5 9 #aefa4 ,x is ! tradition1 h[ev]1 t may h gone a/ray1 & a fault 9 x does n d away entirely ) a plausible attribution4 ,illu/ration3 ,x ,,plate ,x4 ,,! ,,rizzio ,,guit>4 ,?is beautiful ,guit> ( tortoise%ell1 comb9$ ) ivory1 "m-o'-pe>l1 & ebony 7! prop]ty ( ,mr4 ,george ,donaldson1 ,london71 has t5 pegs repres5t+ fleur-de-lys1 & ! ornam5t r\nd ! rose is =m$ ) ! same emblematic fl[]4 ,to ?is1 no d\bt1 x owes its romantic reputation ( hav+ belong$ to ,david ,rizzio4 ,! app>5t age ( ! ,guit> w\ld agree ) a suppos$ gift ( x f ,m>y ,/u>t to ,rizzio1 & ! fleur-de-lys might connect x ) ! ,fr5* or ,scot* ,royal ,families2 b ?is sl5d] sugge/ion ( ! fleur-de-lys1 to :i* ! guit> owes its special int]e/1 unsupport$ by o!r evid5ce1 is sc>cely suffici5t to uphold ! fasc9at+ attribution4 ,mr4 ,donaldson1 h[ev]1 in=ms me t ?is in/rum5t 0 b\ght 9 ,scotl&1 ne>ly =ty ye>s ago1 f an old family t _h possess$ x = g5]ations ) ?is tradition ( its =m] own]%ip4 ,?is ,guit> _h t5 /r+s1 =m+ five notes1 9 pairs ( unisons1 in/ead ( six s+le /r+s1 z 9 ! mod]n guit>1 giv+ six notes4 ,x is ! l[e/ note ,e t is "h want+4 ,! in/rum5t is #c feet #a in* 9 extreme l5g?2 ! body be+ #ah-c_/d in*es 9 l5g?1 & #aj in*es across4 ,! ribs are #c-c_/d in*es deep4 ,?is ,spani% guit> may h fir/ come to ,engl& 9 ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,viii41 z !re is occasional m5tion1 at t "t1 ( ! ,spani% viol1 a b[$ in/rum5t :i* may h be5 accompani$ by ! true ,spani% guit>4 ,!re is no d\bt1 h[ev]1 ab\t ! ,spani% guit> hav+ be5 "h 9 ! reign ( ,elizabe?1 & x might h be5 br\ght by att5dants ( ,philip ,,ii4 :5 he m>ri$ ,m>y ,tudor4 ,9 ! latt] half ( ! sixte5? c5tury x 0 already kn[n1 valu$1 & highly decorat$ 9 ,v5ice2 & x 0 also kn[n 9 ,france1 s t1 z an in/rum5t1 x w\ld n be /range to ,m>y ,/u>t1 or ,rizzio ei!r4 ,! lute1 h[ev]1 0 ! mo/ 9 vogue at t "t1 except+ p]haps 9 ,spa94 ,! "* ( ! design ( ?is s-call$ ,rizzio guit> is und\bt$ly ,moori%4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xi ,,plate ,,xi4 ,,positive ,,organ4 ,a *amb] ,organ =m]ly 9 ! ,tolbecque ,collection1 & belong+ to ! epo* ( ,l\is ,,xiii4 ,! ,positive ,organ1 z ! "n implies1 0 int5d$ to rema9 9 a fix$ place1 :ile ! small] portable organ 7orgue portatif7 0 made to be c>ri$ ab\t4 ,! disposition ( ! pipes 0 usually ! same 9 bo? organs1--:at may be call$ ! natural ord]1--asc5d+ f ! longe/ pipe 9 ! bass to ! %orte/ 9 ! treble1 b "s positive organs _h ! pipes arrang$ 9 a circul> disposition1 p]haps = a m equal di/ribution ( ! weight ^u :at is kn[n z ! s\nd-bo>d4 ,! in/rum5t admits ( m ?an "o regi/]4 ,!re are au!ntic repres5tations ( positives 9 sev]al old pictures1 "o ( ! be/ kn[n be+ t 9 ! ,/4 ,cecilia panel1 by ,hub]t ,van ,eyck1 9 ! fam\s alt>-piece ( ! ,adoration ( ! ,lamb at ,gh5t4 ,! orig9al ,/4 ,cecilia panel1 n[ at ,b]l91 0 n pa9t$ lat] ?an #adbf1 b ! panel at ,gh5t is a good copy4 ,ano!r ,/4 ,cecilia panel 7date ab\t #adhd71 ) a positive organ1 by an unkn[n pa9t]1 is n ( su* univ]sal fame1 b is nev]!less ( v great m]it4 ,x is 9 ! palace ( ,holyrood1 ,ed9burgh1 & is ( equal value ) ! ,van ,eyck panel z a fai?ful repres5tation ( ! in/rum5t1 & ( ! *romatic arrangem5t ( ! keys1 ?us e>ly introduc$4 ,! ,positive ,organ drawn 9 ?is volume has be5 int5d$ = *amb]1 n *oir1 use4 ,x has ?ree regi/]s1 & ! draw/ops :i* control !m project at ! "r-h& side ( ! case ! same z 9 ! old ,flemi% h>psi*ords4 ,! pr9cipal regi/]1 t ( ! %[ pipes ( gilt t91 is call$ ! ,montre2 & ! compass ( x is f ! ,e bel[1 to ! ?ird ,c above1 middle ,c--?ree octaves & a six?4 ,! second regi/]1 also ( t91 is an octave high] 9 pit*1 b ext5ds only f ! fir/ ,e bel[1 to ! second ,c above1 middle ,c2 ! rema9d] ( ! key-bo>d compass is borr[$ f ! ,montre4 ,! ?ird regi/] is ! ,b\rdon--wood5 pipes /opp$ at ! upp] ends1 an octave l[] 9 pit* ?an ! ,montre4 ,! ,b\rdon ext5ds 9 compass f ,e an octave & six? bel[1 to ! second ,c above1 middle ,c4 ,! ?ree regi/]s 9 ?is in/rum5t are consequ5tly at octave di/ances1 b ,praetorius 7#afai7 describes an old positive 9 :i* ! regi/]s 7 9 ! relation ( ! fif? & octave to ! l[e/6--a comb9ation ! mod]n musical e> rejects4 ,! boxwood natural keys ) gild$ pap] fronts1 z se5 9 ?is specim51 7 common to ! e>lie/ kn[n key-bo>d in/rum5ts4 ,! dim5sions ( ?is ,positive ,organ1 includ+ ! /&1 are--height1 #f feet #d in*es2 wid?1 #b feet #f in*es2 & dep?1 #a foot #d in*es4 ,! pa9t+s inside ! doors are1 to ! left1 ,/4 ,cecilia play+ ^u a positive organ1 :ile ?ree angels s+ & a f\r? bl[s ! bell[s2 to ! "r1 a w>rior cr[n$ ) laurel is 9 ! attitude ( li/5+2 outside ! doors !re are panels ) pa9t+s ( a woman play+ on an in/rum5t ( ! viol k9d1 & ano!r play+ a flute4 ,!re is a cr[+ cock ^u ! apex ( ! cornice4 ,?is ,positive ,organ is ! prop]ty ( ! ,cons]vatoire ,royal1 ,brussels4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xii ,,plate ,,xii4 ,,regal4 ,! ,regal "h drawn is ! prototype ( ! mod]n h>monium1 b ) beat+ n free re$s4 ,! beat+ re$ is usually employ$ 9 ! organ1 & x d]ives its appellation f ! re$s t\*+ ! sides ( _! frames4 ,! beat+ re$ 0 introduc$ 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 b :e!r 9 ! simple regal fir/1 or z "p ( an organ1 is n kn[n4 ,9 ,engl&1 ! ^w regal has be5 also us$ to d5ote a portable organ1 z is %[n by ,sir ,john ,hawk9s's sugge/ion t ! /age direction to ! play]s' sc5e 9 ,hamlet1 ,ent] a duke & a du*ess ) regal coronets1 %\ld be ) regals & cornets4 ,! olde/ ,g]man au?orities1 z ,virdung 7#aeaa7 & ,praetorius 7#afai71 sep>ate !m & describe ! regal z a re$ in/rum5t ) key-bo>d exactly l ?is "o1 a k9d ( positive & n a portable organ4 ,?is ,regal1 :i* 0 9 ! ,tolbecque ,collection1 is attribut$ 9 date to ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,x came f ! ,abbey ( ,freu5feld 9 ,switz]l&1 & n[ belongs to ! ,brussels ,cons]vatoire4 ,mr4 ,victor ,mahillon1 ! curator ( ! museum ( t in/itution1 records ano!r f9e specim5 ( ?is v r>e in/rum5t 9 ! possession ( ! ,community ( ,lady ,canonesses ( ! ord] ( ,/4 ,augu/9e1 at ,brussels1 to :i* body x 0 pres5t$1 by ! f\nd] ( ! ,ord]1 9 #afbe4 ,! regal is said to h be5 mu* us$ 9 conv5ts to accompany ! s++ ( ! nuns4 ,! ,belgian ,gov]nm5t k9dly all[$ a selection ( ! ,cons]vatoire in/rum5ts1 ( :i* ! ,regal "h drawn 0 "o1 to be play$ 9 ! ,hi/oric ,conc]ts giv5 9 ,july #ahhe1 9 ! ,music ,room ( ! ,inv5tions ,exhibition4 ,?is in/rum5t1 :5 on its /&1 measures #b feet #h in*es 9 height1 ! wid? is ! same1 & ! l5g? is #d feet #b in*es4 ,! case is ( f9ely-c>v$ walnut4 ,! compass ( ! key-bo>d is f ! second ,e bel[1 to ! second ,a above1 middle ,c--ab\t ! ext5t ( ! human voice1 & ! frequ5t compass ( old organs4 ,! ^w regal has be5 d]iv$ f ! inv5tor hav+ made a pres5t ( ! fir/ "o to a k+1 or to k+s hav+ _h 9 _! e/abli%m5ts special regal-mak]s4 ,rigabello1 a n[ unkn[n in/rum5t :i* is said to h prec$$ ! organ 9 ,v5ice1 is also quot$ z ! orig9 ( ! "n4 ,i h else:]e 7,encyclopdia ,britannica1 article ,pian(orte7 sugge/$ t regal may h come f regula1 a rule1 ! idea ( gradation be+ inh]5t 9 a key-bo>d4 ,! wood5 h>monicon1 :5 made to play by a key-bo>d1 0 at "o "t call$ regal 7rgale en bois74 ,illu/ration3 ,,xiii ,,plate ,,xiii4 ,,portable ,,organ ,,& ,,bible ,,regal4 ,! ,portable ,organ 7orgue portatif1 also nimfali7 0 a processional in/rum5t slung by a /rap ov] ! play]'s %\ld]1 s z to all[ ! bell[s at ! back ( ! in/rum5t to be work$ by ! play]'s left h&1 :ile ! keys 7 t\*$ ) ! f+]s ( ! "r h&4 ,f ! high pit* ( ! pipes1 ! limit$ numb] ( keys1 & "o h& only be+ us$ = t\*+ !m1 x is possible t only "o voice1 or "p1 0 play$4 ,! same rem>ks may be made ( ! e>ly l>ge organs1 except t1 ) !m1 ea* key made sev]al pipes ( v>i\s l5g?s speak at ! same "t1 s z to give ! octave1 twelf?1 & sup]-octave1 & /ill high] accordant int]vals1--9 po9t ( fact1 ! l>ge organ 01 ) ! exception ( ! front pipes1 a l>ge mixture /op4 ,! positive & portable organs 7 small] editions ( ! pr9cipal or front pipe "p ( ! l>ge organ4 ,f ,orcagna & ,fra ,angelico1 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 to ,d4,g4 ,rossetti & ,e4 ,burne ,jones1 9 ! n9ete5?1 ! portable organ has be5 a fav\rite musical in/rum5t = del9eation by ! pa9t] ( religi\s subjects1 & f ! f\rte5? to ! sev5te5? c5turies no musical in/rum5t 0 m 9 fav\r 9 religi\s e/abli%m5ts4 ,not)/&+ ?is fact1 ,i "k ( only two z n[ exi/+1 & !y are bo? ( late date1 be+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,! "o1 "h drawn1 belongs to ! ,museum ( ! ,brussels ,cons]vatoire1 :ile ! o!r1 belong+ to ,8 ,grace ! ,duke ( ,a?ole1 is pres]v$ at ,blair ,a?ole 9 ,scotl&4 ,! ,brussels ,portable ,organ has tw5ty-six metal pipes arrang$ 9 two r[s1 & has z _m keys1 9 a compass ext5d+ f ! fir/ ,e to ! ?ird ,f above middle ,c4 ,on ! case are engrav+s ^u wood & ivory1 repres5t+ a y\? play+ ^u a h>p :ile ?ree boys dance1 & a woman play+ ^u a portable organ :ile a girl & two boys s+4 ,a woodcut ( ! h>p-play] is on ! title-page ( ?is volume4 ,!re is a conv5tional lion on ea* key-block4 ,! dim5sions are--height1 #b feet #f in*es2 wid?1 #b feet2 & dep?1 #h in*es4 ,! ,bible ,regal1 drawn 9 ! same ,plate1 is ( ! same k9d z ! beat+ re$ ,regal4 ,! pipes :i* enclose ! re$s are s cut d[n z to practically d little m ?an cov] !m4 ,! in/rum5t is s con/ruct$ t x c be fold$ up1 &1 :5 clos$1 looks l a book--:5ce ! "n ,bible ,regal4 ,! key-bo>d1 h+$ 9 ! middle1 is ext5d$ = p]=mance4 ,9 ! in/rum5t drawn x is ( f\r octaves & a f\r? compass4 ,! bell[s are f\nd by rev]s+ ! book cov]4 ,! ,bible ,regal is said to h be5 inv5t$ ab\t ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 by ,george ,voll1 an organ-build] ( ,nuremb]g4 ,x is extremely r>e2 ,i only "k ( two1 "o belong+ to ,mr4 ,wyndham ,portal ( ,mal%ang]1 ,bas+/oke1 & ?is in/rum5t1 ! prop]ty ( ,mrs4 ,fr$]ick ,pagd5 & h] si/] ,miss ,f]r>i4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xiv ,,plate ,,xiv4 ,,cet]a4 ,! in/rum5t1 9 ,italian ,cet]a1 is 9 ,fr5* call$ ,ci/re1 & 9 ,engli% ,ci!r1 sometimes ,engli% ,guit>4 ,x belongs to ! guit> k9d because x has a flat back1 b all ci!rs are /rung ) wire1 & ! s\nds are elicit$1 l ^? ( ! lute-%ap$ m&ol9e1 by means ( a plectrum4 ,?is exquisitely beautiful in/rum5t ( ! e>ly sixte5? c5tury is attribut$ to ! ,brescian ,s*ool4 ,=m]ly ! prop]ty ( ! ,biblioteca ,e/5se at ,mod5a1 x has s9ce be5 acquir$ by ,mr4 ,george ,donaldson1 ,london4 ,x w be obs]v$ 9 ! draw+ t a c>v+ ( a woman's head surm\nts ! peg-box & resolves itself into a liz>d1 :i* s]ves z a h&le :]e) to hold ! in/rum5t4 ,a m]maid is se5 bel[ ! f+]-bo>d1 & !re are two 9 ! c>v+ ( ! back4 ,! ribs are also c>v$4 ,to %[ ?is exquisite c>v+ ^u a l>g] scale enl>gem5ts are giv5 ( ! f+]-bo>d m]maid & ! rose 9 ! s\nd-hole4 ,! extreme l5g? ( ! in/rum5t is #c feet2 & t ( ! body measur$ to ! neck1 #ai-a_/b in*es2 ! numb] ( /r+s is ?irte54 ,praetorius gives ! tun+ ( su* an in/rum5t z foll[s3 ,music ! highe/ be+ ! s+le melody /r+4 ,?is ,cet]a %\ld be comp>$ ) t ( ,mr4 ,al>d 9 ,plate ,,xxviii4--an in/rum5t made by ! fam\s viol9-mak]1 ,antonio ,/radiv>i4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xv ,,plate ,,xv4 ,,lute4 ,a f9e old ,italian ,lute1 ) ! label #afjj1 ,,9 ,,padova ,vv5delio ,v5]e4 ,x is n only r>e1 b a special int]e/ is atta*$ to x f its hav+ be5 ! fav\rite musical in/rum5t ( ! late ,c>l ,engel4 ,:5 he dispos$ ( 8 collection he res]v$ ?is in/rum5t = 8 own use1 & probably 8 la/ p]=mance ^u x 0 ,h&el's ,lascia *'io pianga1 :i* he play$ to ! pres5t writ]1 :o n[ owns ! in/rum5t4 ,x is a l>ge lute1 be+ #db in*es 9 l5g?4 ,! greate/ wid? ( ! body is #ad-a_/b in*es1 ) an extreme dep? ( #h in*es4 ,! body is #ba in*es f ! base to ! %\ld]s2 f !nce to ! nut is #aj-c_/d in*es1 & x is #ac-a_/b in*es f ! nut to ! extremity ( ! head1 ! angle ( ! peg-box be+ obtuse4 ,! mean wid? ( ! f+]-bo>d is #d in*es4 ,x is furni%$ ) tw5ty /r+s1 :i* are divid$ into six pairs ( unisons1 & eight s+le /r+s = basses4 ,engel tun$ x 9 ! ,d m9or tun+1 an accordance introduc$ accord+ to ,h]r ,osc> ,fleis*] 9 ! fir/ half ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 by ! great ,fr5* lut5i/1 ,d5is ,gaulti]4 ,?is accordance ultimately prevail$ n only 9 ,france & ,engl& b 9 ,g]many2 ! same writ] in=ms u t ,joseph ,haydn us$ x4 ,?is lute1 :5 s tun$1 is ?us arrang$-- ,music b ! old ,lute tun+ 01 9 *amb] pit*-- ,music ,m]s5ne 7,h>monie ,univ]selle1 ,p>is1 #afcf7 places ?is f+]-bo>d scale a tone high]1 ) ! ,*ant]elle on ,a4 ,?is *ange really inf]s ! use ( a l[] pit*4 ,by ,gaulti]'s tun+ ! /ra9 is tak5 (f ! highe/ note--a relief ( mu* importance1 :5 ! high *amb] pit* !n cu/om>y1 ne>ly a :ole tone above ! normal ,fr5* pit*1 is consid]$4 ,by ! twelve frets ^u ! f+]-bo>d = ! highe/ notes1 ! melody /r+s c\ld be rais$ *romatically "o octave1 ?us mak+ ! extreme compass ( ! in/rum5t f\r octaves & a note1 f ! ?ird ,f bel[1 to ! second ,g above1 middle ,c4 ,be=e ! ye> #afjj ! lute 0 play$1 z ! old tablatures or lute notations %[ u1 9 s+le notes ) occasional *ords1 a practice d]iv$ f lute-play+ frequ5tly f\nd 9 mod]n pian(orte music4 ,!re 7 attempts at c\nt]po9t1 b ^! 7 limit$1 ow+ to "o h& only be+ available = /opp+4 ,c]ta9 graces 7 us$1 especially ! vibrato1 b !re is reason to believe !y 7 us$ = "s "t by ! play]s be=e ! compos]s ?\ght fit to indicate !m4 ,) ! gr[+ fav\r = simple *ords1 :i* 7 develop$ into ! ,cont9uo or ,?or\gh ,bass accompanim5t1 ! bass /r+s--diapasons1 z !y 7 call$--7 add$ b5ea? ! f+]-bo>d accordance to be tun$ = basses z ! play] requir$4 ,at la/ !y 7 atta*$ by ! contrivance ( a d\ble neck to a high] peg-box1 by :i* ! ,lute became a ,!orbo4 ,bo? v>ieties 7 sup]s$$ e>ly 9 ! eighte5? c5tury by ! guit>1 :i* 0 easi] to play1 & ! imm5sely popul> sp9et1 :i* p]mitt$ ! p]=mance ( a complete c\nt]po9t1 by ! fre$om x gave to use bo? h&s ^u ! key-bo>d4 ,a reflection might "h be made on ! ma/]ly way 9 :i* contempor>y pa9t]s drew h&s & lutes4 ,i ne$ only "n ^? ma/]s ( ! ,dut* s*ool1 ,frans ,hals1 ,jan ,/e51 & ,t]burg1 especially ,/e51 ^: tru?ful precision compels admiration4 ,( ano!r s*ool1 !re is a lute-play] drawn by ,albre*t ,dr]1 t is a miracle ( skill & accuracy ( obs]vation4 ,a consid]able lit]ature ( ! lute exi/s belong+ to ! sixte5?1 sev5te5?1 & eighte5? c5turies4 ,?omas ,mace 7#afgf7 writes v amus+ly ab\t x4 ,he acc\nts ,v5ice lutes z commonly good1 b gives ! highe/ place to ,laux ,mal] ( ,bologna4 ,evelyn1 9 8 ,di>y1 also quotes ,bologna z fam\s = lutes1 especially ^? ( ! old ma/]s1 ,moll51 ,hans ,frey1 & ,ni*olas ,sconvelt 7sic71 :o 7 ,g]mans4 ,! fir/-nam$ is probably int5d$ = ,mal]4 ,9 ,evelyn's "t1 lutes by ^! mak]s 7 fet*+ extraord9>y prices4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ mod]n works ( in=mation ab\t ! lute1 z well z ( contempor>y music g5]ally1 are ,la ,musique aux ,pays ,bas1 ,edmond ,v&] ,/raet5 7,brussels1 #ahfg-he71 f a future volume ( :i* a monograph has be5 publi%$ 9 anticipation1 entitl$ ,jacques de ,sa9t-,luc1 ,lu?i/e ,a?ois du xviie4 sicle 7,may5ce1 #ahhg72 ,musique et ,musici5s au xviie4 sicle1 a publication ( ! ,socit p\r l',hi/oire ,musicale des ,pays-,bas1 edit$ by ,w4,j4,a4 ,jonckbloet & ,j4,p4,n4 ,l&1 & conta9+ ! musical correspond5ce ( ! a/ronom] ,con/ant9 ,huyg5s 7,leyd51 #ahhb72 & a monograph ^u ! fam\s ,p>isian lut5i/1 ,d5is ,gaulti]1 by ,osc> ,fleis*]1 publi%$ 9 ! ,vi]teljahrs*rift fr ,musikwiss5s*aft = ,janu>y & ,april #ahhf 7,leipsic1 ,breitkopf & ,hrtel74 ,! fir/ ?ree-qu>t]s ( ! sev5te5? c5tury 0 a p]iod rem>kable = a ref9$ amateur cultivation ( in/rum5tal music4 ,%akspe>e's appreciation ( ! lute1 & 8 graceful tribute ( admiration = ! p]=mance ( 8 fri5d1 ! lut5i/ ,d[l&1 are well kn[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xvi ,,plate ,,xvi4 ,,! ,,orbo4 ,! in/rum5t "h drawn 0 made by ,giovanni ,kreb> ( ,padua 9 #afbi1 & n[ belongs to ,mr4 ,george ,donaldson1 ,london4 ,! body ( ?is in/rum5t is built up ( ivory2 ! back ( ! peg-box & neck is also ( ivory1 & is delicately engrav$ ) a view ( ,v5ice1 %[+ vessels engag$ 9 fir+1 & spe>m5 advanc+4 ,incis$ danc+ & f5c+ figures adorn ! l[] neck2 !re is a g>d5 sc5e ) num]\s figures ^u ! upp] neck4 ,by ! pegs we f9d ! in/rum5t _h eight bass notes or diapasons2 a s+le /r+ to ea* note1 & t !re 7 on ! f+]-bo>d five d\ble /r+s & "o1 ! highe/1 s+le--! *ant]elle or melody /r+4 ,9 ! true !orbo1 ! ,paduan accord+ to ,b>on 7,unt]su*ung des ,in/rum5ts d] ,laut51 ,nuremb]g1 #agbg1 p4 #aca71--! diapasons 7 s+le /r+s4 ,:5 ! diapasons 7 9 pairs ( /r+s ! in/rum5t 01 accord+ to ,m]s5ne 7,h>monie ,univ]selle1 ,p>is1 #afcf71 call$ 7,fr5*7 ,lu? torb or 7,italian7 ,liuto attiorbato1 a !orbo$ lute4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be admitt$ t ,m]s5ne's rule is n ( /rict application4 ,! s+le /r+s introduc$1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 = basses1 at la/ became g5]al ?r\gh\t1 & bani%$ ! d\ble /r++ 9 lutes1 !orboes & guit>s4 ,! lutes 71 h[ev]1 by ?is "t ne>ly out ( use4 ,! "n ,ar*lute is giv5 by diff]5t au?orities to bo? ,!orbo & ,*it>rone 7,plate ,,xxi474 ,! e>ly use ( only "o /r+ = ! highe/ or melody /r+ may be se5 9 repres5tations ( lutes by ,quattro ,c5to pa9t]s4 ,! !orbo1 h[ev]1 0 n introduc$ until ne>ly ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,a v accurate & beautiful pa9t+ ( "o may be obs]v$ 9 a picture by ,t]burg 9 ! ,london ,national ,gall]y 7=m]ly 9 ! ,peel ,collection71 :i* is errone\sly nam$ 9 ! pr9t$ catalogue 9 use 9 #ahhg ,! ,guit> ,lesson4 ,evelyn 0 well acqua9t$ ) ! !orbo1 & took lessons ^u x 9 ,rome & ,padua4 ,!re is frequ5t m5tion ( x 9 8 ,di>y4 ,x rema9$ 9 use until ne>ly ! end ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,! extreme l5g? ( ?is specim5 is #c feet #e in*es2 ! body is #a foot #c-a_/b in*es by ne>ly #aa in*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xvii ,,plate ,,xvii4 ,,dulcim]4 ,we d]ive ,dulcim] f ! ,spani% ,dulcemele z ! only etymology to be (f]$ ) any %[ ( c]ta9ty4 ,! ,prov5al ,lai 0 9 ! ,lat9 ( ! p]iod ,dulcis ,cantus1--,dulcemele 7,lat4 ,dulce ,melos7 has a k9dr$ r+1 & by ! *ange ( a liquid ,dulcim] has become an accept$ "n4 ,! dulcim] is a v>iety ( ! psalt]y or qanun1 & be>s ! same relation to x t ! mod]n pian(orte does to ! old] sp9et or h>psi*ord4 ,! psalt]y 0 s\nd$ by ! f+]s1 ei!r ) _! fle%y ends or by cov]+ !m ) plectra adju/$ l ?imbles to produce a %>p] s\nd2 ! dulcim] is a l\d] in/rum5t1 ! s\nds be+ produc$ by hamm]s held 9 ! play]'s h&s1 & hav+ ela/ic /ems by :i* ! necess>y reb\nd f ! /r+s is facilitat$4 ,! hamm]s h n unfrequ5tly two cov]+s1 a h>d & a s(t "o1 dispos$ ^u ! hamm] head s t ! play] c1 by turn+ ! hamm]1 use ei!r at w4 ,! *>act]i/ic effect ( ! dulcim]1 analog\s to ! m&ol9e1 b&urria & o!r /r+$ in/rum5ts play$ ) a plectrum1 is ! repetition ( notes1 produc+ by ?is artifice ! impression ( almo/ su/a9$ s\nd4 ,! ,italians call$ ! dulcim] ,salt]io ,t$esco1 or ,g]man psalt]y1 b h n[ adopt$ ,zimbalon2 ! ,g]mans call x a ,hackbrett1 or *opp+ bo>d4 ,x is g5]ally an in/rum5t popul> among ! humbl] classes1 & 9 mod]n times x assumes its mo/ important rle z ! cimbalon 9 ! ,hung>ian gipsy b&s4 ,! specim5 "h drawn belong$ to ,mr4 ,k5drick ,pyne ( ,man*e/]1 & is n[ 9 ! possession ( ,mr4 ,h4 ,bodd+ton2 x is elevat$ ^u a /&1 & is 9 a case1 f :i* x c be remov$ = p]=mance4 ,!re is a picture inside ! lid ( a sunset & figures habit$ 9 sev5te5?-c5tury co/umes--soldi]s advanc+ & met by ladies app>5tly be>+ refre%m5ts4 ,on ! front bo>d1 :i* is h+$ s z to be let d[n1 !re is pa9t$ on ! "r ( ! spectator a man fi%+ 9 a pond & a woman ne> him2 :ile 9 ! c5tre is a clump ( trees1 &1 on ! left1 a man & a woman meet+4 ,! in/rum5t itself is decorat$ ) pa9t$ fl[]s 9 panels1 betwe5 :i* are black & :ite *equ]s4 ,x is probably ,italian4 ,! dim5sions ( x are--9 ! greate/ wid?1 #c feet #d-a_/b in*es1 9 ! lea/1 #a foot #aa in*es4 ,! angles ( ! sides measure #a foot #a-a_/b in* ea*4 ,! dep? ( ! in/rum5t is #c-a_/b in*es4 ,! height ( ! /& is #b feet #b in*es4 ,!re are sev5te5 notes ( f\r wire /r+s tun$ 9 unison = ea* note 9 ?is in/rum5t4 ,!re may be m notes 9 a dulcim] & ! numb] ( /r+s may v>y1 gr\ps ( ?ree1 & ev5 five unisons be+ f\nd alt]nat+ ) f\r 9 old dulcim]s4 ,! wire 0 brass 9 old in/rum5ts & is /eel 9 mod]n ones4 ,ow+ to increase ( t5sion due to ! upw>d /ra9+ ( ! wire by ! bridges on ! s\nd-bo>d1 ! places = ! bridges _c be det]m9$ by obs]v+ ! simple ratios ( p>tial tones1 b h to be f\nd empirically4 ,z 9 all old /r+$ in/rum5ts !re are s\nd-holes 9 ! s\nd-bo>d1 9 old ,italian dulcim]s decorat$ ) beautiful arabesques or roses4 ,9 old ,italian & also ! ,*9ese dulcim]s 7,yang-*'91 or =eign psalt]y7 ! s\nd-bo>d bridges are jo9$ 9 two r[s1 ! /r+s pass+ alt]nately ov]1 & ?r\gh op5+s made 9 !m4 ,!y pass ov] brass wires on ! summits ( ! bridges1 & at ! edges ( ! dulcim] ov] o!r brass wires t =m1 on ei!r side1 :at may be call$ nuts4 ,9 ,asiatic & mod]n ,european in/rum5ts ! bridges are sep>ate /uds4 ,! longe/ /ret*es ( wire pass ov] ! "r-h& bridge & ?r\gh ! op5+s 9 ! left-h& bridge4 ,! %ort] /ret*es are rev]s$1 pass+ ov] ! left-h& bridge4 ,9 ,european dulcim]s ! %ort] /ret*es1 /ruck to ! "r ( ! left-h& bridge1 are an octave above ! long] /ret*es /ruck to ! left ( ! "r-h& bridge4 ,! %orte/ /ret*es are ! rema9d] ( ! octave /r+s1 :i*1 c>ri$ ov] ! left bridge to ! left edge ( ! dulcim]1 are s tun$ z to be a fif? above ! octave s]ies4 ,! "r-h& rema9d] is n us$4 ,!re are consequ5tly ?ree s]ies ( notes1 a fundam5tal1 an octave & a twelf?2 ?us express$ 9 notation1 ! p]p5dicul> l9es repres5t+ ! nuts1 & ! circles ! position ( ! bridges4 ,music ,^! are ! l[e/ notes ( ! ?ree s]ies4 ,! scale usually asc5ds f !m 9 diatonic succession1 9 ! l[e/ s]ies ) ,f natural in/ead ( ,f %>p4 ,9 ! la/ c5tury attempts 7 made to tune "s "p ( ! scale *romatically1 b1 z f> z ,i h met ) examples1 on no asc]ta9able sy/em4 ,! ,*9ese sub/itute six?s1 & 9 ! two l[e/ sev5?s1 = ! octave2 by ! sev5?s ! l[e/ semitone is miss$1 o!rwise ! scale cont9ues1 z 9 ! ,european dulcim]1 9 heptatonic ord]4 ,! brass wire ^u ! bridges is an old sp9et contrivance4 ,! dulcim] is tun$ ) a hamm] or key l a pian(orte1 b1 unlike ! piano & o!r key-bo>d in/rum5ts1 has no damp+ contrivance4 ,we may look = ! precursor ( bo? ! ,european & ,*9ese dulcim]s 9 an ,assyrian ance/or ( ! ,p]sian ,santir1 or1 x may be1 9 a m remote ,babylonian in/rum5t4 ,dulcim]s are repres5t$ on ,assyrian monum5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xviii ,,plate ,,xviii4 ,,virg9al4 ,9 ?is int]e/+ ,virg9al1 :i* belongs to ! ,brussels ,cons]vatoire1 we h a ,ruck]s ,vi]kante ,clavis+el 9 ! orig9al ext]nal decoration j z x left ! h&s ( ! y\ng] ,hans ,ruck]s1 a ma/] ( ! ,sa9t ,luke's ,guild ( ,antw]p4 ,! decoration is a cov]+ ( pap] pr9t$ f blocks4 ,! /& is also orig9al4 ,an unt\*$ ,ruck]s virg9al or h>psi*ord l ?is r>ely comes "u notice1 &1 at ?is mom5t1 ,i c only recall "o 9 ,engl&--a s+le key-bo>d h>psi*ord 9 ! possession ( ,miss ,elizabe? ,tw9+1 at ! ,dial ,h\se1 ,twick5ham1 made by ,&ries1 ! bro!r ( ! y\ng] ,hans &1 l him1 a son ( ! eld] ,hans ,ruck]s4 ,! comb9ation ( :ite naturals & ebony %>ps or flats is ! olde/ contra/ betwe5 ! l[] & upp] keys1 ) ! qualification1 t ! olde/ exi/+ natural keys are n ( ivory b ( boxwood4 ,z 0 cu/om>y 9 ! ,l[ ,c\ntries1 ,lat9 mottoes1 sometimes m ?an "o1 7 display$ on clavec9s or key-bo>d in/rum5ts4 ,! "o %[n "h reads ,,omnis ,,spiritvs ,,lavdet ,,dom9vm4 ,^! mottoes1 s (t5 occurr+ 9 ,flemi% in/rum5ts ( t p]iod1 be> witness to ! ?\ghtfulness & rev]5ce ( ! m5 :o made & possess$ !m4 ,besides ! "o quot$ 7,let all t brea! praise ! ,"l71 we f9d ,,lavs ,,deo 7,praise be to ,god71 ,,mvsica ,,donvm ,,dei 7,music is ! gift ( ,god71 ,,mvsica ,,magnorvm ,,e/ ,,solam5 ,,dvlce ,,laborvm 7,music is ! sweet solace to great lab\rs71 ,,concordia ,,res ,,p>v ,,crescvnt1 ,,discordia ,,maxim ,,dilabvntvr 7,by ,concord small ?+s gr[1 by ,discord great ?+s fall away71 ,,sic ,,transit ,,gloria ,,mvndi 7,s passe? away ! glory ( ! _w71 ,,mvsica ,l,,titi ,,comes ,,m$ic9a ,,dolorvm 7,music is ! companion ( joy & m$ic9e ( griefs71 ,,concordia ,,mvsis ,,amica 7,concord is ! ,muses' fri5d71 ,,acta ,,virvm ,,probant 7,de$s prove ! man71 ,,sci5tia ,,non ,,habet ,,inimicvm ,,nisi ,,ignorantem 7,k has no enemy b ! ignorant71 ,,mvsica ,,pellit ,,cvras 7,music dispels c>es71 & ,,soli ,,deo ,,gloria 7,glory be to ,god alone74 ,! ,italians pref]r$ long] & m poetic quotations1 z ! (t5 repeat$ ,viva fui 9 sylvis sum dura occisa securi2 ,dum vixi tacui mortua dulce cano 7,i 0 alive 9 ! woods1 ,i 0 fell$ by a cruel axe2 :ile ,i liv$ ,i 0 sil5t1 n[ ,i am dead ,i s+ sweetly72 or t on ! h>psi*ord :i* belong$ to ,tasso's si/]1 & is /ill 9 ! possession ( h] desc5dants 9 ! h\se %e liv$ 9 at ,sorr5to3 ,tales 9 altis s5tiunt sonos beati spiritus opus 7,su* s\nds !y he> 9 heav51 ! bless$ spirits' "w74 ,to return to ?is ,ruck]s ,virg9al--! s\nd-bo>d is pa9t$ ) floral devices 9 ,ne!rl&i% fa%ion1 ! usual gilt rose appe>+ 9 ! r\nd op5+ ( ! s\nd-bo>d1 be>+ ! mak]'s trade m>k1 :i* conta9s 8 initials1 ,i4,r41 & ne> x is writt5 ) ink1 ,anno #afbb4 ,^u ! rail above ! jacks 7plectra7 is ! inscription1 ,,joannes ,,rvck]s ,,fecit ,,antv]pi4 ,!re is a picture 9 ! ,national ,gall]y 9 ,london1 f ! ,peel ,collection1 pa9t$ by ,metsu1 :]e9 is depict$ a precisely simil> in/rum5t1 possibly 8 own1 z he has x aga9 9 a picture belong+ to ! collection ( ,sir ,francis ,cook1 at ,ri*mond1 9 ,surrey4 ,at fir/ sight x is difficult to believe x is n ! same4 ,ano!r occurs at ,w9dsor ,ca/le1 9 ! collection ( ,h4,m4 ! ,que51 pa9t$ by ,v] ,me] ( ,delft4 ,"h1 aga91 ! fir/ impression =m$ is t ! pa9t] has repres5t$ ! in/rum5t %[n 9 ! pres5t draw+4 ,su* ,virg9als mu/ h be51 at t "t1 fav\rite in/rum5ts 9 polite ,dut* ,society4 ,pepys1 9 8 ,di>y1 "u date ( ,septemb] #b1 #afff1 has a well-kn[n ref]5ce to ! popul>ity ( ! virg9al 9 ,london at ! "t ( ! ,great ,fire4 ,riv] full ( light]s & boats tak+ 9 goods1 & ,i obs]v$ t h>dly "o light] or boat 9 ?ree1 t _h ! goods ( a h\se 91 b !re 0 a pair ( virg9als 9 x4 ,! ^w virg9als1 "h us$1 0 evid5tly appli$ 9 a g5]al s5se1 mean+ any key-bo>d plectrum in/rum5t4 ,! special virg9al 0 an oblong sp9et1 & appe>s to h be5 ! sp9etta1 9 ! =m inv5t$ by ! ,v5etian ,sp9etti1 ab\t ! ye> #aejj4 ,! ,italian oblong sp9et 0 furni%$ ) a lid1 ! in/rum5t be+ a fixture 9 ! case4 ,x pres5t$ to ! eye ! exact appe>ance ( ! cassone or w$d+ c(f]1 & 0 equally an object = decoration4 ,! ri* s\nd ( ! ,bass ( ! in/rum5t "h drawn1 n soon to be =gott51 s]ves to %[ :at ! quality ( tone ?r\gh\t ! scale mu/ orig9ally h be54 ,x 0 ?is supreme excell5ce :i* rais$ ! reputation ( ,hans ,ruck]s & 8 sons to a level to be rivall$ only1 lat]1 by ! great ,cremona viol9-mak]s2 x la/$ z long z ! sp9et & h>psi*ord rema9$ 9 vogue4 ,?is ,virg9al repres5ts ,no4 #ae ( my ,catalogue ( exi/+ ,ruck]s in/rum5ts 9 ,sir ,george ,grove's ,diction>y ( ,music & ,musicians1 article ,ruck]s4 ,london1 #ahhc4 ,! woodcuts above ! ,cont5ts to ?is "w repres5t ,sir ,mi*ael ,m]cator 7#adia-aedd71 a musical in/rum5t mak]1 x is said virg9al mak]1 to ,k+ ,h5ry ,,viii4 ,! portrait has be5 engrav$ f a m$al 9 ! ,briti% ,museum execut$ by ,m]cator himself1 = he 0 a goldsmi? & m$alli/ z well z in/rum5t mak]1 by ,mr4 ,john ,hipk9s1 :o has also engrav$ ! ,jewi% ,%oph> & ! woodcut on ! title-page4 ,! leg5d ^u ! m$al in=ms u t ,m]cator 0 ! fir/ knight creat$ f ,v5loo by ! ,k+4 ,he ga9$ knigh?ood & o!r di/9ctions by 8 success 9 secret diplomatic s]vices4 ,! rese>*es ( ,mr4 ,w4,h4 ,james ,weale1 :o call$ ! att5tion ( ! pres5t writ] to ,m]cator1 h det]m9$ 8 arrival 9 ?is c\ntry to h be5 9 #aebg1 :5 he br\ght lett]s ( introduction to ,c>d9al ,wolsey f ,floris d',egmont1 ,c\nt de ,bur5 & ,"l ( ,issel/e91 & o!rs1 & two musical in/rum5ts--z he 0 an organ-build]1 x is to be presum$ virg9als4 ,! ,k+ engag$ him at an annual sal>y4 ,x w be obs]v$ 9 ! portrait t ,m]cator we>s1 atta*$ to 8 coll>1 ! ,tudor ,rose4 ,mr4 ,weale has publi%$ 8 discov]ies conc]n+ him 9 ,le ,beffroi1 an arti/ic & antiqu>ian p]iodical pr9t$ at ,bruges4 ,mr4 ,weale's ,descriptive ,catalogue ( ! r>e manuscripts & pr9t$ books 9 ! ,hi/orical ,music ,loan ,collection ( #ahhe1 = ! publication ( :i* we are indebt$ to ,mr4 ,b]n>d ,qu>it*1 may be appropriately m5tion$ 9 ?is connection4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xix ,,plate ,,xix4 ,,viola ,,da ,,gamba4 ,! old ,bass ,viol 7,fr5* ,basse de ,viole7 d]ives its "n ( ,viola da ,gamba 7leg viol7 f its hav+ be5 held betwe5 ! knees ( ! play]1 :5ce ! ,g]man ,kniegeige4 ,%akspe>e speaks ( x z viol-de-gamboys 9 ,twelf? ,night--:]e ,sir ,toby ,bel* 9 8 panegyric on ,sir ,&rew ,ague*eek says1 ,he plays o' ! viol-de-gamboys1 & speaks ?ree or f\r languages ^w = ^w )\t book1 & ha? all ! good gifts ( nature4 ,dom5i*9o's fam\s ,/4 ,cecilia is repres5t$ z play+ ^u a viola da gamba4 ,x 0 ! bass ( ! *e/ 7or family7 ( viols4 ,a quotation f ! rec5tly publi%$ autobiography ( ! ,hon\rable ,rog] ,nor?1 :o 0 born 9 #afec1 aptly describes ! dome/ic use ( ^? once admir$ in/rum5ts4 ,he says 8 gr&fa!r1 ,dudley1 ?ird ,"l ,nor?1 :5 at 8 c\ntry seat 9 ,norfolk1 w\ld convoke 8 musical family 444 & = important regale ( ! company ! conc]ts 7 usually all viols to ! organ or h>psi*ord4 ,! viol9 came 9 late & imp]fectly4 ,:5 ! h&s 7 well suppli$ ! :ole *e/ w5t to "w1 t is six viols1 music be+ =m$ = x :i* w\ld seem a /range sort ( music n[1 be+ an int]wov5 hum-drum4 ,rog] ,nor? became himself a pr(ici5t ^u bo? treble & bass viols4 ,! spl5did example "h drawn is ! "w ( ,joa*im ,tielke1 :o made x at ,hamburg 9 #agja2 x =m]ly belong$ to ! fam\s violoncelli/1 ,f4 ,s]vais4 ,9 p]fect pres]vation1 x has a beautifully c>v$ ivory peg-box1 :i* is surm\nt$ by a woman's head1 ) an incis$ f+]-bo>d b5ea?4 ,!re are no frets1 :i* is unusual ) viols1 z !y 7 frett$ in/rum5ts1 b x w\ld be ( c\rse easy to atta* !m4 ,! back is ( rosewood alt]nat$ ) ivory2 & ! ivory tailpiece =ms a caduceus4 ,two views are giv5 ( ! in/rum5t1 & a pr(ile ( ! head & peg-box are enl>g$ to half size4 ,x has six /r+s1 a fav\rite accordance be+-- ,music ,?is 0 call$ ! ,h>p-way %>p2 :5 ! fif? /r+ 0 tun$ to ,b flat ! tun+ 0 call$ ,h>p-way flat--,h>p-way1 indicat+ ! facility ?us af=d$ = arpeggios4 ,ba*'s solemn cantata1 ,gottes ,zeit i/ die all]be/e ,zeit 7,god's "t is ! be/ ( all times71 op5s ) ! viola da gamba1 b1 e>ly 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 compos]s replac$ ! ,viola da ,gamba ) ! violoncello4 ,! la/ not$ p]=m] ^u x 0 ,c>l ,fri$ri* ,abel1 :o di$ 9 #aghg4 ,( late ye>s x has be5 tak5 up aga9 = its own special qualities1 :i* %\ld pres]ve x = at lea/ occasional use4 ,! late ,h5ry ,webb1 at ! sugge/ion ( ,pr(essor ,ern/ ,pau] 9 #ahfb1 0 p]haps ! fir/ to adopt x aga94 ,he _h to obta9 in/ruction 9 ! f+]+ ( ! in/rum5t f an old man ( eighty-six4 ,! f+]+ is practically t ( ! lute1 &1 z ,mr4 ,e4,j4 ,payne has po9t$ out 9 ,grove's ,diction>y ( ,music & ,musicians 7,art4 ,viol971 x 0 ! comm& ( ! six-/r+$ f+]-bo>d :i* ! lut5i/s _h atta9$ by two c5turies ( incessant practice t 0 transf]r$ by !m to ! ,viola da ,gamba1 bo? in/rum5ts be+ ?us common to ! same play]s4 ,ow+ to ?is fact ! bass viol rema9$ 9 use mu* long] ?an ! o!r memb]s ( ! viol family4 ,at ! pres5t "t ,mr4 ,payne1 ,h]r ,paul de ,wit ( ,leipsic1 & ,mr4 ,e4 ,jacobs ( ,brussels1 h re9troduc$ ! ,viola da ,gamba to ! notice ( ! musical public4 ,mr4 ,jacobs play$ ^u "o furni%$ ) sympa!tic /r+s1 ) great success 9 ! ,hi/orical ,conc]ts giv51 "u ! direction ( ,mr4 ,victor ,mahillon1 9 ! ,music ,room ( ! ,london ,int]national ,inv5tions ,exhibition ( #ahhe4 ,! in/rum5t "h repres5t$ belongs to ! ,museum ( ! ,brussels ,cons]vatoire4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xx ,,plate ,,xx4 ,,d\ble ,,sp9et ,,or ,,virg9al4 ,?is uncommon in/rum5t displays "o ( ! exp$i5ts employ$ to ga9 a m brilliant effect by ! addition ( an octave /r+1 be=e su* a /r+ 0 p]man5tly atta*$ to ! s\nd-bo>d ( ! h>psi*ord itself by means ( an additional r[ ( /r+s plac$ b5ea? ! ord9>y unison /r+s4 ,octave sp9ets 71 z ,m]s5ne 7#afcf7 describes1 made indep5d5t ( ! ord9>y sp9et1 & !re are frequ5t examples to be met )4 ,^! little sp9ets 7 plac$ ^u ! l>g] ones = p]=mance1 z ,praetorius 7#afai7 says1 l turrets on a t[]4 ,9 ?is d\ble sp9et x is a removable "p ( ! in/rum5t1 & con/itutes ! left-h& key-bo>d1 ! "r-h& key-bo>d be+ a fixture4 ,! mak]1 z is prov$ by 8 initials1 ,,hr1 & 8 device 9 ! rose ( ! s\nd-hole1 is no o!r ?an ! fam\s ,hans ,ruck]s ! eld]1 ( ,antw]p4 ,?is ,sp9et is numb]$ #i ( ! sixty-six exi/+ in/rum5ts by ! ,ruck]s family catalogu$ by ! pres5t writ] 9 ,sir ,george ,grove's ,diction>y ( ,music & ,musicians4 ,x c n[ be ext5d$ to sixty-eight4 ,on ! jack rails ( bo? sp9ets may be read ,joannes ,rvqv]s me fecit4 ,!re is ano!r d\ble sp9et at ,nuremb]g made 9 #aehj by ,m>t9 ,v&] ,bee/1 :i* has be5 figur$ & is ! frontispiece to ,dr4 ,augu/ ,reissmann's ,illu/rirte ,ges*i*te d] ,deuts*5 ,musik 7,leipzig1 #ahha74 ,! ,ruck]s d\ble sp9et c h>dly be mu* lat]4 ,! e>lie/ examples kn[n to me ( ! octave /r+ atta*$1 z above m5tion$1 9 ! h>psi*ord itself1 are to be f\nd 9 a d\ble clavec9 7,fr5* = h>psi*ord7 by ,hans ,ruck]s ! eld]1 dat$ #aeij1 & pres]v$ 9 ! ,museum ( ! ,p>is ,cons]vatoire1 & 9 a clavicembalo 7,italian = h>psi*ord71 made at ,pes>o1 & also 9 #aeij1--lately br\ght to ,engl& by ,messrs4 ,hill1 ! viol9-mak]s1 & n[ acquir$ by ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum4 ,! latt] is an in/rum5t ) only two /r+s to ea* note4 ,! inv5tion ( ! octave /r+1 z well z ( d\ble key-bo>d1 has be5 attribut$ to ,hans ,ruck]s4 ,! late/ evid5ce1 h[ev]1 does n fav\r ^! attributions1 al?\gh bo? inv5tions mo/ likely belong to ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,ruck]s & 8 sons1 x may be said1 made in/rum5ts t 7 nev] surpass$ = quality ( tone4 ,to return to ! ,d\ble ,sp9et--bo? key-bo>ds are ( f\r octaves1 ! fix$ "r-h& "o be+ f ! second ,c bel[1 to ! second above1 middle ,c1 & ! removable left-h& "o is an octave high] ?r\gh\t4 ,! complete in/rum5t re/s ^u ! orig9al arcad$ /&4 ,! pa9t+s are ( lat] date ?an ! in/rum5t itself4 ,! subjects are on ! lid1 & repres5t a conte/ be=e ! gods betwe5 ,apollo & ,m>syas--! =m] div9ity play+ a viol1 & ! latt] a pipe4 ,! backgr\nd is a hilly c\ntry ) a lake & ca/le1 & a man 9 a boat4 ,above & bel[ ! removable sp9et are pa9t$ l&scapes ) figures1 imm$iately above x *ildr5 danc+2 & at ! fix$ key-bo>d m5 & wom5 danc+ 9 pairs4 ,?is pleas+ in/rum5t =m]ly belong$ to ,messrs4 ,*appell ( ,london1 b is n[ ! prop]ty ( ,mr4 ,george ,donaldson4 ,!re are sev5 pi]c$ ar*es & columns 9 ! /&1 :i* is #b feet #d in*es high4 ,! dim5sions are--extreme l5g?1 #e feet #h-a_/b in*es2 ! l5g? ( ! left-h& key-bo>d1 #b feet #b-a_/b in*es1 & ( ! "r-h& "o1 #b feet #a-a_/d in*es4 ,! wid? f back to front is #a foot #g-a_/b in*es1 & ! dep? is #aa-a_/b in*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xxi ,,plate ,,xxi4 ,,?ree ,,*it>roni4 ,! prim>y mean+ ( ,*it>rone is a l>ge guit>1 b1 9 po9t ( fact1 ?is impos+ yet graceful in/rum5t is a !orbo or bass lute ) a v long upp] neck to give l5g? = bass /r+s ( deep pit*4 ,! "o to ! left 9 ! draw+1 :i* belongs to ,mr4 ,rudolf ,lehmann1 ,london1 is ,v5etian1 if we may judge f ! beautiful decoration4 ,x has ?ree s\nd-holes ) roses jo9$ toge!r 9 a fa%ion t is reg>d$ z ,roman1 & is adorn$ ) "m ( pe>l4 ,x is /rung ) six pairs ( /r+s ^u ! f+]-bo>d1 ea* pair tun$ 9 unison4 ,sev5 s+le diapason /r+s1 or op5 basses1 are /ret*$ f ! upp] peg-box cle> ( ! f+]-bo>d4 ,x is #e feet 9 extreme l5g?1 t ( ! neck be+ #c feet #e in*es4 ,! ,*it>rone 9 ! c5tre1 :i* belongs to ,mr4 ,george ,donaldson1 & is ri*ly inlaid ) "m ( pe>l1 has also ?ree connect$ roses1 six pairs ( unisons ^u ! f+]-bo>d & eight diapasons cle> ( x4 ,! l5g? ( x is #f feet2 ! neck is #d feet #a in*4 ,x is also ,v5etian1 & dat$ #afjh4 ,! "r-h& ,*it>rone1 %[n at ! ,exhibition ( #ahhe by ,mr4 ,edw>d ,joseph ( ,bond ,/reet1 ,london1 has six pairs ( unisons & sev5 diapasons4 ,! neck is ornam5t$ ) *equ]s1 & ! f+]-bo>d is b\nd ) ?irte5 frets = ! melody /r+s1 giv+ ! play] a semitone m ?an ! complete *romatic s]ies4 ,! *it>rone is sometimes call$ ! ,roman !orbo4 ,x is ( great] l5g? ?an ! ,paduan !orbo1 ) :i* x 0 introduc$ t[>ds ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury1--ow+ to a necessity hav+ aris5 = bass in/rum5ts ( great] sonor\sness ?an _h be5 us$ be=e1 9 ord] to accompany ! newly-inv5t$ recitative4 ,ab\t ! same "t !re also came into use a l>g] in/rum5t ( ! viol family1 kn[n z ! violone1 ! precursor ( ! d\ble bass4 ,! heavi] basses & simple h>monies1 = :i* ! ,italians _h %[n a gr[+ pref]5ce1 replac$1 to a great ext5t1 ! +5i\s int]weav+s ( c\nt]po9t1 & assi/$ ! developm5t ( ! late/ (fspr+ ( ! ,r5aissance1 t ( ,monody--! recitativo & aria--introduc$ 9 ,flor5ce by ,p]i1 ,cacc9i1 ,cavali]i & ,montev]de1 ! f\ndation ( ! mod]n ,italian op]a4 ,! *it>rone 0 us$ 9 ! or*e/ra ( ,montev]de on ! fir/ production ( 8 ,orfeo 9 #afjg4 ,!re is also m5tion ( x 9 a b& ( in/rum5ts z e>ly z #aehi4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xxii ,,plate ,,xxii4 ,,sp9et4 ,?is ,sp9et1 ) its orig9al six-legg$ /&1 0 made 9 ,london ab\t ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,/ephanus ,ke5e ,lond9i ,fecit1 is inscrib$ ^u ! "n-bo>d1 :i* is *>act]i/ically inlaid ) birds & foliage4 ,x is a transv]se ,sp9et1 ! ,italian ,sp9etta trav]sa1 an adaptation ( ! long] bi*ord or tri*ord h>psi*ord )9 ! limitations ( size ( ?is in/rum5t1 :i*1 l ! trapeze-%ap$ & oblong sp9ets1 _h "o /r+ only to ea* note4 ,! tail is ext5d$ on ! "r-h& side2 ! key-bo>d is plac$ some:at obliquely1 & ! wre/-plank1 ) ! tun+-p9s1 is imm$iately above ! key-bo>d1 in/ead ( be+1 z 9 ! old] sp9ets1 at ! "r-h& side4 ,! compass ( ! key-bo>d is f ! second ,b bel[1 to ! second ,d above1 ! middle ,c1--9 all f\r octaves & two notes1 be+ "o note m 9 ! treble ?an occurs 9 ! key-bo>d diagram to ,h5ry ,purcell's ,lessons = ! ,h>psi*ord or ,sp9net4 ,! l[e/ key w\ld1 h[ev]1 be tun$ d[n to ! l[e/ pian(orte ,g1 ! object be+ to secure a dom9ant bass = ! l[e/ ,c4 ,purcell's diagram = ! sp9et gives ! l[e/ key z ,b ,b1 b1 9 ! lessons1 he "h & !re writes d[n to ,g ,g1 also to ,a ,a1 = :i* ! l[e/ ,c%>p key w\ld be simil>ly accommodat$4 ,! two l[e/ %>ps ( ! sp9et "h drawn pres5t ! peculi>ity ( be+ cut or divid$1 ea* division be+ an indep5d5t key4 ,^! 7 n qu>t]-tones z has be5 suppos$2 ! front halves 7 tun$ ,a & ,b = dom9ant basses l ! ,g1 & ! back halves ,c%>p & ,d%>p1 *romatic semitones to ! adjac5t natural notes1 ?us comb9+ ! ,%ort ,octave pr9ciple1 indisp5sable = ! p]=mance ( contempor>y music1 ) ! *romatic sy/em !n beg9n+ to be recognis$4 ,/eph5 ,ke5e 0 a well-kn[n mak] ( sp9ets1 equal 9 reputation to 8 great rivals1 ,*>les ,haw>d1 & ,?omas & ,john ,hit*cock1 ,! e>lie/ notice kn[n ( ,ke5e occurs 9 an adv]tisem5t at ! end ( ! six? edition ( ,play=d's ,introduction 7,london1 #afga71 :i* ann\nces t ,mr4 ,george ,dalham1 t excell5t organ-mak]1 dwelle? n[ 9 ,purple-,lane1 next door to ! ,crook$ ,billet1 :]e su* z desire to h new organs1 or old m5d$1 may be well accommodat$4 ,& ,mr4 ,/eph5 ,ke5e1 ,mak] ( ,h>psycons & ,virg9als1 dwelle? n[ 9 ,?readne$le-,/reet1 at ! sign ( ! ,virg9al1 :o make? !m exactly good1 bo? = s\nd & sub/ance4 ,x is prov$ t ,ke5e 0 long 9 bus9ess by a "n-bo>d :i* is 9 my possession dat$ #agai4 ,inde$1 long] ?an ! p]iod occupi$ by ,?omas ,hit*cock1 ^: autograph occurs 9 sp9ets f #affd & #agjc4 ,! pr9cipal dim5sions ( ! in/rum5t drawn1 :i* belongs to ,mr4 ,h4,j4 ,dale1 ,*elt5ham1 are--extreme wid?1 #e feet #f in*es1 extreme dep?1 )\t ! projection ( ! key-bo>d1 #a foot #i-a_/d in*es4 ,! key-bo>d is #b feet #d-a_/d in*es wide1 & #c-g_/h in*es deep4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xxiii ,,plate ,,xxiii4 ,,qu9t]na ,,& ,,m&ol9e4 ,! ,qu9t]na or ,*it]na1 ! ,italian guit>1 0 =m]ly us$ by ! humbl] ord] ( musicians4 ,accord+ to ,engel1 x _h ?ree pairs ( catgut /r+s & two s+le /r+s cov]$ ) wire1 & 0 play$ guit>-lute fa%ion ) ! f+]s1 & n ) a plectrum4 ,b ! in/rum5t "h drawn1 ) its t5 wire /r+s1 mu/ h be5 play$ ) a plectrum 9 ci!r fa%ion4 ,x 0 exhibit$ by ,mr4 ,george ,donaldson 9 ! ,music ,loan ,collection at ! ,royal ,alb]t ,hall z a ,git]na1 an obvi\s v>iant ( ! "n4 ,two views ( x are "h giv54 ,x is ( tortoise%ell ) arabesques ( ivory & a c>v$ ebony head1 ! back be+ ( ebony & ivory4 ,9 l5g? x is #bd-a_/b in*es1 & ! neck1 measur$ f ! body1 is #ad in*es4 ,! words1 ,joa*im ,tielke ,hamburg fecit1 #afgf1 are inscrib$ on ! back ( ! in/rum5t2 ! date1 h[ev]1 sugge/s a consid]able discrepancy :5 comp>$ ) ! ,qu9t]na 9 ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum1 by ,joa*im ,tielke1 #aeci4 ,engel supposes t ?is fam\s mak]'s "n 0 cont9u$ ?r\gh sev]al g5]ations1 to acc\nt = ! diff]5ce 9 dates4 ,evelyn1 visit+ ,pozzuoli 9 #afde1 says1 ,! c\ntry-p s jovial & addict$ to musiq1 t ! v husb&m5 almo/ univ]saly play on ! guit>r1 s++ & compos+ songs 9 praise ( _! sweet-he>tes4 ,?is guit> w\ld be ! ,qu9t]na4 ,! ,m&ol9e drawn1 also ,mr4 ,donaldson's1 is by ,dom5ico ,v9accia1 dat$ ,napoli1 #aghj1 & is ( tortoise%ell & "m ( pe>l1 ) a beautiful pe>-%ap$ back or %ell4 ,x is #bb in*es long1 ! neck & head be+ #aa in*es4 ,! ,m&ol9e 7,italian ,m&ol9o7 is small] ?an ! ,m&ora1 a k9d ( alto lute4 ,x is /rung ) catgut & wire1 ! bass /r+s be+ ( catgut cov]$ ) silv] wire1 & is play$ ) a plectrum4 ,( sev]al k9ds1 includ+ ! ,m&ore1 ,m&ur9a1 & ,p&ur9a1 t h be5 us$ 9 ,italy1 ! ,milanese & ,neapolitan ,m&ol9es are ! be/ kn[n4 ,! ,milanese ,m&ol9e1 ) five or six pairs ( /r+s1 pres]ves old ci!r tun+s2 ! ,neapolitan ,m&ol9e1 :i* is really an eighte5?-c5tury in/rum5t1 is evid5tly ( lat] introduction1 z x is tun$ 9 fif?s simil> to a viol91 :i* makes p]=mance ^u x easily atta9able by viol9 play]s4 ,moz>t wrote ! s]5ade 9 ,don ,giovanni ) an accompanim5t = x1 b beautiful z ?is composition is1 ! accompanim5t appe>s sc>cely *>act]i/ic ( ! ,m&ol9e or ( ! ,b&urria ei!r--a small k9d ( ,spani% guit> ( deep] pit* ?an ! ,m&ol9e1 :i*1 = local col\r1 w\ld h be5 ! "r in/rum5t4 ,^! in/rum5ts1 l ! ,dulcim]1 make _! *>act]i/ic effects by means ( ! reit]ation ( notes1 analog\s to :at is call$ repetition on a pian(orte1 ! int5tion be+ to convey an impression ( su/a9$ s\nd1 & make ! melody prom95t :5 sev]al o!r in/rum5ts are be+ play$4 ,! accordance ( ! ,neapolitan ,m&ol9e is-- ,music ( ! ,milanese ,m&ol9e ( five notes-- ,music ( ! ,milanese ,m&ol9e ( six notes-- ,music & ( ! ,b&urria-- ,music ! ?ree high] notes be+ "h ( catgut--! l[] ( silk ov]spun ) metal4 ,! ,b&urria1 l ! ,m&ol9es1 is play$ ) a plectrum1 call$ 9 ,spani% ,pua1 :i* is prev5t$ f defac+ ! wood by ! pres5ce ( a tortoise%ell plate1 let into ! s\nd-bo>d4 ,! plectrum is usually a small piece ( tortoise%ell or quill4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xxiv ,,plate ,,xxiv4 ,,wel% ,,crw?4 ,,russian ,,balal,,ika4 ,! ,crw? is a r>e ,wel% in/rum5t1 suppos$ to h be5 ! ,*rotta ,brittanna m5tion$ 9 "o ( ! odes ( ,v5antius ,=tunatus1 writt5 ab\t ,a4,d4 #fag1 & publi%$ "u ! title ( ,v5antii ,=tunati ,poemata2 b foll[+ ! analogy ( ! ,gaelic crui?1 & ! phonetic crot ( ! ,book ( ! ,dean ( ,lismore 7a sixte5?-c5tury collection ( ,ossianic fragm5ts71 ! ,briti% ,*rotta 0 m likely to h be5 an e>ly =m ( ! ,celtic ,h>p4 ,( orig9al ,wel% ,crw?s kn[n !re are ?ree--"o f ! ,engel collection 9 ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum1 ano!r less p]fect 9 ! ,w>r+ton ,museum1 & ! "o "h drawn1 :i* belongs to ,colonel ,wynne-,f9* ( ,voelas1 ,bettws-y-,co$1 ,nor? ,wales4 ,!y h be5 holl[$ out ( s+le pieces ( wood1 ! s\nd-bo>d be+ glu$ on--a v primitive mann] ( /ructure ak9 to ! old ,celtic ,h>ps4 ,! dim5sions ( ,colonel ,wynne-,f9*'s ,crw? are--l5g?1 #bb-a_/b in*es2 wid?1 betwe5 #aj-a_/b & #i in*es2 dep?1 #b in*es4 ,?is in/rum5t has six /r+s1 al?\gh ne>] exam9ation %[s t x _h orig9ally only five2 f\r are on a f+]-bo>d play$ ) a b[1 & two are (f ! f+]-bo>d1 int5d$ to be twang$ by ! play]'s ?umb4 ,^! op5 /r+s are a comp>atively late fancy1 adopt$ 9 ! !orbo1 lyra1 & b>yton viols4 ,x is said !re 0 a ?ree-/r+$ crw? 7,crw? ?ri?ant7 probably b[$1 & tun$ z ! fir/1 fif?1 & octave1 b ,i am dispos$ to agree ) ! late ,c>l ,engel 7,rese>*es into ! ,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ! ,viol9 ,family3 ,london1 #ahhc7 t ?is c\ld be no o!r ?an ! m$ival ,rebec4 ,f obs]vations made1 m ?an a hundr$ ye>s ago1 by ! ,hon4 ,da9es ,b>r+ton 7publi%$ 9 ! ,ar*ologia ( ! ,society ( ,antiqu>ies1 ,london1 ,vol4 ,,iii4 p4 #bj71 :o _h ! advantage ( he>+ a p]=m] claim+ to be ! la/ ^u ! in/rum5t1 ! accordance ( ! six-/r+$ crw? 0-- ,music ,! /r+s 7 ( catgut4 ,ano!r au?ority1 ,b+ley1 he>d ! crw? play$ at ,c>n>von z late z #ahja4 ,he gives a diff]5t accordance1 9 :i*1 h[ev]1 ! octave arrangem5t rema9s3-- ,music ,x w\ld appe> z if ! notes =m+ octaves ^u ! f+]-bo>d 7 b[$ toge!r b n all f\r /r+s at once1 z has be5 sometimes suppos$4 ,to effect ?is !re mu/ h be5 a peculi> knack 9 us+ ! b[4 ,f ! l>ge op5+s on ei!r side ( ! f+]-bo>d x is possible to trace1 ?r\gh ! int]m$iate m$ival ,rotta or ,rote1 a desc5t f ! ,grco-,roman ,cy?>a or ,lyre4 ,!re are two s\nd-holes 9 ! belly1 & ! bridge1 :i* is plac$ obliquely1 has ! "r foot re/+ ^u ! belly1 :ile ! left foot1 z 9 ! tromba m>9a1 passes ?r\gh ! left s\nd-hole to re/ ^u ! back4 ,! left foot !n acts z a s\nd-po/1 & sets ! :ole in/rum5t 9 vibration4 ,colonel ,wynne-,f9*'s ,crw? 0 f\nd 9 ! ,isl& ( ,anglesey4 ,x has ! foll[+ inscription ^u a label inside3-- ,,maid ,,9 ,,! ,,p>is ,,( ,,anirh5gel ,,by ,,ri*>d ,,evans ,,in/rum5ts ,,mak] ,,9 ,,! ,,ye> #agdb4 ,b x is suppos$ to be old]1 & only to h be5 repair$ or recon/ruct$ by ,ri*>d ,evans4 ,x 0 re/or$ v c>efully by ,mr4 ,george ,*anot be=e be+ %[n at ,s\? ,k5s+ton 9 ! ,loan ,collection ( #ahgb4 ,! ,,balal,,ika is ! ,russian peasant's guit>4 ,?is example 0 drawn because ( ! ornam5t1 b ! common in/rum5t is usually q pla94 ,x came f ,mosc[ tun$ ,music b ano!r 9 my possession1 s5t to me at ! same "t f ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 0 tun$ ,music4 ,! ,balalika has ?ree frets atta*$ to ! neck1 = /opp+ ! semitone1 :ole tone1 & m9or ?ird on ea* /r+4 ,! /r+s are ( catgut4 ,! quality ( tone is v sympa!tic1 almo/ sad4 ,! dim5sions ( ! specim5 drawn are--extreme height f ! base1 #cj in*es2 ! f+]-bo>d1 #ac in*es2 ! wid? at base is #aa-a_/b in*es4 ,! dep? ( ! s\nd-*e/1 :i* is ! half ( a duodecagon1 #e-c_/d in*es4 ,! correspond+ measures ( ! simple peasant's in/rum5ts are--#bf-c_/d1 #ac-c_/d1 #ac1 & #c-a_/b in*es4 ,! peculi> triangul> %ape ( ! ,balalika is ( v primitive "*1 ! curv$ =m 9 lutes & guit>s be+ an arti/ic developm5t4 ,9 a delightfully reali/ic ,russian bronze %[n at ! ,heal? ,exhibition1 ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 #ahhd1 ! p]=m] simultane\sly holds ! neck ( ! in/rum5t & /ops ! /r+s ) 8 left h&1 :ile he t\*es !m1 guit> fa%ion1 ) 8 "r h&1 ! in/rum5t be+ free f any o!r support :atev]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xxv ,,plate ,,xxv4 ,,viol91 ,,! ,,helli] ,,/radiv>ius1 ,,& ,,two ,,old ,,b[s ,,not$ ,,= ,,! ,,flut+4 ,?is is ! beautiful ,helli] ,/radiv>ius ,viol9 made 9 #afgi & b\ght by ,sir ,samuel ,helli] ( ,womborne1 ,/af=d%ire1 ab\t ! ye> #agcd1 f ! mak] himself4 ,x rema9$ 9 ! ,helli] family until #ahge1 :5 x 0 acquir$ by ,mr4 ,george ,crompton1 :o subsequ5tly dispos$ ( x to ,messrs4 ,w4,e4 ,hill & ,sons ( ,new ,bond ,/reet1 =m]ly ( ,w>d\r ,/reet1 ,london1 ! exp]ts 9 ! viol9 section ( ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,music ,loan ,collection ( #ahhe4 ,x n[ belongs to ,mr4 ,*>les ,oldham1 :o possesses ano!r inlaid viol9 dat$ #afhg1 :i* 0 orig9ally made = ! ,k+ ( ,spa91 & completes 8 qu>tet ( ,/radiv>ius in/rum5ts4 ,?is ,viol9 is consid]$ to be "o ( ! p]fect e>li] works ( ,/radiv>ius1 & is ( full proportions4 ,x has great] bread? ?an ! s-call$ gr& patt]n ( t fam\s mak]1 & is "o ( 8 inlaid viol9s1 ( :i* !re are n m ?an twelve extant4 ,a lett] ( ,/radiv>ius1 record+ ! price 7#dj7 ,sir ,samuel ,helli] paid = x1 0 =?com+ until a few ye>s ago1 :5 x 0 un=tunately lo/4 ,we are n in=m$ :y ,/radiv>ius %\ld h kept ?is in/rum5t 9 8 own possession = fifty-five ye>s--x seems likely t x _h _h ano!r own] be=e ,sir ,samuel ,helli]1 & t ,/radiv>ius _h tak5 x back4 ,! details ( ! ornam5t ^u ?is ,viol9 h be5 correct$ f an exact trac+ tak5 by ,mrs4 ,hugg9s ( ,upp] ,tulse ,hill1 ,london1 an e>ne/ amateur ( ,/radiv>i's viol9s4 ,! ,helli] ,/radiv>ius 0 c]ta9ly "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable examples t appe>$ 9 ! unrivall$ collection ( fam\s viol9s exhibit$ at ,s\? ,k5s+ton 9 #ahhe4 ,a quotation f ,mr4 ,george ,h>t's well-kn[n book ^u ,! ,viol91 its ,fam\s ,mak]s & _! ,imitators 7,london1 #ahhd1 p4 #aia71 ju/ly sums up ! wor? ( ^? artific]s :5 ,italian viol9-mak+ mo/ excell$4 ,he says3 ,! *ief m]its ( ,/radiv>i & 8 contempor>y mak]s 7 intuitive4 ,_! rules1 hav+ _! orig9 9 exp]i5ce1 7 appli$ z dictat$ by _! m>vell\s s5se ( t\* & cunn+1 ) results inf9itely sup]ior to any obta9$ ) ! aid ( ! mo/ approv$ me*anical contrivances4 ,:5 to ^! consid]ations we add t devot$ness ( purpose )\t :i* no?+ great 9 art has be5 accompli%$1 we h a catalogue ( excell5ces suffici5t to acc\nt = ! greatness ( _! a*ievem5ts4 ,! b[s t accompany ! ,helli] ,/radiv>ius are f ! collection ( ,messrs4 ,ar?ur & ,alfr$ ,hill4 ,! viol9 b[1 ! m$ium by :i* ! p]=m]'s p]sonality is transmitt$ to ! in/rum5t & its v>i\s p[]s are br\ght out1 is n less wor?y ( admiration ?an ! viol9 itself4 ,! gradual improvem5t ( ! b[ has foll[$ ! developm5t & improvem5t ( ! viol91 & ! settlem5t ( its =m & mat]ials 9 ! la/ qu>t] ( ! la/ c5tury by ,franois ,t\rte1 9 reality made ! viol9 a diff]5t in/rum5t f :at x _h be5 be=e4 ,) ,t\rte's b[ came a p[] ( expression 9 viol9-play+ previ\sly unkn[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xxvi ,,plate ,,xxvi4 ,,viol9s1 ,,! ,,al>d ,,/radiv>ius1 ,,! ,,k+ ,,joseph ,,gu>n]ius ,,del ,,ges4 ,! back & front views ( ! ,viol9 to ! left ( ?is ,plate are tak5 f ! ,al>d ,/radiv>ius1 s call$ f ! fam\s viol9i/ :o =m]ly own$ x4 ,x is "o ( ! f9e/ viol9s made by ,/radiv>ius1 & be>s ! date #agae1 ?us belong+ to 8 great p]iod1 :i* is consid]$ by connoisseurs to h ext5d$ f ab\t #agjj to #agbe4 ,! foll[+ is ! brief hi/ory ( ! ,al>d ,/radiv>ius4 ,b\ght 9 ,flor5ce e>ly 9 ! pres5t c5tury by a bank] ( ,c\rtrai 9 ,belgium1 x pass$ at 8 dea? into ! possession ( ! late ,j4,b4 ,vuillaume ( ,p>is1 "o ( ! mo/ fam\s viol9-mak]s & exp]ts ( ! pres5t c5tury4 ,vuillaume res]v$ x = 8 son-9-law1 ,mr4 ,delph9 ,al>d1 pr(essor ( ! viol9 at ! ,p>is ,cons]vatoire1 & ( ,european reputation z a virtuoso1 9 ^: possession x rema9$ until he retir$ f public life 9 #ahgf4 ,x 0 !n acquir$ by ,mr4 ,david ,laurie ( ,glasg[1 9 ^: possession ?is f9e in/rum5t /ill rema9s4 ,x is a ,/radiv>ius ( ! gr& =m1 & ( a v h&some model1 ! ar*+ ( ! belly & back be+ ( exquisite proportions1 nei!r exagg]at$ nor weak4 ,! workman%ip is betwe5 ! e>li] & lat] /yles ( ! ma/]4 ,a c>eful *oice ( ! wood is ( c\rse presuppos$1 b ! f9e regul> m>k+ ( ! back may be obs]v$1 & also ! beautiful col\r & quality ( ! v>ni%4 ,! neck is orig9al1 z x left ! h&s ( ,/radiv>ius2 x has1 h[ev]1 be5 l5g!n$ by a piece add$ at its junction ) ! upp] block ( ! body4 ,! lett]s ,p4,s41 :i* are sometimes f\nd on ,/radiv>i viol9s at ! peg-box end ( ! neck :5 x is orig9al1 are "h v di/9ct4 ,^! enigmatical lett]s h giv5 rise to "s discussion among exp]ts1 b ! conclusion appe>s to be t !y are ! initials ( ,/radiv>i's y\nge/ son1 ,paolo1 ?r\gh ^: h&s ! in/rum5ts may h pass$4 ,paolo 0 a clo? m]*ant1 n a viol9-mak]1 b he succe$$ to 8 fa!r's h\se aft] ! decease ( 8 bro!rs4 ,! ,k+ ,joseph ,gu>n]ius del ,ges ,viol9 7del ,ges on acc\nt ( 8 sign+ 8 viol9s ) ! device ,illu/ration3 ,i4,h4,s471 ( :i* back & front views appe> to ! "r ( ! ,plate1 also belongs to ,mr4 ,laurie1 :o has all[$ ?is f9e in/rum5t to be drawn = comp>ison ) ! no less f9e specim5 ( ,/radiv>ius4 ,! diff]5ces 9 ! con/ruction ( ! in/rum5ts ( ^! fam\s mak]s are1 to ! practis$ eye1 consid]able4 ,9 g5]al1 ! viol9s ( ,gu>n]i are small] ?an ^? ( ,/radiv>i4 ,!re is a m>k$ diff]5ce obs]vable 9 ! outl9es ( ! two mak]s1 ! ,/radiv>ius be+ some:at squ>e 9 ! %\ld]s1 ! ,c's1 or inw>d curv+s ( ! sides ( a viol9 :i* resemble t lett]1 & 9 ! l[] "p1 :ile all ^? features 9 ! ,gu>n]ius are m curv$4 ,! head ( ! latt] is bold]1 less symmetrical & qua9tly orig9al4 ,! f's1 ! s\nd-holes 9 viol9s assum+ ! =m ( t lett] z an italic1 :i* are beautifully curv$ by ,/radiv>ius1 are by ,gu>n]ius (t5 %>ply po9t$ at top & bottom4 ,x might be expect$ t ?is peculi>ity ( ! f's w\ld be detrim5tal to ! arti/ic effect1 b x is n4 ,! ar*+ ( ! belly & back is ) ,gu>n]ius less m>k$ ?an ) ,/radiv>ius4 ,g5]ally speak+1 ,gu>n]ius left 8 bellies ?ick] ?an ^? ( ,/radiv>ius4 ,z may be expect$1 !re is a decid$ diff]5ce 9 tone betwe5 a ,gu>n]ius del ,ges & a ,/radiv>ius4 ,i am indebt$ to ,dr4 ,william ,hugg9s1 ,f4,r4,s41 = ! foll[+ int]e/+ comp>ison4 ,! ,/radiv>ius possesses1 z a rule1 a bright] tone ) unlimit$ capacity = express+ ! mo/ v>i$ acc5ts ( feel+1 well+ =? l a spr+ 7says ,dr4 ,joa*im 9 ,mr4 ,payne's ',/radiv>i1' ,grove's ,diction>y1 vol4 iii41 p4 #gcc7 & capable ( inf9ite modifications "u ! b[4 ,! tone ( ,gu>n]ius has int5se individuality1 x is p[]ful & some:at contralto 9 quality1 ) a sup]b mell[ ri*ness /rongly t+$ ) melan*oly4 ,! fam\s ,k+ ,joseph ,gu>n]ius del ,ges 0 =m]ly 9 ! celebrat$ collection =m$ by ! late ,james ,god+4 ,x 0 sold aft] 8 decease 9 #aheg to ! ,viscomte de ,janz1 f :om ,mr4 ,laurie obta9$ x4 ,! ,t\rte b[1 m\nt$ ) gold1 tortoise%ell & "m ( pe>l1 %[n 9 ! same ,plate1 is also ,mr4 ,laurie's4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xxvii ,,plate ,,xxvii4 ,,viola ,d',,amore4 ,fr5* ,la ,viole d',am\r is ! ,love ,viol1 s call$ f ! s(t & t5d] quality ( ! tone produc$ f x4 ,b5ea? ! catgut /r+s !re are usually wire /r+s1 :i*1 be+ tun$ 9 accordance1 vibrate sympa!tically :5 ! catgut /r+s are b[$4 ,?is is 9 ob$i5ce to a well-kn[n law ( physics1 accord+ to :i* a body set 9 vibration w cause ano!r body hav+ ! same frequ5cy ( vibration to s\nd :5 )9 rea* ( its influ5ce4 ,9 ! beautifully c>v$ & inlaid in/rum5t "h drawn1 a p]fect viola d'amore 9 =m1 surm\nt$ by a lovely head ) b&ag$ eyes1 ! sympa!tic /r+s are abs5t1 & if !y 7 ev] atta*$ ! peg-box has s9ce be5 alt]$4 ,b x has ! flam+ sword s\nd-holes inv>iably f\nd 9 a viola d'amore1 & also ! addition1 n unfrequ5t 9 t viol1 ( a rose imm$iately "u ! f+]-bo>d4 ,mey]be] has reviv$ ! use ( ! viola d'amore by writ+ = x ! delici\s obbligato to ,ra\l's song1 ,ah6 quel spectacle en*anteur1 9 ,les ,hugu5ots4 ,9 ! pres5t day ,mr4 ,c>li ,zoell] has come =w>d 9 ,engl& z ! reg5]ator ( ! viola d'amore4 ,he has publi%$ an in/ruction-book1 ) an hi/orical introduction ( value1 & has also compos$ = ! in/rum5t4 ,! foll[+ int]e/+ passage occurs 9 ,john ,play=d's ,musick's ,recreation on ! ,viol ,lyra-way1 ,london1 #affa3--,! fir/ au?ors ( inv5t+ & sett+ lessons ?is way to ! ,viol 0 ,mr4 ,daniel ,f>unt1 ,mr4 ,alfonso ,f]abosco1 & ,mr4 ,john ,cop]>io alias ,coop]4 ,! fir/ ( ^! 0 a p]son ( mu* +5uity = 8 sev]al r>e inv5tions ( in/rum5ts1 z ! ,poliphant & ! ,/ump1 :i* 7 /rung ) wire2 & also ( 8 la/1 :i* 0 a ,lyra ,viol1 /rung ) ,lute /r+s & ,wire /r+s1 ! "o above ! o!r2 ! wire /r+s 7 convey$ ?r\gh a holl[ passage made 9 ! neck ( ! ,viol & s br\ght to ! tail !re(1 & rais$ a little above ! belly ( ! viol by a bridge ( ab\t #a_/b an in*4 ,^! 7 s laid t !y 7 equival5t to ^? above1 & 7 tun'd unisons to ^? above1 s t by /rik+ ( ^? /r+s above ) ! b[1 a s\nd 0 drawn f ^? ( wire und]nea?1 :i* made x v h>moni\s2 ( ?is sort ( ,viols ,i h se5 _m1 b ,"t & ,disuse h set !m aside4 ,?is description may h ref]r$ to ! ,viola ,ba/>da1 ) ! inv5tion ( :i* ,praetorius cr$its ,engl&4 ,a great au?ority on ?is subject1 ,mr4 ,e4,j4 ,payne1 writ+ 9 ,sir ,george ,grove's ,diction>y ( ,music & ,musicians 7article ,viol971 says ! pr9ciple ( sympa!tic vibration 0 appli$ to sev]al ,viols1 ev5 ! little ,sord9o4 ,! ,viola ,ba/>da 0 ! ,viola da ,gamba ) wire /r+s add$4 ,9 ! same way ! ,t5or ,viol became ! usual ,viola d',amore4 ,b ! latt] has v>i$ 9 con/ruction1 ! "n be+ appli$ by ,mat!son 7#agac7 to a ,viol ) f\r metal /r+s & "o ( catgut1 :i* he said bore ! beautiful "n ( ,viola d',amore 7,viole d',am\r71 9 fact1 = x expresses mu* langui%m5t & t5d]ness4 ,?is mu/ h be5 simil> to ! ,viola d',amore ( #e wyre /r+s plai$ on ) a b[1 describ$ by ,evelyn 9 #afgi z above all = its sweetnesse & novelty4 ,! tun+ ( ! ,viola d',amore 0 at fir/ ! ord9>y viol way ( f\r?s & a ?ird1 b lat] ! major common *ord tun+ 0 giv5 to x ,music kn[n z ,h>p-way ,%>p 7on acc\nt ( ! facile arpeggio & major ?ird74 ,?is tun+ 0 adopt$ by ,mey]be] = 8 graceful obbligato4 ,:e!r ,ba* wrote = a true viola d'amore is d\btful2 ! compass employ$ 9 ! ,johannis-,passion sugge/s an ord9>y viola :i* might h be5 p>tly /rung ) /eel or brass4 ,b]lioz1 9 8 ,treatise on ,in/rum5tation1 writes ( ! ,love ,viol ) sympa!tic /r+s1 ,! quality ( ! ,viole d',am\r is fa9t & sweet2 !re is some?+ s]aphic 9 its p>tak+ at once ( ! viola & ! h>monics ( ! viol94 ,x is peculi>ly suitable to ! legato /yle1 to dreamy melodies1 & to ! expression ( /hetic or religi\s feel+4 ,x w1 ,i ?9k1 be conc$$ t :5 an in/rum5t :i* has gone out ( fa%ion possesses "s special quality1 su* z is f\nd 9 ?is fasc9at+ viol1 !re is suffici5t ju/ification = br++ x back into use4 ,! ,viola d',amore & o!r in/rum5ts 9 ?is "w1 t belong to ! ,music ,class ,room ( ,ed9burgh ,univ]sity1 h be5 drawn by p]mission ( ,pr(essor ,sir ,h]b]t ,oakeley1 ,mus4 ,doc41 & compos] to h] ,maje/y ! ,que5 = ,scotl&4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xxviii ,,plate ,,xxviii4 ,,cet]a1 ,,by ,,antonius ,,/radiv>ius4 ,an int]e/+ ,italian ,ci!r1 dat$ #agjj1 t may be comp>$ = design1 beauty1 & workman%ip ) ,"l ,tollema*e's ,engli% ci!r kn[n z ,que5 ,elizabe?'s ,lute4 ,x belongs to ! viol9i/ ,al>d1 & f\nd a place 9 ! spl5did contribution ( viol9s & o!r /r+$ in/rum5ts s5t f ,p>is1 by ! m$iation ( ,mr4 ,e4 ,g&1 to ! ,music ,loan ,collection 9 ! ,royal ,alb]t ,hall1 #ahhe4 ,x _h also be5 l5t by ,mr4 ,vuillaume to ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,collection ( #ahgb4 ,?is in/rum5t1 z well z ! guit> drawn 9 ! next ,plate1 %[ ,/radiv>ius 0 n av]se f mak+ o!r in/rum5ts ?an viol9s4 ,z well z ci!rs & guit>s1 he is kn[n to h made a h>p4 ,two views are giv5 ( ?is cet]a1 & "o enl>g$ pr(ile ( ! head & peg-box4 ,x is a woman's head1 said to repres5t ,diana1--a satyr & nymph beh9d ! peg-box s]v+ to =m a crook or h&le = support+ ! in/rum5t1 z ! liz>d 9 ,mr4 ,donaldson's cet]a already describ$4 ,x w be se5 ?is ,cet]a diff]s f ! ,qu9t]na 9 ,plate ,,xxiii42 x is 9 =m "o ( ! olde/ exi/+ musical in/rum5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xxix ,,plate ,,xxix4 ,,guit>1 ,,by ,,antonius ,,/radiv>ius4 ,?is ,guit> is inscrib$ on ! back ( ! peg-box ,,ant',s ,,/radiv>ivs ,,cremon5',s4 ,f #afhj4 ,x 0 br\ght f ,brescia 9 #ahha1 & 0 acquir$ by ,messrs4 ,w4,e4 ,hill & ,sons ( ,london4 ,x has be5 suppos$ t ?is might h be5 ! only guit> made by ! illu/ri\s viol9-mak]2 b ano!r1 9 ! ,museum ( ! ,p>is ,cons]vatoire1 is also claim$ = ,/radiv>ius4 ,! beautiful arabesque rose ( ?is ,guit> w attract att5tion4 ,! coat ( arms ^u ! f+]-bo>d indicates ! noble family to :i* ! in/rum5t =m]ly belong$4 ,:ile (t5 made 9 ,italy1 ,france & ,g]many1 ! ,guit> is ! national ,spani% in/rum5t1 & al?\gh fa%ion may = a "t p]mit its use 9 o!r c\ntries1 x is z an exotic1 = ! "* & traditions ( ! in/rum5t atta* x closely to ,spa91 :]e x is ! univ]sal accompanim5t to song & dance4 ,! ,&alusian ,seguidilla & ,f&ango ) ca/anet accompanim5t are *>act]i/ic measures = dances1 ) :i* are comb9$ vocal p]=mances ( coplas & e/revillo 7c\plets ( f\r %ort l9es & a refra9 ( ?ree71 p>tak+ m ( ! "* ( an improvisation ?an a set p]=mance4 ,9 ! nor? ( ,spa91 ! ,jota ,aragonesa & ,jota ,nav>ra are accompani$ by a vocal refra9 z well z ca/anets1 h&-clapp+ & f+]-snapp+4 ,all ^! ,spani% dances are 9 triple "t ) c]ta9 peculi>ities ( rhy?m2 occasionally pr(ess$ guit> play]s elaborate !m into compositions ( special int]e/ & beauty1 a/oni%+ ! li/5] ) ! capabilities ( ! ,spani% guit> z a solo in/rum5t4 ,b1 9 tru?1 ! arti/ w make himself felt1 h[ev] limit$ ! range & p[] ( ! in/rum5t may be4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xxx ,,plate ,,xxx4 ,,bell ,,h>p ,,& ,,hurdy-,,gurdy4 ,! ,bell ,h>p1 al?\gh x appe>s 9 mod]n pre-,raphaelite pa9t+s & is a k9d ( wire-/rung psalt]y1 _c be class$ z a m$ival in/rum5t1 z x dates only f ab\t ! ye> #agjj4 ,its inv5tion is attribut$ to ,john ,simcock1 a soldi]1 :o1 judg+ f ! label inside1 probably gave ! "n ( 8 sup]ior (fic] to ! in/rum5t4 ,x reads z foll[s3--,john ,simcock1 9 ! ,"r ,hon\rable ! ,e>l ( ,ancram's regim5t ( ,dragoons1 & 9 ,capta9 ,bell's troop1 makes1 m5ds1 & sells ! ,engli% h>p2 also in/ructs g5tlem5 9 ! be/ mode ( play+ t in/rum5t4 ,rob]t1 ?ird ,e>l ( ,ancram1 aft]w>ds ,m>quis ( ,lo?ian1 0 appo9t$ ,colonel ( ! sev5? regim5t ( ,dragoons 9 #afif4 ,! ,bell ,h>p "h drawn belongs to ,miss ,e4,a4 ,willmott ( ,w>ley ,place1 ,essex1 z well z ! ,hurdy-,gurdy b5ea? x 9 ! same ,plate4 ,x has f\r roses & f\rte5 notes ( brass /r+s ( f\r unisons to ea*4 ,! extreme l5g? ( ! sides is #ba in*es2 ! bread? at ! top is #f-e_/h in*es1 & at ! bottom1 #ac-a_/b in*es4 ,simcock con/ruct$ bell h>ps ) m notes1 occasionally ( ?ree unisons to ea*1 except+ ! deepe/ note1 :i* 0 "o /r+ only1 spun ov] ) wire4 ,! scale ( ano!r ( sixte5 notes1 made by ,john ,simcock at ,ba?1 z giv5 by ,engel1 0-- ,music ,! bell h>p1 l ! zi!r1 is s\nd$ ) a plectrum on ea* ?umb1 & ! p]=m]1 :ile twang+ ! /r+s rapidly1 holds ! h>p by wood5 projections f ! sides ( ! frame1 & sw+s x upw>ds & d[nw>ds1 to :i* action ,grass9eau 7,musical ,diction>y1 ,london1 #agdj7 attributes ! "n4 ,?is may h be5 s1 b x is c]ta9 t ! sw++ motion c\ld h no appreciable effect ^u ! tone4 ,a few ye>s ago a ,fr5*man play$ ! bell h>p 9 ! /reets ( ,london1 attract+ audi5ces by ! novelty ( ! in/rum5t & ! grace ) :i* he swung x4 ,,! ,,hurdy-,,gurdy4 ,) dead1 dull1 doleful1 heavy hums1 ,) m\rnful moans1 ) griev\s groans1 ,! sob] hurdy-gurdy ?rums4 ,^! l9es1 f an ,ode = ,/4 ,cecilia's ,day1 are said to h be5 set to music = anci5t ,briti% in/rum5ts1 by ,arne4 ,b !y libel an in/rum5t t has only fail$ f lack ( inv5tors to atta9 to ! developm5t t has rais$ "s ( its =m] competitors to ! consid]ation !y are n[ held 94 ,:ile ! organi/rum ( ! *ur* became ! vielle ( ! ,jongleurs1 pass+ into ! *ifonie & hurdy-gurdy ( ! common folk 9 ! fifte5? & sixte5? c5turies1 ! dulcim] has be5 ! precursor ( ! pian(orte4 ,! hurdy-gurdy1 al?\gh at "o "t trans=m$ to a so/55te key-bo>d in/rum5t describ$ by ,evelyn1 & z ! ,geig5w]k excit+ ! att5tion ( ,j4,s4 ,ba*1 has rema9$ :at x 04 ,! late/ improv$ vielle or hurdy-gurdy _h ! foll[+ key-bo>d compass & tun+ ( ! op5 /r+s-- ,music3 ,tun$ 9 ,c4 ,tun$ 9 ,g4 ,music3 ,! op5 notes correspond ) ! long black keys ( ! in/rum5t2 ! black notes ) ! %ort :ite keys4 ,! s\nd is produc$ by ! vibration ( ! /r+s1 ma9ta9$ by ! friction ( a :eel ) :i* !y are br\ght into contact1 ! function ( ! rot>y movem5t be+ analog\s to t ( ! fiddl]'s b[1 ! :eel be+ also prep>$1 l ! b[1 ) ros94 ,sympa!tic /r+s are n unfrequ5tly atta*$4 ,! ,hurdy-,gurdy "h drawn has )9 ! s\nd-body ! mak]'s label1 ,l\vet1 ,lu?i]1 la ,vielle ,royale1 rue de la ,croix des ,petits ,*amps1 la ct de la petite porte ,sa9t ,honor ,p>is1 #ageg4 ,! l5g?1 )\t ! head1 is #ai-a_/b in*es2 ! bread? be+ respectively #h-a_/h & #aj in*es across ! belly at ! wid] measures4 ,! c>v+ ( ! head 9 ?is & _m o!r vielles & viols is a message to u f ! pa/ ( lov+ c>e be/[$4 ,baton1 a lu?i] ( ,v]sailles1 introduc$ 9 ! ye> #agaf improvem5ts 9 ! vielle1 or hurdy-gurdy1 "o ( :i*1 by r$uc+ x to ! size ( a guit>1 made x m conv5i5t = p]=mance4 ,he ev5 w5t fur!r by adapt+ x to lute & !orbo bodies1 :ile he & 8 successors gradually ext5d$ ! compass1 ! highe/ ,g be+ add$ by ,l\vet ab\t #aggc4 ,x became = "s "t a fa%ionable in/rum5t1 & repres5tations ( ! vielle & musette 7a ref9$ bagpipe7 occur 9 contempor>y ,fr5* pa9t+s4 ,b aft] ! ,fr5* ,revolution ! hurdy-gurdy 0 relegat$ once m to ! highways & byeways2 ! la/ popul> /reet play] 9 ,p>is 0 ,b>bu1 :o1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,l\is ,pagn]re1 0 to be he>d previ\s to #ahgj1 9 ! ,*amps ,elyses & o!r op5 spaces1 & occasionally 9 ! c\rty>ds ( ! h\ses ( 8 patrons4 ,he sometimes gave conc]ts1 = he 0 an arti/1 & _h ta/e z well z executive tal5t2 he c\ld make ! in/rum5t s+1 use x to accompany 8 own voice1 or to take a "p 9 comb9ation ) guit> & viol94 ,he disda9$ to ask = money1 rely+ ^u ! appreciation ( 8 audi5ces to obta9 8 rew>d4 ,b>bu _h also be5 he>d 9 ,london1 & is suppos$ to h be5 %ot dur+ ! ,commune4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xxxi ,,plate ,,xxxi4 ,,sord9i4 ,! ,sord9o is a pocket fiddle1 ! ,po*ette ( ! ,fr5* & ! ,tas*5geige ( ! ,g]mans4 ,9 =m x is d]iv$ f ! m$ival rebec :i* came f ! ,ea/1 & 0 also kn[n z gigue4 ,x 0 di/+ui%$ f ! viol family by ! neck be+ a prolongation ( ! body ( ! in/rum5t1 in/ead ( an atta*m5t to x4 ,a dim9utive viol1 ! danc+ ma/]'s kit1 replac$ ! rebec kit1 or sord9o1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,a sord9o1 9 ! ,museum ( ! ,p>is ,cons]vatoire1 ) ! date #agag1 is believ$ to be unique z ! und\bt$ "w ( ,/radiv>ius4 ,t>isio1 a well-kn[n viol9 collector1 br\ght x f ,italy to ,france1 & ,l\is ,clapisson1 ! viol9i/1 compos]1 & collector1 ev5tually b\ght x 9 #aheh1 & employ$ x 9 8 op]a ( ,les trois ,nicolas1 writ+ a gavotte = x4 ,! late ,m4 ,*\quet 7au?or ( ,le ,muse du ,cons]vatoire ,national de ,musique1 ,p>is1 a catalogue raisonn ( ! musical in/rum5ts 9 t collection7 has describ$1 9 en?usia/ic t]ms1 ! effect ( ?is little in/rum5t :5 a gavotte 0 play$ ^u x by ,croisilles4 ,x 0 rememb]$1 he says1 ) pleasure by ! old subscrib]s to ! ,op]a ,comique--a rem>k t w\ld seem to imply t ! sord9o1 or po*ette1 _h adequate p[]1 & a special & agreeable quality ( tone4 ,! in/rum5t is provid$ ) f\r catgut /r+s1 & f holes on ei!r side ! bridge4 ,two ,sord9i are repres5t$ 9 ! ?ree figures ( ?is ,plate1 ! "o ) a negro's head 9 two views1 ! o!r ) a t]m9ation 9 ivory4 ,^! ,sord9i belong to ! ,music ,class ,room1 ,ed9burgh ,univ]sity4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xxxii ,,plate ,,xxxii4 ,,clavi*ord4 ,! cl>icord ha? a tunely kynde ,z ! wyre is wre/$ high & l[e4 ,john ,skelton1 ,poet ,laureate1 :o 0 born at ,ox=d 9 #adhi1 & di$ 9 ! sanctu>y1 ,we/m9/]1 9 #aebi1 0 ! au?or ( a poem entitl$ ,! ,cl>icorde1 f :i* ?is quotation is tak54 ,! true spell+ is ,clavi*ord1 f ! ,lat9 clavis1 a key1 & *orda1 a /r+4 ,! wre/] 0 ! tun]1 :o wre/$ or /ra9$ ! wire to ! requir$ t5sion4 ,! words wre/-p9 & wre/-plank rema9 9 te*nical use = ! tun+-p9 & ! wood 9 :i* ! tun+-p9s are ins]t$4 ,! ,clavi*ord repres5t$ belongs to ,mr4 ,g]ald ,wellesley1 ( ,london3 its dim5sions are--l5g?1 #e feet #h-a_/b in*es2 wid?1 #a foot #i in*es2 & dep?1 #f-a_/b in*es2 wid? ( ! key-bo>d1 #b feet #i-a_/b in*es4 ,! compass is five octaves & a semitone--f ! ?ird ,e bel[1 to ! ?ird ,f above1 middle ,c4 ,*9ese decoration1 :i* 0 mu* 9 vogue 9 ! e>ly "p ( la/ c5tury1 0 n unfrequ5tly appli$ to clavi*ords & h>psi*ords4 ,z examples ( ! latt] may be m5tion$ ! in/rum5t t belong$ to ,que5 ,sophia ,doro!a1 until lately pres]v$ 9 h] palace at ,*>lott5burg1 ne> ,b]l91 b n[ 9 ! ,hoh5zoll]n ,museum1 & ! ,ruck]s clavec9 or h>psi*ord 9 ! ,tur9 ,museum4 ,!re are two music p>ties or conc]ts %[n )9 ! lid ( ,mr4 ,wellesley's clavi*ord1 ) in/rum5ts t are n1 h[ev]1 ,*9ese1 b conv5tional repres5tations ( ,european fiddles & guit>s4 ,! ,clavi*ord is1 )\t "q1 ! e>lie/ key-bo>d /r+$ in/rum5t1 x hav+ be5 develop$ f ! ,mono*ord1 us$ = tea*+ s++ 9 mona/]ies & *ur* s*ools4 ,x appe>s to h come into use 9 ! second half ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 b x 0 n until ! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury t x obta9$ its full developm5t1 :51 9 fact1 its expressive "* 0 br\ght into notice by improvem5ts 9 ! in/rum5t & ! f+] te*nique4 ,x 0 ! ,ba*s :o took advantage ( ?is quality z ! m$ium to express a *>act]i/ic & t5d] s5tim5t4 ,its g5tle1 intimate tone is produc$ by brass p9s1 call$ tang5ts1 fix$ 9 ! keys & flatt5$ at ! upp] ends4 ,rais$ to ! /r+s 9 play+1 ^! tang5ts set ! /r+s 9 vibration1 & at ! same "t =m bridges to measure (f ! l5g?s requir$ = ! notes4 ,! r$ clo?1 wov5 9 ! /r+s beh9d ! tang5ts1 damps ! s\nd4 ,z f> z we h met ) ! clavi*ords1 ! in/rum5t has _h two1 sometimes ?ree /r+s ( brass wire to ea* note tun$ 9 unison2 ! treble be+1 h[ev]1 occasionally ( /eel wire to cause a bright] s\nd4 ,!re 7 sometimes octave /r+s to ! l[e/ bass octave1 aft] ! mann] ( "s !orboes1 to make ^? notes di/9ct4 ,^! gr\ps ( unisons s]v$ = two1 ?ree1 & ev5 f\r notes accord+ to ! po9t ( contact ( ! tang5t affect+ !m1 & to clavi*ords ?us made ! ,g]mans appli$ ! ^w gebund5 7frett$74 ,ab\t ! ye> #agjj ea* key obta9$ its own /r+s2 & ! in/rum5t hav+ become l>g]1 x 0 m p[]ful & fitt$ to produce %ades ( s\nd ( v>y+ int5sity4 ,x _h ! ,bebung z well1 :i* is analog\s to ! viol9-play]'s vibrato1 & obta9$ by rock+ ! f+] ^u ! key )\t quitt+ x4 ,! clavi*ord is ! only key-bo>d in/rum5t t all[s ?is effect1 b c>e has to be us$ to avoid an undue %>p5+ ( ! pit* ( ! note s treat$--inde$1 a con/ant equality ( t\* has to be ma9ta9$ 9 play+ ! clavi*ord1 to pres]ve an accurate intonation4 ,"o ( ! mo/ inspir$ compositions ev] writt5 = ! clavi*ord is ! ,fantasia ,cromatica e ,fuga1 by ,johann ,seba/ian ,ba*4 ,! figuration1 ! mann] ( slurr+1 ! arpeggios1 & mu* m 9 ?is piece1 are extremely *>act]i/ic ( ! in/rum5t4 ,= a p]=mance int5d$ to reproduce1 z f> z may be possible1 ! orig9al read+1 ! piece %\ld be fir/ /udi$ ^u a clavi*ord1 n a pian(orte4 ,! g5tle influ5ce ( ! in/rum5t soon makes itself felt1 & bo? play] & li/5] seem to brea! ano!r & a pur] atmosph]e4 ,b su* a p]=mance dem&s conc5tration & ^? quiet surr\nd+s ! old compos]s enjoy$4 ,i'm nev] m]ry :5 ,i he> sweet music2 ,! reason is y\r spirits are att5tive4 ,,%akspe>e4 ,music1 :i* g5tli] on ! _s lies1 ,?an tir$ eyelids ^u tir$ eyes4 ,,t5nyson4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xxxiii ,,plate ,,xxxiii4 ,,! ,,empress ,,h>psi*ord4 ,repres5ts a ,h>psi*ord ( ! l>ge/ size1 ! culm9ation ( an in/rum5t t _h rema9$ 9 use = ne>ly ?ree hundr$ ye>s1 b1 at ! "t ?is "o 0 made1 0 ab\t to be replac$ by ! pian(orte4 ,?is f9e ,h>psi*ord be>s ! jo9t names ( ,%udi & ,broadwood1 & 0 made at ! h\se n[ kn[n z ,no4 #cc ,great ,pult5ey ,/reet1 ,london1 :]e ! pian(orte bus9ess ( ,messrs4 ,john ,broadwood & ,sons is /ill c>ri$ on4 ,! in/rum5t is numb]$ #fia1 & ! books ( ! orig9al firm %[ t x 0 made = ! ,empress ,m>ia ,!resa1 & %ipp$ on ! #bj? ( ,augu/ #aggc1 :i* happ5$ to be ! day aft] ,%udi di$4 ,b he _h = "s "t retir$ f h>psi*ord-mak+1 & ?is in/rum5t is really to be attribut$ to 8 son-9-law1 ,john ,broadwood4 ,burkh>d ,ts*udi1 or ,%udi z he wrote 8 "n 9 ,engl&1 0 ( a noble ,swiss family4 ,he _h e/abli%$ 8 bus9ess z a h>psi*ord-mak]1 9 ,great ,pult5ey ,/reet1 ab\t #agcb4 ,?r\gh ,h&el's fri5d%ip he became patronis$ by ,fr$]ick1 ,pr9ce ( ,wales1 fa!r ( ,george ,,iii41 & 0 p]mitt$ to use ! sign ( ,! ,plume ( ,fea!rs = 8 h\se4 ,he 0 hon\r$ ) a commission f ,m>ia ,!resa's old enemy1 ,fr$]ick ! ,great1 to make two h>psi*ords = ! ,neues ,palais at ,potsdam1 :]e !y are /ill to be se54 ,"o ( !m is describ$1 ) ,silb]mann's ,=te ,piano1 9 ,dr4 ,burney's fam\s t\r4 ,"s ye>s previ\sly1 ,%udi _h made a h>psi*ord & pres5t$ x to ,fr$]ick on ! occasion ( 8 victory at ,prague1 b ! pres5t writ] c\ld n f9d ! in/rum5t :5 he made a special visit to ,b]l9 & ,potsdam1 9 #ahha4 ,x may be said ( ,%udi & ,jacob ,kirkman1 once fell[-appr5tices1 & aft]w>ds competitors1 t !y left ! h>psi*ord a m p[]ful in/rum5t1 & m v>i$ 9 effect1 by means ( /ops & regi/]s1 ?an x _h ev] be5 be=e4 ,%udi 0 ! inv5tor ( ! ,v5etian ,swell 7pat5t$ #agfi71 :i* he int5d$ = ! h>psi*ord4 ,:5 ! pat5t expir$ ?is contrivance 0 g5]ally adopt$ 9 ,engl&1 & becom+ transf]r$ to ! organ1 has rema9$1 ev] s9ce1 an important means ( effect 9 t in/rum5t4 ,! figure 9 ! ,plate %[s ! ,v5etian ,swell op51 z x w\ld be :5 ! "r p$al is put d[n4 ,!re are f\r regi/]s & six /ops 9 ?is in/rum5t4 ,tak+ !m 9 _! ord] f left to "r1 we f9d on ! left-h& side1 ! lute1 ! jacks or plectra ( :i* twang ! fir/ unison /r+1 ne> ! wre/-plank bridge1 & give a m re$y s\nd ?an is obta9$ f ! usual /rik+-places2 ! octave1 :i*1 z its "n indicates1 acts ^u /r+s tun$ an octave high]1 :i* are ( %ort] l5g?1 & lie bel[ ! o!rs2 & ! buff 7sometimes call$ h>p7 /op1 :i* p>tly mutes ! second unison /r+s1 ?r\gh\t1 by ! contact ( small pads ( lea!r4 ,on ! "r-h& side are ! fir/ & second r[s ( unison /r+s4 ,! upp] key-bo>d has ! fir/ unison & lute only1 :ile all ! regi/]s come "u ! play]'s control on ! l[] key-bo>d4 ,! ma*9e /op1 at ! left h& ( ! key-bo>ds1 p]mits an agreeable *ange to lute & buff 7h>p7 by us+ ! left p$al & bo? sets ( keys4 ,kirkman appe>s to h arrang$ 8 left-h& /ops diff]5tly--buff1 lute1 octave4 ,! dim5sions ( ! ,h>psi*ord "h drawn are #h feet #i-c_/d in*es 9 extreme l5g?1 & #c feet #d in*es 9 wid? at ! key-bo>ds4 ,! great wid? ( ! key-bo>d ( ! mod]n pian(orte r5d]s x impossible1 9 design+ "o1 to reproduce ! special grace ( ! h>psi*ord4 ,among compos]s1 ^? :o h be/ und]/ood ! g5ius ( ! h>psi*ord h be5 ,h&el & ,sc>latti4 ,! =m]1 ) 8 fam\s ,air ) v>iations 9 ,d ,m9or & ! ,pre/o foll[+ x1 summ$ up ! hi/ory & te*nique ( ! in/rum5t1 z f> z x 0 !n kn[n4 ,sc>latti f\nd su* new features to display 9 te*nical contrivance & effect1 t we are /ill attract$ by an individuality ! orig9ality ( :i* is1 z yet1 unt\*$ by "t4 ,! only p>allel in/ance1 al?\gh resembl+ x 9 no o!r way1 is t ( ,frdric ,*op9 z a compos] & p]=m] on ! pian(orte4 ,) ! h>psi*ord w5t out ! figur$ bass accompanim5t1 or ?or\gh bass1 t1 = two hundr$ ye>s1 _h be5 ! f\ndation ( a correct musical education4 ,by degrees ! tra9+ = te*nique & memory came to occupy t att5tion ) pian(orte-play]s1 :i* _h be5 devot$ to develop+ ! flu5cy ( improvisation expect$ f ! h>psi*ord-play]4 ,?is h>psi*ord 0 l5t by ,mr4 ,victor ,mahillon1 ( ,brussels1 to ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,music ,loan ,collection1 #ahhe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xxxiv ,,plate ,,xxxiv4 ,,p$al ,,h>p4 ,a gre5 & gold ,h>p t once belong$ to ,george ,,iv41 & is n[ 9 ! possession ( ,mr4 ,edw>d ,joseph1 ( ,london4 ,x is #e feet #c in*es high1 #b feet #f in*es 9 extreme wid?1 & #a foot #i in*es wide at ! base4 ,x 0 includ$ 9 ! *>act]i/ic ,l\is ,seize ,hi/oric ,room1 9 ! ,music ,loan ,collection1 ,royal ,alb]t ,hall1 #ahhe4 ,?is room1 "o ( ?ree1 0 s contriv$ z to display ! musical in/rum5ts 9 social use ) su* surr\nd+s ( furniture1 pa9t+s1 etc41 z w\ld be true = ! p]iod4 ,^! ,hi/oric ,rooms1 sugge/$ by ,mr4 ,alfr$ ,maskell1 ! (ficial sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,music ,loan ,collection1 7 arrang$ ) great k & ta/e by ,mr4 ,george ,donaldson4 ,!y repres5t$ an ,engli% ap>tm5t ( ! "t ( ,george ,i41 a ,tudor ap>tm5t t includ$ ,que5 ,elizabe?'s virg9al1 & a ,l\is ,seize ap>tm5t t1 ) ! ,h>p 9 ! accompany+ ,plate1 conta9$ also ! beautifully pa9t$ ,ruck]s clavec9 or h>psi*ord 7l5t by ,visc\nt ,p[]sc\rt7 t _h belong$ to ! un=tunate ,m>ie ,anto9ette4 ,!re is a photograph ( ?is h>psi*ord 9 ! ,catalogue ( ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,collection1 #ahgb1 & a wood engrav+ ( ! ,l\is ,seize room1 %[+ bo? h>psi*ord & h>p1 9 ! ,art ,j\rnal = ,augu/ #ahhe4 ,! fir/ p$al me*anism 0 inv5t$ by ,ho*bruck]1 a ,bav>ian1 ab\t #agbj2 by x he r5d]$ ! h>p fit = *anges ( key1 possible be=e1 & t only p>tially1 by clumsy contrivances4 ,by us+ a p$al to raise ea* op5 /r+ a semitone1 accompli%$ by pressure ^u ! /r+s1 he gave ! h>p eight major & five complete m9or scales--also ?ree desc5d+ m9or4 ,! ,c\s9eaus1 :o 7 ,fr5*m51 & fa!r & son1 sup]s$$ ! contrivance ( ,ho*bruck] by ano!r t grasp$ or p9*$ ! /r+s ) pieces ( metal on ei!r side1 & also by slides rais+ or l[]+ ! bridge-p9s4 ,by d\bl+ ! p$als & me*anism1 & *ang+ ! key ( ! op5 /r+s f ,eflat to ,cflat1 !y1 ab\t #aghb1 produc$ ! fir/ d\ble-action h>p4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 left = ,seba/ian ,er>d to p]fect ! h>p by means ( a =k me*anism ( mo/ +5i\s contrivance4 ,he began ) ! s+le-action h>p ab\t #aghf1 turn+ 8 att5tion to ! d\ble-action 9 #ahja4 ,x 0 n1 h[ev]1 until #ahaj t he succe$$ 9 produc+ ! culm9ation ( 8 v>i\s improvem5ts 9 a h>p ( great beauty ( tone1 ) sev5 p$als & two transpositions1 ! semitone & ! :ole tone1 p]mitt+ p]=mance 9 any key )\t *ange ( f+]+4 ,9 spite ( ^! important inv5tions ! h>p has almo/ lo/ position z a solo in/rum5t4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 be5 tak5 advantage ( by mod]n compos]s1 :o h adopt$ x1 ) *>m+ effect1 z an or*e/ral in/rum5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xxxv ,,plate ,,xxxv4 ,,/ate ,,trumpet ,,& ,,kettl$rum4 ,?is silv] /ate trumpet1 ) n9e o!rs1 adorn$ ) bann]ets ( ! ,royal ,arms 9 crimson & gold1 & silv] /ate kettl$rums1 simil>ly adorn$1 belong to ! collection ( ,h4,m4 ! ,que51 9 ,/4 ,james's ,palace4 ,!y 7 bo? probably made 9 ! reign ( ,george ,,iii41 "o ( ! trumpets 9 ! collection be>+ ! mak]'s "n1 ,william ,%aw1 ,r$ ,lion ,/reet1 ,holborn4 ,h5ry ,,viii4 _h f\rte5 trumpets 9 8 ,royal ,b&1 :ile ,que5 ,elizabe?1 9 #aehg1 _h t54 ,! b5d+ back ( ! trumpet ^u itself1 n[ a well-kn[n feature 9 ! appe>ance ( ! in/rum5t1 0 an inv5tion ( a ,fr5*man t[>ds ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,! trumpet is "o ( ! olde/ w9d in/rum5ts us$ 9 conc]t ) o!rs4 ,z f> back z #afjg a piece = five trumpets1 9 ! ,orfeo ( ,montev]de1 0 play$ at ! ,c\rt ( ,mantua4 ,x became an in/rum5t mu* cultivat$1 & ,h&el's & ,ba*'s p>ts = x are ( extreme difficulty4 ,! notes ( ! trumpet are ! natural h>monics produc$ by v>y+ pressure ( ! lips 9 ! m\?piece4 ,rec5tly slides & pi/ons h be5 employ$ to augm5t its compass1 & r5d] its employm5t easi]4 ,! ,/ate ,trumpets 7 s\nd$ to ann\nce ! arrival ( ,h] ,maje/y ! ,que5 at ,we/m9/] ,abbey on ! occasion ( ! ,?anksgiv+ ,s]vice = h] ,jubilee on ! #ba/ ( ,june1 #ahhg1 z !y _h be5 on ! #bj? ( ! same mon?1 fifty ye>s be=e1 to proclaim h] ,accession4 ,! ,fanf>e = f\r trumpets play$ at ! ,jubilee ,s]vice by ! ,/ate ,trumpet]s is "h giv5 by ! k9d p]mission ( ! compos]1 ,mr4 ,?omas ,h>p]1 a fam\s play] himself ^u ! slide trumpet1 an in/rum5t n[ n mu* kn[n on ! ,cont95t4 ,music ,! ,/ate ,kettl$rum ( silv] & drap$ ) ! ,royal bann]1 repres5ts ! only memb] ( ! ,drum family capable ( be+ tun$ to ! pit* ( ! b& ) a cle>ly recognisable note4 ,! head is ( vellum /ret*$ ^u a r+ fitt+ closely r\nd ! kettle ( ! drum4 ,screws1 work+ on ?is r+1 tight5 or slack5 ! head to produce ! note requir$ f its compass4 ,! pair ( kettl$rums are usually tun$ to tonic & dom9ant1 b inequalities ( t5sion 9 ! head1 ow+ to ! membrane n be+ p]fectly homog5e\s1 int]f]e ) ! notes be+ /rictly accurate4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xxxvi ,,plate ,,xxxvi4 ,,cavalry ,,bugle1 ,,) ,,tassels4 ,,cavalry ,,trumpet1 ,,emboss$4 ,,trumpets1 ,,?ree ,,in/rum5ts--,,) ,,crooks1 ,,gilt1 ,,& ,,silv] ,,m\nt$4 ,! ,cavalry ,bugle1 decorat$ ) tassels & graci\sly contribut$ by ,h4,r4,h4 ! ,pr9ce ( ,wales1 ,presid5t ( ! ,int]national ,inv5tions ,exhibition1 #ahhe1 to ! ,music ,loan ,collection1 has an hi/orical int]e/ 9 hav+ be5 us$ by ,trumpet] ,smi? to s\nd ! moonlight *>ge ( ! ,h\sehold ,cavalry & #g? ,dragoon ,gu>ds1 at ,kassass9 9 ,egypt1 ,augu/ ! #bh?1 #ahhb4 ,! ,trumpet ) crooks 0 c>ri$ by ,s]geant-,major ,webb ( ! #e? ,dragoon ,gu>ds1 ,field ,trumpet] to ! ,duke ( ,well+ton1 & ) ?is in/rum5t he s\nd$ ! gr& *>ge at ! ,battle ( ,salamanca1 ,july ! #bbnd1 #ahab4 ,x is ! prop]ty ( a desc5dant ( ! ,s]geant-,major1 ,mr4 ,joseph ,webb1 :o contributes ! vet]an's description1 (t5 repeat$ to him1 ( ! anxi\s mom5t :5 ! comm& 0 giv5 to s\nd ! *>ge4 ,i trembl$ all ov] z ,i lift$ ! trumpet to my m\?1 = ,i c\ld see :at ! boys _h be=e !m1 b z soon z my lips t\*$ ! m\?piece fe> left me1 & ,i blew su* a *>ge z ,i nev] _h be=e or c\ld aft]w>ds4 ,! emboss$ ,cavalry ,trumpet1 ) a v heavy m\?piece1 belong+ to ,mr4 ,a4,w4 ,malcolmson1 is ,engli%1 & 0 made by ,william ,s&ba* 9 ! la/ c5tury4 ,! rema9+ trumpets belong to ,mr4 ,?omas ,h>p]1 ! gilt "o hav+ be5 made by ,john ,h>ris ab\t #agcj1 & ! silv]-m\nt$ "o by ,william ,bull ab\t #afhj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xxxvii ,,plate ,,xxxvii4 ,,lituus1 ,,bucc9a1 ,,cornet1 ,,roman ,,cavalry4 ,,roman ,,infantry4 ,,) ,,two ,,valves4 ,,trumpets4 ,! ,roman ,lituus1 ! antique /raight in/rum5t ) ! curv$ end1 is drawn f a reproduction 9 bronze ( ! orig9al1 f\nd 9 ! tomb ( a w>rior discov]$ 9 #ahbg1 at ,c]vetri1 ! ,etruscan ,ca]e1 & pres]v$ 9 ! ,museum ( ! ,vatican4 ,! lituus took its "n f ! augur's /aff1 :i* x resembl$ 9 %ape2 x belong$ to ! cavalry ( ! ,roman ,empire4 ,x produces ! foll[+ prop] notes or natural h>monics-- ,music ! sev5? be+ flatt] ?an ! note :i* occurs 9 our mod]n musical scale4 ,! fundam5tal ,music :i* ! l5g? ( ?is tube--#e feet #d in*es--w\ld give1 _c be produc$4 ,x 0 f a m9ute description ( ! orig9al in/rum5t1 by ,signor ,aless&ro ,kraus junior ( ,flor5ce1 t ,mr4 ,victor ,mahillon 0 enabl$ to make ?is int]e/+ reproduction ( an in/rum5t :i* appe>s to be ! only antique trumpet kn[n4 ,! curv$ ,bucc9a is f ano!r reproduction by him ( an in/rum5t pres]v$ 9 ! ,museum at ,naples1 & f\nd 9 excavat+ ,pompeii4 ,x 0 pass$ "u ! left arm ( ! executant & ov] 8 "r %\ld]1 9 a mann] easily adopt$ by a foot-soldi]4 ,?is ,bucc9a is 9 unison ) ! horn 9 ,g1 & has a bugle quality ( tone4 ,its notes are-- ,music ! sev5? & elev5? h>monics n be+ 9 tune ) ! correspond+ notes 9 our receiv$ scales1 & ! fundam5tal be+ aga9 impracticable4 ,to s\nd ! lituus & bucc9a is to awak5 ! e*oes ( ! anci5t pa/2 b1 :e!r bl[n by ,roman or ,greek or ,egyptian1 we may be sure ! h>monic division ( a column ( air into vibrat+ sections kn[s no *ange1 & 0 ! same !n z n[4 ,! ,cornet ) two valves %[s "o ( ! e>lie/ adaptations ( ! n[ dom9ant pi/ons z introduc$ by ,c4 ,saxe ( ,brussels4 ,"o ,trumpet1 by ,johann ,wilhelm ,haas ( ,nuremb]g1 is ( obsolete make2 ! o!r1 also by ,haas1 is curv$ 9 half-circles to facilitate ! production ( /opp$ notes1 & is curi\sly engrav$4 ,^! five in/rum5ts belong to ! ,brussels ,cons]vatoire ,royal4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xxxviii ,,plate ,,xxxviii4 ,,two ,,d\ble ,,flageolets1 ,a ,,g]man ,,flute1 ,,& ,,two ,,fl,,tes ,,d\ces4 ,! ,flageolet is ! la/ example 9 pres5t use ( ! fltes d\ces1 or bec 7,g]man ,blockflt571 bor$ ) rev]s$ cones1 t is to say1 ) ! emb\*ure at ! l>g] end4 ,x is ref]r$ to by ,pepys 9 8 ,di>y 7#a/ ,m>*1 #afff73 ,be+ return$ home ,i f9d ,greet+1 ! flageolet-ma/]1 come1 & tea*+ my wife1 & ,i d ?9k my wife w take pleasure 9 x1 & x w be easy = h]1 & pleasant2 & aga9 7#bj? ,janu>y1 #affg73 ,to ,drumbleby's ! pipe-mak]1 !re to advise ab\t ! mak+ ( a flageolet to g l[ & s(t2 & he d %[ me a way :i* d d1 & also a fa%ion ( hav+ two pipes ( ! same note fa/5$ toge!r1 s z ,i c play 9 "o & !n e*o x ^u ! o!r1 :i* is mighty pretty4 ,! d\ble flageolets 9 ! ,plate 7 made by ,w4 ,ba9bridge1 ,london1 :o _h a speciality = su* in/rum5ts4 ,! fltes d\ces--9 ,%akspe>e's ,hamlet ! ,record]s--7 made 9 families l viols1 cromornes1 %awms1 & o!r well-kn[n ,elizabe?an in/rum5ts1 a fa%ion t mod]n in/rum5tation %[s a t5d5cy to return to4 ,evelyn1 9 #afgi1 m5tions !m z n[ 9 mu* reque/ = accompany+ ! voice4 ,a bass & treble flute is drawn1 also a "o-key$ ,g]man or transv]se flute :i*1 9 ! la/ c5tury1 f its beauty & tone1 al?\gh defective 9 intonation1 0 a fav\rite in/rum5t1 & supplant$ ! flte d\ce 9 public fav\r4 ,9 ! conc]ts ( anci5t music giv5 9 ,july1 #ahhe1 by memb]s ( ! ,brussels ,cons]vatoire 9 ! ,music ,room ( ! ,inv5tions ,exhibition1 ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 a movem5t f a ,conc]to by ,quanz 7music-ma/] to ,fr$]ick ! ,great7 0 play$ by ,mr4 ,dumon on a s+le-key$ ivory flute4 ,9 ! same conc]ts1 ,mr4 ,dumon & 8 pupils play$ a ,m>* ( ! ,lansqu5ets1 ( ! "t ( ! ,peace ( ,cambrai 7#aeai71 on eight fltes d\ces 7flauti dolci71 9 p>ts1 accompani$ by a drum4 ,?is 0 ! milit>y music ( t p]iod4 ,! ,g]man flute is ! second in/rum5t 9 ! ,plate2 ! fltes d\ces are ! ?ird & fif? f left to "r4 ,^! in/rum5ts & ^? drawn 9 ! next ,plate are ! prop]ty ( ,messrs4 ,j4 ,r4 ,gl51 ,ed9burgh4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xxxix ,,plate ,,xxxix4 ,,dolciano4 ,,oboe4 ,,bassoon4 ,,oboe ,,da ,,caccia4 ,,basset ,,horn4 ,! %awm ( ! ,engli% ,bible is ! s*almey1 ! treble in/rum5t ( ! old ,pomm] or ,bomb>do family & ! orig9 ( ! mod]n oboe4 ,! oboe da caccia1 d]iv$ f ! alto pomm] or ,bomb>do piccolo ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 has gone out ( use1 ! ,italian corno +lese 7,fr5* cor anglais7 hav+ tak5 its place4 ,!re be+ "s confusion ab\t ! description by diff]5t writ]s ( ! oboe da caccia & oboe d'amore1 ,i fall back ^u ,dr4 ,w4,h4 ,/one's au?oritative def9ition t ! oboe da caccia is a bassoon rais$ a f\r? 9 pit*1 :ile ! oboe d'amore is an oboe l[]$ a fif?4 ,! bassoon1 ! c5tre figure 9 ! ,plate1 has be5 reg>d$ z a developm5t ( ! bass pomm] or ,bomb>done1 & ! trans=mation has be5 g5]ally attribut$ to a canon ( ,f]r>a nam$ ,afranio1 a native ( ,pavia4 ,?is "q has n[ be5 def9itively settl$ by ,c\nt ,l4,f4 ,valdrighi1 ! libr>ian ( ! ,biblioteca ,e/5se at ,mod5a4 ,he has prov$ 7,musurgiana1 ,no4 #e1 ,il ,phagotus d',afranio71 t ,afranio's inv5tion1 ante #aeci1 0 ( ! nature ( a corna musa 7cornemuse or bagpipe71 ! bag be+ mo/ likely comb9$ ) s(t bass melody pipes1 call$ f _! quality ( tone ,dolcisuoni1 :5ce ! dolc9o bass ( *ur* organs4 ,?is inv5tion 0 improv$ by ,giambatti/a ,ravilio1 also ( ,f]r>a1 & ?irty ye>s lat] 0 p]fect$ by ,sigismund ,s*eltz] ( ,nuremb]g1 :o1 reject+ ! cornemuse bag1 unit$ ! two tubes into ! fagotto1 s nam$ f ! fasc9e ( bee* 7fagus71 or fagots4 ,! fagotto is ! same z our bassoon4 ,?is cle>+ up ( a disput$ inv5tion has be5 discov]$ 9 a v unlikely place--9 an ,introduction to ! ,*aldee language1 publi%$ 9 #aeci1 writt5 by ! nephew ( ,afranio1 ,teseo-,ambrogio ,albonesio1 ,pr(essor ( ,*aldee & ,syriac at ! ,univ]sity ( ,bologna4 ,! dolciano1 to ! extreme left ( ! ,plate1 w be ?us se5 to owe ! sugge/ion ( its "n to ! orig9al bassoon4 ,b ?is in/rum5t has a cl>9et or beat+ re$1 n ! d\ble re$ ( ! oboe & bassoon4 ,i /ate ?is fact ^u ! high au?ority ( ,mr4 ,h5ry ,laz>us1 ! cl>9et-play]1 :o names x t5oroon1 b ,dr4 ,/one has accept$ ?is "n z a synonym ( ! oboe da caccia1 & calls ?is in/rum5t ) a cl>9et re$1 dolciano4 ,mr4 ,laz>us1 :5 9 ! ,b& ( ! ,royal ,milit>y ,asylum1 play$ ^u su* an in/rum5t1 z he in=ms me1 made by ,g>rett ( ,we/m9/]1 at a date t mu/ h prec$$ ,sax's inv5tion1 :i* comb9$ ! conical tube & cl>9et re$ 9 ! ,saxophone4 ,! basset horn1 or corno di bassetto1 to ! extreme "r ( ! ,plate1 is ! alto cl>9et1 a fif? l[] 9 pit* ?an ! cl>9et 9 ,c4 ,x is said to h be5 inv5t$ at ,passau 9 ,bav>ia 9 #aggj1 b ! "n ( ! inv5tor is n record$4 ,x 0 improv$ by ,lotz ( ,presburg 9 #aghb1 & aga9 by ,iwan ,mll] 9 #ahab4 ,moz>t wrote two p>ts = basset horns 9 8 fam\s ,requiem4 ,! relative positions 9 ! ,plate ( ! ,oboe & ,oboe da ,caccia are indicat$ above4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xl ,,plate ,,xl4 ,,sit,,rs ,,& ,v,,na4 ,! ,sitr is ! fav\rite in/rum5t ( ,upp] ,india1 & 0 re9troduc$ & p]fect$ by ! poet-musician ,amir ,khusru ( ,delhi 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,! "n is ,p]sian1 & implies ?ree /r+s1 al?\gh ! ,sitr has n[ usually five1 six1 & sometimes sev5 /r+s4 ,sitrs call$ ,t>uffe h sympa!tic /r+s ( f9e wire atta*$ to ! side ( ! neck & pass+ und]nea? ! frets & bridge1 to vibrate 9 unison ) ! notes ( ! same pit* t are play$4 ,?is contrivance1 al?\gh ( rec5t date 9 ,europe1 is ( great antiquity 9 ! ,ea/1 be+ m5tion$ 9 ! ,sangta ,ratnk]a1 ! e>lie/ kn[n "w 9 ,sanscrit ^u music4 ,! pr9cipal /r+s ( ! ,sitr are s\nd$ by a wire plectrum worn ^u ! =ef+] ( ! play]'s "r h&2 & _! accordance1 :i* 0 not$ :5 giv5 to ,mr4 ,a4,j4 ,ellis & myself by ,h4,h4 ,! ,rjah ,rm ,pl ,s+h1 an ,indian pr9ce resid+ 9 ,engl&1 :o play$ ^u a f9e ,sitr n[ 9 my possession1 is ,music4 ,"h ! keynote1 or khuruj1 is ,f4 ,?is me?od ( tun+1 al?\gh n s common z tun+s giv5 lat]1 is employ$ 9 ! nor? ( ,india & ! ,punjab2 & a simil> employm5t ( ! second & ?ird = op5 /r+s may be f\nd 9 ! tun+ ( ! ,sur-s'r+ra4 ,! ,f /r+ is ! melody /r+ /opp$ by ! frets4 ,! o!r /r+s are occasionally /ruck1 b are r>ely frett$1 & nev] to produce h>mony4 ,! brass frets are secur$ to ! neck by catgut ties1 & are movable1 s t by *ang+ _! positions diff]5t modes are obta9$4 ,! classical ,sanscrit "n = ! ,sitr1 ! in/rum5t drawn on ! left1 0 ,tritantri 7?ree-/r+$7 ,vna4 ,a =m ( ,sitr1 ) a flat body1 0 call$ ,k*api 7,kac*apa1 a tortoise7 ,vna1 n[ kn[n z ,k*w ,sitr4 ,! usual tun+ ( ,sitrs hav+ f ?ree to sev5 /r+s is to ^! int]vals3-- ,music ,9 ^! tun+s ,c is ! khuruj or keynote1 ! melody /r+ be+ mhdyam or ,f4 ,sitrs h usually sev5te5 to eighte5 frets4 ,! five me?ods ( arrang+ !m1 s z to produce diff]5t modes1 /yl$ ,?t1 are z foll[s3-- ,illu/ration3 ,int]vals ^u ! ,f or melody /r+4 ,! ^w ,?t1 employ$ to signify scale or mode1 %\ld n be conf\nd$ ) ,rga1 ! f\ndation ( all ,indian music4 ,rga has no equival5t 9 ,european musical language1 b may be describ$ z a melody type f\nd$ ^u ! int]vals ( a mode1 & hav+ a succession ( notes s arrang$ z to excite a c]ta9 feel+ ( ! m9d4 ,!re may be _m melodies 9 ! same rga1 diff]+ di/9ctly f ea* o!r4 ,me?ods = ! ,sitr h be5 writt5 9 ,b5gli by ! ,rjah ,sir ,s4,m4 ,tagore1 a well-kn[n amateur1 & 9 ,mahrtti by a ,brahm9 musician ( ,poona1 ,anna ,ghrpure1 a f9e p]=m] n[ 9 ! s]vice ( ,h4,h4 ! ,?kore ,sahib ( ,wadhwn4 ,besides ! ,rjah ,rm ,pl ,s+h1 ,i _h an opportunity ( he>+ a play] f ,jeypur1 at an exhibition call$ ,india 9 ,london1 9 #ahhf4 ,! te*nique & *>m ( 8 p]=mance are n easily =gott54 ,! resonance body ( an ord9>y ,sitr is a g\rd1 b he _h "o ) two g\rds1 kn[n z ! ,be51 or ,vna ,sitr4 ,! ,sitr 9 ! c5tre1 ) fiddle-%ap$ body1 is ! ,srsanga1 or ,esr> )\t sympa!tic /r+s1 a b[$ in/rum5t comb9+ ! ,sitr ) ! ,srung4 ,x is a mod]n in/rum5t1 & is int5d$ to accompany wom5's voices4 ,x has f\r /r+s1 tun$1 ^u ! au?ority ( ! ,rjah ,sir ,s4,m4 ,tagore1 z giv5 by ,mr4 ,victor ,mahillon 9 8 admirable ,catalogue ( ! ,museum ( ! ,brussels ,cons]vatoire1 ,music4 ,! ?ird in/rum5t1 ^u ! "r1 atta*$ to two g\rds1 is ! ,mahati or great ,vna--kn[n n[ z ! ,be54 ,x is ! mo/ anci5t & f9e/ ,indian in/rum5t1 & is also ! mo/ difficult to play4 ,x is compos$ ( a bamboo re/+ ^u two g\rds1 & has sev5 /r+s--two at ! side ne>e/ ! ,f or melody /r+1 f\r ov] ! frets1 & "o at ! side away f ! melody /r+4 ,! tun+1 ! pit* v>y+ ) ! size ( ! in/rum5t1 is z foll[s3--,music ,! /r+ is tun$ ,e or ,a z requir$ 9 ! rga play$4 ,9 ! draw+ five /r+s h be5 %[n ov] ! frets2 ! /r+1 h[ev]1 f ! peg above & ne>e/ to ! nut1 %\ld pass ov] a small ivory head1 n %[n1 b plac$ on ! side ( ! bamboo1 betwe5 ! second & ?ird frets1 to ! small bridge %[n at ! f>!/ end ( ! in/rum5t at ! side1 & n ov] ! ma9 bridge4 ,! frets1 tw5ty-two 9 numb]1 are at semitonic int]vals1 & fix$4 ,! in/rum5t is play$ ) two plectra ^u ! fir/ two f+]s ( ! play]'s "r h&2 ! two side /r+s are /ruck by ! nail ( ! little f+] mov$ upw>ds2 ! s+le side /r+1 ^u ! o!r side1 is /ruck by ! little f+] ( ! left h& :5 requir$4 ,! in/rum5t is held ) ! g\rd ne>e/ ! nut re/+ ^u ! left %\ld]1 :ile ! "r g\rd re/s b5ea? ! "r arm4 ,x %\ld be not$ t ! disposition ( /r+s is1 9 ,vnas1 rev]s$ f t ( ,sitrs4 ,!re is a peculi>ly s(t & pla9tive quality ( tone 9 ! ,vna t is altoge!r want+ 9 ! ,sitr4 ,!re are two sy/ems ( music 9 vogue 9 ,india at ! pres5t day--! ,k>ntik or s\!rn sy/em1 & ! ,h9du/ni or nor!rn4 ,! latt] is *iefly 9 ! h&s ( ,mahom$an pr(essors1 :o h borr[$ f ! ,arabian & ,p]sian sy/ems4 ,! ,k>ntik is m melodi\s1 & possesses few] traces ( =eign innovation4 ,in/rum5ts us$ by ,k>ntik pr(essors employ only ! int]vals ( ! tonic f\r? & fif? 7or _! octaves7 ^u ! op5 /r+s4 ,h5ce we f9d ! s\!rn ,indian ,vna--an in/rum5t ) only "o resonance g\rd1 & a wood5 body l a lute--tun$ to ! foll[+ int]vals3-- ,music or ,music ! fir/ me?od be+ kn[n z ,pn*am s'ruti1 ! latt] z ,mhdyam s'ruti1 f ! relative int]vals betwe5 ! /r+s4 ,! illu/rations ( ! ,srsanga1 ,mahati ,vna1 & ?ree-/r+$ ,sitr1 are f a f9e ,indian collection1 divid$ by ! ,rjah ,sir ,s\r9dro ,mohun ,tagore betwe5 ! ,brussels ,cons]vatoire & ! ,london ,royal ,college ( ,music4 ,= complet+ ?is in=mation conc]n+ ,indian /r+$ in/rum5ts1 z well z t ( ! ,indian ,drums 9 ,plate ,,xli41 ,i am indebt$ to "o ( ! highe/ au?orities on ! subject1 ,lieut5ant ,c4,r4 ,day1 ,ox=d%ire ,light ,infantry 7late #dcrd71 ^: rec5t p]sonal exp]i5ce & se>*+ /udies h be5 g5]\sly plac$ by him at my disposal4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xli ,,plate ,,xli4 ,,indian ,,drums4 ,pa9t$ in/rum5ts consi/+ ( a wood5 drum1 "o ( e>!nw>e1 & a ,tam-,tam4 ,! employm5t ( su* in/rum5ts is necess>ily rhy?mic1 & !y occupy a place on ! bord]l& ( music & m]e noise4 ,mr4 ,r[bo?am1 h[ev] 7,hi/ory ( ,music1 vol4 i41 ,london1 #ahhe71 9 =mulat+ ! /ages ?r\gh :i* in/rum5tal music has pass$1 accord+ to a developm5t !ory z appli$ to music1 consid]s ! drum fir/ respond$ to ! nasc5t conception ( music 9 ! prehi/oric man1 & has s9ce be5 t5aci\sly pres]v$ z an adjunct to religi\s s]vice among p>tially civilis$ races4 ,! ,naut* girls1 at ,india 9 ,london1 ,london1 #ahhf1 p]=m$ _! soo?+ gyrations to ! g5tle ,srung1 a b[$ in/rum5t ) sympa!tic /r+s1 accompani$ by ! beat+ ( su* drums4 ,!re are _m v>ieties ( drums to be f\nd 9 ,india1 ! names v>y+ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,! l>ge/ ( ! ?ree ,drums "h %[n is n us$ by pr(essional musicians1 b 9 b&s ( /reet music f\nd 9 all baza>s1 & ov] ! gateways ( temples1 etc41 call$ ,nahabat1 or ,nakk]a ,khaneh 79 ,s\? ,india1 ,p]ya mla71 & compos$ ( l[-class ,mahom$ans1 or ,h9dus ( ! b>b] ca/e4 ,su* b&s consi/ ( drums ( v>i\s %apes & k9ds1 & primitive in/rum5ts ( ! oboe k9d1 ) drones & cymbals4 ,musicians 9 ! ,ea/ are usually plac$ ov] ! gateways1 ne>ly all ( importance hav+ gall]ies = t purpose4 ,pr(essional musicians & ,naut* girls g5]ally use ! ,m'ridang or ,tabla4 ,! ,drum ) ! /rip$ body & lea!r braces is a k9d ( ,m'ridang4 ,! g5u9e ,drum be>+ ?is "n is long] 9 proportion to its diamet]1 & has "o head l>g] ?an ! o!r4 ,! two heads are tun$ to ! tonic & f\r? or fif? z requir$4 ,! pieces ( wood betwe5 ! braces & %ell are us$ to assi/ 9 ! tun+1 & %\ld be notic$4 ,tabla are small copp] kettl$rums tun$ simil>ly4 ,drum-play+ ^u su* in/rum5ts is a great art1 & c only be le>n$ by ye>s ( /udy4 ,a good ,tabla or ,m'ridang play] w e>n f #ajj to #aej rupees p] mon?4 ,! wri/1 flat ( ! h&1 & f+]s are employ$4 ,su* in/rum5ts %\ld n be v noisy1 ! skill ( ! play] be+ ! fir/ consid]ation4 ,! ,m'ridang is consid]$ to be ! mo/ anci5t ( ,indian ,drums2 its orig9 is popul>ly ascrib$ to ! god ,mahadeo 7,s'iva74 ,! e>!nw>e ,kettl$rum or ,tam-,tam1 "h %[n1 is us$ by begg>s & fakirs to attract att5tion z !y w&] f h\se to h\se4 ,a simil>ly %ap$ kettl$rum ( copp]1 b v mu* l>g]--ab\t ?ree or f\r feet 9 diamet]--is kn[n by ! "n ( ,nag>a or ,nakk]a1 & is mu* us$ 9 ! b&s atta*$ to ! s]vice ( temples1 & f\nd ov] ! gates ( =ts & palaces ( native *iefs4 ,su* drums are beat5 9 a peculi> way ) %ort curv$ /icks2 &1 al?\gh :5 he>d close ! s\nd is any?+ b pleas+1 yet1 :5 he>d f a di/ance among ! m\nta9s1 9 company ) %rill oboes & deep] drones1 ! s\nds ris+ & fall+ ) ! breeze & e*o+ f hill to hill1 ! effect is 9 "* ) ! wildness ( ! c\ntry1 & ! he>] (t5 li/5s1 rapt1 9 spite ( himself4 ,! ?ree ,drums1 "h repres5t$1 belong to ! ,music ,class ,room ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh1 & h be5 drawn by ! p]mission ( ,pr(essor ,sir ,h]b]t ,oakeley4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xlii ,,plate ,,xlii4 ,,saw ,,duang ,,b[4 ,,saw ,,tai ,,b[4 ,,saw ,,oo ,,b[4 ,,klui4 ,,pee4 ,^! in/rum5ts belong to ,h4,m4 ! ,k+ ( ,siam1 & 7 drawn by ! graci\s p]mission ( ,h4,r4,h4 ,pr9ce ,n>s ,v>>iddhi1 !n ,siamese ,m9i/] 9 ,engl&1 & bro!r ( ! ,k+4 ,! ,saw ,tai1 or ,siamese fiddle 7c5tre figure71 has ! l[] "p ( ! neck ( c>v$ ivory1 & ! upp] "p ( gold enamell$4 ,! back is ( cocoa-nut %ells1 jewell$4 ,!re is a jewell$ boss on ! s\nd membrane1 :i* is ( p>*m5t4 ,x is ! same in/rum5t z ! ,javese ,rabb1 & is ( ,p]sian orig94 ,! /r+s1 ?ree 9 numb]1 ( silk cord1 meet at ! top b5ea? ! pegs1 & pass "u a ligature1 :5ce !y div]ge to ! bridge4 ,x has no f+]-bo>d1 & ! l5g? ( /r+ to vibrate is n m>k$ (f1 z is usual ) b[$ in/rum5ts1 by pressure ^u ! f+]-bo>d1 b by press+ ! indep5d5t /r+ ) ! entire wid? ( ! f+]1 :i* leaves ! intonation a little unc]ta94 ,! play] squats cross-legg$1 & holds ! in/rum5t 9 a slop+ position4 ,! ,saw ,*9e1 or ,*9ese fiddle1 is %[n 9 two v>ieties1 ! ,saw ,duang 7left ( c5tre figure7 ) jewels r\nd "o ( ! pegs1 & ! ,saw ,oo 7"r ( c5tre figure74 ,l ! ,saw ,tai1 ^! fiddles h no f+]-bo>ds4 ,! b[/r+1 z 9 ! ,*9ese ,urh-hsi5 & ,hu-*'91 is ins]t$ betwe5 ! /r+s s z to play ei!r4 ,! w9d in/rum5ts "h %[n are a ,klui1 or flute 7on ! left71 :i* has a membrane ov] "o hole1 resembl+ ! ,basque gal\bet2 & ! ,pee 7on ! "r71 a k9d ( oboe1 v h>%1 & resembl+ 9 tone a v p[]ful bagpipe1 a resemblance assi/$ by ! peculi> heptatonic scale ( ! ,siamese1 be+ n f> (f ! ,syrian scale1 notic$ 9 ! ,scot* bagpipe4 7,see ,introduction1 page xv41 & ,plates ,v4 & ,,xliii47 ,! ,pee is consid]$ to be ( ,javese orig94 ,!re are f\r k9ds ( ,b&s 9 ,siam1 ! precise details ( :i* are giv5 9 ,notes on ,siamese ,musical ,in/rum5ts1 a "w prep>$ at ! ,siamese ,embassy & publi%$ 9 ,london1 #ahhe4 ,! ,lao ,phan ,b&1 peculi> to ! nor? ( ,siam1 includes ! re$ in/rum5t call$ ,phan1 m5tion$ 9 ! ,introduction1 page xviii4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xliii ,,plate ,,xliii4 ,,ranat ,,ek4 ,,khong ,,yai4 ,,ta',,khay4 ,^! in/rum5ts1 l ^? drawn 9 ,plate ,,xlii41 belong to ,h4,m4 ! ,k+ ( ,siam1 & 7 also drawn = ?is "w by ! graci\s p]mission ( ,h4,r4,h4 ,pr9ce ,n>s4 ,h>monicons ( wood & ( metal1 su* z ! ,ranat & ,khong1 are ! f\ndation ( music 9 ,siam1 ,burma1 ,java1 & ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago g5]ally4 ,!y also ext5d into ,india1 & ev51 9 ano!r direction1 to ,s\? ,africa4 ,tun$ 9 ,siam to a heptatonic scale1 n f\nd$ ^u an h>monic conception ( *ords1 !y pres5t1 at lea/ ideally1 a ladd] ( sev5 equal /eps1 ) :i* ! native e> is satisfi$4 ,! p]=mances1 "s ye>s ago1 ( ! ,k+ ( ,siam's b& 9 ! ,royal ,alb]t ,hall1 ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 all[$ ?is scale to be he>d1 & af=d$ full scope to ! rem>kable te*nical skill ( ! ,ranat play]s4 ,! in/rum5ts drawn are a ,ranat ,ek ( tw5ty-"o wood5 b>s1 9 a cradle-l /& beautifully ornam5t$ ) ivory2 a ,khong ,yai ( eighte5 metal kettles1 ( a k9d ( bronze or bell metal kn[n z gongsa1 9 an ivory /& pa9t$ l tortoise%ell1 ) brass edg+s2 & ! v peculi> ,ta'khay1 or crocodile1 ) ?ree /r+s & twelve bridges1 includ+ ! nut1 to fret !m4 ,! la/-m5tion$ in/rum5t is play$ ) a plectrum1 & ornam5t$ ) a crocodile's head & ivory ornam5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xliv ,,plate ,,xliv4 ,,hu-,,*',,9 ,,b[4 ,,%,,ng4 ,,san-,,hsi54 ,p',i-,p',a4 ,we le>n f ,mr4 ,j4,a4 ,van ,aal/'s compreh5sive treatise on ,*9ese ,music1 publi%$1 x may at fir/ sight appe> some:at oddly1 by ! ,imp]ial ,m>itime ,cu/oms 7,%anghai1 #ahhd71 t ! ,hu-*'91 ! left-h& figure 9 ! ,plate1 is "o ( ! mo/ popul> musical in/rum5ts 9 ,pek+4 ,! /r+s1 f\r 9 numb]1 are ( silk1 & are tun$ 9 pairs a fif? ap>t4 ,?is in/rum5t is 9 fact a d\ble-/rung ,erh-hsi5 or ,urh-hsi5 7,van ,aal/ & ,d5nys2 ,ur-he51 ,engel71 & has ! same peculi> arrangem5t by :i* ! b[ is fix$ betwe5 ! /r+s = play+4 ,x is ( cane & horsehair1 & ! ros9 = x is /uck ^u ! body1 a holl[ cyl9d] ( bamboo1 wood1 or copp]1 ?r\gh :i* ! long neck ( ! in/rum5t is ?ru/4 ,! upp] end ( ! body is cov]$ ) snakesk91 :ile ! l[] is left op54 ,! ,erh-hsi51 :i* has a simil> bamboo body b two /r+s only1 is m g5]ally popul> ?an ! ,hu-*'91 & is met ) all ov] ,*9a4 ,! ,ti-*'91 accord+ to ,d5nys ! fav\rite in/rum5t ) bl9d m51 is also simil>ly b[$1 & has half a cocoa-nut %ell = ! body1 cov]$ by a ?9 bo>d4 ,^! b[$ in/rum5ts1 x is believ$1 f\nd _! way into ,*9a ) ! ,buddhi/ religion4 ,! "n = ! next in/rum5t1 ! re$ m\?-organ1 ,%ng1 s\nds l %ung1 rhym+ ) sung4 ,f ?is anci5t in/rum5t h come ! mod]n popul> developm5ts ( ! free-re$ organ1 fir/ appli$ ab\t #aghj1 at ! in/ance ( ,pr(essor ,kratz5/e91 to organ re$-/ops by a ,cop5hag5 organ-build] nam$ ,kirsnick1 :o _h settl$ at ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 an inv5tion soon aft]w>ds c>ri$ to ,g]many by ! celebrat$ ,abb ,vogl]4 ,! ,fr5* ,h>monium & ,am]ican ,organ1 ! conc]t9as & accordion1 are well-kn[n examples ( ! free-re$ pr9ciple1 :i* diff]s f ! ,*ur* organ beat+-re$ inasmu* z ! re$ or vibrator ( metal does n ov]lap any "p ( its frame4 ,! ,%ng is a g\rd ) its top cut (f & a flat cov] cem5t$ ^u x4 ,tw5ty-"o bamboo pipes are ins]t$ r\nd ! cov]1 b f\r1 be+ int5d$ = conv5i5ce 9 hold+ ! in/rum5t1 d n s\nd4 ,^? int5d$ to s\nd are provid$ ) small brass re$s4 ,by a peculi> arrangem5t1 unique 9 re$ in/rum5ts1 ! w9d1 attack+ all ! re$s simultane\sly1 at once escapes by v5tages 9 ! pipes1 until /opp$ by ! f+]s = ! pipes t are to s\nd4 ,! l5g?s ( ! pipes are m]ely ornam5tal1 ! actual l5g?s requir$ be+ det]m9$ by slot-l cutt+s 9 ! pipes1 n se5 9 front4 ,!re are sev5te5 s\nd+ pipes1 z already said1 b only elev5 notes1 z "s notes are repeat$ 9 ! unison or octave4 ,! scale1 :i* ! peu prs musicians are satisfi$ )1 may be ?us not$-- ,music ,! succession ( notes 9 ! fir/ octave resembles t ( ! anci5t ,phrygian mode & t *ur* mode 9 :i* ,?omas ,tallis's fam\s s]vice is compos$4 ,! exact measurem5ts ( ! int]vals he>d at ! ,heal? ,exhibition are to be f\nd 9 ,mr4 ,a4,j4 ,ellis's ,pap] ,on ! ,musical ,scales ( ,v>i\s ,nations1 publi%$ 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,society ( ,arts1 ,london1 #be? ,m>*1 #ahhe4 ,mr4 ,n4,b4 ,d5nys1 9 8 valuable notes on ,*9ese ,musical ,in/rum5ts read be=e ! ,nor? ,*9a ,bran* ( ! ,asiatic ,society1 #ba/ ,octob]1 #ahgc1 gives ! "n ( ! ?ree-/r+$ in/rum5t 9 ! draw+1 ) a long neck l a tamb\ra1 z ,san-hsi51 ) :i* ,mr4 ,van ,aal/ agrees4 ,! ,pek+ musicians call$ x ,si5-tz 7pron\nc$ l ,%5-zy74 ,l ! ,japanese ,siamis5 ! ,san-hsi5 has no frets4 ,! drum-l body is cov]$ on ! upp] side ) snakesk91 ! "u side be+ left op5 z 9 a tamb\r9e or banjo4 ,! ?ree /r+s 7 tun$ asc5d+ a m9or tone betwe5 ! fir/ & second1 & a fif? betwe5 ! second & ?ird /r+s3 ! out] /r+s be+ consequ5tly a major six? ap>t4 ,! /r+s 7 pluck$ by two bone plectra ext5d$ l claws beyond ! ends ( ! f+]s1 & ! play] /opp$ a ,p5tatonic or five-note scale1 ?us3 ,music ne>ly 9 j intonation4 ,! ,p'i-p'a1 accord+ to ,d5nys & ,van ,aal/1 or ,balloon ,guit> 7! ,pek+ musicians call$ x ,phi-pe71 has a body ne>ly a foot 9 diamet]1 f :i* x takes its ,engli% "n1 & f\r /r+s play$ usually ) ! f+]s & tun$ z f\r?1 fif?1 & octave f ! l[e/ note4 ,! l>ge semi-elliptical frets above ! f+]-bo>d 7 n us$ by ! play] at ! ,heal? ,exhibition2 he re/rict$ himself to ! twelve frets ^u ! f+]-bo>d4 ,! ,p'i-p'a is usually play$ by m5 :o1 9 ! ,s\? ( ,*9a1 are hir$ z m9/rels or ballad-s+]s4 ,! /opp+ ( ?is in/rum5t 0 p5tatonic1 z ) ! ,san-hsi51 & ! scale began ^u ! same note1 b ! tun+ ( ! frett$ in/rum5t 0 less good ?an t not$ ( ! unfrett$ "o4 ,mr4 ,van ,aal/ in=ms u t ! notes are reit]at$ by rapidly pass+ ! long f+]-nail or plectrum backw>ds & =w>ds across ! /r+1 to produce an effect ( so/5uto simil>ly s\ght = 9 ,europe = ! ,m&ol9e1 ,b&urria1 & ,dulcim]4 ,^! in/rum5ts belong to ! ,music ,class ,room ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xlv ,,plate ,,xlv4 ,,*9ese ,,ti-,,tzu1 ,,s-,,na1 ,,yueh-,,*',,94 ,,japanese ,,hiji-,,riki4 ,,*9ese ,,la-,,pa4 ,! ,ti-tzu to ! left 9 ! ,plate is ! ,*9ese flute4 ,x is usually b\nd r\nd ) wax$ silk & ornam5t$ ) tassels4 ,x has sev5 holes besides ! emb\*ure1 t ne>e/ to ! latt] be+ cov]$ ) a ?9 membrane z 9 ! ,prov5al gal\bet1 tak5 f ! sap ( ! bamboo & melt$ at ! mom5t x is appli$1 int5d$ to make ! quality ( tone m re$y4 ,! rema9+ six holes are /opp$ by ! f+]s4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,van ,aal/1 twelve notes 9 a diatonic succession1 beg9n+ ^u ! ,a ( ! viol91 =m ! compass ( ?is in/rum5t1 b ) mu* unc]ta9ty ( intonation1 :i* may be z mu* due to ! measur+ = bor+ by ! in/rum5t-mak]s z to ! peculi>ities ( an ideal ,*9ese scale4 ,! scale play$ at ! ,heal? ,exhibition1 ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 9 #ahhd1 by a native ti-tzu play]1 0 a ,b flat scale ) ! ?ird r %>p] ?an ! m9or b less ?an ! major ?ird1 t is1 a neut] ?ird1 :i*1 z we h se51 is frequ5tly met ) 9 ,ea/]n non-h>monic scales4 ,h[ev]1 !re is great difficulty 9 det]m9+ w9d in/rum5t scales accurately1 f ! p[] ! play] has to alt] intonation by bl[+ diff]5tly4 ,! ,*9ese ,s-na is a copp] w9d in/rum5t--a k9d ( oboe--play$ ) a d\ble re$4 ,on acc\nt ( ! %ortness ( ! re$ !re is a disk bel[ x to protect ! lips ( ! play]4 ,!re are two small pi]c$ copp] sph]es l ^? 9 ! trumpets 9 ,fra ,angelico's pa9t+s1 b5ea? :i* are ! sev5 f+]-holes 9 ! front & two ?umb-holes beh9d ! pipe4 ,a loose brass cone ( consid]able size cov]s ! l[] end & is fa/5$ to ! upp] by a /r+4 ,?is in/rum5t is possibly ! ,indian ,soonai4 ,!re are n9e notes1 z 9 ! ,scot* bagpipe1 :i* ! ,s-na some:at resembles 9 quality ( tone1 b x is m /rid5t & disagreeable4 ,! scale1 z play$ by a native at ! ,heal? ,exhibition1 gave int]vals ( :ole & ?ree-qu>t] tones resembl+ ! bagpipe1 b z ! p]=m] succe$$ 9 play+ ) o!r in/rum5ts t app>5tly diff]$ 9 scale1 ! accommodation 9 bl[+ mu/ be cr$it$ ) ! approximately satisfactory result4 ,! ,yueh-*'91 or ,moon ,guit>1 s call$ f ! %ape ( ! s\nd-bo>d1 has f\r silk /r+s tun$ z fif?s 9 pairs4 ,! /r+s are /ruck ) ! f+]-nails1 :i* ! ,*9ese we> long1 or a plectrum4 ,! /r+s are sometimes ( copp] in/ead ( silk4 ,! in/rum5t is *iefly us$ to accompany ! voice1 & ! repetition ( a note1 z 9 ! ,p'i-p'a1 appe>s to be a fav\rite effect4 ,! next w9d in/rum5t 9 ,plate ,,xlv4 is ! ,japanese ,hiji-riki1 a conical pipe ) a d\ble re$ ins]t$ 9 ! l>g] end4 ,f ?is cause ! in/rum5t s\nds ab\t an octave l[] ?an a pipe t is cyl9drical4 ,! ,hiji-riki is ( bamboo1 ! int]ior be+ cov]$ ) a b$ ( r$ lacqu]4 ,x has sev5 f+]-holes & two ?umb-holes at ! back4 ,! scale1 z giv5 by ,mr4 ,victor ,mahillon1 f ^: ,catalogue ,descriptif et ,analytique du ,muse ,in/rum5tal du ,cons]vatoire ,royal de ,bruxelles1 ,i h be5 glad to borr[1 "h & else:]e1 is diatonic1 ) ! occasional ins]tion ( a %>p f\r?4 ,?is int]val is frequ5tly he>d 9 ,*9ese music1 :5 !re are asc5d+ sev5-note scales4 ,! disk susp5d$ at ! top ( ! pipe is adju/$1 :5 ! ,hiji-riki is play$1 to protect ! play]'s lips--a precaution due to ! %ortness ( ! metal re$4 ,! long trumpet is ! ,*9ese ,la-pa1 ) a slid+ tube on ! trombone pr9ciple4 ,x gives f\r notes1 ! octave1 twelf?1 sup]-octave1 & sev5te5?1 b n ! prime4 ,z may be imag9$1 x is a milit>y in/rum5t1 b ,mr4 ,van ,aal/ in=ms u x is a privilege ( it9]ant knife-gr9d]s to bl[ x 9 ! /reets to ann\nce _! :]eab\ts4 ,a ,la-pa1 ) ! bell b5t back1 is us$ at w$d+ processions4 ,! in/rum5ts drawn 9 ?is ,plate belong to ! ,music ,class ,room ( ,ed9burgh ,univ]sity4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xlvi ,,plate ,,xlvi4 ,,japanese ,,koto4 ,?is is ! ?irte5-/r+$ ,sono ,koto ( ,japan1 & a v beautifully-ornam5t$ specim51 l5t = draw+ by ,mr4 ,george ,wood1 ( ,messrs4 ,cram] & ,co41 ,reg5t ,/reet1 ,london4 ,! /r+s ( ! koto are1 z 9 all ,japanese /r+$ in/rum5ts1 ( silk drawn ?r\gh wax1 & ! accordance foll[s ! p5tatonic sy/em already describ$ 9 connection ) ! ,siamis51 & z giv5 by ,mr4 ,isawa1 ,director ( ! ,in/itute ( ,music at ,tokio1 9 twelve diff]5t popul> p5tatonic accordances1 :i* are ! f\ndations =1 b1 z w be expla9$1 d n exactly fix ! int]vals ( ! koto play]'s p]=mances4 ,! /r+s are equally long & ?ick1 & are /ra9$ to "o t5sion1 ! notes be+ obta9$ by means ( movable bridges1 ( :i* !re are z _m z !re are /r+s4 ,two /r+s1 ! fir/ & ?ird1 are tun$ alike1 at ! int]val ( a fif? above ! second or l[e/ note4 ,! tun+ is g5]ally done by e> note by note1 ! play] pit*+ ! in/rum5t to 8 voice1 :i* is good if a high voice4 ,! classical ,japanese music is ,*9ese1 & may h come to ,japan ) ,*9ese art1 ?r\gh ! ,corea4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 only play$ 9 ! ,imp]ial h\sehold or ! ,%9to temples4 ,bo? classical & popul> music are p5tatonic1 b ! ,japanese 9 no way avoid semitones1 :i* give ! ,*9ese s mu* tr\ble :5 !y endeav\r to produce !m4 ,! koto play]1 9 p]=m+1 squats v l[ ^u ! gr\nd1 & we>s plectra-l wire ?imbles on ! "r h&1 t]m9at+ 9 small projections ( ivory1 t\*+ ) !m only ! %ort] division ( ! /r+s4 ,he has1 h[ev]1 ! p[]1 by press+ d[n ! long] uns\nd$ l5g?s ) ! ends ( ! f+]s ( ! left h&1 or pull+ !m t[>ds ! bridges1 to increase & decrease ! t5sion ( ! /r+s1 & ?us %>p5 or flatt5 ! notes & modify ! tun+ by int]m$iate tones--a lic5ce n us$ unsp>+ly4 ,! ,japanese pictures ( koto play]s inv>iably %[ ?is practice4 ,! dim5sions ( ?is ,koto are1 approximately3 l5g?1 #f feet #b-a_/b in*es2 wid?1 #h-c_/d to #i-c_/d in*es2 dep?1 ab\t #a-c_/d in*es at ! sides4 ,! in/rum5t is made ( /rong ,kiri wood1 & has two op5+s on ! "u side4 ,! beauty ( ! ornam5t ( ! in/rum5t drawn c\ld h>dly be surpass$4 ,! draw+ %[s enl>gem5ts ( ! two ends1 "o half ! actual size1 & displays ! highly decorative adornm5t ( ?is rem>kable in/rum5t4 ,! fav\rite popul> tun+ ( ! ,koto is call$ ,hira-dio%i4 ,x is ?us giv5 by ,mr4 ,isawa & o!r au?orities3-- ,music ,! music-ma/] at ! ,japanese ,village1 ,knightsbridge1 ,london1 tun$ ! ,koto to a ,siamis5 7,plate ,,xlvii471 ) ! p5tatonic int]vals m>k$ on ! neck accord+ to a peculi>ity ( intonation ref]r$ to 9 ! description ( t in/rum5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xlvii ,,plate ,,xlvii4 ,,siamis51 ,,kokiu1 ,,biwa4 ,^! are ,japanese in/rum5ts4 ,! ,siamis5 & ,biwa 7 drawn by p]mission ( ! ,japanese ,commission ( ! ,inv5tions ,exhibition1 #ahhe4 ,! ,kokiu 9 ! c5tre ( ! plate1 & its long fi%+-rod b[ 9 f\r l5g?s ( black wood m\nt$ ) silv]1 belong to ! writ]4 ,! ,siamis5 is ! commone/ ,japanese /r+$ in/rum5t1 & is play$ by ! s++ girls 7,ge%a72 x has be5 ! *>act]i/ic musical in/rum5t at ! ,japanese ,village1 ,knightsbridge1 ,london4 ,! "n 0 !re pron\nc$ ,samis5g 7! a z 9 fa!r71 & ,dr4 ,mll]1 9 an elaborate article on ,japanese musical in/rum5ts 9 ! ,mit!ilung5 d] ,deuts*5 ,gesells*aft fr ,natur und ,vlk]kunde ,o/asi5's1 #ftes4 ,heft4 7,b]l91 #ahhd71 inv>iably writes ,samis5g1 b ! spell+ ,siamis5 is "h adopt$ on ! au?ority ( ,mr4 ,%uji ,isawa1 ! ,director ( ! ,s*ool ( ,music1 ,tokio4 ,9 l5g? x is ab\t #cg in*es1 & has a resonance membrane ( p>*m5t /ret*$ ^u a ne>ly squ>e wood5 body t is #g-a_/b in*es high1 #f-a_/b wide1 & #c deep4 ,!re is a knob on ! "u side = a /r+ hold]1 & ! upp] & "u sides ( x are cov]$ ) a select$ "p ( a cat's sk91 on :i* ! bridge also re/s4 ,by ! little black spots on ?is sk9 ! value ( ! in/rum5t is det]m9$4 ,f\r give ! highe/ value2 two m>k ord9>y in/rum5ts2 :ile ^? )\t spots are *eap4 ,! size ( ! ,siamis5 is det]m9$ by ! s+]'s voice4 ,good voices are high voices2 consequ5tly a good s+] requires a small] "o4 ,= conv5i5ce 9 mov+ ab\t1 ! body & neck are made to sep>ate4 ,x has ?ree silk /r+s & 9 common practice z _m accordances1 viz4 ,music1 ,music & ,music4 ,x is )\t frets1 b ! f+]$ scale :i* ! ,japanese musicians at ! ,london village appe>$ to "k only1 0 indicat$ by small m>ks ^u ! neck1 & agre$ ) ! tun+ ( ! ?irte5-/r+$ koto4 ,x has ?us five int]vals 9 ! octave1 t diff]1 h[ev]1 f ! ,*9ese p5tatonic scale1 & f t kn[n 9 ,java z ,sal5dro4 ,! ,japanese1 z he>d at ! village1 may be describ$1 :5 desc5d+1 z a major ?ird1 a semitone1 a neut] or mean ?ird 7nei!r major nor m9or1 b equival5t to a ?ree-qu>t] tone & a :ole tone71 ?us ,music--! d5ot+ ! mean ?ird4 ,?is 0 accept$ z "r by natives ( v>i\s p>ts ( ,japan br\ght toge!r 9 ! village ^: spee* dialects 7 n ! same1 al?\gh _! musical dialect 0 ?us uni=m4 ,h[ev]1 s9ce ,mr4 ,isawa gives ! int]val z a m9or ?ird1 & 9 p]=mances :i* ,i h he>d ! m9or effect c]ta9ly pr$om9ates1 ,i am dispos$ to accept ! mean ?ird "h record$ z only a wid5+ ( ! normal m9or ?ird4 ,great latitude has to be all[$ 9 deal+ ) scales1 especially ^? ( non-h>monic orig94 ,our own equal temp]am5t n>r[+ ( ! same int]val is r>ely notic$ by u1 & passes z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,! ,siamis5 is employ$ to accompany ! danc+ & s++ wom51 & its tones are an important aid to ! effect ( _! p]=mance4 ,! plectrum ( ! ,siamis5 is call$ 9 ,japanese ,batsi4 ,x is %[n 9 ! plate4 ,! ,kokiu is a k9d ( fiddle1 9 its con/ruction v l ! ,siamis51 only t x is play$ ) a b[ 7kiu7 in/ead ( a plectrum or /rik] 7batsi74 ,x is usually a woman's in/rum5t1 b is n[ v little play$4 ,dr4 ,mll] only he>d "o play] 9 ,tokio1 a bl9d man1 f :om he took 8 description ( ! in/rum5t & ! mann] ( p]=mance4 ,! :ole l5g? ( ! ,kokiu is ab\t #be in*es1 ! body be+ #e in*es long & broad4 ,x is #b-a_/b in*es deep & cov]$ l ! ,siamis54 ,in/ead ( ! /r+-hold] ( ! latt] x has a #b-a_/b in* long r\nd metal slip to :i* ! /r+s are knott$4 ,! bridge is long & v l[1 ) not*es to receive ! /r+s2 ?ree be+ equally spac$1 :ile ! f\r? is v ne> ! ?ird4 ,! /r+s are tun$ ,music1 ! two ne> ea* o!r be+ unisons ( ! highe/ note4 ,! b[ is #de in*es long1 ( f\r l5g?s z already m5tion$4 ,x takes to pieces = transport4 ,x is flat beh9d & oval 9 front4 ,x is b5t at ! top ne>ly to a "r angle1 & ! :ole rod is v ela/ic4 ,x is /rung ) :ite horsehair ab\t #cb in*es long1 ! horsehair be+ import$1 z !re is no long horsehair 9 ,japan4 ,x is fa/5$ ) a silk5 knot into a silv] hold]4 ,9 ord] to play ! ,kokiu ! b[ is tak5 ) ! ?umb1 middle1 & little f+]s1 ! index f+] be+ ext5d$ along ! back4 ,) /ret*$-out f\r? f+] ! play] /ra9s ! slack hair ( ! b[1 !n takes up ! in/rum5t1 v]tically re/+ x ^u ! knees1 betwe5 :i* ! metal /r+-hold] is grasp$4 ,br++ ! hair ( ! b[ to ! edge ( ! resonance body1 ! b[ is simply mov$ horizontally backw>ds & =w>ds1 ! middle "p ( ! b[/r+ only be+ employ$4 ,! /r+s are br\ght into contact ) ! b[ by a rot>y movem5t ( ! in/rum5t4 ,sometimes only "o ,e flat /r+ is us$1 sometimes bo?4 ,d\ble notes are v r>ely us$4 ,! s\nd ( ! ,kokiu is v l t ( ! ,hurdy-,gurdy1 b mu* weak] 9 comp>ison4 ,! ,biwa is a lute-l in/rum5t 9 ! %ape ( a divid$ pe>1 becom+ n>r[] upw>ds4 ,! body is ab\t #cd in*es long1 ( :i* #g-a_/b come on to ! f+]-bo>d4 ,!re are f\r frets on ! f+]-bo>d4 ,x has f\r /r+s 9 two ?icknesses tun$1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,mll]1 prime1 qu9t1 octave1 t5?1 l an infantry bugle1 b ,dr4 ,isawa gives no less ?an six accordances4 ,! ,biwa is play$ ) a bill-=m$ batsi #f-a_/b in*es long1 made ( horn1 wood1 tortoise%ell1 or ivory4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xlviii ,,plate ,,xlviii4 ,,m>imba1 ,,( ,,s\? ,,africa4 ,a ,zulu h>monicon 9 two views1 ! back & front4 ,!re are t5 b>s1 ea* ) a g\rd resonator atta*$ to x4 ,x is play$ ) drum/icks1 "o 9 ea* h&4 ,?is ,m>imba 0 pres5t$ to me by ,mr4 ,john ,rob]tson1 ( ,durban1 ,natal1 & he has furni%$ ! foll[+ details respect+ x4 ,! ,zulu "n1 ,m>imba1 is v>i$ by ,izambilo2 ! =m] is ! bett] kn[n4 ,?is in/rum5t is made by ! ,m9donga tribe1 ^: c\ntry m>*es ) ! ,portuguese settlem5t ( ,inhambane on ! ,ea/ ,coa/4 ,! wood ( ! b>s is call$ ,intz>i4 ,! resonators are ! %ell ( a fruit kn[n z ,/ry*nos ,m',k5ii1 or ! ,kafir orange4 ,! balls ( ! drum/icks are ( native rubb]4 ,! ,m>imba is play$ ei!r re/+ ^u ! gr\nd or susp5d$ f ! p]=m]'s neck by a cord4 ,native gum is employ$ to b9d ! l>g] & small] %ells =m+ ea* resonator4 ,! cord us$ is ! inte/9e ( ! aulacodus1 or cane rat4 ,z ,i h rem>k$ 9 describ+ ! ,siamese in/rum5ts1 h>monicons ( wood & metal are v widely spread--?r\gh\t ! ,indian ar*ipelago1 9 ,siam & ,burma1 among ! hill tribes ( ,india & ! ,kafirs ( ,africa4 ,! natives ( ! little ,am]ican ,republic ( ,co/a ,rica reg>d ! ,m>imba z _! national musical in/rum5t4 ,! tun+ foll[s ! equal heptatonic division1 :i* all[s ( ! mean or neut] ?irds1 rul+ 9 ,siam1 & appreciat$ by _m ,ea/]n e>s4 ,9 ,java1 h[ev]1 x is n s2 &1 z f> z c\ld be judg$1 by exam9+ ! in/rum5ts play$ on by ! native ,javese at ! ,london ,aqu>ium 9 #ahhb 7o!r in/rum5ts app>5tly gave diff]5t results71 !re are two di/9ct ,javese tun+s1--! "o1 call$ ,sal5dro1 an ideally equal p5tatonic1 or five int]val scale 9 ! octave1 ! o!r1 call$ ,pelog1 a heptatonic1 or sev5 int]val scale 9 ! octave1 ! law ( :i* has n be5 det]m9$4 ,f ! latt] are select$ sets ( five notes to =m p5tatonic scales1 pres5t+ rem>kable diff]5ces4 ,,index ,,introduction4 ,,plate4 ,,afranio1 ,inv5tor xxxix4 ,al>d1 ,delph91 ,viol9i/ xiv4 xxviii4 ,al>d ,/radiv>ius ,viol9 x4 xxvi4 ,al ,farabi1 on ,arab ,music xv4 ,anna ,ghrpure 7,mahrtti71 on ! ,sitr xl4 ,ar*lute xvi4 xxi4 ,,ba*1 ,j4,s4 iv4 xix4 xxx4 xxxii4 ,ba*1 ,c4,p4,e4 xxxii4 ,bagpipe1 ,calabrian xv4 iv4 ,bagpipe1 ,highl& xvi4 ,bagpipe1 ,iri% xv4 v4 ,bagpipe1 ,l[l& xv4 v4 ,bagpipe1 ,nor?umbrian1 anci5t xv4 v4 ,bagpipe1 ,nor?umbrian1 mod]n xv4 v4 ,bagpipe1 ,bell[s v4 ,bagpipe1 ,scale xv4 v4 ,ba9bridge1 ,w4 7flageolet-mak]7 xxxviii4 ,balalika1 ,russian xxiv4 ,balalika1 ,russian1 tun+ xxiv4 ,balloon ,guit>1 ,*9ese xlii4 ,b&urria1 tun+ xxiii4 ,b>on1 ,g41 on ,lutes xvi4 ,b>bu1 hurdy-gurdy play] xxx4 ,b>r+ton1 ,hon4 ,da9es1 on ! ,wel% ,crw? xxiv4 ,basse de ,viole xix4 ,basset ,horn xli4 ,bassoon xvi4 xxxix4 ,baton1 improv$ ! hurdy-gurdy xxx4 ,batsi1 ,japanese plectrum xlvii4 ,beat+ ,re$ xviii4 xii4 ,bebung 7,clavi*ord7 xxxii4 ,be5 7,vna ,sitr7 xl4 ,bell1 ,c4,d4 7,f4,s4,a4 ,scot471 on ,gaelic ,h>ps ii4 ,bell ,h>p xxx4 ,bell ,h>p1 scale xxx4 ,b]lioz1 ,h41 on ! ,viola d',amore xxvii4 ,bible ,regal xviii4 xiii4 ,biblioteca ,e/5se1 ,mod5a xiv4 ,b+ley1 on ! ,wel% ,crw? xxiv4 ,biwa1 ,japanese xix4 xlvii4 ,biwa1 ,japanese1 tun+ xlvii4 ,bodd+ton1 ,h4 7,dulcim]7 xvii4 ,boehm1 ,t41 improv$ ! flute xvi4 ,bomb>done xxxix4 ,b\rdon1 ,musette iv4 v4 ,b\rdon1 ,organ xi4 ,broadwood1 ,john1 h>psi*ord & pian(orte mak] xxiii4 xxxiii4 ,bucc9a1 ,roman xiv4 xxxvii4 ,bugle1 ,cavalry xiv4 xxxvi4 ,bull1 ,w41 trumpet-mak] xxxvi4 ,burgmote ,horns xiii4 i4 ,burney1 ,dr41 ,musical ,rese>*es 9 ,g]many xxxiii4 ,,celtic ,h>ps xx4 ii4 iii4 ,c5emella1 ,italian ru/ic re$ pipe xiv4 ,cet]a1 ,italian x4 ix4 xiv4 xxvii4 ,cet]a1 tun+ xiv4 ,*alumeau1 ,musette iv4 ,*anot1 ,george1 viol9-mak] xxiv4 ,*ant]elle1 melody /r+ xv4 xvi4 ,*appell 7,d\ble ,sp9et7 xx4 ,*'9 7,s*ol>'s ,lute71 ,*9ese xix4 ,*9ese ,in/rum5ts xix4 xliv4 xlv4 ,*it>rone xi4 xxi4 ,*it]na xxiii4 ,*op91 ,f4 xxxiii4 ,*\quet1 ,g41 musicologi/ xxxi4 ,*romatic ,key-bo>d xvii4 xi4 ,*romatic ,scale xvii4 ,cimbalon1 ,hung>ian ,dulcim] xvii4 ,ci/re1 ,fr5* ix4 xiv4 xxviii4 ,ci!r1 ,engli% x4 ix4 xiv4 xxviii4 ,cl>9et1 ,alto xxxix4 ,cl>sa*1 ,gaelic ,h>p xx4 ii4 iii4 ,clavi*ord xxii4 xxiii4 xxxii4 ,clavicembalo 7,italian71 ,clavicimbalum 7,lat97 xxii4 vi4 ,clavec9 7,fr5*7 xxxiii4 ,clavicy!rium1 ,upright ,sp9et xxii4 vi4 ,coh51 ,rev4 ,francis 7,jewi% music7 xiii4 ,cornamusa1 ,cornemuse xv4 iv4 ,cornet xxxvii4 ,corno di ,bassetto xxxix4 ,corporation ,cant]bury xiii4 i4 ,corporation ,dov] xiii4 i4 ,corr]1 ,c\nt 7( ,v5ice71 ,collection ( ,musical ,in/rum5ts vi4 ,c\s9eau1 improv$ ! h>p xxxii4 ,crocodile1 ,siamese xix4 xliii4 ,crompton1 ,g4 7,helli] ,/radiv>ius ,viol97 xxv4 ,cruit1 ,crot1 ,gaelic xx4 xxiv4 ,crw?1 ,wel% xx4 xxiv4 ,crw?1 tun+s xxiv4 ,cymbalum ,deca*ordum ix4 ,,dale1 ,h4,j4 7,sp9et7 xxii4 ,day1 ,c4,r4 7#dcrd ,light ,infantry71 on ,indian ,music xlii4 xliii4 ,d5nys1 ,n4,b4 7,memb] ,nor!rn ,asiatic ,society71 on ,*9ese ,musical ,in/rum5ts xliv4 ,divid$ ,sp9et ,keys xxii4 ,dolciano xvi4 xli4 ,donaldson1 ,g4 7,clavicy!rium1 ,rizzio ,guit>1 ,cet]a1 ,!orbo1 ,d\ble ,sp9et1 ,*it>rone1 ,qu9t]na1 ,m&ol9es7 vi4 x4 xiv4 xvi4 xx4 xxi4 xxiii4 xxxiv4 ,drones1 ,drone ,bass xv4 iv4 v4 xli4 ,drums1 ,h9du ix4 xli4 ,dulcim] xxi4 xvii4 ,dulcim]1 scale xvii4 ,dumon1 flute-play] xxxviii4 ,ellis1 ,a4,j41 7,f4,r4,s41 ,f4,s4,a471 on ,musical ,scales ( ,v>i\s ,nations1 etc4 xvi4 v4 xl4 xliv4 ,empress ,m>ia ,!resa's ,h>psi*ord xxiii4 xxxiii4 ,engel1 ,c41 musicologi/ ix4 xix4 xv4 xxiii4 xxx4 xxiv4 ,er>d1 ,s41 improv$ ! h>p xxxiv4 ,erh-hsi51 ,*9ese xliv4 ,esr>1 ,h9du xl4 ,evans1 ,r41 ,wel% crw?-mak] xxiv4 ,evelyn's ,di>y iii4 viii4 xv4 xvi4 xxiii4 ,,fagotto xxxix4 ,fanf>e1 ,jubilee xxxv4 ,fantasia ,cromatica xxxii4 ,f]r>i1 ,miss 7,bible ,regal7 xiii4 ,flageolet1 ,d\ble xxxviii4 ,fleis*]1 ,o41 on ! ,lute xv4 ,flte bec xxxviii4 ,flte ,d\ce xxxviii4 ,flute1 ,g]man xxiii4 xxxviii4 ,fr$]ick ! ,great xxxviii4 ,free ,re$ xviii4 xxxiii4 ,,gaelic ,h>ps ii4 iii4 ,g&1 ,e41 viol9-mak] xxviii4 ,g>rett1 w9d-in/rum5t mak] xxxix4 ,gaulti]1 ,d5is1 lute-play] xv4 ,git]na xxiii4 ,gl51 ,j4 & ,r41 bagpipe-mak]s iv4 v4 xxxviii4 xxxix4 ,gl51 ,r4 7,f4,s4,a4 ,scot47 xxiii4 ,g\rd ,resonators xx4 xxxviii4 ,gresley1 ,rev4 ,nigel 7,que5 ,elizabe?'s ,virg9al7 viii4 ,grove1 ,sir ,george 7,diction>y ( ,music & ,musicians7 xviii4 xviii4 xix4 xx4 xxvii4 ,gu>n]ius del ,ges xii4 xxvi4 ,guit>1 ,david ,rizzio's x4 x4 ,guit>1 ,/radiv>ius x4 xxix4 ,gunn1 ,j41 ,highl& ,h>ps ii4 iii4 ,,haas1 ,j4,w41 trumpet-mak] xxxvii4 ,hackbrett xvii4 ,h&el xxxiii4 ,h>monicons x4 xlv4 ,h>p1 ,assyrian xix4 ,h>p1 ,egyptian xix4 ,h>p1 ,iri% 7,brian ,boru7 ii4 iii4 ,h>p1 ,lamont xx4 iii4 ,h>p1 ,p$al xxxiv4 ,h>p1 ,que5 ,m>y's xx4 ii4 ,h>p]1 ,t41 trumpet] xxxv4 xxxvi4 ,h>psi*ord xxiii4 xxxiii4 ,h>psi*ord1 /ops xxxiii4 ,h>p-way tun+ xix4 xxvii4 ,h>ris1 ,j41 trumpet-mak] xxxiii4 ,h>t1 ,george1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,viol9 xxv4 ,haydn xv4 ,helli] ,/radiv>ius ,viol9 xxv4 ,heptatonic ,scale xxi4 xlii4 xlviii4 ,hiji-riki1 ,japanese xlv4 ,hiji-riki1 ,japanese1 scale xlv4 ,hill & ,sons1 ,viol9-mak]s xx4 xxv4 xxix4 ,hill1 ,ar?ur & ,alfr$1 ,collection ( ,musical ,in/rum5ts xxv4 ,h9du/ni or ,nor!rn ,indian music xl4 ,hipk9s1 ,a4,j4 7,f4,s4,a47 7,lute1 ,balalika1 ,kokiu1 ,m>imba7 xv4 xxiv4 xlvii4 xlviii4 ,hi/oric ,conc]ts 7#ahhe7 xii4 xix4 xxxviii4 ,hi/oric ,rooms 7,music ,loan ,collection1 #ahhe7 viii4 xxxiv4 ,ho*bruck]1 improv$ ! h>p xxxiv4 ,horns1 ,bronze & ,ivory xiii4 i4 vii4 ,hu-*'91 ,*9ese xliv4 ,hugg9s1 ,dr4 ,w4 7,f4,r4,s471 on ,viol9s xxvi4 ,hugg9s1 ,mrs41 ,/radiv>ius viol9s xxv4 ,hurdy-,gurdy xv4 xxx4 ,hurdy-,gurdy1 scale & tun+s xxx4 ,huyg5s1 ,con/ant91 lute & !orbo play] xv4 ,,india 9 ,london 7#ahhf7 xl4 ,indian ,in/rum5ts ix4 xl4 xli4 ,inv5tions ,exhibition 7#ahhe7 xviii4 xii4 xiv4 ,iri% scale & modes ii4 ,isawa1 ,s41 on ,japanese ,music xlvi4 xlvii4 ,izambilo1 ,zulu xlviii4 ,,jack 7,h>psi*ord & ,sp9et7 vi4 ,jacobs1 ,e41 viol da gamba play] xix4 ,japanese ,commission1 ,inv5tions ,exhibition xxiii4 ,japanese ,in/rum5ts xviii4 xix4 xiv4 xlvi4 xlvii4 ,japanese ,village 7#ahhe-g7 xlvi4 xlvii4 ,javese ,gambang 7#ahhb7 xlviii4 ,javese ,sal5dro & ,pelog xlviii4 ,jewitt1 ,llewellyn 7,f4,s4,a471 on ,anci5t ,horns i4 ,joa*im1 ,dr4 ,joseph1 on ,/radiv>ius xxvi4 ,joseph1 ,e4 7,*it>rone & ,p$al ,h>p7 xxi4 xxxiv4 ,,k>n,,tik or ,s\!rn ,indian ,music xl4 ,ke5e1 ,s41 sp9et-mak] xxii4 xxii4 ,kettl$rum1 ,/ate ix4 xxxv4 ,khong ,yai1 ,siamese x4 xliii4 ,kit xxxi4 ,khuruj 7,h9du keynote7 xl4 ,k+ ,joseph ,gu>n]ius ,viol9 xxvi4 ,k9nor1 ,hebrew xix4 ,kirkman1 ,jacob1 h>psi*ord-mak] xxxiii4 ,kirsnick1 put free re$s 9 organs xviii4 xlii4 ,klui1 ,siamese xlii4 ,kokiu1 ,japanese xix4 xlvii4 ,kokiu1 ,japanese1 tun+ xlvii4 ,koto1 ,japanese viii4 xviii4 xix4 xlvi4 ,koto1 ,japanese1 tun+ xlvi4 ,kratz5/e91 ,pr(essor1 inv5tor ( free re$ /ops 9 organs xlii4 ,kraus figlio1 ,a41 musicologi/ xxxvii4 ,kreb>1 ,g41 !orbo-mak] xvi4 ,,l&1 ,j4,p4,n41 on ,arab ,music & ,correspond5ce ( ,huyg5s xvi4 xv4 ,la-pa1 ,*9ese xlv4 ,laurie1 ,david 7,gu>n]ius del ,ges & ,/radiv>ius ,viol9s7 xxvi4 ,lavoix fils1 ,h5ri1 on ,music ( ! ,e>ly ,r5aissance v4 ,laz>us1 ,h41 cl>9et-play] xxxix4 ,lehmann1 ,r4 7,*it>rone7 xvi4 ,lituus1 ,roman xiv4 xxxvii4 ,liuto ,attiorbato1 ,!orbo$ ,lute xvi4 ,lotz1 improv$ ! basset horn xxxix4 ,l\vet1 hurdy-gurdy mak] xxx4 ,love ,viol 7,viola d',amore7 xxvii4 ,lute xi4 xxii4 xv4 ,lute1 tun+ xv4 ,lute1 ,que5 ,elizabe?'s xi4 ix4 ,lyra ,viol xxvii4 ,lyre1 ,greek xix4 ,,mace1 ,?omas1 on ,lutes xv4 ,mahati ,vna1 ,h9du xl4 ,mhdyam 7melody /r+71 ,h9du xl4 ,mahillon1 ,victor1 musicologi/ & writ] on ac\/ics xii4 xix4 xxxiii4 xxxvii4 xl4 xlv4 ,malcolmson1 ,a4,w4 7,trumpet7 xxxvi4 ,m&ol9e1 ,milanese xi4 xxiii4 xxx4 ,m&ol9e1 ,neapolitan xi4 xxiii4 ,m&ol9e1 tun+s xxiii4 ,m>imba1 ,zulu x4 xlviii4 ,maskell1 ,a4 7,music ,loan ,collection7 xxxiv4 ,mat!son1 on ! ,viola d',amore xxvii4 ,mean or ,neut] ,?irds xv4 v4 ,mee1 ,rev4 ,j4,h41 on ,abb ,vogl] xviii4 xliv4 ,m]cator1 m$al ( ,sir ,mi*ael1 in/rum5t-mak] to ,h5ry ,,viii4 xviii4 ,m]s5ne 7,a4,d4 #afcf71 on ,musical ,in/rum5ts xv4 xvi4 xx4 ,moon ,guit>1 ,*9ese xlv4 ,moz>t xxiii4 xxxix4 ,m'ridang1 ,h9du ix4 xli4 ,muell]1 ,ivan1 improv$ ! basset horn xxxix4 ,muell]1 ,dr41 on ,japanese ,musical ,in/rum5ts xlvii4 ,musette xv4 iv4 ,museum1 ,brussels ,cons]vatoire xi4 xii4 xiii4 xviii4 xix4 xxxvii4 xl4 ,museum1 ,p>is ,cons]vatoire xx4 xxx4 ,museum1 ,s\? ,k5s+ton viii4 xx4 ,music ,class ,room1 ,ed9burgh xxvii4 xxxi4 xli4 xliv4 xlv4 ,music ,loan ,collection1 ,s\? ,k5s+ton 7#ahgb7 xxiv4 xxviii4 ,music ,loan ,collection1 ,royal ,alb]t ,hall 7#ahhe7 xxiii4 ,,nag>a1 ,indian xli4 ,nahabat1 ,indian xli4 ,nakk]a ,khaneh1 ,indian xli4 ,n>s ,v>>iddhi1 ,h4,r4,h4 ,pr9ce xxiii4 xlii4 xliii4 ,naut* ,girls1 ,indian xli4 ,nef]1 ,egyptian viii4 ,nimfali 7,portable ,organ7 xiii4 ,nor?1 ,c4 ,m',intyre1 on ,highl& ,musical ,in/rum5ts iii4 iv4 v4 vii4 ,nor?1 ,rog]1 treble viol & viol da gamba play] xix4 ,,oakeley1 ,pr(essor ,sir ,h]b]t1 ,mus4 ,doc4 7,viola d',amore1 etc47 xxvii4 ,oboe xiv4 xvi4 xxxix4 ,oboe d',amore xxxix4 ,oboe da ,caccia xxxix4 ,o',curry1 ,eug5e1 on ,iri% ,musical ,in/rum5ts ii4 ,oldham1 ,c4 7,/radiv>ius ,viol9s7 xxv4 ,oliphant xiv4 vii4 ,organ1 ,portable xvi4 xvii4 xiii4 ,organ1 ,positive xvi4 xvii4 xi4 ,orpheoreon xi4 ix4 ,,pagd51 ,mrs4 ,f4 7,bible ,regal7 xiii4 ,pagn]re1 ,l41 on ,b>bu1 hurdy-gurdy play] xxx4 ,p&ore xi4 ix4 ,pau]1 ,pr(essor1 sugge/$ re-introduction ( viol d'amore xix4 ,payne1 ,e4,j41 on ,viol9s xix4 xxvi4 xxvii4 ,p$al ,h>p xxxiv4 ,pee1 ,siamese xlii4 ,pek+ ,b& 7#ahhd7 xliv4 xiv4 ,p5orcon xi4 ix4 ,p5tatonic ,scales xix4 xliv4 xlvi4 xlvii4 xlviii4 ,pepys's ,di>y xviii4 xxxviii4 ,phan1 ,siamese xviii4 ,pi-p'a1 ,phi-pe1 ,*9ese xix4 xliv4 ,pi-p'a1 tun+ xliv4 ,play=d1 ,john1 on ,viol d',amore xxvii4 ,po*ette xxxi4 ,pomm]1 precursor ( bassoon xxxix4 ,portable ,organ or ,portative xvi4 xvii4 xiii4 ,positive ,organ xvi4 xvii4 xi4 ,praetorius 7,a4,d4 #afai71 on ,musical ,in/rum5ts xvii4 ix4 xi4 xii4 xiv4 xx4 xxvii4 ,psalt]y xxi4 xvii4 ,pua1 ,spani% plectrum xxiii4 ,purcell1 ,h5ry xxii4 ,pyne1 ,j4 ,k5drick 7,dulcim]7 xvii4 ,,qan,u,n xxi4 xvii4 ,que5 ,victoria xiv4 xxiii4 xxxv4 ,que5 ,elizabe?'s ,lute xi4 ix4 ,que5 ,elizabe?'s ,virg9al xxii4 viii4 ,que5 ,m>y's ,h>p xx4 ii4 ,qu9t]na xxiii4 ,r,,ga1 ,h9du xl4 ,rm ,pl ,s+h1 ,h4,h4 ! ,rjah xl4 ,ranat ,ek1 ,siamese x4 xliii4 ,record]s xxxviii4 ,regal xviii4 xii4 xiii4 ,reissmann1 ,dr4 ,a41 on ,musical ,in/rum5ts xx4 ,riao1 ,j4,f41 on ,e>ly ,spani% ,music xvii4 ,rizzio1 ,david x4 x4 ,rob]tson1 ,john 7,m>imba7 xlviii4 ,rose1 ,john1 mak] ( ,que5 ,elizabe?'s ,lute ix4 ,roses1 rosettes 9 s\nd-bo>ds xiv4 ,rotta1 ,rote1 ,m$ival xx4 xxiv4 ,r[bo?am1 ,j4,f41 ,musical ,hi/ory ix4 xli4 ,royal ,college ( ,music xl4 ,ruck]s1 h>psi*ord-mak]s viii4 xxii4 xviii4 xx4 ,,/4 ,,cecilia ,pa9t+s xvii4 xi4 ,s&1 ,george1 ,les ,matres ,sonneurs iv4 ,s&ba*1 ,w41 trumpet-mak] xxxviii4 ,santir1 ,p]sian xvii4 ,san-hsi51 ,*9ese xliv4 ,san-hsi51 tun+ xliv4 ,saw ,duang1 ,siamese xlii4 ,saw ,oo1 ,siamese xlii4 ,saw ,tai1 ,siamese xlii4 ,saxe1 ,c41 cornet-mak] xxxvii4 ,sc>latti1 ,d41 compos] & h>psi*ord-play] xxxiii4 ,s*eltz]1 ,s41 improv$ ! bassoon xxxix4 ,s1 ,*9ese xviii4 ,%aw1 ,w41 trumpet-mak] xxxv4 ,%awm1 ,s*almey1 precursor ( oboe xxxix4 ,%ng1 ,*9ese xviii4 xliv4 ,%ng1 ,*9ese1 scale xliv4 ,%eph]d's pipe xiv4 ,%o1 ,japanese xvi4 ,%oph>1 ,jewi% xii4 xiii4 i4 ,%oph>1 fl\ri%es xii4 ,%ort ,octave 9 organs & sp9ets vi4 viii4 xxii4 ,%udi1 ,b4 7,ts*udi71 h>psi*ord-mak] xxiii4 xxxiii4 ,siam1 ,h4,m4 ! ,k+ ( xviii4 ,siamese ,in/rum5ts viii4 xlii4 xliii4 ,siamese ,scale xv4 ,siamis51 ,japanese xix4 xlvii4 ,siamis51 ,japanese1 tun+s xlvii4 ,si5-tz1 ,*9ese xliv4 ,silb]mann1 ,g41 pian(orte-mak] xxxiii4 ,sitr1 ,h9du xxi4 xl4 ,sitr1 ,h9du1 tun+s xl4 ,sitr1 ,h9du1 modes xl4 ,skelton1 ,john1 ,poet ,laureate & au?or ( a poem on ! ,cl>icorde xxxii4 ,s-na1 ,*9ese xlv4 ,s-na1 ,*9ese1 scale xlv4 ,sono ,koto1 ,japanese xlv4 ,sord9i xxxi4 ,spani% ,dances xxix4 ,sp5c]1 ,e>l 7,oliphant7 xiv4 vii4 ,sp9et xii4 xxii4 viii4 xx4 xvii4 ,sp9et1 ,d\ble xxii4 xx4 ,sp9et1 ,upright xxii4 vi4 ,sp9etta ,trav]sa1 ,sp9etti xviii4 xxii4 ,s'ruti1 ,h9du xx4 ,/a9]1 ,dr41 on ,hebrew ,musical ,in/rum5ts xix4 ,/eu>t1 ,c4 ,durrant 7,highl& ,h>ps7 ii4 iii4 ,/one1 ,dr4 ,w4,h41 on ,w9d ,in/rum5ts xxxix4 ,/radiv>ius x4 xxv4 xxvi4 xxviii4 xxix4 xxxi4 ,srsanga1 ,h9du xl4 ,sympa!tic ,/r+s xx4 xxvii4 ,synagogue1 ,great 7,london7 xii4 ,syrian ,scale xv4 ,syr9x xiv4 ,,tabla1 ,h9du xli4 ,tagore1 ,rjah ,sir ,s4,m41 on ,indian ,music xl4 xli4 ,ta'khay1 ,siamese xix4 xliii4 ,tam-,tam1 ,indian xli4 ,tang5t1 ,clavi*ord xxxii4 ,t>uffe 7,sitr7 xli4 ,tas*5geige xxxi4 ,telyn1 ,wel% xx4 ,t5oroon xvi4 xxxix4 ,?t1 ,h9du xl4 ,!orbo xi4 xx4 xvi4 ,?or\gh ,bass xi4 xv4 xxxiii4 ,ti-*'91 ,*9ese xlii4 ,tielke1 ,joa*im1 /r+$-in/rum5t mak] xix4 xxiii4 ,ti-tzu1 ,*9ese xlv4 ,ti-tzu1 ,*9ese1 scale xlv4 ,tollema*e1 ,"l 7,que5 ,elizabe?'s ,lute7 ix4 ,t\rte1 ,franois1 viol9-b[ mak] xxv4 xxvi4 ,trumpet xxxv4 xxxvi4 xxxvii4 ,trumpet1 ,cavalry xiv4 xxxvi4 ,trumpet1 ,/ate xiv4 xxxv4 ,tw9+1 ,miss ,elizabe?1 ,ruck]s ,h>psi*ord xviii4 ,,urh-,,hsi51 ,ur-he51 ,*9ese xliv4 ,,valdrighi1 ,c\nt ,l4,f4 7,mod5a71 musicologi/ xxxix4 ,van ,aal/1 ,j4,a4 7,%anghai7 on ,*9ese ,musical ,in/rum5ts xliv4 xlv4 ,v&] ,/raet51 ,e41 musicologi/ xv4 ,v5etian ,swell1 h>psi*ord & organ xxiii4 xxxiii4 ,vielle1 ,hurdy-,gurdy iv4 xxx4 ,vna1 ,indian xxi4 xl4 ,vna1 ,indian1 tun+s xl4 ,viola ,ba/>da xxvii4 ,viola d',amore1 ,viole d',am\r xii4 xxiii4 xxvii4 ,viola d',amore1 tun+ xxvii4 ,viola da ,gamba xii4 xxiii4 xix4 ,viola da ,gamba1 tun+ xix4 ,viol9 xii4 xxv4 xxvi4 ,viol9 b[ xxi4 xxv4 xxvi4 ,virdung 7,a4,d4 #aeaa71 on ,musical ,in/rum5ts vi4 xii4 ,virg9al viii4 xxi4 viii4 xviii4 xx4 ,vogl]1 ,abb1 advocat$ free re$s 9 organs xviii4 xliv4 ,vv5delio1 lute-mak] xi4 xv4 ,vuillaume1 ,j4,b41 viol9-mak] xxvi4 xxviii4 ,,wagn] xiii4 xvi4 ,wales1 ,h4,r4,h4 ! ,pr9ce ( 7,cavalry ,bugle7 xiv4 xxiii4 xxxvi4 ,weale1 ,w4,h4,j41 ,catalogue ( r>e ,,mss4 & pr9t$ books 7,music ,loan ,collection7 xviii4 ,webb1 ,h5ry1 re9troduc$ ! viol da gamba xix4 ,webb1 ,joseph 7,cavalry ,trumpet7 xxxvi4 ,wellesley1 ,g]ald 7,clavi*ord7 xxxii4 ,wel% ,h>p xx4 ,willmott1 ,miss ,e4,a4 7,bell ,h>p & ,hurdy-,gurdy7 xxx4 ,wit1 ,paul de1 viol da gamba play] xix4 ,wood1 ,george 7,japanese ,koto7 xlvi4 ,wynne-,f9*1 ,colonel 7,wel% ,crw?7 xxiv4 ,,yang-,,*',,91 ,*9ese xvii4 ,yueh-*'91 ,*9ese xiv4 ,,zalzal1 ,arabic lut5i/ xv4 ,zampogna1 ,italian xiv4 iv4 ,zimbalon1 ,italian xvii4 ,zoell]1 ,c41 on ! ,viola d',amore xxvii4 ,,! ,,end ,pr9t$ 9 ,great ,brita9 by ,bill+ & ,sons1 ,ltd41 ,guild=d & ,e%]4