---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,transcriber's ,note3 ,this version of the text cannot represent certain typographical effects4 ,italics are delimited with the #8' character as italic4 ,full page images have been moved slightly to the nearest paragraph break4 ,they were not included in the pagination of the original4 ,minor errors1 attributable to the printer1 have been corrected4 ,please see the transcriber's note at the end of this text for details regarding the handling of any textual issues encountered during its preparation4 ,illustration3 ,the ,great ,opal 8,the ,flame ,queen0 ,kelsey ,i4 ,newman ,collection ,,the ,,magic ,,and ,,science ,,of ,,jewels ,,and ,,stones ,,by ,,isidore ,,kozminsky ,,fully ,,illustrated #ci ,,specimens ,,in ,,color ,,and #bb ,,other ,,illustrations ,g4 ,p4 ,,putnam',s ,,sons ,,new ,,york ,,and ,,london ,the ,knickerbocker ,press #aibb ,copyright1 #aibb1 by ,g4 ,p4 ,putnam's ,sons --- ,made in the ,united ,states of ,america ,to ,my ,dear ,wife ,this ,book is ,affectionately ,dedicated ,,preface ,in these pages a sincere attempt is made to blend modern science with the ancient and occult philosophy of the precious1 semi-precious and common stones of the earth4 ,it will be shown that many of the seemingly absurd narratives of old authors are but cunningly concealed truths1 the unravelling of which can be followed with interest and profit along the lines herein indicated4 ,the ancient masters held that the influences exerted by the heavenly bodies entered into harmonious relations with various terrestrial substances4 ,hence we have the venerable philosophy of fortunate stones1 planetary gems and 8stones of power10 which form a part of the vast department known as talismanic magic4 ,it is the philosophy of sympathy and antipathy prevailing through nature--atom for atom1 stone for stone1 plant for plant1 animal for animal1 man for man4 ,this observation was subjected to an orderly scientific arrangement which for completeness of detail would compare1 in some cases1 more than favorably with the most careful synthesis of modern science4 ,in order to make easily understood the matter treated and to secure pronunciations as nearly correct as possible1 it has been considered advisable to render all foreign words1 ancient and modern1 in familiar letters4 ,i have to express my grateful thanks to the friends who have1 in various ways1 been helpful to me in regard to this work4 ,to ,mr4 ,kelsey ,i4 ,newman1 for the use of his unique collection of opals and precious stones1 including the wonderful opal1 8,the ,flame ,queen10 and especially for his co-operation1 without which this book could not have been published4 ,likewise to ,the ,right ,honorable the ,viscountess ,astor1 ,m4,p42 ,lieutenant ,sir ,edward ,mackenzie-,mackenzie1 ,bart41 for his original ,heraldic drawings of the horoscopes of royal and notable persons from my charts2 ,professor ,sir ,william ,ridgeway1 ,sc4,d41 ,,ll4,d41 ,litt4,d41 ,f4,b4,a41 of ,cambridge ,university1 ,england2 ,miss ,kathleen ,watkins1 for her help in preparing the sheets for the press2 ,mrs4 ,beatrix ,colquhoun1 for her paintings of the ,flame ,queen and other gems from ,mr4 ,kelsey ,i4 ,newman's collection2 ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,c4 ,g4 ,king1 ,melbourne1 ,australia2 ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,henry ,t4 ,seymour1 ,new ,york ,city2 ,mr4 ,william ,howat1 ,melbourne1 ,australia2 ,mrs4 ,s4 ,kozminsky1 ,melbourne1 ,australia2 ,mrs4 ,alice ,walker1 ,melbourne1 ,australia2 ,mr4 ,g4 ,s4 ,brown1 ,melbourne1 ,australia2 ,mr4 ,g4 ,a4 ,osboldstone1 ,melbourne1 ,australia2 ,mr4 ,james ,mackenzie1 ,adelaide1 ,australia2 ,mr4 ,m4 ,susman1 ,hobart1 ,tasmania1 and to my wife to whom this book is dedicated4 ,,isidore ,,kozminsky4 ,,melbourne1 ,,australia1 ,january1 #aibb4 8,another1 ere she slept1 was stringing stones ,to make a necklet--agate1 onyx1 sard1 ,coral1 and moonstone--round her wrist it gleamed ,a coil of splendid colour1 while she held ,unthreaded yet1 the bead to close it up-- ,green turkis1 carved with golden gods and scripts40 ,,edwin ,,arnold--8,the ,light of ,asia40 ,,contents ,,chapter ,,page ,i4-- ,,study ,,of ,,precious ,,stones ,,in ,,early ,,times #c ,,ii4-- ,,the ,,most ,,ancient ,,science #f ,,iii4-- ,,the ,,ephod ,,of ,,the ,,high ,,priest #i ,,iv4-- ,,the ,,breastplate ,,of ,,judgment #ab ,v4-- ,,interpretation ,,of ,,the ,,breastplate ,,according ,,to ,,ancient #ah ,,philosophy ,,vi4-- ,,the ,,stones ,,of ,,the ,,breastplate ,,and ,,the ,,zodiac #eg ,,vii4-- ,,old ,,legends #fa ,,viii4-- ,,stones ,,in ,,various ,,mythologies #gb ,,ix4-- ,,stones ,,and ,,their ,,stories #hc ,x4-- ,,the ,,greatest ,,charms ,,in ,,the ,,world #ajd ,,precious ,,and ,,semi-,,precious ,,gems ,,arranged ,,in ,,alphabetical ,,order ,,xi4-- ,,agate-,,amazonite #aaa ,,xii4-- ,,amber-,,azurite #aba ,,xiii4-- ,,the ,,beryl ,,family #acg ,,xiv4-- ,,balas-,,crysocolla #aea ,,xv4-- ,,chrysolite-,,crystal #aff ,,xvi4-- ,,the ,,diamond #ahd ,,xvii4-- ,,some ,,famous ,,and ,,wonderful ,,diamonds ,,and ,,their ,,stories #bjd ,,xviii4-- ,,dichroite-,,iolite #bbf ,,xix4-- ,,jacinth-,,lodestone #bdb ,,xx4-- ,,malachite-,,nephrite #bfj ,,xxi4-- ,,obsidian-,,onyx #bgf ,,xxii4-- ,,the ,,opal #bhf ,,the ,,great ,,australian ,,opal ,,xxiii4-- ,,the ,,flame ,,queen #cjj ,,xxiv4-- ,,various ,,kinds ,,of ,,opal #cjb ,,xxv4-- ,,pearl #cjg ,,xxvi4-- ,,pearl #cbb ,,xxvii4-- ,,peridot-,,ruby #ccc ,,xxviii4-- ,,rutile-,,sapphire #cea ,,xxix4-- ,,sardonyx-,,succinite #cfb ,,xxx4-- ,,titanite-,,topaz #cgd ,,xxxi4-- ,,tourmaline-,,zircon #chb ,,xxxii4-- ,,stones ,,in ,,shakespeare',s ,,plays #cif ,,xxxiii4-- ,,forms1 ,,compositions1 ,,characteristics1 ,,zodiacal #dab ,,classification1 ,,and ,,places ,,of ,,origin ,,xxxiv4-- ,,gems ,,in ,,heraldry1 ,,magical ,,squares ,,of ,,abra ,,melin ,,the #dbj ,,mage1 ,,charubel',s ,,gem ,,influences1 ,,gems ,,of ,,countries ,,xxxv4-- ,,the ,,inevitable ,,law ,,of ,,transmutation #dca ,,illustrations ,,page ,,the ,,great ,,opal--,,the ,,flame ,,queen 7,in colour7 ,frontispiece ,kelsey ,i4 ,newman ,collection4 ,,rare ,,opals 7,in colour7 #dj ,kelsey ,i4 ,newman ,collection4 ,,hieroglyphics #ee ,a ,,perfect ,,specimen ,,of ,,the ,,english ,,gold ,,noble 7#acdd7 #if ,in the ,kelsey ,i4 ,newman ,collection4 ,traditionally stated to have been made from ,alchemical ,gold4 ,,large ,,scarab #ajf ,william ,howat ,collection4 ,,rare ,,scarab ,,of ,,rameses ,,ii--,a ,,famous ,,pharaoh ,,of ,,the ,,bible #ajf ,mrs4 ,c4 ,g4 ,king's ,collection4 ,,rare ,,antique ,,scarab ,,of ,,black ,,jasper #ajf ,talismanic ,charm--,mercury1 ,guardian of ,sailors4 ,mrs4 ,c4 ,g4 ,king's ,collection4 ,,tabell ,,corellat #agg ,,gazing ,,crystal ,,on ,,dragon ,,stand #ahj ,presented to the ,author by the late ,judge ,casey of ,victoria1 ,australia4 ,,horoscope ,,of ,,kruger #aih ,,horoscope ,,of ,,isabella ,,ii #aii ,,horoscope ,,of ,,nicholas ,,ii #bjh ,,horoscope ,,of ,,james ,,ii #bab 8,,inspiration0 #bfb ,marble group in ,central ,hall1 ,art ,institute1 ,chicago4 ,signed--,kathleen ,beverly ,robinson4 ,memorial to ,florence ,jane ,adams4 ,presented by ,friends and ,pupils of ,mrs4 ,adams1 #aiae4 ,by ,kind ,permission of ,the ,art ,institute of ,chicago4 ,,antique ,,moss ,,agate ,,patch ,,box #bfh ,mrs4 ,w4 ,r4 ,furlong's ,collection4 ,,moss ,,agate ,,basket #bfh ,william ,howat ,collection4 ,,old ,,maiori ,,charm ,,of ,,greenstone ,,known ,,as ,,hei ,,tiki #bgd ,,venus1 ,,cupid1 ,,and ,,the ,,graces--,a ,,sardonyx ,,cameo ,,by ,,cerbara #bhd ,newton ,robinson ,collection4 ,sold at ,christie's1 ,london1 in #aiji4 ,,the ,,argonauts ,,consulting ,,hygiea #bhd ,large and ,rare ,cameo4 ,kelsey ,i4 ,newman ,collection4 ,,opals ,,of ,,wonderful ,,colour 7,in colour7 #bhh ,kelsey ,i4 ,newman ,collection4 ,,horoscope ,,of ,,alfonzo ,,xii #big ,,other ,,aspects ,,of ,,the ,,great ,,opal--,,the ,,flame ,,queen 7,in colour7 #cjj ,kelsey ,i4 ,newman ,collection4 ,,small ,,necklet ,,of ,,perfect ,,oriental ,,pearls #caj ,kelsey ,i4 ,newman ,collection4 ,,horoscope ,,of ,,mary ,,of ,,scotland #cah ,,horoscope ,,of ,,elizabeth ,,of ,,england #cai ,,horoscope ,,of ,,henry ,,viii ,,of ,,england #cdi ,,beautiful ,,colour ,,gems 7,in colour7 #cfj ,kelsey ,i4 ,newman ,collection4 ,,specimen ,,of ,,rough ,,turquoise 7,in colour7 #cij ,victoria1 ,australia ,,horoscope ,,of ,,shakespeare #djb ,the ,magic and ,science of ,jewels and ,stones ,,chapter ,i ,,study ,,of ,,precious ,,stones ,,in ,,early ,,times 8,a thing of beauty is a joy forever2 ,its loveliness increases2 it will never ,pass into nothingness40 ,,keats4 ,,inspiration ,,and ,,knowledge3 ,,experiments ,,on ,,sensitives3 ,,gems ,,and ,,colour ,,attractions3 ,,ancient ,,gem ,,classification3 ,,science ,,hermetic ,,among ,,ancient ,,nations3 ,,punishment ,,of ,,the ,,peach ,,tree3 ,,modern ,,classification4 ,the study of the precious and semi-precious stones of the earth has commanded the attention of man from the mists of ages when1 according to ,enoch1 the angel ,azazzel came to the earth plane to teach him the use of them4 ,hence man considered the actual benefit to himself of these stones until his natural curiosity led him to study more deeply the marvel of their existence4 ,there can be little doubt that the indicated use was talismanic1 and that the pure wisdom of divine inspiration and a clear faith rendered man's intuition so keen that he was quite able to know the virtue of various stones without chemical analysis4 ,dr4 ,ennemoser has recorded the effects of precious stones on certain psychic subjects1 giving the opinion that 8it is not improbable that in the early ages the belief in the virtues of talismans was induced by similar observations40 ,this1 no doubt1 is true and indicates to us that certain observed phenomena compelled a closer study4 ,we are then reminded of the experiments which have been attributed to the schools of ,pythagoras and of the observed effects of certain stones in the hands of sensitives by ,baron ,reichenbach in the middle of the nineteenth century and of the still more recent experiments in the schools at ,nancy4 ,there are records of these experiments being carried out on magnetic somnambulists when diamonds1 emeralds1 rubies1 loadstones1 beryls1 jaspers and other stones were found to produce varied and strange effects4 ,gems in common with all manifestations of nature have the power of attracting certain colours to themselves3 and so persistent are these colours that it has been observed that when they are changed by art they are liable to revert slowly 7for the action of the stone world is slow7 to their original colours4 ,this can be noticed especially with ,topaz which may on this account alone have been identified with the stubborn and indomitable ,mars4 ,the attraction of diverse colours by the various chemical compounds which are cohesive in the various stones must be a certain indication of vibratory power4 ,indeed1 the ancients have indicated that the rates of vibration in the gems differ with the needs of the chemical entities composing them1 and it may as well be emphasized here that life exists in a gem just as it does in another form in a plant or an animal4 ,it need scarcely be repeated that colour is vibration4 ,colour is crystallized in a gem and immense vibration defies the material senses of man4 ,a violet amethyst vibrates at the enormous rate of #gej trillions per second whilst a red ruby vibrates at #dfj trillions4 ,hence we can scientifically demonstrate distinct powers by the evidence of known vibratory action4 ,the people of antiquity classified gems in a manner different from that of the people of to-day1 for they regarded colour of primary importance and bracketed stones of similar shades thus establishing the first points of agreement in the department of vibratory power4 ,it is inconceivable however1 that the great masters were unacquainted with chemical components1 for chemistry was one of the secret arts1 and it is well known that the priests of ,egypt experimented secretly in their temples and that the betrayal of scientific secrets was followed by the mysterious 8punishment of the peach tree0 7supposed to be death from prussic acid74 ,modern groupings are arranged with regard to chemical affinities so far as can be traced by close analytical investigations and experiments4 ,,chapter ,,ii ,,the ,,most ,,ancient ,,science 8,and ,god said1 ,let there be lights in the firmament of the ,heaven to divide the day from the night2 and let them be for signs1 and for seasons1 and for days1 and years40 ,genesis #a3ad4 ,,astrology3 ,,colours ,,of ,,the ,,heavens4 ,the old science of ,astrology was known amongst the ,hebrews as the ,wisdom of ,foreknowledge 7,,hok ,,mat ,,ha ,,nissayon71 and with it was included ,astronomy or ,star ,knowledge 7,,hok ,,mat ,,ha ,,hozzayon74 ,it is spoken of as of heavenly origin having been communicated to man by the angels after he had lost ,eden4 ,it was written that3 ,,kokabel communicated ,astrology1 ,wisdom of the ,stars4 ,,rakiel or ,,barakel communicated ,astronomy1 ,star ,gazing4 ,,shehakeel communicated ,the ,wisdom of the ,clouds4 ,,arkiel communicated ,the ,symbols of the ,earth4 ,,samsiel communicated ,the ,symbols of the ,sun4 ,,scuriel or ,,sahriel communicated ,the ,symbols of the ,moon4 ,from the observed influences of the ,sun and ,moon the old scholars were enabled to classify the influence of these orbs in the various parts of the heavens and to formulate special rules1 which extended observation rendered more convincing and complete4 ,the simple consideration of the lunar phases brought grains of knowledge1 which included the calculation of tidal action1 eclipses1 etc4 ,the unity of the forces of ,nature was then demonstrated in the actions and influences of the planets and stars1 and the blending of such influences with their zodiacal positions and aspects4 ,universal unity was insisted on and the statements of the ancient scholars have not been discredited by the revelations of modern scientific discoveries4 ,the ,talmud calls the planets 8moving stars0 and sets down that ,alexander of ,macedon was pictured with a ball in his hand to symbolize the spherical shape of the ,earth4 ,the planets were indicated as follows3 ,mercury the ,planet of ,mind is ,the ,star ,venus the ,planet of ,beauty is ,splendour ,mars the ,planet of ,contention is ,ruddiness ,jupiter the ,planet of ,prosperity is ,benevolence ,saturn the ,planet of ,restraint is ,the ,star of ,sabbath ,comets are represented as arrows of flame bearing messages to mankind4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the various colours ascribed to the planets are3 ,sun ,yellow1 ,golden1 ,orange ,moon ,white1 ,silvery1 pale opalescent ,green ,mercury ,dove ,grey ,venus ,delicate ,colour ,tints1 ,shades of ,green1 pale ,blue1 etc4 ,mars ,red ,jupiter ,purple ,saturn ,black ,uranus ,mixed ,colours ,neptune ,doubtful ,the colours ascribed to the #ab ,signs of the ,zodiac and the planets associated with them are3 ,aries ,white and ,red ,mixed ,mars ,taurus ,white and ,lemon ,mixed ,venus ,gemini ,white and ,red ,mixed ,mercury ,cancer ,green or ,russet ,moon ,leo ,red and ,green ,sun ,virgo ,black and ,blue ,mercury ,libra ,dark ,crimson ,venus ,scorpio ,dark ,brown ,mars ,sagittarius ,sanguine ,green ,jupiter ,capricorn ,black ,saturn ,aquarius ,sky ,blue ,uranus ,pisces ,glistening ,white ,neptune ,the approximate date of the ,sun's entry into the various zodiacal signs enabled astrologers to select the ,solar ,talismanic ,gem4 ,the ,sun enters ,aries about ,march #ba ,the ,sun enters ,taurus about ,april #ba ,the ,sun enters ,gemini about ,may #bb ,the ,sun enters ,cancer about ,june #bb ,the ,sun enters ,leo about ,july #bc ,the ,sun enters ,virgo about ,august #bd ,the ,sun enters ,libra about ,september #bd ,the ,sun enters ,scorpio about ,october #bd ,the ,sun enters ,sagittarius about ,november #bc ,the ,sun enters ,capricorn about ,december #bj ,the ,sun enters ,aquarius about ,january #bj ,the ,sun enters ,pisces about ,february #ai ,this brief statement of the most ancient science must suffice4 ,it will enable the reader to understand the philosophy on which the wearing of talismanic jewels rests and may induce him to delve a little into the 8wisdom of the fathers40 ,,chapter ,,iii ,,the ,,ephod ,,of ,,the ,,high ,,priest 8,and yet1 as angels in some brighter dreams ,call to the soul when men doth sleep1 ,so may some strange thoughts transcend our wonted themes ,and into glory peep40 ,,henry ,,vaughan4 ,,the ,,ephod ,,of ,,the ,,high ,,priest3 ,,the ,,heavens1 ,,the ,,gates1 ,,the ,,caves3 ,,the ,,four ,,worlds4 ,in the #bhth chapter of ,exodus we learn that those that are 8wise hearted0 and 8filled with the spirit of wisdom0 were selected to make for ,aaron consecrated garments--a breastplate and an ephod1 a broidered coat1 a mitre and a girdle4 ,on the shoulders of the ,ephod 7,hebrew1 ,hepod7 which was to be made 8of gold1 of blue1 and of purple1 of scarlet0--these being the colours of divinity--8and fine twined linen1 with cunning work0 were to be placed two stones1 each to be engraved after the manner of a signet1 with six names of the children of ,israel4 ,authorities generally agree with the translations in classifying these two stones as ,onyx1 and there are very important reasons from an occult point of view why they should be so identified even though ,josephus accounts them ,sardonyx which1 he says1 represents the sun and the moon4 ,these onyx stones were to be worn 8for stones of memorial unto the children of ,israel40 ,the ephod was similar to an upper body-garment of the ,greeks 7,josephus says it resembled the ,epomis7 and may be described as a kind of waistcoat held by straps which passed over the shoulders and were twined round the waist with the cunningly woven band4 ,the two large onyx stones were set on the shoulder-straps1 and on each stone were engraved the names of the children of ,israel--8,six of their names on one stone1 and the other six names of the rest on the other stone1 according to their birth40 ,in astrology1 to which science perhaps on its more esoteric side we are impelled1 we can quickly recognize the twelve signs of the ,zodiac--six ,northern and six ,southern--in the twelve tribes of the children of ,israel1 more distinctly emphasized on the breastplate of the ,high ,priest4 ,the engraving on the two onyx stones1 one of which would necessarily be somewhat lighter in colour than the other1 can never be explained in our prosaic terms for they were attuned to the whisperings of the ,heavenly ,hosts and typified the eternal wanderings of the ,soul4 ,in my later remarks on the ,onyx ,i have noted the ancient philosophy regarding the descent of the ,soul through the ,gate of ,cancer and its ascent through the ,gate of ,capricorn4 ,peter symbolically represented at the ,gate of ,heaven1 is a veiled allusion to the stone 7,petros7 gateway through which the departing spirits of ,earth pass on their everlasting pilgrimage in search of the pearl above price--the hidden knowledge of perfect truth--a stone so gloriously brilliant that mortal eyes can never gaze on it4 ,in earlier ,egyptian symbolic lore it is assumed that the ,heavens were of stone1 the goddess ,hathor being the ,lady of the ,turquoise ,stones and other deities being represented by stones cut to forms and in their natural state4 ,in rabbinical allegory the ,creator1 vibrating through the rays of sunrise1 is reverenced as 8,the ,opener of the ,gates10 and frequent allusions are made to the gates of tears1 of prayer1 of praise1 and of repentance4 ,there is an old ,hebrew tradition that one ,messiah will come through the ,gate of ,capricorn and another through the ,gate of ,cancer4 ,plato writes of the two gateways--one through which the ,soul descends1 the other through which the soul ascends1 and ,porphyry says that on this account the ,egyptians did not begin the year like the ,romans with ,aquarius but with the ,moon ,sign ,cancer4 ,the ,quabalistic ,books say that the soul of man passed through the four celestial worlds in its descent1 receiving from ,aziluth1 the ,chaiah1 spiritual animation3 from ,briah1 ,neshamah1 understanding3 from ,jezirah1 ,ruach1 the passions3 from ,nephesch1 material desires4 ,he enters the world by the ,gate of ,generation 7the ,moon71 the watery sign1 the colour of which is indicated as green1 and he leaves the world of ,matter for the land of the ,immortals by the ,gate of ,material ,death 7,saturn71 the ,earth sign ,capricorn1 the colour of which is black4 ,the ,su'n passage through the tribal signs expressed on the onyx stones of the ,ephod symbolizes eternally the descent and ascent of immortal man4 ,,chapter ,,iv ,,the ,,breastplate ,,of ,,judgment 8,the future things and those which are to happen1 let them foretell unto thee40 ,isaiah ,,xliv4 #g4 ,,attached to the ,ephod was the famous ,,hoshen-,,ha-,,mishpat or ,breastplate of ,judgment which was of 8cunning work10 fashioned like the ,ephod 8of gold1 of blue1 and of purple1 and of scarlet1 and of fine twined linen40 ,it was a square pouch when doubled1 a span in length and a span in breadth4 ,josephus writes that there were 8twelve stones upon the ,breastplate1 extraordinary in largeness and beauty3 and they were an ornament not to be purchased by men because of their immense value4 ,the names of all those sons of ,jacob were engraven in these stones1 whom we esteem the heads of our tribes1 each in the order according to which they were born40 ,we are told in the #bhth chapter of the ,book of ,exodus that the ,urim and ,thummim were put into the ,breastplate4 ,dummelow believes that these were two jewels or images engraved with distinctive characters employed in casting lots4 ,josephus and the ,septuagint imply that the gems on the ,breastplate constituted the ,urim and ,thummim4 ,gensenius says that the ,urim and ,thummim were two little images which were placed between the folds of the ,breastplate4 ,dr4 ,chambers indicates the ,urim and ,thummim as a mysterious contrivance consisting either of the four rows of precious stones bearing the tribal signets1 or of two images4 ,it is pointed out that the images of ,isis and ,osiris1 worked in precious stones1 hung on the breast of the ,egyptian ,high ,priest to symbolize truth and justice4 ,the ,urim and ,thummim may be identical with the ,babylonian 8,tablets of ,destiny0 which were the instruments by which the seers of ,babylon conveyed the 8urtu0 or answer of the gods to the people4 ,in ,babylon the 8,tablets of ,destiny0 were only effective when on the breast of the god1 while amongst the children of ,israel the ,urim and ,thummim were only potent when on the breast of the ,high ,priest4 ,josephus says that the answer of the ,urim and ,thummim was revealed by rays of light1 and the ,talmudic account is in harmony with this statement4 ,it was necessary for accuracy that the oracle should only be approached by one on whom the ,shekinah or ,radiance rested3 one filled with the splendour of inspiration1 naturally gifted in the art of prophecy1 and fitted by the beauty of his thoughts and his life to draw unto himself the divine ,shekinah3 he must be 8covered with the robe of virtue as the bridegroom decketh himself with ornaments and as a bride adorneth herself with her jewels40 ,the ,rabbis identified ,urim and ,thummim as the 8grand and sacred name of ,god10 ,urim indicating 8,those whose words communicate light0 and ,thummin1 8,those whose words are realised10 while the ,septuagint renders them as 8,revelation0 and 8,truth40 ,the generally accepted meaning of ,urim and ,thummim is 8,lights and ,perfections40 ,the connection of the twelve zodiacal signs with the twelve tribes of ,israel and the twelve stones of the ,breastplate is remarked by ,josephus1 and the ,targum upon ,canticles also links them together4 ,wilson in 8,lights and ,shadows of ,northern ,mythology0 draws attention to the life-sized white marble figure of ,aaron robed1 wearing the ,breastplate showing a sign of the ,zodiac sculptured on each of the twelve precious stones1 which figure is placed on the right side of the ,high ,altar in ,s4 ,pietro1 ,piazza ,bianchi1 ,genoa4 ,the ,matsebah of ,babylon are black pillar stones on which in three elemental divisions are sculptured the twelve zodiacal signs by which the twelve ,assyrian gods are symbolized1 and the twelve lions on either side of the steps leading to ,solomon's throne represent the ,sun in its progress through the signs of ,heaven4 ,josephus mentions that he had seen the remains of an ancient pillar of stone on which ,seth1 foreseeing the great ,flood1 had engraved the elements of ,astrology which 8,adam had received from the ,creator40 8,moses was willing10 writes ,josephus1 8that the power of the ,breastplate should be known not only to the ,hebrews but to all the world4 ,when ,god was present the stone on the right shoulder of the ,high ,priest 7the stone symbolizing the soul's descent7 shone with a brilliancy not natural to it4 ,this has appeared a wonderful thing to such as have not so far indulged themselves in philosophy as to despise ,divine ,revelation4 ,yet will ,i mention what is more wonderful than this3 for ,god declared beforehand by those twelve stones which the ,high ,priest bare on his breast and which were inserted into his ,breastplate1 when they should be victorious in battle3 for so great a splendour shone forth from them before the army began to march that all the people were sensible of ,god's being present for their assistance4 ,whence it came to pass that those ,greeks who had a veneration for our laws1 because they could not possibly contradict this called the ,breastplate #8the ,oracle4' ,now this ,breastplate left off shining #bjj years before ,i composed this book1 ,god having been displeased at the transgression of the laws40 ,father ,kircher in 8,oedipus ,egyptianus0 gives an engraving of the ,tabernacle with the ,sun1 ,moon1 and ,planets in the centre and ,ephraim with a bull1 ,menasses with two infants1 ,benjamin with a ,centaur1 ,dan with a scorpion1 ,gad with a ram1 ,assehr with scales1 ,simeon with fishes1 ,reuben with a water-bearer1 ,zebulon with a fish-goat1 ,issachar with a lobster1 and ,judah with a lion4 ,the standards of the twelve tribes were given in the middle ages as follows3 ,issachar ,sun or ,full ,moon ,reuben ,man's ,head or ,bust ,judah ,a ,lion ,gad ,an ,army of ,men ,zebulon ,a ,ship ,simeon ,a ,citadel ,manassah ,a ,unicorn ,dan ,an ,eagle ,napthali ,deer ,benjamin ,a ,horse ,assher ,a ,tree ,the ,rabbinical writers generally favour the following tribal order3 ,reuben1 ,simeon1 ,levi1 ,judah1 ,dan1 ,napthali1 ,gad1 ,assher1 ,issachar1 ,zebulon1 ,joseph1 ,benjamin4 ,tobias ben ,eliezer quotes an old ,baraita which said that ,zebulon was followed by ,dan4 ,marbodus places them as follows3 #a4 ,reuben placed #crd of the #crd row in the ,breastplate #b4 ,simeon placed #crd of the #bnd row in the ,breastplate #c4 ,levi placed #crd of the #ast row in the ,breastplate #d4 ,judah placed #bnd of the #ast row in the ,breastplate #e4 ,zebulon placed #ast of the #ast row in the ,breastplate #f4 ,issachar placed #ast of the #bnd row in the ,breastplate #g4 ,dan placed #ast of the #crd row in the ,breastplate #h4 ,gad placed #ast of the #dth row in the ,breastplate #i4 ,assher placed #bnd of the #bnd row in the ,breastplate #aj4 ,napthali placed #bnd of the #crd row in the ,breastplate #aa4 ,joseph placed #bnd of the #dth row in the ,breastplate #ab4 ,benjamin placed #crd of the #dth row in the ,breastplate ,another old list gives the order as follows3 ,reuben1 ,dan1 ,judah1 ,levi1 ,issachar1 ,zebulon1 ,assher1 ,napthali1 ,gad1 ,simeon1 ,joseph1 ,benjamin4 ,swedenborg groups the tribes thus3 ,judah1 ,reuben and ,gad2 ,assher1 ,napthali and ,manasseh2 ,simeon1 ,levi and ,issachar2 ,zebulon1 ,joseph and ,benjamin4 ,it is unnecessary to quote further lists as ,i believe that the one ,i am now producing will be sufficient to redeem the confusion4 ,it is in complete harmony with the order of ,jacob's blessings 7,genesis ,,xlix7 and the signs of the ,zodiac4 ,it will be noted that ,taurus with the tribe of ,reuben leads the ,zodiac1 and it is related that under this sign the human race came to earth4 ,on ancient zodiacs the ,bull as a solar conception is shown wending his way through the stars4 #a4 ,reuben the ,defiler ,taurus #b4 ,simeon and ,levi the ,slayers ,gemini #c4 ,levi 8,held to0 7i4 e41 ,cancer to the altar7 #d4 ,judah the ,lion's ,whelp ,leo #e4 ,zebulon the ,haven ,virgo 7,argo1 the ship1 is in the constellation ,virgo74 #f4 ,issachar the ,bender ,libra #g4 ,dan the ,adder ,scorpio #h4 ,gad the ,victor ,sagittarius #i4 ,assher the ,producer ,capricorn #aj4 ,naphthali the ,comforter ,aquarius #aa4 ,joseph the ,redeemer ,pisces #ab4 ,benjamin the ,devourer ,aries ,the sign ,cancer is that of the tribe of ,levi as servants and guardians of the ,tabernacle1 the name indicating 8held to10 i4 e41 held to the altar4 ,,chapter ,v ,,interpretation ,,of ,,the ,,breastplate ,,according ,,to ,,ancient ,,philosophy ,it is apparent that the identification of the stones in the ,breastplate must present many difficulties4 ,lord ,arthur ,c4 ,hervey in his ,dictionary of the ,bible1 says3 8,whether the order followed the ages of the sons of ,israel or1 as seems most probable1 the order of the encampment1 may be doubted2 but unless any appropriate distinct symbolism of the different tribes be found in the names of the precious stones1 the question can scarcely be decided40 ,dr4 ,c4 ,keil in 8,biblical ,archaeology0 says3 8,the order of the rows of the precious stones is given in ,exodus #bh3ag-bj and #ci3aj-ac1 but owing to the vacillating manner in which the early writers designate and describe the stones we are at a loss to know how it should be explained40 ,dr4 ,deane is of the opinion that in many cases it is a difficult task to identify the ,hebrew and ,greek names used in these passages with the names of modern mineralogy4 ,the ,rev4 ,j4 ,r4 ,dummelow comments on the difficulties of identifying the stones1 the meaning of the ,hebrew words being doubtful4 ,josephus saw the ,breastplate frequently in his day1 and in his description the position of certain stones is changed4 ,the ,hebrew ,bible translation also presents differences4 ,rosenmuller1 the ,orientalist1 argues as to the position of the #fth and #abth stones1 placing the #abth in the #fth and the #fth in the #abth4 ,it may easily be assumed that in its wanderings stones were lost from the ,breastplate and that the replacing of these stones was not always carried out by men with a knowledge of the quabalistical import of ,urim and ,thummim or even of the stones themselves4 ,to quote from ,dr4 ,deane3 8,the variation in the order of the stones prompts the enquiry whether the ,breastplate which ,josephus repeatedly saw and which ,jerome might have seen in the ,temple of ,concord was identical with that of ancient times4 ,if the whole of the original stones were preserved1 the order must have been kept in consequence of the names engraved upon them4 ,but it is not by any means unlikely that in the great vicissitudes of the ,hebrew nation some of the original stones may have been lost and have been replaced by others40 ,more evidences of this kind would be superfluous4 ,the ,first ,stone of the ,breastplate ,now1 the first stone of the ,breastplate is a ,red stone4 ,according to astrology the ,red stone vibrates to the planet ,mars and the zodiacal ,aries1 therefore its position as the first stone of the ,breastplate is natural4 ,in the mystic philosophy of the ,hebrews the ,ram 8caught in a thicket by his horns10 the blood of the lamb upon the lintel and side-posts1 etc41 and in mystic ,christian philosophy the blood of the ,lamb which redeems from worldly sin are expressed symbolically by the sign ,aries1 into which the ,sun enters in the month of ,nisan1 approximately #bast ,march1 the time of the ,passover and of ,easter4 ,not only then must the stone be a red one1 it must be red of the colour of blood4 ,but again one must not lose sight of the fact that the first stone on the ,plate was engraved not with the name of the tribe of ,benjamin1 the true ,aries tribe1 but with the name ,reuben1 a tribe under the lordship of the second sign of the ,zodiac1 ,taurus4 ,this may be explained by the fact that the earlier ,breastplate of the two began with the sign ,taurus4 ,agnes ,mary ,clerke1 writing on the ,old ,zodiac1 says3 8,so far as positive records go ,aries was always the first sign4 ,but the arrangement is1 on the face of it1 a comparatively modern one4 ,none of the brighter stars of the constellation could be said even roughly to mark the ,equinox much before #ahjj ,b4,c42 therefore during a long stretch of previous time the leading position belongs to the stars of ,taurus4 ,numerous indications accordingly point to a corresponding primate zodiac4 ,setting aside as doubtful1 evidence derived from interpretation of cuniform inscriptions we meet in connection with ,mithraic and ,mylittic legends reminiscences of a ,zodiac and religious calendar in which the ,bull led the way4 ,virgil's 8,candidus auratis aperit cum cornibus anum ,taurus0 perpetuates the tradition1 and the ,pleiades continued within historical memory to be the first asterism of the lunar zodiac40 ,the ,egyptian worship of ,serapis who is frequently symbolized by the head of a bull surmounted by a urus and disc1 and whose colour was of a blood red1 may be noted4 ,the worship of this god was introduced into ,egypt by the ,ptolemies1 but his name is derived from ,ausar-,hapi 7,osiris-,apis7 and he represents a blending of the older worship of ,osiris with the ,bull ,apis which1 says ,herodotus1 is a fair and sublime reflection of the soul of ,osiris4 ,in this connection ,diodorus says that the soul of ,osiris migrated into ,apis and thus revealed himself to men through the ages4 ,attention is drawn to this worship to show that in ,egypt a bull god was associated with the colour red1 and the 8holding a red rag to a bull0 may have its origin in the bull-fights of old1 in which case however it is clear that the ,martial ,red is the colour of irritation4 ,we can see in the placing of ,taurus1 the ,bull--or the tribal name ,reuben--in the first section of the ,breastplate a desire to harmonize it as far as possible with an older one1 whilst the gem and its colour represented the sign ,aries--the sign of the ,ram--symbolically the tribe of ,benjamin1 engraved as of old in the last division of the ,plate4 ,the ,hebrew word ,,odem1 signifying redness1 is connected with the ,hebrew word ,,dom1 blood1 and the stone to meet these requirements is the ,red ,hmatite1 the true bloodstone of antiquity1 which is further described in the section of this book dealing more generally with the scientific and romantic aspects of precious stones4 ,the ,hmatite is a true iron stone and in old astrology ,iron is a metal placed directly under the rulership of the planet ,mars and the sign ,aries4 ,we have direct evidence of the use of this stone by the ancient ,babylonians1 who wore it as an engraved signet cut in cylinder form4 ,we therefore identify the first stone of the ,breastplate as the ,red ,hmatite on which was engraved the name of the first tribe1 ,reuben4 ,the ,second ,stone of the ,breastplate ,the second stone of the ,breastplate is given as ,,pitdah1 variously interpreted as a ,topaz1 ,peridot1 ,yellowish-green ,serpentine1 ,diamond and ,chrysolite4 ,the ,targums agree that a green stone is implied and some authorities seek to clear the mystery by advancing that the stone was of a yellowish-green4 ,the topaz of the ancients is not the topaz of today1 but is identified with the stone known to us as the chrysolite or peridot4 ,traditionally the emerald is associated with the second sign of the zodiac1 and ,apion who wrote much concerning ancient ,egypt and whose story of ,androclus and the ,lion echoes through the ages1 tells of a gigantic figure of ,serapis seen at ,alexandra2 this figure1 the height of which was about fifteen feet1 was probably composed of glass resembling emerald4 ,the emerald was sacred to ,serapis who--as indicated in the previous chapter--was a ,bull god associated naturally with the zodiacal ,taurus4 ,this sign and the colour green blend truly for green is the symbol of life1 of agriculture and of abundant nature1 and amongst nations of antiquity holy festivals heralded the return of ,spring whose praises are sung by the poets in the magical language of mythology4 ,the many references to 8green trees0 in the ,bible need only be noticed in passing4 ,the ,veneralia of old was held once a year amidst budding plants and flowers1 in gardens and on green lawns in honour of ,venus to welcome ,adonis returning in radiant beauty from the under-world4 ,the ceremony took place towards the end of ,april1 when the ,sun had entered the ,earth sign of ,venus1 ,taurus1 and it survives in the later ,may ,day rejoicings4 ,the gem needed is therefore a green one1 and this is traditionally the correct one for the sign ,shor or ,taurus in which ,nogah or ,venus delights and in which ,lavanah or the ,moon exalts4 ,the emerald was sacred to this period of the year4 ,this gem was well-known amongst ancient nations1 especially those of ,egypt and ,ethiopia where the chief emerald mines were4 ,the children of ,israel must certainly have known of the existence of the emerald which is mentioned in the ,wisdom of ,ptah-,hotep who lived ages before the time of ,solomon and more than #ajjj years before ,hammurabi1 the ,wise1 of ,babylon4 8,courtesy in ,speech10 says this sage1 8is rarer than the emeralds which slave girls find in the stones40 ,it is recorded that the ,egyptians employed many women at the emerald mines on account of the keenness of their vision1 and it is highly probable that ,israelitish women were selected for this work with captives of other nations4 ,specimens of emeralds collected by ,sir ,g4 ,wilkinson from ,mount ,zabarah in ,upper ,egypt now lie in the ,british ,museum4 ,evidence is not wanting to prove that the ancients knew well how to engrave on an emerald1 ,pliny states that ,ptolemy offered ,lucullus at ,alexandra an emerald with his portrait engraved on it4 ,the tribe ,simeon corresponding to the zodiacal ,gemini was engraved on the second gem of the ,breastplate--although it has no connection with it--for the reason before noted4 ,it should be understood that by 8emerald0 is meant the precious emerald as we know it or its varieties ,beryl and ,aquamarine4 ,it may be noted that the ,topaz1 a gem most generally favoured as the second stone on the ,breastplate1 is traditionally assigned to the opposite sign of the ,zodiac1 ,scorpio4 ,the hero ,gilgames in ,babylonian story sees by the gates of the ,ocean a wondrous magical tree which bore as fruit most precious emeralds4 ,the emerald as a love stone was closely identified with ,venus and was regarded as particularly fortunate for women1 bringing happiness in love1 comfort in domestic affairs1 and safety in childbirth4 ,the evil effects of the luminaries afflicted or of malefic planets in the sign ,taurus1 the latter degrees especially1 have been shown to affect the sight2 hence the employment of the emerald as an eye charm4 ,hathor1 the ,egyptian ,venus1 who carries in her left hand the potent ,crux ,ansata was saluted as 8,the ,lady of the ,southern ,sycamore10 a tree which stood for the living body of ,hathor on earth and which was called the ,sycamore of the ,emerald4 ,the ,rosicrucian ,john ,heydon of the #agth ,century describes his meeting with the spirit ,euterpe on the plains of ,bulverton ,hill one sweet summer evening4 ,he describes her as 8a most exquisite divine beauty of decent stature2 attired1 she was in thin loose silks1 but so green that ,i never saw the like for the colour was not earthly4444 ,her rings were pure entire emeralds for she valued no metal40 ,similar legends of green fairies1 green fields1 and green lights are connected with the sign of ,venus terrestrial1 ,taurus4 ,the emerald1 then1 is the second stone of the ,breastplate1 and on it was engraved the name of the tribe of ,simeon4 ,the ,third ,stone of the ,breastplate ,the third stone of the ,breastplate is simply expressed by the word ,,bareketh which has been variously rendered as ,emerald1 ,ruby1 ,carbuncle1 ,amethyst1 ,rock ,crystal1 ,green ,olivine1 ,green ,feldspar4 ,its true meaning is 8flashing10 which the ,targumic translators express as 8brilliant40 ,the ,hebrew ,,baruk corresponds to an ,arabic word meaning 8to gleam1 to flash20 the ,assyrian word ,,baraku and the ,aramic ,,buruk have the same meaning1 with which may be identified the ,punic ,,barcar1 surname of the ,carthaginian general ,hamilcar2 the ,syriac ,,borko and the ,chaldean ,,barkan can only be rendered 8brilliant40 ,there is a ,sanskrit word ,,markata1 meaning 8flashing1 sparkling10 which corresponds to our word 8marble10 literally1 8the sparkling stone10 ,latin ,,marmor1 cognate with the ,greek ,,marmaros from ,,marmairo to flash1 shine1 sparkle4 ,hence the ,flashing ,stone may be identified as marble1 and this traditionally answers the required conditions4 ,in astro-philosophy marble is connected with the sign of the columns1 ,gemini--,simeon in association with ,levi--and is known as the ,day ,house of the planet ,mercury4 ,the ,midrash ,bemidbah gives the colour of this sign as white1 and ,francis ,barrett expresses it as 8glittering40 ,the author remembers long ago taking some really glittering specimens of white marble1 unstained by the hand of time1 from an ,egyptian mummy-case4 ,even at the present day pieces of white marble are buried with the dead body in some countries of the world1 and the marble tombstone is universally used as a monument over the buried ashes which the ascending man has thrown aside as the serpent throws his old skin4 ,the shining marble is the emblem of spiritual resurrection which is symbolized in the sign of the ,twins 7,gemini74 ,mercury as the ,egyptian ,tehuti or ,thoth1 or the ,greek ,hermes1 is ever connected with the spirits of the dead in the ,hall of ,judgment and1 in harmony with the brilliant flashing white stone1 the everlasting uplifting and spiritual progress4 ,the sign ,gemini but lightly veils the peculiar occult meaning associated with twins and connected names in hermetic philosophy4 ,from ,cain and ,abel many may be enumerated including ,simeon and ,levi whom we find implicated in the massacre of the defenceless people of ,shihem for which crime they drew upon themselves their father's curse4 ,greek legend gives ,amphion1 skilled in music and learning1 and ,zeuthus1 who labours and follows the chase4 ,the latter by hard labour rolled huge boulders together to build up the walls of ,troy1 whilst the former but struck the strings of the lyre given to him by ,hermes and the great rocks followed him--a symbol of the triumph of mind which ,hermes promises to his disciples4 ,simeon and ,levi killed the ,shechemites to avenge their sister ,dinah2 ,amphion and ,zeuthus drove ,dirce1 bound to a bull1 to her death to avenge their mother ,antiope4 ,in the legend of the ,roman twins1 ,romulus kills his brother ,remus as ,cain killed ,abel4 ,the twin stories are well illustrated in the legend of ,castor and ,pollux1 the 8great twin brethren10 sons of ,jupiter and ,leda4 ,the former was mortal1 the latter immortal1 but so attached were they to each other that none ever saw them apart4 ,in these stories the mysterious union of the ,soul and the ,body is being continually forced forward1 and sleep--which the old masters called a tenth part of death--is indicated in this legend of the ,dioscuri when ,pollux divides his immortality with his brother4 ,sanchoniatho or ,sanchuniathon--who lived when ,gideon judged ,israel1 says that ,thoth of the ,egyptians1 ,taaut of the ,phnicians1 ,thoyth of the ,alexandrians1 ,hermes or ,mercurius1 was the inventor of letters1 and took religion from the unskilful management of the vulgar forming it into a rational system2 and when ,saturn came from the southern parts of the ,earth he made ,taaut1 the son of ,miser 7identified as the ,mizraim of the ,bible71 ,king of all ,egypt1 and the month ,thoth began the ,egyptian year and coincides with ,tisri or ,thishri which began the ,jewish year and with ,tisritu which began the ,chaldean4 ,to continue further might lead outside the province of this book1 and the plea for this digression is the endeavour to elucidate the hidden import of the various departments of the sacred ,breastplate by the searchlight of the philosophical stories of our antique fathers4 ,thoth or ,hermes engraved all knowledge on two pillars or columns1 and the ,hermetic schools say that all knowledge is contained in the words1 letters and continuations engraved on the two tables of stone4 ,this writing of ,god graven upon the tables constituted the ,commandments1 five of which1 and five is the number of ,mercury1 were written on each stone1 the complete ten indicating the ,hidden ,power of ,god--identified in the ,sepher ,yetzirah as the ,path of ,resplendent ,intelligence and the ,light which1 too intense for the material eye of man1 is around the ,throne of the ,supreme4 ,the association of marble with ,hermes1 the ,guide of the ,human ,race1 is traditional1 and evidence favours it as the third stone of the ,breastplate engraved with the name of the tribe of ,levi4 ,the ,fourth ,stone of the ,breastplate ,nofek the fourth stone of the ,breastplate1 has been identified with the emerald1 carbuncle1 jasper1 red garnet1 ruby carbuncle1 almandine garnet and ruby4 ,two of the ,targums classify it as emerald1 possibly referring to a stone similar in colour to the emerald4 ,it is well known that all green stones were called emeralds by a large section of the ancient public1 just as all red stones were called rubies1 etc41 hence much confusion followed4 ,dr4 ,emil ,hirsch says that ,nofek 7the correctness of which word has been doubted in some quarters7 must have belonged to the green stones4 ,in corresponding chrysoprase with 8celestial love of truth0 ,emanuel ,swedenborg draws attention to ,exodus ,,xxviii4 #ah1 indicating his identification of that gem as the fourth stone of the ,plate4 ,this gem which is of a soft green colour resembles the tender hue of moonlight4 ,the ,midrash ,bemidbah gives the colour of ,nofek as sky blue1 the ,egyptians according to ,mller as green1 and the astrological1 in considering ,cancer the ,mansion of the ,moon1 a moonlight green4 ,the chrysoprase was anciently translated as 8austerity directed against vice0 which harmonizes agreeably with the traditional attitude of chaste ,diana against evil-doers4 ,the ,boat of the ,moon in ancient ,egypt is pictured as a disc within a crescent1 and the association of the moon 7which was said to be in its ,mansion in the watery ,cancer7 with the waters of the ,earth was well known to the ancients and is referred to frequently in works on magic and astrology4 ,in this connection may be mentioned the ,egyptian story of a few thousands of years ago which is known as 8,the ,legend of the ,green ,jewel0 told to the ,pharaoh ,khufu by the ,prince ,khafra3 ,pharaoh ,sneferu1 weary and sighing for amusement or relaxation from affairs of ,state1 was advised by his scribe to go rowing with the loveliest women of his harem on the lake4 8,i will go with thee1 august ,one10 said the scribe1 8the green banks with the trees and flowers1 the splash of the water under the oars will charm thine eyes and bring thee happiness40 ,for the excursion twenty beautiful young women were selected 7twenty was a number of the negative or female side of the ,moon1 quabalistically expressed as 8the ,awakening074 ,they rowed the ,pharaoh's boat with oars of ebony and gold1 singing sweetly as they went1 and his heart was glad4 ,but with the turning of the boat the helmswoman's hair was touched by her steering oar and a green jewel she wore fell into the water4 ,she became silent and raised her oar from the water1 the other women doing likewise4 8,why cease80 asked the ,pharaoh4 8,let us continue40 ,they answered3 8,o ,pharaoh1 the steerer has stopped and her oar is raised from the water40 8,why is this so80 questioned the ,pharaoh4 8,o ,majesty1 my beautiful green jewel has sunk beneath the waters40 8,what of that80 he replied4 8,continue4 ,i will present you with a new jewel40 8,o ,majesty10 said the girl1 8no jewel can replace my own green jewel40 ,so the ,pharaoh turned to his scribe4 8,what can we do80 he asked4 8,this girl has lost her green jewel and will have no other40 ,the scribe uttered magical words over the lake and the waters divided as two walls4 ,between these walls the scribe descended and1 having found the jewel1 came up again into the boat1 gave the green jewel to the helmswoman and spoke to the waters which closed up again4 ,the ,pharaoh was gratified1 giving rich gifts to the scribe at whose power all marvelled4 ,when the ,pharaoh ,khufu heard this legend from ,prince ,khafra he enjoined that offerings should grace the sepulchres of the ,pharaoh ,sneferu and his great scribe1 the magician4 ,this allegorical story1 like many others of the kind1 is full of hidden meaning and the connection of this boat with its twenty female rowers1 its two 7unit of the ,moon7 ,illustrious ,ones1 the ,pharaoh and the ,scribe1 the green vegetation on the banks of the lake1 the lake itself1 the division of the waters and the green jewel make the meaning especially clear to students of symbology4 ,in astrological enumeration from the earliest time the sign ,cancer was said to rule the great oceans1 the deep blue of which may have influenced the ,midrash ,bemidbah in its allotment of colour1 and in certain hermetic ceremonies connected with the soul's entry into matter through the ,gate of ,cancer from the blue ocean of the incorruptible ,heavens4 ,the zodiacal ,cancer1 the ,mansion of the ,moon1 is associated with the worship of ,diana in her varied forms1 and ,diana--at one time a plebeian goddess only--was for a long period worshipped by the plebeian populations who used to hang her image to trees to increase their growth4 ,cancer is the sign of the people1 and the ,moon 8which delights in this sign0 represents their varying moods4 ,in the ,acts of the ,apostles it is related that ,demetrius1 a silversmith1 and others made silver shrines of ,diana 7silver astrologically is the metal of the ,moon7 resenting the attempt of ,paul to prejudice her worship1 with the famous cry 8,great is ,diana of the ,ephesians40 ,diana was worshipped as the goddess of ,light by the ,romans and whether as ,artemis in her changing attributes1 ,selene1 ,luna1 ,leucophryne1 ,petamia1 ,munychia or ,amarynthea1 her influence as a moon deity remains4 ,her face resembles that of her twin brother ,apollo to a very marked degree1 and her hair like his is caught up in a knot above the forehead indicating the influence exerted by the ,moon in its relation to the ,sun1 in the movements of the waters of the ,earth4 ,that chrysoprase as we know it today was used in very early times is clearly proved by the ,egyptian jewellery discovered in excavations4 ,hard as the stone is1 the ancients knew how to cut it1 various intagli of ancient origin existing today to prove their skill4 ,the apple-green hue of the chrysoprase is attractive1 and it is probable that it was the stone of which fifty specimens were sent to ,ashkalon as part of the tribute4 ,its inclusion in this department of the ,breastplate is the result of much research1 and it harmonizes with astrological tradition4 ,this stone was inscribed with the name of the tribe of ,judah4 ,the ,fifth ,stone of the ,breastplate ,in placing ,shoham in the position of ,sapir in the fifth division of the ,breastplate1 traditional philosophy is harmonized4 ,the fifth zodiacal sign ,leo is not blue4 ,it is the mansion of the ,sun1 and old almanacs symbolize it as a raging lion4 ,the ,midrash ,bemidbah gives the colour as black but generally authorities agree that it is a shade of red1 especially during sunrise and sunset1 and a yellowish-red at noonday4 ,the eleventh zodiacal sign ,aquarius is given as sky blue by most authorities1 and it is generally accepted4 ,it has a mystic connection with the heavens1 and without doubt its gem is the ,sapir4 ,in the ,zodiac the signs ,leo and ,aquarius are exactly opposite1 and on the ,breastplate the stone for the former is second of the second row1 and for the latter second of the last row4 ,accepting this view no difficulty will be experienced4 ,it might also be considered that the tribe of ,judah is the tribe of the ,lion1 although for reasons previously stated1 the name of this tribe is engraved on the fourth stone4 ,accepting the ,shoham then as the fifth stone of the ,breastplate we have yet to identify it4 ,the ,hebrew ,bible1 the ,authorized ,version1 ,josephus1 the ,vulgate1 ,marbodus1 ,dr4 ,deane all translate it as ,onyx1 and ,dr4 ,ginzberg half agrees with them4 ,dr4 ,emil ,a4 ,braun1 the archologist1 traced ,shoham to the ,arabic ,,sachma1 blackness4 8,of such a colour10 he writes1 8are the ,arabian ,sardonyx which have a black ground colour40 ,however1 this species can hardly be called true ,sardonyx defined by ,pliny as 8candor in sarda10 graphically rendered by ,king as 8a white opaque layer superimposed upon a red transparent stratum of the true red ,sard40 ,the ancient and modern methods of imitating this gem are identical3 ,a ,sard is put upon a red-hot iron block with the result that the part nearest the heated mass is transmuted into a white hazy layer upon which the ,cameo artist works4 ,it seems that the name ,onyx amongst ancient peoples was indifferently applied to both ,onyx and ,sardonyx1 but in the case of the fifth stone of the ,breastplate there seems to be no doubt that the ,sardonyx is the ,stone4 ,the sign ,leo astrologically rules the ,heart in the human body1 which in the ,grand ,man is symbolically the ,sun1 and the ,sard is of the colour of the ,heart4 ,by ancient correspondence then the ,heart1 ,leo1 the ,sun1 the ,sard1 the ,sardonyx1 and the fifth department of the ,breastplate are clearly connected4 ,the ,carnelian1 ,sard1 and ,sardonyx were most extensively used by the ,egyptians1 ,greeks1 ,romans and other peoples of antiquity1 and many specimens have been found engraved with various devices3 finely worked ,egyptian scarabei1 antique ,intagli and ,camei4 ,the ,sardonyx has been called a 8royal stone10 and the sign of the ,lion is intimately connected with royalty4 ,the winged1 human-headed lions of ,nineveh are emblematical of the ,sun1 and ,daniel describing his vision connects the ,winged ,lion with the heart of ,man3--7,ch4 ,,vii4 #d74 ,in the ,egyptian texts frequent allusion is made to the heart or ,,hati of ,osiris4 ,the ,,hati represented vitality1 warmth1 control1 and silently within it were impressed the actions of its owner during his earth-life4 ,it was to his ,,hati1 lying on the ,balance before the 8,shining ,god10 the attendant deities and the forty and two gods in the great ,judgment ,hall1 that the shuddering soul cried out of the intense silence3 8,o heart of mine1 testify not against me10 words frequently impressed on ,scarabei and regarded as magically potent4 ,a symbolic image constructed by the ,magi at the period of the ,sun's passage through the sign of the ,lion1 took the form of a crowned king enthroned1 wearing a deep yellow robe1 a globe at his feet and a raven by his heart4 ,the crowned king1 his yellow robe1 the raven and the globe symbolize the ,sun and its manifestations1 and the ,heart--the ,sun of ,man--symbolizes the ,solar sign ,leo4 ,another symbol of the ,magi1 shows a crowned woman in a four-horsed chariot 7four being the negative or female side of the ,sun71 a mirror in her right hand1 a staff in her left1 and a burning flame on her head4 ,these emblems were directed to be engraved in the ,hour of the ,sun1 the ,sun being in ,leo1 on a carnelian stone4 ,the famous seal of ,solomon and ,david--the ,mogan ,dovid--was most potent when engraved on a ,sardonyx1 a ,carnelian or a plate of gold 7metal of the ,sun74 ,all conditions necessary for this stone of the breastplate are fulfilled in the ,sardonyx stone which1 engraved with the tribe of ,zebulun1 filled the fifth place4 ,the ,sixth ,stone of the ,breastplate ,the sixth stone of the ,breastplate is1 without doubt1 the ,jashpeh accepted by the ,vulgate1 ,marbodus1 ,dr4 ,emil ,hirsch and ,dr4 ,g4 ,deane4 ,translated correctly enough as ,jasper1 it is placed in the twelfth division in the ,hebrew and ,authorized ,versions4 ,from an astrological point of view the ,yaholom has no claim on the sixth ,house whilst ,jashpeh undoubtedly has4 ,the latter is the third stone of the second row of the ,breastplate and the former is the third stone of the fourth row4 ,in astrological science they are opposite in the ,zodiac1 the ,jashpeh belonging to the celestial ,virgo and the ,yahalom to the celestial ,pisces4 ,the colours are given in the ,midrash ,bemidbah as 8,mixed10 and this is more correct than the 8black speckled with blue10 set down sometimes for the sign ,virgo1 but which scarcely expresses the aspect of ,nature personified in the goddess ,ceres4 ,the ,jasper stone has not lost its identity in the march of time1 and there is no reason to doubt that the ,aspu of the ,assyrians1 the ,jashpeh of the ,hebrews1 the ,jaspis of the ,greek1 or the ,yash of the ,arabs is any other than the ,jasper1 as we know it today4 ,the ,panther stone of the ,targums of ,onkelos and ,jonathan is the well-known and very beautiful ,egyptian ,mottled ,jasper so greatly esteemed in the ancient world4 ,the ,jasper takes a very brilliant polish and is quite of the crystal brilliance indicated in the sacred books4 ,it was the gem of the angel ,raphael1 emblematic of strength1 courage1 virtue and wisdom1 and it is associated with a variety called the ,graminatias1 the markings of which resemble--to a very marked degree in some specimens--the letters of the ,alphabet4 ,thus1 it is the stone of ,hermes or ,thoth1 the mercurial god who1 possessed of illimitable knowledge1 communicated it to the earth-bound spirit known as ,man1 by signs in the ,heavens1 in the air1 in the sea1 on the earth1 in the flowers and stones of the earth1 by omens1 by hints and by incidents1 but never--on account of his promise to ,apollo--by spoken words4 ,jerome calls the ,jasper 8the stone of spiritual graces10 and from ,hermes to ,christ called ,son of the ,virgin1 this stone descends with all its spiritual attributes4 ,it is associated with the ,virgins of ,egypt who provoked the words set down in the eighth chapter of ,jeremiah3 8,the children gather wood and the fathers kindle the fire1 and the women knead their dough to make cakes to the ,queen of ,heaven40 ,the ,jasper was a stone sacred to the ,virgin ,mary in ,christian mysticism1 and to the ,son of the ,virgin2 and symbolically the ,virgin of the ,skies is ever immaculate1 ever sublime and pure4 ,the association of the sixth sign of the ,zodiac with all virginity is further exemplified in the cult of the ,virgins of ,vesta4 ,corresponding with the sixth sign of the ,zodiac these virgins were six in number1 and the age of girls selected for the service could not be less than six years4 ,the poets tell the story of the beautiful ,astra1 the holy ,virgin1 who in pity remained with men after the gods1 provoked by man's wickedness1 had departed in anger2 remained with them until she was forbidden to gaze on a world defiled with crime and misery1 and with bandaged eyes was led away to ,heaven where her symbolic form stands eternally1 scales in one hand1 sword in the other4 ,one gift she left with man--the gift of ,hope which has as its emblem the unpretentious ,jasper stone4 ,the ,virgin ,astra is familiar as the goddess of ,justice1 and her connection with ,mercury--astrologically known as ,lord of the ,virgin--is apparent4 ,her special degree of the ,zodiac is given as the twenty-third 78,zodiacal ,symbology10 page #if71 which is a degree of sympathy1 and for the correct administration of justice1 deep and generous sympathy is surely necessary4 ,according to ,swedenborg and other mystical writers the ,virgin symbolizes all chaste love1 8affection for good1 charity towards others1 lovers of truth1 spirituality and sympathy1 and the kindness of men to one another1 as opposed to the cruel malice of war and destruction which is likened to false reasonings1 lies and opposed to ,divine ,providence40 ,the ,zebulon is the ,haven into which they 8who are weary and heavy laden0 may enter1 and it is significant that the ,son of the ,virgin dwelt in ,capernaum which is upon the sea coast in the borders of ,zebulon and ,nephthalim 7,matt4 #d4 #ac74 ,leah thanks ,god for 8a good dowry10 and saying that now her husband will dwell with her because of her six sons1 called his name ,zebulun4 ,in several ways a good dowry is associated with the sign ,virgo1 which is related to learning and commerce1 will1 patience1 persistence and the reward of honest work4 ,about the constellation of ,virgo is the ,argo or ,ship of the ,heavens1 which star-lighted is ever gliding on the blue waters of the ,celestial ,harbour4 ,a story of the loss of the ,jasper from the ,breastplate is told in the ,talmud1 and after a long search for another to replace it one was found in the possession of ,dama1 son of ,nethinah1 and purchased from him for about #fj in our money4 ,it is quite conceivable that stones were lost from the breastplate1 and it was no doubt the replacing of them that caused so much confusion4 ,jasper as the sixth stone of the ,breastplate is easily identified and the tribe of ,issachar was inscribed upon it4 ,the ,seventh ,stone of the ,breastplate ,the seventh stone of the ,breastplate is given as ,lesham1 variously rendered as ,ligure1 ,agate1 ,jacinth1 ,hyacinth1 ,amber1 ,sapphire1 ,turquoise1 ,opal4 ,the gem needed must1 according to ,dr4 ,e4 ,g4 ,hirsch1 be 8brilliant and of intense lustre40 ,the ,midrash says that the stone was 8white like the colour of antimony40 ,the colour in the ,midrash ,bemidbah is given as sapphire blue1 and by astrological authorities generally as dark crimson or tawny4 ,the sign is the airy home of the planet ,venus3 and its colour can be more correctly gauged from the colours identified with the planet itself1 which are given as follows3 yellow1 lemon yellow and pale blue1 art tints in general1 white and purple1 white and shining1 white in the morning1 reddish in the evening1 changeable1 etc41 ,gesenius translates ,,lesham as ,opal1 and ,dr4 ,m4 ,h4 ,breslau accepts his reading as correct4 ,the ,opal is given for the seventh stone in translations from the ,hebrew ,bible1 and this is most probably the correct one4 ,this beautiful gem was in great repute in ancient times1 and ,pliny in lauding its charms tells us that it was found in ,india1 ,egypt1 ,cyprus1 ,thasos and other places4 ,it is found recorded on ,antique ,clay ,tablets whereon is impressed catalogues of treasures taken from conquered cities4 ,its softness and delicacy rendered it easy to cut and carve1 and specimens of opal intagli have been found4 ,mr4 ,king mentions one in the ,praun collection1 of mediocre antique ,roman work which was engraved with the heads of ,jupiter1 ,apollo and ,diana surrounded by nine stars4 ,the same author mentions a big opal set in a quabalistically inscribed ring of gold with astrological symbols4 ,the midrashic 8white like the colour of antimony0 may fairly describe a common variety of opal4 ,antimony is a brittle flaky metal of bluish-white colour and crystalline texture4 ,no gem can exhibit 8the brilliant and intense lustres0 more than the precious opal which is not only brilliant and lusterful but beautiful1 tender and comprehensive of all the colours of the rainbow4 ,what gem can answer so to the ,talmudic identification of the qualities of ,venus1 viz41 ,splendour8 ,the ,venus of ,libra is more ethereal than the ,venus of ,taurus and is well presented in the charming statue of the ,venus of ,medici1 that of ,taurus being expressed in the figure known as the ,venus of ,milo4 ,this ethereal ,venus is the immaculate glorious woman whose absolute beauty the greatest poets1 writers1 painters1 sculptors and musicians have striven to express in words1 in form1 in colour and in sound4 ,thus is ,venus the noble cogency of divine pure love which has been striving through all the ages to make the world a paradise and to bring man back again to the ,eden he has lost4 ,no blood sacrifices stained the altars of this lovely goddess1 and the ancients delighted in bringing to her temples sweet blossoms and fragrant spices for incense4 ,so great was the charm and wonder of this ,heavenly ,one that ,momus1 the god of ,sarcasm1 who spared neither god nor man1 died of vexation because he could find in her nothing to ridicule1 nothing to blame1 nothing to jeer at1 for before such pure beauty criticism and ridicule must be mute4 ,as ,venus ,urania she arises amidst the foam of the sea 7the occult import serving but to intensify the beauty of the legend7 with a blue sky above her head and peaceful sunlit waters at her feet1 a symbol of that eternal love which unites the elements and spreads the lustre of true harmony wherever are to be found those wise enough to know it4 ,socrates wrote that he was uncertain whether there was one ,aphrodite or two1 and doubtless the philosopher recognized the various phases of the goddess when blended with1 or corrupted by1 anything less than the conception of pure idealism in all its expressions4 ,the ancients called the opal 8,cupid0--a worthy tribute to the sublime beauty of his glorious mother4 ,one might compare the opal to the union of ,thaumas 7,wonder71 the ,son of the ,earth1 with ,electra 7,brightness71 a daughter of ,oceanus1 and with their child ,iris 7,rainbow74 ,illustration3 ,rare ,opals ,kelsey ,i4 ,newman ,collection ,issachar is the tribe of the ,balance1 8an ass bending between two burdens40 ,the ass in the ,east today as it was in the days of the ,bible is regarded as an emblem of constancy1 patience1 endurance and stolidity1 and frequent allusion is made to it in sacred writings3 8,speak1 ye that ride on white asses1 ye that sit in judgment1 and walk by the way40 7,judges #e4 #aj47 ,josephus replies with vigour to the assertion of ,apion that the ,jews worshipped an ass's head4 ,in the mythology of the ,egyptians the good and evil essences are symbolised by two wild asses1 and mention is made in 8,the ,book of the ,dead0 of the duel between the ass and its 8eater10 the night serpent4 ,the ass also as a symbolic animal of ,jupiter represented ,justice in the ancient world1 hence its association with the ,balance becomes clear4 ,the tribe ,issachar1 this 8servant of tribute10 is symbolic of absolute truth for 8a false balance is abomination to the ,lord3 but a just weight is his delight40 7,prov4 #aa4 #a471 and 8,he that speaketh truth showeth forth righteousness3 but a false witness deceit40 7,prov4 #ab4 #ag47 ,the entry of the ,son of the ,virgin into ,jerusalem--the city of ,virgo--riding on an ass1 as told in that chapter of parables1 ,matthew #ba1 is not devoid of symbolic meaning4 ,hermes or ,thoth is the recorder of the scales in the ,egyptian ,hall of ,judgment and he may also be said to ride upon the scales for the sign ,libra follows the sign of the ,virgin4 ,libra has been described as the most sensitive sign of the ,zodiac1 the opal is its ideal gem and the opal is the gem for the seventh division of the ,breastplate and on it was engraved the tribe of ,dan4 ,the ,eighth ,stone of the ,breastplate ,the eighth stone of the ,breastplate is ,shebo1 rendered as ,agate by the ,authorised ,version1 the ,vulgate1 ,marbodus and others4 ,gesenius gives the derivation of ,shebo from a root which means 8to take prisoner10 and his illustrious pupil1 ,julius ,frst1 connects it with a root meaning 8to glitter40 ,dr4 ,deane derives it from another meaning 8to obscure1 to dull10 and expresses the opinion that the problem 8cannot be solved by etymology alone40 ,he believes ,,shebo to be some variety of crystallised quartz4 ,dr4 ,breslau in translating ,,shebo as ,agate has good supporters4 ,the variety known as ,banded agreeably fits in with the demands of the planet ,mars through the sign of its expression ,scorpio1 termed the sign of the ,serpent4 ,its wavy lines typify the undulations of the serpent1 the lines of a fortress or the restless waves of the sea4 ,the opinion has been expressed that ,,shebo may have some connection with the ,indian ,serpent of the ,underworld--,sesha or ,shesha1 and the connection may be further extended to the huge serpent which slays and is slain by ,thor as told in the ,song of ,vala4 ,the sign ,scorpio is in astrology the sign of death1 the dead and all connected therewith4 ,it is expressed by the ,serpent of ,eden in that magical third chapter of ,genesis1 a chapter that has demanded the special study of mystical philosophers for ages4 ,the sign ,scorpio is also symbolized in the person of the goddess ,serket1 pictured as a human-headed scorpion or as a goddess with scorpion head-dress4 ,she protected the ,canopic ,jars which contained the embalmed viscera of the departed4 ,aesculapius1 the god of medicine1 was worshipped under the form of a serpent at ,epidaurus1 and in the ,vatican statue he is represented leaning on a staff around which is coiled a serpent2 statues of his daughter ,hygieia show her with a serpent in different attitudes4 ,in those and numerous other serpent stories all associated with the sign ,scorpio to a greater or lesser degree1 the majesty and the mystery of life and death are philosophically implied4 ,the traditional colour of the sign ,scorpio is given as brown1 a shade of brown well describes the agate stone4 ,the ,midrash ,bemidbah gives gray which1 though not in agreement with other authorities1 certainly does indicate a species of ,agate4 ,dan is described in the ,book of ,genesis as 8a serpent by the way1 an adder in the path1 that biteth the horses' heels0 7the sign following ,scorpio1 ,sagittarius--the sign of ,gad7 8so that his rider shall fall backward40 ,the tribe was a mystical tribe possessing the knowledge of white magic and of black 7,judges ,,xviii4 #cj74 ,the wisdom of the serpent is symbolized in it--8,dan shall judge his people40 ,the eighth stone of the ,breastplate was the ,banded ,agate1 and on it was engraved the tribe of ,gad4 ,the ,ninth ,stone of the ,breastplate ,the ninth stone of the ,breastplate is ,achlamah which1 with few exceptions1 is identified as the ,amethyst--beyond doubt the correct identification4 ,the ,midrash ,bemidbah gives the colour as purple which is the dominant shade of this beautiful gem4 ,purple is also one of the chief colours associated with the planet ,jupiter which in astrology is termed the ,lord of ,sagittarius1 the ninth sign of the ,zodiac4 ,this sign is connected with rulers and people in authority from very early times2 ,josephus mentions that ,joseph wore 8purple and drove in his chariot through all the land of ,egypt40 ,the ,amethyst was a royal stone and purple a royal colour the right to wear which was bestowed by the ,king on inspired men who1 like ,joseph1 were revealers of dreams4 ,in the ,book of ,daniel also ,belshazzar promises that the man who reads for him the 8writing on the wall0 shall be clothed with purple1 shall have a chain of gold about his neck and shall rule as the third in the kingdom4 ,this promise he fulfills when ,daniel1 8the prince of astrologers10 told him what he would know4 ,a similar promise is made by ,darius1 the son of ,hystaspes1 as a reward for the solving of his questions regarding the strength of ,wine1 ,kings and ,women4 ,it is related in the ,book of ,esther that the same honour is bestowed on ,mordecai by the ,king ,artaxerxes4 ,in old ,hebraic philosophy it was held that whoso honoureth the prophet honoureth ,god4 ,purple is the colour signifying royal dignity and imperial power3 8to be born in the purple0 is to be born essentially fortunate and1 under the elevating influence of the planet ,jupiter1 ,aclamah--according to ,dr4 ,hirsch--seems etymologically to imply the idea of being strong4 ,lord ,arthur ,hervey and several other writers hold that the ,hebrew word is a verbal one from the root ,,halom1 to dream4 ,in astrological deductions ,sagittarius is the sign of dreams1 prophecy and philosophy1 and in its divine aspect it is referred to the wise centaur ,chiron who tended the young hero ,achilles4 ,sagittarius is the sign of the ,horse and of ,horsemen1 and its connection with the tribe of ,gad is not hard to understand4 ,aben ,ezra writes on ,targum authority that ,jupiter is best expressed by the name ,gad1 and ,dr4 ,alfred ,pearce remarks that in modern ,hebrew ,,tzedek1 justice1 was also translated as ,jupiter 8because of the just character of persons born under his influence40 ,gad1 ,david's seer1 is mentioned in #b ,samuel1 #a and #b ,chronicles1 and the prophetic nature of this son of ,jupiter may well stand as a living symbol4 ,gad is heralded by ,leah thus3 8,a troop cometh10 and 8she called his name ,gad40 ,the ,amethyst has ever been a gem symbolizing spirituality in its highest degree1 and by the virtue of its power it opposed evils1 drunkenness1 and the sin of distorted appetites4 ,indeed1 the ,amethyst was considered a sign of such holiness that evil was always courted by one wearing it whilst overindulging in eating and drinking4 ,it was cut into sacred scarabei by the ,egyptians and ,etruscans and is frequently found engraved4 ,pliny writes of its fitness as a sealstone1 and ,mr4 ,king mentions a large pale ,amethyst1 signed1 in the ,pulsky collection1 on which is engraved the head of a ,syrian ,king4 ,the ,amethyst has been frequently quoted as a stone of the celestial ,aries1 even ancient writers commenting on its sympathetic ,aries vibration4 ,the mistake arose from confounding the ,babylonian ,mars with the ,mars of the ,greeks and ,romans4 ,the ,babylonian ,mars of ,centaur form is clearly identified with the sign ,sagittarius4 ,the ,amethyst was the ninth stone of the ,breastplate1 and on it was engraved the name of the tribe of ,asher4 ,the ,tenth ,stone of the ,breastplate ,regarding the tenth stone of the ,breastplate there is a general disagreement amongst authorities1 some preferring simply to give its ,hebraic name ,,tharshish without attempting its meaning4 ,the tenth division of the ,breastplate is the division of the zodiacal ,capricorn1 the colour of which is generally regarded as black1 the colour of the planet ,saturn1 and which according to ,dr4 ,simmonite1 ,william ,lilly1 ,madame ,blavatsky and others1 is1 esoterically1 green4 ,the ,targums describe the stone ,tharshish as of the colour of the ,great ,sea1 or sea colour4 ,this is found in the ,serpentine variety of a translucent deep green1 oily colour capable of receiving a high polish4 ,the colour of the ,egyptian and ,arabian ,serpentine 7or ,,hydrinus7 is deep and a little heavy4 ,many intagli and camei of antique origin are found cut in ,serpentine2 these specimens include ,egyptian scarabei and ,babylonian cylinders of about #e1jjj years ago1 clear evidence that the ancients knew the stone1 appreciated it and worked it4 ,the sign ,capricorn is a strange one1 symbolizing the ,gateway of ,heaven through which men pass when life on earth is done4 ,hence it expresses the mystery of the deep seas which were compared with the seas of space in sacred philosophy4 ,amongst others1 ,manilius recognizes ,capricorn as a sailor's sign3 ,but when receding ,capricornus shows ,the star that in his tail's bright summit glows1 ,then shall the native dare the angry seas1 ,a hardy sailor live1 spurning inglorious ease4 ,rev4 ,mr4 ,king writes of a cast from a gem engraved with a 8double-headed ,capricorn with an owl's body standing upon and holding in his forefoot a rudder3 in allusion to the doctrine laid down by ,manilius that the star in the sign's tail is the proper horoscope of mariners and pilots4 ,or it may typify the usually fickle temper of one born under the sign4 ,this sign likewise presided over all the space within tide-mark1 the alternate domain of sea and land2 a dominion expressed by the half terrestrial1 half marine composition of the figure4 ,the region peculiarly under him0 7that is1 the region astrologically ruled by ,capricorn7 8was the ,west of ,europe40 7,this is speaking very generally47 8,the owl's body is given him perhaps as the attribute of ,pallas1 the designer of that prototype of navigation1 the ,argo40 ,godfrey ,higgins writes of the 8whimsical sign called ,capricorn which in the ,indian ,zodiac is an entire goat and an entire fish3 in the ,greek and the ,egyptian the two are united and form one animal40 ,the place of dazzling brilliancy1 called by the ,greeks 8,the ,milky ,way0 is the path of the souls1 and is referred to by ,macrobius1 ,cicero and other writers4 ,the author of the 8,anacalypsis0 writes3 ,the ,milky ,way is placed immediately under that degree of ,north ,latitude which is called the ,tropic of ,cancer1 and the two tropics of ,cancer and ,capricorn have been called by the astrologers 8,the ,gates of ,heaven or the ,sun10 at each of which the ,sun arrives in his annual progress4 ,the ,southern ,gate is called the ,tropic of ,capricorn1 an amphibious animal1 half goat1 half fish in our present zodiacs1 but in the most ancient zodiacs of ,india it is described as two entire beings--a goat and a fish4 ,here1 in this goat-fish sign ,capricorn1 are the mermen and mermaids1 and the half-animal1 half-fish beings of the sea4 ,of the tribe of ,asher it is said3 8,out of ,asher his bread shall be fat1 and he shall yield royal dainties10 7,gen4 #di4 #bj71 a statement very much in agreement with the sign ,capricorn4 ,again in ,deuteronomy 7#cc4 #bd7 we have1 according to the ,authorized ,version1 8,let ,asher be blessed with children3 let him be acceptable to his brethren1 and let him dip his foot in oil02 this passage1 however1 may be closer translated as follows3 8,more than all the children be ,asher blessed3 he shall be the most favoured of his brethren and bathe his feet in oil40 ,the tenth ,mansion of the ,zodiac1 the natural 8,home0 of ,capricorn1 is the ,house of fame1 honour1 reputation1 credit1 authority and dignity4 ,his mother called him ,asher because she said1 8the daughters will call me blessed10 ,asher being the ,hebrew word for 8blessed40 ,a close translation of verse #ag1 ,chapter #e ,judges1 would read3 8,asher remained on the seashore and abode near his bays40 ,in all these ,biblical allusions to the tribe of ,asher there is nothing out of harmony with the sign ,capricorn2 in fact1 in every line the connection is clearly marked4 ,the tenth stone in the ,breastplate is the ,serpentine and on it was engraved the tribe ,naphtali4 ,the ,eleventh ,stone of the ,breastplate ,for reasons stated the ,sapir is placed in the eleventh division of the ,breastplate instead of the ,,shoham1 and we thus have complete harmony between the eleventh sign of the zodiac1 ,aquarius1 the eleventh division of the ,breastplate and the ,sapir stone which is translated as ,sapphire in the ,hebrew ,bible1 the ,authorized ,version1 the ,vulgate2 as ,lapis ,lazuli or ,sapphire by ,mr4 ,wodiska2 and as ,lapis ,lazuli by ,dr4 ,hirsch1 ,rev4 ,j4 ,r4 ,dummelow1 and others4 ,the ,targums indicate a stone of blue colour1 and that this is the ,lapis ,lazuli there is no reason to doubt4 ,in ancient times the ,lapis ,lazuli was termed ,,sapphirus2 ,pliny describes it accurately as 8opaque1 sprinkled with specks of gold10 and many antique intagli in this stone have been found4 ,the ,lapis ,lazuli was a very highly esteemed stone amongst the old world peoples1 who called it 8,the ,stone of ,heaven10 8,the ,gem of the ,stars10 and the ,zemech ,stone connected with all things heavenly4 ,traditionally it is the stone on which was engraved the law of ,moses4 ,in a quabalistic 8,piut0 is written3 8,o1 how dreadful is the place of the heavenly abode2 for there the light dwelleth with him3 and above the firmament is a precious stone1 as the appearance of the ,sapphire stone which forms the glorious throne1 and thereon ,he who is clothed with light is seated40 ,a close translation of ,ezekiel #a4 #bf1 reads3 8,and above1 the vault that was over their head was like the appearance of a sapphire stone1 the likeness of a throne3 and upon the likeness of the throne was a likeness as the appearance of a man above it40 ,chapter ,x4 #a1 similarly treated1 reads3 8,then ,i saw and behold1 on the vault that was above the head of the ,cherubim1 there appeared over them something like a sapphire stone1 something similar in appearance to the likeness of a throne40 ,the connection of a blue stone with the blue heavens is consistent with ancient philosophy1 and authorities agree in connecting this colour with the sign of the mighty heavens--,aquarius4 ,according to tradition ,moses1 the law-giver1 was born under this sign4 ,akers in his 8,introduction to ,biblical ,chronology0 gives the date of this event as ,a4 ,m4 #ccai1 ,adar third1 year of the ,julian period #bihg1 which answers to ,thursday1 ,february #acth1 #agbg ,b4 ,c4 ,at that time the sun would be in the ,celestial ,aquarius4 ,aquarius is the water-bearer1 and the incident of the striking of the rock from which water gushed forth is mystically associated with it4 ,in the ,mythologies this waterbearer is ,ganymedes1 son of ,tros1 ,king of ,troy1 whom the gods1 impressed by his beauty1 carried away whilst he was tending the flocks on ,mount ,ida1 in order that the ,lord of ,olympus might have a lovely cup-bearer4 ,in astrological deductions ,aquarius is the sign of friendship--8,naphtali bringeth pleasant words40 ,it is also the sign of hopes and desires3 ,of ,naphtali he said1 8,o ,naphtali1 satisfied with favour1 and full of the blessing of the ,lord1 take thou possession of the ,west and the ,south40 7,deut4 #cc4 #bc74 ,then again1 in the ,septuagint ,naphtali is referred to as 8a spreading tree yielding leafy branches0 and the tree raising branches heavenwards is an ,aquarian symbol4 ,the law of ,moses is spoken of as the 8tree of ,life0 which contains the secret of actual and absolute immortality4 ,now we are1 according to periodic astrological deductions1 at the ,gate of the age of ,aquarius1 all the world is undergoing the process of change1 and finally all the humanitarianism of ,aquarius will replace the accumulation of evil thoughts that lay by the ,gateway4 ,then will ,naphtali prevail1 his captivity will be over1 and the slaves will hang up their chains amongst the sacred cypresses1 for the ,comforter will come4 ,the ,lapis ,lazuli then1 is the stone of the eleventh division of the ,breastplate and on it was engraved the name ,joseph4 ,the ,twelfth ,stone of the ,breastplate ,regarding the classification which places ,jashpeh in the twelfth division of the ,breastplate much controversy has arisen1 and the consensus of opinion is against it4 ,dr4 ,emil ,hirsch holds the opinion that ,jahalom should replace ,,jashpeh1 and in this surmise he is by no means alone4 ,astrologically ,jashpeh has nothing in common with the last sign of the ,zodiac--,pisces--the colour of which is given as 8glistening white0 by the ,midrash ,bemidbah4 ,it has been more minutely described as 8a white glistening colour like a fish just taken out of the water0 by ,william ,lilly and ,dr4 ,simmonite4 ,there is little doubt that the stone was of a white glistening colour4 ,,yahalom is rendered as ,diamond by the translations of the ,hebrew ,bible1 the ,authorized ,version1 by ,mr4 ,cattelle1 ,dr4 ,ginzberg and others2 but although the ,diamond is mentioned by ,pliny1 it could not have found a place among the stones of the ,breastplate as they were large stones all engraved with tribal names4 ,to this treatment the diamond is not adapted4 ,the ,,yahalom is without doubt white crystal which is of a glistening colour and traditionally associated with the twelfth sign of the ,zodiac4 ,diodorus writes that an artist named ,satyreius cut on a small crystal a most exquisite and lifelike portrait of ,queen ,arsinoe1 the beauty of the work amply excusing the miniature stone on which it was engraved4 ,it is related that ,nero1 his star falling1 in his rage against the world and mankind1 smashed to pieces two costly crystal cyphi or bowls on which ,homeric subjects were wonderfully engraved4 ,articles in crystal still exist to demonstrate its extensive use by ancient nations4 ,fauno1 in his #aeec edition of 8,roman ,antiquities10 mentions that during the building of a chapel of the ,king of ,france in ,st4 ,peter's1 the marble coffin of ,maria1 wife of the ,emperor ,honorius1 was discovered4 ,little remained of the body1 but the jewels of the ,empress were there1 and amongst them were a talismanic plate of gold engraved with the names of the ,archangels 7,michael1 ,gabriel1 ,raphael1 ,uriel71 in ,greek letters1 about thirty vases and other articles in crystal1 and an exquisite ,nautilus shell lamp of pure crystal mounted on gold--no doubt the special charm of the ,empress4 ,the sign ,pisces1 the sign of 8the fish with the glittering tails10 is symbolically represented by two fishes1 which ancient story tells us were ,venus and ,cupid thus metamorphosed to escape the giant ,typhon in his fury4 ,in ,babylonian story it is told that the fish-god ,oannes--the ,dagon of the ,book of ,samuel--came out of the ,erythraean ,sea 8which borders upon ,babylonia0 to teach men how to live1 to make laws1 to worship1 to soften their manners and to humanize their lives4 ,thus1 the fish-god was the teacher of the hidden mysteries1 and the sign ,pisces has always been associated with occult science and hidden things4 ,mummified fish have been found in the ,egyptian tombs1 and ,clermont ,ganneau describes a pair of fish-gods keeping watch over a mummy4 ,isis as the ,great ,mother is symbolized with a fish on her head4 ,the old ,egyptian town of ,esna1 nearly #ejj miles from ,cairo1 was called by the ,greeks ,latopolis on account of the worship of the ,latus fish by the inhabitants1 and an interesting old ,zodiac can still be seen there amongst the famous ruins4 ,the ,babylonians accepted the fish as the symbol of the ,resurrection1 and the ninth chapter of the ,book of ,luke describes how #ejjj people were fed by #e loaves of bread 7symbolical of ,virgo7 and two small fishes 7symbolical of ,pisces71 a connection clear enough to the student of the mysteries4 ,the fish was the symbol of the ,messiah1 and was adopted by the early ,christians as the sign of ,christ4 ,the ,roman ,catholic church today has its fish days1 and the ,piscina is the basin that holds the ,holy ,water4 ,the tribe of ,joseph is the tribe of the twelfth division of the ,breastplate and the twelfth zodiacal sign1 ,pisces4 ,joseph in the ,book of ,genesis is the inspired prophet who reads the meaning of the famous symbolic dreams of ,the ,butler1 ,the ,baker and ,the ,pharaoh2 who has his divining cup1 and who was named by the ,pharaoh1 ,,zaphenath-,,pa',,neach1 which has been translated as 8,saviour of the ,world0 by one writer1 but more nearly as 8,god1 the ,living ,one has spoken0 by ,dr4 ,dummelow1 and as 8,god spake and he came into ,life10 by ,dr4 ,e4 ,a4 ,wallis ,budge4 ,illustration3 hieroglyphs ,according to ,talmudic story it was this ,pharaoh who said that he saw the colours of rulership about ,joseph4 ,joseph and his brethren are symbolical of the complete ,zodiac4 ,,joshua is the ,son of the ,fish 7,,nun the ,hebrew word for 8fish0 is probably connected with the ,egyptian ,,nar71 and ,jesus has his fishermen1 8fishers of men40 ,the sign ,pisces is the sign of hidden secrets and is mystically symbolized by a key4 ,on the external plane it is the sign of increase1 in which is concealed the mandate 8,increase and multiply40 ,the connection of the sign ,pisces with the twelfth division of the ,breastplate is1 as in the previous cases1 beyond argument4 ,the stone is the glistening crystal on which was engraved the name of the tribe of ,benjamin4 ,in reference to ,joseph's ,dream of the ,sun1 ,moon and ,eleven ,stars which made obeisance to him1 ,philo ,judaeus says3 8,the students of sublime wisdom now say that the ,zodiac1 the greatest of all the circles in ,heaven1 is studded with twelve animals from which it has derived its name4 ,and that the ,sun and the ,moon are always revolving around it and go through each of the animals1 not indeed with equal rapidity1 but in unequal numbers and periods1 the one doing so in #cj days and the other in as near as may be a twelfth part of that time4 ,therefore he who saw this ,heaven-sent vision thought that he was being worshipped by eleven stars1 ranking himself among them as the twelfth so as to complete the whole circle of the ,zodiac40 ,,chapter ,,vi ,,the ,,stones ,,of ,,the ,,breastplate ,,and ,,the ,,zodiac 8,heaven's golden alphabet-- ,and he that runs may read40 ,,young4 ,the foregoing chapter dealing with the identification of the stones of the ,breastplate has necessitated study and research1 and the classification reproduced in the table following rests on a secure base4 ,many of the scholars of the past when endeavoring to render ,hebrew stone names into our own language were hampered by a none too technical knowledge of the gems themselves1 whilst many of the later writers were handicapped by lack of astrological knowledge so essential in a matter of this kind4 ,this will be sufficient to explain the numerous contradictions regarding the identification and allotment of the famous stones by whose agency the psychic priests communicated with the angels of ,god4 ,it has already been explained in ,chapter ,v why the tribal names do not agree with the signs of the ,zodiac and the stones on which they were engraved4 ,some remarks of ,philo ,judaeus may with advantage be re-quoted here3 ,in reference to the ,breastplate he writes3 ,then on his chest there are twelve precious stones of different colours1 arranged in four rows of three stones in each row1 being fashioned so as an emblem of the ,zodiac4 ,for the ,zodiac also consists of twelve animals and so divides the four seasons of the year1 allotting three animals to each season4 ,and the whole place is very correctly called the ,logeum since everything in ,heaven has been created and arranged in accordance with right reason and proportion3 for there is absolutely nothing there which is devoid of reason4 ,and on the ,logeum he embroiders two woven pieces of cloth1 calling the one ,manifestation and the other ,truth4 ,and by the one which he calls ,truth he expresses figuratively that it is absolutely impossible for falsehood to enter any part of ,heaven but that it is entirely banished to the parts around the ,earth dwelling amongst the souls of impious men4 ,,the ,,classification ,,of ,,the ,,breastplate4 ,hebrew ,name of ,modern ,name of ,equivalent ,sign of ,stone ,stone ,zodiac #a4 ,odem ,red ,haematite ,aries #b4 ,pitdah ,emerald ,taurus #c4 ,bareketh ,marble ,gemini #d4 ,nofek ,chrysoprase ,cancer #e4 ,shoham ,sardonyx ,leo #f4 ,jashpeh ,jasper ,virgo #g4 ,lesham ,opal ,libra #h4 ,shebo ,banded ,agate ,scorpio #i4 ,achlamah ,amethyst ,sagittarius #aj4 ,tharshish ,serpentine ,capricorn #aa4 ,sapir ,lapis ,lazuli ,aquarius #ab4 ,jaholom ,crystal ,pisces ,name ,engraved on ,colour ,approximate ,date of ,stone ,sun's ,entry into the ,zodiacal ,signs #a4 ,reuben ,red ,march #bast #b4 ,simeon ,green ,april #bast #c4 ,levi ,white ,may #bbnd #d4 ,judah ,green ,june #bbnd #e4 ,zebulun ,red ,july #bcrd #f4 ,issacher ,mixed ,august #bdth #g4 ,dan ,white and ,purple ,september #bdth #h4 ,gad ,brown ,october #bdth #i4 ,asher ,purple ,november #bcrd #aj4 ,naphtali ,sea colour ,december #bjth #aa4 ,joseph ,blue ,january #bjth #ab4 ,benjamin ,glistening ,white ,february #aith ,the ,baraita of ,samuel deals with astronomical and astrological philosophies1 and in the #fth ,chapter there is a detailed account of the instruction of scholars of ,egypt on the original places of the planets and the zodiacal divisions4 ,this ,samuel was a physician and astrologer1 and his remarks on the administration of medicines1 the times for operations1 etc41 are much the same as those given in the best astrological treatises of today4 ,he considers the last four days of the moon as an especially risky period for important operations4 ,this ,baraita of ,samuel is a work of the #hth ,century4 ,talmudic writers say that besides the twelve tribal names1 those of the patriarchs ,abraham1 ,isaac and ,jacob were at the top of the ,breastplate1 and at the end the words1 8,the tribes of ,jeshurun40 ,others say that the final words were 8,the tribes of ,israel20 ,maimonides says1 8,the tribes of ,god40 ,the reason given for these additions was that it was necessary for the entire alphabet to be employed so that the officiating ,high ,priest could construct words from the letters1 names and colours of the stones of the ,breastplate1 and reply in this way to all questions asked4 ,some of the ,rabbis say that six letters were on each stone1 made up of the tribal names1 the names ,abraham1 ,isaac and ,jacob1 and the words 8,tribes of ,jeshurun40 ,thus the whole of the stones contained #gb letters--the number of ,shem ,ha ,meforash4 ,the number #gb is employed in the mysteries1 and is given in 8,numbers1 their ,magic and ,meaning0 as the number of the ,angels and of ,mercy4 ,in verses #ai-ba of #adth ,chapter of ,exodus the names of the #gb ,angels of the name of ,god are concealed4 ,it is a martial talismanic number1 lightly cloaking the waxing and waning of the ,moon4 ,,chapter ,,vii ,,old ,,legends 8,within that awful volume lies ,the mystery of mysteries40 ,,scott4 ,,the ,,legend ,,of ,,the ,,shamir3 ,,the ,,ring ,,of ,,solomon3 ,,rabbi ,,low ,,ben ,,bezalel3 ,,and ,,his ,,golem3 ,,the ,,automaton ,,of ,,albertus ,,magnus3 ,,diocletian ,,and ,,the ,,ostrich3 ,,precious ,,stones ,,as ,,gifts3 ,,magical ,,stones3 ,,meteorites3 ,,precious ,,stones ,,of ,,the ,,buddhists4 ,it was forbidden to use metal in the engraving of the stones of the ,breastplate1 neither was it permitted to mark them with pigments or paint4 ,the work was done by the magical ,shamir which had the power of eating into the hardest substances at the will of its holder4 ,in the evening light of the first ,friday this seventh of the ten marvels of ,creation followed closely by the ,stylus1 the knowledge of writing1 and the two tablets of stone destined to bear the commandments of ,god1 was given to mankind4 ,it was no larger than a barley grain1 yet its power was intense3 iron lying near it was shattered and stones were sliced like the leaves of a book4 ,moses1 after tracing the tribal names with his forefinger on the ,breastplate1 simply held the ,shamir over them and the letters were as by magic cut clearly into the stones without trace of fracture or flaw4 ,the ,shamir disappeared with the earth-death of ,moses1 and was not heard of again until the time of ,solomon4 ,when the occasion came to build the temple the priests reminded the ,king that it was not lawful to fashion the stones for the ,holy ,building with instruments of iron4 8,what then shall ,i do80 enquired the ,king4 ,to this one of the priests answered3 8,o1 great ,king1 when the world was created the ,shamir was created also1 and with it ,moses was enabled to fashion and engrave the stones of the ,,hoshen-,,ha-,,mishpat40 8,but how can ,i obtain this wonderful ,shamir80 asked ,solomon4 8,what is there difficult for thee who knowest the secrets of ,heaven and ,earth80 replied the priest1 at the same time asking ,solomon to compel two demons1 a male and a female1 to come before him4 ,the ,king1 taking this advice1 conjured the demons and bade them declare unto him the hiding-place of the ,shamir4 ,this they were unable to do1 and they begged the ,master-,magician to release them and obtain the secret from the ,prince of the demons1 ,ashmadai4 ,further they told the ,king that amongst certain mountain ranges ,ashmadai had sunk a deep hole which he filled with water and screened with a great stone sealed with his magical seal4 ,in the dawn of each day he raised himself to ,heaven where he learned heavenly wisdom1 descending in the evening as the light faded to learn the wisdom of earth4 ,then he would break the seal1 drink of the water1 rebind the seal and go his way again4 ,having dismissed the demons1 ,solomon sent his disciple ,benaiah 7the son of ,jehoiada7 with his own magical chain and ring on both of which was engraved the ,divine ,name1 and some skins full of wine4 ,benaiah skilfully released the water from the pit of ,ashmadai1 leaving the wine in its place4 ,as evening was falling the ,prince of the ,demons returned2 the seal being intact1 he raised the stone and to his surprise found wine where water had been4 ,murmuring1 8,is it not set down1 #8,wine is a mocker1 strong drink is noisy2 and whosoever indulgeth therein will never be wise'801 he drank deeply and fell asleep4 ,then ,benaiah1 stealing forth from his hiding place1 bound him with ,king ,solomon's chain4 ,ashmadai awoke and in rage attempted to break the chain2 ,benaiah called to him3 8,desist1 for the holy name of ,god binds you1 and you are compelled to come with me to ,solomon the ,king40 ,brought before ,solomon1 ,ashmadai asked3 8,why have you brought me to you8 ,is not the whole world big enough for you that you would have me also80 8,of thee ,i want nothing10 answered the ,king1 8but for the building of the ,temple ,i must have the ,shamir40 8,then ask the ,prince of the ,sea and his servant the ,moorfowl10 came the answer4 8,and what does the ,moorfowl with the ,shamir80 asked the ,king4 8,splits the barren mountain rocklands in order that the seeds of the trees and plants which he drops into the crevices may mature and render these places beautiful and agreeable to the wants of man2 and then he brings it back to the ,prince of the ,sea who trusts his oath40 ,armed with this information a search was made for the moor fowl's nest1 and this when discovered was found to contain the bird's young4 ,the searchers covered the young birds with glass so that the mother-bird might see but not reach them4 ,the ruse succeeded4 ,the bird flew away and shortly afterwards returned with the ,shamir1 placing it on the glass which split asunder4 ,at that moment the emissary of ,king ,solomon rushed from his hiding place and took the ,shamir from the nest of the frightened bird1 which thereupon killed itself because it had broken its oath to the ,prince of the ,sea4 ,there is another legend which states that the ,shamir was brought from ,paradise--where it had rested since the time of ,moses--by an eagle1 for ,moses specially intended that the ,shamir should be employed in the building of ,solomon's temple4 ,when the building of the temple was completed ,solomon released ,ashmadai1 having proved his power over him4 ,solomon thus acquired authority over the world of ,demons1 and in the 8,arabian ,nights0 the 8,story of the ,fisherman and the ,genii0 tells of a demon who was bottled and bound for ages by this ,magician ,king4 ,the ,arabs say that ,king ,solomon received instructions from the archangel ,gabriel regarding the place where the ,shamir was hidden4 ,these and other legends connected with this wonderful ,shamir have attracted the scientific philosopher4 ,the traditional belief that it was a worm can be accepted if we connect the ,greek ,,smiris1 the emery of the ancient glyptic artists1 with the ,hebrew ,,shamir1 for then the worm would be regarded as minute worms or grains so tough as to be capable of abrading and polishing hard substances4 ,the word ,,shamir does not imply the common or garden variety of worm which is expressed in ,hebrew by other words4 ,it is traditionally related that the four angels of ,earth1 ,air1 ,fire and ,water came to ,king ,solomon1 each giving him a jewel1 with the instruction that the jewels be set in a magical ring which would symbolize and define his power over the elements4 ,the ,arabians say that the metals used in the construction of the magical ring were brass and iron--metals of ,venus and ,mars4 ,solomon summoned the good genii by tracing his command with the brass or ,venus portion of the ring1 and he compelled the evil genii to attend him with the ,mars or iron portion4 ,astrologically ,venus and ,mars are the two planetary principles which control the emotions and passions of all the world4 ,it is further assumed that the four jewels of the ring were set on the famous double triangles called the ,shield of ,david and of ,solomon1 which symbolically represented things of earth in relation to things of ,heaven4 ,when ,solomon went to bathe1 it was his custom to give the ring to ,amina1 one of his wives1 for safe keeping1 for it is not permitted to wear the talisman when washing the body4 ,one day ,sakhr1 a powerful evil spirit1 appeared in the form of ,solomon and thus obtained from ,amina the magical ring4 ,thereupon ,sakhr sat on the throne of ,solomon and ruled for forty days and forty nights while the ,king wandered about1 unknown and forlorn4 ,however1 the evil spirit could not maintain the form of ,king ,solomon for longer than forty days and forty nights1 so he threw the ring into the sea1 thinking as he saw it sink that ,solomon was deprived forever of his power over the elements4 ,but he had forgotten that water was one of the elements1 and the ,angel of the ,waters caused the ring to be swallowed by a fish1 which was later caught by some fishermen who1 surprised at its exceptional beauty1 carried it to ,king ,solomon4 ,the ,king1 acting on impulse1 cut the fish open1 and finding the ring1 regained his power over the elements once more4 ,passing on to the #afth ,century of the ,christian era we come to one of the great masters of the ,quabalah--,rabbi ,low ,ben ,bezalel of ,prague4 ,he is spoken of in the ancient capital of ,bohemia as the greatest ,bal ,shem of his time4 ,many legends concerning him are extant in ,bohemia4 ,he made a ,golem1 an automaton figure to which he gave life by the simple act of placing under the tongue a charm or ,kemea which was exactly like the ,,shem ,,hamphorasch engraved on ,king ,solomon's ring4 ,it was the ,rabbi's custom to take the ,kemea from under the tongue of the ,golem every ,friday at sunset4 ,once he neglected to do this1 and the ,golem becoming furious and swelling to a gigantic size1 rushed to the old synagogue1 spreading destruction all around4 ,the hymn welcoming the ,bride of the ,sabbath had not been sung4 ,the ,golem entered the ,synagogue1 stalked towards the ,ark and was about to destroy it when ,rabbi ,low ,ben ,bazalel ran to the figure and tore the ,kemea from beneath the tongue4 ,the ,golem trembled1 quivered and fell in atoms to the ground4 ,an automaton similar to that of the ,rabbi was made by ,albertus and destroyed in terror by his pupil1 ,thomas ,aquinas4 ,it is related that the ,roman ,emperor1 ,diocletian1 while on a hunting expedition1 came upon a young ostrich4 ,he had it put in a glass case and taken to his palace4 ,for three days the mother-bird followed1 trying in vain to break the glass and release her young4 ,after many fruitless attempts she went away and returned with what is described as a ,,thumare 7a name easily identified with ,,shamir7 or magical worm4 ,this she dropped on the glass cage which split into fragments in the same way as the glass which covered the nest holding the young of the moor fowl4 ,the belief that the gift of a precious stone brought great good to the receiver was1 and still is1 a popular ,eastern conviction4 ,it echoes from the ,book of ,proverbs to the great new age into which the world is now entering3 8,as a precious stone appeareth a prize in the eyes of him that obtaineth it3 whithersoever it turneth it prospereth40 7,proverbs ,,xvii4 #h47 ,the blessedness of giving has always been lauded by the masters who constantly enlarge on the magical power gained by the act1 for1 say they1 8,god gives40 ,the gem given should always be carefully considered especially in accordance with the philosophy laid down in these pages which is held to be a true presentation of ancient laws4 ,the wish of the giver then1 it is assumed1 is translated into the gem which expresses the wish1 translated in concrete form so that whenever the receiver gazes on it1 realizes it1 the wish of good fortune begins to bear fruit and 8whithersoever it turneth it prospereth40 ,the ,talmud relates that ,abraham had a magical jewel which he wore suspended about his neck2 some writers state that it was a pearl that would re-appear at the time of the ,messiah2 it was however his own natal stone which1 when worn1 enabled him by the touch of his hand to heal the sick--a practice which has endured1 naturally with varied success1 through the ages4 ,the gem in the ring of ,aaron was said to shine out brilliantly when the ,elohim favoured the nation2 and we are told that when the gem and the wearer were in harmony the brightness or otherwise of the stone would indicate faithfully the conditions surrounding him4 ,in the writings of ,bishop ,epiphanius a fourth century ecclesiastic of ,jewish descent1 there is a passage commenting on the ,breastplate in which he repeats a still older belief that the stones all turned red when war and defeat faced the ,children of ,israel4 ,some ,quabalistical writers maintain that various colours indicating answers to the many questions asked were reflected from the stones over the whole plate2 others say that the stone having reference to the tribe or to the direct question alone1 gleamed out its special colour2 thus1 for military triumph the symbol would be expressed by the beaming of the ,haematite2 for bountiful production of the fruits of the earth the ,emerald would flash its message of comfort2 for success in matters connected with education the ,marble would shine2 for promise of a good water supply the sparkle of the ,chrysoprase would suffice2 for the well-being of royalty the illumination of the ,sardonyx would promise well2 for a good harvest the ,jasper would glisten2 for success in negotiations with neighbouring nations the gleaming of the ,opal would augur well2 for protection from epidemics the glaring of the agate would be accepted as a favourable omen2 for prophetic truth the radiation of the ,amethyst would stand2 for the welfare of cattle the ,serpentine would vibrate2 for the realization of hopes the ,lapis ,lazuli would electrify like the deep blue of the ,heavens in serene weather2 for success in secret negotiations the ,crystal would throw off its flashes of light4 ,according to the legends in the ,targumin1 ,noah lit up the ,ark with a stone of marvellous brilliancy2 this is considered by some students to denote the ,sun at noonday1 by others it is called a ,carbuncle4 ,the ,manna of the wilderness1 it is said1 fell from ,heaven accompanied by a rain of the most precious and beautiful stones3 this is merely an allegorical expression of the 8opening of the ,heavens10 although some more material writers indicate a fall of meteorites4 ,meteorites were held in especial reverence and were termed ,,bethel or ,house of ,god by the old ,jews1 and ,baetylus by the ,greeks and ,romans4 ,they were assumed to carry all glorious influences from the ,heavenly spheres and to bear the blessings of ,god4 ,pliny mentions a curious stone which he terms ,,amianthus and which is not affected by the action of fire4 ,this substance1 he says1 effectually counteracts all noxious spells1 especially those wrought by magicians4 ,it was considered a bad mistake to barter for a talismanic gem1 that being in itself a crystallization of the sublime forces1 and being holy does not admit of barter4 ,pliny tells of ,ismenius the great fluteplayer of his time1 who loved to display numbers of gems3 he set his heart on obtaining a beautiful emerald--his talismanic gem--on which was engraved a figure of ,amymone 7one of the ,danaides71 the gem being offered for sale in ,cyprus for six golden denarii2 he sent his messenger to purchase it for him1 and this man on his return informed ,ismenius that the jeweller had agreed to take two golden denarii less than was originally asked2 on learning this the musician exclaimed3 8,by ,hercules1 he has done me a bad turn in this1 for the merit of the stone has been greatly impaired by this reduction in price40 ,the seven precious minerals of the ,buddhists are stated by ,sir ,moiner-,williams ,k4 ,c4 ,i4 ,e4 to be3 #a4 ,gold4 #b4 ,silver4 #c4 ,pearls4 #d4 ,sapphires or ,rubies4 #e4 ,catseyes4 #f4 ,diamonds4 #g4 ,corals4 ,the list varies and ,lapis ,lazuli is given instead of pearls by some authors4 ,there are also seven royal treasures amongst which is the jewel stone ,,norbu which throws its rays for several miles on the darkest nights4 ,apollonius of ,tyana1 described by ,barrett as one of the most extraordinary persons that ever appeared in the world1 received during his travels in ,india from the sage ,iarchus seven rings each of which contained a jewel symbolical of one of the planets4 ,one of these he wore every day1 according to the planetary order of the days of the week1 and to the virtue of these gems--which ,iarchus is stated to have received from ,heaven--,philostratus1 the biographer of ,apollonius1 attributes his long life1 his strength and his attractions4 ,the following were the gems inset in the rings which ,apollonius wore1 one on each day of the week3 ,sunday ,day of the ,sun ,diamond 7,in a ring of gold7 ,monday ,day of the ,moon ,cloudy ,crystal 78 ,moonstone7 7,in a ring of silver7 ,tuesday ,day of ,mars ,hmatite 7,in a ring of iron7 ,wednesday ,day of ,mercury ,pink ,jasper 7,in a ring of silver7 ,thursday ,day of ,jupiter ,carbuncle 7,in a ring of tin7 ,friday ,day of ,venus ,coral 7,in a ring of bronze7 ,saturday ,day of ,saturn ,onyx 7,in a ring of lead7 ,justin ,martyr had a deep reverence for this great disciple of ,pythagoras and in his writings he expresses wonder at the potency of the talismans of ,apollonius1 which calm the fury of the sea1 hold back the winds of ,heaven1 cause wild animals to become tame2--8,our ,lord's miracles are held to us only by tradition1 but the miracles of ,apollonius are uncountable almost1 and truly were evident enough to charm all those who saw them40 ,,chapter ,,viii ,,stones ,,in ,,various ,,mythologies ,,the ,,dwelling ,,place ,,of ,,indra3 ,,the ,,serpent ,,king3 ,,the ,,chariot ,,of ,,surya3 ,,surya's ,,temple3 ,,rama ,,and ,,the ,,bridge ,,of ,,adam3 ,,the ,,avataras3 ,,the ,,temple ,,caves ,,of ,,kanhari3 ,,necklace ,,of ,,the ,,king ,,of ,,maabar3 ,,jaipal's ,,necklace3 ,,the ,,buddhist ,,twelve ,,heavenly ,,jewels3 ,,the ,,treasures3 ,,the ,,offerings ,,of ,,the ,,four ,,deva ,,sagas3 ,,the ,,black ,,stone ,,of ,,mecca3 ,,roland ,,and ,,the ,,jewel ,,of ,,the ,,forest ,,knight3 ,,irish ,,charm ,,stones3 ,,dendrites3 ,,garden ,,charms4 ,meru or the ,north ,pole1 the abode of the great ,indra who1 according to the ,rigveda1 8fixed firm the moving ,earth1 made tranquil the incensed mountains1 who spread the wide firmament1 who consolidated the ,heavens10 is symbolically presented as a shining mountain of jewels and precious metals4 ,the ,lord of ,patala 7the infernal regions71 ,seshanaga1 known as the ,king of the ,serpents1 is pictured in the ,bhagavad-,gita 7,revelations7 as3 ,of appearance gorgeous and brilliant4 ,he has a thousand heads and on each of them is set a crown of glittering gem stones4 ,his neck is black1 his body is black and black are his tongues4 8,like torches gleam his eyes3 yellow-coloured are the borders of his robe3 from each ear hangs a sparkling gem stone3 his extended arms are adorned with jewelled bracelets3 his hands hold the holy shell1 the radiant weapon1 the war mace and the lotus40 ,surya is the great ,sun to whose chariot is harnessed seven green horses driven by the charioteer ,arun1 the ,dawn4 ,in his account of the ,temple of ,surya1 ,hort quotes the following from a very old traveller3 8,the walls were of red marble interspersed with streaks of gold4 ,on the pavement was an image of the radiant ,divinity1 hardly inferior to himself in splendour3 his rays being imitated by a boundless profusion of rubies1 pearls and diamonds of inestimable value1 arranged in a most judicious manner and diffusing a lustre scarcely endurable by the sight40 ,the ,hindu work ,,ayeen ,,akbery is also quoted by the same author4 ,in it the temple of ,surya is thus described3 8,near to ,jaggernaut is the ,temple of the ,sun in the erecting of which was expended the whole revenue of ,orissa for twelve years4 ,the wall which surrounds the edifice is one hundred and fifty cubits high and nineteen cubits thick3 having three entrances4 ,at the ,eastern ,gate are two very fine figures of elephants1 each with a man upon his trunk4 ,on the ,west are two surprising figures of horsemen completely armed1 who having killed two elephants are seated upon them4 ,in front of that gate is an octagonal pillar of black stone fifty cubits high4 ,nine flights of steps lead to an extensive enclosure1 in which is a large dome constructed of stone1 upon which are carved the ,sun and the ,stars3 and around them is a border on which is represented a variety of human figures expressive of different passions3 some kneeling1 others prostrate3 together with a number of imaginary strange animals40 ,rama's monkey army is said to have built a bridge of rocks1 called the ,bridge of ,adam1 from the western point of ,india to ,ceylon4 ,krishna1 the eighth ,avatara or incarnation of ,vishnu1 is represented in magnificent dress adorned with garlands of wild flowers and with strings of costly pearls around his ankles4 ,his complexion is blue1 as is also the large bee usually depicted flying above his head4 ,the ,avataras are all adorned with gems1 flowers and loose gauze cloaks interwoven with gold and silver and colours1 while they hold various symbols such as the ,holy ,shell1 the axe1 rings1 etc4 ,the antique ,temple ,caves of ,kanhari at ,salsette contain remarkable stone carvings1 some of the statues cut from the main rock being fifteen feet high4 ,of these sacred figures some are adorned with helmets1 others have jewelled crowns1 others great masses of hair4 ,the famous necklace of the ,king of ,maabar was composed of rubies1 sapphires and emeralds1 and the necklace taken from ,jaipal1 the ,hindu ,king1 by ,mahmud 7#ajja ,a4,d47 was made up of pearls1 rubies and various precious stones1 the whole being valued at over #ejj1jjj dollars4 ,these necklaces were regarded as religious objects4 ,buddha was worshipped symbolically as a black square stone1 and the ancient ,zodiac of the ,buddhist has been known as the ,twelve ,heavenly ,jewels4 ,this is symbolized as3 ,an antelope or horse 7in the place of ,aries7 ,a bull ,twins ,crab ,lion ,virgin ,scales ,scorpion ,bow and arrow 7in the place of ,sagittarius7 ,elephant 7in the place of ,capricorn7 ,waterbearer ,swastika 7in the place of ,pisces7 ,the ,zodiacal ,treasures of the ,king are3 ,the ,elephant equalling ,capricorn ,the ,horse equalling ,aries ,the ,beautiful ,jewel equalling ,libra ,the ,wife equalling ,virgo ,holy ,guide of the ,house equalling ,aquarius ,the ,general equalling ,sagittarius ,the ,swastika equalling ,pisces ,mr4 ,samuel ,beal1 ,b4,a4,r4,n41 etc41 gives the following account of the offering of the ,alms ,dish in his 8,buddhist ,records of the ,western ,world03 8,the four ,deva ,sagas coming from the four quarters each brought a golden dish and offered it4 ,the ,lord sat silently and accepted not the offerings on the ground that such a costly dish became not the character of a hermit4 ,the four ,kings casting away the golden dishes offered silver ones4 ,afterwards they offered vessels of ,po-,chi 7crystal71 ,liu-,li 7,lapis ,lazuli71 ,ma-,nao 7,carnelian71 ,ku-,chi 7amber71 ,chin-,chu 7ruby71 and so on4 ,the ,lord of the ,world would accept none of them4 ,the four ,kings then returned to their palaces and brought as an offering stone patras of a deep blue colour and translucent4 ,on their again presenting these the ,lord to avoid accepting one and rejecting the others joined them all in one and thus accepted them4 ,putting them one within the other the ,lord made one vessel of the four4 ,therefore four borders are to be seen on the outside of the rim of the dish40 ,black stones have been repeatedly mentioned in the history of man4 ,we have seen them in the transition of ,aglauros1 in the ,buddhistic devotion1 and in the ,biblical narratives4 ,these ,matsebah have been found engraved with the twelve signs of the ,zodiac1 sometimes symbolized as the twelve ,gods of ,assyria4 ,gramaldi in 8,zodiacs and ,planispheres0 mentions a black stone which exhibited ten out of the twelve zodiacal signs and ten decans out of the thirty-six4 ,it was found near the ,tigris in ,bagdad1 and is perhaps the oldest zodiacal monument extant1 its date being set down at #acbj years before the ,christian era4 ,but the most famous of all black stones is the ,,hajer-,,alasvad which is now set into the south-east corner of the ,,ka',,bah4 ,the story of this sacred relic is told very completely by ,hadji ,khan and ,wilfred ,sparrey in 8,with the ,pilgrims to ,mecca03 ,having determined to form man in his own image1 the ,creator called the angels ,gabriel1 ,michael and ,israfil1 each at a different time1 requesting that they should bring for his purpose seven handfuls of earth from seven earth strata1 and seven colours4 ,but the ,earth cried out that the anger of ,god would one day fall on her through the wickedness and folly of man1 and so the angel departed without accomplishing the work4 ,god then sent the ,angel ,azrail who1 listening to no appeal1 remorselessly carried out his divinely appointed task4 ,god then made ,azrail the ,angel of ,death1 who ever after separated the souls of men from their useless bodies4 ,the ,earth was then set down between ,mecca and ,tayef where1 having been pressed to a proper degree by the angels1 it was shaped as a man by the ,creator4 ,the mass was then left for #dj years1 being visited only by the ,angels4 ,but the angel ,edris who1 8from being of those that are nearest to ,god1 became the ,devil10 grew furious because he knew that man was designed to be his master4 ,so with a vow that he would always oppose him1 ,edris kicked the image of earth which responded with an empty sound4 ,then the ,creator breathed into the image ,his own ,spirit and ,man arose4 ,he was given ,paradise to inhabit1 and out of his left side ,eve was taken4 ,when ,man fell and was found no longer worthy of ,eden1 a peculiar stone fell too and1 says the narrative1 8this stone became the most cherished possession of the ,muhammadan world40 ,the story continues3 ,it 7the stone7 was restored to ,paradise at the ,deluge1 after which it was brought back to earth by ,gabriel and given to ,abraham who set it in the south-eastern corner of the ,ka'bah which he is said to have built4 ,there it remained till the ,karmatians overturned the fundamental points of ,islam1 bearing it away in triumph to their capital4 ,the citizens of ,mecca sought to redeem the stone by offering no less than #ejjj pieces of gold for it4 ,the ransom was scornfully rejected by the impious sectaries4 ,some #bb years later1 however1 they sent back the stone voluntarily1 covering their discomfiture by declaring it to be a counterfeit4 ,the dismay of the ,meccans was allayed when they discovered that the stone would swim on water1 that being the peculiar quality of the stone they had lost2 so they were satisfied that the true one had been returned to them4 ,at first the stone was whiter than milk1 but it grew to be black by the sins of mankind4 ,all believers1 whatever may be the cause to which they attribute the change of colour1 agree that the defilement is purely superficial1 the inside of the stone being still as white as the driven snow4 ,the silver box wherein it lies is about twenty inches square and is raised a little more than five feet from the ground4 ,a round window having a diameter of some nine inches is kept open to enable the pilgrims to kiss or touch the treasure within1 the treasure being known as 8the right hand of ,god on ,earth40 ,in colour it is a shining black2 in shape hollow like a saucer1 presumably the result of the pressure of devoted lips4 ,if a pilgrim fails to touch the ,stone he must make a reverential salaam before it and pass on4 ,special prayers are also said4 ,the guide accompanying the authors recited the following lines from the ,fortuhul ,haremeyn before leaving3 8,think not that the ,,ka',,bah was made from the earth3 in the body of the world it took the place of the heart4 ,and the stone you call the ,black ,stone was itself a ball of dazzling light4 ,in ages past the ,prophet said it shone like the crescent moon until at last the shadows falling from the sinful hearts of those that gazed on it turned its surface black4 ,now since the amber gem that came to the earth from ,paradise with the ,holy ,ghost1 has received such impressions on itself what should be the impressions which our hearts receive8 ,verily1 whosoever shall touch it being pure of conscience1 is like unto him that has shaken hands with ,god40 ,other accounts state that the stone is about seven inches in diameter1 oval and irregular1 made up of a number of smaller and variously sized pieces1 which inclines one to the opinion that it was at one time shattered by some hard blow and afterwards put together again4 ,the most recent descriptions of the stone of ,mecca agree that it is of a dark reddish-brown colour with a brown border seemingly of pitch and small sand stones1 the whole being set in a band of silver4 ,the most wonderful thing regarding the history of this relic of ,islam is that one little stone1 the ,black ,stone of ,mecca1 should have such powerful attraction for over #bbb1jjj1jjj of the inhabitants of the world4 ,included in ,guerber's 8,myths and ,legends of the ,middle ,ages0 is the following story of ,roland and the ,jewel3 8,charlemagne learning that the ,robber ,knight of the ,ardennes had a precious jewel set in his shield called all his bravest noblemen together and bade them sally forth separately with only a page as escort in quest of the knight4 ,once found they were to challenge him in true knightly fashion1 and at the point of the lance win the jewel he wore4 ,a day was appointed when1 successful or not1 the courtiers were to return1 and1 beginning with the lowest in rank1 were to give a truthful account of their adventures while on the quest4 ,all the knights departed and scoured the ,forest of the ,ardennes1 each hoping to meet the robber knight and win the jewel4 ,among them was ,milon1 accompanied by his son ,roland1 a lad of fifteen1 whom he had taken as page and armour-bearer4 ,milon had spent many days in vain search for the knight when1 exhausted by his long ride1 he dismounted1 removed his heavy armour and lay down under a tree to sleep1 bidding ,roland keep close watch during his slumbers4 ,for a while ,roland watched faithfully3 then1 fired by a desire to distinguish himself he donned his father's armour1 sprang on his steed and rode off into the forest in search of adventures4 ,he had not gone very far when he saw a gigantic horseman coming to meet him and by the dazzling glitter of a large stone set in his shield he recognized him to be the invincible ,knight of the ,ardennes4 ,afraid of nothing1 however1 the lad laid his lance in rest when challenged to fight1 and charged so bravely that he unhorsed his opponent4 ,a fearful battle on foot ensued1 each striving hard to accomplish the death of the other4 ,but at last the fresh young energy of ,roland conquered and his terrible foe fell to the ground in agony4 ,hastily wrenching the coveted jewel from the shield of the dead warrior1 the boy hid it in his breast4 ,then riding rapidly back to his sleeping father he laid aside the armour and removed all traces of a bloody encounter4 ,soon after ,milon awoke and resumed the quest1 when he came upon the body of the dead knight4 ,he was disappointed indeed to find that another had won the jewel1 and rode sadly back to court to be present on the appointed day4 ,in much pomp1 ,charlemagne ascended his throne amid the deafening sound of trumpets4 ,then seating himself he bade the knights appear before him4 ,each in turn told of finding the knight slain and the jewel gone4 ,last of all came ,milon4 ,gloomily he made his way to the throne to repeat the story that had already been told so often4 ,but as he went there followed behind him with a radiant face young ,roland1 proudly bearing his father's shield in the centre of which shone the precious jewel4 ,at the sight of this all the nobles started and whispered that ,milon had done the deed4 ,then when he dismally told how he too had found the knight dead1 a shout of incredulity greeted him4 ,turning his head he saw to his amazement that his own shield bore the gem4 ,at the sight of it he appeared so amazed that ,charlemagne set himself to question ,roland1 and thus soon learned how it had been obtained4 ,in reward for his bravery in this encounter ,roland was knighted and allowed to take his place among the paladins of the ,emperor4 ,nor was it long before he further distinguished himself1 becoming to his father's delight the most renowned among all that famous company40 ,the ,irish ,charm stones used to charm away vermin1 are about one inch in thickness and about four inches long4 ,the ,australian natives carried magical stones which could never be seen by women4 ,certain stones known as ,dendrites exhibit markings which take the form of trees1 grass1 moss1 etc4 7see ,moss ,agate74 ,the ancients considered them fortunate for prosperity in farming and in general affairs of life4 ,brigadier ,general ,kenneth ,mackay mentions in his book1 8,across ,papua10 various carved stones which were employed by the natives as garden charms4 ,,chapter ,,ix ,,stones ,,and ,,their ,,stories ,,abraxas ,,stones4 ,these were stones used by the ,gnostics or ,knowers who existed in the early ages of ,christianity4 8,amongst this ,christian philosophic sect10 writes ,king1 8the figure of ,abraxas was held in high esteem4 ,they used it as a teacher in obedience to whom they directed their own peculiar transcendental inquiries and mystic doctrines3 as a token or password amongst the initiated to show that they belonged to the same sect3 as an amulet and talisman3 and lastly as a seal for their documents40 ,the figure of ,abraxas was composed as follows3 ,cock's ,head1 ,human ,body1 legs formed like serpents4 ,in one hand he holds the whip of power1 in the other the shield of wisdom4 ,these are the five mystical emanations symbolically expressed--the ,sun1 the ,inward ,feelings1 ,awakened ,understanding1 ,dynamis 7,force71 ,sophia 7,wisdom74 ,basilides1 the ,egyptian who is supposed to have founded the sect1 is criticized in the writings of ,augustine because he 8pretended the number of the ,heavens to be #cfe1 the number of days in the year40 ,hence he glorified a 8sacred name0 as it were1 namely the word ,,abraxas1 the letters in which name1 according to the ,greek methods of enumeration1 make up that number4 ,the principal ,abraxas stones were of ,jasper1 ,plasma1 ,sard1 ,loadstone and ,chalcedony4 ,,alectorius4 ,the ,alectorius or as ,camillus ,leonardus has it1 the ,,alectoria1 is said to be a stone never bigger than a large bean1 which stone is taken from a cock4 ,when this stone becomes perfect1 says ,leonardus1 the bird will not drink4 ,the ,alectorus is said to be a stone like ,crystal1 and very bright4 ,it is related that ,milo of ,croton1 the great wrestler and strong man of the ancients who lived in the year #ebj ,b4 ,c41 carried a specimen with him always and only lost his strength when he lost the stone4 ,its virtues were many3 it gave a wife favour in her husband's eyes2 it banished thirst1 bestowed eloquence and persuasive power1 brought domestic peace1 harmony1 victory and honour4 ,as the stone is attached to the zodiacal ,scorpio it may have been a white topaz but identification is uncertain4 ,,bezoar ,,stones 8,everything that frees the body from any ailment is called the ,bezoar of that ailment40 ,,leonardus1 8,mirror of ,stones40 ,these stones the name of which is derived from the ,persian ,,pad-,,zahr1 poison-expelling 7,zahr1 poison2 ,pad1 to dislodge7 are concretions found in the stomach of the stag or goat1 and are credited with great medicinal virtues1 being said to dislodge poisons and to remove poisonous diseases4 ,in ,india and ,persia the belief in the virtue of ,bezoars is very widespread2 it is said that those taken from the stomach of the wild goat of ,persia 7,caprea ,acyagros71 especially if large specimens1 are sold for their weight in gold4 ,dr4 ,anthony ,todd ,thomson1 ,m4,d41 quotes ,garner1 an old writer1 who gives the following curious origin of the ,bezoar which he obtained from the ,arabians3 8,when the hart is sick and hath eaten many serpents for his recoverie1 he is brought into so great a heate that he hasteth to the water and there covereth his body unto the very ears and eyes at which distilleth many tears from which the stone 7the ,bezoar7 gendered40 ,these ,calculi are composed chiefly of superphosphate of lime1 but concretions of phosphate of ammonia or magnesia are also found4 ,the ,bezoar was highly esteemed as a remedy for diseases of the bladder and kidneys4 ,dr4 ,anthony ,todd ,thomson says that the belief in the curative power of these ,bezoars 8affords an addition to the many thousand proofs of the influence of mind over body1 and how truly efficacious ,imagination may prove in removing disease40 ,it was usual to bind the ,bezoar to the part affected where that was possible4 ,in ,china the ,,mo-,,soh or ,bezoar was credited with the power of renewing youth and bestowing beauty1 and similar beliefs prevail in parts of ,india4 ,the ,malays obtain this stone from monkeys and porcupines1 and its magical virtues are held in great esteem4 ,known as the ,,guliga the ,bezoar is exported in great quantities from ,sarawak to ,hindustan especially1 where it is used as a remedy for asthma4 ,it is said that the ,guliga is procured from a red-coloured monkey of the ,semnopithecus species1 and the ,guliga ,landak which is rarer and more highly valued from the porcupine4 ,jean ,baptiste ,tavernier 7,baron d',aubonne7 during his travels in the ,east in the #agth century became acquainted with the ,bezoar stone which he describes in his writings4 8,genuine stones10 it is stated1 8if placed in the mouth spring up and attach themselves to the palate1 or if placed in water will make the water boil40 ,,draconite4 ,the ,draconite is described as a white brilliant gem which must be cut from the head of a living dragon if its lustre and virtue are to be retained4 ,philostrates writes that the seekers for the ,draconite weave certain letters in gold into a robe of scarlet and infuse opiates into the letters4 ,the ,dragon lured out of his cave by musical charm succumbs to the power of the soporific robe4 ,immediately he does so the ,indians rush on him and cutting off his head take from it gems of bright hues and indescribable virtues4 ,but a dragon has often seized the man and his weapons and drawn him into his den4 ,the ,draconite is associated with the zodiacal ,scorpio and is partly1 if not wholly1 symbolic4 ,,enhydros or ,,hydrolite4 ,this is a well-known water stone and within its crystal cover water can usually be seen clearly4 ,marbodus says that this stone 8ceaseless tears distils40 ,the ,enhydros is said to be a cure for gout and affections of the feet1 and a charm for bestowing inspiration and clearness of thought4 ,the water contained within the ,enhydros is said to be highly poisonous if taken internally4 ,the stone is under the zodiacal ,pisces4 ,,gnostic ,,stones4 ,besides the figure of the mystic ,abraxas the talismanic stones of the ,gnostics were engraved with various devices4 ,a large loadstone in the ,king collection is engraved with a figure of ,venus dressing her long hair4 ,venus stands for the mystic ,sophia or ,achamoth and as such represents ,truth4 ,,iris4 ,the 8,iris resplendent with the crystal's sheen0 which the 8swarthy ,arabs glean0 is now known as ,rainbow ,quartz4 ,the iridescence is produced by the reflection of light from the cracks in the stone4 ,the same effect is produced if the crystal is first subjected to heat and then plunged quickly into cold water4 ,the ,iris obtained its name from the beautiful companion of ,juno1 who travelled on the rainbow with wings extended clothed in glorious colours1 radiant lights around her head4 ,she was the guide and helper of the souls of women released from their bodies4 ,,lapis ,,armenus1 or ,armenian ,stone1 is a copper carbonite used as a medicine against infection4 ,it is related in ,arab books that a solution of this substance will retain its power for #aj years4 ,in the ,east copper has been long used as a safeguard against cholera1 and it has been observed that workers in copper mines have enjoyed immunity from the disease4 ,dr4 ,richard ,hughes notes the value of copper in ,asiatic cholera1 adding3 8,there is now abundant evidence of its efficacy both among the workers in the metal and in those who have worn a plate of it next the body during the prevalence of the epidemic40 ,the ,lapis ,armenus1 like all copper compositions1 is under the rulership of the planet ,venus4 ,,lapides ,,fulmonis4 ,these ,thunder stones which are believed to be formed by the lightning in the clouds 7see ,obsidian7 are known by the peasants of ,calabria as ,,cuogni ,,di ,,truoni4 ,the traditional belief is that they are plunged by the lightning stroke six feet into the earth and that every time it thunders they are drawn one foot nearer the surface4 ,after the sixth or seventh thunder storm it is said that the stones are raised to the surface4 ,the peasants test them by suspending them above a fire1 attached to a blue thread2 if the thread does not burn the stone is adjudged a true thunder stone and is carefully treasured as a potent talisman against the lightning stroke4 ,,lapis ,,memphiticus4 ,this stone of ,memphis is described as a sparkling round body of about the size of a hazel-nut4 ,it is mentioned by ,pliny as deadening the pain of surgical operations if taken in wine and water beforehand4 ,if it be reduced to powder and applied1 according to ,dioscorides1 as an ointment to that part of the body to which a surgeon was about to apply either fire or the knife1 it produced insensibility to pain4 ,this is an early instance of the recorded action of a local anaesthetic4 ,,luz or ,,luez4 ,this is said to be a stone or indestructible bone in the human backbone4 ,dr4 ,john ,lightfoot1 a great ,hebraic scholar of the #agth century1 details the following legend3 8,how doth a man revive in the world to come80 was asked by the ,emperor ,hadrian of ,rabbi ,joshua ,ben ,hananiah4 8,from ,luz in the backbone10 he made reply and then went on to demonstrate this to the ,emperor4 ,he took the bone ,luz and put it into water1 but the water had no action on it4 ,he put it in the fire but the fire consumed it not4 ,he placed it in a mill1 but could not grind it4 ,he laid it on an anvil1 but the hammer crushed it not4 ,,mandarin',s ,,jewels4 ,each of the nine ,khioupings or ,mandarins of ,china proclaims his rank by a distinctive button of about an inch in diameter worn at the top of his cap and distinguishing dress and insignia4 ,the chief officers wear a ruby on the cap4 ,they are divided into civilian and military sections4 ,the military wear a robe on which is embroidered a unicorn1 the girdle being adorned with a jade clasp set in rubies4 ,the civilian mandarin is distinguished by a crane embroidered on both back and front of the robe4 ,those of the second order wear a coral button in their caps4 ,the military are distinguished by an embroidered lion and a gold girdle clasp inset with rubies1 the civilian by a golden pheasant4 ,those of the ,third ,order wear a sapphire in the cap4 ,the ,military display a leopard and a clasp of wrought gold1 the ,civilian a peacock4 ,those of the ,fourth ,order wear an opaque blue stone in the cap4 ,the ,military display on their robes a tiger and silver button clasp1 the ,civilian a wild goose4 ,those of the ,fifth ,order have their caps adorned with a crystal1 the ,military their robes with a bear and a plain gold clasp with silver button1 the ,civilian a silver pheasant4 ,those of the ,sixth ,order wear on their caps an opaque white shell4 ,the ,military adorn their robes with a tiger-cat and clasp of mother-of-pearl1 the ,civilian with an egret4 ,those of the ,seventh ,order wear on their caps a wrought gold button4 ,the ,military robe displays a bear and has a silver clasp1 the ,civilian a ,mandarin duck4 ,those of the ,eighth ,order wear a plain gold button on their caps4 ,the ,military have on their robes a seal and a horn clasp1 the ,civilian a quail4 ,those of the ,ninth ,order wear on their caps a silver button4 ,the ,military are distinguished by a rhinoceros and a clasp of buffalo horn1 the ,civilian by a long-tailed jay4 ,,median ,,stone4 ,this is a mysterious gem1 possibly symbolic1 which is described as of black colour4 ,marbodus says 8',tis white to heal us1 black to slay our foes40 ,it would then be symbolical of ,black and ,white ,magic4 ,,molochite4 ,mr4 ,king is of the opinion that the ,molochite is clear green jade1 and so he agrees with ,pliny's description of the stone1 8opaque of hue with the vivid green of the emerald40 ,its virtue protected babies from harm1 gave luck and beauty and opposed the spite of witchcraft4 ,,ophites4 ,ophites or ,snake ,stones are stones of black or grey colour described by ,orpheus as 8black1 hard1 weighty1 portentous balls surrounded by furrowed lines in many a mazy bend40 ,it is variously described4 ,there are in ,india snake charmers called ,sampoori who assert that they can extract the snake stone from the head of a snake1 but these assertions are unfavourably commented upon by some ,indian authors4 ,still1 it has been shown by ,sir ,j4 ,tennent in his work on 8,ceylon0 and by ,buckland in 8,curiosities of ,natural ,history0 that some striking cures from snake bite have ostensibly been effected by the use of a so-termed snake stone which is said to absorb the poison if applied to the bite with a little blood before the poison has had time to invade the system4 ,some authentic cures are quoted1 notably that of a man bitten by a ,cobra2 in this case the man was saved by 8two small snake stones the size of a large pea40 ,the snake stone1 it is said1 clings for a short time to the wound and then drops off4 ,it is reported to be composed of some vegetable substance2 the ,cobra stone1 according to ,farraday1 the distinguished chemist1 is but charred bone filled with blood a number of times and then again charred4 ,in ,england and ,scotland snake stones strung together used to be given to cattle to chew if bitten by vipers4 ,the stone was considered to be a very potent charm against the evil blasts of occult forces4 ,albertus ,magnus carried a stone which guarded against epidemics1 evil magic and the bites of serpents1 and by the aid of which he was able to attract serpents4 ,,orite4 ,this stone is described as black and round4 ,if mixed with the oil of roses it will cure fatal wounds1 protect from wild animals and prevent childbirth4 ,,ovum ,,anguinum4 ,the ,ovum ,anguinum is described by ,pliny as a ,druidic badge the size of an apple1 surrounded by a gristly crust covered with protuberances like the suckers on the arms of a cuttle fish4 ,the story goes that at a certain season of the year a crowd of snakes are found intertwined and bearing above them the magical ,ovum1 which the hunter had to catch in some soft material before it tumbled to earth1 for if it did so it would lose its power4 ,as soon as the hunter seized the magic stone the serpents rushed after him and his fate was sealed if they reached him before he crossed a flowing stream4 ,,pandarbes4 ,philostratus relates how ,chariclea escaped unharmed from the funeral pyre on which she was condemned to perish by the jealous ,arsace by secretly wearing the wonderful ring of ,king ,hydrastes4 ,in this ring was set a stone called ,pandarbes which was engraved as a talismanic charm against the fury of fire4 ,,pantheros4 ,it is probable from the description1 given by old writers1 that it was a mottled brown ,egyptian ,jasper ,opal4 ,it was said to protect the wearer from enemies1 wild animals and fear1 which last1 according to the healthy philosophy of the ,rosicrucians1 is the greatest of the vices and the gateway of weakness and failure4 ,,philosopher',s ,,stone4 ,the ,philosopher's ,stone is also known as ,lapis ,philosophorum1 the ,eye of the ,philosophers1 the ,egg of the ,philosophers4 ,french writers call it 8,pierre ,philosophale10 and ,german writers 8,der ,stein der ,weisen40 ,in the ,rosicrucian mysteries it is known as 8,the ,stone of the ,wise10 8,the ,sacred ,stone10 8,the ,stone of ,wisdom10 etc4 ,in spite of the assertions made by over-sanguine critics as to the fallacy of the ,philosopher's ,stone on the material plane1 scientists--mystic and material--have never ceased to search for a substance so precious4 ,phillips 7,transmutation of ,metals1 #agjb7 says that 8this transmutation is what the ,alchymists call the ,grand ,operation or ,secret of finding the ,philosopher's ,stone which they give out to be so curious an ,universal seed of all metals4 ,if any metal be liquefied in a vessel1 and this #8,power of ,perfection' be thrown into the mass it will transform it into gold or silver40 ,some of the philosophers call it 8,the ,stone10 ,noster ,lapis1 8,the ,sublime ,stone10 8,our ,stone40 ,it is related that ,king ,henry ,,vi granted 8#d successive ,patents and ,commissions0 to several knights and ,mass ,priests to find 8,the ,philosopher's ,stone40 ,in his recent work on ,alchemy1 ,h4 ,stanley ,redgrove1 ,b4,sc41 ,f4,c4,s41 etc41 writes3 8,we must not assume that because we know not the method now1 real transmutations have never taken place4 ,modern research indicates that it may be possible to transmute other metals 7more especially silver7 into gold1 and consequently we must admit the possibility that1 amongst the many experiments carried out1 a real transmutation was effected40 ,timbs 7,alchemy and ,chemistry7 emphasizes the fact that many of the opinions of the alchemists have been vindicated4 ,he specially notes the condition of ,allotropism or the quality which certain bodies possess of assuming two marked phases of chemical and physical existence4 8,this shatters the opinion10 he writes1 8on which our absolute repudiation of the doctrine of transmutation was based40 ,dr4 ,colange explains ,allotropy as that branch of chemical science which takes account of the different sets of properties possible to one and the same body4 ,organic solids occur under one of the three conditions1 viz41 the crystalline1 as the diamond2 the vitreous1 as glass2 the amorphous or shapeless1 as clay1 chalk1 etc4 ,but there are many bodies any one of which without undergoing a change in chemical composition may yet appear under one of the above three conditions with striking changes in physical and even chemical properties while still retaining1 so to speak1 its chemical identity4 ,thus1 ordinary white phosphorus may by the application of heat be converted into a hard amorphous substance which is its allotrophic form4 ,an excellent paper on 8,allotrophy or ,transmutation0 was read before the ,british ,association at ,sheffield1 ,england1 a few years ago by ,dr4 ,henry ,m4 ,howe4 ,in it ,dr4 ,howe dealt at greater length with what has been previously advanced on the subject4 ,since the discovery of ,radium and the extensive experiments of the late ,sir ,william ,ramsay1 ,mr4 ,cameron and others in the department of transmutation and disintegration1 modern science has projected itself into the ,halls of ,alchemy and has joined hands with its parent science to search for that which the world of a few years back regarded with ignorant ridicule4 ,in the space at disposal it is impossible to enter into details of the numerous accounts of successful alchemy recorded4 ,a number of these will be found in ,dr4 ,franz ,hartmann's works and in the excellent works on the subject by ,h4 ,stanley ,redgrove and others4 ,perhaps the case noticed by ,dr4 ,franz ,hartmann is one of the most romantic4 ,it came before the court at ,leipsig on ,august #ith1 #agae and is reported in the acts of the judicial faculty of that town4 ,a gentleman came late one night to the ,castle of ,tankerstein where the ,countess of ,erbach resided4 ,he said that having accidentally killed a deer which belonged to the ,palatine of ,palatia he was being pursued1 and therefore he asked protection4 ,the ,countess hesitated1 but being impressed with the stranger's appearance she ordered that a room be given him4 ,he remained in the castle several days1 and then being granted an interview with the ,countess1 he thanked her for her protection in return for which he offered to transmute all her silver into gold4 ,the lady was incredulous but1 her curiosity overcoming her1 she gave the stranger a silver tankard which he melted and with a stone transmuted into gold4 ,the ,countess sent the gold to a goldsmith in the town1 who having tested it pronounced it to be the purest gold4 ,after this she asked the adept to transmute all her silver into gold4 ,this he did and receiving the lady's thanks as he tendered his own1 departed4 ,the ,countess's husband1 a great spendthrift1 serving as an officer abroad1 hearing that his wife by some means had suddenly become wealthy returned home quickly4 ,he demanded the gold for himself but the ,countess would not surrender it4 ,thereupon the ,count brought his wife before the ,court1 claiming that as ,lord of the territory 7,dominus ,territorii7 on which the ,castle belonging to his wife was built1 all treasure found upon the land was his4 ,he asked that the ,court should order the gold to be sold and that after new silver had been purchased for his wife the balance of the money be paid to him4 ,the defence urged that as the gold had been artificially produced it could not come under a law relating to buried treasure2 again that the silver had been transmuted into gold for the sole benefit of the ,countess4 ,the ,court was asked to allow the lady to retain the gold thus obtained and judgment was given in her favour4 ,illustration3 ,a ,perfect ,specimen of the ,english ,gold ,noble 7#acdd7 in the ,kelsey ,i4 ,newman ,collection4 ,traditionally ,stated to have been ,made from ,alchemical ,gold ,some years ago a medal was exhibited in the ,imperial ,treasury in ,vienna1 which had been partly transmuted into gold by the stone used by the monk ,wenzel ,seiler who had been ennobled by ,leopold ,i with the title ,wenzeslaus ,ritter von ,reinburg4 ,recent tragic events make its present whereabouts doubtful4 ,it is traditionally stated that the true ,philosopher's ,stone was hung in the ,ark by ,noah to give light to life and radiance to the world after the ,flood-darkness4 ,this legend is a parable expressing the highest truth1 for the ,philosopher's ,stone that carries light into the darkness of materialism is the true ,stone of the ,wise4 ,among the discoveries made in the search for the ,philosopher's ,stone the following are given by ,dr4 ,brewer2 the invention of ,dresden porcelain by ,botticher1 that of gun powder by ,roger ,bacon1 of the properties of acids and various substances by ,prince ,geber1 of the nature of gases by ,van ,helmont1 of salts by ,dr4 ,glauber1 etc4 ,,polish ,,stones1 ,,poland ,,stones1 ,,poles' ,,stones4 ,it has frequently been stated that the ,poles originated the wearing of birth stones1 but this practice is a very remote one and was recommended by ancient philosophers long before the ,polani came to ,polska4 ,the ,poles are naturally gifted with fine imagination and psychic intuition1 therefore they readily absorbed the spiritual philosophies of the ,jewish wanderers who received asylum in ,poland4 ,the fondness of the ,poles for beautiful gems is proverbial and the spread of the knowledge of the occult virtues found to exist in these beautiful crystallizations was more marked in ,polska than in any other country4 ,it is also not to be wondered at that so many of the lists given are incorrect4 ,in this book an endeavour is made to set right the many errors that have so naturally crept in4 ,usually the ,poland ,stones are doubtfully classified as follows3 ,,the ,,months ,january ,garnet1 emblem of constancy4 ,february ,amethyst1 emblem of sincerity4 ,march ,bloodstone1 emblem of courage4 ,april ,diamond1 emblem of innocence4 ,may ,emerald1 emblem of love success4 ,june ,agate1 emblem of health and longevity4 ,july ,carnelian1 emblem of contentment4 ,august ,sardonyx1 emblem of married happiness4 ,september ,chrysolite1 emblem of protection from insanity4 ,october ,opal1 emblem of hope4 ,november ,topaz1 emblem of fidelity4 ,december ,turquoise1 emblem of prosperity4 ,the emblems of the stones are fairly correct4 ,,the ,,planets ,saturn ,lead ,turquoise ,jupiter ,tin ,carnelian ,mars ,iron ,emerald ,sun ,gold ,diamond ,venus ,copper ,amethyst ,mercury ,quicksilver ,loadstone ,moon ,silver ,crystal ,the metals of the planets are correctly given and do not appear ever to have been disputed4 ,the ,turquoise of ,saturn is correctly the ,odontolite or ,bone ,turquoise4 ,the ,emerald is a stone of ,venus1 the ,amethyst a stone of ,jupiter1 the ,loadstone a stone of ,mars4 ,the ,crystal has often been admitted as influenced by the ,moon although it is more acceptable for quabalistic considerations to identify it with ,neptune4 ,,the ,,zodiac #a4 ,aries ,ruby #b4 ,taurus ,topaz #c4 ,gemini ,carbuncle #d4 ,cancer ,emerald #e4 ,leo ,sapphire #f4 ,virgo ,diamond #g4 ,libra ,jacinth #h4 ,scorpio ,agate #i4 ,sagittarius ,amethyst #aj4 ,capricorn ,beryl #aa4 ,aquarius ,onyx #ab4 ,pisces ,jasper ,the confusion here is very marked and the reader is referred to the chapters dealing with the ,high ,priest's ,breastplate4 ,,rings ,,bearing ,,stones ,,of ,,invisibility4 ,perhaps the most famous of these rings is the ring of ,gyges1 the shepherd ,king of ,lydia1 described by ,plato and ,herodotus4 ,when the stone was turned inwards the wearer was rendered invisible4 ,by its aid ,gyges assassinated ,king ,candaules and seized his wife and children4 ,it is related that ,otnit1 ,king of ,lombardy1 wore a ring given him by his mother1 which had power similar to the ring of ,gyges1 as well as the special virtue of preventing the wearer from losing his way4 ,nizami1 the poet of ,persia in the early #acth century1 tells the story of a shepherd1 a story similar to that of ,king ,gyges4 ,another ring of invisibility is the ring of ,eluned or ,sunet in the old romance of ,ywaine and ,gawaine4 ,,ring ,,of ,,pope ,,innocent ,,iii4 ,it is related by ,matthew ,paris that ,pope ,innocent ,,iii1 well knowing the love that the ,english ,king ,john had for jewels1 sent to him four gold rings set with precious stones4 ,the ,pope comments on the emblematical character of the gift1 saying3 8,the rotundity of the rings signifies eternity1 for we pass through time to eternity4 ,the number four which is a square number indicates the firmness of mind which is neither depressed in adversity nor elated in prosperity4 ,it signifies the four virtues which make up constancy of mind1 viz41 justice1 fortitude1 prudence1 temperance4 ,the material signifies wisdom from on high which is as gold purified in the fire4 ,the greenness of the ,emerald moreover denotes faith2 the blueness of the ,sapphire1 hope2 the redness of the ,garnet1 charity2 the brightness of the ,topaz1 good works4 ,in the ,emerald1 therefore1 you have what to believe1 in the ,sapphire what to hope for1 in the ,garnet what to love1 and in the ,topaz what to practise4 ,so that you ascend from one virtue to another until you see the ,lord in ,zion40 ,,ring ,,of ,,reynard4 ,in the story of ,reynard the ,fox1 said to have been written by ,hinreck van ,alckmer though in reality it was written in the #aeth century by ,hermann ,barkhusan of ,rostock1 ,reynard believes himself possessed of a famous ring set with stones of red1 white and green4 ,the white stone cured all diseases1 the red rendered night as bright as day1 and the green made the wearer invincible4 ,the story introduces ,rabbi ,abron of ,trent who was wise above men1 who spoke every language and knew the nature of every kind of herb1 animal1 and precious stone4 ,,ring ,,of ,,solomon4 ,solomon1 according to ,rabbinical tradition1 gazed on the stone of his ring and immediately knew everything concerning worldly affairs and much concerning heavenly4 ,this ring is the subject of many legends4 ,,rock ,,crystallizations4 ,certain hair-like substances are found enclosed in crystals4 ,they are also termed 8penetrating minerals0 and comprise ,rutile1 ,asbestus1 ,actinolite and ,tourmaline4 ,these acicular crystals are called in ,france ,flches d',amour 7,love's ,arrows74 ,they are also known as ,venus's ,hair ,stone1 ,thetis's ,hair ,stone1 ,pencils of ,venus1 ,cupid's ,arrows1 ,cupid's ,net1 ,the ,goddess's ,tresses1 etc4 ,these specimens cut and polished are interesting and beautiful1 and have always been esteemed as charm stones for ensuring a growth of beautiful hair1 for beauty1 for grace1 for skill and fascination in dancing1 etc4 ,,sagda4 ,a mysterious ocean stone which fixes itself to the keels of ships4 ,a protection against shipwreck1 it will cling to the ship so long as the timbers are not cut4 ,it is said to be of dark green colour1 similar to ,prase4 ,,sakhrat4 ,the ,mohammedans say that the ,sakhrat is a marvelous stone of green colour which reflects the deep blue tints on the crystal vapours of the heavens4 ,the possession of the merest fragment of this holy stone bestows on the possessor the knowledge of all the secrets of the ,universe4 ,,salamander',s ,,wool4 ,asbestos is so termed4 ,it is also known as ,mountain ,flax1 and is believed by the ,tartars to be the root of a tree4 ,,sarcophagus4 ,the word is derived from the ,greek ,,sarx1 ,,sarkos1 flesh1 and ,,phago1 to eat4 ,a stone found at ,assos in ,troas4 ,used by the ancients1 it was said to consume an entire dead human body with the exception of the teeth in #dj days4 ,it was known as ,lapis ,assius1 and is noted by ,pliny4 ,sarcophagi were generally employed throughout the ancient world4 ,,saurite4 ,the ,saurite is said to be a stone cut from a green lizard with a sharp reed knife4 ,,scorpion ,,stone4 ,this may have been a stone of the agate class but its composition is obscure4 ,it is mentioned by ,orpheus who says that if the hunter ,orion had known of its existence he would have given all the stars to gain this remedy for his fiery pain4 ,it healed the wounds of arrows1 the stings of insects and the bite of the scorpion4 ,,toad ,,stone4 ,that the toad 8wears a precious jewel in his head0 was a profound belief in the ,middle ,ages1 and a belief much commented upon in the works of writers of that period4 ,francis ,barrett states that the stone of the toad was a cure for toothache4 ,it was also given as an antidote for poison4 ,in this latter connection it is said that if set in an open setting and worn on the finger it burnt the skin if poison were near4 ,according to ,fenton1 a writer of the #afth century1 8,there is to be found in the heads of old and great toads a stone they call ,borax or ,stelon1 which being used as rings gives forewarning against venom40 ,the toad was believed to have a natural fear of man1 throwing out poison at the sight of him4 ,in some parts of the world the stone is said to be extracted from the head by numerous cunning means4 ,it is generally described as a species of black pebble4 ,one of the special virtues of the ,toadstone was to protect children from molestation by the fairies4 ,it was also a cure for diseased kidneys and stomach disorders4 ,according to ,praetorius1 the ,prince of ,alveschleben was given a ring of this land by a ,kobold ,brownie or ,nixe as a house talisman to safeguard the fortunes of his family4 ,a large toad is said to have dropped a black stone on to the bed of the wife of the ,elector of ,brandenburg after the birth of her son4 ,friedrich ,wilhelm ,i ordered his jeweller to set the stone in a ring1 which ring has always been worn by the head of the ,house of ,hohenzollern as a symbol of prosperity1 protection and good fortune4 ,it was recently stated that the loss of this toadstone during the war was regarded as an evil omen for the ruling house4 ,,world ,,stone4 ,the ,world ,stone or ,axial ,loadstone of the ,earth is included in the philosophic mysteries of the old ,rosicrucians4 ,,chapter ,x ,,the ,,greatest ,,charms ,,in ,,the ,,world 8,a deceased ,king is said to have entered the boat of the ,sun in the form of the scarab40 ,,dr4 ,,wallis ,,budge4 ,we will now turn to the ancient land of ,egypt and dwell awhile on the sacred ,scarabaeus which was1 without doubt1 the most popular and venerated charm of antiquity4 ,the ,scarab was a copy in steatite1 faience1 obsidian1 gold1 beryl1 crystal1 haematite1 cornelian1 jasper1 amethyst1 turquoise1 lapis lazuli1 granite1 serpentine and other stones1 of the large black beetle1 scarabaeus sacer4 ,it was known in ancient ,egypt as ,khepera 7he who turns71 and besides symbolizing the eternal return of the ,sun after the passing of the night reign1 it represented the everlasting progress of life and as such was not only inserted in the position of the heart in the bodies of the dead but was placed in the tombs also4 ,it was worn by those living on earth as a symbol of everlasting life and good luck1 being specially prepared as a talisman by the priests of the various temples4 ,the ,greeks called it the ,cantharus or ,heliocantharus1 the ,latins the ,scarabaeus4 ,throughout ,egypt this sign of immortality was ever before the people4 ,it was used in government offices bearing the ,pharaoh's cartouche 7oval case in which his name was inscribed71 was carried in battle by soldiers1 was worn by the people generally throughout the land4 ,it entered into their very lives1 reminding them of the power of the deathless spirit1 ever progressive1 active and vital1 moulding dull matter to its will4 ,hence the scarab was the ideal luck charm1 the mere sight of which reminded man of his divine origin1 and it was said that the soul of ,ra impressed the seemingly inert matter which made up the scarab1 giving it a life which ages could not destroy4 ,generally strange stories connected with scarabs are explained in every way but the correct one4 ,the ancient ,egyptians were until the time of their decline essentially a religious people1 and their knowledge of the continuity of life may be one reason for their existence as a nation for so many thousands of years--an existence only terminated by excess of luxury and the dominance of materialism by which so many great nations have been destroyed4 ,four diverse species of the scarabaeus or ,ateuchus ,sacer have been identified in the hieroglyphical inscriptions1 viz41 #a4 ,ateuchus ,semipunctatus2 #b4 ,ateuchus ,laticollis2 #c4 ,ateuchus ,morbillosus2 #d4 ,ateuchus ,puncticollis4 ,professor ,flinders ,petrie recognizes other varieties of beetles4 ,misses ,brodrick and ,norton1 in their useful and concise 8,dictionary of ,egyptian ,archaeology10 observe3 8,the ,scarabaeus is remarkable for the peculiar position and shape of its hind legs which are placed very far apart and at the extreme end of the body4 ,this is to enable the insect to roll the ball of refuse containing its eggs into some place of safety4 ,at first these balls are soft and shapeless1 but as they are pushed along by the scarab's hind legs they become firm and round1 and increase in size until they are sometimes an inch and a half in diameter4 ,this insect is looked upon by the ,arabs as an emblem of fertility40 ,the ,egyptians saw in the number of its toes 7thirty7 the days of the month2 and the time it took to deposit its ball was compared to a lunar month4 ,the passage of the ball was compared to the sun and its operation on the earth4 ,being regarded as of the male sex only1 the scarabaeus symbolized1 according to ,horapollo1 the self-begotten1 the self-created4 ,the god ,khepera is the father of all the gods1 the self-created one identified with the god ,,neb-,,er-,,tcher4 ,a hieratic papyrus in the ,british ,museum is thus translated by ,dr4 ,wallis ,budge3 8,i developed myself from the primeval matter which ,i made4 ,my name is ,osiris1 the germ of primeval matter4 ,i have worked my will to its full extent in this earth1 ,i have spread abroad and filled it4444 ,i uttered my name as a word of power from my own mouth and ,i straightway developed myself by evolutions4 ,i evolved myself under the form of the evolutions of the god ,khepera and ,i developed myself out of the primeval matter which has evolved multitudes of evolutions from the beginning of time4 ,nothing existed in this earth 7before me74 ,i made all things4 ,there was none other who worked with me at that time4 ,i made all evolutions by means of that soul which ,i raised up there from inertness out of the watery matter40 ,illustration3 ,large ,scarab ,william ,howat ,collection ,illustration3 ,rare ,scarab of ,rameses ,,ii1 a ,famous ,pharaoh of the ,bible ,mrs4 ,c4 ,g4 ,king's ,collection ,illustration3 ,rare ,antique ,scarab of ,black ,jasper ,talismanic ,charm--,mercury1 ,guardian of ,sailors ,mrs4 ,c4 ,g4 ,king's ,collection ,large numbers of funereal scarabs have been discovered in different substances1 the best being formed from a hard green basalt or a serpentine4 ,these were suspended on a gold wire from the neck of the mummy1 or attached to a heart on which were the symbols for life1 immovability1 preservation4 ,ornamental scarabs were very largely worn4 ,dr4 ,wallis ,budge says of these3 8,by an easy transition the custom of placing scarabs on the bodies of the dead passed to the living1 and men and women wore the scarab probably as a silent act of homage to the ,creator of the world who was not only the god of the dead but of the living also40 ,it has been suggested that scarabs were used for exchange or barter1 but ,mr4 ,percy ,e4 ,newbury 78,scarabs07 points out that such contention 8is not supported by the inscriptions or by any of the scenes depicted in the monuments40 ,he continues3 8,but we do find that during the ,hyksos period 7circa #agjj ,b4,c47 and later under ,amenhetep ,,iii 7circa #adjj ,b4,c471 the ,khetem or #8seal' is given as a measure of value1 although here it is probable that it was not the seal itself that is meant but the impression of it upon another substance4 ,polyaemus relates that the ,athenian general ,timotheus1 being in want of money to pay his troops1 issued his own #8seal' for coin1 this substitute being accepted by the traders and market people1 trusting in his honour4 ,this can only mean that impressions of his signet on clay or some other substance were put into circulation as representatives of value and were so received by the sellers4 ,it is in the impression of a seal or stamp upon a piece of gold or other metal that we have the origin of coined money40 ,the inscriptions1 mottoes and symbols on the ,egyptian scarabs are diverse and numerous4 ,a large number have the names of the ,kings1 ,queens1 members of the ,royal ,household1 ,public ,officers1 etc4 ,one rare specimen in the ,british ,museum is adorned with the name of the very ancient ,king ,,neb-,,ka-,,ra2 another has the name ,,khufu4 ,m4 de ,morgan describes one of ,lapis ,lazuli bearing the name ,,ne-,,maat-,,ra 7,amanemhat ,,iii7 found at ,dahshur4 ,the ,cairo ,museum has a beautiful ,queen's scarab1 found also at ,dahshur1 on which is 8,the ,royal ,wife who is joined to the ,beauty of the ,white ,crown40 ,many bear the seal of the famous ,thothmes ,,iii 7,,men-,,kheper-,,ra71 the ,rameses1 ,shashanq1 and all the kings of ,egypt4 ,the ,queen of ,amenhetep is called on the scarabs 8,the ,royal ,wife ,thyi10 and 8,the ,great ,divine ,wife ,thyi beloved of ,isis40 ,amenhetep ,,iv is inscribed 8,lord of the ,sweet ,wind40 ,the ,queen of ,rameses ,,ii is immortalized as 8,the ,royal ,wife ,,ur-,,maat-,,neferu-,,ra1 daughter of the ,great ,chief of the ,kheta40 ,the horse of ,amenhetep ,,ii is shown in a scarab of yellow jasper with his name 8,firm of ,heart02 this scarab is now in the ,british ,museum4 ,many have inscriptions denoting office1 such as 8,the ,royal ,sealer and ,general1 ,,sa-,,nab10 8,the ,superintendent of the ,meat ,department1 ,,hor-,,ankh10 8,the ,scribe of the ,army1 ,,nefer-,,iu10 8,the ,director of ,stores1 ,,sehetep-,,ab-,,ra10 8,the ,chief ,secretary of the ,great ,prison1 ,,sa-,,sebek10 8,the ,superintendent of the ,labour ,bureau1 ,,antef10 8,the ,superintendent of the ,royal ,temple1 ,,aahmes10 8,the ,mayor of ,heliopolis1 ,,ben son of ,,ma10 8,the ,superintendent of the ,gold ,workers1 ,,haaiu10 8,the ,superintendent of the ,granary of ,amen1 ,,aahmes10 8,the ,hereditary ,mayor and ,priest10 8,the ,governor of the ,royal ,city10 8,the ,vezir ,paser40 ,on some motto and charm scarabs are ,,ankh ,,nefer1 ,life and ,beauty2 ,,nefer ,,maa1 ,beauty and ,truth2 ,an ,eye2 ,two ,fish2 ,a ,fish and a ,scorpion 7perhaps astrological72 ,the ,lotus2 ,flowers2 ,monkeys2 ,uraei1 etc4 ,besides these there are the famous ,heart ,scarabs1 ,mystic ,scarabs1 and those known as ,hunting and ,historical ,scarabs4 ,but whatever the ,scarab has stood for1 it was primarily a symbol of good fortune1 long life and divine protection4 ,its universal popularity has made it the greatest charm in the world4 ,so great was its fame that it travelled beyond the ,egyptian borders to other lands4 ,next to ,egyptian1 the most famous scarabs were those of ,phoenicia 7especially in green jasper71 those of ,greece1 and those of the ,etruscans who carved them out of hard stones such as the ,sard1 ,agate and ,carnelian1 engraving them with exquisite figures1 in fine intaglio style1 usually of the gods and goddesses of ancient ,greece1 sometimes accompanied by ,etruscan inscriptions or words and encircled with an engrailed or guilloche margin4 ,when we consider the ,egyptian ,priests' practice of speaking 8words of power0 into these scarabs1 we have cause for additional wonder at the recorded act of the great ,law-,giver in striking the rock instead of speaking to it1 as he had been commanded4 ,,precious ,,and ,,semi-,,precious ,,gems ,,arranged ,,in ,,alphabetical ,,order ,,chapter ,,xi ,,agate-,,amazonite ,,agate 8,by the rushing fringed bank ,where grows the willow and the osier dank ,my sliding chariot stays1 ,thick set with agate40 ,,milton4 ,the name occurs as agath1 agget1 agot1 agat1 agett1 agott1 aggat1 aggot1 achate1 etc4 ,the great ,greek philosopher and scientist1 ,theophrastus1 in his writings 8,of stones10 says that the agate obtained its name from the river ,achates--now known as the ,drillo--in ,sicily1 because near its banks the first specimens were found4 ,dr4 ,bochart derived the name from the ,hebrew word ,,nakad1 meaning 8spotted40 ,most authorities agree that this stone was the eighth stone in the ,breastplate of the ,high ,priest and that it was known in ,hebrew as ,,shebo4 ,in ,rabbinical writings there is an allegorical story of the discussion in ,heaven of the import of the lines in ,isaiah 7,chap4 #ed v4 #ab7 8,and ,i will make thy windows of agates10 but it is a matter of considerable doubt if the ,hebrew word ,,kadkod can correctly be rendered agate4 ,in the controversy between ,judah and ,ezekiel1 sons of ,rabbi ,hayya1 in the same writings the former calls it a beryl1 the latter a jasper1 and the voice of ,god said 8,kadkod will include both of these10 in allusion to the unity of all things4 ,the agate is a variegated chalcedonic variety of quartz1 formed of successively attracted coloured layers1 and is remarkable for the beauty and peculiarity of the patterns4 ,lines or bands run through the stone3 when these are straight or ribbony the agate is called the 8ribbon agate02 when they are zigzag it is known as the 8fortification agate0 because of its resemblance to a fortification2 when the lines follow the form of an eye the term 8eye agate0 is often employed4 ,in this last form it was considered an excellent instrument for the seer or prophet to hold1 as it symbolized the third eye now known as the ,pineal ,body4 ,clearly the gray tint of the eye of stone approaches in colour the matter of the human eye4 ,the importance of this peculiar organ1 which lies upon the corpora quadrigemina of the brain in front of the cerebellum1 was held in great respect by ancient scholars who regarded it as the organ of occult sight1 of inner perception and intuition4 ,this hidden eye is bigger in a child than in an adult1 and in the woman it is bigger than in the man4 ,there is little doubt that the ancients regarded these markings on the agate stone as symbolic of the faculties of the high spirit of man1 of prosperity in peace1 and protection in war4 ,the ring of ,pyrrhus is recorded by ,pliny as representing in its natural colours ,apollo with his lyre standing amongst the nine ,muses1 each with her correct attribute4 ,the ,muses and their attributes as indicated in their statues are as follows3 #a4 ,calliope1 the muse of epic poetry4 ,a tablet and stylus1 or a roll of paper4 #b4 ,clio1 the muse of history4 ,an open scroll4 #c4 ,euterpe1 the muse of lyric poetry4 ,a flute4 #d4 ,melpomene1 the muse of tragedy4 ,a tragic mask1 the club of ,hercules or a sword4 #e4 ,terpsichore1 the muse of choral dance and song4 ,a lyre and the plectrum4 #f4 ,erato1 the muse of erotic poetry4 ,the lyre4 #g4 ,polyhymnia1 the muse of sublime hymn4 ,pensive and meditative1 carries no attribute4 #h4 ,urania1 the muse of astronomy4 ,staff and globe4 #i4 ,thalia1 the muse of comedy or idyllic poetry4 ,a comic mask1 a shepherd's staff or a wreath of ivy4 ,the ,rev4 ,c4 ,w4 ,king mentions that agates are still found 8adorned with designs which one feels the greatest difficulty in admitting to be the mere fortuitous result of the arrangement of their shaded strata1 so exactly does that result imitate the finished production of art40 ,he instances the 8,egyptian ,pebble0 in the ,british ,museum which shows the head of the poet ,chaucer covered with the hood1 a faithful portrait even more remarkable when it is considered that the specimen was just broken in two pieces and not even polished4 ,a specimen in the ,galleria of ,florence shows in the markings of yellow and red a running ,cupid4 ,such curious markings are continually exhibiting the silent1 magical symbols of ,nature by the aid of which the great but humble philosophers of ancient days read the messages of the ,divine4 ,many and various are the virtues ascribed to the agate by the ancient masters1 and when considering these it is well to remember their passion for making meanings obscure in order that the hidden secrets might be successfully guarded4 ,the 8pleasant scent of the agate0--obtainable most truly by rubbing together two polished specimens--is lauded by ,pliny1 and ,orpheus recommends that the 8changeful agate0 be steeped in wine to improve the flavour4 ,powdered and bound on wounds1 it healed them1 and ,rabbi ,benoni of #adth century fame advised that an agate be held in the mouth to quench thirst and soothe fever4 ,it was regarded as a charm against poisons1 which no doubt accounts for its being used to form vases1 bowls1 cups1 and vessels for holding foodstuffs1 specimens of which are still found in more or less perfect state in the excavations4 ,mr4 ,king mentions the ,carchesium or two-handled agate cup of ,charles the ,bold 7presented by that ,king to the ,abbey of ,st4 ,denis7 which was used to hold the wine at the ceremony associated with the coronations of the kings of ,france4 ,it was stolen in #ahjd1 the year ,napoleon ,buonaparte was crowned ,emperor at ,paris1 and was not used1 therefore1 at his coronation--a significant circumstance in the career of this man of ,destiny who1 with his innate love for the occult must have known long before this event that the agate was his birthstone4 ,shortly after the vase was recovered uninjured1 but its jewelled setting had been removed from it1 never to be seen again4 ,the agate1 especially the eye agate1 was reputed as a cure for tired eyes1 also bestowing on the wearer strength and health1 and inclining him to grace and eloquence4 ,as one of the seven sea gems1 a banded agate was credited with the power of taking away the terrors of the ocean1 while to dream of one was held to denote a sea journey4 ,being astrologically connected with the death sign ,scorpio1 it was potent in seeking divine aid in this life and in the life to come4 ,it rendered the wearer agreeable1 gave him the favour of ,god1 if he employed it as a holy instrument it turned the words of his enemies against themselves1 rendered him--symbolically speaking--invisible1 gave him victory and induced happy dreams4 ,it was a charm against lightning1 thunder1 tempests1 and all wars of the elements4 ,albertus ,magnus gives it efficacy against eruptive skin diseases2 the ,mohammedans engraved on it the symbols of ,hassan and ,hussein1 the grandsons of the ,prophet of ,islam1 and placed it round the necks of children to protect them from falls and accident4 ,they also mixed it1 in powdered form1 with certain fruit juices and administered it as a cure for insanity4 ,it was also prescribed for haemorrhage1 the spitting of blood1 boils1 ulcers1 gravel and affections of the spleen and kidneys4 ,used as a powder it hardened tender gums and arrested bleedings4 ,some ,arabian writers advise against the use of powdered agate as an internal medicine unless carefully blended with other substances4 ,an agate worn about the neck banished fear1 indigestion and lung troubles4 ,it was recommended by ,dioscorides as a charm against epidemics and pestilential diseases4 ,it protected from the bites of serpents and insects1 and was bound to the horns of oxen to induce a good harvest4 ,it was said to have been the 8fortune stone0 of the ,trojan hero neas1 protecting him in war1 voyages and storms4 ,the agate is always adorned with a system of bands which exhibit variety in hue1 shade and tint4 ,the ,chalcedony 7,see ,chalcedony7 is more compact and regular in colour1 the two stones therefore being easily distinguishable4 ,swedenborg sets the agate down as the symbol of the spiritual love of good4 ,it is astrologically attached to the martial sign ,scorpio4 ,,alabaster 8,why should a man whose blood is warm within1 ,sit like his grandsire1 cut in alabaster80 ,,shakespeare4 ,the ,greek ,,alabastros was derived from ,alabastron1 a town in ,upper ,egypt where this beautiful white massive variety of gypsum was found4 ,it was used by the ancients for fashioning perfume bottles1 the vials to hold oil for anointing kings1 priests1 initiates into the mysteries1 etc4 ,these articles were commonly called alabastra1 and the name continued in use long after other materials had replaced alabaster in their manufacture4 ,the quarries of ,hat ,nub and those near ,minieh supplied ancient ,egypt with the material which was compared by ancient masters to the purity of the soul4 ,no doubt this accounts for its use in holy works1 and in the making of sarcophagi1 statues1 etc4 ,in the ,book of ,matthew we read of the woman having an alabaster box of very precious ointment4 ,in ,mark 8she brake the box and poured it 7the ointment7 on his head40 ,in ,luke we are told that 8a woman in the city brought an alabaster box of ointment10 etc4 8,box0 is a mistranslation2 the 8box0 holding the oil was an alabastrum1 and this 8oil of holy ointment compound after the art of the apothecary10 as set down in the ,book of ,exodus1 was put in the alabaster vases which were sealed in such a way that the tops had to be broken in order to release the liquid4 ,this was seemingly done to prevent evaporation4 ,many of these vases have been found amongst the ruins1 together with other ,egyptian vases called ,canopic jars in which were placed the embalmed viscera of the departed4 ,on the covers of these canopi were drawings of the heads of the genii of the dead known as the four children of ,horus--,kesta1 ,hapi1 ,tuamutef1 and ,qebhsennuf4 ,a vessel surrounded by receptacles for holding a number of alabastra was called an ,,alabastro-,,theca4 ,pure specimens of alabaster were also employed as milk-stone talismans4 ,oriental alabaster1 known as the ,algerian onyx1 is a solid crystalline carbonate of lime1 precipitated from water in stalagmitic form4 ,this ,oriental alabaster is considerably harder than true alabaster which is easily scratched4 ,pliny writes of columns of alabaster over thirty feet in height4 ,in ancient times it was regarded as a species of onyx1 and was made into cups1 vases and other utensils4 ,pliny says that it was 8of the colour of honey1 opaque and spirally spotted40 ,there are also specimens in colour brown mixed with lemon1 and others of the colour of the finger-nail4 ,leonardus regards alabaster as the right substance for preserving unguents1 and ,dioscorides employed it in medicine4 ,it was used as a charm against accidents1 especially whilst travelling1 for securing public favour1 for success in legal affairs1 etc4 ,it may be mentioned that the beautiful sarcophagus of alabaster which was found by ,giovanni ,belzoni in #ahag in the tomb of ,seti ,i 7circa #adjj ,b4 ,c47 and purchased by ,sir ,john ,soane for #bjjj sterling1 now rests in the ,soane ,museum in ,lincoln's ,inn ,fields1 ,london4 ,it is adorned with texts and scenes from the ,book of the ,gates4 ,in this old ,book the names of the ,twelve ,gates of the ,tuat1 or underworld1 and of the ,guardians of the ,gates are given4 ,the denizens of each section are identified1 as well as their petition to ,ra and his responses4 ,the ,book of the ,gates1 rich in magical formulae1 is one of the oldest books in the world4 ,alabaster proper and ,oriental alabaster are under the zodiacal ,cancer4 ,,alexandrite4 ,the ,alexandrite is a variety of the chrysoberyl4 ,this remarkable gem was discovered about #fj miles from ,ekaterinburg1 on the birthday of ,czar ,alexander ,,ii of ,russia1 from whom it obtains its name--,the ,horoscope of that ,emperor indicates the stone as a symbol of misfortune to him4 ,the alexandrite presents the curious phenomenon of changing its colour according to the different rays of light to which it is exposed4 ,by daylight the gem is of a charming olive or emerald green tint1 which changes in artificial light to a columbine or raspberry red4 ,the stone is favoured by ,russians on account of its blend of national colours1 red and green4 ,these mixed colours are distinctly ,aquarian4 ,no mention seems to have been made of this peculiar variety of chrysoberyl in ancient writings1 and it stands as a herald of the new ,aquarian ,age into which we are now moving4 ,the ,alexandrite has been described as an emblem of loyal regard1 and to dream of it is a symbol of struggle and progress4 ,it is under the zodiacal ,aquarius4 ,,amazonite ,,or ,,amazon ,,stone4 ,the ,amazon ,stone is a green variety of ,feldspar4 ,the name is said to have been derived from the ,amazon ,river1 but no specimens have been found there4 ,the meagre evidence available about this stone certainly does not favour its connection with the ,amazon ,river in any way4 ,this river was named the ,amazon in the #afth century by the ,spanish explorer ,orellana in consequence1 it is said1 of an encounter he had with a band of women warriors on its banks4 ,he called the mighty stream the ,amazon after the women described by ,herodotus1 ,diodorus1 etc41 and the ,amazon stone also was named after them4 ,in a letter to the author 7#aije7 the late ,comte de ,glenstrae wrote3 ,it is to the ,amazons led by ,myrina 7,diodorus ,siculus7 that we owe the establishment of the ,samothracian mysteries which their ,queen founded after aiding ,isis and ,horus in the war against ,typhon1 as the ,amazons of an earlier date had aided ,neith 7,athene7 and ,amoun against the usurpation of ,chronos4 ,i have always had a great admiration for the ,amazons1 and few again have noticed that the coins of the seven cities of ,asia 7,apocalypse7 bore generally the figure of an ,amazon as each of those cities was said to have been founded by one of their ,queens4 ,there is much in their symbolism4 ,that story of their breasts being amputated is nonsense1 being refuted by every monument4 ,as ,sanchoniathon says1 8the ,greeks confused nearly every legend40 ,it was said that the ,amazons had their right breasts singed off1 the better to enable them to draw their bows2 but the word ,amazon does not mean 8without breast10 nor does it appear to have any connection with the word 8mazos0 meaning 8a breast40 ,there does not seem to be any reason to doubt that the ,circassian word 8,maza10 the moon1 explains its origin4 ,the ,amazons of ,thermodoon in ,asia ,minor are termed 8worshippers of the moon40 ,the ,amazons were votaries of the 8chaste ,diana0 in one of her attributes1 and no male was allowed to live among them4 ,no matter by what name she is called1 ,diana is a moon goddess and a woman's goddess1 and no male was allowed to offend her modesty4 ,actaeon who saw her bathing was charmed into a stag1 and fell a victim to his own hunting dogs1 while the hunter ,orion1 ardent in his passion for ,eos1 the ,morning1 was slain by the 8sweet arrows0 of ,diana4 ,thus1 the ,amazon stone received its name from the romantic ,amazons or worshippers of ,maza1 the moon4 ,it is under the ,zodiacal ,cancer4 ,,chapter ,,xii ,,amber--,,azurite ,,amber 8,pretty1 in amber to observe the forms ,of hairs1 or straws1 or dirt1 or grubs1 or worms6 ,the things1 we know1 are neither rich nor rare1 ,but wonder how the devil they got there40 ,,pope4 ,amber is a fossil vegetable resin which has undergone change owing to chemical action4 ,the name is derived from the ,arabic word ,,ambar4 ,amber is also known as ,succinum 7a word derived from the ,greek ,succum1 juice7 on account of its vegetable origin4 ,at one time it was also known by the ,oriental word ,karabe1 straw-attractor4 ,hash-mal was its name in ,hebrew and by the ,greeks it was known as ,,elektron1 from which our word electricity has been derived4 ,that painstaking scholar of the #agth century1 ,dr4 ,philemon ,holland1 thus translates from the #cgth ,book of ,pliny3 8,to come into the properties that amber hath2 if it bee well rubbed and chaufed between the fingers1 the potentiall faculty that hath within is set on work and brought into actuall operation whereby you shall see it to draw chaffe1 strawes1 drie leaves1 yea and thin rinds of the ,linden or ,tillet tree after the same sort as the loadstone draweth yron40 ,according to ,callistratus it is good as a preventative of delirium1 and as a cure for strangury if taken in drink or attached as an amulet to the body4 ,this last author gives the name ,,chryselectrum to an amber of golden colour which presents most beautiful tints in the morning1 attracts flame with the greatest rapidity1 igniting the moment it approaches fire4 ,worn upon the neck1 he says1 it is a cure for fever and other diseases1 8and the powder of it either taken by itself or with gum mastick in water is remedial for disease of the stomach40 ,the writer has had strong evidence of the efficacy of amber in the cure of asthma1 hay fever1 croup and various diseases of the throat1 and knows a number of medical practitioners who are convinced of its beneficial action4 ,a well-known chemist also assured him that his wife had suffered from asthma all her life until five years ago1 when she expressed a desire to wear a string of amber2 since wearing this she has not experienced the slightest symptom of her former trouble4 ,the writer has an amber necklet1 the beads of which are mud-coloured and cracked after having been worn for a few months by a lady suffering from hay fever4 ,there is no doubt of its curative influence1 no doubt that ancient observation was correct1 and the statement in some modern medical text books that amber has 8absolutely no curative value0 is difficult indeed to follow4 ,it is remarkable that distilled amber yielding a pungent1 acrid but not unpleasant oil1 known as ,oil of ,amber or ,oil of ,succinite1 is recognized as a potent ingredient in various embrocations4 ,it is1 therefore1 hard to reconcile the statements that while amber has 8absolutely no curative value10 ,oil of ,amber has4 ,mr4 ,c4 ,w4 ,king says3 8,repeated experiments have proved beyond doubt that the wearing of an amber necklace has been known to prevent attacks of erysipelas in a person subject to them40 ,he also writes of its efficacy 8as a defender of the throat against chills40 ,ancient writers said that amber eased stomach pains1 cured jaundice and goitre1 and acted against certain poisons1 ,camillus ,leonardus recommending it as a cure for toothache and affections of the teeth4 ,in the ,middle ,ages it was used as a charm against fits1 dysentery1 jaundice1 scrofula and nervous affections4 ,thomas ,nicols1 a #agth century writer1 says3 8,amber is esteemed the best for physic use1 and is thought to be of great power and force against many diseases1 as against the vertigo and asthmatic paroxysmes1 against catarrhes and anthreticall pains1 against diseases of the stomach and to free it from sufferings and putrefactions and against diseases of the heart1 against plagues1 venoms and contagions4 ,it is used either in powder or in troches1 either in distempers of men or of women1 married or unmarried1 or in the distempers of children40 ,the dose formerly administered for coughs1 hysteria1 etc41 was from ten to sixty grains4 ,amber cut in various magical forms was extensively used as a charm against the evil eye1 witchcraft and sorcery4 ,it was and still is used as a mouthpiece for cigar and cigarette holders and smoking pipes1 etc4 ,its employment in this capacity was originally talismanic1 for it was implicitly believed that amber would not only prevent infection1 but would act as a charm against it4 ,francis ,barrett1 in his work on ,natural ,magic1 says that amber attracts all things to it but garden basil or substances smeared with oil4 ,in ,china today amber is greatly esteemed1 being used in the making of certain medicines1 perfumes1 and as an incense which use dates back to the ,bible times4 ,in such esteem is amber held in the ,east that the ,shah of ,persia is said to wear a block of amber on his neck to protect him against assassination4 ,perhaps no legend has been more ridiculed than the one which relates that amber was the solidified urine of the lynx2 but the old writers ,sudines and ,metrodorus show that the lynx was not an animal but a tree from which amber is exuded1 and which was known in ,etruria as a ,lynx4 ,pliny repeats from ,ovid's ,metamorphoses the tradition among the ,greeks that amber was the tears of the ,heliades 7,phaethusa1 gle1 ,lampetia71 the ,sun ,maidens1 who harnessed the steeds of the ,sun to the chariot when their rash brother ,phaethon set forth on his fatal journey4 ,the horses of the ,sun were wild and strong1 fire flew from their nostrils1 and the youthful charioteer was not strong enough to keep them to their rightful course4 ,the chariot1 as its speed grew faster1 became luminous1 electric and fiery1 the hair of the driver caught fire1 the earth began to smoke and burn1 ,libya was parched into a waste of sand1 ,africa was afire1 rivers were dried up1 vegetation was destroyed1 and the heat was so intense that the inhabitants of the stricken countries changed from white to black4 ,gaea1 in fear for the earth1 called on ,jupiter for protection1 who1 with a lightning-bolt1 struck the chariot1 hurling the 8stricken waggoner10 as ,shakespeare calls him1 lifeless into the ,river ,eridanus--7the ,padus or ,po7--at the mouth of which river were found the ,electrides ,insulae 7,amber ,islands74 ,the three sad sisters were transformed into poplars1 and their tears of amber never ceased to flow4 8,to these tears10 says ,pliny1 8was given the name of ,electrum1 from the circumstance that the ,sun was usually called ,elector40 ,it requires but little thought to unveil this beautiful allegory which told the exact truth even while the nature of amber was disturbing the minds of scholars1 its vegetable origin being doubted4 ,the old story that amber was a concretion formed by the tears of the birds is a variation of the ,phthon legend which ,thomas ,moore has so gracefully rendered in 8,the ,fire ,worshippers40 8,around thee shall glisten the loveliest amber ,that ever the sorrowing sea-bird hath wept40 ,that amber is found containing the material remains of extinct insects1 etc41 is alluded to by ,pope in his lines quoted at the head of this chapter4 ,that it was especially well known and esteemed in the ancient world can be accepted without the slightest doubt4 ,amber beads have been found in the tombs of ,egypt as far back as the #fth dynasty 7,b4 ,c4 #cbjj71 of the ancient ,empire1 a dynasty which ruled in old ,chem long before the time of ,joseph4 ,,hashmal as the ,hebrew for amber has been doubted by some scholars who take it to signify the metal electrum1 a substance combination of #d parts of silver and one of gold1 used by the ,greeks1 and from which some of their coins were struck2 but other authorities accept it as indicating amber which was known long before electrum was compounded4 ,delitzsch believes the ,hebrew ,,hashmal to be derived from the old ,assyrian word ,,eshmaru1 and the connection is a very probable one4 ,the ,rabbis employ other words to express amber1 as for example1 ,,kepos ,,haya-,,rudin1 amber of the ,jordan4 ,this occurs in a curious passage in which ,rabbi ,nathan states that if honey were mixed with the amber of the ,jordan it became 8profane40 ,honey1 according to ,porphyry1 is a symbol of death1 and hence could not be mixed with amber which is a symbol of life4 ,this would be as repulsive to the ,rabbinical mind as the violation of the command3 8,thou shalt not seethe a kid in its mother's milk0 would be4 ,libations of honey could only1 according to ,porphyry1 be offered to the terrestrial gods4 ,philo ,judus in ,book ,,iii explains the matter as follows3 8,moreover it also ordains that every sacrifice shall be offered up without any leaven or honey1 not thinking it fit that either of these things should be brought to altar4 ,the honey perhaps because the bee which collects it is not a clean animal1 inasmuch as it derives its birth1 as the story goes1 from the putrefaction and corruption of dead oxen1 or else this may be forbidden as a figurative declaration that all superfluous pleasure is unholy1 making indeed the things which are eaten sweet to the taste but inflicting bitter pains difficult to be cured at a subsequent period1 by which the soul must of necessity1 be agitated and thrown in confusion not being able to settle on any resting-place40 ,in addition1 the lines of ,virgil1 ,georgic ,,iv1 may be considered3 8,his mother's precepts he performs with care3 ,the temple visits1 and adores with prayer3 ,four altars1 raises3 from his herd he culls ,for slaughter1 four the fairest of his bulls3 ,four heifers from his female store he took1 ,all fair and all unknowing of the yoke4 ,nine mornings thence1 with sacrifice and prayers1 ,the powers atoned1 he to the grave repairs4 ,behold a prodigy6 for1 from within ,the broken bowels and the bloated skin1 ,a buzzing noise of bees his ears alarms3 ,straight issue through the sides assembling swarms4 ,dark as a cloud1 they make a wheeling flight1 ,then on a neighboring tree1 descending1 light3 ,like a large cluster of black grapes they show1 ,and make a large dependence from the bough40 ,,dryden',s ,,translation4 ,we must again look to symbology if we desire to understand the meaning4 ,of old the ,bee was a symbol of the ,soul1 and by the laws of ,mohammed bees were admitted to the joys of ,heaven4 ,the votaries of ,ceres adored the ,moon under the symbol of a bee--a symbol appearing on some of the ,greek coins1 notably on those of ,ephesus where ,diana1 goddess of the ,moon1 was worshipped and whence the cry1 8,great is ,diana of the ,ephesians10 reached the ears of ,paul 7,acts ,,xix74 ,porphyry writes3 8,the ,moon presiding over generation was called a bee and also a bull1 and ,taurus is the exaltation of the ,moon40 ,he adds symbolically3 8,but bees are oxbegotten1 and this appellation is also given to soul proceeding to generation40 78,cave of the ,nymphs407 ,the explanation of the veiled mystery is that the ,moon at the full is the symbol of the soul1 the emblem of which is a bee4 ,it comes from the body of a bull or ,taurus1 the second sign of the zodiac1 in which as ,porphyry observes she is in her exaltation and powerful2 ,taurus is the earth sign of the planet ,venus in the guise of the goddess of ,generation1 and as the soul enters the world1 new born1 the waters of the ,jordan are needed to purify it as1 when it leaves the body1 water was left for it to wash off the emanations of its deserted covering4 ,further into the mysteries it is unnecessary to go4 ,the veil of ,isis hides the truth1 and only he who will strive to understand heavenly wisdom can hope to pierce that veil4 ,amber has been placed under the sign ,leo1 the sign of the ,sun1 by some of the old masters1 while others have allotted it to the sign of ,venus 7,taurus71 to which it more probably belongs4 ,it is very soft1 is easily cut with a knife1 and burns freely4 ,large quantities are found on the coast of the ,baltic1 which the ,greeks called in consequence the ,amber ,sea4 ,in ,oriental story ,amberabad 7,amber ,city7 was a city of ,jinnistan 7,fairy ,land74 ,to dream of amber was said to denote a voyage1 and according to the philosophy of the ,quabalah the indication was of some kind of movement or change4 ,amber has been imitated in preparations of ,mellite1 ,copal and ,anine1 also by a blending of sulphur and gutta percha at high temperature1 etc41 but ,mellite is infusible by heat1 burning white4 ,copal catches fire and falls from the instrument on which it is heated in flat drops1 while the general attracting power of most substitutes falls far short of the true substance4 ,,amethyst 8,the purple streaming amethyst is thine40 ,,tennyson4 ,the amethyst is a species of transparent1 violet-coloured quartz1 the name of which is derived from the ,greek ,,amethystos1 from the traditional belief that this stone possessed the power to oppose the effect of the fumes of intoxicants1 an opinion not entirely shared by ,plutarch4 ,amongst the ,greeks and ,persians an amethyst bound on the navel was said to counteract the evil effects of wine4 ,the amethyst is described by ,trevisa in the #aeth century as 8purple red in colour medelyd wyth colour of uyolette10 and in ,sir ,philip ,sidney's 8,arcadia10 we read3 8,the bloodie shafts of ,cupid's war ,with amatists they headed are40 ,the stone is found under the names ametist1 ametiste1 amatites1 amaethist1 and it was not until about the middle of the #agth century that its present form began to be adopted4 ,to enjoy the full vibrations of the amethyst an old custom recommended that it be worn on the third finger of the left hand--a practice at one time followed by medical practitioners--and some form of ancient belief demanded that the amethyst must come in contact with the left hand before its action could be appreciated and understood4 ,it is well known that the magic of the ancient ,egyptian temples included the art of magnetism1 and the action of various mineral substances on the magnetized patient has also been noted by the more modern investigators including ,dr4 ,babbitt1 ,baron ,reichenbach1 ,dr4 ,ennemoser1 ,dr4 ,edmonson and ,dr4 de ,lignieres4 ,stones of the earth have been especially employed by these scholars with results of such marked importance that the contention of the ancients regarding the amethyst as a charm against drunkenness1 deserves respect4 ,to be effective in the induced magnetic sleep1 stones had to be placed in the left hand4 ,connected with the ancient belief in the sobering power of the amethyst is the beautiful allegorical legend telling that ,dionysius1 enamoured of a graceful nymph1 pressed his love upon her1 but ,diana intervened1 transforming her into a purple amethyst4 ,in respect for the transformed nymph ,dionysius vowed that whosoever wore the amethyst would be protected from the evils of intoxicating wines4 ,the amethyst was worn in ancient ,egypt1 and a scarab cut from a specimen was held in great esteem by soldiers who carried it on the field of battle as a charm against death by the shafts and swords of war4 ,this practice was carried far into the ,middle ,ages1 and many amethysts were worn for the same purpose in this last terrible war of nations4 ,when worn by a ,bishop of the ,church1 the amethyst is a glyptic symbol of heavenly understanding4 ,swedenborg likens it to a 8spiritual love of good10 and ,dr4 ,brewer writes of purple shades1 indicating 8love of truth even unto martyrdom40 ,it is stated by ,patrick in 8,devotions of the ,roman ,church10 that the wedding ring of the ,virgin ,mary and ,joseph was of amethyst or onyx4 ,mr4 ,king writes that this ring1 exhibited in the ,abbey ,st4 ,germain des ,prs1 is engraved 8with two nobodies--probably liberti--whose votive legend3 #8,alpheus with ,aretho' is but too plainly legible in our ,greek-reading times40 ,the ring1 having been saved at the burning of the ,abbey in #agie1 was secured by ,general ,hydrow and given to the ,imperial ,russian ,cabinet4 ,in what is described by ,camillus ,leonardus of the #afth century as one of the magical books of ,king ,solomon1 a charm for gaining influence over princes and nobles is a rider on horseback holding a sceptre1 engraved on an amethyst and set in double its own weight in gold or silver4 ,the amethyst has always been regarded as symbolical of the pioneer in thought and action on the philosophical1 religious1 spiritual and material planes4 ,the virtues ascribed to this stone are many4 ,it was regarded as a charm against witchcraft1 poison and evil thoughts2 it was an aid to chastity1 a power against all forms of over-indulgence and a strengthener of the mind2 it was a charm for securing the favour of princes1 rulers1 churchmen1 people of wealth1 influence and power1 people with prophetic ability1 poets1 travellers1 publishers1 etc4 ,it would strengthen the wisdom1 faith and religion of the wearer and aid in prayer and in dreaming4 ,if bound to the left wrist the amethyst enabled the wearer to see the future in dreams2 to dream of the stone itself indicated success to a traveller1 clergyman1 sailor1 philosopher1 teacher or mystic1 also protection1 faith and fruitful thoughts4 ,for pains in the head 7headache1 toothache1 etc471 it was recommended that an amethyst be immersed in hot water for a few minutes1 taken out1 dried carefully and gently rubbed over the parts affected and the back of the neck4 ,almost all authorities agree in translating the ,hebrew ,,achlamah as amethyst and in identifying it as the ninth stone of the ,high ,priest's ,breastplate4 ,it was the seventh precious stone which the sage ,iachus gave to ,apollonius of ,tyana as an emblem of piety and dignity4 ,many writers on the subject of planetary influences have placed this gem under the celestial ,pisces1 the fishes1 because anciently ,pisces was one of the mansions of ,jupiter2 but the sign of the ,fishes is transparent and glistening in hue whilst in the nature of kinship a fiery gem belongs to a fiery zodiacal sign4 ,in this direction the fiery ,mars1 as ruler of the sign ,aries1 has been confused with the ,babylonian and ,assyrian ,,marduk or ,,merodach4 ,marduk or ,merodach represented the planet ,jupiter1 and to him ,nebuchadnezzar addresses his songs of praise3 8,merodach1 the great lord1 the senior of the gods1 the most ancient has given all nations and people to my care40 8,i supplicate the king of gods1 the lord of lords in ,borsippa1 the city of his loftiness40 8,o1 god ,merodach1 great lord1 lord of the house of the gods1 light of the gods1 father1 even for thy high honour1 which changes not1 a temple have ,i built10 etc4 ,the 8house of the gods0 is the ninth celestial house1 naturally the sign ,sagittarius1 and in the ,quabalah the ninth heavenly sphere is the ,primum ,mobile1 the star-decked ,heaven4 7,see 8,numbers1 their ,meaning and ,magic407 ,the name ,merodach or ,marduk is a corruption of ,mardugga 7the sacred son71 and because they saw the life-giving orb rising from the sea1 the ancient ,chaldean masters accounted ,jupiter his first offshoot1 hailing him as 8,marduk30--8,marduk1 first born of the mighty deep1 make us pure and prosperous40 ,the giving of prosperity is ever an attribute of ,jupiter1 and the measure and the source of the gift are shown in the nativity or map of the heavens at a person's birth4 ,an effective talisman for the protection of horses and their riders was a winged horse cut on an amethyst4 ,the ancients connected the amethyst with the ninth celestial mansion--the mansion of ,sagittarius--and there is no reason for allotting it to any other4 ,,anatase4 ,the name is derived from the ,latin ,,anatases1 elevation4 ,it was so named from the length of its chief axis4 ,this mineral is composed of ,titanic acid which crystallizes in fine1 transparent stones of brown1 dark blue or black1 of adamantine lustre4 ,the anatase1 which equals the opal in hardness1 cannot be traced in ancient writings4 ,it is rarely used in jewellery4 ,in harmony with the philosophy of gem influence it is connected with the sign ,sagittarius4 ,,andalusite4 ,this stone1 first discovered in ,andalusia1 derives its name from that rich mineral province of ,spain--the ,tarshish of the ,bible1 the ,tartessus of ancient geography1 the ,btica of the ,romans4 ,its colours are light bottle-green1 pearl grey1 flesh and pink4 ,it is extremely dichroic1 showing the twin colours red and leaf-green--the red gleaming from the stone in antithesis to its common hue4 ,the ,andalusite is as hard as the garnet or zircon4 ,professor ,dana moistened specimens with nitrate of cobalt1 after which they assumed a blue colour4 ,this mineral may have been known to the ancients1 but identification is difficult4 ,ancient philosophy would connect it with the zodiacal ,aquarius4 ,,apatite4 ,apatite is a mineral which obtained its name from the ,greek word ,,apatao1 to deceive1 because it deceived old students who confounded it with aquamarine1 chrysolite1 tourmaline1 etc4 ,abraham ,werner 7the author of the ,neptunian theory that all mineral substances were once contained in watery solution71 first demonstrated in the #ahth century the true nature of apatite which is a phosphate of lime with fluorite and chloride of calcium4 ,the lustre varies from transparent to opaque1 and is vitreous to sub-resinous4 ,it is much softer than tourmaline1 its degree of hardness being but #e2 for this reason it is but little used in the manufacture of jewellery4 ,its colours are pale sea-green1 blue-green 7in which colouring it is sometimes called ,moroxite71 yellowish-green 7in which colouring it is often called ,asparagus stone71 yellow1 violet1 white1 grey1 brown1 red1 colourless1 and transparent4 ,professor ,judd1 ,f4,r4,s41 found a concretion specimen of apatite when cutting a mass of teak wood--a particularly rare find4 ,in agreement with the ancient system the apatite is astrologically under the zodiacal ,pisces4 ,,apophyllite4 ,apophyllite is a hydrous silicate of potassium and calcium which obtains its name from the ,greek word ,,apophullizo1 to exfoliate1 because it falls in leaves before the blowpipe4 ,it is extremely soft1 being from between #d and #e in ,mohs's scale4 ,the stone is found in a variety of colours--milk-white1 greyish1 green1 yellow1 red1 pink4 ,it is seldom used by jewellers4 ,the apophyllite is under the sign ,taurus4 ,,aquamarine4 7,see ,,beryl47 ,,asbestos4 ,the word is derived from the ,greek ,,asbestos1 inconsumable1 and is identified with the ,amianthus 7impollutible7 of the ancients4 ,it is a variety of hornblende1 of a fine and fibrous texture1 of which ,marbodus wrote3 8,kindled once it no extinction knows ,but with eternal flame increasing glows4 ,hence with good cause the ,greeks ,asbestos name1 ,because once kindled nought can quench its flame40 ,the incombustibility and weak heat conducting qualities of asbestos render it extremely useful as a protection against fire4 ,the ancients used it for the wicks of their temple lamps1 and in order to preserve the ashes of the departed their dead bodies were laid on asbestos before being placed on the funeral pyre4 ,cloths of asbestos were thrown in the flames for the purpose of cleaning them4 ,so fine and flaxy is the mineral that gloves have been made of it4 ,asbestos is under the zodiacal ,gemini4 ,,aventurine4 ,aventurine or goldstone is a quartz of a brownish1 semi-transparent character1 spangled with spots of golden-yellow mica4 ,this stone is identified with the stone called by ,pliny the 8,sandaresus0--8of stars of gold gleaming from within40 ,the name ,aventurine 7per adventura1 by accident71 arose1 it is said1 from an accident in a ,venetian glass factory1 where a workman found that eight parts of ground glass1 one part protoxide of copper and two parts of oxide of iron well heated and allowed to cool slowly1 produced the peculiar appearance admired in the real gem to even better effect4 ,the aventurine variety of quartz is under the zodiacal ,leo4 ,,axinite4 ,the name ,axinite is derived from the ,greek ,,axine1 an axe1 on account of the sharp and axe-like form of the crystals4 ,the axinite is about the same degree of hardness as the ,spodumene or the demantoid garnet 7#f4e to #g74 ,it is pyro-electric and highly vitreous4 ,the colours vary between pearly-grey1 clove1 brown1 honey-yellow1 violet1 plum-blue4 ,the axinite is under the zodiacal ,sagittarius4 ,,azurite4 ,azurite is a blue copper carbonate obtaining its name from its colour4 ,it is kindred with malachite1 from which it differs but slightly4 ,some mineralogists call it blue malachite4 ,it is under the zodiacal ,libra4 ,,chapter ,,xiii ,,the ,,beryl ,,family ,,the ,,beryl ,,family3 ,,some ,,large ,,specimens3 ,,vauquelin',s ,,discovery3 ,,the ,,celestial ,,sign ,,of ,,the ,,beryl ,,family3 ,,old ,,mines ,,of ,,kleopatra3 ,,women ,,searchers ,,of ,,egypt3 ,,the ,,canopy ,,of ,,holofernes3 ,,stars ,,of ,,the ,,pleiades3 ,,emerald ,,and ,,the ,,eyes3 ,,pope ,,john ,,xxi ,,and ,,his ,,assertion3 ,,the ,,serpent',s ,,gaze3 ,,taurus1 ,,scorpio ,,and ,,the ,,story ,,of ,,eden3 ,,the ,,true ,,venus3 ,,reptiles ,,of ,,over-,,indulgence3 ,,circe ,,and ,,the ,,swine3 ,,diana1 ,,goddess ,,of ,,the ,,moon3 ,,virtues ,,ascribed ,,to ,,the ,,emerald3 ,,esmeralda3 ,,the ,,dragon ,,of ,,the ,,emerald ,,mine3 ,,prescott',s ,,story3 ,,pizarro',s ,l,a,r,g,ef ,,emerald3 ,,the ,,trick ,,of ,,pedraza3 ,,indian ,,belief3 ,,apollonius ,,of ,,tyana ,,and ,,the ,,emerald ,,of ,,iarchus3 ,,the ,,emerald ,,in ,,rosicrucian ,,philosophy3 ,,sweating ,,emeralds3 ,,emeralds ,,in ,,old ,,excavations3 ,,esteem ,,of ,,the ,,romans3 ,,persian ,,beliefs3 ,,albertus ,,magnus1 ,,cardanus ,,and ,,the ,,philosophy ,,of ,,the ,,masters3 ,,medical ,,practitioners' ,,stone ,,in ,,brazil3 ,,hindoo ,,beliefs3 ,,the ,,heaven ,,of ,,the ,,muslims3 ,,the ,,inhabitants ,,of ,,paradise3 ,,paracelsus ,,and ,,the ,,emerald3 ,,early ,,christian ,,emblem3 ,,beryl ,,in ,,magical ,,rites3 8,,the ,,tempest03 ,,recommendation ,,of ,,leonardus3 ,,water ,,divination3 ,,story ,,of ,,the ,,ring ,,of ,,polycrates3 ,,fish ,,and ,,ring ,,stories3 ,,herodotus ,,and ,,old ,,writers ,,on ,,the ,,ring ,,of ,,polycrates3 ,,philip ,,ii ,,and ,,the ,,fatal ,,ring ,,of ,,spain3 ,,spain',s ,,defeat ,,by ,,the ,,united ,,states ,,of ,,america ,,and ,,the ,,burial ,,of ,,the ,,ill-,,omened ,,ring3 ,,gift ,,of ,,pope ,,adrian ,,viii ,,to ,,henry ,,ii3 ,,emerald ,,of ,,king ,,arthur3 ,,pope ,,innocent',s ,,present ,,to ,,king ,,john3 ,,swedenborg',s ,,emerald ,,correspondence3 ,,the ,,false ,,aquamarine ,,amongst ,,the ,,british ,,crown ,,jewels3 ,,the ,,fatal ,,emerald ,,of ,,russia4 ,,beryl 8,what rings of ,eastern price his fingers hold4 ,gold decks the fingers1 beryl decks the gold40 ,,parnell4 ,the name beryl is derived from the ,greek and ,latin ,,beryllus2 some say also from the ,persian ,,belur4 ,some of the old fashions of writing the name are included in the following3 beril1 beryll1 berall1 birrall1 byral1 byrrall1 byralle1 berial1 beryall1 bureall1 beryl stone4 ,dr4 ,holland's rendering of ,pliny's remarks on the beryl 7,chapter #cf7 is interesting3 8,many are of the opinion that beryls are of the same nature that the emeraud1 or leastwise verie like3 from ,india they came as from their native place1 for seldom are they to be found elsewhere40 ,beryls are pale green stones coloured by iron4 ,some very large crystals have been found4 ,professor ,rutley mentions one specimen found at ,royalston in ,massachusetts1 which weighed nearly #b tons4 ,,emerald 8,as when an emerald green enchas'd ,in flaming gold1 from the bright mass acquires ,a nobler hue1 more delicate to sight40 ,j4 ,,philips4 ,the name in days of old was variously written3 emeraud1 emeraude1 emraud1 emeroyde1 emmorant1 emerant1 ameraud1 emerode1 emrade1 hemerauld1 smaragdus4 ,the derivation is from the old ,french word ,,esmeralda1 through the modern ,french ,,emeraude2 ,greek ,,smaragdos1 ,latin ,,smaragdus4 ,amongst some large sized emeralds ,professor ,dana notes one in the cabinet of the ,duke of ,devonshire1 which specimen is #b inches long by about #b inches in diameter2 a finer specimen weighing six ounces1 once in the possession of ,mr4 ,harry ,thomas ,hope2 one formerly in the ,royal ,russian collection1 #d in4 in length1 #ab in4 in breadth1 #af pounds troy in weight2 another weighing six pounds1 which is #g in4 long and #d in4 broad4 ,dr4 ,holland's translation of ,pliny 7,book #cg7 is as follows3 8,true it is that we take great delight to behold green hearbes and leaves of trees but this is nothing to the pleasure we have in looking upon the emeraud1 for compare it with other things1 be they never so green1 it surpasseth them all in pleasant verdure40 ,the ,emerald is the beautiful green variety of the beryl family1 coloured by chromium4 ,,aquamarine 8,one entire stone of a sea-water green known by the name of agmarine40 ,,stow4 ,,chron4 #aeih4 ,the word is derived from the ,latin ,,aqua1 water1 and ,,mare1 the sea4 ,it was known under various forms3 aigue marine1 ague marine1 aque marine1 agmarine1 etc4 ,in colour the aquamarine is pale blue1 bluish green and light sea-green4 ,here may be mentioned the ,golden ,emerald--an emerald of charming golden colour1 and the ,rose ,beryl named ,morganite after the late ,j4 ,pierpont ,morgan4 ,the whole beryl family is classified under the sign ,taurus4 ,their crystalline form is hexagonal 7six-sided71 and six is the traditional number of ,venus1 whose earth house or mansion in astrology is the heavenly ,taurus4 ,beryllium enters largely into their composition1 and because of the sweetness of its salts this element is also termed ,glucinum 7,greek ,,glykys1 sweet74 ,glycina was first discovered by the great chemist ,vauquelin while experimenting with emeralds in #agig4 ,much confusion has arisen amongst authors on the subject of gems and the ,heavens1 from confounding the beryl with the tourmaline--a distinctly ,mercurial gem4 ,the beryl1 aquamarine and emerald present only colour shade differences4 ,it is more difficult1 however1 to find really fine emeralds than it is to find other varieties of the same family4 ,the emeralds found in the workings of the old ,kleopatra mines1 whose very existence was at one time doubted1 are of the lighter or beryl variety4 ,these gems were much sought after in ancient times1 the ,egyptian women being esteemed the best searchers 8because of their superior eyesight40 ,there is no doubt1 as before noted1 that the sex was considered as well as the sight1 and the selection of women 8daughters of ,venus0 for this work was not without design4 ,the splendour of the canopy of purple and gold under which ,holofernes1 the ,assyrian general1 rested was enriched according to the ,apochrypha with emeralds and precious stones 7,judith ,x4 #ba74 ,this symbol of ,assyrian luxury--considering the accredited virtue of the emerald amongst the ancients--was of evil import to the leader of the army of ,nabuchodonosor1 the 8,king of all the earth40 ,astrology notes that a person born in the sign ,taurus1 especially from the #bj to the #cj amongst the nebulous stars of the ,pleiades1 or with violent stars in that sign at birth1 has his sight always affected to a greater or lesser extent1 hence the accredited virtues of the emerald as an eye stone1 and no pharmacy of the ,middle ,ages would have thought of omitting it from its dispensary4 ,as eye stones the stones of the beryl family have always been held in high esteem1 ,pope ,john ,,xxi affirming that a diseased eye treated with an emerald became sound again4 ,it was not claimed that the emerald would restore lost sight1 but it was regarded as extremely potent in eye disease1 injury or trouble of any kind4 ,sometimes it was sufficient1 especially in the case of inflamed eyes1 to bathe the eye in water in which emeralds had been steeped for six hours2 at other times the stone was reduced to the finest powder1 an extremely small quantity of which was placed in the eye at stated intervals1 ,tom ,moore sings in ,lalla ,rookh3 8,blinded like serpents when they gaze ,upon the emerald's virgin blaze40 ,the tradition that when a serpent fixes its eyes on an emerald it becomes blind is echoed from ,hebrew philosophy1 and ,ahmed ,ben ,abdalaziz in his 8,treatise on ,jewels0 has it that the lustre of emeralds makes serpents blind4 ,as this ancient statement has occasioned some mirth and ridicule amongst those swayed by surface considerations it may be as well to consider the matter from another point of understanding4 ,the symbolist will at once perceive the hidden parable3 in astrology1 serpents have been classed under the ,scorpion of the zodiac1 and the ,venusian ,taurus in the zodiac is opposite to the ,scorpion4 ,in the story of the ,garden of ,eden it is the ,scorpion 7snake7 who tempts ,eve1 and her fall is held by occult students as a symbol to compel ,man to exert his highest strength to enable his triumph over the lowest to be complete4 ,the zodiacal ,scorpio is accursed on its lower expression1 and is symbolical then of the corruption which can menace virgin purity4 ,man on the lowest borderlands to which over-indulgence will ever draw him has been faced by serpents and reptiles whose immaterial lives exist only in those dark realms4 ,the story of ,circe and the ,swine finds its parallel in the power of the pure and beautiful ,venus to expel even by her symbolic emerald lust1 envy1 malice and grossness1 to destroy the serpent's gaze and to call the blind and suffering ,man back to his peaceful ,heaven again4 ,so1 as the ,moon in astrological philosophy is exalted in ,taurus1 ,diana the goddess of the ,moon is the friend of chaste women4 ,in ,cutwode's 8,caltha ,poetarium1 or the ,humble ,bee10 written in #aeii1 ,diana adorns the heroine with an emerald ring4 ,it can easily be seen why the emerald is the emblem of true happiness and the preserver of chastity1 and why it was said to fracture if chastity were violated3 to one taking vows of chastity and breaking them1 the emerald could never appear the same again--before his spiritual vision it would be broken and shattered4 ,leonardus said that the emerald protected women in childbirth1 and most old writers are impressive in warning men to wear one as a charm against spiritual and mental weakness4 ,the ,peruvian goddess ,esmeralda was said to reside in an emerald as big as an ostrich egg1 and it was the custom of this little ,venus in her symbolic emerald egg to receive emeralds as offerings from her devotees who also1 it was said1 sacrificed their daughters to her4 ,stevenson 78,residence in ,south ,america071 writing of the emerald mine of ,las ,emeraldas1 says3 8,i never visited it owing to the superstitious dread of the natives who assured me that it was enchanted and guarded by an enormous dragon who poured forth thunder and lightning on those who dared to ascend the river40 ,it is peculiar how the symbols of mankind coincide3 the dragon is another of the zodiacal ,scorpio varieties ever opposite ,taurus1 and was of old regarded as the agitator of thunders1 lightnings and earth commotions4 ,prescott1 in his 8,history of ,peru10 tells us how the ,spaniards after murdering the trusting ,indians raided their dwellings and seized their ornaments and precious stones1 for this was the region of the esmeraldas or emeralds4 ,one of the jewels that fell into the hands of ,pizarro was as large as a pigeon's egg4 ,fra ,reginaldo di ,pedraza1 one of the ,dominican missionaries1 told the ,spaniards that the method of proving the genuineness or otherwise of emeralds was to try if they could be broken with a hammer2 ,prescott adding3 8,the good ,father did not subject his own jewels to this wise experiment1 but as the stones in consequence of it fell in value1 being merely regarded as coloured glass1 he carried back a considerable store of them to ,panama40 ,the ,indians held that the emerald protected against poisons and cleansed man from sin4 ,as an emblem of ,eternal ,spring1 ,iarchus included the emerald in the mystic necklace of ,apollonius of ,tyana4 ,in ,rosicrucian philosophy it is advised that if an emerald set in a ring of gold be placed on the solar finger of the left hand when the ,sun entered ,taurus1 the wearer would attain his cherished aim and be enabled by the sweating of the stone to detect poisons4 ,experiment has shown that heat causes the emerald to lose water but does not affect its colour1 hence the reports of the 8sweating0 emerald cannot be set aside as mythical4 ,specimens of the beryl family have been found in tombs and in old excavations1 and there is little doubt that the stones 8of the colour of transparent sea-water0 found by the old ,romans at ,cyprus belonged to it4 ,the ,romans greatly esteemed the emerald as an eye stone and a natural specific for ophthalmia1 holding that what healed and calmed the spiritual eye would heal and calm the natural eye4 ,the ,persians applied ashes of burnt emeralds to ulcers with curative effect4 ,they said that the emerald brought mental tranquility1 cured unnatural thirst1 stomach troubles1 jaundice1 liver troubles1 obstructions1 gravel1 stricture1 bodily pains and epilepsy4 ,albertus ,magnus also recommends it as a cure for epileptic attacks4 ,mystics have always regarded the emerald as of the highest worth4 ,it is spoken of by ,cardanus as an ideal gem for divinatory purposes--no doubt because of its pure spiritual import4 ,aristotle writes that an emerald hung from the neck or worn on the finger protects from the 8falling sickness40 ,the ancient writers held that all kinds of divination were helped by the emerald1 and when worn during the transaction of honest business it gave favour to the wearer4 ,in ,brazil1 medical students on becoming doctors of medicine wore on their fingers rings of emeralds as an indication that they had received their diploma4 ,the lighter emerald1 or beryl1 bound man and wife together in mutual love1 and raised the wearer to success and honour4 ,among the ,hindoo philosophers the emerald held its place as a gem of the zodiacal ,taurus1 and in the ,first ,heaven of the ,muslims the tents of the faithful are represented as studded with emeralds1 pearls and jacinths4 ,mr4 ,e4 ,w4 ,lane 78,modern ,egyptians07 writes that the inhabitants of ,paradise are said to be clothed 8in the richest silk1 chiefly of green1 and all superfluities from their bodies will be carried off by perspiration which will diffuse an odour like that of musk0--a plant recognized by old astrologers as belonging to the sign ,taurus4 ,paracelsus wrote that the emerald was in sympathy with the metal copper--also recognized as the chief metal of ,venus4 ,mr4 ,king notes a fine emerald1 a quarter inch square1 belonging to the earliest ,christian periods1 on which is cut a fish1 which besides being an early ,christian emblem is symbolical of ,venus and later of the ,virgin4 ,venus is exalted in the ,zodiacal sign of the ,fishes which enters largely into the ,christian mysteries4 ,the beryl was used in magical rites as an instrument for foretelling future happenings4 ,for special magical purposes the stone was held in the mouth when--says ,freeman1 writing in the early part of the #ahth century--a person may call an elemental and receive satisfaction for any question he might ask4 ,in this connection one is tempted to think of the delightful ,venusian spirit ,ariel in ,shakespeare's 8,tempest40 ,again the beryl is recommended by ,leonardus as a charm against diseases of the throat and jaws4 ,in the 8water divination0 of the ,middle ,ages a beryl stone was suspended just to touch the surface of the water in the bowl1 and it answered questions by automatically striking the edges of the vessel4 ,it was also thrown into a shallow dish of water1 information being gathered from the reflections seen in sunlight in the water4 ,herodotus tells the story of the ,thalassokrat 7,sea-king7 ,polycrates of ,samos whose never-failing fortune so alarmed his friend and ally1 the ,pharaoh ,amasis of ,egypt1 that he wrote to him begging him to sacrifice something he valued most highly to propitiate the fateful ,nemesis1 goddess of retribution4 ,in obedience to this request ,polycrates1 with many regrets1 threw from a boat his precious emerald ring into the sea far from the shore4 ,some few days afterwards a fisherman caught a fish so large and shapely that1 thinking it a prize for the ,king1 he took it to the palace of ,polycrates4 ,when the cook was preparing the fish for the ,king's table he found within it his master's emerald ring4 ,amasis1 when informed of the incident by ,polycrates1 was greatly concerned as it foretold to him a fatal end for the ,thalassokrat1 with whom he broke off negotiations and alliances4 ,polycrates1 being induced by his crafty enemy the ,persian satrap ,oroetes to visit him1 was seized and crucified4 ,the story is discredited by some historians--notably ,grote--but this is not the only story of a fish swallowing a ring or some other article of value4 ,the legend of ,solomon's ring has been already alluded to4 ,mr4 ,king collecting evidence from ,herodotus1 ,pausanius1 and other old writers finds that the ring of ,polycrates was a 8signet of emerald set in gold1 the work of ,theodorus of ,samos40 ,that famous father of the church1 ,titus ,flavius ,clemens1 better known as ,clemens ,alexandrinus1 says that on the emerald ring of ,polycrates was engraved 8a musical lyre40 ,a fine quality emerald bearing a similar device was found about fifty years ago in a vineyard at ,aricia1 and that this may have been the famous ring is not impossible4 ,in the reign of ,philip ,,ii1 of ,spanish ,armada repute1 there appeared in ,spain a strange ring of gold1 in the centre of which was an emerald cut so as to contain a ruby surrounded by diamonds4 ,this curious ring is said to have been the symbol of misfortune wherever it came4 ,the church which received it as a gift from the ,king was destroyed by fire2 the fatal ring1 rescued from the fire1 was placed in a museum that was badly damaged by lightning2 whilst again in the possession of the ,king of ,spain1 ,spain was defeated in the war with the ,united ,states of ,america4 ,then this ring of ill-omen was buried in an iron coffin in a secret place4 ,its evil influence can readily be accounted for in the light of occult philosophy--the ruby is a stone under the ,celestial ,leo1 the emerald is under ,taurus4 ,these signs form the evil square1 being counted in astrological science #ij apart4 ,a square aspect is always accounted an evil one4 ,the admixture of the beautiful crystal symbols was unfortunate4 ,spain again is under the celestial ,sagittarius1 and would not hold gems of ,taurus4 ,philip ,,ii himself had an evil influence on ,spain4 ,astrologically neither the emerald nor the ruby would be in harmony with his nativity and the diamond would be fatal4 ,john of ,salisbury states that ,pope ,adrian ,,viii confirmed the right to hold and govern ,ireland on ,henry ,,ii of ,england with the gift of a rare emerald set in a ring of gold1 and the ,papal bull or seal4 ,the right to bestow all islands was claimed by the ,pope by virtue of the laws of ,constantine4 ,it is curious in connection with this historical transaction that ,ireland and the emerald come under ,taurus1 and that the right of ,henry ,,ii as sovereign of ,ireland is confirmed by the ,papal ,bull6 ,tennyson in 8,elaine0 says that ,arthur1 8the glorious ,king0 8,had on his cuirass worn our ,lady's ,head1 ,carved of one emerald centred in a sun ,of silver rays1 that lighten'd as he breathed40 ,the beryl was the symbol of undying youth1 the emerald of incorruptibility and triumph over sin1 the aquamarine of social uplifting4 ,one of the four rings sent by ,pope ,innocent ,,iii in the year #abje to ,king ,john of ,england was an emerald which1 wrote the donor1 is the emblem of faith4 ,to dream of beryls is said to denote happy news to come2 to dream of aquamarines is interpreted as symbolical of loving friendships2 to dream of emeralds is set down as a sign of worldly benefit and goodness4 ,the ,angel of the beryl family is the inexpressibly beautiful and tender ,anael4 ,emanuel ,swedenborg says that the beryl signifies 8the good of charity and faith or the spiritual love of truth2 the emerald the appearance of the divine sphere of the ,lord in the lowest heavens2 the emerald family as indicating the sphere of divine love and wisdom40 ,the wonderful aquamarine which adorned the crown of ,james ,,ii of ,england has been recently found to be merely a piece of coloured glass4 ,this fact was recently communicated by ,sir ,george ,younghusband1 so well known as the keeper of the ,jewel ,house in the ,tower of ,london4 ,it is presumed that the real stone was replaced by this imitation1 but how and when is a matter of speculation4 ,the whole emerald family were regarded as stones of fortune for ,king ,james ,,ii4 ,before closing this account of the beryl family it may be interesting to recall the fatal emerald of ,russia4 ,this large and beautiful gem was given to ,peter of ,holstein-,gottorp 7afterwards ,peter ,,iii71 by ,empress ,elizabeth ,petrovna4 ,peter was assassinated4 ,emperor ,paul wore it next and was strangled4 ,alexander ,,ii then had the stone newly set and it fell from his finger after his assassination4 ,alexander ,,iii would not wear it1 but ,nicholas ,,ii1 allured by its beauty1 did4 ,who now has the fatal emerald8 ,,chapter ,,xiv ,,balas--,,crysocolla ,,balas3 ,,bloodstone3 ,,bone ,,turquoise3 ,,cairngorm1 ,,an ,,ancient ,,cauteriser3 ,,carbuncle3 ,,the ,,pathway ,,of ,,the ,,fourth ,,heaven ,,illuminated ,,the ,,ark ,,of ,,noah3 8,a ,,burning ,,gem03 ,,the ,,magician ,,of ,,king ,,kajata3 ,,the ,,lustrous ,,carbuncle ,,of ,,ceylon3 ,,nathaniel ,,hawthorne',s ,,story3 ,,virtues ,,of ,,the ,,stone3 ,a ,,captain',s ,,talisman ,,at ,,gallipoli3 ,,carnelian ,,and ,,the ,,sard3 ,,sensitiveness ,,of ,,these ,,stones3 ,,sard ,,intagli3 ,,alaric ,,the ,,goth ,,and ,,his ,,carnelian3 ,,madame ,,blavatsky ,,and ,,the ,,shamans ,,of ,,tartary3 ,,occult ,,virtues ,,of ,,the ,,carnelian3 ,,meaning ,,in ,,rosicrucian ,,mysteries3 ,,moslem ,,tradition4 ,,catseye1 ,,its ,,curious ,,opalescence3 ,,lore ,,of ,,the ,,catseye3 ,,rabbi ,,ben ,,adoulah',s ,,assertion3 ,,the ,,eye ,,of ,,belus3 ,,ceylinite3 ,,chalcedony3 ,,persian ,,cylinders3 ,,signet ,,of ,,darius3 ,,early ,,identification ,,by ,,albertus ,,magnus3 ,,pliny',s ,,description3 ,,stone ,,of ,,st4 ,,stephen3 ,,virtues ,,of ,,the ,,chalcedony3 ,,chalcedonyx3 ,,chert3 ,,chiastolite3 ,,stone ,,of ,,st4 ,,james3 ,,pedro ,,the ,,cruel3 ,,miguel ,,perez ,,and ,,the ,,blood-,,red ,,cross3 ,,marshal ,,soult',s ,,plunder3 ,,the ,,stone ,,of ,,columbus3 ,,chrysoberyl1 ,,its ,,virtues3 ,,crysocolla1 ,a ,,musical ,,charm4 ,,balas4 ,see ,,spinel4 ,,bloodstone4 ,see ,,haematite and ,,jasper4 ,,bone ,,turquoise or ,odontolite4 ,bone turquoise is often mistaken for true turquoise4 ,it is really fossil teeth or bones coloured blue by the action of phosphate of iron4 ,its organic difference can easily be seen under a good glass4 ,,odontolite is under the influence of the zodiacal ,capricorn2 it is a degree less in hardness than the true turquoise1 being in this respect equal to apatite and lapis lazuli4 ,,bort4 7,see ,,diamond47 ,,cairngorm or ,,scotch ,,topaz4 8,o ,caledonia1 stern and wild60 ,,scott4 ,the mountain cairngorm1 the name of which comes from the ,gaelic ,,carngorm1 meaning ,blue ,cairn1 is between the shires of ,aberdeen1 ,banff and ,inverness1 and it is there that the cairngorm stones are mostly found4 ,the stone is a variety of quartz of a fine smoky yellow or brown colour4 ,it is found in other places than the ,cairngorm ,mountains1 and has usurped many of the attributes of the true topaz4 ,it is remarkable for its brilliance and beauty1 and was known to the ancients4 ,according to ,pliny1 this stone was used by old physicians for cauterizing affected parts of the body by directing the sun's rays through it after the manner of a 8burning glass40 ,it was carried in times of epidemics as a protective charm1 and it was held to bestow a degree of craft and subtlety on the wearer4 ,as a martial stone in harmony with ,scotland1 it was set in the head of dirks and other knives1 and adorned the ,highland dress4 ,the ,cairngorm was considered a talisman against venereal diseases1 sore throats1 etc4 ,it is under the zodiacal ,scorpio4 ,,carbuncle 8,the ,carbuncle ,which from it such a flaming light ,and radiancy ejecteth ,that in the very darkest night ,the eye's to it directed40 ,,drayton4 ,the name ,carbuncle is derived from the ,latin ,,carbunculus1 diminutive of ,,carbo1 a coal4 ,during the past centuries it has been written as charbucle1 charbokel1 charbokll1 cherbukkill1 carbokyl1 charboncle1 carbunculum1 karboncle1 carbunacle1 carbuncle stone4 ,of it ,dr4 ,wilkins writes3 8,it is believed that a carbuncle does shine in the dark like a burning coal1 from whence it has its name40 ,the carbuncle is the ,iron ,alumina ,garnet known as ,almandine or ,almandite1 which varies in colour shades from red1 ruby red1 columbine red to brownish red4 ,the name is said to be derived from the town of ,alabanda in ,asia ,minor where1 according to ,pliny1 the ,carbunculi ,amethystozontes were cut4 ,dr4 ,holland's translation of the passage relating to the carbuncle in ,pliny1 ,book ,,xxxvii1 is as follows3 8,amongst these red gems the rubies otherwise called carbuncles challenge the principall place and are esteemed richest2 they have their name in ,greek of the likenesse unto fire1 and yet fire hath no power of them which is the reason that some call them apyroti40 ,the apyroti is our pyrope which indicates 8fiery0 in ,greek4 ,it is a magnesia alumina garnet and was1 as it now is1 cut en cabochon4 ,specimens chosen for this purpose are from deep to black red4 ,almandines form the pathways of the ,fourth ,heaven 7,dar as-,salam7 of the ,muhammedans2 and the traditional symbol of the ,ark illuminated by a large carbuncle stone occurs in the ,rabbinical writings4 ,to students of the mysteries this must ever appeal as a forceful and subtle symbol of man's immortality and sublime power4 ,leonardus writes of the carbuncle 8brandishing its fiery rays on every side and in the dark appearing like a fiery coal40 8,it is regarded10 he says1 8as the first among #8burning gems4'0 ,that the carbuncle gave out a glowing light without reflection is frequently repeated by ancient authors1 and the ,palace of the ,magician in the ,russian story of ,king ,kajata was hewn out of a single carbuncle which lit up the whole surrounding district4 ,sir ,e4 ,tennant quotes from a ,chinese work a narrative which tells that 8early in the #adth century the ,emperor sent an officer to ,ceylon to purchase a carbuncle of unusual lustre which was fitted as a ball to the cap of the ,emperor of that country4 ,it was upwards of an ounce in weight and cost #ajj1jjj strings of cash4 ,each time a grand levee was held at night the red lustre filled the palace1 and hence it was designated the ,red ,palace ,illuminator40 ,nathaniel ,hawthorne's beautiful story of 8,the ,great ,carbuncle0 in his 8,twice-told ,tales0 is based on the ,indian tradition which is1 he says1 8too wild and too beautiful to be adequately wrought up in prose40 ,nevertheless the author does so with old-world charm3 8,some few believe that this inestimable stone is blazing as of old1 and say that they have caught its radiance like a flash of summer lightning1 far down the valley of the ,saco4 ,and be it owned that many a mile from the ,crystal ,hills ,i saw a wondrous light around their summits and was lured by the faith of poesy to be the last pilgrim of the ,great ,carbuncle40 ,in the ,middle ,ages the carbuncle was worn as a charm to protect the wearer against the plague1 and it was said to protect travellers on long voyages by sea from drowning1 and by land from accidents4 ,it was also credited with the power of resisting poisons1 of averting evil thoughts and dreams4 ,it was an up-lifter of the soul and a preserver of the health of the body4 ,when its lustre changed1 the death of the wearer was indicated4 ,in addition to being the stone of undying hope and the dispeller of sadness1 the ,indians and ,arabs credit it with protecting from wounds and harm in the midst of battle4 ,a story was told to the author by the mother of an ,australian ,captain born1 according to astrology1 with the ,sun rising in the sign of the ,archer4 ,this officer wore at the author's suggestion a ring of carbuncle4 ,at ,gallipoli he1 with a few men1 was cut off by incessant gunfire which1 although directed their way1 did not injure them and from which they were eventually rescued4 ,during this ordeal the ,captain looked often at his calm1 flame-burning ring1 the unearthly brightness of which seemed to him an emblem of salvation4 ,emanuel ,swedenborg compared the carbuncle with the good of celestial love1 and it was regarded as a heart stimulant by some old medical writers4 ,it represents the red arterial blood and is connected with the fiery sign of the zodiac ,sagittarius4 ,a great part of ,australia is much influenced by this sign according to astrology and large quantities of extremely beautiful almandines--which were at one time mistaken for rubies and termed 8,australian rubies0--have been already found4 ,to dream of the carbuncle was said to indicate acquirement of wisdom4 ,the carbuncle is under the zodiacal ,sagittarius4 ,,carnelian 8,let not the ,muse the dull ,carnelian slight1 ,although it shine with but a feeble light40 ,,marbodus4 ,the ,carnelian obtains its name from the ,latin word ,carnis1 flesh1 which describes its colour4 ,the ,sard 7,greek1 ,sarx1 flesh7 called by ,swedenborg and the ancients the 8sardine ,stone10 of a deeper brownish red is said by ,pliny to have been named from ,sardis in ,asia ,minor4 ,carnelian is also written cornelian1 cornelien1 and carnelion4 ,woodward in his 8,natural ,history0 7#afie7 alludes to the ancient ,roman tradition that the pale red carnelians were called females and the deeper colours males4 ,the yellow carnelian was anciently regarded as the female loved by the ,sun4 ,these gems are extremely sensitive1 being affected by oils and acids4 ,it has been demonstrated from olden times that carnelians exposed to the rays of the sun were brightened and heightened in colour1 a result which could not be obtained by ordinary heat4 ,the carnelian and sard were greatly used in all ages1 and many beads1 charms and ornaments have been found in the old lands4 ,the writer had in his possession two beautiful ,etruscan scarabs of sard--one bearing a portrait of sculapius and the snake1 the other portraying ,venus disrobing--neither of which had suffered much from the attacks of time4 ,mr4 ,king describes a sard intaglio showing an ,ibis stepping out of a nautilus shell1 seizing a snake--a symbol of the eternal war between the ,sun1 represented by the ,ibis1 on the stone of the ,sun1 and the earth moistures1 represented by the snake4 ,another from the ,rhodes collection represents ,venus showing ,cupid how to use the bow1 appropriately cut on a sard or heart stone2 another1 also cut on sard1 shows ,cupid riding on a lion--symbol of the ,sun and the heart 7organ of the ,sun in astrophilosophy74 ,alaric the ,goth entered the city of ,rome with his victorious army ,august #bgth in the year #daj ,a4 ,d4 ,his birthday cannot be ascertained with any degree of certainty1 but it may have been somewhere near that time for he wore on his finger a large carnelian talismanic ring on which was engraved3 8,alaricus ,rex ,gothorum40 ,madame ,blavatsky relates stories of the ,shamans of ,tartary who carried carnelians under their left arms1 and by employing these stones in certain ways they were enabled to separate the astral from the physical body4 ,the carnelian was used by them in certain magical work and was reputed to be a stone of wonderful power4 ,it is significant that these ,shamans carried the carnelians on their left sides1 near the great ,sun of the human body--the heart4 ,madame ,blavatsky herself possessed a carnelian to which special virtue was attached4 ,she was born when the ,sun was in the sign of the ,lion1 and the carnelian was therefore one of her chief talismanic gems4 ,the carnelian was called the ,stone of the ,martyrs4 ,it is said to bestow the power to see into the astral plane if1 when placed before a light for about four minutes1 it is steadily gazed upon4 ,considering the powerful effect the ,sun has on the carnelian1 it were best that1 if phenomena of this order are to be obtained through the agency of such an instrument1 the stone be first exposed to the rays of the ,sun4 ,it is inadvisable1 however1 to look directly at the sun with the naked eye4 ,the carnelian is said to bring content to the wearer1 and ,albertus ,magnus said that it made the soul happy1 drove away the evil effects of sorcery1 witchcraft1 enchantment and fear4 ,it was the stone of the victor and of victory1 and was used as a charm against bad temper--for bad temper according to the masters is a form of black magic4 ,black magic was evilly directed in the light of a waning moon1 and it was detected by the varying sheen of the protective carnelian or sard4 ,also in dreams the stone was a symbol that evil thoughts were being directed against the dreamer4 ,it represented the magical force of ,faith and the weakening folly of scepticism in the ,rosicrucian mysteries4 ,medicinally the stone was used to stop bleedings1 and in the ,middle ,ages it was administered in powdered form4 ,at this period it was stated that the yellow variety was the gem for ,dies ,solis or ,sunday4 ,both the carnelian and sard are attached to the zodiacal ,leo1 the ,mansion of the ,sun1 and the connection apart from tradition is proven scientifically by the effect of the solar rays on the stone itself4 ,it is said to promote coolness in argument and dignity in dispute1 and the ,muhammedan tradition tells that ,muhammad held that to procure contentment and blessings1 it was necessary with right mind to ,allah1 to wear a carnelian4 ,,catseye 8,the ,catseye is one of the jewels of which the ,singhalese are especially proud40 ,,tennent',s 8,,ceylon40 ,the catseye is a chalcedonic quartz1 translucent1 of various colours--yellow-green1 yellow-brown1 hyacinth-red1 grey1 green-grey1 etc4 ,it is of a peculiar opalescence1 resembling the eye of a cat1 when cut en cabochon1 an effect produced by amianthoid asbestos filaments which run parallel through the stone4 ,the virtues ascribed to the catseye are many4 ,it was said to put colour into pale faces1 to give pleasure to the mind1 to relieve the soul of melancholy1 to cure chronic disorders and wasting diseases1 and to keep the wearer from financial distress and ruin4 ,it is said to have been successfully employed in relieving croup and asthma4 ,pressed on to the forehead between the eyes it aided thought and helped foresight4 ,carried by those with ,capricorn rising in the horoscope1 or with the ,sun1 ,jupiter or ,venus in ,capricorn1 it is credited with especial value as a charm for success in speculative ventures4 ,enwrapped in women's hair1 it was employed as a birth charm1 and if calcined and applied to wounds1 said ,rabbi ,ben ,adoulah1 it healed them4 ,further1 it cured inflammations of the eyes1 if lightly rubbed on the closed lids4 ,to dream of a catseye was said to warn of treachery4 ,it was the ,eye of ,belus in old ,assyria1 and a talisman which made the wearer invisible to his enemies4 ,old ,indian masters advise that the specimen worn be as perfect as possible1 saying that bad stones should not be worn at all4 ,the ,catseye is attached to the sign ,capricorn4 ,,ceylonite4 7,see ,,spinel47 ,,chalcedony 8,with lustre fair is the ,calcedon graced40 ,,marbodus4 ,the chalcedony obtains its name from ,chalkedon in ,asia ,minor1 and appears written as calcedony1 calsydoyne1 calcidoine1 chalcedun1 calcideny1 chalcidonye1 calcedon1 calchedonie4 ,this stone includes a number of varieties such as carnelian1 sard1 agate1 catseye1 prase1 plasma1 heliotrope1 chrysoprase1 moss agate1 onyx1 sardonyx1 hornstone or ,chert1 and flint4 ,chalcedony is classed under the great ,silica family4 ,it is translucent1 waxy1 white1 pale grey1 light brown or bluish4 ,the ,blue ,chalcedony is identified with the ancient ,sapphirine--a stone confused with our sapphire4 ,mr4 ,king says that the 8finest ,persian cylinder known1 engraved with the usual type of the ,king fighting with the lion1 was formed out of this variety3 the signet doubtless that once graced the wrist of some ,darius or ,artaxerxes of the latter days of the ,persian monarchy40 ,it is said that ,albertus ,magnus first identified the chalcedony of today in the #acth century1 although according to many authorities this was not done until the #aeth century at the very earliest4 ,the ancient chalcedony is classed amongst such stones as the ,leucachates and ,cerachates4 ,pliny describes the ancient chalcedony as of 8green mixed with blue as the feathers of the peacock's tail or of the pigeon's neck10 and ,holme quoting from ,pliny in the ,armoury1 #afhh1 says3 8,the chalcedon or calchedoine1 being well chafed and warmed1 will draw a straw or a rush to it40 ,the calcedon described by ,pliny was not found in his time1 but our chalcedony was greatly used in fine art work in all ages4 ,a chalcedony showing tiny red and brown spots has been termed the stone of ,st4 ,stephen1 in allusion to the martyrdom of that ,saint as described in ,chapter #g of the ,acts4 ,the chalcedony is a symbol of enthusiasm1 and is the emblem of ,victory ,divine amongst the jewels of the ,rosicrucians4 ,it has also been termed the ,mother ,stone1 and under the name of ,leucachate was sacred to ,diana4 ,it protected the voyager on the ocean tracts from tempests and terrors1 drove away evil spirits1 banished sadness and melancholy1 secured public favour and protected the wearer in times of political revolutions4 ,the chalcedony is under the zodiacal ,cancer4 ,,chalcedonyx4 ,the chalcedonyx is really a chalcedony adorned with lines of white and grey4 ,it is included in the zodiacal ,cancer4 ,,chiastolite 8,on her white breast a sparkling cross she wore40 ,,pope4 ,the ,chiastolite obtains its name from the ,greek word ,,chiastos1 crossed4 ,it is also known as ,macle1 from the ,latin ,macula1 a spot4 ,it is a form of ,andalusite found in certain metamorphic rock4 ,during the process of crystallization certain impurities of a carbonaceous nature are dispersed across the stone which displays from this cause different forms of cross1 tessellated or lozenge-shaped markings1 which show out curiously when the stone is cut or broken4 ,the hardness of the stone is not great--specimens sometimes being as low as #c in ,mohs' scale4 ,the colour varies from grey to yellow1 pink1 red1 white1 and deep brown4 ,the chiastolite is reported to have been first found in ,andalusia in ,spain1 at which place legend says ,st4 ,james suffered martyrdom4 ,a further amplification of this legend tells that the origin of the chiastolite dates back to that time when it sprang into being just where the ,apostle laid his hands on the rocks4 ,at the time of ,pedro the ,cruel of ,spain 7#adth ,century71 a peasant1 by name ,miguel ,perez1 found a rare specimen of this stone over an inch in diameter1 exhibiting two crosses1 the most marked being of a rich dark red hue4 ,wishing to obtain this remarkable gem as a present for his ally ,edward the ,black ,prince 7whose title1 be it said1 was not bestowed from the colour of his armour but as ,froissart says1 8from the terror his arms inspired071 ,pedro ordered the peasant to bring it to him4 ,when ,perez was ushered into his presence the ,king demanded the gem under pain of death4 ,the terrified peasant1 after faltering for a few moments in nervous fear1 at length held out the gem for the ,king to take4 ,as ,pedro was about to seize it1 the blood-red cross met his gaze and he fell in a swoon on the palace floor4 ,the stone seems to have disappeared for a long period1 and it is believed to have been discovered in the possession of ,philip ,v of ,spain who carried it as a jewel charm till his death when it was hung about the neck of the statue of ,st4 ,james in the ,st4 ,jago di ,compostella4 ,marshal ,soult1 having plundered the ,cathedral during the ,peninsular ,war1 gave the stolen stone to ,napoleon ,bonaparte1 who presented it to ,murat4 ,astrologically1 the chiastolite would not be a fortunate stone for ,pedro1 ,soult1 ,napoleon1 ,murat or the ,black ,prince--notwithstanding the latter's name4 ,it would be a fortunate stone for ,philip ,v4 ,it is quoted as a fact that when ,columbus sailed on his voyage of discovery to ,america he wore a charm of chiastolite4 ,the historical ,chiastolite of ,spain is said to be at the present time in the possession of the ,french family ,de ,bodts4 ,the chiastolite is a symbol of prudence1 faith1 caution and sincerity4 ,to dream of one is a sign of struggle1 delay or limitation4 ,it is a stone of the zodiacal ,capricorn4 ,chiastolite is also written as chiastolith and chiastolithe4 ,the name was bestowed on it in the year #ahjj4 ,some very fine specimens have recently been found in ,south ,australia4 ,,chrysoberyl 8,time will run back and fetch the ,age of ,gold40 ,,milton4 ,the name is derived from ,,chrysos1 golden1 and ,,beryllos1 beryl4 ,suitable stones are cut into catseyes of opalescent gleam4 ,the chrysoberyl is harder than the topaz1 and is composed of alumina and glucina4 ,the colours of the stone are asparagus green1 grass green1 greenish white4 ,the ,alexandrite variety changes its colours in real and artificial light4 ,the chrysoberyl was credited as a charm against evil spirits and a disordered imagination1 against deceit1 craft and conspiracy4 ,to dream of a chrysoberyl was a warning against waste4 ,it is under the zodiacal ,pisces4 ,,crysocolla4 ,this hydros copper silicate derives its name from the ,greek ,,chrysos1 gold1 and ,,kolla1 cement4 ,it obtained its name from its resemblance to a gold solder known and used by the ancient ,greeks4 ,it is a very soft1 light substance1 varying in colour from a blue-green to a sky or turquoise blue4 ,the texture is enamellike1 and the occurrence is earthy and massive4 ,chrysocolla is a musical charm1 to dream of which was favourable for musicians1 florists and singers4 ,it is under the zodiacal ,taurus4 ,,chapter ,,xv ,,chrysolite--,,crystal ,,chrysolite3 8,,evening ,,emerald03 ,,the ,,ancient ,,amianthus3 ,,banisher ,,of ,,evil ,,influences3 ,,stone ,,of ,,inspiration3 8,,the ,,precious ,,stone03 ,,chrysoprase3 ,,stone ,,of ,,dreams ,,and ,,happiness3 ,,bad ,,effect ,,of ,,excessive ,,light3 ,,cinnamon ,,stone3 ,,citrine ,,or ,,false ,,topaz3 ,,its ,,talismanic ,,virtues3 ,,coal3 ,,black ,,diamonds3 8,,hauling ,,over ,,the ,,coals03 ,,tax ,,on ,,coal3 ,,first ,,coal ,,licences3 ,,proclamation ,,against ,,the ,,use ,,of ,,coal3 ,,first ,,coal ,,exported ,,to ,,paris3 ,,the ,,nature ,,of ,,coral3 ,,old ,,belief3 ,,trevisa ,,on ,,the ,,coral3 ,,coral ,,species3 ,,perseus ,,and ,,the ,,medusa3 ,,the ,,work ,,of ,,the ,,sea-,,nymphs3 ,,the ,,rising ,,of ,,the ,,love ,,goddess3 ,,the ,,evil ,,eye3 ,,fascination3 ,,roman ,,custom3 ,,coral ,,and ,,health3 ,,dispeller ,,of ,,evil ,,spirits3 ,,incubi ,,and ,,succubi3 ,,dr4 ,,hartmann',s ,,testimony3 ,,bartholomeus ,,and ,,the ,,wytches' ,,stone3 ,,mystical ,,properties ,,ascribed ,,to ,,coral3 ,,custom ,,of ,,old ,,greek ,,sailors3 ,,lemnius ,,and ,,coral3 ,,the ,,gem ,,of ,,the ,,garden ,,of ,,everlasting ,,life3 ,a #ag,,th ,,century ,,prescription3 ,,the ,,stone ,,of ,,the ,,dancers3 ,,corundum3 ,,cordierite3 ,,crocidolite3 ,,crystal3 ,,early ,,use ,,on ,,scarabei1 ,,etc43 ,,trial ,,of ,,psyche3 ,,the ,,ethiopian ,,king ,,and ,,the ,,crystal ,,tombs3 ,,the ,,hapsburg ,,crystal ,,vases3 ,,crystal ,,in ,,china ,,and ,,japan3 ,,the ,,talisman ,,of ,,concentration3 ,,the ,,medicine ,,indians3 ,,australian ,,aboriginals ,,and ,,the ,,crystal3 ,,rain ,,stone3 ,,the ,,coradgee3 ,,crystallomancy ,,amongst ,,the ,,natives ,,of ,,australia3 ,,crystal ,,balls ,,and ,,the ,,sun',s ,,rays3 ,,dr4 ,,babbitt',s ,,remarks ,,on ,,the ,,convex ,,lens3 ,,hydrolites3 ,,the ,,third ,,eye3 ,,an ,,antique ,,seal ,,ring3 ,,crystals ,,in ,,the ,,highlands3 ,,sir ,,william ,,ridgeway ,,on ,,crystals3 ,,swedenborg',s ,,stone ,,of ,,truth4 ,,chrysolite 8,when morning rose1 to land ,we haul'd our bark1 and moored it on the strand1 ,where in a beauteous grotto's cool recess ,dance the green ,nereids of the neighboring seas40 ,,homer4 7,pope's ,translation47 ,the ,chrysolite obtains its name from the ,greek ,,chrysos1 gold1 and ,,lithos1 a stone4 ,this gem is of a light greeny-yellow2 when deep olive green it is known as a ,peridot1 when yellowish-green as ,true ,olivine4 ,among the ancients the ,chrysolite was our topaz4 ,its name1 literally 8,golden ,stone10 indicates the beautiful golden topaz so highly esteemed by gem-lovers1 which1 we are told1 derives its name from that mysterious ,island of the ,mists which ,pliny calls ,topazion4 ,dr4 ,g4 ,f4 ,herbert ,smith writes of the variety peridot as bearing the pretty name of 8the evening emerald10 and the most charming specimens resemble the light green of the sea waters near the shore1 illuminated by the setting sun4 ,this gem appears to be the ,amianthus of post-,biblical writers1 known as 8the gem of miracles10 which drove away the spirits and influences of evil1 protected against obsession1 dissolved enchantments1 and the phantoms of the night1 gladdened the heart with hope1 strengthened the soul1 inspired thought1 banished illusion1 despair1 madness1 aided the faculties of inspiration and prophecy4 ,in the ,history of ,monsieur ,oufle--quoted by ,brand--it is advised3 8,to expel phantoms and rid people of folly1 take the precious stone chrysolite1 set it in gold1 and let them wear it about 'em40 ,francis ,barrett says that it is good for the lungs and cures asthmatical complaints2 also that when held under the tongue it cures fevers1 aids prophecy1 bestows eloquence and inspiration4 ,the peridot was known as 8the0 precious stone1 and was often valued more than the diamond4 ,the hardness of the chrysolite is from #f to #g on ,mohs' scale4 ,it is under the zodiacal ,pisces4 ,,chrysoprase ,the chrysoprase derives its name from the ,greek ,,chrysos1 golden1 and ,,prason1 a leek4 ,it is an apple-green chalcedony1 the colour being caused by oxide of nickel4 ,the chrysoprase was esteemed the perfect stone of dreams in ancient ,egypt1 ,greece and ,rome4 ,it was believed that if one condemned for any offence whatever held a chrysoprase in his mouth he would escape punishment4 ,it was a stone for the voyager on deep seas1 a kindler of the imaginative faculties1 a banisher of greed1 selfishness and carelessness4 ,it was the stone of happiness and enterprise1 awakening slumbering faculties4 ,it calmed irritability1 the pains of gout1 and1 bound to the left arm1 it prevented or cured the stone4 ,it was the stone of prudence1 adaptability and versatility1 rousing to action1 progress and adventure4 ,to gaze into the chrysoprase was said to strengthen the eyes1 especially when the ,moon was passing through ,taurus and ,cancer4 ,in many ways the chrysoprase was a religious symbol4 ,in its ,hebrew name of ,,nofek it was the fourth stone of the ,breastplate1 and as the tenth jewel of the ,rosicrucians it was the symbol of strength1 moral and physical1 and of invisible power4 ,swedenborg sees in it 8the supreme heavenly love of truth10 and the ,fathers see 8triumph over sin40 ,its symbology is reflected to the gateway through which the soul passed when entering the sphere of earth1 and its dream influence was like an angel's smile4 ,light in excess has an unfavourable effect on this stone1 robbing it of its colour4 ,introduced into ,england in the reign of ,ann1 it was much loved by the ,queen4 ,it enjoyed great popularity during the times of the #c ,georges1 and was a favorite gem of ,queen ,victoria4 ,the chrysoprase is under the zodiacal ,cancer4 ,,cinnamon ,,stone4 7,see ,,essonite47 ,,citrine ,citrine is a clear light yellow quartz crystal1 obtaining its name from its citron tint4 ,it is correctly called ,false ,topaz1 and incorrectly ,brazilian ,topaz4 ,it presents no cleavage like the topaz4 ,it is also known as ,spanish topaz and ,occidental topaz4 ,the citrine was carried as a protective talisman against miasmatic exhalations1 plague epidemics1 eruptive diseases1 evil thought forms1 alcoholic and other forms of indulgence4 ,it was also employed as a charm against the bites of snakes1 venomous reptiles and insects1 and against scandal1 libel and treachery4 ,the ,citrine is under the zodiacal ,scorpio4 ,,coal 8,a live coal from the altar 7,is4 ,,vi4 #f7 signifies divine love from which all purification is derived40 ,,swedenborg4 ,coal derives its name from the ,anglo-,saxon word ,,kol1 to kindle4 ,it is a well-known solid black combustible substance1 the remains of old forests and earth vegetation which chemical action has changed chiefly by the elimination of oxygen and hydrogen4 ,many dyes1 acids1 gases1 flavourings1 etc41 are obtained from this important product4 ,amongst these are tar1 coke1 creosote1 carbolic acid1 naphtha1 sal-ammoniac1 ammonia1 various explosives1 drugs1 mineral vanilla1 etc4 ,dr4 ,brewer explains that to 8haul over the coals0 is historically and literally true3 8,at one time10 he says1 8the ,jews were #8bled' whenever the ,kings or barons wanted money1 and one very common torture1 if they resisted1 was to haul them over the coals of a slow fire to give them a roasting40 ,sir ,walter ,scott alludes to this practice in 8,ivanhoe40 ,professor ,john ,henry ,pepper1 writing1 on 8,coal and ,coal ,mines10 introduces the following interesting details3 ,in olden time1 before a cargo of coals could be discharged from a collier1 it was necessary to obtain the permission of the ,lord ,mayor who1 for a certain consideration1 granted the required permission4 ,this much honoured magistrate and his worthy coadjutors1 the aldermen1 with the common councilmen and livery called the ,corporation were permitted to lay a tax upon the 8black diamonds0 that amounted to something like #ej1jjj per annum4 ,in #ahcj the heaviest of the coal duties were abolished3 and since that time the trade has assumed gigantic proportions which have made it the marvel of the civilized world4 ,the first licences to dig coals were granted to the burgesses of ,newcastle by ,henry ,,iii and in #abha a very good trade existed in that fuel4 ,a proclamation in the reign of ,king ,edward ,i shows the introduction of coal as a substitute for wood1 and a charter of ,edward ,,ii indicates that ,derbyshire coal was used in ,london4 ,in the same reign coals were first sent from ,newcastle for the benefit of those trades which required fuel3 and in #acaf a petition was made from ,parliament to the ,king praying ,his ,majesty to forbid all use of the new and pestilent fuel called 8coals10 which was acceded to1 and a proclamation made1 commanding all use of coals to cease and determine1 and threatening all who burnt coals to be mulcted1 and on a second offence to have their furnaces demolished4 ,in the reign of ,queen ,elizabeth the burning of stone coal was again prohibited during the sitting of ,parliament4 ,at a subsequent period1 about #afdh1 coals were once more placed under a ban4444 ,in #aebj ,newcastle coal was first exported into ,paris4 ,a piece of coal was carried by thieves in the belief that it would protect them from detection1 and help them to escape when pursued4 ,to dream of coals is indicated as a symbol of disappointment1 trouble1 affliction and losses1 except if the coals be burning brightly when the symbol gives promises of uplifting and advancement1 for the fire symbol of ,mars is rousing to action the coal symbol of ,saturn4 ,coal is under the celestial ,capricorn4 ,,coral 8,in the pleased infant see its power expand ,when first the coral fills his little hand40 ,,sprague4 ,coral is a carbonate of lime effected by gelatinous marine mollusks known as 8polypi40 ,for long ages coral was supposed to be a marine plant of which ,trevisa wrote in #adie3 8,corall is gendred in the ,red ,see1 and is a tree as long as it is coveryd with water1 but as it is drawen out it torneth into stone10 and ,jordan in #afii tells us that 8coral also being a plant and nourished with this juice1 turns to a stone40 ,the name is derived from the ,greek word ,korallion1 and is found written as corale1 corral1 correil1 curalle1 curroll1 quyral1 etc4 ,the various species have been set down as follows3 ,pink ,coral ,red ,coral ,white ,coral ,black ,coral ,blue ,coral ,yellow ,coral1 etc4 ,in more modern times species have obtained names from their appearance4 ,thus3 ,brain ,coral ,cup ,coral ,mushroom ,coral ,organpipe ,coral ,star ,coral ,the appeal of coral to the poet finds expression in some charming legends3 ,ovid 7,metamorphoses7 wrote that ,perseus1 after he had cut the head from the body of the dreadful ,medusa1 laid it on the branches of the trees which grew by the sea shore2 but the power never departing1 turned these branches1 as it had turned every other living thing1 into stone4 ,the sea nymphs drew these fossils beneath the waves and they became the coral seeds4 ,a variation of this legend tells that the blood which fell from the bleeding head on to the shrubs1 flowers and trees turned them into seeds of coral which the sea nymphs drew beneath the waves4 ,it arose again in flower-like beauty with ,venus when she emerged in all her glory from the sea1 symbolical of the exaltation of ,venus in the zodiacal ,pisces1 and in this connection also concealing a deeper meaning4 ,no gem has been more employed as a charm for averting the fell spell of the evil eye than the innocent coral which was credited with the power of destroying the first stroke of the glance1 after which it--like the drawn fang of the serpent--was rendered incapable of injury4 ,scot writes in 8,discovery of ,witchcraft30 8,the coral preserveth such as bear it from fascination or bewitching and in this respect corals are hanged about children's necks40 ,pliny mentions that the ,romans hung on babies' cradles and around their necks pieces of red coral as an aid in teething and an influence against the falling sickness and infantile diseases4 ,plato says3 8,coral is good to be hanged about children's necks1 as well to rub their gums as to preserve them from the falling sickness4 ,it hath also some special sympathy with ,nature1 for the best coral1 being worn about the neck1 will turn pale and wan if the party that wears it be sick1 and comes to its former colour again as they recover health40 ,brand mentions a similar idea in the 8,three ,ladies of ,london10 #aehd3 8,coral will look pale when you be sick40 ,little bells were also attached in the ,middle ,ages to children's coral charms in order to ward off evil spirits1 storms and pestilence1 and scare away the ,furies2 this same belief exists in ,japan1 ,china and other countries4 ,it is a fact that coral is affected by the health of the wearer2 some writers say that it becomes spotted or stained when the illness is of a serious nature4 ,it was regarded as a very potent charm for women4 ,in ,italy the coral was also called the ,witch ,stone1 because it was said to protect women from the wizards and men from the witches4 ,in connection with these ,paracelsus writes3 8,they are the outgrowths of an intense and sensual imagination of men and women1 and which ,rabbinical traditions relate in an allegorical manner1 are connected with ,adam 7the animal ,man71 and ,lilith1 his first wife4 ,they are afraid of red corals as dogs are afraid of a whip3 but the brown corals attract them4 ,red corals are disagreeable to monsters1 ,incubi1 ,succubi1 ,phantasmata and all evil spirits1 but brown corals are not1 and they delight in them40 ,in commenting on this ,dr4 ,franz ,hartmann1 a physician of note and distinguished writer1 says that he knew of cases of melancholy1 depression of mind1 hypochondria1 etc41 that had been successfully treated by the wearing of red corals1 while other articles employed for the same purpose had no effect1 the cure therefore not being merely attributable to the belief of the patient4 ,he concludes3 8,the ignorant will find it easier to ridicule such things than to explain them40 ,a curious passage in ,bartholomeus 78,de ,proprietatibus ,rerum10 #aecf7 is of interest3 8,wytches tell that this stone withstondeth lyghtnyng1 whirlewynde1 tempeste and stormes fro shyppes and houses that it is in4 ,the ,red ,corall helpeth ayenst the feudes1 gyle and scorne1 and ayenst divers wonderous doyng and multiplieth frute1 and spedeth begynnyng and ending of causes and of nedes40 ,oriental mystics warn against the wearing of dull1 dirty or discoloured specimens4 ,the pure coral was deemed a protection from plague1 poison1 storm and tempest4 ,in a house it charmed away disharmony1 envy and evil influences4 ,it banished evil dreams and the 8terrors of the night10 wild animals1 the lightning stroke1 witchcraft1 epilepsy1 stomach complaints1 night sweats1 etc4 ,it was a cure for sores1 diseased gums1 whooping cough1 disorders of the spleen1 teething troubles1 troubles of the feet and toes1 madness1 etc4 ,it is interesting to note that natural corals in the form of vegetable growths were1 and in some places still are1 tied to fruit trees to ensure their fertility1 and that women of ancient times wore such specimens as charms against sterility4 ,thus1 8she who hath risen from the sea foam10 ,venus1 was regarded as employing the moistures so needed in perfecting the material dresses of the animal1 mineral and vegetable worlds when entering earth conditions3 and the ancient masters held that such examples of the doctrine of ,sympathies1 ,similitudes1 ,signatures and ,correspondences guide man to a correct knowledge and understanding of the mysteries of ,nature4 ,the ancient ,greeks attached coral to the prows of their ships to protect them from the onslaughts of sea and storm4 ,lemnius says3 8,bind corall to the neck1 it takes off turbulent dreams and allays the nightly fears of children40 ,the gem of the ,arabian ,garden of the ,everlasting ,life--,jannat al ,khuld--is the yellow coral4 ,to dream of red1 pink and coral of beautiful lustre is said to denote recovery to the sick and good health to any one1 but ill-conditioned specimens symbolize the opposite4 ,as a cardiac stimulant1 for stopping hmorrhages1 warding off contagion1 etc41 the old physician ,rulandus 7,medicina ,practica1 #aefd7 prescribed half a drachm of powdered coral4 ,the following #agth century prescription was administered as a cure for colic1 purging and vomiting1 and is given here as of especial interest3 ,illustration ,tabell ,corallat3 ,corallorum rubeorum prparatorum ij margaritar prparator i boli armeni #h ligni aloes i sacch4 albissimi dissoluti in aqu rosaru cinnamonie tenuioris quantum sufficit3 fiat confectes in tabellis4 ,amongst the ,spaniards it was usual at one time for conjurers and jugglers especially to wear tight-fitting coral-coloured costumes4 ,good specimens of coral are greatly esteemed by dancers4 ,it is especially a luck gem of the ballet1 the sign ,pisces of the ,zodiac1 under which all corals are placed--ruling the feet4 ,,corundum4 ,also written at earlier periods as coriundum1 corundon1 corindon4 7,see under ,ruby1 ,sapphire47 ,,cordierite4 ,see ,,iolite4 ,,crocidolite4 ,also written ,krokydolite1 krocidolite4 ,this stone was named in the year #ahca1 from the ,greek ,,krokis1 a variation of ,,krokus1 the nap of woollen cloth1 and ,,lithos1 a stone4 ,it is well described as an asbestiform variety of hornblend of indigo-blue1 leek-green or golden-brown colour--the latter variety being also known as ,tiger's ,eye4 ,when cut en cabochon this stone has a fine chatoyant effect4 ,there is little doubt that the ancients knew of this stone of the asbestos family under the zodiacal ,gemini4 ,it was regarded as a fortunate stone for people of literary or mercurial tendencies1 and as a nerve and lung soother4 ,held against the temple when the ,moon is passing through the sign ,gemini1 in good aspect to ,mercury1 it would assist thought and mental speculation4 ,,crystal ,the crystal obtains its name from the ,greek word ,,krustallos1 ice4 ,it is a pure and transparent variety of ,quartz1 so called because of its resemblance to clear ice4 ,in literature it appears as cristalla1 cristal1 crestal1 kristall1 cristalle1 christall1 chrystal4 ,webster writes that the ,english spelling was gradually changed to ,,crystal between the #aeth and #agth centuries4 ,we have evidence of its early use by man1 ,egyptian scarabei and ,babylonian cylinders having been found1 dating back as far as #aejj ,b4,c4 ,in the trial of ,psyche--that beautifully symbolic legend--,venus gives this graceful lover of ,eros the magical vase of pure crystal with the request that it be filled with the waters from the ,fountain of ,forgetfulness4 ,the ,fountain waters flowed through a narrow channel at the summit of a steep mountain1 and they murmured3 8,to attempt is to perish4 ,be warned4 ,be warned4 ,to attempt is to perish2 fly from us40 ,psyche saw two caves1 one on each side of these icy waters1 and in these caves were two terrible dragons4 ,with the precious vase in her trembling hands1 the faithful lover prayed for help in her perilous task4 ,jupiter heard her prayer in pity1 for love had been kind to him1 and he sent his eagle to her4 ,the eagle drew the vase from ,psyche and1 filling it with the waters1 brought it to her4 ,then she ran to ,venus1 thinking that pitying love would exact no more4 8,thy witchery has gained thee these waters10 said the ,goddess1 8,i have another test for thee40 ,the ,king of the ,ethiopians showed the messengers of ,cambyses amongst other wonders the tombs of pure crystal in which could be seen the bodies of the departed1 perfect in form and feature4 ,in the imperial vault of the ,hapsburgs in the ,church of the ,capucins1 ,vienna1 there are #aej crystal vases1 gold mounted1 with a crown on the top of each1 which contain the hearts of the ,royal members of the ,family4 ,this practice dates from ,duke ,francis who1 dying in ,switzerland1 directed that his heart should be preserved and sent to ,vienna4 ,in ,china and ,japan the crystal is called ,,sinsho4 ,the ,japanese know it also as ,tama or ,jewel of ,perfection1 and it is used by them for making crystal balls and beautiful objects of art4 ,it is cut in the shape of a ball1 esteemed in ,japan as the ,stone of ,concentration1 and several in a family will sit round gazing at a specimen in which they see guidance and help in the path of life4 ,in ,china it is also known as ,,ching1 and symbolized as an upright triangle of three suns1 it has always been highly esteemed4 ,it is cut with great patience into figures of deities and sacred objects4 ,the ,chinese regard it as a talisman of concentration and perseverance2 it recalls to them the magnificence and immensity of what man calls space1 this 8jewel of perfection0 which the ,japanese also term 8,breath of the ,white ,dragon40 ,the ,medicine ,indians of ,south ,america say that a holy spirit is in the crystal1 and for this reason the sacred stones must not be seen except by initiates4 ,the aboriginals of ,australia and ,tasmania regarded the crystal in a mystic way4 ,it was known by the ,murray tribes as ,katto and ,maako4 ,the ,south ,australians generally termed large crystals ,kanwenmuka1 and smaller specimens ,kanyappa4 ,it is the ,teyl of the ,west ,australian1 the ,leeka and ,heka of the ,tasmanian and it is called ,tendeagh by the ,east tribe and ,mughramallee by the ,south4 ,the late ,mr4 ,james ,bonwick says that the natives usually wore the crystal in its bag1 suspended from the neck2 he gives their song of magic as follows3 ,kano ,kano wimmari 7lizard7 ,kano ,kano ,kanwemuka 7crystal7 ,kano ,kano ,makkitya 7flint7 ,kano yeruka ,makkitya ,makkitya mulyeria4 ,illustration3 ,gazing ,crystal on ,dragon ,stand4 ,presented to the ,author by the ,late ,judge ,casey of ,victoria1 ,australia4 ,mr4 ,bonwick also gives instances of the prevalence of ,crystallomancy amongst the aboriginals1 the use of the ,rain ,stone1 the ,coradgee ,stone which was wrapped in hair and was not to be seen by a female1 8not always a simple white stone1 it was more commonly a quartz crystal40 ,he says further 8,some men1 by proper use of this magical agency 7the crystal7 could work wonders40 ,thus1 the crystal has been employed by savage and civilized man in all ages4 ,it was said to enclose within its bright form all the knowledge and secrets that have ever been2 if worn during sleep it banishes evil dreams and spells1 and guards the wearer against sorcery1 witchcraft1 secret enemies and evil thoughts4 ,it was said to indicate the presence of poison by clouding or by breaking--hence its employment in the manufacture of precious goblets by the ancients4 ,it was employed as a preventive of watery1 wasting and infectious diseases1 tumourous complaints1 blood impurities1 heart1 bowel and feet troubles1 renal affections1 etc4 ,pliny recommends it as an external medicine for women when in the form of fine powder mixed with honey4 ,with regard to the employment of crystal balls and lenses for medical purposes1 this venerable author says3 8,i find it asserted by physicians that when any part of the body requires to be cauterized it cannot be better done than by means of a crystal ball held against the sun's rays02 it is interesting to compare this statement with a more recent one made by the late ,dr4 ,e4 ,d4 ,babbitt1 ,m4,d43 8,sunlight can lubricate and even vesicate the skin without causing much pain or without leaving any permanent scars like those formed by sinapisms1 moxas1 lancings1 etc4 ,many a tumour which under the old system is cut out without even reaching the cause1 is destroyed by concentrating the light upon it through a convex lens40 ,many beautiful crystals bearing intagli of a large size have been discovered4 ,mr4 ,king mentions two choice specimens of ,valerio il ,vicentino and his rival ,geo4 del ,castel ,bolognese4 ,some crystals have been found encasing drops of water very much like the spirit in the spirit-level4 ,these are known as ,hydrolites or1 as ,pliny writes them1 ,enhydros4 ,they are mentioned by the poet ,claudian as-- 8,a stream unfettered pent in crystal round1 ,a truant fount by hardened waters bound40 ,mr4 ,king received information that miners in ,california have died from drinking the water from a hydrolite1 and this circumstance exhibits the subtle action of some of the stones attached to the sign of the ,fishes4 ,the crystal1 wrongly but frequently termed 8beryl0 stone1 is highly esteemed as an instrument for heightening the imagination and bringing out the gazing power of the third eye previously mentioned4 ,mr4 ,william ,jones gives an illustration of the seal of a divination ring from ,licini's 8,antiqua ,schemata40 ,it shows a half nude woman holding a serpent in her left hand1 the head of which is bending towards a crystal ball held by a nude man1 his right leg resting on a wooden stand1 his left stretching towards an altar on which the sacred fire is burning4 ,the female bends over the male who gazes intently into the crystal ball4 ,the work is full of expression and force4 ,in the ,highlands of ,scotland large pieces of crystal were used for charms1 and cattle were given to drink water which had been poured over crystals4 ,similar crystals were employed for the protection of cattle in ,ireland1 a fine specimen being still kept by the ,tyrone family4 ,the sign ,pisces is the natural #abth celestial ,house1 ruling large cattle4 ,it is also the sign of occult and mysterious things and of the elevation of ,venus4 ,thus1 all the legends1 stories and philosophies connected with this bright stone of the sign ,pisces are easily understood4 ,professor ,sir ,william ,ridgeway1 of ,cambridge1 ,england1 in his work1 8,the ,drama and ,dramatic ,dances of ,non-,european ,races10 draws attention to the fact that 8crystals have always been and are still regarded as the most amuletic of precious stones1 and comedians also are frequently cut into faceted shapes by the ,arabs and others4 ,the diamond and spinel are both octahedral4 ,the ,japanese are especially fond of rock crystal1 one of their favorite amulets being a double gourd cut out of such a crystal40 ,swedenborg recognized in the crystal 8,divine ,truth in all its brightness0 and truth certainly has its correspondence in the clear glistening magnetic crystal4 ,,chapter ,,xvi ,,the ,,diamond ,,arnott',s ,,observation3 ,,extreme ,,hardness3 ,,boyle ,,and ,,du ,,fay ,,prove ,,electrical ,,qualities3 ,,dr4 ,,kunz ,,and ,,phosphorescence3 ,,sir ,,william ,,crooks ,,on ,,radium ,,and ,,the ,,diamond3 ,,experiments ,,in ,,artificial ,,production ,,by ,,marden1 ,,moissan ,,and ,,crooks3 ,,sir ,,charles ,,parsons' ,,conclusions3 8,,search ,,for ,,the ,,absolute03 ,,discovery ,,of ,a ,,large ,,diamond ,,at ,,jacob',s ,,farm ,,on ,,the ,,orange ,,river3 ,,sir ,,william ,,wodehouse',s ,,purchase3 ,,diamonds ,,in ,,mud ,,bricks3 ,,australian ,,diamonds3 ,,first ,,diamond ,,brought ,,to ,,europe3 ,,golconda3 ,,brazil3 ,,florentine ,,demonstration ,,of ,,the ,,truth ,,of ,,boetius',s ,,belief ,,and ,,newton',s ,,deductions3 ,,boyle',s ,,experiments ,,at ,,high ,,temperature3 ,,averani ,,proves ,,the ,,force ,,of ,,the ,,sun',s ,,rays ,,on ,a ,,diamond3 ,,easily ,,burned ,,but ,,unaffected ,,by ,,acids3 ,,the ,,gnomes ,,of ,,the ,,rosicrucians3 ,,gnome ,,legends3 ,,sir ,,john ,,mandeville ,,on ,,the ,,diamond3 ,,rabbi ,,benoni1 ,,boetius ,,de ,,boodt ,,and ,,the ,,hindu ,,writers3 ,,es-,,sindibad ,,of ,,the ,,sea ,,and ,,the ,,valley ,,of ,,diamonds3 ,,similar ,,stories3 ,,el-,,kazweenee3 ,,marco ,,polo3 ,,mr4 ,,marsden',s ,,observations3 ,,golconda3 ,,little ,,princess ,,mary',s ,,diamond ,,marriage ,,ring3 ,,lord ,,lisle',s ,,death ,,diamond3 ,,the ,,diamond ,,heart ,,ring ,,of ,,mary1 ,,queen ,,of ,,scots3 ,,queen ,,elizabeth ,,and ,,sir ,,walter ,,raleigh3 ,,diamond ,,saves ,,the ,,life ,,of ,,queen ,,isabella ,,of ,,spain3 ,,ex-,,president ,,kruger',s ,,unlucky ,,diamond3 ,,king ,,arthur ,,and ,,the ,,diamond ,,jousts3 ,,the ,,affair ,,of ,,the ,,diamond ,,necklace3 ,,indian ,,diamond ,,cutters3 ,,louis ,,van ,,berghem3 ,,charlesmagne',s ,,diamond ,,clasp3 ,,herman ,,the ,,lapidary3 ,,peruzzi3 ,,clement ,,birago ,,and ,,jacopo ,,da ,,trezzo ,,enter ,,the ,,service ,,of ,,philip ,,ii3 ,,pope ,,hildebrand ,,sends ,a ,,diamond ,,ring ,,to ,,william ,,of ,,normandy3 ,,the ,,diamond ,,sword ,,in ,,the ,,tale ,,of ,,the ,,yellow ,,dwarf3 ,,the ,,zodiacal ,,signs ,,of ,,the ,,diamond3 ,,the ,,diamond ,,in ,,love ,,and ,,marriage3 ,,bort4 ,,diamond 8,the lively diamond drinks thy purest rays40 ,,thomson4 ,the diamond derives its name from the ,greek ,,adamas1 ,,adamantos1 adamant4 ,it has been written at various times as dyamawnte1 dyamamaunt1 dyamant1 diamant1 diamownde1 dyamonde1 dyamount1 diamonde1 diamont1 dimond1 dymauntz1 and adamant stone4 ,it is but pure crystallized carbon1 and ,arnott 7,physics1 #ahcj71 writes3 8,the diamond has nearly the greatest light-bending power of any known substances1 and hence comes in part its brilliancy as a jewel40 ,it is remarkable also for its extreme hardness and for its variety of colours--steel1 white1 blue1 yellow1 orange1 red1 green1 pink and black4 ,this 8prince of gems0 in days of old was considered the royal stone which only a prince was privileged to wear4 ,the highly electrical properties ascribed by the ancients to the diamond were proved in the #agth and #ahth centuries by the chemists ,boyle and ,du ,fay1 and ,dr4 ,kunz has demonstrated today that all diamonds 8phosphoresce when exposed to the rays of radium1 polonium1 or actinum1 even when glass is interposed40 ,in a paper read to the ,royal ,society1 ,london1 ,november #eth1 #aiad1 the late ,sir ,william ,crooks said3 8,many substances become coloured by direct exposure to radium1 the colour depending on the substance4 ,diamond takes a full sage-green1 the depth of tint depending on the time of exposure to the radium4 ,in addition to the change of colour the diamond also becomes radio-active1 continuously giving off 1 1 rays4 ,the acquired colour and activity withstand the action of powerful chemical agents and continue for years with apparently undiminished activity4 ,removing the surface by mechanical means removes both colour and radio-activity4 ,the appearance of an auto-radiograph made by placing an active diamond crystal on a sensitive photographic plate and the visual examination of its scintillating luminosity suggest that there is a special discharge of energy from the corners and points of the crystal40 ,the several experiments for the production of diamonds by artificial means have since #ahhj been conducted by some eminent scientists1 notably ,professor ,marden1 ,professor ,henri ,moissan and ,sir ,william ,crooks4 ,for many years ,sir ,charles ,parsons has been working closely at the problem1 and the main conclusions arrived at by this scholar were communicated to the ,royal ,society1 ,london1 in #aiah4 ,they were as follows3 ,that graphite cannot be converted into diamond by heat and pressure alone within the limits reached in the experiments2 ,that there is no distinct evidence that any of the chemical reactions under pressure have yielded diamond2 ,that the only undoubted source of diamond is from iron previously heated to high temperature and then cooled4 ,that diamond is not produced by bulk pressure as previously supposed1 but by the action of gases occluded in the metal and condensed into the centre on quick cooling4 ,in connection with these experiments it will be found interesting to read ,balzac's 8,search for the ,absolute10 in which it is told how after many ruinous attempts to produce a diamond by artificial means one1 self-formed1 is found in the old chemist's laboratory after his death4 ,the worth and romance of the old mines of ,brazil and ,india are dwelt on by many of the writers of the past1 and although diamonds were discovered in ,south ,africa in the #ahth ,century1 yet no important discoveries were made until #ahfg1 when a large stone was found by children of a ,dutch farmer1 ,mr4 ,jacobs1 not far from their farm near ,hopetown on the ,orange ,river4 ,not knowing what the stone really was and attaching no value to it1 ,mrs4 ,jacobs gave it to ,mr4 ,schalk van ,niekerk1 a neighbour1 who entrusted it to ,mr4 ,o',reilly1 a hunter and trader1 asking him to submit it to some mineralogist for an opinion4 ,mr4 ,o',reilly took the stone to ,colesberg and showed it to ,mr4 ,boyes1 the acting commissioner for that district1 at whose suggestion it was submitted to ,dr4 ,w4 ,g4 ,atherstone of ,graham's ,town4 ,thanks to his mineralogical knowledge1 ,dr4 ,atherstone proved the stone to be a diamond4 ,it was exhibited in ,paris in ,march1 #ahfg1 as 8,the ,first ,african ,diamond ,discovered10 and was purchased by the ,cape ,governor1 ,sir ,philip ,wodehouse1 for #ejj4 ,sir ,philip sold it to ,garrards and it has changed hands several times since then4 ,the weight of this stone was #ba carats4 ,the famous ,du ,toit's ,pan was found through a ,boer farmer actually discovering diamonds in the mud bricks of which his house was built4 ,as early as #ahff1 ,mr4 ,c4 ,w4 ,king expected that quantities of diamonds from ,australia would reach the world's markets1 and there is no doubt that this expectation will be realized when those parts of the vast ,commonwealth from which many diamonds have already come1 have been thoroughly tested and proved4 ,in #ahhe several companies were working at ,bingera1 a township in ,new ,south ,wales1 #cej miles from ,sydney1 and many small but pure hard stones were found4 ,the writer has handled some few specimens of fine blue white from ,bingera1 ranging from a quarter to half a carat after cutting4 ,the hardness of the ,australian gem--which may well add another point to ,mohs's scale--has counted against it1 but modern cutters will not consider this a bar especially if sufficient quantities be submitted for treatment4 ,gold has also been found at ,bingera and1 as ,mr4 ,king writes3 8,the observation made of old by ,pliny that the diamond always accompanies gold has been fully borne out by the experience of succeeding ages40 ,the first ,australian diamonds were found in ,new ,south ,wales1 at ,reedy ,creek1 near ,bathurst1 in #ahea4 ,in #ahfi during a gold rush near ,mudgee some fair diamonds were found by the miners4 ,professor ,liversidge of ,sydney describes the occurrence of diamonds at ,bingera 8as being situated in a sort of basin about four miles long and four miles wide1 hemmed in by hills on all sides1 save on the ,north4 ,an old river-drift1 probably an ancient bed of the river ,horton1 rests upon rocks of ,devonian or ,carboniferous age1 and is associated with basalt by which it appears to be overlain4 ,in some places the materials of the drift are compacted together into a conglomerate1 so that the mode of occurrence of the diamond at ,bingera strikingly resembles that at ,mudgee4 ,the minerals composing the gravels are also generally similar in the two cases1 though points of difference are not wanting4 ,some of the diamonds are clear and colourless1 others have a pale straw tint4 ,thousands have been found in this district1 as well as in many other localities of ,new ,south ,wales40 ,the gravels enclosed agate1 sapphire1 ruby1 zircon1 jasper1 rock crystal1 garnets1 grey corundum1 ilmenite1 tourmaline1 gold and tin4 ,mr4 ,a4 ,r4 ,pike who1 with his partner1 ,mr4 ,john ,o',donnell1 has had much experience with ,australian diamonds at ,inverell1 ,new ,south ,wales1 writes interestingly concerning them4 8,with slates and diorites from the bed-rock1 gold is found in the wash1 in addition to its diamond output4 ,rich yields of alluvial gold have been won from the ,gulgong district4 ,the wash deposit of this field also carries diamonds and a special class of semi-precious gems4 ,they embrace sapphires in large numbers and various tints2 cornflower1 blue1 green1 dark blue1 straw1 yellow1 and blood-red are plentiful4 ,the red sapphires in many cases are true rubies of the desired pigeon-blood colour4 ,unfortunately all the sapphires represent small flat fragments and are too small for cutting purposes40 ,a few months ago the writer picked out about a dozen fair but small diamonds for a 8fossicker0 from a little bag of different stones that he had found in ,spring ,creek1 ,beechworth1 ,victoria4 ,it is recorded that diamonds were first brought to ,europe from the first known of the mines of ,golconda1 the mine of ,sumbulpour1 in #aehd4 ,the mines of ,brazil were discovered in #agbh4 ,boetius de ,boodt asserted in the year #afji1 his belief in the inflammability of the diamond1 and in #afid the ,florentine academicians demonstrated the truth of ,boetius' belief and ,newton's deductions--,sir ,isaac ,newton having based his similar conclusions on the refracting power of the diamond in #afge4 ,boyle discovered in #afgc that when the diamond was submitted to high temperature it ejected a pungent vapour in which a part of it was consumed4 ,in #afie ,averani experimenting with the concentrated rays of the sun on the diamond demonstrated that 8it was exhaled in vapour and entirely disappeared while other precious stones only grew softer40 ,that the diamond can be burned is easy of proof1 as is also the fact that acids have no effect upon it4 ,the gnomes figure in the elemental system of ,rosicrucian philosophy1 being described as small people who guard the mines and treasures of the earth1 the precious stones and the metals4 ,they are robust little fellows of a brown colour1 and their sympathy extends to philosophic minds amongst both miners and scholars4 ,they hate frivolity1 for they are serious little fairies4 ,comte de ,gabalis details an argument with their ,prince who came to the upper earth in respect to the will of the ,irish sage ,macnamara4 ,macnamara has sympathy for the gnomes whom he calls 8the unhappy guardians of treasures10 in the mystical chapters on 8,the ,irreconcilable40 ,there are numerous legends of the ,gnomes1 the meanings of which are not difficult to interpret if the mind of the student is filled with the desire to know4 ,it is said that these little fairies suffer much1 and that when they grieve for those they have loved and lost their tears change into diamonds1 which remain as the jewel emblems of pure and unselfish grief4 ,that great old ,english traveller of the #adth ,century1 ,sir ,john ,mandeville--a copy of whose ,,ms41 said to date from the time of the author1 is in the ,cottonian ,library--wrote that the diamond should always be worn on the left or heart side of the body1 and that it is possible for a diamond to lose its occult virtue after being handled by evil people3 for in the human body there is more potency for good or ill than is generally understood4 ,there are many stories of misfortune and discord following the possessors of stolen diamonds4 ,ample evidence exists that substances handled by diseased persons are quite capable of conveying their symptoms to others4 ,the ,diamond1 ever a symbol of purity1 was regarded as a charm against all evil1 but--said the philosophers--it must not be touched by evil1 by lemures1 incubi1 succubi or by the formed or formless devils of the material and super-material spheres4 ,in this philosophy it is advised that a woman about to give birth to a child should refrain from wearing diamonds4 ,rabbi ,benoni wrote in the #adth ,century that the diamond was capable of producing somnambulism and spiritual ecstasy1 a suggestion which was acted on in the last century by experimenters at ,nancy4 ,according to ,boetius de ,boodt1 diamonds were of different sexes1 and some ,hindu writers classified them as masculine1 feminine or neuter4 ,in the ,mani ,mali it is stated that3 an ill-shaped diamond carries danger a dirty diamond carries grief a rough diamond carries unhappiness a black diamond carries trouble a #c-;cornered diamond carries quarrels a #d-;cornered diamond carries fear a #e-;cornered diamond carries death a #f-;cornered diamond carries fortune ,however1 the three1 four and five cornered diamond would not be reckoned evil in a flawless stone of good colour4 ,it is asserted by some of the ,hindu masters that diamonds1 according to their colours and qualities1 appealed to the taste as sweet1 sour and salty4 ,marbodus calls the diamond a potent magical charm for protecting the sleeper from evil dreams and the child from the dreaded goblin4 ,the fifth ,arabian ,heaven1 the ,garden of ,delights1 ,jannat al-,naim1 is said to be composed of the purest diamonds4 ,in the second voyage of ,es-,sindibad of the ,sea 7commonly known as ,sinbad the ,sailor7 in the 8,thousand and ,one ,nights10 ,e4 ,w4 ,lane's translation1 the hero finds himself in the ,valley of the ,serpents3 8,then ,i arose and emboldened myself and walked in that valley3 and ,i beheld its ground to be composed of diamonds1 with which they perforate minerals and jewels1 and with which also they perforate porcelain and the onyx3 and it is a stone so hard that neither iron nor rock have any effect upon it1 nor can anyone cut off aught from it or break it1 unless by means of the lead stone4444 ,i then walked along the ,valley1 and while ,i was thus occupied1 lo1 a great slaughtered animal fell before me1 and ,i found no one4 ,so ,i wondered thereat extremely3 and ,i remembered a story that ,i had heard long before 444 that in the mountains of the diamonds are experienced great terrors1 and that no one can gain access to the diamonds1 but that the merchants who import them know a stratagem by means of which to obtain them3 that they take a sheep and slaughter it1 and skin it1 and cut up its flesh which they throw down from the mountain to the bottom of the ,valley3 so descending1 fresh and moist1 some of these stones stick to it4 ,then the merchants leave it until midday1 and birds of the large kind of vulture and the aquiline vulture descend to that meat1 and1 taking it in their talons1 fly up to the top of the mountain3 whereupon the merchants come to them and cry out at them and they fly away from the meat4 ,the merchants then advance to that meat1 and take from it the stones sticking to it3 after which they leave the meat for the birds and the wild beasts and carry the stones to their countries4 ,and no one can procure the stones but by means of this stratagem40 ,in his notes and comments on this passage1 ,mr4 ,lane says3 ,though ,i believe that there is no known substance with which the diamond can be cut or ground except its own substance1 ,i think it not improbable that the ,eastern lapidaries may be acquainted with some ore1 really--or supposed by them to be--an ore of lead1 by which it may be broken1 and that this is what is here called 8the lead stone0 or 8the stone of lead40 ,it is well known that those diamonds unfit for any other purpose than that of cutting or grinding others1 are broken in a steel 8mortar40 ,in further notes on 8,the ,valley of ,diamonds10 ,mr4 ,lane added the following3 8,el-,kaz-weenee after describing the diamond1 saying #8,it breaketh all other stones except that of lead 7el-usrub1 a bad kind of lead73 for if it be struck with this the diamond breaketh1'0--relates as follows3 8,to the place in which the diamond is found no one can gain access4 ,it is a valley in the land of ,india1 the bottom of which the sight reacheth not3 and in it are venomous serpents which no one seeth but he dieth3 and they have a summer abode for six months1 and a winter abode 7where they hide themselves7 for the like period4 ,el-,iskender 7either ,alexander the ,great or the first ,zu-l-,karneyn7 commanded his men to take some mirrors and to throw them into the ,valley that the serpents might see in them their forms and die in consequence4 ,it is said also that he watched for the time of their absenting themselves 7or retiring into their winter quarters7 and threw down pieces of meat1 and diamonds stuck to these3 then the birds came from the sky and took pieces of that meat1 and brought them up out of the valley whereupon ,el-,iskender ordered his companions to follow the birds and to pick up what they easily could of the meat40 ,the valley or valleys of diamonds we also find described by other writers1 among them ,marco ,polo1 in his account of the ,kingdom of ,murphili or ,monsul4 ,mr4 ,marsden observes3 8,this is no other than ,muchli-patan or1 as it is more commonly named1 ,masuli-patam3 the name of a principal town by a mistake not unusual1 being substituted for that of the country4444 ,it belongs to what was at one period termed the ,kingdom of ,golconda1 more anciently named ,teligana4 ,golconda1 of which ,masulipatam is the principal seaport1 is celebrated for the production of diamonds40 ,in the astronomical observations of ,mr4 ,topping1 printed in ,dalrymple's ,oriental ,repertory1 mention is made of the famous diamond mines of ,golconda at a place named ,malvellee1 not far from ,ellore4 ,caesar ,fredericke who was at ,bijanagar in #aefg mentions that the diamond mines were six days' journey from that city4 ,es-,sindibad's adventure in the ,valley of ,diamonds has been amply illustrated by the learned writer from whom the above remarks are borrowed1 and by ,hole4 ,the following is an extract from ,marco ,polo's ,travels3 8,in the mountains of this ,kingdom 7,murphila7 it is that diamonds are found4 ,during the rainy season the water descends in violent torrents amongst the rocks and caverns1 and when these have subsided the people go to search for diamonds in the beds of the rivers1 where they find many4 ,in the summer1 when the heat is excessive and there is no rain1 they ascend the mountains with great fatigue as well as with considerable danger from the number of snakes with which they are infested4 ,near the summit1 it is said1 there are deep valleys full of caverns and surrounded by precipices amongst which the diamonds are found1 and here many eagles and white storks1 attracted by the snakes on which they feed1 are accustomed to make their nests4 ,the persons who are in quest of the diamonds take their stand near the mouths of the caverns and from thence cast down several pieces of flesh which the eagles and storks pursue into the valleys and carry off with them to the tops of the rocks4 ,thither the men immediately ascend1 drive the birds away1 and recovering the pieces of meat frequently find diamonds sticking to them40 ,mr4 ,marsden transcribes from ,hole's ingenious work part of a quotation from ,epiphanius1 upon which he remarks3 8,thus it appears incontrovertibly that1 so early as the fourth century of our era1 the tale of the valley of diamonds and the mode of procuring the precious stones from it was current1 divested1 it is true1 of the extraordinary incident of the adventurous sailor's escape1 but in conformity with what was related to ,marco ,polo--with the exception of the scene being laid in ,scythia or ,western ,tartary where1 in fact1 diamonds are not found4 ,the question of locality10 he adds1 8is however determined by another ,oriental navigator ,nicoli di ,conti1 who visited the coast of the peninsula in the #aeth ,century44440 ,hole observes that a story somewhat resembling this of the ,valley of ,diamonds is recorded in the travels of ,benjamin of ,tudela and that the translator supposes it to have been borrowed from 8,the ,thousand and ,one ,nights40 8,however10 he adds with better judgment1 8,i rather suspect that the account of ,benjamin of ,tudela and of ,es-,sindibad were derived from some common origin40 ,illustration3 ,,horoscope ,,of ,,kruger ,kruger's ,diamond was once in the possession of ,chaka1 the ,zulu chief1 killed by his brother who was in turn murdered4 ,it is stated that this stone changed owners #ae times1 tragedy following each possessor4 ,perhaps the smallest diamond ring mentioned was placed by ,cardinal ,wolsey on the tiny finger of the little ,princess ,mary1 aged just two years1 daughter of ,henry ,,viii1 on ,october #eth1 #aeah1 on the occasion of her marriage with the baby ,dauphin of ,france1 son of ,francis ,i4 ,the baby bride's dress was of cloth of gold and her black velvet cap sparkled with jewels4 ,another historical diamond ring was that sent to the imprisoned ,lord ,lisle1 giving freedom and forgiveness--an act so unexpected that it caused the unfortunate man to die of joy4 ,the ring sent by ,mary1 ,queen of ,scots1 to ,queen ,elizabeth1 is described by ,mr4 ,william ,jones1 quoting from ,aubrey1 as 8a delicate piece of mechanism consisting of several joints which1 when united1 formed the quaint device of two right hands supporting a heart between them4 ,this heart was composed of two separate diamonds held together by a central spring which1 when opened1 would allow either of the hearts to be detached4 ,queen ,elizabeth kept one moietie and sent the other as a token of her constant friendship to ,mary1 ,queen of ,scots1 but she cut off her head for all that40 ,another story of ,elizabeth1 quoted by ,fairholt1 is that ,sir ,walter ,raleigh wrote on a window with his pointed diamond ring3 8,fain would ,i rise1 but that ,i fear to fall10 the ,queen writing beneath with her ring3 8,if thy heart fail thee1 do not rise at all40 ,very different was the experience of ,queen ,isabella who was saved from death by a diamond4 ,ex-,president ,kruger's diamond had a bad history that did not change with its different holders4 ,in allusion to the ,diamond ,jousts instituted by ,king ,arthur1 ,dr4 ,brewer says3 8,he named them by that name since a diamond was the prize4 ,ere he was ,king he came by accident to a glen in ,lyonnesse1 where two brothers had met in combat4 ,each was slain1 but one had worn a crown of diamonds which ,arthur picked up1 and when he became ,king offered the nine diamonds as the prize of nine several jousts--#8one every year1 a joust for one4' ,lancelot had won eight and intended to present them all to the ,queen when all were won4 ,when the knight laid them before the ,queen1 ,guinevere in a fit of jealousy flung them out of the palace window into the river which ran below40 ,illustration3 ,,horoscope ,,of ,,isabella ,,ii ,this ,queen was saved from assassination when the dagger of her would-be murderer glanced off the diamond she wore4 ,the affair of the ,diamond ,necklace is familiar to readers of history and romance4 ,it attracted the perceptive mind of ,dumas who moulded it into an interesting story1 but of its reality no doubt has ever been entertained4 ,the ,prince ,cardinal de ,rohan1 having entertained a secret affection for ,queen ,marie ,antoinette1 the ,countess de ,lamotte to forward her own nefarious designs persuaded him that the ,queen reciprocated his passion4 ,by thus working on the ,cardinal's feelings1 ,madame de ,lamotte managed to relieve him of some sums of money1 and succeeding so well in this way1 she and her husband resolved on a more imposing venture4 ,louis ,,xv had had made a wonderful diamond necklace which he intended as a present for his favorite ,madame ,du ,barry4 ,before it was finished ,louis had passed away1 and his favourite had been driven from court4 ,the necklace which was made by ,boehmer consisted of #ejj magnificent diamonds1 the whole when completed being valued at #a1hjj1jjj livres4 ,madame de ,lamotte represented to the ,cardinal the ,queen's desire for this handsome necklace1 asking him as ,her ,majesty was at the time unable to pay the amount of the purchase money1 which she said amounted to #gjj1jjj sterling1 to become security for her for this amount4 ,this he gladly consented to do1 and added his name to the forged signature of the ,queen4 ,on ,february #ast1 #aghf1 the ,cardinal carried the precious jewel to ,versailles1 whence by arrangement a messenger from the ,queen was to take it4 ,the next day1 as arranged by ,madame de ,lamotte's husband1 an accomplice dressed in the uniform of a court official entered the ,cardinal's apartments at ,versailles and muttering several times 8,de par la ,reine0 7in the ,queen's name7 relieved the trusting ,cardinal of the necklace4 ,it was afterwards broken up and disposed of by these three conspirators1 in ,england it is believed4 ,some time afterwards ,boehmer1 not receiving his payment1 applied to ,marie ,antoinette for his money4 ,she denied all knowledge of the affair4 ,boehmer thereupon brought the case before the ,parlement de ,paris in #aghe1 and in ,may1 #aghf1 after a trial of #i months1 the ,cardinal1 ,monsieur de ,lamotte and his accomplice were acquitted1 but ,madame de ,lamotte was sent to prison for life1 each shoulder being branded with the letter ,v 7,voleuse1 thief74 ,the ,indians were the first to polish a diamond with its own dust1 but their cutting only consisted in burnishing the original facets or concealing defects by a number of new and smaller ones4 ,louis van ,berghem is credited with being the first to cut and polish diamonds with their own dust in #adef1 but both ,emanuel and ,king refer to four large diamonds which adorned the clasp of the ,emperor ,charlemagne #acgc1 and to numerous cut specimens of older date set in church monuments4 ,emanuel mentions the skillful ,herman who worked in the year #adjg4 ,towards the end of the #afth ,century1 ,peruzzi invented the double cutting known as 8,brillants recoupes10 and of late years the modern cutters have reached a high degree of artistic excellence1 producing the most beautifully cut specimens the world has seen4 ,clement ,birago and ,jacopo da ,trezzo were the first to engrave upon the diamond1 and both 8enriched in the service of ,philip ,,ii40 ,in giving the ,papal ,sacred ,banner and ,blessing to ,william of ,normandy when about to invade ,england after the excommunication of ,harold1 ,pope ,hildebrand sent a diamond ring1 said to enclose a hair from the head of ,peter the ,apostle4 ,in the ,comtesse d',anois' pretty fairy story1 8,the ,yellow ,dwarf10 the mermaid gives the captive ,king an all-conquering sword made from a single diamond1 which rendered invincible anyone who carried it4 ,the diamond is astrologically under the sign of the ,sun ,leo1 and has power especially in ,aries and ,libra4 ,to dream of diamonds was considered symbolical of success1 wealth1 happiness and victory1 and its reputed power of binding man and woman together in happy wedlock has made it a favourite stone for engagement rings1 and in some countries for wedding rings4 ,,bort or ,,boart is the name applied to imperfect greyish or blackish specimens which are powdered and used for cutting and polishing diamonds and hard gems1 among other purposes4 ,,chapter ,,xvii ,,some ,,famous ,,and ,,wonderful ,,diamonds ,,and ,,their ,,stories ,,the ,,koh-,i-,,noor3 ,,pitt ,,or ,,regent3 ,,the ,,orloff3 ,,the ,,sancy3 ,,the ,,blue ,,hope3 ,,the ,,paul ,,the ,,first3 ,,the ,,dresden3 ,,the ,,nizam3 ,,the ,,cumberland3 ,,the ,,napoleon3 ,,the ,,eugenie3 ,,the ,,polar ,,star3 ,,the ,,shah3 ,,the ,,moon ,,of ,,the ,,mountains3 ,,akbar ,,shah1 ,,or ,,the ,,shepherd',s ,,stone3 ,,the ,,river ,,of ,,light3 ,,the ,,grand ,,mogul3 ,,the ,,grand ,,table3 ,,the ,,nassak3 ,,the ,,pigott3 ,,the ,,pacha3 ,,the ,,tuscany3 ,,the ,,star ,,of ,,este3 ,,the ,,white ,,saxon3 ,,the ,,great ,,white3 ,,the ,,mattam3 ,,the ,,star ,,of ,,the ,,south3 ,,the ,,english ,,dresden3 ,,the ,,de ,,beers ,,diamonds3 ,,the ,,star ,,of ,,south ,,africa3 ,,the ,,jubilee3 ,,the ,,star ,,of ,,africa ,,or ,,the ,,cullinan3 ,,the ,,braganza3 ,,the ,,tiffany3 ,,star ,,of ,,minas3 ,,the ,,arabian 8,,death03 ,,the ,,moonstone4 8,jewels ,of rich and exquisite form3 their value great40 ,,shakespeare4 ,,the ,,koh-,i-,,noor ,this famous stone is said by ,dr4 ,brewer to have been found in the ,golconda mine in the year #aeej1 but ,dr4 ,g4 ,f4 ,herbert ,smith states that it was known as far back as #acjd1 8when it fell into the hands of the ,mogul emperors1 and legend traces it back some four thousand years previously40 ,mr4 ,emanuel says that the ,hindu accounts 8deduce it from the time of the ,god ,krischna10 while ,mr4 ,king states that it was turned up by a peasant when ploughing in a field #dj miles distant from ,golconda1 8and was in its rough state fully as large as a hen's egg40 ,the traveller ,tavernier saw it amongst the jewels of the great ,mogul ,king ,aurungzebe4 ,this was after it had been badly cut and unskillfully reduced by ,hortensio ,borgio from #gic carats to #ahf-a_/af carats4 ,according to ,tavernier its original weight was #ghg carats4 ,borgio's work so angered ,aurungzebe that he deprived the unfortunate cutter of all his possessions1 grudgingly allowing him to escape with his life4 ,the ,koh-i-,noor had an evil reputation amongst the ,hindus who held that it 8produced inordinate greed1 viciousness and various misfortunes on the ,king who possessed it40 ,in #agci ,nadir ,shah sacked ,delhi and took the gem from ,mohammed ,shah1 naming it the 8,koh-i-,noor10 or 8,mountain of ,light40 ,returning victorious to ,persia1 ,nadir ,shah was murdered by his officers4 ,one of these1 ,ahmed ,shah ,doorannee1 founded the ,afghan kingdom1 and the last of his dynasty ,shah ,sujah was starved into surrendering the stone to ,runjeet ,singh4 ,the latter when dying sent it to the ,temple of ,juggernaut4 ,his successors1 however1 would not let it remain there1 and when the ,british annexed the ,punjaub in #ahdi it was presented by ,lord ,dalhousie on behalf of the ,east ,india ,company to ,queen ,victoria and1 writes ,mr4 ,king1 8within ten years the usual consequences of its possession were manifested in the ,sepoy revolt and the all but total loss of ,india to the ,british ,crown in which beams its malignant lustre1 lighting up a very inauspicious future for that region1 fated ever apparently to be disturbed by the measures of ignorant zealots at home and the plots of discontented and over-powerful allies in the country itself40 ,the ,koh-i-,noor was recut in #ahfb by ,mr4 ,coster of ,amsterdam1 losing #hj carats in the cutting4 ,the weight of the stone is now given as #ajf-a_/af carats1 and its value is estimated at #ajj1jjj sterling1 by ,dr4 ,g4 ,f4 ,herbert ,smith1 and at #abj1ffd ,sterling by ,dr4 ,brewer4 ,it was believed that all diseases could be cured by the water in which the ,koh-i-,noor had been placed4 ,the stone could never be fortunate for ,india according to astro-philosophy because ,india is a ,saturnine country ruled by the celestial ,capricorn4 ,it is more fortunate for ,england because ,england is a martial country ruled by the celestial ,aries4 ,,pitt ,,or ,,regent ,,diamond ,this famous gem1 bought in ,golconda from an ,indian merchant by ,william ,pitt1 grandfather of the ,earl of ,chatham1 and said to have been originally stolen1 was found at ,gani-,puteal1 #aej miles from ,golconda in #agja4 ,mr4 ,pitt gave #bj1djj sterling for the gem which weighed #daj carats1 and returning to ,england he had it recut at a cost of #e1jjj and two years' work4 ,in this process the weight of the stone was reduced to #afc carats1 the fragments when sold returning #b1jjj over the cost of cutting4 ,possession of this gem worried ,mr4 ,pitt who sold it to the ,duc d',orleans1 regent of ,france1 whence it obtained the name 8,regent10 for #ace1jjj sterling4 ,it was stolen from the ,garde-,meuble when the ,sun was in the ,diamond sign ,leo1 ,august #agth1 #agib1 and was mysteriously returned4 ,napoleon ,bonaparte1 who had the ,sun in the sign ,leo--the sign of ,france--at his birth1 had the ,regent set in the pommel of his sword4 ,it was exhibited at the ,french ,exhibition in #ahee1 and is now shown in the ,apollo ,gallery of the ,louvre1 ,paris4 ,during the attempted advance on ,paris in the late war1 it is stated that one of the ,french ministers took the ,regent with him to ,bordeaux whence the danger being passed1 it was afterwards returned to its honoured place in the capital city of ,france4 ,its value is stated at #dhj1jjj sterling4 ,,the ,,orloff ,,diamond ,this gem was stolen by a ,french soldier from a temple near ,trichinopoli in ,mysore1 where it was set as an eye stone in the statue of ,brahma4 ,the weight of the stone1 which is rose cut1 is #aid carats4 ,the soldier sold it to an ,english ship's captain for #b1jjj--,mr4 ,emanuel says #b1hjj--;and the captain sold it to a ,london dealer for #ab1jjj sterling4 ,it was afterwards sold to ,prince ,orloff1 whence it obtained its name1 for #ij1jjj sterling1 and an annual pension of #d1jjj4 ,the ,prince presented it to ,empress ,katherine who had it set as an ornament at the top of the imperial sceptre4 ,this large diamond was a stone of ill omen for ,russia1 a country ruled by the celestial ,aquarius and opposed to the diamond sign ,leo4 ,when we reflect1 in harmony with celestial philosophy1 that the late ,czar ,nicholas ,,ii1 the last of the ,romanoffs1 had the sign ,leo in the #abth heavenly mansion at birth we can only see in the ,orloff diamond the symbol of sorrow and restraint4 ,illustration3 ,,horoscope ,,of ,,nicholas ,,ii ,the last of the ,czar's to whom the ancients would consider the diamond a symbol of ill omen4 ,,the ,,sancy ,,diamond ,few historical objects surpass the beautiful ,sancy ,diamond in romance and importance4 ,its origin is involved in uncertainty prior to the early #aeth ,century4 ,the first definite account concerning the famous gem states that after the battle of ,nancy1 ,january #eth1 #adgg1 it was taken from the dead body of ,charles the ,bold1 by a ,swiss soldier4 ,charles adorned his dress with many diamonds1 the ,sancy holding the place of honour4 ,the soldier not knowing the value of the gem he had stolen sold it to a minister of religion for a gulden4 ,the minister sold it some years later to a dealer in ,lucerne for #e1jjj ducats4 ,king ,manoel1 known as the ,fortunate1 of ,portugal1 purchased it in #adie1 two years before he dispatched the navigator ,vasco da ,gama1 on his voyage of discovery4 ,don ,antonio1 known as ,prince of ,crato and ,king of ,portugal in partibus1 sold the gem to ,nicolas de ,harlai ,sieur de ,sancy1 whence it obtained its name4 ,as the friend and treasurer of ,henry ,,iv of ,france1 the ,sieur in order to aid the ,king to protect his crown1 raised a loan for him on the security of the stone1 from the bankers of ,metz4 ,the servant entrusted with the safe delivery of the diamond being waylaid by robbers1 swallowed his master's precious gem to protect it2 the thieves in fury at being unable to discover the stone1 on the person or in the baggage1 of the loyal servant1 murdered him4 ,the ,sieur evidently knew what his messenger would do in an extremity1 and he afterwards recovered the gem from the body of the murdered man4 ,it was next sold to the ,english ,crown when it was worn by ,queen ,elizabeth4 ,it remained in possession of the ,crown1 and is mentioned in the ,tower inventory of ,march #bbnd1 #afje1 until the reign of ,james ,,ii1 who took it when he fled to ,france to seek asylum at the court of the ,grand ,monarque4 ,james then sold the ,sancy to his sympathetic friend ,louis1 for #be1jjj sterling4 ,another account states that the ,sancy came into the possession of ,cardinal ,mazarin who had it recut and included amongst the twelve famous diamonds in the ,crown of ,france1 known as the ,mazarins4 ,robert de ,berquem says that ,queen ,henrietta ,maria proudly wore it 78,merveilles des ,indes10 #affi74 ,louis ,,xv it is recorded1 wore the ,sancy at his coronation in #agae1 and his ,queen1 ,maria ,lesczynska1 daughter of the dethroned ,polish ,king1 ,stanislas1 afterwards wore it as a necklace pendant4 ,when ,marie ,antoinette became ,queen of ,france she had this royal pendant taken from the necklace and mounted in brooch form4 ,with the tragic end of the unhappy ,queen some uncertainty follows the wanderings of the ,sancy4 ,it is stated that the widow of ,charles ,,iv of ,spain gave it to the 8,prince of ,peace10 ,manuel de ,godoi1 ,duke of ,alcudia4 ,one account states that ,godoi sold it to ,napoleon1 another that ,godoi's son after vainly endeavouring to induce ,louis ,,xviii to purchase it in #ahbb1 sold it to ,prince ,demidoff4 ,the ,prince sold it to ,monsieur ,levrat1 ,director of the ,society of ,mines and ,forges of ,grisons1 ,switzerland1 for #bd1jjj4 ,a dispute over the price led to an action at law and a verdict in favour of the ,prince on ,june #ast1 #ahcb4 ,the stone was afterwards purchased by ,sir ,jamisetjee ,jeejeebhoy in #ahfe1 from the family of ,prince ,demidoff4 ,it was sent from ,bombay to ,london by ,messrs4 ,forbes ,co41 the agents for ,sir ,jamisetjee ,jeejeebhoy1 and was exhibited by ,m4 ,m4 ,bapst at the ,paris ,exposition of #ahfg4 ,during the tour of ,king ,george 7when ,prince of ,wales7 in ,india1 the ,sancy is said to have been worn at the ,great ,durba by the ,marajah of ,puttiali4 ,in #ahib the beautiful gem passed into the possession of the ,astor family it having been purchased by the ,hon4 ,william ,waldorf ,astor for his wife1 ,mary1 daughter of ,james ,w4 ,paul1 ,esq41 of ,philadelphia1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,it now passes into the hands of the ,right ,hon4 ,viscountess ,astor who wore it on taking her seat as the first lady elected as a member of the ,house of ,commons4 ,the writer is indebted to ,lady ,astor for her kindly interest in this book1 and for a presentation of a handsome volume on the ,sancy ,diamond by ,william ,waldorf ,astor1 published in #ahib4 ,the ,sancy ,diamond is described by ,dr4 ,smith as of an almond shape1 covered all over with tiny facets by ,indian lapidaries4 ,the weight is given as #ec to #ec carats4 ,considered astrologically a diamond would be unfortunate for ,charles the ,bold who was born at ,dijon #ajth ,november1 #adce4 ,it would be considered fortunate for ,henry ,,iv of ,france in whose horoscope the planet ,jupiter was ascending in the sign ,libra4 ,jupiter being in the #abth ,heavenly ,mansion would be considered fortunate for secret negotiations and diplomacy1 and it is worthy of notice that the ,sancy ,diamond should be employed as a powerful helper in these very matters4 ,the sign of the ,lion1 the sign of ,france1 is also on the ,mid ,heaven of the ,king's nativity1 and ,leo is distinctly a diamond and ,royal sign4 ,it was a truly fortunate gem for ,king ,james ,,ii of ,england whose horoscope is here shown with the ,royal ,lion ascending4 ,illustration3 ,,horoscope ,,of ,,james ,,ii ,the ancients would consider the diamond a symbol of fortune and adventure for this ,king4 ,,the ,,hope ,,diamond ,dr4 ,g4 ,f4 ,herbert ,smith says of this gem that it is of 8a steely or greenish blue1 not the royal blue colour of the glass models supposed to represent it40 ,if the accepted history of the stone be true1 it must be regarded as a strange specimen4 ,it was stated to have been discovered at the ,kollur mines1 and to have been purchased by ,tavernier in #afdb4 ,in #affh1 ,tavernier interested ,louis ,,xiv in the gem so much that he purchased it4 ,after this the fortunes of the great traveller began to change4 ,his son defrauded him of a large sum of money1 and he was later1 being a ,protestant1 compelled by the ,edict of ,nantes 7#afhe7 to fly from ,france and seek protection in ,switzerland4 ,thence he went to ,berlin1 where the ,elector of ,brandenburg offered him the ,directorship in a projected ,east ,india ,company4 ,in the endeavor to find a road through ,russia to ,india1 ,tavernier left ,berlin1 but he succumbed to fatigue and financial worry soon after1 dying1 it is said1 in want1 in his #hdth year at ,moscow4 ,after wearing this diamond at a ,court ,ball1 ,madame de ,montespan lost the favour of her ,royal lover4 ,it was a stone of ill fortune for ,marie ,antoinette1 to whom1 however1 all diamonds were unfortunate4 ,after the tragic death of ,louis ,,xvi and his ,queen1 the stone was stolen with the ,french regalia4 ,afterwards it is stated to have been stolen from ,fals1 the ,dutch gem cutter1 by his son4 ,fals died a broken-hearted man1 and his son1 after selling the gem to ,francois ,beaulieu1 went insane and killed himself4 ,beaulieu1 after selling the stone to ,daniel ,eliason1 a ,london dealer1 died suddenly the following day4 ,mr4 ,eliason sold it to ,mr4 ,thomas ,philip ,hope1 the banker1 in #ahcj for #ah1jjj sterling4 ,mr4 ,hope's grandson1 ,lord ,henry ,francis ,hope1 married the ,australian actress1 ,miss ,may ,yohe1 in #ahid4 ,this lady wore the diamond and misfortune followed her4 ,in #aija ,lord ,hope was glad to sell the stone to ,mr4 ,weil1 a ,london diamond merchant1 who1 without waiting for its influence to affect him1 sold it immediately to ,mr4 ,simon ,frankel1 jeweller1 of ,new ,york1 who suffered financial hardships consequent on the difficulty of finding a purchaser4 ,at last he sold it to ,mr4 ,jacques ,colot1 a ,french dealer in gems1 and with it went his troubles also4 ,monsieur ,colot quickly sold the gem to the ,russian ,prince1 ,kanitovski1 and1 it is stated1 became insane and died mysteriously a few weeks afterwards4 ,the ,prince lent it to ,mademoiselle ,lorens ,laduc of the ,folies ,bergeres1 with whom he was in love4 ,as she wore it one night on the stage the ,prince in a mad fit shot her4 ,a few days later he was himself stabbed to death by some members of a secret political club4 ,the ,blue ,terror next came into the possession of the ,greek jeweller1 ,simon ,montharides1 who1 after having sold it to the ,sultan1 ,adbul ,hamid1 was killed by accident with his wife and two children whilst driving4 ,abu ,sabir1 the ,sultan's lapidary1 was entrusted with the polishing of the jewel1 and whilst he had it he accidentally destroyed a large pearl belonging to ,abdul ,hamid1 who ordered him to be severely flogged and cast into prison4 ,a little later the keeper of the ,sultan's jewels was found murdered1 and his successor was hanged by a mob in a street of ,constantinople4 ,the ,sultan's favourite1 ,salama ,zubayba1 incurred his anger by wearing the blue gem and the infuriated ruler shot her as ,prince ,kanitovski had shot ,lorens ,laduc4 ,all diamonds1 however1 would be unfortunate for ,abdul ,hamid4 ,the diamond then fell into the hands of the ,turkish revolutionary party and was sold by them to ,senor ,habib1 a rich ,spaniard1 who was drowned in the wreck of the ,french mail steamer1 ,seyne1 off ,singapore4 ,the gem was not lost with its owner1 and was later sold to ,messrs4 ,cartier ,bros1 of ,paris and ,new ,york by ,monsieur ,rosenau1 a well-known diamond merchant4 ,in #aiaa it was bought by ,mr4 ,edward ,mc,lean1 proprietor of the 8,washington ,post10 for #eb1jjj sterling1 from ,cartier ,bros4 ,it is said that both ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,mc,lean were doubtful about the wisdom of purchasing this stone of ill omen which1 according to report1 had been previously refused by the ,court of ,england on account of its evil reputation4 ,misfortunes quickly followed the new owners1 culminating with the tragic death of little ,vinson ,walsh ,mc,lean1 their only son1 who was knocked down and killed by a motor car close to his father's estate4 ,after leaving the possession of the ,mc,lean family this stone found a purchaser in ,monsieur de ,hautville4 ,within three months the same peculiar misfortune which had befallen its previous owners befell them4 ,madame de ,hautville1 sharing the same fate as little ,vinson ,mc,lean1 was killed by a motor car whilst crossing a street in ,paris4 ,following on this the eldest son1 having taken poison by mistake1 died in terrible agony4 ,mademoiselle de ,hautville was accidentally drowned and the younger son whilst out shooting was blinded by the explosion of his gun4 ,quickly the de ,hautvilles parted with this peculiar gem of ill omen4 ,where will it next find a home8 ,the weight of the ,hope diamond when sold by ,tavernier to ,louis ,,xiv was #fg carats2 its present weight is #dd carats4 ,it presents a curious psychical study and an undeniable evidence of fatal influence which it would indeed be difficult to explain away4 ,,the ,,paul ,,the ,,first ,this diamond is described as a brilliant red1 weighing #aj carats4 ,it was one of the ,russian ,crown jewels1 being purchased by ,emperor ,paul the ,first for #ajj1jjj roubles4 ,it was a stone of ill omen for both ,paul and ,russia4 ,he was murdered in #ahja1 and in his nativity the planet ,neptune was1 as in that of ,marie ,antoinette1 in the sign ,leo1 accompanied by unfortunate planetary afflictions4 ,,the ,,dresden ,the ,dresden diamond which is in the ,green ,vaults at ,dresden is described as of the purest apple-green colour4 ,authorities differ as to its weight1 which is variously given at #dj and #dh carats4 ,it is stated that the gem was purchased by ,augustus the ,strong in #agdc for #fj1jjj thalers1 but this ,augustus died of an old wound in #agcc4 ,it was probably his son ,frederick ,augustus ,,iii who died at ,dresden in #agfc4 ,,the ,,nizam ,this gem which belonged to the ,nizam of ,hyderabad was1 to judge by its particular native cutting1 probably employed in certain sex mysteries4 ,its weight is #cdj carats1 and strangely enough1 it fractured just before the ,indian ,mutiny4 ,the diamond is not a stone of harmony for ,india4 ,,the ,,cumberland ,after the battle of ,culloden 7#agdf7 the city of ,london presented this diamond1 which weighed #cb carats and cost #aj1jjj1 to the ,duke of ,cumberland4 ,during ,queen ,victoria's reign the stone was claimed by the ,city of ,hanover1 to which place it was sent by the ,queen's command4 ,,the ,,napoleon ,this diamond which was bought by ,napoleon ,buonaparte for #h1jjj sterling was worn by him when he married ,josephine in #agif4 ,,eugenie ,this gem was purchased by ,katherine ,,ii of ,russia1 who gave it to ,potemkin4 ,it is a very pure gem of #ea carats4 ,napoleon ,,iii gave it to ,eugenie as a wedding gift4 ,afterwards it came into the possession of the ,gaekwar of ,baroda4 ,,the ,,polar ,,star ,this brilliant jewel formed one of the chief ornaments in the ,russian regalia4 ,the weight is given as #dj carats4 ,,the ,,shah ,the ,shah diamond was given to the ,czar of ,russia by the ,persian prince ,chosroes in #ahdc4 ,it is a flawless1 pure gem which originally weighed #ie carats and was engraved with the names of three distinguished ,shahs of ,persia4 ,in the recutting this engraving was eliminated and the stone reduced to #hf carats4 ,,moon ,,of ,,the ,,mountains ,nadir ,shah1 having stolen this gem from ,delhi1 it was after his assassination taken by a soldier who sold it to ,shaffras1 an ,armenian4 ,it was included in the ,russian ,crown jewels4 ,many diamonds adorned the regalias of ,russia1 but they are no more fortunate to ,russia than they are to ,india4 ,,akbar ,,shah1 ,,shepherd',s ,,stone ,this gem belonged to ,akbar1 the ,great ,mogul1 and was formerly engraved with ,arabic writing4 ,after having been lost for some years it was identified as the ,turkish ,shepherd's ,stone4 ,it originally weighed #aaf carats1 and was reduced by cutting in the elimination of the engraving to #ga carats4 ,it was purchased by the ,gaekwar of ,baroda for #bc1ccj sterling4 ,,river ,,of ,,light ,this beautiful rose diamond of #ahf carats was seized by ,nadir ,shah at ,delhi4 ,it adorns the ,persian regalia and is known as the ,darya-i-,nor1 or ,river of ,light4 ,,grand ,,mogul ,this remarkable diamond was seen by ,tavernier amongst the jewels of the ,emperor ,auranzeb in #affe1 five years after its recorded discovery in the ,golconda mines4 ,its original weight is given as #ghg carats by some records and as #ghg by others4 ,this was greatly reduced in cutting to a rose shape by ,hortensio ,borgio when1 it is said on account of numerous flaws1 it lost #edg carats4 ,tavernier describes it as 8rounded rose cut1 taller on one side40 ,the present whereabouts of the 8,grand ,mogul0 is unknown4 ,,the ,,grand ,,table ,this gem is also recorded by ,tavernier who saw it at ,golconda in #afdb4 ,its weight is given at somewhat over #bdb carats4 ,where it now is1 is not known4 ,,the ,,nassak ,this gem which came from the ,deccan loot was sold in ,london in #ahcg4 ,mr4 ,emanuel1 into whose possession it came1 sold it later to the ,duke of ,westminster for #g1bjj sterling4 ,its original pear-shaped form was altered to triangular1 an operation which left the weight at #gh carats4 ,,the ,,pigott ,lord ,pigott obtained this stone in ,india in #agge1 and disposed of it for #cj1jjj sterling4 ,the weight is given as #dg carats4 ,ali ,pacha1 the last owner of the gem1 left instructions to destroy it at his death1 and his wishes are said to have been respected4 ,,the ,,pacha ,this brilliant of #dj carats is mentioned as having been acquired by ,ibrahim ,pacha for #bh1jjj sterling4 ,very little seems to be known about it4 ,,the ,,tuscany ,this yellow-tinged stone1 of double rose cut and #acc carats1 was formerly in the possession of the ,dukes of ,tuscany4 ,mr4 ,king states that1 being mistaken for a piece of yellow quartz1 it was purchased for a trifle at a bric-a-bric stall in ,florence4 ,,star ,,of ,,este ,this diamond which weighs #be carats is mentioned by ,dr4 ,smith 8for its perfection of form and quality40 ,it belonged to the ill-starred ,archduke ,franz ,ferdinand4 ,,white ,,saxon ,the ,white ,saxon is a square gem1 #dh carats in weight1 for which ,augustus the ,strong is said to have given a million thalers4 ,,the ,,great ,,white ,this large1 clear diamond is also known as the ,imperial or ,victoria4 ,its weight before cutting is given as #deg carats1 and after cutting at #ahj carats4 ,the ,nizam of ,hyderabad purchased it for #bj1jjj sterling in #ahhd4 ,,the ,,mattam ,the ,mattam is a pear-shaped diamond of the purest water1 recently--and probably still--in the possession of the ,rajah of ,mattam4 ,found in #agfj--;,dr4 ,smith says #aghg--;at ,landak1 ,borneo1 it is held responsible for much worldly trouble4 ,its weight is stated as #cfg carats4 ,mr4 ,emanuel says3 8,the ,dutch ,governor of ,batavia offered two gun-boats with stores and ammunition complete and #ej1jjj sterling for it3 but the offer was refused1 the ,rajah replying that on its possession depended the fortunes of his family40 ,its genuineness is doubted by ,dr4 ,smith4 ,,the ,,star ,,of ,,the ,,south ,this most perfect brilliant was discovered at ,bagagem in ,july1 #ahec4 ,it is said to be the largest ,brazilian diamond yet found4 ,it weighed #bed carats in the rough1 and #abe carats when cut by ,mr4 ,coster of ,amsterdam4 ,although not perfectly white1 it is regarded as one of the finest large diamonds of the day4 #dj1jjj sterling was paid for it before cutting4 ,,the ,,english ,,dresden ,this brilliant was also found at ,bagagem in ,brazil four years after the 8,star of the ,south40 ,its weight before cutting was #aai carats1 which was reduced in cutting to #gf carats4 ,its present form is an egg-like oval drop4 ,,the ,,de ,,beers ,,diamonds ,these were discovered in the famous ,de ,beers mine2 the first1 a pale yellow1 #dbh carats in the rough1 #bbh when cut1 in #ahhh2 the next #ejc carats1 of similar hue1 in #ahif4 ,some others weigh #cjb1 #dji carats1 etc4 ,,the ,,star ,,of ,,south ,,africa ,this gem was found in the ,vaal ,river diggings in #ahfi4 ,weight before cutting was #hc carats1 after cutting #df carats4 ,it is triangular in shape1 and was bought by the ,countess of ,dudley for #be1jjj sterling4 ,,the ,,jubilee ,this faultless brilliant was found in the ,jagersfontein mine in #ahie4 ,before cutting1 its weight was #fcd carats2 after cutting1 #bci carats4 ,the ,jubilee was exhibited at the ,paris ,exhibition of #aijj4 ,,the ,,star ,,of ,,africa ,this remarkable stone was discovered in the ,premier mine near ,pretoria1 ,january #beth1 #aije4 ,it was named the 8,cullinan10 after the chairman of the ,premier ,company1 ,sir ,t4 ,m4 ,cullinan4 ,it was renamed the 8,star of ,africa10 at the desire of ,king ,george ,v4 ,dr4 ,smith writes as follows with regard to it3 8,the rough stone weighed #cjbe carats 7about #a lbs473 it displayed three natural faces and one large cleavage face1 and its shape suggested that it was a portion of an enormous stone more than double its size3 it is transparent1 colourless1 and has only one small flaw near the surface4 ,this magnificent diamond was purchased by the ,transvaal ,government for #aej1jjj sterling and presented to ,king ,edward ,,vii on his birthday1 ,november #ith1 #aijg4 ,messrs4 ,i4 ,j4 ,asscher ,co4 of ,amsterdam1 cut from this a drop brilliant #eaf carats1 a square brilliant #cji-c_/af carats1 another drop brilliant #ib carats1 a square-shaped brilliant #fb carats1 a heart-shaped stone #ah carats1 two marquises #h-i_/af and #aa;carats1 an oblong stone #f carats1 a drop brilliant #d-i_/cb carats1 and #if small brilliants weighing together #g carats3 the total weight of the cut stones amounts to #ajcf-e_/cb carats40 ,the large drop brilliant adorns the sceptre1 the large square brilliant the crown4 ,the 8,star of ,africa0 comes from the mine to adorn the regalia of the ,british sovereigns4 ,it has no record of evil1 no doubtful past1 nor is it tainted with evil desires1 violence or sorrow4 ,,the ,,braganza ,this stone1 the weight of which is given as #afhj carats1 is in the ,portuguese regalia4 ,it is believed1 on good grounds1 to be a large white topaz4 ,,the ,,tiffany ,this orange-tinted brilliant which was found at ,kimberley1 ,south ,africa1 in #ahgh1 is in the possession of ,messrs4 ,tiffany4 ,its weight is given as #abe carats4 ,,star ,,of ,,minas ,this stone was discovered at ,bagagem in ,brazil1 in #aiaa4 ,its weight in the rough is given as #agd carats4 ,,the ,,arabian ,,death ,the first ,earl ,lytton became possessed of a fine diamond on which were engraved certain ,arabic words1 and his death which took place soon after he had obtained possession of it has been attributed to its malignant influence4 ,the gem was bequeathed by ,earl ,lytton to ,madame la ,comtesse ,greffuhle1 who showed it to a learned ,indian ,prince who was in ,paris at the time4 ,after reading the mysterious ,arab words the ,prince told the ,comtesse that it was a stone of death1 and advised her not to keep it4 ,the lady1 desiring to end the power of the stone for mischief1 threw it into the river ,seine from the ,pont ,neuf4 ,,the ,,moonstone ,the famous novel by ,mr4 ,wilkie ,collins entitled 8,the ,moonstone10 is based on the histories of 8the magnificent stone which adorns the top of the ,russian imperial sceptre1 once the eye of an ,indian ,idol10 and the ,koh-i-,noor4 ,some writers confuse this ,moonstone with the well-known orthoclase feld-spar4 ,the following extract from the ,prologue of ,mr4 ,collins's book states3 8,the earliest known traditions describe the stone as having been set in the forehead of the four-handed ,indian ,god who typifies the ,moon4 ,partly from its peculiar colour1 partly from a superstition which represents it as feeling the influence of the ,deity whom it adorned1 and growing and lessening in lustre with the waxing and waning of the ,moon1 it first gained the name by which it continues to be known in ,india to this day--the name of the ,moonstone4 ,a similar superstition was once prevalent1 as ,i have heard1 in ancient ,greece and ,rome3 not applying1 however1 as in ,india to a diamond devoted to the service of a god1 but to a semi-transparent stone of the inferior order of gems supposed to be affected by the lunar influences--the ,moon1 in this latter case also1 giving the name by which the stone is still known4 ,the adventures of the ,yellow ,diamond began with the #aath century of the ,christian era4 ,at that date the ,mohammedan conqueror ,mahmoud of ,ghizni crossed ,india3 seized on the holy city of ,somnauth and stripped of its treasures the famous temple 444 the ,moon ,god alone escaped the rapacity of the conquering ,mohammedans4444 ,an age followed another until the first years of the #hth ,christian century saw the reign of ,aurungzebe1 ,emperor of the ,moguls4 ,at his command havoc and rapine were let loose4444 ,the shrine of the four-handed ,god was polluted 444 and the ,moonstone was seized by an officer of rank in the army of ,aurungzebe 444 ,the warrior who had committed the sacrilege perished miserably4 ,the ,diamond fell into the possession of ,tippo1 ,sultan of ,seringapatam1 who caused it to be placed as an ornament in the handle of his dagger--and after1 ,general ,baird himself found the dead body of ,tippo under a heap of slain40 7,see ,koh-i-,noor1 ,regent1 ,orloff47 ,,chapter ,,xviii ,,dichroite--,,iolite ,,dichroite3 ,,dioptase3 ,,disthene3 ,,emerald3 ,,enstatite3 ,,epidote3 ,,essonite3 ,,euclase3 ,,flint1 ,,the ,,stone ,,of ,,early ,,man3 ,,its ,,use ,,in ,,ancient ,,egypt3 ,,ethiopian ,,arrows3 ,,the ,,elf ,,dart3 ,,fairy ,,stone3 ,,chias1 ,,the ,,first ,,to ,,prove ,,the ,,flashing ,,of ,,struck ,,flint3 ,,its ,,use ,,in ,,the ,,prevention ,,of ,,nightmare3 8,,holey0 ,,stones3 ,,butler ,,and ,,the ,,hollow ,,flint3 ,,the ,,mara3 ,,the ,,garnet3 ,,peculiarities3 ,,dana',s ,,classification3 ,,succinite1 ,a ,,harmony ,,charm3 ,,grossularite1 ,a ,,health ,,charm3 ,,pyrope ,,or ,,bohemian ,,garnet3 ,,large ,,specimen ,,in ,,saxon ,,regalia3 ,,emperor ,,rudolph',s ,,specimen3 ,a ,,talisman ,,of ,,friendship3 ,,hope ,,and ,,psychic ,,development3 ,,spessartite1 ,a ,,prayer ,,charm3 ,,andradite1 ,a ,,banisher ,,of ,,unworthy ,,thoughts3 ,,specimens ,,found ,,engraved ,,with ,,angels' ,,names3 ,,ouvarovite3 ,,garnets ,,affect ,,magnetic ,,needle3 ,,greenstone3 ,,grossularite3 ,,haematite3 ,,sotacus',s ,,classification ,,of ,,haematite ,,varieties ,,and ,,their ,,accredited ,,virtues3 ,,dana',s ,,classification3 ,,pliny',s ,,recommendation3 ,,use ,,in ,,ancient ,,times3 ,,mummy',s ,,head-,,rest3 ,,andreas ,,balvancensis' ,,idea3 ,,stench ,,stone3 ,,galen',s ,,prescription3 ,,hiddenite3 ,,hornstone3 ,,hyacinth3 ,,virtues ,,of ,,the ,,hyacinth3 ,,the ,,jacinth ,,variety3 ,,thomas ,,de ,,cantempre',s ,,description3 ,,opinions ,,of ,,leonardus ,,and ,,de ,,boodt3 ,,francis ,,barrett',s ,,comments3 ,,observed ,,changes ,,in ,,the ,,stone3 ,,avicenna',s ,,comparison3 ,,the ,,hyacinth ,,in ,,the ,,garden ,,of ,,peace ,,and ,,amongst ,,the ,,rosicrucian ,,jewels3 ,,hydrophane3 ,,hypersthene3 ,,iolite4 ,,dichroite4 7,see ,,iolite47 ,,dioptase4 ,the name is derived from the ,greek ,,dia1 through1 and ,,optomai1 to see4 ,this pretty emerald-green copper silicate was named in #ahja by ,hauy1 who found on looking through it cleavage directions4 ,as the crystals are usually so small ,dioptase1 which is of about the same degree of hardness as lapis lazuli1 is seldom used in jewellery4 ,according to ancient philosophy1 dioptase would strengthen the sight of those who gazed upon it1 and benefit if worn on the neck in throat troubles4 ,astrologically1 dioptase is under the celestial ,taurus4 ,,disthene4 7,see ,,kyanite47 ,,emerald4 7,see ,,beryl47 ,,enstatite4 ,named from the ,greek ,,enstates1 an opponent1 because of its infusibility before the blow-pipe and its resisting power against acids4 ,it occurs in various colours--grey1 brown1 yellow1 colourless1 and chiefly green2 hence it has been erroneously called the ,green ,garnet4 ,the ,enstatite is a silicate of magnesium1 and is scarcely as hard as the opal1 yet it is found with the diamond1 hardest of stones4 ,it is esteemed as a talisman in examinations1 arguments1 debates and all contests in which the mind is employed4 ,the ,enstatite is under the celestial ,gemini4 ,,epidote4 ,this stone is named from the ,greek ,,epidosis1 increase4 ,it was first used by ,hauy 78,mineralogie10 #ahja71 as 8lit qui a recu un accroissement10 but--writes ,dr4 ,smith--8not on very precise crystallographical grounds40 ,there are several varieties1 chief among which is the ,pistacite1 or true ,epidote1 of a yellow-green colour like the nut of the ,pistachio4 ,the epidote is nearly as hard as the garnet4 ,according to ancient philosophy it may be used as a charm for fruit and cereal growers4 ,the epidote is under the celestial ,taurus4 ,,essonite4 ,from the ,greek ,,esson2 also1 known as ,hessonite and more familiarly amongst jewellers as ,cinnamon ,stone4 ,it is a garnet of the ,lime ,alumina order1 of a reddish brown or cinnamon colour1 and granular structure4 ,this stone is often confounded with the ,hyacinth and other varieties of the ,zircon with which it is found4 ,it is regarded amongst ancient philosophers as a protective talisman for virgins born between ,august #bdth and ,september #bcrd4 ,the ,essonite is a gem under the celestial ,virgo4 ,,euclase4 ,the name is derived from the ,greek ,,eu ,,klasis1 easily fractured4 ,it is a silicate of aluminium and beryllium and is related to the emerald4 ,westropp says3 8,the euclase is of the same chemical composition as the emerald40 78,manual of ,precious ,stones407 ,it is a very rare and expensive mineral1 glassy and extremely brittle4 ,the euclase closely resembles the aquamarine in its varying shades of pale blue and pale green4 ,sometimes it is found quite colourless4 ,it is frequently found with topaz1 and is of the hardness of the beryl4 ,as a love talisman it is advised that it be worn in the rough4 ,the euclase is under the celestial ,taurus4 ,,flint 8,so stubborn flints their inward heart conceal ,till art and force th' unwilling sparks reveal40 ,,congreve ,,to ,,dryden4 ,flint derives its name from the ,greek ,,plinthos1 a brick4 ,it has been written at various times as vlint1 vlynt1 flent1 flend1 flynd1 flynt1 flynte4 ,flint is described as an 8intermediate between quartz and opal1 consisting almost entirely of silica with a little lime1 oxide of iron1 water1 carbon and sometimes traces of organic matter40 ,mr4 ,g4 ,r4 ,porter says that flint is silica 8in a state nearly approaching to purity40 78,porcelain and ,glass10 #ahcb47 ,today it is classed amongst the varieties of chalcedony and is found in various colours--greyish white1 grey1 black1 light brown1 red and yellow4 ,it is semi-translucent1 breaking with a well-defined shell-like fracture4 ,this mineral was extensively used by aboriginal man in the making of implements1 weapons1 magical instruments1 etc41 and many fine worked specimens are still found in all parts of the world4 ,mystery and magic are associated with the flint which was used in ancient ,egypt for fashioning scarabs and making the first incision in a dead body1 prior to embalming4 ,the ,ethiopian ,arrows noted by ,herodotus were1 as discovery has proved1 arrow heads of flint4 ,the ,elf ,arrow-head or ,elf ,dart with a hole drilled through it was regarded especially in ,scotland and ,ireland as an effective talisman against poison1 witchcraft1 and the evil wishes of enemies4 ,sir ,edward ,mackenzie1 ,bart4 built his charming little story 8,the ,romance of the ,elf ,arrow0 on these beliefs4 ,robert ,gordon1 of ,straloch1 who wrote in the year #afed1 relates that a friend of his while out riding on horseback was struck on the top of his riding boot by one of these fairy stones4 ,in this case there is no doubt that the horse's hoof caused the incident1 but chance was not admitted by the old masters who would regard the hoof of the horse as the instrument made use of by the mischievous fairies4 ,pliny relates that ,chias being the first to demonstrate the fire flashing of struck flint1 was given the name of ,pyrodes4 ,aubrey states that it was an old custom to hang on a string a flint with a hole in it 8to hinder the nightmare40 8,it is best of all1 they say1 hung about their necks1 and a flint will do it that hath a hole in it4 ,it is to prevent the night mare1 viz41 the ,hag1 from riding their horses which will sometimes sweat at night4 ,the flint thus hung does hinder it40 ,another writer1 ,grose1 quoted in ,brand's 8,antiquities10 says3 8,a stone with a hole in it hung at the bed's head will prevent the nightmare4 ,it is therefore called a ,hag ,stone from that disorder which is occasioned by a ,hag or ,witch sitting on the stomach of the party afflicted4 ,it also prevents witches riding horses3 for which purpose it is often tied to a stable key40 8,hang up ,hooks and ,sheers to scare ,hence the ,hag that rides the mare40 ,,herrick4 ,these flints were called ,holy or ,holey ,stones in the ,north of ,england1 also ,ephialtes stones1 ,night ,mare or ,witch ,riding ,stones1 and ,butler mentions the chasing away of evil spirits by hollow flint4 ,the 8,mare0 of ,night ,mare is derived from the ,saxon ,mara1 an incubus1 which attacked during sleep1 depriving the victim of movement and speech4 ,the ,mara or ,mare is an order of vampires4 ,hebrew ,,maria1 an evil spirit against which the flint is a charm4 ,as a correspondent of flint1 ,emanuel ,swedenborg gives ,truth4 ,its connection with the ninth heavenly mansion is well defined4 ,flint is under the celestial ,sagittarius4 ,,garnet 8,without the aid of yonder golden globe ,lost were the garnet's lustre40 ,,smart4 ,the garnet derives its name from the ,latin ,,granatus1 grain-like4 ,mr4 ,king gives ,granatici1 from its resemblance to the scarlet pomegranate blossom4 ,it is found written as garnet1 gernet1 garnette1 garnat1 garnet or garnat stone4 ,the mineral group passing under the general name of garnet exhibits some distinct peculiarities which1 adopting the classification given by ,professor ,james ,dana1 can be considered under three heads1 as follows3 ,alumina ,garnet ,iron ,garnet ,chrome ,garnet ,,alumina ,,garnet ,the sesquioxide base is chiefly aluminium4 7a7 ,,iron ,,alumina ,,garnet ,shades of colour3 ,red1 ruby red1 hyacinth red1 columbine red1 brownish red4 ,precious garnet is translucent1 common is not4 ,example1 ,almandine or ,carbuncle4 ,astrologically classed under the celestial ,sagittarius4 7b7 ,,lime ,,alumina ,,garnet ,shades of colour3 ,pale green1 cinnamon1 amber4 ,example3 ,essonite or ,cinnamon ,stone is cinnamon coloured2 ,grossularite 7,latin ,,grossularia1 a gooseberry71 is pale green2 ,succinite 7,latin ,,succinum1 amber71 is of the colour of amber4 ,the ,grossularite is a health talisman1 the ,succinite a charm for securing harmony and success in dealing with employees4 ,they are both under the ,celestial ,virgo4 7c7 ,,magnesia ,,alumina ,,garnet ,shades of colour3 ,deep red changing to black and green4 ,example3 ,pyrope4 ,under the celestial ,aquarius4 ,the ,pyrope or ,bohemian ,garnet derives its name from the ,greek word ,,puropos1 fiery1 and is known to ,pliny as ,apyroti4 ,it is a stone of the same hardness as the beryl and is commonly called the 8,cape ,ruby10 or the 8,arizona ,ruby40 ,in the regalia of ,saxony1 set in the ,order of the ,golden ,fleece1 is a large pyrope1 #dfh carats in weight1 and that strange ,emperor ,rudolph ,,ii under whose patronage ,tycho and ,kepler worked at the ,rudolphine 7,astronomical7 ,tables1 is said by ,de ,boodt to have possessed a specimen worth #de1jjj thalers4 ,one as big as the egg of a pigeon lies in the ,green ,vaults at ,dresden4 ,large pyropes are1 however1 rare4 ,swedenborg corresponds ,pyrope to 8good10 and it is regarded as a talisman of faithfulness and stability1 of hope1 of happiness and true friendship4 ,its influence is said to aid psychic development and occult understanding4 ,it is a health stone1 and in the ,east is regarded as a banisher of plagues and poison1 changing colour1 it is said1 when danger or mishap of any kind threaten the wearer4 7d7 ,,manganese ,,alumina ,,garnet ,shades of colour3 ,red1 brownish red1 hyacinth red4 ,example3 ,spessartite or ,spessatine4 ,under the celestial ,virgo4 ,the ,spessartite obtains its name from ,,spessart in ,germany4 ,it is sometimes called the ,brown ,garnet1 but is little used in jewellery4 ,the ,spessartite is a prayer charm for the uplifted soul4 ,,iron ,,garnet ,the sesquioxide base is chiefly iron4 ,,lime ,,iron ,,garnet ,shades of colour3 ,various4 ,example3 ,andradite1 named after the ,portuguese mineralogist ,d',andrada4 ,in the variety called ,topazolite 7so named after the topaz71 the colour is wine yellow1 in ,jelletite it is green1 and in ,melinite and ,pyreneite it is black or grey-black4 ,the ,aplome 7named by ,hauy after the ,greek word ,,aploos1 simple71 is red4 ,the ,kolophonite1 named after ,kolophon in ,ionia1 is coarse1 granular1 resinous and frequently iridescent4 ,green ,andradite has been termed the 8,uralian ,emerald0 and the ,olivine 7wrongly so-called under this head74 ,brilliant specimens have been named by jewellers ,,demantoid4 ,a dark1 almost black1 andradite showing a gleam of red was much used in mourning jewellery4 ,this is the stone which ,leonardus said drove away pestilential airs and banished unworthy thoughts4 ,it was a binding charm for friends4 ,it protected from epidemics and the lightning-stroke1 and lent favour to the desires of the native4 ,specimens have been found engraved with the names of angels in ,chaldaic1 ,hebrew1 ,greek and other ancient languages4 ,it is under the celestial ,aquarius4 ,,chrome ,,garnet ,the sesquioxide base is chiefly ,chromium4 ,shades of colour3 ,emerald green4 ,example3 ,ouvarovite1 ,uvarovite or ,uwarowite1 after the ,professor of that name of the late ,russian ,imperial ,academy at ,petrograd4 ,this variety will not1 like other varieties1 yield to the blow-pipe4 ,it is a hard stone and few specimens large enough for cutting have been discovered4 ,it is under the celestial ,aquarius4 ,many specimens of ancient engraved garnets have been found4 ,friction produces in the stone a positive order of electricity which has a perceptible effect on the magnetic needle4 ,,greenstone4 7,see ,,jade47 ,,grossularite4 7,see ,,garnet47 ,,haematite 8,the ,haematite1 named by the ,greeks from blood1 ,benignant ,nature formed for mortals' good40 ,,marbodus4 ,the ,haematite obtains its name from the ,greek ,,haimatites1 blood-like4 ,it is a specular iron ore of reddish1 brown1 steely gray1 and iron black colours4 ,commercially it is spelt ,hematite1 though it is also written as ,ematite1 ,emathites1 ,emathitis4 ,sotacus1 described by ,pliny as one of the most ancient writers1 classified five varieties of haematite1 as follows3 #a4 ,ethiopic1 which he said was a remedy for burns and inflamed eyes4 ,it is probable that this is the ,ethiopian ,stone1 a hard species of flint4 7,see under ,,flint47 #b4 ,androdamus1 or ,conquerer of ,man1 which is given as a remedy for bilious attacks4 ,this stone is described by ,sotacus as 8very black and heavy10 and by ,marbodus as 8silvery white with the hardness of a diamond40 ,it would seem that each writer is describing a different stone4 ,sotacus' description would imply a species of iron stone1 that of ,marbodus may stand for a corundum or even a diamond1 and man may be subdued by either the iron stone or the diamond4 #c4 ,arabian1 recommended for stomach troubles and burns4 #d4 ,elatite1 or when burned ,melitite4 #e4 ,mixed stone for eye troubles4 ,the varieties given by ,professor ,james ,d4 ,dana are3 #a4 ,specular ,iron4 ,lustre perfectly metallic4 #b4 ,micaceous ,iron4 ,structure foliated4 #c4 ,red ,hematite4 ,submetallic or unmetallic brownish red4 #d4 ,red ,ochre4 ,soft and earthy and often containing clay4 #e4 ,red ,chalk4 ,firmer and more compact than red ochre and of fine texture4 #f4 ,jaspery ,clay ,iron4 ,a hard1 impure1 siliceous1 clayey ore1 having a brownish-red jaspery look and compactness4 #g4 ,clay ,iron ,stone4 ,the same as the last1 the colour and appearance less like jasper4 #h4 ,lenticular ,argillaceous ,ore4 ,an oolitic red ore consisting of small flattened grains4 #i4 ,martite4 ,martite is hematite in octahedrons1 derived1 it is supposed1 from the oxidation of magnetite4 ,pliny says that ,haematites are found in mines and when burned have the colour of ,minium4 7,minium of today is our red lead of commerce1 ,red ,oxide of ,lead74 ,he recommends it for affections of the bladder and for the healing of dangerous wounds1 bites of serpents and as a check to female disorders4 ,it seems probable in these enumerations that he refers to ,loadstone 7q4v471 for he says 8the sanguine ,loadstone called ,haematite40 ,the ,haematite and the ,loadstone were used in ,babylon1 ,assyria and other ancient lands as far back as #bjjj ,b4,c4 ,amongst the specimens handled by the author was one notable ,haematite intaglio cylinder of very fine workmanship--an old magistrate's seal of great antiquity4 ,the ancient ,egyptians generally selected ,haematite as a fitting pillow 7,urs7 for the head of the ,mummy to rest upon4 ,on it were often cut verses from ,chap4 ,,clxvi of the 8,book of the ,dead0--the ,per em ,hru or ,coming forth by ,day4 ,an old #agth century writer1 ,andreas ,balvacensis1 advances the curious idea that the ,haematite was made of 8dragon's bloud10 and ,holme in his 8,armoury0 says that it is called a ,stench stone1 for its accredited virtue of stopping the flow of blood4 ,generally the old writers of the ,middle and later ages followed ,galen in prescribing ,haematite for inflamed eyes and headaches1 and he was undoubtedly learned in the wisdom of the ,egyptians and the old medical philosophies mentioned by ,sotacus4 ,several modes of use are mentioned2 one was to mix the powdered stone with honey and apply it to the eyelids1 another was to rub the smoothed stone lightly over the lids4 ,the ,kidney ,ore ,haematite which has a strong metallic silky lustre and is formed somewhat like a kidney1 was recommended for external application over the region of that organ when ill conditions prevailed4 ,this application of a ,mars substance for the cure of a ,venus affection is technically dealt with in works devoted to medical astrology1 ancient and modern4 ,the ,haematite is under the celestial ,aries4 ,,hiddenite4 7,see ,spodumene47 ,,hornstone4 ,hornstone obtains its name from the ,anglo-,saxon ,,stan4 ,it is a fragile variety of flint1 and is known in its more impure state as ,chert4 ,it had some reputation as an eye stone in certain parts1 and is regarded as under the celestial ,taurus4 ,,hyacinth 8,the island of ,sandareeb 444 containeth varieties of jacinths and different kinds of minerals40 ,the #fth ,voyage of ,es-,sindabad of the ,sea4 ,the name of this stone is derived from the youth ,hyakinthos4 ,it has been written at various times as hiacinth1 hiacinthe1 hyacint1 hiacynth1 hyacinthe1 hiacint1 etc4 ,the true hyacinth1 which is not to be confounded with the sapphire1 the hyacinthus of the ancients1 is a brilliant zircon 7q4v47 of a transparent red or ruddy cinnamon colour4 ,it is found with a garnet of similar hue which is also called hyacinth but which shows structural differences and is classified under the name ,,essonite 7q4v474 ,the peculiar granular nature of this hyacinth can be seen1 even when cut1 under an ordinary lens4 ,it is said in ancient story that ,apollo caused the death of the lovely and beloved youth ,hyakinthos when throwing his disc1 and that from the blood which fell to the ground a lovely flower sprang4 ,the myth symbolizes the fertility of ,nature and was celebrated by the festival ,hyakinthia1 which expresses the grief of ,apollo over the precious life he had taken and the subsequent joy when the flower gave promise of the return of the slain one in harmony with ,nature's immortal moods4 ,the gem hyacinth was considered a charm against bowel disorders1 as a mental tonic and a strengthener of the mind against all kinds of temptation4 ,it promised bountiful harvests to the farmer and filled the ,cornu ,copia of the ,virgin ,goddess4 ,the name ,,jacinth1 usually applied to the yellow variety of the gem1 is a contraction of hyacinth1 and appears as ,iacincte1 ,iacynkte1 ,iassink1 ,jacounce1 ,jagounce1 ,jacincte1 ,jacynct1 ,jacynth1 etc4 ,like all the ,zircon family these stones are electric and attract fluff and exhibit phosphorescence4 ,thomas de ,cantempre describes the jacinth as a stone of yellow colour which protected the wearer from melancholy and poison1 drawing to him the love of ,god and man4 ,leonardus said that it brought sleep to the tired brain and gave wisdom and protection in times of pestilence4 ,de ,boodt also recommends the gem as a cure for insomnia1 advising that it be worn enclosed in a small bag of brown material suspended just over the solar plexus4 ,francis ,barrett in the section of his book devoted to ,natural ,magic says3 8,the jacinth also possesses virtue from the sun against poisons1 pestilences and pestiferous vapours3 likewise it renders the wearer pleasant and acceptable3 conduces also to gain money3 being simply held in the mouth it wonderfully cheers the heart and strengthens the mind40 ,so in ancient astrology these stones which are under the celestial ,virgo have these powers3 ,wisdom and ,prudence1 ,worldly ,gain1 ,wealth4 ,it is said that so powerful were these gems of the zircon family that one wearing them could pass unharmed through places infected with fever and pestilence4 ,mystic authors wrote that the jacinth grew dull when stormy weather was approaching1 and bright with the promise of fine weather2 similarly it indicated the degrees of health of the wearer 7,virgo is a sign of health and sickness74 ,cardanus says that in tempestuous weather the hyacinth assumes 8the ruddy tint of a glowing coal40 ,as an amulet against plague it was said to change colour when touched by affected persons4 ,avicenna 7,ibn ,sina71 the famous ,arabian philosopher of the #ajth century compared the action of the jacinth with that of the magnet4 ,paracelsus says that it is distinctly under the government of the planet ,mercury4 ,in old ,polish pharmacies a jacinth was kept set in a mount of silver1 ready to be used to avert mortification in cases of accident4 ,held against the forehead it was reputed to give clearness of thought and calmness of mind4 ,swedenborg corresponds it to 8intelligence from spiritual love and in an opposite sense1 intelligence from infernal love which is self-derived intelligence40 ,to dream of the hyacinth is interpreted as protection in approaching worries2 to dream of the jacinth indicates triumph4 ,jacinths are placed with almandines in the ,dar as ,salam1 the ,arabian ,garden of ,peace1 and amongst the ,rosicrucian jewels the hyacinth represents the true knowledge of absolute love and the triumph over the crude elements of earthly understanding4 ,these two zircon varieties are under the celestial ,virgo4 ,,hydrophane4 7,see ,,opal47 ,,hypersthene4 ,the name is derived from the ,greek ,,hyper1 over1 and ,,sthenos1 strength4 ,it is also written as ,hyperstene4 ,it is a stone of the ,pyroxene group1 a silicate of magnesium and iron4 ,its colours are brown-green1 grey or green-black1 pinchbeck brown4 ,its hardness is about the hardness of lapis lazuli4 ,the hypersthene is under the celestial ,scorpio4 ,,iolite4 ,the iolite derives its name from the ,greek ,,ion1 violet and ,,lithos1 a stone4 ,hauy named it the ,,dichroite 7,,dio1 twice1 ,,chroa1 colour74 ,it was known also as the ,cordierite1 and more familiarly as the water sapphire4 ,it is a silicate of alumina magnesia and protoxide of iron4 ,it possesses extraordinary dichroism1 the smoky blue and yellowish-grey being easily seen with the naked eye4 ,this circumstance induced ,hauy to name it ,,dichroite4 ,viewed in two directions it presented different colours4 ,these colours are shown to advantage in stones cut for ornament4 ,in #ageh1 ,sir ,james ,hill wrote a 8,history of the ,iolithos or ,violet ,stone10 a work now most difficult to obtain4 ,the iolite is a stone of friendship and friendly help4 ,it benefits the eyesight and is an aid to high thoughts4 ,it was also written as yolite1 iolithe4 ,it is of about the hardness of quartz4 ,the iolite is under the celestial ,aquarius4 ,,chapter ,,xix ,,jacinth--,,lodestone ,,jacinth3 ,,jade3 ,,jargoon3 ,,maturan ,,diamond3 ,,jasper3 ,,the ,,lydian ,,stone ,,of ,,the ,,ancients3 ,,the ,,heliotrope ,,or ,,bloodstone ,,variety3 ,,thomas ,,nicols ,,and ,,artificial ,,infusions3 ,,st4 ,,isidore ,,on ,,the ,,jasper3 ,,legend ,,of ,,the ,,cross3 ,,number ,,five ,,and ,,the ,,stone ,,of ,,the ,,virgin3 ,,rare ,,works ,,in ,,jasper3 ,,galenus ,,on ,,its ,,virtues3 ,,the ,,anodyne ,,necklace3 ,,the ,,jasper ,,amulet ,,of ,,nechepsos3 ,,the ,,wheel ,,of ,,ezekiel3 ,,jasper ,,sigils3 ,,trallianus ,,and ,,the ,,jasper3 ,,mottled ,,jasper1 ,a ,,charm ,,to ,,protect ,,from ,,drowning3 ,,zodiacal ,,reflections3 ,,the ,,stone ,,of ,,victory3 ,,van ,,helmont',s ,,experiments3 ,,the ,,jasper ,,amongst ,,the ,,jewels ,,of ,,the ,,rosicrucians3 ,,jet3 ,,kauri ,,gum3 ,,kolophonite3 ,,kunzite3 ,,kyanite3 ,,labradorite3 ,,lapis ,,lazuli3 ,,colours ,,and ,,names3 ,,persian ,,lajward1 ,,its ,,virtues3 ,,its ,,place ,,in ,,the ,,book ,,of ,,the ,,dead3 ,,commandment ,,stones3 ,,lapis ,,lazuli ,,in ,,china3 ,,katherine ,,ii ,,and ,,her ,,palace ,,room3 ,a ,,stone ,,of ,,the ,,alchemists3 ,,limonite3 ,,lodestone3 ,,pliny',s ,,story ,,of ,,its ,,discovery3 ,,how ,,termed ,,by ,,titus ,,carus ,,lucretius3 ,,the ,,stone ,,of ,,hercules3 ,,legend ,,of ,,the ,,phoenicians3 ,,the ,,age ,,of ,,the ,,mariner',s ,,compass3 ,,construction ,,of ,,one ,,by ,,the ,,chinese ,,emperor ,,houangti3 ,,pausanias ,,and ,,the ,,stone ,,image ,,of ,,hercules3 ,a ,,cramp ,,stone3 ,a ,,divinatory ,,instrument3 ,,the ,,plan ,,of ,,ptolemy ,,philadelphus3 ,,professor ,,noad ,,and ,,the ,,power ,,of ,,the ,,lodestone3 ,,barrett',s 8,,antipathies03 ,,story ,,of ,,claudianus3 ,,magnet ,,and ,,the ,,onion4 ,,jacinth4 7,see ,,hyacinth47 ,,jade4 ,see 7,,nephrite47 ,,jargoon4 ,the ,jargoon or ,jargon1 by which name it is known in ,france1 is derived from the ,italian ,,giacone4 ,it is a greyish or smoky variety of the zircon 7q4v471 which so closely resembles the diamond that it is often sold by unscrupulous dealers for the more precious gem4 ,in allusion to this1 ,sir ,a4 ,h4 ,church in his work on 8,precious ,stones0 says3 8,the diamond and the jargoon do not improve or bring out each other's qualities for they have too many points in common40 ,the jargoon1 however1 is nearly three degrees softer than the diamond and more easily injured4 ,it is usually brilliant and rose-cut4 ,at ,matura in ,ceylon where it is found in fair quantities it is frequently termed the 8,maturan ,diamond40 ,the jargoon is frequently used set as a talismanic charm against plagues and disease1 for which purpose it was esteemed greatly in the ,middle ,ages in the ,east and in ,europe4 ,worn on the little finger1 set in a ring of silver1 it was reputed to help the physician to correct diagnoses especially if1 when in doubt1 he held the stone against his forehead1 at a point between the eyes4 ,the jargoon is under the celestial ,virgo4 ,,jasper4 8,jasper stone signifies the divine truth of the ,word in its literal sense1 translucent from the divine truth in its spiritual sense40 ,,swedenborg4 ,jasper derives its name from the ,hebrew ,,yashpheh1 ,greek ,,iaspis1 ,arabic ,,yasb4 ,it is found written as jasp1 jaspre1 iaspere1 iaspar4 ,it is a hard siliceous mineral of dark1 dull colours1 chiefly red1 green1 yellow and black4 ,in the variety termed ,,riband the mixed and striped colours form in concentric irregular zones4 ,ruin ,jasper occurs in darker shades of browns and yellows1 giving the appearance of venerable ruins4 ,the lapis ,lydius or ,lydian ,stone of the ancients--our basanite1 commonly known as ,touchstone--is a velvety black flinty jasper1 used as much today as ever it was1 for ascertaining the fineness and quality of gold and precious metals1 and says ,bacon1 8,gold is tried by the touchstone and men by gold40 ,its connection with ,mercury is shown in the ,greek story of the transformation of the betrayer ,battus into ,touchstone by the ,god4 ,the ,heliotrope or so-called ,bloodstone variety is green with spots of red4 ,pliny enumerates ten varieties1 giving preference to the purple and rose-coloured4 ,marbodus in the ,lapidarium writes of seventeen species all differing in colour1 the best of all being the bright translucent green4 ,the jasper was held in high favour by the ancients and ,babylonian seals as old as #a1jjj years before the ,christian era have been found4 ,the ,,thet or ,buckle of ,isis was made chiefly of jasper4 ,in those times the stone was found in quantities in the vicinity of the historic town of ,on or ,heliopolis4 ,thomas ,nicols1 writing in the #agth century1 protests that the ,egyptians knew how to infuse artificial colours into this gem3 8,it is ascribed by way of glory to the ,king of ,egypt that the first adulteration of jasper by tincture was from him1 but the glory of this praise1 if ,i be not mistaken1 doth even become his shame40 ,st4 ,isidore of ,seville 7#afth century7 writes of the green jasper as 8shining with the greenness of glory10 and this variety--commonly known as bloodstone because it is spotted with red specks resembling drops of blood--is regarded as an essentially religious substance1 and is associated with the old ,easter ceremonies4 ,there is an old legend1 frequently retold1 that the green jasper lying at the foot of the ,cross at the ,crucifixion received the blood drops from the five wounds of the dying ,christ1 which drops were forever impregnated in the stone4 ,five is the number which in mystic writings is identified with the planet ,mercury1 and the significance of the blood of the ,son of the ,virgin in the stone of the ,virgin will be understood by those who search for truth beneath the mantle of parable4 ,mr4 ,william ,jones in 8,finger ,ring ,lore0 gives an illustration of a ,christian octagonal-shaped ring of the #crd or #dth century1 set with a red jasper in which is cut in intaglio a shepherd and his flocks3 the import of this is clear enough4 ,a jasper bust of ,christ in which the red spots are so manipulated by the skilful artist as to represent drops of blood is mentioned by ,professor ,james ,dana as being in the royal collection at ,paris4 8,some indeed assert10 writes ,claudius ,galenus1 the famous physician of the second ,christian century1 8that a virtue such as is possessed by the green jasper which benefits the chest and mouth of the stomach if tied upon it1 is inherent in precious stones4444 ,i have had ample experience having made a necklace out of such gems 7jaspers71 and hung it round the neck1 descending so low that the stones might touch the mouth of the stomach1 and they appeared to be of no less service than if they had been engraved in the way laid down by ,king ,nechepsos40 ,this is the famous anodyne necklace so valued1 especially in ,england1 and the source of which the distinguished physician ,dr4 ,william ,cullen ascribes to ,galenus4 ,several books are credited to ,king ,nechepsos 7circa #fjj ,b4 ,c474 ,galenus alludes to this ,king's jasper amulet which took the form of a rayed dragon4 ,this dragon form symbolizes the mystery of the three zodiacal signs--,virgo1 ,libra and ,scorpio--known to students of ,rosicrucian philosophy as the ,wheel of ,ezekiel1 and personified in ,pallas ,athene or ,minerva1 the embodiment of wisdom1 sympathy and strength4 ,galenus carried as his talismanic gem a jasper engraved with a man carrying a bundle of herbs1 as an aid to his judgment in indicating various diseases--a power long ascribed to stones under the celestial ,virgo4 ,a similar sigil is given by the ancient ,israelitish ,rabbi ,chael3 8,a man with broad shoulders and thick loins1 standing and holding in his right hand a bundle of herbs engraved on a green jasper is good against fevers and if a physician carries it about with him it will give him skill in distinguishing diseases and knowing the proper remedies4 ,it is also good for hmorrhoids and quickly stops the flow of blood40 ,the same authority recommends for good luck in buying and selling 8,aquarius cut on a green jasper10 which is also termed 8a stone of good counsel for traders0 7all trade is under ,mercury1 the ruler in astrology of the signs ,gemini and ,virgo74 ,a man's head facing and a bird holding a leaf in its beak1 cut in jasper1 was held to give riches and favour2 a hare cut in jasper protected from evil spiritual forces4 ,the green jasper1 as before stated1 was also known as the ,heliotropion 7,heliotrope71 a word derived from ,greek ,,helios1 the sun1 and ,,tropos1 a turn--probably in allusion to the planet ,mercury which turns nearest the ,sun4 ,it is stated that if this stone were placed in water it would reflect the blood-red disc of the sun1 and if held before the eyes it would assist in the observation of the ,solar and ,lunar eclipses4 ,trallianus1 a #fth century philosopher1 recommends the jasper for pains of an acute nature in the stomach or bowels--a use for which it was especially esteemed by all ancient scholars4 ,mottled jasper was worn to protect from death by drowning1 or from death whilst on or near the water1 and this presents one of the many instances of what astrologers term 8sign reflection10 for the water sign of the ,fishes 7,pisces7 is opposite to the earthy sign ,virgo and serves as an apt illustration of antipathetic action4 ,another virtue ascribed to jasper was the calming of uneasy minds and the securing of victory in battle4 ,in this latter connection1 ,cardanus1 physician1 philosopher and astrologer of the #afth century1 says that it has action on the feelings1 causing something akin to timidity which induces caution and the evading of needless risks--a distinctly ,mercurial attribute4 ,de ,boodt advises the wearing of jasper to check hmorrhage and relieve stomach pains4 ,the stomach was regarded as the seat of the soul by the remarkable ,baptista van ,helmont4 ,deleuze credits him with 8creating epochs in the histories of medicine and physiology1 and of first giving the name of #8gas' to aerial fluids10 adding that without him1 8it is probable that steel would have given no new impulse to science40 ,van ,helmont writes3 8,in the pit of the stomach there is a more powerful sensation than even in the eye or in the fingers4 ,the stomach often will not tolerate a hand to be laid upon it because there is there the most acute and positive feeling which at other times is only perceived in the fingers40 ,for purposes of experiment ,van ,helmont touched a root of aconite with the tip of his tongue--a risky action--taking care1 however1 not to swallow any of it4 8,immediately10 he says1 8my head seemed tied tightly with a string and soon after there happened to me a singular circumstance such as ,i had never before experienced4 ,i observed with astonishment that ,i no longer felt and thought with the head but with the region of the stomach1 as if consciousness had now taken up its seat there4 ,terrified by this unusual phenomenon1 ,i asked myself and enquired unto myself carefully1 but ,i only became the more convinced that my power of perception had become greater and more comprehensive4 ,this intellectual clearness was associated with great pleasure4 ,i did not sleep1 nor did ,i dream4444 ,i had occasionally had ecstasies but these had nothing in common with this condition of the stomach in which it thought and felt and almost excluded all co-operation of the head4 ,this state continued for two hours after which ,i had some dizziness40 ,van ,helmont writes of the 8,sun tissue0 in the region of the stomach which from the earliest recorded times has been identified with the zodiacal ,virgo around which so many myths1 parables and legends cluster4 ,jasper is associated with this part of the body of man1 and to dream of it is said to symbolise love's faithfulness known to the mind before the heart3 8,love looks not with the eyes but with the mind1 ,and therefore is ,dan ,cupid painted blind40 ,amongst the symbolic jewels of the ,rosicrucians this stone was regarded as the centre stone of the vibrations of light and of its penetrating diffusions4 ,all varieties of jasper are under the celestial ,virgo4 ,,jet 8,your lustre too 'll draw courtship to you as a iet 7jet7 doth straws40 ,,ben ,,jonson4 ,the name jet is derived from the ,greek ,,gagates1 from ,,gagas1 a river in ,syria4 ,it is also written as jesstone1 and jeetstone4 ,dr4 ,murray gives the following forms gete1 geet1 get1 geete1 geyte1 geitt1 gett1 gette1 geytt1 gate1 giette1 geate1 ieet1 iete1 ieit1 ieate1 iet1 jeat1 jett1 jette4 ,it is a variety of coal resembling cannel coal1 but harder1 of deeper colour and with a higher degree of lustre4 ,pliny writes that 8,gagates is a stone so-called from ,gages1 the name of a town and river in ,lycia40 ,when burnt it gives out a sulphureous smell which1 according to the ,venerable ,bede 7#gth century71 drove away serpents4 ,its virtue was esteemed in cases of hysteria1 in detecting epileptic tendencies and in loss of virginity4 ,a decoction of jet in wine was esteemed as a cure for toothache1 and in combination with wax it was used in cases of scrofula4 ,magicians1 it is said1 make use of ,gagates in the practice of what is known as 8,axinomancy0--a form of magic in which a piece of jet is placed on a red-hot axe--prophesying events according to the burning of the substance4 ,jet is highly electrical and will attract fluff in the same way as amber does1 hence it was known as ,black ,amber1 especially in the #afth century1 by the people of the ,baltic coast4 ,it was much used in magical ceremonies1 especially those in connection with the dead1 as a charm against evil magic1 spells and envy1 and as a cure for dropsy1 colds1 chills and loss of hair4 ,the fumes from burning jet are no doubt very relieving in what is commonly known as cold in the head1 the action being homopathic in this case1 as such discomforts are ,saturnine and the employment of jet is the employment of a saturnine substance for the removing of a saturnine affliction4 ,the use of jet for rosaries is noted by ,cardan3 it cooled the passions and protected the wearer against evil influences4 ,its fumes were considered potent in female disorders4 ,boetius says that it protected the wearer against nightmares and night terrors4 ,mr4 ,king mentions the discovery of a number of jet ornaments at ,cologne in #ahdf which were believed to have belonged to the ancient priestesses of ,cybele or ,rhea1 the goddess of the mountain-forests and caves of the earth4 ,her worship was wild and weird1 her votaries with torches ablaze rushing through the trees in the darkness of the night1 fighting and wounding each other to the accompaniment of the screeching of the pipes1 the clashing of cymbals and the mad uproar of drunken song4 ,cybele was associated as a mountain goddess with the forest-god ,pan1 the goat-god1 who is identified with the ,zodiacal ,capricornus1 and jet was used in her worship4 ,it was regarded as a banisher of melancholia and a protective badge for travellers4 ,to dream of it was said to signify sadness4 ,in the form of a shield against the bites of serpents it was advised that powdered jet be taken and mixed with the marrow of a stag4 ,to many writers this has seemed ridiculous but beneath the surface the true meaning may be detected4 ,astrologically jet is under the zodiacal ,capricorn and the planet ,saturn1 the stag is under ,gemini and the planet ,mercury1 the marrow of the stag is ruled by ,venus and in this case signifies the essence supreme1 the serpent is under the planet ,mars4 ,interpreted1 this symbolic passage would read3 ,use wisdom and caution 7,jet7 knowledge 7stag7 and love 7marrow7 then wilt thou overcome1 subdue and defeat the lower self 7serpent7 and the sting of sin4 ,crypts of this kind were very frequently employed by ,hermetic brotherhoods for conveying their teachings to each other4 ,the use of parables1 secret signs1 tokens and symbols was the real method of conveying truths employed by the ancient masters4 ,by this means concentration was impelled and the soul prepared to receive great truths4 ,,kauri ,,gum 8,as some tall ,kauri soars in lonely pride40 ,,renwick4 ,kauri obtains its name from the ,maoris and appears in various forms3 kowrie1 cowry1 courie1 coudie4 ,it is gum of a light amber colour which has exuded from the ,kauri pine 7,dammara ,australis7 a species of ,dammar growing in ,new ,zealand4 ,the gum is obtained by digging over spots where the trees once grew1 and it is found sometimes in lumps the size of a football4 ,kauri gum is electric and much softer and less durable than amber4 ,it has been suggested as a useful substitute for amber in throat troubles1 asthma1 hay fever and glandular swellings4 ,it is under the celestial ,taurus4 ,,kolophonite4 7,see ,,garnet47 ,,kunzite4 7,see ,,spodumene47 ,,kyanite4 ,kyanite derives its name from the ,greek ,,kuanos1 blue4 ,it is also written as ,cyanite and1 because of its unequal hardness1 ,disthene 7twice strong74 ,white specimens are termed ,,rhoetizite4 ,chemically kyanite harmonizes with andalusite 7q4 v47 for both are silicates of aluminium1 but as ,dr4 ,smith writes1 8points of difference show how large a share the molecular grouping has in determining the aspect of crystallized substances40 ,usually kyanite is found in long1 thin blade-like crystals and more rarely in short1 full crystals4 ,its colours are light blue1 blue and white1 white1 grey-green and1 more rarely1 black4 ,its hardness varies from #e to a little over #g in ,mohs' scale4 ,when cut the blue variety resembles the light sapphire although it cannot display the same brilliancy4 ,the stone is1 however1 very little employed in jewellery4 ,the peculiarities of kyanite place it under the celestial ,aquarius4 ,,labradorite 8,the beautiful opalised kind of felspar called ,labrador stone40 ,,pinkerton4 ,also written ,labrador1 is an opalescent grey-blue felspar of extraordinary gleam1 often reflecting green1 yellow and red4 ,it obtains its name from the place of its origin1 as it was first found by ,moravian missionaries in #aggj at ,st4 ,paul ,island off the coast of ,labrador4 ,specimens have also been found in stones of meteoric origin4 ,the stone is effective and might with advantage be more extensively used in jewellery4 ,its hardness is the same as the opal4 ,labradorite is under the celestial ,aquarius4 ,,lapis ,,lazuli 8,the appearance of the ,lord's divine sphere in the spiritual ,heavens40 ,,swedenborg4 ,,lapis ,,lazuli derives its name from the ,latin word ,lapis1 a stone1 and the ,arabic ,azul1 blue4 ,it has been variously written as ,zumemo ,lazuli1 ,zemech ,lazarilli1 ,stellatus1 ,lapis ,lazary1 ,lapis ,coelestus1 the ,azure ,gem1 the ,armenian ,stone1 ,lapis ,lazari4 ,its composition includes for the greater part silica and alumina1 with soda1 lime1 iron1 sulphuric acid1 sulphur1 chlorine and water4 ,it is assumed to be a product of contact metamorphism1 and is described by ,pliny as 8opaque and sprinkled with specks of gold0 7yellow pyrites74 ,it is found in ,persia1 ,tartary1 ,china1 ,thibet and ,siberia4 ,badakhshan or ,budukhshan in ,central ,asia is famous for its ,lapis ,lazuli mines in which1 it is recorded1 the rock is split with the help of fire4 ,the stone is often found in tints of green1 red1 violet1 or colourless1 but these may be termed varieties4 ,the miners of ,budukhshan call the blue ,lapis 8,nili10 the sky-blue 8,asmani10 and the blue-green tints 8,sabzi40 ,some of the finest lajward 7lapis lazuli7 is sent from the ,persian markets whence formerly specimens of rare beauty were exposed for sale at the fairs of ,nijni-,novgorod4 ,from very remote times ,persia supplied the ancient world with the greatest quantities of lajward4 ,the 8sapphirus0 of old is the ,lapis ,lazuli of today1 and it is recommended that the #bfth chapter of ,the ,book of the ,dead should be recited before a deific figure cut from this stone4 ,as early as #aejj years before ,christ we have a record that the ,lapis ,lazuli placed on the neck of a sick child reduced fever4 ,many of the ,egyptian priests wore images formed from the stone which was regarded as an emblem of the heavens4 ,epiphanius1 ,bishop of ,constantia in ,cyprus1 at the latter part of the #dth century1 quotes from older sources the tradition that the tables of the ,law of ,moses were written on two blocks of ,lapis ,lazuli1 which is identified as the eleventh stone of the magic ,breastplate4 ,in the ceremonies of the ,temple of ,heaven in ,china1 ornaments of ,,liu-,,li 7,lapis ,lazuli7 were used1 and the ,chinese sacred writings record how at one time the priest-kings bore it as an offering to the ,lord of the ,universe4 ,in accordance with the desire of ,catherine ,,ii of ,russia her favourite room in the ,zarskoe ,selo palace was adorned with lapis lazuli1 symbolic of the country she governed1 and amber1 as a symbol of herself4 ,the ancient ,greeks and ,romans considered a piece of ,lapis ,lazuli--the stone of ,heaven--as the most fitting distinction to bestow for personal bravery4 ,it was regarded as a true stone of friendship and of the affection arising from friendship4 ,ancient physicians regarded this gem as of potent value in eye troubles1 one old prescription advising that a specimen be placed in a bowl of water1 warm but not hot1 for the space of some few minutes1 and then that the eye affected be bathed in the water which must be as pure as can be obtained4 ,the stone was also valued if placed1 just warm1 on swellings or seats of pain4 ,it was also regarded as a cure for ague1 melancholia1 disorders of the blood1 neuralgic affections and spasmodic action4 ,as a talisman it was worn to protect against injuries1 especially to the ankles1 to attract friends1 gain favours and realize hopes4 ,lapis ,lazuli was used by many of the old alchemists in special work of an esoteric nature and is frequently alluded to as the ,stone of ,heaven in which the stars are held4 ,it is under the zodiacal ,aquarius4 ,,limonite4 ,this stone was named ,limonite by ,professor ,hausmann in #ahac from the ,greek word ,,leimon1 a meadow4 ,it is a species of brown haematite 7scarcely as hard as the opal7 which according to ,professor ,dana appears to have been the result in all cases of the decomposition of other iron-bearing rocks or minerals4 ,it is under the celestial ,aries4 ,,lodestone 8,the magnet weds the steel1 the secret rites ,nature attends and th' heavenly pair unites40 7,,claudianus ,,of ,,alexandra47 ,the lodestone1 which is also written though not so correctly1 ,loadstone1 obtains its name from the ,anglo-,saxon ,,lad1 a course1 ,,lithan1 to lead1 and ,,stan4 ,another form is ,lodysshestone1 the stone that shows the way4 ,it is also known as ,magnetite or the ancient ,magnet1 from the ,greek ,,magnes4 ,the lodestone or magnetite is a black iron ore of high magnetic quality1 and this peculiar attracting force is said to have first indicated what we now term magnetism4 ,according to ,pliny a ,greek shepherd--,magnes1 by name--whilst tending his sheep on ,mount ,ida1 found pieces of lodestone clinging to the ferrule of his shepherd's staff4 ,titus ,carus ,lucretius1 in his great philosophical work 8,de ,rerum ,natura0 7about #ee ,b4 ,c471 calls the ,magnetite the ,magnesium ,stone1 which he said obtained its name from ,magnesia1 a town in ,thessaly4 ,another name applied to this stone is ,,siderit1 but its best-known appellation in the ancient world was ,,heraclion1 or stone of ,hercules4 ,it is interesting to recall the legend of the old ,phoenician mariners1 which tells that ,hercules1 admiring their daring and skill1 desired to help them in the science of navigation4 ,for this purpose he obtained from ,helios a cup of ,heraclion which always turned to the ,north4 ,this seems to indicate that the mariners' compass is of older date than the #aath century2 indeed the ,chinese assert that in the year #bfcd ,b4,c4 the ,emperor ,houangti first constructed a magnetic compass4 ,the ,greek traveller and historian ,pausanias in his 8,helbados ,periegesis0 published in the second century1 writes of the rough stone image of ,hercules in the ,temple at ,hyettos1 which the sick came but to touch in order to be healed of their disorders4 ,as a stone of healing the lodestone was highly esteemed as a cure for gout1 rheumatism1 cramp1 disorders which frequently yield to treatment wherein iron is employed4 ,it was used during childbirth and in diseases of the generative organs4 ,finely powdered and mixed with oil or grease it was regarded by ancient writers as a preventive of or cure for baldness4 ,in the ,orphic ,lythica it is stated that holding this stone to the head1 the voices of the gods could be heard1 heavenly knowledge gained and divine things seen4 ,it is here advised that one should sit alone in earnest meditation asking the celestial powers for guidance or help in some particular trouble1 when the reply flowing through the stone would be quickly sensed and understood by the sincere petitioner4 ,a woman's moral character was said to be betrayed by the lodestone which endowed strength1 will and the ability to look into the future4 ,it was also carried as a charm to protect against shipwreck4 ,it is related that after the death of his sister-wife ,arsinoe1 ,ptolemy ,,ii 7,philadelphus7 planned with his architect ,dinochares a temple to be built of lodestone in order that her iron statue would be held for ever in suspension1 seemingly in space1 but death defeated the plan4 ,in referring to the power of lodestones ,professor ,noad 78,electricity07 states3 8,the smallest stones have greater attractive force in proportion to their size than larger ones40 ,francis ,barrett under the heading of 8,antipathies0 writes that a diamond disagrees with a lodestone and being present suffers no iron to be drawn to it4 ,however1 it is as a lovers' token that the lodestone is most extolled2 it is often found set in lovers' rings of the ,middle ,ages4 ,claudianus in his 8,idyl0 published in the latter part of the #dth century gives a record of a temple wherein was a statue of ,venus in lodestone1 and another of ,mars in iron--symbols of the attraction of the wife for the husband and of the husband for the wife4 ,there is an old belief that the magnet was affected by the onion1 and in this connection the following extract from 8,notes and ,queries10 ,december1 #aiag1 is interesting3 8,the notorious ,count de ,benyowsky at the end of ,chapter ,,iii of his #8,memoirs and ,travels' mentions the stratagem which he tried at sea to falsify the compass by the use of iron and garlic4 ,i now find that in the #agth century the belief actually prevailed in ,england that an onion would destroy the power of the magnet4 ,thus ,sir ,john ,pettus of ,suffolk1 ,kt41 after describing his visit as a youth to the lead mines of ,derbyshire in company with ,sir ,thomas ,bendish says that having magnetized the blade of his knife and hearing that contact with an onion would utterly destroy that power1 he preferred to believe rather than risk losing his magnet4 ,the passage occurs in a rambling note on #8,mineralls' in the second part of his #8,fleta ,minor4'0 ,it might be considered in connection with such stories that the onion as well as the lodestone is of the zodiacal ,scorpio4 ,to dream of the lodestone warns of subtle dealings and contentions4 ,it is under the celestial ,scorpion4 ,,chapter ,,xx ,,malachite--,,nephrite ,,malachite3 ,,rosicrucian ,,symbol ,,of ,,eternal ,,spring3 ,,used ,,in ,,antique ,,camei ,,and ,,intagli3 ,,virtues3 ,a ,,sleep ,,stone3 ,,marble1 ,,the ,,stone ,,of ,,statues3 ,,varieties3 ,,emblem ,,of ,,immortality3 ,,the ,,symbol ,,of ,,mercury3 ,,the ,,image ,,of ,,silenus3 ,,meerschaum3 ,,kavol ,,kowates ,,makes ,a ,,meerschaum ,,pipe3 ,,melanite3 ,,moonstone ,,or ,,ceylon ,,opal3 ,,indian ,,beliefs3 ,,stone ,,of ,,prophecy ,,and ,,love3 ,,specimen ,,of ,,pope ,,leo ,x3 ,,moss ,,agate3 ,,an ,,emblem ,,of ,,resurrection3 ,,orpheus',s ,,advice3 ,,mother ,,of ,,emerald3 ,,mother ,,of ,,pearl3 ,,nacre3 ,,emblem ,,of ,,women3 ,,custom ,,of ,,the ,,west ,,australian ,,native3 ,,nephrite3 ,,lapis ,,nephriticus ,,or ,,kidney ,,stone3 ,,sir ,,walter ,,raleigh',s ,,description3 ,,jade ,,and ,,jadeite3 ,,camphor ,,jade3 ,,burmese ,,jade3 ,,nephrite ,,charms3 ,,chinese ,,and ,,jade3 ,,find ,,near ,,peking3 ,,the ,,nine ,,accomplishments ,,and ,,the ,,five ,,cardinal ,,virtues3 ,,jade ,,as ,a ,,preventive ,,of ,,decay3 ,,musical ,,jade ,,stones3 ,,the ,,lunar ,,festivals3 ,,jade ,,of ,,the ,,north1 ,,south1 ,,east ,,and ,,west3 ,,its ,,healing ,,virtues3 ,,buddha',s ,,footmark3 ,,symbol ,,of ,,rulership3 ,,adadu-,,nephros ,,or ,,kidney ,,of ,,adonis3 ,,the #f ,,varieties ,,of ,,the ,,maoris3 ,,the ,,hei ,,tiki3 ,,the ,,tahunga ,,stone ,,and ,,the ,,mere ,,or ,,pattoo ,,pattoo3 ,,damour',s ,,chloromelanite3 ,p,t ,,de ,,riz3 ,,pink ,,jade3 ,,ionan ,,jade3 ,,the ,,hysteria ,,stone ,,at ,,the ,,new ,,york ,,museum ,,of ,,natural ,,history4 ,,malachite 8,melochites is a grene stone lyke to ,smaragdus and hath that name of the colour of ,malawes40 ,,trevisa4 ,the ,malachite derives its name from the ,greek ,,malache1 marsh mallow1 from its resemblance to the soft green leaves of this plant4 ,it is variously written as melochite1 malachquite1 etc4 ,it is a green carbonate of copper which comes to us through the ages as a symbol of children and of the child of the year--eternal ,spring4 ,it has been confused with the ,molochite of ,pliny1 but it is more likely the smaragdus medicus1 as identified by ,mr4 ,king1 and the chrysocolla of ,theophrastus4 ,in ,rosicrucian philosophy it was the symbol of the vernal equinox and the arising of the spiritual man4 ,malachite and azurite 7q4v47 have been found together in single specimens4 ,malachite is much employed for decorative purposes by the ,russians1 who have produced some excellent works of art in this material4 ,it was greatly favoured by the ,egyptians and antique camei and intagli have been frequently found patinated by the hard hand of age4 ,the virtues ascribed to this stone are many4 ,it strengthened the stomach1 head and kidneys1 prevented vertigo and rupture and saved the wearer from evil magic1 seduction1 falls and accidents4 ,the ,egyptians held it to be efficacious in cholera and rheumatism4 ,it was said to bestow strength on children1 to aid them during dentition1 to ward off convulsions1 all harm1 witchcraft and the evil eye4 ,some old writers give directions for swallowing powdered malachite1 especially for cardiac affections--a practice dangerous and undesirable4 ,the action of stones and gems is subtle and the intense vibratory action is so gentle as to be usually quite unfelt by the material senses4 ,powdering a specimen disturbs the cohesive molecules and deprives them of their insidious action4 ,a stone multiplies from without and by the laws of correspondence its action on man is always from external to internal4 ,the ,malachite was also called the ,sleep ,stone from its reputation of charming the wearer to sleep4 ,it was also regarded as a protection from lightning4 ,massive malachite bears a close resemblance to the kidneys in the human body4 ,it is under the zodiacal ,libra4 ,illustration3 8,inspiration0 ,marble ,group in ,central ,hall1 ,art ,institute1 ,chicago4 ,signed--,kathleen ,beverly ,robinson4 ,memorial to ,florence ,jane ,adams4 ,presented by ,friends and ,pupils of ,mrs4 ,adams1 #aiae ,by kind permission of ,the ,art ,institute of ,chicago ,,marble 8,and the cold marble leapt to life1 a god40 ,,milman4 ,marble derives its name from the ,latin ,,marmor1 cognate with the ,greek ,,marmoros1 from ,,marmairo to sparkle4 ,it has been variously written in ,england as marbre1 marbyr1 marbel1 marbal1 marboll1 marbelle1 merbyl1 marbill1 marbyll1 marbull1 marbell1 etc4 ,it is carbonate of lime1 pure when the colour is white and of various shades of colour when combined with oxide of iron and other substances4 ,the marble favoured by the ancients was the ,parian which is finely granular1 waxy when polished1 and lasting4 ,the beautiful ,venus de ,medici and other exquisite ,greek statues were formed of ,parian4 ,another favourite variety was the more finely grained and whiter marble of ,pentelicus from which the ,parthenon was built4 ,the ,pyramid of ,cheops and other famous structures of the kind were built of a variety known as nummilitic limestone1 which is composed of numerous disk-shaped fossils known as nummilites4 ,portor is a deep black ,genoese marble with yellow veinings4 ,the deep black marble of antiquity is known as ,nero-antico2 ,rosso antico is a deep blood-red besprinkled with white minute marks2 ,verde antico is a misty green2 ,giallo antico a deep yellow with yellow or black rings4 ,carrara marble is greatly used by modern sculptors and was well-known to the ancients2 it is a fine-grained pure white marble traversed by grey veins4 ,pure white marble was an emblem of purity and as such has always been regarded as fitting for tombstones and other sepulchral monuments4 ,as an emblem of immortality it is expressed by the triform symbol of the planet ,mercury 7the cross1 the circle and the crescent71 with which is associated the ,christ resurrection in ,christian mysticism4 ,amongst ,rosicrucian students the cross is symbolical of the pain of matter1 for on it matter is fixed2--the circle the ascent of the soul which is above matter and never ending2 the semi-circle which surmounts the whole1 the spirit which is over all everlastingly4 ,evidences of the old custom--still followed in many countries--of placing pieces of white marble in the grave with dead bodies was some few years ago brought to light in ,ireland4 ,dr4 ,holland's translations from ,pliny record 8a strange thing of the quarries of the island ,paros1 namely1 that in one quarter thereof there was a vein of marble found which when it was cloven in twaine with wedges shewed naturally within the true image and perfect portraiture of ,silenus imprinted on it40 ,all marble is under the celestial ,gemini4 ,,marcasite4 ,see ,,pyrite4 ,,meerschaum 8,a meerschaum pipe nearly black with smoking is considered a treasure40 ,j4 ,,nott4 ,,dekker',s ,,gull',s ,,horn ,,book4 ,meerschaum obtains its name from the ,german ,meer1 sea1 and ,schaum1 foam1 which is1 according to ,dr4 ,murray1 a literal translation of the ,persian ,,kef-,i-,,darya 7foam of the sea74 ,it is also called keffekill and kiffekiefe1 which has been credited with meaning the 8earth of the town of ,keffe or ,kaffe10 the ,crimean town whence it is exported4 ,its technical name is ,sepiolite1 and its various forms are given as myrsen1 meershaum1 meerchum1 mereschaum1 merschaum1 meerschaum4 ,it is a hydrous silicate of magnesia1 extremely soft and light1 smooth to the touch and in colour of white1 grey-white1 yellow and sometimes pinkish4 ,kirwan1 the mineralogist1 writing in the latter part of the #ahth century says1 8,kefferkill or ,myrsen is said1 when recently dug1 to be of a yellow colour and as tenacious as cheese or wax40 ,it is well-known that the ,tartars use newly dug meerschaum as we use soap1 on account of its excellent lather4 ,the peasantry at one time really believed it to be the petrified foam of the sea4 ,the ,meerschaum is included amongst the ,galactites or ,milk ,stones4 ,on account of its lightness it was first fashioned into a smoking pipe by a ,hungarian shoemaker1 ,kavol ,kowates1 skilled in wood carving and metal work1 in the old town of ,pesth1 in the museum of which town it now rests4 ,the piece of meerschaum from which ,kowates made his pipe was brought to ,hungary by his patron ,count ,andrassy on his return from a diplomatic mission to ,turkey4 ,the ,meerschaum is under the celestial ,gemini4 ,,melanite4 ,see ,,garnet4 ,,moonstone 8,soon as the evening shades prevail1 ,the ,moon takes up the wondrous tale4 ,and nightly to the listening earth ,repeats the story of her birth40 ,,addison4 ,the ,moonstone is an orthoclase feldspar of the opalescent variety of ,adularia1 of a pearly moon-like lustre--hence the name ,stone of the ,moon4 ,it appears under the forms of moona1 mone1 mon1 mowne1 moone1 moyne1 mione1 mune and muni2 it is known in ,france as ,pierre de la ,lune4 ,its abundance in ,ceylon has earned for it the name of 8,ceylon ,opal40 ,the ,indians call it 8,chandra ,kanta10 and according to them it grows under the rays of the moon and absorbs in the process of formation an atmospheric ether which impregnates it with peculiar occult and magical properties4 ,these properties once infused into the stone never leave it4 ,they are said to have a remarkable effect on the psychic nature of man1 enabling him to prophesy--according to ,leonardus--in the waning of the moon and to love in the waxing4 ,the natives of ,ceylon have a story that every third seventh year moonstones of opalescent blue are1 by the influence of the moon1 hurled on the island shore by the waves4 ,pliny says that in the stone an image of the moon is impressed1 which waxes and wanes in harmony with the luminary4 ,it is related that ,pope ,leo ,x possessed a wonderful specimen which1 obscure and dull when the moon was old1 increased in brilliance as that orb grew from new to full4 ,it is recommended that in order to know the future and to obtain spiritual guidance a moonstone be held in the mouth1 under a waning moon4 ,it is also necessary to be quite alone and to send out a mental prayer to the angel ,gabriel 7angel of the ,moon7 asking help by ,god's grace4 ,the ,moonstone was considered as a charm against cancer1 dropsy and affections of a watery nature4 ,in fever1 if applied to the temples it reduced the temperature and protected the patient4 ,it also cooled heated imaginations and protected against moonstrokes and lunacy4 ,the moonstone is said to protect the wearer from danger on the ocean and to give good fortune whilst travelling4 ,as a symbol it signifies ,hope1 and as a dream symbol it indicates travelling and health--good when the stone is bright and clear1 and bad when it is dark and lustreless4 ,it is under the celestial ,cancer4 ,,moss ,,agate or ,,mocha ,,stone 8,whilst on that agate which dark ,indians praise ,the woods arise1 the sylvan monster strays40 ,,marbodus4 ,the ,mocha stone is said to have obtained its name from the ,arabian city of ,mocha whence it was exported4 ,it has been written in various ways3 mocus1 mocoe1 mocoa1 mochoe1 mochoa1 mocha1 mocho4 ,it is called ,piedra de ,moca in ,spain1 ,pierre de ,mocka in ,france1 and ,mokkastein in ,germany4 ,the ,mocha stone is called ,dendritic because of the plant and moss-like infiltrations exhibited4 ,these are like frost crystals often formed by the magic hand of ,nature1 and often also by plants held in hollows wherein the siliceous mineral was composed4 ,the ,mocha ,stone besides being called ,moss ,agate is also called ,tree ,agate in common with silicified trees in which the original structural details are accurately preserved4 ,remarkable pictures formed by ,nature in the ,agate have already been noticed4 ,pliny hints at the employment of artifice in the production of many of these stones1 and the secret was long a cherished knowledge of the ,italian workers in gems4 ,early in the #aith century1 however1 some ,german scientists obtained possession of the secret and within the past few years artificial productions from ,oberstein have reached the gem markets4 ,the ,mocha stone was accounted a most fortunate stone4 ,it is associated with the influences of the planet ,venus and was always noted as a sign of fertility4 ,for this reason farmers tied specimens to their fruit trees1 to the harness of their horses and to the horns of their cattle4 ,in the early #aith century it was highly esteemed in ,europe1 and in ,england especially it was used for luck rings1 oftentimes surrounded with rubies 7stones of the sun74 ,it was also used for mourning jewellery as an emblem of the resurrection and of the eternal life which alone is permanently manifest throughout ,nature4 ,orpheus advises that to secure the smiles of the gods a piece of the stone should be worn1 also that the ploughman carrying it would receive heavenly bounty4 ,it was greatly esteemed by physicians and apothecaries as a base on which to prepare their medicines4 ,as a symbol it stood for good health and long life and to dream of it1 increase of possessions4 ,it is under the celestial ,taurus4 ,,mother ,,of ,,emerald4 ,see ,,plasma4 ,,mother ,,of ,,pearl4 ,see ,,nacre4 ,illustration3 ,antique ,moss ,agate ,patch ,box ,mrs4 ,w4 ,r4 ,furlong's ,collection ,illustration3 ,moss ,agate ,basket ,william ,howat ,collection ,,nacre 8',tis a valley paved with golden sands1 ,with pearls and nacre shells40 ,,sylvester 7#afje7 ,trans4 ,du ,bartas4 ,nacre or ,mother of ,pearl is the inner layer of various molluscs and is more particularly applied to the ,meleagrina ,margaritifera or large oyster shell in which the precious pearl is formed4 ,the ,french call it ,mre ,perle1 and it is found written as ,moder ,perl1 ,mother ,perle1 ,mother ,pearle4 ,nacre is said to have derived its name from the ,persian word ,,nigar1 painting1 because of the iridescent colours displayed1 but ,dr4 ,murray1 although remarking on its probable ,oriental origin1 regards its derivation as uncertain4 ,various forms are noted1 as3 nackre1 nacker1 nakre1 naker1 and there is no doubt of its antique application4 ,hoole in #afeh wrote that 8the oyster affordeth sweet meat--the nacre pearls40 ,mythologically the ,mother of ,pearl shell is symbolical of ,latona or ,leto 8goddess of the dark night10 mother of the ,sun god ,apollo and the ,moon goddess ,artemis or ,diana4 ,she1 as ancient story tells1 whilst fleeing from the fury of ,hera1 ,queen of ,heaven1 reached an island rock1 driven about by the restless waves1 which when solidly fixed by ,neptune became the famous island of the gean ,sea--,delos4 ,here were born the radiant twins ,apollo and ,artemis in a flood of golden light whilst the sacred swans encircled the island seven times4 ,the golden light1 so powerful at this event1 is the light which at conjunction 7new moon7 blends with the silvery light of the night orb4 ,the ,pearl ,shell like its child1 the pearl1 is always associated with female life which in astro-philosophy is moon-ruled4 ,the natives of ,western ,australia1 hidden in the bushes1 charmed women by the aid of the reflected light from the shell of the mother of pearl4 ,these big shells are thick1 flat and roundish1 in size often as much as a foot in diameter4 ,the two varieties are known as black-lipped and silver-lipped1 and within them rests the protected pearl4 ,the pearl shell is greatly in demand for the manufacture of many and varied articles of commerce4 ,it is under the celestial ,cancer--the mansion of the moon and the sign of the deep ocean4 ,,nephrite 8,many of the ,indians wore pieces of ,greenstone round their necks which were transparent and resembled an emerald4 ,these being examined1 appeared to be a species of nephrite stone40 ,,cook',s ,,voyages1 #agij4 ,in ancient times the minerals comprising or included in this important group were commonly known by the name ,lapis ,nephriticus or ,kidney ,stone1 and from this name in the #ahth century ,dr4 ,a4 ,g4 ,werner suggested the term ,nephrite4 ,to the ,nephrite varieties the general term ,jade is universally applied4 ,the name occurs in old writings as jad and jadde1 and is derived from the ,spanish ,hijada1 kidney4 ,sir ,walter ,raleigh in #aeie wrote of this 8kinde of stones which the ,spaniards call ,piedras ,hijadas and we use for spleene stones40 ,chemically the species included under the name 8jade0 are not the same1 the nephrite jade being a silicate of lime and magnesia and the jadeite a silicate of sodium and alumina1 but the modern scientist in common with the ancient scientist binds them together under the one denomination--kidney stone4 ,in the #aith century ,professor ,a4 ,damour demonstrated the chemical difference between jade and jadeite4 ,the well-known ,camphor ,jade of ,china is a white jadeite1 some specimens containing certain percentages of ,chromium exhibiting those apple-green patches so highly praised by gem collectors4 ,burmese ,jade1 known as ,chauk-,sen1 7which since the #acth century has been principally exported to ,china7 is chiefly jadeite1 and the ,imperial ,jade of charming pale or apple-green colour1 known as ,feitsui and set down by some writers as chrysoprase1 is more properly ,prehnite4 ,the nephrite charms--,piedras ,hijadas--known in ,mexico as ,chalchihuith when the ,spanish invaded that country were probably jadeites4 ,the ,chinese have held the jade family in the highest esteem and reverence for many centuries1 and it poetically expresses to them all the virtues of many precious stones blended together4 ,it is said that most of the nephrite used by them came from the ,kuen-lun mountains in ,turkestan1 but the discovery of the mineral at no great distance from ,peking in #ahia helped to make that city a great working centre4 ,the ,chinese word for jade is ,,yu1 expressed in their hieroglyph as a cross over a kind of semi-circle4 ,jade stone they know as ,,yu-,,chi1 and precious objects of jade as ,,ouan ,,yu4 ,the words ,,khitchinjou-,,yu indicates a gem rare as jade1 and the ,imperial ,academy was known as ,jade ,hall4 ,the ,turkestan name for jade closely resembles the ,chinese ,,yu in its form ,,yashm1 ,,yushm or ,,yeshm4 ,ages before the ,christian era the jade was said to indicate the nine accomplishments1 ,charity1 ,goodness1 ,virtue1 ,knowledge1 ,skill1 ,morality1 ,divination1 ,rectitude1 ,harmony4 ,,yu may also be rendered 8courage10 and in its connection with the jade stone or ,,yu-,,chi it included the five cardinal virtues--,,yu1 bravery1 ,,jiu charity1 ,,ji modesty1 ,,ketsu equity1 ,,chi discrimination4 ,in her 8,wanderings in ,china0 ,mrs4 ,c4 ,f4 ,gordon ,cummings says3 8,the ,chinese name for jade is ,,yu-,,shek--7it may also be written ,,yu-,,chi7 and that by which we call it is said to be a corruption of a ,spanish word referring to a superstition of the ,mexican ,indians who deemed that to wear a bracelet of this stone was the surest protection against all diseases of the loins3 hence the ,spanish named the mineral ,piedra di ,hijada 7stone of the loins7 by which name it became known in ,europe40 ,jade is the concentrated element of love which protected the infant and the adult and preserved the bodies of the dead from decay4 ,dr4 ,kunz quotes the ,chinese mystical writer ,ko ,kei who asserted that the body of a man who had consumed #e pounds weight of jade powdered did not change colour when he died1 and that when several years later it was exhumed no evidences of change or decay were visible4 ,when vibrated this stone produces musical notes1 and it was regarded as expressive of music and harmony1 poets singing its praises4 ,it was the emblem of love1 beauty1 protection and charm1 and it graced the holy altars4 ,for the altar of earth the symbolic jade stone was of yellowish hue1 whilst during lunar festivals white jade was employed4 ,black--mentioned1 but doubtful indeed--was the ,north ,jade1 and red the ,south4 ,white was the ,west and green the ,east4 ,it was said that in sickness the heat of the body drew out virtues from the jade1 healing virtues soothing and life protecting4 ,in 8,buddhist ,records of the ,western ,world0 ,mr4 ,samuel ,beal writes that 8in the kingdom of ,kuichi or ,kuche in the ,eastern ,convent known as the ,buddha ,pavilion1 there is a large yellowish-white jade stone shaped like a sea shell which bears on its surface what is said to be ,buddha's footmark4 ,this footmark is one foot #h inches long and #h inches in breadth4 ,it is said that the relic emits a bright sparkling light at the conclusion of each fast day40 ,professor ,e4 ,h4 ,parkes1 ,m4,a4 in 8,ancient ,china ,simplified0 mentions a custom of burying a jade symbol of rulership in the ancestral temple to protect the fortunes of the family1 and jade symbols adorned private family insignia4 ,strangely enough the world's people have always reverenced the nephrite as the kidney stone--the use of it goes further back than the knowledge of man4 ,it was used in old ,egypt as in old ,china1 and ,pliny mentions the ,adadu-nephros or kidney of ,adonis4 ,this is an early identification of jade with the ,venusian ,adonis and the parts of the body over which ,venus astrologically presides4 ,the ,indians call it the ,divine ,stone which is credited with being a cure for gravel and epilepsy and as a charm against the bites of animals and poisonous reptiles4 ,it was also said to remove thirst and hunger1 to cure heartburn and asthma and to affect favourably the voice1 organs of the throat1 the liver and the blood4 ,its greasy surface led to its employment as a hair improver1 but its chief excellence was in nephritic disorders and specimens worn over the region of the kidneys or on the arm are said to have acted in a wonderful and unexpected manner in the banishing of these troubles4 ,it is claimed also as a power for the removal of gravel4 ,the ,maoris of ,new ,zealand according to the best authorities noted six varieties of jade4 ,punamu is their name for the whole species termed by authors of the last decade 8green talc of the ,maoris40 ,the well-known greenstone variety is termed ,kawakawa by the ,maoris1 the paler and more precious ,kahurangi1 the greyish ,inanga4 ,the ,tangiwai stone is a pellucid serpentine or variety of ,bowenite4 ,the ,nephrite is a sacred stone to these sturdy ,new ,zealanders who use it in the construction of their offensive and defensive weapons and sacred objects4 ,these greenstone weapons are amongst the finest of known stone tools4 ,the sacred and curiously formed charm1 the ,hei ,tiki1 is an esoteric symbol which is worn as a precious emblem and never parted with except for very weighty reasons4 ,for example1 a ,hei ,tiki recently handled by the author was given by an old chief on his deathbed to an ,english officer who had saved his life in the ,maori war4 ,the ,tahunga stone--the stone of the magicians by the aid of which the flashes of light were directed by the ,medicine ,man to bewildered eyes1 was usually formed from a ,kahurangi type of greenstone1 and the ,mere or ,pattoo ,pattoo1 a club of dark ,punamu1 was said to send its victims to the world of ,spirits4 ,illustration3 ,old ,maori ,charm of ,greenstone ,known as 8,hei ,tiki0 ,a variety of jade of dark green colour1 discovered in the ,swiss ,lake dwellings and the dolmens of ,france usually in the form of ,celts was termed ,chloromelanite by ,professor ,damour4 ,this ,nephrite has also been discovered in ,new ,guinea where it was fashioned by the natives into clubs and other implements4 ,other ,nephrites have been termed ,fibrolite or ,sillimanite4 ,the ,pt de ,riz is merely a fine white glass1 and ,pink ,jade is usually a piece of quartz4 ,some beautiful specimens of translucent green jade are collected by children on the ,island of ,iona and many specimens have been unearthed in various parts of ,europe4 ,professor ,max ,muller discovered in old ,egypt a remarkable green stone used as a charm against hysteria2 this interesting specimen is now in the ,museum of ,natural ,history1 ,new ,york4 ,the ,nephrite family is under the celestial ,libra4 ,,chapter ,,xxi ,,obsidian--,,onyx ,,obsidian1 ,a ,,natural ,,volcanic ,,glass3 ,,ancient ,,egyptian ,,customs3 ,,mexican ,,itztli3 ,,statues ,,in ,,obsidian3 ,,used ,,by ,,greeks ,,and ,,romans3 8,,obsidians03 ,,obsidian 8,,bombs03 ,,bottle ,,stone3 ,,mr4 ,r4 ,h4 ,,walcott ,,and ,,his ,,term ,,obsidianites3 ,,australites3 ,,billitonites3 ,,mr4 ,f4 ,,chapman',s ,,theory3 ,,superstitions ,,of ,,the ,,natives3 ,,olivine3 ,,derivation3 ,,legend ,,of ,,the ,,sleeping ,,venus3 ,,the ,,gates3 ,,the ,,onyx ,,stones ,,of ,,the ,,high ,,priest3 ,,life ,,and ,,earth ,,death3 ,,antique ,,belief ,,noted ,,by ,,mr4 ,,phillips ,,and ,,its ,,meaning3 ,,rabbi ,,benoni ,,and ,,the ,,master ,,ragiel3 ,,eye ,,stones3 ,a ,,charm ,,of ,,beauty3 ,,castor ,,at ,,the ,,tomb ,,of ,,aphareus3 ,,nicolo ,,the ,,gyptilla ,,of ,,the ,,ancients3 ,,gibraltar ,,stone3 ,,the ,,mantuan ,,vase3 ,,el ,,jaza ,,or ,,stone ,,of ,,sadness3 #e ,,types ,,of ,,onyx3 ,,an ,,onyx ,,staircase3 ,,symbolical ,,meaning ,,of ,,the ,,strata3 ,,as ,,rosicrucian ,,stones3 ,,the ,,sainte ,,chapelle ,,or ,,grand ,,camahieu ,,known ,,as ,,the 8,,apotheosis ,,of ,,augustus03 ,,peiresc ,,corrects ,a ,,false ,,belief3 ,,the ,,carpegna ,,cameo3 ,,the ,,coronation ,,cameo ,,of ,,augustus3 ,,true ,,meaning ,,and ,,derivation ,,of ,,the ,,word ,,cameo4 ,,obsidian 8,there may be ranged among the kinds of glasses those which they call obsidiana for that they carry some resemblance of that stone which one ,obsidius found in thyopia40 ,,holland',s ,,pliny4 ,this natural volcanic glass obtains its name1 according to ,pliny1 from ,obsidius or1 as he is sometimes called1 ,obsius1 who discovered it in ,ethiopia4 ,it is very hard1 brittle and remarkably vitreous1 and is variously coloured black1 pink1 green1 grey1 striped and spotted4 ,it was early discovered to be a useful material from which to fashion knives1 mirrors and other objects of ornament and use4 ,an ancient ,egyptian custom of cutting the dead bodies of their kings and priests with knives of obsidian was followed by the ,guanchos of the ,canary ,islands4 ,the ancient ,mexicans used ,,itztli as they called it very generally in the manufacture of various implements4 ,they quarried it from the ,cerro de les ,navajas or ,hill of the ,knives not far from ,timapau4 ,pliny1 noting that genuine gem stones could not be cut or scratched with obsidian1 recommended the use of splinters of the substance for testing purposes4 ,the same author1 attesting the report that statues were made of obsidian1 says3 8,i myself have seen solid statues in the material of the late ,emperor ,augustus of very considerable thickness40 ,the ,greeks and ,romans found it an easy material for fashioning into camei and intagli which later were copied in glass4 ,in the #ahth century connoisseurs applied the term 8obsidians0 to all antique pastes4 ,the so-called 8,obsidian ,bomb0 has been much discussed and written about4 ,professor ,f4 ,w4 ,rudley says3 8,it was believed for a long time to be a variety of obsidian but its different fusibility and its chemical composition are rather against its volcanic origin40 ,it is known as ,moldavite1 so-called by ,mr4 ,a4 ,dufrenoy from ,moldanthein in ,bohemia1 where quantities have been found4 ,on account of its olive-like or bottle-green colour it is also called ,bottle ,stone or ,bouteillenstein4 ,dr4 ,f4 ,g4 ,suess suggested ,tectite from the ,greek ,,tektos1 melted4 ,mr4 ,r4 ,h4 ,walcott called them obsidianites4 ,they have also been termed ,australites1 ,billitonites 7from ,billiton ,island7 etc4 ,they were highly regarded by the ,australian aboriginal as charm stones in sickness and trouble4 ,mr4 ,w4 ,f4 ,chapman1 ,a4 ,l4 ,s41 of the ,melbourne ,museum agrees with ,professor ,rutley as to the non-volcanic origin of the ,obsidianite1 and indicates the action of lightning in their formation4 ,in this he would have the support of the ancient student who connects the obsidian with the heavenly ,aquarius1 the 8sign of air40 ,,olivine4 ,so-called by ,werner in #agij4 7,see ,,chrysolite47 ,,onyx 8,called by the onyx round the sleeper stand ,black dreams2 and phantoms rise1 a grisly band40 ,,marbodus4 ,the onyx derives its name from the ,greek ,,onyx1 ,,onychos a finger-nail1 and is as previously stated a variety of chalcedony4 ,it has been variously written as onyx stone1 onyx1 onix1 oniche1 onice1 onyse4 ,the name of the stone is said to have sprung from the legend which tells that ,cupid1 finding ,venus asleep on the river bank1 cut her nails with the sharp point of his arrow4 ,in this story is enwrapped the mystery of earth birth which through love enters the gate of ,cancer and with the aid of the moistures1 materializes4 ,the same parallel is expressed in the ,book of ,genesis where it is written that previous to the birth of the world the 8,spirit of ,god moved upon the face of the waters40 ,this occult philosophy is stressed by the ,platonist ,macrobius who writes that the soul1 descending to the sphere of its spiritual death1 the ,earth1 passes through ,cancer1 the ,gate of ,man1 and enters under the planetary conditions that influence earth matters1 receiving on the way the souls of the planets to whose influence it is exposed whilst manifesting in an earth body4 ,as the soul descends it gathers sensation and earthy feelings from the celestial ,leo1 and long before its absolutely material birth obtains its first breath of matter4 ,herein is the mystery of the 8two onyx stones enclosed in mountings of gold graven with the names of the twelve tribes of ,israel which he put on the shoulders of the ephod that they should be stones for a memorial to the children of ,israel1 as the ,lord commanded ,moses40 ,as previously noted1 on one onyx the names of six tribes were engraved1 on the other the names of the remaining six1 and each tribe was symbolized by a sign of the zodiac4 ,the two onyx stones are the material emblems of the two ,gates--the ,gate of ,cancer and the ,gate of ,capricorn--through which the self or soul enters and leaves the earth sphere1 gathering first and throwing off afterwards1 the earth elements from ethereal to gross1 from gross to ethereal1 as described by ,macrobius4 ,many of the writers of the ,middle ,ages place the onyx under the signs ,cancer and ,capricorn and there is no reason to oppose them4 ,the onyx of ,cancer is white and light-coloured whilst that of ,capricorn is black1 the birth of the child is white and bright1 and with black and sombre colours those on earth mourn for the earth loss of the departed4 ,so the 8coming in0 and the 8going out0 symbolized by the two stones of onyx set in gold1 the metal of the ,sun1 in true talismanic style was the memorial to the children of ,israel1 as it is to the world's children forever4 ,phillips1 an author of the middle #agth century1 notes an old belief that the onyx is the congealed juice of a tree called ,onycha1 which is commanded to be used in a sacred way in the #cdth verse of the #cjth chapter of ,exodus1 and which ,emanuel ,swedenborg corresponds to 8interior natural truth40 ,the statement1 then1 that the onyx is the congealed juice of the onycha is but a cryptic way of expressing the congealing of the waters of generation--a method followed by the occult masters through the ages4 ,old ,rabbi ,benoni sees in the onyx a bound spirit which1 wakeful by night only1 disturbs the wearer in sleep1 and the master ,ragiel in his 8,book of ,wings0 recommends that a camel's head or the heads of two goats among myrtles be cut on an onyx to control and constrain demons and to make the wearer see the terrors of the night during sleeping hours4 ,this refers to the dark or ,saturnine onyx which is also recommended to be enclosed in a setting of lead 7metal of ,saturn7 and engraved with the figure of a king crowned or a witch seated on a dragon especially in the practice of dark or doubtful occult things4 ,certain varieties of onyx presenting the appearance of an eye were largely employed as eye stones and it was recommended that such specimens be lightly rubbed over the closed eyelids after work wherein the eyes have been employed4 ,leonardus of the #afth century says that this onyx enters the eye of its own accord and if it find anything within that is noxious it drives it out and tempers the hurtful and contrary humours4 ,as a higher ,saturnine stone the onyx aids spiritual inspirations and helps the wearer to restrain excessive passion4 ,in the writer's book on 8,zodiacal ,symbology and its ,planetary ,power0 the first degree of the sign ,cancer is symbolized as 8a curious ring set with a large heart of white onyx40 ,the #ast1 #bnd1 #ajth1 #aath1 #abth1 #bhth1 #bith degrees of ,cancer are much influenced by the planet ,venus and to these degrees especially applied the white onyx engraved with a figure of ,venus1 a charm recommended by old masters as a talisman of beauty and strength4 ,it was considered ideal for a baby girl born under those degrees of ,cancer according to astro-philosophy4 ,mr4 ,king mentions a beautifully executed onyx intaglio showing ,castor naked1 in his hand a large broadsword1 weeping over the tomb of ,aphareus4 ,the onyx in this case would be of a more sombre hue and would be classed amongst the ,saturnine or mourning varieties4 ,the famous ,nicolo--known as gyptilla by the ancient ,romans--was obtained by cutting a blue section surrounded by black out of the stone which then presented a fine turquoise blue with a deep black base4 ,on this stone some of the finest ancient work is found4 ,it is supposed to have obtained its name from the ,greek word ,,nikolaus3 8,its strange derivation10 wrote ,mr4 ,king1 from the ,greek was to suit the virtue ascribed to it1 as if it meant ,victor of ,nations4 ,its modern derivation is from ,,onicolo1 an ,italian word signifying a little onyx4 ,a variety of onyx marble with bands of brown found in the cavern limestone of ,gibraltar is known as ,gibraltar ,stone4 ,professor ,dana mentions the famous ,mantuan vase at ,brunswick which1 cut from a single stone #g inches high by #b broad1 takes the form of a cream pot4 ,the colour is brown on which are raised figures of white and yellow1 illustrating ,ceres and ,triptolemus searching for the lost ,proserpine4 ,the ,saturn side of the onyx is taken by the ,arabs who call it ,el ,jaza or ,sadness1 but the colour was always considered and the varieties were thus identified3-- #a4 ,those resembling the human finger nail1 under ,cancer4 #b4 ,white striped with red1 under ,cancer4 #c4 ,white striped with black1 under ,capricorn4 #d4 ,black1 unstriped1 under ,capricorn 7probably the true ,el ,jaza74 #e4 ,black with white stripes1 under ,capricorn4 ,one of the most remarkable pieces of modern work in onyx is said to be the staircase of a ,new ,york millionaire4 ,the cost of this is set down as #cjj1jjj dollars4 ,the sardonyx or ,sardian onyx as it is sometimes called was written at various periods as sardonyse1 sardony1 sardonix1 sardonice1 sardonyches1 sarderyk1 sardonique1 sardonick4 ,swedenborg corresponds it to ,love of ,good and ,light4 ,it exhibits sard and white chalcedony in layers1 but some ancient authors account as fine only those specimens which exhibit three layers at least1 a black base1 a white zone and a layer of red or brown--the black symbolizing humility1 the white virtue1 and the red fearlessness4 ,the sardonyx is under the heavenly ,leo1 the sign of sensation1 feeling1 8the first aspect of its 7the soul's7 future condition here below40 ,in the ,rosicrucian jewels the sardonyx appears as the gem of victorious ecstasy and rapture which flow from the eternal font of delight1 banishing grief and woe4 ,it was said to give self-control1 conjugal happiness and good fortune1 and it is said that if the woman whose talismanic stone it is neglects to wear it she will never marry4 ,it was frequently engraved with an eagle or a hawk as a talisman of fortune and it is under the celestial ,leo4 ,the 8,sainte ,chapelle10 the second largest cameo known1 is stated by ,sir ,william ,smith and others to measure #ab #aj inches4 ,mr4 ,c4 ,w4 ,king gives the measurements as about #ac #aa inches and states that it is a sardonyx of five layers4 ,the central carving of this 8,grand ,camahieu10 as it was called1 represents the return of ,germanicus from ,germany in the year #ag ,a4,d41 ,tiberius and ,livia enthroned receiving him4 ,in exergue1 the grief-stricken captives are shown4 ,above is the apotheosis of ,augustus by which the whole work is now known4 ,this remarkable cameo was for a long time believed to typify 8the triumph of ,joseph in ,egypt10 and was regarded as a sacred relic4 ,the learned ,nicholas ,claude ,fabri de ,peiresc1 the great antiquary of ,france1 proved in #afai the falsity of this inconceivable belief1 and was the first to classify correctly the subject of this massive gem4 ,by pawning this sardonyx to ,louis ,x of ,france for #aj1jjj silver marks the unfortunate ,baldwin ,,ii1 ,emperor of ,constantinople1 was able to save his throne a little longer4 ,this cameo is in the ,bibliotheque ,nationale1 ,paris4 ,another five strata sardonyx cameo--the largest known--is the ,carpegna cameo1 formerly in the possession of ,cardinal ,carpegna and now in the ,vatican4 ,this large specimen is #af inches long by #ab inches4 8,the subject10 writes ,mr4 ,king1 8is the ,pompa di ,bacco1 or ,bacchus and ,ceres10 ,virgil's 8duo clarissima mundi lumina10 as symbolizing the ,sun and ,moon1 standing upon a magnificent car3 the god holding a vase and a thyrsus1 the goddess her bunch of wheat ears4 ,on his right stands winged ,comus4 ,the car is drawn by #d centaurs1 two male and two female3 the first bears a rhyton and a thyrsus1 the second a torch whilst he snaps the fingers of his right hand3 one female centaur plays the double flute1 the other a tambourine4 ,on the ground lie the mystic basket and two huge vases4 ,the large cameo1 #i #h inches1 known as the 8,coronation of ,augustus0 shows that ,emperor enthroned1 holding a sceptre in his right hand with ,livia by his side as ,roma1 etc4 ,between ,augustus and ,livia is the zodiacal sign ,capricorn1 under the third degree of which ,augustus was born according to ,firmicus4 ,beneath the various figures 7,neptune1 ,cybele1 ,drusus1 ,tiberius1 ,victory1 ,antonia1 wife of ,drusus as ,abundantia1 and her children ,germanicus and ,claudius71 are ,roman soldiers erecting trophies1 their unhappy captives in the foreground4 ,illustration3 ,venus1 ,cupid and the ,graces ,a ,sardonyx ,cameo by ,cerbara ,newton ,robinson ,collection ,sold at ,christie's1 ,london1 in #aiji ,illustration3 ,large and ,rare ,cameo4 ,the ,argonauts ,consulting ,hygiea ,kelsey ,i4 ,newman ,collection ,the word 8cameo0 is said to be of unknown derivation4 ,dr4 ,brewer says it means 8onyx0 and there seems evidence enough to indicate that on account of the great use of onyx and sardonyx for cutting symbolic figures in relief1 the term onyx was usually accepted as indicating the completed work4 ,the derivation from the ,arabic ,,chemeia1 a charm1 is noted by ,mr4 ,king who draws attention to the light in which such relics were universally considered in those ages by ,orientals and ,europeans alike4 ,the ,arabic word has affinity with the ,talmudical ,hebrew word ,,khemeia1 an amulet1 and there seems little reason to doubt that ,chemeia or ,khemeia is the parent of our word 8cameo10 known in the ancient world as an onyx1 meaning a charm1 an amulet or a talisman4 ,,chapter ,,xxii ,,the ,,opal ,,the ,,opal ,,in ,,astro-,,philosophy3 ,,petrus ,,arlensis ,,describes ,,the ,,opal3 ,,pliny',s ,,poetical ,,opinion3 ,,the ,,paederos ,,child ,,beautiful ,,as ,,love3 ,,the ,,orphan3 ,,roman ,,senator ,,and ,,his ,,opal3 ,,ophthalmios ,,the ,,eye ,,stone3 ,,opinion ,,of ,,mediaeval ,,writers3 ,,the ,,bay ,,tree3 ,,albertus ,,magnus ,,and ,,the ,,opals ,,that ,,sparkled ,,in ,,darkness3 ,,the ,,zodiacal ,,sign ,,of ,,royalty ,,and ,,the ,,opal3 ,,keraunios ,,or ,,the ,,thunder ,,stone3 ,,the ,,beauty ,,stone3 ,,the ,,stone ,,of ,,hope1 ,,achievement ,,and ,,love3 ,,the ,,large ,,hungarian ,,opal3 ,,australian ,,opal ,,fields3 ,,sir ,,david ,,brewster',s ,,theory ,,of ,,colours ,,in ,,opals3 ,,dr4 ,g4 ,f4 ,h4 ,,smith',s ,,explanation3 ,,sensitiveness ,,of ,,the ,,opal3 ,,superstition ,,against ,,opal3 ,,the ,,plague ,,at ,,venice3 ,,the 8,,burning ,,of ,,troy03 ,,the ,,crimean ,,war3 ,,scott',s ,,anne ,,of ,,geierstein3 ,,combinations ,,of ,,diamonds ,,and ,,opals3 ,,destruction ,,of ,,the ,,vanities ,,at ,,florence3 ,,story ,,of ,,the ,,opal ,,of ,,alfonzo ,,xii ,,of ,,spain3 ,a ,,cholera ,,stone ,,fatal ,,to ,,the ,,king ,,and ,,to ,,all ,,who ,,received ,,it ,,from ,,him ,,according ,,to ,,astrological ,,science3 ,,the ,,baron',s ,,opal ,,of ,,fortune4 ,,opal 8,everyone knows how capriciously the colours of a fine opal vary from day to day and how rare the lights are which fully bring them out40 ,,ruskin4 ,the word 8opal0 is derived from the ,latin ,,opalus1 and is identified with the ,sanscrit ,,upala1 a precious stone4 ,it appears under the forms opale1 opall1 opalle1 opalis1 ophal4 ,this beautiful inimitable gem is a hydrous silica1 and is allied to the non-metallic minerals of the agate family from which1 however1 it differs in brilliancy1 lustre and degree of hardness4 ,it is sensitive to the action of strong chemicals and does not present1 like other minerals1 crystalline form4 ,as a gem of the ,sun it exhibits flows of fire like the sun at midsummer--as a gem of ,venus its delicate beauty radiates her colourful charms1 and as a gem of ,uranus its refusal to submit to the all-embracing law of mineral structure harmonizes with the iconoclastic character of that planet according to astro-philosophy4 ,ancient and modern poets unite in singing the praises of the opal4 ,onomacritus1 known as the religious poet of the ancient ,greeks1 over #b1djj years ago wrote that 8the delicate colour and tenderness of the opal reminded him of a loving and beautiful child40 ,joshua ,sylvester 7#afth century7 writes of 8the opal-coloured morn10 and the poet ,campbell of a time when 8the opal morn just flushed the sky10 thus echoing ,william ,drummond of ,hawthornden's3 8,aurora 444 with her opal light ,night's horrours checketh1 putting stars to flight40 ,emerson writes of the 8opal-coloured days10 and ,poe with true poetic fancy sees even the air opal tinted3 8,a wreath that twined each starry form around ,and all the opal'd air in colour bound40 ,shakespeare in 8,twelfth ,night0 links the mind of the ,duke with the opal 7written 8opall0 in early editions74 ,boetius1 ,cardanus and a host of writers pay their tributes to the 8orphan0 of the ,greeks1 and ,petrus ,arlensis writes3 8,the various colours in the opal tend greatly to the delectation of the sight2 nay1 more1 they have the greatest efficacy in cheering the heart1 and the inward parts especially rejoice the eyes of the beholders4 ,one in particular came into my hands in which such beauty1 loveliness and grace shone forth that it could truly boast that it forcibly drew all other gems to itself1 while it surprised1 astonished and held captive without escape or intermission the hearts of all who beheld it4 ,it was of the size of a filbert and clasped in the claws of a golden eagle wrought with wonderful art2 and had such vivid and various colours that all the beauties of the heavens might be viewed within it4 ,grace went out from it1 majesty shot forth from its almost divine splendour4 ,it sent forth such bright and piercing rays that it struck terror into all beholders4 ,in a word it bestowed upon the wearer the qualities granted by ,nature to itself1 for by an invisible dart it penetrated the souls and dazzled the eyes of all who saw it3 appalled all hearts1 however bold and courageous3 in fine1 it filled with trembling the bodies of the bystanders and forced them by a fatal impulse to love1 honour and worship it4 ,i have seen1 ,i have felt1 ,i call ,god to witness3 of a truth such a stone is to be valued at an inestimable amount40 ,illustration3 ,opals of ,wonderful ,colour ,kelsey ,i4 ,newman ,collection ,turning back again1 we read ,pliny's poetical opinion that 8the opal is made up of the glories of the most precious gems which make description so difficult4 ,for amongst them is the gentler fire of the ruby1 the rich purple of the amethyst1 the sea-green of the emerald1 glittering together in union indescribable4 ,others by the intensity of their hues equal all the painter's colours1 others the flame of burning brimstone or of fire quickened by oil40 ,in admiration the ,romans called the gem ,cupid-,paederos1 child beautiful as love1 and it was also known as ,orphanus1 the orphan1 because of its isolated glory4 ,leonardus wrote that it partook of all the virtues of those stones whose colours it showed1 and ,porta said that it not only drove away despondency but malignant affections also4 ,so highly valued was the stone in the ancient world that the ,roman ,senator ,nonius1 who wore an opal ring worth #bj1jjj sesterces1 preferred to be exiled by ,marcus ,antonius1 who wished to purchase it to present to the ,egyptian ,queen ,kleopatra1 to giving it up4 ,this famous ring was some few years back discovered in the tomb of the firm-willed senator of old ,rome4 ,opal was called ,,opthalmios or ,eye ,stone in the ,middle ,ages1 and in the time of ,queen ,elizabeth it was written ophal and opall4 ,our 8,rare0 ,ben ,jonson writes of an opal 8wrapped in a bay leaf in my left fist to charm their eyes with40 ,the opal--ophthalmis lapis--was famous as an eyestone1 taking precedence over the emerald and all gems credited with such virtue4 ,it was advised by mediaeval writers that it be wrapped in a bay leaf to sharpen the sight of the owner and to blunt that of others with whom he came in contact3 hence also its reputed virtue of bestowing the gift of invisibility which earned it the name 8,patronus furum10 the patron of thieves4 ,the ,bay tree is identified in astro-philosophy as a tree of the ,sun and the zodiacal ,leo 7,house of the ,sun71 and is an ancient recognized charm against evil forces1 thunder1 lightning and the afflictions of ,saturn which is the heavenly symbol of darkness1 as the ,sun is the heavenly symbol of light4 ,albertus ,magnus1 regarding the opal as a symbol of the loveliness of light1 says that 8at one time1 but not in our age1 it sparkled in the dark40 ,the zodiacal ,leo or ,lion is the ancient recognized sign of royalty and old writers say that kingly government was established on the earth in the ,leonine age4 ,alluding to the great translucent opal in the ,crown of the ,holy ,roman ,empire1 ,albertus said that it safeguarded the honour of the kings4 ,the stone was always considered to protect the wearer from cholera1 kidney troubles1 and similar diseases1 to soothe the heart1 the eyes and the nerves1 and to protect from the lightning stroke4 ,the belief in its power to ward off lightning was universal in the ancient world when amongst the people it was believed to have fallen from the heavens during thunder storms--hence its old name1 ,,keraunios1 ,thunder ,stone1 amongst the ,greeks1 and ,,ceraunium amongst the ,romans4 ,the opal was essentially the stone of beauty1 which coveted gift it bestowed upon the wearer who1 however1 must have entered earth life with the ,sun in ,leo 7approximately between ,july #bdth and ,august #bdth71 ,libra 7,september #bdth to ,october #bdth7 or ,aquarius 7,january #bast to ,february #aith74 ,it favoured children1 the theatre1 amusements1 friendships1 and the feelings4 ,held between the eyes it gave proper direction to the thoughts4 ,held in the left hand and gazed upon it favoured the desires4 ,it is the stone of hope and achievement and has been truly described as the 8gem of the gods40 ,above all1 it is a stone of love1 but if the lover be false its influence is reversed1 and the opal proves a sorry gem for faithless lovers4 ,mr4 ,emanuel comments on the two fine opals which were amongst the imperial jewels of ,france1 one of which was set in the clasp of the royal cloak4 ,the opal1 astrologically considered1 is one of the fortunate gems for ,france4 ,a beautiful uncut opal discovered at ,czernovitza in ,hungary has been valued at over #ej1jjj sterling2 this specimen1 in length #e inches by #b and weighing #c1jjj carats1 was placed in the ,museum of ,natural ,history at ,vienna4 ,the mines at ,czernovitza are known to have been worked over #ejj years ago1 and at a more remote period they no doubt supplied the ancient world4 ,there is little doubt1 however1 that the wonderful opals from ,australia's fields have eclipsed anything yet found4 ,the ,white ,cliffs1 the ,lightning ,ridge1 and the newer field out ,north ,west are responsible for some of the most beautiful gems that have ever been unearthed4 ,a kangaroo hunter accidentally discovered the ,white ,cliffs field in ,new ,south ,wales over #dj years ago whilst following the trail of a kangaroo4 ,rich 8blacks0 were discovered later in the iron sandstone of ,lightning ,ridge 7,new ,south ,wales7 and the new fields ,north ,west of ,tarcoola are yielding white and light varieties4 ,opal country is dry and dreary and the diggers deserve all they find4 ,sir ,david ,brewster's theory of the colour blends which flash from an opal is that 8the stone is internally traversed with undulating fissures of microscopic minuteness upon which refraction and decomposition of light takes place4 ,the variations in the nature of these minute cavities cause the appearance of the opal to vary considerably1 and the different effects of colour thus produced are technically known as the pattern of the gem40 ,hauy held that colour in the opal is caused by thin films of air which fill the interior cavities4 ,dr4 ,g4 ,f4 ,herbert ,smith writes 8that the colouration is not due to ordinary absorption but to the action of cracks in the stone4 ,this is shown by the fact that the transmitted light is complementary to the reflected light2 the blue opal1 for instance1 is a yellow when held up so that light has passed through it4444 ,opal differs10 he says1 8from the rest of the principal gem stones in being not a crystalline body but a solidified jelly1 and it depends for its attractiveness upon the characteristic play of colour known1 in consequence1 as opalescence which arises from a peculiarity in the structure4 ,opal is mainly silica 7,si,o#b7 in composition1 but it contains in addition an amount of water1 thereby differing slightly in refractivity from the original substance4 ,the structure not being quite homogeneous1 each crack has the same action upon light as a soap-film and gives rise to precisely similar phenomena3 the thinner and more uniform the cracks1 the greater the splendour of the chromatic display1 the particular tint depending upon the direction in which the stone is viewed4 ,the cracks in certain opals are not filled up1 and therefore contain air40 ,the opal is a very sensitive gem and should not be put near strong acids nor greasy substances4 ,the heat of the body improves its lustre for the opal is essentially a stone to be worn1 but it is unsafe to put these gems near liquids or to submit them to fire4 8,truth is as impossible to be soiled by any outward touch as the sunbeam40 ,,milton4 ,perhaps against no other gem has the bigotry of superstitious ignorance so prevailed as against the wonderful opal4 ,the reason for it dates no further back apparently than the #adth century4 ,it was at this time that the dreaded 8,black ,death0 was carrying off thousands of people in ,europe4 ,the year #acdh1 an astrological ,martial sub-cycle1 saw ,venice assailed by destructive earthquakes1 tidal waves and the ,plague4 ,the epidemic in a few months carried off two-fifths of the population of the city1 sparing neither rich nor poor1 young nor old4 ,it is said that at this time the opal was a favourite gem with ,italian jewellers1 being much used in their work4 ,it is further said that opals worn by those stricken became suddenly brilliant and that the lustre entirely departed with the death of the wearer4 ,story further tells that the opal then became an object of dread and was associated with the death of the victim4 ,on the astrological side it might be considered that the city of ,venice comes under the watery ,cancer1 and can not1 therefore1 claim the opal as its jewel4 ,but1 admitting that under special and rare conditions certain diseases can influence the opal if worn on the body1 the truth of the ,venice story can be reasonably doubted4 ,another theory of the origin of the superstition is traced to the rigorous order of ,jerome ,savonarola for the destruction of the vanities in the year #adig4 ,this remarkable ascetic caused great bonfires to be lighted in various parts of the city of ,florence1 the largest in the ,piazza ,signoria4 ,into these bonfires were thrown works of art and beauty1 pictures1 statues1 jewels and beautiful raiment4 ,the fanatical spirit so gained ground owing to the impassioned preaching of ,savonarola that women threw into the flames their costliest jewels1 authors their books1 students their manuscripts and poets their love songs4 ,it is assumed that the opal1 the gem and symbol of the beauties of ,venus came under the ban and history relates that the most direct onslaughts were made on the pictures and statues of the goddess4 ,astrologers show that the year #adig was dominated by the planet of war and destruction1 ,mars1 and it is deplorable that so many wonderful works were sacrificed during that unhappy period4 ,the artist ,f4 ,w4 ,w4 ,topham1 ,r4 ,i41 has illustrated this event in his well-known painting 8,renouncing the ,vanities by ,order of ,savonarola10 which picture now hangs in the ,art ,gallery of ,new ,south ,wales4 ,there is also a story which tells that during the ,crimean ,war the gem was popular with the ,english army and navy and that it was found in quantities on the bodies of the slain4 ,sir ,walter ,scott's romantic story 8,anne of ,geierstein10 was a powerful influence in advancing the superstition against the opal1 although ,sir ,walter alluded to the ,mexican ,opal known as ,girasol and not to the better known precious opal4 ,even whilst these superstitions were growing1 to dream of an opal was regarded as an indication of great possessions1 of the favour of ladies and people of influence1 and--if the stone be dark--of sudden happenings of a beneficial nature4 ,another modern superstition says that it is not fortunate to set opals and diamonds together in jewels4 ,quabalistically1 opals and diamonds are set down as particularly harmonious stones which1 in combination1 have a fortunate and positive-negative influence4 ,astrologically the diamond is attached to the zodiacal signs ,aries1 ,leo and ,libra1 and the opal to ,leo1 ,libra and ,aquarius1 and astrology is absolutely the special guide to talismanic construction4 ,the fine fiery opal known as the 8,burning of ,troy0 given by ,napoleon to ,josephine1 is sometimes quoted as evidence of the evil power of opals4 ,it rather provides peculiar testimony in favour of old talismanic lore4 ,this opal was lost and has never since been found--opals would be regarded as unfavourable for ,josephine4 ,passing over trivial superstitions containing neither truth nor interest1 we may conclude this section with the story of the ,grand ,opal of ,spain which is said to have brought disaster to the ,royal ,house3 ,illustration3 ,,horoscope ,,of ,,alfonzo ,,xii ,astrologically the opal would be accounted unfortunate for this ,king4 ,when ,alfonzo ,,xii of ,spain was a wanderer he was deeply attracted by1 and fell in love with the ,comtesse de ,castiglione1 then a reigning beauty4 ,immediately ,alfonzo became ,king the ,comtesse hastened to greet him with the fond desire to become his queen4 ,however1 when she found that he had set her aside and married the ,princess ,mercedes her anger knew no bounds4 ,resolving on revenge1 she sent ,alfonzo 8in memory of the old friendship0 a wedding present of a magnificent opal set in a filagree ring of gold--a style of mounting in great favour with the jewellers of ,spain4 ,the delicacy of the jewel so attracted ,queen ,mercedes that she asked the ,king to grace her finger with it4 ,a few months afterwards she died of a mysterious illness and ,alfonzo gave the ring so admired by her to ,queen ,christina1 his grandmother1 whose death shortly followed4 ,the ,king then presented the ring to his sister the ,infanta ,maria del ,pilar1 who was in turn carried off by the same mysterious illness4 ,a few weeks afterwards the ,king's sister-in-law1 the youngest daughter of the ,duc and ,duchesse de ,montpensier1 who had asked the ,king for the ring also died4 ,the ,king then placed it on his own finger and in a little time the same illness which had affected his wife and kindred ended his troubled earth-life4 ,after these calamities ,queen ,christina attached the ring to a chain of gold and set it about the neck of the patron saint of ,madrid1 the ,virgin of ,alumdena4 ,ancient philosophy would have depreciated the wearing or giving of an opal by ,alfonzo ,,xii of ,spain4 ,at this time it must be remembered that cholera was raging throughout ,spain--over #ajj1jjj people died of it during the summer and autumn of #ahhe4 ,it attacked all classes from the palace of the ,king to the hut of the peasant1 some accounts giving the death estimate at #ej of the population4 ,it would be as obviously ridiculous to hold the opal responsible for this scourge as it was to do so in the case of the previously noted plague at ,venice4 ,all that may be said is that in this case the opal was not a talisman of good for ,king ,alfonzo ,,xii of ,spain and to those who received it from his hand1 and that in the philosophy of sympathetic attraction and apathetic repulsion man1 stones1 metals and all natural objects come under the same law4 ,we may wonder why the ,king gave this opal from one of his relatives to another1 but the reputation of the opal as a charm against cholera 7noted in the previous chapter7 must have reached the ,king who1 in the intensity of his worry1 used a charm which according to the ancients would act in his hands fatally instead of beneficially4 ,in the month of ,october1 #aijh1 a ,french ,baron sitting in the stalls of the ,london ,pavilion during ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,marriott's thought-reading exhibition1 handed an opal of uncommon form to ,mr4 ,marriott4 ,mrs4 ,marriott seated on the stage with bandaged eyes gave an accurate description of it1 saying further that it was a stone of fortune to the owner who was about to become the possessor of over half a million of money4 ,the ,baron1 who resided in ,london for the past #ah years1 when interviewed by a representative of the 8,evening ,news0 on the following day1 communicated the fact that a few days before1 he had1 through the death of a relative in ,mexico become heir to property worth over #ejj1jjj1 yielding an income of #be1jjj per annum4 ,the ,baron who cherished the opal as his sympathetic luck stone1 told the newspaper man that3 ,it is an uncut stone which has been in the possession of my family since the twelfth century4 ,we have always had the tradition that it will bring good fortune to any direct descendant of the family in the male line who holds it4 ,a curious stipulation1 however1 of the tradition is that the person who has it must possess qualities which have a sympathetic attraction to the stone in order that its beneficent effect may be felt4 ,on a flat surface of the opal is a word in old ,spanish1 now only dimly seen1 which means in ,english #8good luck4' ,i have treasured the gem as an heirloom1 but have thought little of the tradition until lately1 when a member of the cadet branch of the family died and left me the immense fortune ,i have mentioned to you4 ,i can hardly realize all that it means to me as yet4 ,up to now my income has not been much more than #ejj1 and to suddenly find #be1jjj a year at one's disposal is a little staggering4 8,there have been one or two previous instances where my ancestors while holding the opal have experienced exceptionally good luck1 but1 personally1 ,i have not ever paid much regard to the old tradition4 ,you may imagine1 however1 that the gem will be most carefully preserved by me40 ,,the ,,great ,,australian ,,opal ,,chapter ,,xxiii ,,the ,,flame ,,queen 8,but who can paint ,like ,nature8 ,can imagination boast ,amid its gay creation hues like hers80 ,,thomson4 ,the ,flame ,queen1 the rarest stone yet won from the barren sun-baked opal fields of ,lightning ,ridge1 ,new ,south ,wales1 near the borders of ,queensland1 ,australia--takes its place amongst the famous gems of the world4 ,it is a large oval-shaped stone measuring #b4h inches by #b4c inches and weighing #bec carats4 ,in structure and colour phenomena it is unique--the centre slightly in relief whilst the surrounding border stands out boldly as a frame to a picture4 ,looking directly on to the stone the inspiration of the name becomes manifest4 ,the centre1 a deep flame1 burns scarlet1 and two slight depressions almost parallel to each other give the impression of fire mountains in eruptive action1 the lower of which flings two triangular shafts towards the enclosing green frame4 ,viewed from another angle the burning centre yields as if by magic to a field of cool yet vivid emerald1 and the frame to a royal blue4 ,another angle shows a bronze centre touched with points of darker hue within a frame of changing blue and amethyst4 ,the stone is chameleon-like1 bewildering in its living beauty4 ,illustration3 ,other ,aspects of the ,great ,opal 8,the ,flame ,queen0 ,kelsey ,i4 ,newman ,collection ,see also ,frontispiece ,this stone is the choicest gem in the ,kelsey ,i4 ,newman collection of rare opals and precious stones4 ,on the #fth of ,march1 #aiaf1 ,mr4 ,allan ,harris of ,brisbane submitted the gem to the ,queensland ,geological ,survey4 ,in the course of his report ,mr4 ,b4 ,dunstan1 the chief ,government ,geologist1 mentions that the back of the stone 8is impressed with what appears to be a fossil plant called ,,ginko1 which occurs in the ,jurassic ricks of ,queensland but not in association with any opal deposits4 ,the stone is a wonderful specimen and much the largest gem of its class that has ever come under my notice40 ,this beautiful opal--unlike some other famous gems mentioned in this book--is said to have brought good fortune to all who have been associated with it4 ,,chapter ,,xxiv ,,various ,,kinds ,,of ,,opal ,,cacholong1 ,,the ,,opal ,,of ,,friendship3 ,,float ,,stone1 ,,the ,,lovers' ,,opal3 ,,girasol1 ,,the ,,fire ,,opal3 ,,hyalite1 ,,the ,,eye ,,opal3 ,,hydrophane1 ,,the ,,magic ,,opal3 ,,menilite1 ,,the ,,liver ,,opal3 ,,opal ,,jasper3 ,,rose ,,opal3 ,,semi-,,opal1 ,,the ,,forest ,,opal3 ,,tabasheer3 ,,marco ,,polo',s ,,account ,,of ,,the ,,expedition ,,of ,,the ,,great ,,kaan3 ,,the ,,opal ,,of ,,invulnerability ,,and ,,remover ,,of ,,dread3 ,,the ,,marvel ,,of ,,transformation4 8,grey years ago a man lived in the east1 ,who did possess a ring of worth immense1 ,from a beloved hand4 ,opal the stone1 ,which flashed a hundred bright and beauteous hues1 ,and had the secret power to make beloved ,of ,god and man the blessed and fortunate ,who wore it in this faith and confidence40 8,,nathan ,,the ,,wise10 ,,lessing4 ,,cacholong4 ,an opaque white or bluish-white variety of opal which obtains its name from the river ,cach in ,bokhara1 according to some authorities and from the ,tartars according to others4 ,the ,easterns set a high value on the stone which glistens with the opalescent gleam of ,mother of ,pearl4 ,it is associated with chalcedony and being of a porous nature sticks to the tongue when touched by it4 ,the ,cacholong is a stone of pure friendship1 sincerity and truth4 ,,float ,,stone4 ,a porous opal of a fibrous type which floats on water4 ,it occurs in concretionary masses and is esteemed as a stone over which the most sacred promises may be made4 ,lovers join hands over a ,float ,stone floating on a vessel of water and pledge their troth with the utmost solemnity1 misfortune being bound to dog the footsteps of the faithless one4 ,,girasol4 ,the ,girasol is the ,mexican ,fire ,opal which reflects hyacinth and yellow colours4 ,good specimens are attractive and fairly popular4 ,this is the opal indicated in ,scott's 8,anne of ,geierstein40 ,,hyalite4 ,the name is derived from the ,greek word for glass1 and the stone--a transparent glass-like opal--has been called ,muller's ,glass by ,dr4 ,a4 ,g4 ,werner who is said to have discovered it4 ,it is very like clear gum arabic and is probably one of the esteemed eye stones of the old writers4 ,,hydrophane4 ,this variety of opal is very porous and beautifully translucent and opalescent after being left for a little time in water4 ,it is otherwise of an opaque white or yellow and not very attractive4 ,in the ,united ,states it has been termed ,magic ,stone4 ,,menilite4 ,this variety is found in slate not far from the ,french capital4 ,it is termed also ,liver ,opal and is said to have talismanic action on that organ4 ,it is a concretionary opal1 brown or liver-coloured4 ,,opal ,,jasper4 ,opal ,jasper is a jasper-like resinous1 dark red1 ferruginous variety of opal1 identified as the opal of beautiful wisdom4 ,,rose ,,opal4 ,a beautiful rose-coloured opal found at ,quincy in ,france4 ,this is the opal of the baby ,cupid and is termed the ,opal of ,childhood4 ,,semi-,,opal4 ,a silicified wood-opal of waxy lustre1 transparent to opaque4 ,it is found in various colours--white1 brown1 grey1 red1 blue1 green4 ,it has the appearance of petrified wood4 ,it is a tree-growing charm and is no doubt the ,forest ,opal4 ,,tabasheer4 ,corrupted from ,tabixir1 is a siliceous aggregation found in the joints of certain bamboo known in the ,malay as the ,mali ,mali1 ,rotan jer' nauf 7blood of the dragon ,rattan7 and ,buluh ,kasap 7rough bamboo74 ,in appearance it is generally like clear gum arabic1 although sometimes opaque1 and is the sap transformed by evaporation4 ,under reflective light it is a kind of blue and under transmitted light it is either light yellow or amber-red4 ,it is extremely absorptive4 ,in ,marco ,polo's account of the expedition of the ,great ,kaan against ,chipangu1 we are told that 8when the people of the ,kaan had landed on the great ,island they stormed a tower belonging to some of the islanders who refused to surrender4 ,resistance being overcome1 the ,kaan's soldiers cut off the heads of all the garrison except eight4 ,on these eight they found it impossible to inflict any wound4 ,now this was by virtue of certain stones which they had in their arms inserted between the skin and flesh with such skill as not to show at all externally4 ,and the charm and virtue of the stones were such that those who wore them would never perish by steel4 ,so when the ,kaan's generals heard this they ordered that the prisoners be beaten to death with clubs4 ,after their death the stones were extracted from their bodies and were greatly prized40 ,friar ,odoric says that these ,stones of ,invulnerability were ,tabashir specimens which were used by the natives of the ,indian ,islands where their virtue was esteemed4 ,according to ,avicenna the ,tabashir was a powerful eye stone and remover of past fears1 present dreads and future anxieties4 ,,pseudomorphic ,,opal4 ,opalized shells1 bones1 etc41 are found in quantities in opal country4 ,these specimens are unique and of much curious interest4 ,a number of shells from the new fields #aej miles ,north ,west of ,tarcoola 7on the ,east-,west ,railway1 over #bej miles from ,port ,augusta7 were submitted to the author4 ,in these the silica slowly and progressively took the place of the primary substance until it was completely opalized1 the old form of the material being only retained4 ,it is remarkable to contemplate the change of conditions which placed the former substance so completely at the mercy of the consuming opal4 ,such transformation is continual in ,nature1 manifesting variously in the mineral world1 proving that eternal progress is eternal change4 ,it was the observation of similar material phenomena that led ancient scientists to the conclusion that transformations could be accomplished by the skill1 knowledge and wisdom of sincere and gifted men who undaunted by superficial criticism persevered1 and the triumphs of the chemist served to indicate how much more could be done by those brave enough to prove the immortality of man by reducing the unknown to terms of the known4 ,the word ,,pseudomorph is derived from the ,greek ,,pseudo and ,,morphes1 disguising one's form4 ,,chapter ,,xxv ,,pearl ,,pearl3 ,,how ,,produced3 ,,symbolic ,,stories ,,of ,,the ,,ancients3 ,,boethius ,,and ,,the ,,river ,,pearls3 ,,vishnu ,,creates ,,pearls3 ,,pearls ,,on ,,the ,,ramayana3 ,,sandius',s ,,contribution ,,to ,,the ,,royal ,,society ,,of ,,london ,,in #afgc3 ,,sir ,,everard ,,home ,,and ,,darwin ,,on ,,the ,,formation ,,of ,,pearls3 ,,mr4 ,,kelaart',s ,,reports ,,to ,,the ,,government ,,of ,,ceylon3 ,,researches ,,of ,,professors ,,herdmann1 ,,hornel ,,and ,,seurat3 ,,the ,,time ,,of ,,pearl ,,maturity3 ,,home ,,on ,,the ,,luster ,,of ,,the ,,pearl3 ,,the ,,form ,,of ,a ,,pearl3 ,,the ,,process ,,of 8,,skinning03 ,,jerome ,,and ,,the ,,story ,,of ,,the ,,doves3 ,,the ,,pearl ,,of ,,prince ,,imenheit3 ,,the ,,great ,,persian ,,pearl3 ,,the ,,hope ,,pearl3 ,,the ,,austrian ,,imperial ,,pearl3 ,,la ,,pellegrina3 ,,the ,,great ,,southern ,,cross3 ,,the ,,pearl ,,of ,,phillip ,,ii ,,of ,,spain3 ,,the ,,pearl ,,of ,,the ,,king ,,of ,,maabar3 ,,the ,,tibetan ,,prayer ,,of ,,victory3 ,,king ,,jaipal',s ,,necklace3 ,,the ,,famine ,,in ,,egypt3 ,,ebu ,,hesham',s ,,account ,,of ,,the ,,tomb ,,of ,,princess ,,tajah3 ,,benvenuto ,,cellini ,,and ,,the ,,pearl ,,necklace ,,of ,,the ,,duchess ,,of ,,florence3 ,,the ,,pearl ,,rope ,,of ,,marie ,,alexandrovna3 ,,pink ,,pearls3 ,,red ,,pearls3 ,a ,,death ,,rite ,,mentioned ,,by ,,marco ,,polo3 ,,pearls ,,used ,,in ,,buddhist ,,ceremonies3 ,,julius ,c,,sar1 ,,an ,,expert ,,in ,,pearls3 ,,the ,,breastplate ,,of ,,venus ,,genetrix3 ,c,,sar',s ,,gift ,,to ,,servilla3 ,,pearls ,,in ,,the ,,times ,,of ,,the ,c,,sars3 ,,seneca',s ,,cynicism3 ,,kleopatra',s ,,pearls3 ,,other ,,pearl ,,swallowers3 ,,pearls ,,and ,,jewels ,,of ,,mary ,,queen ,,of ,,scotland3 ,,pearls ,,in ,,hebraic ,,and ,,arabian ,,legend3 ,,the ,,pearl ,,in ,,china3 ,,the ,,pearl ,,in ,,medicine3 ,,the ,,angel ,,gabriel ,,and ,,the ,,pearl3 ,,the ,,pearl ,,of ,,paradise4 ,,pearl 8,searching the wave ,i won therefrom a pearl ,moonlike and glorious1 such as kings might buy ,emptying their treasury40 ,,arnold4 ,the name 8pearl0 is derived from the ,latin ,pilula1 diminutive of ,pila1 a ball1 and some of the forms of the word noted are perle1 peerle1 perl1 perll1 perill1 pearel1 peirle1 pearle4 ,the pearl is a product of certain salt and fresh water shell-fish of the ,aviculidae family4 ,it is formed by the efforts of the mollusc to rid itself of irritating substances by the iridescent fluid secretion with which he lines his shell4 ,the effect of this irritation is shown in a number of irregular tubercules inside the shell1 and within these coverings is the securely protected pearl4 ,frequently pearls of most beautiful lustre and form are found detached from the shell in the fleshy folds of the oyster1 and these are said to be the most perfect4 ,it is now quite certain that disease is not the cause1 as has so generally been believed4 ,amongst the ancient writers so much of the purely symbolic was set down in perfectly plain1 matter-of-fact language that it is difficult to make assertions as to what was really known of the material truth4 ,both ,pliny and ,discorides poetically state that dew or rain from ,heaven fell into the open pearl shells and were transformed by the secretions of the oyster into precious pearls4 ,there is an old legend which tells that the tears of joy shed by the angels for the ultimate destiny of man were the tears that fell into the pearl oyster shell to be transformed into beautiful pearls4 ,moore delightfully refers to this story3 8,precious the tear as that rain from the sky ,which turns into pearls as it falls in the sea40 ,the philosopher ,anicius ,boethius1 of the #eth and #fth centuries1 ,a4,d41 writes that the fresh water pearl mussels of the ,scotch rivers1 the sky being clear and the weather temperate1 open their mouths just a little above water to catch the heavenly dews1 which1 when swallowed1 cause the breeding of pearls4 ,these mussels1 continues the philosopher1 are so sensitive that the slightest noise causes them to sink to the bottom of the river4 ,he credits them with 8knowing well in what estimation the fruit of their womb is to all people40 ,vishnu1 according to ,indian mythology1 created pearls ,,moti by his word1 and consequently these gems are foremost in the adornment of ,indian deities4 ,the ,ramayana1 perhaps the greatest poem of ancient ,india1 narrates the story of the death of ,maha ,bali1 telling that pearls sprung from the teeth of the slain god4 ,in the winter of #afgc the naturalist ,sandius sent--on the authority of 8,henricus ,arnoldi1 an ingenious ,dane0--a letter from which the following is extracted to the newly formed ,royal ,society of ,london3 8,pearl shells in ,norway do breed in sweet waters3 their shells are like mussels but larger3 the fish is like an oyster1 it produces clusters of eggs3 these1 when ripe1 are cast out and become like those that cast them3 but sometimes it appears that one or two of these eggs stick fast to the side of the matrix and are not voided with the rest4 ,these are fed by the oyster against her will1 and they do grow1 according to the length of time1 into pearls of different bigness1 and do imprint a mark both on fish and shell by the situation conform to its figure40 ,the eminent surgeon1 ,sir ,everard ,home1 unaware of the letter of ,sandius1 arrived at the same conclusion independently4 ,he writes that this1 8the richest jewel in a monarch's crown which cannot be imitated by any art of man1 either in beauty of form or brilliancy of lustre is the abortive egg of an oyster enveloped in its own nacre40 ,darwin 7,economy of ,vegetation7 writes that pearls are formed 8like those calcareous productions of crabs known by the name of #8crabs' eyes' which are always near the stomach of the creature4 ,in both cases the substance is probably a natural provision either for the reparation or enlargement of the shell40 ,illustration3 ,small ,necklet of ,perfect ,oriental ,pearls ,kelsey ,i4 ,newman ,collection ,mr4 ,kelaart in his reports to the ,government of ,ceylon 7#aheg-ahei71 seems to be the first to allude to the part played by parasites in the production of pearls in tropical seas4 ,the researches of ,professors ,herdman and ,hornel confirmed the deductions of ,kelaart that the larva of a ,cestoid was the identified pearl parasite4 ,monsieur ,seurat1 the ,french naturalist1 who made a long study of the pearl oyster of the ,pacific1 was also convinced that pearl formation was caused by a parasite4 ,whatever the cause of the irritability which brings into action the nacreous secretion of the tortured oyster1 it is evident that the protective process is a long one4 ,the pearl culture industry of the ,chinese and ,japanese has shown that it takes twelve months for the irritant to be covered with a coat of a tenth of a millimetre4 ,a new layer is formed over the old one about once a year4 ,pearlers say that an oyster must be at least four years old before pearls begin to form properly1 and that it does not mature for from #g to #i years4 ,the beautiful lustre of the pearl ,sir ,everard ,home held to arise from a central cell of bright nacre1 the diaphanous substance admitting the light rays4 8,upon taking a split pearl10 he writes1 8and putting a candle behind the cell1 the surface of the pearl became immediately illuminated2 and upon mounting one with coloured foil behind the cell1 and by putting a candle behind the foil1 the outer convex surface became universally of a beautiful pink colour40 ,the examination of a half pearl will show the concentric formation which is like an onion1 and the process called 8skinning0 is often resorted to in the endeavour to gain a more lustrous jewel by removing the outer layer4 ,the translucency of the perfect pearl has not been correctly reproduced by any artificial production4 ,a curious passage in ,jerome ,cardan's 8,de ,rerum ,varietate0 7#afth century71 repeats an old saying that the lustre and polish on pearls arises from doves playing with them4 ,to understand this seemingly absurd story it is necessary to carry our minds far back to the famous ,greek oracle at ,dodona in ,epirus4 ,according to ,herodotus the ,phnicians carried off the sacred women from ,thebes in ,egypt to the ,libian oracle of ,zeus ,ammon and to ,dodona--the legend at ,dodona saying that they came in the form of two doves4 ,the ,greek word for 8doves0 is the same as that for 8priestesses10 namely1 ,,peleiai4 ,the connection can be carried further1 if necessary1 but it is sufficient to establish the tie between women and the doves4 ,the word ,,peleiai was freely used for both and came to be employed as an endearing term for wise women just as we today call a woman of talent 8,diva40 ,it is a proven fact and an extremely ancient one that pearls worn near the skin of a woman--especially1 according to ancient philosophy1 near one in whose horoscope the moon was powerfully placed at birth--are improved in lustre and tone4 ,so let the 8,doves0 7peleiai7 be wise and play with their pearls4 ,tavernier writes of 8the most beautiful pearl in the world0 which belonged to ,imenheit1 ,prince of ,muscat4 ,after a lavish entertainment which the ,khan of ,ormus gave in honor of the ,prince1 the latter took off a chain which he wore round his neck and to which was attached a small bag4 ,from the bag he drew forth this wonderful pearl of perfect sphericity1 so translucent that the light could almost be seen through it4 ,the weight of this gem was #ab carats and so high a value did ,prince ,imenheit place on it that he refused #bjjj tomans for it from his host1 the ,khan of ,ormus1 who coveted it as a present for the ,king of ,persia1 and #dj1jjj crowns with which he was later tempted by an agent of the ,grand ,mogul4 ,this pearl was discovered off the ,persian coast4 ,another great pearl which1 according to ,tavernier1 was the most perfect ever discovered1 was found at ,catifa1 a famous fishery in ,pliny's time4 ,the great traveller says that the ,king of ,persia obtained it from an ,arabian merchant in #afcc4 ,it was a pearl of great size and a 8pearl of great price10 the ,king giving #a1djj1jjj livres 7about #eej1jjj7 for it4 ,it was pear-shaped1 and of perfect colour and symmetry4 ,the weight is not stated1 but it was said to be about #a inches in length and #fc inches in diameter at its greatest part4 ,the 8,hope0 pearl of cylindrical form weighs #ded carats4 ,this gem belonged to ,mr4 ,henry ,thomas ,hope1 so well-known in connection with the 8,hope0 diamond4 ,another famous pearl of #cjj carats once adorned the ,imperial crown of ,austria4 8,la ,pellegrina10 an ,indian white circular pearl of #bh carats1 said to be the most perfect specimen in the world today1 was in the ,zosima ,museum1 ,moscow4 ,nine large pearls interlinked so as to naturally form a true representation of the ,southern ,cross were discovered in a pearl oyster off the ,west ,australian ,coast by ,mr4 ,kelly1 of ,roeburn1 who was familiarly known as 8,shiner0 ,kelly4 ,the crew of his lugger viewed it with superstitious fear and it was buried for some years4 ,it was afterwards resurrected and exhibited at the ,colonial and ,indian exhibition1 ,london1 in #ahhf1 where it caused some sensation4 ,the pearls which formed the cross were at first thought by many to be joined together by craft1 but experts with powerful magnifying glasses speedily dispelled this illusion and proved that nature1 not man1 was the artist who reproduced the ,star ,cross of the ,heavens--the ,cross of ,australian ,unity--in pearls in a sea oyster4 ,in the year #aegi a pearl of #bej carats was obtained amongst others by the agents of ,philip ,,ii1 of ,spain1 from the ,island of ,margarita in the ,west ,indies4 ,it was said to be worth #aej1jjj dollars4 ,marco ,polo writes that the ,king of ,maabar wears pearls and gems worth more than a city's ransom4 8,nobody is permitted to take out of his kingdom a pearl weighing more than half a saggio 7a ,venetian weight1 the sixth of an onze71 unless he manages to do it secretly4 ,the ,king every year proclaims through the realm that if anyone possesses a pearl of great worth and will bring it to him1 he 7the ,king71 will pay three times as much as its value4 ,everybody is glad to do this and thus the ,king gets all into his own hands1 giving every man his price40 ,this ,king wore a necklace on which #ajd pearls and rubies of great size were strung on fine silk1 and every day1 following the custom of his ancestors1 he had to say #ajd prayers to the gods4 ,the number is disputed but in an occult sense the ,tibetan prayer of ,victory over the #ajd devils seems to confirm it4 ,the pearl necklace which ,muhammed forced the ,hindu ,king ,jaipal to surrender to him 7#ajja ,a4 ,d471 is said to have been made of great pearls4 ,it was valued at #bj1jjj dinars 7more than #ejj1jjj dollars74 ,we read in the ,book of ,genesis of the terrible famine which affected the peoples of the earth and drove them to seek corn in the land of ,egypt where doubtless1 owing to the great pull on her stocks1 some anxiety was beginning to be felt4 ,the ,arabian writer1 ,ebn ,hesham1 describes a sepulchre in ,yemen which had been discovered after some heavy floods4 ,in this sepulchre lay the embalmed body of an ,arabian princess around whose neck were #g strands of pearls1 age-stained and lustreless4 ,there were rings set with precious stones on her fingers and toes1 #g jewelled armlets on each of her arms and #g jewelled anklets about each ankle4 ,in the tomb treasure was found1 and on a tablet at her head she had caused to be written the following inscription1 the translation of which by ,mr4 ,forster is reproduced by ,mr4 ,william ,jones1 ,f4,s4,a43 8,in thy name1 ,o ,god1 the ,god of ,himyar1 ,i1 ,tajah1 the daughter of ,dzu ,shefarr1 sent my servant to ,joseph1 ,and he1 delaying to return to me1 ,i sent my handmaid1 ,with a measure of silver1 to bring me back a measure of flour3 ,and not being able to procure it1 ,i sent her with a measure of gold3 ,and not being able to procure it1 ,i commanded them to the ground3 ,and finding no profit in them1 ,i am shut up here4 ,whosoever may hear of it1 let him pity me3 ,and should any woman adorn herself with an ornament ,from my ornaments1 may she die with no other than my death40 ,it would be very unlikely that after understanding these last words of the ,princess ,tajah 7a name which quabalistically would imply 8the ,sacrifice07 any woman would be bold enough to attempt to put on the seven ropes of dead pearls and the other jewels that adorned the mortal remains of the famine-stricken princess4 ,turning to later times ,benvenuto ,cellini tells in his interesting memoirs rather an amusing story of a string of pearls which the ,duke of ,florence purchased for the ,duchess from 8that scoundrel ,bernardini0 for several thousand crowns4 ,princess ,catherine ,radziwill whose intimacy with the old ,courts of ,europe is well known1 tells of the love of the ,russian ,empress ,marie ,alexandrovna 7grandmother of the unfortunate ,nicholas ,,ii71 for pearls which she never tired of buying4 ,she wore ropes of from #be to #cj which1 being of varied lengths1 would when worn extend from the top to the hem of her dress4 ,she was reputed to have had some of the largest pear-shaped pearls in the world4 ,james ,bruce1 the famous traveller 78,travels to discover the ,sources of the ,nile10 #agfh-aggc71 writes that the pinna or wing shell mentioned by ,pliny which is found with its fibre-like rope on the bed of the ,red ,sea yields the beautiful pink-tinted pearl so highly prized in ancient and modern times4 ,red or rose coloured pearls are termed by the natives ,,sohit-,,amukti4 ,marco ,polo mentions that they are found off the island of ,chipangu1 8big1 round and rosy1 and quite as valuable as white ones40 ,he also writes that when a dead body is burnt one of these pearls is always put in the mouth1 8for such is their custom40 ,pearls of this tint are accounted as precious objects and were used in ,buddhist ceremonial and worship4 ,julius ,csar was extremely fond of pearls4 ,caius ,suetonius 78,lives of the ,csars071 tells us that he was a great expert and knew so much about them that he could estimate their exact weights 8by his hand alone40 ,the same writer tells us that ,csar's love of pearls was the cause of his expedition against ,britain1 the pearls he obtained there being1 greatly to his chagrin1 of poor quality and little lustre4 ,nevertheless1 we are told he consecrated a breastplate set with ,british pearls to the temple of ,venus ,genetrix4 ,it is recorded that ,csar gave ,servilia1 the mother of ,brutus1 a pearl worth nearly #ej1jjj sterling4 ,pearls in the time of the ,csars were the rage in ,rome and women adorned themselves lavishly with them1 a custom which drew violent protests from the philosopher ,seneca who1 alluding to a lady who wore several pearls dangling from each ear1 told her husband that his wife 8carried all the wealth of his house in her ears40 ,illustration3 ,,horoscope ,,of ,,mary ,,of ,,scotland ,pearls would be considered unfortunate for these rival ,queens4 ,in the extravagant intoxication of the rich banquet which ,kleopatra ,,vii 7,tryphena the ,great7 gave to the honour of ,mark ,anthony1 it is related that this queen--the last of the ,ptolemies--throwing one of her valuable pearls into a vinegar solution1 swallowed it4 ,the value of this gem is set down as #hj1gbi sterling4 ,its companion afterwards graced the statue of the ,pantheon ,venus at ,rome4 ,kleopatra was not alone in this act of folly for we are informed that ,clodius1 son of sopus the actor1 swallowed a pearl valued at #hjgb sterling4 ,caligual1 the ,roman ,emperor1 added this act also to his many acts of stupidity4 ,he too enjoyed the reputation of a 8pearl swallower10 which title in the reign of ,queen ,elizabeth was also coveted by ,sir ,thomas ,gresham who quaffed off a large pearl at a banquet which the ,queen attended after visiting the ,royal ,exchange4 ,the poet ,hey wood alludes to this act in the lines3 8,here #ae1jjj at one clap goes ,instead of sugar3 ,gresham drinks the pearl ,unto his ,queen and mistress40 ,illustration3 ,,horoscope ,,of ,,elizabeth ,,of ,,england ,pearls would be considered unfortunate for these rival ,queens4 ,neither pearls nor diamonds were fortunate for ,mary ,queen of ,scots1 yet she wore both in profusion4 ,her wedding dress at her marriage with ,philip of ,spain is described as being 8richly bordered with great pearls and diamonds10 whilst she wore the great diamond which ,philip had sent to her by the ,marquis de las ,traves4 ,mary's nativity favours few jewels but none less than diamonds1 pearls and rubies4 ,history relates that1 when in the days of her sorrows the ,scottish ,queen was held captive by the rapacious ,earl of ,moray1 this man who owed her so much sent her exquisite parure of pearls with other costly jewels by his agent1 ,sir ,nicholas ,elphinstone to ,queen ,elizabeth at ,london4 ,madame de ,barrera gives the following extract1 copy from a letter of ,bodutel la ,forrest1 ,french ambassador at the ,english court1 describing the pearl parure3 8,there are six cordons of large pearls strung as pater nosters3 but there are five and twenty separate from the rest1 much finer and larger than those which are strung3 these are for the most part like black muscades40 ,elizabeth1 after obtaining various expert opinions as to the value of this ornament1 eventually purchased it at her own price4 ,but if pearls1 fortunate for ,scotland1 were unfortunate for ,mary 7for whom ,scotland itself was unfortunate71 they were doubly so for ,elizabeth who had the dark planet ,saturn and the subtle ,uranus in the sign ,cancer at her birth4 ,the two famous diamond rings of ,mary and ,elizabeth and ,elizabeth and ,essex are stated to have been the indirect cause of the death of both ,mary and ,elizabeth4 ,old ,hebraic legend tells that the manna fell from ,heaven1 accompanied by showers of pearls and precious stones1 and in ancient ,judaea it was believed that a pearl wrapped in a bag of leather and tied round the neck of oxen would benefit them and increase their fruitfulness4 ,the ,arabs sang that 8,nisan's ,ram 7,sun in ,aries7 brings pearls to the sea and wheat to the land40 ,in ,china the pearl was regarded as the true symbol of ability and so the ,chinese character for ,pearl 7,tchm7 was placed on the vases used by artists1 poets1 scientists and writers1 and the term ,,tchm ,,onan is translated as indicating a rare pearl object4 ,great virtues were ascribed to the pearl by the ,chinese and it was1 and still is1 used medicinally by them chiefly as a remedy for blood disorders1 swooning1 heart troubles1 digestive irregularities and stomach complaints4 ,the ancients used pearls1 we are told1 as absorbents or antacids and they were given to the weak-minded ,charles ,,vi of ,france in distilled water to cure his insanity4 ,dissolved in acids they were taken as an absorbent medicine and1 as one writer puts it1 8for the purpose of displaying the careless opulence and luxury of their possessors40 ,the ,pearl was sacred to the angel ,gabriel in the ,east1 and amongst the ,mohammedans a great white pearl--the pearl of ,paradise--reached from ,east to ,west1 from ,heaven to ,earth4 ,this is the ,eternal ,table of the ,koran on which ,allah has written all that has been1 all that is1 and all that is to come4 ,the ,arabian ,heavenly ,home of ,glory and the ,everlasting ,eden of ,wonder is1 it is related1 rich with red pearls4 ,,chapter ,,xxvi ,,pearl ,,the ,,bishop ,,of ,,chiapa ,,champions ,,the ,,indian ,,pearl ,,divers3 ,,size ,,of ,,the ,,old ,,pearl ,,fields3 ,,value ,,of ,,exports ,,to ,,europe ,,in #af,,th ,,century3 ,,the ,,persian ,,gulf3 ,,the ,,ceylon ,,fisheries3 ,,the 8,,binder ,,of ,,sharks03 ,,the ,,pearl ,,charm ,,of ,,the ,,divers3 ,,classification ,,of ,,pearls ,,in ,,ceylon3 ,,the ,,red ,,sea ,,fisheries1 ,,the ,,source ,,of ,,kleopatra',s ,,pearls3 ,,the ,,australian ,,fisheries3 ,,need ,,for ,,their ,,protection3 ,,other ,,fisheries3 ,,story ,,of ,,the ,,discovery ,,of ,,new ,,guinea ,,pearls3 ,,town ,,of ,,the ,,nymphs3 ,,river ,,fisheries3 ,a ,,river ,,pearl ,,in ,,the ,,british ,,crown3 8,,shells ,,of ,,the ,,flood03 ,,divers ,,beneath ,,the ,,sea3 ,,the ,,folk ,,lore ,,of ,,the ,,pearl3 ,,vishnu',s ,,necklace ,,of #e ,,precious ,,stones3 ,,emblems ,,of ,,pearls3 ,,pearls ,,and ,,persons3 ,,pearls ,,and ,,lunar ,,numbers3 ,a ,,madagascar ,,birth ,,custom3 ,,the ,,angel1 ,,day1 ,,sign ,,and ,,planet ,,of ,,the ,,pearl3 ,,as ,a ,,dream ,,symbol3 ,,prejudice ,,and ,,its ,,value3 ,,the ,,pearls ,,of ,,linnaeus3 ,,chinese ,,and ,,japanese ,,culture ,,pearls3 ,,pearl 8,,faking03 ,,cocoanut ,,pearls4 8,or where the gorgeous ,east with richest hand ,showers on her ,kings barbaric pearl and gold40 ,,milton4 ,the benevolent ,bishop of ,chiapa1 ,mexico1 ,bartolome de las ,casas1 came forth as the protector of the ,indians in the cruel times of their oppression4 ,on their behalf he crossed the ,atlantic sixteen times1 and he tells of the hellish tortures to which they were subjected by their ,spanish conquerors3 8,nothing10 says this good man1 8nothing could be more cruel and more detestable40 78,brevissima ,relacion de la ,destruccion de las ,indias10#aeci74 ,the story he writes of the ,indian pearl divers is a sad one2 as soon as the diver came up from the depths the brutal overseer1 scarcely allowing him time to breathe the pure air1 beat him savagely and compelled him to go down again4 ,his food was poor and scanty1 and ,mother ,earth his bed2 his glossy black hair turned prematurely gray1 his lungs became diseased1 he spat blood freely and the ravenous shark ended his tragic life on earth4 ,the natural result of greed and oppression practically exhausted these fisheries from the neighborhood of which the ancient kings of ,mexico drew so much wealth4 ,indeed1 it was the sight of the poor natives adorned with ropes of pearls which excited the cupidity of the first ,spaniards who adventured to their shores4 ,there being no provision made for the protection of the oysters in this fishery1 it 8gave out0 almost entirely towards the end of the #agth century4 ,an idea of the magnitude of these fisheries 7which included the ancient grounds between ,acapulco and the ,gulf of ,tehuantepec on the ,west ,mexican coast1 and the ,caribbean ,sea by the islands of ,coche1 ,cubagua1 and ,margarita7 can be gathered from the value of the export to ,europe up to the first half of the #afth century4 ,the annual value exported was stated to exceed #hjj1jjj ,spanish dollars1 those famous 8,pieces of ,eight0 which bring us back to the time of 8,treasure ,island0 and the buccaneers of the ,spanish ,main4 ,as much as #gjj lbs4 weight of pearls was sent to ,seville in the year #aehg1 amongst them1 it is stated1 being specimens of rare worth and beauty4 ,fine quality pearls are still found at ,panama and the ,gulf of ,mexico4 ,the poor progress of these fisheries is said to be due to the wretched pay offered to the ,indian and negro divers in the past4 ,it is a strange fact that progress and prosperity are gained only by the pursuance of an enlightened policy towards employees1 and this is nowhere so clearly indicated as in the history of the pearl4 ,pearls from the ,persian ,gulf are amongst the most esteemed of the present day4 ,the fisheries of the ,great ,pearl ,bank extend along the ,west from ,ras ,hassan half way up the ,gulf4 ,to the ,eastern no pearl is so beautiful and full of colour as the pearl from the ,persian ,gulf4 ,the colour is very enduring and improves by being worn next the skin--especially of a person whose jewel it is4 ,the ,ceylon fisheries have not been yielding so well of late years1 but with wisdom will no doubt regain their old place4 ,the main oyster bank is near ,condatchy1 about twenty miles from the shore4 ,twenty men1 ten of whom are divers1 under a tindal or captain1 comprise the crew of each boat4 ,the divers are quick and expert at their work1 and although remaining under water seldom more than a minute1 have been known to bring to the surface as many as #aej shells4 ,the pearl diver's greatest dread is the ground shark1 and all the time the boats are out the conjurer1 termed the 8,binder of ,sharks0 or 8,pillal ,harras10 stands on the shore muttering prayers and conjurations4 ,the divers wear also a pearl about their bodies as a charm against their dreaded enemy4 ,the beautiful island of ,ceylon--the ,taprobane of the old ,greeks and ,romans and the ,serendib of the ,arabian ,nights--is itself shaped like a great drop pearl and is believed by the ,indians to be a 8part of ,paradise40 ,perfectly round and fine lustre pearls are called by the ,ceylonese 8,annees10 next in grade are called 8,annadaree40 ,irregular pearls of lesser lustre are called 8,kayarel10 generally known amongst us as 8,baroques40 ,pearl-shaped inferior specimens are called 8,samadiem10 those duller and irregular are termed 8,kallipoo10 a poorer grade again is known as 8,koorwell10 and the lowest type is 8,pesul40 ,small seed pearls are known as 8,tool40 ,kleopatra's famous pearls no doubt came from the ,red ,sea fisheries which are believed to have been the property of the ,egyptian rulers4 ,the ,western ,australian fisheries1 especially those at ,broome and ,shark's ,bay1 are yearly becoming of greater importance and value1 although judicious and scientific means should be taken to prevent these valuable fields from sharing the fate of some of the older ones4 ,the fisheries at ,thursday ,island and ,northern ,australia are important and the author was told that pearls were discovered in ,new ,guinea through a sailors' row with the natives1 who pelted the offending lugger with pearl-bearing shells which1 when broken on the decks of the vessel1 revealed their precious prizes4 ,the remarkable ,town of the ,nymphs near the ,japanese city of ,ishinomonsky on the ,pacific coast1 obtains its name from the women who support their families by diving for pearls4 ,it is a place of many centuries old and the nymphs begin their strenuous work at the age of #ad1 continuing until they are #dj4 ,pearl shells abound in ,sebiam ,bay and the work of the nymphs occupy #aj hours a day in summer time4 ,the length of each immersion is from #b to #c minutes4 ,when the baby girl is four years of age she is taken to the sea and taught to swim and dive4 ,these lessons continue until the time comes for the serious practice of the pearl seekers' profession4 ,this work is all done by women whilst the men attend to the training of the children and the duties of the household4 ,mention may also be made of the ,river fisheries of ,england1 ,scotland1 ,wales1 ,ireland and various parts of ,europe where the pearls found are as a rule not of great importance1 although it is stated that ,sir ,richard ,wynn of ,gwydyr1 ,chamberlain to ,catherine1 wife of ,charles ,,ii1 sent a pearl from the river ,conway in ,north ,wales as a present to the ,queen1 which pearl is today in the ,king of ,england's crown4 ,in ,wales these river pearl shells are called by the poetic name ,cregin y ,dylu1 shells of the ,flood4 ,the gradual replacement of naked divers by those in diving dress may tend to make the yields more effective1 but the work is not without its dangers1 the toiler beneath the sea having still to meet the challenge of its denizens--the shark1 the diamond fish and the deadly octopus4 8,the ,kingdom of ,heaven is like unto a merchantman seeking goodly pearls40 ,,book ,,of ,,matthew4 ,the pearl was esteemed as the emblem of purity1 innocence and peace1 and was sacred to the ,moon and ,diana4 ,for this reason in ancient times it was worn by young girls and virgins on whom the protection of 8chaste ,diana0 was invoked4 ,generally as an emblem of chastity the pearl was worn on the neck4 ,as a cure for irritability it was ground to a fine powder and a quantity1 seldom more than a grain1 was drunk in new milk4 ,in doses of the same quantity mixed with sugar it was recommended to be taken as a charm against the pestilence4 ,the ,hindus included the pearl amongst the five precious stones in the magical necklace of ,vishnu1 the other four being the diamond1 ruby1 emerald1 and sapphire4 ,the golden pearl was the emblem of wealth1 the white of idealism1 the black of philosophy1 the pink of beauty1 the red of health and energy1 the grey of thought4 ,lustreless pearls are considered unfortunate1 as also are pearls that have lost their sheen when on a dying person's finger1 as sometimes happens4 ,it is curious how pearls improve in lustre when worn by some persons and how they deteriorate when worn by others4 ,a recent writer commenting on this advised that if 8pearls turned colour temporarily when worn by certain persons they should be put away for a few days and the detrimental effects of constitutional acids will be found to have entirely disappeared40 ,to an extent this is correct1 but it is equally certain that if the person by whom the pearls were affected were to continue wearing them they would be destroyed altogether4 ,this is quite in accord with the occult philosophy of the ancient masters who held that only people who had favourable planets in ,cancer--the ,celestial sign of the ,ocean--or in whose nativities the lunar aspects were favourable could wear pearls4 ,the ,moon1 however1 in the sign ,capricorn was not considered favourable for wearing pearls1 and some writers also include the sign ,scorpio4 ,a half-moon shaped whitish stone of about #be lbs4 weight was oftentimes used by the ,ceylonese pearl divers1 tied around their waists1 when making the plunge for the pearl oyster1 and the crew of #bj--;a lunar number--which made up the ,ceylon pearling boat company may have traditional authority1 and may be something more than mere coincidence4 ,the ,princess of ,yemen1 previously mentioned1 wore seven strands of pearls4 ,seven is the positive number of the ,moon or the ,moon's number when going from new to full4 ,this was recognized by ancient nations and it may be well assumed that the symbolic meaning was understood by the advisers to the ,princess4 ,a custom exists in ,madagascar which finds a parallel amongst the ancients3 it is believed that if at an afflicted birth pearls be buried good will come to the child and will continue to come unless the pearls be unearthed4 ,the ,pearl was sacred to the angel ,gabriel and ,monday was its special day of the week1 the ,moon was its planet and the zodiacal ,cancer its sign4 ,to dream of pearls is considered a favourable omen1 being held to indicate wealth and honour gained by personal exertion4 ,to the poor the pearl denotes riches4 ,it is the symbol of happy marriage and popularity4 ,that pearls are unfortunate is as untrue as that opals or any other gems are4 ,that they are unfavourable to some is as true as that they are favourable to others1 but prejudice being narrow and self-centred is hard to kill4 ,a young lady of good family actually told the author that she would never wear pearls because she was unfortunate whenever she wore her necklace4 ,upon examining this terrible necklace the author saw that the alleged pearls were merely imitation6 ,as imitation pearls scarcely come within the province of this book it may be sufficient to mention that in the year #agdh ,linnaeus wrote to ,dr4 ,haller1 the physiologist1 telling him that he had ascertained how pearls grow in shells4 8,i am able to produce in any mother of pearl shell that can be held in the hand1 in the course of #d or #e years1 a pearl as large as the seed of a common vetch40 ,this discovery by the great naturalist was regarded as of such importance by the ,swedish ,government that they ennobled ,linnaeus1 rewarded him with a gift of #dej1 and began to manufacture pearls under his direction with great secrecy4 ,linnaeus' method had long been anticipated by the ,chinese who used to throw pieces of mother of pearl1 grit1 etc41 into the live oyster4 ,it is said that in a year the coating over a piece of mother of pearl would be sufficient4 ,of late years the ,japanese have acted on these practices with considerable skill1 producing by mechanical means some beautiful specimens4 ,still1 beautiful as they are1 they are not real pearls4 ,a good deal of pearl 8faking0 is practised1 and a short time ago a pearl broker in ,paris was sentenced to imprisonment for tampering with the colour of a pearl4 ,but whenever chemical means are employed in tinting a pearl the false colours invariably fade and leave the specimen worse off than before1 more especially if a lady with a 8good pearl skin0 wears it4 ,in his book on 8,malay ,magic10 ,mr4 ,w4 ,w4 ,satek gives the following interesting account of ,cocoa ,nut ,pearls1 quoting from ,dr4 ,deny's 8,descriptive ,dictionary of ,british ,malaya10 with acknowledgments to 8,nature03-- 8,during my recent travels10 ,dr4 ,sidney ,hickson writes to a scientific contemporary1 8,i was frequently asked by ,dutch planters and others if ,i had ever seen a #8cocoanut stone4' ,these stones are said to be rarely found 7one in two thousand or more7 in the perisperm of the cocoanut1 and when found are kept by the natives as a charm against disease and evil spirits4 ,this story of the cocoanut stone was so constantly told me1 and in every case without variations in its details1 that ,i made every effort before leaving to obtain some specimens and eventually succeeded in obtaining two4 ,one of these is nearly a perfect sphere1 #ad mm4 in diameter1 and the other1 rather smaller in size1 is irregularly pear-shaped4 ,in both specimens the surface is worn nearly smooth by friction4 ,the spherical one ,i have had cut into two halves but ,i can find no concentric or other markings on the polished cut surface4 ,dr4 ,kimmins has kindly submitted a half to a careful chemical analysis and finds that it consists of pure carbonate of lime without any trace of other salts or vegetable tissue40 ,on this letter ,mr4 ,thistleton ,dyer remarks3-- 8,dr4 ,hickson's account of the calcareous concretions occasionally found in the central hollow--filled with fluid--of the endosperm of the seed of the cocoanut is extremely interesting4 ,the circumstances of the occurrence of these stones or pearls are in many respects parallel to those which attend the formation of tabasheer4 ,in both cases mineral matter in palpable masses is withdrawn from solution in considerable volumes of flint contained in tolerably large cavities in living plants and in both instances they are monocotyledons4 ,in the case of cocoanut pearls the material is calcium carbonate and this is well known to concrete in a peculiar manner from solutions in which organic matter is also present4 ,in my note on ,tabasheer ,i referred to the reported occurrence of mineral concretions in the wood of various tropical dicotyledonous trees4 ,tabasheer is too well known to be pooh-poohed1 but some of my scientific friends express a polite incredulity in the other cases40 ,the specimen presented by ,mr4 ,skeat to the ,cambridge ,ethnological ,museum is encircled by a black ring which is caused1 it is said1 by its adherence to the shell of the cocoanut4 ,these cocoanut pearls are of much interest and may perhaps be included amongst the mineral curiosities which comprehend tabasheer1 apatite1 etc4 ,ancient philosophy would probably associate them with the sign ,cancer as is the case with pearls found in seas and rivers4 ,swedenborg writes that pearls are ,truth and the knowledge of ,truth1 celestial and spiritual knowledge1 faith and charity4 ,,chapter ,,xxvii ,,peridot--,,ruby ,,peridot3 ,,plasma3 ,,the ,,rewarding ,,hermes3 ,,porphyry1 ,,its ,,introduction ,,into ,,rome ,,by ,,vitrasius ,,pollio3 ,,prase ,,or ,,mother ,,of ,,emerald3 ,,pyrite3 ,,the ,,pyrites ,,lithos ,,of ,,isidore ,,of ,,seville3 ,a ,,primitive ,,firestone3 ,,used ,,for ,,firearms3 ,,the 8,,seed ,,of ,,minerals03 ,,mundic ,,of ,,the ,,miners3 ,,its ,,change ,,to ,,vitriol ,,in ,,mining ,,districts3 ,,spinon ,,of ,,theophrastus3 ,,french 8,,pierre ,,de ,,sant03 ,,marcasite ,,used ,,as ,a ,,jewel ,,ornament3 ,,eden',s ,,flowers ,,of ,,metals3 ,,pyrope3 ,,quartz3 ,,rubellite3 ,,rubicelle3 ,,ruby1 ,,the ,,corundum ,,family3 ,,the ,,term 8,,oriental03 ,,the ,,mogok ,,mines3 8,,lord ,,of ,,the ,,rubies03 ,,the ,,mine ,,eaters3 8,,the ,,dragon ,,lord03 ,,the ,,king ,,of ,,scilan',s ,,ruby3 ,,cosmas ,,indicopleustes3 ,a ,,coronation ,,custom ,,described ,,by ,,hatyon3 ,,tears ,,of ,,buddha3 ,,the ,,ruby ,,bowl ,,of ,,arya ,,chakravarti3 ,,colonel ,,alexander ,,gardener ,,and ,,the ,,fakir',s ,,ruby3 ,,the ,,king ,,of ,,vishapoor',s ,,ruby3 ,,rubies ,,placed ,,under ,,the ,,foundations ,,of ,,buildings3 ,,rubies ,,in ,,the ,,cho ,,keng ,,su3 ,,pliny',s ,,acausti3 ,,practice ,,of ,,the ,,ethiopians3 ,,anthrax ,,of ,,theophrastus3 ,,duke ,,of ,,devonshire',s ,,ruby3 ,,rubies ,,mentioned ,,by ,,mr4 ,c4 ,w4 ,,king3 ,,rabbi ,,ragiel',s ,,talisman3 ,,dragons ,,guardians ,,of ,,ruby ,,mines3 ,m4 ,,rochefort',s ,,story ,,and ,,the ,,ruby ,,in ,,the ,,dragon',s ,,head3 ,,st4 ,,margaret ,,and ,,the ,,dragon3 ,,sheikh ,,el ,,mohdy ,,and ,,the ,,ruby-,,jewelled ,,dragon3 ,,barthoveri ,,and ,,the ,,serpent3 ,,dieudonn ,,of ,,gozon ,,and ,,the ,,dragon ,,of ,,rhodes3 ,,the ,,import ,,of ,,these ,,legends3 ,,st4 ,,george ,,and ,,st4 ,,michael ,,and ,,the ,,dragons3 ,,shrine ,,of ,,the ,,magi ,,in ,,cologne ,,cathedral3 ,,the ,,sun ,,and ,,christianity3 ,,the ,,names ,,of ,,the ,,magi3 ,,the ,,rosicrucian ,,classification3 ,,the 8,r,,gale0 ,,of ,,france1 ,,from ,,the ,,tomb ,,of ,,st4 ,,thomas ,a',,becket1 ,,worn ,,by ,,henry ,,viii3 ,,vow ,,of ,,louis ,,vii ,,of ,,france ,,and ,,its ,,fulfilment ,,at ,,canterbury3 ,,swedenborg',s ,,correspondence ,,of ,,the ,,ruby3 ,,comtesse ,d',,anois' ,,story ,,of ,,the ,,ruby ,,singing ,,apple3 ,,the ,,arabs ,,and ,,the ,,angel ,,of ,,the ,,world3 ,,persian ,,charm ,,against ,,the ,,forces ,,of ,,evil3 ,,the #d,,th ,,stone ,,of ,,the ,,nao-,,rattan3 ,,burmese ,,symbol ,,of ,,reincarnation3 ,a ,,ruby ,,which ,,nearly ,,destroyed ,a ,,native ,,state ,,in ,,india3 ,,jewelled ,,rings ,,on ,,the ,,statue ,,of ,,st4 ,,lambert ,,at ,,li,,ge ,,cathedral3 ,,catharine ,,of ,,aragon ,,reads ,,misfortune ,,in ,,her ,,ruby',s ,,change ,,of ,,colour3 ,,occult ,,virtues ,,of ,,the ,,ruby3 ,,symbol ,,of ,,the ,,ruby ,,in ,,dreams3 ,,colour ,,phenomena ,,displayed ,,by ,a ,,ruby3 ,,the ,,star ,,ruby3 ,,the ,,hunter ,,and ,,the ,,ruby4 ,,peridot4 7,see ,,chrysolite47 ,,plasma4 ,this variety of leek-green jasper is derived from the ,greek word ,,plasma1 an image4 ,it was a favourite stone among the ancients who employed it in gem engraving and for important talismans4 ,in the ,rhodes collection there is a beautiful oval specimen on which is engraved a nude figure of ,hermes holding a caduceus in his left hand1 whilst on his right above a purse is perched a cock2 a scorpion is on his left side1 a little above his knee4 ,he wears the winged cap on his head4 ,mr4 ,king classes this piece as astrological4 ,it symbolizes the wisdom and rewards of the well-starred subject of ,mercury4 ,plasma was largely used in ,abraxes charms by the ,gnostics who employed the substance always for special talismans4 ,astrologically ,plasma is under the zodiacal ,virgin4 ,,porphyry4 ,the name is derived from the ,greek word for purple--,,porphyra--and we find it written at various periods in many ways1 for example3 porfurie1 porphurye1 purphire1 porpherie1 porphiry4 ,it is a hard purple and white stone1 said to have been introduced into ,rome by ,vitrasisus ,pollio in the form of statues of ,claudius4 ,the quarries whence the ancients obtained their supplies of porphyry were found at ,gebel ,dokhan1 near the ,red ,sea1 by ,wilkinson and ,burton4 ,it has always been a favourite stone with sculptors1 glyptic artists1 and architects1 and was chiefly esteemed in the forming of columns4 ,porphyry was regarded as a stone to promote eloquence in speaking4 ,astrologically it was placed under 8the sign of the ,columns0--,gemini4 ,,prase4 ,the name is derived from the ,greek ,,prason1 a leek4 ,leonardus calls it ,prassius1 and he says it is so termed from a herb of its own name4 ,it is also written as prasius1 prasium4 ,it is thus described by ,marbodus3 8,midst precious stones a place the ,prase may claim1 ,of value small1 content with beauty's fame4 ,no virtue has it3 but it brightly gleams ,with emerald green1 and well the gold beseems2 ,or blood-red spots diversify its green1 ,or crossed with three white lines its face is seen40 ,other authors1 however1 endow the prase with a virtue4 ,it was regarded by some as a beauty charm for married women and for the mothers of brides4 ,it resembles the beryl in its clear form1 but it is duller4 ,it is translucent and1 as its name indicates1 leek-green in colour4 ,at one time it was believed to be the matrix of the emerald1 whence it was called 8,mother of ,emerald40 ,it is under the zodiacal ,taurus4 ,,pyrite 8,named from the fire the yellow pyrite spurns ,the touch of man1 and to be handled scorns3 ,touch it with trembling hand and cautious arm ,for1 tightly grasped1 it burns the closed palm40 ,the word is found also as pyrit1 pirrite1 and old writers of the #afth century were especially fond of using pyrit stone4 ,it is derived from the ,greek ,,pur1 fire1 and is allied to the fire stone family 7,pyrites ,lithos7 noted by ,isidore of ,seville 7#fth and #gth centuries7 in his philosophical fragments from the more ancient writers4 ,he identifies the black pyrites of ,pliny in a black ,persian stone which1 if fractured1 and held in the hand1 burns4 ,it is assumed from the frequent occurrence of pieces of pyrites in prehistoric mounds that primitive man used the substance for kindling fires4 ,later we find it employed before the introduction of flint in wheel lock fire arms when1 in the same manner1 it threw out sparks of fire when energetically struck on steel4 ,the ancients had a theory that pyrite was the seed or original matter of minerals1 and we find it in rocks of every age4 ,to mining people it is known as ,mundic4 ,auriferous pyrite which occurs in auriferous countries contains certain quantities of gold1 sometimes worth winning1 and was known as ,king of the ,pyrites4 ,the action of water and air makes it troublesome in coal-mining districts4 ,it is then changed into sulphate of iron 7vitriol7 and fires the mines4 ,chambers 7#ahff7 mentions that 8at ,quarreltown in ,renfrewshire a deep hollow may still be seen where about a century ago the ground fell in in consequence of a subterranean fire thus kindled40 ,theophrastus1 the great ,greek naturalist and philosopher of the #crd century1 before the ,christian era1 mentions in his work on stones the burning pyrite under the name ,spinon which1 he says1 is contained in certain mines and which1 if crushed1 watered and exposed to the rays of the sun1 bursts into flame4 ,the ,french call this stone ,pierre de ,sant 7,stone of ,health71 because it was said that it is affected by the health of the wearer4 ,the white iron pyrites1 known as ,marcasite1 is of similar composition to the ordinary pyrite 7,iron ,disulphide7 but it takes on the orthorhombic form of crystallization instead of the usual cube form4 ,this word is also found written as markasit1 marquesite4 ,the stone was largely used for jewel ornamentation4 ,oliver ,goldsmith1 in 8,she ,stoops to ,conquer10 says3 8,half the ladies of our acquaintance carry their jewels to town and bring nothing but paste and marcasites back40 ,eden in #aeee wrote that 8,marchasites are flowers of metals by the colours whereof the kyndes of metals are known40 ,mr4 ,william ,jones mentions a ring in the possession of a clergyman which is made of two hearts surmounted by a crown set with marcasites4 ,rabbi ,chael says that a man on horseback holding a bridle and bent bow engraved on pyrites makes the wearer irresistible in war4 ,these stones are martial according to astrology and are attached to the zodiacal ,scorpio4 ,,pyrope4 7,see ,,garnet47 ,,quartz4 ,in #aggb ,cronstedt wrote in his work on ,mineralogy3 8,i shall adopt the name of ,quartz in ,english as it has already general access in other ,european ,languages40 ,there seems to be little doubt regarding the origin of the word which comes from the ,german ,,quarz4 ,professor ,james ,d4 ,dana gives the ,quartz varieties under the following heads3-- #a4 ,vitreous4 ,distinguished by their glassy fracture4 #b4 ,chalcedonic4 ,having a sub-vitreous or a waxy lustre and generally translucent4 #c4 ,jaspery ,cryptocrystalline4 ,having barely a glimmering lustre or none1 and opaque4 ,to the first belong3 ,amethyst1 ,aventurine ,quartz1 ,cairngorm1 ,citrine1 ,ferruginous ,quartz1 ,false or ,spanish ,topaz1 ,milk ,quartz1 ,prase1 ,rock ,crystal1 ,rose ,quartz1 ,smoky ,quartz4 ,to the second belong3 ,chalcedony1 ,chrysoprase1 ,sard1 ,carnelian1 ,agate1 ,onyx1 ,cat's ,eye1 ,flint1 ,hornstone1 ,chert1 ,plasma4 ,to the third belong3 ,jasper1 ,heliotrope or ,bloodstone1 ,lydian ,stone1 ,touchstone1 ,basanite1 ,silicified ,wood1 ,pseudomorphous ,quartz1 etc4 ,opal is a near ally to ,quartz which is a most useful as well as an ornamental substance4 ,,rubellite4 7,see ,,tourmaline47 ,,rubicelle4 7,see ,,spinel47 ,,ruby 8,he that has once the flower of the ,sunne ,the perfect ruby which we call elixir40 ,,ben ,,johnson4 ,the ruby derives its name from the ,latin ,,ruber1 red1 and some of its forms at various periods are given by ,dr4 ,murray as rubye1 rubie1 rubey1 roby1 rooby1 rube1 rubu1 rybe1 rybee1 rybwe1 ribe1 riby4 ,the stone is of the corundum family which includes the sapphire1 oriental amethyst1 oriental topaz1 oriental chrysoberyl1 oriental emerald1 oriental cats-eye1 oriental moonstone1 adamantine spar of hair-brown colour and the well-known emery4 ,the term 8oriental0 is also applied to the ruby and serves to distinguish it from the spinel1 ruby garnet and a number of other red stones4 ,the definition 8oriental0 is applied only to the corundum family and was1 according to ,dr4 ,g4 ,f4 ,h4 ,smith1 attached to these hard coloured stones which in early days reached ,europe by way of the ,east4 ,the name ,,corundum is derived from a ,sanscrit word of doubtful meaning1 and the minerals included in it come next in hardness to the diamond4 ,the ruby therefore is a red sapphire1 and the sapphire a blue ruby1 and it is no infrequent thing to find the two stones combined in one specimen4 ,mr4 ,emanuel has drawn attention to the fact that rubies and sapphires are always found in gold-bearing country4 ,it has been stated that whilst sapphires have been found in ,australia the red sapphire or ruby has not4 ,this is incorrect4 ,at the ,anakie sapphire fields in ,central ,queensland rubies are also found1 and some specimens exhibit blended colours4 ,it is true1 however1 that rubies have not up to the present been found in ,australia in great quantities4 ,the most celebrated ruby mines in the world are the ,mogok mines in ,upper ,burma4 ,here the stones are found in ,calcite deposits occurring in granular limestone on the hill sides and in the clayey alluvial deposits of the river beds4 ,these workings are of very great age and until #ahhe were the monopoly of the ,burmese ,crown1 the ,king being known as ,lord of the ,rubies4 ,in this country the ruby fields are called 8,byon10 and the miners 8,twin-tsas0 7mine eaters74 ,these ,twin-tsas were forced to surrender to the monarch all big stones found by them1 which stones were carefully guarded in the ,royal ,treasure ,house4 ,one of the mine eaters found a large and beautiful gem which1 in order to escape the selfish conditions imposed1 he divided into two parts2 one of these he handed over to the officers of the ,king1 the other he endeavoured to conceal4 ,the plot it seems failed1 with what result to the unfortunate 8,eater0 is not told4 ,the weight of these two sections after the cutter had exerted his skill on them was #ih and #gd carats4 ,a fine ,burma ruby called 8,gnaga ,boh10 or the ,dragon ,lord 7the folklore of the ,east connects rubies and dragons7--weighed when found over #dj carats1 losing about half in the cutting4 ,the uncut part of the ,great ,burmese ,ruby 7a stone that weighed #djj carats and was split into three parts1 two of which were cut7 was sold in ,calcutta for #g lakhs of rupees 7at the exchange rate of two shillings ,english for the rupee a lakh would equal #aj1jjj74 ,marco ,polo writes of the great ruby possessed by the ,king of the ,island of ,seilan 7,ceylon71 8,the finest and biggest in the world03 8,it is about a palm in length and as thick as a man's arm3 to look at1 it is the most resplendent object upon earth3 it is quite free from flaw and is as red as fire4 ,its value is so great that a price for it in money could not be named4 ,the great ,kaan sent an embassy and begged the ,king as a favour to sell this to him offering to give for it the ransom of a city or1 in fact1 what the ,king would4 ,but the ,king replied that on no account whatever would he sell it for it had come to him from his ancestors40 ,the great merchant-traveller ,cosmas ,indicopleustes1 of ,alexandria1 writes in his 8,voyages0 7#afff7 of this stone1 which 8they say is of great size and brilliant ruddy hue1 as large as a giant pine cone4 ,when seen flashing from afar--especially if the ,sun's rays flood upon it--it is a sight both marvellous and unequalled40 ,hayton1 his contemporary1 also writes of this wonderful stone3 8,at the ,king of the ,island of ,ceylon's coronation he places this ruby in his left hand and rides thus with it throughout his city1 after which all know him as their ,king and obey him as such40 ,the ,chinese writer ,hyuen ,tsang also writes of this great stone1 as does ,odoric4 ,friar ,jordamus discourses not only of this but of the great and wonderful rubies in the possession of the ,island ,king4 ,andrea ,corsali 7#aeae7 also writes of the ,king of ,sylen's 7,ceylon7 two great rubies--8so shining and sparkling as to seem like flames of fire40 ,in the ,ceylon river beds fine rubies are discovered1 and old writers say that many are washed down from the mountain 8which they call ,adam's ,peak40 ,there was superstitious belief in the beautiful ,island of ,ceylon that rubies are the consolidated tears of ,buddha4 ,one of the great mediaeval ,tamul chiefs1 ,arya ,chakravarti1 had1 it is said1 a ruby bowl the size of the palm of a man's hand1 which was remarkable for its brilliant colour4 ,colonel ,alexander ,gardner1 ,colonel of ,artillery in the service of ,maharaja ,ranyit ,singh1 describes a visit he made with the ,bai or ,baron of the ,kirghiz to a venerable aged fakir whose worldly possessions seemed to consist of earthen pots of grain placed in a hole in the middle of his hut4 ,the old philosopher was the reputed possessor of a rare and beautiful ruby4 ,for this the ,bai entreated the silent and unmoved fakir1 declaring that with it alone could he induce the robber chief he was travelling to see to spare 8the lives1 property and honour of all the innocent families around40 ,at last the fakir quietly arose1 and after a little fumbling produced the gem which1 with a dignified gesture1 he placed softly in the ,bai's hands1 giving him his blessing and expressing the hope that the offering might have the desired result1 after which he relapsed into silent reverie4 ,he declined money for the gem1 asking only that some grain might be sent him so 8that he might be able to relieve way-worn and destitute travellers40 ,the ,colonel examined the gem and found cut in high relief on the centre of the oblong face of the stone a small ,zoroastrian altar4 ,round this altar were double cordons of letters similar to those appearing on the ,scytho ,bactrian coins4 ,the ,colonel describes the gem as pure and lustrous1 of great value1 and from #aej to #bjj carats in weight4 ,this rare gem was discovered at the time of ,timur by an ancestor of the fakir in a cave near the famous shrine of the city of ,esh or ,oosh on the ,bolor ,ranges4 ,a fine ruby of #ej carats which belonged to the ,king of ,vishapoor is mentioned by ,tavernier4 ,in ,china the ruby has always been esteemed and its primary importance as a distinguishing emblem in the cap of the ,chief ,mandarin had already been noted4 ,a specimen was also placed under the foundations of a building of importance 8to give it a good destiny40 ,in the ,chinese work ,,cho ,,keng ,,lu which relates to various affairs up to the ,mongol dynasty1 deep red rubies are termed 8,si-la-ni02 scholars translate this word as 8from ,ceylon40 ,they are also known as 8,hung ,pao ,shi0 7precious red stone7 and 8,chin ,chu40 ,it has a sacred meaning and talismanic virtue and is attached to the dress set in rare jade and employed as a precious ornament4 ,pliny calls rubies 8,acausti0 and says that they are not injured by fire4 ,he relates a practice of the merchants of ,ethiopia of placing a ruby in a vinegar solution for two weeks to improve its lustre4 ,the effect was1 it is said1 good for a short period of time but ultimately the stones became soft and fragile4 ,the ,,anthrax or 8glowing coals0 of ,theophrastus is identified as the ruby as we know it today4 ,he gives us an idea of the money value of this stone by stating that a very small specimen would sell for forty golden staters 7a gold stater is worth about a #e-;dollar gold piece of the ,united ,states74 ,amongst the gems collected in the #ahth century by ,william1 third ,duke of ,devonshire1 there is a ruby of about three carats weight1 described by ,mr4 ,king as of 8the most delicious cerise colour0 on which are cut deeply the figures of ,venus and ,cupid4 ,the work is of the middle ,roman ,period and ,mr4 ,king deplores the fact that the great value of the gem was in his opinion injured by the inferiority of the workmanship4 ,a ,faun's ,head on an inferior ruby in the same collection is superior from an art point of view and of greater age4 ,mr4 ,king mentions a beautiful rose-coloured ruby of irregular form on which is a magnificent head of ,thetis wearing a crab's shell helmet of most exquisite ,greek work4 ,rabbi ,ragiel 78,book of ,wings07 writes that the figure of a dragon cut on a ruby increases the worldly possessions of the wearer1 giving happiness and ease4 ,old legends say that the ruby mines as well as the emerald mines were guarded by dragons and the symbolic connection between the dragon and the ruby has the virtue of far-reaching antiquity4 ,m4 ,rochefort in his 8,natural ,history of the ,antilles10 says that the ,caribbees of ,dominica speak of a dragon which lives in a declivity of the rocks and in whose head is a giant ruby so brilliant that the surrounding country is illuminated by it4 ,these people believed that the ,son of ,god came out of the heavens to slay the dragon4 ,st4 ,margaret is said to have subdued a dragon and to have taken a wonderful ruby from its head4 ,the ,arabian writer ,sheikh ,el ,mohdy has amongst his stories one telling of a terrible dragon which inhabited the island of ,ceylon and carried in his head a large ruby which shone for many miles amidst the darkness of night4 ,the ,indian philosopher ,barthoveri said that 8the serpent is malefic although it carries a ruby in its head40 ,dieudonn of ,goyon is said to have killed a terrible dragon at ,rhodes and to have drawn from its head a wonderful iridescent stone the size of an olive4 ,some few writers substitute the diamond for the ruby1 but whether we take the many-coloured stone of ,dieudonn 7which it has been said was a diamond7 or the stones of the ,sun1 the ruby and the diamond1 the import of the legends are similar4 ,the dragon as the symbol of the lower forces whether as the poisonous emanations of stagnant waters or as the ,serpent of ,eden--the planet ,mars and one of his heavenly ,houses1 ,scorpio1 or the planet ,saturn and his heavenly ,house1 ,capricorn--is continually exposed to the benefic rays of the ,sun4 ,these rays are personified by the contests between the ,sun-,angel ,michael and the ,dragon and our well-known ,st4 ,george4 ,the three skulls1 said to be the skulls of the 8,three ,kings0 in the jewelled 8,shrine of the ,magi0 in ,cologne ,cathedral1 have their names ,melchior1 ,gaspar and ,balthazar worked on them in rubies1 perhaps because the ,sun1 planet of the ruby1 was the accredited planet of ,christianity as noted by ,albertus ,magnus and the ,cardinal ,dailly4 ,the names of the ,magi have also been given as ,megalath1 ,galgalath and ,sarasin--,apellius1 ,amerus and ,damascus--,ator1 ,sator and ,peratoras4 ,in their allegories the ,rosicrucians follow very nearly the names on the skulls in the #abth century ,shrine at ,cologne1 viz43 ,jasper or ,gaspar1 the white lord with a diamond ,melchior1 the bright lord with a diamond ,belshazzar or ,balthazar1 the treasure lord with a ruby4 ,it is said that ,henry ,,viii wore on his thumb a ring in which was set a ruby--some say a diamond--from the tomb of ,st4 ,thomas ,a',becket4 ,this ruby1 known as the 8,rgale of ,france10 was the talismanic gem of the ,french ,king ,louis ,,vii who1 in accordance with a battle-vow1 visited the tomb at ,canterbury in the year #aagi4 ,whilst offering his devotions he was asked by the priests at the shrine to give as an offering this beautiful jewel4 ,being loath to part with his talisman1 the ,king agreed to give one hundred thousand florins in its stead1 to which generous substitution the ,canterbury fathers humbly agreed4 ,but the precious ruby which dazzled all with its brightness1 turning night into day1 refused to be thus protected and1 flying from the setting of the ring on the ,king's finger1 fixed itself on the ,saint's tomb4 ,swedenborg recognizes in the ruby a gem of passionate devotion and likens it to the appearance of the ,lord's ,divine ,sphere represented in the celestial ,heavens4 ,in ,comtesse d',anois' fairy story 8,chery and ,fairstar0 there is a narrative of a ruby apple on an amber stem which is known as the 8,singing ,apple40 ,this apple gave forth a perfume so weirdly sweet that it caused people to laugh or to cry1 to write poems or to sing songs2 but when it sang itself the hearers were transported with ecstasy4 ,guarded by a great three-headed dragon with twelve feet1 the apple rested in the ,libyan desert whence it was secured by ,prince ,chery in his glass armour1 the reflections of which drove the terrified dragon into a cave1 the entrance to which was securely shut up by the victor4 ,the ,arabs say that the ,angel ,bearer of the ,world stands on a rock of pure ruby1 and amongst the ,persians the gem was used in magical rites as a charm against the ,black ,forces4 ,it was the fourth stone of the ,nao-,rattan which ,iarchus gave to ,apollonius1 representing ,benevolence1 ,charity1 ,divine ,power1 and ,dignity4 ,the ,burmese value the ruby as an especially sacred stone which to them is a symbol of the last incarnation which precedes the final embrace of ,divinity4 ,the beautiful ruby is likened to rich ripe fruit1 and its magical power is matured4 ,it has been stated that the ruby is unfortunate for ,india--a country under the ,celestial ,capricorn--and one great specimen nearly destroyed a native state1 after which event it was buried with solemn ceremonies in the heart of the ,himalayas4 ,it was an ancient custom to adorn sacred statues with precious stones and the practice has survived into ,christian times4 ,mr4 ,william ,jones describes a large shrine in the ,lige ,cathedral whereon was a figure1 more than life size1 of ,st4 ,lambert4 ,on each hand were three jewelled rings1 the most brilliant of which was set with a rare #aj-;carat ruby4 ,the shrine was of the latter #aeth and early #afth centuries4 ,many similar votive offerings are recorded4 ,for a ruby to change its colour was regarded as a forerunner of misfortune1 and it is said that the unhappy wife of ,henry ,,viii1 ,catharine of ,aragon1 observing a change in her ruby ring1 foretold her own fall4 ,after danger has passed1 old writers say1 the ruby returns to its colour again1 if it is the true gem of the wearer4 ,the ruby is an emblem of passion1 affection1 power and majesty4 ,it had the reputation of attracting and retaining material love4 ,it was probably for this reason that the amorous ,henry ,,viii of ,england wore the 8,rgale of ,france40 ,it removed obstacles1 gave victory1 and revealed the hidden places of stolen treasure4 ,it signified vitality1 life and happiness1 and was an amulet against plagues1 poison1 sorrow and evil spirits1 who dreaded the flashing of the stone from the hand of a good person4 ,illustration3 ,,horoscope ,,of ,,henry ,,viii ,,of ,,england ,the ,ruby was considered the fortunate gem for this ,king4_/sc ,to dream of a ruby indicated to the business man rich patronage and success in trade1 to the farmer a successful harvest and to the professional man elevation or fame and success in different degrees4 ,it was always considered more fortunate to wear the ruby on the left hand or left side of the body4 ,the colours of the gem vary from a light rose to a deep red1 the most expensive colour being that nearest to pigeon's blood4 ,submitted to a high temperature it turns green but when cooling returns to its original colour4 ,a particularly fortunate and rare variety is the ,star or ,asteriated ruby which exhibits a perfect star on its beautifully rounded cabochon surface1 coming as it were from a chatoyant interior4 ,messrs4 ,jerningham and ,bettany in their ,bargain ,book relate how a traveller in ,amazonia found in the crop of a bird which he had shot1 a large and handsome ruby which he had cut and set in a ring as a souvenir of this uncommon event4 ,the ruby is under the ,celestial sign ,leo4 ,,chapter ,,xxviii ,,rutile--,,sapphire ,,rutile1 ,,veneris ,,crinis ,,or ,,hair ,,of ,,venus1 ,,net ,,of ,,thetis1 ,,fl,,ches ,d',,amour ,,or ,,love',s ,,arrows3 ,,its ,,composition ,,and ,,place ,,in ,,the ,,zodiac3 ,,sapphire3 ,,its ,,ancient ,,name3 ,,male ,,and ,,female3 ,,favoured ,,colours3 ,,the ,,sapphire ,,fields3 ,,messrs4 ,,rand ,,and ,,dunstan ,,on ,,the ,,central ,,queensland ,,fields ,,at ,,anakie3 ,,minerals ,,found ,,associated ,,with ,,sapphire3 ,,dishonest ,,trade ,,classification3 ,,large ,,sapphires3 ,a ,,holy ,,gem3 ,,sacred ,,to ,,ph,,oe,,bus3 ,,solinus ,,and ,,the ,,sign ,,aquarius3 ,,the ,,sapphire ,,and ,,the ,,eyes3 ,,medicine ,,administered ,,astrologically3 ,,porta ,,on ,,the ,,sapphire3 ,,boetius ,,and ,,the ,,priestly ,,stone3 ,,pope ,,innocent ,,iii ,,recommends ,,it ,,as ,a ,,bishop',s ,,stone3 ,,intaglio ,,of ,,pope ,,paul ,,iii3 ,,st4 ,,jerome ,,on ,,the ,,sapphire3 ,a ,,stone ,,of ,,the ,,people ,,worn ,,by ,,the ,,king3 ,,king ,,solomon',s ,,sapphire3 ,,saved ,,from ,,the ,,sack ,,of ,,jerusalem3 ,,the ,,stone ,,of ,,moses3 ,,constantine',s ,,sapphire3 ,,buddhists ,,and ,,the ,,sapphire3 ,,its ,,place ,,in ,,the ,,nao-,,rattan ,,and ,,the ,,necklace ,,of ,,vishnu3 ,,falls ,,from ,,the ,,dead ,,eyes ,,of ,,maha ,,bali3 ,,lady ,,scroope ,,throws ,,the ,,sapphire ,,ring ,,from ,,the ,,window ,,of ,,queen ,,elizabeth',s ,,death ,,chamber3 ,,the ,,sepher ,,of ,,solomon3 ,,the ,,book ,,of ,,wings3 ,,talismanic ,,sapphires3 ,,the ,,sapphire ,,dream3 ,,the ,,asteriated ,,sapphire3 ,,the ,,sapphire ,,and ,,the ,,zodiac4 ,,rutile 8,fair tresses man's imperial race ensnare1 ,and beauty draws us with a single hair40 ,,pope4 ,the name ,rutile is derived from the ,latin ,,rutilus1 red1 and it appeared under the form ,,rutil in #ahjc when it was first applied to the mineral by ,dr4 ,a4 ,g4 ,werner4 ,the mineral occurs in brown1 red1 yellow and black colours and is composed of oxygen and ,titanium4 ,in hardness it is about the same as a peridot4 ,the name ,veneris ,crinis 7,hair of ,venus7 was first given to fibrillous rutile in quartz crystal known as ,sagenite1 from a ,greek word meaning 8a net40 ,the ,hair of ,venus was suggested by the beautiful hair-like effect which in good specimens is truly ,titian4 ,it is also known as ,the ,net of ,thetis and the ,hair of ,thetis4 ,the ,french call it 8,flches d',amour0 7,love's ,arrows74 ,the ,veneris ,crinis was worn by the ancients as a charm to favour the growth of hair and to give foreknowledge4 ,rutile is under the celestial ,sagittarius4 ,,sapphire 8,the living throne1 the sapphire blaze1 ,where angels tremble while they gaze40 ,,gray4 ,the ,sapphire derives its name from the ,greek ,,sappheiros and the following are some of the many forms of the word3 saphyr1 saphir1 safir1 safire1 zaphire1 safere1 saffere1 safyre1 sapher1 saphyre1 saphire1 saffyr1 saffre1 safeur1 safour1 safur1 sapheir1 saphere1 safure1 saffure1 saffoure1 saufir1 sapphier1 saiffer1 sapphyr4 ,the sapphire which may be said to lead the ,corundum family is slightly harder than the ruby4 ,the name1 which varies but little in ancient languages1 was without doubt applied to the blue lapis lazuli--the ,hyacinthus of the ancients being the true sapphire of our days4 ,sapphire is the name given to the blue corundum1 and the shades of colour vary from very light to very dark1 the light specimens being anciently termed female1 the dark1 male4 ,this blue tinge will1 however1 be detected in several light varieties of the corundum family4 ,the velvety blue sapphire termed the 8bleu du roi0 has held its popularity for ages and is likely to continue to do so1 although the pretty light specimens known as 8cornflower blue0 are fast coming into favour4 ,sapphires are found in ,ceylon1 ,india and ,siam in considerable quantity and some good stones have been found in the ,united ,states4 ,large specimens come from ,newton1 ,new ,jersey and also from the rich country round ,montana4 ,the sapphire fields at ,anakie1 ,central ,queensland1 bid fair to become one of the biggest in the world1 and in a highly instructive report1 ,messrs4 ,william ,rands and ,b4 ,dunstan1 ,government ,geologists of ,queensland1 give a detailed account of the fields4 ,the authors of the report give the following list of minerals found in the sapphire deposits3 ,diamonds ,sapphire 7blue7 ,oriental ,ruby 7red7 ,oriental ,topaz 7yellow7 ,oriental ,peridot 7green7 ,oriental ,chrysoberyl 7yellowish green7 ,oriental ,amethyst 7purple7 ,cats' ,eye 7smoky1 etc47 ,oriental ,moonstone 7pearly7 ,spinel varieties ,spinel ,ruby ,pleonaste ,garnet ,pyrope ,zircon varieties ,jargoon 7white and yellow7 ,hyacinth 7brown and red7 ,quartz varieties ,rock ,crystal 7colourless7 ,amethyst 7purple7 ,cairngorm 7smoky7 ,chalcedony varieties ,carnelian 7red and yellow7 ,jasper varieties3 ,black 7,lydian ,stone71 red and brown ,rutile 7in quartz pebbles7 ,topaz 7white7 ,magnetite ,titanic ,iron ,magnesite ,tourmaline ,hornblende ,the report emphasises the facts that 8the field is a large one1 that the extent of sapphire wash is second to none in the world and that a constant supply of stones could be maintained40 ,it seems that these ,australian gems have not met with the fair treatment so necessary in the development of the fields1 and in their report ,messrs4 ,rands and ,dunstan submit an extract from a letter received from an important firm of lapidaries and gem merchants in ,geneva3 8,fine sapphires equal to those from ,burma have been found amongst the ,australian gem stones4 ,most of these are sent to ,germany by dealers where they are sorted4 ,the best gems are afterwards sold separately under another name1 and the inferior lots sold as ,australian40 ,large sapphires are more frequently found than large rubies and ,dr4 ,chambers mentions one discovered in #ahec in the alluvium a few miles from ,ratnapoora1 which was valued at over #djjj sterling4 ,a large specimen1 three inches long1 is mentioned by ,professor ,j4 ,d4 ,dana as being in the possession of ,sir ,abram ,hume4 ,in the ,green ,vaults at ,dresden several great specimens are shown4 ,the large 8,saphir merveilleux0 which ,mr4 ,hope exhibited at the ,london ,exhibition in #ahea--known as the 8,hope ,sapphire0--was blue by day-light and amethyst colour by nightlight4 ,this gem was last said to be in the ,russian ,treasury4 ,this sapphire has nothing in common with the blue cobalt-coloured artificial spinels known as 8,hope ,sapphires40 ,dr4 ,g4 ,f4 ,h4 ,smith mentions several large stones1 the most notable being one of #iej carats which was reported to be in the ,king of ,ava's treasury in #ahbg4 ,the weight of the ,rospoli rough sapphire in the ,jardin des ,plantes is #acb carats4 ,the ,duke of ,devonshire has a fine sapphire of #ajj carats1 brilliant cut above the girdle of the stone1 and step cut below4 ,from the earliest times the sapphire had the reputation of a holy gem4 ,solinus says that 8it feels the air and sympathizes with the heavens1 shining not the same if the sky be bright or obscured40 ,the ancients held the gem sacred to ,phbus1 not as a personification of the ,sun1 but rather as explained by ,dr4 ,alexander ,s4 ,murray 7,department of ,greek and ,roman ,antiquities in the ,british ,museum7 as follows3 8,from the sun comes our physical light1 but that light is at the same time an emblem of mental illumination1 of knowledge1 truth and right1 of all moral purity3 and in this respect a distinction was made between it as a mental and a physical phenomenon--a distinction which placed ,phbus ,apollo on one side and ,helios on the other4 ,accordingly ,phbus ,apollo is the oracular god who throws light on the dark ways of the future1 who slays the ,python--that monster of darkness which made the oracle at ,delphi inaccessible4 ,he is the god of music and song which are only heard where light and security reign and the possession of herds is free from danger40 ,this is the ideal of the sign ,aquarius1 astrologically considered1 and students of the old science well know what ,solinus implies when he says that the gem of the sign ,aquarius 8feels the air and sympathizes with the heavens0 for this sign of 8air10 of fine ethereal forces1 of 8outer airs10 of fine subtle substances1 etc41 is also the sign of ,heaven and the ,heavens4 ,the great physician ,galen used the sapphire 8for expelling the hot humours of the body10 which unfavourable health condition is included in astrological philosophy on the evils of the sign ,aquarius4 ,the sign also1 as the astrologer ,raphael says1 8has particular rule over the eyesight1 and the ,sun conjoined with ,saturn therein is a sure sign of blindness40 ,ancient writers say that he who gazes into a sapphire will charm away all threatened injury to his eyes1 and ,marbodus recommends that a sapphire 8dissolved in milk0 takes the sting from 8dimmed eyes40 ,for removing foreign bodies from the eye1 specks of dust1 sand1 etc41 it was recommended that a sapphire be held a while on the closed eyelid and then drawn gently and slowly several times across from the nose to the corner of the eye4 ,it is one of the old principles in medicine1 astrologically administered1 that the cause of the disease can also be used as a cure1 whilst another rule advises the virtue of opposites4 ,in this latter connection it was said that a sapphire placed near the heart would fortify that organ--the sign of ,heaven 8ruling0 the heart is ,leo1 and ,aquarius is exactly opposite to ,leo in the ,zodiac4 ,in homopathic medicine aconite in proper proportion is administered to reduce fevers and inflamed conditions4 ,astrologically1 aconite is a herb of ,saturn4 ,saturn is1 like the herb1 cold and contracting whilst ,mars is warm and expanding4 ,the blood and mental faculties are liable to disorder in certain people born with ,aquarius rising at birth or with the ,sun therein3 and the sapphire was the panacea which also1 it was said1 stopped bleeding of the nose if held against the temples4 ,in old pharmacies the sapphire held a place of importance and its reputed curative virtue led to its employment as a charm against swellings1 boils1 ruptures1 profuse perspirations1 poisons1 melancholy1 flatulence and other bodily inharmonies4 ,it was also employed as a charm against enchantment1 danger1 treachery1 quarrels between friends1 evil suggestions and undue influence4 ,porta in his work on 8,natural ,magic10 #aefa1 writes of the value of the sapphire in all magical and religious ceremonies1 protecting the wearer from the ,larvae of the lower spiritual world and from the snakes and poisonous reptiles of the world of matter4 ,it was considered intensely powerful as a destroyer of poisonous insects which it was said to kill if placed at the mouth of a vessel in which they were imprisoned4 ,boetius 78,de ,natura ,gemmarum07 writes that the sapphire was worn by priests as an emblem of chastity1 for none of evil thoughts1 bad minds or vicious habits dare wear this gem of pure heavenly love which was used of old by those consulting the sacred oracles4 ,in his messages to the ,bishops of the #abth century ,pope ,innocent ,,iii asked that they should have their pure gold rings set with 8that stone which is the true seal of secrecy40 ,when the ,roman ,catholic church received her novices into the ,sisterhood a sapphire ring blessed by a ,bishop was given as a holy symbol of the mystical marriage4 ,in the famous ,pulsky ,collection--mentioned by ,mr4 ,c4 ,w4 ,king--there is a wonderful intaglio on a fine sapphire of ,pope ,paul ,,iii by the great ,alessandro ,cesati1 three-quarters of an inch square4 ,st4 ,jerome 7#dth and #eth centuries7 wrote that the sapphire saved its wearer from captivity and pacified his enemies1 also that it gained the favour of princes4 ,some old authors recommend the sapphire as a stone for the hands of ,kings4 ,it is a stone rather of ,democracy4 ,perhaps1 however1 the symbolic idea was that the ,king as the servant of the people could adorn his hand with no more fitting emblem4 ,it is traditionally reported that the ring of ,king ,solomon was a sapphire1 which stone was believed by some of the masters to be the special talisman of the ,jews4 ,one kept in the ,holy of ,holies as a holy emblem is said to have been saved and concealed for the people of ,israel when ,titus sacked ,jerusalem4 ,moses was born with the ,sun rising in the ascending ,aquarius1 hence the adoption of either the sapphire as we know it today or the lapis lazuli as national gems is perfectly natural4 ,the sapphire in the signet of ,constantine1 weighing #ec carats1 which now lies amongst the treasures in the ,rinuccini ,cabinet at ,florence1 is cut in intaglio with a portrait of the ,emperor in the guise of ,nimrod attacking a great boar with his spear in the ,csarean plains4 ,as a gem of heavenly and beautiful thoughts the sapphire was regarded as a scare against devils1 evil forces1 witchcraft1 sorcery and all forms of villainy4 ,the ,buddhists symbolically say that a sapphire opens a closed door1 brings prayerful feelings and sounds the sweet bells of peace4 ,it is a stone of truth1 constancy1 friendship1 goodness and angelic help2 it warns against hidden dangers and heightens the imagination and psychic forces4 ,it rebels against intoxication and refuses to adorn the hand of a drunkard2 it helps hopes and wishes that are truly just and right4 ,it was the third stone of the ,nao-rattan and the fourth of the seven rings which ,iarchus brought down from the angelic spheres as a gift to ,apollonius of ,tyana4 ,it was the fourth stone of the magical necklace of ,vishnu1 and according to the ,ramayana sapphires fell from the eyes of the slain god ,maha ,bali4 ,an ,irish ,countess lent for exhibition to the ,south ,kensington ,loan ,collection in #ahgb the sapphire ring which ,lady ,scroope threw from the window of the death chamber of ,queen ,elizabeth to ,sir ,robert ,carey who was waiting below for this signal of the ,queen's passing in order to convey the news post haste to ,james4 ,in the ,sepher of ,solomon 8which was set together in the desert by the ,children of ,israel in the ,holy ,name of ,god1 following the influences of the stars10 a charm for favouring desires1 for procuring invisibility1 and certain benefits was a light coloured sapphire on which was engraved a mermaid holding a twig in one hand and a mirror in the other4 ,the times for the construction of this talisman 7which was to be set in a ring and worn inwards for escaping the eyes of others7 was when the moon well aspected1 was passing through the #eth1 #fth and #gth degrees of the sign ,aquarius4 ,another charm from the same source is the figure of a young man crowned1 a circle round his neck1 his hands raised in prayer1 seated on a four-legged throne supported on the back of their necks by four men standing4 ,the charm is to be cut on a 8cornflower0 sapphire for purifying the mind and obtaining favours from rulers1 scholars1 priests and people of wisdom1 when the well-aspected moon was passing through the #ast1 #bnd1 #bhth and #bith degrees of ,aquarius4 ,in the 8,book of ,wings10 a charm advised for gaining wealth and prophetic foresight is an astrolabe cut on a sapphire1 especially when the moon1 well aspected1 passes through the #ast1 #bnd1 #bhth and #bith degrees of ,aquarius4 ,another for health1 protection from poison1 poisonous airs1 and tyranny was the ,bearded ,head of a man or a ram engraved on a sapphire1 constructed when the well-aspected moon was passing through #hth1 #ith1 #beth and #bfth degrees of ,aquarius4 ,dreaming of sapphires is said to denote protection1 social success1 and favour generally4 ,illustration3 ,beautiful ,colour ,gems ,kelsey ,i4 ,newman ,collection 4in #b 4ta r3#c r3#b #a4 ,,beryl #ag carats #b4 ,,aquamarine #ei #c4 ,,pink ,,sapphire #c #d4 ,,amethyst #bh #e4 #ad #f4 ,,orange ,,sapphires #d #g4 #bj #h4 ,,golden ,,sapphires #i4 #b #aj4 ,,sunlight ,,sapphire #dd-a_/af 4ta- 4in ,the ,asteriated or ,star ,sapphire1 displaying like the ,star ,ruby1 an opalescent star1 is a valued charm for procuring the love of friends1 for constancy and harmony4 ,all shades of blue and green sapphires are under the zodiacal ,aquarius4 ,white sapphires 7called ,leucos sapphires7 are under the sign ,pisces4 ,yellow sapphires are under the sign ,leo4 ,amethyst sapphires are under the sign ,sagittarius4 ,,chapter ,,xxix ,,sardonyx--,,succinite ,,sardonyx3 ,,schorl3 ,,selenite3 ,,comparisons ,,by ,,marbodus ,,and ,,malpleat3 ,,pliny',s ,,account3 ,,ancient ,,use ,,of ,,selenite3 ,,used ,,in ,,the ,,palace ,,at ,,pekin3 ,,dr4 ,,john ,,goad ,,and ,,the ,,selenite ,,of ,,pope ,,clement ,,viii3 ,,selenite ,,amongst ,,the ,,greeks3 ,,trevisa',s ,,narrative3 ,,selenites ,,or ,,lunary ,,men3 ,a ,,love ,,attractor3 ,a ,,curious ,,talisman3 ,,selenite ,,and ,,pearls3 ,,serpentine ,,or ,,hydrinus3 ,,identified ,,with ,,the ,,tarshish ,,stone3 ,,the ,,ophite ,,stone ,,of ,,dioscorides ,,and ,,pliny3 ,,agricola ,,knows ,,it ,,as ,,lapis ,,serpentius3 ,,the ,,ranochia ,,of ,,italian ,,artists3 ,a ,,cure ,,for ,,rheumatic ,,affections1 ,,etc43 ,,used ,,by ,,the ,,ancients ,,for ,,fashioning ,,ornaments ,,and ,,charms3 ,a ,,talisman ,,of ,,capricorn3 ,,used ,,in ,,the ,,making ,,of ,,scarabs ,,and ,,cylinders3 ,,soapstone ,,or ,,steatite3 ,,its ,,extensive ,,use ,,in ,,ancient ,,egypt3 ,,pinite3 ,,the ,,agalmatolite ,,or ,,pagodite ,,called ,,by ,,the ,,chinese ,,hao-,,chi3 ,,lucky ,,figures ,,and ,,emblems3 ,a ,,savage ,,food3 ,,sphene ,,or ,,titanite ,,spinel ,,or ,,balas ,,ruby3 ,,varieties3 ,,phenomena ,,of ,,the ,,spinel3 ,,albertus ,,magnus3 ,,andrea ,,bacci3 ,,the ,,palace ,,of ,,the ,,ruby3 ,,marco ,,polo',s ,,story3 ,,lal ,,rumani ,,of ,,the ,,indians3 ,,the ,,king ,,of ,,oude',s ,,specimen3 ,,the ,,lal-,i-,,jaladi3 ,,the ,,black ,,prince',s ,,ruby ,,and ,,its ,,story3 ,,sir ,,james ,,melville ,,and ,,queen ,,elizabeth',s 8,,fair1 ,,great ,,ruby03 ,,love ,,of ,,queen ,,elizabeth ,,for ,,spinels3 ,,robert ,,de ,,berquen ,,at ,,the ,,court ,,of ,,the ,,king ,,of ,,persia3 ,,spinels ,,and ,,corundums ,,in ,,river ,,gravels3 ,,elianus ,,and ,,the ,,story ,,of ,,the ,,stork3 ,,its ,,symbolic ,,import3 ,,an ,,ancient ,,medical ,,custom3 ,a ,,health ,,stone3 ,a ,,garden ,,charm3 ,,spodumene3 ,,hiddenite3 ,,kunzite3 ,,radium ,,influence ,,on ,,spodumene ,,and ,,kunzite3 ,,succinite4 ,,sardonyx4 7,see ,,onyx47 ,,schorl4 7,see ,,tourmaline47 ,,selenite 8,this stone1 a remedy for human ills1 ,springs1 as they tell1 from famous ,persia's hills40 ,,marbodus4 ,the word ,,selenite is derived from the ,greek ,,selene1 the moon1 and is found also written as silenite1 silonite1 silenitis4 ,the stone which is a crystallized variety of gypsum is in pearly white1 green1 yellow and gray colours4 ,marbodus compares it with soft grass or verdant jasper1 and ,malpleat1 in #aefg1 says it is like a fresh and flourishing green herb4 ,the moon-like lustres whether in pearl-white or light green are the most esteemed1 and ,pliny writes that it is frequently employed in the construction of beehives to enable the curious to watch the little insects at their wonderful work4 ,the ancients employed it in much the same way as we do glass1 and it formed an item of considerable trade importance between ,rome1 ,spain1 ,cyprus1 ,africa1 ,cappadocia and other parts of the ancient world4 ,slightly coarser varieties were used by ,tiberius to cover his hot-houses1 for it is susceptible of being split into comparatively thin sheets4 ,a finer variety of very great value was at one time to be seen in the palace at ,pekin4 ,dr4 ,john ,goad1 who wrote the ,astro-,meteorologia1 a book on the natures and influences of the celestial bodies1 mentions the ,selenite which ,pope ,clement ,,viii had amongst his treasures4 ,it was a natural moon dial1 of which ,cocheram said in #afbc1 8it decreaseth and encreaseth as the moon groweth40 ,this ,dr4 ,goad was a famous scholar who1 wrote ,cooper1 8gained a reputation for his astrological knowledge founded on reason and experiment40 ,the ,greeks called the stone ,selenitis ,lithos1 because they said it waxed and waned with the moon1 a belief quaintly expressed by ,trevisa in #acih as follows3 8,selenites is a stone of ,perse1 grene as grasse4 ,it shineth with a white specke and foloweth the moon and waxyth and waneth as the moon doeth40 ,some old stories tell of a belief that little ,moon men which ,howell1 a #agth century writer1 calls 8,selenites or ,lunary ,men10 flung these stones deep in the earth4 ,the ,selenite was regarded as a love attractor and a stone to restore harmony between quarrelsome lovers4 ,if engraved with a figure of ,diana with bow and arrow when the moon was passing through the #crd1 #afth and #agth degrees of ,cancer it increased1 say old writers1 the power of imagination and helped the wearer to realize future movements4 ,if the ,selenite be burned and carefully powdered it is said to be of great use in cleaning pearls 7which also are moon-ruled according to astrology74 ,the ,selenite is under the sign ,cancer like the moonstone1 with which it is frequently confounded4 ,,serpentine ,,or ,,hydrinus ,the name ,serpentine appears at different periods as serpentyn1 serpentyne1 sarpentene1 sarpentin1 scharpentyn4 ,it is derived from the ,latin ,,serpens1 and its more ancient term ,,hydrinus indicates exactly the ,sea ,serpent family 7,hydrid71 so well known to ancient and modern writers4 ,precious serpentine is translucent--or about so--and of a rich oily green colour4 ,common serpentine is opaque4 ,the precious serpentine is called 8noble10 the impure 8common40 ,the colours are dark oily green1 light green1 olive green1 black green1 brown yellow1 green yellow1 sometimes almost white4 ,the ,serpentine is identified with the ,tarshish stone1 the #ajth stone of the ,high ,priest's ,breastplate4 ,it was known as 8,ophite ,stone0 by ,dioscorides and ,pliny1 and ,agricola writing in the #af th century calls it 8,lapis ,serpentinus40 ,other writers called it 8,serpentinum10 hence the modern name 8,serpentine40 ,in ,italy1 especially amongst artists1 some specimens of the stone are known as 8,ranochia10 because of its similarity to a frog's skin4 ,it was recommended of old as a cure for rheumatism and rheumatic pains in the limbs1 and for that purpose specimens were carried on the body next the skin1 attached to the arms or legs4 ,it was believed to cure dropsy and all moist complaints1 especially if the sufferer held a specimen in each hand whilst resting in the sunlight4 ,the wearer was also warned not to overdo this sun-bathing with ,serpentine in his hands because of its affinity with all natural bodily fluids4 ,it was said to be a charm against serpent bites or stings and to scare away poisonous insects and reptiles of the sea and land4 ,serpentine was much esteemed by the ancients for its healing virtues and peculiar beauty4 ,they effectively employed it in the manufacture of vases1 pillars1 boxes1 etc41 and for the making of special charms and talismans4 ,the figure of a goat with a fish's tail cut on a serpentine when the moon1 well aspected1 was passing through the #crd and #dth degrees of the sign ,capricorn1 was a charm against rheumatism1 skin troubles1 gout1 stiff limbs1 accidents to the limbs1 falls or hurts4 ,the ,serpentine was largely used by the ancient ,egyptians in the making of sacred scarabs1 and the ,persians favoured it especially for shaping into cylinders of authority1 one of which is described by ,mr4 ,c4 ,w4 ,king1 as follows3 8,a ,king contending with two andro-sphinxes1 ,ormuzd hovering above on the ,tree of ,life0--a very symbolic cylinder4 ,the ,serpentine or ,hydrinus is under the celestial ,capricorn4 ,,soapstone ,,or ,,steatite ,steatite derives its name from the ,greek word ,,stear1 fat1 which well describes the greasy feel of this soft magnesian rock--a massive variety of talc4 ,it was extensively used by the ancient ,egyptians who cut it into scarabs which in many cases they first burnt and then coated with a vitreous blue or green glaze4 ,the substance is extremely soft and can easily be cut with a knife4 ,soapstone figures are cut from a variety known as ,,pinite--the ,agalmatolite or ,pagodite of ,china1 called by them ,hoa-chi4 ,many of these are very beautifully cut1 a number being lucky figures presented in the guise of gods and goddesses1 flowers1 fruits1 etc4 ,this custom reminds of the 8,household gods0 of the ancients4 ,a kind of soft steatite earth is still eaten by the savages of ,new ,caledonia and other places4 ,all varieties of ,steatite are under the zodiacal ,taurus4 ,,sphene ,,or ,,titanite ,sphene derives its name from the ,greek ,,sphen1 a wedge4 ,as the name indicates the form of the crystals is wedge-shaped4 ,the lustre is very brilliant but the stone is scarcely as hard as the opal and therefore is little used in jewellery4 ,sphene is under the zodiacal ,sagittarius4 ,,spinel ,,or ,,balas ,,ruby ,spinel1 which derives its name from the ,greek word ,,spinos1 a spark1 is found written in a variety of ways1 chief amongst which are spinell1 spinele1 spinel4 ,its colours are red1 brown1 green1 yellow and blue4 ,the red varieties are clear and glittering and the dark generally more dense or opaque4 ,the name ,spinel is applied to those of bright red colour ,the name ,balas is applied to those of rose red ,the name ,rubicelle is applied to those of orange red ,the name ,almandine ,ruby is applied to those of violet ,the name ,chloro ,spinel is applied to those of green ,the name ,ceylonite or ,pleonaste is applied to those of black ,the name ,sapphirine is applied to those of blue ,spinel and ,balas are often intermixed and both terms are accepted as denoting this ,aluminate of ,magnesium1 whose hardness is just a little inferior to the ,corundum and whose crystalline form is isometric1 like the diamond4 ,the spinel1 however1 is non-electric1 no matter if submitted to heat or friction1 whilst the ruby 7,corundum71 and garnet are highly so4 ,hence it is not a difficult matter to distinguish these stones from each other even if their outward similarities tend to confuse the eye4 ,the spinel1 submitted to trial by heat1 first changes from red to brown2 if left to cool it becomes dark2 then it changes to green2 then1 as if exhausted1 it seems to lose its colour which1 however1 slowly reappears in its red expression4 ,the word ,,balas has been written as balace1 baless1 balays1 balais1 balass4 ,it is derived from the ,arabic ,,balakhsh which1 says ,albertus ,magnus1 is the female of the real ruby 8and some say it is his house40 ,that prolific writer on precious stones1 ,andrea ,bacci 7#afth and #agth centuries71 echoes older thought also when he writes that 8,balas is derived from ,,palatius1 a palace1 which is the palace where the ruby lives40 ,he echoes the symbolic ideas of the old ,greek writers who said that the true ruby resided in a palace--clearly showing that they knew the difference between rubies and spinels4 ,marco ,polo's remarks are as follows3 8,in this ,provence 7,badachschan71 those fine and valuable gems the ,balas rubies are found4 ,they are got in certain rocks among the mountains and in the search for them the people dig great caves beneath the earth just as is done by miners for silver4 ,there is but one special mountain that produces them and it is called ,syghinan4 ,the stones are dug on the ,king's account and no one else dares dig on pain of death as well as of seizure of worldly possessions1 nor may any take the gems out of the ,kingdom4 ,the ,king collects them all and sends them to other kings as tribute or as presents4 ,he so acts in order to keep the ,balas at a great value for if he allowed all persons to mine for them the world would be filled with them and they would be valueless40 ,in ,persia there is a story which tells that they were found in a destroyed mountain after an earthquake4 ,the ,indians know the stone as the 8,pomegranate ,ruby0 7,lal ,rumani71 and the ,king of ,oude is said to have had a remarkable and beautiful specimen as big as the egg of a pigeon1 which was known as 8,lal-i-jaladi40 ,the beautiful heart-shaped ,balass which is set in the ,british ,crown under the ,black ,cross known as the 8,black ,prince's ,ruby10 is said to have been obtained in ,spain by ,prince ,edward when he was aiding ,don ,pedro of ,castillo to hold his throne4 ,it is reported that this was the gem worn by ,king ,henry ,v at the ,battle of ,agincourt4 ,this may have been the 8fair great ruby0 which ,sir ,james ,melville says ,queen ,elizabeth valued so highly4 ,elizabeth was very fond of spinels of which she possessed some splendid specimens1 as shown in the still extant inventories of the personal effects of the ,queen4 ,an inspection of her nativity will show that they were gems of good omen for her4 ,madame de ,barrera gives an extract from ,robert de ,berquen's 8,merveilles des ,indes ,orientales et ,occidentales0 wherein it is stated that 8,josephus ,barbaro1 a ,venetian gentleman1 says in a report made to the ,signori of ,venice that when he was ambassador for the ,republic at the court of ,yussum ,cassan1 ,king of ,persia1 on a certain day of the year #adgb when he was received in solemn audience1 that prince showed him a handkerchief filled with the rarest and most inestimable precious stones4 ,among others there was a table-cut ,balass ruby1 of a beautiful shape1 of at least a finger's breadth1 weighing two ounces and a half1 and of a most peerless colour3 in fact1 it was a most perfect paragon1 so exquisite that when the ,king asked what he valued it at1 he replied that he thought a city or even a kingdom would scarcely pay for it40 ,spinels and corundum are always found together1 and ,dr4 ,g4 ,f4 ,h4 ,smith comments on the fact that although harder stones1 rubies in the river gravels are usually waterworn whilst spinels are found in perfect crystals4 ,the ancient ,zoologist ,elianus repeats an old story that a stork brought a spinel as a present to the woman-nurse ,heraclis for healing his wounded leg4 ,here again it is necessary to look beneath the fable for true understanding of it4 ,the stork is one of the birds of ,jupiter and its legs are astrologically under the zodiacal ,sagittarius 7the house or mansion of ,jupiter74 ,the woman symbolizes the moon and in her name the afternoon sun is concealed4 ,the nurse is under ,virgo1 the sign to which the ,spinel is attached4 ,the #d toes of the stork symbolize the negative or afternoon sun1 the #c front toes webbed to the first joint1 ,jupiter4 ,again1 the stork has no voice and tells no secrets4 ,hence we have a cryptic prescription illustrating the method employed by the ancient medical brethren to convey their meaning to each other4 ,the spinel is here an active mineral employed in the treatment1 together with the moon and negative or afternoon sun1 of certain afflictions of the legs4 ,even today it is a custom amongst medical men to preface their prescriptions with the symbol of ,jupiter4 ,the stork is also greatly esteemed as a bird of good fortune and happy omen1 and in many countries it is protected against destruction4 ,the spinel was esteemed as a perfect health stone and was especially valued as a charm to be worn over the solar plexus4 ,it was a fortunate gem for doctors of medicine1 scholars1 writers1 clerks1 secretaries1 manufacturers1 business people1 hospital attendants1 nurses1 etc4 ,it raised the thoughts and purified the imagination4 ,a specimen placed at each corner of a house was considered a protection against calamity1 and rough pieces placed at the #d angles of a garden1 orchard or corn field were said not only to protect the products from storms and lightning1 but also to carry the symbolic influence of rich returns for the farmer4 ,the spinel or balas1 rubicelle1 almandine ruby and the ,sapphirine are under the ,zodiacal ,virgo4 ,the ,chloro-spinel and the pleonaste are under the zodiacal ,capricorn4 ,,spodumene ,spodumene derives its name from the ,greek word ,,spodios1 ash-coloured4 ,it is a stone resembling ,feldspar1 but has a lustre more pearl-like4 ,in general appearance spodumene is of a pale yellow tint1 sometimes gray or as its name suggests1 ash-coloured4 ,it is about the hardness of quartz4 ,the emerald green variety which is exceedingly rare1 is called ,hiddenite1 after its discoverer1 ,mr4 ,m4 ,g4 ,hidden1 and it is said by ,professor ,dana to rival the emerald as a gem4 ,it was discovered in #ahha in ,north ,carolina1 which seems to be the only place of its occurrence4 ,comparatively few specimens have been distributed and amongst them no stones of any considerable size4 ,a pretty example of #b carats is in the ,natural ,history section of the ,british ,museum4 ,perhaps the most beautiful examples of this mineral were discovered in the ,san ,diego district of ,california in #aijc and named ,kunzite1 after ,dr4 ,g4 ,f4 ,kunz4 ,these stones range in colour from pale violet to deep lilac and large specimens have already been unearthed1 that in the ,british ,museum weighing #fj carats4 ,dr4 ,g4 ,f4 ,h4 ,smith remarks that under the influence of ,radium ,kunzite is phosphorescent1 thus presenting some difference from spodumene in general4 ,in analysis it is shown that spodumene contains #g4e per cent of lithia4 ,it would be1 in harmony with ancient philosophy1 under the zodiacal ,libra1 although the variety ,hiddenite may be connected with the zodiacal ,taurus4 ,all varieties of spodumene would be regarded as powerful eye charms and as beneficial to the kidneys and lumbar regions4 ,,succinite 7,see ,,garnet47 ,,chapter ,,xxx ,,titanite--,,topaz ,,titanite3 ,,topaz3 ,,the ,,mystery ,,of ,,the 8,,island ,,of ,,the ,,mists03 ,,the ,,ring ,,of ,,thomas ,a' ,,becket ,,called ,a ,,peritot ,,by ,,the ,,abbot ,,of ,,glastonbury3 ,,the ,,meaning ,,of ,,the ,,word ,,topaz3 ,,topaz ,,remarkable ,,for ,,its ,,cleavage3 ,,its ,,use ,,in ,,ancient ,,and ,,modern ,,medicine3 ,,topaz ,,rhombicus ,,of ,,the ,,mineralogists3 ,m4 ,,dumelle ,,discovers ,,how ,,to ,,change ,,the ,,colour ,,of ,a ,,topaz3 8,,pingos ,d',,agoa10 8,,gouttes ,d',,eau10 8,,minas ,,novas03 8,,diamond ,,of ,,slaves03 #ab ,,lbs4 ,,of ,,topaz ,,for ,,three ,,shillings3 ,,how ,,queen ,,mary',s ,,great ,,blue ,,topaz ,,was ,,found3 ,,the ,,topazion ,,statue ,,of ,,ptolemy ,,philadelphus3 ,,the ,,ptolemaic ,,badge3 ,,hadrian',s ,,topaz3 ,,topaz ,,of ,,the ,,grand ,,mogul ,,and ,,runyeet ,,singh3 ,a ,,giant ,,emperor',s ,,pleasure3 ,,some ,,old ,,intagli3 ,,pliny',s ,,stone ,,of ,,strength3 ,a ,,stone ,,against ,,death ,,and ,,terror3 ,,symbol ,,of ,,boiling ,,water3 ,a ,,charm ,,against ,,drowning3 ,a ,,modern ,,illustration3 ,,rabbi ,,benoni3 8,,book ,,of ,,winds03 ,,topaz ,,charms4 ,,titanite4 7,see ,,sphene47 ,,topaz 8,the flaming topaz with its golden beam40 ,,glover4 ,at various times the word has been rendered tupase1 tupace1 topace1 topas1 thopas1 topaze1 topasie1 topazius1 topasius4 ,in the traditional derivation of the word a mystery is concealed4 ,pliny says that the stone was found in an island difficult for mariners to locate on account of the fogs and mists surrounding it1 and ,marbodus seems to indicate the true topaz when he says3 8,from seas remote the yellow topaz came1 ,found in the island of the self-same name40 ,the ,island was known as ,topazios1 which owes its origin to the ,greek word meaning 8to divine1 guess1 conjecture40 ,the misty island is the celestial ,scorpio which is accounted in astro-philosophy the death sign and the sign of the serpent1 the wounder of the heel of man4 ,it also concerns the goods of the departed1 their abode in the world to come1 etc41 hence the ,island of the ,mists1 the place of guess1 conjecture or philosophical speculation which the traveller in the flesh can dimly see through the strange cloudy lights of the spirit4 ,the name was originally given to the stone known to us as the ,chrysolite which gem is now identified with the occult sign of the ,fishes employed in the mysteries in ancient and modern times4 ,the classification as we at present know it1 is of very ancient date1 and specimens of the modern topaz have been found adorned with various intagli of proven antiquity4 ,although it has been stated that ,thomas ,a' ,becket wore a topaz ring1 there is no doubt that ,adam ,sodbury1 ,abbot of ,glastonbury1 was correct when he says it was a peridot1 for the peridot or chrysolite was the stone of the ,churchmen and intimately associated with the mystic sign of ,christianity--,pisces1 the ,fishes4 ,the old ,abbot wrote that 8a gold ring in which was set the stone peritot 7an old form of peridot7 encircled the finger of our ,martyr ,st4 ,thomas when he was killed by the swords of evil men40 ,at that time it is certain that the topaz and the peridot were the stones known as such today and as such they had been known for many centuries before4 ,the ,sanscrit word ,,topas1 meaning heat1 may well describe the topaz1 the colour of which can be changed readily by heat1 and which1 under heat pressure and friction1 exhibits strong electric phenomena4 ,scorpio1 as before remarked1 is the sign of the snake or serpent so intimately connected with the mysteries of life and death1 and the topaz is remarkable for its cleavage1 for when struck with a hammer it breaks into flakes like the backbone of a serpent4 ,the topaz was considered as of wonderful potency in the treatment of sexual disorders1 which astrologically are considered as disorders of the sign ,scorpio4 ,it contains from #ee to #eh per cent of ,alumina1 which substance has been used in modern times by ,dr4 ,richard ,hughes1 ,dr4 ,teste1 ,dr4 ,peters1 ,dr4 ,marcy and others in troubles of the sexual system and the mucous membranes4 ,the drug has been used homopathically in such morbid conditions and in chronic pharyngitis and diseases of the nose and throat4 ,the nose is ruled by ,scorpio in astrological deductions1 and the throat by ,taurus1 its opposite sign4 ,alumina is most strongly expressed in ,corundums1 which include the ,oriental ,topaz1 next the chrysoberyl1 next the spinel1 and next the topaz1 but there are certain characteristics of the ,topaz which in some way render it distinct from other gems1 and these would have been considered by the hermetic schools whence such philosophy originated4 ,amongst mineralogists the topaz is known as ,topaz ,rhombicus4 ,it is found in colours golden1 yellow1 reddish1 white1 greenish1 wine colour and blue4 ,a charming pink is produced artificially by subjecting the real stone to heat1 the best results being procured from a golden-brown variety4 ,this process was first discovered by ,m4 ,dumelle1 a ,paris jeweller1 in the year #agej4 ,the colour thus obtained is doubtless permanent1 the shade being manifest when the stone cools4 ,great care must be observed in this simple experiment because the stone is so sensitive that unless properly handled it is likely to split under the various degrees of heat and cold4 ,translucent achromatic topaz is called ,pingos d',agoa 7drops of water7 by the ,brazilians1 and ,gouttes d',eau by the ,french4 ,in ,england the variety is called ,minas ,novas1 after the ,minas ,novas in the ,state of ,minas ,geraes in ,brazil where it is extensively found4 ,in ,portugal this type of topaz is called the 8,diamond of ,slaves40 ,the large ,british ,museum specimen of this ,white ,topaz which1 according to ,mr4 ,emanuel1 weighs over #ab lbs4 7avoirdupois71 was sold for three shillings by a marine store dealer who used it to hold open his door4 ,the great blue ,queensland topaz in the possession of ,queen ,mary of ,great ,britain is said to have been discovered by a shepherd who1 thinking it was a common stone1 threw it at a howling dog during the night and wakened in the morning to discover the precious nature of his missile4 ,the ,topazion ,statue of #d cubits high which ,pliny mentions as having been made by the order of ,ptolemy ,philadelphus to the memory of his sister-wife ,arsinoe1 has puzzled investigators4 ,it has been set down as indicating a statue of jasper1 agate1 prase1 chrysoprase or rock crystal of the ,citrine or the ,smoky ,quartz varieties4 ,probably this latter suggestion is right but the real meaning will no doubt lie in the sign ,scorpio1 which was known in old ,egypt as the ,eagle--7the symbolic badge of the ,ptolemaic dynasty7--and was the sign of material death and spiritual life4 ,the ,emperor ,hadrian is said to have had a large topaz ring on which was engraved3 8,natura deficit1 ,fortuna mutatur1 ,deus omnia cernit40 ,tavernier writes of a great topaz in the possession of the ,grand ,mogul weighing #aeg carats and worth about #ajj1jjj dollars4 ,runyeet ,singh's topaz1 half the size of a billiard ball1 was worth #bjj1jjj rupees4 ,the ,great ,braganza1 #afhj carats1 which adorned the crown of ,portugal and was supposed to be a diamond1 is a white topaz4 ,one of the pleasures of the giant ,emperor ,maximilian1 of whose strength so many stories are told1 was to crush topazes to powder in his fingers4 ,why he indulged in this form of sport is unknown2 probably he found it recreation after killing an ox at a blow or knocking out the teeth of an unfortunate horse4 ,mr4 ,king mentions a ,head of ,mcenas on topaz attributed to ,solon at ,florence1 and another--wrongly attributed to ,dioscorides--of a girl's head in the ,marlborough collection4 ,the ,topaz was called 8,stone of ,strength0 by ,pliny for the martial ,scorpio is the wrestler's sign and the sign of strong people4 ,the power of the topaz was said to increase as the moon increased1 especially if the night orb was at new or full in the sign ,scorpio4 ,it banished the terrors of the night1 protected the wearer during epidemics1 soothed the wild passions and gave a glimpse of the beyond4 ,it banished the fear of death and secured a painless passing from this life to the next2 it gave strength to the intellect and enabled the wearer to receive impressions from astral sources4 ,it preserved from miasmatic conditions and lost its colour when in the presence of poisons4 ,the power attributed to it of quenching boiling water is symbolic of the fiery ,mars1 planet of power in the watery ,scorpio4 ,it was also said by the old masters that the topaz preserved against drowning1 and a curious illustration of this belief came recently under the writer's notice4 ,he advised the wife of a well-known ,australian to purchase a very beautiful topaz1 which was mounted under his direction as a charm of the sign ,scorpio4 ,during the late war this lady and her daughter had need to travel to ,england4 ,the voyage was about half accomplished when the vessel was submarined4 ,the boat in which the lady and her daughter were1 capsized and all the struggling passengers were thrown into the sea4 ,she seized a piece of wreckage and supported her daughter and herself until they were both dragged into a boat some considerable time after4 ,the lady had clutched the topaz charm from her neck and was holding it tightly in her hand while struggling in the water4 ,just as they got into the boat she felt someone give a heavy blow on her hand and take the gem from her4 ,she grieved for the loss of her beautiful topaz charm which she regarded as the symbol of her own and her daughter's salvation4 ,leonardus said that the topaz was a charm against asthma and ,rabbi ,benoni calls it the emblem of strength and the easer of hmorrhage4 ,in the 8,book of ,wings0 it is recommended that to secure favour with kings1 princes1 nobles and important personages a topaz engraved with the figure of a flying falcon should be worn4 ,this charm was to be constructed as a charm of power when the well aspected moon was passing through the #eth1 #fth and #gth degrees of the heavenly ,scorpion4 ,another topaz charm given is for acquiring riches3 this takes the form of a man holding a lamp4 ,it had to be mounted in gold and constructed when the increasing moon1 in good aspect to the direct ,jupiter and the ,sun1 was passing through the #eth1 #fth1 #gth1 #bfth and #bgth degrees of ,scorpio4 ,in a dream the topaz is a symbol of movement1 protection from harm1 poisons1 etc4 ,the symbolic dream introducing this stone is a symbolic message from the departed4 ,the topaz and its varieties are under the celestial ,scorpio4 ,,chapter ,,xxxi ,,tourmaline--,,zircon ,,tourmaline3 ,,arrival ,,of ,,specimens ,,in ,,london3 ,,the ,,ash ,,attractor3 ,,the 8,,electric ,,stone0 ,,of ,,linn,,us3 ,,the 8,,magnetic0 ,,of ,,lemery3 ,,experiments ,,of ,,pinus ,,and ,,lehmann3 ,,professor ,,goodchild',s ,,experiment3 ,,suspected ,,connection ,,of ,,the ,,tourmaline ,,with ,,oriental ,,alchemy3 ,,colours ,,of ,,the ,,tourmaline3 ,,the ,,tourmaline ,,and ,,the ,,topaz ,,in ,,methylene ,,iodide3 ,,identification ,,suggestions3 ,,pliny',s ,,lychnis3 ,,the ,,caduceus ,,of ,,hermes3 ,,turquoise3 ,,saxo ,,and ,,albertus ,,magnus ,,on ,,its ,,virtues3 ,,the ,,piruzeh ,,of ,,the ,,arabians3 ,,the ,,chalchihuitl ,,of ,,the ,,mexicans3 ,,identified ,,with ,,pliny',s ,,callais3 ,a ,,favourite ,,oriental ,,charm ,,stone3 ,a ,,symbolic ,,theory ,,of ,,origin3 ,,stone ,,of ,,the ,,horse ,,and ,,rider3 ,a ,,religious ,,gem ,,of ,,jupiter3 ,a ,,charm ,,against ,,the ,,evil ,,eye3 ,a ,,sensitive ,,stone3 ,,mistakes ,,of ,,writers3 ,,medicinal ,,values3 ,,turquoise ,,set ,,in ,,statues ,,of ,,buddha3 ,,the ,,golden ,,bow ,,and ,,turquoise ,,arrow3 ,,gem ,,of ,,the ,,gods3 ,,colour ,,changes ,,in ,,turquoise3 ,,turquoise ,,and ,,the ,,weather3 ,,indian ,,rain-,,stone3 ,,king ,,toheser ,,and ,,the ,,turquoise ,,mines3 ,,major ,c4 ,,mac ,,donald ,,and ,,professor ,,flinders ,,petrie ,,discover ,,the ,,old ,,turquoise ,,workings3 ,,love ,,of ,,the ,,turquoise ,,in ,,old ,,egypt3 ,,some ,,unique ,,stones3 ,,the ,,gem ,,in ,,persia3 ,,the ,,khorassan ,,mines3 ,,stone ,,of ,,fashion ,,in #ag,,th ,,century ,,europe3 ,,death ,,stone ,,of ,,james ,,iv ,,of ,,scotland3 ,,henry ,,viii ,,sends ,a ,,last ,,gift ,,to ,,cardinal ,,wolsey3 ,,marbodus',s ,,turquoise ,,talisman ,,of ,,freedom3 ,,difference ,,between 8,,de ,,vielle ,,roche0 ,,and 8,,de ,,nouvelle ,,roche03 ,,variscite3 ,,identified ,,as ,,the ,,callaina ,,of ,,pliny3 ,,man ,,er ,h',,rock ,,or ,,fairy ,,rock ,,of ,,brittany3 ,,zircon3 ,,stone ,,of ,,the ,,moon',s ,,nodes3 ,,the ,,snakes ,,of ,,the ,,caduceus4 ,,tourmaline 8,this black thing1 one of the prettiest of the very few pretty black things in the world1 is called ,tourmaline40 ,,ruskin4 ,the ,tourmaline1 written in the #ahth century in ,england as ,tumalin1 is derived from the ,ceylonese ,,turmali or ,,toramalli4 ,the first specimens to arrive in ,london were known as 8,brazilian ,emeralds10 and they came from ,brazil in the #agth century only to meet with an unfavorable reception4 ,in the beginning of the #ahth century ,dutch merchants began to bring from ,amsterdam specimens obtained by them from ,ceylon4 ,the ,dutch cutters1 observing how straw and other particles were attracted to specimens which had been lying in the sunlight1 called the stone in consequence ,aschentrekker 7ash attractor74 ,the ,germans called it ,azchenzieher1 and the ,french ,tire-cendre4 ,the ,swedish scholar ,linnus experimented with the ,tourmaline1 calling it the 8,electric ,stone40 ,m4 ,lemery1 the ,french ,professor1 called it the 8,magnetic40 ,the experiments of pinus and ,lehmann were concerned with the positive and negative energies exhibited by the ,tourmaline4 ,these #ahth century scholars held that its power of repulsion exceeded its power of attraction4 ,this sensitive stone is affected by weather changes1 and it exhibits considerable power when heated--the electricity then developed being termed pyro-electric4 ,professor ,w4 ,goodchild1 ,m4,b41 etc41 details an interesting experiment in dealing with the ,physical ,properties of ,gem ,stones3 ,a crystal of tourmaline1 in heating to #aej ,c41 becomes positively electrified at one terminature and negatively at the other4 ,if now it be suspended by a non-conducting thread it will act as a magnet3 on cooling1 the charges on the poles reverse1 positive becoming negative4 ,if a crystal with such a charge be dusted with a fine mixture of sulphur and red lead1 the yellow sulphur will be attracted to the portions charged with positive electricity1 while the red lead goes to the negatively charged portions4 ,this experiment serves to illustrate the attraction of the mind 7represented by yellow sulphur71 towards the positive pole1 and matter 7represented by red lead71 towards the negative pole1 as noted in the philosophical researches of the old alchemists4 ,if in a heated state1 the tourmaline be shattered all the little pieces will exhibit the forces of attraction and repulsion so marked in this strange stone4 ,it has been suspected1 not without reason1 that tourmaline specimens were used by some of the ,eastern students of alchemy who held primarily that the substance of the ,philosopher's ,stone is ,mercurial and that it should be treated with heat1 for by that means alone would its use be shown1 warmth coming from the ,heavens to bless ,man1 ,nature1 and the ,kingdoms of ,nature4 ,the tourmaline is remarkable also for the variety of its colours1 indicated by various and not always appropriate names4 ,,schorl1 the black variety spoken of by ,ruskin1 was so called according to ,de ,costa 7#agfa7 by the ,german miners4 ,the same writer says 8our ,english miners call them #8bockle' and #8ball'40 ,the name appears as shirl1 schirl 7so spelt by ,de ,costa71 schoerl1 shorl4 ,in the #afth century it was known in ,germany as ,,schrul1 but later in the #ahth century it appears as ,,schorl4 ,the name is now becoming unpopular1 the simple term ,black ,tourmaline being preferred4 ,the colourless variety is termed ,,achroite1 from a ,greek word meaning colourless2 pink and rosy red are termed ,,rubellite2 indigo blue1 ,,indicolite2 blue1 ,,brazilian ,,sapphire2 green1 ,,brazilian ,,emerald2 yellow-green1 ,,brazilian ,,peridot2 honey-yellow1 ,,ceylon ,,peridot2 red violet1 ,,siberite4 ,the brown variety is usually known as ,brown ,tourmaline1 although it has been known and still is known as ,brazilian ,topaz or ,ceylonese ,topaz4 ,it is not so hard as the topaz1 however1 ranging in the scale somewhere between quartz and zircon4 ,the refractive powers are likewise not in agreement1 and in ,methylene ,dioxide the topaz 7stone of ,mars7 sinks1 whilst the ,tourmaline 7stone of ,mercury7 floats4 ,there are also amber-coloured1 cinnamon1 lilac1 grey1 blue-grey1 water-green and many beautiful parti-coloured specimens4 ,it is believed by some students that this gem was known to the ancients by the name ,,lyncurium1 which ,mr4 ,king believes to be a species of jacinth1 ,dr4 ,brotero an orange-coloured hyacinth4 ,professor ,ajasson1 believing the name to refer to ,tourmaline1 suggests that ,,lyn may be derived from the ,sanscrit word ,,lanka1 the name of ,ceylon1 a place where the stone is plentifully found4 ,the general opinion now is that the stone described by ,pliny under the name of ,,lychnis is our tourmaline4 ,pliny writes in his #cgth ,book on ,natural ,history of the power of the ,,lychnis of drawing straws and fluff towards it when heated by the sun or by the friction of the hand4 ,the peculiar attractive and repulsive properties of the tourmaline may be compared with the mysteries contained in the caduceus of the wise and ever-restless ,hermes4 ,the symbolical snakes which adorn the rod represent knowledge received and knowledge imparted in the hermetic scheme of the ,rosicrucians4 ,the tourmaline is symbolical of wisdom1 strength of mind1 eloquence1 learning and the power of knowledge4 ,it is the stone for the author1 poet1 editor1 and teacher4 ,to dream of it means--in harmony with ancient philosophy--success through knowledge in all walks of life4 ,the tourmaline in all colours is under the zodiacal ,gemini4 ,,turquoise 8,the fair ,queen of ,france ,sent him a turquoise ring and glove1 ,and charged him as her knight and love ,for her to break a lance40 ,,sir ,,walter ,,scott4 8,turquoise0 has been written in a remarkable number of ways1 amongst them being turky1 torkey1 turquay1 turkey stone1 turkie1 turkeis1 turkese1 turkise1 turkes1 turkas1 turkis 7as used by ,tennyson71 turkoise1 turkez1 turqueis1 turques1 turchis1 turquesse1 torchas1 turcasse1 turquez1 toorkes1 turkesse4 ,the ,venetians call it turchesa1 the ,french turquoise1 the ,germans turkis4 ,andrea ,bacci 78,de ,gemmis et ,lapidibus pretiosis10 etc41 #afje7 says that this stone is called ,turcicus1 8,either on account of its admirable loveliness or for the reason that it is obtained from the ,turks40 ,the name as we have it does not seem to go further back than the #acth century when ,saxo1 agreeing with ,albertus ,magnus1 writes of it and praises its virtues as a preventive of accidents to the eye4 ,the old ,persians called it ,,piruzeh1 the ,triumphant1 and the ,arabians1 whose special luck stone the turquoise is1 engrave on specimens the name 8,allah0 with a verse from the ,koran1 or with some magical sign inserted in pure gold4 ,it is known to the ,mexicans as ,,chalchihuitl4 ,this stone is identified with the ,callais of ,pliny1 who relates symbolically that it was shot down by means of slings from unapproachable rock lands4 ,the symbol has relation to the power of this stone of the ,heavenly ,archer over seemingly terrifying obstacles when firmly directed by the compelling will4 ,the turquoise is favoured by ,eastern occult students who employ it largely in the composition of amulets and charms4 ,it was said to have sprung up like an eye from its matrix1 and is identified with the ,antares in the ,archer of the ,heavens4 ,these stars were indicated as affecting the eyes in the same degree as the ,pleiades and the ,asselli of ,taurus and ,leo4 ,in modern ,egypt a turquoise is applied to the eye as a remedy for cataract and other ophthalmic troubles1 specimens thus employed being usually engraved with the sacred name of ,allah4 ,the turquoise is especially the stone of horses1 mules and camels1 and from most ancient times specimens have adorned their trappings4 ,leonardus said that so long as a horseman carried a piece of turquoise with him whilst riding he would never have an accident1 nor would his horse be fatigued1 for it was believed that the stone would draw the pain of the accident to itself4 ,boetius de ,boodt says that when riding to his house along an uncertain road on a dark night he fell with his horse down a declivity but neither he nor his animal suffered hurt4 ,his turquoise1 however1 was shattered4 ,the stone was carried by jockeys1 huntsmen and horsemen generally as a symbol of the special protection of ,jupiter4 ,in the ,middle ,ages the turquoise was much worn by young girls who regarded it as a religious jewel for the protection of their virtue and for the uplifting of their thoughts4 ,in the most ancient science the sign ,sagittarius--the house or mansion of the planet ,jupiter--is the sign of sport1 horses1 dreams1 high philosophy1 religion 7not in the sense of creed71 the true lamp of life1 long voyages1 publications 7not newspapers71 etc4 ,thus the turquoise--as the stone of ,sagittarius--was a stone of dreams1 the horse1 philosophy1 religion1 etc41 and its grand symbolic purpose was to help the spiritual person to resist the weakness1 evils and temptations so intermixed with material life4 ,the turquoise was said to be a charm against the evil eye and evil thoughts4 ,the ,arabs say that the stone is sensitive to weather changes and that its colour is affected by the state of the atmosphere4 ,they knew ,jupiter as the 8,cloud ,gatherer10 8,the ,thunderer10 8,the ,god of the ,murky ,cloud10 etc41 and they connected the turquoise with his powerful works4 ,the planet ,jupiter strong at birth is held to indicate riches and worldly advantage4 ,the old ,arabian writers note a form of magic for inducing wealth and monetary advantages1 performed in the hour of ,jupiter4 ,during this ceremony a turquoise was held in the right hand and the desires spoken into the stone at which a steady gaze was directed4 ,carelessness has led to error amongst writers4 ,a #afth century author confuses the topaz with the turquoise1 describing the latter as a 8gem of yellow colour0 and recommending it as a charm against the bites of reptiles and stings of insects--qualities ascribed by the old masters to the topaz1 gem of the sign of the ,scorpion4 ,another writer repeats the error1 saying that 8this yellow stone reduced to a powder is helpful in case of stings from scorpions and fearful and venomous reptiles40 ,the turquoise was held in esteem for diseases of the hip--a part of the body astrologically under the sway of ,sagittarius4 ,in this connection the stone was reduced to a paste and bound flat to the part affected1 whole specimens being bound above and below the seat of the trouble4 ,the turquoise contains a high percentage of ,phosphoric ,acid1 which is employed in modern homopathy for affections of the lungs1 astrologically under the sign ,gemini and therefore opposite to the sign ,sagittarius4 ,the ancients advised the turquoise as a lung medicine1 not to be taken internally4 ,the sign ,sagittarius is also the sign of prophecy1 and the turquoise set in the foreheads of the statues of ,buddha and other images symbolizes the knowledge of things to come4 ,the golden bow and the turquoise arrow of the ,tibetan legend has especial reference to the ,sun in the sign ,sagittarius4 ,dr4 ,kunz1 quoting from ,dr4 ,berthold ,laufer of the ,field ,museum1 ,chicago1 refers to this legend as follows3 8,a powerful saint touching the bow and arrow of a blacksmith transforms the bow into gold and the arrow into turquoise40 ,the bow represents the solar rays and the arrow the ,heavens1 hence it is little wonder that the turquoise was termed the 8gem of the ,gods40 ,the turquoise was also recommended for diseases of the throat and heart--as phosphoric acid is today in ,homopathy4 ,in harmony with an ancient astro-philosophy known as 8,planetary ,interchanges10 the turquoise was considered an ideal lovers' gift--unless the stone was otherwise than fortunate in the horoscope of the recipient--and a gift of friendship4 ,illustration3 ,specimen of ,rough ,turquoise1 ,victoria1 ,australia ,the changes of colour in a turquoise have been long noted1 and the lines of the poet ,donne are frequently quoted3 8,as a compassionate turquoise that doth tell ,by looking pale the wearer is not well40 ,boetius tells a story of a wonderful turquoise possessed by a ,spanish gentleman which so lost its colour after his death that it appeared 8more like a malachite than a turkois40 ,boetius then says that his father bought it for very little at the sale of the ,spaniard's effects and gave it to him4 ,he relates that he had hardly worn it for a month when 8it resumed its pristine beauty and daily appeared to increase in splendour40 ,mr4 ,harry ,emanuel gives a somewhat similar story concerning a turquoise that lost its lustre with the death of its owner 8as if mourning for its master10 regaining it in its 8former exquisite freshness0 when worn by its new owner4 ,a case of this kind came under the writer's notice3 ,the wife of a well-known pastoralist of ,new ,south ,wales had a bangle of turquoises cut into the shape of ,egyptian scarabs4 ,while travelling in ,japan she became ill and the stones changed from a soft blue to a dull green1 regaining their former beauty when the lady regained her health4 ,one of the oldest firms of jewellers in the city of ,melbourne1 ,australia1 was worried to find that an exquisite ,persian turquoise entrusted to them to mount in a tiara with diamonds was changing colour whilst in the hands of their chief 8setter40 ,this craftsman had been complaining for some days of indisposition4 ,strangely enough1 the gem regained its beautiful colour on being entrusted to another and healthier workman4 ,the connection of the turquoise with weather changes is not confined merely to ,oriental peoples4 ,the ,pueblo and ,apache ,indians employ it as a rainstone1 which they say is always found concealed at the foot of the rainbow4 ,they place pieces of turquoise on their bows and fire arms as directing charms for trueness of aim4 ,this stone is also called the 8gem of liberty and benevolence10 and an old ,eastern proverb says3 8,a turquoise given with the hand of love carries with it true fortune and sweet happiness40 ,another ,eastern belief runs that the turquoise turns pale when danger threatens the giver4 ,felton in his 8,secrete ,wonders of ,nature10 #aefi1 states that 8the turkeys does move when there is any peril prepared to him that weareth it40 ,dr4 ,e4 ,a4 ,wallis ,budge identifies ,tcheser of the #crd dynasty 7#cijj ,b4,c47 who built the 8,step ,pyramid0 at ,sakkarah as the ,memphian ,king who worked the turquoise mines of ,sinai4 ,his name is still perpetuated on a rock at ,wadi ,magharah4 ,it was at this place that ,major ,c4 ,mac,donald found turquoise in #ahdi1 and ,professor ,flinders ,petrie in #aije4 ,professor ,petrie also discovered evidences here of very ancient mining operations4 ,archaic specimens of worked turquoise are still being found in ,egypt4 ,the colour appealed to the sons and daughters of ,khem who imitated it to a very great extent in their scarabs1 beads1 ornaments and other articles of adornment4 ,in the ,vatican collection there are valuable intaglios and cameos cut in this stone which in some instances retain their heaven-blue colour to this day4 ,mr4 ,king mentions a laureated head of ,augustus and the ,head of a ,gorgon in the ,fould collection1 8the original azure converted into a dull green by the action of the earth40 ,in ,persia the stone was always highly esteemed and the most perfect specimens are held by the ,royal ,house4 ,the ,khorassan mines near ,nishapur are still famous for the remarkable beauty of the stones won from them4 ,so fashionable was the gem in ,europe in the #agth century that no true gentleman would consider his dress complete unless his hand was adorned with a ring of ,turquoise1 for it was 7as a true stone of the ,archer7 symbolic of the fairness and high sense of justice of the wearer4 ,the famous turquoises in the ,royal ,jewels of ,spain were brought from ,new ,mexico somewhere about this period also4 ,sir ,walter ,scott in 8,marmion0 sings of the turquoise ring and glove which the ,french ,queen sent to the ,scottish ,king ,james ,,iv1 with #ad1jjj crowns of ,france1 begging him for the love she had for him to raise an army for her sake4 ,it is a curious fact that the turquoise was the death stone of ,james ,,iv who was killed at ,flodden ,field by an arrow from an archer's bow4 ,the turquoise was to him a symbol of error and fatality4 ,henry ,,viii sent the dying ,cardinal ,wolsey a ring of turquoise by ,sir ,john ,russel1 bidding him say to his fallen favourite that he1 the ,king1 8loved him as well as ever he did and grieved for his illness40 ,for a talisman of liberty and freedom ,marbodus advises that a perfect turquoise be engraved with a man standing under a beetle4 ,it should be then set in a brooch of gold and blessed and consecrated2 8then the glory which ,god hath bestowed shall manifest40 ,an astrological charm for wealth and prosperity takes the form of a centaur firing an arrow upwards1 to be engraved on a turquoise1 preferably in the hour of ,jupiter with the ,moon in good aspect to ,jupiter passing the #crd and #dth degrees of ,sagittarius4 ,true turquoise1 termed 8de vieille roche10 or ,oriental ,turquoise1 differs from the fossil turquoise or ,odontolite1 called 8de nouvelle roche10 or occidental turquoise4 ,fossil turquoise can be easily marked by a steel instrument1 while true turquoise acts as flint to steel4 ,a drop of ,hydrochloric acid causes effervescence in fossil turquoise1 which when submitted to fire gives out an animal odour4 ,fine turquoises are of that heavenly blue colour known as 8turquoise blue10 and they present a waxy appearance4 ,the variety known as ,variscite1 supposed to be the ,callaina of ,pliny1 is a soft green stone found in various forms in prehistoric graves near ,mane er ,h'rock or ,fairy ,rock in ,brittany1 in the ,state of ,utah in the ,united ,states of ,america1 and other places4 ,the turquoise is under the zodiacal ,sagittarius4 ,,zircon4 ,the name zircon is said to be derived from the ,arabic ,,zirk1 a jewel4 ,it was known in the ,sanskrit as ,,rahuratna or stone of the ,nodes of the ,moon 7,caput draconis and ,cauda draconis71 called the dragons of ,solar and ,lunar eclipses4 ,these dragons were controlled by the magical power of ,mercury and may also be compared to the snakes of the ,caduceus4 ,the ,zircon is a transparent to opaque stone and has been noticed more fully under the names ,,jargoon and ,,hyacinth4 ,the ,zircon is under the zodiacal ,virgo4 ,,chapter ,,xxxii ,,stones ,,in ,,shakespeare',s ,,plays 8,it seems she hangs upon the cheek of night ,like a rich jewel in an ,ethiope's ear40 ,,romeo ,,and ,,juliet4 ,those who labour for the world belong to the world1 no matter which little part of it may be claimed as their birthplace4 ,this applies to the humblest as well as to the greatest1 as in a play the excellence of individual players contributes to the artistic harmony and influence of the entire production4 ,so it is that ,william ,shakespeare1 the inspired master of the 8spacious times of great ,elizabeth10 breaks through the narrow limits of sea-girt ,england and encompasses the whole world of women and men1 detaches his unmaterial self from the period of his earth life and endures--a perpetual source of pleasure1 philosophy1 wisdom and music4 ,throughout his works ,william ,shakespeare mentions seventeen distinct stones of adornment1 viz43 agate1 amber1 carbuncle1 chrysolite1 coral1 crystal1 diamond1 emerald1 flint1 jet1 lapis lazuli1 marble1 opal1 pearl1 ruby1 sapphire1 turquoise4 ,,agate ,in ,act ,i1 ,scene #d of 8,romeo and ,juliet10 ,mercutio tells of ,queen ,mab-- 8,she is the fairies' midwife1 and she comes ,in shape no bigger than an agate stone ,on the forefinger of an alderman40 ,in ,act #c1 ,scene #a of 8,much ,ado about ,nothing10 ,hero says that 8,nature never framed a woman's heart ,of prouder stuff than that of ,beatrice0 who would swear that if a man were tall he would be like 8,a lance illheaded2 8,if low1 an agate very vilely cut40 ,in ,act #b1 ,scene #a of 8,love's ,labours ,lost10 ,boyet tells the ,princess of ,france that ,navarre's heart is 8,like an agate1 with your print impressed40 ,in ,king ,henry ,,iv1 ,part ,i1 ,act #b1 ,scene #d1 ,prince ,hal says to ,francis3 8,wilt thou rob this leathern jerkin1 crystal button1 knott-pated1 agate-ring1 puke-stocking1 caddis-garter1 smooth tongue1 ,spanish-pouch14440 ,falstaff in ,part #b1 ,act #a1 ,scene #b1 of the same play complains to his page that he was never 8manned with an agate till now40 7,these quotations all serve to show how popular the agate was as a ring stone in ,shakespeare's time47 ,,amber ,hamlet1 in answer to a question1 tells ,polonius that the 8satirical rogue0 whose book he is reading says that old men's eyes are 8purging thick amber and plum-tree gum0 7,act #b1 ,scene #b71 a thought no doubt suggested by the ancient myth of the 8weeping sisters40 ,petruchio asks his 8,mistress ,kate03 8,will we return unto thy father's house 444 ,with amber bracelets1 beads1 and all this knavery80 78,taming of the ,shrew10 ,act #d1 ,sc4 #c47 ,says ,dumain in 8,love's ,labours ,lost0 7,act #d1 ,scene #c73 8,her amber hair for foul hath amber quoted0 and ,biron-- 8,an amber-coloured raven was well noted40 ,,carbuncle ,dromio of ,syracuse in ,act #c1 ,scene #b1 of the 8,comedy of ,errors10 speaks of 8,her nose all o'er embellished with rubies1 carbuncles1 sapphires40 ,titus ,lartius says of ,marcius3 8,thou art lost1 ,marcius2 ,a carbuncle entire1 as big as thou art1 ,were not so rich a jewel40 8,coriolanus10 ,act #a1 ,sc4 #d4 ,iachimo1 the soothsayer1 7,cymbeline1 ,act #e1 ,scene #e7 tells that-- 8,he1 true knight1 ,no lesser of her honour confident ,than ,i did truly find her1 stakes this ring3 ,and would so1 had it been a carbuncle ,of ,phoebus' wheel1 and might so safely1 had it ,been all the worth of's car40 ,hamlet speaks to the ,players 7,act #b1 ,scene #b7 of ,pyrrhus3 8,with eyes like carbuncles1 the hellish ,pyrrhus ,old grandsire ,priam seeks40 ,again the poet uses the 8carbuncle of ,phoebus' wheel0 in 8,antony and ,cleopatra10 ,act #d1 ,scene #h3 8,he has deserved it1 were it carbuncled ,like holy ,phoebus' car40 ,,chrysolite ,the fated ,moor says of his poor murdered ,desdemona in the last scene of the last act of 8,othello03 8,nay1 had she been true1 ,if ,heaven would make me such another world ,of one entire and perfect chrysolite ',i not have sold her for it40 ,,coral ,says ,lucentio in ,act #a1 ,scene #a1 of the 8,taming of the ,shrew03 8,i saw her coral lips to move ,and with her breath she did perfume the air3 ,sacred and sweet was all ,i saw in her40 ,the charming ,ariel in 8,the ,tempest10 7,act #a1 ,scene #b7 sings3 8,full fathom five thy father lies3 ,of his bones are coral made3 ,those are pearls that were his eyes3 ,nothing of him that doth fade ,but doth suffer a sea-change ,into something rich and strange40 ,,crystal 8,but in that crystal scales let there be weighed ,your lady's love against some other maid10 says ,benvolio to ,romeo4 78,romeo and ,juliet10 ,act #a1 ,sc4 #b47 ,in 8,love's ,labours ,lost0 7,act #b1 ,scene #a7 ,boyet tells the ,princess of ,france3 8,methought all his senses were locked in his eye1 ,as jewels in crystal for some prince to buy40 ,in ,act #d1 ,scene #c1 of the same play1 the ,king says3 8#8,ay1 me6' says one3 #8,o1 ,jove6' the other cries3 ,one1 her hairs were gold1 crystal the other's eyes40 ,in ,act #c1 ,scene #b of 8,a ,midsummer ,night's ,dream10 the awakening ,demetrius sings ,helen's praises3 8,o ,helen1 goddess1 nymph1 perfect1 divine6 ,to what1 my love1 shall ,i compare thine eyne8 ,crystal is muddy40 ,in ,act #b1 ,scene #a1 of 8,king ,john10 ,queen ,eleanor says of the sad sensitive ,arthur3 8,his mother shames him so1 poor boy1 he weeps10 ,constance retorting3 8,now shame upon you whether she does or no6 ,his grandam's wrongs1 and not his mother's shames1 ,draws those heaven-moving pearls from his poor eyes1 ,which ,heaven shall take in nature of a fee3 ,ay1 with these crystal beads ,heaven shall be bribed ,to do him justice and revenge on you40 ,bolingbroke in 8,richard ,,ii0 7,act #a1 ,scene #a7 says3 8,since the more fair and crystal is the sky1 ,the uglier seem the clouds that in it fly40 ,says ,bardolph in 8,henry ,v0 7,act #b1 ,scene #c73 8,go clear thy crystals40 ,at the opening of 8,king ,henry ,,vi10 ,bedford has the famous lines3 8,hung be the heavens with black1 yield day to night1 ,comets1 importing change of times and states1 ,brandish your crystal tresses in the sky40 ,in ,act #e1 ,scene #d1 of 8,cymbeline10 the ghost father ,sicilius says3 8,thy crystal window ope3 look out40 8,two ,gentlemen of ,verona10 ,act4 #b1 ,scene #d3 8,but that his mistress ,did hold his eyes locked in his crystal looks40 ,the poetic use of crystal has its basis in ancient mystical philosophy1 which is partly noticed in the section under ,,crystal4 ,,diamond ,shakespeare alludes to the diamond twenty-one times1 most of all in 8,cymbeline40 ,imogen gives ,posthumus as a pledge of affection her diamond ring3 8,this diamond was my mother's3 take it1 heart40 ,the diamond is mentioned four times as an important part of the plot in the bargain between ,posthumus and ,iachimo3 8,if she went before others ,i have seen1 as that diamond outlustres many ,i have beheld1 ,i could not but believe that she excelled many3 but ,i have not seen the most precious diamond that is1 nor you the lady40 ,,posthumus3 8,i praised her as ,i rated her3 so do ,i my stone40 8,i shall but lend my diamond till you return40 ,,iachimo3 8,my ten thousand ducats are yours3 so is your diamond too3 if ,i come off40 ,in ,act #b1 ,scene #d1 poor ,posthumus says3 8,all is well yet1 ,sparkles this stone as it was wont80 alluding to the ancient belief that the diamond turned dull when lovers proved unfaithful4 8444 ,the stone's too hard to come by40 ,,iachimo3 8,i beg but leave to air this jewel3 see6 it must be married ,to that your diamond40 ,in ,act #e1 ,scene #e1 ,cymbeline asks ,iachimo3 8,that diamond upon your finger--say1 ,how came it yours80 ,the diamond is mentioned three times in ,pericles3 ,,maisa3 8,to me he seems like diamond to glass40 7,act ,,ii1 ,sc4 #c47 ,,helicanus3 8,whom if you find1 and win unto return1 ,you shall like diamonds sit about his crown40 ,,cerimon3 8,she is alive3 behold ,her eyelids1 cases to those heavenly jewels ,which ,pericles hath lost1 ,begin to part their fringes of bright gold3 ,the diamonds of a most praised water ,do appear1 to make the world twice rich40 ,the diamond is mentioned three times in ,king ,henry ,,vi3 8,to me he seems like diamond to glass40 ,pericles1 ,act ,,ii1 ,sc4 #c4 ,,suffolk3 8,so farewell ,reignier3 set this diamond safe ,in golden palaces1 as it becomes40 7,part #a1 ,act ,v1 ,sc4 #h47 ,,the ,,queen3 8,i took a costly jewel from my neck1 ,a heart it was1 bound in with diamonds1 ,and threw it towards thy land40 7,part #b1 ,act ,,iii1 ,sc4 #b47 ,illustration3 ,,horoscope ,,of ,,shakespeare ,,king ,,henry3 8,my crown is in my heart not on my head3 ,not decked with diamonds and ,indian stones ,nor to be seen3 my crown is called content ,a crown it is that seldom kings enjoy40 7,part #c1 ,act ,,iii1 ,sc4 #a47 ,in the 8,comedy of ,errors10 the diamond is twice mentioned3 ,,the ,,courtezan3 8,give me the ring of mine you had at dinner1 ,or for my diamond1 the chain you promised40 7,act ,,iv1 ,sc4 #c47 ,,the ,,courtezan3 8,sir1 ,i must have that diamond from you40 7,act ,v1 ,sc4 #a47 ,in ,act #c1 ,scene #c1 in 8,the ,merry ,wives of ,windsor10 ,falstaff says to ,mistress ,ford3 8,i see how thine eye would emulate the diamond40 ,the ,princess in 8,love's ,labours ,lost10 ,act #e1 ,scene #b1 speaks of a 8,lady walled about with diamonds40 ,in 8,timon of ,athens10 ,act #c1 ,scene #f1 the ,fourth ,lord says3 8,one day he gives us diamonds1 next dry stones40 ,in 8,the ,merchant of ,venice10 ,act #c1 ,scene #a1 ,shylock exclaims1 8,a diamond gone1 cost me two thousand ducats in ,frankfort40 ,in 8,macbeth10 ,act #b1 ,scene #a1 ,banquo presents the ,king's diamond with the words3 8,this diamond he greets your wife withal40 ,in 8,king ,lear10 ,act #d1 ,scene #c1 the gentleman tells ,kent3 8,you have seen ,sunshine and rain at once3 her smiles and tears ,were like a better way3 those happy smilets1 ,that played on her ripe lip1 seemed not to know ,what guests were in her eyes3 which parted thence ,as pearls from diamonds dropped40 ,,emerald ,emerald is mentioned but once--in ,act #e1 ,scene #e1 of 8,the ,merry ,wives of ,windsor10 when ,mistress ,quickly says3 8,and #8,honi soit qui mal y pense1' write ,in emerald tufts1 flowers purple1 blue and white3 ,like sapphire1 pearl and rich embroidery ,buckled below fair knighthood's bending knee40 ,,flint ,,talbot3 8,god is our fortress in whose conquering name ,let us resolve to scale their flinty bulwarks40 78,king ,henry ,,vi10 ,part #a1 ,act ,,ii1 ,sc4 #a47 ,,gloucester3 8,uneath may she endure the flinty streets40 ,,duchess ,,of ,,gloucester3 8,the ruthless flint doth cut my tender feet40 7,henry ,,vi1 ,part #b1 ,act ,,ii1 ,sc4 #d47 ,,queen ,,margaret3 8,because thy flinty heart more hard than they44440 7,henry ,,vi1 ,part #b1 ,act ,,iii1 ,sc4 #b47 ,,york3 7aside73 8,scarce can ,i speak my choler is so great3 ,oh1 ,i could hew up rocks and fight with flint ,i am so angry at these abject terms40 7,henry ,,vi1 ,part #b1 ,act ,v1 ,sc4 #a47 ,,york3 8,women are soft1 mild1 pitiful and flexible3 ,thou stern1 obdurate1 flinty1 rough1 remorseless40 7,henry ,,vi1 ,part #c1 ,act ,i1 ,sc4 #d47 ,,richard3 8,then ,clifford were thy heart as hard as steel ,as thou hast shown it flinty by thy deeds ,i come to pierce it or to give thee mine40 7,henry ,,vi1 ,part #c1 ,act ,,ii1 ,sc4 #a47 ,,lucius3 8,searching the window for a flint ,i found ,this paper1 thus sealed up40 7,julius ,caesar1 ,act ,,ii1 ,sc4 #c47 ,,brutus3 8,o ,cassius1 you are yoked with a lamb ,that carries anger as the flint bears fire40 7,julius ,caesar1 ,act ,,iv1 ,sc4 #c47 ,,enobarbus3 8,throw my heart ,against the flint and hardness of my fault40 7,antony and ,cleopatra1 ,act ,,iv1 ,sc4 #i47 ,,thersites3 8,there were wit in this head1 an 'twould out3 and so there is1 but it lies a coldly in him as fire in a flint1 which will not show without knocking40 7,troilus and ,cressida1 ,act ,,iii1 ,sc4 #c47 ,,demetrius3 8,but be your heart to them ,as unrelenting flint to drops of rain40 7,titus ,andronicus1 ,act ,,ii1 ,sc4 #c47 ,,marcus3 8,my heart is not compact of flint nor steel40 7,titus ,andronicus1 ,act ,v1 ,sc4 #c47 ,,gower3 8,make raging battery upon shores of flint40 7,pericles1 ,act ,,iv1 ,sc4 #d47 ,,poet3 8,the fire i' the flint shows not till it be struck40 7,timon of ,athens1 ,act ,i1 ,sc4 #a47 ,,timon3 8,what1 dost thou weep8 ,come nearer4 ,then ,i love thee4 ,because thou art a woman and disclaim'st ,flinty ,mankind40 7,timon of ,athens1 ,act ,,iv1 ,sc4 #c47 ,,friar ,,lawrence3 8,here comes the lady3 oh1 so light a foot ,will ne'er wear out the everlasting flint40 7,romeo and ,juliet1 ,act ,,ii1 ,sc4 #f47 ,,gloucester3 8,i would to ,god my heart were flint1 like ,edward's40 7,richard ,,iii1 ,act ,i1 ,sc4 #c47 ,,belarius3 8444 ,weariness ,can snore upon the flint1 when resty sloth ,finds the down pillow hard40 7,cymbeline1 ,act ,,iii1 ,sc4 #f47 ,,first ,,priest3 8444 ,for charitable prayers1 ,shards1 flints and pebbles should be thrown on her40 7,hamlet1 ,act ,v1 ,sc4 #a47 ,,bastard3 8,till their soul-fearing clamours have brawled down ,the flinty ribs of this contemptuous city40 7,king ,john1 ,act ,,ii1 ,sc4 #b47 ,,king ,,richard3 8,go to ,flint castle3 there ',il pine away2 ,a ,king1 woe's slave1 shall kingly woe obey40 7,richard ,,ii1 ,act ,,iii1 ,sc4 #b47 ,,queen3 8,this is the way ,to ,julius ,caesar's ill-erected tower1 ,to whose flint bosom my condemned lord ,is doomed a prisoner by proud ,bolingbroke40 7,richard ,,ii1 ,act ,v1 ,sc4 #b47 ,,king ,,richard3 8,how these vain weak nails ,may tear a passage through the flinty ribs ,of this hard world40 7,richard #b1 ,act ,v1 ,sc4 #e47 ,,king ,,henry3 8,he hath a tear for pity and a hand ,open as day for melting charity3 ,yet notwithstanding1 being incens'd1 he's flint40 7,henry ,,iv1 ,part #b1 ,act ,,iv1 ,sc4 #d47 ,,othello3 8,the tyrant custom1 most grave senators1 ,hath made the flinty and steel couch of war ,my thrice-driven bed of down40 7,othello1 ,act ,i1 ,sc4 #c47 ,,helena3 8,which gratitude ,through flinty ,tartar's bosom would peep forth1 ,and answer #8,thanks4'0 7,all's ,well that ,ends ,well1 ,act ,,iv1 ,sc4 #d47 ,,duke3 8,pluck commiseration of his state ,from brassy bosoms and rough hearts of flint40 7,merchant of ,venice1 ,act ,,iv1 ,sc4 #a47 ,,viola3 8,my master1 not myself1 lacks recompense1 ,love make his heart of flint that you shall love2 ,and let your fervour like my master's1 be ,placed in contempt6 ,farewell1 fair cruelty40 7,twelfth ,night1 ,act ,i1 ,sc4 #e47 ,,holofernes3 8,fire enough for a flint1 pearl enough for a swine40 7,love's ,labours ,lost1 ,act ,,iv1 ,sc4 #b47 ,,volumnia3 8,oh1 stand up blest1 ,whilst1 with no softer cushion than the flint1 ,i kneel before thee40 7,coriolanus1 ,act ,v1 ,sc4 #c47 ,,jet ,,gloucester3 8,what colour is my gown of80 ,,simpcox3 8,black1 forsooth3 coal black as jet40 ,,king3 8,why then1 thou know'st what colour jet is of80 ,,suffolk3 8,and yet1 ,i think1 jet did he never see40 7,henry ,,vi1 ,part #b1 ,act ,,ii1 ,sc4 #a47 ,,titus3 8,provide two proper palfreys1 black as jet1 ,to hale thy vengeful waggon swift away40 7,titus ,andronicus1 ,act ,v1 ,sc4 #b47 ,,salarino3 8,there is more difference between thy flesh and hers than between jet and ivory40 7,merchant of ,venice1 ,act ,,iii1 ,sc4 #a47 ,,lapis ,,lazuli ,,evans3 8,what is #8lapis1' ,william80 ,,william3 8,a stone40 ,,evans3 8,and what is a #8stone1' ,william80 ,,william3 8,a pebble40 ,,evans3 8,no1 it is #8lapis'3 ,i pray you1 remember in your prain40 ,,william3 8,lapis40 ,,evans3 8,that is a good ,william40 7,the ,merry ,wives of ,windsor1 ,act ,,iv1 ,sc4 #a47 ,,marble ,,card4 ,,wolsey3 8,when ,i am forgotten1 as ,i shall be3 ,and sleep in dull1 cold marble40 7,henry ,,viii1 ,act ,,iii1 ,sc4 #b47 ,,king ,,henry3 8,her tears will pierce into a marble heart40 7,henry ,,vi1 ,part #c1 ,act ,,iii1 ,sc4 #b47 ,,gloster3 8,he plies her hard3 and much rain wears the marble40 7,henry ,,vi1 ,part #c1 ,act ,,iii1 ,sc4 #b47 ,,sicilius3 8,peep through thy marble mansion40 ,,sicilius3 8,the marble pavement closes40 7,cymbeline1 ,act ,v1 ,sc4 #d47 ,,lavinia3 8,the milk from her did turn to marble40 7,titus ,andronicus1 ,act ,,ii1 ,sc4 #c47 ,,othello3 8,now by yond marble heaven1 ,in the due reverence of a sacred vow ,i here engage my words40 7,othello1 ,act ,,iii1 ,sc4 #c47 ,,hamlet3 8,o1 answer me6 why the sepulchre ,wherein we saw thee quietly inurn'd1 ,hath oped his ponderous and marble jaws1 ,to cast thee up again40 7,hamlet1 ,act ,i1 ,sc4 #d47 ,,duke3 8,and he1 a marble to her tears1 is washed with them1 but relents not40 7,measure for ,measure1 ,act ,,iii1 ,sc4 #a47 ,,mariana3 8,let me in safety raise me from my knees3 ,or else forever be confixed here1 ,a marble monument60 7,measure for ,measure1 ,act ,v1 ,sc4 #a47 ,,macbeth3 8,i had else been perfect1 ,whole as the marble40 7,macbeth1 ,act ,,iii1 ,sc4 #d47 #c,,rd ,,gentleman3 8,who was most marble there1 changed colour40 7,the ,winter's ,tale1 ,act ,v1 ,sc4 #b47 ,,andriana3 8,if voluble and sharp discourse be marred1 ,unkindness blunts it more than marble hard40 7,comedy of ,errors1 ,act ,,ii1 ,sc4 #a47 ,,opal ,,clown3 8,now1 the melancholy god protect thee3 and the tailor make thy doublet of changeable taffeta1 for thy mind is a very opal40 7,twelfth ,night1 ,act ,,ii1 ,sc4 #d47 ,,pearl ,,ariel3 8,those are pearls that were his eyes40 7,see ,,coral47 7,tempest1 ,act ,i1 ,sc4 #a47 ,,macduff3 8,i see thee encompass'd with thy kingdom's pearl ,that speak my salutation in their minds40 7,macbeth1 ,act ,v1 ,sc4 #h47 ,,constance3 8,those heaven-moving pearls40 7,see ,,crystal47 7,king ,john1 ,act ,,ii1 ,sc4 #a47 ,,othello3 444 8,of one whose hand1 ,like the base ,indian1 threw a pearl away ,richer than all his tribe40 7,othello1 ,act ,v1 ,sc4 #b47 ,,king3 8,hamlet1 this pearl is thine3 ,here's to thy health40 7,hamlet1 ,act ,v1 ,sc4 #b47 ,,lear3 8,as pearls from diamonds dropped40 7,see ,,diamond3,,diamond47 7,king ,lear1 ,act ,,iv1 ,sc4 #c47 ,,quickly3 8,like sapphire1 pearl and rich embroidery40 7,see ,,emerald47 7,merry ,wives of ,windsor1 ,act ,v1 ,sc4 #e47 ,,valentine3 8,and ,i1 as rich in having such a jewel ,as twenty seas1 if all their sand were pearl1 ,the water nectar and the rocks pure gold40 7,two ,gentlemen of ,verona1 ,act ,,ii1 ,sc4 #d47 ,,proteus3 8,a sea of melting pearl which some call tears40 7,two ,gentlemen of ,verona1 ,act ,,iii1 ,sc4 #a47 ,,proteus3 8,but pearls are fair3 and the old saying is1 ,black men are pearls in beauteous ladies' eyes40 ,,julia 7aside73 8',tis true3 such pearls as put out ladies' eyes3 ,for ,i had rather wink than look on them40 7,two ,gentlemen of ,verona1 ,act ,v1 ,sc4 #b47 ,,lord3 8,or wilt thou ride8 thy horses shall be trapped1 ,their harness studded all with gold and pearl40 7,taming of the ,shrew1 ,induction1 ,sc4 #b47 ,,gremio3 8,in ivory coffers ,i have stuffed my crowns3 4444 ,fine linen1 ,turkey cushions bossed with pearl40 7,taming of the ,shrew1 ,act ,,ii1 ,sc4 #a47 ,,tranio3 8,why1 sir1 what 'cerns it you if ,i wear pearl and gold80 7,taming of the ,shrew1 ,act ,v1 ,sc4 #a47 ,,touchstone3 8,rich honesty dwells like a miser1 sir1 in a rich house3 as your pearl in your foul oyster40 7,as ,you ,like ,it1 ,act ,v1 ,sc4 #d47 ,,margaret3 8,i saw the ,duchess of ,milan's gown that they praise so ,by my troth's but a night-gown in respect of yours3 cloth o' gold1 and cuts1 and laced with silver1 set with pearls1 down sleeves1 side sleeves1 and skirts1 round underbone with a bluish tinsel40 7,much ,ado ,about ,nothing1 ,act ,,iii1 ,sc4 #d47 ,,holofernes3 8,pearl enough for a swine40 7,see ,,flint47 7,love's ,labours ,lost1 ,act ,,iv1 ,sc4 #b47 ,,maria3 8,this and these pearls to me sent ,longaville40 ,,princess3 8,what1 will you have me or your pearl again80 7,love's ,labours ,lost1 ,act ,v1 ,sc4 #b47 ,,lysander3 8,tomorrow night when ,phoebe doth behold ,her silver visage in the watery glass1 ,decking with liquid pearl the bladed glass ,a time that lovers' flights doth still conceal1 ,through ,athens' gates have we devised to steal40 7,a ,midsummer ,night's ,dream1 ,act ,i1 ,sc4 #a47 ,,fairy3 8,i must go seek some dewdrops here ,and hang a pearl in every cowslip's ear40 7,act ,,ii1 ,sc4 #a47 ,,oberon3 8,and that same dew which sometime on the buds ,was wont to swell like round and orient pearls1 ,stood now within the pretty flowerets' eyes40 7,act ,,iv1 ,sc4 #a47 ,,sebastian3 8,this is the air3 that is the glorious sun3 ,this pearl she gave me1 ,i do feel't and see't ,and though 'tis wonder that enwraps me thus1 ,yet 'tis not madness40 7,twelfth ,night1 ,act ,,iv1 ,sc4 #c47 ,,falstaff3 8,your brooches1 pearls and ouches40 7,henry ,,iv1 ,part #b1 ,act ,,ii1 ,sc4 #d47 ,,king ,,henry3 8,i am a king that find thee1 and ,i know ',tis not the balm1 the sceptre1 and the ball1 ,the sword1 the mace1 the crown imperial1 ,the intertissued robe of gold and pearl1 ,the farced title running 'fore the ,king1 ,the throne he sits on nor the tide of pomp ,that beats upon the high shore of the world40 7,henry ,v1 ,act ,,iv1 ,sc4 #a47 ,,clarence3 8,methought ,i saw a thousand fearful wrecks3 ,ten thousand men that fishes gnawed upon3 ,wedges of gold1 great anchors1 heaps of pearl1 ,inestimable stones1 unvalued jewels1 ,all scattered in the bottom of the sea3 ,some lay in dead men's skulls3 and1 in those holes ,where eyes did once inhabit1 there were crept ,as 'twere in scorn of eyes1 reflecting gems40 7,king ,richard ,,iii1 ,act ,i1 ,sc4 #d47 ,,king ,,richard3 8,the liquid drops of tears that you have shed ,shall come again1 transformed to orient pearl40 7,act ,,iv1 ,sc4 #d47 ,,cleopatra3 8,how goes it with my brave ,mark ,antony8 ,,alexas3 8 ,last thing he did1 dear ,queen1 ,he kissed--the last of many doubled kisses-- ,the orient pearl4 ,his speech sticks in my heart40 ,,cleopatra3 8,mine ears must pluck it thence40 ,,alexas3 8#8,good friend1' quote he1 #8,say the firm ,roman to great ,egypt sends ,this treasure of an oyster4'0 7,antony and ,cleopatra1 ,act ,i1 ,sc4 #e47 ,,cleopatra3 8',il set thee in a shower of gold and hail ,rich pearls upon thee40 7,act ,,ii1 ,sc4 #b47 ,,troilus3 8,her bed is ,india3 there she lies1 a pearl40 7,troilus and ,cressida1 ,act ,i1 ,sc4 #a47 ,,troilus3 8,why1 she is a pearl1 ,whose price hath launched above a thousand ships1 ,and turned crowned kings to merchants40 7,act ,,ii1 ,sc4 #b47 ,,aaron3 8,i will be bright and shine in pearl and gold1 ,to wait upon this new-made empress40 7,titus ,andronicus4 ,act ,,ii1 ,sc4 #a47 ,,lucius3 8,this is the pearl that pleased your empress' eye1 ,and here's the base fruit of his burning lust40 7,act ,v1 ,sc4 #a47 ,,ruby ,,fairy3 8,the cowslips tall her pensioners be3 ,in their gold coats spots you see3 ,those be rubies1 fairy favours1 ,in those freckles live their savours40 7,a ,midsummer ,night's ,dream1 ,act ,,ii1 ,sc4 #a47 ,,macbeth3 8,you make me strange ,when now ,i think you can behold such sights1 ,and keep the natural ruby of your cheeks1 ,when mine is blanched with fear40 7,macbeth1 ,act ,,iii1 ,sc4 #d47 ,,mark ,,antony3 8,over thy wounds now do ,i prophesy-- ,which like dumb mouths do ope their ruby lips1 ,to beg the voice and utterance of my tongue40 7,julius ,caesar4 ,act ,,iii4 ,sc4 #a47 ,,dromio3 8,embellished with rubies1 carbuncles1 sapphires40 7,see ,,carbuncle47 7,comedy of ,errors4 ,act ,,iii4 ,sc4 #b47 ,,sapphire ,,mistress ,,quickly3 8,like sapphire1 pearl and rich embroidery40 7,see ,,emerald47 ,merry ,wives of ,windsor4 ,act ,v41 ,sc4 #e47 ,,dromio3 8,embellished with rubies1 carbuncles1 sapphires40 7,see ,,carbuncle47 7,comedy of ,errors1 ,act ,,iii1 ,sc4 #b47 ,,turquoise ,,shylock3 8,thou torturest me1 ,tubal3 it was my turquoise3 ,i had it of ,leah when ,i was a bachelor3 ,i would not have given it for a wilderness of monkeys40 7,merchant of ,venice1 ,act ,,iii1 ,sc4 #a47 ,,union ,in ,hamlet1 ,shakespeare mentions the pearl twice under the name ,,union4 ,,king3 8,the ,king shall drink to ,hamlet's better breath2 ,and in the cup an union shall he throw1 ,richer than that which four successive kings ,in ,denmark's crown have worn40 ,,hamlet3 8,drink of this potion4 ,is thy union here80 7,act4 ,v1 ,sc4 #b47 ,,chapter ,,xxxiii ,,forms1 ,,compositions1 ,,characteristics1 ,,zodiacal ,,classification1 ,,and ,,places ,,of ,,origin ,,amber ,hardness3 #b-b4e4 ,lustre3 ,resinous4 ,chemical ,composition3 ,carbon #gh4if4 ,hydrogen #aj4ea4 ,oxygen #aj4eb4 ,specific ,gravity3 #a4aj-a4ac4 ,properties3 ,becomes highly electric by friction4 ,when submitted to heat1 organic compounds escape and leave a black residue4 ,in the ,zodiac3 ,amber is under the heavenly ,taurus4 ,where found3 ,chiefly on the ,baltic coast4 ,on the ,danish coast4 ,parts of ,asia1 etc4 ,,beryl ,,emerald--,,aquamarine ,crystalline ,system3 ,hexagonal4 ,hardness3 #g4e-h4 ,lustre3 ,vitreous or ,resinous4 ,transparent to translucent4 ,refraction3 ,weakly double4 ,chemical ,composition3 ,silicate of ,aluminium and ,beryllium4 ,chemical ,symbol3 ,be#c ,al#b 7,si,o#c7;,c4 ,specific ,gravity3 #b4fc-b4ge4 ,dichroism3 ,distinct4 ,properties3 ,exhibits frictional electricity4 ,the emerald clouds before the blowpipe flame without fusing but under intensified heat the edges curve4 ,with ,borax the stone melts into a pale green bead4 ,it resists acids but is affected by microcosmic salt4 ,the stone is so fragile when taken out of the mine that friction crumbles it4 ,in the ,zodiac3 ,all varieties of ,beryls are under the ,heavenly ,taurus4 ,where found3 ,generally all over the world4 ,chiefly in ,ekaterinburg1 ,brazil1 ,india1 ,united ,states1 ,australia4 ,,chrysoberyl ,,alexandrite--,,oriental ,,chrysolite--,,cymophane ,,or ,,chrysoberyl--,,catseye ,crystalline ,system3 ,orthorhombic4 ,hardness3 #h4e4 ,lustre3 ,vitreous4 ,transparent to translucent4 ,refraction3 ,double4 ,chemical ,composition3 ,alumina #hj4b4 ,glucina #ai4h4 ,chemical ,symbol3 ,be,al#b,o#d4 ,specific ,gravity3 #c4g-c4hf4 ,dichroism3 ,strong in ,alexandrite4 ,distinct in ,chrysoberyl4 ,properties3 ,crystals exhibit remarkable twinning at times4 ,chrysoberyl is highly electric and when submitted to frictional agitation holds electricity for a long time4 ,not affected by acids4 ,under the blowpipe it is unaltered and infusible1 but it fuses tardily with borax or microcosmic salt4 ,the ,alexandrite variety which1 as ,professor ,j4 ,g4 ,dana says1 bears the same relation to ordinary ,chrysoberyl as ,emerald to ,beryl1 displays curious changes of colour from leafy green to raspberry red in real and artificial lights4 ,in the ,zodiac3 ,chrysoberyl is under the ,heavenly ,pisces2 ,alexandrite is under the ,heavenly ,aquarius4 ,where found3 ,ceylon1 ,brazil1 ,russia1 ,ireland1 ,australia1 etc4 ,,corundum ,,sapphire1 ,,ruby1 ,,oriental ,,amethyst1 ,,oriental ,,emerald1 ,,etc4 ,crystalline ,system3 ,rhombohedral4 ,hardness3 #i4 ,lustre3 ,transparent to translucent4 ,refraction3 ,moderately double4 ,chemical ,composition3 ,aluminium #ec-ec4b4 ,oxygen #df4h4 ,chemical ,symbol3 ,al#b,o#c4 ,specific ,gravity3 #c4ij-d4af4 ,dichroism3 ,strong4 ,properties3 ,submitted to friction exhibits electrical properties which withdraw very slowly4 ,acids do not affect ,corundum1 but under the blowpipe in borax or microcosmic salt it gradually melts to a transparent globule4 ,radium influences the colour strongly1 so much indeed as to impart it in achromatic specimens4 ,the stone is variously affected by heat4 ,treated by ,sir ,william ,crooks by exposure to high tension electric currents in a similar way to the diamond the ruby phosphoresced with an intense red light1 and the sapphire with an intense blue4 ,dr4 ,t4 ,coke ,squance of ,sunderland1 well-known in connection with radio-therapeutical research1 has succeeded in transforming a faint pink sapphire into a fine ruby4 ,during the process of transformation the lustre of the stone was so intensified that it nearly assumed the brilliancy of a diamond4 ,dr4 ,squance observed that both radium and ,x-rays cause a diamond to glow with a green light4 8,besides the diamond10 he says1 a mineral called ,kunzite glows with a lovely red hue4 ,i submitted a sapphire to the ,radium rays for a long period and it turned to a glorious red4 ,in fact1 it had become a ruby4 ,i have similarly transformed other stones1 a faint green sapphire1 for instance1 turning into an oriental emerald4 ,sir ,william ,crooks noted the sage-green colour of the diamond under ,radium1 but found that the colour could easily be removed by mechanical means4 ,in the ,zodiac3 ,blue and green sapphires are under the ,heavenly ,aquarius2 white are under the ,heavenly ,pisces2 yellow or ,oriental ,topaz and ,rubies are under the ,heavenly ,leo4 ,oriental ,amethyst is under the ,heavenly ,sagittarius4 ,where found3 ,ceylon1 ,china1 ,burma1 ,russia1 ,east ,indies1 ,united ,states of ,america1 ,australia 7chiefly ,queensland71 etc4 ,,diamond ,,diamond--,,boart ,crystalline ,system3 ,isometric4 ,forms3 ,octahedron1 dodecahedron4 ,crystals frequently twinned4 ,hardness3 #aj4 ,scratches every other stone4 ,lustre3 ,adamantine4 ,transparent and when dark1 translucent4 ,refraction3 ,single4 ,chemical ,composition3 ,pure ,carbon4 ,chemical ,symbol3 ,c4 ,specific ,gravity3 #c4ej-c4ee4 ,properties3 ,exhibits positive electricity when rubbed1 but is itself a non-conductor of electricity4 ,when intensely heated it burns1 yielding ,carbonic ,anhydride4 ,when heated so as to exclude chemical combination it dilates and forms into a black concretion4 ,it displays phosphorescence under ,radium1 when submitted to strong sunlight and1 when put in a vacuum tube1 to a high tension electric current4 ,dr4 ,g4 ,f4 ,herbert ,smith found that some diamonds fluoresce in sunlight1 turning milky1 and a few emit light when rubbed4 ,dr4 ,kunz proved that diamonds phosphoresce when exposed to the rays of ,radium1 ,polonium1 or ,actinium1 even when glass is interposed4 ,these phenomena formed special object of experiment with the late ,sir ,william ,crooks1 who showed that exposed to high tension electric currents in greatly rarified atmosphere1 the diamond phosphoresced with an intense green light4 ,prismatic colours are radiated by this gem4 ,in the ,zodiac3 ,the ,diamond is under the ,heavenly ,aries1 ,leo and ,libra4 ,where found3 ,india1 ,borneo1 ,brazil1 ,south ,africa1 ,siberia1 ,australia1 ,united ,states of ,america4 ,,garnet ,,almandine1 ,,pyrope1 ,,hessonite1 7,,garnet ,,hyacinth71 ,,uvarovite ,crystalline ,form3 ,isometric4 ,hardness3 #f4e-g4e4 ,lustre3 ,vitreous4 ,refraction3 ,single4 ,chemical ,composition3 ,silica ,alumina1 ,red ,iron ,oxide1 ,lime ,magnesia1 ,manganese1 ,protoxide4 ,chemical ,symbol3 ,dr4 ,smith has the following formulae3 ,hessonite ,ca#c ,al#b7,si,o#d7c4 ,pyrope ,mg#c ,al#b7,si,o#d7c4 ,almandine ,fe#c;,al#b7,si,o#d,o7#c4 ,andradite ,ca#c;,fe#b7,si,o#d,o7#c4 ,specific ,gravity3 #c4d-d4c4 ,properties3 ,exhibits positive electricity by friction4 ,with the exception of ,uvarovite1 all varieties of ,garnets fuse before the blowpipe flame4 ,the stone generally does not contain water4 ,in the ,zodiac3 ,the ,almandine is under the ,heavenly ,sagittarius2 the ,pyrope1 ,aquarius2 ,hessonite1 ,virgo2 ,uvarovite1 ,aquarius4 ,where found3 ,generally all over the world4 ,,opal ,crystalline ,system3 ,none4 ,form3 ,amorphous4 ,hardness3 #e4e-f4e4 ,lustre3 ,waxy to subvitreous4 ,refraction3 ,single4 ,chemical ,composition3 ,silica #ia4cb4 ,water #h4fh4 ,chemical ,symbol3 ,si,o#b1 n,si,o#bn,h#b,o4 ,specific ,gravity3 #a4i-b4c4 ,properties3 ,no electrical properties4 ,opal exhibits characteristic colour reflections known as ,opalescence4 ,it is susceptible to heat and weather changes1 exhibiting greater brilliancy on hot than on cold days4 ,the opal has never yet been successfully imitated1 and certain peculiar properties yet remain to be investigated4 ,professor ,frank ,rutley ,f4 ,g4 ,s41 emphasises the fact that the nature of the ,silica 7,hydrous ,silica7 is not yet definitely determined4 ,it is infusible before the blowpipe1 but turns opaque4 ,in the ,zodiac3 ,the ,opal is under the ,heavenly ,leo1 ,libra and ,aquarius4 ,leo favours red and fire opal2 ,libra1 light translucent1 pure colours1 etc42 ,aquarius1 dark1 black ,opal1 etc4 ,where found3 ,hungary1 ,honduras1 ,mexico1 ,united ,states4 ,the finest opal is now found in ,australia1 principally at ,lightning ,ridge1 ,white ,cliffs1 ,stuart's ,range1 ,charleville1 etc4 7,mr4 ,conrad ,h4 ,sayce gives 78,australasian10 ,march issue1 #aibj7 an analysis of ,stuart's ,range opal1 bearing earth which contains about #ce per cent each of ,alumina and ,sulphur trioxide4 ,he opines that this may account for the harmful effect it has on the men's eyes and lungs47 ,,pearl ,hardness3 #c4e-d4 ,lustre3 ,translucent4 ,chemical ,composition3 ,carbonate of ,lime and ,organic matter4 ,specific ,gravity3 #b4fe-b4hi4 ,properties3 ,affected by acids4 ,benefitted by some skins1 adversely affected by others4 ,destroyed by fire4 ,where found3 ,persian ,gulf1 ,ceylon1 ,red ,sea1 ,south ,america1 ,new ,guinea1 ,thursday ,island1 ,australia1 etc4 ,in the ,zodiac3 ,pearls are under the ,heavenly ,cancer4 ,,peridot ,,chrysolite--,,olivine ,crystalline ,system3 ,orthorhombic4 ,hardness3 #f-g4 ,lustre3 ,vitreous4 ,transparent to translucent4 ,refraction3 ,double4 ,chemical ,composition3 ,silicate of ,magnesium and ,iron4 ,chemical ,symbol3 7,mg1,fe7#b,si,o#d4 ,specific ,gravity3 #c4c-c4e4 ,dichroism3 ,distinct4 ,properties3 ,friction induces electricity in the stone which is infusible before the blowpipe1 but is affected1 whitening and forming with ,borax1 a yellow bead4 ,decomposes in ,hydrochloric acid4 ,in the ,zodiac3 ,the ,peridot is under the ,heavenly ,pisces4 ,where found3 ,united ,states1 ,ireland1 ,australia1 7,queensland particularly71 etc4 ,a large number of ,meteorites contain ,peridots4 ,,quartz ,,rock ,,crystal1 ,,amethyst1 ,,cairngorm1 ,,chrysoprase1 ,,catseye1 ,,plasma1 ,,jasper1 ,,carnelian1 ,,agate1 ,,onyx1 ,,sardonyx1 ,,moss ,,agate ,crystalline ,system3 ,rhombohedral4 ,hardness3 #g4 ,lustre3 ,vitreous4 ,splendent to dull and resinous4 ,refraction3 ,double4 ,chemical ,composition3 ,silicon #df4fg4 ,oxygen #ec4cc4 ,chemical ,symbol3 ,si,o#b4 ,specific ,gravity3 #b4e-b4h4 ,in pure crystals #b4fe4 ,dichroism3 ,distinct4 ,properties3 ,generates positive electricity by friction4 ,it is infusible under the blowpipe1 but effervesces with ,carbonate of ,soda4 ,although it resists the common acids it may be dissolved in ,hydrofluoric4 ,in the ,zodiac3 ,rock ,crystal is under the ,heavenly ,pisces2 ,amethyst is under the ,heavenly ,aries2 ,cairngorm under the ,heavenly ,scorpio2 ,chrysoprase under the ,heavenly ,cancer2 ,catseye under the ,heavenly ,capricorn2 ,plasma under the ,heavenly ,virgo2 ,jasper under the ,heavenly ,virgo2 ,bloodstone under the ,heavenly ,leo2 ,camelian under the ,heavenly ,leo2 ,agate under the ,heavenly ,scorpio2 ,onyx under the ,heavenly ,capricorn2 ,sardonyx under the ,heavenly ,leo2 ,moss ,agate under the ,heavenly ,taurus4 ,where found3 ,distributed plentifully about the world4 ,rock ,amethyst is found in the ,united ,states1 ,brazil1 ,india1 ,ceylon1 ,ekaterinburg1 ,australia1 etc4 ,mr4 ,r4 ,j4 ,dunn1 late ,victorian ,geologist1 discovered large quantities of ,rose ,quartz in ,south ,africa4 ,it is also found in the ,united ,states1 ,russia1 ,australia and other places4 ,catseyes are found in ,ceylon and ,india4 ,cairngorm is found in ,scotland1 ,united ,states1 ,australia1 etc4 ,chrysoprase is found in the ,united ,states and other places4 ,,spinel ,,spinel ,,ruby1 ,,balas ,,ruby1 ,,rubicelle1 ,,pleonaste ,,or ,,ceylonite ,crystalline ,system3 ,isometric4 ,hardness3 #h-h4 ,lustre3 ,vitreous4 ,refraction3 ,single4 ,chemical ,composition3 ,alumina #gb4 ,magnesia #bh4 ,chemical ,symbol3 ,mg,al#b,o#d4 ,specific ,gravity3 #c4e-d4j4 ,dichroism3 ,none4 ,properties3 ,does not display electricity when submitted to friction or heat1 but under heat the red spinel changes to brown4 ,on cooling it becomes green1 after which it is nearly colourless2 then it resumes its pristine hue4 ,spinel crystals also change into ,hydrotalcite1 a soft pearl-like stone of similar chemical composition4 ,infusible alone under the blowpipe but yields slowly with ,borax4 ,it is soluble in concentrated ,sulphuric ,acid4 ,in the ,zodiac3 ,spinel1 ,balas1 ,almandine1 ,ruby and ,sapphirine are under the ,heavenly ,virgo4 ,the ,chloro-,spinel and the ,pleonaste are under the ,heavenly ,capricorn4 ,where found3 ,united ,states1 ,canada1 ,burma1 ,siam1 ,ceylon1 ,australia1 etc4 ,it is discovered in granular limestone1 in gneiss and rocks of volcanic origin4 ,,spodumene ,,kunzite--,,hiddenite ,crystalline ,form3 ,monoclinic4 ,hardness3 #f4e-g4 ,lustre3 ,pearly4 ,translucent to subtranslucent4 ,refraction3 ,double4 ,chemical ,composition3 ,silicate of ,aluminium and ,lithium4 ,chemical ,symbol3 ,li ,a#a 7,si ,o#c7b4 ,specific ,gravity3 #c4e-c4bj4 ,dichroism3 ,strong4 ,properties3 ,electrical4 ,unaffected by acids4 ,under the blowpipe flame expands and melts into a clear or opaque glass1 indicating lithia by colouring the flame red4 ,kunzite exhibits phosphorescence under ,radium4 ,in the ,zodiac3 ,spodumene and ,kunzite are under the ,heavenly ,libra4 ,hiddenite may be under the zodiacal ,taurus4 ,where found3 ,united ,states of ,america1 ,madagascar1 ,brazil1 ,sweden1 etc4 ,,topaz ,crystalline ,form3 ,orthorhombic4 ,hardness3 #h4 ,lustre3 ,vitreous4 ,transparent to translucent4 ,refraction3 ,slightly double4 ,chemical ,composition3 ,silicate of ,aluminium4 ,chemical ,symbol3 ,a#a7;,f1,,oh7#b,si,o#d4 7,penfold and ,minor47 ,specific ,gravity3 #c4d-c4fe4 ,dichroism3 ,distinct4 ,properties3 ,becomes strongly electric by friction1 heat and pressure4 ,infusible alone before the blowpipe flame1 but with ,borax melts into a bead4 ,changes colour when heated4 ,in the ,zodiac3 ,the ,topaz is under the ,heavenly ,scorpio4 ,where found3 ,brazil1 ,ceylon1 ,mexico1 ,united ,states1 ,australia1 etc4 ,,tourmaline ,crystalline ,form3 ,rhombohedral4 ,hardness3 #g-g4e4 ,lustre3 ,vitreous4 ,refraction3 ,double4 ,chemical ,composition3 ,varied1 but all varieties include silicate of alumina1 boracic acid1 iron1 magnesia1 lime and soda1 sometimes lithia in small quantity1 with fluorine and trace of phosphoric acid4 ,chemical ,symbol3 ,professors ,penford and ,foote refer all varieties of ,tourmaline to 7,h#f,na#f,mg#c;,al#b7c7;,al1,fe7#f7;,b1 ,,oh7#d,si#h,o#ch1 ,specific ,gravity3 #b4ci-c4c4 ,dichroism3 ,strong4 ,properties3 ,becomes charged by heat and friction with positive and negative electricity4 ,before the blowpipe flame the darker varieties fuse easily but the lighter more tardily4 ,in the ,zodiac3 ,the ,tourmaline family is under the ,heavenly ,gemini4 ,where found3 ,brazil1 ,russia1 ,california and other parts of the ,united ,states1 ,ceylon1 ,australia1 etc4 ,,turquoise ,crystalline ,form3 ,none4 ,hardness3 #f4 ,lustre3 ,waxy4 ,chemical ,composition3 ,dr4 ,smith gives the composition as a complex phosphate of ,aluminium1 iron and copper4 ,chemical ,symbol3 ,dr4 ,smith gives ,penfold's formula as ,al7,,oh7#b;,fe7,,oh7#b1;,cu7,,oh71,h#c, ,po#d1 approaching nearly to ,h#e;,al#b,,po#h4 ,specific ,gravity3 #b4f-b4h4 ,properties3 ,infusible before the blowpipe flame1 but changes its colour to brown4 ,dissolves in ,hydrochloric acid4 ,is affected by acids1 oils1 the health of the wearer1 etc4 ,in the ,zodiac3 ,turquoise is under the zodiacal ,sagittarius4 ,where found3 ,chiefly in ,persia where the best specimens are found4 ,also found in ,mexico1 ,russia1 ,united ,states1 ,australia1 etc4 ,,zircon ,,zircon1 ,,jargoon1 ,,hyacinth ,,or ,,jacinth ,crystalline ,system3 ,tetragonal4 ,hardness3 #g4e4 ,lustre3 ,adamantine4 ,transparent to opaque4 ,refraction3 ,strongly double4 ,chemical ,composition3 ,silica #cc4 ,zirconia #fg4 ,chemical ,symbol3 ,,zr ,si,o#d4 ,specific ,gravity3 #d4f-d4hf4 ,properties3 ,exhibits frictional electricity4 ,the ,zircon is infusible before the blowpipe flame but coloured specimens lose their colours4 ,with borax ,zircon melts under the blowpipe into a transparent bead4 ,heated with lime the ,zircon is transformed into a straw-coloured stone which so closely resembles the yellow diamond that it is sold to travellers by some unscrupulous ,eastern dealers as the more costly gem4 ,scientists have not yet been able to explain the constitution and distinct characters of the ,zircon satisfactorily4 ,professor ,sir ,a4 ,h4 ,church has made a technical study of the zircon for over half a century1 and is universally accepted as its most authoritative student4 ,in his researches he found that in certain varieties of zircon the green and yellow stones1 ground on copper wheel with diamond dust1 exhibit a sparkling orange light1 and the intermediate golden types radiate orange tints in the flame of a ,bunsen burner4 ,students are seeking for the unknown element which1 blended with zirconium1 defies detection4 ,the ,zircon is very little affected by acids1 except sulphuric acid after very long steeping4 ,it is also peculiar that when first heated the stone exhibits strong phosphorescence1 but as its colour leaves it1 its specific gravity is magnified and it will not again phosphoresce when reheated after cooling4 ,in the ,zodiac3 ,all varieties of ,zircon are under ,heavenly ,virgo4 ,where found3 ,in almost every part of the world4 ,,chapter ,,xxxiv ,,gems ,,in ,,heraldry1 ,,magical ,,squares ,,of ,,abra ,,melin ,,the ,,mage1 ,,charubel',s ,,gem ,,influences1 ,,gems ,,of ,,countries ,,gems ,,in ,,heraldry 8,sweet mercy is nobility's true badge40 8,,titus ,,andronicus40 ,without doubt the science of ,heraldry was evolved from ancient astrological philosophy4 ,various distinctive badges1 shields and tokens were employed by the peoples of the past1 but the system as known today did not properly evolve much before the #acth ,century4 ,in the present book1 that section of ,heraldry known as ,blazoning by ,planets and ,precious ,stones deserves some passing notice4 ,by ,blazoning the ,sovereigns and ,peers were distinguished1 the former by the ,planets and the latter by precious stones1 as shown in the following table3 ,tincture ,planet ,precious ,stone ,or ,sun ,topaz ,argent ,moon ,pearl ,sable ,saturn ,diamond ,gules ,mars ,ruby ,azure ,jupiter ,sapphire ,vert ,venus ,emerald ,pupure ,mercury ,amethyst ,tenny ,caput ,draconis 7,moon's ,jacinth ,north ,node7 ,sanguine ,cauda ,draconis 7,moon's ,sardonyx ,south ,node7 ,the planetary gem grouping is not quite accurate according to astrological science1 and the errors can be referred to the early chroniclers4 ,for example1 the ruby is given to ,mars and the topaz to the ,sun1 whereas the ruby is a stone of the ,sun and the topaz a stone of ,mars4 ,mars is termed ,warlike and ,violent in old works1 whilst the ,sun is the emblem of ,faithfulness and ,constancy4 ,at the coronation of a ,british ,sovereign a ruby ring emblematical of ,faithfulness and ,constancy is placed on his finger4 ,thus it is in harmony with the royal sign ,leo--the sign of the ,sun--and the ,monarch who is astrologically ruled by the ,sun4 ,the pearl is correct for the ,moon2 the diamond is not a stone of ,saturn2 the sapphire is not a stone of ,jupiter2 the emerald is correct for ,venus2 the amethyst is not a stone of ,mercury4 ,the assigning of jacinth and sardonyx to the ,north and the ,south ,nodes of the ,moon has not the support of astrological science4 ,,magical ,,squares ,,of ,,abra ,,melin ,,the ,,mage 8,the ,wisdom of the ,lord is an inexhaustible fountain1 neither hath there ever been a man born who could penetrate its veritable origin and foundation40 8,the ,second ,book of the ,sacred ,magic40 ,in that remarkable ancient magical work1 8,the ,book of the ,sacred ,magic of ,abra ,melin the ,mage10 skillfully translated by a past ,rosicrucian adept1 ,monsieur le ,comte ,macgregor de ,glenstrae1 are a number of symbolic ,name ,squares which were variously employed by the old masters who so well knew the use of them4 ,for the finding of certain treasures which are not 8magically guarded0 78magically0 may here be accepted in a wide sense7 the following symbolic power figures were employed3 ,for ,,jewels3 ,b ,e ,l ,i ,a ,l ,e ,b ,o ,r ,u ,a ,l ,o ,v ,a ,r ,i ,i ,r ,a ,v ,o ,l ,a ,v ,r ,o ,b ,e ,l ,a ,i ,l ,e ,b ,this square1 the ,comte notes1 is a square of #cf squares1 and the name ,,belial that of one of the four great chiefs of the ,evil ,spirits4 ,for ,,pearls3 ,i ,a ,n ,a ,a ,m ,e ,n ,n ,e ,m ,a ,a ,n ,a ,i ,a square of #af squares4 ,for ,,diamonds3 ,b ,i ,c ,e ,l ,o ,n ,i ,r ,o ,l ,a ,t ,o ,c ,o ,r ,a ,m ,a ,l ,e ,l ,a ,m ,a ,l ,e ,l ,a ,m ,a ,r ,o ,c ,o ,t ,a ,l ,o ,r ,i ,n ,o ,l ,e ,c ,i ,b ,a square of #di squares4 ,for ,,rubies3 ,s ,e ,g ,o ,r ,e ,g ,o ,e ,r ,b ,s ,a border of #ab squares from a square of #be squares4 ,the ,comte translates ,,segor as 8to break forth0 or 8to shut in10 according as the root begins with ,s or ,,sh4 ,for ,,balassius ,,rubies3 ,h ,e ,t ,i ,s ,e ,r ,e ,t ,i ,s ,e ,c ,i ,n ,e ,s ,e ,r ,h ,twenty squares from a square of #di4 ,for ,,emeralds3 ,a ,s ,t ,a ,r ,o ,t ,s ,a ,l ,i ,s ,t ,o ,t ,l ,a ,n ,b ,s ,r ,a ,i ,n ,o ,n ,i ,a ,r ,s ,b ,n ,a ,l ,t ,o ,t ,s ,i ,l ,a ,s ,t ,o ,r ,a ,t ,s ,a ,a square of #di squares4 ,,astarot is set down in the ,comte's notes as one of the #h ,sub ,princes of the ,evil ,spirits4 ,to find stolen jewels1 the following is given3 ,k ,i ,x ,a ,l ,i ,s ,i ,r ,i ,n ,e ,q ,i ,x ,a ,l ,m ,i ,q ,s ,k ,the square consists of #bb squares taken from a square of #di squares4 ,these and many similar figures were used by the ,hermetic philosophers in their occult scientific practices4 ,they can be nothing but interesting curiosities to the majority who are ignorant of the trials1 sufferings and disappointments of those brave and faithful ,fraters and ,sorores who regarded no sin so great as ingratitude and no tendency so foolish as incredulity4 8,for10 says ,abra ,melin1 8you must have ,faith4 ,neither should you dispute concerning that which you understand not4 ,god out of nothingness hath created all things1 and all things have their being in ,him4 ,watch1 labour and you will see40 8,,psychology ,,of ,,botany1 ,,minerals ,,and ,,precious ,,stones0 ,in the year #aijg1 a remarkable book bearing the above title1 written by a gifted student who preferred to veil his identity under the pen name of 8,charubel10 was published by ,r4 ,welch1 ,esq41 #ib ,shuttle ,st41 ,tyldesley1 ,england4 ,this work is now difficult to obtain4 ,the author insists on a direct sympathy between the human soul and surrounding nature1 and his work illustrates his method of linking together these eternal immortal powers so that the human can draw from these elements exactly that force he needs4 ,the 8,psychological ,properties of ,precious ,stones10 includes his occult researches into hidden properties which he presents in certain order4 ,the stones mentioned are the topaz1 amethyst1 coral1 rock crystal1 emerald1 diamond1 ruby1 turquoise1 sapphire1 red garnet1 carbuncle4 8,the realm of precious stones10 he writes1 8abounds with wonders which transcend everything ,i may have hitherto been made conversant with4 ,hence1 ,i am very much fascinated with these lustrous specimens of a chemistry which transcends the skill of the ingenious to identify or to produce the same4 ,it is true that so far as appearance goes1 modern skill can produce from a kind of paste what resembles the genuine stone1 but he can no more produce a living stone than he can make a living tree4 ,the true stone has a life and it is in this life that its true virtue consists40 ,the virtues of the topaz1 writes ,charubel1 are to be appreciated by 8fair people with weak or fragile constitutions1 inclined to become despondent1 of cold habits4 ,a help to those who are out of sight or in the shade4 ,it begets hopefulness in the hopeless4 ,strengthens and fortifies the soul against evil1 wicked persons40 ,the seal of the topaz is according to our author--,symbol3 topaz and the sacred name by which it is invoked is ,,soo-,,mah-,,thu-,,el-,,di-,,voo-,,math -,,el4 ------- ,the virtues of the amethyst are set down as a cure for false vision1 bad memory1 colour-blindness1 intoxication1 etc4 ,the seal is given as--,symbol3 amethyst and the sacred name by which the life of the amethyst is invoked is given as ,,avruthel4 ------- ,the virtues of the coral1 according to ,charubel1 benefit decrepit persons and those prematurely old4 ,it quickens the senses1 is good in defect of the eyesight from gradual loss of energy in the optic nerve1 and it strengthens the mental faculties4 ,the seal is given as--,symbol3 coral and the sacred name of invocation ,,ag-,,ath-,,el4 ------- ,the virtues of the ,rock ,crystal include1 writes ,charubel1 safeguard against deception or imposition4 8,it is for the pure in heart and those who think of a better life40 ,the seal is given as--,symbol3 crystal and the sacred name of invocation ,,ev-,,ag-,,el4 ------- ,the virtues of the emerald are for those 8who aspire to wisdom and seek enlightenment1 and for those who seek the good of life10 etc4 ,the seal is given as--,symbol3 emerald and the sacred name of invocation ,,am-,,vradel4 ------- ,the diamond is for 8,kings1 ,monarchs1 ,presidents and people of high standing1 etc41 ,state ,authorities and the advanced ,occultists4 ,the diamond is a gem by the virtue of its homogeneity and belongs to the domain of the true life4 ,the diamond is sacred3 one of the most sacred3 yes1 the most sacred of all gems4 ,i am not allowed to give word and seal for this gem40 ------- ,charubel hails the ruby as 8the most precious of gems1 a balm in the hour of trial1 grief1 bereavement1 disappointment1 a soother of agitation and disburdener of the oppressed soul40 ,the seal of the ruby is given as--,symbol3 ruby and the sacred word of invocation as ,,der-,,gab-,,el4 ------- ,the turquoise is set down as the 8,sympathetic ,stone1 an invaluable treasure to the thoughtful and meditative1 a connector of souls1 a developer of ,inner ,powers40 ,the seal is given as--,symbol3 turquoise and the sacred word of invocation ,,har-,,val-,,am4 ------- ,the sapphire is written down as 8a cure for doubt and despondency1 a reviver of blighted hopes1 which robs the future of its dread and renders the ,valley of ,death redolent with sunshine40 ,the seal is given as--,symbol3 sapphire and the sacred word of invocation ,,troo-,,av-,,al4 ------- ,the red garnet is hailed as the stone of inspiration and a remedy for diabolical influences1 etc4 ,the seal is given as--,symbol3 garnet and the sacred word of invocation as ,,ar-,,hu-,,gal4 ------- ,the carbuncle 8physically strengthens and vivifies the vital and generative forces in human nature1 those that lack energy1 sufferers from anaemia1 and those wanting in animal courage4 ,it sharpens business propensities and is invaluable to the dull1 lethargic1 sluggish1 lymphatic1 and people of cold habits40 ,the seal is given as--,symbol3 carbuncle and the sacred word of invocation ,,aph-,,ru-,,el4 ,,gems ,,of ,,countries ,old philosophy allots a particular talismanic gem to every country in the world4 ,those of the following countries are3 ,abyssinia ,lapis ,lazuli ,afghanistan ,catseye ,albania ,dark ,onyx ,algeria ,banded ,agate ,arabia ,flint ,argentina ,spodumene ,australia ,opal ,austria ,opal ,bavaria ,topaz ,belgium ,marble ,brazil ,jasper ,bloodstone ,bulgaria ,striped ,onyx ,burma ,malachite ,china ,pearl ,denmark ,hematite ,egypt ,jasper ,opal ,england ,diamond ,france ,ruby ,germany ,hematite ,greece ,dark ,onyx ,holland ,pearl ,hungary ,carbuncle ,india ,catseye ,ireland ,emerald ,italy ,sardonyx ,japan ,jade ,judea ,topaz ,mexico ,onyx ,morocco ,banded ,agate ,new ,zealand ,nacre ,norway ,topaz ,nubia ,crystal ,palestine ,limonite ,persia ,mocha ,stone ,poland ,emerald ,portugal ,chrysolite ,prussia ,sapphire ,rumania ,lapis ,lazuli ,russia ,chrysoberyl-,alexandrite ,scotland ,chalcedony ,sicily ,carnelian ,south ,africa ,pearl ,spain ,turquoise ,syria ,limonite ,sweden ,sapphire ,switzerland ,jasper ,turkey ,jacinth ,transvaal ,cairngorm ,,usa ,tourmaline ,wales ,marble ,,chapter ,,xxxv ,,the ,,inevitable ,,law ,,of ,,transmutation ,,champions ,,of ,,progress1 ,,xenophanes1 ,,plato1 ,,aristotle1 ,,zeno1 ,,leonardi ,,da ,,vinci ,,and ,,their ,,speculations3 ,,the ,,harnessing ,,of ,,invisible ,,agencies3 ,,the ,,way ,,of ,,the ,,spirit3 ,,destiny1 ,,the ,,law3 ,,point ,,of ,,union ,,of ,,forces ,,known ,,to ,,the ,,hermetic ,,philosophers3 ,,universal ,,order ,,and ,,harmony4 8,each change of many colour'd life he drew1 ,exhausted worlds and then imagin'd new40 ,,jonson4 ,transformation1 under the various forms of transfiguration1 transmutation and change1 forms the subject of many fascinating stories which adorn the pages of romance1 mythology1 science and symbology4 ,it may be said to exhibit itself as the dominant force in the world of matter--the changeful1 restless world with which we change and to which1 while dressed in its elements1 we are held4 ,the disobedience of ,lot's wife changed her material form into a pillar of salt2 the fated ,niobe was transformed into a rugged rock which forever was bathed by her tears2 the glance of ,medusa turned her victims into stone1 her blood turned trees into coral2 the stone which ,rhea duped ,cronus into swallowing in the belief that it was one of his children--indeed1 the whole legend concerning the devouring of his offspring by the old god1 is illustrative of the process of nature which forever consumes that which it produces4 ,nature is a veritable alchemist1 a royal transmuter1 turning the precious into the base and the base into the precious1 regardless of dignity1 rank or name4 ,parable and symbol have ever been the ornate coverings beneath which lie securely hidden from the superficial gaze the secrets with which searching man has played for ages4 ,the work of these intrepid scientists had1 at certain periods of the world's history1 to be carefully concealed from the vulgar and intolerant mind which was continually endeavouring to bind the thoughts of men within the slavery of a fixed dogma4 ,the true meaning of this dogma was indeed far better known and understood by the faithful searchers into the mysteries of nature than by all the narrow agents seeking to suppress them4 ,but they were compelled to wait till the champions of liberty in the material world had swept back the devils of intolerance which darkened the way to spiritual and material freedom4 ,the waiting for the right time to present their discoveries to the people did not suspend their researches--it rather advanced them4 ,nearly #fjj years before the ,christian era the poetical philosopher ,xenophanes wrote of fossil fishes1 shells and other petrifaction found on high mountains and in quarries1 which he instanced as indicating changes on the earth's surface1 certain lands sinking beneath the sea and certain lands rising out of it4 ,the earlier examinations of these remains were considered as evidence of a subtle tractable power inherent in the earth4 ,plato1 ,aristotle1 and ,zeno taught that ,god entered ,his ,spirit into eternal matter1 producing the earth1 thus eternally filled with the potential ,spirit4 ,that many-sided genius of the #aeth and #afth centuries1 ,leonardo da ,vinci was rightly regarded by ,dmitri ,merejkowski as 8,the ,forerunner10 in his historical story of that name4 ,leonardo was most precise in his remarkable deductions on fossilization1 which1 he wrote1 occurred from the accumulation of mud in the cavities of shells discovered in rivers which were at an ancient period beneath the sea near the coast4 ,nature's wonderful workings are exhibited in the metamorphoses of the various stones4 ,this process is noticed in the silification of wood1 shells1 coral1 etc4 ,it is observed in the incrustation of one substance on another1 the expulsion of one mineral matter by some chemical agency1 by the gradual yielding of original substance to new and foreign invaders and by the occurrence of one mineral in the form of another1 etc4 ,so far as is considered necessary this subject has been already dealt with4 ,and so ,nature is continually proving to man that all is change and that dissolution is impossible4 ,continually1 lower forms are giving place to higher1 and the work of the world goes on with the persistent regularity of a huge machine4 8,nothing is lost10 says chemistry1 and even the voice of man1 the cries of animals1 sounds of breaking rocks1 the restless sea1 the moaning of the winds amongst the trees1 etc41 can now be easily impressed on the modern phonograph plates which provide a material working body4 ,every action can be recorded and reproduced by the photographic camera2 even the air can be harnessed to convey a desire4 ,everything in the ,universe1 from the stars of ,heaven to the atom1 or to the minutest subdivision of the atom1 is mathematical1 law abiding1 and under the mysterious and controlling ,force which we reverence as ,god the ,infinite4 ,nature claims her own1 the material goes to the material1 8dust to dust10 and earth processes turn the visible parts of animals and plants1 etc41 into its identical crystal form4 ,and the controlling powers about which these perceptible forms materialize1 seek the realms of finer forces to which they truly belong4 ,rightly say the venerable philosophers whose inspired utterances have taught us so much1 8,the ,spirit strips itself to go up and clothes itself to go down40 ,the writer has tried to make this palpable truth clear in these pages1 and trusts that the links in the ancient chain are now left in a little better repair than they were1 and that the power within the stone will be better appreciated and better understood4 ,the order of the ,infinite ,universe is exact and sincere4 ,from its inception the work1 trials and struggles of the smallest atom are determined and ,mind is compelled to express itself4 ,the exact point of union between the visible and the invisible forces has been long known to the hermetic scientists and philosophers whose thoughts are echoed by ,wilks1 the ,english poet of ,geology1 in the following lines3 8,god is a ,god of order1 though to scan ,his works may pose the feeble powers of man40 ,,finis ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,transcriber's ,note ,errors deemed most likely to be the printer's have been corrected1 and are noted here4 ,the references are to the page and line in the original4 vi4#h ,sir ,edward ,mackenzie-,mackenzie1 ,bart41 for ,inserted4 his original #ad4aj wearing the ,breastplate ,inserted4 #ai4cj redeems from worldly sin ,inserted4 #cd4b upon which the ,cameo artist works4 ,added4 #ha4af ,milon had done the deed4 ,added4 #bae4ca ,mada_/emoiselle de ,hautville ,replaced4 #bdg4e 8a stone of good counsel for traders0 ,added4 #bfd4g ,all marble is under the celestrial ,gemini4 ,removed4 #cjg4bg ,,julius ,c,,ae_/,,sar1 ,replaced1 for consistency #ccd4ba ,,li_/,,ge ,,cathedral ,replaced4 #cdj4ba ,these workings are of very great age ,restored4 #chd4cb that tourmaline specimens were used by ,restored4 #cif4af a perpetual source of pleasure1 philosophy ,added4 #djh4d with thy kni_/ingdom's pearl ,transposed4 #daj4e ,,alexas3 8,last thing he did1 ,added4 #daj4i ,,alexas3 8#8,good friend1' quote he1 ,added4 #dah4dd ,c,u_/u7,,oh71,h#c,,po#d ,copper1 not #8,,cu'