,transcriber's ,notes ,obvious typographical errors have been silently corrected4 ,variations in hyphenation and ligatures have been standardised but all other spelling and punctuation remains unchanged4 ,italics are represented thus italic and superscripts thus yen4 ,the position of hand drawn hieroglyphs has been indicated thus hieroglyph4 ,all other examples of text within braces is original4 ,huntilite1 in the index1 possibly refers to ,heliolite in the text1 but it is not clear which is intended4 ,the #eaj footnotes are located at the end of the book4 ,the ,curious ,lore of ,precious ,stones ,,lippincott',s ,,practical ,,books ,,for ,,the ,,enrichment ,,of ,,home ,,life ,,the ,,practical ,,book ,,of ,,decorative ,,wall-,,treatments4 ,,by ,,nancy ,,mcclelland4 ,,the ,,practical ,,book ,,of ,,learning ,,decoration ,,and ,,furniture4 ,,by ,,edward ,,stratton ,,holloway4 ,,the ,,practical ,,book ,,of ,,chinaware4 ,,by ,,harold ,,donaldson ,,eberlein and ,,roger ,,wearne ,,ramsdell4 ,,the ,,practical ,,book ,,of ,,tapestries4 ,,by ,,george ,,leland ,,hunter4 ,,the ,,practical ,,book ,,of ,,outdoor ,,flowers4 ,,by ,,richardson ,,wright1 ,editor of ,house and ,garden4 ,,the ,,practical ,,book ,,of ,,furnishing ,,the ,,small ,,house ,,and ,,apartment4 ,,by ,,edward ,,stratton ,,holloway4 ,,the ,,practical ,,book ,,of ,,interior ,,decoration4 ,,by ,,harold ,,donaldson ,,eberlein1 ,,abbot ,,mcclure and ,,edward ,,stratton ,,holloway4 ,,the ,,practical ,,book ,,of ,,period ,,furniture4 ,,by ,,harold ,,donaldson ,,eberlein and ,,abbot ,,mcclure4 ,revised and ,enlarged4 ,,the ,,practical ,,book ,,of ,,oriental ,,rugs4 ,,by ,g4 ,,griffin ,,lewis4 ,,the ,,practical ,,book ,,of ,,american ,,antiques4 ,,by ,,harold ,,donaldson ,,eberlein and ,,abbot ,,mcclure4 ,,the ,,practical ,,book ,,of ,,architecture4 ,,by ,c4 ,,matlack ,,price4 ,,the ,,practical ,,book ,,of ,,italian1 ,,spanish ,,and ,,portuguese ,,furniture4 ,,by ,,harold ,,donaldson ,,eberlein and ,,roger ,,wearne ,,ramsdell4 ,illustration3 ,asteria--,star ,sapphire ,ceylon ,asteria--,star ,sapphire ,ceylon ,asteria--,star ,sapphire ,ceylon ,asteria--,star ,sapphire ,ceylon ,ruby--,asteria--,ceylon ,asteria--,star ,sapphire ,ceylon ,sunstone ,perth1 ,canada ,moonstone--with white light--,ceylon ,moonstone--bluish chatoyancy--,ceylon ,iris--,brazil1 ,south ,america ,alexandrite--,green ,ceylon ,cat's ,eye--,ceylon ,alexandrite--,red by artificial light--,ceylon ,precious ,opal--,hungary ,fire ,opal ,queretera1 ,mexico ,black ,opal--,lightning ,ridge1 ,new ,south ,wales ,,phenomenal ,,gems 7,,gems ,,exhibiting ,,phenomena7 ,from the ,j4 ,p4 ,morgan ,collection1 ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history1 ,new ,york ,the ,curious ,lore of ,precious ,stones ,,being ,a ,,description ,,of ,,their ,,sentiments ,,and ,,folk ,,lore1 ,,superstitions1 ,,symbolism1 ,,mysticism1 ,,use ,,in ,,medicine1 ,,protection1 ,,prevention1 ,,religion1 ,,and ,,divination4 ,,crystal ,,gazing1 ,,birth-,,stones1 ,,lucky ,,stones ,,and ,,talismans1 ,,astral1 ,,zodiacal1 ,,and ,,planetary ,,by ,,george ,,frederick ,,kunz ,a4,m41 ,,ph4,d41 ,d4,,sc4 ,,with #hf ,,illustrations ,,in ,,color1 ,,doubletone ,,and ,,line ,,philadelphia ,,london ,j4 ,b4 ,lippincott ,company ,,copyright1 #aiac1 ,,by ,j4 ,b4 ,,lippincott ,,company ,,sixth ,,impression ,,printed ,,in ,,united ,,states ,,of ,,america ,,with ,,heartfelt ,,appreciation ,,of ,,the ,,noble ,,spirit ,,that ,,conceived ,,and ,,founded ,,the ,,morgan-,,tiffany ,,collection ,,of ,,gems ,,and ,,the ,,morgan-,,bement ,,collections ,,of ,,minerals ,,and ,,meteorites ,,of ,,the ,,american ,,museum ,,of ,,natural ,,history1 ,,and ,,the ,,morgan ,,collection ,,of ,,the ,,mus,e ,d',,histoire ,,naturelle ,,of ,,paris1 ,,and ,,whose ,,kindly ,,advice ,,and ,,encouragement ,,have ,,done ,,so ,,much ,,for ,,the ,,precious ,,stone ,,art1 ,,this ,,volume ,,is ,,respectfully ,,dedicated ,,to ,,the ,,memory ,,of ,,the ,,late ,j4 ,,pierpont ,,morgan ,preface ,the love of precious stones is deeply implanted in the human heart1 and the cause of this must be sought not only in their coloring and brilliancy but also in their durability4 ,all the fair colors of flowers and foliage1 and even the blue of the sky and the glory of the sunset clouds1 only last for a short time1 and are subject to continual change1 but the sheen and coloration of precious stones are the same to-day as they were thousands of years ago and will be for thousands of years to come4 ,in a world of change1 this permanence has a charm of its own that was early appreciated4 ,the object of this book is to indicate and illustrate the various ways in which precious stones have been used at different times and among different peoples1 and more especially to explain some of the curious ideas and fancies that have gathered around them4 ,many of these ideas may seem strange enough to us now1 and yet when we analyze them we find that they have their roots either in some intrinsic quality of the stones or else in an instinctive appreciation of their symbolical significance4 ,through manifold transformations this symbolism has persisted to the present day4 ,the same thing may be said in regard to the various superstitions connected with gems4 ,our scientific knowledge of cause and effect may prevent us from accepting any of the fanciful notions of the physicians and astrologers of the olden time2 nevertheless1 the possession of a necklace or a ring adorned with brilliant diamonds1 fair pearls1 warm1 glowing rubies1 or celestial-hued sapphires will to-day make a woman's heart beat faster and bring a blush of pleasure to her cheek4 ,life will seem better worth living to her2 and1 indeed1 this is no delusion1 for life is what our thought makes it1 and joy is born of gratified desire4 ,hence nothing that contributes to increasing the sum of innocent pleasures should be disdained2 and surely no pleasure can be more innocent and justifiable than that inspired by the possession of beautiful natural objects4 ,the author1 who possesses what is believed to be the most comprehensive private library on this subject1 has obtained many references from material which he has been gathering during the past twenty-five years4 ,many of the types exist in the collection of folk-lore precious stones exhibited at the ,world's ,columbian ,exposition in #ahic1 and now in the ,field ,museum of ,natural ,history in ,chicago4 ,other types are drawn from the ,morgan ,collection exhibited at the ,paris ,expositions of #ahhi and #aijj1 which1 with additions1 is now in ,morgan ,hall1 in the ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,other prominent references are the collection of precious stones in the ,california ,midwinter ,memorial ,museum1 in ,golden ,gate ,park1 ,san ,francisco2 the ,tiffany collection of precious stones1 exhibited at the ,atlanta ,exposition of #ahid1 now in the ,national ,museum in ,washington2 the collection exhibited at the ,pan-,american ,exposition1 and presented to the ,muse d',histoire ,naturelle1 in ,paris1 by the late ,j4 ,pierpont ,morgan2 the collection exhibited at the exposition held in ,portland1 ,oregon1 in #aije2 and the collection of gems and precious stones exhibited at the ,jamestown ,exposition1 #aijg4 ,all of these collections1 either entirely or very largely1 have been formed by the author4 ,some references to sentiment connected with precious stones are embodied in the little work1 now in its #bast edition1 entitled3 8,natal ,stones1 ,sentiments and ,superstitions ,associated with ,precious ,stones10 compiled by the writer1 who has examined nearly all the principal collections in the ,united ,states1 ,europe1 ,mexico1 ,canada1 and ,asiatic ,russia4 ,for courtesies1 information and illustrations1 ,i am indebted to the following1 to whom my thanks are due3 ,prof4 ,taw ,sein ,ko1 ,superintendent of the ,archological ,survey1 of ,burma2 ,dr4 ,t4 ,wada1 of ,tokyo1 ,japan2 ,dr4 ,g4 ,o4 ,clerc1 ,president of the ,socit ,ouralienne des ,amis des ,sciences ,naturelles1 ,ekaterinebourg1 ,russia2 ,dr4 ,charles ,braddock1 late ,medical ,inspector to the ,king of ,siam2 ,sir ,charles ,hercules ,reed1 ,curator of ,archology1 and ,dr4 ,ernest ,a4 ,wallis ,budge1 ,egyptologist1 ,british ,museum1 ,london2 ,a4 ,w4 ,feavearyear1 ,esq41 ,london2 ,dr4 ,salomon ,reinach1 ,director of the ,archalogical ,museum of ,st4 ,germain-en-,laye1 ,france2 ,prof4 ,giuseppe ,belucci1 of the ,university of ,perugia2 ,dr4 ,peter ,jessen1 ,librarian of the ,kunstgewerbe ,museum1 of ,berlin2 ,miss ,belle ,da,costa ,green2 ,dr4 ,frederick ,hirth1 ,chinese ,professor1 ,columbia ,university1 ,new ,york2 ,dr4 ,clark ,wissler1 ,curator of ,archology1 ,dr4 ,l4 ,p4 ,gratacap1 ,curator of ,mineralogy1 ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history2 ,dr4 ,berthold ,laufer1 ,oriental ,archologist1 and ,dr4 ,oliver ,c4 ,farrington1 ,curator of ,geology and ,mineralogy1 ,field ,museum of ,natural ,history1 ,chicago2 ,hereward ,carrington1 ,esq41 ,psychist1 ,new ,york2 ,dr4 ,w4 ,hayes ,ward1 ,archologist and ,babylonian ,scholar2 ,mrs4 ,henry ,draper1 ,new ,york2 ,h4 ,w4 ,kent1 ,esq41 ,metropolitan ,museum of ,art1 ,new ,york ,city2 ,consul ,general ,moser1 ,colombo1 ,ceylon2 ,w4 ,w4 ,blake1 ,mexico ,city1 who has done so much to encourage ,mexican archological investigation2 the late ,a4 ,damour1 of ,paris1 the great pioneer of mineralogical archology2 the late ,dr4 ,a4 ,b4 ,meyer1 of ,dresden1 who1 more than anyone else1 proved that the ,nephritfrage or the jade question was to be solved by chemical and mineralogical investigation2 the late ,rajah ,sir ,sourindro ,mohun ,tagore1 of ,calcutta2 and ,dr4 ,a4 ,m4 ,lythgoe1 ,egyptologist1 ,metropolitan ,museum of ,art4 ,g4 ,f4 ,k4 ,,september1 #aiac4 ,contents ,,chapter ,,page ,i4 ,,superstitions ,,and ,,their ,,sources #a ,,ii4 ,,on ,,the ,,use ,,of ,,precious ,,and ,,semi-,,precious ,,stones ,,as ,,talismans ,,and ,,amulets #ai ,,iii4 ,,on ,,the ,,talismanic ,,use ,,of ,,special ,,stones #ea ,,iv4 ,,on ,,the ,,use ,,of ,,engraved ,,and ,,carved ,,gems ,,as ,,talismans #aae ,v4 ,,on ,,ominous ,,and ,,luminous ,,stones #adc ,,vi4 ,,on ,,crystal ,,balls ,,and ,,crystal ,,gazing #agf ,,vii4 ,,religious ,,uses ,,of ,,precious ,,stones1 ,,pagan1 ,,hebrew1 ,,and ,,christian #bbe ,,viii4 ,,on ,,the ,,high-,,priest',s ,,breastplate #bge ,,ix4 ,,birth-,,stones #cjg ,x4 ,,planetary ,,and ,,astral ,,influences ,,of ,,precious ,,stones #cch ,,xi4 ,,on ,,the ,,therapeutic ,,use ,,of ,,precious ,,and ,,semi-,,precious ,,stones #cfg ,illustrations ,,color ,,plates ,,page ,,phenomenal ,,gems 7,,gems ,,exhibiting ,,phenomena7 ,frontispiece4 ,,maharaja ,,runjit ,,singh1 ,,with ,,pearls ,,and ,,gems #db ,,cardinal ,,farley',s ,,ring1--,,sapphire ,,with ,,diamonds #ajd ,,gems ,,from ,,the ,,morgan-,,tiffany ,,collection #ajg ,,self-,,prints ,,of ,,diamonds1 ,,showing ,,phosphorescence #agj ,,cross1 ,,attached ,,as ,,pendant ,,to ,,the ,,crown ,,of ,,the ,,gothic ,,king ,,reccesvinthus 7#fdi-fgb ,a4,d47 #bic ,,doubletones ,,rock-,,crystal ,,amulet ,,set ,,in ,,silver #aj ,,rock-,,crystal ,,placque1 ,,ancient ,,mexican #aj ,,necklaces ,,from ,,egypt4 ,,first ,,century #bj ,,mosaics ,,of ,,turquoise ,,and ,,enamelled ,,carnelian ,,beads #bf ,,necklaces ,,from ,,egypt #cg ,,african ,,agate ,,charms #ed ,,amber ,,ornaments #eh ,,chalcedony ,,votive ,,charm ,,from ,,mexico #fe ,,curious ,,altar ,,of ,,powalawa ,,indians ,,of ,,arizona #fe ,,kabyle ,,jewelry #fh ,,jasper ,,pendant #ic ,,piece ,,of ,,natural ,,loadstone ,,for ,,medicinal ,,purposes #ic ,,aragonite ,,pendant #ic ,,obsidian ,,mask1 ,,from ,,the ,,fayoum1 ,,egypt #ii ,,turquoise ,,necklace1 ,,thibet #aaj ,,ph,,nician ,,scarab1 ,,with ,,engraved ,,scorpion #abc ,,ancient ,,babylonian ,,cylinder ,,impression1 ,,bearing ,,figures ,,of ,,the ,,god ,,nebo ,,and ,a ,,worshipper1 ,,and ,,symbols ,,of ,,sun ,,and ,,moon #abc ,a ,,small ,,jade ,,celt ,,engraved ,,with ,,gnostic ,,inscriptions ,,in ,,the ,,fourth ,,century #abc ,,moss ,,agate ,,mocha ,,stones1 ,,hindoostan #acb ,,agates ,,used ,,as ,,votive ,,charms ,,and ,,set ,,in ,,rings #adi ,,rock-,,crystal ,,ball ,,penetrated ,,by ,,crystals ,,of ,,rutile #agf ,,glass ,,ball1 ,,perforated ,,and ,,mounted ,,in ,,metal #ahc ,,ball ,,of ,,jet1 ,,perforated ,,and ,,mounted ,,in ,,metal #ahc ,,eye ,,agate1 ,,showing ,a ,,number ,,of ,,circular ,,markings #ahc ,,dr4 ,,dee',s ,,shew ,,stone #aij ,,obsidian ,,mirror1 ,,with ,,native ,,textile ,,string #aij ,,rock-,,crystal ,,spheres ,,and ,,natural ,,cross #aif ,,babylonian ,,cylinders ,,and ,,persian ,,beads #bjd ,,rock-,,crystal ,,spheres ,,with ,,japanese ,,mountings #bji ,,crystal ,,ball1 ,,supported ,,by ,,bronze ,,dragon #bag ,,method ,,of ,,grinding ,,crystal ,,balls ,,and ,,other ,,hard ,,stone ,,objects ,,in ,,germany ,,and ,,france #bai ,,japanese ,,method ,,of ,,chipping1 ,,grinding ,,and ,,polishing ,,rock-,,crystal ,,balls #bai ,,rock-,,crystal ,,sphere ,,with ,,three-,,figure ,,mounting #bba 8,,phantom ,,crystal0 ,,of ,,quartz 7,,rock-,,crystal7 #bbd ,,rock-,,crystal ,,balls #bbd ,,amber ,,heart-,,shaped ,,amulet #bbh ,,an ,,inscribed ,,scarab ,,of ,,the ,,type ,,known ,,as ,a ,,heart-,,scarab #bbh ,,babylonian ,,axe ,,head #bcc ,,mani ,m,l1 ,,or ,,chain ,,of ,,gems #bdb ,,sculptured ,,jade ,,mountain ,,weighing #fdj ,,lbs #bde ,,votive ,,adze ,,of ,,jadeite ,,from ,,mexico #bdi ,,statue ,,of ,a ,,maori ,,warrior1 ,,by ,,sigurd ,,neandross #bed ,,jadeite ,,celts #bfd ,,staurolite ,,crystals 7,,fairy ,,stones7 #bga ,,frontispiece ,,of ,,the 8,,vestitus ,,sacerdotum ,,hebr,,orum10 ,,of ,,johann ,,braun1 ,,amsterdam1 #afhj #bge ,,silver ,,cross ,,with ,,quartz ,,cat',s-,,eye #bhf ,,specimens ,,of ,,chiastolite 7,,lapis ,,crucifer7 #bhf ,,facsimile ,,of ,,the ,,betrothal ,,ring ,,of ,,the ,,virgin ,,in ,,the ,,cathedral ,,of ,,perugia #cag ,,moss ,,agates #ccj ,,the ,,figures ,,of ,,the ,,planets ,,with ,,their ,,significant ,,stones #ccb ,,the ,,zodiacal ,,stones ,,with ,,their ,,signs #cdc ,,necklaces 7,,first ,,century1 ,a4,d41 ,,and ,,ancient ,,persian7 #cdf ,,statuette ,,known ,,as ,,that ,,of ,,sainte ,,foy1 ,,in ,,the ,,abbey-,,church ,,at ,,conques1 ,,dept4 ,,aveyron1 ,,france #cef ,,inscription ,,on ,a ,,small ,,piece ,,of ,,limestone1 ,,in ,,cursive ,,egyptian ,,writing--,,an ,,ancient ,,prescription #cfh ,,necklaces--7#a7 ,,carnelian ,,beads2 7#b7 ,,onyx ,,beads #cgj ,,facsimile ,,page ,,of ,,italian ,,vellum ,,manuscript ,,treatise ,,of ,,the ,,virtues ,,of ,,gems #cgd ,,initials ,,from ,,the ,,lapidario ,,de ,,alfonso ,x #cgg ,,line ,,cuts ,,in ,,text ,,title ,,page ,,of ,,the ,,first ,,edition ,,of ,,the ,,poetical ,,treatise ,,on ,,precious ,,stones ,,by ,,marbodus1 ,,bishop ,,of ,,rennes1 ,,printed ,,in ,,friburg1 #aeca #ae ,,title ,,page ,,of ,,the ,,first ,,edition ,,of ,,the ,,greek ,,treatise ,,by ,,st4 ,,epiphanius ,,on ,,the ,,gems ,,of ,,the ,,breastplate1 ,,with ,a ,,latin ,,version #af ,,title ,,page ,,of ,,one ,,of ,,the ,,earliest ,,treatises ,,on ,,precious ,,stones ,,published ,,in ,,england #ag ,,pearl ,,dealer #db ,,an ,,air-,,ship ,,of #agji #ec ,,the ,,tree ,,that ,,exudes ,,amber #ef ,a ,,practical ,,test ,,of ,,the ,,virtues ,,of ,,the ,,bloodstone ,,to ,,prevent ,,nose-,,bleed #fj ,,carnelian ,,seal1 ,,worn ,,by ,,napoleon ,i1 ,,napoleon ,,iii1 ,,and ,,the ,,prince ,,imperial #fd ,,specimen ,,page ,,of ,,italian ,,manuscript ,,of ,,fourteenth ,,century #gg ,,obsidian ,,mirror1 ,,from ,,oaxaca1 ,,mexico4 ,,now ,,in ,,trocad,,ro ,,museum1 ,,paris #ii ,,rock-,,crystal ,,skull1 ,,ancient ,,mexican #ajj ,,engraved ,,heliotrope #abd ,,engraved ,,red ,,jasper #abd ,,gnostic ,,gems #abg ,,antique ,,jade ,,celt ,,converted ,,into ,a ,,gnostic ,,talisman #abi ,,monogram ,,of ,,the ,,name ,,of ,,christ ,,engraved ,,on ,,an ,,onyx ,,gem #acf ,,two ,,gold ,,rings ,,set ,,with ,,engraved ,,onyx ,,gems #ach ,,the 8,,orphanus ,,jewel0 ,,in ,,the ,,german ,,imperial ,,crown #adg ,,title ,,page ,,of ,,robert ,,boyle',s ,,work ,,on ,,the ,,origin ,,and ,,virtues ,,of ,,gems #afi ,,title ,,page ,,of ,a ,,group ,,of ,,treatises ,,by ,,various ,,authors1 ,,collected ,,and ,,edited ,,by ,,conrad ,,gesner ,,at ,z,,rich ,,in #aefe #beh ,,the ,,hebrew ,,high-,,priest ,,attired ,,with ,,his ,,vestments #bgi ,,the ,,breastplate ,,unfolded1 ,i1 ,,ii2 ,,ephod ,,with ,,breastplate ,,folded ,,and ,,attached1 ,,iii #bha ,,title ,,page ,,of ,,the ,,edition ,,of ,,marbodus ,,on ,,precious ,,stones1 ,,published ,,in ,,cologne1 #aeci #bij ,,carnelian1 ,,engraved ,,with ,,the ,,zodiacal ,,signs1 ,,taurus1 ,,leo ,,and ,,capricorn2 ,,in ,,the ,,centre ,a ,,six-,,rayed ,,star1 ,,the ,,form ,,of ,,one ,,of ,,these ,,rays ,,denoting ,a ,,comet #cbb ,the ,curious ,lore of ,precious ,stones ,i ,superstitions and ,their ,sources ,from the earliest times in man's history gems and precious stones have been held in great esteem4 ,they have been found in the monuments of prehistoric peoples1 and not alone the civilization of the ,pharaohs1 of the ,incas1 or of the ,montezumas invested these brilliant things from ,nature's jewel casket with a significance beyond the mere suggestion of their intrinsic properties4 ,the magi1 the wise men1 the seers1 the astrologers of the ages gone by found much in the matter of gems that we have nearly come to forgetting4 ,with them each gem possessed certain planetary attractions peculiar to itself1 certain affinities with the various virtues1 and a zodiacal concordance with the seasons of the year4 ,moreover1 these early sages were firm believers in the influence of gems in one's nativity1--that the evil in the world could be kept from contaminating a child properly protected by wearing the appropriate talismanic1 natal1 and zodiacal gems4 ,indeed1 folklorists are wont to wonder whether the custom of wearing gems in jewelry did not originate in the talismanic idea instead of in the idea of mere additional adornment4 ,the influence exerted by precious stones was assumed in medieval times without question1 but when the spirit of investigation was aroused in the ,renaissance period1 an effort was made to find a reason of some sort for the traditional beliefs4 ,strange as it may seem to us1 there was little disposition to doubt that the influence existed2 this was taken for granted1 and all the mental effort expended was devoted to finding some plausible explanation as to how precious stones became endowed with their strange and mystic virtues1 and how these virtues acted in modifying the character1 health1 or fortunes of the wearer4 ,when the existence of miracles is acknowledged1 there will always be a tendency to regard every singular and unaccountable happening as a miracle2 that is to say1 as something that occurs outside of1 or in spite of1 the laws of nature4 ,we even observe this tendency at work in our own time4 ,as regards visual impressions1 for instance1 if a child of lively imagination enters a half-lighted room and sees a bundle of clothes lying in a corner1 the indistinct outline of this mass may be transformed to his mind into the form of a wild animal4 ,the child does not really see an animal1 but his fear has given a definite outline and character to the indefinite image printed on the retina4 ,the writer has always sought to investigate anything strange and apparently unaccountable which has been brought to his notice1 but he can truly say he has never found the slightest evidence of anything transcending the acknowledged laws of nature4 ,still1 when we consider the marvellous secrets that have been revealed to us by science and the yet more wonderful things that will be revealed to us in the future1 we are tempted to think that there may be something in the old beliefs1 some residuum of fact1 susceptible indeed of explanation1 but very different from what a crass scepticism supposes it to be4 ,above all1 the results of the investigations now pursued in relation to the group of phenomena embraced under the designation of telepathy1--the subconscious influence of one mind over an absent or distant mind1--and the wireless transmission of power in wireless telegraphy and telephony1 may go far to make us hesitate before condemning as utterly preposterous many of the tales of enchantment and magical influence4 ,if the unconscious will of one individual can affect the thoughts and feelings of another individual at a great distance and without the intervention of any known means of communication1 as is confidently asserted by many competent investigators in the domain of telepathy1 their claims being supported by many strange happenings1 perhaps the result of coincidence1 but possibly due to the operation of some unknown law1 does this not give a color of verity to the statements regarding the ancient magicians and their spells8 ,auto-suggestion may also afford an explanation of much that is mysterious in the effects attributed to precious stones1 for if the wearer be firmly convinced that the gem he is wearing produces certain results1 this conviction will impress itself upon his thought and hence upon his very organism4 ,he will really experience the influence1 and the effects will manifest themselves just as powerfully as though they were caused by vibrations or emanations from the material body of the stone4 ,all this may serve to explain the persistence of the belief in magic arts4 ,a few hundred years ago1 a ,hungarian woman was accused of having murdered two or three hundred young girls1 and at her trial she confessed that her object was to use the blood of her victims to renew her youth and beauty1 for the blood of innocent virgins was supposed to have wonderful properties4 ,in some parts of ,england today there is a superstitious belief that an article of clothing worn by a person1 or anything he has habitually used1 absorbs a portion of his individuality4 ,therefore1 it sometimes happens that a handkerchief1 for instance1 will be stolen and pinned down beneath the waters of a stream on a toad1 the pins marking the name of the enemy1 the belief being that as this cloth wastes away1 so will the body of him who had worn it4 ,in medieval and later times this was the common practice of the sorcerers1 although they frequently composed a wax figure rudely resembling the person against whom the spell was directed1 and then thrust pins into this figure or allowed it to melt away before a slow fire4 ,the enchantment of the sorcerer was supposed to have caused some essence of the personality to enter into the image1 and therefore the living and breathing being felt sympathetically the effects of the ill-treatment inflicted upon its counterfeit4 ,the persistence of the most cruel and unnatural practices of old-time sorcery is illustrated by the fact that only a few years ago1 in the island of ,cuba1 three women were condemned to death for murdering a white baby so as to use the heart and blood as a cure for diseases4 ,four other women were sentenced to from fourteen to twenty years' imprisonment as accomplices4 ,when such things happen in ,cuba1 it is not surprising that in half-civilized ,hayti similar crimes are committed4 ,here the ,voodoo priests and priestesses1 papalois and mamalois 7papa-kings and mama-queens7 require from time to time a human sacrifice to appease their serpent-god4 ,one strange case is related where a stupefying potion1 inducing a state of apparent death1 was secretly administered to a sick man4 ,when the attending physician pronounced him dead1 he was duly interred2 but1 two days after1 the grave was found open and the body had disappeared4 ,the ,voodoo worshippers had carried the man away so as to revive him and then sacrifice him at their fearful rites4 ,in a poem addressed to ,marguerite de ,valois1--8,la ,marguerite des ,marguerites10 as she was called1--by ,jean de la ,taille de ,bondaroy1#a we read of the diamond that it came from gold and from the sun4 ,but we are told that not only are precious stones endowed with life1 they also are subject to disease1 old age1 and death2 8they even take offence if an injury be done to them1 and become rough and pale40 ,the sickness of the pearl has been a theme for centuries1 and in many cases is only fancied4 ,it is but a subterfuge or deception for a lady to remark that her pearls have sickened2 by referring to this sickness1 her friends are naturally led to believe that at one time her pearls were fine1 perfect ones1 when in reality they may never have been so4 ,the opinion given in #afji1 by ,anselmus ,de ,boot1 court physician to ,rudolph ,,ii of ,germany1 regarding the power inherent in certain precious stones1#b embodies the ideas on this subject held by many of the enlightened minds of that period4 ,the supernatural and acting cause is ,god1 the good angel and the evil one2 the good by the will of ,god1 and the evil by ,his permission4444 ,what ,god can do by ,himself1 ,he could do also by means of ministers1 good and bad angels1 who1 by special grace of ,god and for the preservation of men1 are enabled to enter precious stones and to guard men from dangers or procure some special grace for them4 ,however1 as we may not affirm anything positive touching the presence of angels in gems1 to repose trust in them1 or to ascribe undue powers to them1 is more especially pleasing to the spirit of evil1 who transforms himself into an angel of light1 steals into the substance of the little gem1 and works such wonders by it that some people do not place their trust in ,god but in a gem1 and seek to obtain from it what they should ask of ,god alone4 ,thus it is perhaps the spirit of evil which exercises its power on us through the turquoise1 teaching us1 little by little1 that safety is not to be sought from ,god but from a gem4 ,in the next chapter of his work1 ,de ,boot1 while extolling the remedial power of a certain group of stones1 insists upon the falsity of many of the superstitions regarding these objects4#c ,that gems or stones1 when applied to the body1 exert an action upon it1 is so well proven by the experience of many persons1 that any one who doubts this must be called over-bold4 ,we have proof of this power in the carnelian1 the hematite1 and the jasper1 all of which when applied1 check hemorrhage4444 ,however1 it is very necessary to observe that many virtues not possessed by gems are falsely ascribed to them4 ,paracelsus1 the gifted and brilliant thinker1 scientist1 and1 we must probably add1 charlatan of the sixteenth century1 whose really extraordinary mental endowment was largely wasted in the effort to impress his followers with the idea that he had a mystic control over supernatural agencies1 was the owner of a talismanic jewel which he asserted to be the dwelling-place of a powerful spirit named 8,azoth40 ,some old portraits of the philosopher1 or pseudo-philosopher1 figure him wearing this jewel1 in whose virtues we may fairly doubt that he himself believed1 but which furnished part of the paraphernalia be freely employed to gain influence over the credulous4#d ,the following passage from the 8,faithful ,lapidary0 of ,thomas ,nicols1#e who wrote in the middle of the seventeenth century1 illustrates the prevailing opinion in ,england at that time as to the virtues of precious stones3 ,perfectionem effects contineri in causa4 ,but it cannot truly be so spoken of gemms and precious stones1 the effects of which1 by ,lapidists are said to be1 the making of men rich and eloquent1 to preserve men from thunder and lightning1 from plagues and diseases1 to move dreams1 to procure sleep1 to foretell things to come1 to make men wise1 to strengthen memory1 to procure honours1 to hinder fascinations and witchcrafts1 to hinder slothfulness1 to put courage into men1 to keep men chaste1 to increase friendship1 to hinder difference and dissention1 and to make men invisible1 as is feigned by the ,poet concerning ,gyges ring1 and affirmed by ,albertus and others concerning the ophthalmius lapis1 and many other strange things are affirmed of them and ascribed to them1 which are contrary to the nature of gemms1 and which they as they are materiall1 mixt1 inanimate bodies neither know nor can effect1 by the properties and faculties of their own constitutions3 because they being naturall causes1 can produce none other but naturall effects1 such as are all the ordinary effects of gemms3 that is1 such effects as flow from their elementary matter1 from their temper1 form and essence2 such as are the operations of hot and cold1 and of all the first qualities1 and all such accidents as do arise from the commixtion of the first qualities3 such as are hardnesse1 heavinesse1 thicknesse1 colour1 and tast4 ,these all are the naturall faculties of gemms1 and these are the known effects of the union of their matter1 and of the operation of the first qualities one upon another4 ,the long-continued concentration of vision on an object tends to produce a partial paralysis of certain functions of the brain4 ,this effect may be noted in the helplessness of a bird when its gaze is fixed upon the glittering eyes of a serpent1 or in the unwilling obedience yielded by a lion or some other wild animal when forced to look into the intent eyes of its trainer4 ,in the same way those who gaze for a long time and without interruption on a crystal or glass ball1 on an opal1 a moonstone1 a sapphire1 or a cat's-eye1 may become partially hypnotized or even fall into a profound sleep4 ,the condition induced1 whether it be that of semi-trance1 of hypnotism1 or simply due to the imaginative workings of the brain1 is believed to give an insight into the future4 ,this hypnotic effect is probably caused by some gleam or point of light in the stone1 attracting and fixing the beholder's gaze4 ,the moonstone1 the star sapphire1 and the cat's-eye are all gems which possess a moving light1 a moving line1 or three crossed lines1 and they are believed by the ,orientals to be gems of good luck4 ,indeed1 it is supposed in the ,east that a living spirit dwells within these stones1 a spirit potent for good4 ,superstitious fancies bear the same relation to truth that the shadow of a form does to the form itself4 ,we know that the shadow has no substantial existence1 and yet we know equally well that it is cast by some real body2 in the same way we may be sure that1 however foolish a superstition may appear to be1 it has some foundation in fact4 ,indeed1 superstition is associated with the highest attribute of the human mind1--imagination4 ,the realities about us gain much of their charm from sentiment1 and all that is great in art and literature owes its being to the transforming energy of pure imagination4 ,morbid imagination1 on the other hand1 distorts and degrades the impressions it receives and produces only unlovely or ignoble forms and ideas4 ,sentiment may best be expressed as the feeling of one who1 on a warm summer's day1 is rowing along a shady brook or resting in some sylvan dell1 with nothing to interfere with his tranquil mood and nothing to spur him on to action2 thus he has only suggestions of hope and indulges in rosy views of life4 ,reality1 on the other hand1 may be likened to a crisp winter's morning when one is filled with exhilaration1 conscious of the tingle of the cold1 but comfortable in the knowledge of wearing a tightly-buttoned garment which will afford protection should the elements become disturbing4 ,superstition1 lastly1 can be said to resemble a dark1 cold1 misty night1 when the moon is throwing malevolent shadows which are weird and distorted1 while the cold seems to seize one by the throat and arouse a passionate desire to free one's self from its grip in some way1 to change a horrible nightmare into a pleasant dream4 ,in the early part of the last century a series of very interesting experiments designed to demonstrate the effects produced upon a sensitive subject by the touch of precious stones and minerals1 were made in the case of the 8,seeress of ,prevorst10 ,frederike ,hauffe 7b4 #ahja71 a woman believed to possess remarkable clairvoyant powers4#f ,when pieces of granite1 porphyry1 or flint were placed in her hand1 she was not affected in any way4 ,the finest qualities of fluorspar1 on the other hand1 had a marked action1 relaxing the muscles1 causing diarrha1 and producing a sour taste in the mouth2 occasionally a somnambulistic state was induced4 ,this latter condition was also produced by ,iceland spar and by the sapphire4 ,while the substances so far noted depressed the vital energy1 sulphate of barium stimulated the muscles1 produced an agreeable warmth of the body1 and made the subject feel as though she could fly through the air4 ,if the application of this material was long continued1 the pleasurable sensation found expression in laughter4 ,in the case of witherite1 a carbonate of barium1 this effect was produced to an even greater degree1 for if water in which this mineral had been dipped were swallowed1 spasms of laughter resulted4 ,rock-crystal also was found to possess a strongly stimulating influence1 for if put in the hand1 it aroused the subject from a half-slumber1 and if placed on the pit of the stomach1 it had the power to awaken the seeress from a somnambulistic trance1 while at the same time an aromatic odor was diffused around4 ,when1 however1 the application was continued for some time1 the muscles stiffened1 until finally an epileptic state ensued4 ,indeed1 the rigidity produced was so great that the limbs resisted all attempts to bend them4 ,the same effect1 but in a much less degree1 was caused by glass1 even by looking at it1 or by the tones emitted by a glass object when struck4 ,all colorless silicates1 the diamond1 and even gypsum1 had a similar effect1 as did also heliotrope and basalt1 either of which caused a bitter taste in the mouth4 ,the most powerful action was that exerted by hematite1 the oxide of iron in this substance inducing a kind of paralysis1 with a sensation of inner chill2 this condition could only be relieved by the application of a piece of witherite4 ,octahedrons of magnetite 7loadstone7 caused a sensation of heaviness and convulsive movements of the limbs1 even when the material1 wrapped up in paper1 was brought near the subject4 ,spinel1 in whose composition oxide of chromium enters1 caused the same symptoms as loadstone1 except that in this case the force seemed to exert itself from the hand upward along the arm1 while with the loadstone the action was downward along the arm to the hand1 owing to the attractive quality of this magnetic iron4 ,ruby called forth a sensation of coldness in the tongue1 and rendered this member so heavy that only incoherent sounds could be emitted2 the fingers and toes also became cold1 and the body was agitated by a violent shivering2 but to all these bad symptoms succeeded a sense of elasticity and well-being1 not1 however1 without a vague fear that the stone might cause a renewal of the physical depression4 ,when chrysoprase was used1 chills and shivering resulted1 beginning at the breast and spreading thence over the whole body4 ,illustration3 ,,rock-,,crystal ,,amulet ,,set ,,in ,,silver4 ,bohemian1 tenth century4 ,field ,museum of ,natural ,history4 ,illustration3 ,,rock-,,crystal ,,placque1 ,,ancient ,,mexican4 ,field ,museum ,collection1 ,chicago4 ,we have touched upon the hypnotic influence exercised by gems1 but there can be no doubt that the subject has not been as carefully studied as it deserves to be4 ,that the hypnotic state can be induced by gazing fixedly upon a bright object held just above the eyes is a well-known fact1 but quite probably a similar though not so pronounced effect results from gazing on a bright object just before the gazer's eyes4 ,in the case of colored precious stones1 the effects of the various color-rays combine with the light effects and strengthen the impression upon the optic nerve4 ,all this1 however1 concerns only the purely physical impression1 but we know that very often the hypnotic state is produced by a mental impression1 by the belief1 or the fear1 that the state will supervene4 ,with precious stones as hypnotizing agents1 the mental impression is widely different1 for here the physical impression is heightened by the consciousness of the value and rarity of the material4 ,the fascination that a fine set of jewels1 with all their sparkle and color1 exercises upon the mind of a woman who sees them in their glorious radiance on the neck1 the arms1 and the head of another woman1 is not only due to the beauty of the spectacle1 but is largely owing to the consciousness that they are rare and valuable objects and are perhaps eloquent witnesses of the power of love4 ,a dash of envy sometimes serves to render the emotion more complex4 ,the names of precious stones and semi-precious stones are frequently used as adjectives1 and when so employed convey something more to the mind than do the corresponding adjectives of color4 ,we may instance the following expressions3 the 8,emerald ,isle0 and 8emerald meadows02 8sapphire seas0 and 8sapphire eyes02 8ruby wine10 8ruby lips10 and1 in ,shakespeare1 8the natural ruby of your cheeks02 8coral lips0 and 8coral ears02 8pearly teeth0 and 8pearly skin02 8turquoise skies02 8amethystine locks0 and1 in ,roman times1 8amber hair40 ,in all these cases the name of the precious mineral is really used as a superlative of the adjective1 suggesting the choicest variety of the color or shade4 ,the phrases 8hard as adamant0 and 8clear as crystal0 show a similar use of the name of a precious or ornamental stone to express the highest grade of a given quality4 ,before the introduction of the 8point0 system in typography three of the grades of type bore the names of precious stones1--namely1 8diamond type10 8agate type10 and 8emerald type02 this latter designation is employed only in ,england1 where 8agate type0 is called 8ruby type40 ,another size was denominated 8pearl type40 ,a fanciful tale written not long ago treats of the practical inconveniences which would result1 could such metaphorical expressions find a realization in fact4#g ,at the birth-feast of a certain princess1 one of the fairies was not invited2 she1 nevertheless1 made her appearance4 ,after the other fairies had endowed the child with many good qualities1 the neglected fairy said1 8,i will give her vanity1 and her vanity shall change her beauty to the things it is said to resemble40 ,however1 a friendly fairy came to the rescue1 saying1 8,i will give her unselfishness1 and by it she shall turn her beauty back to what she wishes it to be40 ,the result can easily be imagined4 ,as the little princess grew up1 those who wished to flatter her vanity spoke of her 8teeth of pearl10 of her 8golden hair10 of her 8coral lips10 and of her 8sapphire eyes40 ,upon this her teeth changed to pearls1 her hair to spun gold1 her lips to coral1 and her eyes to two magnificent sapphires4 ,however1 beautiful as these were1 they did not grant the power of sight1 so that the unhappy princess became blind4 ,not long after this a revolution deprived the king and queen of their throne and they were reduced to great poverty4 ,in these straits the daughter sacrificed her 8gold-hair0 to relieve their wants1 and immediately the spell was dissolved and she regained all her natural beauty4 ,shelley1 who saw the world illumined by the rainbow hues of poetic fancy1 wrote of 8diamond eyes10 8an emerald sky10 8the emerald heaven of trees10 8the sapphire ocean10 8sapphire-tinted skies10 8the sapphire floods of interstellar air10 and 8the chrysolite of sunrise40 ,for some reason1 he does not use the ruby1 a favorite stone with many poets1 and psychologists might find in this a proof that red appeals less strongly to the idealist than do the other colors4 ,the principal literary sources for the talismanic and therapeutic virtues attributed to ornamental stones may be divided into several groups1 at first more or less independent of each other1 but combined to a greater or lesser extent by later writers4 ,pliny gives1 sometimes rather grudgingly1 a number of superstitions current in his time1 but the ,alexandrian literature of the second1 third1 and fourth ,christian centuries provides a much richer field for these superstitions1 as shown in the ,orphic poem 8,lithica10 the 8,cyrianides10 attributed to ,hermes ,trismegistus1 the little treatise 8,on ,rivers10 which bore the name of ,plutarch1 and last1 but not least1 in the work by ,damigeron1 which purported to be written by an ,arab king named ,evax1 and sent by him to ,tiberius or ,nero4 ,the influence exerted by the legends surrounding the stones of the high priest's breastplate1 and those chosen as foundation stones for the ,new ,jerusalem1 will be treated of elsewhere4 ,in the seventh1 eighth1 and ninth centuries1 a new literature on this subject made its appearance1 probably in ,asia ,minor4 ,some of the works were originally written in ,syriac and later translated into ,arabic4 ,others were composed in the latter language4 ,this source was drawn upon for the production of the ,lapidarium of ,alfonso ,x1 of ,castile4 ,this compilation1 although dating in its present ,spanish form from the thirteenth century1 is based upon a much older original in 8,chaldee0 7,syriac874 ,there can be little doubt that many ,hindu superstitions1 no longer preserved for us in the literature of ,india1 are reproduced in these ,syrio-,arabic works1 wherein we have also much that is of ,alexandrian origin4 ,this indeed is easily explained by history1 for the ,arabs1 through their widely extended conquests1 were led to absorb and amalgamate the data they secured1 directly or indirectly1 from the ,east and the ,west4 ,while this literature was developing in the ,mohammedan world1 the tradition of ,pliny and ,solinus was transmitted to the ,christian world of the seventh and succeeding centuries by ,isidorus of ,seville4 ,this brings us to the remarkable poetical treatise on the virtues of precious stones by ,marbodus1 ,bishop of ,rennes1 a work written at the end of the eleventh century1 and often quoted as that of ,evax2 indeed1 it purports to be by him and really contains a good part of the material composing the treatise of ,damigeron or ,evax4 ,at the same time ,marbodus drew freely upon ,pliny1 either directly or through ,isidorus4 ,for the ,middle ,ages this poem of ,marbodus1 already translated into ,old ,french in the twelfth century1 became known as the 8,lapidario0 par excellence1 and furnished a great part of their material to medieval authors on this subject4 ,soon1 however1 extracts from the ,arabic sources became available1 and the whole mass of heterogeneous material was worked over and recombined in a variety of ways4 ,illustration3 ,title page of the first edition of the poetical treatise on precious stones by ,marbodus1 ,bishop of ,rennes1 printed in ,friburg1 #aeca4 ,this complex origin of the traditions explains their almost incomprehensible contradictions regarding the virtues assigned to the different stones1 and also the fact that the qualities of one stone are frequently attributed to another one1 so that1 in the later works on this subject1 it becomes quite impossible to present a satisfactory view of the distinguishing qualities and virtues of the separate stones4 ,the habit of copying1 without discrimination or criticism1 whatever came to hand1 and the aim to utilize as much of the borrowed material as possible1 is scarcely less a characteristic of the seventeenth and eighteenth century writers than it is of those of a later date4 ,this is in part an excusable and even an unavoidable defect1 but it should be minimized as much as possible4 ,illustration3 ,title page of the first edition of the ,greek treatise by ,st4 ,epiphanius on the ,gems of the ,breastplate1 with a ,latin version4 ,edited and issued at ,zrich in #aeff 7#aefe7 by ,conrad ,gesner4 ,the treatise known under the title 8,cyrianides0 was1 as we have noted1 a product of the ,alexandrian school4 ,it was asserted to be the work of ,hermes ,trismegistus1 the name given by the ,greeks to the ,egyptian god ,thoth4 ,here we have a specimen of the species of magic known as litteromancy1 or divination by means of the letters of the alphabet1 since a stone1 a bird1 a plant1 and a fish1 each beginning with the same letter and signifying the four elements1 are given for each of the twenty-four letters of the ,greek alphabet4 ,these four objects were to be grouped together to form a talisman1 the bird being usually engraved on the stone1 while a portion of the fish and of the plant was placed in the bezel of the ring in which the stone was to be set4#h ,another1 almost contemporary work1 is the exceedingly curious and interesting treatise by ,st4 ,epiphanius1 ,bishop of ,constantia1 on the twelve gems on the 8,breastplate of ,judgment0 of the high priest 7,ex41 xxviii1 #ae-ba74 ,this unique production is in the form of a letter addressed to ,diodorus1 ,bishop of ,tyre1 and it is peculiarly valuable as the first of a long series of attempts to elucidate the question as to the identity of the twelve stones4 ,the special virtues of each stone are also given1 and this treatise may be regarded as the prototype of all the ,christian writings on the symbolism of stones4 ,a most interesting medieval treatise on the virtues of precious stones forms part of the ,de rerum natura of ,thomas de ,cantimpr 7#abja-abgj71 who was a pupil of ,albertus ,magnus and composed his work between #abcj and #abdd4 ,the ,latin text has never been printed1 but the book was translated into ,german by ,konrad von ,megenberg about #acej4 ,strange to say1 the translator did not know the name of the writer and supposed when he began to translate the book that it was by ,albertus ,magnus4 ,in many cases ,thomas de ,cantimpr merely copies the statements of older authors1 but occasionally he gives us new material1 or at least a new version of his originals4 ,illustration3 ,title page of one of the earliest treatises on precious stones published in ,england4 ,the renowned medieval philosopher and theologian1 ,albertus ,magnus 7#aaic-abhj71 for a short time ,bishop of ,ratisbon1 and who later taught theology in the ,university of ,paris and had the great ,st4 ,thomas ,aquinas for a pupil1 was not altogether free from the superstitious notions of his time1 traces of which appear in certain of his numerous writings4 ,many years after his death some of this material was extracted from his works and1 amplified by additions from other sources1 was published under the title 8,secrets des vertus des ,herbes1 ,pierres et ,bestes40 ,of this there are two versions1 one being an epitome of the other and termed respectively 8,le ,grand ,albert0 and 8,le ,petit ,albert40 ,these little books were often reprinted and widely circulated1 and eventually enjoyed great popularity among the ,french peasants4 ,indeed1 even to the present day they may still be met with in out-of-the-way parts of rural ,france4 ,among literary deceptions one of the boldest was that practised in the early part of the seventeenth century by ,ludovico ,dolce4 ,this writer made1 in #aefe1 a literal translation into ,italian of the 8,speculum lapidum0 of ,camillo ,leonardo1 printed in ,venice in #aejb1 and he had the courage to issue it as his own work1 under the title 8,trattato delle gemme ch produce la natura40 ,in view of the general familiarity with ,latin among the better classes at that period1 and the numerous fine libraries existing in ,venice at the time1 it seems most extraordinary that ,dolce should have been successful in palming off this work as his own1 but even to-day citations are made from ,dolce's 8,trattato delle gemme0 and from ,leonardo's 8,speculum lapidum10 as though these were distinct works4 ,,ii ,on the ,use of ,precious and ,semi-,precious ,stones as ,talismans and ,amulets ,the use of precious stones in early times as amulets and talismans is shown in many ancient records1 and several scholars have assumed that the belief in the magic efficacy of stones gave rise to their use as objects of personal adornment4 ,it is1 of course1 very difficult either to prove or to disprove such a theory1 for1 even in the case of the oldest texts1 we must bear in mind that they do not in the least represent primitive conditions1 and that many thousands of years must have elapsed before a people could attain the grade of civilization necessary for the production of even the simplest literature4 ,for this reason1 certain investigators have preferred to seek for a solution of this problem in the customs and habits of the so-called uncivilized peoples of our own time2 but we must not forget that conditions which seem to us very rudimentary are1 nevertheless1 the result of a long process of development4 ,even if this development was arrested many centuries or millenniums ago1 it must have required a very considerable period of time to evolve such usages and conventions as are found even among the lowest races4 ,indeed1 many uncivilized peoples have very complicated rules and observances1 testifying to considerable thought and reflection4 ,fetichism in all its forms depends upon an imperfect conception of what constitutes life and conscious being1 so that will and thought are attributed to inanimate objects4 ,we can observe this in the case of animals and very young children1 who regard any moving object as endowed with life4 ,in the case of stones1 however1 it seems probable that those supposed to be the abode of spirits1 good or evil1 were selected because their natural form suggested that of some animal or of some portion of the human body4 ,on the other hand1 the wearing of what we call precious stones is more likely to have been due to the attraction exercised by bright colors upon the eye of the beholder and to the desire to display some distinguishing mark that would command attention and admiration for the wearer4 ,this tendency runs through the higher animal kingdom1 and its workings have served as a foundation for the theory of natural selection4 ,it seems likely that we have here the true explanation of the motive for the gathering1 preserving1 and wearing of precious stones4 ,since these objects are motionless1 they can scarcely have impressed the mind of primitive man with the idea that they were alive2 they were not imposing by their mass1 as were large stones1 and their crystalline form scarcely figured any known living shape4 ,hence their chief1 we may even say their only attraction was their color and brilliancy4 ,what effect these qualities had upon the visual sense of primitive man may be safely inferred from the effect such objects produce upon infants4 ,the baby has no fear in regard to a small and brilliantly colored object which is shown to it1 but will eagerly put out its hand to seize1 hold1 and gaze upon a bright-colored stone4 ,as the object is quite passive and easily handled1 there is nothing to suggest any lurking power to harm1 and therefore there is nothing to interfere with the pleasurable sensation aroused in the optic nerve by the play of color4 ,in this nave admiration of what is brilliant and colored1 the infant undoubtedly represents for us the mental attitude of primitive man4 ,illustration3 #a4 ,necklace of rock-crystal and amethyst beads1 transparent and translucent2 very pale2 from ,egypt4 ,first century4 #b4 ,necklace of antique emeralds with gold beads and amazon stones2 from ,egypt4 ,first century ,a4,d4 ,probably the first objects chosen for personal adornment were those easily strung or bound together1--for instance1 certain perforated shells and brilliant seeds2 the softer stones1 wherein holes could be easily bored by the help of the simplest tools1 probably came next1 while the harder gems must have been hoarded as pretty toys long before they could be adjusted for use as ornaments4 ,unquestionably1 when these objects had once been worn1 there was a disposition to attribute certain happenings to their influence and power1 and in this way there arose a belief in their efficacy1 and1 finally1 the conviction that they were the abodes of powerful spirits4 ,in this1 as in many other things1 man's first and instinctive appreciation was the truest1 and it has required centuries of enlightenment to bring us back to this love of precious stones for their esthetic beauty alone4 ,indeed1 even to-day1 we can see the power of superstitious belief in the case of the opal1 which some timid people still fear to wear1 although until three or four centuries ago this stone was thought to combine all the virtues of the various colored gems1 the hues of which are united in its sparkling light4 ,a proof that bright and colored objects were attractive in themselves1 and were first gathered up and preserved by primitive man for this reason alone1 may be found in the fact that certain birds1 notable the ,chlamydera of ,australia1 related to our ravens1 after constructing for themselves pretty arbors1 strew the floors with variegated pebbles1 so arranged as to suggest a mosaic pavement4 ,at the entrance of the arbors are heaped up pieces of bone1 shells1 feathers1 and stones1 which have often been brought from a considerable distance1 this giving evidence that the birds have not selected these objects at random4 ,it is strange that the attraction exercised upon the sense of sight by anything brilliant and colored1 which is at the same time easily portable and can be handled or worn1 should be overlooked by those who are disposed to assert that all ornaments of this kind were originally selected and preserved solely or principally because of their supposed talismanic qualities4 ,the theory that colored and brilliant stones were first collected by men because of their beauty rather than because of their talismanic virtues1 is corroborated by the statement made that seals select with considerable care the stones they swallow1 and observers on the fishing grounds have noted this and believe that pebbles of chalcedony and serpentine found there have been brought by the seals4#i ,the popular derivation of the word 8amulet0 from an ,arabic word hamalt1 signifying something suspended or worn1 is not accepted by the best ,arabic scholars1 and it seems probable that the name is of ,latin origin1 in spite of the fact that no very satisfactory etymology can be given4 ,pliny's use of amuletum shows that with him the word did not always denote an object that was worn on the person1 although this later became its meaning4 ,the old etymology given by ,varro 7#aah-bi ,b4,c471 who derived amuletum from the verb amoliri1 8to remove10 8to drive away10 may not be quite in accord with modern philology1 but still has something to recommend it as far as the sense goes1 for the amulet was certainly believed to hold dangers aloof1 or even to remove them4 ,talisman1 however1 a word not used in classical times1 undoubtedly comes from the ,arabic tilsam1 this being in turn derived from 1 used in late ,greek to signify an initiation1 or an incantation4 ,it has been remarked that in the earliest ,stone ,age there is no trace of either idols or images2 the art of this period being entirely profane4 ,in the later ,stone ,age1 however1 entirely different ideas seem to have gained the ascendancy1 for a majority of the objects of plastic art so far discovered have a religious significance4 ,this has evidently proceeded from the conception that every image of a living object absorbs something of the essence of the object itself1 and this conception1 while a primitive one1 still presupposes a certain degree of development4 ,this rule applies more especially to amulets1 which were therefore fashioned as beautifully as primitive art permitted1 that they might become fitting abodes for the benevolent spirits believed to animate them and render them efficacious4#aj ,a curious idol or talisman from ,houalou1 ,new ,caledonia1 is in the collection of ,signor ,giglioli4 ,this is a stone bearing naturally a rude resemblance to the human form4#aa ,we can easily understand that such an object was looked upon as the abode of some spirit1 for similar strange natural formations have been regarded with a species of superstitious awe by peoples much more civilized than the natives of ,new ,caledonia4 ,for the ,middle ,ages and even down to the seventeenth century1 the talismanic virtues of precious stones were believed in by high and low1 by princes and peasants1 by the learned as well as by the ignorant4 ,here and there1 however1 a note of scepticism was sometimes apparent1 as in the famous reply of the court jester of ,emperor ,charles ,v1 to the question1 8,what is the property of the turquoise80 8,why10 replied he1 8if you should happen to fall from a high tower whilst you were wearing a turquoise on your finger1 the turquoise would remain unbroken40 ,the doctrine of sympathy and antipathy found expression in the belief that the very substance of certain stones was liable to modification by the condition of health or even by the thoughts of the wearer4 ,in case of sickness or approaching death the lustre of the stones was dimmed1 or else their bright colors were darkened1 and unfaithfulness or perjury produced similar phenomena4 ,concerning the turquoise1 the prosaic explanation can be offered that this stone is affected to a certain extent by the secretions of the skin2 but popular superstition saw the same phenomena in the ruby1 the diamond1 and other stones not possessing the sensitiveness of the turquoise4 ,hence the true explanation is to be found in the prevailing idea that an occult sympathy existed between stone and wearer4 ,the sentiment underlying the conception is well expressed by ,emerson in the following lines from 8,the ,amulet03 ,give me an amulet ,that keeps intelligence with you1-- ,red when you love1 and rosier red1 ,and when you love not1 pale and blue4 ,a ,persian legend of the origin of diamonds and precious stones shows that in the ,east these beautiful objects were looked upon as the source of much sin and sorrow4 ,we are told that when ,god created the world he made no useless things1 such as gold1 silver1 precious stones1 and diamonds2 but ,satan1 who is always eager to bring evil among men1 kept a close watch to spy out the appetites and passions of the human mind4 ,to his great satisfaction he noted that ,eve passionately loved the many-colored flowers that decked the ,garden of ,eden2 he therefore undertook to imitate their brightness and color out of earth1 and in this way were produced colored precious stones and diamonds4 ,these in after time so strongly appealed to the greed and covetousness of mankind that they have been the cause of much crime and wretchedness4#ab ,the present age could afford us nearly as many examples of faith in talismans and amulets as any epoch in the past1 if people were willing to confess their real beliefs4 ,however1 they are half-ashamed of their fondness for such objects1 and fail to see that1 back of all the folly and superstition that may find expression in this way1 there is a deeper meaning in these talismans than we at first perceive4 ,we may be disposed to smile when we are told that many of the soldiers in the ,austro-,prussian ,war of #ahff carried amulets of some kind upon their persons1 and that the great ,marshal ,canrobert trusted to the protection of an amulet in the ,crimean campaign4 ,of course the ,russian army1 during the ,russo-,japanese ,war1 was amply provided with amulets1 religious medals or pictures to which a special virtue had been given by a priestly blessing4 ,in all these cases1 however1 it is not the object itself1 but the idea for which it stands and which it incorporates1 that gives confidence to the wearer1 and in this sense the wearing of a talisman is no more a proof of blind superstition than is the devotion to a flag1 in itself only a few square feet of silk or bunting1 but1 nevertheless1 the symbol of the noblest ideas and feelings1 of patriotic devotion to one's native land and to one's fellow-countrymen4 ,the tendency to give a substantial visible form to an abstract idea is so deeply rooted in humanity that it must be looked upon as responding to a human necessity4 ,it is only very rarely that purely intellectual conceptions can satisfy us2 they must be given some external1 palpable and visible form to exert their greater influences4 ,although it may bear a certain superficial likeness to fetichism1 this use of signs and symbols is something entirely and radically different1 for the idea is never lost sight of1 it is only strengthened and vivified by the contemplation of the symbol4 ,hence1 while we know quite well that the symbol is nothing in itself1 we know just as well that it has a real power in its relation to the idea it typifies1 and we can no more be indifferent to its injury or destruction than we could be indifferent to the injury or destruction of a cherished memento of one whom we have loved and lost4 ,what super-subtle sense is it that enables some women to endow their gems with a certain individuality1 and leads them to feel that these cold1 inanimate objects partake of human emotion8 ,a ,french writer1 ,mme4 ,catulle ,mends1 gives expression to this when she says that she always wears as many of her rings as possible1 because her gems feel slighted when she leaves them unworn4 ,she continues3 ,i have a ruby which grows dull1 two turquoises which become pale as death1 aquamarines which look like siren's eyes filled with tears1 when ,i forget them too long4 ,how sad ,i should feel if precious stones did not love to rest upon me6 ,illustration3 ,,mosaics ,,of ,,turquoise ,,and ,,enamelled ,,carnelian ,,beads1 ,,from ,,thibet4 ,field ,museum1 ,chicago4 ,a very beautiful and curious object was found in the ,australian opal-fields in #aiji4 ,this is a reptilean skeleton resembling a small serpent that has become opalized by natural processes4 ,perfect in all its details1 which are rendered more striking by the splendid play of color1 this specimen of ,nature's handiwork possesses a beauty and an interest exceeding those to be found in any work of man4 ,as an amulet it certainly is sui generis1 and in ancient times would have been valued at an immense sum1 for the figure of a serpent was a favorite symbol of medical science2 even to-day there is little doubt that this strange object will be eagerly sought for by collectors1 and will appeal more especially to all who are interested in occult science1 and to all who appreciate the poetic and perhaps mystic significance of form1 sign1 and symbol4 ,it is impossible to over-estimate the effect of color in determining the supposed influence of gems upon the fortunes or health of the wearers4 ,when we gaze upon the beautiful play of light emitted by a fine ruby or sapphire1 we are all conscious of the sthetic effect produced2 but in earlier times1 when scientific ideas were not yet prevalent1 many other considerations combined to give a peculiar significance to these brilliant gems4 ,rare and costly as they were1 they were supposed to possess mystic and occult powers and were thought to be the abode of spirits1 sometimes benevolent and sometimes malevolent1 but always endowed with the power to influence human destinies for weal or woe4 ,coupled with this was the instinctive appreciation of the essential qualities of certain rays of light1 and modern science1 far from doing away with these ideas1 has rather seemed to find a good reason for them4 ,we all know the therapeutic value of the ultra-violet rays1 and when the uninstructed mind saw therein the embodiment of purity and chastity1 it perhaps realized this health-giving and beneficent function4 ,in the same way the idea of passion was associated with the red and radiant ruby1 another concept the relative truth of which has been demonstrated by spectrum analysis1 since the red rays are heat-giving and vivifying4 ,but this was not the only source of these primitive ideas in regard to color2 the therapeutic effect was often sought and found in some fancied analogy between the color of the gem and the character of the malady or infirmity to be cured4 ,thus1 yellow stones were supposed to be especially efficacious in cases of jaundice1 an instance of instinctive homopathy1 based on the dictum similia similibus curantur4 ,following out this train of thought1 the red stones were endowed with the power of checking the flow of blood2 especially the so-called bloodstone was prescribed for this use1 and it was supposed that by its mere touch it could stop the most violent hemorrhages4 ,green was regarded as the color most beneficial for the sight1 and to the emerald and other green stones was ascribed great curative power in this respect4 ,here1 however1 the simple influence of the color was later combined with its symbolical significance4 ,in heathen mythology this showed itself in the ascription of the emerald to ,venus1 as the exponent of the reproductive energies of nature1 while in the ,christian conception these stones became typical of the resurrection1 of the birth into a new and purer life4 ,nowhere can we find a better illustration of the transforming effect of distinct and diametrically opposite concepts upon the impressions made by natural objects4 ,the pure and colorless and yet brilliant stones1 such as the diamond and all other white stones1 were naturally brought into connection with the moon1 although the diamond1 because of its superior qualities and exceptional brilliance and value1 was frequently looked upon as the gem of the sun4 ,all gems associated with the moon partook of its enigmatic character4 ,illuminating the witching hour of the night1 when malevolent and treacherous spirits were supposed to hold sway1 the moon was sometimes regarded as baleful1 as may be seen in the idea that associated lunacy with exposure to the bright rays of the moon2 at other times it was supposed to have the power to conjure these evil influences and to drive off the powers of darkness4 ,the symbolical significance of the colors of precious stones is treated at considerable length by ,giacinto ,gimma1#ac who has gathered together a great quantity of material on the subject4 ,yellow worn by a man denoted secrecy1 and was appropriate for the silent lover2 worn by a woman it indicated generosity4 ,golden yellow was1 of course1 the symbol of the sun and of ,sunday4 ,the precious stone was the chrysolite or the yellow jacinth4 ,the animal connected with the color was the lion1 doubtless1 from the association of the zodiacal sign ,leo with the midsummer sun4 ,of the seven ages of man yellow typified adolescence4 ,roman matrons covered their heads with a yellow veil to show their hope of offspring and happiness4 ,because garments of this color were a sign of grandeur and nobility1 a golden vestment is assigned to the ,queen of ,heaven as a sign of her pre-eminence1 as we read in ,psalm xlv1 #i3 8,upon thy right hand did stand the queen in gold of ,ophir40 ,gimma's explanation of this as referring to the ,virgin ,mary is in accord with the ,catholic exegesis of his time4 ,white signified for men friendship1 religion1 integrity2 for women1 contemplation1 affability1 and purity4 ,it was associated with the moon and with ,monday and was represented by the pearl4 ,the animal having an affinity with white was quite naturally the ermine4 ,the mystic number was seven1 and white was the color of infancy4 ,among the ancients white was a sign of mourning and sadness1 and the ,greek matrons attired themselves in white on the death of their husbands4 ,gimma states that in his time1 in ,rome1 widows used to wear white as mourning for their husbands1 while throughout ,italy a white band worn around the head was a sign of widowhood4 ,red garments on a man indicated command1 nobility1 lordship1 and vengeance2 on a woman1 pride1 obstinacy1 and haughtiness4 ,this was the color of the planet ,mars and of ,tuesday2 it was represented by the ruby4 ,why the lynx should have been selected as the animal for red is rather difficult to understand1 but1 as the most vivid color1 the choice of red as a type of full manhood need not surprise us4 ,its number was the potent nine1 three multiplied by itself4 ,the ancients covered with a red cloth the biers of those who had died valiantly in battle1 as ,homer#ad shows when he relates that the brothers and companions of ,hector covered the urn containing the hero's ashes with soft purple 7scarlet7 robes4 ,plutarch asserts that the ,lacedemonians clothed their soldiers in red to strike terror into the hearts of their enemies and to manifest a thirst for blood4 ,we might perhaps say much the same of the ,english 8red-coats0 to-day4 ,the ,italian code of criminal laws known as the 8,digesto ,nuovo0 was bound in red1 to signify that a bloody death awaited thieves and murderers4 ,blue on a man's dress indicated wisdom and high and magnanimous thoughts2 on a woman's dress1 jealousy in love1 politeness1 and vigilance4 ,friday and ,venus were represented by blue1 and the celestial-hued sapphire was the stone in which this color appeared in all its beauty4 ,blue was a fit symbol of the age of childhood1 but it is less easy to understand the choice of the goat as the animal associated with the color4 ,the significant number was six4 ,natural science1 the contemplation of the heavens and of the heavenly bodies1 and the study of stellar influences were all typified by blue4 ,green signified for men joyousness1 transitory hope1 and the decline of friendship2 for women1 unfounded ambition1 childish delight1 and change4 ,the early verdure of spring might be regarded as at once a symbol of hope and of eventual disappointment1 for it must soon pass away4 ,mercury1 and ,wednesday1 the day of ,mercury1 were both typified by green1 the sly fox being selected as the animal is sympathy with the wily god4 ,the typical green stone is the emerald1 youth is the age of man represented by the color1 and five the magic number expressing it4 ,in ancient times green was used in the case of those who died in the flower of youth1 an emerald being sometimes placed on the index-finger of the corpse1 as a sign that the light of hope was spent1 for the lower part of the torches used in religious ceremonies was marked with green4 ,fulvius ,pellegrinus relates that1 in the tomb of ,tullia1 the dearly-beloved daughter of ,cicero1 there was found an emerald1 the most beautiful that had ever been seen4 ,this passed into the hands of the ,marchesana di ,mantova1 ,isabella ,gonzaga da ,este4 ,in ,italy the graves of young virgins and of children were covered with green branches4 ,when the ,codex ,justinianus was rediscovered and added to the other ,pandects1 it was bound in green to signify that these laws were rejuvenated4 ,black for men means gravity1 good sense1 constancy1 and fortitude2 for young women1 fickleness and foolishness1 but for married women1 constant love and perseverance4 ,the planet ,saturn and ,saturday are denoted by black4 ,strange to say1 the diamond1 the white gem par excellence1 was selected to represent this sombre hue4 ,perhaps to offset this the animal chosen was the hog4 ,as black was a mourning color1 we need not be surprised that it typified decrepitude4 ,the number eight1 the double square1 was supposed to have some affinity with black4 ,black is a symbol of envy1 for the thoughts which aim at another's injury cloud the soul and afflict the body4 ,the book of laws treating of dispositions made in view of death was bound in black4 ,the sinister significance of black is well illustrated by what is told of the ruthless ,tartar ,tamerlane4 ,when he attacked a city1 he caused a white tent to be pitched for himself on the first day of the siege1 as a sign that mercy would be shown to the inhabitants if they immediately surrendered2 on the second day a red tent was substituted1 signifying that if the city yielded1 all the leaders would be put to death2 on the third day1 however1 a black tent was raised1 an ominous signal that no mercy would be shown and that all the inhabitants would be slaughtered4 ,violet for a man denoted sober judgment1 industry1 and gravity2 for a woman1 high thoughts and religious love4 ,it was the color of the planet ,jupiter and of ,thursday4 ,as with blue1 the sapphire was conceived to present violet most attractively4 ,that the bull should be selected as the animal represented by this color probably arose from some mythological connection with ,jupiter1 possibly the myth of ,europa and the bull4 ,violet was the color of old age and was associated with the number three4 ,the influence of color upon the nerves has been noted by some of the leading authorities on hypnotism4 ,for example1 ,dr4 ,paul ,ferez1 finding that red light is stimulating and blue-violet calming1 suggests that those who treat patients by means of hypnotism should have two rooms for their reception4 ,in one of these rooms the curtains1 wall-paper1 chair-coverings1 etc41 would be red1 while in the other they would be of a violet-blue hue4 ,those suffering from a lack of will-power or from lassitude and depression are to be received in the red room1 and those who are a prey to over-excitability are introduced into the blue room4 ,moreover1 according to ,dr4 ,ferez1 the sedative qualities of the violet-blue can be utilized in inducing the hypnotic state4 ,for this purpose he recommends a violet-blue disk1 which is to be rotated rapidly before the eyes of the patient1 the movement serving to attract and hold his gaze better than any immovable object would do4#ae ,red stones such as rubies1 carbuncles1 and garnets1 whose color suggested that of blood1 were not only believed to confer invulnerability from wounds1 but some ,asiatic tribes have used garnets as bullets1 upon the contrary principle that this blood-colored stone would inflict a more deadly wound than would a leaden bullet4 ,such bullets were used by the rebellious ,hanzas1 in #ahib1 during their hostilities with the ,british troops on the ,kashmir frontier1 and many of these precious missiles were preserved as curiosities4 ,in his 8,colloquy on ,pilgrimages10 ,erasmus makes one of the speakers ask1 8,dost thou not see how the artificer ,nature delights to represent all things by colors and forms1 but more especially in gems80 ,he then proceeds to enumerate the various images of natural objects in stones4 ,in the ceraunia appeared the thunder-bolt2 in the pyrope1 living fire2 the chalazia 7rock-crystal7 preserved the form and coldness of the hailstone even if cast into the fire4 ,in the emerald were shown the deep and translucent waves of the sea2 the carcinia imitated the form of crabs2 the echites1 of vipers2 the hieracites1 of hawks2 the geranites1 of cranes4 ,the tites offered the image of an eagle with a white tail2 the taos had the form of a peacock2 the chelonites1 of an asp2 while the myrmecites bore within the figure of an ant4#af ,the stones bearing this latter name were probably specimens of amber containing ants4 ,the ,greek names of these stones enumerated by ,erasmus signify their real or supposed resemblance to certain natural objects1 or to something characteristic of such objects4 ,many of them were fossils1 preserving the form of some living organism2 a few were entirely fabulous2 still others owed their names to some legend or myth illustrating their fancied therapeutic virtues1 as in the case of the tites 7eagle-stone7 said to be found in the eagle's nest4 ,evidently this was a quartz pebble4 ,the oldest magic formulas that have been preserved for us are those of the ,sumerians1 the founders of the ancient civilization of ,babylonia4 ,some of them contain references to the use of precious stones as amulets1 as appears in the following specimen3 ,cords of light-colored wool1 ,offered 787 with a pure hand1 ,for jaundice of the eye1 ,bind on the right side 7of the patient74 ,a lululti ring1 with sparkling stones ,brought from his own land1 ,for inflammation of the eye1 ,on the little finger ,of his left 7hand71 place4#ag ,a curious ,babylonian mythological text represents the solar deity ,ninib1 the son of ,bel1 as determining the fate of various stones by pronouncing a blessing or a curse upon them4 ,for instance1 the dolomite was blessed and declared to be fit material for the statues of kings1 while a substance called the elu stone was cursed1 proclaimed to be unfit for working1 and doomed to disintegration4 ,alabaster was favored by the god1 but chalcedony aroused his anger and was condemned4#ah ,in these ,sumero-,assyrian inscriptions1 there is also mention of two stones1 the aban rme and the aban la rme1 the 8,stone of ,love0 and the 8,stone of ,hate0 7lit4 8non-love074#ai ,evidently these stones were believed to excite one or other of these contradictory passions in the hearts of the wearers1 and they may be compared with the stones of memory and forgetfulness in the 8,gesta ,romanorum40 ,in an ancient ,egyptian burial-place at ,shch ,abd el-,qurna1 excavated by ,passalaqua1 was found the mummy of a young woman4 ,not only was it evident from the rich ornaments adorning the body that she had been of noble birth1 but it was also apparent that she must have been exceedingly beautiful in form and feature1 and must have died in the flower of her age4 ,the hair was artistically braided and adorned with twenty bronze hairpins4 ,about her neck was a remarkably beautiful necklace composed of four rows of beads with numerous pendants representing divinities and sacred symbols4 ,there were also two smaller necklaces with beads of gold1 lapis-lazuli1 and carnelian2 two large jewelled ear-rings hung from her ears1 and on the index-finger of her right hand was a ring set with a scarab2 a gold belt garnished with lapis-lazuli and carnelians was bound about her waist and a gold bracelet adorned with semi-precious stones encircled her left wrist4 ,in the sarcophagus was a beautiful mirror of golden-yellow bronze1 and three alabaster vases1 one still containing some balm or perfume1 and another some galena 7native lead sulphide7 to be used as a cosmetic for the eyes1 as well as a little ebony pencil for its application4 ,all these objects are now in the ,egyptian collection of the ,berlin ,museum1 and they probably belong to the period of the ,,xviii ,dynasty1 about #aejj ,b4,c4 ,illustration3 #a4 ,a necklace of rock crystal1 emeralds1 hexagonal crystals1 and amazon stones2 from ,egypt4 #b4 ,a necklace of onyx and gold beads with the 8,lucky ,eye0 agates2 from ,egypt4 ,carnelian1 sard2 blue and white1 and black and white glass beads4 ,the principal necklace was undoubtedly regarded by the fair ,egyptian as an amulet of great power1 but it failed to protect her from an untimely end2 perhaps1 however1 its virtues may have aided her soul in its passage through the trials and tests imposed in the underworld4 ,of the numerous pendants which lent to the necklace its peculiar quality as an amulet1 three1 in carnelian1 figure the god ,bes2 seven1 also in carnelian1 the hippopotamus-goddess ,toeris1 of whom there are besides two representations in lapis-lazuli2 then we have a heart of lapis-lazuli2 a cat of lapis-lazuli2 four falcons of carnelian2 one crocodile of carnelian and two of lapis-lazuli2 four fish of carnelian1 as well as two others of a blackish-white and of a green stone1 respectively1 and two scorpions of carnelian1 and seven flower-forms of the same stone4 ,the greater part of the beads in this necklace are of annular form1 of gold1 electrum1 ivory1 or lapis-lazuli2 there are a few larger annular or spherical beads of carnelian1 chrysoprase1 and malachite1 and measuring up to #c4e cm4 in diameter4#bj ,a necklace1 from the time of the ,old ,empire 7c4 #cejj ,b4,c471 and having for its chief adornment a turquoise pendant rudely fashioned into the form of an ibex1 was found by the ,german ,orient-,gesellschaft at ,abusr el-,meleq in #aije4 ,this necklace1 the parts of which were found about the neck of a body1 presumably that of a young man1 was composed of rounded and annular beads of carnelian and shell1 as well as of flat1 perforated fragments of turquoise and almandine garnet and an approximately lozenge-shaped bead of amethyst #a4g cm4 long and #a4d cm4 broad4 ,the chief ornament was the turquoise ibex #a4g cm4 in length and #j4i cm4 high4#ba ,this figure suggests a comparison with the animal and bird forms fashioned out of turquoise that have been found in ,indian graves in ,arizona and ,new ,mexico1 and it probably had the quality of a fetich1 or at least of a talisman1 intended to guard the wearer of the necklace from harm4 ,that there was in ,egypt a strong inclination to use a certain particular stone for a given amulet1 will be noted in the case of those inscribed with special chapters of the ,book of the ,dead4 ,this is also true of amulets of certain forms4 ,for instance1 the head-rest amulet is usually of hematite as is also the carpenter's square4 ,of the heart amulets1 numbering #dg in the rich collections of the ,cairo ,museum1 nine are of carnelian1 four of hematite1 two of lapis-lazuli1 and two each of green porphyry and green jasper1 carnelian being thus the most favored among the more precious materials4 ,amulets of animal form are plentifully represented in this collection1 figuring a large variety of members of the animal kingdom such as the hippopotamus1 crocodile1 lion1 bull1 cow1 hare1 dog-headed ape1 cat1 dog 7somewhat doubtful71 jackal1 hedgehog1 frog1 hawk1 cobra and fishes1 to which list may be added a four-headed ram and a ram-headed sphinx4#bb ,one of the special uses of amulets was for seafaring people1 for1 in ancient times especially1 all who went down to the sea in ships were greatly in need of protection from the fury of the elements when they embarked in their small sailing-vessels4 ,a fragment of a ,greek ,lapidary1#bc probably written in the third or fourth century of our era1 gives a list of seven amulets peculiarly adapted for this purpose4 ,the number might suggest a connection with the days of the week1 and the amulets were perhaps regarded as most efficacious when used on the respective days4 ,in the first were set a carbuncle and a chalcedony2 this amulet protected sailors from drowning4 ,the second had for its gem either of two varieties of the adamas1--one1 the ,macedonian1 being likened to ice 7this was probably rock-crystal71 while the other1 the ,indian1 of a silvery hue1 may possibly have been our corundum2 however1 the ,macedonian stone was regarded as the better4 ,the third amulet bore the beryl1 8transparent1 brilliant1 and of a sea-green hue10 evidently the aquamarine beryl2 this banished fear4 ,the fourth had for its gem the druops1 8white in the centre10 probably the variety of agate so much favored as a protector against the spell of the ,evil ,eye4 ,a coral was placed in the fifth amulet1 and this was to be attached to the prow of the ship with strips of seal-skin2 it guarded the vessel from winds and waves in all waters4 ,for the sixth amulet the ophiokiolus stone was selected1 most probably a kind of banded agate1 for it is said to have been girdled with stripes like the body of a snake2 whoever wore this had no need to fear the surging ocean4 ,the seventh and last of these nautical amulets bore a stone called opsianos1 apparently a resinous or bituminous material1 possibly a kind of jet2 this came from ,phrygia and ,galatia1 and the amulet wherein it was set was a great protection for all who journeyed by sea or by river4 ,the ancient treatises on the magic art show that the use of amulets was considered to be indispensable for those who dared to evoke the dark spirits of the nether-world1 for without the protection afforded by his amulet the magician ran the risk of being attacked by these spirits4 ,one of these texts gives directions for preparing an amulet1 or phylacterion1 for the 8undertaking02 for this a 8sweet-smelling0 loadstone should be chosen1 and should be cut heart-shaped and engraved with the figure of ,hecate4#bd ,a costly ,chinese amulet consists of the diamond1 the ruby1 and the emerald1 to which are added the pearl and coral2 ,oriental sapphire and topaz are classed with the ruby4 ,an amulet containing these five substances is thought to combine the protecting influences of the different deities presiding over them1 and is supposed to lengthen the wearer's life4 ,sometimes these five princely gems are wrapped up in a paper bearing the names of the respective divinities1 to which is added the name of the moon1 and those of the twenty-seven constellations1 or houses of the moon4 ,such an amulet1 suspended at the entrance of a house1 is believed to afford protection to the inmates4#be ,in the language of the ancient ,mexicans blood was called chalchiuhatl1 or 8water of precious stones10 as the quintessence of what were regarded as the most costly things4#bf ,although such poetic designations are in modern times mere figures of speech1 among primitive peoples they are more significant1 and it is highly probable that with the ,aztecs1 as with other peoples1 the wearing of precious stones was believed to enrich the blood and thus to promote health and vigor1 for 8the blood is the life40 ,that gems had sex is asserted by the earliest writers as well as by many of those of a later date4 ,while this must usually be understood as a poetic way of indicating a difference in shade1 the darker varieties being regarded as male and the lighter ones as female1 ,theophrastus1 the earliest ,greek writer on precious stones1 clearly shows that this sexual distinction was sometimes seriously made1 for he declares that1 wonderful as it might seem1 certain gems were capable of producing offspring4 ,this strange idea was still prevalent in the sixteenth century1 and ingenious explanations were sometimes given of the cause of this phenomenon1 as appears in the following account by ,rueus of germinating diamonds3#bg ,it has recently been related to me by a lady worthy of credence1 that a noblewoman1 descended from the illustrious house of ,luxemburg1 had in her possession two diamonds which she had inherited1 and which produced others in such miraculous wise1 that whoever examined them at stated intervals judged that they had engendered progeny like themselves4 ,the cause of this 7if it be permissible to philosophize regarding such a strange matter7 would seem to be that the celestial energy in the parent stones1 qualified by some one as 8vis adamantifica10 first changes the surrounding air into water1 or some similar substance1 and then condenses and hardens this into the diamond gem4 ,the pearl-fishers of ,borneo are said to preserve carefully every ninth pearl they find1 and place them in a bottle with two grains of rice for each pearl1 believing1 in spite of all evidence to the contrary1 that these particular pearls have the power to engender and breed others4 ,custom and superstition require that each bottle shall have the finger of a dead man as a stopper4 ,talismanic influences are taken into account in the wearing of jewelry by ,orientals1 two bracelets being frequently worn lest one member should become jealous of the other1 thus disturbing the equilibrium of the whole organism4 ,the piercing of the ears for ear-rings has been attributed to a desire to chastise the ear for its indiscretion in hearing secrets not intended to be heard1 while costly and ornamental ear-rings are set in the ears to console those parts of our anatomy for the suffering caused by the operation of piercing4 ,in the case of necklaces of brilliant metal1 adorned with pendants of glittering stones1 the talismanic purpose is to attract the beholder's gaze and thus ward off the mysterious and dangerous emanations set forth by the ,evil ,eye2 the necklace1 or its ornaments1 are supposed to perform a similar service to that rendered by the lightning-rod in diverting the electric discharge4 ,illustration3 ,,pearl ,,dealer4 ,from the 8,hortus ,sanitatis0 of ,johannis de ,cuba ,strassburg1 ,jean ,pryss1 ca4 #adhc3 ,de lapidibus1 cap4 lxxviii4 ,author's library4 ,at an early date the ,christian ,church registered its opposition to the practice of wearing amulets4 ,at the ,council of ,laodicea1 held in #cee ,a4,d41 it was decreed1 in the thirty-fourth canon1 that priests and clerks must be neither enchanters1 mathematicians1 nor astrologers1 and that they must not make 8what are called amulets10 for these were fetters of the soul1 and all who wore them should be cast out of the church4#bh ,this emphatic condemnation of the prevailing usage was not so much a protest against superstition per se as against pagan superstition1 for almost if not all the amulets in use in the early centuries of our era bore heathen or heretical symbols or inscriptions4 ,in later times the invincible tendency to wear objects of this character found expression in the use of those associated with ,christian belief1 such1 for instance1 as relics of the saints1 medallions blessed by the priest1 etc4 ,illustration3 ,by permission of ,w4 ,griggs ,sons1 ,ltd41 ,london4 ,,maharaja ,,runjit ,,singh1 ,,ruler ,,of ,,the ,,punjab1 #agia ,,to #ahci4 ,he holds a 8rosary0 of emeralds1 stones prized in the ,orient as antidotes to poison4 ,from a portrait by ,jiwan ,ram1 taken at ,rupar in #ahca4 ,from the ,journal of ,indian ,art and ,industry4 ,the amulets of the ,jews differed in many respects from those used by ,christians4 ,the ,mosaic prohibition of representations of human or animal forms imposed great restrictions upon the employment of engraved gems1 and the ,jew was only permitted to wear or carry those bearing merely characters of mystic or symbolic significance4 ,in talmudic times amulets were sometimes hidden in a hollow staff1 and they were believed to have more power when concealed from view in this way4 ,they were like concealed weapons1 and it was said that1 as a father might give such an amulet to a son1 so ,god had given the ,law to ,israel for its protection4#bi ,in the ,old ,french didactic poem1 the ,roman de la ,rose1 composed in the twelfth century1 appear traces of the belief in the magic properties of precious stones4 ,chaucer translated this poem into ,english in the fourteenth century and we quote the following lines from his version4 ,they describe the costume of the symbolical figure1 ,riches4 ,richesse a girdle hadde upon ,the bokel of it was of a stoon ,of ,vertue greet1 and mochel of might4 ,that stoon was greetly for to love1 ,and til a riche mannes bihove ,worth al the gold in ,rome and ,fryse4 ,the mordaunt#cj wrought in noble wyse1 ,was of a stoon full precious1 ,that was so fyn and vertuous1 ,that hool a man it coude make ,of palasye and of tooth-ake4#ca ,at the trial1 in #abcb1 of ,hubert de ,burgh1 chief justiciar1 one of the charges brought against him was that he had surreptitiously removed from the ,english treasury an exceedingly valuable stone1 possessing the virtue of rendering the wearer invincible in battle1 and had given it to ,llewellyn1 ,king of ,wales1 the enemy of his own sovereign1 ,henry ,,iii of ,england 7#abjg-abgb74cb ,this must have taken place about #abbh1 when ,henry was engaged in a war with the ,welsh4 ,that precious stones could1 under certain circumstances1 lose the powers inherent in them was firmly believed in medieval times4 ,if handled or even gazed upon by impure persons and sinners1 some of the virtues of the stones departed from them4 ,indeed1 there were those who held that precious stones1 in common with all created things1 were corrupted by the sin of ,adam4 ,therefore1 in order to restore their pristine virtue it might become necessary to sanctify and consecrate them1 and a kind of ritual serving this purpose has been preserved in several old treatises4 ,the subject is sufficiently curious to warrant here the repetition of one of these forms4 ,the stones which required consecration were to be wrapped in a perfectly clean linen cloth and placed on the altar4 ,then three masses were to be said over them1 and the priest who celebrated the third mass1 clad in his sacred vestments1 was to pronounce the following benediction3#cc ,the ,lord be with us4 ,and with thy spirit4 ,let us pray4 ,almighty ,god and ,father1 who manifestedst thy virtue to ,elias by certain senseless creatures1 who orderedst ,moses1 ,thy servant1 that1 among the sacerdotal vestments1 he should adorn the ,rational of ,judgment with twelve precious stones1 and showedst to ,john1 the evangelist1 the famous city of ,jerusalem1 essentially constituted by the same stones1 and who hadst the power to raise up sons to ,abraham from stones1 we humbly beseech ,thy majesty since ,thou hast elected one of the stones to be a dwelling-place for the majesty of ,thy heart1 that ,thou wilt deign to bless and sanctify these stones by the sanctification and incarnation of ,thy name1 so that they may be sanctified1 blessed1 and consecrated1 and may receive from ,thee the effect of the virtues ,thou hast granted to them1 according to their kinds1 and which the experience of the learned has shown to have been given by ,thee2 so that whoever may wear them on him may feel the presence of ,thy power and may be worthy to receive the gift of ,thy grace and the protection of ,thy power4 ,through ,jesus ,christ1 ,thy ,son1 in whom dwells all sanctification1 benediction1 and consecration2 who lives with ,thee and reigns as ,god for all eternity1 ,amen4 ,thanks be to ,god4 ,konrad of ,megenburg also gives this benediction in his 8,buch der ,natur40 ,luther tells the following humorous tale of a ,jew who was a vender of amulets3 ,there is sorcery among the ,jews and their sorcerers think3 8,if we succeed1 it is well for us2 if we fail1 a ,christian is the sufferer2 what care we for that80 444 ,but ,duke ,albert of ,saxony acted shrewdly4 ,when a ,jew offered him a button1 inscribed with curious characters and signs1 and asserted that this button gave protection from cuts1 thrusts1 and shots1 the ,duke answered3 8,i will test that upon thyself1 ,o ,jew40 ,hereupon he led the man to the gate1 hung the button at his neck1 drew his own sword1 and thrust the fellow through the body4 8,the same fate would have happened to me10 said the ,duke1 8as has happened to thee40#cd ,ruskin1 with his keen poetic insight into the working of natural laws1 saw in the formation of crystals the action of both 8force of heart0 and 8steadiness of purpose40 ,he thus found himself1 consciously or unconsciously1 in agreement with the old fancies which attributed a species of personality to precious stones4 ,just as the ,hindu regarded an imperfectly shaped crystal as a bringer of ill luck to the owner1 so ,ruskin sees in such a crystal the signs of an innate 8immorality10 if we may use this expression4 ,of a crystal aggregation of this type he writes as follows3#ce ,opaque1 rough-surfaced1 jagged on the edge1 distorted in the spine1 it exhibits a quite human image of decrepitude and dishonour2 but the worst of all signs of its decay and helplessness is1 that halfway up1 a parasite crystal1 smaller1 but just as sickly1 has rooted itself in the side of the larger one1 eating out a cavity round its root1 and then growing backwards1 or downwards1 contrary to the direction of the main crystal4 ,yet ,i cannot trace the least difference in purity of substance between the first most noble stone1 and this ignoble and dissolute one4 ,the impurity of the last is in its will or want of will4 ,there is established a very pretty custom of assigning to the various masculine and feminine ,christian names a particular gem1 and such name-gems are often set together with natal and talismanic gems and with gems of one's patron saint4 ,it is considered an exceedingly good omen when it happens that all three gems are of the same sort4 ,,gems ,,for ,,feminine ,,names4 ,adelaide ,andalusite ,agnes ,agate ,alice ,alexandrite ,anne ,amber ,beatrice ,basalt ,belle ,bloodstone ,bertha ,beryl ,caroline ,chalcedony ,catherine ,cat's-eye ,charlotte ,carbuncle ,clara ,carnelian ,constance ,crystal ,dorcas ,diamond ,dorothy ,diaspore ,edith ,eye-agate ,eleanor ,elolite ,elizabeth ,emerald ,ellen ,essonite ,emily ,euclase ,emma ,epidote ,florence ,fluorite ,frances ,fire-opal ,gertrude ,garnet ,gladys ,golden ,beryl ,grace ,grossularite ,hannah ,heliotrope ,helen ,hyacinth ,irene ,iolite ,jane ,jacinth ,jessie ,jasper ,josephine ,jadeite ,julia ,jade ,louise ,lapis-lazuli ,lucy ,lepidolite ,margaret ,moss-agate ,martha ,malachite ,marie ,moldavite ,mary ,moonstone ,olive ,olivine ,pauline ,pearl ,rose ,ruby ,sarah ,spodumene ,susan ,sapphire ,therese ,turquoise ,,gems ,,for ,,masculine ,,names4 ,abraham ,aragonite ,adolphus ,albite ,adrian ,andalusite ,albert ,agate ,alexander ,alexandrite ,alfred ,almandine ,ambrose ,amber ,andrew ,aventurine ,archibald ,axinite ,arnold ,aquamarine ,arthur ,amethyst ,augustus ,agalmatolite ,benjamin ,bloodstone ,bernard ,beryl ,charles ,chalcedony ,christian ,crystal ,claude ,cyanite ,clement ,chrysolite ,conrad ,crocidolite ,constantine ,chrysoberyl ,cornelius ,cat's-eye ,dennis ,demantoid ,dorian ,diamond ,edmund ,emerald ,edward ,epidote ,ernest ,euclase ,eugene ,essonite ,ferdinand ,feldspar ,francis ,fire-opal ,frederick ,fluorite ,george ,garnet ,gilbert ,gadolinite ,godfrey ,gagates ,gregory ,grossularite ,gustavus ,galactides ,guy ,gold quartz ,henry ,heliolite ,herbert ,hyacinth ,horace ,harlequin opal ,hubert ,heliotrope ,hugh ,heliodor ,humphrey ,hypersthene ,james ,jade ,jasper ,jasper ,jerome ,jadeite ,john ,jacinth ,joseph ,jargoon ,julius ,jet ,lambert ,labradorite ,lawrence ,lapis-lazuli ,leo ,lepidolite ,leonard ,loadstone ,mark ,malachite ,matthew ,moonstone ,maurice ,moss-agate ,michael ,microcline ,nathan ,natrolite ,nicholas ,nephrite ,oliver ,onyx ,osborne ,orthoclase ,osmond ,opal ,oswald ,obsidian ,patrick ,pyrope ,paul ,pearl ,peter ,porphyry ,philip ,prase ,ralph ,rubellite ,raymond ,rose-quartz ,richard ,rutile ,robert ,rock-crystal ,roger ,rhodonite ,roland ,ruby ,stephen ,sapphire ,theodore ,tourmaline ,thomas ,topaz ,valentine ,vesuvianite ,vincent ,verd-antique ,walter ,wood-opal ,william ,willemite ,,iii ,on the ,talismanic ,use of ,special ,stones#cf ,agate ,the author of 8,lithica0 celebrates the merits of the agate in the following lines3#cg ,adorned with this1 thou woman's heart shall gain1 ,and by persuasion thy desire obtain2 ,and if of men thou aught demand1 shalt come ,with all thy wish fulfilled rejoicing home4 ,this idea is elaborated by ,marbodus1 ,bishop of ,rennes1 in the eleventh century1 who declares that agates make the wearers agreeable and persuasive and also give them the favor of ,god4#ch ,still other virtues are recounted by ,camillo ,leonardo1 who claims that these stones give victory and strength to their owners and avert tempests and lightning4#ci ,the agate possessed some wonderful virtues1 for its wearer was guarded from all dangers1 was enabled to vanquish all terrestrial obstacles and was endowed with a bold heart2 this latter prerogative was presumably the secret of his success4 ,some of these wonder-working agates were black with white veins1 while others again were entirely white4#dj ,the wearing of agate ornaments was even believed to be a cure for insomnia and was thought to insure pleasant dreams4 ,in spite of these supposed advantages1 ,cardano asserts that while wearing this stone he had many misfortunes which he could not trace to any fault or error of his own4 ,he1 therefore1 abandoned its use2 although he states that it made the wearer more prudent in his actions4#da ,indeed1 ,cardano appears to have tested the talismanic worth of gems according to a plan of his own1--namely1 by wearing them in turn and noting the degree of good or ill fortune he experienced4 ,by this method he apparently arrived at positive results based on actual experience2 but he quite failed to appreciate the fact that no real connection of any kind existed between the stones and their supposed effects4 ,in another treatise this author takes a somewhat more favorable view of the agate1 and proclaims that all varieties render those who wear them 8temperate1 continent1 and cautious2 therefore they are all useful for acquiring riches40#db ,according to the text accompanying a curious print published in ,vienna in #agji1 the attractive qualities of the so-called coral-agate were to be utilized in an air-ship1 the invention of a ,brazilian priest4 ,over the head of the aviator1 as he sat in the air-ship1 there was a network of iron to which large coral-agates were attached4 ,these were expected to help in drawing up the ship1 when1 through the heat of the sun's rays1 the stones had acquired magnetic power4 ,the main lifting force was provided by powerful magnets enclosed in two metal spheres2 how the magnets themselves were to be raised is not explained4#dc ,illustration3 ,,an ,,air-,,ship ,,of #agji4 ,in the network above the figure were to be set coral-agates1 supposed to possess such magnetic powers as to keep the craft aloft4 ,from ,valentini1 8,museum ,museorum10 ,pt4 ,,iii1 ,franckfurt am ,mayn1 #agad1 p4#ce4 ,author's library4 ,about the middle of the past century1 the demand for agate amulets was so great in the ,soudan that the extensive agate-cutting establishments at ,idar and ,oberstein in ,germany were almost exclusively busied with filling orders for this trade4 ,brown or black agates having a white ring in the centre were chiefly used for the fabrication of these amulets1 the white ring being regarded as a symbol of the eye4 ,hence the amulets were supposed to neutralize the power of the ,evil ,eye1 or else to be emblematic of the watchfulness of a guardian spirit4 ,the demand for these amulets has fallen off greatly1 but when it was at its height single firms exported them to the value of #dj1jjj thalers 7#cj1jjj7 annually1 the total export amounting to hundreds of thousands of thalers4 ,even at present a considerable trade in these objects is still carried on4 ,that there is a fashion in amulets is shown by the fact that1 while red1 white1 and green amulets are in demand on the west coast of ,africa1 only white stones are favored for this use in ,northern ,africa4 ,illustration3 ,,african ,,agate ,,charms4 ,made of ,brazilian agate at ,oberstein1 ,germany1 for ,african trade4 ,field ,museum1 ,chicago4 ,alexandrite ,there are a few talismanic stones which have gained their repute in our time1 notably the alexandrite1 a variety of chrysoberyl found in ,russia1 in the emerald mines on the ,takowaya1 in the ,ural region4 ,the discovery of this variety is stated to have been made in #ahca on the day ,alexander ,,ii 7then heir-apparent7 reached his majority1 and it was therefore named alexandrite1 by ,nordenskjld1 the mineralogist4 ,the stone as found in gem form rarely weighs over from one to three carats1 and is characterized by a marked pleochroism of a splendid green changing to a beautiful columbine red4 ,but in ,ceylon much larger gems are found1 some few weighing #fj carats each1 although rarely of more than one or two carats4 ,the color is of a darker and more bottle-like green1 and the change by night renders them darker and more granitized than the ,russian stones1 which are extremely rare4 ,as red and green are the ,russian national colors1 the alexandrite has become a great favorite with the ,russians1 and is looked upon as a stone of good omen in that country4 ,such1 however1 is its beauty as a gem that its fame is by no means confined to ,russia1 and it is eagerly sought in other lands as well4 ,amber ,amber was one of the first substances used by man for decoration1 and it was also employed at a very early period for amulets and for medicinal purposes4 ,more or less shapeless pieces of rough amber1 marked with circular depressions1 have been found in ,prussia1 ,schleswig-,holstein1 and ,denmark1 in deposits of the ,stone ,age4 ,these depressions are sometimes regularly disposed and at other times irregularly1 and seem intended to imitate similar depressions found in large stones and rocks1 often the work of man's hand1 but occasionally the result of natural causes4 ,in ,hoernes' opinion they marked the resting place of the spirit or spirits believed to animate the stone1 and hence it is probable that the amber fragments were used as talismans or amulets4#dd ,for the ancient ,greek poets1 the grains of amber were the tears annually shed over the death of their brother ,phathon by the ,heliades after grief had metamorphosed them into poplars growing on the banks of the ,eridanus 7the modern river ,po74#de ,in a lost tragedy of ,sophocles1 he saw the origin of amber in the tears shed over the death of ,meleager by certain ,indian birds4 ,for ,nicias it was the 8juice0 or essence of the brilliant rays of the setting sun1 congealed in the sea and then cast up upon the shore4 ,a more prosaic explanation likened amber to resin1 and regarded it as being an exudation from the trunks of certain trees4 ,indeed1 the poetic fancy we have just noted is the same idea clothed in a metaphorical or mythological form4 ,another fancy represented amber to be the solidified urine of the lynx1 hence one of its names1 lyncurius4#df ,illustration3 ,,the ,,tree ,,that ,,exudes ,,amber4 ,from the 8,hortus ,sanitatis10 of ,johannis de ,cuba ,strassburg1 ,jean ,pryss1 ca4 #adhc2 ,de lapidibus1 cap4 lxx4 ,author's library4 ,the brilliant and beautiful yellow of certain ambers and the fact that this material was very easily worked served to make its use more general1 and it soon became a favorite object of trade and barter between the peoples of the ,baltic ,coast and the more civilized peoples to the south4 ,schliemann found considerable amber from the ,baltic in the graves of ,mycen1 and the frequent allusions to it in the works of ,latin authors of the first and succeeding centuries testify to its popularity in the ,roman world4 ,probably the very earliest allusion in literature to the ornamental use of amber appears in ,homer's ,odyssey1#dg where we read3 ,eurymachus ,received a golden necklace1 richly wrought1 ,and set with amber beads1 that glowed as if ,with sunshine4 ,to ,eurydamas there came ,a pair of ear-rings1 each a triple gem1 ,daintily fashioned and of exquisite grace4 ,two servants bore them4 ,amber ingeniously carved into animal forms has been discovered in tumuli at ,indersoen1 ,norway4#dh ,these curious objects were worn as amulets1 and the peculiar forms were supposed to enhance the power of the material1 giving it special virtues and rendering it of greater value and efficacy4 ,pieces of amber with singular natural markings were greatly esteemed1 especially when these markings suggested the initials of the name of some prominent person4 ,thus1 we are told that ,friedrich ,wilhelm ,i of ,prussia paid to a dealer a high price for a piece of amber on which appeared his initials4 ,the same dealer had another piece on which he read the initials of ,charles ,,xii of ,sweden4 ,when he received the news of this king's death1 he bitterly lamented having lost the opportunity of selling him amber for a high price4 ,but he was cleverly consoled by ,nathaniel ,sendal1 the relator of the story1 who easily persuaded the dealer that the markings could just as well signify the initials of some other name4 ,sendal adduces this as a proof that the letters read on such pieces of amber were as much the product of the observer's imagination as of the markings on the material4#di ,those who secured amber so mysteriously marked by ,nature's hand probably felt that they had obtained a talisman of great power1 especially destined for their use4 ,illustration3 #a4 ,amber ornament1 perforated1 from ,assyrian grave4 #b4 ,amber ring ornament from ,pompeii4 #c4 ,large annular bead of amber from ,mexico4 ,aztec work4 #d4 ,amber wedding necklace4 ,eighteenth century4 ,baltic ,provinces4 #e4 ,amber beads4 ,worn by ,african natives4 ,amethyst ,while the special and traditional virtue of the amethyst was the cure of drunkenness1 many other qualities were attributed to this stone in the fifteenth century4 ,for ,leonardo1#ej it had the power to control evil thoughts1 to quicken the intelligence1 and to render men shrewd in business matters4 ,an amethyst worn on the person had a sobering effect1 not only upon those who had partaken too freely of the cup that intoxicates1 but also upon those over-excited by the love-passion4 ,lastly1 it preserved soldiers from harm and gave them victory over their enemies1 and was of great assistance to hunters in the capture of wild animals4 ,the amethyst shared with many other stones the power to preserve the wearer from contagion4#ea ,a pretty legend in regard to the amethyst has been happily treated in ,french verse4 ,the god ,bacchus1 offended at some neglect that he had suffered1 was determined to avenge himself1 and declared that the first person he should meet1 when he and his train passed along1 should be devoured by his tigers4 ,fate willed it that this luckless mortal was a beautiful and pure maiden named ,amethyst1 who was on her way to worship at the shrine of ,diana4 ,as the ferocious beasts sprang toward her1 she sought the protection of the goddess1 and was saved from a worse fate by being turned into a pure white stone4 ,recognizing the miracle and repenting of his cruelty1 ,bacchus poured the juice of the grape as a libation over the petrified body of the maiden1 thus giving to the stone the beautiful violet hue that so charms the beholder's eye4#eb ,from the various descriptions of this stone given by ancient writers1 it appears that one of the varieties was probably the purple almandine or ,indian garnet1 and it is not improbable that we have here the reason for the name amethyst and for the supposed virtue of the stone in preserving from drunkenness4 ,for if water were poured into a vessel made of a reddish stone1 the liquid would appear like wine1 and could nevertheless be drunk with impunity4 ,beryl ,arnoldus ,saxo1 writing about #abbj1 after reciting the virtues of the beryl as given by ,marbodus1 after ,evax and ,isidorus1 reports in addition that the stone gave help against foes in battle or in litigation2 the wearer was rendered unconquerable and at the same time amiable1 while his intellect was quickened and he was cured of laziness4#ec ,in the old ,german translation of ,thomas de ,cantimpr's 8,de ,proprietatibus ,rerum10 we read that the beryl reawakens the love of married people 7er hat auch die art daz er der elaut lieb wiederpringt74#ed ,bloodstone ,illustration3 ,a ,,practical ,,test ,,of ,,the ,,virtues ,,of ,,the ,,bloodstone ,,to ,,prevent ,,nose-,,bleed4 ,from the 8,hortus ,sanitatis0 of ,johannis de ,cuba ,strassburg1 ,jean ,pryss1 ca4 #adhc2 ,de lapidibus1 cap4 xc4 ,author's library4 ,the heliotrope or bloodstone was supposed to impart a reddish hue to the water in which it was placed1 so that when the rays of the sun fell upon the water they gave forth red reflections4 ,from this fancy was developed the strange exaggeration that this stone had the power to turn the sun itself a blood-red1 and to cause thunder1 lightning1 rain1 and tempest4 ,the old treatise of ,damigeron relates this of the bloodstone1 adding that it announced future events by producing rain and by 8audible oracles40 ,probably the conjurors1 before proceeding to use the stone for their incantations1 watched the heavens and waited until they noticed the signs of an approaching storm4 ,they then interpreted the sounds of the wind and thunder in various ways1 so as to give apt answers to the questions addressed to them touching future events4 ,it is well known that the sighing of the wind1 and1 indeed1 all those natural sounds which constitute the grand symphony of ,nature1 were interpreted by prophets and seers into articulate speech4 ,damigeron also declares that the bloodstone preserved the faculties and bodily health of the wearer1 brought him consideration and respect1 and guarded him from deception4#ee ,in the ,leyden papyrus the bloodstone is praised as an amulet in the following extravagant terms3 ,the world has no greater thing2 if any one have this with him he will be given whatever he asks for2 it also assuages the wrath of kings and despots1 and whatever the wearer says will be believed4 ,whoever bears this stone1 which is a gem1 and pronounces the name engraved upon it1 will find all doors open1 while bonds and stone walls will be rent asunder4#ef ,carbuncle ,the carbuncle was recommended as a heart stimulant2 indeed1 so powerful was its action1 that the wearers were rendered angry and passionate and were even warned to be on their guard against attacks of apoplexy4#eg ,the blood-red hue of the stone also suggested its use as a symbol of the divine sacrifice of ,christ on the cross4 ,however1 not only in ,christianity was this stone used to illustrate religious conceptions1 for the ,koran affirms that the ,fourth ,heaven is composed of carbuncle4 ,in mythical fancies too this stone played its part1 for dragon's eyes were said to be carbuncles4 ,rumphius#eh states that in #afhg he was told by a chirurgeon that the latter had seen in the possession of one of the rulers in the island of ,amboin a carbuncle said to have been brought by a serpent4 ,the story ran that this ruler1 when a child1 had been placed by his mother in a hammock attached to two branches of a tree4 ,while there a serpent crept up to him and dropped a stone upon his body4 ,in gratitude for this gift the parents of the child fed and cared for the serpent4 ,the stone is described as having been of a warm yellow hue1 verging on red2 it shone so brightly at night that a room could be illuminated by it4 ,it eventually passed into the possession of a ,king of ,siam4 ,carnelian ,talisman ist ,karneol ,glubigen bringt er ,glck und ,wohl2 ,steht er gar auf ,onyx' ,grunde1 ,kss' ihm mit geweihtem ,munde6 ,alles bel treibt er fort1 ,schtzet dich und schtzt den ,ort2 ,wenn das eingegrabene ,wort ,allah's ,namen rein verkndet2 ,dich zu ,lieb' und ,tat entzndet2 ,und besonders werden ,frauen ,sich am ,talisman erbauen6#ei ,carnelian is a talisman1 ,it brings good luck to child and man2 ,if resting on an onyx ground1 ,a sacred kiss imprint when found4 ,it drives away all evil things2 ,to thee and thine protection brings4 ,the name of ,allah1 king of kings1 ,if graven on this stone1 indeed1 ,will move to love and doughty deed4 ,from such a gem a woman gains ,sweet hope and comfort in her pains4 ,the wearing of carnelians is recommended by the ,lapidario of ,alfonso ,x#fj to those who have a weak voice or are timid in speech1 for the warm-colored stone will give them the courage they lack1 so that they will speak both boldly and well4 ,this is in accord with the general belief in the stimulating and animating effects produced by red stones4 ,on a carnelian is engraved in ,arabic characters a prayer to keep away evil and to deliver the wearer from all the tricks of the devil and from the envious4 ,the inscription reads in translation3 ,in the name of ,god the ,just1 the very ,just6 ,i implore you1 ,o ,god ,king of the ,world1 ,god of the ,world1 deliver us from the devil ,who tries to do harm and evil to us through ,bad people1 and from the evil of the envious4 ,throughout all the ,east people are afraid of the envious4 ,they believe that if you envy a person for his health or his wealth or any good thing he may have1 he will lose it in a short time1 and it is the devil who incites the envy of some people against others4 ,so it is supposed that by wearing this stone1 bearing this prayer against the envious1 their envy will cease to do you harm4 ,the popularity of the carnelian as a talismanic stone among ,mohammedan peoples is said to be due to the fact that the ,prophet himself wore1 on the little finger of his right hand1 a silver ring set with a carnelian engraved for use as a seal4 ,one of the most famous of the imms1 ,jafar1 lent the weight of his authority to the belief in the virtue of the carnelian1 for he declared that all the desires of any man who wore this stone would be gratified4 ,hence in ,persia the name of one of the twelve imms1 comprising ,ali and his successors1 is frequently engraved on this stone4#fa ,illustration3 ,,carnelian ,,seal1 ,,worn ,,by ,,napoleon ,i1 ,,napoleon ,,iii1 ,,and ,,the ,,prince ,,imperial4 ,this most interesting seal is described by the ,rev4 ,c4 ,w4 ,king1 the writer on ,antique ,gems4 ,it is carnelian1 octagonal-shaped1 and upon it is engraved the legend3 8,the slave ,abraham relying upon the ,merciful 7,god740 ,napoleon ,,iii wore it on his watch-chain4 ,he said about it3 8,the ,first ,consul picked it up with his own hands during the campaign in ,egypt and always carried it about him1 as his nephew did later40 ,the ,prince ,imperial received it with the following message3 8,as regards my son1 ,i desire that he will keep1 as a talisman1 the ,seal which ,i used to wear attached to my watch40 ,he carried the seal upon a string fastened about his neck in obedience to the injunction of his father4 ,at the time of his lamentable death it must have been carried off in ,south ,africa by the ,zulus1 when they stripped his body1 and it has never been recovered4 ,an ,armenian writer of the seventeenth century reports that in ,india the ll or balas-ruby1 if powdered and taken in a potion was believed to banish all dark forebodings and to excite joyous emotions4 ,to the carnelian was attributed a virtue somewhat analogous to that ascribed to the turquoise1 as anyone wearing a carnelian was proof against injury from falling houses or walls2 the writer emphasizes this by stating that 8no man who wore a carnelian was ever found in a collapsed house or beneath a fallen wall40#fb ,chalcedony ,illustration3 ,,chalcedony ,,votive ,,charm ,,from ,,mexico4 ,aztec4 ,field ,museum1 ,chicago4 ,illustration3 ,,curious ,,altar ,,of ,,powalawa ,,indians ,,of ,,arizona4 ,the ceremonial objects are grouped around a crystal of rock-crystal in the centre4 7,see page #bed47 ,an ingenious though far-fetched explanation of the power attributed to chalcedony of driving away phantoms and visions of the night is supplied by ,gonelli1 writing in #agjb4 ,for him the source of this asserted power was to be found in what has been erroneously termed the alkaline quality of the stone4 ,this dissipated the evil humors of the eye1 thus removing the diseased condition of that organ which caused the apparitions to be seen4#fc ,however absurd this explanation may be1 it nevertheless shows that the author put little faith in visible ghosts1 and rightly enough recognized the purely subjective character of such phenomena4 ,chrysoberyl ,the cat's-eye variety of chrysoberyl1 or precious cat's-eye1 is used by the natives of ,ceylon as a charm against evil spirits4 ,as a proof of the high value set upon the gem in ,india1 ,de ,boot states that a cat's-eye estimated as worth ninety gold pieces in ,lusitania was sold for six hundred in ,india4#fd ,some of the finest specimens come from ,ceylon4 ,chrysolite ,the 8,serpent ,isle10 in the ,red ,sea1 was stated by ,agatharcides to be the source whence came the topaz 7chrysolite72 here1 by the mandate of the ,egyptian kings1 the inhabitants collected specimens of this stone and delivered them to the gem-cutters for polishing4#fe ,these simple details are elaborated by ,diodorus ,siculus into the legend that the island was guarded by jealous watchers who had orders to put to death any unauthorized persons who approached it4 ,even those who had the right to seek the gem could not see the chrysolite in daytime2 only after nightfall was it revealed by its radiance2 the seekers then marked well the spot and were able to find the stone on the following day4#ff ,from this ,egyptian source1 and possibly from others exploited by the ,egyptians1 have come the finest chrysolites 7peridots1 or olivines71 the most magnificent examples of this gem4 ,these found their way into the cathedral treasures of ,europe1 evidently by loot or trade at the period of the ,crusades1 and are generally called emeralds4 ,those most notable are in the ,treasury of the ,three ,magi1 in the great 8,dom10 or ,cathedral at ,cologne4 ,some of these gems are nearly two inches long4 ,in our own land beautiful specimens can be seen in the ,morgan collection at the ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history and in the ,higinbotham ,hall in the ,field ,museum of ,natural ,history1 ,chicago1 ,illinois4 ,pliny quotes from ,juba the tradition that the topaz 7chrysolite7 derived its name from the ,island of ,topazos1 in the ,red ,sea1 the first specimen having been brought thence by the procurator ,philemon1 to ,berenice1 mother of ,ptolemy ,,ii1 ,philadelphus4 ,this monarch is said to have had a statue of his wife ,arsino made from the stone4#fg ,if there be any foundation for this latter statement1 the precious gift sent by ,philemon must have been a mass of fluorspar1 or some similar material4 ,more than three hundred years after ,pliny's time1 ,epiphanius1 evidently repeating another version of this tradition1 states that the 8topaz0 was set in the diadem of the 8,theban queen40 ,chrysolite 7olivine1 peridot71 to exert its full power1 required to be set in gold2 worn in this way it dispelled the vague terrors of the night4 ,if1 however1 it were to be used as a protection from the wiles of evil spirits1 the stone had to be pierced and strung on the hair of an ass and then attached to the left arm4#fh ,the belief in the virtue of the chrysolite to dissolve enchantments and to put evil spirits to flight was probably due to the association of the stone with the sun1 before whose life-giving rays darkness and all the powers of darkness were driven away4 ,chrysoprase ,wonderful things are told of the virtue of the chrysoprase1 for ,volmar states that1 if a thief sentenced to be hanged or beheaded should place this stone in his mouth1 he would immediately escape from his executioners4#fi ,although we are not informed in what way this fortunate result was attained1 it seems likely that the stone was believed to make the thief invisible1 and thus possessed a virtue often attributed to the opal4 ,a strange story regarding a magic stone reputed to have been worn by ,alexander the ,great is related by ,albertus ,magnus4 ,according to this recital1 ,alexander1 in his battles1 wore a 8prase0 in his girdle4 ,on his return from his ,indian campaign1 wishing one day to bathe in the ,euphrates1 he laid aside his girdle1 and a serpent bit off the stone and then dropped it into the river4#gj ,even ,albertus1 who is far from critical1 admits that the story seems like a fable1 and it probably belongs to a comparatively late period4 ,as the term 8prase0 is used very loosely by early writers1 this 8victory stone0 may have been an emerald or possibly jade4 ,coral ,the appreciation of coral as an ornament1 or for amulets1 seems to presuppose a certain development of civilization1 for savage tribes greatly prefer glass ornaments4 ,many attempts have been made to introduce coral beads instead of glass beads among such tribes1 but with no success1 as the cheaper1 but brighter1 glass always commands a higher price4#ga ,to still tempests and traverse broad rivers in safety was the privilege of one who bore either red or white coral with him4 ,that this also stanched the flow of blood from a wound1 cured madness1 and gave wisdom1 was said to have been experimentally proved4#gb ,illustration3 ,,kabyle ,,jewelry4 ,of ,mediterranean coral and pearls4 ,field ,museum1 ,chicago4 ,coral1 which1 for twenty centuries or more was classed among the precious stones1 to retain its power as an amulet1 must not have been worked1 and in ,italy only such pieces are valued for this purpose as have been freshly gathered from the sea or have been cast up by the sea on the shore4 ,to exercise all its power against spells1 or enchantments1 coral must be worn where its brilliant color makes it conspicuous2 if1 however1 it should by accident be broken1 the separate pieces have no virtue1 and the magic power ceases1 as though the spirit dwelling in the coral had fled from its abode4 ,the peasant women are careful to guard the corals they wear for a special purpose from the eyes of their husbands1 for the substance is believed to grow pale at certain seasons1 regaining its pristine hue after a short interval of time4 ,indeed1 the women believe that the coral shares their indisposition with them4 ,all this serves to show that a kind of vital force is believed to animate the material1 gaining or losing in vigor according to certain conditions1 and finally disappearing when the form is broken4 ,these beliefs are all clearly traceable to the animistic ideas of primitive man4#gc ,diamond ,the diamond is to the pearl as the sun is to the moon1 and we might well call one the 8king-gem0 and the other the 8queen-gem40 ,the diamond1 like a knight of old1--brilliant and resistant1 is the emblem of fearlessness and invincibility2 the pearl1 like a lady of old1--pure and fair to look upon1 is the emblem of modesty and purity4 ,therefore it does not seem unfitting that the diamond should be presented as a token to the pearl1 and that pearls should go with the diamond4 ,the virtues ascribed to this stone are almost all directly traceable either to its unconquerable hardness or to its transparency and purity4 ,it was therefore thought to bring victory to the wearer1 by endowing him with superior strength1 fortitude1 and courage4 ,marbodus#gd tells us it was a magic stone of great power and served to drive away nocturnal spectres2 for this purpose it should be set in gold and worn on the left arm4 ,for ,st4 ,hildegard the sovereign virtue of the diamond was recognized by the devil1 who was a great enemy of this stone because it resisted his power by day and by night4#ge ,rueus#gf calls it 8a gem of reconciliation10 as it enhanced the love of a husband for his wife4 ,cardano#gg takes a more pessimistic view of the qualities of the diamond4 ,he says3 ,it is believed to make the wearer unhappy2 its effects therefore are the same upon the mind as that of the sun upon the eye1 for the latter rather dims than strengthens the sight4 ,it indeed renders fearless1 but there is nothing that contributes more to our safety than prudence and fear2 therefore it is better to fear4 ,the diamond was often associated with the lightning and was sometimes believed to owe its origin to the thunderbolt1 but we do not recall having seen elsewhere the statement made in an anonymous ,italian manuscript of the fourteenth century4 ,here it is expressly asserted that the diamond is sometimes consumed or melted when it thunders4#gh ,certainly1 that the same force that was supposed to have formed the stone should be able to dissolve it1 is not an illogical idea4 ,that the diamond can be entirely consumed at a high temperature was a fact not known in ,europe in the fourteenth century1 and therefore the belief in the destructive effect of the electric current must have arisen from superstitious or poetic fancies1 and not from any vague conception of the true nature of the diamond4 ,in the ,talmud we read of a gem1 supposed to have been the diamond1 which was worn by the high priest4#gi ,this stone served to show the guilt or innocence of one accused of any crime2 if the accused were guilty1 the stone would grow dim1 but if he were innocent1 it would shine more brilliantly than ever4 ,this quality is also alluded to by ,sir ,john ,mandeville1 who wrote3 ,it happens often that the good diamond loses its virtue by sin and for incontinence of him who bears it4 ,the ,hindus classed diamonds according to the four castes4 ,the ,brahmin diamond gave power1 friends1 riches and good luck2 the ,kshatriya diamond prevented the approach of old age2 the ,vaisya stone brought success1 and the ,sudra1 all manner of good fortune4 ,on the other hand1 in the treatise on gems by ,buddhabhatta#hj we read3 ,a diamond1 a part of which is the color of blood or spotted with red1 would quickly bring death to the wearer1 even if he were the ,master of ,death4 ,the ,arabians and ,persians1 as well as the modern ,egyptians1 agree in attributing to the diamond a wonderful power to bring good fortune1 and ,rabbi ,benoni1 a mystic of the fourteenth century1 treating of its magic virtues1 asserts that it produces somnambulism1 and1 as a talisman1 so powerfully attracts the planetary influences that it renders the wearer invincible2 it was also said to provoke a state of spiritual ecstasy4 ,an alchemist of the same century1 ,pierre de ,boniface1 asserted that the diamond made the wearer invisible4 ,a curious fancy1 prevalent in regard to many stones1 attributed sex to the diamond1 and it is therefore not surprising that these stones were also supposed to possess reproductive powers4 ,in this connection ,sir ,john ,mandeville wrote3 ,they grow together1 male and female1 and are nourished by the dew of heaven2 and they engender commonly1 and bring forth small children that multiply and grow all the year4 ,i have oftentimes tried the experiment that if a man keep them with a little of the rock1 and water them with ,may dew often1 they shall grow every year and the small will grow great4 ,the following lines from a translation of the celebrated ,orphic poem1 written in the second century1 show the high esteem in which the adamas was held at that time3 ,the ,evil ,eye shall have no power to harm ,him that shall wear the diamond as a charm1 ,no monarch shall attempt to thwart his will1 ,and e'en the gods his wishes shall fulfil4 ,this probably refers either to colorless corundum1 the so-called 8white sapphire10 or to quartz4 ,the writer is disinclined to believe that the ancients knew the diamond4 ,the ancient ,hindu gem-treatise of ,buddhabhatta asserts that the diamond of the ,brahmin should have the whiteness of a shell or of rock-crystal2 that of the ,kshatriya1 the brown color of the eye of a hare2 that of the ,vaisya1 the lovely shade of a petal of the kadali flower2 that of the ,sudra1 the sheen of a polished blade4 ,to kings alone the sages assigned two classes of colored diamonds1--namely1 those red as coral and those yellow as saffron4 ,these were exclusively royal gems1 but diamonds of all other shades could be set in royal jewels4#ha ,a typical diamond is thus described in a ,hindu gem-treatise3#hb ,a six-pointed diamond1 pure1 without stain1 with pronounced and sharp edges1 of a beautiful shade1 light1 with well-formed facets1 without defects1 illuminating space with its fire and with the reflection of the rainbow1 a diamond of this kind is not easy to find in the earth4 ,according to a wide-spread superstition1 the talismanic power of a diamond was lost if the stone were acquired by purchase2 only when received as a gift could its virtues be depended on4#hc ,the same belief is noted regarding the turquoise4 ,the spirit dwelling in the stone was thought to take offence at the idea of being bought and sold1 and was supposed to depart from the stone1 leaving it nothing more than a bit of senseless matter4 ,if1 however1 the diamond 7or turquoise7 were offered as a pledge of love or friendship1 the spirit was quite willing to transfer its good offices from one owner to another4 ,the ,talmud shows us that the ,jewish ,rabbis sometimes endeavored to enliven their exhaustive discussions of ritual and legal questions by telling 8good stories0 to each other4 ,one of these may be given as illustrating at once the wild improbability of some of these recitals and the belief in the wonderful magic virtues of the diamond3#hd ,r4 ,jehudah of ,mesopatamia used to tell3 ,once while on board of a ship1 ,i saw a diamond that was encircled by a snake1 and a diver went to catch it4 ,the snake then opened its mouth1 threatening to swallow the ship4 ,then a raven came1 bit off its head1 and all water around turned into blood4 ,then another snake came1 took the diamond1 put it in the carcass1 and it became alive2 and again it opened its mouth1 in order to swallow the ship4 ,another bird then came1 bit off its head1 took the diamond and threw it on the ship4 ,we had with us salted birds1 and we wanted to try whether the diamond would bring them to life1 so we placed the gem on them1 and they became animated and flew away with the gem4 ,it is said that the first large diamonds discovered by ,europeans in ,south ,africa were found in the leather bag of a sorcerer4 ,although large stones or fragments of rock are usually the objects of adoration as fetiches in ,africa1 any small stone that is wrapped in colored rags and worn on the neck may be regarded in the same way4#he ,several competent authorities state that these diamonds were the playthings of some ,boer children4 ,al ,kazwini relates as follows the marvellous tale of the ,valley of ,diamonds3#hf 8,aristotle#hg says that no one except ,alexander ever reached the place where the diamond is produced4 ,this is a valley1 connected with the land ,hind4 ,the glance cannot penetrate to its greatest depths and serpents are found there1 the like of which no man hath seen1 and upon which no man can gaze without dying4 ,however1 this power endures only as long as the serpents live1 for when they die the power leaves them4 ,in this place summer reigns for six months and winter for the same length of time4 ,now1 ,alexander ordered that an iron mirror should be brought and placed at the spot where the serpents dwelt4 ,when the serpents approached1 their glance fell upon their own image in the mirror1 and this caused their death4 ,hereupon1 ,alexander wished to bring out the diamonds from the valley1 but no one was willing to undertake the descent4 ,alexander therefore sought counsel of the wise men1 and they told him to throw down a piece of flesh into the valley4 ,this he did1 the diamonds became attached to the flesh1 and the birds of the air seized the flesh and bore it up out of the valley4 ,then ,alexander ordered his people to pursue the birds and to pick up what fell from the flesh40 8,another writer states that the mines are in the mountains of ,serendib 7,ceylon7 in a very deep gorge1 in which are deadly serpents4 ,when people wish to take out the diamonds they throw down pieces of flesh1 which are seized by vultures and brought up to the brink of the gorge4 ,there such of the diamonds as cling to the flesh are secured2 these are of the size of a lentil or a pea4 ,the largest pieces found attain the size of a half-bean40 ,in his version of the tale1 one form of which appears in the seventh voyage of ,sindbad the ,sailor1 ,teifashi states that the finest corundum gems were washed down the streams that flowed from ,adam's ,peak1 on the island of ,ceylon2 in time of drought1 however1 this source of supply ceased4 ,now it happened that many eagles built their nests on the top of this mountain1 and the gem-seekers used to place large pieces of flesh at the foot of the mountain4 ,the eagles pounced upon these and bore them away to their nests1 but were obliged to alight from time to time in order to rest1 and while the pieces of flesh lay on the rock1 some of the corundums became lightly attached to this1 so that when the eagles resumed their flight the stones dropped off and rolled down the mountain side4#hh ,these oft-repeated tales are explained by ,dr4 ,valentine ,ball as originating in the ,hindu custom of sacrificing cattle when new mines were opened1 and leaving on the spot a certain part of the meat as an offering to the guardian deities4 ,as these pieces of meat were soon carried away by birds of prey1 the legend arose that the diamonds were obtained in this way4 ,this custom still prevailed in some parts of ,india when ,dr4 ,ball wrote4#hi ,the effect exercised by ,hindu superstition on even the most enlightened ,europeans of our day may be recognized in the fact that the gifted prima donna1 ,mme4 ,maeterlinck1 the wife of the foremost living ,european poet1 has confessed that she wears a diamond suspended on her forehead because her husband believes that this brings good fortune to the wearer4 ,this forehead-jewel is characteristically ,hindu and enjoys in ,india the reputation of being especially auspicious4 ,emerald ,the emerald was believed to foreshow future events1#ij but we do not learn whether visions were actually seen in the stone1 as they were in spheres of rock-crystal or beryl1 or whether the emerald endowed the wearer with a supernatural fore-knowledge of what was to come4 ,as a revealer of truth1 this stone was an enemy of all enchantments and conjurations2 hence it was greatly favored by magicians1 who found all their arts of no avail if an emerald were in their vicinity when they began to weave their spells4#ia ,illustration3 ,,specimen ,,page ,,of ,,italian ,,manuscript ,,of ,,the ,,fourteenth ,,century4 ,containing an ,italian version of the 8,de ,mineralibus0 of ,albertus ,magnus4 ,on this page is the account of the emerald1 set in a ring worn by ,king ,bela ,,iv of ,hungary 7#abce-abgj71 that was fractured when he caressed his wife4 ,author's library4 ,to this supernatural power inherent in the stone1 enabling it to quicken the prophetic faculty1 may be added many other virtues4 ,if any one wished to strengthen his memory or to become an eloquent speaker1 he was sure to attain his end by securing possession of a fine emerald4#ib ,and not only the ambitious1 but also those whose hearts had been smitten by the shafts from ,cupid's bow found in this stone an invaluable auxiliary1 for it revealed the truth or falsity of lover's oaths4 ,strange to say1 however1 the emerald1 although commonly assigned to ,venus1 was often regarded as an enemy of sexual passion4 ,so sensitive was the stone believed to be in this respect that ,albertus ,magnus relates of ,king ,bela of ,hungary1 who possessed an exceptionally valuable emerald set in a ring1 that1 when he embraced his wife while wearing this ring on his finger1 the stone broke into three parts4#ic ,in ,rabbinical legend it is related that four precious stones were given by ,god to ,king ,solomon2 one of these was the emerald4 ,the possession of the four stones is said to have endowed the wise king with power over all creation4#id ,as these four stones probably typified the four cardinal points1 and were very likely of red1 blue1 yellow1 and green color respectively1 we might conjecture that the other three stones were the carbuncle1 the lapis-lazuli1 and the topaz4 ,after stating that the emerald sharpens the wits and quickens the intelligence1 ,cardano declares that it therefore made people more honest1 for 8dishonesty is nothing but ignorance1 stupidity1 and ill-nature40 ,the same writer adds that the stone was believed to make men economical and hence to make them rich1 but of this he was very sceptical1 since the experience of others as well as his own showed that the emerald possessed very little power in this direction4#ie ,a talismanic emerald1 once the property of the ,mogul emperors of ,delhi1 has recently been shown in ,europe4 ,the stone is of a rich deep green1 and weighs #gh carats4 ,around the edge in ,persian characters runs the inscription3 8,he who possesses this charm shall enjoy the special protection of ,god40 ,emerald sharpened the wits1 conferred riches and the power to predict future events4 ,to evolve this latter virtue it must be put under the tongue4 ,it also strengthened the memory4 ,the light-colored stones were esteemed the best and legend told that they were brought from the 8nests of griffons40#if ,gypsum ,gypsum when fibrous--the fibres being long and straight--is known as 8satin spar40 ,this material is frequently cut rounded1 or en cabochon1 across the fibres2 sometimes it is cut in the form of beads1 or of pear-shaped drops1 which are mounted in ear-rings1 scarf-pins1 or necklaces4 ,the material is frequently found in ,russia1 ,england1 and elsewhere1 and is cut in ,england or ,russia4 ,some of the cut stones are mounted in brass1 or gilded brass1 and sold as luck stones at ,niagara1 the claim being made that the 8satin spar0 was taken from beneath the ,falls at great peril1 as occasionally small deposits of this kind of gypsum are found under the ,falls4 ,from time to time small consignments of this material have been sent to ,japan1 as the ,japanese value it possibly on account of its purity1 or owing to the fact that it has the effect of the cat's-eye4 ,it is quite cheap1 and at the same time very soft1 so that it can be scratched with the finger-nail4 ,that found in ,russia is of a golden-yellow or salmon color1 and is worked into various ornaments1 the one popular form being egg-shaped1 and1 because of their form1 such objects are frequently given as ,easter gifts4 ,the same material is also known in ,egypt1 and is cut in the same egg form1 the ornaments being called 8,pharaoh's eggs10 although just which ,pharaoh this refers to is not stated4 ,they are also believed to possess qualities of protection and to bring good fortune4 ,hematite ,the virtues of the hematite were praised in an ancient gem-treatise written by ,azchalias of ,babylon for ,mithridates the ,great1 ,king of ,pontus 7d4 #fc ,b4,c471 a sovereign who was passionately fond of precious stones1 and possessed a splendid collection of them1 both engraved and unengraved4 ,azchalias1 as cited by ,pliny#ig taught that human destinies were influenced by the virtues inherent in precious stones1 and asserted that the hematite1 when used as a talisman1 procured for the wearer a favorable hearing of petitions addressed to kings and a fortunate issue of lawsuits and judgments4 ,it is a red oxide of iron1 which when abraded shows a red streak2 whence the name hematite1 from the ,greek haima1 8blood40 ,as an iron ore and hence associated with ,mars1 the god of war1 this substance was also considered to be an invaluable help to the warrior on the field of battle if he rubbed his body with it4 ,probably1 like the loadstone1 it was believed to confer invulnerability4 ,the high degree of skill possessed by the ,pueblo workers is strikingly shown in a finely inlaid hematite cylinder found in ,pueblo ,bonito4 ,the inlays are of turquoise and are designed to make the cylinder a conventional representation of a bird4 ,the wings are indicated by turquoise inlays of pyramidal outline1 curved so as to follow the curvature of the cylinder1 the head being figured by a conical piece of turquoise attached to one end4 ,this conical termination bore a small bird-figure carved in relief4#ih ,when we consider the difficulties the ,indian workers had to overcome in the execution of this artistic task with the tools at their command1 we can well realize that this object1 probably an amulet1 must have been considered very valuable1 and was most likely the property of some one of high rank in the tribe or community4 ,jacinth ,the jacinth was more especially recommended as an amulet for travellers1 because of its reputed value as a protection against the plague and against wounds and injuries1 the two classes of perils most feared by those who undertook long journeys4 ,moreover1 this stone assured the wearer a cordial reception at any hostelry he visited4#ii ,it was said to lose its brilliancy and grow pale and dull if the wearer or any one in his immediate neighborhood became ill of the plague4 ,in addition to these qualities the jacinth augmented the riches of the owner1 and endowed him with prudence in the conduct of his affairs4#ajj ,st4 ,hildegard1 the ,abbess of ,bingen 7d4 #aagi71 gives the following details as to the proper use of the jachant 7jacinth73#aja ,if any one is bewitched by phantoms or by magical spells1 so that he has lost his wits1 take a hot loaf of pure wheaten bread and cut the upper crust in the form of a cross1--not1 however1 cutting it quite through1--and then pass the stone along the cutting1 reciting these words3 8,may ,god1 who cast away all precious stones from the devil 444 cast away from thee1 ,n41 all phantoms and all magic spells1 and free thee from the pain of this madness40 ,the patient is then to eat of the bread2 if1 however1 his stomach should be too feeble1 unleavened bread may be used4 ,all other solid food given to the sick person should be treated in the same manner4 ,we are also told that if any one has a pain in his heart1 the pain will be relieved provided the sign of the cross be made over the heart while the above mentioned words are recited4 ,the wearer of a jacinth was believed to be proof against the lightning1 and it was even asserted that wax that had been impressed by an image graven on this stone averted the lightning from one who bore the seal4 ,that the stone really possessed this power was a matter of common report1 it being confidently declared that in regions where many were struck by lightning1 none who wore a jacinth were ever harmed4 ,by a like miracle it preserved the wearer from all danger of pestilence even though he lived in an air charged with the disease4 ,a third virtue was to induce sleep4 ,of this1 ,cardano states that he was in the habit of wearing rather a large jacinth1 and had found that the stone 8seemed to dispose somewhat to sleep1 but not much40 ,he adds1 in explanation of its slight efficacy1 that his stone was not bright red1 nor of the best sort1 but of a golden hue1 differing much from the best4#ajb ,jade ,the name jade includes two distinct minerals1 nephrite and jadeite4 ,the former is a silicate of magnesia1 of exceedingly tough structure1 and ranks #f4e in the scale of hardness1 while jadeite1 a silicate of alumina1 is more crystalline and not as tough as nephrite and has a hardness of #g4 ,a variety having a rich emerald-green hue is called by the ,chinese fei ts'ui1 8,kingfisher plumes02 it is also denominated ,imperial jade4 ,the original form of the ,chinese character pao1 signifying 8precious10 consists of the outline of a house1 within which are the symbols of jade beads1 shell1 and an earthen jar4 ,this shows that at the very early time when these characters were first used1 the ,chinese already collected jade and employed it for personal adornment4#ajc ,the oldest form of the ideograph for 8king01 #c 8beads0 on a vertical string1 appears to be the symbol for a string of jade beads1 which are even now used in ,china as insignia for high rank and authority4#ajd ,jade amulets of many different forms are popular with the ,chinese4 ,one representing two men is called 8,two ,brothers of ,heavenly ,love10 and is often given to friends4 ,a phnix of jade is a favorite ornament for young girls and is bestowed upon them when they come of age4 ,to a newly-wedded pair is given the figure of a man riding on a unicorn and holding castanets in his hand2 this signifies that an heir will be born in due time4 ,such is the fondness of the ,chinese for jade that those who can afford the luxury of its possession are wont to carry with them small pieces1 so that they may have them always at hand2 for they believe that1 when handled1 something of the secret virtue of the substance is absorbed into the body4 ,when struck1 jade is thought to emit a peculiarly melodious sound1 which for the ,chinese poet resembles the voice of the loved one2 indeed1 jade is termed the concentrated essence of love4 ,fashioned into the form of a butterfly1 a piece of jade acquires a special romantic significance in ,china1 because of a ,chinese legend which relates that a youth in his eager pursuit of a many-hued butterfly made his way into the garden of a rich mandarin4 ,instead of being punished for his trespass1 the youth's unceremonious visit led to his marriage with the mandarin's daughter4 ,hence the figure of a butterfly is a symbol of successful love1 and ,chinese bridegrooms are wont to present jade butterflies to their fiances4 ,a ,chinese jade ornament constituting a child's amulet assumes a form approximating to that of a padlock4 ,when this is attached to a child's neck1 it is supposed to bind the little one to life and protect it from all danger in infantile diseases4 ,a jade object of a different kind is sometimes used at nuptial feasts in ,china4 ,this is a cup having the form of a cock1 and both bride and groom drink from it4 ,the form of this vessel is accounted for by a legend to the effect that when a beautiful white cock saw its young mistress1 who had often petted it1 throw herself into a well in a transport of despair at the loss of her lover1 the faithful fowl sought and found death in the same way1 so as not to be separated from its mistress4 ,among the splendid ,chinese jade carvings of the ,woodward ,collection is a curious symbolic ornament carved out of the rare fei-ts'ui y1 or 8kingfisher-green jade10 a rich emerald green jadeite with translucent green shading4 ,this ornament1 executed in the beginning of the eighteenth century and believed to be a product of the ,imperial ,jade ,works in ,peking1 figures the natural form of a so-called 8hand-of-,buddha0 citron1 the finger-like protuberances of the fruit suggesting this strangely fanciful name4 ,the ,chinese regard this as a most felicitous emblem1 denoting at once a long life and abundance of riches for its enjoyment4 ,in the present carving the figure of a bat clinging to the foliage enveloping the fruit constitutes an added omen of good fortune1 the ,chinese character fu signifying at once 8bat0 and 8happiness10 another proof of what we are prone to call ,chinese queerness1 for with the superstitious of our race the bat is always looked upon as especially ill-omened4#aje ,it is a well-known fact that many analogies have been found between the customs1 usages1 and products of the more civilized aborigines of the ,new ,world and those of the ancient ,egyptians4 ,another instance is offered by the custom of placing a piece of chalchihuitl 7jade87 or of some other green stone in the mouth of a noble1 after his death1 and calling this his heart4 ,among the lower classes a texaxoctli1 a stone of small value1 was used for the same purpose4 ,we shall see that1 in the ,egyptian 8,book of the ,dead10 directions are given for putting a semi-precious stone on or in a mummy1 as a symbol1 and designating this the heart of the deceased person4 ,for the use of a green stone for this purpose by the ancient ,mexicans1 ,mrs4 ,zelia ,nuttall finds a reason in the two meanings of the ,nahuatl word xoxouhqui-yollotl1 which is used to signify a 8free man10 the literal meaning being a 8fresh or green heart40 ,hence1 the stone was a symbol of the rank of the deceased as well as of his heart4#ajf ,the fact that jade celts have been found cut into several pieces is taken to indicate the high value placed upon this material2 for it has been conjectured by ,dr4 ,earle ,flint1 that a living chief would cut a piece from the jade he wore as a sign of his rank1 in order to provide a suitable ornament or amulet for a dead kinsman4 ,to certain of the ,chinese 8tomb-jades0--that is1 jade amulets deposited with the dead--has been given the name han-y1 or 8mouth-jade10 because these amulets1 supposed to afford protection to the dead1 were placed in their mouths4 ,the ,metropolitan ,museum of ,art in ,new ,york contains a fine collection of #bgi specimens of jade from ,chinese tombs1 found within the past five or six years1 and presented to the museum by ,mr4 ,samuel ,f4 ,peters4 ,in color these jades are not especially attractive1 for the material has acquired a brownish stain1 due to the products of decomposition of the body1 and also to the absorption of some of the chemical constituents of the other objects in the tomb1 during the long period of time1 in many cases a thousand years or more1 since the bodies were consigned to their final resting place4 ,so multifarious are the uses to which jade is put by the ,chinese1 and so great is their admiration of its qualities1 that they regard it as the musical gem par excellence4 ,a series of oblong pieces of jade1 of the same length and width1 usually about #a4h feet long and #a4ce feet wide1 and numbering from #ab to #bd1 constitute a chime1 the difference in the notes emitted by the material when sharply struck depending upon the varying thickness of the separate pieces4 ,what is designated the 8stone chime0 used in court and religious ceremonials1 is composed of #af undecorated stones1 while a series known as the singers' chime consists of from #ab to #bd pieces carved into fantastic shapes4 ,this use of jade for the production of musical sounds dates far back in the ,chinese annals4 ,we are told that when ,confucius was much troubled at the ill-success of his efforts to reform the ,chinese morals of his day1 he sought consolation in playing on the 8musical stone40 ,a peasant who noted this in passing by1 exclaimed1 as he heard the sounds3 8,full indeed is the heart of him who beats the musical stone like that60#ajg ,a jade ornament greatly favored by the ,maoris of ,new ,zealand bore the name hei-tiki 78a carved image for the neck074 ,the ornaments of this class are very rude and grotesque representations of the human face or form1 and were generally regarded as schematically figuring some departed ancestor4 ,the head sometimes slanted right or left1 so that the eyes1 which were very large and occasionally inlaid with mother-of-pearl1 were on an angle of forty-five degrees4 ,these ornaments were prized not only as memorials1 but because1 having been worn by successive ancestors1 they were supposed to communicate something of the very being of those ancestors to such descendants as were privileged to wear the treasured heirloom in their turn4 ,in many cases1 when the family was dying out1 the last male member would leave directions that his hei-tiki should be buried with him1 so that it might not fall into the hands of strangers4#ajh ,so rare was this ,new ,zealand jade1 known to the ,maoris as punamu 7green-stone71 that the aid of a tohunga1 or wizard1 was regarded as necessary to learn where it could be found4 ,on setting forth on a search for this material1 the jade-seekers would take with them a tohunga1 and when the party reached the region where jade was usually found the tohunga would retire to some solitary spot and would fall into a trance4 ,on awaking he would claim that the spirit of some person1 dead or living1 had appeared to him and had directed to search in a particular place for the jade4 ,he would then conduct the party to this place1 where a larger or smaller piece of jade was invariably found4 ,of course the wizard had previously assured himself of the presence of the stone in the place indicated4 ,to this jade was given the name of the man whose spirit had revealed its location1 and in many cases the grotesque form given to the stone was conceived to represent this man4 ,we can easily understand the reverence accorded to the hei-tikis when we consider that they were not only prized as heirlooms1 which had been handed down by the successive heads of the family1 but were also believed to have been originally found in such a mysterious way4 ,when the head of the family died1 his hei-tiki was generally buried with his body1 but was exhumed after a shorter or longer time by the nearest male relative4 ,as we have noted1 if no representative of the family remained1 the heirloom was allowed to remain in the grave4 ,the fact that tribal or intertribal feuds sometimes arose in regard to the possession of a hei-tiki serves to prove the peculiar virtues ascribed to them4 ,while there can be little doubt that the heirloom was supposed to represent1 in a very general way1 the person whose name it bore1 the particular form given it was largely determined by the natural shape of the mass1 which was slowly and patiently fashioned into the form it eventually acquired4 ,though this was mainly due to the imperfect means of which the artist disposed1 there was probably a conviction that the form of the natural stone was not the result of accident1 but was in itself significant and required only to be rendered more clear and definite4 ,the fabrication of the hei-tikis of the ,maoris is said to have ceased in the early part of the last century4 ,the greater number of those that have been collected in ,new ,zealand appear to have been made from one hundred to one hundred and fifty years ago4#aji ,jasper ,the jasper had great repute in ancient times as a rain-bringer1 and the fourth century author of 8,lithica0 celebrates this quality in the following lines3#aaj ,the gods propitious hearken to his prayers1 ,whoe'er the polished grass-green jasper wears2 ,his parched glebe they'll satiate with rain1 ,and send for showers to soak the thirsty plain4 ,evidently the green hue of this translucent stone suggested its association with the verdure of the fields in an even closer degree than was the case with transparent green stones such as the emerald1 etc4 ,another early authority1 ,damigeron1 mentions this belief1 and states that only when properly consecrated would the jasper do service in this way4#aaa ,jasper was also credited in the fourth century with the virtue of driving away evil spirits and protecting those who wore it from the bites of venomous creatures4#aab ,an anonymous ,german author of the eleventh or twelfth century recommends the use of this stone for the cure of snake bites1 and states that if it be placed upon the bitten part the matter will come out from the wound4#aac ,here the cure is operated1 not by the absorbent quality of the stone1 but by its supposed power to attract poison or venom to itself1 thus removing the cause of disease4 ,a popular etymology of the ,greek and ,latin name for jasper is reported by ,bartolomus ,anglicus1 who writes that 8in the head of an adder that hyght ,aspis is founde a lytyl stone that is called ,jaspis40 ,the same authority pronounces this stone to be of 8wunder vertue10 and says that 8it hath as many vertues as dyvers coloures and veines40#aad ,this is fully in accord with tradition1 for1 as color was at least as important as chemical composition in determining the talismanic or therapeutic worth of the different stones1 the great variety of colors and markings in the different jaspers naturally indicated their use in many different ways4 ,jet ,jet has been found among the palolithic remains in the caves of the 8,kesslerloch10 near ,thayngen1 ,canton ,schaffhausen1 ,switzerland4 ,the material was evidently derived from the deposits in ,wrtemberg and was shaped by flint chips4 ,quite possibly jet1 as well as amber1 was already regarded as possessing a certain talismanic virtue4 ,such ornaments1 when worn1 were believed to become a part of the very body and soul of the wearer1 and were therefore to be guarded with jealous care4#aae ,in the palolithic cave-deposits of ,belgium also1 jet appears1 the supply being in this instance derived from northern ,lorraine4 ,the fragments had been rounded and pierced through the centre4#aaf ,this indicates their use as parts of a necklace or as pendants4 ,necklaces1 bracelets1 and rings were especially favored for the wearing of talismanic gems1 since the stones could easily be so set that they would come in direct contact with the skin4 ,jet was one of the materials used by the ,pueblo ,indians for their amulets4 ,an exceptionally well-executed figure of a frog made of this material was found in ,pueblo ,bonito1 in #ahif1 by ,mr4 ,pepper4 ,the representation is much more realistic than is the case in the other figures of this type from this region4 ,turquoise eyes have been inserted in the head of the figure and a band of turquoise surrounds the neck4#aag ,lapis-,lazuli ,both in ,babylonia and in ,egypt1 lapis-lazuli was very highly valued1 and this is shown by the use of its ,assyrian name 7uknu7 in poetic metaphor4 ,thus1 in a hymn to the moon-god ,sin1 he is addressed as the 8strong bull1 great of horns1 perfect in form1 with long flowing beard1 bright as lapis-lazuli40#aah ,this may remind us of the 8hyacinthine locks0 of classical literature4 ,lapis-lazuli1 8a blue stone with little golden spots10 was a cure for melancholy and for the 8quartern fever10 an intermittent fever returning each third day1 or each fourth day counting in the previous attack4#aai ,illustration3 ,,jasper ,,pendant4 ,aztec ,mexican4 ,used to stanch blood4 ,illustration3 ,,piece ,,of ,,natural ,,loadstone4 ,used in sixteenth century for medicinal purposes4 ,illustration3 ,,aragonite ,,pendant4 ,used for votive purposes in ,armenia4 ,field ,museum1 ,chicago4 ,loadstone ,we have the authority of ,plato 7,ion1 #ecc ,d7 for the statement that the word magnetis was first applied to the loadstone by the tragic poet ,euripides 7#dhj-dje ,b4,c471 the more usual name being 8the ,heraclean stone40 ,these designations refer to two places in ,lydia1 ,magnesia and ,herakleia1 where the mineral was found4#abj ,pliny states1 on the authority of ,nicander1 that a certain ,magnes1 a shepherd1 discovered the mineral on ,mount ,ida1 while pasturing his flock1 because the nails of his shoes clung to a piece of it4#aba ,we are told by ,pliny that ,ptolemy ,philadelphus 7#cji-bdg ,b4,c471 planning to erect a temple in honor of his sister and wife ,arsino1 called in the aid of ,chirocrates1 an ,alexandrian architect4 ,the latter engaged to place therein an iron statue of ,arsino which should appear to hang in mid-air without support4 ,however1 both the ,egyptian king and his architect died before the design could be realized4#abb ,this story of an image held in suspense by means of powerful magnets set in the floor and roof1 and sometimes also in the walls of a temple1 is repeated in a variety of forms by early writers4 ,of course1 there was no real foundation for such tales1 as the thing is altogether impracticable4 ,the ,roman poet ,claudian 7fifth century ,a4,d47 relates that the priests of a certain temple1 in order to offer a dramatic spectacle to the eyes of the worshippers1 caused two statues to be executed1--one of ,mars in iron1 and another of ,venus in loadstone4 ,at a special festival these statues were placed near to each other1 and the loadstone drew the iron to itself4 ,claudian vividly describes this3 ,the priests prepare a marriage feast4 ,behold a marvel6 ,instant to her arms ,her eager husband ,cythereia charms2 ,and ever mindful of her ancient fires1 ,with amorous breath his martial breast inspires2 ,lifts the loved weight1 close round his helmet twines ,her loving arms1 and close embraces joins1 ,drawn by the mystic influence from afar4 ,flies to the wedded gem the ,god of ,war4 ,the ,magnet weds the ,steel3 the sacred rites ,nature attends1 and th' heavenly pair unites4#abc ,there was current as early as the fourth century a curious belief that a piece of loadstone1 if placed beneath the pillow of a sleeping wife1 would act as a touchstone of her virtue4 ,this first appears in the ,alexandrian poem 8,lithica10 and it has been thus quaintly ,englished by a fourteenth century translator3 ,also magnes is in lyke wyse as adamas2 yf it be sett under the heed of a chaste wyfe1 it makyth her sodenly to beclyppe embrace her husbonde2 yf she be a spowse breker1 she shall meve her oute of the bed sodenly by drede of fantasy4#abd ,the same writer attempts an explanation of the popular fancy that when powdered loadstone was thrown upon coals in the four corners of a house1 the inmates would feel as though the house were falling down2 of this he says3 8,that seemynge is by mevynge moving that comyth by tornynge of the brayn40#abe ,in classical writings the fascination exercised by a very beautiful woman is sometimes likened to the attractive power of the loadstone1 as notably by ,lucian1#abf who says that if such a woman looks at a man she draws him to her1 and leads him whither she will1 just as the loadstone draws the iron4 ,to the same idea is probably due the fact that in several languages the name given to the loadstone indicates that its peculiar power was conceived to be a manifestation of the sympathy or love of one mineral substance for another4 ,this is commonly believed to be the sense in which we should understand the ,french designation aimant1 namely1 as the participle of the verb aimer1 8to love02 however1 some etymologists prefer to derive the word from adamas1 sometimes used in ,low ,latin for the loadstone1 although properly signifying the diamond4 ,it is certainly worthy of note that in two such dissimilar languages as ,sanskrit and ,chinese1 the influence of this idea appears in the names given to the loadstone4 ,in ,sanskrit the word is chumbaka or 8the kisser10 and in ,chinese t' su shi1 or 8the loving-stone40 ,chin ,t'sang ,khi1 a ,chinese author of the eighth century1 wrote that 8the loadstone attracts iron just as does a tender mother when she calls her children to her40#abg ,a rich growth of ,mohammedan legends grew up about the exploits of ,alexander the ,great1 a striking example being given on another page1 and in one of them it is related that the ,greek world-conqueror provided his soldiers with loadstones as a defence against the wiles of the jinns1 or evil spirits2 the loadstone1 as well as magnetized iron1 being regarded as a sure defence against enchantments and all the machinations of malignant spirits4#abh ,in the ,east ,indies it is said that a king should have a seat of loadstone at his coronation2 probably because the magnetic influence of the stone was supposed to attract power1 favor1 and gifts to the sovereign4 ,but it is not only in the ,orient that magnetite is prized for its talismanic powers1 for even in some parts of our own land this belief is still prevalent4 ,large quantities of loadstone are found at ,magnet ,cove1 ,arkansas1 and it is estimated that from one to three tons are sold annually to the negroes to be used in the ,voodoo ceremonies as conjuring stones4 ,the material has been found in land used for farming purposes1 and many pieces have been turned up in ploughing for corn2 these vary from the size of a pea to masses weighing from ten to twenty pounds4 ,they occur in a reddish-brown1 sticky soil2 their surface is smooth and brown and they have the appearance of water-worn pebbles4 ,in ,july1 #ahhg1 an interesting case was tried in ,macon1 ,georgia1 where a negro woman sued a conjuror to recover five dollars which she had paid him for a piece of loadstone to serve as a charm to bring back her wandering husband4 ,as the market value of this mineral was only seventy-five cents a pound1 and the piece was very small1 weighing but a few ounces1 the judge ordered that the money should be refunded4#abi ,malachite ,for some reason not easy to fathom1 malachite was considered to be a talisman peculiarly appropriate for children4 ,if a piece of this stone were attached to an infant's cradle1 all evil spirits were held aloof and the child slept soundly and peacefully4#acj ,in some parts of ,germany1 malachite shared with turquoise the repute of protecting the wearer from danger in falling1 and it also gave warning of approaching disaster by breaking into several pieces4#aca ,this material was well known to the ancient ,egyptians1 malachite mines having been worked between ,suez and ,sinai as early as #djjj ,b4,c4 ,the appropriate design to be engraved upon malachite was the image of the sun4 ,such a gem became a powerful talisman and protected the wearer from enchantments1 from evil spirits1 and from the attacks of venomous creatures4#acb ,the sun1 as the source of all light1 was generally regarded as the deadly enemy of necromancers1 witches1 and demons1 who delighted in the darkness and feared nothing more than the bright light of day4 ,moonstone ,the moonstone is believed to bring good fortune and is regarded as a sacred stone in ,india4 ,it is never displayed for sale there1 except on a yellow cloth1 as yellow is an especially sacred color4 ,as a gift for lovers the moonstone takes a high rank1 for it is believed to arouse the tender passion1 and to give lovers the power to read in the future the fortune1 good or ill1 that is in store for them4 ,to gain this knowledge1 however1 the stone must be placed in the mouth while the moon is full4#acc ,antoine ,mizauld#acd tells us of a selenite or moonstone owned by a friend of his1 a great traveller4 ,this stone1 about the size of the gold piece known as the gold noble1 but somewhat thicker1 indicated the waxing and waning of the moon by a certain white point or mark which grew larger or smaller as did the moon4 ,mizauld relates that to convince himself of the truth of this he obtained possession of the stone for one lunar month1 during which time he sedulously observed it4 ,the white mark first appeared at the top4 ,it was like a small millet-seed1 increasing in size and moving down on the stone1 always assuming the form of the moon until1 on reaching the middle1 it was round like the full moon2 then the mark gradually passed up again as the moon diminished4 ,the owner declared that he had 8vowed and dedicated this stone to the young king ,edward ,,vi1 who was then highly esteemed because he had good judgment in regard to rare and precious things40 ,onyx ,the onyx1 if worn on the neck1 was said to cool the ardors of love1 and ,cardano relates that everywhere in ,india the stone was worn for this purpose4#ace ,this belief is closely related to the idea commonly associated with the onyx1--namely1 that it provoked discord and separated lovers4 ,the close union and yet the strange contrast between the layers of black and white may have suggested this4 ,illustration3 ,,obsidian ,,mask1 ,,from ,,the ,,fayoum1 ,,egypt4 ,twelfth ,dynasty4 ,late ,de ,lesseps ,collection4 ,collection of ,mrs4 ,henry ,draper4 ,the obsidian is the typical stone of ,mexico4 ,pyrites ,crystals of iron pyrites 7pyrite1 native iron disulphide7 are sometimes used as amulets by the ,north ,american ,indians1 and the belief in their magic power is attested by their presence in the outfit of miscellaneous objects which the medicine-men use in the course of their incantations4 ,because these gleaming yellow crystals are occasionally mistaken for gold1 the name 8fool's gold0 has been popularly bestowed upon them4#acf ,illustration3 ,,obsidian ,,mirror1 ,,from ,,oaxaca1 ,,mexico4 ,,now ,,in ,,trocad,,ro ,,museum1 ,,paris4 ,see 8,gems and ,precious ,stones of ,north ,america10 by ,george ,frederick ,kunz1 ,new ,york1 #ahij1 p4 #bii4 ,of this material the ancient ,mexicans made wonderful mirrors1 one side being usually polished flat1 while the other side was strongly convex4 ,frequently this side was curiously carved with some symbolic representation as appears in the case of a pyrite mirror of the ,pinard collection in the ,trocadro1 ,paris4#acg ,rock-crystal ,the popular belief in his time as to the origin of rock-crystal is voiced by ,st4 ,jerome1 when1 using the words of ,pliny1 although not citing his authority1 he says that it was formed by the congelation of water in dark caverns of the mountains1 where the temperature was intensely cold1 so that1 8,while a stone to the touch1 it seems like water to the eye40 ,this belief was evidently due to the fact that rock-crystal was so often found in mountain clefts and caverns4 ,symbolically1 it signified that those within the portals of the ,church should keep themselves free from stain and have a pure faith4#ach ,illustration3 ,,rock-,,crystal ,,skull1 ,,ancient ,,mexican ,weighing #dge oz4 ,troy4 ,now in the ,british ,museum1 ,london4 ,from 8,gems and ,precious ,stones of ,north ,america10 by ,george ,frederick ,kunz1 ,new ,york1 #ahij1 p4 #bhe4 ,the ,chinese emperor ,wu was devoted to the service of the gods and of the immortal spirits4 ,he built many edifices for religious purposes1 and all the doors of these buildings were made of white rock-crystal1 so that a flood of light poured into the interior4 ,although the ,chinese texts call this material rock-crystal1 it is possible that the name was applied to glass when that substance was but recently introduced into ,china4#aci ,regarding this same 8rock-crystal0 a humorous tale is related4 ,muan-fen1 a mandarin who had a great terror of draughts1 was once received in the palace by one of the ,chinese emperors4 ,the doors of the audience chamber were of rock-crystal and were tightly closed1 but1 because of the transparency of the material1 they seemed to be wide open1 and the emperor was greatly amused to note that ,muan-fen was shivering with cold1 although the temperature of the room was quite comfortable4#adj ,an exceptionally fine specimen of ,aztec work is a skull carved out of rock-crystal4 ,it weighs #dge ounces ,troy1 and measures #h inches in width4 ,ruby ,the ruby has many names in ,sanskrit1 some of them clearly showing that it was more valued as a gem by the ,hindus than any other4 ,for instance1 it is called ratnaraj1 8king of precious stones10 and ratnanyaka1 8leader of precious stones20 another name1 applied to a particular shade of ruby is padmarga1 8red as the lotus40#ada ,the glowing hue of the ruby suggested the idea that an inextinguishable flame burned in this stone4 ,from this fancy came the assertion that the inner fire could not be hidden1 as it would shine through the clothing or through any material that might be wrapped around the stone4#adb ,if cast into the water the ruby communicated its heat to the liquid1 causing it to boil4 ,the dark and the star rubies were called 8male0 stones1 the others1 more especially1 however1 those of lighter hue1 being considered as 8female0 stones4 ,all varieties served to preserve the bodily and mental health of the wearer1 for they removed evil thoughts1 controlled amorous desires1 dissipated pestilential vapors1 and reconciled disputes4#adc ,in the 8,lapidaire0 of ,philippe de ,valois1 it is said that 8the books tell us the beautiful clear and fine ruby is the lord of stones2 it is the gem of gems1 and surpasses all other precious stones in virtue40 ,in the time of ,marbodus 7end of the eleventh century ,a4,d47 the same proud place was assigned to the sapphire4 ,the ruby is spoken of in similar terms in the 8,lapidaire en ,vers10 where it is called 8the most precious of the twelve stones ,god created when ,he created all creatures04 ,by ,christ's command the ruby was placed on ,aaron's neck1 8the ruby1 called the lord of gems2 the highly prized1 the dearly loved ruby1 so fair with its gay color40#add ,as with diamonds1 rubies also were divided by the ,hindus into four castes4 ,the true ,oriental ruby was a ,brahmin2 the rubicelle1 a ,kshatriya2 the spinel1 a ,vaisya1 and lastly1 the balas-ruby1 a ,sudra4 ,the possession of a padmarga1 or ,brahmin ruby1 conferred perfect safety upon the owner1 and as long as he owned this precious stone he could dwell without fear in the midst of enemies and was shielded from adverse fortune4 ,however1 great care had to be taken to preserve this ruby of the first class from contact with inferior specimens1 as its virtue would thereby be contaminated1 and its power for good correspondingly diminished4#ade ,the many talismanic virtues of the ruby are noted in the fourteenth century treatise attributed to ,sir ,john ,mandeville4#adf ,here the fortunate owner of a brilliant ruby is assured that he will live in peace and concord with all men1 that neither his land nor his rank will be taken from him1 and that he will be preserved from all perils4 ,the stone would also guard his house1 his fruit-trees1 and his vineyards from injury by tempests4 ,all the good effects were most surely secured if the ruby1 set in ring1 bracelet1 or brooch1 were worn on the left side4 ,the gorgeous ruby1 the favorite gem of ,burma1 where the finest specimens are found1 is not only valued for its beauty1 but is also believed to confer invulnerability4 ,to attain this end1 however1 it is not thought to be sufficient to wear these stones in a ring or other piece of jewelry1 but the stone must be inserted in the flesh1 and thus become1 so to speak1 a part of its owner's body4 ,those who in this way bear about with them a ruby1 confidently believe that they cannot be wounded by spear1 sword1 or gun4#adg ,as it is often remarked that the most daring and reckless soldiers pass unscathed through all the perils of war1 we can understand that this superstition may sometimes appear to be verified4 ,sapphire ,the sapphire is noted as a regal gem by ,damigeron1 who asserts that kings wore it about their necks as a powerful defence from harm4 ,the stone preserved the wearer from envy and attracted divine favor4#adh ,for royal use1 sapphires were set in bracelets and necklaces1 and the sacred character of the stone was attested by the tradition that the ,law given to ,moses on the ,mount was engraved on tablets of sapphire4#adi ,while we should probably translate here 8lapis-lazuli0 instead of 8sapphire10 all such passages were later understood as referring to the true sapphire1 which is not found in pieces of the requisite size4 ,in the twelfth century1 the ,bishop of ,rennes lavishes encomiums upon this beautiful stone4 ,it is quite natural that this writer should lay especial stress upon the use of the sapphire for the adornment of rings1 for it was in his time that it was beginning to be regarded as the stone most appropriate for ecclesiastical rings4 ,the sapphire was like the pure sky1 and mighty ,nature had endowed it with so great a power that it might be called sacred and the gem of gems4 ,fraud was banished from its presence and necromancers honored it more than any other stone1 for it enabled them to hear and to understand the obscurest oracles4#aej ,illustration3 ,,sapphire ,,ring ,,with ,,encircling ,,diamonds4 ,presented to ,john ,cardinal ,farley on the occasion of his elevation to the cardinalate4 ,the traditional virtue of the sapphire as an antidote against poison is noted by ,bartolomus ,anglicus1 who claims to have seen a test of its power1 somewhat similar to that recorded by ,ahmed ,teifashi of the emerald4 ,in ,john of ,trevisa's version this passage reads as follows3#aea ,his vertue is contrary to venym1 and quencheth it every deale4 ,and yf you put an attercoppe#aeb in a boxe and hold a very saphyre of ,inde at the mouth of the boxe ony whyle1 by vertue thereof the attercoppe is overcome dyeth as it were sodenly1 as ,dyasc4 sayth pseudo ,dioscorides4 ,and this same ,i have assayed oft in many and dyvers places4 ,his vertue kepeth and savyth the syght1 clearyth eyen of fylthe wythout ony greyf4 ,voicing the general belief that the sapphire was endowed with power to influence spirits1 ,bartolomus says that this stone was a great favorite with those who practised necromancy1 and he adds3 8,also wytches love well this stone1 for they wene that they may werke certen wondres by vertue of this stone40#aec ,there was in the ,south ,kensington ,museum1 in ,london1 a splendid sapphire of a peculiar tint4 ,in the daylight it shows a beautiful rich blue color1 while by artificial light it has a violet hue and resembles an amethyst4 ,in the eighteenth century this stone was in the collection of ,count de ,walicki1 a ,polish nobleman1 and ,mme4 de ,genlis used it as the theme of one of her stories1 entitled 8,le ,saphire ,merveilleux40 ,here the sapphire is used as a test of female virtue1 the change of color indicating unfaithfulness on the part of the wearer4 ,if the owner of the stone wished to prove that the subject of the test was innocent1 she was made to wear the sapphire for three hours of daylight2 but in the opposite case the test was so timed that it began in daylight and ended when the candles or lamps had been lighted4 ,this sapphire1 still known as the 8,saphire ,merveilleux10 was for a time in the collection of the ,duke of ,orleans1 who bore the name of ,philippe ,egalit during the ,french ,revolution4 ,the star sapphire is that variety of sapphire in which1 when the stone is cut and rounded off horizontal with the dome of the crystal1 the light is condensed across the three lines of crystalline interference4 ,three cross lines produce a star which moves as a source of light1 or as it is moved from the source of light4 ,star sapphires very rarely possess the deep blue color of the fine blue sapphire2 generally the color is somewhat impure1 or of a milky-blue1 or else a blue-gray1 or sometimes almost a pure white4 ,the blue-gray1 gray1 and white stones frequently show a much more distinct star1 possibly from the fact that there are more inclusions between the layers of the crystals than with the darker blue stones1 as it is the set of interference bands that produces the peculiar light4 ,just as the eye agate was used in some countries to preserve against the ,evil ,eye1 so the moving star is believed by the ,cingalese to serve as a protection and a guard against witchcraft of all kinds4 ,the great ,oriental traveller1 ,sir ,richard ,francis ,burton1 had a large star sapphire or asteria1 as it was called4 ,he referred to it as his talisman1 for it always brought him good horses and prompt attention wherever he went2 in fact1 it was only in those places where he received proper attention that he would show it to the natives1 a favor they greatly appreciated1 because the sight of the stone was believed to bring good luck4 ,the fame of ,burton's asteria travelled ahead of him1 and it served him well as a guiding-star4 ,de ,boot1 writing in the seventeenth century1 states that such a stone was called ,siegstein 7victory-stone7 among the ,germans4 ,illustration3 ,rubellite from the ,shan ,mountains1 ,china4 ,used as an idol's eye in ,india ,star of ,india--,star ,sapphire ,engraved ,emerald--,east ,indian ,carving--#agth ,century ,,gems ,,from ,,the ,,morgan-,,tiffany ,,collection4 ,the remarkable asteria1 known as the 8,star of ,india10 in the ,morgan-,tiffany ,collection in the ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history1 has a more or less indefinite historic record of some three centuries1 but after its many wanderings it has now found a worthy resting-place in the great ,museum4 ,its weight is #edc carats4#aed ,the asteria1 or star sapphire1 might be called a 8,stone of ,destiny10 as the three cross-bars which traverse it are believed to represent ,faith1 ,hope1 and ,destiny4 ,as the stone is moved1 or the light changes1 a living star appears4 ,as a guiding gem1 warding off ill omen and the ,evil ,eye1 the star-sapphire is worn for the same reasons as were the oculus mundi and the oculus ,beli4 ,one of the most unique of talismanic stones1 it is said to be so potent that it continues to exercise its good influence over the first wearer even when it has passed into other hands4 ,sard ,the sard was regarded as a protection against incantations and sorcery1 and was believed to sharpen the wits of the wearer1 rendering him fearless1 victorious1 and happy4#aee ,the red hue of this stone was supposed to neutralize the malign influence of the dark onyx1 driving away the bad dreams caused by the latter and dispelling the melancholy thoughts it inspired4 ,serpentine ,the ,italian peasants of to-day believe that pebbles of green serpentine afford protection from the bites of venomous creatures4 ,these stones are usually green with streaks or veins of white1 and the name was derived from their fancied resemblance to a serpent's skin4 ,in addition to their prophylactic powers1 if any one has been bitten by such a creature1 the stone1 when applied to the wound1 is supposed to draw out the poison4 ,here1 as in the case of coral1 the hand of man must not have shaped the amulet2 it should be in its natural state4 ,as a general rule1 however1 the belief that the touch of any iron instrument1 such as the tool of the gem-cutter1 destroys the magic efficacy of the substance1 is less firmly held in regard to stones than in reference to coral4#aef ,topaz ,see ,chrysolite4 ,turquoise ,while there was a tendency to attribute the virtues originally ascribed to one particular stone to others of the same or similar color and appearance1 certain stones were regarded as possessing special virtues not commonly attributed to others4 ,a notable instance of this is the quality supposed to inhere in the turquoise4 ,this stone was known in ,egypt from a very early period and is later described by ,pliny under the name of callais4 ,for ,pliny1 and for all those who derived their information from him or from the sources he used1 the turquoise only participated in the virtues assigned to all blue or greenish-blue stones2 but from the thirteenth century1 when the name turquoise was first employed1 we read that the stone possessed the power to protect the wearer from injury by falling1 more especially from horseback2 later1 this was extended to cover falls from a building or over a precipice4 ,a fourteenth century authority1 the 8,lapidaire0 of ,sir ,john ,mandeville1 states that the turquoise protected horses from the ill-effects resulting from drinking cold water when overheated by exertion1 and it is said that the ,turks often attached these stones to the bridles and frontlets of their horses as amulets4 ,they are also so used in ,samarcand and ,persia4 ,we might therefore be justified in supposing that the turquoise was originally used in the ,east as a 8horse-amulet10 and the belief in its power to protect from falls may have arisen from the idea that it rendered the horse more sure-footed and enduring4 ,as the horse was often regarded as a symbol of the sun in its rapid course through the blue heavens1 the celestial hue of the turquoise may have caused it to be associated in some way with the horse4 ,we can only hazard this as a plausible conjecture4 ,probably the earliest notice of the peculiar superstition in regard to the turquoise--namely1 that it preserves the wearer from injury in case of falling--is contained in ,volmar's thirteenth century 8,steinbuch10 where we read3 ,whoever owns the true turquoise set in gold will not injure any of his limbs when he falls1 whether he be riding or walking1 so long as he has the stone with him4#aeg ,anselmus de ,boot1 court physician of ,emperor ,rudolph ,,ii1 tells a story of a turquoise that1 after being thirty years in the possession of a ,spaniard1 was offered for sale with the rest of the owner's property4 ,every one was amazed to find it had entirely lost its color2 nevertheless ,de ,boot's father bought it for a trifling sum4 ,on his return home1 however1 ashamed to wear so mean-looking a gem1 he gave it to his son1 saying1 8,son1 as the virtues of the turquoise are said to exist only when the stone has been given1 ,i will try its efficacy by bestowing it upon thee40 ,little appreciating the gift1 the recipient had his arms engraved on it as though it had been only a common agate and wore it as a signet4 ,he had scarcely worn it a month1 however1 before it resumed its pristine beauty and daily seemed to increase in splendor4 ,could we accept this statement as true we would have here an altogether unique instance of the recovery by a turquoise of the blue color it had lost4 ,not long after1 the powers of ,de ,boot's turquoise were put to the test4 ,as he was returning to ,bohemia from ,padua1 where he had just taken his degree1 he was forced to traverse a narrow and dangerous road at night4 ,suddenly his horse stumbled and threw him heavily to the ground1 but1 strange to say1 neither horse nor rider was injured by the fall4 ,next morning1 while washing his hands1 ,de ,boot remarked that about a quarter of his turquoise had broken away4 ,nevertheless the stone did not lose its virtue4 ,some time afterward1 when the wearer was lifting a very heavy pole1 he felt all at once a sharp pain in his side and heard his ribs crack1 so that he feared he had injured himself seriously4 ,however1 it turned out that he had not broken any bones but had simply strained himself2 but1 on looking at his turquoise1 he saw that it had again broken into two pieces4#aeh ,illustration3 ,,turquoise ,,necklace1 ,,thibet4 ,field ,museum1 ,chicago4 ,a singular virtue ascribed to the turquoise was that of striking the hour correctly1 if the stone were suspended from a thread held between the thumb and index-finger in such a way that a slight vibration would make the stone strike against the side of a glass4 ,de ,boot states that he made the experiment successfully1 but he very sensibly explains the apparent wonder by the unconscious effect of the mind on the body4 ,the expectation that the stone was going to strike a certain number of times induced an involuntary movement of the hand4#aei ,the turquoise seems to have been worn almost exclusively by men at the beginning of the seventeenth century1 for ,de ,boot1 writing in #afji1 said that it was so highly regarded by men that no man considered his hand to be well adorned unless he wore a fine turquoise4 ,women1 however1 rarely wore this gem4#afj ,this custom was much in vogue among the ,englishmen who travelled in the ,orient1 until a score of years ago4 ,the ,persians fully appreciate the beauty and power of this1 their national stone1 and they have a saying that to escape evil and attain good fortune one must see the reflection of the new moon either on the face of a friend1 on a copy of the ,koran1 or on a turquoise1#afa thus ranking this stone with two most precious things1 a friend and the source and warrant of religion4 ,possibly we should take this proverbial saying to indicate that whoever has a true friend1 a copy of the sacred volume or a turquoise will be preserved from harm4 ,the turquoise of the ,los ,cerillos mines in ,new ,mexico is rudely extracted by building large fires at the base of the rock until it becomes heated1 when cold water is dashed over it1 the sharp change of temperature splitting up the rock4 ,some of the fragmentary material thus secured is worked up in the region into heart-shaped ornaments1 or amulets1 locally called malacates4 ,the religious veneration with which many of the ,new ,mexico ,indians still regard the turquoise was noted by ,major ,hyde1 when he explored the region in #ahhj1 for some ,pueblo ,indians from ,santo ,domingo1 ,new ,mexico1 expressed strong disapproval of his action in extracting turquoise from the old mine1 as they looked upon this as a sacred stone which should not pass into the possession of those whose ,saviour was not a ,montezuma4#afb ,the ruins called ,los ,muertos1 situated nine miles from ,tempe1 ,arizona1 have furnished a peculiarly interesting amulet or fetish of ,zui workmanship4 ,this is a seashell which has been coated with black pitch1 in which are encrusted turquoises and garnets so disposed in mosaic as to represent clearly enough the figure of a toad1 the sacred emblem of the ,zuis4#afc ,the sacred character with which this stone was invested is shown by the wealth of turquoise ornaments found in some of the burials1 notably in those of ,pueblo ,bonito1 unearthed by ,mr4 ,george ,h4 ,pepper in #ahif4afd ,this is one of the ,chaco ,caon groups of ruins1 in the northwestern part of ,new ,mexico4 ,in one case nearly nine thousand beads and pendants of turquoise were found on or about a single skeleton4 ,there was abundant evidence in the special care bestowed upon the burial that the deceased must have been a man of high rank1 and the condition of the skull plainly indicated that he had met a violent death4 ,the #aihj beads found on the breast of the skeleton are believed to have been strung as a necklace1 and the position of other masses of these beads renders it probable that they had been used for bracelets or anklets1 the strings having decayed and disappeared in the course of time4 ,the most interesting of the turquoise objects are1 however1 the pendants worked into various forms designed to favor the entrance of some guardian spirit into the stone4 ,in this single burial were found pendants shaped more or less roughly into the forms of a rabbit1 a bird1 an insect 7871 a human foot and a shoe4 ,around another burial in the same chamber were strewn nearly six thousand turquoise beads and pendants4#afe ,in all #bd1icb beads were found in these burials4 ,another very interesting object from ,pueblo ,bonito1 and one having probably a special ceremonial use and value1 is a turquoise basket1--that is to say1 a cylindrical basket three inches in diameter and six inches long1 originally made of slender splints with a coating of gum in which #abad small pieces of turquoise have been set4 ,these are very closely set and form a complete mosaic covering for the object4 ,the legends of the ,navahos contain allusions to 8turquoise jewel baskets10 and ,mr4 ,pepper raises the question whether or no this can refer to those made by the ,pueblo ,indians4#aff ,the ,apache name for the turquoise is duklij1 which signifies either a green or a blue stone1 no distinction being made between the two colors4 ,this stone is highly prized for its talismanic virtues4 ,indeed the possession of a turquoise was indispensable for a medicine-man1 as without it he would not receive proper recognition4 ,that some of the powers of the thunder-stone were ascribed to the turquoise by the tribes appears from the fancy that a man who could go to the end of a rainbow after a storm and search in the damp earth would find a turquoise4 ,one of its supposed powers was to aid the warrior or hunter by assuring the accuracy of his aim1 for if a turquoise were affixed to a gun or bow the shot sped from the weapon would go straight to the mark4#afg ,a lady prominent in the ,london world is said to possess the power of restoring to their pristine hue turquoises that have grown pale4 ,according to report1 this lady is often called upon to use her peculiar gift by friends whose turquoises have faded4#afh ,while the improvement supposed to be noted may be more imaginary than real in many cases1 there is little doubt that this stone is exceptionally sensitive to the action of certain emanations1 and may1 at times1 be influenced by the wearer's general state of health4 ,the writer believes that a turquoise1 like an egg1 can never be restored to its original state4 ,,iv ,on the ,use of ,engraved and ,carved ,gems as ,talismans ,the virtue believed to be inherent in precious stones was thought to gain an added potency when the stone was engraved with some symbol or figure possessing a special sacredness1 or denoting and typifying a special quality4 ,this presupposes a considerable development of civilization1 since the art of engraving on precious stones offers many mechanical difficulties and thus requires a high degree of artistic and mechanical skill4 ,it is true that the earliest engraved stones1 the ,babylonian cylinders and the ,egyptian scarabs1 were both designed to serve an eminently practical purpose as well1 namely1 that of seals2 but in a great number of instances these primitive seals were looked upon as endowed with talismanic power1 and were worn on the person as talismans4 ,the scarab1 so highly favored by the ,egyptians as an ornamental form1 is a representation of the scarabus sacer1 the typical genus of the family ,scarabid4 ,they are usually black1 but occasionally show a fine play of metallic colors4 ,after gathering up a clump of dung for the reception of the eggs1 the insect rolls this along1 using the hind legs to propel it1 until the material1 at first soft and of irregular form1 becomes hardened and almost perfectly round4 ,a curious symbolism induced the ,egyptians to find in this beetle an emblem of the world of fatherhood and of man4 ,the round ball wherein the eggs were deposited typified the world1 and1 as the ,egyptians thought that the scarabi were all males1 they especially signified the male principle in generation1 becoming types of fatherhood and man4 ,at the same time1 as only full-grown beetles were observed1 it was believed these creatures represented a regeneration or reincarnation1 since it was not realized that the eggs or larval and pupa stages had anything to do with the generation of the beetle4 ,thus the scarab was used as a symbol of immortality4 ,while1 however1 this was the popular view1 it seems unlikely that such close observers as were the more cultured ,egyptians should have been entirely unfamiliar with the real genesis of the ,scarabus sacer2 but1 in this case also1 there would have been no difficulty in finding it emblematic of immortality in the various stages through which it passed4 ,the larval stage might well signify the mortal life2 the pupa stage1 the intermediate period represented by the mummy1 with which the soul was conceived to be vaguely connected1 in spite of its wanderings through the nether-world2 and1 lastly1 the fully developed beetle could be regarded as a type of the rebirth into everlasting life1 when the purified and perfected soul again animated the original and transfigured form in a mysterious resurrection4 ,scarabs are frequently engraved with the hieroglyph 7anch1 8life07 and hieroglyph 7ha1 8increase of power074 ,the emblem of stability hieroglyph 7tet7 is also employed1 as well as many others4 ,in addition to these simple symbols1 many scarabs bear legends supposed to render them exceptionally luck-bringing4 ,the following are characteristic specimens4#afi #c hieroglyphs maat ankh neb1 8,lord of ,truth and ,life40 #d hieroglyphs 8abounding in graces0 7very deeply cut as a seal74 8,may thy name be established2 mayst thou have a son40 #b hieroglyphs 7within ornamental border71 8good stability40 #c hieroglyphs ikht neb nefer1 8,all good things40 7,inlaid74 8,a good day0 7a holiday74 8,a mother is a truly good thing0 or 8,truth is a good ,mother40 ,the scarab1 for the ,egyptians a type of the rising sun and hence of the renewal of life after death1 was copied by the ,phnicians from the ,egyptian types and modified in various ways to suit the religious fancies of the various lands to which they bore the products of their art4 ,much of the original significance of this symbol must have been lost2 probably in many cases little was left but a vague idea that an amulet of this form would bring good luck to the wearer and guard from harm4 ,funeral scarabs were often made of jasper1 amethyst1 lapis-lazuli1 ruby1 or carnelian1 with the names of gods1 kings1 priests1 officials1 or private persons engraved on the base2 occasionally monograms or floral devices were engraved4 ,sometimes the base of the scarab was heart-shaped and at others the scarab was combined with the 8utat10 or eye of ,horus1 and also with the frog1 typifying revivification4 ,set in rings they were placed on the fingers of the dead1 or else1 wrapped in linen bandages1 they rested on the heart of the deceased1 a type of the sun which rose each day to renewed life4 ,they were symbols of the resurrection of the body4#agj ,some of the ,egyptian scarabs were evidently used as talismanic gifts from one friend to another4 ,two such scarabs are in the collection of the ,metropolitan ,museum of ,art in ,new ,york4 ,one bears the inscription 8,may ,ra grant you a happy ,new ,year10 the text of the other reading as follows3 8,may your name be established1 may you have a son10 and 8,may your house flourish every day40 ,it is a curious fact that the modern greeting 8,happy ,new ,year0 was current in ,egypt probably three thousand years ago4#aga ,on the ,egyptian inscribed scarabs used as signets were engraved many of the symbols to which a talismanic virtue was attributed4 ,the urus serpent1 signifying death1 is sometimes associated with the knot1 the so-called ankh symbol1 denoting life4 ,often the hieroglyph for nub1 gold1 appears2 this symbol is a necklace with pendant beads1 showing that gold beads must have been known in ,egypt in the early days when the hieroglyph for gold was first used4 ,all these symbolic figures1 of which a great number occur1 served to impart to the signet a sacred and auspicious quality which communicated itself to the wearer1 and even to the impression made by the seal1 this in its turn acquiring a certain magic force4 ,few of us would be willing to confess to a belief in the innate power of any symbol1 but the suggestive power of a symbol is as real to-day as it ever was4 ,any object that evokes a high thought or serves to emphasize a profound conviction really possesses a kind of magical quality1 since it is capable of causing an effect out of all proportion to its intrinsic worth or its material quality4 ,many scarabs and signets exist made of the artificial cyanus1 which was an imitation lapis-lazuli made in ,egypt4 ,this was an alkaline silicate1 colored a deep blue with carbonate of copper4 ,often a wonderful translucent or opaque blue glass was used4 ,the genuine lapis-lazuli was also used to a considerable extent for scarabs and cylinders1 in ,egypt and ,assyria1 and gems were also cut from it in imperial ,roman times4#agb ,a notable instance of the use of lapis-lazuli in ancient ,egypt was as the material for the image of ,truth 7,ma71 which the ,egyptian chief-justice wore on his neck1 suspended from a golden chain4#agc ,in ,roman times some of the legionaries are said to have worn rings set with scarabs1 for the reason that this figure was believed to impart great courage and vigor to the wearer4#agd ,the ,egyptian amulets of the earliest period1 up to the ,,xii dynasty 7circa #bjjj ,b4,c471 differ considerably from those made and worn after the beginning of the ,,xviii dynasty 7#aehj ,b4,c474 ,those of the earlier period are not numerous and present but a small number of types1 animal forms or the heads of animals constituting the most favored models4 ,the precious stone materials are principally carnelian1 beryl1 and amethyst4 ,after the close of the so-called ,hyksos period1 the age during which foreign kings ruled over ,egypt1 came the brilliant revival and development of ,egyptian civilization that characterized the ,,xviii dynasty4 ,some of the old forms were entirely cast aside while others were greatly modified in form and significance1 the animal forms losing much of their fetichistic quality and coming to be more and more regarded as images of the multifarious divinities worshipped in this later period4 ,in many cases the animal type was entirely or partially discarded and the amulets figured the conventional types given to the various divinities4 ,however1 while some of these images were wholly human1 many of them show a human body with an animal head4 ,various symbolic designs were also favored1 one believed to signify the blood of ,isis having the form of a knot or tie4 ,a frog fashioned out of lapis-lazuli and having eyes of gold is one of these amulets of the ,,xviii dynasty or later4 ,an interesting ,egyptian talisman in the ,louvre is engraved with a design representing ,thothmes ,,ii seizing a lion by the tail and raising the animal aloft2 at the same time he brandishes in the other hand a club1 with which he is about to dash out the lion's brains4 ,the ,egyptian word quen1 8strength10 is engraved beneath the design and indicates that the virtue of the talisman was to increase the strength and courage of the wearer1 the inscription being a kind of perpetual invocation to the higher powers whose aid was sought4#age ,the children of ,israel1 when in the desert1 were said to have engraved figures on carnelian1 8just as seals are engraved40#agf ,this statement1 repeated by many early writers1 may perhaps have arisen from an identification of carnelian with the first stone of the breastplate1 the odem1 unquestionably a red stone1 and very possibly carnelian4 ,there can be no doubt that this was one of the first stones used for ornamental purposes and for engraving1 as a number of specimens have been preserved from early ,egyptian times4 ,because of the cooling and calming effect exercised by carnelian upon the blood1 if worn on the neck or on the finger1 it was believed to still all angry passions4#agg ,a class of amulets even older than the ,egyptian scarabs is represented by the engraved ,assyrio-,babylonian cylinders4 ,there has been much discussion among scholars as to the original purpose for which these cylinders were made1 some holding that they were exclusively employed as seals or signets1 while others incline to the belief that many of them were intended only for use as amulets or talismans4 ,these cylinders are perforated and were worn suspended from the neck or wrist1 as is most frequently the case with talismans1 and the engraved designs often represent religious or mythological subjects1 the accompanying inscription merely consisting of the names of the gods4 ,cylinders of this type could not have been used as personal signets1 and it is quite possible that ,dr4 ,wiedemann is right in supposing that their imprint on a document was considered to impart a certain mystic sanction to the agreement1 and render the divinities or spirits accountable for the fulfilment of the contract4#agh ,the oldest known form of seal is the cylinder4 ,babylonian and ,assyrian cylinder-seals are known of a date as early as #djjj ,b4,c4 ,from the earliest period until #bejj ,b4,c4 they were made of black or green serpentine1 conglomerate1 diorite1 and frequently of the central core of a large conch shell from the ,persian ,gulf4 ,from #bejj ,b4,c4 to #ejj ,b4,c4 the cylindrical form was prevalent1 and the materials include a brick-red ferruginous quartz1 red hematite 7an iron ore71 and chalcedony1 a beautiful variety of the last-named stone known as sapphirine being sometimes used4 ,on the cylinders produced from #djjj ,b4,c4 to #bejj ,b4,c4 the designs most frequently represent animal forms2 on those dating from #bejj ,b4,c4 to #ejj ,b4,c4 are generally inscribed five or six rows of cuneiform characters4 ,up to the last-named date the work was all done by the sapphire point1 and not by the wheel1 and it is not until the fifth century ,b4,c4 that wheel work is apparent in any ,babylonian or ,assyrian stone-engraving4 ,in the course of the sixth century ,b4,c4 the cylindrical seals became less frequent1 and the tall cone-like seals came into use4#agi ,a new type makes its appearance about the fifth or sixth century ,b4,c41 namely1 the scaraboid seal introduced from ,egypt4 ,from the third century ,b4,c4 until the second or third century ,a4,d41 the seals became lower and flatter1 and the perforation larger1 until they sometimes assumed the form of rings2 later the ring form becomes general4 ,they are usually hollowed a little in the middle1 which gives them the shape and size of the lower short joints of a reed2 indeed1 it has been suggested that the original seal was rudely patterned after a reed joint4 ,the materials used for these cylinders include lapis-lazuli1 very freely used and probably from the ,persian mines1 jasper1 rock-crystals1 chalcedony1 carnelian1 agate1 jade1 etc42 a hard1 black variety of serpentine is perhaps the most common of all the materials used for this purpose4#ahj ,illustration3 ,,phoenician ,,scarab1 ,,with ,,engraved ,,scorpion4 7,see page #aae47 ,illustration3 ,,ancient ,,babylonian ,,cylinder ,,impression1 ,,bearing ,,figures ,,of ,,the ,,god ,,nebo ,,and ,a ,,worshipper1 ,,and ,,symbols ,,of ,,sun ,,and ,,moon4 ,from ,fischer and ,wiedemann 8,ueber ,babylonische ,talismane10 ,stuttgart1 #ahha1 ,pl4 #a1 fig4 #c4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,small ,,jade ,,celt ,,engraved ,,with ,,gnostic ,,inscriptions ,,in ,,the ,,fourth ,,century4 ,on one side are seven lines of characters1 principally consisting of the seven ,greek vowels used to denote the ,ineffable ,name4 ,on the reverse is cut a laurel branch with #ah leaves1 enclosed within each of which are characters expressing the name of one of the personifications of ,gnostic theosophy4 ,brought from ,egypt and deposited by its possessor1 ,general ,lefroy1 in the ,rotunda at ,woolwich4 ,now in the ,egyptian ,department of the ,british ,museum4 7,see page #abi47 ,a good example of these talismanic cylinders shows the figure of the god ,nebo1 seated on a throne and holding a ring in his left hand4 ,before him are two altars1 over which appear1 respectively1 a star and the crescent moon2 in front of the god is the figure of a man in an attitude of adoration4 ,borsippa1 where the cylinder was found1 was the special seat of the worship of ,nebo1 whose name appears in those of the kings ,nebuchadnezzar1 ,nebopalasser1 and ,nabonaid4 ,regarded as the inventor of writing and as the god of learning1 ,nebo was the lord of the planet ,mercury1 and this shows a close connection between ,babylonian and ,grco-,roman ideas in reference to the god associated with that planet4 ,nebo was also believed to be the orderer of times and seasons1 and this character is indicated by the star and the crescent4#aha ,the ,cretan peasants of to-day set a high value upon certain very ancient seals--dating perhaps from as early as #bejj ,b4,c4--which they find buried in the soil4 ,these seals are inscribed with symbols supposed to represent the prehistoric ,cretan form of writing4 ,of course these inscriptions1 which have not yet been deciphered by archologists1 are utterly incomprehensible for the peasants1 but they undoubtedly serve to render the stones objects of mystery4 ,the peasants call them galopetr1 or 8milk-stones10 and they are supposed to promote the secretion of milk1 as was the case with the galactite4#ahb ,the careful preservation of these so-called galopetr by ,cretan women has served the purpose of archological research1 as otherwise so large a supply of these very interesting seals would not now be available4 ,illustration3 #a4 ,,engraved ,,heliotrope4 ,head of ,serapis surrounded by the twelve ,zodiacal symbols4 ,from ,gori's 8,thesaurus ,gemmarum ,antiquarum ,astriferarum10 ,florence1 #agej4 ,vol4 i1 ,pl4 ,,xvii4 ,illustration3 #b4 ,,engraved ,,red ,,jasper4 ,head of ,medusa1 ,museum ,cl4 ,passerii4 ,many engraved stones of the ,roman imperial period bore the figures of ,serapis and of ,isis1 the former signifying ,time and the latter ,earth4 ,on other stones the symbols of the zodiacal signs appear1 referring to the natal constellation of the wearer4 ,the astrologers1 who derived their lore from the ,orient1 were consulted by all classes of the ,roman people1 and it is therefore very natural that the signet1 or the ring worn as an amulet1 should frequently have been engraved with astrological symbols4 ,these designs were usually engraved on onyxes1 carnelians1 and similar stones1 in ,greek and ,roman times2 but occasionally the emerald was used in this way1 and more rarely the ruby or the sapphire4 ,here the costliness of the material was probably thought to enhance the value of the amulet4 ,the emerald ring of ,polycrates must have possessed some other than a purely artistic value in his eyes1 when it could be regarded by him as the most precious of his possessions4 ,in ,roman times the image of ,alexander the ,great was looked upon as possessing magic virtues1 and it is related that when ,cornelius ,macer gave a splendid banquet in the temple of ,hercules1 the chief ornament of the table was an amber cup1 in the midst of which was a portrait of ,alexander1 and around this his whole history figured in small1 finely engraved representations4 ,from this cup ,macer drank to the health of the pontifex and then ordered that it should be passed around among the guests1 so that each one might gaze upon the image of the great man4 ,pollio1 relating this1 states that it was a common belief that everything happened fortunately for those who bore with them ,alexander's portrait executed in gold or silver4#ahc ,indeed1 even among ,christians coins of ,alexander were in great favor as amulets1 and the stern ,john ,chrysostom sharply rebukes those who wore bronze coins of this monarch attached to their heads and their feet4#ahd ,nowhere in the world was the use of amulets so common as in ,alexandria1 especially in the first centuries of our era1 and the types produced here were scattered far and wide throughout the ,roman world4 ,amulets made from various colored stones had been used for religious purposes in ,egypt from the very earliest period of its history1 so that the custom was deeply rooted in that land4 ,when1 therefore1 ,alexandria was founded in the fourth century ,b4,c41 and became a great commercial centre1 attracting men of all races and all religions1 it is not surprising that the population eagerly adopted the various amulets used by the adherents of the different religions4 ,the result was a combining and confusion of many different types4 ,with the rapid rise and growth of the ,christian religion1 a new element was introduced4 ,unquestionably the leading ,christian teachers were strongly opposed to such superstitious practices1 but the rank and file of the faithful clung to their old fancies4 ,in the second century the ,gnostic heresy gave a new impulse to the fabrication of amulets4 ,this strange eclecticism1 resulting from an interweaving of pagan and ,christian ideas1 with its complicated symbolism1 much of which is almost incomprehensible1 found expression in the creation of the most bizarre types of amulets1 and the magic virtues of the curious designs was enhanced by inscriptions purposely obscure4 ,the incomprehensible always seems to have a mysterious charm for those devoted to the magic arts1 and the adepts willingly catered to this taste1 so that we can often only guess at the signification of the words and names engraved upon the ,gnostic or ,basilidian gems4 ,so widespread was their use throughout the ,roman ,empire1 that there were factories entirely devoted to the production of these objects4#ahe ,regarding the sacred name ,abrasax1 which was inscribed on so many ,gnostic gems1 we read in ,st4 ,augustine's treatise ,de hres41 vi1 8,basilides asserted that there were #cfe heavens2 it was for this reason that he regarded the name ,abrasax as sacred and venerable40 ,illustration3 #a4 ,gnostic gem1 heliotrope1 with ,abraxas god4 ,gorlaeus ,collection4 ,from the 8,abraxas seu ,apistopistus0 of ,macarius 7,l',heureux7 ,antwerp1 #afeg1 ,pl4 ,,ii4 #b4 ,another type2 with seven stars4 #c4 ,gnostic gem4 ,type of ,abraxas god and mystic letters ,i ,a ,w4 ,from ,gori's 8,thesaurus ,gemmarum ,antiquarum ,astriferarum10 ,florence1 #agej1 vol4 i1 ,pl4 ,,clxxxix4 #d4 ,abraxas gem1 jasper1 mystic letters ,i ,a ,w4 ,from ,gorlaeus1 8,cabinet de ,pierres ,graves10 ,paris1 #aggh4 #e4 ,jasper engraved with the symbol of the ,agathodaemon ,serpent4 ,the type of amulet noted by ,galen as that used by the ,egyptian king 8,nechepsus0 7,necho #faj-eid ,b4,c474 ,original at one time in the collection of ,johann ,schinkel4 ,from the 8,abraxas seu ,apistopistus0 of ,macarius 7,l',heureux7 ,antwerp1 #afeg1 ,pl4 ,,xvii4 ,see page #che4 ,according to the ,greek notation the letters comprising this name give that number3 #a #b #ajj #a #bjj #a #fj ----- #cfe ,it is1 however1 not unlikely that the #cfe days in the solar year are signified2 and this enigmatical name might thus be brought into connection with ,mithra1 the solar divinity1 who was worshipped throughout the ,persian and ,roman empires in the first and second centuries of our era4 ,a very recondite but ingenious explanation of the ,gnostic name ,abrasax is given by ,harduin in his notes to ,pliny's 8,natural ,history40#ahf ,he sees in the first three letters the initials of the three ,hebrew words signifying father1 son1 and spirit 7ab1 ben1 ruah71 the ,triune ,god2 the last four letters are the initials of the ,greek words or 8he saves men by the sacred wood0 7the cross74 ,this seems rather far-fetched1 it must be confessed1 and yet to any one familiar with the vagaries of ,alexandrine eclecticism1 and with the tendency of the time and place to make strange and uncouth combinations of ,greek and ,hebrew forms1 there is nothing inherently improbable in the explanation4 ,indeed1 the ,hebrew and ,greek words in this composite sentence might have been regarded as typifying the union of the ,old and ,new ,testaments1 and such an acrostic would certainly have been looked upon as possessing a mystic and supernatural power4 ,illustration3 ,,antique ,,jade ,,celt ,,converted ,,into ,a ,,gnostic ,,talisman4 ,enclosed within the outlines of the #ah leaves are as many names of the personifications of ,gnostic ,theosophy4 ,many explanations have been offered as to the origin and significance of the characteristic figure of the ,abrasax god engraved on a number of ,gnostic amulets4 ,there seems to be no doubt that this figure was invented by ,basilides1 chief of the ,gnostic sect bearing his name1 and who flourished in the early part of the second century ,a4,d4 ,while the details of the type as perfected were undoubtedly borrowed from the eclectic symbolism of the ,egyptian and western ,asiatic world it is almost impossible to conjecture the reasons determining the selection of this particular form4 ,a jasper engraved with the famous ,gnostic symbol was set in the ring worn by ,seffrid1 ,bishop of ,chichester 7,a4,d4 #aaei74 ,this ring was found on the skeleton of the bishop and is now preserved in the treasury of the ,cathedral of ,chichester4 ,undoubtedly the curious symbolic figure was given a perfectly orthodox meaning1 and1 indeed1 it was not really a pagan symbol1 as the ,gnostics were 8indifferent ,christians10 although their system was a fanciful elaboration of the doctrines of the late ,alexandrian school of ,greek ,philosophy and an adaptation of this to the teachings of ,christian tradition4 ,in many cases1 however1 gems with purely pagan designs were worn by ,christians1 designs such as ,isis with the child ,horus1 which was taken to be the ,virgin ,mary with the infant ,jesus4 ,a curious amulet1 apparently belonging to the ,gnostic variety1 and intended to bring success to the owner of a racehorse1 is now in the collection of the ,metropolitan ,museum of ,art1 in ,new ,york4 ,the material is green jasper with red spots4 ,on the obverse the horse is figured with the victor's palm and the name ,tiberis2 on the reverse appears the vulture-headed figure of the ,abraxas god and the characters1 8,,zacta ,,iaw ,,bapia10 which have been translated1 8,iao the ,destroyer and ,creator40#ahg ,possibly this amulet may have been attached to the horse during his races to insure victory1 as we know that amulets of this kind were used in this way4 ,as illustrating the eclectic character of some of the amulets used in the early ,christian centuries1 we may note one in the ,cabinet de ,mdailles1 in ,paris4 ,this has upon the obverse the head of ,alexander the ,great2 on the reverse is a she-ass with her foal1 and below this a scorpion and the name ,jesus ,christ4 ,another amulet of this class1 figured by ,vettori1#ahh also has the head of ,alexander on the obverse1 while the reverse bears the ,greek monogram of the name ,christos4 ,after the third or fourth century of our era the art of gem-engraving seems to have been lost1 or at least to have been very seldom practised1 and it is noteworthy in the matter that after this period writers who treat of the virtues of engraved gems as talismans rarely1 if ever1 use the words 8if you engrave0 such or such a figure on a stone1 but write 8if you find0 such a figure4 ,the figures engraved on precious stones were supposed to have a greater or lesser degree of efficacy in themselves independent of the virtues peculiar to the stone on which they were engraved1 and this efficacy depended largely upon the hour1 day1 or month during which the work was executed4 ,for the influence of the planet1 star1 or constellation which was in the ascendant was thought to infuse a subtle essence into the stone while the appropriate image was being engraved4 ,however1 to exert the maximum power1 the virtue of the image must be of the same character as the virtue inherent in the material1 and the gem became less potent when this was not the case4 ,certain images1 those symbolizing the zodiacal signs for instance1 were looked upon as possessing such power that their peculiar nature impressed itself even upon stones inherently of different quality2 others again were only efficacious when engraved on stones the quality of which was in sympathy with them4#ahi ,naturally1 many of the ancient gems which had been preserved from ,greek and ,roman times were recognized as being purely products of art1 but in medieval and later times the idea of the magic quality of all engraved gems had become so deeply rooted that in many cases a magical character was ascribed to them entirely foreign to the intention of the engraver4 ,great ingenuity was often displayed in seeking and finding some analogy between the supposed significance of the design and the fancied power of the stone itself4 ,taking the agate as an illustration1 ,camillo ,leonardo says that its many different varieties had as many different virtues1 and he finds in this an explanation of the multiplicity of images engraved on the various kinds of agate1 without realizing that the true reason was that this material lent itself more readily to artistic treatment than did many others4 ,the idea that some special design should be engraved upon a given stone became quite general in the early centuries of our era4 ,the emerald1 for instance1 according to ,damigeron1 was to be engraved with a scarab1 beneath which was to be a standing figure of ,isis4 ,the gem1 when completed1 was to be pierced longitudinally and worn in a brooch4 ,the fortunate owner of this talisman was then to adorn himself and the members of his family1 and1 a consecration having been pronounced1 he was assured that he would see 8the glory of the stone granted it by ,god40#aij ,possibly this may have meant that the stone would become luminous4 ,a list of these symbolic designs is said to have been given in the 8,book of ,wings10 by ,ragiel1 one of the curious treatises composed about the thirteenth century under the influence of ,hebrew and ,greco-,roman tradition4 ,although it owes its origin to the ,hebrew 8,book of ,raziel10 it bears little if any likeness to that work4 ,as will be seen in the following items1 the fact that the design is on its appropriate stone is always insisted on3 ,illustration3 ,,moss ,,agate ,,mocha ,,stones1 ,,hindoostan4 ,the beautiful and terrible figure of a dragon4 ,if this is found on a ruby or any other stone of similar nature and virtue1 it has the power to augment the goods of this world and makes the wearer joyous and healthy4 ,the figure of a falcon1 if on a topaz1 helps to acquire the goodwill of kings1 princes1 and magnates4 ,the image of an astrolabe1 if on a sapphire1 has power to increase wealth and enables the wearer to predict the future4 ,the well-formed image of a lion1 if engraved on a garnet1 will protect and preserve honors and health1 cures the wearer of all diseases1 brings him honors1 and guards him from all perils in travelling4 ,an ass1 if represented on a chrysolite1 will give power to prognosticate and predict the future4 ,the figure of a ram or of a bearded man1 on a sapphire1 has the power to cure and preserve from many infirmities as well as to free from poison and from all demons4 ,this is a royal image2 it confers dignities and honors and exalts the wearer4 ,a frog1 engraved on a beryl1 will have the power to reconcile enemies and produce friendship where there was discord4 ,a camel's head or two goats among myrtles1 if on an onyx1 has the power to convoke1 assemble1 and constrain demons2 if any one wears it1 he will see terrible visions in sleep4 ,a vulture1 if on a chrysolite1 has the power to constrain demons and the winds4 ,it controls demons and prevents them from coming together in the place where the gem may be2 it also guards against their importunities4 ,the demons obey the wearer4 ,a bat1 represented on a heliotrope or bloodstone1 gives the wearer power over demons and helps incantations4 ,a griffin1 imaged on a crystal1 produces abundance of milk4 ,a man richly dressed and with a beautiful object in his hand1 engraved on a carnelian1 checks the flow of blood and confers honors4 ,a lion or an archer1 on a jasper1 gives help against poison and cures from fever4 ,a man in armor1 with bow and arrow1 on an iris stone1 protects from evil both the wearer and the place where it may be4 ,a man with a sword in his hand1 on a carnelian1 preserves the place where it may be from lightning and tempest1 and guards the wearer from vices and enchantments4 ,a bull engraved on a prase is said to give aid against evil spells and to procure the favor of magistrates4 ,a hoopoo with a tarragon herb before it1 represented on a beryl1 confers the power to invoke water-spirits and to converse with them1 as well as to call up the mighty dead and to obtain answers to questions addressed to them4 ,a swallow1 on a celonite1 establishes and preserves peace and concord among men4 ,a man with his right hand raised aloft1 if engraved on a chalcedony1 gives success in lawsuits1 renders the wearer healthy1 gives him safety in his travels and preserves him from all evil chances4 ,the names of ,god1 on a ceraunia stone1 have the power to preserve the place where the stone may be from tempests2 they also give to the wearer victory over his enemies4 ,a bear1 if engraved on an amethyst1 has the virtue of putting demons to flight and defends and preserves the wearer from drunkenness4 ,a man in armor1 graven on a magnet1 or loadstone1 has the power to aid in incantations and makes the wearer victorious in war4#aia ,an ,italian manuscript1 dating from the fourteenth century1 gives the following talismanic gems3 ,if thou findest a stone on which is graven or figured a man with a goat's head1 whoever wears this stone1 with ,god's help1 will have great riches and the love of all men and animals4 ,if a stone be found on which is graven or figured an armed man or the draped figure of a virgin1 bound with laurel and having a laurel branch in her hand1 this stone is sacred and frees the wearer from all changes and haps of fortune4 ,when thou findest a stone on which is graven the figure of a man holding a scythe in his hand1 a stone like this imparts strength and power to the wearer4 ,every day adds to his strength1 courage and boldness4 ,hold dear that stone on which thou shalt find figured or cut the moon or the sun1 or both together1 for it makes the wearer chaste and guards him from lust4 ,a jewel to be prized is that stone on which is graven or figured a man with wings having beneath his feet a serpent whose head he holds in his hand4 ,a stone of this kind gives the wearer1 by ,god's help1 abundant wealth of knowledge1 as well as good health and favor4 ,shouldst thou find a stone on which is the figure of a man holding in his right hand a palm branch1 this stone1 with ,god's help1 renders the wearer victorious in disputes and in battles1 and brings him the favor of the great4 ,finding the stone called jasper1 bearing graven or figured a huntsman1 a dog1 or a stag1 the wearer1 with ,god's help1 will have the power to heal one possessed of a devil1 or who is insane4 ,a good stone is that one on which thou shalt find graven or figured a serpent with a raven on its tail4 ,whoever wears this stone will enjoy high station and be much honored2 it also protects from the ill-effects of the heat4#aib ,the original meaning of the swastika emblem has been variously explained as a symbol of fire1 of the four cardinal points1 of water1 of the lightning1 etc4 ,still another explanation is given by ,hoernes1 who inclines to the belief that it is simply a conventionalized representation of the human form1 the lower shaft being the two legs joined together1 the two horizontal shafts the outstretched arms1 and the upper shaft the trunk of the body2 the four projections would stand for the feet1 the two hands and the head4#aic ,the ,egyptian crux ansata1 the hieroglyphic symbol for 8life10 and the ,phnician ,tau symbol1 the 8mark0 that was to be stamped upon the foreheads of the faithful in ,jerusalem 7,ezek4 ix1 #d71 and which in ,early ,christian art was frequently substituted for the usual cross1 are both explained by ,hoernes in a similar way1 and he notes the fact that the swastika symbol does not appear in ,egyptian or ,phnician art1 drawing the inference that all three symbols originated in the same form or figure4#aid ,to all these symbols were attributed talismanic virtues and they were frequently engraved on precious stones4 ,illustration3 ,,monogram ,,of ,,the ,,name ,,of ,,christ ,,engraved ,,on ,,an ,,onyx ,,gem4 ,from the 8,cabinet de ,pierres ,antiques ,graves10 of ,gorlaeus1 ,paris1 #aggh1 ,pl4 ,,xcv4 ,the so-called 8,monogrammatic ,cross0 was very freely used in work of the fifth century4 ,this is simply a modification of the monogram formed of the first two letters of the name ,christ as written in ,greek1 a device which first appeared after the time of ,constantine the ,great 7d4 #ccg ,a4,d474 ,this monogram usually assumed the following form3 1 and the 8,monogrammatic ,cross0 was made by changing the position of the ,greek ,x 7chi71 and making one of its arms serve as the straight stroke of the ,p 7r71 thus giving the following form3 4 ,a curious amulet to avert the spell of the ,evil ,eye is an engraved sard showing an eye in the centre1 around which are grouped the attributes of the divinities presiding over the days of the week4 ,sunday1 the dies ,solis1 is represented by a lion2 ,monday1 the dies ,lun1 by a stag2 ,tuesday1 the dies ,martis1 by a scorpion2 ,wednesday1 the dies ,mercurii1 by a dog2 ,thursday1 the dies ,jovis1 by a thunderbolt2 ,friday1 the dies ,veneris1 by a snake2 and ,saturday1 the dies ,saturni1 by an owl4#aie ,in this way the wearer was protected at all times from the evil influence4 ,because of its peculiar markings1 some of which suggest the form of an eye1 malachite was worn in some parts of ,italy 7e4g41 in ,bettona7 as an amulet to protect the wearer from the spell of the ,evil ,eye4 ,such stones were called 8peacock-stones10 from their resemblance in color and marking to the peacock's tail4 ,the form of these malachite amulets is usually triangular1 and they were mounted in silver4 ,it is curious to note1 as a proof of the persistence of superstitions1 that in an ,etruscan tomb at ,chiusi there was found a triangular1 perforated piece of glass1 each angle terminating in an eye formed of glass of various colors4#aif ,on many of the amulets fabricated in ,italy for protection against the dreaded jettatura1 or spell of the ,evil ,eye1 the cock is figured4 ,his image was supposed in ancient times to assure the protection of the sun-god1 and his crowing was regarded as an inarticulate hymn of praise to this deity4 ,he was also a type of dauntless courage4 ,all this contributed to make him a defender of the weak1 especially of women and children1 against the wiles of the spirits of darkness4#aig ,rostand1 in his 8,chantecler10 has enlarged this conception1 and endows the cock with the proud conviction that it is to his matutinal chant alone that the world owes the daily recurrent phenomenon of the sunrise4 ,illustration3 ,,two ,,gold ,,rings ,,set ,,with ,,engraved ,,onyx ,,gems4 ,on the right1 a ,victory2 on the left1 game-cocks4 ,from the ,dactyliotheca1 of ,gorlaeus1 ,delft1 #afja1 ,figs4 #aga1 #agb4 ,in ,palestine the ,evil ,eye is supposed to be the baleful gift of men who have light-blue eyes1 more especially if they are beardless4 ,possibly this is the power in which some of our blond and beardless 8mashers0 repose their trust4 ,as an antidote to the awful influence of these blue-eyed monsters1 the ,syrian women decorated themselves with blue beads1 on the principle similia similibus curantur4 ,a maiden with beautiful hair will tie a blue ribbon about it1 or wear a blue bead in it1 so as to ward off any evil spell cast by the blue eye that might rob her of her fair dower4#aih ,it is a well-known fact that many amulets were made in forms suggesting objects offensive to our sense of propriety4 ,these were thought to protect the wearers by denoting the contempt they felt for the evil spirits leagued against them4 ,some such fancy may have induced the peculiar designs of certain of the jewels alleged to have been pawned in ,paris by the ex-,sultan ,abdul ,hamid for the sum of #a1bjj1jjj francs 7#bdj1jjj74 ,according to rumor1 these pledges must be sold1 as the sultan has failed to redeem them1 but the designs are so risqu that they cannot be offered at public sale2 therefore the stones and pearls are to be removed and the gold settings are to be melted and sold as metal4 ,it is not exclusively characteristic of our commercial and industrial age that the price paid for a work of art should influence the popular estimation of the merits of the work1 as appears in an anecdote related by ,pliny4 ,an emerald 7smaragd71 upon which was engraved a figure of ,amymone 7one of the ,danaid71 having been offered for sale in the ,isle of ,cyprus1 at the price of six golden denarii1 ,ismenias1 a flute-player1 gave orders to purchase it4 ,the dealer1 however1 reduced the price and returned two denarii2 upon which ,ismenias remarked1 8,by ,hercules6 he has done me but a bad turn in this1 for the merit of the stone has been greatly impaired by this reduction in price40#aii ,a variant of the design directed by ,damigeron to be placed on the emerald is recommended in a thirteenth century manuscript1 where we read that to fit this stone for use as a talisman1 it should be engraved with the form of a scarab1 beneath which there should appear a crested paroquet4#bjj ,according to the same manuscript1 a jasper should bear the figure of ,mars fully armed1 or else that of a virgin wearing a flowing robe and bearing a laurel branch4 ,it should then be 8consecrated with perpetual consecration40 ,the mythical author ,cethel asserts that the owner of a jasper engraved with the sacred symbol of the cross would be preserved from drowning4#bja ,a curious quid pro quo appears in a fifteenth century treatise on gems written in ,french4 ,here1 in a list of engraved gems suitable for use as amulets1 we read1 8,if you find a dromedary engraved on a stone with hair flowing over its shoulders1 this stone will bring peace and concord between man and wife40 ,the original ,latin text read1 8,if you find ,andromeda on a stone with hair flowing over her shoulders10 etc4#bjb ,the translator's art which could turn ,andromeda into a dromedary almost equalled that of the enchantress ,circe4 ,a few even of the early writers were disposed to be sceptical as to the virtues ascribed to these engraved gems1 and did not hesitate to assert that the ,greek and ,roman engravers executed their designs for ornamental purposes rather than to fit the gems for use as talismans4 ,this was undoubtedly true in a large number of cases but nevertheless1 as we have seen1 many engraved talismans were really cut in the early centuries4 ,as the art of gem engraving was not practised in the ,middle ,ages1 some medieval writers suppose that the engraved talismanic gems current in their time were not works of art1 but of nature1 and ,konrad von ,megenberg accepting this view1 gave it as his opinion that 8,god granted these stones their beauty and virtue for the help and comfort of the human race10 adding that when he hoped to receive help from them he in no wise denied the grace of ,god4#bjc ,damigeron writes of the sard that1 if worn by a woman1 it is a good and fortunate stone4 ,it should be engraved with a design showing a grape-vine and ivy intertwined4#bjd ,a celebrated topaz was that noted by ,george ,agricola as being in the possession of a ,neapolitan1 ,hadrianus ,gulielmus4#bje ,it bore1 in ancient ,roman characters1 the terse and pregnant inscription3 ,natura deficit1 ,fortuna mutatur4 ,deus omnia cernit4 ,this was very freely rendered by ,thomas ,nicols as follows3#bjf ,nature by frailty doth dayly waste away4 ,fortune is turn'd and changed every day4 ,in all1 there is an eye know's no decay4 ,jah sees for aye4 ,there is in the ,imperial ,academy at ,moscow a turquoise two inches in diameter1 inscribed with a text from the ,koran in letters of gold4 ,this turquoise was formerly worn by the ,shah of ,persia as an amulet1 and it was valued at #ejjj rubles by the jeweller from whose hands it came4#bjg ,it is well known that ,napoleon ,,iii was inclined to be superstitious1 and there is not1 therefore1 anything inherently improbable in the report that he left the seal he wore on his watch-chain to his son1 the unfortunate ,prince ,imperial1 as a talisman4 ,this seal is said to have borne an inscription in ,arabic characters1 signifying 8,the slave ,abraham relying on the ,merciful ,one 7,god740#bjh ,the talisman lost its virtue on that unlucky day when1 in far-off ,zululand1 the heir to so many hopes was cut off in the first flush of early manhood 7see page #fd74 ,v ,on ,ominous and ,luminous ,stones ,,the ,,opal ,mother4 ,come1 let me place a charm upon thy brow1 ,and may good spirits grant1 that never care ,approach1 to trace a single furrow there6 ,daughter4 ,thy love1 my mother1 better far than charm1 ,shall shield thy child--and yet this wondrous gem#bji ,looks as though some strange influence it had won ,from the bright skies--for every rainbow hue ,shoots quivering through its depths in changeful gleams1 ,like the mild lightnings of a summer eve4 ,mother4 ,even so doth love pervade a mother's heart2 ,thus1 ever active1 looks through her fond eyes4#baj ,there can be little doubt that much of the modern superstition regarding the supposed unlucky quality of the opal owes its origin to a careless reading of ,sir ,walter ,scott's novel1 8,anne of ,geierstein40#baa ,the wonderful tale therein related of the ,lady ,hermione1 a sort of enchanted princess1 who came no one knew whence and always wore a dazzling opal in her hair1 contains nothing to indicate that ,scott really meant to represent the opal as unlucky4 ,lady ,hermione's gem was an enchanted stone just as its owner was a product of enchantment1 and its peculiarities depended entirely upon its mysterious character1 which might equally well have been attributed to a diamond1 a ruby1 or a sapphire4 ,the life of the stone was bound up with the life of ,hermione2 it sparkled when she was gay1 it shot out red gleams when she was angry2 and when a few drops of holy water were sprinkled over it1 they quenched its radiance4 ,hermione fell into a swoon1 was carried to her chamber1 and the next day nothing but a small heap of ashes remained on the bed whereon she had been laid4 ,the spell was broken and the enchantment dissolved4 ,all that can have determined the selection of the opal rather than any other precious stone is the fact of its wonderful play of color and its sensitiveness to moisture4 ,hence we are perfectly justified in returning to the older belief of the manifold virtues of the opal1 only remembering that this gem is a little more fragile than many others and should be more carefully handled and guarded4 ,the opal1 ,october's gem1 recalls in its wonderful and varied play of color the glories of a bright ,october day in the country1 when earth and sky vie with each other in brilliancy and the eye is fairly dazzled with the bewildering variety of color4 ,it rarely happens that ,pliny gives any information as to particular jewels1 almost all his notices of precious stones being confined to descriptions of their form and color1 and data regarding what was popularly believed as to their talismanic or therapeutic power4 ,in the case of the opalus1 however1 he writes as follows3 8,there exists to-day a gem of this kind1 on account of which the senator ,nonius was proscribed by ,antony4 ,seeking safety in flight1 he took with him of all his possessions this ring alone1 which it is certain1 was valued at #b1jjj1jjj sesterces 7#hj1jjj740bab ,the stone was 8as large as a hazel-nut40 ,this 8opal of ,nonius0 would be the great historic opal if we had any assurance that it was really the stone to which we now give this name4 ,as1 however1 the principal ,european source of supply in ,hungary does not appear to have been available in classic times to the ,romans1 and as opals are not found in the places whence1 according to ,pliny1 the opalus was derived1 we are almost forced to the conclusion that he had some other stone in mind when he gave his eloquent description of the opalus4 ,and yet1 in spite of all this1 ,pliny's words so well describe the beauties of a fine opal that it is difficult to determine what other stone he could have meant4 ,for it can well be said of opals that 8,there is in them a softer fire than in the carbuncle1 there is the brilliant purple of the amethyst2 there is the sea-green of the emerald--all shining together in incredible union4 ,some by their refulgent splendor rival the colors of the painters1 others the flame of burning sulphur or of fire quickened by oil40#bac ,possibly some brilliant varieties of iridescent quartz--8iris0 quartz1 possessing an internal fracture1 displays with great brilliancy all the colors of the rainbow1 sparkling with wonderful clearness in its field of transparent mineral--might excite the admiration of one who had never seen an opal4 ,referring again to these quartz crystals1 they are often cut so as to form a dome of quartz and are even used as distinct jewels4 ,the fact that ,pliny could praise the ,indian imitations of the opalus in glass1 and could state that this stone was more successfully imitated than any other1 is an almost decisive argument against identifying the opalus with an opal1 for it is well known that no stone is more difficult to imitate4 ,about the middle of the eighteenth century1 a peasant found a brilliant precious stone in some old ruins at ,alexandria1 ,egypt4 ,this stone was set in a ring4 ,it was as large as a hazel-nut and is said to have been an opal cut en cabochon4 ,according to the report1 it was eventually taken to ,constantinople1 where it was estimated to be worth 8several thousand ducats40#bad ,the description given of this gem1 its apparent antiquity1 and the high value set upon it have contributed to induce many to conjecture that it was the celebrated 8opal of ,nonius40 ,of course this was nothing but a romantic fancy4 ,it is also quite certain that an opal would scarcely hold its play of color or compactness for twenty centuries1 for most opals lose their water--slowly perhaps1 but surely--within a lesser space of time4 ,even the finest ,hungarian opals show some loss of life and color within a century or even less1 and some transparent ,mexican opals lose their color and are filled with flaws within a few years' time4 ,the ,edda tells of a sacred stone called the yarkastein1 which the clever smith ,volndr 7the ,scandinavian ,vulcan7 formed from the eyes of children4 ,grimm conjectures that this name designates a round1 milk-white opal4 ,certainly the opal was often called ophthalmios1 or eyestone1 in the ,middle ,ages1 and it was a common idea that the image of a boy or girl could be seen in the pupil of the eye4 ,illustration3 ,,the 8,,orphanus ,,jewel0 ,,in ,,the ,,german ,,imperial ,,crown4 ,from the 8,hortus ,sanitatis0 of ,johannis de ,cuba ,strassburg1 ,jean ,pryss1 ca4 #adhc2 ,de lapidibus1 cap4 xcii4 ,author's library4 ,albertus ,magnus describes under the name orphanus a stone which was set in the imperial crown of the ,holy ,roman ,empire4 ,this gem is believed to have been a splendid opal1 and ,albertus describes it as follows3 ,the orphanus is a stone which is in the crown of the ,roman ,emperor1 and none like it has ever been seen2 for this very reason it is called orphanus4 ,it is of a subtle vinous tinge1 and its hue is as though pure white snow flashed and sparkled with the color of bright1 ruddy wine1 and was overcome by this radiance4 ,it is a translucent stone1 and there is a tradition that formerly it shone in the night-time2 but now1 in our age1 it does not sparkle in the dark4 ,it is said to guard the regal honor4#bae ,evidently this imperial gem was regarded as sui generis1 for ,albertus has just described the ophthalmus lapis1 a name frequently bestowed upon the opal in medieval times1 reciting the virtues usually ascribed to the opal for the cure of diseases of the eye1 and the magic power of the stone to render its wearer invisible1 wherefore it was denominated patronus furum1 or 8patron of thieves40 ,in the ,middle ,ages the opal mines of ,cernowitz1 in ,hungary1 were very actively exploited1 and at the opening of the fifteenth century more than three hundred men are said to have been employed here in the search for opals4 ,at that time1 and for many centuries after1 no breath of suspicion ever tarnished the fame of the opal as not only a thing of rare beauty1 but also a talisman of the first rank4 ,we are told that blond maidens valued nothing more highly than necklaces of opals1 for while they wore these ornaments their hair was sure to guard its beautiful color4 ,the latter superstitions probably arose from the frangibility of the stone and its occasional loss of fire4 ,from the earliest times the baleful influence of the ,evil ,eye has struck terror into the souls of the ignorant and superstitious4 ,it is believed by some that the name 8opal0--written 8ophal0 in the time of ,queen ,elizabeth--was derived from ophthalmos1 the eye1 or ophthalmius1 pertaining to the eye1 and that hence the foolish superstition regarding the ill luck of the opal had some connection with the belief in the ,evil ,eye4 ,however1 this is altogether incorrect1 since the stone called ophthalmius by early writers1 and which seems to have been the opalus of the ancients and our opal1 was believed to have a wonderfully beneficial effect upon the sight1 and if it was thought to render the wearer invisible1 this was only an added virtue of the stone4 ,illustration3 #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e4 ,eye agates1 ,aleppo stones1 ,arabia4 #f and #g4 ,antique eye agates1 with double zone4 #h and #i4 ,aleppo stones set in rings4 #aj and #aa4 ,double eye agates1 ,aleppo stones1 ,arabia4 #ab4 ,natural pebble1 showing eye from ,isle ,royal1 ,lake ,superior4 #ac and #ad4 ,natural agates with eye-like effect1 ,east ,indian4 ,had been used as votive charms4 #ae4 ,eye agate1 ,brazil4 #af4 ,agate called ,oriental agate1 eye effect1 from ,brazil4 #ag4 ,ancient eye of idol1 agate variety sardonyx4 ,had been pierced lengthwise and worn as a charm on the arm4 ,east ,indian4 ,the eye-agates were sometimes used to form the eyes of idols4 ,at a later period some of these 8agate-eyes0 were removed from the statues and cut with a glyptic subject on the lower side4 ,some of the most interesting antique gems are of this kind4 ,in ,aleppo 7and elsewhere in the ,east7 there is a certain type of sore known as the 8,aleppo button0 or 8,aleppo boil40 ,the boil frequently does not appear for a long period after infection has taken place4 ,it often appears as a swelling surrounded by a white ring1 and there is a belief among the natives that there are 8,aleppo stones10 these being the so-called 8eye-agates0 frequently produced by cutting a three-layer1 naturally pale yellow or pale gray agate1 with intervening white zones in such a way that it looks like an eye or a double-eye1 and such stones are used in alleviation of the ,aleppo sore4 ,what beneficial influence they may have is due to the fact that the agate is cold and furnishes a little relief for the time4 ,this 8,aleppo boil0 or 8,oriental sore0 so prevalent in many parts of western ,asia1 is produced1 according to the best authorities1 by a pathogenic organism ,leishmania tropica 7,wright7 #aijc4 ,as to the means by which this organism is introduced into the human subject nothing very definite is known1 but mosquitoes or ,phlebotomus have been suggested as possible transmitting agencies4#baf ,the eye of some invisible monster1 the eye of the dragon1 the eye of the serpent1 were all regarded as possessed of malign power4 ,it is well known that in the ,east ,indies a peacock's feather is thought to bring ill-luck1 the eye in the feather being the baleful point4 ,even in our own time1 and among those for whom this primitive superstition has no terrors1 the humorous use of the idea--as shown1 for instance1 in the 8,dick ,dead-,eye0 of ,gilbert and ,sullivan's 8,pinafore0--proves that the ,evil ,eye is familiar to our thoughts4 ,for this reason1 stones such as those which have been named the cat's-eye1 the tiger's-eye1 or the oculus ,beli1 always possess a certain strange interest4 ,one of the earliest descriptions of the opal in ,english is that written in the reign of ,queen ,elizabeth by ,dr4 ,stephen ,batman 7d4 #aehd74 ,while the passage is essentially a translation from the 8,de proprietatibus rerum10 of ,bartolomus ,anglicus1 the ,english version is interesting in itself as showing what was accepted by ,english readers of the time regarding the virtues of the opal4 ,there is1 of course1 no trace of the foolish modern superstition touching the ominous quality of this beautiful gem4 ,batman writes3#bag ,optallio is called ,oppalus also1 and is a stone distinguished with colors of divers precious stones1 as ,isid4 saith4444 ,this stone breedeth onely in ,inde and is deemed to have as many virtues1 as hiewes and colours4 ,of this ,optallius it is said in ,lapidario1 that this ,optallius keepeth and saveth his eyen that beareth it1 cleere and sharp and without griefe1 and dimmeth other men's eyen that be about1 with a maner clowde1 and smiteth them with a maner blindnesse1 that is called ,amentia1 so that they may not see neither take heede what is done before their eyen4 ,therefore it is said that it is the most sure patron of theeves4 ,the opal seems to have appealed to ,shakespeare as a fit emblem of inconstancy1 for in 8,twelfth ,night0 he makes the clown say to the ,duke3#bah ,now the melancholy ,god protect thee1 and the ,tailor make thy garment of changeable taffeta1 for thy mind is very opal4 ,that the beauty of the opal was fully appreciated in the sixteenth century is shown by the words of ,cardano1 who states that he once bought one of these stones for fifteen gold crowns and found as much pleasure in its possession as he did in that of a diamond that had cost him five hundred crowns4#bai ,although superstitious beliefs were rather the rule than the exception in ,cardano's time1 none of the silly fancies regarding the ominous quality of the opal were then current4 ,it was reserved for the nineteenth century to develop these altogether unreasonable--and indeed almost inexplicable--superstitions4 ,the ownership of so fair an object as a fine opal must certainly be a source of pleasure1 and hence add to the good fortune of the owner4 ,although opal has been considered by some a stone of misfortune1 black opal is regarded as an exceptionally lucky stone4 ,formerly black opals were artificially made by dipping the light-colored stone into ink1 or by allowing burnt oil to enter cracks in the stone produced by heating4 ,about the year #aijj1 however1 a number of deposits of natural black opals were found in the ,white ,cliff region of ,new ,south ,wales1 whence exceedingly beautiful gems have been secured1 with wonderful flames of green1 red1 and blue in a black field4 ,some of these have sold for #ajjj and even for a higher price1 the smaller ones bringing from a few dollars upward each4 ,it has been claimed that #b1jjj1jjj worth have been sold from ,new ,south ,wales4 ,a remarkable example is figured on the frontispiece of this volume4 ,the late ,f4 ,marion ,crawford was a great admirer of this strangely beautiful variety of opal4 ,that ill-luck and good-luck are relative terms is shown us published of an opal by ,paris newspapers4 ,a shopgirl1 plainly clad1 in crossing the ,place de l',opra1 when the street traffic was at its greatest1 stopped at one of the 8refuges0 halfway across the street4 ,to the girl's great surprise1 an elegantly attired lady standing there slipped an opal ring from her finger and gave it to the girl1 who took it to a jeweller's shop to sell it4 ,here she was arrested on suspicion of having stolen it4 ,the magistrate before whom she appeared was inclined to believe her story and ordered a 8personal0 in a widely read journal asking the lady to clear the girl of the charge4 ,a titled lady presented herself1 substantiating the girl's statement4 ,she feared ill-luck would befall her if she wore or kept the ring1 which was returned to the shopgirl4 ,a possible explanation of the superstitious dread the opal used to excite some time ago may be found in the fact that lapidaries and gem-setters to whom opals were entrusted were sometimes so unfortunate as to fracture them in the process of cutting or setting4 ,this was frequently due to no fault on the part of the cutters or setters1 but was owing to the natural brittleness of the opal4 ,as such workmen are responsible to the owners for any injury to the gems1 they would soon acquire a prejudice against opals1 and would come to regard them as unlucky stones4 ,very widespread superstitions have no better foundation than this1 for the original cause1 sometimes a quite rational one1 is soon lost sight of and popular fantasy suggests something entirely different and better calculated to appeal to the imagination4 ,the belief that the diamond fractured the teeth if it were put in the mouth1 and ruptured the intestines if it were swallowed1 already appears in pseudo-,aristotle1#bbj and can therefore be dated back to the ninth and perhaps to the seventh century4 ,this fancy evidently owes its origin to the fact that the diamond1 because of its hardness1 was used to cut all other stones1 and the idea of its destructive quality was strengthened by the old legends regarding the venomous serpents which guarded the place where it was found4 ,hence the firm conviction that it would bring death to any one who swallowed it4 ,according to ,garcias ab ,orta 7#aefc71 the diamond was not used for medicinal purposes in the ,india of his time1 except when injected into the bladder to break up vesical calculi4 ,he notes1 however1 the prevalent belief that diamonds1 or diamond dust1 when taken internally1 worked as a poison4 ,as a proof of the falsity of this belief1 ,garcias adduces the fact that the slaves who worked in the diamond mines often swallowed diamonds to conceal them1 and never experienced any ill effects1 the stones being recovered in a natural way4 ,the same author notes the case of a man who suffered from chronic dysentery and whose wife had for a long time administered to him doses of diamond dust4 ,if this did not help him1 neither did it injure him2 finally1 by the advice of the doctors1 this strange treatment was abandoned4 ,the man eventually died of his disease1 but many days after the doses of diamond dust had been discontinued4#bba ,the ,hindus believed that a flawed diamond1 or one containing specks or spots1 was so unlucky that it could even deprive ,indra of his highest heaven4 ,the original shape of the stone was also considered of great importance1 more especially in early times1 when but few1 if any1 diamonds1 were cut4 ,a triangular stone was said to cause quarrels1 a square diamond inspired the wearer with vague terrors2 a five-cornered stone had the worst effect of all1 for it brought death2 only the six-cornered diamond was productive of good4#bbb ,the ,turkish sultan ,bejazet ,,ii 7#addg-aeab7 is said to have been done to death by a dose of pulverized diamond administered to him by his son ,selim1 who mixed the diamond dust with the sultan's food4#bbc ,it is also related that the disciples of ,paracelsus 7#adic-aeda7 spread the report that he died from the effects of a dose of diamond dust4 ,ambrosius#bbd conjectures that this was only an excuse to explain the demise of the master in the prime of life--he was but forty-eight years old at the time of his death--although he had promised long life to all who made use of his medicaments4 ,while ,benvenuto ,cellini 7#aejj-aega71 the unrivalled goldsmith1 was imprisoned in ,rome1 in #aech1 he strongly suspected that his enemies were seeking to poison him by tampering with his food4 ,cellini shared the belief of his contemporaries that there was no more deadly poison than diamond dust4 ,one day1 while eating his noonday meal1 he felt something grate between his teeth4 ,he paid no particular attention to this1 but when he had finished eating his eye was caught by some bright particles on the plate4 ,picking up one of these and examining it carefully1 he was terrified to find what he supposed to be a diamond splinter1 and he straightway gave himself up for lost1 thinking that he had swallowed a quantity of diamond dust4 ,he prayed to ,god for an hour and finally became reconciled to the thought of dying1 but suddenly it occurred to him that he had not tested the hardness of the fragment he had found in his food4 ,he immediately took the splinter and tried to crush it between his knife and the stone window-sill2 to his joy the attempt succeeded1 and he became convinced that what he had swallowed was not diamond dust4 ,later1 after his release1 ,cellini learned that an enemy had given a diamond to a certain ,lione ,aretino1 a gem-cutter1 instructing him to grind it up so that the dust could be placed in ,cellini's food4 ,the gem-cutter was very poor and the diamond was worth a hundred scudi1 so the man yielded to temptation and substituted a citrine for the diamond4 ,to this circumstance alone did ,cellini attribute his escape from death4#bbe ,in ,england1 more than seventy years after ,cellini's experience1 diamond dust was selected as a poison to do away with a luckless prisoner4 ,sir ,thomas ,overbury had incurred the bitter animosity of the ,countess of ,essex1 because he opposed her marriage with the favorite of ,james ,i1 ,robert ,carr1 ,viscount ,somerset1 whom he had befriended and whose career he had furthered4 ,the marriage took place1 however1 and1 in #afac1 ,overbury was imprisoned in the ,tower1 through the machinations of the countess4 ,she then sought the aid of one ,james ,franklin1 an apothecary1 directing him to concoct a slow and deadly poison1 which should be mixed with ,overbury's food4 ,in the minutes of ,franklin's confession1 he is said to have stated that the countess asked him what he thought of white arsenic4 ,his reply was that this poison would prove too violent4 8,what say you 7quoth she7 to powder of diamonds80 ,he answered1 8,i know not the nature of that40 ,she said that he was a fool1 and gave him pieces of gold1 and bade him buy some of that powder for her4 ,it appears1 however1 from the testimony1 that a number of ingredients were employed1 quite probably small doses of mercury1 cantharides1 etc41 as well as the baleful diamond dust4 ,poor ,overbury lingered on for more than three months1 but was finally put out of his misery by a clyster of corrosive sublimate4#bbf ,as a proof of the deadly effects caused by the diamond1 the ,portuguese ,zacutus relates the case of a merchant's servant who surreptitiously swallowed three rough diamonds belonging to his master4 ,on the following day this man was seized with violent abdominal pains1 all the remedies administered to him were without effect1 and he soon died from the extensive internal ulceration produced by the sharp edges of the diamonds4#bbg ,this old fancy that diamonds or diamond dust had deadly effects when swallowed is pretty well exploded by this time1 little or no confirmation being afforded by the instances cited in the matter4 ,however1 quite recently it has been shown that swallowing a diamond can prove fatal to a fowl4 ,while a prize-winning cockerel was being fondled by his proud owner1 it spied a flashing diamond set in a ring on his hand1 and immediately pecked out the stone and swallowed it4 ,not long after1 the fowl died--not1 however1 because it was poisoned by the diamond1 but because it was chloroformed to insure the speedy recovery of the stone4 ,an old ,english ballad1 treating of the loves of ,hind ,horn and ,maid ,rimnild1 recounts that when ,hind ,horn1 who loved and was beloved by the king's daughter1 went to sea to escape the wrath of the king1 the princess gave him a ring set with seven diamonds4 ,we are told that when far from home3 ,one day he looked his ring upon ,he saw the diamond pale and wan4 ,hereupon1 he hastened back1 for the paleness of the stone was a sign the loved one was unfaithful to him4 ,on his return1 he succeeded in preventing her marriage to another1 and everything ended happily4#bbh ,in a fourteenth century ,,ms4 of the ,old ,english romance upon which the ballad is founded1 the stone in the ring is not named2 in giving it ,rimnild says3#bbi ,loke thou forsake it for no thing2 ,the ston it is well trewe4 ,when the ston wexeth wan ,than chaungeth the thought of thi leman1 ,take than a newe4 ,when the ston wexeth rede1 ,than have ,y lorn mi maidenhed1 ,oghaines#bcj the untrewe4 ,in this older form of the tale1 the stone either grows pale or red as a sign of misfortune4 ,it is interesting to note that ,epiphanius1 writing a thousand years earlier1 states that the adamas of the high-priest grew red as a presage of bloodshed and defeat for the ,jews4 ,regarding the old fancy that a serpent could not look upon an emerald without losing its sight1 the ,arabian gem dealer1 ,ahmed ,teifashi1 in #abdb writes as follows3#bca ,after having read in learned books of this peculiarity of the emerald1 ,i tested it by my own experiment and found the statements exact4 ,it chanced that ,i had in my possession a fine emerald of the zabbi variety1 and with this ,i decided to make the experiment on the eyes of a viper4 ,therefore1 having made a bargain with a snake-charmer to procure me some vipers1 as soon as ,i received them ,i selected one and placed it in a vessel4 ,this being done1 ,i took a stick of wood1 attached to the end a piece of wax1 and embedded my emerald in this4 ,i then brought the emerald near to the viper's eyes4 ,the reptile was strong and vigorous1 and even raised its head out of the vessel1 but as soon as ,i approached the emerald to its eyes1 ,i heard a slight crepitation and saw that the eyes were protruding and dissolving into a humor4 ,after this the viper was dazed and confused2 ,i had expected that it would spring from the vessel1 but it moved uneasily hither and thither1 without knowing which way to turn2 all its agility was lost1 and its restless movements soon ceased4 ,wolfgang ,gabelchover1 in his commentary on the sixth book of the treatise 8,de ,gemmis10 by ,andrea ,baccio1 gives the following account of a strange and tragic experience in regard to a ruby3#bcb ,it is worthy of note that the true ,oriental ruby1 by frequent changes of color and by growing obscurity1 announces to the wearer some impending misfortune or calamity2 and the obscurity and opacity is greater or less according to the extent of the coming ill-fortune4 ,alas6 that what ,i had often heard proclaimed by learned men1 ,i should myself experience2 for as1 on the fifth of ,december1 #afjj1 ,i was travelling from ,stuttgart to ,calw with my beloved wife ,catherine ,adelmann of pious memory1 ,i plainly observed in the course of the journey that a very beautiful ruby which she had given me1 and which ,i wore on my hand1 set in a gold ring1 once and again lost its splendid coloring and became obscure1 changing its brightness for a dark hue4 ,this dark hue continued not for one or two days only1 but so long that ,i was greatly terrified1 and1 removing the ring from my finger1 concealed it in a case4 ,wherefore1 ,i repeatedly warned my wife that some great calamity was impending either for her or for myself1 the which ,i inferred from the change and variation of the ruby4 ,nor was ,i deceived1 for within a few days she was seized with a dangerous illness1 which resulted in her death4 ,a story explaining one at least of these supposedly ominous changes of color in precious stones1 is given by ,johann ,jacob ,spener1 who states that it was told him by a trustworthy informant3#bcc ,there was a jeweller1 expert1 prudent1 and rich1 three essential qualities in a jeweller4 ,one day1 after having washed his hands1 this man sat at a table1 when1 glancing at a ruby ring he wore on his finger1 he remarked that the stone1 which usually delighted the eye with its splendor1 had lost its brilliancy and become dull4 ,since he believed what others had related to him1 he was firmly persuaded that some misfortune threatened him1 and1 having removed the ring from his finger1 he placed it in its case4 ,a fortnight later1 one of this man's sons died of varioloid4 ,reminded by this event of the phenomenon observed in the ruby1 the jeweller took it from the case and found1 on examination1 that it had regained its pristine brilliancy4 ,this fact confirmed him in his belief in the ominous quality of the stone4 ,once more1 shortly after washing his hands1 he remarked anew that the splendor of the ruby was dimmed1 and he again fell a prey to anxiety1 lest some fresh misfortune was impending4 ,since1 however1 his apprehensions proved vain and no untoward event happened1 he investigated the matter carefully1 and discovered that the obscuration of the color was due to a drop of water which had penetrated between the ruby and the foil1 as the jewellers call it1 and that the former brilliancy returned when the water had evaporated4 ,the ominous character of the onyx is especially noted in ,arabic tradition1 as is shown by the ,arabic name for the stone1 el jaza1 8sadness40 ,the following passage from pseudo-,aristotle offers an illustration of the strength of this prejudice against the onyx1 which was said to come from ,china and the ,magreb3#bcd ,those who are in the land of ,china fear this stone so much that they dread to go into the mines where it occurs2 hence none but slaves and menials1 who have no other means of gaining a livelihood1 take the stone from the mines4 ,when it has been extracted1 it is carried out of the country and sold in other lands4 ,those men of the ,magreb also who are gifted with any wisdom will not wear an onyx or place it in their treasuries4 ,indeed1 no one is willing to wear it1 unless he be bereft of his senses2 for whosoever wears it1 either set in a ring or in any other way1 will have fearful dreams and be tormented by a multitude of doubts and apprehensions2 he will also have many disputes and lawsuits4 ,lastly1 whoever keeps an onyx in his house1 or places it in a vessel1 or puts it in food or drink1 will suffer loss of energy and capacity4 ,an ominous character was attributed to the red coral1 especially the more highly colored varieties4 ,if worn so that the substance came in direct contact with the skin1 it was asserted that the color would pale1 the coral also losing its brightness if the wearer became ill1 or even if he were only threatened with severe illness4 ,the same effect was said to be induced if some deadly poison had been taken4 ,cardano writes that he more than once observed this phenomenon1 and he thinks that in these cases1 where the wearer was not yet attacked by disease1 its threatening 8vapor10 though not strong enough to provoke decided symptoms in the human body1 was sufficiently powerful to offset the more delicate and subtle essence of the mineral substance4 ,of course1 for us the mineral would be much less sensitive than flesh and blood1 but the sixteenth century writers1 and to a still greater degree those of an earlier time1 attributed to stones not only life in a general way1 but old age1 disease1 and death1 in a very positive sense4#bce ,rabbinical tradition tells of a wonderful luminous stone placed by ,noah in the ,ark4 ,this stone shone more brilliantly by day than by night1 and served to distinguish the day from the night when1 during the flood1 neither sun nor moon could be seen4#bcf ,according to another ,jewish legend1 ,abraham is said to have built a city for the six sons ,hagar bore to him4 ,the wall with which this city was surrounded was so lofty that the light of the sun was cut off1 and to offset this ,abraham gave to his sons enormous precious stones and pearls4 ,these exceeded the sun in brightness1 and will be used in the time of the ,messiah4#bcg lian relates the following tale of a luminous stone4 ,a woman of ,tarentum1 named ,heracleis1 who was a pattern of the domestic virtues1 lost her husband and mourned sincerely for him4 ,her grief made her compassionate1 for when a young stork just learning to fly lost its strength and fell to the ground before her1 ,heracleis picked up the helpless bird and tended it carefully until its strength returned and it was able to fly away4 ,a year later1 when the woman was outside the house enjoying the bright warm sunshine1 she saw a stork flying toward her4 ,as the bird passed over her head1 it let fall a precious stone into her lap4 ,heracleis took the stone with her into the house1 feeling by an infallible instinct that the stork which had dropped it was the one she had cared for in the previous year4 ,during the night she woke up1 and was astonished to see that the room was lighted up as though by many torches1 the radiance proceeding from the stone bestowed by the stork as a proof of its gratitude4#bch ,in ,german1 the stone called ,donnerkeil 7thunderbolt7 has several synonyms2 among these is ,storchstein 78stork-stone074 ,it is evident that the stone of ,heracleis was identical with the precious and brilliant variety of cerauni mentioned by ,pliny1 8which drew to themselves the radiance of the stars40 ,the flashing and ruddy light of the ruby suggested an igneous origin1 and induced the belief that rubies were generated by a fire from heaven1--in other words1 by the lightning flash4#bci ,the analogy between the flame of a lamp or the glow of a burning coal and the radiance of a ruby1 suggested some of the names given to this stone1 or those resembling it in color1 as1 for instance1 the ,greek anthrax and the ,latin carbunculus and lychnis4 ,probably the fancy that such stones were luminous in the dark was nothing more than the logical result of the quasi-identification of them with fire in some of its manifestations4 ,still1 it is a well-known fact that some stones possess a high degree of phosphorescence4 ,this circumstance must have been observed by chance1 and may have had something to do with the legends of luminous stones1 although this peculiarity is not characteristic of the ruby4 ,according to ,pliny1 the lychnis1 perhaps a spinel1 was so called a lucernarum accensu 7from the lighting1 or the light1 of lamps74 ,the author of the poem 8,lithica0 says that the diamond 7adamas71 like the crystal1 when placed on an altar1 sent forth a flame without the aid of fire4#bdj ,if this did not refer to the use of rock-crystal as a burning-glass1 we might see in the passage an indication that the phosphorescence of the diamond had already been noted before the second or third century of our era4 ,from the ,lydian river ,tmolus a marvellous stone was taken which was said to change color four times a day4 ,this surpasses the properties of the 8saphire merveilleux0 which changed its hue at night4 ,only innocent young girls could find the ,lydian stone1 and while they wore it they were defended from outrage4#bda ,is it possible that the ancient writer intended to hint at the proverbial fickleness of woman1 when stating that this changeable stone could only be discovered by one of the fair sex8 ,the temple of the ,syrian goddess ,astarte contained an image of this divinity crowned with a diadem in which was set a luminous stone4 ,such was the splendor of the light emitted by this gem that the whole sanctuary was lighted up as though with a myriad of lamps4 ,indeed1 the stone itself bore the name lychnos 78lamp074 ,in the daytime this light was fainter1 but was still very noticeable1 as a fiery glow4#bdb ,two fabulous stones are noted by pseudo-,aristotle1 and one of these1 the 8sleeping-stone10 must have possessed marvellous soporific power4 ,it was a luminous stone of a bright ruddy hue1 and shone in the darkness with a bright light4 ,if a small quantity of this stone were hung about a person's neck1 he would sleep uninterruptedly for three days and nights1 and1 when awakened on the fourth day1 he would still be almost overcome by sleep4 ,the other stone1 of a greenish hue1 had the opposite quality and induced prolonged wakefulness2 so long as it was worn1 sleep was banished4 ,our author gravely states that 8some men who must watch at night suffer greatly from lack of sleep40 ,if1 however1 they wore the 8waking-stone10 they suffered no inconvenience from their enforced vigils4#bdc ,evidently this stone would be a precious possession for night-watchmen1 and a more satisfactory guarantee for their employers than 8timeclocks0 or other tests of wakefulness4 ,in his commentary on ,marbodus1 ,alardus of ,amsterdam relates the history of a wonderful luminous stone1 a 8chrysolampis10 which1 with many other precious stones1 was set in a marvellous golden tablet dedicated to ,st4 ,adelbert1 apostle of the ,frisians and patron of the town of ,egmund 7d4 #gbj-gcj71 by ,hildegard1 wife of ,theodoric1 ,count of ,holland4 ,the gift was made to the ,abbey of ,egmund1 where the saint's body reposed4 ,alardus tells us that the 8chrysolampis0 shone so brightly that when the monks were called to the chapel in the night-time1 they could read the ,hours without any other light4 ,this wonderful stone was stolen by one of the monks1 whom ,alardus terms 8the most rapacious creature who ever went on two legs02 but1 fearing to keep so valuable a gem with him1 he cast it into the sea and it was never recovered4#bdd ,strange tales were told of a luminous 8carbuncle0 on the shrine of ,st4 ,elizabeth 7d4 #abca7 at ,marburg4 ,this stone was set above the statuette of the ,virgin1 and it was said to emit fiery rays at night4 ,however1 ,creuzer informs us that it was only a very brilliant rock crystal of a yellowish-white hue4 ,the shrine was an elaborate work of art in silver gilt1 and was literally covered with precious stones to the number of #hbd1 besides two large pearls and a great many smaller ones4 ,all these gems were stripped from their settings when the shrine was taken from ,marburg to ,cassel in #ahaj4bde ,at the ,dusseldorf ,exhibition of #ahia1 the writer saw what was called 8,the ,ring of ,st4 ,elizabeth10 purporting to be set with her miraculously luminous ruby4 ,the stone in the setting proved1 however1 to be a large almost flat carbuncle garnet of no great brilliancy1 set in a narrow rim of gold4 ,after noting the reports of medieval travellers regarding the wonderful luminous rubies of the sovereigns of ,pegu and repeating the tale that the night was illumined by their splendor1 ,cleandro ,arnobio adds that it did not appear that any such rubies were to be found in his day4 ,nevertheless1 he had heard from an ecclesiastic of a certain jewel that shone brightly at night4 ,this stone1 however1 was not a ruby1 but was of a pale citron hue1 and hence ,arnobio inclines to believe that it was either a topaz or a yellow diamond4#bdf ,this probably refers to the ,marburg 8carbuncle40 ,the luminous 8ruby0 of the ,king of ,ceylon is noted by ,chau ,ju-,kua1#bdg a ,chinese writer of about the middle of the thirteenth century and hence a contemporary of the ,arab ,teifashi4 ,he says3 8,the king holds in his hand a jewel five inches in diameter1 which cannot be burned by fire1 and which shines in the night like a torch40 ,this gigantic luminous gem was also believed to possess the virtues of an elixir of youth1 for we are told that the king rubbed his face with it daily and by this means would retain his youthful looks even should he live more than ninety years4 ,the glories of ,emperor ,manuel's 7ca4 #aabj-aahj7 throne are celebrated by the ,hebrew traveller ,benjamin of ,tudela1 who visited ,constantinople in #aafa ,a4,d4 ,this splendid throne was of gold studded with precious stones and1 suspended from the canopy by gold chains1 hung a magnificent golden crown set with jewels of incalculable value and so bright and sparkling that their glitter rendered needless any other illumination at night4#bdh ,when ,henry ,,ii of ,france 7#aeai-aeei7 made his solemn entry into the city of ,boulogne1 a stranger from ,india presented to the sovereign a luminous stone4 ,it was rather soft1 had a fiery brilliance1 and could not be touched with impunity4 ,according to ,de ,thou1 this story was vouched for by ,j4 ,pipin1 who saw the stone himself and described it in a letter to ,antoine ,mizauld1 a writer on occult themes1 well known in his day4#bdi ,although ,garcias ab ,orta did not believe in the tales current in his time regarding luminous rubies1 he relates a story of such a stone told to him by a gem-dealer4 ,this man stated that he had purchased a number of fine but small rubies from ,ceylon1 and had spread them out over a table4 ,when he gathered them up again1 one of the stones remained hidden in a fold of the table-cloth4 ,in the night he remarked something like a flame emanating from the table4 ,lighting a candle1 he approached the table and found there the small ruby2 when this was removed and the candle extinguished1 the light was no longer visible4 ,garcias admits that the gem-dealers were fond of telling good stories1 but he concludes with the dictum1 8we must trust in them nevertheless40#bej ,not only the ruby1 but the emerald also had the reputation of being a luminous stone1 for1 besides the shining 8emerald0 pillar in the temple of ,melkart at ,tyre1 ,pliny records the tale of a marble lion1 with eyes of gleaming emeralds1 which was set over the tomb of 8a petty king called ,hermias40 ,this tomb was on the coast1 and the flashing light from the emerald eyes frightened away the tunny-fish1 to the great loss of the fishermen4#bea ,whether the eyes of the magnificent chryselephantine statue of ,athene by ,phidias were supposed to be luminous we do not know1 but they were incrusted with precious stones4#beb ,the collection of works by the ,english alchemists1 published by ,elias ,ashmole1 contains the tale of a worthy parson who lived in a little town near ,london1 and who wished to immortalize himself by building across the ,thames a bridge which would always be lighted at night4 ,after relating several expedients which suggested themselves to him1 the poet continues3 ,at the laste he thought to make the light1 ,for the ,bridge to shine by nighte1 ,with ,carbuncle ,stones1 to make men wonder1 ,with double reflexion above and under3 ,then new thought troubled his ,minde ,carbuncle ,stones how he might finde2 ,and where to find wise men and trewe1 ,which would for his interest pursue1 ,in seeking all the ,worlde about1 ,plenty of ,carbuncles to find out2 ,for this he took so mickle thought1 ,that his fatt flesh wasted nigh to naught4#bec ,it is scarcely necessary to add that the poor parson never realized his dream1 but the story shows how popular was the belief that carbuncles or rubies shone with their own light4 ,a luminous or phosphorescent stone1 which has been named the ,bologna stone1 is the subject of a treatise published by the physician ,mentzel in #afge4bed ,the writer describes various experiments made to test the peculiar qualities of this mineral1 which is partly a radiated or crystalline sulphate of barytes1 and phosphoresces when calcined4 ,it was sometimes called the 8lunar stone0 7lapis lunaris71 because1 like the moon1 it gave out in the darkness the light it received from the sun4 ,mentzel also relates that the stone was first discovered1 in #afjd1 by ,vincenzio ,casscioroli1 an adept in alchemy1 who believed that it would be a great aid in the transmutation of the baser metals into gold1 on account of its solar quality4 ,the place of its occurrence was ,monte ,paterno1 near ,bologna1 where it appeared in the fissures of the mountain1 after torrential rains4 ,illustration3 ,,title ,,page ,,of ,,robert ,,boyle',s ,,work ,,on ,,the ,,origin ,,and ,,virtues ,,of ,,gems4 ,printed in ,cologne in #afhj4 ,the various phenomena of fluorescence and phosphorescence undoubtedly explain some at least of the legends regarding luminous stones1 superstition or fantasy having here as in most other cases a certain substratum of fact4 ,this class of physical phenomena has been made the subject of special investigation by the author1 as many as #ac1jjj specimens of various minerals having been subjected to the most searching tests in order to determine their qualities in this respect4#bee ,his interest in this field of research was greatly stimulated by a fortuitous happening4 ,in #ahia his wife1 while hanging up a gown in a closet one evening1 saw that the diamond in a ring she was wearing gave off a faint streak of light which was very noticeable in the dark1 and this fact led to a long series of experiments on the fluorescence1 phosphorescence1 and triboluminescence of the diamond4#bef ,more than two centuries before1 ,robert ,boyle made a similar set of experiments at night with a diamond which must have been an ,indian stone1 and which he describes as table cut1 about one-third of an inch long and somewhat less in width2 he remarks that it was a dull stone of very bad water1 having a blemish with a whitish cloud covering nearly a third of the stone4#beg ,the 8,journal des ,savans0 for #agci gives certain tests of the luminous quality of diamonds made by ,mons4 ,du ,fay4 ,in order successfully to observe this phenomenon1 he prescribes that the experimenter shall remain in a darkened room for fifteen minutes1 taking the additional precaution of closing one or both of his eyes4 ,the diamond to be tested should be exposed to the sun's rays1 or to strong daylight1 for less than a minute1 and when taken into darkness the luminosity1 if observable1 lasts twelve or thirteen minutes at longest4 ,not all diamonds show this quality1 and nothing in their form or appearance serves to determine their possession of it4 ,however1 ,mons4 du ,fay observed that the yellow diamonds1 of which he tried a considerable number1 were luminous4 ,a single emerald1 out of twenty that were tested1 proved to be luminous4#beh ,illustration3 #a4 ,self-print of upper diamond of ,no4 #d by phosphorescence1 produced by rubbing briskly with stick covered by woolen cloth4 ,exposure one-half minute4 #b4 ,self-print1 both diamonds1 after one minute's exposure to ultra-violet light1 electric action eliminated4 #c4 ,self-print1 upper diamond4 ,exposure one-fourth minute4 #d4 ,upper3 blue-white ,tiffanyite diamond1 #ad4hf carats2 ,bagagem ,mine1 ,brazil4 ,lower3 purple-black diamond1 #ac4ce carats2 ,brazil4 #e4 ,self-print1 both diamonds2 different position4 #f4 ,aspect of both diamonds 7,no4 #d71 one minute's exposure1 ultra-violet light2 blue-white phosphorescing white1 purple-black having red glow4 ,boyle's experiments led to the discovery that some diamonds1 when rubbed against wood or other hard substances1 and even against cloth or silk1 will emit a ray of light which seems to follow them2 this is what is called triboluminescence4 ,the power of absorbing sunlight or artificial light and then giving it off in the dark is only possessed by certain diamonds4 ,these are ,brazilian stones1 slightly milky in tint1 or blue-white as they are often termed1 and it is an included substance and not the diamond itself that possesses the power of storing up light and then giving it out4 ,willemite1 kunzite1 sphalerite 7sulphide of zinc7 and some other minerals possess the same power4 ,their peculiar property may be due to the presence of a slight quantity of manganese or to that of some of the uranium salts4 ,that it is only the ultra-violet rays that are thus absorbed by these diamonds is proved by the fact that the phenomenon is not observable when a thin plate of glass is interposed between the sunlight or artificial light and the diamond1 as glass is not traversed by these rays4 ,the still undetermined substance to whose presence in diamonds of this type the special class of phenomena must be due1 was named by the author tiffanyite1 in honor of the late ,charles ,l4 ,tiffany 7#ahab-aijb71 founder of the firm of ,tiffany ,company4#bei ,on the other hand all diamonds phosphoresce when exposed to the rays of radium1 polonium1 or actinium1 even when glass is interposed4 ,treating of some of the aspects of phosphorescence in diamonds1 ,sir ,william ,crookes says3#bfj ,in a vacuum1 exposed to a high-tension current of electricity1 diamonds phosphoresce of different colours1 most ,south ,african diamonds shining with a bluish light4 ,diamonds from other localities emit bright blue1 apricot1 pale blue1 red1 yellowish-green1 orange1 and pale green light4 ,the most phosphorescent diamonds are those which are fluorescent in the sun4 ,one beautiful green diamond in my collection1 when phosphorescing in a good vacuum1 gives almost as much light as a candle1 and you can easily read by its rays4 ,but the time has hardly come when diamonds can be used as domestic illuminants6 ,by permission of ,mrs4 ,kunz1 wife of the well-known ,new ,york mineralogist1 ,i will show you perhaps the most remarkable of all phosphorescing diamonds4 ,this prodigy diamond will phosphoresce in the dark for some minutes after being exposed to a small pocket electric light1 and if rubbed on a piece of cloth a long streak of phosphorescence appears4 ,the luminescence produced by heat is wonderfully marked in the case of chlorophane1 a variety of fluorite4 ,a ,siberian specimen of a pale violet color emitted a white light merely from the heat of the hand2 boiling water caused it to give out a green light1 which was so greatly intensified when the specimen rested on a live coal that the radiance could be discerned from a considerable distance4 ,similar phenomena were observable in the case of chlorophane from ,amelia ,court ,house1 ,va41 and the writer found that specimens from this source also exhibited strong triboluminescence1 resulting either from contact with one another1 or with any hard substance4#bfa ,as the terms fluorescence and phosphorescence are sometimes rather carelessly employed1 it may be well to note here that while both terms are used to denote the luminescence of a non-luminous body resulting from the action of light rays1 of the electric current1 or of radiant energy of any kind1 as well as from heat1 fluorescence signifies a luminosity which only continues so long as the exciting cause is present1 while phosphorescence means a luminosity persisting for a longer or shorter period after the exciting cause has ceased to operate directly4 ,the latter term therefore denotes a luminous energy stored up in the formerly non-luminous body and emitted by it for a certain time1 at the expiration of which it again becomes non-luminous4 ,other special designations of induced luminosity in minerals are triboluminescence1 the emission of light as a result of friction and thermoluminescence1 a term used to denote light-emission excited by moderate heating1 even by the warmth of the hand4 ,an old treatise in ,greek1 said in its title to come from 8the sanctuary of the temple10 and containing material1 partly of ,egyptian origin1 may help us to understand something of the processes employed by a temple priest to impress the common people by the sight of luminous gems4 ,the writer of the treatise declares that for the production of 8the carbuncle that shines in the night0 use was made of certain parts 7he says 8the bile07 of marine animals whose entrails1 scales and bones exhibited the phenomenon of phosphorescence4 ,if properly treated1 precious stones 7preferably carbuncles7 would glow so brightly at night 8that anyone owning such a stone could read or write by its light as well as he could by daylight40#bfb ,in the ,annales de ,chimie et ,physique1 the great ,french chemist1 ,m4 ,berthelot1 discusses this matter and expresses the following opinion#bfc 8,the texts leave no room for doubt as to the employment by the ancients of precious stones rendered phosphorescent in the dark by the superficial application of tinctures composed of materials whose phosphorescent quality is known to us4 ,although this luminescence1 due to an application of organic oxidizable materials1 could not well be durable1 still it might be made to last several hours1 perhaps several days1 and it could always be renewed by repeating the application40 ,the use of jewelled ornaments to heighten by their luminosity in obscurity or in darkness the effect produced by a sacred image1 and to stimulate religious awe in the beholder1 is testified to by the ultra-,protestant traveller1 ,fynes ,moryson1 ,gent41 who went to ,italy in #aeid4 ,of his visit to the ,santa ,casa in ,loreto1 he says that he himself and two ,dutchmen1 his companions1 were permitted to enter the inner chapel of the sanctuary1 8where10 he proceeds1 8we did see the ,virgin's picture1 adorned with pretious ,jewels1 and the place 7to increase religious horror7 being darke1 yet the ,jewels shined by the light of wax candles40 ,although there is no question here of naturally luminous gems1 this might have been the impression produced upon a more sympathetic pilgrim4#bfd ,writing of the traditions in regard to luminous stones1 ,sir ,richard ,f4 ,burton says1 8,there may be a basis of fact to this fancy1 the abnormal effect of precious stones upon mesmeric sensitives40#bfe ,however1 while some instances are recorded of psychic impression produced by precious stones on the minds of persons possessing a highly sensitive nervous system1 it seems likely that some legends of luminous stones had their origin in the refractive powers of cut gems1 by means of which a dim and distant light would be reflected from the surface of the stones and would seem to spring from them4 ,quite possibly1 in other instances1 there was a disposition to cater to the popular belief by placing a light so that the hidden beams traversed the stone and appeared to emanate from it4 ,,vi ,on ,crystal ,balls and ,crystal ,gazing ,we have evidence of the use of crystal balls as means of divination in medieval times1 and 8scrying0 in some of its many forms was by no means rare in the ,greek and ,roman periods4 ,the essential requisite for the exercise of this species of divination is a polished surface of some sort upon which the scryer shall gaze intently2 for this purpose mirrors1 globules of lead or quicksilver1 polished steel1 the surface of water1 and even pools of ink1 have been employed and have been found to insure quite as satisfactory results as the crystal ball4 ,the points of light reflected from the polished surface 7points de repre7 serve to attract the attention of the gazer and to fix the eye until1 gradually1 the optic nerve becomes so fatigued that it finally ceases to transmit to the sensorium the impression made from without and begins to respond to the reflex action proceeding from the brain of the gazer4 ,in this way the impression received from within is apparently projected and seems to come from without4 ,it is easy to understand that the results must vary according to the idiosyncrasy of the various scryers2 for everything depends upon the sensitiveness of the optic nerve4 ,in many cases the effect of prolonged gazing upon the brilliant surface will simply produce a loss of sight1 the optic nerve will be temporarily paralyzed and will as little respond to stimulation from within as from without2 in other cases1 however1 the nerve will be only deadened as regards external impressions1 while retaining sufficient activity to react against a stimulus from the brain centres4 ,it is almost invariably stated that1 prior to the appearance of the desired visions1 the crystal seems to disappear and a mist rises before the gazer's eye4 ,illustration3 ,,rock-,,crystal ,,ball ,,penetrated ,,by ,,crystals ,,of ,,rutile4 ,,madagascar4 ,the ,achaians1 as ,pausanius relates1 frequently used a mirror to divine diseases or to learn whether there was danger of sudden death4 ,of the ,temple of ,demeter1 or ,ceres1 at ,patras1 he writes3#bff ,in front of the temple of ,demeter there is a well4 ,a stone wall separates this well from the temple1 but steps lead down to it from the outside4 ,here there is an infallible oracle1 although it does not answer all questions1 but only those touching diseases4 ,they attach a slender cord to a mirror and let it down into the well1 balancing it carefully so that the water does not cover the face1 but only touches the rim4 ,then1 after making a prayer to the goddess and burning incense to her1 they look into the mirror1 and it shows whether the sick person will die or recover4 ,such is the power of truth in this water4 ,this sacred well with its oracle of the magic mirror must have been in ,lucian's mind when1 in his description of the palace of the ,moon-,king1 he says3#bfg ,another wonderful thing ,i saw in the palace4 ,suspended over a rather shallow well there is a large mirror1 and anyone who goes down into this well will hear every word that is spoken on earth1 while1 if he gazes on the mirror1 he will see there every city and every nation just as clearly as though he were looking down upon them from a slight elevation4 ,at the time ,i was there1 ,i saw my native country and its inhabitants4 ,whether ,i myself was seen by them in turn1 ,i am not sure4 ,lucian adds1 with a fine touch of irony1 8,anyone who doubts this assertion needs only to go there himself and he will find out that ,i speak the truth40 ,as no one has yet made a trip to the moon1 the assertion is still uncontradicted4 ,in their religious legends the ancient ,mexicans taught that their god ,tezcatlipuco had a magic mirror in which he saw everything that happened in the world4#bfh ,he was sometimes named ,necocyautl1 8sower of discord10 because he often stirred up war and strife among men1 but he was also lord of riches and prosperity1 which he bestowed and took away again at his will4 ,to the influence of this divinity were attributed many omens and certain strange visions1 announced by repeated knockings4#bfi ,in the ,orphic poem 8,lithica10 a magic sphere of stone is described4 ,the substance is called 8sideritis0 or 8ophitis10 and is said to be black1 round1 and heavy2 possibly some metal1 rather than a stone1 is designated by these names4 ,helenus1 the ,trojan soothsayer1 is said to have used this sphere to foretell the downfall of his native city4 ,he fasted for twenty-one days and then wrapped the sphere in soft garments1 like an infant1 and offered sacrifices to it until1 by the magic of his prayers1 8a living soul warmed the precious substance40 ,a strange variety of divination by means of mirrors placed on the heads of boys1 who1 with eyes blindfolded1 were supposed to perceive forms or signs of some description in the mirrors1 is noted by ,spartianus in his life of the ,emperor ,didius ,julianus 7ca4 #acc-aic74 ,this ruler is said to have resorted to this form of divination1 and the boy entrusted with the task is asserted to have announced the approaching accession of ,septimius ,severus 7#adf-baa7 and the dethronement of ,didius ,julianus4#bgj ,an indication that the usage of divination by means of a silver cup existed among the primitive ,hebrews has been found in the story of ,joseph and his brethren4 ,in ,genesis xliv1 #a-e1 we read that ,joseph concealed a silver cup in the sack of grain borne away by ,benjamin1 making of this a pretext for requiring the return of his brethren4 ,he sent messengers to overtake them and directed them to demand the return of the cup1 using these words3 8,is not this it in which my lord drinketh1 and whereby indeed he divineth80 ,the ,arabic author1 ,haly ,abou ,gefar1 tells of a golden ball used by 8the ,magi1 followers of ,zoroaster10 in their incantations4 ,it was incrusted with celestial symbols and set with a sapphire1 and one of these magicians1 after attaching it to a strip of bullhide1 swung it around1 reciting at the same time various spells and incantations4#bga ,probably the magician1 by fixing his gaze upon the brilliant revolving sphere1 gradually fell into a hypnotic trance1 during which visions appeared to him4 ,these he could afterward interpret to those who had sought his aid to read the future1 or obtain information regarding things that were happening far away4 ,an important side-light on the beliefs of ,western ,europe1 in the fifth century1 regarding crystal-gazing1 is afforded by one of the canons of the synod held about #dej ,a4,d4 by ,st4 ,patrick and the bishops ,auxilius and ,issernanus4 ,here it is decreed that any ,christian who believes there is a ,lamia 7or witch7 in the mirror is to be anathematized1 and is not to be again received into the ,church unless he shall have renounced this belief and shall have diligently performed the penance imposed upon him4#bgb ,in this case1 as in many others1 the vision in the crystal or mirror did not represent some former or contemporaneous happening1 but the figure of an evil spirit1 who1 either by signs or words1 imparted to the scryer the information he was seeking4 ,the power to see images of evil spirits on the surface of water was claimed by those called hydromantii in the ninth century4 ,this is attested in a work composed about #hfj ,a4,d4 by ,hincmar1 ,archbishop of ,rheims1 who characterizes the supposed appearances as 8images or deceptions of the demons40 ,these diviners asserted that they received audible communications from the spirits1 and they therefore evidently believed that the appearances were realities4#bgc ,although1 as we have seen1 many different materials were used for scrying1 the preference was often given to polished spheres of beryl2 in modern times1 however1 the rock-crystal is considered the best adapted for the purpose4 ,in his introduction to 8,crystal ,gazing10 by ,n4 ,w4 ,thomas1#bgd ,andrew ,lang writes of what he terms hypnagogic illusions--images which appear when the eyes are closed and before sleep supervenes4 ,when faces appeared to him in this way1 they were always unfamiliar ones1 with the single exception of having once seen his own face in profile4 ,the same was almost invariably true of landscape and inanimate objects4 ,these forms seemed to grow out of the bright points of light which frequently appear when the eyes are closed1 and ,lang suggests a similar origin for the visions of the 8scryers0--namely1 the development of the images from dark or light points in the glass4 ,in regard to this1 we have an interesting passage in the works of ,ibn ,kaldoun1 a ,persian writer1 born in #accb1 who gives the following very acute analysis of the phenomena accompanying crystal-gazing4#bge ,some believe that the image perceived in this way takes form on the surface of the mirror1 but they are mistaken4 ,the diviner looks at this surface fixedly until it disappears1 and a curtain1 like a mist1 is interposed between him and the mirror4 ,upon this curtain are designed the forms he wishes to see1 and this permits him to give indications1 either affirmative or negative1 concerning the matter on which he is questioned4 ,he then describes his perceptions as he has received them4 ,the diviners1 while in this state1 do not see what is really to be seen 7in the mirror72 it is another kind of perception1 which is born in them and which is realized not by sight but by the soul4 ,as to the character and quality of the crystal to be used1 ,abbot ,tritheim1 the master of the famous ,cornelius ,agrippa1 says3#bgf ,procure of a lapidary a good1 clear1 pellucid crystal of the bigness of a small orange1--i4e41 about one inch and a half in diameter2 let it be globular1 or round each way alike2 then you have got this crystal fair and clear1 without any clouds or specks4 ,get a small plate of pure gold to encompass the crystal round one-half2 let this be fitted on an ivory or ebony pedestal4 ,let there be engraved a circle round the crystal2 afterwards the name3 ,tetragrammaton4 ,on the other side of the plate let there be engraved1 ,michael1 ,gabriel1 ,uriel1 ,raphael1 which are the four principal angels ruling over the ,sun1 ,moon1 ,venus1 and ,mercury4 ,the four letters constituting the ,tetragrammaton are the ,hebrew characters ydh1 h1 ww and h1 4 ,as this divine name was regarded in later ,judaism as too sacred to be pronounced1 the word lord1 adonai1 was substituted for it in the reading of the ,scriptures4 ,for this reason1 when the vowel signs were added to the text to indicate the traditional pronunciation1 the consonants ,yhwh were provided with the vowels of adonai and the name was therefore read ,jehovah by ,christian scholars4 ,the ,persian poet ,jmi writes thus of a magic mirror in the poem 8,salamn and ,absal03#bgg ,then from his secret ,art the ,sage ,vizyr ,a ,magic ,mirror made2 a ,mirror like ,the bosom of ,all-wise ,intelligence1 ,reflecting in its mystic compass all ,within the sev'nfold volume of the ,world ,involved2 and looking in that ,mirror's face ,the ,shah beheld the face of his ,desire4 ,roger ,bacon 7#abad-abib7 was probably the most gifted man of the thirteenth century1 and his writings testify to an extraordinarily clear perception of the essential principles of scientific research4 ,however1 his true greatness was not generally appreciated in his own age1 and popular fancy wove about his name a fabric of legend in which he appeared as an arch-necromancer and magician4 ,the curious old work entitled 8,the ,famous ,historie of ,fryar ,bacon0 gives a number of the strange recitals which became current in ,england in regard to ,bacon's wonderful powers4 ,illustration3 ,,glass ,,ball1 ,,perforated ,,and ,,mounted ,,in ,,metal1 ,,so ,,that ,,it ,,can ,,be ,,suspended ,,and ,,used ,,for ,,occult ,,and ,,curative ,,purposes4 ,period of about tenth or twelfth century4 ,collection of ,sir ,charles ,hercules ,read4 ,illustration3 ,,ball ,,of ,,jet1 ,,perforated1 ,,mounted ,,in ,,metal1 ,,so ,,that ,,it ,,can ,,be ,,suspended ,,and ,,used ,,for ,,occult ,,and ,,curative ,,purposes4 ,period of about tenth or twelfth century4 ,collection of ,sir ,charles ,hercules ,read4 ,illustration3 ,,eye ,,agate1 ,,showing ,a ,,number ,,of ,,circular ,,markings4 ,mounted in metal and kept in a box1 as a votive or curative stone4 ,about fourteenth century4 ,british ,museum4 7,see page #adi47 ,one of these treats of a marvellous 8glass0 made by the friar1 in which events happening at far-distant places were mirrored4 ,on one occasion two young men1 between whom the friendliest feelings existed1 came to ,bacon and requested him to let them see in the mirror what their fathers were doing at the time4 ,the friar consented1 but the experiment1 while successful1 was the cause of a terrible misfortune4 ,the story is as follows3 ,the ,fathers of these two ,gentlemen 7in their ,sonnes absence7 were become great foes3 this hatred betweene them was growne to that height1 that wheresoever they met1 they had not onely wordes1 but blowes4 ,just at that time1 as it should seeme1 that their ,sonnes were looking to see how they were in health1 they were met1 and had drawne1 and were together by the eares4 ,their ,sonnes seeing this1 and having been alwayes great friends1 knew not what to say to one another1 but beheld each other with angry lookes4 ,at last one of their ,fathers1 as they might perceive in the ,glasse1 had a fall1 and the other1 taking advantage1 stood over him ready to strike him4 ,the ,sonne of him that was downe could then containe himselfe no longer1 but told the other young man1 that his ,father had received wrong4 ,he answered againe1 that it was faire4 ,at last there grew such foule words betweene them1 and their bloods were so heated1 that they presently stabbed the one the other with their ,daggers1 and so fell downe dead4 ,the sceptre of the ,scottish regalia is surmounted by a crystal globe1 two inches and a quarter in diameter1 and the mace by a large crystal beryl4 ,in former times these stones were regarded as amulets and their use was traced back to the ,druids4 ,sir ,walter ,scott tells us that in his time they were still known among the ,scottish ,highlanders as 8,stones of ,power40#bgh ,the testimony of ,john of ,salisbury 7#aabj8-aahj7 shows that in the twelfth century1 in ,england1 divination by means of the arts of the specularii was often practised4 ,the prelate writes that when a boy1 he himself and a companion a few years older received instruction from a priest who was addicted to the use of these magic arts4 ,this priest used to polish the finger-nails of the boys with a consecrated oil or ointment1 and then direct them to look upon the polished surface until some figure or form should appear4 ,sometimes the smooth1 polished surface of a basin was used4 ,john of ,salisbury regarded it as a mark of divine favor that he himself saw nothing upon the smooth and lustrous surface1 but he states that his companion observed certain vague and shadowy forms4 ,certain names pronounced by the priest on these occasions terrified the boy1 for he believed them to be the names of evil spirits2 indeed1 such was his reluctance to participate in the unholy rites that his presence was believed to interfere with the production of the phenomena4#bgi ,in another part of his 8,policraticus10 ,john of ,salisbury states that the specularii claimed that their gift of seeing visions on polished surfaces was never used to injure any one1 but was often useful in the detection of theft and in counteracting magic spells4#bhj ,under the comprehensive chapter heading3 8,how to conjure the crystal so that all things may be seen in it10 ,paracelsus 7#adic-aeda7 declares that 8to conjure0 means nothing more than 8to observe anything rightly1 to learn and to understand what it is40 ,the crystal was of the nature of the air1 and hence all things movable and immovable that could be seen in the air could also be seen in the crystal or speculum4#bha ,paracelsus showed keen insight1 and his conclusions are excellent4 ,one might add1 however1 that it is a fact that these are images condensed in the double convex lens1 forming as it were1 an internal crystal sphere4 ,these images are reversed1 distorted and twisted1 and when they become visible to one who is expecting strange things1 they form mental impressions which it is often very difficult to erase4 ,many crystal gazers are frequently very highly wrought1 nervous and susceptible1 and other influences uniting with the impressions produced1 may give the brain for a time the power to evolve kaleidoscopic effects4 ,directions for the use of an ,erdenspiegel1 or 8earth-mirror10 are given in an old ,german manuscript written in #afeh by a ,capuchin priest4#bhb ,the mirror is to be set about two inches above a board1 and the questions to be answered are to be placed beneath it4 ,the scryer is recommended to place three grains of salt upon his tongue1 whereupon he is to repeat a prayer and cross himself4 ,he now takes the mirror in his hand and breathes upon it three times1 repeating the words1 8,in the name of the ,father1 of the ,son1 and of the ,holy ,spirit4 ,amen40 ,these preliminaries having been accomplished1 the following prayer1 or rather invocation1 is repeated3 ,o thou holy ,archangel ,n4 ,n41 ,i pray to thee most fervently through the great and unsearchable name of the ,lord of all ,lords and ,king of all ,kings1 ,jod1 ,he1 ,vau1 ,he1 ,tetragrammaton1 ,adonay1 ,schaday1 receive my greeting and give ear to the humble petition which ,i offer in the name of the great and highest ,god1 ,elohim1 ,zebaoth1 that thou shalt appear to me in the world-mirror1 and give me knowledge and instruction in answer to my questions4 ,the strong religious tone of these directions for the use of the mirror and the fact that it is a priest who gives them1 shows that there was a disposition to tolerate the employment of such 8white magic40 ,in medieval times it was believed that the vision in the crystal was produced through the agency of an indwelling spirit1 and1 therefore1 it was necessary to use some very potent spell to force this spirit to enter the stone4 ,many of these ancient spells have been preserved1 and they contain a strange and incongruous mixture of religious and magical formulas4 ,in one of these1 dating from the end of the fifteenth century1 after a recitation of a long and rambling conjuration1 we read3 8,and yen ask ye chylde yf he seethe any thyng1 and yf no1 let the mr begin his conjuraty agayn40 ,as usual the scrying was done by a child1 the conjuration being spoken by the minister4 ,an important part of the conjuration consisted in the repetition of a number of divine names1 most of them originally ,hebrew1 but so much corrupted by reciters who did not know their meaning that it is now exceedingly difficult to interpret them correctly4 ,a proof that this form of magic was often regarded as quite compatible with religion is offered us in a passage from a sixteenth century manuscript1#bhc where we read that the crystal should be laid on the altar 8on the ,side that the gospell is read on4 ,and let the priest say a mass on the same ,side40 ,if the conjuration is successful1 the same manuscript tells us that 8these angells being once appeared will not depart the glasse or stone untill the ,sonne be sett except you licence them40 ,it also seems that 8scrying0 was looked upon as a special gift1 only granted to a favored few as a peculiar privilege1 and we read that 8,prayer and a good beleefe prevailed much4 ,for faith is the cay to this and all other works1 and without it nothing can be effected40 ,the child scryer1 either maid or boy1 should not be more than twelve years old4 ,that a certain religious spirit1 however mistaken1 often animated the crystal-gazers of the sixteenth century1 is shown in the case of the 8speculator0 of ,john a ,windor1 who confessed that when he led an impure life the 8dmons0 would not appear to him in his glass4 ,he would then proceed to fumigate the apartment1 as though believing that the very air was contaminated by the sins of the operator4 ,we may hope that the seer was not content with this1 but also tried to reform his evil ways4 ,another scryer1 a woman named ,sarah ,skelhorn1 declared that the spirits that appeared to her in the glass would often follow her about the house from room to room1 so that she at last became weary of their presence4#bhd ,both of these scryers had regular employment1 for it was quite customary for a gentleman to have a household seer1 just as he would have a body-physician1 if he could afford it4 ,a sixteenth century work on magic1 the 8,hllenzwang0 of ,dr4 ,faustus1 whose name has been immortalized for all ages by ,goethe1 gives very particular and detailed directions for the preparation and consecration of a crystal1 whether glass or quartz4 ,faust asks his 8,mephistophelis0 whether such crystals can be made1 and the spirit replies3 8,yes1 indeed1 my ,faust10 and directs ,faust to go1 on a ,tuesday1 to a glass-maker1 and get the latter to form a glass4 ,it was requisite that this work should be done in the hour of ,mars1 that is1 in the first1 eighth1 fifteenth or twenty-second hour of ,tuesday4 ,the crystal when completed must not be accepted as a gift1 but a price must be paid for it4 ,when the object had been secured1 ,mephistopheles directs that it be buried in a grave1 where it must be left for the space of three weeks2 it was then to be unearthed2 if a woman purchased it1 she must bury it in a woman's grave4 ,however1 these preliminaries only served to prepare the crystal for the final consecration1 as the mere material mass was regarded as inert and possessing no virtue until certain spirits were summoned to dwell within it4 ,mephistopheles confesses that he alone would not be powerful enough1 and he directs ,faust to call upon the spirits ,azeruel and ,adadiel also4 ,faust is assured that the three spirits will show him in the crystal whatever he may wish to know4 ,if anything has been stolen1 the thief will appear2 if any one is suffering from disease1 the character of his malady will be revealed1 etc4#bhe ,another way of preparing a crystal glass or mirror is given in the same work4 ,after the glass has been bought it is to be immersed in baptismal water in which a first-born male child has been baptized1 and therein it is to remain for three weeks4 ,the water is then to be poured out over a grave and the sixth chapter of the ,revelation of ,st4 ,john is to be read4 ,hereupon the following conjuration should be pronounced3 ,o crystal1 thou art a pure and tender virgin1 thou standest at one of the gates of heaven1 that nothing may be hidden from thee2 thou standest under a cloud of heaven that nothing may be hidden from thee1 whether in fields or meadows1 whether master or servant1 whether wife or maid4 ,let this be said to thee in the name of ,god1 as a plea for thy help4#bhf ,the visions seen in crystal gazing were often supposed to be the work of evil spirits1 seeking to seduce the souls of men by offering the promise of riches or by according them an unlawful glimpse into the future4 ,here1 as in other magical operations1 there was both white and black magic1 recourse being had in some cases to good1 and in others to evil spirits4 ,as an illustration of the latter practice1 a sixteenth century writer relates that in the city of ,nuremberg1 some time during the year #aecj1 a 8demon0 showed to a priest1 in a crystal1 the vision of a buried treasure4 ,believing in the truth of this vision1 the priest went to the spot indicated1 where he found an excavation in the form of a cavern1 in the depths of which he could see a chest and a black dog lying alongside it4 ,eagerly the priest entered the cavern1 hoping to possess himself of the treasure1 but the top of the excavation caved in and he was crushed to death4#bhg ,the famous charlatan1 ,dr4 ,dee1 who was for a time a prominent figure at the court of ,emperor ,rudolph ,,ii1 was highly favored by ,queen ,elizabeth4 ,the queen visited him several times1 and even appears to have consulted him on political matters4 ,in his diary the doctor relates that the queen called at his house shortly after his wife's death1 which took place ,march #af1 #aege4 ,of this visit he gives the following details3 ,the ,queen's ,majestie1 with her most honorable ,privy ,council1 and other the ,lords and ,nobility1 came purposely to have visited my library3 but finding that my wife was within four hours before buried out of the house1 her ,majestie refused to come in2 but willed to fetch my glass so famous1 and to show unto her some of the properties of it1 which ,i did4 ,her ,majestie being taken down from her horse by the ,earle of ,liecester1 ,master of the ,horse1 at the church wall of ,mortlake1 did see some of the properties of that glass1 to her ,majestie's great contentment and delight4#bhh ,it was at ,mortlake1 on ,december #bb1 #aeha1 that ,dr4 ,dee made his first essay with his crystal ball4 ,the proceedings were conducted with a certain religious ceremonial1 and began with a pious invocation to the angel of the stone4 ,this celestial being soon graciously deigned to manifest himself in the stone and--presumably by the voice of the scryer--answered the questions put by those present4 ,there can be little doubt that ,dee used more than one crystal in the course of his experiments2 that now in the ,british ,museum is of cairngorm1 or 8smoky-quartz40 ,this variety of quartz may have been chosen because of the ,scotch superstitions regarding its virtues2 for1 as a rule1 charlatans seek to avail themselves of already existing superstitions in order to make their innovations more acceptable4 ,illustration3 ,,dr4 ,,dee',s ,,shew ,,stone4 ,natural size4 ,british ,museum4 ,this sphere of smoky-quartz came to the ,british ,museum in #agjj with the ,cottonian ,library1 donated at that time by the grandson of the original collector1 ,sir ,robert ,bruce ,cotton 7#aega-afca74 ,illustration3 ,,obsidian ,,mirror1 ,,with ,,native ,,textile ,,string4 ,used by ,aztecs and ancient ,mexicans for various purposes4 ,british ,museum4 ,identical in shape and size with that known as 8,dr4 ,dee's ,mirror10 now in the possession of ,prince ,alexis ,soltykoff1 of ,russia4 ,this was enclosed in a leather-covered case4 ,to give assurance to those who consulted such crystals that no diabolical agency was involved in the production of the phenomena1 it was customary that a child should be the crystal-gazer4 ,in ,dr4 ,dee's experiments1 however1 it was usually the notorious ,kelley1 his me damne1 who undertook this task of interpreting the crystal visions4 ,the description given by ,dee of a little girl who frequently acted as the intermediary of the higher powers suggests one of the fanciful creations of our great novelist ,hawthorne4 ,her mystic name was ,madimi1 and she is depicted as a pretty girl about eight years old1 and with long flowing hair4 ,to make her appearance more conspicuous1 she was attired in a silk dress with chatoyant effects in red and green4 ,at times1 during the sances1 this gay little figure could be seen flitting about the study1 rendered even more whimsical and strange from its contrast with the piles of dusty old books1 the curiosities1 and the magical instruments collected there4#bhi ,this visionary maiden ,madimi1 of whom ,dee relates so much in his diary1 was apparently a child of fancy1 a creation of ,kelley's fertile brain4 ,the diary is somewhat obscure in this particular and easily misunderstood2 but there can be little doubt that where ,madimi is represented as speaking1 it is ,kelley's voice that transmits to ,dee her revelations4 ,one passage1 often overlooked1 gives evidence of this4 ,madimi has appeared and is addressing her remarks to ,kelley and to ,dee by turns2 finally1 ,dee says1 8,i know you see me often and ,i see you only by faith and imagination40 ,to this ,madimi quickly retorts1 8pointing to ,e4 ,k40 7,kelley71 8,that sight is perfecter than his40 ,evidently we must understand this to signify something that ,kelley has told ,dee1 for the latter's words show that he did not himself see the little fairy pointing to his friend4 ,in many respects little ,madimi may recall another 8spiritual0 maiden of whom we heard much a few years ago1 the sprightly little ,indian spirit 8,bright ,eyes10 whose love for candy and jewelry was so very earthly4 ,not only the quality of the crystal had to be considered1 but also its support and surroundings4 ,of this we have an interesting instance in the case of ,dr4 ,dee's crystal4 ,in one of his manuscripts is recorded the fact that on the #ajth of ,march1 #aehb1 ,kelley saw in the crystal a representation of the form and arrangement of the table on which it should be set2 particular instructions on the matter were also directly imparted to the scryer by the angel ,uriel4 ,the table was to be square1 measuring two cubits each way and two cubits in height2 and it was to have four feet4 ,the material was to be 8swete wood0 and upon it was to be placed the ,sigillum ,dei 7,seal of ,god7 impressed upon the purest1 colorless wax1 the disk being #a inches thick and #i inches in diameter4 ,it bore a cross and the magic letters ,a4 ,g4 ,l4 ,a41 a transliteration into ,roman characters of the initials of the ,hebrew words signifying 8,thou are great forever1 ,o ,lord40 ,four other and smaller seals were to be provided1 one to be placed under each leg of the table2 each of these seals being impressed with geometrical figures within or upon which were the seven sacred names of ,god and the names of the seven angels ruling the seven planetary heavens2 ,zabothiel1 ,zedekiel1 ,madiniel1 ,semeliel ,semeshiel1 ,nogabiel1 ,corabiel ,cocabiel and ,levaniel1 the angels1 respectively1 of ,saturn1 ,jupiter1 ,mars1 the ,sun1 ,venus1 ,mercury and the ,moon4 ,there then appeared to the scryer the figure of the table with the crystal resting upon it4 ,of this it is said3#bij 8,under the table did seeme to be layd red sylk to lye four square somewhat broader than the table1 hanging down with four knops or tassells at the four corners thereof4 ,uppon the uppermost red silk did seme to be set the stone with the frame1 right over and uppon the principal seal1 saving that the sayd sylk was betwene the one and the other40 ,it therefore seems that the prejudice in favor of a black or at least a dark background for the crystal did not appeal to ,dr4 ,dee1 and indeed the effect of color may perhaps better serve to neutralize troublesome reflections than does black4 ,the personages ,kelley pretended to see in or around the magic crystal were described by him to ,dr4 ,dee in the greatest detail1 and this undoubtedly served to lend more reality and authority to their communications4 ,as an illustration of ,kelley's inventiveness in this matter1 we may take his description of 8,nalvage10 a spirit that first appeared while the doctor and his famulus were in ,cracow1 ,april #aj1 #aehd1 and was subsequently a frequent visitor4 ,the seer introduces his new 8control0 as follows3#bia ,he hath a ,gown of white silk1 with a ,cape with three pendants with tassels on the end of them all green2 it is fur1 white1 and seemeth to shine1 with a wavering glittering4 ,on his head is nothing1 he hath no berd4 ,his phisiognomy is like the pictures of ,king ,edward the ,sixth2 his hair hangeth down a quarter of the length of the ,cap1 somewhat curling1 yellow4 ,he hath a rod or wand in his hand1 almost as big as my little finger2 it is of ,gold1 and divided into three equal parts1 with a brighter ,gold than the rest4 ,he standeth upon his round table of ,christal1 or rather ,mother of ,pearl4 ,when reading the words spoken by ,kelley and so carefully preserved by ,dr4 ,dee1 we are reminded1 aside from the archaic turn of speech1 of the minute descriptions so glibly given by modern mediums4 ,it is true that lately1 in ,america1 the spirits of the former owners of the land1 of the blameless aborigines1 seem to have acquired a quasi monopoly of the intercourse with the other world4 ,most of the early records of crystal-gazing show conclusively enough that the images revealed in the stone were produced by the expectations1 the hopes1 or the fears of the gazer4 ,in many cases1 indeed1 the vision is only prophetic because it determines the future conduct of the person who consults the stone4 ,fully persuaded that what has been seen must come to pass1 he1 or she1 proceeds more or less consciously to make it happen1 to fulfil the prediction4 ,as an instance of this we may take from an old ,german book#bib the tale of a lovelorn maiden who seeks the aid of an enchantress to learn whether she will marry her lover1 upon whom her parents look with disfavor4 ,the mystic crystal is brought out wrapped in a yellow handkerchief1 and is placed in a green bowl beneath which is spread a blue cloth1 the reflections from these different colors being probably calculated to stimulate the optic nerve and favor the appearance of some picture upon the polished surface of the crystal4 ,the young girl1 in rapt attention1 looks long and earnestly2 at last she cries out that she sees her own form and that of her lover4 ,both look pale and sad1 and they appear to be about to set forth upon a long and perilous journey1 for the lover wears riding-boots and carries a brace of pistols4 ,the girl is so terrified at the sight that she faints away4 ,the sequel of this vision is a runaway match1 and we can easily understand that when the lover proposed this adventure1 the girl believed that it was written in the book of fate and willingly agreed to undertake it4 ,the great humorous poem 8,hudibras10 wherein all the foibles of the seventeenth century are castigated1 does not fail to make mention of ,dee and ,kelley and their crystal4 ,of the sorcerer whose aid ,hudibras seeks we are told3#bic ,he'd read ,dee's prefaces before1 ,the ,dev'l and ,euclid o'er and o'er2 ,and all th' intrigues 'twixt him and ,kelley1 ,lascus and th' ,emperor1 would tell ye4 ,kelley did all his feats upon ,the devil's looking-glass1 a stone ,where1 playing with him at bo-peep ,he solved all problems ne'er so deep4 ,in his experiments in crystal-gazing1 ,dr4 ,dee evidently used more than one crystal1 and did not indeed confine the operations of his scryer or scryers to brilliant spheres4 ,in the collection of ,horace ,walpole1 at ,strawberry ,hill1 was a polished slab of black stone1 obsidian1 from ,mexico4 ,this came into the possession of ,mr4 ,smythe ,piggott and later 7#ahec7 into that of ,lord ,londesborough2 it is now in the collection of ,prince ,alexis ,soltykoff4 ,horace ,walpole wrote a label for the stone1 in which he says that it had long been owned by the ,mordaunts1 ,earls of ,peterborough1 and was described in the catalogue of their collection as the black stone into which ,dr4 ,dee used to call his spirits4 ,later it was owned by ,john ,campbell1 ,duke of ,argyle1 who gave it to ,horace ,walpole4#bid ,undoubtedly any polished surface1 whether flat or convex1 might serve the purpose of the scryer almost equally well2 the possible advantage of a convex or a spherical form consists in the multiplying of the reflections and light points so that the sight is induced to wander from point to point1 and that forms and even motions are suggested by the superposition and combination of the various reflections4 ,often1 too1 a light point visible to one eye will not be so to the other1 this sometimes provoking the phenomenon of binocular vision1 which asserts itself for a moment or two1 when the diverse images coalesce again1 though imperfectly1 giving an impression of movement4 ,for one gifted with imagination and the natural quality of visualizing brain-pictures1 these shifting light-points and the more or less definite and repeated reflections of surrounding objects offer abundant material out of which to construct lifelike pictures apparently seen in the crystal4 ,that the brain-pictures thus thrown out1 so to speak1 upon the crystal1 may or may not have a peculiar psychic value1 other than their value as mere phenomena1 depends upon the significance we are inclined to attribute to the processes of the subconscious intelligence2 of its existence1 indeed1 there can be no doubt1 and many of our best thinkers incline to the belief that through it the narrow limits of our personality are occasionally transcended4 ,illustration3 #a1 #b1 #c4 ,rock-crystal spheres having portions of the surface ground so that they are rendered partially opaque4 #d4 ,natural cross of rock-crystal4 ,on dolomite1 ,ossining1 ,new ,york4 ,the following history and description of a crystal ball is given by ,john ,aubrey 7#afbf-afig73 ,i have here set down the figure of a consecrated ,beryl--now in the possession of ,sir ,edward ,harley1 ,knight of the ,bath1 which he keeps in his closet at ,brampton ,bryan in ,herefordshire amongst his ,cimelia1 which ,i saw there4 ,it came first from ,norfolk2 a minister had it there1 and a call was to be made with it4 ,afterwards a miller had it and he did work great cures with it 7if curable71 and in the ,beryl they did see1 either the receipt in writing1 or else the herb4 ,to this minister1 the spirits or angels would appear openly1 and because the miller 7who was his familiar friend7 one day happened to see them1 he gave him the aforesaid ,beryl and ,call2 by these angels the minister was forewarned of his death4 ,this account ,i had from ,mr4 ,ashmole4 ,afterwards this ,beryl came into somebody's hand in ,london who did tell strange things by it2 insomuch that at last he was questioned for it1 and it was taken away by authority 7it was about #afde74 ,this ,beryl is a perfect sphere1 the diameter of it ,i guess to be something more than an inch2 it is set in a ring1 or circle1 of silver1 resembling the meridian of a globe2 the stem of it is about ten inches high1 all gilt4 ,at the four quarters of it are the names of four angels1 viz3 ,uriel1 ,raphael1 ,michael1 ,gabriel4 ,on the top is a cross patee4#bie ,in his 8,saducismus ,triumphatus10 ,joseph ,glanvil writes that 8one ,compton of ,summersetshire1 who practised ,physick1 and pretends to strange ,matters10 demonstrated his power to evoke the image of a distant person on the surface of a mirror4 ,glanvil relates that ,compton offered to show to a ,mr4 ,hill any one the latter wished to see4 ,hill 8had no great confidence in his talk10 but replied that he desired to see his wife who was many miles distant4 8,upon this1 ,compton took up a ,looking-glass that was in the ,room1 and setting it down again1 bid my ,friend look in it1 which he did1 and then1 as he most solemnly and seriously professeth1 he saw the exact ,image of his ,wife1 in that ,habit which she then wore and working at her ,needle in such a part of the ,room 7then represented also7 in which and about which time she really was1 as he found upon enquiry when he came home4 ,the ,gentleman himself averred this to me1 and he is a very sober1 intelligent1 and credible ,person4 ,compton had no knowledge of him before1 and was an utter stranger to the ,person of his ,wife4 ,he was by all accounts a very odd ,person40#bif ,a contemporary record recites that when a certain ,sir ,marmaduke ,langdale 7of the seventeenth century7 was in ,italy1 he went to a sorcerer and was shown in a glass his own figure kneeling before a crucifix4 ,though a ,protestant at this time1 he shortly after became a ,catholic4#big ,if we exclude all idea of trickery1 it is likely enough that the idea of becoming a ,catholic was already present to the scryer's mind and called up this picture before him4 ,the celebrated ,cagliostro1 a ,sicilian whose real name was ,giuseppe ,balsamo1 among his other arts to excite curiosity and play upon the superstition of his contemporaries1 had recourse to a species of crystal-gazing4 ,in the only authentic biography of this extraordinary impostor occurs the following passage1 which we give in ,carlyle's version3#bih ,cagliostro brought a little ,boy into the ,lodge1 son of a nobleman there4 ,he placed him on his knees before a table1 whereon stood a ,bottle of pure water1 and behind this some lighted candles3 he made an exorcism round the boy1 put his hand on his head and both1 in this attitude1 addressed their prayers to ,god for the happy accomplishment of the work4 ,having bid the child look into the ,bottle1 directly the child cried that he saw a garden4 ,knowing hereby that ,heaven assisted him1 ,cagliostro took courage1 and bade the child ask of ,god the grace to see the angel ,michael4 ,at first the child said3 8,i see something white2 ,i know not what it is40 ,then he began jumping1 stamping like a possessed creature1 and cried3 8,there now6 ,i see a child like myself1 that seems to have something angelical40 ,all the assembly1 and ,cagliostro himself1 remained speechless with emotion4444 ,the child being anew exorcised with the hand of the ,venerable on his head1 and the customary prayer addressed to ,heaven1 he looked into the ,bottle1 and said he saw his sister at that moment coming down stairs1 and embracing one of her brothers4 ,that appeared impossible1 the brother in question being then hundreds of miles off2 however1 ,cagliostro felt not disconcerted2 said they might send to the country-house where the sister was1 and see4 ,taken all in all this experiment does not seem very satisfactory2 but we have in it all the essential phases of crystal-gazing4 ,excitement and expectation produced their usual effect upon an impressionable child1 and suggestion did the rest2 the final vision may have been corroborated in some way1 or1 if not1 it would be explained so as to convince those present at the experiment that the child had really seen a representation of some actual happening4 ,during the ,terror1 among those upon whom fell the suspicions of the ,jacobins was ,general ,marlire4 ,he knew that a trial and quite probably a condemnation awaited him4 ,a few days before the date fixed for his appearance before his judges1 he met a colonel in the ,french army1 who had served in the ,american ,revolutionary ,war1 and who was a firm believer in the truth of the visions seen in crystal balls4 ,in the course of the conversation this subject was alluded to1 and the general immediately declared that he was eager to put the matter to the test1 and learn1 if possible1 what fate was in store for him4 ,the colonel was at first very unwilling to undertake the experiment1 probably he thought that ,general ,marlire's doom was sealed1 and1 believing as he did in the revelations of the crystal1 he dreaded the results2 however1 the general insisted and the experiment took place4 ,as usual1 the medium was an 8innocent child40 ,in the crystal appeared a man wearing a private's uniform of the ,national ,guard struggling with one wearing a general's uniform4 ,the child was much excited and terrified by the sight1 exclaiming that the general's assailant had thrown him down and was beheading him4 ,that the vision portended the general's execution was clear enough1 but the peculiar dress of the executioner was a mystery to those present at the test1 for the official garb bore no resemblance whatever to a soldier's uniform4 ,the prediction was1 however1 fulfilled to the letter4 ,general ,marlire was tried1 found guilty1 and guillotined4 ,this in itself did not mean much in view of the innumerable executions in the time of the ,terror2 but1 on the day of this execution1 ,samson1 the official executioner1 desiring to gratify his personal vanity and to attract the gaze of the spectators1 dressed himself in the uniform of a national guardsman4#bii ,that this altogether unusual circumstance1 which could scarcely have been known to any of those who assisted at the crystal-gazing1 should have been revealed in the crystal1 is certainly very mysterious4 ,if we had positive assurance that the events narrated happened exactly in the way they are said to have happened1 this would be one of the few instances in which the vision seen in the crystal reproduced something entirely unknown to the scryer4 ,many extraordinary visions are said to have been seen in crystal balls by a ,french scryer whose grandmother had clairvoyant powers and was sometimes consulted by ,napoleon ,i4 ,it is claimed that the grandson has enjoyed the patronage of many royal personages1 and had predicted1 in a more or less definite way1 the assassination of ,king ,humbert of ,italy1 and the attempted assassination of ,alfonso ,,xiii and of his young bride1 when they were returning to the palace after the conclusion of the marriage ceremony4 ,this ,french scryer has stated that he is powerfully affected when he is consulted by any one destined to die a violent death2 on such occasions he feels1 in his own organism1 a modified form of the particular kind of suffering they are fated to experience4 ,this exceptional sensitiveness to occult influences was also shown when the crystal-gazer went to the ,boulaq ,museum in ,cairo1 and gazed upon the rows of mummies exhibited there2 he immediately felt1 as intensely as though it were a personal experience1 the mingled sorrow and rage of the disembodied spirits at seeing their embalmed bodies exposed to the view of the idle crowd1 when they should have been permitted to rest in their tombs until the hour of the ,resurrection4 ,in ,england all those who attempted1 with a greater or less degree of success1 to reveal the hidden secrets of the future1 were expressly designated as rogues and vagabonds according to the terms of an act passed ,june #ba1 #ahbd4cjj ,such offenders1 on being duly convicted before the ,justice of the ,peace1 could be committed to the ,house of ,correction1 8there to be kept at hard ,labour for any time not exceeding ,three ,calendar ,months40 ,this class of undesirable citizens comprised all using 8any subtle ,craft1 ,means1 or ,device1 by ,palmistry or otherwise0 for the deception of his ,majesty's subjects4 ,the h'men1 or diviner1 of ,yucatan1 places great reliance upon his zaztun1 or 8clear stone40 ,this may be a quartz crystal1 or else some other translucent stone2 but in order to serve for divining purposes it must be sanctified according to special rites1 gum-copal being burned before it1 and certain magic formulas recited1 which have been transmitted from generation to generation in an archaic dialect4 ,when thus rendered fit for use1 the diviner claims to be able to see in the depths of the crystal the whereabouts of lost articles1 and also what absent persons are doing at the time he makes his observation4 ,not only this1 but the future is also laid bare before his eyes4 ,as these stones are supposed to possess such miraculous powers we need not be surprised that one of them should be found in almost every village in ,yucatan4#cja ,the ,apache medicine-men are also fully persuaded that crystals possess the virtue of inducing visions1 and they have used them for the purpose of finding lost property4 ,to aid in the recovery of stolen ponies is one of the most important tasks of the ,apache medicine-man1 and to this end his crystal offers great assistance4 ,capt4 ,john ,g4 ,burke relates that he made a great friend of a medicine-man named ,na-a-che by giving him a large crystal of denticulated spar1 much superior to the crystal he had been in the habit of using for his visions4 ,that this was thoroughly satisfactory to the medicine-man at least1 is shown by his statement to ,capt4 ,burke that by looking into his crystal he could see everything he wanted to see4 ,of the way this came about he did not attempt any explanation4#cjb ,the magic power supposed to dwell within rock-crystal has been recognized in a peculiar way by some natives of ,new ,south ,wales4 ,they have the barbarous custom of knocking out one or more of the front teeth of their boys at the obligatory initiation ceremonies1 and on one occasion ,dr4 ,howitt was entrusted with the care of a number of these teeth1 which are believed to preserve a certain undefined connection with the health and fortunes of their former possessors1 and on this account great fear was expressed lest the custodian should place the precious teeth in the same bag with some rock-crystals1 for the natives thought that the magic power of these crystals would injuriously affect the teeth1 and through them the boys1 from whose jaws they had been broken4#cjc ,in a paper entitled 8,the ,origin of ,jewelry10 read before the ,british ,association1 ,professor ,w4 ,ridgeley says3 ,australians and tribes of ,new ,guinea use crystals for rain-making1 although they cannot bore them1 and this stone is a powerful amulet in ,uganda when fastened into leather4 ,sorcerers in ,africa carry a small bag of pebbles as an important part of their equipment4 ,so it was in ,greece4 ,the crystal was used to light the sacrificial fire and was so employed in the church down to the fifteenth century4 ,egyptians used it largely under the ,,xii ,dynasty1 piercing it along its axis after rubbing off the pyramid points of the crystal1 sometimes leaving the natural six sides1 or else grinding it into a complete cylinder4 ,from this bead came the artificial cylindrical glass beads made later by the ,egyptians4 ,professor ,ridgeley believes that the primary use of all these objects was because of their supposed magic powers4 ,he holds the same view in regard to cylinders and rings1 considering that the use of these as signets only became habitual at a later time1 and he finds a proof of this theory in the fact that unengraved ,babylonian cylinders and ,mycenean gems have been discovered4 ,this is1 of course1 perfectly true1 but does not in the least prove that such ornaments may not have been originally worn simply for purposes of adornment2 unquestionably1 the custom of engraving them so as to render them signets must have arisen at a much later date4 ,flacourt stated that the natives of ,madagascar used crystals to aid them in divining4 ,these stones1 which were said to have fallen from heaven1 were attached to the corners of the boards whereon the sorcerers produced their geomantic figures4#cjd ,here1 however1 the crystals were not directly used1 but were only supposed to attract influences propitious to the diviner's efforts4 ,in the notes to the #ahhh edition of the ,chinese criminal code1 some curious details are given of a practice called ,yuan-kuang-fuchou 7the magic of the round glittering74 ,while this designation certainly seems to indicate the use of a polished sphere of some description1 the details given refer to a different practice4 ,we are told that when anything was stolen appeal was sometimes made to a certain ,sun-,yuan ,sheng1 who would then hang up a piece of white paper and utter a spell1 while a boy gazed upon the paper until he saw the figure of the thief4 ,this magician was punished for carrying on an unlawful practice4#cje ,illustration3 ,,babylonian ,,cylinders ,,and ,,persian ,,beads4 ,of hematite1 rock-crystal1 lapis-lazuli1 chalcedony1 banded agate1 and other stones4 ,from #cjjj ,b4,c4 to the ,christian era4 7,see page #aba47 ,the ,mexicans made images of their god ,tezcatlipoca of obsidian1 and the name of this divinity is interpreted as signifying 8shining mirror40 ,this is supposed to refer to1 or to have been expressed by1 the brilliant effect of the polished surface of the obsidian4 ,mirrors of this material are said to have been used for divination in ancient ,mexico and the neighboring countries4#cjf ,one of these ,mexican mirrors seems to have been employed by ,dr4 ,dee in his experiments in crystal vision4 ,a remarkable series of tests in the art of scrying1 given in the presence of ,lane1 the great ,arabic scholar1 and translator of the ,arabian ,nights1 illustrates the fallibility of most of the evidence adduced in such matters1 for1 at first1 ,lane was strongly impressed by the exhibition4 ,although no crystal was used1 the process of scrying was precisely the same as in crystal-gazing1--that is to say1 the vision called for by the visitors was seen by the scryer on a polished surface4 ,the master of ceremonies was an ,arab magician1 though1 of course1 he did not do the scrying himself1 but employed a boy for this purpose1 for it is generally thought that half-grown boys or girls are more receptive4 ,although ,lane himself was perfectly familiar with ,arabic1 an interpreter was always present in the interest of the other ,europeans who assisted at the experiments4 ,after invoking many mysterious geniuses and burning incense and scraps of paper inscribed with magic formulas1 the magician drew a magic square on a large sheet of paper and dropped a quantity of ink in the centre4 ,on this the boy was directed to fix his gaze1 and after he had shown that he was thoroughly under the magician's influence1 by describing the images suggested to him1 the visitors were permitted to ask him questions4 ,the answers were successful in most cases2 a single instance will suffice4 ,when the boy was asked to describe ,admiral ,nelson1 he replied3 8,i see a man clothed in a dark garb2 there is something strange about him1 he has but one arm40 ,then1 quickly correcting himself1 he added3 8,no1 ,i was mistaken1 he has one of his arms across his breast40 ,this correction impressed those present more than the first statement1 for it was well known that ,nelson usually had the empty sleeve of his coat pinned to his breast4 ,it also seemed as though there could be no collusion1 for both the magician and the boy were ignorant of everything ,english and evidently knew nothing of ,nelson4 ,unfortunately1 however1 for those who would fain believe that there is something supernatural in scrying1 it was later discovered that the interpreter was a renegade ,scotchman1 masquerading as an ,arab1 and there can be little doubt that he managed to suggest the boy's answer4 ,the fact that no satisfactory results were obtained when this interpreter was absent1 makes this explanation almost certainly the correct one4 ,the ,armenians sometimes practised divination by watching the images that appeared1 or were supposed to appear1 on the smooth surface of the waters of a well1 and the person who saw such images was called hornaiogh1 8he who looks into a well40 ,an ,arab woman living in the neighborhood of ,constantinople enjoyed a great reputation for her power in this respect1 and was frequently consulted by ,armenians and by other dwellers in the ,turkish capital4 ,whoever wished to question this woman regarding the cause of an illness1 the whereabouts of stolen objects1 etc41 usually took along a child of the household1 and the actual scrying was generally performed by this child1 who would describe or identify the forms it saw on the water's surface4 ,if1 however1 for one reason or another1 no child was brought1 the witch herself did the scrying4 ,in regard to illness1 a distinction was made between 8natural0 maladies and those directly caused by some spirit4 ,should the spirit 7peri7 supposed to cause the dire malady known as drsv1 a kind of consumption1 be seen to glide over the surface of the water1 the sorceress would find it necessary to invoke the whole race of peris to come to the aid of the patient1 who was expected to pay more than the usual fee for this very special service4#cjg ,the peris of ,armenian legend were sometimes good and sometimes evil spirits2 in the former case these were supposed to perform the functions of guardian angels1 and every one was said to have a peri especially delegated to watch over him4 ,this found expression in the fact that when one ,armenian felt at first sight an instinctive sympathy for another1 he would say1 8,my peri loves you dearly 7peris chad siretz kezi740 ,in the contrary case1 the feeling of antipathy was also attributed to the attitude assumed by the guardian spirit toward the new acquaintance4#cjh ,these spirits were therefore supposed to encourage or discourage greater intimacy with newcomers in accord with the true interests of those over whom they watched4 ,the power to see images in a crystal does not appear to depend to any great extent upon a morbid nervous condition of the seer1 for many of the most successful experimenters have been of good and even of exceptionally vigorous physique4 ,indeed1 illness seems to diminish or destroy this power1 at least in the case of those who are habitually healthy4#cji ,this does not imply that some highly nervous and even hysterical individuals have not been favored with 8crystal visions40 ,very probably the rule here is the same as in ordinary hypnotism4 ,those persons who have a strong will and sound nerves are able to hypnotize themselves1 while those whose nerves are disordered are subject to the hypnotic influence of others4 ,a well-known lady in ,new ,york ,city1 in conversation with the writer1 a few years ago1 on the subject of crystal balls1 was advised by him to try a ball herself and see what results she obtained4 ,at the end of two years she found that by concentration she had been able to better her understanding of herself2 and this effect is not only obtainable now by means of a crystal ball1 but by fixing her gaze upon any bright object4 ,this visual fixation has centred her whole being in such a way that her health has notably improved4 ,what are the laws that govern the production of these phenomena8 ,that the 8visions0 are real enough has been proven time and again1 but it seems almost certain that they do not offer anything but the ideas or impressions existing in the minds or optic nerves of the gazers4 ,one of the most painstaking students of the subject1 ,miss ,goodrich-,freer1 gives many instances in proof of this1 which show how easy it would be for a less critical observer to suppose that the crystal revealed something unknown to the gazer4 ,on one occasion this lady was at a loss to remember the correct address of a friend whose letter1 received a few days before1 she had torn up4 ,she resorted to her crystal1 and after a few minutes saw in it1 in gray letters on a white ground1 the address she had forgotten4 ,she mailed her answer to this address1 and the reply came duly to hand1 with the address stamped in gray upon the white paper of the note1 which was identical with that she had first received4#caj ,the visual impression had been stirred up and 8externalized0 itself when she gazed upon the crystal4 ,we believe that this explains the larger number of such visions1 and that the rest are only inexplicable because the scryer has forgotten the source of the impression that is projected on the surface of the crystal4 ,illustration3 ,,rock-,,crystal ,,spheres4 ,,japanese4 7,see page #bag47 ,it is true that both ,miss ,goodrich-,freer and many other crystal-gazers note instances in which the vision appears to represent something the scryer does not and cannot know4 ,however1 even in these cases1 when carefully examined1 there is little difficulty in finding an explanation4 ,coincidence accounts for much1 and imagination for more1 since it is not the vision itself1 but the memory of the vision1 that is later brought into comparison with actual facts4 ,we all know how exceedingly hard it is to repeat1 after a short lapse of time1 all the circumstances and details of any occurrence4 ,there is a natural growth and modification of mental impressions1 due to association of ideas1 and where there exists the least wish to make the prophecy accord with the event1 or the vision with the coincident happening1 this growth and modification will be in the direction of agreement4 ,this takes place quite unconsciously1 and the informant will be fully persuaded that all the circumstances are related exactly as they occurred4 ,the attempt to identify either persons or scenes observed by the scryer with real persons and real scenes unknown to him1 must always be open to the objection that the one who makes the identification has no photographic impression upon which to base his judgment1 but merely the words of the scryer4 ,when we remember what mistakes have been made in identifying individuals from photographs1 we can easily appreciate the great chances of error entailed by the use of a verbal description of a visionary experience1 even when the person giving the description is both willing and able to make it as exact and adequate as possible4 ,a very impartial witness1 ,andrew ,lang1 states that1 in the course of a series of experiments he made in crystal-gazing1 he saw nothing himself1 but found that a surprisingly large proportion of those who tried were successful in seeing pictures of some sort on the polished surface4 ,almost invariably1 when the gazer fixed his eyes upon the sphere1 it appeared to grow milky-hued and then became black2 upon this dark background the pictures showed themselves4 ,one of the scryers1 a lady1 said that as a child she had seen pictures in ink that she had spilled for the purpose4#caa ,this method has been much favored by ,orientals4 ,while ,lang does not quite venture to assert that all the 8visions0 reported to him were genuine ones1 he inclines to the belief that this was the case with many of them4 ,experience has shown1 however1 that not all of those who see pictures in1 or on1 a glass or crystal sphere1 can also see them in ink4#cab ,nevertheless1 in view of the fact that the crystal sphere is said to appear black to the eye before the pictures are seen1 it would seem that some naturally black surface would be particularly adapted for the purpose4 ,an interesting point regarding the phenomena of crystal-gazing is the effect produced by magnification upon the images seen in1 or on1 the crystal ball4 ,as to this matter there is considerable difference of opinion1 for1 while some experimenters assert that the interposition of a magnifying-glass enlarges the image1 others have not remarked any difference in its size under these conditions4 ,indeed1 one of the most critical witnesses1 ,mrs4 ,a4 ,w4 ,verrall1 declares that her vision entirely disappeared when she held a magnifying-glass before her eyes4 ,on the other hand1 we have the case of a subject who had been told1 while in the hypnotic state1 that he would see a play-bill on the crystal4 ,when he was awakened and the crystal ball was placed before him1 he said that he could see only detached letters1 but when he looked through a magnifying-glass he saw all the letters distinctly and read the name of the play1 in perfect accord with the suggestion4#cac ,this image may have been reflected from some part of the room where the gazer had not noticed it1 and may have been either before or behind the operator4 ,the magnifying-glass would naturally make the small1 condensed letters legible1 as a play-bill would be many times larger than a crystal ball1 and its minute image naturally too small to read1 being reduced by the circular surface4 ,usually1 however1 the image is not on the surface of the crystal1 but in the beholder's eye2 therefore when this image appears more clearly under magnification1 the result is due to the expectation of the gazer based upon his experience of an invariable rule4 ,this acts as a stimulus upon the visual function1 which must be in an exceedingly sensitive state to produce visions at all4 ,when1 however1 no result or a negative result follows the use of the glass1 then we can safely assume that the gazer was naturally of a critical turn of mind1 and was disposed to distrust sensual impressions2 hence the glass became a disturbing influence1 interfering with or even completely obliterating the eye-picture4 ,many attempts have been made to establish distinctions between the different materials used for crystals1 proceeding on the theory that subtle emanations from them affected the gazer and played an important part in producing the desired vision4 ,that the beryl produced a greater number of these visions than any other mineral was the old belief which is still upheld in some quarters to-day2 one scryer1 indeed1 asserts that his clearest and most satisfactory visions were seen in a cube of blue beryl1 the beautiful color appearing to dispose the soul to a harmonious unfolding of its latent aptitudes4#cad ,among the instructions given to a would-be crystal gazer1 the question of a proper and wholesome diet is not overlooked1 as anything which tends to disturb the serenity of the organism will also interfere with the due exercise of the special clairvoyant faculty that expresses itself in crystal visions4 ,a curious special recommendation made by one of the exponents of the art is that good results can be had by drinking an infusion of mugwort 7,artemisia vulgaris71 or of chicory 7,cichorium intybus71 because of their tonic and antibilious qualities4 ,moreover1 we are told that these herbs are under the influence of the zodiacal sign ,libra1 the sign controlling the virtues of the beryl4#cae ,above all the portion of the lunar month when the moon is on the increase is said to be far the best season for scrying1 as the old astrologers recognized an affinity between the moon and rock-crystal4 ,the claim is made that the adept at crystal-gazing can determine by the apparent difference in proximity of the visions whether they refer to the present or to a more or less remote past or future1 that is to say1 are nearer or farther removed in time from the period when the vision appears4 ,the distinction between past and future is admitted to offer greater difficulty and a decision as to this point must depend upon a kind of intuitive and undefined impression on the part of the scryer4 ,those who have made a sympathetic study of crystal-gazing recognize that the 8visions0 seen in or on the crystal differ according to the mental and psychic temperament of the scryer4 ,two broad distinctions are sometimes established1 the one class comprising those whose mental attitude is a 8positive0 one while the second class includes the 8passive0 subjects4 ,in the former case the crystal visions are more apt to be symbols denoting some past or future event than a clear picture of the event itself1 the mentality of the 8positive0 subject being1 perhaps1 too strong merely to mirror the image cast upon it4 ,instead of so doing it transforms the impression received from this image into some symbolic form4 ,this process is not1 however1 consciously done1 but the scryer of this type is supposed nevertheless to have an instinctive appreciation of the fact that what he sees is purely and simply a symbol1 and he proceeds to interpret this in accord with certain generally received rules1 or in accord with his own personal experience4 ,the passive subject on the other hand is more apt to see a clear and definite picture of the persons or events revealed to him4 ,sometimes that picture is distinctly perceptible on or about the surface of the crystal1 while at other times the visual perception will be rather indefinite and clouded1 although accompanied by a strong mental impression in itself equivalent to that which would have been induced by an actual and objective vision4#caf ,the proper use of the crystal is the prime factor in the art of scrying and great attention is paid to this point by all those who treat seriously of the subject4 ,among other things they recognize that freedom from pain1 or even from a sense of physical discomfort1 is quite essential1 for the mind must assume a purely passive and receptive attitude1 and not be forced to take cognizance of bodily discomfort4 ,moreover the nervous system must be in repose1 for which reason a reasonable time should be allowed to lapse after taking a meal1 before trying for crystal visions4#cag ,an author on 8psychomancy0 affirms that fixing the gaze upon a crystal ball is one of the very best means of bringing out the latent faculty of astral vision1 and he finds a reason for this in the atomic structure1 the molecular arrangement of the material4 ,he does not1 however1 impart any definite information as to what special structural characteristics render glass or rock-crystal particularly efficient in this direction4#cah ,the help that may be derived from crystal-gazing by those who are striving to pierce the veil that separates the 8real life0 about us from that spiritual life which is so much more real for those who believe in it1 is also admitted by many4#cai ,we cannot refrain from citing here the words spoken by ,sir ,oliver ,lodge at ,birmingham1 ,sept4 #aj1 #aiac1 before the ,british ,association for the ,advancement of ,science1 affirming his conviction1 as a result of scientific investigation of occult phenomena1 8that memory and affection are not limited to that association with matter by which alone they can manifest themselves here and now1 and that personality persists beyond bodily death40 ,one of the latest types of glass balls for crystal-gazing has a small1 circular1 flat surface on the sphere4 ,this may possibly be of service in furnishing a better field for the expected vision1 and may also lessen the troublesome and baffling reflections which interfere so seriously with the projection of the mental picture4 ,a method that has been recommended to crystal-gazers is to place the crystal on a table1 protect it from the reflections of surrounding objects by means of a velvet screen1 and set seven candlesticks with wax tapers in front of the screen4 ,the tapers are then to be lighted1 the room being otherwise in perfect darkness1 and the would-be scryer is to seat himself comfortably before the table1 laying his hands flat upon it1 and to gaze fixedly upon the crystal for half an hour or longer4 ,the light from the tapers will certainly ensure a multitude of light points in the crystal4 ,that the molecules forming the sphere may always remain en rapport with the gazer1 he is advised to put it beneath his pillow when retiring to rest4#cbj ,the crystal gazer is strongly advised by some to limit the duration of his experiment at first to five minutes1 during which he is to avoid thinking of anything in particular while keeping his eyes fixed intently upon the ball1 but without any undue straining of attention4 ,should the eyes 8water0 after the test is concluded1 this is to be regarded as an indication that the gazer has persisted too long2 for brain-fag is to be strictly avoided1 as such a state depresses instead of arousing the hidden and higher psychic faculties4 ,even after considerable practice1 the scrying should not be carried on for more than a few minutes at a time4 ,the faculty of visualization plays a most important part in crystal-gazing4 ,the image thought to be seen on1 before1 or behind the surface of the crystal1 is in its essence a fancied projection of a purely mental image conceived in the brain2 such an image as is present to the consciousness of many when they call to mind a scene of some vivid past experience1 or the face of someone they have known1 and see it as an element of consciousness4 ,when it is possible to externalize this interior vision1 then we have at least a beginning of successful scrying4 ,that it may go far beyond this1 that it may reveal to the gazer events happening in some distant place1 or even events yet to transpire in the dim future1 is often claimed4 ,an acceptance of this claim must depend largely upon our attitude toward premonitions and prophecies in general4 ,here1 as in the simple picture evolved by an image of the past1 the crystal is merely the background upon which are cast the mind-pictures or soul-pictures arising within our being4#cba ,a use of crystal gazing to aid literary composition has been reported in the case of an ,english authoress of note1 who1 if she lost the thread of the story she was writing1 would resort to her crystal1 and would see mirrored therein the scenes and personages of her tale1 the latter carrying on the plot in dramatic action4 ,aided by this suggestion she was able to resume her composition and successfully terminate her story4 ,illustration3 ,,crystal ,,ball1 ,,supported ,,by ,,bronze ,,dragon4 ,,japanese4 ,in ,japan the smaller rock-crystals were believed to be the congealed breath of the ,white ,dragon1 while the larger and more brilliant ones were said to be the saliva of the ,violet ,dragon4 ,as the dragon was emblematic of the highest powers of creation1 this indicates the esteem in which the substance was held by the ,japanese1 who probably derived their appreciation of it from the ,chinese4 ,the name suisho1 used both in ,china and ,japan to designate rock-crystal1 reflects the idea current in ancient times1 and repeated even by seventeenth century writers1 that rock-crystal was ice which had been so long congealed that it could not be liquefied4 ,for the ,japanese1 rock-crystal is the 8perfect jewel10 tama2 it is at once a symbol of purity and of the infinity of space1 and also of patience and perseverance4 ,this latter significance probably originating from an observation of the patience and skill shown by the accurate and painstaking ,japanese cutters and polishers of rock-crystal4 ,a crystal ball1 one of the largest perfect spheres ever produced1 has been made from rock-crystal of ,madagascar4 ,it is a very perfect sphere and of faultless material4 ,the diameter is #f inches and the ball was held at about #bj1jjj4 ,many fine crystal balls are made in ,japan1 the materials being found in large1 clear masses in the mountains on the islands of ,nippon and ,fusiyama and also in the granitic rocks of ,central ,japan4 ,it is stated1 however1 that much of the ,japanese material really comes from ,china4 ,the ,japanese methods of working rock-crystals are extremely simple and depend more upon the skill and patience of the workers than upon the tools at their command4 ,our illustration1 taken from a sketch made by an ,oriental traveller1 shows the process of manufacturing crystal balls4 ,the rough mass of crystal is gradually rounded by careful chipping with a small steel hammer4 ,with the aid of this tool alone a perfect sphere is formed4 ,the ,japanese workmen thoroughly understand the fracture of the mineral1 and know just when to apply chipping and when hammering4 ,the crystal1 having been reduced to a spherical form1 is handed to a grinder1 whose tools consist of cylindrical pieces of cast iron1 about a foot in length1 and full of perforations4 ,these cylinders are of different curvatures1 according to the size of the crystal to be ground4 ,powdered emery and garnet are used for the first polishing4 ,plenty of water is supplied during the process1 and the balls are kept constantly turning1 in order to secure a true spherical surface4 ,sometimes they are fixed on the end of a hollow tube and kept dexterously turning in the hand until smooth4 ,the final polishing is effected with crocus or rouge 7finely divided hematite71 giving a splendid lustrous surface4 ,as hand labor is exclusively used1 the manufacture of crystal objects according to the ,japanese methods is extremely laborious and slow4#cbb ,illustration3 ,by permission of the 8,scientific ,american40 ,,method ,,of ,,grinding ,,crystal ,,balls ,,and ,,other ,,hard ,,stone ,,objects ,,in ,,germany ,,and ,,france4 ,illustration3 ,by permission of the 8,scientific ,american40 ,,japanese ,,method ,,of ,,chipping1 ,,grinding ,,and ,,polishing ,,rock-,,crystal ,,balls4 ,in ,germany and ,france and in the ,united ,states1 the fabrication of rock-crystal is accomplished almost entirely by machinery4 ,the crystal to be shaped into a ball is placed against a semicircular groove worn in huge grindstones4 ,this is illustrated in the case of the method practised in ,oberstein1 ,germany4 ,the workman has his feet firmly braced against a support1 and1 resting upon his chest1 presses the crystal against the revolving grindstone4 ,it is unnecessary to add that the practice is extremely unwholesome and develops early consumption among the workers4 ,a constant stream of water is kept flowing over the stone so that the crystal shall always be moist1 as the friction would otherwise hurt it1 and the subsequent addition of water would be liable to cause a fracture4 ,the final polishing is done on a wooden wheel with tripoli1 or by means of a leather buffer with tripoli or rouge4#cbc ,there are three fine crystal balls in the collection of the ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history4 ,one1 apparently perfect1 measures #e inches in diameter and was cut from a crystal found in ,mokolumne1 ,calaveras ,co41 ,california2 the second is #f inches in diameter and is from the same locality1 but not entirely perfect4 ,these were shown in the department of the ,tiffany ,collection prepared by the author1 and were exhibited at the ,paris ,exposition of #aijj as part of the ,j4 ,pierpont ,morgan gift to the ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history4 ,another fine crystal ball is now to be seen in the ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history1 ,new ,york2 this was donated to the institution4 ,it measures #d-aa_/af inches in diameter1 is of wonderful purity1 and the cutting has been executed with such a high degree of precision that an ideally perfect sphere has been produced4#cbd ,crystal balls have been found occasionally in tombs or in funerary urns1 and their presence in sepulchres may perhaps be considered to have been due to a belief that they possessed certain magic properties4 ,in the tomb of ,childeric 7ca4 #dcf-dha ,a4,d471 the father of ,clovis1 a rock-crystal sphere was found which was for a time preserved in the ,bibliothque ,royale1 ,paris1 and later in the ,louvre ,museum2 it measures #a inches in diameter4#cbe ,the chance discovery of a number of crystal balls is related by ,montfaucon4 ,towards the end of the sixteenth century1 the canons of ,san ,giovanni in ,laterano1 ,rome1 wished to have some repairs made to a house they owned1 just outside of the city walls1 and sent thither some workmen with the order to break up or remove two large1 superimposed stones1 which were much in the way4 ,the workmen proceeded to break the upper stone1 but were much astonished to find embedded within it an alabaster funerary urn with its cover4 ,this had been hidden between the two stones1 a space for its reception having been hollowed out in the upper and lower stones1 so that it fitted within them4 ,opening the urn there were found inside1 mingled with the ashes1 twenty crystal balls1 a gold ring with a stone setting1 a needle1 an ivory comb1 and some bits of gold wire4 ,the presence of the needle was taken to indicate conclusively that the ashes were those of a woman4#cbf ,the discovery of the tomb of ,childeric was made1 ,may #bg1 #afec1 by a deaf-mute mason1 named ,adrien ,quinquin1 while he was excavating for the restoration of one of the dependencies of the church of ,saint ,brice de ,tournai4 ,one of the most interesting objects found in the tomb was the golden signet of ,childeric bearing his head and the legend ,childerici regis4 ,the earliest description is given in a work by ,chiflet entitled 8,anastasis ,childerici10 8,resurrection of ,childeric10 published by ,plantin of ,antwerp in #afee4 ,the various ornaments were sent by the ,spanish ,governor-,general of the ,netherlands to the ,austrian treasury in ,vienna1 and were not long afterward1 in #affd1 graciously donated by ,emperor ,leopold ,i to ,king ,louis ,,xiv1 at the instance of ,johann ,philip of ,schonborn1 ,archbishop of ,mainz1 who was under great obligation to the ,french sovereign4 ,illustration3 ,,rock-,,crystal ,,sphere4 ,japan1 five inches diameter4 ,morgan collection1 ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history1 ,new ,york4 ,in ,paris the various ornaments were preserved in the ,bibliothque ,royale until the night of ,november #e-f1 #ahca1 when many of them1 with other valuables1 were stolen by an ex-convict4 ,closely pursued by the police1 the thief threw his booty into the ,seine2 much of the plunder was subsequently recovered1 but the signet of ,childeric was lost for ever4 ,the crystal ball had not seemed of sufficient value to tempt the thief and was left undisturbed2 it was later1 in #aheb1 deposited in the ,louvre ,museum4#cbg ,in a personal communication to ,abb ,cochet made in #aheh by ,mr4 ,thomas ,wright1 the latter stated that he had seen at ,downing in ,flintshire with ,lord ,fielding five crystal balls1 bearing labels declaring that they came from the sepulchres of the kings of ,france violated at the time of the ,french ,revolution4 ,they had been purchased about #ahaj at the sale of the ,duchess of ,portland's effects4#cbh ,among the crystal balls found in ,french sepulchres may be noted one discovered by ,rigollot in #ahec at ,arras1 and preserved in the ,museum of that city2 this still has the original gold mounting serving to attach it to the necklace from which it had been worn suspended4 ,another found at or near ,levas was in the possession of ,m4 ,dancoise1 a notary of ,hnin-,litard1 dept4 ,pas de ,calais4#cbi ,in the ,bibliothque at ,dieppe there is a crystal ball1 #cb mm4 in diameter1 found at ,douvrend1 dept4 ,seine-,inferieure1 in #ahch1 in a ,merovingian tomb2 this is pierced through4#ccj ,the department of ,moselle supplied three discoveries of this kind1 crystal balls having been found in a tomb at ,st4 ,preux-la-,montagne1 ,sablon and ,moineville near ,briey1 the latter measuring #cf mm4 in diameter4#cca ,the ,saxon tombs of ,england have also furnished a contingent of crystal balls1 for example at ,chatham1 at ,chassel ,down on the ,isle of ,wight1 where four were discovered1 at ,breach ,down1 ,barham1 near ,canterbury1 at ,fairford1 ,gloucestershire1 and also in ,kent4#ccb ,we should also note a crystal ball found in a funerary urn at ,hinsbury ,hill1 ,northamptonshire2#ccc this as well as the one found at ,fairford was facetted4#ccd ,from ,st4 ,nicholas1 ,worcestershire1 is reported a crystal ball #a inches in diameter4#cce ,in his 8,hydrotaphia1 or ,urn ,burial10 published in #afeh1 ,sir ,thomas ,browne 7#afje-afhb71 author of the 8,religio ,medici10 relates that there was at that time in the possession of ,cardinal ,farnese1 an urn in which1 besides a number of antique engraved gems1 an ape of agate1 and an elephant of amber1 there had been found a crystal ball and six 8nuts0 of crystal4#ccf ,one of the largest and most perfect crystal balls is in the ,dresden 8,grne ,gewlbe0 7,green ,vaults74 ,this weighs #ae ,german pounds and measures #f inches in diameter2 it was undoubtedly used for purposes of augury4 ,ten thousand dollars was the price paid for it in #aghj4 ,a crystal ball known as the ,currahmore ,crystal1 because it is kept at the seat of that name belonging to the ,marquis of ,waterford1 has long enjoyed and still enjoys the repute of possessing magical powers4 ,it is of rock-crystal1 and the legend runs that one of the ,le ,poers brought it from the ,holy ,land1 where it had been given him by the great crusader ,godefroy de ,bouillon 7#ajeh-aajj74 ,the ball is a trifle larger than an orange and a silver ring encircles it at the middle4 ,the chief and much-prized virtue of this crystal is its power to cure cattle of any one of the many distempers to which they are subject4 ,its application for this purpose is rather peculiar1 for the cattle are not touched with it1 but driven up and down a stream in which it has been laid4 ,not only in the immediate neighborhood of ,currahmore is resort had to this magic stone by the peasants1 but requests for its loan are often made from far distant parts of ,ireland4 ,the privilege is almost always accorded and has never been abused1 the crystal being in every case conscientiously returned to its rightful owner4#ccg ,the names 8ghost-crystals10 8phantom-crystals10 8spectre-crystals10 8shadow-crystals10 etc41 are applied to a form of quartz in which the crystallization was interrupted from time to time1 so that in the transparent successive layers there is an occasional opaque layer1 often no thicker than the finest possible dusting of a whiter material4 ,sometimes as many as fifteen or twenty of these successive growths are observable1 one over the other4 ,when these crystals are in the natural form1 they show beautifully from the sides and ends4 ,sometimes such crystals are found after they have been rolled in the beds of mountain torrents until they have become entirely opaque1 but when the surfaces are polished1 the 8phantom10 8spectre10 or 8ghost10 appears with wonderful beauty4 ,occasionally the entire crystal has been worn down to a small part of the original prism1 in which case it is cut into a ball4 ,the ball may seem to be absolutely pure1 but when held in certain lights little tent-like markings can often be observed2 sometimes only one marking is visible1 but there may be as many as twenty4 ,these are occasionally due to a layer of smoky material1 and1 though they add a charm to the ball1 they detract from its value4 ,nevertheless1 crystal-gazers may find an additional interest when the 8ghostly0 or 8spectral0 interior exists in a crystal ball4 ,this growth is similar in kind to that seen at times in opaque quartz1 forming what is known as cap-quartz2 here the crystallizations can frequently be broken apart so that they fit one over the other in many successive layers4 ,occasionally the regular crystalline development will be interrupted1 as it were1 and in place of the original crystal continuing its growth harmoniously1 a larger crystal will form on a smaller one1 forming a sort of mushroom1 or 8cap10 or 8stilt0 quartz1 as it is termed4 ,illustration3 8,,phantom ,,crystal0 ,,of ,,quartz 7,,rock-,,crystal7 ,,madagascar4 ,in possession of the author4 ,illustration3 #a4 ,rock-crystal1 engraved with a map of the world4 ,russian work4 #b1 #c4 ,rock-crystal balls 7one elipsoidal7 mounted in silver4 ,probably twelfth or thirteenth century4 ,used for ornaments and possibly for scrying purposes4 ,collection of ,sir ,charles ,hercules ,read4 ,,vii ,religious ,uses of ,precious ,stones1 ,pagan1 ,hebrew1 and ,christian4 ,the use of stones for the decoration of images of the gods1 and in religious ceremonies1 more especially in those connected with the burial of the dead1 can be traced back to a remote antiquity4 ,indeed1 we may regard this religious use of precious or peculiar stones as the natural development of the original idea of their talismanic virtue4 ,if a certain supernatural essence manifested itself in the stone1 what more fit object could be imagined for the decoration of statues of the gods1 or to bear engraved texts from the sacred writings1 and to be placed with the bodies of the dead as 8passports0 to ensure the safe entry of the souls of the departed into the better land8 ,while this employment of mineral substances for religious purposes is practically universal1 the earliest recorded instances come from ,egypt1 and concern the ,egyptian custom of engraving texts from a very ancient ritual composition1 called the ,book of the ,dead1 upon certain semi-precious stones which had been cut into various symbolical forms4 ,this 8,book of the ,dead10 composed of a number of distinct chapters1 each complete in itself1 describes the passage of the soul of the deceased through the realm of the dead 7,amenti74 ,here the soul addresses the gods and other beings who receive it1 and the prayers and invocations recited in the chapters are supposed to procure a safe passage and protection from all evil influences or impediments4 ,one of the most usual of the engraved amulets is the buckle or tie 7thet74 ,this was generally of red jasper1 carnelian1 or red porphyry1 or else of red glass or faience or of sycamore wood4 ,the wood was symbolical of the blood of ,isis1 and the amulets were sometimes engraved with the #aefth chapter of the ,book of the ,dead2 they were placed on the mummy's neck4 ,the formula engraved reads3 ,chapter of the buckle of carnelian which is put on the neck of the deceased4 ,the blood of ,isis1 the virtue of ,isis2 the magic power of ,isis1 the magic power of the ,eye are protecting this the ,great one2 they prevent any wrong being done to him4 ,this chapter is said on a buckle of carnelian dipped into the juice of ankhama1 inlaid into the substance of the sycamore-wood and put on the neck of the deceased4 ,whoever has this chapter read to him1 the virtue of ,isis protects him2 ,horus1 the son of ,isis1 rejoices in seeing him1 and no way is barred to him1 unfailingly4#cch ,another amulet is the tet4 ,the hieroglyph represents a mason's table and the word signifies 8firmness1 stability1 preservation40 ,these figures1 made of faience1 gold1 carnelian1 lapis-lazuli1 and other materials1 were placed on the neck of the mummy to afford protection4#cci ,the 8papyrus scepter10 uat1 is usually cut from matrix-emerald or made of faience of similar hue4 ,uat means 8verdure1 flourishing1 greenness02 placed on the neck of the mummy it was regarded as emblematic of the eternal youth it was hoped the deceased would enjoy in the realm of the dead4 ,in the #aeith chapter of the ,book of the ,dead1 we read of an uat of matrix-emerald2 it was believed to be the gift of ,thoth1 serving to protect the limbs of the deceased4#cdj ,the amulet representing the pillow1 urs1 was generally made of hematite4 ,the #affth chapter of the ,book of the ,dead is sometimes engraved thereon4 ,dr4 ,budge renders this as follows3 ,rise up from non-existence1 ,o prostrate one6 ,they watch over thy head at the exalted horizon4 ,thou overthrowest thine enemies2 thou triumphest over what they do against thee1 as ,horus1 the avenger of his father1 this ,osiris#cda has commanded to be done for thee4 ,thou cuttest off the heads of thine enemies2 never shall they carry off from thee thy head 7874 ,verily ,osiris maketh slaughter at the coming forth of the heads of his enemies2 may they never remove his head from him4 ,of all these amulets1 the type most frequently encountered has the shape of a heart1 ab4 ,these are found of carnelian1 green jasper1 basalt1 lapis-lazuli1 and other hard materials4 ,the heart1 regarded in ancient ,egypt as the seat of life1 was the object of especial care after death4 ,enclosed in a special receptacle it was buried with the mummy1 and the belief was that only after it had been weighed in the balance of the underworld1 against the symbol of law1 could it regain its place in the body of the deceased4 ,the heart was symbolically represented by the scarab4#cdb ,a fine example of a heart amulet shows on one side the figure of the goddess ,neith with the pennu bird or phnix1 an emblem of the resurrection1 and bears inscribed the chapter of the heart4#cdc ,the following extract from the ,book of the ,dead treats of the formula to be recited over a funeral scarab cut from a hard stone1 perhaps the lapis-lazuli4 ,egyptian tradition assigned this chapter to the reign of ,semti1 the fifth king of the #ast ,dynasty1 about #ddjj ,b4,c4#cdd ,chapter of not allowing a man's heart to oppose him in the divine regions of the nether world4 ,my heart which came from my mother1 my heart necessary for my existence on earth1 do not rise up against me1 do not testify as an adversary against me among the divine chiefs in regard to what ,i have done before the gods2 do not separate from me before the great lord of ,amenti4 ,hail to thee1 ,o heart of ,osiris1 dwelling in the ,west6 ,hail to you1 gods of the braided beard1 august by your sceptre6 ,speak well of the ,osiris ,n2 make him prosper by ,nehbka4 ,i am reunited with the earth1 ,i am not dead in ,amenti4 ,there ,i am a pure spirit for eternity4 ,to be said over a scarabus fashioned from a hard stone1 coated with gold1 and placed on the heart of the man after he has been anointed with oil4 ,the following words should be said over him as a magic charm3 8,my heart which came from my mother1 my heart is necessary for me in my transformations40 ,take your aliments1 pass around the turquoise basin1 and go to him who is in his temple and from whom the gods proceed4 ,the most ancient inscription of this especially favorite text is on the plinth of a scarab in the ,british ,museum bearing the cartouche of ,sebak-em-saf1 a king of the ,,xiv ,dynasty1 #bcjj ,b4,c4 ,it is made from an exceptionally fine piece of green jasper1 the body and head of the beetle being carefully carved out of the stone1 while the legs are of gold1 carved in relief4 ,the scarab is inserted into a gold base of tabloid form1 and was found at ,kurna 7,thebes7 by ,mr4 ,salt4 ,as green jasper was believed to possess altogether exceptional virtues as an amulet1 this particular scarab was probably regarded as especially sacred4 ,illustration3 ,,amber ,,heart-,,shaped ,,amulet4 ,italian1 seventeenth century4 ,illustration3 ,,an ,,inscribed ,,scarab 7,,green ,,stone7 ,,of ,,the ,,type ,,known ,,as ,a ,,heart-,,scarab4 ,,date ,,about #acjj ,b4,c4 ,the ,scribe ,pa-bak3 ,let him say3 8,o ,heart that ,i received from my mother 7to be said twice71 ,o ,heart that belongs to my spirit1 rise not against me as witness1 oppose me not before the judges1 contradict me not in the presence of the ,guardian of the ,scales4 ,thou art the spirit that is in my body1 ,khnum that makest sound my limbs4 ,when thou comest to the place of judgment whither we go1 cause not my name to be rejected by the assessors1 but let the pronouncement of judgment be favorable1 and such as causes joy to the heart40 ,it appears to have been the rule to engrave certain special chapters of the ,book of the ,dead1 among those referring to the heart1 upon particular stones4 ,thus1 for instance1 the #bfth chapter was engraved on lapis-lazuli1 the #bgth upon feldspar1 the #cjth upon serpentine1 and the #bith upon carnelian4#cde ,this may perhaps have been originally due to some association of the god principally invoked in the text with the precious substance upon which the text was engraved4 ,the form of an eye1 fashioned out of lapis-lazuli and ornamented with gold1 constituted an amulet of great power2 it was inscribed with the #adjth chapter of the ,book of the ,dead4 ,on the last day of the month ,mechir1 an offering 8of all things good and holy0 was to be made before this symbolic eye1 for on that day the supreme god ,ra was believed to place such an image upon his head4 ,sometimes these eyes were made of jasper1 and could then be laid upon any of the limbs of a mummy4#cdf ,of the image of ,truth1 made from a lapis-lazuli and worn by the ,egyptian high-priest1 lian aptly says that he would prefer the judge should not bear ,truth about with him1 fashioned and expressed in an image1 but rather in his very soul4#cdg ,among the ,assyrian texts giving the formul for incantations and various magical operations1 there is one which treats of an ornament composed of seven brilliant stones1 to be worn on the breast of the king as an amulet2 indeed1 so great was the virtue of these stones that they were supposed to constitute an ornament for the gods also4 ,the text1 as rendered by ,fossey1 is as follows3#cdh ,incantation4 ,the splendid stones6 ,the splendid stones6 ,the stones of abundance and of joy4 ,made resplendent for the flesh of the gods4 ,the ulalini stone1 the sirgarru stone1 the ulalu stone1 the sndu stone1 the ukn stone4 ,the dushu stone1 the precious stone elmshu1 perfect in celestial beauty4 ,the stone of which the pingu is set in gold4 ,placed upon the shining breast of the king as an ornament4 ,azagsud1 high-priest of ,bl1 make them shine1 make them sparkle6 ,let the evil one keep aloof from the dwelling6 ,the names of two of these gems1 the ulalu and the ulalini1 suggest that they were of similar class4 ,as the fundamental meaning of the root whence the names are formed is 8to perforate10 it is barely possible that we have here the long-sought ,assyrian designation for the pearl1 which was commonly regarded in ancient times as a stone4 ,in ,arabic the perforated pearl has a special name to distinguish it from the unperforated1 or 8virgin pearl40 ,all we know of the sndu is that it must have been a dark-colored stone4 ,the ukn1 however1 is almost certainly the lapis-lazuli4 ,it is often mentioned in the ,tel el ,amarna tablets as having been among the gifts sent by the kings of ,babylonia and ,assyria to the ,pharaohs of ,egypt1 and also by the latter to friendly ,asiatic monarchs4 ,of the sirgarru and dushu stones nothing is known1 but the elmshu1 the seventh in the list1 was evidently regarded as the most brilliant and splendid of all2 indeed1 ,prof4 ,friedrich ,delitzsch hazards the conjecture that it is the diamond4 ,in any case this stone must have been set in rings and considered very valuable1 for in an ,assyrian text occurs the following passage3 8,like an elmshu ring may ,i be precious in thine eyes40#cdi ,the fact that this stone is described as having 8a celestial beauty0 might incline us to believe that it was a sapphire4 ,the idea of this mystic ornament1 composed of seven gems1 probably originated in ,babylonia1 where the number seven was looked upon as especially sacred4 ,as we shall see1 there is some reason to attribute a ,hindu origin to the nine gems1 8the covering0 of the ,king of ,tyre1 enumerated by ,ezekiel1 while the breastplate on the ephod of the ,hebrew high-priest1 with its twelve stones1 symbolizing the twelve months of the year1 appears to be of later date1 and seems to belong to the time of the return from the ,babylonian ,captivity and the building of the second temple4 ,certainly1 the historic and prophetic books of the ,old ,testament know nothing of it1 although the ,urim and ,thummim are mentioned and the elaborate description given in ,exodus is generally regarded by ,biblical scholars as belonging to the so-called 8,priestly ,codex10 the latest part of the ,pentateuch1 gradually evolved during the ,exile and given its final form in the fifth century ,b4,c4 ,in the very ancient ,assyrio-,babylonian epic narrative of the descent of the goddess ,ishtar to ,hades1 the guardian of the infernal regions obliges the goddess to lay aside some part of her clothing and ornaments at each of the seven gates through which she passes4 ,at the fifth1 we are told that she stripped off her girdle of aban aldi1 or stones which aided parturition4#cej ,it has been asserted1 and perhaps with some reason1 that of the many mineral substances supposed to possess this virtue1 jade 7nephrite7 or jadeite was the earliest known4 ,the ,babylonian legends also tell of trees on which grow precious stones4 ,in the ,gilgamesh epic a mystic cedar tree is described4 ,this grew in the ,elamite sanctuary of ,irnina and was under the guardianship of the ,elamite king ,humbaba4 ,of this tree an inscription relates3 ,it produces samtu-stones as fruit2 ,its boughs hang with them1 glorious to behold2 ,the crown of it produces lapis-lazuli2 ,its fruit is costly to gaze upon4 ,another tree bearing precious stones was seen by the hero ,gilgamesh1 after he had passed through darkness for the space of twelve hours4 ,this must have been a most resplendent object1 to judge from the following description on a cuneiform tablet3#cea ,it bore precious stones for fruits2 ,its branches were glorious to the sight2 ,the twigs were crystals2 ,it bore fruit costly to the sight4 ,one of the rarest and most significant specimens illustrating the use of valuable stones for religious ceremonial purposes in the pagan world is in the ,morgan-,tiffany collection4 ,it is an ancient ,babylonian axe-head made of banded agate4 ,so regular1 indeed1 is the disposition of the layers in this agate that one might be justified in denominating it an onyx4 ,its prevailing hue is what may be called a 8deer-brown02 some white splotches now apparent are evidently due to the action of fire or that of some alkali4 ,this axe-head bears an inscription in archaic cuneiform characters1 and presumably in the so-called ,sumerian tongue1 that believed to have been spoken by the founders of the ,babylonian civilization4 ,the form of the inscription indicates that the object dates from an earlier period than #bjjj ,b4,c4 ,illustration3 ,,babylonian ,,axe ,,head4 ,agate1 with inscription4 ,morgan collection1 ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history1 ,new ,york4 ,while the characters are clearly cut and can be easily deciphered1 the inscription is nevertheless exceedingly difficult to translate4 ,it is evident that the axe-head was a votive offering to a divinity1 probably on the part of a certain governor named ,adduggish2 but whether the divinity in question was ,shamash 7the sun-god71 or the god ,adad1 or some other member of the ,babylonian pantheon1 cannot be determined with any finality4 ,the ,french assyriologist1 ,franois ,lenormant1 who first described this axe-head in #ahgi1 and ,prof4 ,ira ,maurice ,price1 of the ,semitic ,department of ,chicago ,university1 both admit that it may have been consecrated to ,adad4 ,as the weather-god1 the thunderer1 the axe-symbol would have been more especially appropriate to him in view of the usage1 almost universal among primitive peoples1 of associating stone axe-heads or axe-shaped stones with the thunderbolt1 and hence with the divinity who was believed to have launched it toward the earth4 ,this ,sumerian axe-head measures #acd4e mm4 in length 7#e4c inches71 #ce4e mm4 in width 7#a4d inches71 and #ca mm4 in thickness 7#a4bb inches74 ,it was originally secured by ,cardinal ,stefano ,borgia 7#agca-ahjd71 for some time secretary of the ,college of the ,propaganda in ,rome1 who probably acquired it from some missionary to the ,east4 ,from the cardinal's family it passed for #ae1jjj lire 7#cjjj7 to the ,tyszkiewicz ,collection1 and when the objects therein comprised were disposed of at public sale1 the writer purchased it for the ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history in ,new ,york1 ,april #af1 #aijb4ceb ,at ,alicante1 in ,spain1 cut upon the pedestal of an ancient statue1 supposed to have been that of ,isis1 was found an inscription giving a list of the offerings dedicated by divine command1 by a certain ,fabia ,fabiana in honor of her granddaughter4 ,evidently the fond grandmother had given of her best and choicest jewels which were used to adorn the statue4 ,they consisted of a diadem set with a 8unio0 7a large round pearl7 and six smaller pearls1 two emeralds1 seven beryls1 two rubies1 and a hyacinth4 ,in each ear of the statue was inserted an ear-ring bearing a pearl and an emerald2 about the neck was hung a necklace consisting of four rows of emeralds and pearls1 eighteen of the former and thirty-six of the latter4 ,two circlets bound around the ankles contained eleven beryls and two emeralds1 while two bracelets were set with eight emeralds and eight pearls4 ,the adornment was completed by four rings1 two bearing emeralds1 while two1 placed on the little finger1 were set with diamonds4 ,on the sandals were eight beryls4#cec ,a notable instance of an antique votive offering is the necklace of valuable precious stones dedicated to the statue of ,vesta4 ,the ,byzantine historian ,zosimus attributes the tragic end of ,stilicho's widow1 ,serena1 to her having despoiled the image of ,vesta of this costly ornament1 and finds a sort of poetic justice in the manner of her death1 since she was strangled by a cord which encircled her neck4 ,it is not only in the works of the ,fathers of the ,christian ,church that we find precious stones used as similes of religious virtue1 in ,buddhist writings also we have examples of this4 ,in the 8,questions of ,king ,milinda10 composed perhaps as early as the third century of our era1 occur the following passages3#ced ,just1 ,o ,king1 as the diamond is pure throughout2 just so1 ,o ,king1 should the strenuous ,bhikshu1 earnest in effort1 be perfectly pure in his means of livelihood4 ,this1 ,o ,king1 is the first quality of the diamond he ought to have4 ,and again1 ,o ,king1 as the diamond cannot be alloyed with other substance2 just so1 ,o ,king1 should the strenuous ,bhikshu1 earnest in effort1 never mix with wicked men as friends4 ,this1 ,o ,king1 is the second quality of the diamond he ought to have4 ,and again1 ,o ,king1 just as the diamond is set together with the most costly gems2 just so1 ,o ,king1 should the strenuous ,bhikshu1 earnest in effort1 associate with those of the highest excellence1 with men who have entered the first or second or third stage of the ,noble ,path1 with the jewel treasures of the ,arahats1 of the recluses of the threefold wisdom1 or of the sixfold insight4 ,this1 ,o ,king1 is the third quality of the diamond he ought to have4 ,for it was said1 ,o ,king1 by the ,blessed one1#cee the god over all gods1 in the ,sutta ,nipta3 ,let the pure associate with the pure1 ,ever in recollection firm2 ,dwelling harmoniously wise1 ,thus shall ye put an end to griefs4 ,the description of the ,new ,jerusalem in the book of ,revelations finds a curious parallel in the ,hindu ,puranas4 ,here we are told that the divine ,krishna1 the eighth incarnation of ,vishnu1 took up his abode in the wonderful city ,devrak1 and was visited there by the various orders of gods and geniuses4#cef ,gods1 ,asuras1 ,gandharas1 ,kinnaras began to pour into ,dwrak1 to see ,krishna and ,valarma4 ,some descended from the sky1 some from their cars--and alighting underneath the banyan tree1 looked on ,dwrak1 the matchless4 ,the city was square1--it measured a hundred yojonas1 and over all1 was decked in pearls1 rubies1 diamonds1 and other gems4 ,the city was high1--it was ornamented with gems2 and it was furnished with cupolas of rubies and diamonds1--with emerald pillars1 and with court-yards of rubies4 ,it contained endless temples4 ,it had cross-roads decked with sapphires1 and highways blazing with gems4 ,it blazed like the meridian sun in summer4 ,as compared with the description in ,revelations we cannot fail to note the lack of definiteness4 ,instead of the well-ordered scheme of color as represented by the twelve precious stones dedicated to the twelve tribes of ,israel1 the mystic ,hindu city is simply a gorgeous mass of the most brilliant gems known in ,india4 ,the poetic description of the royal city ,kusavati1 given in the ,maha ,sudassana ,suttanta1 may perhaps have originated in some tradition regarding ,ecbatana or ,babylon4 ,seven ramparts surrounded ,kusavati1 the materials being respectively gold1 silver1 beryl1 crystal1 agate1 coral and 7for the last7 8all kinds of gems40 ,in these ramparts were four gates--one of gold1 one of silver1 one of crystal and one of jade--and at each gate seven pillars were fixed1 each three or four times the height of a man and composed of the seven precious substances that constituted the ramparts4 ,beyond the ramparts were seven rows of palm trees1 the fourth row having trunks of silver and leaves and fruit of gold2 then followed palms of beryl1 with leaves and fruit of beryl2 agate palms1 whose fruit and leaves were of coral1 and coral palms1 with leaves and fruit of agate2 lastly1 the palms whose trunks were composed of 8all kinds of gems10 had leaves and fruits of the same description1 8and when these rows of palm trees were shaken by the wind1 arose a sound sweet and pleasant1 and charming and intoxicating40#ceg ,in ,greek literature also there is a 8gem-city10--namely1 the city of the ,islands of the ,blessed1 described by ,lucian in his ,vera ,historia4#ceh ,the walls of this city were of emerald1 the temples of the gods were formed of beryl1 and the altars therein of single amethysts of enormous size4 ,the city itself was all of gold as a fit setting for these marvellous gems4 ,hindu mythology tells of a wonderful tank formed of crystal1 the work of the god ,maya4 ,its bottom and sides were encrusted with beautiful pearls and in the centre was a raised platform blazing with the most gorgeous precious stones4 ,although it contained no water1 the transparent crystal produced the illusion of water1 and those who approached the tank were tempted to plunge into it and take a refreshing bath in what appeared to be clear1 fresh water4#cei ,the ,kalpa ,tree of ,hindu religion1 a symbolical offering to the gods1 is described by ,hindu poets as a glowing mass of precious stones4 ,pearls hung from its boughs and beautiful emeralds from its shoots2 the tender young leaves were corals1 and the ripe fruit consisted of rubies4 ,the roots were of sapphire2 the base of the trunk of diamond1 the uppermost part of cat's-eye1 while the section between was of topaz4 ,the foliage 7except the young leaves7 was entirely formed of zircons4#cfj ,the ,chinese ,buddhist pilgrim ,heuen ,tsang1 who visited ,india between #fbi and #fde ,a4,d41 tells of the wonderful 8,diamond ,throne0 which1 according to the legend1 had once stood near the ,tree of ,knowledge1 beneath whose spreading branches ,gautama ,buddha is said to have received his supreme revelation of truth4 ,this throne had been constructed in the age called the 8,kalpa of the ,sages02 its origin was contemporaneous with that of the earth1 and its foundations were at the centre of all things2 it measured one hundred feet in circumference1 and was made of a single diamond4 ,when the whole earth was convulsed by storm or earthquake this resplendent throne remained immovable4 ,upon it the thousand ,buddhas of the ,kalpa had reposed and had fallen into the 8ecstasy of the diamond40 ,however1 since the world has passed into the present and last age1 sand and earth have completely covered the 8,diamond ,throne10 so that it can no longer be seen by human eye4#cfa ,in the ,kalpa ,sutra1 written in ,prakrit1 one of the sacred books of the ,jains1 the rivals of the ,buddhists1 it is said that ,harinegamesi1 the divine commander of the foot troops1 seized fourteen precious stones1 the chief of which was vajra1 the diamond1 and rejecting their grosser particles1 retained only the finer essence to aid him in his transformations4 ,in the same sutra the following glowing description is given of the adornment of the surpassingly beautiful goddess ,sri3#cfb ,on all parts of her body shone ornaments and trinkets1 composed of many jewels and precious stones1 yellow and red gold4 ,the pure cup-like pair of her breasts sparkled1 encircled by a garland of ,kunda flowers in which glittered a string of pearls4 ,she wore strings of pearls made by clever and diligent artists1 strung with wonderful strings1 a necklace of jewels with a string of ,dinaras1 and a trembling pair of ear-rings1 touching her shoulders1 diffused a brilliancy2 but the united beauties and charms of these ornaments were only subservient to the loveliness of her face4 ,as engraved decoration of a fine ,chinese vase of white jade with delicate crown markings1 appear eight storks1 each of which bears in its beak an attribute of one of the ,eight ,taoist ,immortals4 ,thus we have the double gourd as attribute of the most powerful of these demi-gods known as 8,li with the ,iron ,crutch10 whose aid is sought by magicians and astrologers2 the magic sword1 with which ,lu ,t'ung-pin vanquished the spirits of evil that roamed through the ,chinese ,empire in the form of terrible dragons2 the basket of flowers1 attribute of ,lan ,ts'ai-ho1 the patron of gardeners and florists2 the royal fan used by ,han ,chung-li1 of the ,chow ,dynasty 7#aabb-bbj ,b4,c471 to call again to life the spirits of the departed2 the lotus flower1 emblematic of the virgin ,ho ,hsien-,ku1 venerated somewhat as a patron saint by ,chinese housewives1 and who acquired the gift of immortal life by the help of a powder of pulverized jade and mother-of-pearl2 the bamboo tubes and rods with which the mighty necromancer ,chang ,kuo1 patron of artists1 evoked the souls of the dead2 the flute of the musicians' patron1 ,han ,hsiang-tzu1 who owed his immortality to his craft in stealthily entering the ,taoist paradise and securing a peach from the sacred tree of life2 and1 lastly1 the castanets of ,tsao ,kuo-chin1 especially revered by ,chinese actors4 ,the prevailing belief in ,india1 that treasures offered to the images or shrines of the gods will bring good fortune to the generous donor1 finds expression in many ancient and modern ,hindu writings4 ,in the ,rig ,veda it is said that 8by giving gold the giver receives a life of light and glory40 ,in the ,samaveda ,upanishad we read3 8,givers are high in ,heaven4 ,those who give horses live conjointly with the sun2 givers of gold enjoy eternal life2 givers of clothes live in the moon40 ,another text 7,hiti ,smriti7 reads3#cfc ,coral in worship will subdue all the three worlds4 ,he who worships ,krishna with rubies will be reborn as a powerful emperor2 if with a small ruby1 he will be born a king4 ,offering emeralds will produce ,gyana or ,knowledge of the ,soul and of the ,eternal4 ,if he worships with a diamond1 even the impossible1 or ,nirvna1 that is ,eternal ,life in the highest ,heaven1 will be secured4 ,if with a flower of gold a man worships for a month1 he will get as much wealth as ,kuvera1 the ,lord of ,rubies1 and will hereafter attain to ,nirvna and to ,muskwa1 or ,salvation4 ,at ,multan1 one of the most ancient cities of ,india1 situated in the ,punjab1 #afd miles southwest of ,lahore1 there was in the ,hindu temple an idol having for eyes two great pearls4 ,the eyes of the rude image of ,jagganath at ,puri1 in ,bengal 7,orissa71 are said to have at one time been formed of precious stones1 as were also those of the idols of ,vishnu at ,chandernagore and in the great seven-walled temple at ,srirangam1 whence appears to have come the ,orloff diamond4 ,in ceremonial worship the ,hindus recognize sixteen offerings1 the ninth consisting of gems and jewelry1 and a divine assurance of adequate return to the giver appears in the ,bhagavat ,purana1 where ,krishna says1 8,whatever is best and most valued in this world and that which is most dear to you should be offered to me1 and it will be received back in immense and endless quantity40 ,on certain appointed days the holy images are decorated with the choicest garments and the richest jewelry in the temple treasury2 this is especially the case on the day celebrated as the birthday of the respective divinity4 ,however1 the gifts are believed to retain their sacred character as dedicated objects only for a comparatively brief period1 varying from a month or more for garments and vestments1 to ten or twelve years for jewels1 such as the naoratna or the panchratna1 the prized and revered jewels1 composed respectively of nine and five gems4 ,the panchratna usually consists of gold1 diamond1 sapphire1 ruby1 and pearl4 ,after the gifts have ceased to be worthy of use in the temples1 they may be disposed of to defray the expenses of the foundation1 including the cost of supporting the numerous priests and attendants4 ,as the objects still retain their sacred associations1 they are eagerly bought by pious ,hindus1 who undoubtedly regard them as valuable talismans4 ,thus they not only serve to bring blessings upon the donors1 but also constitute one of the chief sources of income for the temples4#cfd ,one of the oldest and perhaps the most interesting talismanic jewel is that known as the naoratna or nararatna1 the 8nine-gem0 jewel4 ,it is mentioned in the old ,hindu ratnaastras1 or treatises on gems1 for example1 in the ,nararatnaparksh1 where it is described as follows3#cfe ,manner of composing the setting of a ring3 ,in the centre ,the ,sun ,the ,ruby ,to the ,east ,venus ,the ,diamond ,to the ,southeast ,the ,moon ,the ,pearl ,to the ,south ,mars ,the ,coral ,to the ,southwest ,rhu ,the ,jacinth ,to the ,west ,saturn ,the ,sapphire ,to the ,northeast ,jupiter ,the ,topaz ,to the ,north ,the descending node ,the ,cat's-eye ,to the ,northwest ,mercury ,the ,emerald ,such is the planetary setting4 ,from this description we learn that the jewel was designed to combine all the powerful astrological influences4 ,the gems chosen to correspond with the various heavenly bodies1 and with the aspects known as the ascending and descending nodes1 differ in some cases from those selected in the ,west4 ,for instance1 the emerald is here assigned to ,mercury1 whereas in ,western tradition this stone was usually the representative of ,venus1 although it is sometimes associated with ,mercury also4#cff ,on the other hand1 the diamond is dedicated to ,venus1 instead of to the ,sun as in the ,western world4 ,illustration3 ,,mani ,m,l1 ,,or ,,chain ,,of ,,gems4 ,comprising diamond1 ruby1 cat's-eye1 pearl1 zircon1 coral1 emerald1 topaz1 sapphire1 chrysoberyl1 garnet1 carnelian1 quartz and rock-crystal4 ,a pendant is the naoratna1 or 8nine-gem0 ornament1 suspended from which is a pear-shaped pearl4 ,in possession of the late ,rajah ,sir ,surindro ,mohun ,tagore1 of ,calcutta4 ,from his 8,mani ,ml10 ,calcutta1 #ahgi1 ,vol4 ,i1 iv-#ejf pp41 #b plates1 portrait and plate2 ,vol4 ,,ii1 xiv ii #ejg-ajdf pp4 ,contains #di figures on #aj plates4 ,in the naoratna the five gems known to the ,hindus as the mahratnni1 or 8great gems10--the diamond1 pearl1 ruby1 sapphire1 and emerald1--were1 as we see1 associated with the ,sun and ,moon1 ,venus1 ,mercury1 and ,saturn1 while the four lesser gems 7uparatnni7--namely1 the jacinth1 topaz1 cat's-eye1 and coral--represent ,mars1 ,jupiter1 ,rhu1 and the descending node4 ,the two last named are very important factors in astrological calculations and are often called the ,dragon's ,head and the ,dragon's ,tail4 ,these designations signify the ascending and descending nodes1 indicating the passage of the ecliptic by the ,moon in her ascent above and descent below this arbitrary plane4 ,in three somewhat obscure passages of the ,rig ,veda there are references to the seven ratnas4 ,whether these were gems cannot be determined1 since the primary meaning of the word ratna is 8a precious object10 not necessarily a precious stone2 but it is possible that we may have here an allusion to some earlier form of talisman1 in which only the ,sun1 ,moon1 and the five planets were represented4 ,it is easy to understand that such a talisman as the naoratna1 combining the favorable influences of all the celestial bodies supposed to govern the destinies of man1 must have been highly prized1 and we may well assume that only the rich and powerful could own this talisman in a form ensuring its greatest efficacy4 ,for the ,hindus believed that the virtue of every gem depended upon its perfection1 and they regarded a poor or defective stone as a source of unhappiness and misfortune4 ,in modern times this talisman is sometimes differently composed4 ,a specimen shown in the ,indian ,court of the ,paris ,exposition of #ahgh consisted of the following stones3 coral1 topaz1 sapphire1 ruby1 flat diamond1 cut diamond1 emerald1 amethyst1 and carbuncle4 ,here the cut diamond1 amethyst1 and carbuncle take the place of the jacinth1 pearl1 and cat's-eye4 ,instead of uniting the different planetary gems in a single ring1 they have sometimes been set separately in a series of rings to be worn successively on the days originally named after the celestial bodies4 ,we read in the life of ,apollonius of ,tyana 7first century ,a4,d47 by ,philostratus3 8,damis also relates that ,iarchas gave to ,apollonius seven rings named after the planets1 and the latter wore these1 one by one1 in the order of the weekdays40#cfg ,although it is not expressly stated that the appropriate stones were set in the rings1 the custom of the time makes it probable that this was the case4 ,,nine ,,gems4 ,english ,sanskrit ,burmese ,chinese 7,canton7 ,arabic ,diamond ,vajra ,chein ,chun-syak ,ms ,ruby ,manikya ,budmiya ,se-fla-yu-syak ,ykt bihar ,cat's-eye ,vaidrya ,chno ,mu-ji gan ,ain al-hirr ,zircon ,gomeda ,gomok ,pi-si ,hajar yamn ,pearl ,mukt ,pa-le ,chun-ti ,ll ,coral ,pravla ,tad ,sau-ho-chi ,murjn ,emerald ,marakata ,muj ,luk-syak ,zumurrud ,topaz ,pushyaraga ,outfiy ,si-lang-syak ,ykt al-azrak ,sapphire ,nla ,nl ,chang-syak ,ykt al-afar ,among the ,burmese the value for occult purposes of the nine gems composing the naoratna1 or nararatna1 is strictly determined in the following order3 first1 the ruby2 second1 the diamond1 or rock-crystal2 third1 the pearl2 fourth1 the coral2 fifth1 the topaz2 sixth1 the sapphire2 seventh1 the cat's-eye2 eighth1 the amethyst2 and ninth1 the emerald4#cfh ,that the ruby1 diamond and pearl should occupy places of honor is quite natural1 but the relegation of the sapphire to sixth place1 after coral and topaz1 seems to be a rather unfair treatment of this beautiful stone4 ,illustration3 ,,sculptured ,,jade ,,mountain4 ,probably the largest mass of sculptured jade in existence4 ,the design commemorates the meetings of a literary club of the fourth century4 ,the ,chinese characters 7colored red7 in the side of the cliff express the famous ,lan ,ting ,hsu1 or 8,epidendron ,pavilion ,essay10 by ,wang ,hi-che 7,a4,d4 #cba-cgi71 ever since used by the ,chinese as a model of elegant caligraphy1 and were engraved directly from the autograph of the ,emperor ,ch'ien-lung1 written by him in #aghd4 ,height #bc inches1 width #ch x #ah inches2 weight #fdj pounds4 ,from the ,summer ,palace1 west of ,peking4 ,collection of ,t4 ,d4 ,walker1 of ,minneapolis1 ,minn4 ,the yellow girdles worn by the ,chinese emperors of the ,manchu dynasty were variously ornamented with precious stones according to the different ceremonial observances at which the emperor presided4 ,for the services in the ,temple of ,heaven1 the very appropriate choice of lapis-lazuli ornaments was made2 for the ,altar of ,earth1 yellow jade was favored2 for a sacrifice on the ,altar of the ,sun1 the gems were red corals1 while white jade was selected for the ceremonies before the ,altar of the ,moon4 ,jade of different colors was used for the six precious tablets employed in the worship of heaven and earth and the four cardinal points4 ,for the worship of ,heaven there was the dark-green round tablet2 for that of ,earth1 an octagonal tablet of yellow jade4 ,the ,east was worshipped with a green pointed tablet2 the ,west was worshipped with the white 8tiger-tablet02 the ,north with a black1 semi-circular tablet1 and the ,south with a tablet of red jade4#cfi ,of all the ,chinese works on jade the most interesting and remarkable is the ,ku y t'ou pu or 8,illustrated ,description of ,ancient ,jade10 a catalogue divided into a hundred books and embellished with upward of seven hundred figures4 ,it was published in #aagf1 and lists the magnificent collection of jade objects belonging to the first emperor of the ,southern ,sung dynasty4 ,one of the treasures here described was a four-sided plaque of pure white jade over two feet in height and breadth1 and it was regarded as of altogether exceptional value1 for on it was a design miraculously engraven4 ,this was a figure1 seated on a mat1 with a flower-vase on its left and an alms-bowl on the right1 in the midst of rocks enveloped in clouds4 ,the figure was an image of the ,buddhist saint1 ,samantabahadra1 and the plaque is said to have been washed out of a sacred cave in the year #ajfh1 by a violent and mysterious current4#cgj ,jade talismans are very popular at the present day in the ,mohammedan world1 and among the ,turks they are so highly prized as heirlooms that it is difficult to secure any of them4 ,there is an orthodox ,mohammedan sect1 whose members call themselves ,pekdash1 and who during their whole lifetime carry about with them a flat piece of jade as a protection against injury or annoyance of every kind4#cga ,the four rain-making gods are shown wearing necklaces of coral and turquoise in the ceremonial sand-paintings of the ,navajos4 ,these four gods are respectively colored to denote the four cardinal points2 black for ,north1 blue for ,south1 yellow for ,west1 and white for ,east4 ,the whole painting1 measuring nine by thirteen feet1 is guarded on three sides by magic wands2 toward the ,east it is left unprotected1 as only good spirits are believed to dwell in this direction4 ,each of the rain-gods carries suspended from his right wrist an elaborately decorated tobacco pouch1 bearing the figure of a stone pipe4 ,the ,navajos believe that in this pouch the god places a ray of sunlight with which he lights his pipe2 when he smokes1 clouds form in the sky and the rain descends4 ,in the sand-picture representing the ,god of the ,whirlwind this divinity also wears ear-pendants and a necklace of turquoise4#cgb ,of the turquoise in ,aztec times we have the testimony of the missionary ,bernardino de ,sahagun that one variety1 presumably that regarded as the finest and most attractive1 bore the name teuxivitl1 which signified 8turquoise of the gods40 ,no one was allowed either to own or wear this as it was exclusively devoted to the service of the gods1 whether as a temple offering1 or for the decoration of the divine images4 ,sahagun describes this turquoise as 8fine1 unspotted and very clear4 ,it was very rare and was brought to ,mexico from afar4 ,some specimens were of rounded shape1 like a hazel-nut cut in half2 others were broad and flat1 and some were pitted as though in a state of decomposition40#cgc ,the god of fire1 ,xiuhtecutli1 or ,ixocauhqui1 presided over the ceremony of piercing the ears of the young boys and girls4 ,the image of this god was decorated with ear-rings encrusted with a mosaic of turquoise4 ,he held in his left hand a buckler on which were five large green stones called chalchiuitl 7jadeite71 placed in the form of a cross on a plate of gold almost covering the shield4#cgd ,at the time of the ,spanish ,conquest an immense emerald1 almost as large as an ostrich egg1 was adored by the ,peruvians in the city of ,manta4 ,this 8emerald goddess0 bore the name of ,umia1 and1 like some of the precious relics of the ,christian world1 was only exhibited on high feast days1 when the ,indians flocked to the shrine from far and near1 bringing gifts to the goddess4 ,the wily priests especially recommended the donation of emeralds1 saying that these were the daughters of the goddess1 who would be well pleased to see her offspring4 ,in this way an immense store of emeralds rewarded the efforts of the priests1 and on the conquest of ,peru all these fine stones fell into the hands of ,pedro de ,alvarado1#cge ,garcilasso de la ,vega1 and their companions4 ,the mother emerald1 however1 had been so cleverly concealed by the priests of the shrine that the ,spaniards never succeeded in gaining possession of it4 ,many of the other emeralds were destroyed because of the ignorance and stupidity of some of their new owners1 who1 supposing that the test of a true emerald was its ability to withstand hard blows1 laid the stones on an anvil and hammered them to pieces4 ,the old and entirely false notion that the genuine diamond could endure this treatment may have suggested the unfortunate test4 ,garcilasso likens the growth of the emerald in its mine to that of a fruit on a tree1 and he believed that it gradually acquired its beautiful green hue1 that part of the crystal nearest the sun being the first to acquire color4 ,he notes an interesting specimen found in ,peru1 half of which was colorless like glass1 while the other half was a brilliant green2 this he compares with a half-ripened fruit4#cgf ,illustration3 ,,votive ,,adze ,,of ,,jadeite ,,from ,,mexico4 a1 ,front view4 b1 ,side view4 c1 ,rear view4 ,kunz ,collection1 ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history1 ,new ,york4 #aj-ac_/af #f #d-e_/h inches1 ,weight1 #ai pounds ,troy4 ,the remarkable jade adze1 generally known as the 8,kunz adze10 was found in ,oaxaca1 ,mexico1 brought to the ,united ,states about #ahij1 and is now in the ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history1 ,new ,york4 ,of a light greenish-gray hue1 with a slight tinge of blue1 this jade artefact is #bgb mm4 long 7#aj-ac_/af inches71 #aec mm4 wide 7#f inches7 and #aah mm4 thick 7#d-e_/h inches72 its weight is #bbi4c ,troy ounces1 nearly sixteen pounds avoirdupois4 ,rudely1 but not unskilfully1 carved upon its face is a grotesque human figure4 ,four small1 shallow depressions1 one under each eye and one near each hand1 may have served to hold in place small gold films1 but no trace of gold decoration is now extant4 ,in its mechanical execution this adze offers evidence of considerable skill on the part of the ,aztec lapidary1 the polish equalling that of modern workers4 ,in the fact that a large piece1 which must apparently have weighed at least two pounds1 has evidently been cut out of this implement by some one of its ,indian owners1 we can see a proof of the talismanic power ascribed to jadeite in ,aztec times1 for there can be little doubt that nothing less than a belief in the great virtue of jadeite coupled with the rarity of the material could have induced the mutilation of what must have been regarded in its time as a remarkable work of art4#cgg ,the source of the prehistoric jade 7nephrite and jadeite7 found in ,europe1 and also of that worked into ornaments by the ,indians before the ,spanish ,conquest of ,america1 was long the subject of contention among mineralogists and archologists4 ,in ,germany this question was denominated the ,nephritfrage1 and the most notable contribution to the discussion was the great scientific and scholarly work issued by ,heinrich ,fischer4#cgh ,his conclusion was that as there was no evidence of the existence of these minerals outside of a few localities in ,asia1 the ,european and ,american supply must have been brought to these parts of the world from ,asia1 and that hence the presence of these jade artefacts in ,america clearly pointed to commercial intercourse at an early period between the ,american continent and ,asia1 and might be regarded as offering a strong argument in favor of an ,asiatic origin for an ,american civilization4 ,according to this theory the prehistoric jade objects found in ,europe must have had a similar source1 and would constitute a proof of the existence of traffic with remote points in ,asia at a date long previous to that commonly accepted4 ,this view was strongly opposed by ,prof4 ,a4 ,b4 ,meyer1 of ,dresden1 and recent discoveries have effectively disproved the theory in the case of ,europe at least1 for nephrite has been found there in situ in several places4 ,the largest mass of this material that has been taken from a ,european deposit is that found by the writer at ,jordansmhl in ,silesia1 in ,april1 #ahii1 and which weighed #dgjd pounds4#cgi ,the origin of ,american jade in the forms of nephrite and jadeite has not yet been definitely determined1 but we have every reason to suppose that deposits of these minerals will eventually be discovered in various parts of the ,american continent1 as they have already been in ,europe4 ,indeed1 the existence of nephrite in ,alaska is already well attested4 ,the peculiar and characteristic qualities of these substances have made them favorite materials for ornamental objects from the earliest ages down to our own day1 and in almost all parts of the world4 ,a most important element contributing to the popularity of jade has been its supposed possession of wonderful talismanic and therapeutic virtues1 and while the ,western world has not the same belief in these matters as the ,eastern world1 a more or less definite appreciation of what jade still signifies for many in the ,orient1 continues to exercise an influence over both ,americans and ,europeans1 making objects of nephrite or jadeite highly prized everywhere at the present time4 ,the term chalchihuitl was indifferently applied by the ancient ,mexicans to a number of green or greenish-white stones2 quetzal chalchihuitl1 which was regarded as the most precious variety1 may perhaps have more exclusively denoted jadeite4 ,this is somewhat indefinitely described by ,sahagun as being 8white1 with much transparency1 and with a slight greenish tinge1 something like jasper40 ,of eight ornamental objects of green stone examined some years ago by the writer1 four were of jadeite1 one of serpentine1 another of green quartz1 and the remaining two of a mixture of white feldspar and green hornblende4 ,an inferior kind of chalchihuitl1 said by ,sahagun to have come from quarries in the vicinity of ,tecalco1 appears to have been identical with the so-called 8,mexican onyx0 which is found in veins in that place and is an aragonite stalagmite4 ,this material1 from which figures1 ornaments and beads were made by the ancient ,mexicans1 is to-day greatly valued as an ornamental stone4 ,the greater number of ancient ,mexican jadeite beads appear to have been rounded pebbles of this material1 assorted as to size and drilled for use in making necklaces4 ,other green stones used at this time in ,mexico were green jasper1 green plasma1 serpentine and also the 8,tecalco onyx0 or 8marble0 above mentioned4 ,in many cases these substances are of such rich green that they might easily be mistaken for jadeite by those who lacked the tests or the experience at the command of modern mineralogists4 ,should jadeite ever be found in situ in ,mexico1 it seems probable that the discovery will be made in the ,state of ,oaxaca1 whence came the finest ancient specimens1 including the splendid votive adze4 ,moreover1 one of the few materials by which jadeite can be worked is furnished by the streams of this region1 whence have been taken several rolled pebbles which the writer has identified as yellow and blue corundum1 the quality being equal to that of specimens from ,ceylon4#chj ,gesner describes one of the lip ornaments worn by the aborigines of ,south ,america in the following words3#cha ,a green stone or gem which the inhabitants of the ,west ,indies use4 ,they pierce their lips and insert this stone so that the thicker part adheres to the hole and the rest protrudes4 ,we might call these ornaments oripenduli mouth-pendants4 ,this stone was given me by a learned ,piedmontese1 ,johannes ,ferrerius1 and he wrote of it as follows3 8,i send a cylindrical green stone1 as long as a man's middle finger1 and having at one extremity two ridges4 ,it is stated that the ,brazilians of high rank wore these1 from their youth1 in their pierced lips2 one or more being worn according to the dignity of the wearer4 ,while eating1 or whenever they so wish for any other reason1 these ornaments are removed from the lips40 ,similar ornaments1 made of a green quartz and of beryl1 are in the ,kunz collection in the ,field ,museum of ,chicago4 ,the reason for these strange mutilations1 which often cause serious discomfort to those who practice them1 is not at all easy to determine4 ,some have conjectured that by the insertion of bright1 colored objects in the ears1 nose and lips1 members of the same tribe were enabled to recognize each other at a distance2 each tribe having selected a particular color4 ,however1 although certain local preferences are shown in the matter of color or material1 there is no hard and fast rule in this matter1 and frequently neighboring tribes will employ stones or shells of the same or similar hue and appearance4 ,others find in this custom a religious significance and suppose that the mutilation represents a form of sacrifice to the spirits1 good or bad1 who must be rendered favorable to man by some act on his part showing his unconditional submission to them4 ,originating in this way the idea of adornment was a secondary impulse4 ,it is a fact that ancient peoples regarded the wearing of ear-rings as a badge of slavery1 and1 according to a ,rabbinical legend1 ,eve's ears were pierced as a punishment for her disobedience1 when she was driven from the ,garden of ,eden4 ,a curious theory was advanced by ,knopf4#chb ,he calls attention to the habit children have of thrusting small bright objects into their noses and ears1 and suggests that this indicates a natural propensity which1 coupled with the early-developed love of adornment1 induced primitive man to affix ornamental objects on or in the nose1 ear1 or mouth4 ,there may be more in this than we are willing to admit1 but on the whole it seems most probable that ceremonial and religious considerations gave rise to the custom4 ,one of the largest masses of sculptured ,chinese jade is in the collection of ,t4 ,b4 ,walker1 ,esq41 of ,minneapolis4 ,this shows a jade mountain1 with groups of figures artistically placed at its base1 and winding pathways up to its summit4 ,on the face of the rock is inscribed in beautiful ,chinese characters the ,epidendron ,pavilion ,essay of ,wang ,hi-che1 a masterpiece of ,chinese calligraphy4 ,an enormous mass of ,new ,zealand jade 7punamu1 8green stone07 weighing #gjjj pounds1 found in ,south ,island in #aijb1 is to be seen in the ,museum of ,natural ,history1 ,new ,york2 it was secured by the writer and was donated to the ,museum by the late ,j4 ,pierpont ,morgan4 ,this is the largest mass of jade known1 or of which we have any record4 ,on it is placed a remarkable and1 in its own peculiar way1 an artistic decoration1 serving as a type of old ,maori life1 and at the same time designating the geographic source of the jade in a striking and unmistakable manner calculated to appeal to the least intelligent visitor4 ,this is a statue of a ,maori warrior of the old days1 executing a war dance1 characteristics of which were a distortion of the features and a thrusting out of the tongue intended to express defiance and contempt of the enemy2 the time or cadence of the dance was marked by slapping the thigh with the flat of the left hand4 ,this figure was executed from life by ,sigurd ,neandross2 indeed it was actually cast from the model1 so that there can be no doubt as to its fidelity4 ,rock-crystal is included among the various objects used as fetiches by the ,cherokee ,indians4 ,this stone is believed to have great power to give aid in hunting and also in divining4 ,one owner of such a crystal kept his magic stone wrapped up in buckskin and hid it in a sacred cave2 at stated intervals he would take it out of its repository and 8feed0 it by rubbing over it the blood of a deer4 ,this goes to prove that the stone1 as a fetich1 was considered to be a living entity and as such to require nourishment4#chc ,illustration3 ,,statue ,,of ,a ,,maori ,,warrior1 ,,by ,,sigurd ,,neandross4 ,the base is a block of ,new ,zealand jade from ,south ,island1 weighing three tons4 ,it was donated by ,mr4 ,j4 ,pierpont ,morgan to the ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history4 ,precious stones have been everywhere regarded as especially appropriate offerings at the shrine of a divinity1 for the worshipper naturally thought that what was most valuable and beautiful in his eyes must also be most pleasing to the divinity he worshipped4 ,however1 we rarely find the usage which was remarked by ,francisco ,lopez de ,gomara among the ,indians of ,new ,granada about the time of the ,spanish ,conquest4#chd ,these natives 8burned gold and emeralds0 before the images of the sun and moon1 which were regarded as the highest divinities4 ,certainly to use precious stones for a 8burnt offering0 was an original and curious idea1 although we have abundant proof that pearls were offered in this way by the mound-builders of the ,mississippi ,valley4 ,in this case great quantities of pearls were burned at the obsequies of the chiefs of the tribes1 or at those of any one belonging to the family of a chief4 ,in ancient ,mexico the lapidaries adored the four following divinities as their tutelary gods3 ,chiconaui ,itzcuintli 78nine dogs071 ,naualpilli 78noble necromancer071 ,macuilcalli 78five horses071 and ,cintectl 78the god of harvest074 ,a festival was celebrated in honor of the three last-named divinities when the zodiacal sign called chiconaui itzcuintli was in the ascendant4 ,a feminine divinity represented this sign and to her was attributed the invention of the garments and the ornaments worn by women4 ,the four gods of the lapidaries were looked upon as the discoverers and teachers of the art of cutting precious stones and of piercing and polishing them1 as well as of the making of labrets and earflaps of obsidian1 rock-crystal1 or amber4 ,they also were the inventors of necklaces and bracelets4#che ,the stones worn by ,chinese mandarins as a designation of their rank were undoubtedly determined originally by religious or ceremonial considerations4 ,they are as follows2 it will be noticed that red stones are given the preference3 ,red or pink tourmaline1 ruby 7and rubellite7 #ast rank4 ,coral or an inferior red stone 7garnet7 #b;d rank4 ,blue stone 7beryl or lapis-lazuli7 #c;d rank4 ,rock-crystal #dth rank4 ,other white stones #eth rank4 ,the knowledge of classical mythology was so slight among the ecclesiastics of the ,middle ,ages that some very queer attributions of the subjects engraved on ,greek and ,roman gems were made during this period4 ,a reliquary containing a tooth of the ,apostle ,peter1 preserved in the ,cathedral of ,troyes1 was set with antique gems which had been plundered by ,french and ,venetian crusaders from the treasure-house of the ,greek ,emperor in ,constantinople1 when that city was sacked in #abjd during the ,fourth ,crusade4 ,among these gems was one representing ,leda and the ,swan--certainly a curious subject for the adornment of a ,christian reliquary4 ,another ,greek or ,roman gem1 long preserved in a church1 was furnished by its ,christian owners with an inscription indicating that the figure engraved upon it was that of ,st4 ,michael1 while in reality it was a representation of the god ,mercury4 ,still another gem was provided with an inscription signifying that the subject was the temptation of ,mother ,eve in the ,garden of ,eden1 but the ,greek gem engraver's intent had been to carve the figures of ,zeus and ,athena1 standing before an olive tree1 a design which appears on some ,athenian coins2 at the feet of the divinities appears a serpent4 ,in a similar way the grain-measure crowning the head of ,jupiter-,serapis led to the attribution of a gem so engraved to the patriarch ,joseph4#chf ,an engraved amethyst bearing the figure of a little ,cupid is said to have been worn in a ring by ,st4 ,valentine4 ,while this may be somewhat doubtful1 it is by no means impossible1 for many pagan gems were worn by pious ,christians1 who reconciled their consciences to the use of these beautiful but scarcely religious ornaments by giving to the pagan symbols a ,christian meaning4 ,certainly1 in view of the time-honored customs connected with ,st4 ,valentine's ,day1 there seems something peculiarly appropriate in the design of the ring supposed to have been worn by ,st4 ,valentine4 ,that precious stones had sense and feeling was quite generally believed in medieval times1 and a legend told of ,st4 ,martial illustrates this idea4 ,the gloves worn by this saint were studded with precious stones1 and when on a certain occasion a sacrilegious act was committed in his presence1 the gems1 horrified at the sight1 sprang out of their settings and fell to the ground before the eyes of the onlookers4 ,illustration3 ,,title ,,page ,,of ,a ,,group ,,of ,,treatises ,,by ,,various ,,authors1 ,,collected ,,and ,,edited ,,by ,,conrad ,,gesner ,,at ,z,,rich ,,in #aefe4 ,the upper one of the two rings figured is set with a natural pointed diamond1 the lower one with a piece of amber enclosing an insect2 grouped around are twelve stones representing those of the ,breastplate4 ,the ,st4 ,sylvester or ,st4 ,james stone is a banded agate in two colors1 the one dark and the other light1 with a cat's-eye effect so that both colors are equally visible4 ,the light side represents the old year1 with its known occurrences1 and the opaque side represents the new year1 which is dark like futurity4 ,this is a typical stone for a ,new ,year's present or for one born on ,st4 ,sylvester's ,day1 the last day of the year4 ,the popular tradition is that the member of a family or a household who is last to arise on that day will be the last to arise all the year around4 ,the famous 8,sacro ,catino0 preserved in ,genoa was long believed to be made of a single immense emerald1 but careful investigation proved that it was of no more valuable material than green glass4 ,a legend still current in the early part of the sixteenth century represented this cup1 or dish1 as having been used by ,christ at the ,last ,supper1 and stated that it was one of the utensils which ,king ,herod ordered to be brought from ,galilee to ,jerusalem for the celebration of the paschal feast2 but his purpose having been changed by ,divine ,providence1 he made other use of it4#chg ,a queer story has been told regarding the ,genoese emerald4 ,at one time when the government was hard pressed for money1 the ,sacro ,catino was offered to a rich ,jew of ,metz as pledge for a loan of #ajj1jjj crowns4 ,he was loath to take it1 as he probably recognized its spurious character1 and when his ,christian clients forced him to accept it under threats of dire vengeance in case of refusal1 he protested that they were taking a base advantage of the unpopularity of his faith1 since they could not find a ,christian who would make the loan4 ,however1 when some years later the ,genoese were ready to redeem this precious relic1 they were much puzzled to learn that a half-dozen different persons claimed to have it in their possession1 the fact being that the ,jew had fabricated a number of copies which he had succeeded in pawning for large sums1 assuring the lender in each case that the redemption of the pledge was certain4 ,among the celebrated emeralds noted by ,george ,agricola#chh 7#adij-aeee7 was a large one preserved in a monastery near ,lyons1 ,france4 ,this is also mentioned by ,gesner1 who states that it was shaped as a dish1 or shallow cup1 and was held to be the ,holy ,grail1 like its rival at ,genoa4#chi ,another of ,agricola's emeralds was somewhat smaller1 but nevertheless measured nine inches in diameter and was in the chapel of ,st4 ,wenceslaus1 at ,prague2 this may have been a chrysoprase1 as at the present day many fine specimens of this stone can be seen in ,st4 ,wenceslaus1 where the walls are inlaid with the golden green gem-stone4 ,still another1 larger than the last named1 was set in the gold monstrance in ,magdeburg1 and was believed to have been the handle of ,emperor ,otho ,i's knife1 since it was perforated4 ,possibly1 however1 the emerald1 if genuine1 was an ,oriental stone1 for it was customary to pierce rubies1 sapphires1 emeralds1 etc41 in the ,east so as to string them for necklaces or attach them as pendants to a jewel4 ,in the convent-church of ,st4 ,stephan1 in ,persian ,armenia1 erected about the middle of the seventeenth century1 it is related by the ,french traveller ,tavernier that there was preserved a cross said to be made out of the basin in which ,christ washed the feet of the ,apostles4 ,set in this cross was a white stone1 and the priests asserted that when the cross was laid upon the body of one seriously ill1 this stone would turn black if he were about to die1 but would regain its white hue after his death4#cij ,no jewelled sacred image has been the object of greater reverence than has been accorded to the rude little wooden carving popularly known as the 8,sacro ,bambino0 or 8,sacred ,baby10 in the old church of ,ara ,coeli in ,rome4 ,this figure was carved1 in #ahdg1 by a monk1 out of a piece of olive-wood from one of the ancient trees growing on the ,mount of ,olives near ,jerusalem4 ,the carving was executed in the ,holy ,land and was sent thence to ,italy1 and although the ship bearing it was shipwrecked1 this precious freight was miraculously preserved and is supposed to have been conveyed to its destination in some mysterious way4 ,the reverence of the thousands of pilgrims who in the course of time have gazed with veneration upon this quaint and curious work of art1 has found expression in the bestowal of a wealth of gems and jewels1 including necklaces1 brooches1 rings1 etc41 with which the silken dress of the image is studded4 ,a crown of gold adorned with precious stones rests upon the head of the olive-wood figure1 which is jealously guarded by the priests and only shown to the faithful as a particular favor1 except on the occasion of certain religious festivals4 ,one of the most renowned emeralds in the world surmounted the elaborately jewelled imperial crown that was placed upon the head of the venerated image of the ,virgen del ,sagrario in the ,cathedral of ,toledo4 ,this emerald1 of a rich green color1 was cut as a perfect sphere and measured about #dj millimetres1 or #a inches1 in diameter4 ,the crown itself was the work of the ,toledan goldsmith1 ,don ,diego ,alejo de ,montoya1 who began his task in #aegd and devoted twelve years to its completion4 ,it is described as being of almost pure gold and executed in the ,renaissance style4 ,curiously chased in arabesque designs and enamelled in various colors1 the framework of the crown served as a magnificent background for the gems constituting its adornment1 which comprised rubies1 emeralds1 and ,oriental pearls2 a row of angels and cherubs sustained the arches which bore at their summit the allegorical figures of ,faith1 ,hope1 and ,charity2 upon that representing ,faith rested the splendid emerald4 ,this precious ornament was still preserved in the ,cathedral in #ahfe1 but was so carelessly guarded that it was stolen in #ahfi4cia ,if we are to believe the following anecdote1 the emerald disappeared at an earlier date3 ,it is said that in #ahji1 during the ,french occupation of ,spain1 ,marshal ,junot visited this cathedral1 and the emerald was pointed out to him as one of the chief glories of the shrine4 ,as soon as the marshal's covetous glance rested upon the gem1 he plucked it from its setting1 remarking1 coolly1 to the astonished and horrified bystanders1 8,this belongs to me40 ,then1 smiling and bowing1 he left the cathedral with the emerald safely ensconced in his waistcoat pocket4 ,later1 it was replaced by an imitation in glass4 ,the famous collection of jewels gathered together in the treasury of the ,santa ,casa1 at ,loreto1 ,italy1 was plundered during the ,french occupation in #agig1 and all trace of most of the magnificent ornaments has been lost4 ,these represented the gifts of many crowned heads and titled personages2 among the former was the unfortunate ,henrietta ,maria1 wife of ,charles ,i1 who donated a golden heart-shaped jewel with the words 8,jesus ,maria0 incrusted in diamonds4 ,this jewel is described as being 8as big as both a man's hands1 opened onto two leaves1 on one of which was the figure of the ,blessed ,virgin and on the other a portrait of the queen herself40#cib ,of the many rich vestments for decorating the statue of the ,virgin in the sanctuary1 the most splendid was the gift of the ,infanta ,isabel of ,flanders1 and was valued at #dj1jjj crowns4 ,in a seventeenth-century account by an ,english traveller it is thus described3#cic ,its set thick with six rows of diamonds downe before1 to the number of three thousand1 and its all wrought over with a kinde of embroidery of little pearle set thick everywhere within the flowers with great round pearle1 to the number twenty thousand pearles in all4 ,the same writer tells us the niche in which the statue was placed was bordered with a row of precious stones of great number1 size1 and value1 the colors being so varied that this bordering formed 8a rich ,iris of several colors40 ,there is also said to have been a great pearl1 set in gold1 and engraved with the image of the ,virgin and ,child4#cid ,it seems probable that this was a jewel made of a baroque pearl1 or pearls1 completed by enamel-work so as to represent the sacred figures4 ,the pectoral cross worn in solemn processions by the prior of the monastery of ,san ,lorenzo del ,escorial was adorned with eight perfect emeralds1 five diamonds1 and five pearls4 ,from it hung a splendid pear-shaped pearl1 the gift of ,philip ,,ii in #aeie1 and one of the finest of those acquired by this monarch4 ,in #agdj the cross was valued at #ej1jjj crowns1 ,philip's great pearl not being included in this valuation4#cie ,the monastery of ,streoneshalh1 later ,whitby ,abbey1 was founded about #fef ,a4,d4 by ,oswy1 ,king of ,northumbria1 in fulfilment of a vow made before his victory over the pagan king ,penda1 at the battle of ,winwidfield1 fought in ,november1 #fed4 ,st4 ,hilda was made abbess of this monastery1 and ,oswy's daughter ,aelfleda took the veil and eventually1 in #fhj1 succeeded ,hilda as abbess2 she died in #gac4cif ,tradition relates that at this early date crosses and rosaries were made for the inmates of the monastery from the jet found in the neighborhood4 ,the 8,whitby jet10 so popular and fashionable in the eighteenth century1 was largely derived from the same source1 and since then has had several revivals1 until replaced by black-stained chalcedony1 the so-called onyx1 and1 later still1 by steel carved with glass and glass itself4 ,in the sixteenth century jet was popularly called 8black amber10 and ,cardano states that in his time beads of this material were made up into rosaries4 ,he also says that curious figures made of jet were brought from ,spain to ,italy4#cig ,many are unaware of the fact that a number of ornamental objects made of nephrite and jadeite--unquestionably of ,european origin--are to be seen in the quiet little town of ,perugia4 ,these objects1 collected principally in central and southern ,italy1 constitute the ,belucci ,collection1 in that city4 ,this collection also contains other specimens of worked jadeite1 which must have been brought to ,europe at the time of the ,spanish conquest of ,mexico and ,peru4 ,a very interesting example shows us the utilization of a pagan celt to form a ,christian emblem4 ,by the removal of a rectangular piece from each of the four corners of the jadeite celt1 a perfect cross has been made1 the back and front of which still offer the original polish given to the material centuries ago by the native ,american worker4 ,the superstitious belief propagated in ,europe by the returning ,spanish sailors1 very probably an invention of their own to enhance the value of their jade and jadeite1 that these minerals were worn by the natives as a cure for diseases of the kidneys1 whence the name lapis nephriticus1 rendered the material exceptionally precious in the eyes of many1 and quite possibly it may have been thought that1 by transforming this object into the sacred form of the cross1 a talisman would be produced that would not only effect the cure of a special disease1 but would also by its superior virtue guard the wearer from harm and danger of all kinds4 ,here may also be seen some celts of ,european jade sewed up in little bags to be worn on the loins4 ,illustration3 #a4 ,cross made from a celt of jadeite 7,mexican71 bought from a peasant in ,perugia4 ,this was originally a celt and was divided into four pieces4 ,of ,mexican origin and brought to ,italy in sixteenth century4 ,belluci ,collection4 #b4 ,jadeite celt1 from ,guatemala4 #c4 ,celt1 ,aboriginal4 ,a small stone hatchet made of jade nephrite1 of the kind believed by the peasants to be thunderbolts4 ,mounted in silver to be worn as a charm4 ,this specimen1 tied over the loins1 is said to have been worn as recently as fifty years ago by a ,scottish gentleman as a cure for kidney disease4 ,british ,museum4 ,certain curious amulets called magatama 7crooked jewels7 have been found in ,japanese graves of the iron age2#cih they are formed of various materials1 among others of steatite1 jasper1 carnelian1 agate1 rock crystal1 chrysoprase and nephrite 7jade74 ,in the shell heaps of a period preceding the iron age1 the magatama are frequently made of horn1 or of boar's or wolf's teeth1 and their peculiar form1 which is variously explained as a symbol1 may have been conditioned by the shape of the materials originally used4 ,the magatama were evidently regarded as amulets4 8,they are generally perforated at the thick end1 and were worn on a string1 together with beads and bugles of the same material40 ,these peculiar ornaments were used to adorn the statues of the gods and were also employed as imperial insignia and distinctive marks of high rank4 ,at the present day they are numbered among the three emblems of sovereignty in ,japan4 ,a green and a red magatama are combined in the national emblem of ,korea and a similar figure is used in ,china to symbolize the union of the masculine and feminine principles 7,yang and ,yin7 in nature4 ,dr4 ,baelz believes that the swastika emblem1 encountered in so many different parts of the world1 belongs to the same order of ideas4 ,the ,bghai tribes of ,burma have many superstitions in regard to stones1 such as garnets1 rock-crystal1 chalcedony1 carnelian1 agate1 onyx and others of less value1 their repute not depending entirely or principally upon their quality as gem-stones4 ,in almost every household is installed a stone fetish1 and blood offerings are on occasion made to this4 ,a question as to the reason for this offering elicited the following reply3 8,if we do not give it blood to eat it will eat us40 ,a common belief was that spirits good or bad dwelt in the stones1 and in case a great misfortune befell a family1 this was sometimes laid to the charge of such a spirit4 ,the father of a family having died1 his widow commanded her son to throw away their magic stone4 ,this he did1 but the spirit was not to be denied1 for shortly afterward this very stone was found to have returned to its accustomed place1 and had even brought two companion stones with it6#cii ,ruy ,gonzalez de ,clavijo1 who travelled in the ,east during the years #adjc-adjf1 gives a description of a slab of stone bearing the outlines of a 8natural picture10 and placed in the church of ,st4 ,sophia1 in ,constantinople3#djj ,in the wall1 on the left-hand side1 there is a very large white slab1 on which1 among many other figures1 was drawn1 very naturally1 without any human artifice of sculpture or painting1 the most sacred and blessed ,virgin ,mary1 with our ,lord ,jesus ,christ in her most holy arms1 with his most glorious forerunner1 ,st4 ,john the ,baptist1 on one side4 ,these images1 as ,i said before1 are not drawn or painted with any color1 or inlaid1 but the stone itself gave birth to this picture1 with its veins1 which may be clearly seen2 and they say that when this stone was cut1 to be placed in this most holy place1 the workman saw these most wonderful and fortunate images on it1 and1 as this church was the most important one in the city1 that stone was deposited in it4 ,the said images appear as if they were in the clouds of heaven1 and as if there was a thin veil before them4 ,many other examples of these 8natural gems0 are noted by early writers4 ,among them was an agate gem in the treasury of the ,basilica of ,st4 ,mark1 in ,venice4 ,upon this gem appeared the head of a king1 adorned with a diadem1 the whole design being figured naturally by the veining of the agate1 and not owing anything to artifice4 ,in the same city1 upon a column in the church of ,san ,georgio ,maggiore1 could be seen the likeness of ,our ,lord1 hanging from the ,cross4#dja ,such stones1 with peculiar markings indicating the form of human heads and figures1 were regarded as the work of higher powers4 ,another remarkable example is described by ,kircher as follows3#djb ,in ,rome1 in the ,chapel of the ,sacred ,virgin1 near the organ to the right hand of those who enter the ,church of ,st4 ,peter1 an image may be seen in which the ,blessed ,virgin of ,loreto is so artistically depicted by ,nature that it appears to be the work of an artist's hand4 ,she is attired in a triple garment1 divided by a zone1 and holds in her arms the child1 who is distinguished by a crown1 as is the mother4 ,around may be seen the figures of angels4 ,the red spots upon the bloodstone were said in ,christian legend to represent the blood of ,christ4 ,this idea has been beautifully utilized in some gems cut from this stone1 whereon the thorn-crowned head of ,christ is so placed that the red spots of the bloodstone figure the drops of blood trickling down the hair and face of the ,saviour4 ,such a gem might well be looked upon as a ,christian amulet and one that could be reverently worn by any believer4 ,the ignorance in the ,middle ,ages of the art of gem-engraving often induced the belief that engraved stones were the work of nature4 ,a striking instance of this was the celebrated stone over the figure of the ,mother of ,jesus1 on the tomb of ,st4 ,elizabeth of ,marburg4 ,on this gem appeared two heads touching each other1 and it was1 according to tradition1 not a work of art1 but a freak of the sculptress ,nature4 ,an oft-repeated legend tells us that a former ,elector of ,mainz offered the whole district of ,amneberg for this costly stone1 which robber hands removed at ,cassel4 ,it is in reality a fine onyx engraved with the heads of ,castor and ,pollux4#djc ,we might be disposed to regard rather sceptically the tales regarding wonderful stones bearing the image of ,christ1 or that of the ,virgin ,mary1 and we may be inclined to believe that the old accounts are exaggerated or distorted by the pious imaginations of the writers4 ,nevertheless1 in our own time we have a well-attested case of the discovery of such a stone4 ,in #ahhj1 while visiting the village of ,oberammergau1 ,bavaria1 to witness the ,passion ,play1 ,mrs4 ,eugenia ,jones-,bacon1 of ,atlanta1 ,georgia1 found on ,mount ,kopfel1 which overlooks the village1 a small stone composed of chert and limestone1 and having on its surface excrescences so disposed that1 when the stone was held at a certain angle1 the shadows cast by them formed a striking likeness of the head of ,christ as depicted in ,christian art4 ,this peculiar freak specimen has been carefully examined by experts and has been pronounced to be entirely a work of nature4 ,the mineralogist is not disposed to see here anything more than coincidence1 and yet the most sceptical cannot fail to be impressed by the fact that such a stone was found at the time and place of the ,passion ,play4 ,as ,max ,mller said1 in commenting on this strange discovery3 8,the chapter of accidents is much larger than we imagine10 and the present writer feels disposed to add that it is remarkable how often we find what we are looking for1 especially if we are only looking or thinking of one object or subject4 ,the religious symbolism of the diamond was a favorite theme with the thirteenth century 8lapidaria10 or rhymed treatises on precious stones4 ,just as it could only be discovered by night--an old fancy--so was the ,incarnation a hidden mystery2 it gave forth a great light1 just as ,jesus illumined the depths of ,hades when he descended thither2 it was unconquerably hard1 and who can resist the might of ,god8#djd ,the medival ,italians who were fond of seeking some hidden and significant meaning in the names of precious stones1 in the case of the diamond 7diamante71 read the phrase amante di ,dio1 or 8lover of ,god40#dje ,this was a reason for regarding the brilliant gem as a sacred stone and one especially suitable for religious use4 ,the ,rosicrucians1 who sought to combine pagan with ,christian types and figures1 saw in the amethyst and the amethystine color a symbol of the divine male sacrifice1 since the stone and the color were typical of love1 truth1 passion1 suffering1 and hope4 ,the love of ,christ led him to make the supreme sacrifice and suffer the agony of the ,cross1 and the ,crucifixion was followed by the ,resurrection1 whence came the hope of mankind to enjoy eternal happiness in heaven4 ,the chiastolite1 or macle1 shows the representation of a cross on its surface1 this effect being produced by the regular arrangement of carbonaceous impurities along the axes of the crystal4 ,the name signifies a marking resembling the ,greek letter 7chi74 ,this marking is often very striking in appearance1 and the crystal was naturally regarded as having a mystical and religious significance4 ,it was said to stanch the flow of blood from any part of the body if worn so as to touch the skin1 and it was also believed to increase the secretion of milk4 ,all kinds of fevers were cured by this mineral if it were worn suspended from the neck1 and the divine symbol it bore served to drive away evil spirits from the neighborhood of the wearer4 ,this very interesting mineral occurs very frequently in mica schists4 ,when found1 it appears about the thickness of a small finger1 tapering slightly at each edge4 ,if broken near one end1 it often shows a white cross with a veined outline of black1 making a distinct cross with black markings4 ,the crystals frequently measure from two to four inches in length1 and are found in ,massachusetts1 ,california1 and other places4 ,if small segments are broken off1 it will be found that the black outline will become stronger1 and the white less marked1 until finally a black cross will appear1 with white markings4 ,the white material is the result of two white wedges pushed point onward until the ends meet1 the narrow end of one wedge being crossed by the broad end of the second wedge1 and the black filling in the balance of the square4 ,no two of these square crosses can thus ever be exactly alike1 and1 when polished1 the crystals naturally form an interesting stone that was known as lapis crucifer1 or cross-stone by the ancients4 ,illustration3 ,,staurolite ,,crystals 7,,fairy ,,stones74 ,patrick ,county1 ,virginia4 ,the peculiar form of the mineral known as staurolite 7from the ,greek cross7 is due to the twinning of two crystals at right angles4 ,in ,cronstedt's treatise on mineralogy1 published in ,stockholm in #ageh1 we are told that the staurolite was sometimes called ,baseler ,taufstein 7baptismal-stone7 or lapis crucifer1 the former name being used in ,basel1 where the stone was employed as an amulet at baptisms4 ,however1 the lapis crucifer of ,de ,boot appears from his description to have been the chiastolite4 ,in ,brittany these twin crystals were worn as charms1 and local legends state that they had dropped from the heavens4 ,fine crystals of staurolite have been found in ,patrick ,county1 ,virginia1 and there is said to be a beautiful local legend in regard to their origin4 ,near where they are found there wells up a spring of limpid water1 and the story goes that one day1 long1 long ago1 when the fairies were dancing and playing around this spring1 an elfin messenger winged his way through the air and alighted among them4 ,he bore to them the sad tidings of the crucifixion of ,christ in a far-off city4 ,so mournful was his recital of the sufferings of the ,saviour that the fairies burst into tears1 and these fairy tear-drops1 as they fell to earth1 crystallized into the form of the cross4 ,these natural crosses are in great demand as charms1 and ex-,president ,roosevelt is said to wear one of them mounted as a watch-charm4 ,there has been found in the southern part of ,new ,mexico1 and in northern ,mexico1 a blue variety of calamine1 a hydrous silicate of zinc1 colored blue by an admixture of copper4 ,this stone has been cut into gem form and has been sold to a certain extent as a cheap gem4 ,it is translucent and is sometimes veined with white wavy lines4 ,the ,mexican ,indians employed in the mines often set up a cross and a candle near where they are working1 so that they may pay their devotions at this improvised shrine4 ,in ,sonora and ,western ,chihuahua the ,indians frequently place a piece of the stone to which we have alluded alongside the cross4 ,they may be attracted by its beautiful blue color1 or they may believe that it is a turquoise1 although it does not resemble this latter stone1 which is more opaque1 of a different shade of blue and of a different composition4 ,in some epitaphs the hope of the resurrection finds expression in likening the body enclosed in its narrow coffin to a precious jewel in its casket4 ,the following lines from a tombstone erected in #afee to the memory of ,mary ,courtney1 at ,fowell1 ,cornwall1 ,england1 give a good example of this class of inscription3#djf ,near this a rare jewell's set1 ,clos'd up in a cabinet4 ,let no sacrilegious hand ,breake through--'tis ye strickte comaund ,of the jeweller3 who hath sayd 7,and 'tis fit he be obey'd7 ,i'll require it safe and sound ,both above and under ground4 ,in a churchyard at ,prittlewell1 ,essex1 ,england1 a rather whimsical treatment of the same idea is offered by some verses engraved on the stone marking the graves of two wives of a certain ,freeborne1 the first of whom died in #afda and the second in #afeh4 ,the bereaved husband seems to have been perfectly willing to await the ,day of ,judgment for the return of his lost spouses3#djg ,under this stone two precious gems do ly ,equall in weight1 worth1 lustre1 sanctity3 ,yet perhaps one of them do excell2 ,which was't who knows8 ask him yt knew yem well ,by long enjoyment4 ,if he thus be prest1 ,he'el pause1 then answere3 truly both were best3 ,were't in my choice that either of ye twain ,might be returned to me to enjoy agayne1 ,which should ,i chuse8 ,well1 since ,i know not whether2 ,ile mourne for the losse of both1 but wish for neither1 ,yet here's my comfort1 herein lyes my hope1 ,the tyme a comeinge cabinets shall ope ,which are lockt fast3 then shall ,i see ,my ,jewells to my joy1 my ,jewells mee4 ,the ,christian symbolism of colors has in many cases determined the use of certain colored gems for religious ornaments1 and therefore the following summary of their principal significance is of interest here3#djh ,,white is regarded as the first of the canonical colors1 and as emblematic of purity1 innocence1 virginity1 faith1 life1 and light4 ,for this reason it is used in the ceremonies of ,easter and ,christmas1 as in those of the ,circumcision and ,epiphany of ,our ,lord4 ,as the color of virginity it is especially appropriate for the festival of the ,virgin ,mary1 and as that of faith not sealed with blood1 for the festivals of the saints who were not martyred4 ,the heavenly host of angels and saints wear white robes1 and in pictures of the ,assumption of the ,virgin she is frequently clad in white4 ,,red is used at the feasts of the ,exaltation and ,invention of the ,cross1 at ,pentecost1 and at the ,feast of ,martyrs4 ,it suggests and symbolizes suffering and martyrdom for the faith1 and the supreme sacrifice of ,christ upon the ,cross4 ,divine love and majesty are also typified by this color4 ,,blue is an emblem of the celestial regions and of the celestial virtues4 ,nevertheless1 as this is not one of the five canonical colors1 it is not employed for the decoration of churches or for ecclesiastical vestments4 ,in ,christian art1 however1 the ,virgin and the saints and angels are often robed in blue4 ,,yellow of a golden hue is emblematic of ,god's goodness and of faith and good works1 but it is not a canonical color4 ,a dull yellow1 however1 has the opposite signification1 and is a type of treachery and envy4 ,hence ,judas is garbed in yellow of a dull hue1 and heretics wore garments of this shade when they were condemned to the stake4 ,,green is the canonical color for use on ,sundays1 week-days1 and ordinary festivals4 ,hope and joy and the bright promises of youth are signified by green4 ,,violet1 another canonical color1 is appropriate for use on ,septuagesima and ,quinquagesima ,sundays1 during ,lent1 and on ,advent ,sunday4 ,the chastening and purifying effects of suffering find expression in this color4 ,,black1 also a canonical color1 is a symbol of death and of the mourning and sorrow inspired by death4 ,therefore it is only used in the ,church on ,good ,friday1 to symbolize the sorrow and despair of the ,christian community at the death of ,christ1 a sorrow soon to be turned to joy by ,his glorious resurrection4 ,illustration3 ,,frontispiece ,,of ,,the 8,,vestitus ,,sacerdotum ,,hebr,,orum10 ,,of ,,johann ,,braun1 ,,amsterdam1 #afhj4 ,the vignettes at the top illustrate the source of the materials of the vestments1 etc42 as the nopal1 source of the cochineal insect2 gold-thread2 linen2 a sheep for wool2 ,tyre and the purple murex4 ,the other vignettes show separate parts of the high-priest's attires and in the centre appear two figures of the high-priest1 each garbed in different sets of vestments4 ,,viii ,on the ,high-,priest's ,breastplate ,very early1 and very naturally1 the religious nature of man led to the use of precious stones in connection with worship--the most valuable and elegant objects being chosen for sacred purposes4 ,of this mode of thought1 we have a striking instance in the accounts given1 in the book of ,exodus1 of the breastplate of the ,high-priest1 and the gems contributed for the tabernacle by the ,israelites in the wilderness4 ,another religious association of such objects is their use to symbolize ideas of the ,divine glory1 as illustrated in the visions of the prophet ,ezekiel and in the description of the ,new ,jerusalem in the book of ,revelation4 ,apart from such legitimate uses1 however1 gems have become associated with all manner of religious fancies and superstitions1 traces of which appear in the ,talmud1 the ,koran1 and similar writings2 they have also been dedicated to various heathen deities4 ,even in modern times1 some trace of the same ideas remains in the ecclesiastical jewelry and its supposed symbolism4 ,in the vision of ,ezekiel i1 #bf1 and in a brief allusion to the similar appearance of the ,god of ,israel in ,exodus xxiv1 the throne of ,jehovah1 or the pavement beneath his feet1 is compared to a sapphire1 and the ,apostle ,john1 in the ,apocalypse1 describes the ,great ,white ,throne as surrounded by a rainbow like an emerald4 ,the ,rabbinical writings1 instead of the simple grandeur of these biblical comparisons1 give us many fanciful ideas4 ,the stones of the breastplate are here represented as sacred to twelve mighty angels who guard the gates of ,paradise1 and wondrous tales are told of the luminous gems in the tent of ,abraham and the ark of ,noah4 ,mohammedan legend represents the different heavens as composed of different precious stones1 and in the ,middle ,ages these religious ideas became interwoven with a host of astrological1 alchemistic1 and medical superstitions4 ,the following is the description of the breastplate given in ,exodus 7xxviii1 #ae-cj73 ,and thou shalt make the breastplate of judgment with cunning work2 after the work of the ephod thou shalt make it2 of gold1 of blue1 and of purple1 and of scarlet1 and of fine twined linen shalt thou make it4 ,foursquare it shall be being doubled2 a span shall be the length thereof1 and a span shall be the breadth thereof4 ,and thou shalt set in it settings of stones1 even four rows of stones3 the first row shall be a sardius1 a topaz1 and a carbuncle3 this shall be the first row4 ,and the second row shall be an emerald1 a sapphire1 and a diamond4 ,and the third row a ligure1 an agate1 and an amethyst4 ,and the fourth row a beryl1 and an onyx1 and a jasper2 they shall be set in gold in their enclosings4 ,and the stones shall be with the names of the children of ,israel1 twelve1 according to their names1 like the engravings of a signet2 every one with his name shall they be according to the twelve tribes4 ,and thou shalt make upon the breastplate chains at the ends of wreathen work of pure gold4 ,and thou shalt make upon the breastplate two rings of gold1 and shalt put the two rings on the two ends of the breastplate4 ,and thou shalt put the two wreathen chains of gold in the two rings which are on the ends of the breastplate4 ,and the other two ends of the two wreathen chains thou shalt fasten in the two ouches1 and put them on the shoulder-pieces of the ephod before it4 ,and thou shalt make two rings of gold1 and thou shalt put them upon the two ends of the breastplate in the border thereof1 which is in the side of the ephod inward4 ,and two other rings of gold thou shalt make1 and shalt put them on the two sides of the ephod underneath1 toward the forepart thereof1 over against the other coupling thereof1 above the curious girdle of the ephod4 ,and they shall bind the breastplate by the rings thereof unto the rings of the ephod with a lace of blue1 that it may be above the curious girdle of the ephod1 and that the breastplate be not loosed from the ephod4 ,and ,aaron shall bear the names of the children of ,israel in the breastplate of judgment upon his heart1 when he goeth in unto the holy place1 for a memorial before the ,lord continually4 ,and thou shalt put in the breastplate of ,judgment the ,urim and the ,thummim2 and they shall be upon ,aaron's heart1 when he goeth in before the ,lord3 and ,aaron shall bear the judgment of the children of ,israel upon his heart before the ,lord continually4 ,of the miraculous quality of the stones worn by the high-priest1 the ,jewish historian ,josephus 7#cg-ie ,a4,d47 says3#dji ,from the stones which the high-priest wore 7these were sardonyxes1 and ,i hold it superfluous to describe their nature1 since it is known to all71 there emanated a light1 as often as ,god was present at the sacrifices2 that which was worn on the right shoulder instead of a clasp emitting a radiance sufficient to give light even to those far away1 although the stone previously lacked this splendor4 ,and certainly this in itself merits the wonder of all those who do not1 out of contempt for religion1 allow themselves to be led away by a pretence of wisdom4 ,however1 ,i am about to relate something still more wonderful1 namely1 that ,god announced victory in battle by means of the twelve stones worn by the high-priest on his breast1 set in the pectoral4 ,for such a splendor shone from them when the army was not yet in motion1 that all the people knew that ,god himself was present to aid them4 ,for this reason the ,greeks who reverence our solemnities1 since they could not deny this1 called the pectoral or oracle4 ,however1 the pectoral and the onyxes ceased to emit this radiance two hundred years before the time when ,i write this1 because ,god was displeased at the transgressions of the ,law4 ,this writer1 who must have seen the high-priest wearing his elaborate vestments1 says that the breastplate was adorned 8with twelve stones of exceptional size and beauty1 a decoration not easily to be acquired1 on account of its enormous value40#daj ,however these gems were not merely rare and costly2 they also possessed wonderful and miraculous powers4 ,writing about #djj ,a4,d41 ,st4 ,epiphanius1 ,bishop of ,constantia1 tells of a marvellous adamas which was worn on the breast of the high-priest1 who showed himself to the people1 arrayed in all his gorgeous vestments1 at the feasts of ,pascha1 ,pentecost1 and ,tabernacles4 ,this adamas was termed the or 8,declaration10 because1 by its appearance1 it announced to the people the fate that ,god had in store for them4 ,if the people were sinful and disobedient1 the stone assumed a dusky hue1 which portended death by disease1 or else it became the color of blood1 signifying that the people would be slain by the sword4 ,if1 however1 the stone shone like the driven snow1 then the people recognized that they had not sinned1 and hastened to celebrate the festival4#daa ,there seems to be little doubt that this account is nothing more than an elaboration and modification of the passage in ,josephus4 ,evidently the 7oracle7 of ,josephus has become the 7declaration74 ,when ,moses wished to engrave on the stones of the breastplate the names of the twelve tribes of ,israel1 he is said to have had recourse to the miraculous shamir4 ,the names were first traced in ink on the stones1 and the shamir was then passed over them1 the result being that the traced inscriptions became graven on the stones4 ,in proof of the magical character of this operation1 no particles of the gems were removed in the process4#dab ,the name really designates 8emery40 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,hebrew ,,high-,,priest ,,attired ,,with ,,his ,,vestments4 7,from ,johann ,braun's 8,vestitus ,sacerdotum ,hebrorum10 ,amsterdam1 #afhj1 opp4 p4 #hbb47 ,an argument against the use of especially rare and costly stones in the decoration of the breastplate has been found in its probable size4#dac ,we are told that when folded it measured a span in each direction1 and this would indicate that its length and breadth were each from eight to nine inches4 ,in this case the stones themselves might have measured two by two and a half inches1 and1 in view of the number of characters required to express some of the tribal names1 these dimensions do not seem excessive4 ,it is highly improbable that in the time of ,moses precious stones like the ruby1 the emerald1 or the sapphire would have been available in these dimensions4 ,the difficulty of engraving very hard stones with the appliances at the command of the ,hebrews of this period must also be taken into consideration4 ,as we shall see1 however1 there is good reason to believe that after the ,babylonian ,captivity a new breastplate was made1 and at that time it may have been easier to secure and work precious stones of great value and a high degree of hardness4 ,we must also bear in mind that in those periods perfection was not so great a requisite as rich color4 ,illustration3 ,i1 ,,ii1 ,,the ,,breastplate ,,unfolded4 ,a1 lower fold2 ,b1 ,b1 ,b1 ,b1 rings for attachment to ,ephod2 ,c1 the twelve gems in their settings2 ,d1 ,d1 hooks for attachment to shoulder2 ,e1 ,e1 bands to pass through rings in ,ephod4 ,,iii4 ,,ephod ,,with ,,breastplate ,,folded ,,and ,,attached4 ,g1 ,g1 rings through which pass bands of ,breastplate2 ,h1 ,h1 bands of ,ephod4 ,from ,johann ,braun's 8,vestitus ,sacerdotum ,hebrorum10 ,amsterdam1 #afhj4 ,in his commentary on ,exodus xxviii1 ,cornelius ,lapide 7,cornelius ,van den ,steen7 discusses the question of the diamond in the high-priest's breastplate4 ,in the first place1 he notes that the diamond was very costly1 and that a large stone would have been needed to bear the name of ,judah or that of any other tribe4 ,he considers that a stone of the requisite size would have cost a hundred thousand gold crowns1 and he asks1 8,whence could the poor ,hebrews have obtained such a sum of money1 and where could they have found such a diamond80 ,he proceeds to give still another reason for doubting that the diamond was in the breastplate1--namely1 that it would have marked too great a distinction between the tribes1 the result being that the tribe to which the diamond was assigned would have been puffed up with pride1 while the others would have been filled with hatred and envy1 8for the diamond is the ,queen ,gem of all the gems40#dad ,the use of the breastplate to reveal the guilt of an offender is testified to in a ,samaritan version of the book of ,joshua1 which has been discovered by ,dr4 ,moses ,gaster1 chief rabbi of the ,spanish and ,portuguese ,jews in ,england4 ,according to this version1 ,achan steals a golden image from a heathen temple in ,jericho4 ,the high-priest's breastplate reveals his guilt1 for the stones lose their light and grow dim when his name is pronounced4 ,many conjectures have been made as to the origin of the breastplate with the mystic ,urim and ,thummim enclosed within it4 ,that an ,egyptian origin should be sought seems most probable4 ,a breast-ornament worn by the high-priest of ,memphis1 as figured in an ,egyptian relief1 consists of twelve small balls1 or crosses1 intended to represent ,egyptian hieroglyphics4 ,as it cannot be determined that these figures were cut from precious stones1 the only definite connection with the ,hebrew ornament is the number of the figures2 this suggests1 but fails to prove1 a common origin4 ,the monuments show that the high-priest of ,memphis wore this ornament as early as the fourth ,dynasty1 or1 approximately1 #djjj ,b4,c4#dae ,of the ,urim and ,thummim1 the mysterious oracle of the ancient ,hebrews1 ,st4 ,augustine 7#ced-dej ,a4,d471 after acknowledging the great difficulty of interpreting the meaning of the words and the character of the oracle1 adds that some believed the words to signify a single stone which changed color according as the answer was favorable or unfavorable1 while the priest was entering the sanctuary2 still he thought it possible that merely the letters of the words ,urim and ,thummin were inscribed upon the breastplate4#daf ,after the capture of ,jerusalem by ,titus in #gj ,a4,d41 the treasures of the temple were carried off to ,rome1 and we learn from ,josephus that the breastplate was deposited in the ,temple of ,concord1 which had been erected by ,vespasian4 ,here it is believed to have been at the time of the sacking of ,rome by the ,vandals under ,genseric1 in #dee1 although ,rev4 ,c4 ,w4 ,king thinks it is not improbable that ,alaric1 king of the ,visigoths1 when he sacked ,rome in #daj ,a4,d41 might have secured this treasure4#dag ,however1 the express statement of ,procopius that 8the vessels of the ,jews0 were carried through the streets of ,constantinople1 on the occasion of the ,vandalic triumph of ,belisarius1 in #ecd1 may be taken as a confirmation of the conjecture that the ,vandals had secured possession of the breastplate and its jewels4#dah ,it must1 however1 be carefully noted that ,procopius nowhere mentions the breastplate and that it need not have been included among 8the vessels of the ,jews40 ,it appears that this part of the spoils of ,belisarius was placed by ,justinian 7#dhc-efe7 in the sacristy of the church of ,st4 ,sophia4 ,some time later1 the emperor is said to have heard of the saying of a certain ,jew to the effect that1 until the treasures of the ,temple were restored to ,jerusalem1 they would bring misfortune upon any place where they might be kept4#dai ,if this story be true1 ,justinian may have felt that the fate of ,rome was a lesson for him1 and that ,constantinople must be saved from a like disaster4 ,moved by such considerations1 he is said to have sent the 8sacred vessels0 to ,jerusalem1 and they were placed in the ,church of the ,holy ,sepulchre4 ,this brings us to the last two events which can be even plausibly connected with the mystic twelve gems1--namely1 the capture and sack of ,jerusalem by the ,sassanian ,persian king1 ,khusrau ,,ii1 in #fae1 and the overthrow of the ,sassanian ,empire by the ,mohammedan ,arabs1 and the capture and sack of ,ctesiphon1 in #fcg4dbj ,if we admit that ,khusrau took the sacred relics of the ,temple with him to ,persia1 we may be reasonably sure that they were included among the spoils secured by the ,arab conquerors1 although ,king1 who has ingeniously endeavored to trace out the history of the breastplate jewels after the fall of ,jerusalem in #gj ,a4,d41 believes that they may be still 8buried in some unknown treasure-chamber of one of the old ,persian capitals40 ,a fact which has generally been overlooked by those who have embarked on the sea of conjecture relative to the fate of the breastplate stones is that a large ,jewish contingent1 numbering some twenty-six thousand men1 formed part of the force with which the ,sassanian ,persians captured ,jerusalem1 and they might well lay claim to any ,jewish vessels or jewels that may have been secured by the conquerors4 ,in this case1 however1 it is still probable that these precious objects fell into the hands of the ,mohammedans who captured ,jerusalem in the same year in which they took ,ctesiphon4 ,one circumstance which may have contributed to the preservation of these gems in their original form after they fell into the hands of the ,romans is the fact that each one was engraved with the name of one of the ,jewish tribes1 the inscription being probably in the older form of ,hebrew writing1 which was used in the coinage even as late as the last revolt in #acg ,a4,d4 ,hence1 recutting would have been necessary to fit them for use as ornaments1 a process not easily accomplished1 and involving a great loss of size4 ,we must also bear in mind that the intrinsic value of the gems may not have been so great as many suppose1 since all of them were probably of the less perfect forms of the precious and semi-precious varieties4 ,it is very likely that the enthusiastic statements of ,josephus in this connection were dictated by national pride1 or arose from the tendency to exaggeration so common among the ,oriental writers4 ,certainly1 if the breastplate known to ,josephus was made not long after the return of the ,jews from the ,babylonian ,captivity1 their financial resources at the time of its fabrication were quite restricted4 ,admitting as a possibility that the ,arabs may have secured possession of the breastplate1 how would they have regarded it8 ,the heroes of the ,old ,testament1 and especially ,moses1 were such sacred personalities in the eyes of ,mohammedans that this relic would have been as precious for them as for us4 ,however1 the victorious ,arabs who overran the ,sassanian ,empire1 although filled with religious zeal1 were no students of archology1 and would have been quite unable to decipher the strange characters engraved on the stones4 ,they would most probably have supposed them to be ,persian characters1 and would1 therefore1 have valued these stones no higher than others in the ,persian treasure4 ,this can serve as an explanation of the fact that no allusion to the breastplate with its adornment can be found in the works of those ,mohammedan writers1 such as ,tabari1 who treat of the overthrow of the ,sassanian ,empire4 ,we may be sure that the ,persians themselves would have accorded no special honor to objects connected with the ,hebrew religion1 since their own ,zoroastrian faith had no connection with it4 ,in #fbh1 not long before the date of the ,arab invasion1 the most precious relic of ,christendom1 the cross discovered by ,helena1 mother of ,constantine the ,great1 and believed to be the very cross on which ,christ died1 was surrendered to the ,greek ,emperor ,heraclius by ,kobad ,,ii1 son of ,khusrau ,,ii1 on the conclusion of a treaty of peace between the ,eastern and ,sassanian ,empires4 ,this cross was one of the sacred objects borne away to ,persia from ,jerusalem by ,khusrau in #fae ,a4,d4 ,it is said to have been guarded carefully through the influence of ,sira1 ,khusrau's ,christian wife4 ,there is a bare possibility that other objects of religious veneration1 taken from ,jerusalem1 may have been given up by the ,persians at the same time1 and that the unique character of the most important relic so overshadowed all others that historians have failed to note the fact4 ,the cross was restored to ,jerusalem by ,heraclius in #fbi1 only to fall into the hands of the ,mohammedans when that city was taken by the ,arabs under ,omar1 in #fcg4 ,hence1 if the jewelled breastplate had also been surrendered by ,kobad1 it would probably have shared the same fate4 ,illustration3 ,,silver ,,cross ,,with ,,quartz ,,cat',s ,,eye4 ,russian1 sixteenth century4 ,collection of ,mrs4 ,henry ,draper4 ,illustration3 ,,specimens ,,of ,,chiastolite 7,,lapis ,,crucifer74 7,see page #bga47 ,from the 8,metallotheca ,vaticana0 of ,mercatus1 ,rome1 #agai1 p4 #bch4 ,in the author's library4 ,we have here a wide field for conjecture1--but1 unfortunately1 nothing more4 ,still1 in the absence of any definite and trustworthy information1 there is a kind of romantic interest in viewing the various possible relations of the mystery surrounding the fate of the most precious gems1 historically at least1 that have ever existed4 ,more especially is this interest justified in the case of all who are disposed to prize gems and jewels for their symbolic significance1 for1 as we have shown1 this significance1 as far as concerns natal stones and the spiritual interpretation of the qualities of the heart and soul symbolized by the color and character of the principal precious and semi-precious stones1 has its root in the veneration felt by early ,christian writers1 beginning with the author of the ,apocalypse1 for the unforgotten and unforgettable gems that were worn by the ,hebrew high-priest4 ,a rather ingenious utilization of the reputed powers of ,aaron's breastplate comes to us in a book printed in ,portland1 ,maine4#dba ,the writer assumes that the ,urim and ,thummim enclosed in the folds of the breastplate consisted of twelve stones1 duplicates of those engraved with the names of the tribes1 and so disposed that1 when they were shaken to and fro and then allowed to come to rest1 three of them would become visible through an aperture in the ephod just beneath the rows of set stones4 ,the signification of the oracle is given by the various combinations of color offered by the three stones that reveal themselves2 to each combination a prearranged meaning is given4 ,that anything of the kind could have been true of the original ,urim and ,thummim is scarcely worthy the trouble of refutation1 but the practical result of this modern experiment is a clever oracle which will probably enjoy a certain vogue4 ,for those who1 with the late lamented ,lieutenant ,totten1 see in the tribes of ,manasseh and ,ephraim the ,anglo-,saxons of ,england and the ,united ,states1 and who look upon ,george ,v as the king who sits upon the throne of ,david1 these symbolical stones of the breastplate acquire an added significance4 ,while not pretending to be able to follow all the intricate and certainly most ingenious and interesting speculations of this school of ,biblical exegesis1 we cannot help expressing some astonishment that ,ephraim should be thought to prefigure ,england and ,manasseh the ,united ,states1 instead of vice versa4 ,in ,gen4 xlviii1 #ag-bj1 the text more especially referred to in these speculations1 ,jacob's blessing is bestowed upon ,ephraim1 in spite of ,joseph's protest that it should go to the eldest son1 ,manasseh4 ,to this protest ,jacob answers3 8,i know it1 my son1 ,i know it3 he also ,manasseh shall become a people1 and he also shall be great3 but truly his younger brother shall be greater than he1 and his seed shall become a multitude of nations40 ,certainly the very composite population of the ,united ,states perfectly merits this description4 ,as a general rule1 the ,hebrews1 when using the names ,ephraim and ,manasseh as tribal designations1 maintained the twelve-fold division of the people1 by substituting these tribes for ,joseph and by dropping the name of ,levi from the list1 the tribe of ,levi being assigned as priests to the care of the sanctuary1 and not participating in the division of the ,land of ,promise4 ,in the ,midrash ,bemidbar1 the ,rabbinical commentary on ,numbers1 the tribes are given in their order1 with the stone appropriate to each and the color of the tribal standard pitched in the desert camp1 this color corresponding in each1 case with that of the tribal stone4 ,this list represents a tradition dating back to at least the twelfth century and possibly much earlier than that2 hence its value should not be underestimated1 although we may not accept it without some reserves4#dbb ,odem ,reuben ,red ,pitdah ,simeon ,green ,bareketh ,levi ,white1 black and red ,jophek ,judah ,sky-blue ,sappir ,issachar ,black 7like stibium7 ,yahalom ,zebulun ,white ,leshem ,dan ,sapphire-color ,shebo ,gad ,gray ,ahlamah ,naphtali ,wine-color ,tarshish ,assher ,pearl-color 787 ,shoham ,joseph ,very black ,yashpheh ,benjamin ,colors of all the stones ,in the attempt to determine the identity of the stones enumerated in ,exodus xxviii and xxxix1 as adorning the breastplate of the high-priest1 we must bear in mind that this 8breastplate of ,aaron0 and the one described by ,josephus1 and brought by ,titus to ,rome after the capture of ,jerusalem in #gj ,a4,d41 are in all probability entirely distinct objects4 ,the former1 if it ever existed1 except in the ideal world of the authors of the ,priestly ,codex1 must have been composed of the stones known to and used by the ,egyptians of the thirteenth or fourteenth century1 ,b4,c41 some of them being1 perhaps1 set in the 8jewels of gold and jewels of silver0 borrowed by the ,israelites from the ,egyptians just before the ,exodus2 on the other hand1 the most trustworthy indications regarding the stones of the breastplate of the ,second ,temple1 made perhaps in the fifth century ,b4,c41 should be sought in the early ,greek and ,latin versions of the ,old ,testament1 and in the treatise on precious stones by ,theophrastus1 who wrote about #cjj ,b4,c4 ,the ,natural ,history of ,pliny1 that great storehouse of ancient knowledge1 and other early writers1 may also be used with profit4 ,illustration3 ,,title ,,page ,,of ,,the ,,edition ,,of ,,marbodus ,,on ,,precious ,,stones1 ,,published ,,in ,,cologne1 #aeci4 ,shows the figure of the ,high-priest and the names and tribal attributions of twelve stones of the ,breastplate4 ,i4 ,odem4 4 ,the etymology of this word clearly indicates that we have to do with a red stone1 most probably the carnelian4 ,we know that in ancient ,egypt hieroglyphic texts from the ,book of the ,dead were engraved upon amulets made from this stone1 and it was also used for early ,babylonian cylinders4 ,fine specimens of carnelian were obtained from ,arabia4 ,the ,greek ,septuagint and the ,latin ,vulgate1 as well as ,josephus1 in the 8,wars of the ,jews0 7,v1 #e1 #g71 and ,epiphanius1 all translate sardius1 the ancient designation of carnelian2 in his 8,antiquities10 however1 ,josephus renders odem by 8sardonyx40 ,the ,egyptian word chenem was used to designate red stones1 and seems to have been applied indifferently to red jasper and red feldspar as well as to carnelian2 indeed1 the first-named material was more freely used in early ,egyptian work than the carnelian4 ,it is1 therefore1 probable that in ,mosaic times odem signified red jasper1 while for the fifth century ,b4,c4 8carnelian0 would be the better rendering4 ,this modern name of the sardius1 signifying the 8flesh-colored0 stone1 first appears in the ,latin translation of a treatise by ,luca ben ,costa1 who wrote in the tenth century ,a4,d4 ,the name of ,reuben is said to have been engraved on the odem stone1 which occupied the first place on the breastplate4 ,,ii4 ,pidah4 4 ,there seems to be little doubt that this is the topazius of ancient writers1 which usually signified our chrysolite1 or peridot1 not our topaz2 for ,pliny and his successors describe the topazius as a stone of a greenish hue4 ,a legend related by ,pliny gives as the place of origin an island in the ,red ,sea1 called ,topazos1 from topazein1 8to conjecture10 because it was difficult to find4 ,however1 the ,hebrew pidah appears to have been derived from the ,sanskrit pia1 8yellow10 and should1 therefore1 have originally signified a yellow stone1 perhaps our topaz4 ,w4 ,m4 ,flinders ,petrie1 probably influenced by this ,sanskrit etymology1 sees in it the yellow serpentine used in ancient ,egypt4 ,if1 nevertheless1 we admit that a light green stone occupied the second place on the ,mosaic breastplate1 it was perhaps the light green serpentine4 ,this was called meh in ,egyptian1 and was often used for amulets4 ,in the case of the later breastplate we may substitute the peridot4 ,on this second stone was engraved the name ,simeon4 ,,iii4 ,bareketh4 4 ,here the ,septuagint1 ,josephus1 and the ,vulgate agree in translating smaragdus1 and as we know that emerald mines were worked at ,mount ,zabarah1 in ,nubia1 before the beginning of our era1 and that the emerald was known and used in ,egypt1 there does not seem to be any reason for rejecting the usual translation 8emerald40 ,still it must be admitted that smaragdus often designates other green stones than the emerald4 ,the suggestion has been made 7by ,myers and ,petrie7 that the passage in ,revelation iv1 #c1 where the rainbow is likened to the smaragdus1 indicates that the writer used this name for rock-crystal2 but this conjecture is scarcely satisfactory1 since it confuses the prismatic effects of light which has traversed the crystal with the crystal itself4 ,there can be little doubt that a stone of brilliant coloration1 like the emerald1 not a colorless one1 like rock-crystal1 would be used as a simile of the rainbow4 ,whether the ,mosaic breastplate already contained the emerald is another question1 and it seems rather more likely that green feldspar1 freely used in ancient ,egypt for amulets1 and known as uat1 was the third stone of the proto-breastplate4 ,the ,authorized ,version makes 8the carbuncle0 the third instead of the fourth stone4 ,upon the bereketh was engraved the name ,levi4 ,,iv4 ,nophek4 4 ,this name is rendered by the ,septuagint and ,josephus1 and 8carbunculus0 by the ,vulgate4 ,this designation1 signifying literally 8a glowing coal10 was used for certain stones distinguished by their peculiarly brilliant red color1 such as the ruby and certain fine garnets4 ,while it is quite possible that the ,oriental ruby may have been in the breastplate seen by ,josephus1 it is almost certain that it could not have been in the original breastplate of ,mosaic times1 since there is absolutely no proof that this stone was known in ancient ,egypt4 ,hence we are inclined to believe that in the thirteenth century ,b4,c4 the name nophek designated the almandine garnet1 or some similar variety of that stone4 ,the ,authorized ,version has 8emerald0 here instead of in the third place4 ,on this fourth stone of the breastplate was engraved the tribal name of ,judah4 ,illustration3 ,,cross1 ,,attached ,,as ,,pendant ,,to ,,the ,,crown ,,of ,,the ,,gothic ,,king ,,reccesvinthus 7#fdi-fgb ,a4,d474 ,forming part of the treasure discovered in #aheh at ,guarrazar in ,spain4 ,now in ,muse de ,cluny1 ,paris4 ,the cross proper is set with fine sapphires cut en cabochon and eight large pearls4 ,natural size4 ,v4 ,sappir4 ,this is rendered sapphirus in all the old versions4#dbc ,the stone cannot have been our sapphire1 for both ,theophrastus and ,pliny describe the sapphirus as a stone with golden spots1 thus showing that they meant the lapis-lazuli1 which is often spotted with particles of pyrites having a golden sheen4 ,this stone was named chesbet by the ,egyptians1 and was highly prized by them1 a quantity of lapis-lazuli often appearing as an important item in the lists of tribute paid to ,egypt and among the gifts sent by ,babylonia to the ,egyptian monarchs1 and obtained from the oldest mines in the world4 ,these were worked at a period #djjj ,b4,c4 and still are worked to this day4 ,from this material amulets and figures were made1 many of which have been preserved for us1 and the ,egyptian high-priest is said to have worn1 suspended from his neck1 an image of ,mat1 the ,goddess of ,truth1 made of lapis-lazuli4 ,the name is composed of the ,latin lapis1 8a stone10 and lajuward1 the name of the stone in ,persian4 ,from this latter word is also derived our 8azure40 ,in ancient times the lapis-lazuli was the blue stone par excellence1 because of its beautiful color and the valuable ultramarine dye derived from it4 ,although ,pliny writes 7xxxvii1 #ci7 that this stone was too soft for engraving1 this fact need not have prevented its use in the breastplate1 since the stones set therein were not intended for use as seals and hence were not subjected to any wear4 ,in this connection1 however1 it is somewhat strange that the ,hebrew word sappir appears to indicate a stone especially adapted to receive inscriptions4 ,the fact that the lapis-lazuli was greatly esteemed in ancient ,egypt1 and was still much used as an ornamental stone in ,greek and ,roman times1 renders it probable that it was set not only in the original breastplate1 but also in that of a later age4 ,upon this fifth stone the name ,issachar was inscribed4 ,,vi4 ,yahalom4 ,the sixth stone of the ,septuagint version and of ,josephus is the 1 probably green jasper1 or jade1 and this has been assumed to show that in the original ,hebrew text yashpheh was the sixth stone1 in place of yahalom4 ,the twelfth stone of the ,greek version is the or 8onyx10 and this seems to be the most probable equivalent of the ,hebrew yahalom4 ,some ,hebrew sources1 however1 render it 8diamond10 and ,luther in his ,german version of the ,bible1 as well as our own ,authorized ,version1 translates it thus4 ,this rendering is based upon the derivation of the word yahalom from a verb meaning 8to smite10 thus making the name of the stone signify 8the smiter10 a designation not inappropriate for the diamond1 which1 because of its extreme hardness1 has the power to cut1 or 8smite10 all other stones4 ,however1 for this purpose the emery corundum1 or smiris-point shamir1 mentioned in ,zechariah1 was most likely used4 ,the diamond was certainly not used in this way in very early times1 although it is possible that the stone was employed in engraving in the fifth century ,b4,c4 ,these considerations induce us to prefer the traditional interpretation of yahalom1 and translate it 8onyx40 ,in this case 8the smiter0 could be explained as denoting the use of the engraved onyx for sealing1 as the engraved figure or letters were struck upon some soft material to make an impression4 ,zebulun was the tribal name inscribed on the yahalom4 ,,vii4 ,leshem4 ,no stone in the breastplate is more difficult to determine than this one4 ,the ,septuagint1 ,josephus1 and the ,vulgate all translate ligurius1 an appellation sometimes applied to amber1 a substance quite unfitted for use in the breastplate among the other engraved stones4 ,probably the original significance of ligurius was amber1 this name being used because ,liguria1 in northern ,italy1 was the chief source of supply for ,greece and the ,orient2 amber which had been gathered on the shores of the ,baltic being brought by traders to ,liguria and forwarded thence to other lands4 ,as1 however1 the ,greeks had another name for amber1 electron1 the name ligurion appears to have been applied later to a variety of the jacinth somewhat resembling amber in color1 and then to other varieties of the same stone4 ,the original form of the name was evidently ligurion1 which was later changed to lyncurion1 and was then explained as meaning the urine of the lynx 7from 1 and 1 urine74 ,this fanciful etymology gave rise to the story that the ligurios1 or rather lyncurius1 was the solidified urine of the lynx4 ,the term lyncurion1 as used by ,theophrastus1 may possibly have included the sapphire as well as the jacinth1 since he lays especial stress upon the coldness of this substance1 a quality characteristic of the sapphire1 and also of the still denser jacinth4 ,hence1 it appears that we have1 even in the name ligurius1 some justification for accepting the rendering hyacinthus1 suggested by the list of foundation stones in ,revelation xxi1 #bj1 and already proposed by ,epiphanius1 ,bishop of ,constantia1 about #djj ,a4,d4 ,whether hyacinthus should be rendered 8sapphire0 or 8jacinth0 is not easy to determine1 as this name seems to have been used indifferently for both stones2 with the ,arabs1 under the form yakut1 it became a generic term for all the varieties of the corundum gems4 ,the sapphire was engraved in ,greek and ,roman times and is1 perhaps1 the leshem stone of the ,second ,temple4 ,for the ,mosaic breastplate we are forced to seek for some stone known in ancient ,egypt1 where the sapphire does not seem to have been introduced at an early date4 ,if we could accept the suggestion of ,brugsch that the ,egyptian neshem stone1 reputed to have wonderful magic virtues1 was the same as the ,hebrew leshem1 a brown agate would have been the seventh stone in the original breastplate1 as ,wendel gives very strong reasons for rendering neshem in this way4 ,the color designations were very freely used in ,egyptian1 and therefore a reddish or a yellowish brown agate may have been used4 ,the leshem bore the tribal name ,joseph4 ,,viii4 ,shebo4 4 ,this is uniformly rendered in the ancient versions and in ,josephus by 8agate10 a composite stone highly esteemed in very ancient times1 and hence worthy of a place among the stones of the breastplate2 at a later period1 as ,pliny notes 7xxxvii1 #ed71 it became so common that it was but little regarded4 ,nevertheless the fact that the various kinds of agates were believed to have many talismanic and therapeutic virtues1 the great variety of coloration observable in these stones1 and the curious figures and markings displayed by many of them1 served to make them favorite objects4 ,the etymology of the word shebo suggests that it designated more especially a banded agate1 and that set in the proto-breastplate was most probably one with gray and white bands1 as this variety often appears in ,egyptian work4 ,there would have been no lack of contrast between this stone and the reddish or yellowish-brown agate1 of uniform color1 which may have occupied the seventh place4 ,for the later breastplate we may choose any one of the many kinds of banded agate4 ,this stone had engraved upon it the name ,benjamin4 ,,ix4 ,alamah4 4 ,as to this stone also1 all the authorities are in agreement1 and render alamah by 8amethyst40 ,this was not1 however1 the ,oriental amethyst1 a variety of corundum1 but a dark blue or purple variety of quartz4 ,both ,arabia and ,syria furnished a supply of amethysts4 ,the ,hebrew name shows that this stone was believed to possess the virtue of inducing dreams and visions 7cf4 halom--8dream071 while1 as is well known1 the ,greek name characterizes it as an enemy or preventive of inebriety4 ,the amethyst was known in ancient ,egypt and probably was named hemag4 ,in the ,book of the ,dead a heart made of hemag is mentioned1 and two such heart-shaped amulets of amethyst are preserved in the ,boulaq ,museum4 ,as the amethyst retained its repute as a stone of beauty and power through the ,greek and ,roman periods1 we may safely assert that it was set in both the first and second breastplates4 ,upon the alamah was engraved the name ,dan4 ,x4 ,tarshish4 4 ,the ,septuagint renders this word 8chrysolite10 where it is used in the description of the breastplate1 as does ,josephus also4 ,in the ,authorized ,version1 8beryl0 is the rendering4 ,we have already stated that the topaz of the ancients was usually our chrysolite1 or peridot1 and the name 8chrysolite0 appears to have been used to designate our topaz4 ,this is indeed indicated by the literal meaning of the word1 8golden-stone40 ,the tarshish received its name from ,tartessus1 in ,spain1 an important commercial station of the ,phnicians4 ,the stone derived from this source was not1 of course1 our ,oriental topaz1 a variety of corundum1 nor was it the true topaz2 neither is it at all likely that the name tarshish signified1 at least originally1 the genuine topaz2 most probably it denoted a variety of quartz which occurs in ,spain4 ,this is originally black1 but is decolorized by heating to a deep brown1 and if the heating be prolonged the stone becomes paler and eventually entirely transparent4 ,the ancients were familiar with this property4 ,in ancient ,egyptian records a stone called thehen is frequently mentioned as a material from which amulets were made4 ,this ,egyptian name signified primarily a 8yellow stone10 and might designate either the topaz or the yellow jasper1 known and used in ,egypt at a very early date2 the topaz was probably not known there earlier than #ejj or #fjj ,b4,c4 ,hence1 in spite of the unquestionable difficulty offered by the geographical name tarshish1 which might seem to confine us to a ,spanish origin for the stone1 the probabilities favor the selection of the yellow jasper as the tenth gem in ,aaron's breastplate4 ,for that made with pious zeal by those who labored to renew the glories of the ,old ,jerusalem1 we choose the topaz1--possibly1 indeed1 a fine specimen of the genuine topaz1--for whatever the quality of the yellow stone originally brought from ,tartessus1 the name may well have been applied to the genuine topaz when that stone became known to the ,jews1 either in ,babylonia1 or after their return to ,palestine4 ,the tarshish was engraved with the name ,naphtali4 ,,xi4 ,shoham4 4 ,the ,septuagint translates 8beryl10 but in our ,authorized ,version and in that used by ,roman ,catholics1 the so-called ,douai ,version1 the word is invariably rendered 8onyx40 ,diodorus ,siculus and ,dionysius ,periegetes1 writing in the first century ,b4,c41 are the first classical authors who use the name beryl4 ,while this name does not appear in the treatise of ,theophrastus1 he evidently includes the beryl among his smaragdi2 indeed1 the true emerald is simply a variety of the beryl1 and owes its beautiful coloration to a slight admixture of chromium4 ,the finest beryls were brought from ,india4 ,besides the specimen set in the breastplate1 the high-priest wore on his shoulders two shoham stones1 each engraved with the names of six of the tribes4 ,after carefully weighing the evidence1 we believe that the stones worn by the high-priest of the ,second ,temple were aquamarines 7beryls74 ,in our endeavor to determine the shoham stones used in ,mosaic times1 we have no very definite information to guide us2 on the whole1 the conjecture of ,j4 ,l4 ,myers1 that they were malachites1 seems to have much in its favor1 for this material was known to the ancient ,egyptians and appears to have been often used for amulets4 ,the ,egyptian name for malachite1 as well as for other green stones1 was mafek1 and a ring of mafek is mentioned in an ,egyptian text2 undoubtedly1 at a later period in ,egyptian history1 mafek may also have denoted the beryl4 ,in view of the fact that the turquoise was unquestionably known to the ,egyptians at a very early date1 the supply being derived from mines in the ,sinai ,peninsula1 which were rediscovered by ,macdonald1 we might be tempted to suggest that the shoham stones were turquoises4 ,the light blue or blue-green of the specimens of this stone found on ,mt4 ,sinai would make an even better contrast with the neighboring jade than would the bright green malachite4 ,on the shoham of the breastplate the name ,gad was engraved4 ,,xii4 ,yashpheh4 4 ,if1 as appears almost certain1 this name originally occupied the sixth place in the original ,hebrew text1 all the ancient versions agree in translating it 8jasper40 ,an ,assyrian form of the name was yashpu1 as is shown by the ,tell el ,amarna letters in the cuneiform writing dating from not long before the ,exodus4 ,of all the so-called jaspers none were so highly valued as those of a green color4 ,the talismanic and therapeutic qualities of the 8green jaspers0 are often noted by ancient writers1 and1 according to ,galen1 these stones were recommended for remedial use by ,egyptian writers on medicine4 ,abel ,remusat1 the great ,french ,orientalist1 writing in #ahbj1 was one of the first to see in the yashpheh of the ,hebrews and in the green jasper of the ,greeks and ,romans1 the material jade 7nephrite or jadeite71 the ,chinese yu-stone4 ,these minerals were used both in the ,old and the ,new ,world1 and were everywhere believed to possess wonderful virtues4 ,very likely the powers supposed to characterize jade were later attributed to green jasper1 but there is every reason to suppose that the true jade was always more highly prized than its jasper substitute1 for it was much rarer1 and was easily distinguishable1 by its translucency1 from jasper of a similar color4 ,until quite recently only ,turkestan1 ,burma and ,new ,zealand have supplied jade and most of that used in other lands came from prehistoric relics or from sources unknown to us4 ,it seems highly probable that the yashpheh which adorned the breastplate made for ,aaron was a piece of nephrite or jadeite2 possibly in the later breastplate green jasper may have been employed4 ,this stone was inscribed with the tribal name ,assher4 ,in the following lists of the precious and semi-precious stones contained in the earlier and later breastplates1 the writer does not claim to have finally solved the problem presented by the ,hebrew accounts of the high-priest's adornment1 but he hopes that the distinction established here between the ,mosaic breastplate and that of the ,second ,temple1 separated from each other by an interval of eight centuries1 may serve to clear up some of the difficulties encountered in the treatment of this subject4 ,the ,breastplate of ,aaron4 ,the ,breastplate of the ,second ,temple4 ,i ,red jasper ,carnelian ,,ii ,light-green serpentine ,peridot ,,iii ,green feldspar ,emerald ,,iv ,almandine garnet ,ruby ,v ,lapis-lazuli ,lapis-lazuli ,,vi ,onyx ,onyx ,,vii ,brown agate ,sapphire or jacinth ,,viii ,banded agate ,banded agate ,,ix ,amethyst ,amethyst ,x ,yellow jasper ,topaz ,,xi ,malachite ,beryl ,,xii ,green jasper1 or jade ,green jasper1 or jade ,the following lists show the variations of the different ancient authorities in regard to the names of the gems in the breastplate3 ,septuagint4 ,josephus ,vulgate ,authorized ,revised ,hebrew4 7,greek7 7,greek7 7,latin7 ,version ,version ,about ,about ,about #afaa ,a4,d4 #ahhd ,a4,d4 #bej ,b4,c4 #ij ,a4,d4 #djj ,a4,d4 #a ,odem ,sardion ,sardonyx ,sardius ,sardius ,sardius 7or ,ruby7 #b ,pidah ,topazion ,topazos ,topazius ,topaz ,topaz #c ,bareeth ,smaragdos ,smaragdos ,smaragdus ,carbuncle ,carbuncle 7or ,emerald7 #d ,nophak ,anthrax ,anthrax ,carbunculus ,emerald ,emerald 7or ,carbuncle7 #e ,sappir ,sappheiros ,iaspis ,sapphirius ,sapphire ,sapphire #f ,yahalom ,iaspis ,sappheiros ,jaspis ,diamond ,diamond 7or ,sardonyx7 #g ,leshem ,ligurion ,liguros ,ligurius ,ligure ,jacinth 7or ,amber7 #h ,shebo ,achats ,amethystos ,achats ,agate ,agate #i ,alamah ,amethystos ,achats ,amethystus ,amethyst ,amethyst #aj ,tarshish ,chrysolithos ,chrysolithos ,chrysolithus ,beryl ,beryl 7or ,chalcedony7 #aa ,shoham ,bryllion ,onyx ,onychinus ,onyx ,onyx 7or ,beryl7 #ab ,yashpheh ,onychion ,bryllos ,bryllus ,jasper ,jasper ,the high-priest's breastplate1 as described in ,hebrew tradition1 was regarded by the ,jews with peculiar reverence1 and the stones set in it were believed to be emblematic of many things4 ,it is1 therefore1 quite natural that these stones are described in the book of ,revelation as the foundation stones of the ,new ,jerusalem4 ,the names are in some cases not identical with those given in ,exodus1 but this may arise from various renderings of the ,hebrew names in the ,targums or in the ,greek versions4 ,the text in ,revelation 7xxi1 #i-ba7 is as follows3 ,and there came unto me one of the seven angels which had the seven vials full of the seven last plagues1 and talked with me1 saying1 ,come hither1 ,i will show thee the bride1 the ,lamb's wife3 ,and he carried me away in the spirit to a great and high mountain1 and showed me that great city1 the holy ,jerusalem1 descending out of heaven from ,god4 ,having the glory of ,god3 and her light was like unto a stone most precious1 even like a jasper-stone1 clear as crystal2 ,and had a wall great and high1 and had twelve gates1 and at the gates twelve angels1 and names written thereon1 which are the names of the twelve tribes of the children of ,israel3 ,on the east1 three gates2 on the north1 three gates2 on the south1 three gates2 and on the west1 three gates4 ,and the wall of the city had twelve foundations1 and in them the names of the twelve apostles of the ,lamb4 ,and he that talked with me had a golden reed to measure the city1 and the gates thereof1 and the wall thereof4 ,and the city lieth foursquare1 and the length is as large as the breadth3 and he measured the city with the reed1 twelve thousand furlongs4 ,the length and the breadth and the height of it are equal4 ,and he measured the wall thereof1 an hundred and forty and four cubits1 according to the measure of a man1 that is1 of the angel4 ,and the building of the wall of it was of jasper3 and the city was pure gold1 like unto clear glass4 ,and the foundations of the wall of the city were garnished with all manner of precious stones4 ,the first foundation was jasper2 the second1 sapphire2 the third1 a chalcedony2 the fourth1 an emerald2 ,the fifth1 sardonyx2 the sixth1 sardius2 the seventh1 chrysolite2 the eighth1 beryl2 the ninth1 a topaz2 the tenth1 a chrysoprasus2 the eleventh1 a jacinth2 the twelfth1 an amethyst4 ,and the twelve gates were twelve pearls2 every several gate was of one pearl3 and the street of the city was pure gold1 as it were transparent glass4 ,it is easy to trace in this description the substitution of the twelve apostles for the twelve tribes in connection with the precious stones enumerated1 and1 besides this1 we also have the twelve angels1 associated at a later date with the months and the signs of the zodiac4 ,of the twelve foundation stones the ,revelation of ,st4 ,john expressly states that they had 8in them the names of the twelve apostles of the ,lamb40 ,the assignment of each stone to the respective apostle was made in later times according to the order given in the lists of the apostles contained in the so-called ,synoptic ,gospels1 ,matthew1 ,mark1 and ,luke4 ,these lists are not quite identical--,andrew1 for instance1 being placed second in ,matthew and ,luke1 but fourth in ,mark--and the same stone was not always assigned to a given apostle4 ,frequently the list was modified by the addition of the apostle ,paul1 really the thirteenth apostle4 ,in this case he was usually given the second place immediately after ,st4 ,peter1 and to the brothers ,james and ,john1 the 8,sons of ,thunder10 was assigned a single stone2 in some later arrangements ,st4 ,paul occupies the last place1 after ,st4 ,matthias1 who was chosen to take the place of ,judas ,iscariot1 and whose name as an apostle first appears in the ,acts4 ,,lists ,,of ,,the ,,apostles4 ,gospel of ,gospel of ,gospel of ,st4 ,matthew ,st4 ,mark ,st4 ,luke x1 #b-d4 iii1 #af-ai4 vi1 #ad-af4 ,peter ,peter ,peter ,andrew ,james ,andrew ,james ,john ,james ,john ,andrew ,john ,philip ,philip ,philip ,bartholomew ,bartholomew ,bartholomew ,thomas ,matthew ,matthew ,matthew ,thomas ,thomas ,james the ,less ,james the ,less ,james the ,less ,thaddeus ,thaddeus ,simon ,zelotes ,simon ,zelotes ,simon ,zelotes ,judas ,judas ,iscariot ,judas ,iscariot ,judas ,iscariot ,the passage in ,revelation xxi1 #ai1 #bj1 is not the only one in that book treating of precious stones1 for we read in chapter iv1 #b1 #c3 ,and immediately ,i was in the ,spirit3 and1 behold1 a throne was set in heaven1 and one sat on the throne4 ,and he that sat was to look upon like a jasper and a sardine stone3 and there was a rainbow round about the throne1 in sight like unto an emerald4 ,the commentators1 both ancient and modern1 have given many different explanations of the symbolic meaning of the similes employed here4 ,some have seen in the two stones a type of the two judgments of the world1 by fire and by water2 others find that they signify the holiness of ,god and his justice4 ,of the rainbow 8like unto an emerald10 ,alford says we should not think it strange that the bow is green1 instead of prismatic3 8the form is that of the covenant bow1 the color even more refreshing and more directly symbolizing grace and mercy40#dbd ,the significance of the twelve ,apocalyptic gems is given by ,rabanus ,maurus1 ,archbishop of ,mainz 7#ghf-hef71 in the following words3#dbe ,in the jasper is figured the truth of faith2 in the sapphire1 the height of celestial hope2 in the chalcedony1 the flame of inner charity4 ,in the emerald is expressed the strength of faith in adversity2 in the sardonyx1 the humility of the saints in spite of their virtues2 in the sard1 the venerable blood of the martyrs4 ,in the chrysolite1 indeed1 is shown true spiritual preaching accompanied by miracles2 in the beryl1 the perfect operation of prophecy2 in the topaz1 the ardent contemplation of the prophecies4 ,lastly1 in the chrysoprase is demonstrated the work of the blessed martyrs and their reward2 in the hyacinth1 the celestial rapture of the learned in their high thoughts and their humble descent to human things out of regard for the weak2 in the amethyst1 the constant thought of the heavenly kingdom in humble souls4 ,the origin of the foundation stones named in ,revelation xxi1 #ai1 #bj1 may be found in the text1 ,isaiah liv1 #aa1 #ab1 where we read3 ,o thou afflicted1 tossed with tempest1 and not comforted1 behold1 ,i will lay thy stones with fair colours1 and lay thy foundations with sapphires4 ,and ,i will make thy windows of agates1 and thy gates of carbuncles1 and all thy borders of pleasant stones4 ,as we see1 only three stones are mentioned by name3 the sapphire1 the carbuncle1 and 8agates40 ,this last rendering is quite doubtful1 as the ,hebrew word 7kodkodim7 signifies shining or gleaming stones1 and their use for windows indicates that they must have been transparent4 ,it is easy to understand that in later times the twelve stones of the breastplate1 dedicated to the twelve tribes of ,israel1 were used to fill out and complete the picture1 following the indication given by the general terms 8stones with fair colours0 and 8pleasant stones40 ,in commenting on this text ,rabbi ,johanan is quoted in the ,babylonian ,talmud as saying that ,god would bring jewels and pearls thirty ells square 7twenty ells in height and ten in width7 and would place them on the gates of ,jerusalem4 ,there may be in this some reminiscence of the ,apocalyptic foundation stones4 ,a sceptical disciple said to the ,rabbi1 8,we do not ever find a jewel as large as the egg of a dove40 ,but not long afterward1 when this same disciple was sailing in a boat on the sea1 he saw angels sawing stones as immense as those described by ,rabbi ,johanan1 and when he asked for what they were designed1 the reply was1 8,the ,holy ,one1 blessed be ,he1 will place them on the gates of ,jerusalem40#dbf ,,ix ,birth-,stones ,the origin of the belief that to each month of the year a special stone was dedicated1 and that the stone of the month was endowed with a peculiar virtue for those born in that month and was their natal stone1 may be traced back to the writings of ,josephus1 in the first century of our era1 and to those of ,st4 ,jerome1 in the early part of the fifth century4 ,both these authors distinctly proclaim the connection between the twelve stones of the high-priest's breastplate and the twelve months of the year1 as well as the twelve zodiacal signs4 ,strange to say1 however1 in spite of this early testimony1 we have no instance of the usage of wearing such stones as natal stones until a comparatively late date2 indeed1 it appears that this custom originated in ,poland some time during the eighteenth century4 ,the reason for this seems to have been that the virtues attributed to each particular stone1 more especially the therapeutic virtues1 rendered it necessary to recommend the wearing of one or the other1 according to the disease from which the person was suffering1 for his natal stone might not have the power to cure his particular ailment1 or might not bring about the fulfilment of his dearest wish4 ,in other words1 the belief in the special virtues of the stone was paramount1 and it was long before the mystic bond between the stone of the month and the person born in that month was fully realized4 ,the order in which the foundation stones of the ,new ,jerusalem are given in the book of ,revelation determined the succession of natal stones for the months4 ,the first stone was assigned to ,st4 ,peter and to the month of ,march1 to the leader of the apostles and to the month of the spring equinox2 the second to the month of ,april2 the third to ,may1 etc4 ,when1 however1 many centuries later1--probably in ,poland1 as we have stated1--with the aid of the rabbis or the ,hebrew gem traders1 the wearing of natal stones became usual1 certain changes had been made in this order and some stones not mentioned among those of the breastplate1 or of the ,new ,jerusalem1 were substituted for certain of these1--notably the turquoise for the month of ,december1 the ruby for ,july1 and the diamond for ,april4 ,in modern times the turquoise has become the stone for ,july while the ruby has been assigned to ,december4 ,there is some evidence in favor of the theory that at the outset all twelve stones were acquired by the same person and worn in turn1 each one during the respective month to which it was assigned1 or during the ascendancy of its zodiacal sign4 ,the stone of the month was believed to exercise its therapeutic or talismanic virtue to the fullest extent at that period4 ,perhaps the fact that this entailed a monthly change of ornaments may rather have been a recommendation of the usage than the reverse4#dbg ,it seems highly probable that the development of the belief in natal stones that took place in ,poland was due to the influence of the ,jews who settled in that country shortly before we have historic notice of the use of the twelve stones for those born in the respective months4 ,the lively interest always felt by the ,jews regarding the gems of the breastplate1 the many and various commentaries their learned men have written upon this subject1 and the fact that the well-to-do among the chosen people have always carried with them in their wanderings many precious stones1 all this seems to make it likely that to the ,jews should be attributed the fashion of wearing natal stones4 ,however1 whether this conjecture be correct or erroneous1 the fashion once started became soon quite general and has as many votaries to-day as ever before4 ,there can be no doubt that the owner of a ring or ornament set with a natal stone is impressed with the idea of possessing something more intimately associated with his or her personality than any other stone1 however beautiful or costly it may be4 ,if it be objected that this is nothing but imagination due to sentiment1 we must bear in mind that imagination is one of the most potent factors in our life2 indeed1 the great ,napoleon is quoted as saying that it ruled the world4 ,probably the very earliest text we have in which the stones of the breastplate are positively associated with the months of the year is to be found in the 8,antiquities of the ,jews10 by ,flavius ,josephus4#dbh ,this runs as follows3 ,moreover1 the vestments of the high-priest being made of linen signifies the earth1 the blue denotes the sky1 being like lightning in its pomegranates1 and resembling thunder in the noise of the bells4 ,and as for the ephod1 it showed that ,god had made the universe of four elements1 and as for the gold interwoven in it1 ,i suppose it related to the splendor by which all things are to be enlightened4 ,he also appointed the breastplate to be placed in the middle of the ephod to resemble the earth1 for that occupies the middle place in the world2 and the girdle1 which encompassed the high priest about1 signifies the ocean1 for that goes about everything4 ,and the two sardonyxes that were in the clasps on the high-priest's shoulders1 indicate to us the sun and the moon4 ,and for the twelve stones1 whether we understand by them the months1 or the twelve signs of what the ,greeks call the zodiac1 we shall not be mistaken in their meaning4 ,and for the cap1 which was of a blue color1 it seems to me to mean heaven1 for otherwise the name of ,god would not have been inscribed upon it4 ,that it was also adorned with a crown1 and that of gold also1 is because of the splendor with which ,god is pleased4 ,this passage was adapted by ,st4 ,jerome1 three hundred years later1 in his letter to ,fabiola1#dbi and undoubtedly laid the foundation for the later custom of wearing one of these stones as a natal or birth-stone for a person born in a given month1 or for an astral or zodiacal stone for one born under a given zodiacal sign4 ,as we see1 both uses are indicated by the passage of ,josephus4 ,in the later centuries1 as the book of ,revelation1 which was generally less favored at the outset than the other parts of the ,new ,testament1 became a subject of devout study1 and a mine of mystical suggestions1 the twelve foundation stones 7,rev4 xxi1 #ai7 of the ,new ,jerusalem largely took the place of the stones of the breastplate4 ,while this list of foundation stones is unquestionably based upon the much earlier list of the stones adorning ,aaron's breastplate1 the ordering differs considerably and there are some changes in the material2 possibly many1 if not all1 of these differences may be due to textual errors or to a transcription from memory4 ,that the foundation stones were inscribed with the names of the apostles is expressly stated 7,rev4 xxi1 #ad71 but it was not until the eighth or ninth century that the commentators on ,revelation busied themselves with finding analogies between these stones and the apostles4 ,at the outset1 the symbolism of the stones was looked upon from a purely religious standpoint4 ,few of the early fathers--we may except ,epiphanius--thought or cared much for the stones themselves1 or knew much of them2 but1 in time1 their natural beauty became more and more highly developed as the lapidarian art demanded better cut and choicer material1 their supposed virtues came to the fore1 and the symbolism was strengthened and emphasized by a reference to their innate qualities and also to their peculiar powers4 ,the fact that this part of the tradition was rather of pagan than of ,christian origin probably contributed to render it less attractive to the early ,christians1 so that it was not until ,christianity had become practically universal in the ,greek and ,roman world and the opposition to pagan traditions1 as such1 was weakened and1 indeed1 largely forgotten1 that the virtues of the stones were made prominent1 and certain parts of these superstitions were retained1 as were some of the pagan ceremonies in the ,christian religion4 ,one of the earliest writers to associate directly with the apostles the symbolism of the gems given as foundation stones of the ,new ,jerusalem by ,st4 ,john in ,revelation xxi1 #ai1 is ,andreas1 bishop of ,csarea4 ,this author was at one time assigned by critics to the fifth century ,a4,d41#dcj but more recent investigation has shown that he probably belonged to the last half of the tenth century4 ,his exposition reads as follows3#dca ,the jasper1 which like the emerald is of a greenish hue1 probably signifies ,st4 ,peter1 chief of the apostles1 as one who so bore ,christ's death in his inmost nature that his love for ,him was always vigorous and fresh4 ,by his fervent faith he has become our shepherd and leader4 ,as the sapphire is likened to the heavens 7from this stone is made a color popularly called lazur71 ,i conceive it to mean ,st4 ,paul1 since he was caught up to the third heaven1 where his soul was firmly fixed4 ,thither he seeks to draw all those who may be obedient to him4 ,the chalcedony was not inserted in the high-priest's breastplate1 but instead the carbuncle1 of which no mention is made here4 ,it may well be1 however1 that the author designated the carbuncle by the name chalcedony4 ,andrew1 then1 can be likened to the carbuncle1 since he was splendidly illumined by the fire of the ,spirit4 ,the emerald1 which is of a green color1 is nourished with oil1 that its transparency and beauty may not change2 we conceive this stone to signify ,john the ,evangelist4 ,he1 indeed1 soothed the souls dejected by sin with a divine oil1 and by the grace of his excellent doctrine lends constant strength to our faith4 ,by the sardonyx1 showing with a certain transparency and purity the color of the human nail1 we believe that ,james is denoted1 seeing that he bore death for ,christ before all others4 ,this the nail by its color indicates1 for it may be cut off without any sensible pain4 ,the sardius with its tawny and translucent coloring suggests fire1 and it possesses the virtue of healing tumors and wounds inflicted by iron2 hence ,i consider that it designates the beauty of virtue characterizing the apostle ,philip1 for his virtue1 animated by the fire of the ,holy ,spirit1 cured the soul of the wounds inflicted by the wiles of the devil1 and revived it4 ,the chrysolite1 gleaming with the splendor of gold1 may symbolize ,bartholomew1 since he was illustrious for his divine preaching and his store of virtues4 ,the beryl1 imitating the colors of the sea and of the air1 and not unlike the jacinth1 seems to suggest the admirable ,thomas1 especially as he made a long journey by sea1 and even reached the ,indies1 sent by ,god to preach salvation to the peoples of that region4 ,the topaz1 which is of a ruddy color1 resembling somewhat the carbuncle1 stops the discharge of the milky fluid with which those having eye-disease suffer4 ,this seems to denote ,matthew1 for he was animated by a divine zeal1 and1 his blood being fired because of ,christ1 he was found worthy to enlighten by his ,gospel those whose heart was blinded1 that they might like new-born children drink of the milk of the faith4 ,the chrysoprase1 more brightly tinged with a golden hue than gold itself1 symbolizes ,st4 ,thaddus2 the gold 7chrysos7 symbolizing the kingdom of ,christ1 and the prassius1 ,christ's death1 both of which he preached to ,abgar1 ,king of ,edessa4 ,the jacinth1 which is of a celestial hue1 signifies ,simon ,zelotes1 zealous for the gifts and grace of ,christ and endowed with a celestial prudence4 ,by the amethyst1 which shows to the onlooker a fiery aspect1 is signified ,matthias1 who in the gift of tongues was so filled with celestial fire and with fervent zeal to serve and please ,god1 who had chosen him1 that he was found worthy to take the place of the apostate ,judas4 ,some theologians were opposed to the assignment of the foundation stones to the apostles1 for they held that only ,christ himself could be regarded as the foundation of his ,church4 ,hence the symbolism of these stones was made to apply to ,christ alone1 the color of the stone often guiding the commentator in his choice of ideas denoted by the different gems4 ,thus1 one writer1 applying all the meanings to ,christ1 finds that the greenish ,jasper denotes satisfaction2 the sky-blue ,sapphire1 the soul2 the bright-red ,chalcedony1 zeal for truth2 the transparent green ,emerald1 kindness and goodness2 the nail-colored ,sardonyx1 the strength of spiritual life2 the red ,sardius1 readiness to shed ,his blood for the ,church2 the yellow ,chrysolite1 the excellence of ,his divine nature2 the sea-green ,beryl1 moderation and the control of the passions2 the glass-green ,topaz 7chrysolite871 uprightness2 the harsh-colored ,chrysoprase1 sternness towards sinners2 the violet or purple ,jacinth1 royal dignity1 and1 lastly1 the purple ,amethyst1 with a touch of red1 perfection4#dcb ,andreas of ,csarea freely recognizes his indebtedness to the much more ancient source1 ,st4 ,epiphanius1 bishop of ,constantia in ,cyprus1 who died in #djb ,a4,d41 and who wrote a short but very valuable treatise on the stones of the breastplate1 noting in several cases the therapeutic and talismanic virtues of these stones and giving his opinion as to the order in which the names of the tribes were inscribed upon them4#dcc ,as the foundation stones of ,revelation are rightly called 8apostolic stones10 so those of the breastplate merit the designation of 8tribal stones10 as well as that of astral stones2 indeed1 the ,jews of medieval times definitely associated the tribes with the zodiacal signs in the following order3 ,judah ,aries ,issachar ,taurus ,zebulun ,gemini ,reuben ,cancer ,simeon ,leo ,gad ,virgo ,ephraim ,libra ,manasseh ,scorpio ,benjamin ,sagittarius ,dan ,capricorn ,naphtali ,aquarius ,asher ,pisces ,for ,rabanus ,maurus the nine gems of the king of ,tyre named in ,ezekiel xxxviii1 #ac1 are types of the nine orders of angels1 just as the twelve foundation stones of ,revelation signify the twelve apostles4#dcd ,it is evident1 from early and later usage1 that1 at the place and time where and when these stones were first utilized for birth-stones1 the year must have begun with the month of ,march4 ,this will be apparent when we compare the following eight lists1 carefully gathered from various sources3 ,isidore ,bishop of ,month ,jews ,romans ,seville ,arabians ,january ,garnet ,garnet ,hyacinth ,garnet ,february ,amethyst ,amethyst ,amethyst ,amethyst ,march ,jasper ,bloodstone ,jasper ,bloodstone ,april ,sapphire ,sapphire ,sapphire ,sapphire ,may ,chalcedony ,agate ,agate ,emerald ,carnelian ,agate ,june ,emerald ,emerald ,emerald ,agate ,chalcedony ,pearl ,july ,onyx ,onyx ,onyx ,carnelian ,august ,carnelian ,carnelian ,carnelian ,sardonyx ,september ,chrysolite ,sardonyx ,chrysolite ,chrysolite ,october ,aquamarine ,aquamarine ,aquamarine ,aquamarine ,november ,topaz ,topaz ,topaz ,topaz ,december ,ruby ,ruby ,ruby ,ruby -----------------------,table split------------------------ #aeth to #bjth ,poles ,russians ,italians ,century ,january ,garnet ,garnet ,jacinth ,garnet ,hyacinth ,garnet ,february ,amethyst ,amethyst ,amethyst ,amethyst ,hyacinth ,pearl ,march ,bloodstone ,jasper ,jasper ,jasper ,bloodstone ,april ,diamond ,sapphire ,sapphire ,diamond ,sapphire ,may ,emerald ,emerald ,agate ,emerald ,agate ,june ,agate ,agate ,emerald ,cat's-eye ,chalcedony ,chalcedony ,turquoise ,agate ,july ,ruby ,ruby ,onyx ,turquoise ,sardonyx ,onyx ,august ,sardonyx ,alexandrite ,carnelian ,sardonyx ,carnelian ,moonstone ,topaz ,september ,sardonyx ,chrysolite ,chrysolite ,chrysolite ,october ,aquamarine ,beryl ,beryl ,beryl ,opal ,november ,topaz ,topaz ,topaz ,topaz ,pearl ,december ,turquoise ,turquoise ,ruby ,ruby ,chrysoprase ,bloodstone ,it may be interesting to show in these eight lists the stones which are most favored in each month in the following way1 the numerals indicating the number of lists in which the stones appear 7including the alternate stones73 ,january ,garnet #g1 hyacinth #b4 ,february ,amethyst #h1 hyacinth #a1 pearl #a4 ,march ,jasper #e1 bloodstone #d4 ,april ,sapphire #g1 diamond #b4 ,may ,agate #e1 emerald #d1 chalcedony #a1 carnelian #a4 ,june ,emerald #d1 agate #d1 chalcedony #c1 turquoise #a1 pearl #a1 cat's-eye #a4 ,july ,onyx #e1 sardonyx #a1 carnelian #a1 ruby #a1 turquoise #a4 ,august ,carnelian #e1 sardonyx #c1 moonstone #a1 topaz #a1 alexandrite #a4 ,september ,chrysolite #f1 sardonyx #b4 ,october ,beryl1 #h1 aquamarine #e1 opal #a4 ,november ,topaz #h1 pearl #a4 ,december ,ruby #f1 turquoise #b1 chrysoprase #a1 bloodstone #a4 ,with the exception of ,january1 where we have the garnet instead of the jacinth1 and of ,december1 which gives us the ruby instead of the chrysoprase1 the first choices are practically identical with the foundation stones1 bearing in mind that the eleventh stone is that for ,january1 the twelfth that for ,february1 the first that for ,march and so on4 ,of the assignment of the natal stones to the different months of the year or to the zodiacal signs1 ,poujet fils1 writing in #agfb1 states that in his opinion this fashion started in ,germany--others say in ,poland--some two centuries before his time1 and he adds that1 though this arrangement was purely imaginary1 and unknown to ancient writers1 it soon became popular1 and many1 more especially of the fair sex1 seeing in it an element of mystery1 wished to wear rings set with the stone appropriate to the month of their birth1 the stone being engraved with the appropriate zodiacal sign4#dce ,however correct ,poujet may be regarding the period at which the fashion of wearing natal rings was introduced1 he is1 as we have already shown1 quite wrong in believing that the serial arrangement of the stones and their assignment to months or signs was purely imaginary1 for it is unquestionably based on the list in ,revelation1 which in its turn goes back to the twelve stones of the high-priest's breastplate4 ,illustration3 ,,facsimile ,,of ,,the ,,betrothal ,,ring ,,of ,,the ,,virgin ,,in ,,the ,,cathedral ,,of ,,perugia4 ,the original ring1 which is of chalcedony1 is shown on ,st4 ,agatha's ,day1 ,july #bi1 to cure ailments of mothers4 ,this cord and facsimile of ring acquired by the author at ,perugia1 ,may #f1 #aijb4 ,the fashion of wearing a series of twelve stones denoting 7or bearing7 the zodiacal signs seems to have existed in the sixteenth century1 for ,catherine de' ,medici is said to have worn a girdle set with twelve stones1 among which were certain onyxes as large as crownpieces1 upon which talismanic designs had been engraved4 ,two hundred years later this girdle is stated to have been in the possession of a ,m4 d',ennery1 whose collection of antique medals was regarded as the finest in ,paris at the time4#dcf ,it is not1 however1 certain that the twelve stones of ,catherine's girdle were those attributed to the zodiacal signs both at an earlier and later period4 ,though the substitution of a new schedule for the time-honored list of birth-stones has received the approval of the ,national ,association of ,jewellers at the meeting in ,kansas ,city ,august1 #aiab1 it can scarcely be said to offer a satisfactory solution of the question1 which has its importance not only from a commercial point of view1 but also because the idea that birth-stones possess a certain indefinable1 but none the less real significance1 has long been present and still exercises a spell over the minds of all who are gifted with a touch of imagination1 or romance1 if you will4 ,the longing for something that appeals to this sense is much more general than is commonly supposed1 and is a not unnatural reaction against the progress of materialism1 against the assertion that there is nothing in heaven or earth but what we can definitely apprehend through our senses4 ,it is this persuasion that should be chiefly considered in any attempt to tamper with the traditional attribution of the stones to particular months or to the zodiacal signs4 ,once we allow the spirit of commercialism pure and simple to dictate the choice of such stones1 according to the momentary interest of dealers1 there is grave danger that the only true incentive to acquire birth-stones will be weakened and people will lose interest in them4 ,sentiment1 true sentiment1 is one of the best things in human nature4 ,while if darkened by fear it may lead to pessimism1 with all the evils which such a state of mind implies1 if illumined by hope it gives to humanity a brighter forecast of the future1 an optimism that helps people over difficult passages in their lives4 ,thus1 sentiment must not be neglected1 and nothing is more likely to destroy it than the conviction that it is being constantly exploited for purposes of commercialism4 ,for this reason1 the interest as well as the inclination of all who are concerned in this question of birth-stones should induce a very careful handling of the subject4 ,quite true it is that there are now1 and have been in the past1 several lists of these stones1 differing slightly from one another1 but all are based essentially either upon the list of foundation stones given in ,revelation 7xxi1 #ai7 or upon that of the gems adorning the breastplate of ,aaron and enumerated in ,exodus 7xxxix1 #aj-ac74 ,for convenient reference1 we give the latter according to the ,authorized ,version of the ,scriptures1 and also as corrected by later research1 and the former according to the ,authorized ,version4 ,breastplate4 ,foundation ,stones4 ,authorized ,version4 ,later ,correction4 ,authorized ,version4 ,i ,sardius ,carnelian ,jasper ,,ii ,topaz ,chrysolite ,sapphire 7peridot7 ,,iii ,carbuncle ,emerald ,chalcedony ,,iv ,emerald ,ruby ,emerald ,v ,sapphire ,lapis-lazuli ,sardonyx ,,vi ,diamond ,onyx ,sardius ,,vii ,ligure ,sapphire ,chrysolite ,,viii ,agate ,agate ,beryl ,,ix ,amethyst ,amethyst ,topaz ,x ,beryl ,topaz ,chrysoprasus ,,xi ,onyx ,beryl ,jacinth ,,xii ,jasper ,jasper ,amethyst ,while the arrangement differs in ,revelation1 the stones are nearly identical4 ,for chalcedonius1 we should probably read carchedonius1 a name of the ruby2 sardonyx is the onyx of ,exodus2 the jacinth 7sapphire7 is probably the 8ligure02 the sapphire was the lapis-lazuli1 and sardius is equivalent to carnelian4 ,there thus remains only the chrysoprase1 which for some reason has substituted the agate4 ,in the eventual association of the foundation stones with the months1 the first1 the jasper1 was assigned to ,march1 with which month the year was reckoned to begin4 ,the list suggested and adopted in ,kansas ,city reads as follows3 ,month4 ,birth-stone4 ,alternate ,stone4 ,january ,garnet ,february ,amethyst ,march ,bloodstone ,aquamarine ,april ,diamond ,may ,emerald ,june ,pearl ,moonstone ,july ,ruby ,august ,sardonyx ,peridot ,september ,sapphire ,october ,opal ,tourmaline ,november ,topaz ,december ,turquoise ,lapis-lazuli ,among the many changes in this list from that habitually followed1 it will be noted that the ruby is transferred from ,december to ,july1 changing places with the turquoise1 which became the gem of ,december4 ,this has been favored on the ground that the warmer-colored gem was best adapted for a ,july birth-stone1 while the paler turquoise was best suited to a winter month1 when the sun's rays are feeble4 ,the contrary1 however1 is true2 for it is in winter that we seek for warmth1 while in the heat of summer nothing is more grateful than coolness4 ,this transposition is1 in effect1 simply a return to the ordering of these stones in the ,polish list1 which may perhaps have become popular in ,europe in the eighteenth century through ,marie ,leczinska1 the queen of ,louis ,,xv4 ,another undesirable change takes the chrysolite 7peridot7 from the place it has always occupied as the gem of ,september1 and makes of it an alternate for ,august1 with the sardonyx1 while the sapphire1 properly the gem for ,april1 is made the birth-stone for ,september4 ,for ,october neither the tourmaline nor the opal is as appropriate as the beryl1 while for ,june we should prefer the asteria to the moonstone as a substitute for the pearl4 ,this suggested radical change or violation cannot be permitted4 ,the time-honored ordering is familiar now to all who are interested in the matter1 and any change1 even if one apparently for the better1 is liable to disturb the popular confidence in those who are supposed to be familiar with the subject4 ,above all1 there should be no duplication or triplication of birth-stones for any given month1 the choice between a birth-stone or an astral or zodiacal stone or the combination of these affording all the variety that is necessary or should be desired4 ,as the diamond does not appear to have been known to the ancients and is not given in any of the lists of birth-stones before the last century1 and as diamonds1 like gold and platinum1 may easily be used as accessories to other stones1 would it not perhaps be better to omit the diamond from the list of the stones of the months1 and rather use these gems as a bordering or other ornate addition to the stone of the month8 ,the pearl1 which is not a stone in any sense of the word1 should not appear in the list at all2 but it can be worn in some device suggesting a sentiment1 as1 for instance1 an emblem of purity1 etc4 ,the tourmaline1 as a gem only known in modern times or since the eighteenth century1 seems out of place in the list of birth-stones1 which ought only to comprise precious or semi-precious stones which have been known and worn from ancient times4 8,astral stones0 or 8zodiacal stones0 are terms used to designate those gems which were believed to be peculiarly and mystically related to the zodiacal signs4 ,while these signs constitute a twelve-fold division of the year just as do the months1 they do not exactly coincide with the latter as now reckoned1 but overlap them1 so that the sign ,aquarius1 for instance1 covers the period from ,january #ba to ,february #bj1 that of ,pisces from ,february #ba to ,march #bj1 that of ,aries1 the spring sign1 from ,march #ba to ,april #bj1 and so on down to ,capricornus1 which begins at the winter solstice4 ,thus1 every necessary opportunity is afforded for enlarging the selection of natal stones while preserving the traditional order of those appropriate to the months1 an order which in its origin dates back to the early ,christian centuries and which1 from the close relation with the sacred gems of the ,scriptures1 it seems almost sacrilegious to violate by arbitrary changes4 ,illustration3 ,,carnelian1 ,,engraved ,,with ,,the ,,zodiacal ,,signs1 ,,taurus1 ,,leo ,,and ,,capricorn2 ,,in ,,the ,,centre ,a ,,six-,,rayed ,,star1 ,,the ,,form ,,of ,,one ,,of ,,these ,,rays ,,denoting ,a ,,comet4 7,see p4 #cda47 ,referred to the nativity of ,augustus and to a comet which appeared shortly after the assassination of ,julius ,csar4 ,from ,de ,mairan's 8,lettres au ,r4 ,p4 ,parrenin10 ,paris1 #aggj1 opp4 p4 #bgd4 ,then1 in addition1 we have the 8talismanic gems10 or the stones of the twelve guardian angels1 one set over all those born in each month4 ,here we have another time-honored list1 differing from either of those mentioned above1 so that1 in almost if not quite every case1 each person has the choice between three different stones as 8birth-stones10 or can have them combined in an artistic jewel so as to profit by all the favorable influences promised by the old authorities ,thus1 there is absolutely no excuse for playing fast and loose with an ancient1 popular1 and quasi-religious belief in the special virtue of one particular stone for each month1 and that one the gem long prescribed by usage ,as it might seem appropriate that one born in the ,united ,states should wear a gem from among those which our country furnishes1 the following list was some time since prepared by the writer1 not in any sense as a substitute for the real birth-stones1 but as possible accessory gems 7when they were not identical71 gems which might be worn from a spirit of patriotism ,of course where the stone in question is really that traditionally recommended1 the fact that it is at the same time an ,american gem-stone is an added argument in its favor ,month4 ,stones4 ,where found4 ,january ,garnet1 rhodolite ,montana1 ,new ,mexico1 ,arizona1 ,north ,carolina ,february ,amethyst ,north ,carolina1 ,georgia1 ,virginia ,march ,californite ,california ,april ,sapphire ,montana1 ,idaho ,may ,green tourmaline ,lake ,superior ,june ,moss-agate ,california1 ,montana1 ,wyoming1 ,arizona ,july ,turquoise ,new ,mexico1 ,california1 ,arizona ,august ,golden beryl ,california1 ,connecticut1 ,north ,carolina ,september ,kunzite ,california ,october ,aquamarine ,north ,carolina1 ,maine1 ,california ,november ,topaz ,utah1 ,california1 ,maine ,december ,rubellite ,montana ,the year is divided into four seasons or cycles1--spring1 summer1 fall1 and winter1--and each season has its particular gem ,the emerald is the gem of the spring1 the ruby the gem of summer1 the sapphire the gem of autumn1 and the diamond the gem of winter ,for spring1 no precious stone is more appropriate than the emerald4 ,its beautiful color is that of ,nature1 for ,nature clothes herself with green when she awakens from her long rest of winter4 ,having decked herself with green of the various tints and colors1 she has selected a background by which a contrast is made for the flowers that come in the spring and summer and ripen into fruit and seeds of autumn4 ,to be a seasonable gem it must be rare1 and the emerald is rare4 ,whether found in the mines of ,bogot1 whether mined in ancient times at ,zabarah in ,egypt1 or in the past century in the ,ural ,mountains1 it has never been found in abundance4 ,it is softer in color than the ruby and less hard in structure4 ,the ruby1 although as a natal stone it belongs to ,december1 is the gem of summer4 ,it is born in the hot climates1--the pigeon's-blood ruby in ,burma1 the pomegranate-red in ,ceylon1 and the more garnet-hued type in ,siam1--these three equatorial countries produce the ruby4 ,those of large size are always rare1 and this is the gem which ,job valued more highly than any other1 although 8garnet0 may perhaps be a better rendering4 ,it is on an equal plane in hardness1 in composition1 in crystalline structure1 and in every way1 with the sapphire4 ,these are sister gems1 structurally alike1 yet varying in complexion1 due to a slight difference which some scientists think is not even dependent upon the coloring matter4 ,the sapphire--the gem of autumn1 the blue of the autumn sky--is a symbol of truth1 sincerity1 and constancy4 ,less vivid than its sister gem1 the ruby1 it typifies calm and tried affection1 not ardent passion2 it is therefore appropriate to the autumn season1 when the declining sun no longer sends forth the fiery rays of summer but shines with a tempered brilliancy4 ,the diamond1 the gem of winter1 typifying the sun1 is the gem of light4 ,its color is that of ice1 and as the dewdrop or the drop of water from a mountain stream sparkles in the light of the sun1 as the icicle sparkles in winter1 and the stars on a cold winter night1 so the diamond sparkles1 and it combines and contrasts with all known gems4 ,like light1 it illumines them just as the sun does the plants of the earth4 ,the diamond1 the gem of light1 like light itself when broken into a spectrum1 gives us all known colors1 and by combining all these colors it gives us white4 ,like gold1 the diamond was made rare1 so that it must be searched for1 and the mines and deposits contain less of these two substances in a given area than of any other known materials4 ,it is thirty to a hundred times more rare than gold1 for if gold occurs one part in #bej1jjj1 it can scarcely be worked with profit1 while the diamond can be worked to advantage when found only one part in #aj1jjj1jjj1--yes1 even one part in #be1jjj1jjj--;and1 like gold1 it sometimes spurs the searcher on to wealth or to ruin4 ,as great nuggets of gold have occasionally been found1 so has a diamond been discovered large enough to make the greatest ruler pause to pay its price1 and one which it took an entire country to give to that ruler who sways his sceptre over countries in which the world's greatest diamonds have been found4 ,when the ,god of the ,mines called his courtiers to bring him all known gems1 he found them to be of all colors and tints1 and of varying hardnesses1 such as the ruby1 emerald1 sapphire1 etc41 etc4 ,he took one of each2 he crushed them2 he compounded them1 and said3 8,let this be something that will combine the beauty of all2 yet it must be pure1 and it must be invincible40 ,he spoke3 and lo6 the diamond was born1 pure as the dewdrop and invincible in hardness2 but when its ray is resolved in the spectrum1 it displays all the colors of the gems from which it was made4 8,mine10 said the god1 8must be the gem of the universe2 for my queen ,i will create one that shall be the greatest gem of the sea10 and for her he created the pearl4 ,gems of ,spring ,gems of ,summer ,amethyst ,zircon ,green diamond ,garnet 7demantoid and ouvarite7 ,chrysoberyl ,chrysoberyl 7alexandrite7 ,spinel 7rubicelle7 ,spinel ,pink topaz ,pink topaz ,olivine 7peridot7 ,ruby ,emerald ,fire opal ,gems of ,autumn ,gems of ,winter ,hyacinth ,diamond ,topaz ,rock-crystal ,sapphire ,white sapphire ,jacinth ,turquoise ,cairngorm ,quartz ,adamantine spar ,moonstone ,tourmaline ,pearl ,oriental chrysolite ,labradorite ,,sentiments ,,of ,,the ,,months ,,january ,natal stone ,garnet4 ,guardian angel ,gabriel4 ,his talismanic gem ,onyx4 ,special apostle ,simon ,peter4 ,his gem ,jasper4 ,zodiacal sign ,aquarius4 ,flower ,snowdrop4 ,no gems save garnets should be worn ,by her who in this month is born2 ,they will insure her constancy1 ,true friendship and fidelity4 ,the gleaming garnet holds within its sway ,faith1 constancy1 and truth to one alway4 ,,february ,natal stone ,amethyst4 ,guardian angel ,barchiel4 ,his talismanic gem ,jasper4 ,special apostle ,andrew4 ,his gem ,carbuncle4 ,zodiacal sign ,pisces4 ,flower ,primrose4 ,the ,february-born may find ,sincerity and peace of mind1 ,freedom from passion and from care1 ,if she an amethyst will wear4 ,let her an amethyst but cherish well1 ,and strife and care can never with her dwell4 ,,march ,natal stone ,jasper1 bloodstone4 ,guardian ,angel ,malchediel4 ,his talismanic gem ,ruby4 ,special apostles ,james and ,john4 ,their gem ,emerald4 ,zodiacal sign ,aries4 ,flower ,ipoma1 violet4 ,who on this world of ours her eyes ,in ,march first opens may be wise1 ,in days of peril firm and brave1 ,wears she a bloodstone to her grave4 ,who wears a jasper1 be life short or long1 ,will meet all dangers brave and wise and strong4 ,,april ,natal stone ,diamond1 sapphire4 ,guardian angel ,ashmodei4 ,his talismanic gem ,topaz4 ,special apostle ,philip4 ,his gem ,carnelian4 ,zodiacal sign ,taurus4 ,flower ,daisy4 ,she who from ,april dates her years ,diamonds should wear1 lest bitter tears ,for vain repentance flow ,this stone ,emblem of innocence is known4 ,innocence1 repentance--sun and shower-- ,the diamond or the sapphire is her dower4 ,,may ,natal stone ,emerald4 ,guardian angel ,amriel4 ,his talismanic gem ,carbuncle4 ,special apostle ,bartholomew4 ,his gem ,chrysolite4 ,zodiacal sign ,gemini4 ,flower ,hawthorn4 ,who first beholds the light of day ,in spring's sweet flow'ry month of ,may1 ,and wears an emerald all her life1 ,shall be a loved and happy wife4 ,no happier wife and mother in the land ,than she with emerald shining on her hand4 ,,june ,natal stone ,agate4 ,guardian angel ,muriel4 ,his talismanic gem ,emerald4 ,special apostle ,thomas4 ,his gem ,beryl4 ,zodiacal sign ,cancer4 ,flower ,honeysuckle4 ,who comes with summer to this earth1 ,and owes to ,june her hour of birth1 ,with ring of agate on her hand ,can health1 long life1 and wealth command4 ,thro' the moss-agate's charm1 the happy years ,ne'er see ,june's golden sunshine turn to tears4 ,,july ,natal stone ,turquoise4 ,guardian angel ,verchiel4 ,his talismanic gem ,sapphire4 ,special apostle ,matthew4 ,his gem ,topaz4 ,zodiacal sign ,leo4 ,flower ,water-lily4 ,the heav'n-blue turquoise should adorn ,all those who in ,july are born2 ,for those they'll be exempt and free ,from love's doubts and anxiety4 ,no other gem than turquoise on her breast ,can to the loving1 doubting heart bring rest4 ,,august ,natal stone ,carnelian4 ,guardian angel ,hamatiel4 ,his talismanic gem ,diamond4 ,special apostle ,james1 the son of ,alpheus4 ,his gem ,sardonyx4 ,zodiacal sign ,virgo4 ,flower ,poppy4 ,wear a carnelian or for thee ,no conjugal felicity2 ,the ,august-born without this stone1 ',tis said1 must live unloved1 alone4 ,she1 loving once and always1 wears1 if wise1 ,carnelian--and her home is paradise4 ,,september ,natal stone ,chrysolite4 ,guardian angel ,tsuriel4 ,his talismanic gem ,jacinth4 ,special apostle ,lebbeus ,thaddeus4 ,his gem ,chrysoprase4 ,zodiacal sign ,libra4 ,flower ,morning-glory4 ,a maid born when ,september leaves ,are rustling in the autumn breeze1 ,a chrysolite on brow should bind-- ',twill cure diseases of the mind4 ,if chrysolite upon her brow is laid1 ,follies and dark delusions flee afraid4 ,,october ,natal stone ,beryl4 ,guardian angel ,bariel4 ,his talismanic gem ,agate4 ,special apostle ,simon4 7,zelotes47 ,his gem ,jacinth4 ,zodiacal sign ,scorpio4 ,flower ,hops4 ,october's child is born for woe1 ,and life's vicissitudes must know2 ,but lay a beryl on her breast1 ,and ,hope will lull those woes to rest4 ,when fair ,october to her brings the beryl1 ,no longer need she fear misfortune's peril4 ,,november ,natal stone ,topaz4 ,guardian angel ,adnachiel4 ,his talismanic gem ,amethyst4 ,special apostle ,matthias4 ,his gem ,amethyst4 ,zodiacal sign ,sagittarius4 ,flower ,chrysanthemum4 ,who first comes to this world below ,with drear ,november's fog and snow ,should prize the topaz's amber hue-- ,emblem of friends and lovers true4 ,firm friendship is ,november's1 and she bears ,true love beneath the topaz that she wears4 ,,december ,natal stone ,ruby4 ,guardian angel ,humiel4 ,his talismanic gem ,beryl4 ,special apostle ,paul4 ,his gem ,sapphire4 ,zodiacal sign ,capricornus4 ,flower ,holly4 ,if cold ,december give you birth-- ,the month of snow and ice and mirth-- ,place on your hand a ruby true2 ,success will bless whate'er you do4 ,december gives her fortune1 love and fame ,if amulet of rubies bear her name4 ,illustration3 #a4 ,moss agate mocha stone1 ,hindoostan4 #b4 ,moss agate1 ,brazil1 ,s4 ,a4 ,a ,,hindu ,,list ,,of ,,gems ,,of ,,the ,,months#dcg ,april ,diamond ,may ,emerald ,june ,pearl ,july ,sapphire ,august ,ruby ,september ,zircon ,october ,coral ,november ,cat's-eye ,december ,topaz ,january ,serpent-stone ,february ,chandrakanta ,march ,the gold ,siva-linga ,when the zodiacal signs were engraved on gems to give them special virtues and render them of greater efficacy for those born under a given sign1 the ,hebrew characters designating the sign 7or at least the initial character7 were often cut upon the gem4 ,as the letters in which the earliest of our sacred writings were written1 a peculiar sanctity was often ascribed to these ,hebrew characters1 which were perhaps the more highly valued that they were unknown to the owners of the gems1 and hence possessed a certain air of mystery for them4 ,the subjoined list of the signs with the ,hebrew equivalents may be of interest on this account4 ,,hebrew ,,names ,,of ,,the ,,signs ,,of ,,the ,,zodiac ,libra ,moznayim ,scorpio #8,akrab ,sagittarius eshet ,capricornus ,gedi ,aquarius ,deli ,pisces ,dagim ,aries aleh ,taurus ,shor ,gemini ,te'omim ,cancer ,sartan ,leo ,aryeh ,virgo ,betulah ,,gems ,,of ,,week ,,days ,sunday3 ,topaz--diamond4 ,the bairn that is born ,on ,sonnan's sweet day ,is blithe and is bonnie1 ,is happy and gay4 ,sunday's talismanic gem3 the pearl4 ,monday3 ,pearl--crystal4 ,the bairn that is born ,of ,monan's sweet race ,is lovely in feature ,and fair in the face4 ,monday's talismanic gem3 the emerald4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,figures ,,of ,,the ,,planets ,,with ,,their ,,significant ,,stones4 ,old print showing the ,roman types of the days of the week and also the stones and zodiacal signs associated with each day4 ,here we have ,diana1 with the sign of ,cancer and the moonstone1 for ,monday2 ,mars1 with the sign ,capricorn and the jasper1 for ,tuesday2 ,mercury1 with ,gemini and the rock-crystal1 for ,wednesday2 ,jupiter1 with ,sagittarius and ,pisces and the carnelian1 for ,thursday2 ,venus1 with ,taurus and the emerald1 for ,friday2 and ,saturn1 with ,capricorn and ,aquarius and the turquoise1 for ,saturday4 ,tuesday3 ,ruby--emerald4 ,if ,tuisco assists ,and at birth keeps apace1 ,the bairn will be born ,with a soul full of grace4 ,tuesday's talismanic gem3 the topaz4 ,wednesday3 ,amethyst--loadstone4 ,but if ,woden be there1 ,many tears will he sow1 ,and the bairn will be born ,but for sadness and woe4 ,wednesday's talismanic gem3 the turquoise4 ,thursday3 ,sapphire--carnelian4 ,jove's presence at birth ,means a long swath to mow1 ,for if born on ,thor's day ,thou hast far1 far to go4 ,thursday's talismanic gem3 the sapphire4 ,friday3 ,emerald--cat's-eye4 ,if ,venus shall bless thee1 ,thou shalt bless many living2 ,for ,friga's bairn truly ,is loving and giving4 ,friday's talismanic gem3 the ruby4 ,saturday3 ,turquoise--diamond4 ,seater-daeg's bairn ,in sweat shall be striving1 ,for ,saturn has doomed it ,to work for a living4 ,saturday's talismanic gem3 the amethyst4 ,no gems have afforded more interest to the ,oriental peoples than those that are known as phenomenal gems2 that is1 such as exhibit a phenomenal quality1 either as a moving line as in the chrysoberyl cat's-eye1 or the quartz cat's-eye1 or as a star1 a class represented by the star-sapphire and the star-ruby1 all these being considered to bring good fortune to the wearer4 ,a splendid star-sapphire is in the hilt of the sword presented as an ,easter gift to ,king ,constantine of ,greece1 then ,prince ,constantine1 by the ,greeks of ,america1 on ,easter ,day #aiac4dch ,this ornate and beautiful sword was made by ,tiffany ,co4 ,then there is the alexandrite cat's-eye which1 in addition to its chatoyant effect1 changes from green to red1 showing its natural color by day and glowing with a ruddy hue by artificial light4 ,the cat's-eye effect here is caused by a twinning of the crystal2 that is1 when the gem is cut1 with a dome1 across the twinning line1 this shows itself as a smooth band of white light1 with a translucent or transparent space at one side1 the line varying in sharpness and in breadth as the illumination becomes more intense4 ,if the light is very bright1 the line is no wider than the thinnest possible silver or platinum wire4 ,the quartz cat's-eye1 less distinct than the chrysoberyl cat's-eye1 is also found in the ,east1 and possesses the property that when cut straight across1 an apparent striation in the stone produces the cat's-eye effect1 but the material is not so rich or brilliant nor is the gem as beautiful as is the true cat's-eye4 ,the alexandrite variety of chrysoberyl is colored by chromium and is dichroitic1 appearing green when viewed in one direction and red in another2 in artificial light1 however1 the green color is lost and the red alone becomes apparent4 ,the moonstone1 with its moonlike1 silvery-white light1 changes on the surface as the light varies4 ,this is due to a chatoyancy produced by a reflection caused by certain cleavage planes present in feldspar of the variety to which the moonstone belongs4 ,,phenomenal ,,gems ,,for ,,the ,,days ,,of ,,the ,,week ,sunday ,sunstone ,monday ,moonstone ,tuesday ,star sapphire ,wednesday ,star ruby ,thursday ,cat's-eye ,friday ,alexandrite ,saturday ,labradorite ,fashion in some parts of the ,orient dictates the use of special colors for raiment and jewels to be worn on the different days of the week4 ,in ,siam deep red silks and rubies are appropriate for ,sunday wear2 white fabrics and moonstones are prescribed for ,monday2 light red garments and coral ornaments are favored for ,tuesday2 striped stuffs and jewels set with the cat's-eye are considered the proper wear for ,wednesday2 green materials and emeralds are decreed for ,thursday2 silver-blue robes and ornaments set with diamonds are chosen for ,friday1 and on ,saturday those who obey the dictates of fashion are clad in dark blue garments and wear sapphires of a similar hue4 ,our age is not satisfied with the marvellous progress of science1 which has rendered possible the realization of many of the old magicians' dreams4 ,in spite of this there seems to be a growing tendency to revive many of the old beliefs which appeared to have been definitely discarded2 therefore we need not be surprised that the nineteenth century offers us a work on the magic art1 written precisely in the spirit that animated an ,agrippa or a ,porta in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries4#dci ,this work gives elaborate directions as to the manner in which the 8,magus0 should proceed to perform his magic rites4 ,each day has its special and peculiar ritual4 ,sunday is the day for the 8,works of ,light10 and on this day a purple robe should be worn and a tiara and bracelets of gold2 the ring placed on the finger of the operator should be of gold and set with a chrysolite or a ruby4 ,a white robe with silver stripes is to be worn on ,monday1 the day of the 8,works of ,divination and ,mystery10 and the high-priest of the mysteries wears over his robe a triple necklace of pearls1 8crystals10 and selenites2 the tiara should be covered with yellow silk1 and bear in silver characters the ,hebrew monogram of ,gabriel1 as given by ,cornelius ,agrippa in his 8,occult ,philosophy40 ,tuesday is assigned to the 8,works of ,wrath10 and on this day the robe must be red1 the color of fire and blood1 with a belt and bracelets of steel2 the tiara should have a circlet of iron1 and a sword or a stylus is to be used in place of a wand2 the ring is set with an amethyst4 ,the day for the 8,works of ,science0 is ,wednesday1 when a green robe is worn and a necklace of hollow glass beads1 filled with quicksilver2 the ring is adorned with an agate4 ,on ,thursday1 appointed for the 8,works of ,religion or ,politics10 a scarlet robe is worn2 upon the forehead of the operator is bound a plate of tin1 engraved with the symbol of the planet ,jupiter and various mystic characters2 the ring bears either an emerald or a sapphire4 ,friday1 the day of ,venus1 is naturally dedicated to the 8,works of ,love10 and the celebrant wears a sky-blue robe2 his ring shows a turquoise1 and his tiara is set with lapis-lazuli and beryl4 ,the 8,works of ,mourning0 belong to ,saturday1 when a black or a brown robe is worn1 embroidered in orange-colored silk with mystic characters2 from the neck of the operator hangs a leaden medal1 bearing the symbol of the planet ,saturn1 and on his finger is a ring set with an onyx1 upon which a double-faced ,janus has been engraved while ,saturn was in the ascendant4 ,,gems ,,of ,,the ,,hours ,,hours ,,of ,,the ,,day ,,hours ,,of ,,the ,,night #g ,chrysolite #g ,sardonyx #h ,amethyst #h ,chalcedony #i ,kunzite #i ,jade #aj ,sapphire #aj ,jasper #aa ,garnet #aa ,loadstone #ab ,diamond #ab ,onyx #a ,jacinth #a ,morion #b ,emerald #b ,hematite #c ,beryl #c ,malachite #d ,topaz #d ,lapis-lazuli #e ,ruby #e ,turquoise #f ,opal #f ,tourmaline ,,wedding ,,anniversaries #a ,paper #ai ,hyacinth #b ,calico #bj ,china #c ,linen #bc ,sapphire #d ,silk #be ,silver #e ,wood #bf ,star sapphire1 blue#ddj #f ,candy #cj ,pearl #g ,floral #ce ,coral #h ,leather #ci ,cat's-eye#ddj #i ,straw #dj ,ruby #aj ,tin #de ,alexandrite #ab ,agate #ej ,gold #ac ,moonstone#ddj #eb ,star ruby#ddj #ad ,moss agate #ee ,emerald #ae ,rock-crystal1 glass #fj ,diamond1 yellow #af ,topaz #fe ,star sapphire1 gray#ddj #ag ,amethyst #fg ,star sapphire1 purple #ah ,garnet #ge ,diamond ,x ,planetary and ,astral ,influences of ,precious ,stones ,the talismanic influence of the stones associated with the planets and also with the signs of the zodiac is closely connected with the early ideas regarding the formation of precious stones4 ,in an old work on the occult properties of gems we read3 ,the nature of the magnet is in the iron1 and the nature of the iron is in the magnet1 and the nature of both polar stars is in both iron and magnet1 and hence the nature of the iron and the magnet is also in both polar stars1 and since they are ,martian1 that is to say1 their region belongs to ,mars1 so do both iron and magnet belong to ,mars4 ,the author then proceeds to describe an analogous relation between a man and any natural object or product to which his imagination draws him1 and shows that1 if this object be one that stands in a sympathetic relation with the star beneath which the man was born1 the man1 the star1 and the object will constitute a triplicity of great utility4 ,as an explanation of the peculiarly intimate relation between stars and precious stones we read1 on page #ab3 ,metals and precious stones usually lie with their first seeds deep down in the earth and require continuous moisture and a mild heat4 ,this they obtain through a reflection of the sun and the other stars in the manifold movement of the heavens4444 ,therefore1 also1 the metals and precious stones are nearest related to the planets and the stars1 since these influence them most potently and produce their peculiar qualities1 for they are enduring and unchangeable and show therein their concordance with the stars and the planets4#dda ,hence it is that the influence over human fortunes ascribed by astrology to the heavenly bodies is conceived to be strengthened by wearing the gem appropriate to certain planets or signs1 for a subtle emanation has passed into the stone and radiates from it4 ,a combination of several different stones1 each partaking of this special quality1 was believed to have an influence similar to that exercised by several planets in conjunction1--that is1 grouped in the same 8house0 or division of the heavens4 ,the same is true of the stones dedicated to the guardian angels2 the color and appearance of the stone was not merely emblematic of the angel1 but1 by its sympathetic quality1 it was supposed to attract his influence and to provide a medium for the transmission of his beneficent force to the wearer4 ,the whole theory1 whether consciously or unconsciously1 rested on the idea of harmony1 of the accord of certain ethereal vibrations1 either those of the visible light of the stars and planets or the purely psychic emanations from the spiritual 8powers and principalities40 ,the wearing of the appropriate zodiacal gem was always believed to strengthen the influence of the zodiacal sign upon those born under it1 and to afford a sympathetic medium for the transmission of the stellar influences4 ,the gem was thus something more than a mere symbol of the sign4 ,the same was true of the stone of the saint who ruled the month and that of the holy guardian angel set over those born in the month4 ,in each and every case the material form and color of the stone was believed to attract the favor and grace of the saint or angel1 who would see in the selection of the appropriate gem an act of respect and veneration on the part of the wearer4 ,the old writers are never tired of insisting upon the idea that1 while the image graven upon a stone was in itself dead and inactive1 the influence of the stars during whose ascendancy the work had been executed communicated to the inert material talismanic qualities and virtues which it before lacked4 ,in these instances the images could be regarded as outward and visible signs of the planetary or zodiacal influence4 ,even in the case of the bezoar stone1 a generally recognized antidote for all sorts of poisons1 it was held that the scorpion's bite could be most effectually healed by a bezoar upon which this creature's figure had been cut during the time when the constellation ,scorpio was in the ascendancy4#ddb ,in the production of engraved stones to serve as amulets1 the influence of the respective planet was made to enter the stone by casting upon the latter1 during the process of engraving1 reflections from a mirror which had been exposed to the planet's rays4 ,in addition to this1 the work was executed while the planet was in the ascendant1 and the design was emblematic of it4 ,with these combined influences the gem was believed to be thoroughly impregnated with the planetary virtue4#ddc ,an old writer finds in the hardness of precious stones a reason for their retaining longer the celestial virtues they receive4 ,after they have been extracted these virtues persist in them and they keep 8the traces and gifts of mundane life which they possessed while clinging to the earth40#ddd ,these 8gifts of mundane life0 signify the stored-up energy derived from the stars and planets1 which penetrates the matter of the stone1 and each stone is peculiarly sensitive to the emanations from a certain planet1 star1 or group of stars4 ,a fine carnelian gem engraved with a design consisting of a star surrounded by the images of a ram1 a bull1 and a lion1 is described by ,m4 ,mairan4#dde ,he sees in the star the emblem of the splendid comet which appeared shortly after the assassination of ,csar1 and which1 according to ,suetonius1 was believed to be the soul of ,csar newly received into the sky2 the ram1 bull1 and lion are the symbols of the zodiacal signs ,aries1 ,taurus1 and ,leo1 the first-named sign referring perhaps to the death of ,csar on the ,ides1 or fifteenth of ,march2 while the other two signs may allude to the position of the comet at different dates4 ,in the ,cabinet du ,roi1 in ,paris1 there was an engraved carnelian1 the design showing ,jupiter enthroned1 with thunderbolt and sceptre1 and ,mars and ,mercury standing on either side of the central figure4 ,separated from the gods of the upper air by a bow1 probably representing the arch of the sky1 appears the bust of ,neptune1 emerging from the sea4 ,the border of the design is formed by the twelve signs of the zodiac1 ,virgo being of an unusual type1--the virgin and a unicorn1--said to have been used only during the reign of ,domitian 7#ha-if ,a4,d474#ddf ,some choice examples of astrological gems may be seen in the ,metropolitan ,museum of ,art1 ,new ,york2 among these is a green jasper bearing symbols of ,luna1 ,capricorn1 and ,taurus4 ,this gem is from the collection of the late ,rev4 ,c4 ,w4 ,king1 which has been acquired for the ,museum1 and is described as figuring the horoscope of the owner4 ,in the same collection is a banded agate engraved with ,sagittarius as a centaur1 surrounded by the stars of this constellation in their proper order4 ,king states that this was the earliest horoscopical gem known to him4 ,still another gem of this collection is a sard bearing the symbol of ,aries carrying a long caduceus2 this type appears on the coins of ,antioch1 because that city was founded in the month over which the sign ,aries presides4#ddg ,the ,austrian ,imperial ,collection in ,vienna contains the celebrated ,gemma ,augustea1 sometimes called the ,apotheosis of ,augustus4 ,this commemorates the ,pannonian triumph of ,tiberius1 #ac ,a4,d41 and above the figure of ,augustus appears the sign of ,capricornus1 the constellation of his nativity2 beneath the figure of ,tiberius is engraved the sign of ,scorpio1 under which that emperor was born4 ,this celebrated cameo1 the work of the famous gem-engraver ,dioskorides1 is mentioned in an inventory of the treasury of ,st4 ,sernin1 in ,toulouse1 dated #abdf4 ,it is said to have been offered by ,francis ,i of ,france to ,pope ,clement ,,vii1 on the occasion of their meeting in ,marseilles in #aece2 however1 as the gem only reached ,marseilles two days after the pope's departure1 ,francis decided to retain possession of it4 ,the royal treasure at ,fontainebleau was plundered in #aeij1 and the stone was offered for sale1 and was purchased1 in #afai1 by ,emperor ,rudolph ,,ii1 for the sum of #ab1jjj ducats4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,zodiacal ,,stones ,,with ,,their ,,signs4 ,old print illustrating the influence believed to be exerted on the different parts of the body by the respective zodiacal signs1 and through their power by the stones associated with them4 ,this belief often determined the administration of special precious-stone remedies by physicians of the seventeenth and earlier centuries4 ,a ruby called sandastros is described by ,pliny as containing stellated bodies which he compares to the ,hyades2 hence1 says he1 they are the objects of great devotion with the ,chaldi or ,assyrian ,magi4 ,according to ,morales 7,de las piedras preciosas71 the ruby and the diamond were both under the influence of the sign of ,taurus2 the same writer informs us that the ,hyades and the sun were supposed to have a potent effect upon the ruby or carbuncle4 ,in ancient ,babylonia the sign of ,taurus was regarded as the most important1 and ,winckler believes that the presence in this sign of the five stars of the ,hyades and the seven of the ,pleiades was brought into connection with the twelve-fold division of the zodiac4 ,the ,hyades signified the five signs visible in ,babylonia at the summer solstice1 while the ,pleiades typified the seven invisible signs4 ,it seems probable that the ,pleiades were associated with the diamond1 although ,morales1 who was very familiar with the ,moorish astrology current among the ,spaniards of his time1 attributed the crystal to this group4 ,his attribution proves at least that the stone of the ,pleiades was a colorless one4 ,in ,sanskrit the diamond is called vajra1 8thunderbolt10 and also indrjudha1 8,indra's weapon02 another name is aira1 8fire10 or 8the ,sun40#ddh ,all these designations are probably suggested by the brilliant flashes of light emitted by this stone4 ,it is not easy to determine the reason that induced the ,hindus to dedicate the diamond to the planet ,venus rather than to the ,sun or to the ,moon4 ,however1 as the most brilliant of the planets1 ,venus was not unworthy of the honor1 and if we substitute the ,goddess of ,love for her planet1 it seems quite appropriate that she should be adorned with the most brilliant of precious stones4 ,certainly these sparkling gems are often enough offered at the shrine of ,venus in our own day1 and they often serve to win the good graces of the divinity to whom they are presented4 ,the ,sanskrit name for the sapphire1 nla1 signifies 8blue10 so that1 as the topaz is the 8yellow stone0 par excellence1 the sapphire is the blue stone 7nilaman74 ,in both cases the name indicates a variety of corundum1 distinguished merely by the coloring matter4 ,as a talisman the ,hindus believed that the sapphire rendered the planet ,saturn favorable to the wearer1 an important consideration from the astrological point of view1 for ,saturn's influence was generally supposed to be unfavorable4 ,the ,hindus distinguished four classes of sapphires1 corresponding to the four castes3 ,brahmins1 ,kshatriyas1 ,vaisyas1 and ,sudras4 ,the respective sapphires were light blue1 reddish blue1 yellowish blue1 and dark blue4 ,the same distinction is made in the case of the diamond1 and a like rule applies to both stones1 namely1 that only the appropriate stone should be worn by the members of each caste1 in order to profit by the virtues inherent in the sapphire or diamond4#ddi ,one of the ,sanskrit appellations of the hyacinth 7zircon7 is rhuratna1--that is1 the jewel dedicated to the mysterious 8dragon10 that was supposed to be the cause of the periodic eclipses of the ,sun and ,moon4#dej ,as the stone was sacred to this malevolent influence1 we need not be surprised that it was believed to avert misfortune1 for nothing was so effective against the lesser spirits of evil as an evil genius of great power4 ,according to the ,hindu mystics it was very lucky to have a turquoise at hand at the time of the new moon1 for whoever1 after first looking at the moon on the pratipada 7the first day after new-moon71 should cast his eyes upon a turquoise1 was destined to enjoy immeasurable wealth4#dea ,,zodiacal ,,gems ,aquarius4 ,january #ba to ,february #ba4 ,the ,garnet4 ,if you would cherish friendship true1 ,in ,aquarius well you'll do ,to wear this gem of warmest hue-- ,the garnet4 ,pisces4 ,february #ba to ,march #ba4 ,the ,amethyst4 ,from passion and from care kept free ,shall ,pisces' children ever be ,who wear so all the world may see ,the amethyst4 ,aries4 ,march #ba to ,april #bj4 ,the ,bloodstone4 ,who on this world of ours his eyes ,in ,aries opens shall be wise ,if always on his hand there lies ,a bloodstone4 ,taurus4 ,april #bj to ,may #ba4 ,the ,sapphire4 ,if on your hand this stone you bind1 ,you in ,taurus born will find ',twill cure diseases of the mind1 ,the sapphire4 ,gemini4 ,may #ba to ,june #ba4 ,the ,agate4 ,gemini's children health and wealth command1 ,and all the ills of age withstand1 ,who wear their rings on either hand ,of agate4 ,cancer4 ,june #ba to ,july #bb4 ,the ,emerald4 ,if born in ,cancer's sign1 they say1 ,your life will joyful be alway1 ,if you take with you on your way ,an emerald4 ,leo4 ,july #bb to ,august #bb4 ,the ,onyx4 ,when youth to manhood shall have grown1 ,under ,leo lorn and lone ',twill have lived but for this stone1 ,the onyx4 ,virgo4 ,august #bb to ,september #bb4 ,the ,carnelian4 ,success will bless whate'er you do1 ,through ,virgo's sign1 if only you ,place on your hand her own gem true1 ,carnelian4 ,libra4 ,september #bb to ,october #bc4 ,the ,chrysolite4 ,through ,libra's sign it is quite well ,to free yourself from evil spell1 ,for in her gem surcease doth dwell1 ,the chrysolite4 ,scorpio4 ,october #bc to ,november #ba4 ,the ,beryl4 ,through ,scorpio this gem so fair ,is that which every one should wear1 ,or tears of sad repentance bear1-- ,the beryl4 ,sagittarius4 ,november #ba to ,december #ba4 ,the ,topaz4 ,who first comes to this world below ,under ,sagittarius should know ,that their true gem should ever show ,a topaz4 ,capricorn4 ,december #ba to ,january #ba4 ,the ,ruby4 ,those who live in ,capricorn ,no trouble shall their brows adorn ,if they this glowing gem have worn1 ,the ruby4 ,an old ,spanish list of the gems of the zodiacal signs differs from those given above1 and probably represents ,arab tradition3#deb ,aries--,crystal ,taurus--,ruby and diamond ,gemini--,sapphire ,cancer--,agate and beryl ,leo--,topaz ,virgo--,magnet ,libra--,jasper ,scorpio--,garnet ,sagittarius--,emerald ,capricorn--,chalcedony ,aquarius--,amethyst ,pisces-- ,of planetary stones#dec there is assigned to the sun the jacinth and the chrysolite1 when this latter name was applied to the yellow ,brazilian chrysoberyl1 while the moon controls the beryl1 the rock-crystal and also the pearl4 ,to the share of ,venus fall the sapphire and carbuncle as well as coral and pearl2 usually the emerald is the stone of ,venus4 ,mars lays claim to the diamond1 jacinth1 and ruby1 the last-named stone according with the ruddy hue of our neighbor planet4 ,under the control of ,jupiter are placed the emerald1 sapphire1 amethyst1 and turquoise1 so that this planet has the richest assortment of gems2 it will be remarked that the celestial sapphire unites the influence of ,venus and ,jupiter1 the two especially propitious planets4 ,lastly1 far-away ,saturn must be content with all dark1 black1 and brittle stones2 there was1 indeed1 little inducement to wear a ,saturnian stone1 for the influence of this cold and distant planet was always regarded as baleful4 ,illustration3 #a4 ,a necklace of banded and variegated agates1 onyx1 carnelians and sards4 ,first ,century ,a4,d4 #b4 ,beads of carnelian artificially marked for 8good luck40 ,the marking is produced by an application of potash and soda4 ,ancient ,persian4 ,the planetary controls of precious stones as given in the ,lapidario of ,alfonso ,x1 according to 8,chaldaic0 tradition1 show that the same stone was influenced in many or most cases by more than one of the 8seven planets0 7including the ,sun and ,moon74 ,thus the diamond1 belonging to the first degree of the sign ,taurus1 was dominated by both ,saturn and the ,sun2 the emerald was controlled by ,jupiter1 and also by ,mercury and by ,venus4 ,the red jargoon was influenced by ,mars1 the yellow variety by ,jupiter and the white jargoon by ,venus4 ,the carnelian received virtue from the ,sun and from ,venus4 ,the ruby1 although more especially a sunstone1 came as well under the influence of the ,planet of ,love4 ,coral belonged both to ,venus and to the moon1 while lapis-lazuli and chalcedony only owed allegiance to ,venus2 this planet also lent virtue to the beryl4#ded ,among the ,mohammedans1 six of the seven heavens were supposed to be made of precious substances3 the first was of emerald2 the second1 of white silver2 the third1 of large white pearls2 the fourth1 of ruby2 the fifth1 of red gold2 and the sixth1 of jacinth4 ,the seventh and highest heaven1 however1 was of shining light4#dee ,here we have the three precious colored stones1 emerald1 ruby1 and sapphire 7jacinth71 to which is added the pearl4 ,the scarcity of the diamond in early times1 and its comparative lack of brilliancy before the invention of rose and brilliant cutting1 account for the absence of this king of gems4 ,rabelais1#def describing the temple of the oracle of the 8,dive ,bouteille10 says that of its seven columns the first was of sapphire2 the second1 of jacinth2 the third1 of 8dyamant02 the fourth1 of the 8male0 balas-ruby2 the fifth1 of emerald1 8more brilliant and glistening than were those which were set in place of eyes in the marble lion stretched before the tomb of ,king ,hermias02 the sixth column was of agate1 and the seventh of transparent selenite1 8with a splendor like that of ,hymettian honey1 and within appeared the moon in form and motion such as she is in the heavens1 full and new1 waxing and waning40 ,we are then told that these stones were attributed to the seven planets by the ,chaldans1 as follows3 ,sapphire ,saturn ,jacinth ,jupiter ,diamond ,sun ,ruby ,mars ,emerald ,venus ,agate ,mercury ,selenite ,moon ,some of these attributions differ from those usually made and may represent another tradition4 ,,planetary ,,influences ,,of ,,stones#deg ,jasper ,venus and ,mercury4 ,sapphire ,jupiter and ,mercury4 ,emerald ,venus and ,mercury4 ,chalcedony ,jupiter1 ,mercury1 and ,saturn4 ,sardonyx ,saturn and ,mars4 ,chrysolite ,mercury and ,venus4 ,beryl ,venus and ,mars4 ,topaz ,saturn and ,mars4 ,chrysoprase ,mercury and ,venus4 ,jacinth ,mars and ,jupiter4 ,amethyst ,mars and ,jupiter4 ,pearl ,venus and ,mercury4 ,carbuncle ,mars and ,venus4 ,diamond ,jupiter4 ,agate ,venus and ,mars4 ,alectoria ,sun4 ,turquoise ,venus and ,mercury4 ,chelidon ,jupiter4 tites ,sun4 ,dionesia ,saturn4 ,hematite ,mercury4 ,lapis-lazuli ,venus4 ,armena ,mercury and ,venus4 ,garnet ,sun4 ,amber ,sun4 ,jet ,saturn4 ,lyncurius ,sun4 ,crystal ,moon and ,mars4 ,bezoar ,jupiter4 ,armenia ,jupiter4 ,selenite ,moon4 ,magnet ,mars4 ,judaica1 ,hegolite or ,mercury4 ,cogolite ,iris ,jupiter4 ,halcyon ,saturn and ,mars4 ,asbestus ,saturn4 ,sarcophagus ,moon4 ,arabian1 white ,moon4 ,arabian1 green ,jupiter4 ,hyena ,sun4 ,androdamas ,moon4 ,pyrites3 ,copper-colored ,sun1 ,venus4 ,gold-colored ,sun4 ,silver-colored ,moon4 ,tin-colored ,moon1 ,saturn4 ,ash-colored ,jupiter4 ,calatia ,moon4 ,stalactite ,venus4 ,thenarcus ,sun4 ,carnelian ,jupiter1 ,mars1 ,venus4 ,opal ,sun1 ,mercury4 ,fixed stars associated with precious stones3#deh ,diamond4 ,caput ,algol #ah of ,taurus4 ,crystal4 ,the ,pleiades #bd of ,taurus4 ,ruby1 carbuncle4 ,aldebaran #c of ,gemini2 also the ,hyades4 ,sapphire4 ,the ,goat #ae of ,gemini4 ,beryl4 ,sirius #aj of ,cancer4 ,garnet4 ,heart of ,lion #bc of ,leo4 ,magnet4 ,tail of the ,great ,bear #h of ,scorpio2 also the ,pole ,star4 ,topaz4 ,right and left wing of ,raven #h of ,libra4 ,emerald and ,jasper4 ,spica ,virginis #ag of ,libra4 ,amethyst4 ,scorpion #c of ,sagittarius4 ,chrysolite4 ,tortoise #h of ,capricorn4 ,chalcedony4 ,tail of ,capricorn #ae of ,aquarius4 ,jacinth4 ,shoulder of ,equis ,major #ah of ,pisces4 ,pearl4 ,umbilicus ,andromed #bj of ,aries4 ,sardonyx4 ,same as ,topaz4 ,images and virtues of the constellations as engraved on gems3#dei ,,ursa ,,major1 ,,ursa ,,minor1 ,,and ,,draco4 ,both bears are represented in the folds of a serpent1 the ,great ,bear in the upper and the ,lesser ,bear in the lower folds4 ,in almost all the signs4 ,nature3 ,ursa ,major1 ,mars and ,venus4 ,ursa ,minor3 ,saturn4 ,draco3 ,saturn and ,mars4 ,renders the wearer wise1 cautious1 versatile1 and powerful4 ,the boundary lines of the various signs are carried up to the pole1 and any constellation that is within these lines is considered to belong to the respective sign2 thus1 every constellation belongs to one or more signs4 ,,corona ,,borealis4 ,a royal crown1 with many stars2 sometimes the crowned head of a king4 ,sign3 ,sagittarius4 ,nature3 ,venus and ,mercury4 ,engraved on the stone of one who is fitted for honors and knowledge1 it gives him great favor with kings4 ,,hercules4 ,a man with knees bent1 holding a club in his hand and killing a lion2 sometimes a man with a lion's skin in his hand or on his shoulder and holding a club4 ,sign3 ,scorpio4 ,nature3 ,venus and ,mercury4 ,engraved on a stone that brings victory1 like the agate1 it renders the wearer victorious in all conflicts in the field4 ,,cygnus4 ,a swan with outstretched wings and curved neck4 ,in the ,north4 ,nature3 ,venus and ,mercury4 ,renders the wearer popular1 increases knowledge1 and augments wealth4 ,cures gout1 paralysis1 and fever4 ,,cepheus4 ,a man girt with a sword and holding his hands and arms extended4 ,sign3 ,aries4 ,nature3 ,saturn and ,jupiter4 ,causes pleasant visions if placed beneath the head of a sleeping person4 ,,cassiopeia4 ,a woman seated in a chair and with hands extended in the form of a cross2 sometimes with a triangle on her head4 ,sign3 ,taurus4 ,nature3 ,saturn and ,venus4 ,restores the sickly1 worn body to health1 gives quiet and calm after labor and procures pleasant and tranquil sleep4 ,,andromeda4 ,a young girl with dishevelled hair1 and hands hanging down4 ,sign3 ,taurus4 ,nature3 ,venus4 ,reconciles husband and wife1 strengthens love1 and protects the human body from many diseases4 ,,perseus4 ,a man holding a sword in his right hand and the ,gorgon's head in his left4 ,sign3 ,taurus4 ,nature3 ,saturn and ,venus4 ,guards the wearer from misfortune and protects1 not only the wearer but the place where it may be1 from lightning and tempest4 ,dissolves enchantments4 ,,serpens4 ,a man in the folds of a serpent and holding its head in his right hand and its tail in his left4 ,sign3 ,taurus4 ,nature3 ,saturn and ,venus4 ,antidote to poisons and to the bites of venomous creatures4 ,,aquila4 ,a flying eagle with an arrow beneath his feet4 ,sign3 ,cancer4 ,nature3 ,jupiter and ,mercury2 the arrow1 however1 is of ,mars and ,venus4 ,preserves former honors1 adds new ones1 and helps to victory4 ,,pisces or ,,delphinus4 ,figured in relief 787 ,sign3 ,aquarius4 ,nature3 ,saturn and ,mars4 ,if this engraved gem be attached to nets it causes them to be filled with fish1 and it renders the wearer fortunate in fishing4 ,,pegasus4 ,some represent the half of a winged horse2 others the whole figure and without a bridle4 ,sign3 ,aries4 ,nature3 ,mars and ,jupiter4 ,gives victory in the field1 and makes the wearer swift1 cautious1 and bold4 ,,cetus4 ,figure of a large fish with curved tail and capacious gullet4 ,sign3 ,taurus4 ,nature3 ,saturn4 ,renders the wearer fortunate on the sea and makes him prudent and agreeable4 ,it also restores lost articles4 ,,orion4 ,with or without armor1 man holding a sword or a scythe in his hand4 ,sign3 ,gemini4 ,nature3 ,jupiter1 ,saturn1 and ,mars4 ,gives the wearer victory over his enemies4 ,,navis4 ,a ship with prow curved back and spread sails2 sometimes with and sometimes without oars4 ,sign3 ,leo4 ,nature3 ,saturn and ,jupiter4 ,renders the wearer fortunate in his undertakings2 he runs no risk on sea or water1 neither can he be injured by water4 ,,canis ,,major4 ,figure of a dog for coursing hares1 with a curved tail4 ,sign3 ,cancer4 ,nature3 ,venus4 ,cures lunacy1 insanity1 and demoniacal possession4 ,,lepus4 ,figure of a hare with ears pricked up and the feet represented as though in swift motion4 ,sign3 ,gemini4 ,nature3 ,saturn and ,mercury4 ,cures frenzy and protects from the wiles of demons4 ,the wearer cannot be hurt by a malignant spirit4 ,,centaur4 ,half-figure of a bull1 bearing a man on whose left shoulder rests a lance1 from which depends a hare4 ,in his right hand the man holds a small1 supine animal with a vessel attached to it4 ,sign3 ,libra4 ,nature3 ,jupiter and ,mars4 ,gives constancy and perpetual health4 ,,canis ,,minor4 ,figure of a dog1 sitting4 ,sign3 ,cancer4 ,nature3 ,jupiter4 ,guards from dropsy1 pestilence1 and the bites of dogs4 ,,sacrarius ,,turubulus 7,,ara74 ,an altar with burning incense4 ,sign3 ,sagittarius4 ,nature3 ,venus and ,mercury4 ,gives the wearer power to recognize spirits1 to converse with them1 and to command them2 also confers chastity4 ,,hydra4 ,a serpent1 having an urn at its head and a raven at its tail4 ,sign3 ,cancer4 ,nature3 ,saturn and ,venus4 ,gives riches and all good gifts to the wearer and makes him cautious and prudent4 ,,corona ,,australis4 ,an imperial crown4 ,sign3 ,libra4 ,nature3 ,saturn and ,mars4 ,augments wealth and makes the wearer gay and happy4 ,,auriga4 ,a man in a chariot1 bearing a goat on his left shoulder4 ,sign3 ,gemini4 ,nature3 ,mercury4 ,makes the wearer successful in hunting4 ,,vexillum4 ,a flag flying from the extremity of a lance4 ,sign3 ,scorpion4 ,gives skill in war and confers victory in the field4 ,,figures ,,of ,,the ,,planets ,,saturn4 ,an old man holding a curved scythe in his hand and with a not very heavy beard4 ,engraved on a stone of the nature of ,saturn1 it renders the wearer powerful and augments his power continually4 ,,jupiter4 ,a seated figure1 sometimes in a chariot1 holding a staff in one hand and a spear in the other4 ,it renders the wearer fortunate1 especially if engraved on a ,kabratis stone1 and he easily gains what he wishes1 especially from priests4 ,he will be raised to honors and dignities4 ,,mars4 ,represented sometimes with a banner and sometimes with a lance or other weapon4 ,he is1 indeed1 always armed and at times mounted on a horse4 ,gives victory1 boldness in war1 and success in everything1 especially if engraved on an appropriate stone4 ,,sun4 ,sometimes as the solar disk with rays1 sometimes as a man in a chariot1 and this occasionally is surrounded by the signs of the zodiac4 ,renders the wearer powerful and a victor2 this gem is prized by hunters4 ,,venus4 ,many forms1 among them that of a woman with a voluminous dress and a stole1 holding a laurel in her hand4 ,gives skill in handling affairs and usually brings them to a successful issue2 removes the fear of drowning4 ,,mercury4 ,figure of a slender man1 usually with a beautiful beard1 but sometimes without4 ,he has winged feet and holds the caduceus4 ,increases knowledge and confers eloquence4 ,it aids merchants1 enabling them to acquire wealth4 ,,moon4 ,various forms4 ,sometimes as a crescent1 sometimes as a young woman in a chariot and holding a quiver1 and at others as a woman with a quiver and following the chase with dogs4 ,aids the fortunes of those who are sent on an embassy1 and enables them to acquire wealth and honor thereby4 ,is said to confer speed and facility in undertakings and a happy issue4#dfj ,when ,hudibras attacked and overcame the sorcerer ,sidrophal1 he rifled the latter's pockets of all his mystic treasures4 ,among these were ,several constellation stones1 ,engraved in planetary hours1 ,that over mortals had strange powers1 ,to make them thrive in law or trade1 ,and stab or poison to evade1 ,in wit and wisdom to improve1 ,and be victorious in love4#dfa ,these manifold influences exerted by the stars and planets through the medium of the gems1 not only concerned those actually present in a material form1 but also those that were seen in dreams1 and interpretations of such dreams are given by old writers4 ,illustration3 ,,statuette ,,known ,,as ,,that ,,of ,,sainte ,,foy1 ,,in ,,the ,,abbey-,,church ,,at ,,conques1 ,,dept4 ,,aveyron1 ,,france4 ,it is studded with precious and semi-precious stones and engraved gems1 dating from various epochs1 the pious offerings of those whose prayers have been answered4 ,the figure is #he cm4 7#cc inches7 high and is of gold in a core of wood4 ,probably of the tenth century4 ,two of the four crystal balls adorning the seat are said to replace golden doves4 ,rock-crystal was especially dedicated to the moon4 ,many ,oneirocritica1 or 8dream-books10 were written or compiled in the early centuries of our era1 one of the most noted being the work of ,artemidorus1 who flourished in the second century ,a4,d4 ,every object seen in a dream was given a special meaning1 and it is interesting to note that ,artemidorus believed dreams of rings or other ornaments1 as well as of precious stones1 to be of favorable significance only for women4 ,such dreams indicated marriage for unmarried women1 and the birth of children for those already married4 ,if a woman was both wife and mother when she saw sparkling jewels in her dream1 then the vision portended the acquisition of great wealth4 ,artemidorus here sagely remarks that women are by nature devoted to riches and passionately fond of ornaments4 ,for men1 on the other hand1 to dream of jewels was an ill omen2 probably because it foreshadowed the necessity of buying them for a good friend or a faithful wife4#dfb ,another of these dream-books1 probably composed in the eighth century ,a4,d41 appears under the name of ,achametis and is of ,arabic origin4 ,many of the interpretations in this book are referred to a ,hindu source1 and among these are visions of crowns that appear to kings4 ,such a dream1 in itself1 usually portended increased power and success for the sovereign1 but this depended upon the color and character of the jewels which adorned the crown4 ,for example1 we read that if the gems were red and of the kind known as lychnites 7carbuncles or rubies71 the dream indicated that the king would have great joy and good fortune and would be more feared by his enemies than before2 but if he saw blue gems in the crown1 it was a bad omen1 foreshadowing the loss of part of his kingdom4 ,if the stones were of a light green hue 7the color of the leek71 the king would gain a great name in the world1 both by his good faith and by the greatness of his kingdom2 for1 the writer adds1 8this color in precious stones is universally accepted as signifying good-faith and religious devotion to ,god40#dfc ,there is signified by dreaming of ,agates ,a journey4 ,amber ,a voyage ,amethysts ,freedom from harm4 ,aquamarines ,new friends4 ,beryls ,happiness in store4 ,bloodstones ,distressing news4 ,carbuncles ,acquirement of wisdom4 ,carnelians ,impending misfortune4 ,cat's-eyes ,treachery4 ,chalcedony ,friends rejoined4 ,chrysoberyls ,a time of need4 ,chrysolites ,necessary caution4 ,coral ,recovery from illness4 ,crystal ,freedom from enemies4 ,diamonds ,victory over enemies4 ,emeralds ,much to look forward to4 ,garnets ,the solution of a mystery4 ,heliotropes ,long life4 ,hyacinths ,a heavy storm4 ,jacinths ,success4 ,jasper ,love returned4 ,jet ,sorrow4 ,lapis-lazuli ,faithful love4 ,moonstones ,impending danger4 ,moss-agates ,an unsuccessful journey4 ,onyx ,a happy marriage4 ,opals ,great possessions4 ,pearls ,faithful friends4 ,porphyry ,death4 ,rubies ,unexpected guests4 ,sapphires ,escape from danger4 ,sardonyx ,love of friends4 ,topaz ,no harm shall befall4 ,tourmalines ,an accident4 ,turquoises ,prosperity4 ,if precious stones be so combined in a ring1 or other jewel that the initial letters of their names spell words significant of a tender sentiment or implying good fortune1 or else the name of someone dear to the giver of the jewel1 this is also supposed to strengthen their astral or planetary influence and to render them more potent charms4 ,in the following examples the gems in the first column are the more expensive1 those in the second column being comparatively inexpensive ones4 ,,acrostics ,,formed ,,with ,,stones ,in ,france and ,england1 during the #ahth century1 rings1 bracelets1 brooches1 etc41 were often set with gems the first letters of which1 combined1 formed a motto or expressed a sentiment4 ,the following is a list of those that may be used in this way4 ,the choice of stones afforded here brings these pretty devices within the reach of all4 ,,faith ,fire-opal4 ,feldspar4 ,alexandrite4 ,amethyst4 ,iolite4 ,idocrase4 ,tourmaline4 ,topaz4 ,hyacinth4 ,heliotrope4 ,,hope ,hyacinth4 ,hematite4 ,opal4 ,olivine4 ,pearl4 ,pyrope4 ,emerald4 ,essonite4 ,,charity ,cat's-eye4 ,carbuncle4 ,hyacinth4 ,hematite4 ,aquamarine4 ,amethyst4 ,ruby4 ,rose quartz4 ,iolite4 ,idocrase4 ,tourmaline4 ,topaz4 ,yellow sapphire4 ,yu 7,jade74 ,,good ,,luck ,golden beryl4 ,garnet4 ,opal4 ,onyx4 ,olivine4 ,obsidian4 ,diamond4 ,dendrite4 ,lapis-lazuli4 ,labradorite4 ,uralian emerald4 ,unio pearl4 ,cat's-eye4 ,carnelian4 ,kunzite4 ,krokidolite4 ,,forever ,fire-opal4 ,flches d'amour4 ,opal4 ,onyx4 ,ruby4 ,rutile4 ,emerald4 ,essonite4 ,vermeille4 ,verd antique4 ,essonite4 ,epidote4 ,rubellite4 ,rose quartz4 ,,regard ,ruby4 ,rubellite4 ,emerald4 ,essonite4 ,garnet4 ,garnet4 ,alexandrite4 ,amethyst4 ,ruby4 ,rock-crystal4 ,diamond4 ,demantoid4 ,,zes ,greek1 meaning 8,mayest thou live40 ,zircon4 ,zonochlorite4 ,emerald4 ,essonite4 ,sapphire4 ,sard4 ,,mizpah ,moonstone4 ,moldavite4 ,indicolite4 ,idocrase4 ,zircon4 ,zonochlorite4 ,peridot4 ,pyrope4 ,asteria4 ,aquamarine4 ,hyacinth4 ,hematite4 ,,friendship ,flches d'amour4 ,feldspar4 ,ruby4 ,rock crystal4 ,indicolite4 ,idocrase4 ,emerald4 ,epidote4 ,nephrite4 ,nicolo4 ,diamond4 ,diopside4 ,sapphire4 ,sard4 ,hyacinth4 ,hematite4 ,iolite4 ,idocrase4 ,pearl4 ,pyrite4 ,,dearest ,diamond4 ,demantoid4 ,emerald4 ,essonite4 ,alexandrite4 ,amethyst4 ,ruby4 ,rubellite4 ,essonite4 ,epidote4 ,sapphire4 ,spinel4 ,turquoise4 ,topaz4 ,,souvenir ,sapphire4 ,sunstone4 ,opal4 ,onyx4 ,uralian emerald4 ,utahlite4 ,vermeille4 ,verd antique4 ,emerald4 ,epidote4 ,nephrite4 ,nephrite4 ,iolite4 ,indicolite4 ,ruby4 ,rock-crystal4 ,,bonheur ,beryl4 ,bloodstone4 ,opal4 ,onyx4 ,nephrite4 ,nephrite4 ,hyacinth4 ,hematite4 ,emerald4 ,essonite4 ,uralian emerald4 ,utahlite4 ,ruby4 ,rhodonite4 ,,amiti ,alexandrite4 ,almandine4 ,moonstone4 ,moonstone4 ,indicolite4 ,indicolite4 ,tourmaline4 ,topaz4 ,idocrase4 ,idocrase4 ,emerald4 ,essonite4 ,,love ,,me ,lapis-lazuli4 ,labrador spar4 ,opal4 ,onyx4 ,vermeille4 ,verd antique4 ,emerald4 ,essonite4 ,moonstone4 ,moonstone4 ,essonite4 ,epidote4 ,,aei ,greek1 meaning 8forever10 8eternity40 ,alexandrite4 ,almandine4 ,emerald4 ,essonite4 ,indicolite4 ,idocrase4 ,an attractive engagement ring can be formed of a central diamond from which extend the rays of a five-pointed star4 ,between the rays are set the stones emblematic of the zodiacal sign1 of the guardian angel of the month1 of the planet control of the hour and also the two stones indicating the initial letter of the two ,christian names4 ,this ring is in the form of the mystic ,pentagon1 the grand symbol of constancy and durability1 since the number five is composed of three1 which signifies creative power1 and two1 which typifies the balance1 that is1 stability4 ,as1 according to the old fancy1 the influences due to the light emanations from the planets or fixed stars1 or from the combination of the stars in a zodiacal sign1 would have a peculiar and more or less intimate connection with the fate of one country rather than of another1 an attempt is here made to give a characteristic stone for each country4 ,in the case of the ,united ,states the various gem-stones found within the boundaries of each of the ,states of the ,union are given4 ,that this special influence was exceptionally potent in regard to those born in the countries in question was also taught and hence a national gem would have a greater talismanic power than any other for the natives of each separate country4 ,for those who may feel a certain degree of sympathy for time-honored fancies1 and who may perhaps also have a trace of superstition hidden away in some part of their consciousness1 one of our ,state gems would have a similar significance4 ,,gems ,,of ,,countries ,alaska ,garnet ,algiers ,coral ,arabia ,pearl ,austria-,hungary ,opal ,belgium ,crystal ,bohemia ,garnet ,bokhara ,lapis-lazuli ,bolivia ,lapis-lazuli ,brazil ,tourmaline 7,brazilian emerald7 ,burma ,ruby ,canada ,sodalite ,ceylon ,cat's-eye ,chili ,lapis-lazuli ,china ,jade ,congo ,dioptase ,denmark ,agate ,egypt ,peridot ,england ,diamond ,france ,pearl ,germany ,amber ,german ,west ,africa ,diamond ,greece ,sapphire ,holland ,diamond ,hungary ,opal ,india ,pearl ,ireland ,precious serpentine 7,connemara7 ,italy ,coral ,japan ,rock-crystal ,korea ,abalone pearl ,madagascar ,morganite ,mexico ,obsidian ,morocco ,coral ,new ,england ,tourmaline ,new ,south ,wales ,opal ,new ,zealand ,jade ,norway-,sweden ,carnelian ,panama ,agate ,persia ,turquoise ,peru ,emerald ,philippines ,pearl ,portugal ,chrysoberyl ,roumania ,amber ,russia ,rhodonite ,sandwich ,islands ,olivine ,scotland ,cairngorm 7smoky quartz7 ,servia ,coral ,siam ,ruby ,sicily ,amber ,south ,africa ,diamond ,spain ,emerald ,switzerland ,rock-crystal ,turkestan ,jade ,turkey ,turquoise ,united ,states ,sapphire ,uruguay ,amethyst ,,united ,,states ,,stones ,precious1 semi-precious1 or gem stones are found in nearly every ,state of the ,union4 ,the most important are enumerated below3 ,alabama ,beryl1 blue and yellow2 smoky quartz4 ,arizona ,agatized wood1 azur-malachite1 turquoise1 garnet1 peridot4 ,arkansas ,rock-crystal1 smoky quartz1 agate1 diamond1 novaculite4 ,california ,agate1 benitoite1 californite1 diamond1 gold quartz1 tourmaline1 abalone pearl1 chrysoprase1 kunzite1 morganite4 ,colorado ,beryl1 aquamarine1 phenacite1 garnet1 amethyst1 agate1 gold quartz1 pyrite4 ,connecticut ,beryl1 yellow and green2 rose quartz1 tourmaline ,delaware ,pearl4 ,florida ,chalcedony1 conch pearl4 ,georgia ,ruby1 beryl1 amethyst1 gold quartz1 garnet4 ,idaho ,opal1 agate1 obsidian4 ,illinois ,fluorite1 pearl4 ,indian ,territory ,obsidian1 pearl4 ,indiana ,pearl4 ,iowa ,fossil coral1 pearl1 chalcedony4 ,kansas ,chalcedony4 ,kentucky ,pearl4 ,louisiana ,chalcedony4 ,maine ,tourmaline1 beryl1 rose quartz1 pearl1 topaz1 amazonite1 smoky quartz1 rock-crystal4 ,maryland ,beryl1 clam-pearl4 ,massachusetts ,beryl4 ,michigan ,agate1 hematite4 ,minnesota ,chlorastrolite1 thomsonite1 agate4 ,mississippi ,pearl1 chalcedony4 ,missouri ,pearl1 fluorite1 pyrite4 ,montana ,sapphire1 beryl1 smoky quartz1 agate1 amethyst1 agatized wood1 obsidian4 ,nebraska ,chalcedony1 pearl4 ,nevada ,gold quartz1 rock-crystal4 ,new ,hampshire ,beryl1 rock-crystal1 garnet4 ,new ,jersey ,fowlerite1 willemite1 prehnite1 smoky quartz1 agate1 pearl4 ,new ,mexico ,turquoise1 garnet1 obsidian1 peridot1 rock-crystal4 ,new ,york ,beryl1 brown tourmaline1 rose quartz1 fresh-water pearl1 clam-pearl1 chondrodite4 ,north ,carolina ,aquamarine1 beryl1 emerald1 almandite garnet1 rhodolite1 prope garnet1 diamond1 cyanite1 hiddenite1 amethyst1 ruby1 sapphire1 smoky quartz1 rock-crystal1 rutile4 ,north ,dakota ,chalcedony1 agate4 ,ohio ,fossil coral1 chalcedony4 ,oregon ,agate1 obsidian1 hydrolite4 ,pennsylvania ,amethyst1 beryl1 sunstone1 moonstone1 amazonite1 almandite garnet1 pyrope garnet1 rutile4 ,rhode ,island ,hornblende in quartz1 amethyst1 rock-crystal4 ,south ,carolina ,beryl1 smoky quartz1 rock-crystal4 ,south ,dakota ,quartzite1 beryl1 agate4 ,tennessee ,pearl4 ,texas ,beryl1 pearl1 tourmaline4 ,utah ,topaz1 garnet4 ,virginia ,amethyst1 spessarite1 garnet1 beryl1 moonstone1 staurolite1 allanite4 ,vermont ,beryl1 pearl4 ,washington ,pearl1 agate4 ,west ,virginia ,rock-crystal4 ,wisconsin ,agate1 pearl4 ,wyoming ,moss-agate1 agate4 ,,xi ,on the ,therapeutic ,use of ,precious and ,semi-,precious ,stones ,the medicinal use of precious stones may be traced back to very ancient times4 ,it has been conjectured that their employment for such purposes was introduced to ,europe from ,india1 whence many of the stones were derived4 ,nevertheless1 the earliest evidence we have rather points to ,egypt as the source1 and1 indeed1 it appears that in early ,egyptian times the chemical constituents of the stones were much more rationally considered than at a later period in ,europe4 ,the ,ebers ,papyrus1 for instance1 recommends the use of certain astringent substances1 such as lapis-lazuli1 as ingredients of eye-salves1 and hematite1 an iron oxide1 was used for checking hemorrhages and for reducing inflammations4 ,little by little1 however1 superstition associated certain special virtues with the color and quality of precious stones1 and their virtues were thought to be greatly enhanced by engraving on them the image of some god1 or of some object symbolizing certain of the activities of nature4 ,later still1 the science of astrology1 most highly developed in ,assyria and ,babylonia1 was brought into combination with the various superstitions above indicated1 so that the image was believed to have much greater efficacy if the engraving were executed when the sun was in a certain constellation or when the moon or some one of the planets was in the ascendant at the time4 ,if we exclude certain fragmentary notices in ,egyptian literature--notably the statements in the ,ebers ,papyrus--and the very uncertain sources in ,hindu literature1 the earliest authority for this branch of the subject is the ,natural ,history of ,pliny4 ,in this connection1 however1 it is only just to call attention to a fact which has been often ignored--namely1 that ,pliny himself had very little faith in the teachings of the 8magi10 as he calls them1 in regard to the superstitious use of gems for the prevention or cure of diseases2 indeed1 he seems to have been almost as sceptical in his attitude as many modern writers1 for certain quite recent authorities still credit amber and a few other mineral substances with therapeutic effects other than those which can be explained by the known action of their chemical constituents4 ,still1 ,pliny yielded so far to the taste of his time as to preserve for us many of the statements of earlier writers on the subject1 naming them in most cases and so enabling us to form some idea of the character of this pseudo-science in the ,roman world in the first century of our era4 ,with the gradual decay of ancient learning1 the less valuable elements of popular belief came more and more into the foreground1 and the old superstitions were freely copied by successive authors1 each of whom felt called upon to add something new on his own account4 ,this explains much of the confusion that reigns in regard to the attribution of special virtues to the different stones1 for the wider the reading of the author the greater became the number of virtues attributed to each separate stone1 until1 at last1 we might almost say that each and every precious stone could be used for the cure of all diseases4 ,nevertheless1 it is comparatively easy to see that either the color or constitution of the stone originally indicated its use for this or that disease4 ,illustration3 ,,inscription ,,on ,a ,,small ,,piece ,,of ,,limestone1 ,,in ,,cursive ,,egyptian ,,writing4 ,it dates from about #afjj ,b4,c41 the period of the ,ebers ,papyrus1 and gives directions for preparing certain remedies from precious stones4 ,while the interpretation of this text offers considerable difficulty1 one version finds in it the statement that lapis-lazuli--the 8sapphire0 of the ancients--was used for the wealthy1 and malachite for those of limited means4 ,professor ,oefele conjectures that the disease to be treated was hysteria4 ,munch ,collection1 ,metropolitan ,museum of ,art1 ,new ,york4 ,a distinction is often made between the talismanic qualities of precious stones for the cure or prevention of disease and the properly medicinal use of them as mineral substances4 ,in the former case the effect was attained by merely wearing them on the person1 while in the latter case they were reduced to a powder1 which was dissolved as far as possible in water or some other liquid and then taken internally4 ,as1 however1 the end to be attained is the same whether the stone be worn or taken internally as a powder or liquid1 it seems more logical to treat of both these methods of therapeutic use together1 reserving for the chapter on the talismanic use of gems only their employment to avert misfortunes other than those caused by disease1 and their influence in the procuring of wealth1 honors1 and happiness for their wearers4 ,the belief in the curative properties of precious stones was at one time universal among all those to whom gems were known4 ,when we read to-day of the various ills that were supposed to be cured by the use of these gems1 we find it difficult to understand what process of thought could have suggested the idea of employing such ineffectual remedies4 ,it is true that the constituents of certain stones can be absorbed by the human body and have a definite effect upon it1 but the greater part of the elements are so combined that they cannot be assimilated1 and they pass through the system without producing any apparent effect4 ,in ancient and medieval times1 however1 other than chemical agencies were supposed to be efficient in the cure of diseases1 and the primitive animistic conception of the cause of illness1 and hence of the therapeutics of disease1 long held sway among those who practised the medical art4 ,remedies were prized because of their rarity1 and also because it was believed that certain spiritual or planetary influences had aided in their production and were latent in them4 ,besides this1 the symbolism of color played a very important part in recommending the use of particular stones for special diseases4 ,this may be noted in the case of the red or reddish stones1 such as the ruby1 spinel1 garnet1 carnelian1 bloodstone1 etc4 ,these were thought to be sovereign remedies for hemorrhages of all kinds1 as well as for all inflammatory diseases2 they were also believed to exercise a calming influence and to remove anger and discord4 ,the red hue of these stones was supposed to indicate their fitness for such use1 upon the principle similia similibus curantur4 ,in the same way yellow stones were prescribed for the cure of bilious disorders1 for jaundice in all its forms and for other diseases of the liver4 ,the use of green stones to relieve diseases of the eye was evidently suggested by the beneficial influence exerted by this color upon the sight4 ,the verdant emerald represented the beautiful green fields1 upon which the tired eye rests so willingly1 and which exert such a soothing influence upon the sight when it has been unduly strained or fatigued4 ,one of the earliest1 probably the very earliest reference in ,greek writings to the therapeutic value of gems1 appears in the works of ,theophrastus1 who wrote in the third century before ,christ4 ,here we are told of the beneficial effect exercised by the emerald upon the eyes4 ,illustration3 #a4 ,necklace of carnelian beads4 ,persian4 ,the decoration is made with carbonate of lime and fixed by firing4 ,charms against the ,evil ,eye4 #b4 ,necklace of onyx beads4 ,early ,christian4 ,the sapphire1 the lapis-lazuli1 and other blue stones1 with a hue resembling the blue of the heavens1 were believed to exert a tonic influence1 and were supposed to counteract the wiles of the spirits of darkness and procure the aid and favor of the spirits of light and wisdom4 ,these gems were usually looked upon as emblems of chastity1 and for this reason the sapphire came to be regarded as especially appropriate for use in ecclesiastical rings4 ,among purple stones1 the amethyst is particularly noteworthy4 ,the well-known belief that this gem counteracted the effects of undue indulgence in intoxicating beverages is indicated by its name1 derived from --8to be intoxicated10 and the privative 1 the name thus signifying the 8sobering0 gem4 ,it is not unlikely that a fancied resemblance between the prevailing hue of these stones and that of certain kinds of wine first gave rise to the name and to the idea of the peculiar virtues of the amethyst4 ,we have mentioned only a few of the more obvious analogies suggested by the color of gems1 and we might be tempted to cite many others were it not that symbolism is always treacherous ground1 since there is practically no limit to the correspondences that may be found between sensuous impressions and ideas4 ,one great difficulty which besets any one who is trying to find a clue to guide him through the labyrinth of the medical affinities of gems is the fact that there was1 from an early period1 a tendency to attribute the virtues of one gem to another1 probably owing to the commercial instinct which urged the dealer to praise his wares in every possible way1 so that no part of his stock should fail to find a purchaser4 ,this tendency is especially marked in the old ,hindu ,lapidaries1 wherein it is almost impossible to find any differentiation of the stones in respect to their curative or talismanic virtues4 ,only the condition and perfection of the gems are made the criterion of their worth4 ,any given stone1 if perfect1 was a source of all blessings to the wearer and possessed all remedial powers1 while a defective stone1 or one lacking the proper lustre or color1 was destined to be a source of untold misfortune to the owner4 ,the ,european writers on the medical properties of precious stones were influenced by quite different considerations2 their chief aim was to represent each stone1 regarded simply as a mineral substance1 as being the abode of the greatest possible number of curative properties4 ,indeed1 many of the most highly recommended electuaries contained all kinds of stones1 as though the effect to be produced did not depend upon the qualities of any single stone1 or class of stones1 but rather upon the quantity used4 ,in ,arnobio's 8,tesoro delle ,gioie10#dfd we have a receipt for the composition of 8the most noble electuary of jacinth40 ,this contains jacinth1 emerald1 sapphire1 topaz1 garnet1 pearl1 ruby1 white and red coral1 and amber1 as well as many animal and vegetable substances1 in all1 thirty-four ingredients4 ,it would indeed seem that a good dose of such a mixture should have provided a cure for 8all the ills that flesh is heir to10 by the simple and effective means of removing the unhappy patient to a better world4 ,treating of the metallic affinities of precious stones1 ,paracelsus 7#adic-aeda7 affirmed that the emerald was a copper stone2 the carbuncle and the jasper were golden stones2 the ruby and the chalcedony1 silver stones4 ,the 8white sapphire0 7corundum7 was a stone of ,jupiter1 while the jacinth was a mercurial stone4 ,powdered jacinth mixed with an equal quantity of laudanum was recommended as a remedy for fevers resulting from 8putrefaction of the air or water40 ,this illustrates the custom of combining an inefficacious material1 such as the powder of a precious stone1 with another possessing genuine remedial virtue1 the name of the stone appealing to the popular superstitions regarding its therapeutic powers1 and thus rendering the preparation more acceptable4#dfe ,it is related by ,plutarch that when ,pericles was dying of the plague1 he showed to one of his friends1 who was visiting him1 an amulet suspended from his neck4 ,this had been given to ,pericles by the women of his household1 and ,plutarch cites the instance as a proof that even the strongest minds will at certain times yield to the influence of superstition4#dff ,there were sceptics in ancient times who put no faith in the popular superstitions as to the curative powers of precious stones4 ,eusebius 7ca4 #bfd-;ca4 #cdi71 in his oration on the ,emperor ,constantine the ,great 7#bgb-ccg71 says3#dfg ,he held that the varieties of stones so greatly admired were useless and ineffective things4 ,they possessed no other qualities than their natural ones1 and hence no efficacy to hold evils aloof2 for what power can such things have either to cure disease or to avert death8 ,nevertheless1 although he well knew this1 he was in no wise opposed to their use simply as ornaments by his subjects4 ,the ,middle ,high ,german didactic poem on precious stones1 composed by ,volmar1 or ,volamar1 about #abej1 appears to have been written as a rejoinder to a satirical poem1 the work of a writer called the 8,stricker0 7rascal74 ,what chiefly aroused ,volmar's wrath was the fact that this irreverent personage dared to assert that a piece of colored glass set in a ring looked just as well and possessed the same virtues as a genuine precious stone of the same color4 ,volmar does not mince matters1 and roundly declares that whoever should kill the man who wrote thus would do no sinful act4 ,while we can scarcely recommend such drastic action1 we must admit that we feel a little sympathy with the medieval champion of genuine stones against imitations4 ,a most interesting item recording one phase of a great tyrant's character is reported by ,sir ,jerome ,horsey1 who was entrusted with messages to and from ,elizabeth of ,england and ,ivan the ,terrible of ,russia4 ,he gives1 in his 8,travels10 a graphic recital of an interview with ,ivan just before the latter's death in #aehd4 ,we retain the archaic spelling as it is reproduced in the ,hakluyt publication from the original manuscript4 ,writing of ,ivan1 ,horsey says3#dfh ,carried every daye in his chair into his treasure4 ,one daye the prince beckoned me to follow4 ,i strode emonge the rest venturously1 and heard him call for som precious stones and jewells4 ,told the prince and nobles present before and aboute him the virtue of such and such1 which ,i observed1 and do pray ,i may a littell degress to declare for my own memorie sake4 ,illustration3 ,facsimile page of ,italian vellum manuscript treatise of the virtues of gems4 ,italian ,,ms4 of the ,fourteenth ,century in author's library4 ,treating of ,topaz1 ,turquoise1 ,jacinth1 ,garnet1 ,chalcedony1 ,rock-crystal1 ,coral4 8,the load-stone you all know hath great and hidden vertue1 without which the seas that compas the world ar not navigable1 nor the bounds nor circles of the earth cannot be knowen4 ,mahomett1 the ,percians proffit1 his tombe of steell hangs in their ,repatta at ,darbent most miraculously0--,caused the waiters to bringe a chaine of nedells towched by his load-stone1 hanged all one by the other4--8,this faire currell 7coral7 and this faire turcas you see2 take in your hand2 of his natur arr orient coullers2 put them on my hand and arm4 ,i am poisoned with disease3 you see they shewe their virtue by the chainge of their pure culler into pall3 declares my death4 ,reach owt my staff roiall2 an unicorns horn garnished with verie fare diomondes1 rubies1 saphiers1 emeralls and other precious stones that ar rich in vallew2 cost #gj thousand marckes sterlinge of ,david ,gower from the fowlkers of ,ousborghe4#dfi ,seek owt for som spiders40 ,caused his phiziccians1 ,johannes ,lloff1 to scrape a circle thereof upon the tabell2 putt within it one spider and so one other and died1 and some other without that ran alive apace from it4--8,it is too late1 it will not preserve me4 ,behold these precious stones4 ,this diomond is the orients richest and most precious of all other4 ,i never affected it2 yt restreyns furie and luxurie and abstinacie and chasticie2 the least parcell of it in powder will poysen a horse geaven to drinck1 much more a man40 ,poynts at the ruby4 8,oh6 this is most comfortable to the hart1 braine1 vigar and memorie of man1 clarifies congelled and corrupt bloud40--,then at the emerald4--8,the natur of the reyn-bowe2 this precious stone is an enemye to uncleanness4 ,the saphier ,i greatlie delight in2 yt preserves and increaseth courage1 joies the hart1 pleasinge to all the vitall sensis1 precious and verie soveraigne for the eys1 clears the sight1 takes awaye bloudshott and streingthens the mussells and strings thereof40--,then takes the onex in hand4--8,all these are ,gods wonderfull guifts1 secreats in natur1 and yet revells reveals them to mans use and contemplacion1 as frendes to grace and vertue and enymies to vice4 ,i fainte1 carie me awaye till an other tyme40 ,some believed that when precious stones were worn to relieve or prevent disease1 it was important that the different stones should be worn on different parts of the body4 ,according to one authority1 the jacinth should be worn on the neck2 the diamond1 on the left arm2 the sapphire1 on the ring-finger2 the emerald1 or the jacinth1 on the index-finger2 and the ruby or turquoise1 on either the index-finger or the little finger4#dgj ,there is1 however1 little reason to assume that these rules were generally known and observed4 ,that precious stones not only appealed to the eye by their beautiful colors1 but also possessed a fragrant odor1 was one of the many fanciful ideas regarding them4 ,if we could believe the following circumstantial account1 this was once experimentally proved3#dga ,when precious stones are to be used in medicine1 they must be pulverized until they are reduced to a powder so fine that it will not grate under the teeth1 or1 in the words of ,galen1 this powder must be as impalpable 8as that which is blown into the eyes40 ,since this trituration is not usually operated with sufficient care by the apothecaries1 ,i begged a medical student1 who was lodging with me1 to pass an entire month in grinding some of these stones4 ,i gave him emeralds1 jacinths1 sapphires1 rubies1 and pearls1 an ounce of each kind4 ,as these stones were rough and whole1 he first crushed them a little in a well-polished iron mortar1 using a pestle of the same metal2 afterward he employed a pestle and mortar of glass1 devoting several hours each day to this work4 ,at the end of about three weeks1 his room1 which was rather large1 became redolent with a perfume1 agreeable both from its variety and sweetness4 ,this odor1 which much resembled that of ,march violets1 lingered in the room for more than three days4 ,there was nothing in the room to produce it1 so that it certainly proceeded from the powder of precious stones4 ,diamond ,of the many medicinal virtues attributed to the diamond1 one of the most noteworthy is that of an antidote for poisons4 ,strangely enough1 the belief in its efficacy in this respect was coupled with the idea that the stone in itself was a deadly poison4 ,the origin of this latter fancy must be sought in the tradition that the place wherein the diamonds were generated--8in the land where it is six months day and six months night0--was guarded by venomous creatures who1 in passing over the stones1 were wounded by the sharp points of the crystals1 and thus embued the stones with some of their venom4#dgb ,the attribution of curative properties in case of poisoning arose from association of ideas4 ,the ,lapidario of ,alfonso ,x recommends the diamond for diseases of the bladder2 it adds1 however1 that this stone should be used only in desperate cases4 ,illustration3 ,,initials ,,from ,,the ,,lapidario ,,de ,,alfonso ,x 7,,xiii ,,century74 ,codice ,original 7fol4 #f71 published in ,madrid1 #ahha4 ,that on the left figures 8the stone found in the sea when the planet ,mars rises02 that on the right1 8the stone that attracts glass40 ,author's library4 ,illustration3 ,,initials ,,from ,,the ,,lapidario ,,de ,,alfonso ,x4 ,codice ,original 7fol4 #d71 published in ,madrid1 #ahha4 ,on the left1 8the stone that recoils from milk02 on the right1 pearl-fishers4 ,the diamond was also believed to afford protection from plague or pestilence1 and a proof of its powers in this direction was found in the fact that the plague first attacked the poorer classes1 sparing the rich1 who could afford to adorn themselves with diamonds4 ,naturally1 in common with other precious stones1 this brilliant gem was supposed to cure many diseases4 ,marbodus#dgc tells us that it was even a cure for insanity4 ,in the ,babylonian ,talmud we read of a marvellous precious stone belonging to ,abraham4 ,this was perhaps a diamond1 or possibly a pearl2 the accounts vary1 and the same word is often used to designate 8precious stone0 and 8pearl40 ,the following version represents it to be a diamond3#dgd ,r4 ,simeon1 ben ,johanan said3 8,a diamond was hanging on ,abraham's neck1 and when a sick man looked upon it he was cured4 ,and when ,abraham passed away1 the ,lord sealed it in the planet of the sun40 ,the ,hindus believed that it was extremely dangerous to use diamonds of inferior quality for curative purposes1 as they would not only fail to remedy the disease for which they were prescribed1 but might cause lameness1 jaundice1 pleurisy1 and even leprosy4 ,as to the use of diamonds of good quality1 very explicit directions are given4 ,on some day regarded as auspicious for the operation1 the stone was to be dipped in the juice of the kantakra 7,solanum jaquiri7 and subjected for a whole night to the heat of a fire made by dried pieces of the dung of a cow or of a buffalo4 ,in the morning it was to be immersed in cow's urine and again subjected to fire4 ,these processes were to be repeated for seven days1 at the end of which term the diamond could be regarded as purified4 ,after this the stone was to be buried in a paste of certain leguminous seeds mixed with asaftida and rock salt4 ,herein it was to be heated twenty-one successive times1 when it would be reduced to ashes4 ,if these ashes were then dissolved in some liquid1 the potion would 8conduce to longevity1 general development of the body1 strength1 energy1 beauty of complexion1 and happiness10 giving an adamantine strength to the limbs4#dge ,an ,austrian nobleman1 who for a long time had not been able to sleep without having terrible dreams1 was immediately cured by wearing a small diamond set in gold on his arm1 so that the stone came in contact with his skin4#dgf ,the fact that in this case1 as in many others1 the stone was required to touch the skin1 proves that the effect supposed to be produced was not altogether magical1 but in the nature of a physical emanation from the stone to the body of the wearer4 ,we are told that when ,pope ,clement ,,vii was seized by his last illness1 in #aecd1 his physicians resorted to powders composed of various precious stones4 ,in the space of fourteen days they are asserted to have given the pope forty thousand ducats' worth of these stones1 a single dose costing as much as three thousand ducats4 ,the most costly remedy of all was a diamond administered to him at ,marseilles4 ,unfortunately1 this lavish expenditure was of no avail2 indeed1 according to our modern science1 the remedies might have sufficed to end the pope's life1 without the help of his disease4#dgg ,the old fancy that the diamond grew dark in the presence of poison is explained by the ,italian physician ,gonelli as caused by minute and tenuous particles which emanated from the poison1 impinged upon the surface of the diamond1 and1 unable to penetrate its dense mass1 accumulated on the surface1 thus producing a superficial discoloration4 ,the diamond1 being a cold substance1 may have condensed moisture from the body1 and the one suffering from the poison may have emitted exudations4 ,but this elaborate explanation of a phenomenon which never existed except in the imagination of those who related it is characteristic of ,gonelli1 who was always ready to elucidate in some similar way any of the marvels recounted in regard to precious stones4#dgh ,emerald ,the emerald was employed as an antidote for poisons and for poisoned wounds1 as well as against demoniacal possession4#dgi ,if worn on the neck it was said to cure the 8semitertian0 fever and epilepsy4#dhj ,the use of the emerald to rest and relieve the eye is the only remedial use of a precious stone mentioned by ,theophrastus in his treatise on gems1 written in the third century ,b4,c4 ,alluding to its powers as an antidote for poisons1 ,rueus asserts#dha that if the weight of eighty barley-corns of its powder were given to one dying from the effects of poison1 the dose would save his life4 ,the ,arabs prized emeralds highly for this purpose1 and ,abenzoar states that1 having once taken a poisonous herb1 he placed an emerald in his mouth and applied another to his stomach1 whereupon he was entirely cured4#dhb ,a certain cure for dysentery also was to wear an emerald suspended so that it touched the abdomen and to place another emerald in the mouth4 ,michaele ,paschali1 a learned ,spanish physician of the sixteenth century1 declared that he had effected a cure of the disease by means of the emerald in the case of ,juan de ,mendoza1 a ,spanish grandee1 and ,wolfgang ,gabelchover1 of ,calw1 in ,wrtemberg1 writing in #afjc1 asserts that he had often tested the virtues of the emerald in cases of dysentery and with invariable success4#dhc ,it speaks not a little for the beauty of the emerald that so good a judge of precious stones as ,pliny should have pronounced this gem to be the only one that delighted the eye without fatiguing it1 adding that when the vision was wearied by gazing intently at other objects1 it gained renewed strength by viewing an emerald4 ,so general in the early centuries of our era was the persuasion that the pure green hue of emeralds aided the eyesight1 that gem engravers are said to have kept some of them on their work-tables1 so as to be able to look at the stones from time to time and thus relieve the eye-strain caused by close application to their delicate task4#dhd ,psellus says that a cataplasm made of emeralds was of help to those suffering from leprosy2 he adds that if pulverized and taken in water they would check hemorrhages4#dhe ,they were especially commended for use as amulets to be hung on the necks of children1 as they were believed to ward off and prevent epilepsy4 ,if1 however1 the violence of the disease was such that it could not be overcome by the stone1 the latter would break4#dhf ,hermes ,trismegistus says the emerald cures ophthalmia and hemorrhages4 ,the great ,hermes must have had a special preference for this stone1 since his treatise on chemistry 7peri chemeias7 is said to have been found inscribed on an emerald4#dhg ,by the ,hindu physicians of the thirteenth century the emerald was considered to be a good laxative4 ,it cured dysentery1 diminished the secretion of bile1 and stimulated the appetite4 ,in short1 it promoted bodily health and destroyed demoniacal influences4 ,in the curious phrase of the school the emerald was 8cold and sweet40#dhh ,teifashi 7#abdb ,a4,d47 believed that the emerald was a cure for hmoptysis and for dysentery if it were worn over the liver of the person affected2 to cure gastric troubles1 the stone was to be laid upon the stomach4 ,furthermore1 the wearer was protected from the attacks of venomous creatures1 and evil spirits were driven from the place where emeralds were kept4#dhi ,the direction to place the stone on the affected part1 a recommendation often met with in the treatises on the therapeutic use of ornamental stones1 shows that these were believed to send forth emanations of subtle power4 ,probably enough1 the brilliant play of reflected light which proceeds from many of these gems suggested the idea that they radiated a certain curative energy4 ,this theory need not surprise us1 for1 although it is altogether fanciful in the case of the diamond1 ruby1 emerald1 etc41 the newly discovered substance1 radium1 really possesses the active properties ascribed by old writers to precious stones4 ,jade ,a stone the therapeutic quality of which was specialized is the jade or nephrite4 ,strange to say1 although there are very few places where this mineral can now be obtained1--the chief sources of supply being the province of ,khotan in ,turkistan and ,new ,zealand1--in prehistoric times the stone must have been found in many different localities1 since axe-heads and other artefacts of jade have been discovered in many lands both of the old and new world4 ,when the ,spaniards discovered and explored the southern part of the ,american continent1 they came across numerous native ornaments and amulets made of jade 7jadeite7 and brought many of these with them to ,europe4 ,the name jade is derived from the ,spanish designation1 piedra de hijada1 meaning literally 8stone of the flank10 which is said to have been bestowed on the stone because the ,indians used it for all diseases of the kidneys4 ,the name nephrite owes its origin to the same idea4 ,in ancient times jade appears to have been looked upon as a great aid in parturition1 and many ingenious conjectures have been advanced as to the connection between this belief and the form of some of the prehistoric objects made of this material4 ,whether the ,spaniards really learned from the ,indians that the stone was especially adapted to cure renal diseases1 or whether they only suggested this special and peculiar virtue in order to give an enhanced value to their jade ornaments1 is a question not easily answered4 ,an early notice of jade as a remedial agent appears in ,sir ,walter ,raleigh's account of his travels in ,guiana4 ,treating of a people of 8,amazons0 said to dwell in the interior of the country1 ,raleigh says3#dij ,these ,amazones have likewise great store of these plates of golde1 which they recover by exchange1 chiefly for a kinde of greene stone1 which the ,spaniards call ,piedras ,hijadas1 and we use for spleene stones and for the disease of the stone we also esteeme them3 of these ,i saw divers in ,guiana1 and commonly every ,king or ,casique hath one1 which theire wives for the most part weare1 and they esteeme them as great jewels4 ,by the middle of the seventeenth century the curative powers of jade for the various forms of calculi was very generally admitted4 ,a singular instance is offered us in one of ,voiture's letters4 ,he was a great sufferer from 8the stone0 and he had received1 from a ,mademoiselle ,paulet1 a beautiful jade bracelet4 ,gratefully acknowledging the receipt of this peculiar gift1 he expresses himself in the following frank way1 a mixture of indelicacy and gallantry that seems strange to us3 8,if the stones you have given me do not break mine1 they will at least make me bear my sufferings patiently2 and it seems to me that ,i ought not to complain of my colic1 since it has procured me this happiness40 ,the name used for jade by ,voiture1 8l'jade10 supplied a missing link in the derivation of our name jade from the ,spanish hijada4 ,when the lady's gift was received by ,voiture1 some friends chanced to be present1 and they were disposed to regard it as a token of love until he assured them that it was only a remedy4 ,it appears that ,mlle4 ,paulet was a fellow sufferer1 and1 alluding to this1 ,voiture writes3 8,on this occasion the jade had for you an effect you did not expect from it1 and its virtue defended your own40#dia ,renal calculi and poetry do not seem to have much in common1 but the following lines freely rendered from an old ,italian poem on the subject by ,ciri de ,pers show that even this unpromising theme is susceptible of poetic treatment3#dib 8,other white stones serve to mark happy days1 ,but mine do mark days full of pain and gloom4 ,to build a palace1 or a temple fair1 ,stones should be used2 but mine do serve ,to wreck the fleshly temple of my soul4 99 99 99 99 99 ,well do ,i know that ,death doth whet his glaive ,upon these stones1 and that the marble white ,that grows in me is there to form my tomb40 ,as jade was and still is the most favored stone in ,china1 although never found within the boundaries of ,china proper1 it was very naturally accorded wonderful medical virtues4 ,an old ,chinese encyclopedia1 the work of ,li ,she ,chan1 and presented by him to the emperor ,wan ,lih of the ,ming dynasty1 in #aeif1 contains many interesting notices of jade4 ,when reduced to a powder of the size of rice grains it strengthened the lungs1 the heart1 and the vocal organs1 and prolonged life1 more especially if gold and silver were added to the jade powder4 ,another1 and certainly a pleasanter way of absorbing this precious mineral1 was to drink what was enthusiastically called the 8divine liquor of jade40 ,to concoct this elixir equal parts of jade1 rice1 and dew-water were put into a copper pot and boiled1 the resultant liquid being carefully filtered4 ,this mixture was said to strengthen the muscles and make them supple1 to harden the bones1 to calm the mind1 to enrich the flesh1 and to purify the blood4 ,whoever took it for a long space of time ceased to suffer from either heat or cold and no longer felt either hunger or thirst4 ,galen 7b4 ca4 #acj ,a4,d47 wrote thus of the green jasper3#dic ,some have testified to a virtue in certain stones1 and this is true of the green jasper1 that is to say1 this stone aids the stomach and navel by contact4 ,and some1 therefore1 set the stone in rings and engrave on it a dragon surrounded by rays1 according to what ,king ,nechepsos has transmitted to posterity in the fourteenth book 7of his works74 ,indeed1 ,i myself have thoroughly tested this stone1 for ,i hung a necklace composed of them about my neck so that they touched the navel1 and ,i received not less benefit from them than ,i would had they borne the engraving of which ,nechepsos wrote4 ,ruby ,sanskrit medical literature as represented by ,naharari1 a physician of ,cashmere1 who wrote in the thirteenth century1 finds in the ruby a valuable remedy for flatulency and biliousness4 ,moreover1 aside from these special uses1 an elixir of great potency could be made from rubies by those who properly understood the employment of precious stones in the compounding of medicines4#did ,this famous 8ruby elixir0 may have had little in common with the stone except its color1 as such remedies were generally said to have been made by some secret and mysterious process1 in the course of which all material evidence of the presence of any precious stone or stones completely disappeared4 ,sapphire ,one of the earliest specimens of ,english literature1 ,william ,langley's 8,vision of ,william concerning ,piers the ,plowman0 7written about #acgg71 contains a mention of the sapphire as a cure for disease3#die ,i looked on my left half as e lady me taughte ,and was war of a woman wortheli yeclothed1 ,purfiled with pelure#dif e finest vpon erthe1 ,y-crowned with a corone e kyng hath none better4 ,fetislich#dig hir fyngres were fretted#dih with gold wyre1 ,and ere-on red rubyes as red as any glede1#dii ,and diamants of derrest pris1 and double manere safferes1 ,orientales and ewages#ejj enuenymes#eja to destroye4 ,among the rich gifts offered at the shrine of ,st4 ,erkinwald1 in ,old ,saint ,paul's1 was a sapphire given in #acia by ,richard ,preston1 8a citizen and grocer of ,london40 ,he stipulated that the stone should be kept at the shrine for the cure of diseases of the eyes1 and that proclamation should be made of its remedial virtues4 ,st4 ,erkinwald was the son of ,offa1 ,king of the ,east ,saxons1 and was converted to ,christianity by ,melittus1 the first bishop of ,london4 ,in #fge ,a4,d4 he himself became bishop of ,london1 being the third to attain that rank after the death of ,melittus4 ,his body was interred in the cathedral1 and his shrine1 which was richly embellished during the reign of ,edward ,,iii 7#acbg-acgg71 received many valuable donations4#ejb ,the usefulness of the sapphire as an eyestone for the removal of all impurities or foreign bodies from the eye is noted by ,albertus ,magnus1 who writes that he had seen it employed for this purpose4 ,he adds that when a sapphire was used in this way it should be dipped in cold water both before and after the operation4#ejc ,this was probably not so much to make the stone colder to the touch as to cleanse it1 certainly a very necessary proceeding when the same stone was used by many persons suffering from contagious diseases of the eyes4 ,richard ,preston's sapphire appears to have been only one of a class regarded as having special virtue to cure diseased eyes1 as is shown by the existence of various other similar sapphires in different parts of ,europe4 ,it is not very easy to determine the precise reason--if there be one--which rendered any single sapphire more useful than another in this respect4 ,an entry in the inventory of ,charles ,v notes 8an oval ,oriental sapphire for touching the eyes1 set in a band of gold40#ejd ,possibly the fact that a particular gem of this kind was used remedially1 and was not set for wear as an ornament1 may have been the only cause for a belief in its special virtue4 ,that the sapphire should have been regarded as especially valuable for the cure of eye diseases serves to illustrate the wide-reaching and persistent influence of ,egyptian thought1 and the curious transformations through which an originally reasonable idea may pass in the course of time4 ,we have already noted that the sapphire of the ancients was our lapis-lazuli1 and in the ,ebers ,papyrus lapis-lazuli is given as one of the ingredients of an eye-wash4 ,this ingredient is believed to have originally been the oxide of copper sometimes called lapis ,armenus1 a material possessing marked astringent properties1 and which might be used to advantage in certain morbid conditions of the eye4 ,lapis-lazuli1 another blue stone1 was later substituted because of its greater intrinsic value1 its similarity of color rendering it equally efficacious according to primitive ideas on this subject4 ,when1 however1 in medieval times1 the name sapphire came to signify the blue corundum gem known to us by this designation1 the special curative virtues of the lapis-lazuli were transferred to this still more valuable stone4 ,the proper method of applying a sapphire to cure plague boils is given at some length by ,van ,helmont4 ,a gem of a fine1 deep color was to be selected and rubbed gently and slowly around the pestilential tumor4 ,during and immediately after this operation1 the patient would feel but little alleviation2 but a good while after the removal of the stone1 favorable symptoms would appear1 provided the malady were not too far advanced4 ,this ,van ,helmont attributes to a magnetic force in the sapphire by means of which the absent gem continued to extract 8the pestilential virulency and contagious poyson from the infected part40#eje ,topaz ,the use of a topaz to cure dimness of vision is strongly recommended by ,st4 ,hildegard4 ,to attain the desired end the stone was to be placed in wine and left there for three days and three nights4 ,when retiring to sleep1 the patient should rub his eyes with the moistened topaz1 so that this moisture lightly touched the eyeball4 ,after the stone had been removed1 the wine could be used for five days4#ejf ,a ,roman physician of the fifteenth century was reputed to have wrought many wonderful cures of those stricken by the plague1 through touching the plague sores with a topaz which had belonged to two popes1 ,clement ,,vi and ,gregory ,,ii4 ,the fact that this particular topaz had been in the hands of two supreme pontiffs must have added much to the faith reposed in the curative powers of the stone by those upon whom it was used1 and this faith may really have helped to hasten their recovery4#ejg ,bloodstone ,a historical instance of the use of the bloodstone to check a hemorrhage is recorded in the case of ,giorgio ,vasari 7#aead-aegh71 the author of the lives of the ,italian painters of the ,renaissance period4 ,on a certain occasion1 when the painter ,luca ,signorelli 7#adci-aeba7 was placing one of his pictures in a church at ,arezzo1 ,vasari1 who was present1 was seized with a violent hemorrhage and fainted away4 ,without a moment's hesitation1 ,signorelli took from his pocket a bloodstone amulet and slipped it down between ,vasari's shoulder-blades4 ,the hemorrhage is said to have ceased immediately4#ejh ,the bloodstone was used as a remedy by the ,indians of ,new ,spain1 and ,monardes notes that they often cut the material into the shape of hearts4 ,this seems a very appropriate form for an object used to check hemorrhages4 ,the best effect was attained when the stone was first dipped in cold water and then held by the patient in his right hand4 ,of course the application of any cold object would serve to congeal the blood1 but the connection with the heart vanishes in the direction to place the stone in the right hand4 ,monardes states that both ,spaniards and ,indians used the bloodstone in this way4#eji ,the ,franciscan friar ,bernardino de ,sahagun1 a missionary to the ,mexican ,indians1 shortly after the ,spanish ,conquest1 writes that in #aegf he cured many natives who were at the point of death from hemorrhage1 a result of the plague1 by causing them to hold in the hand a piece of bloodstone4 ,by this means he claims to have saved many lives4#eaj ,robert ,boyle1 in his 8,essay about the ,origin and ,virtues of ,gems0 7,london1 #afgb1 pp4 #agg-gh71 tells of a gentleman of his acquaintance who was 8of a complexion extraordinary sanguin10 and was much afflicted with bleeding of the nose4 ,a gentlewoman sent to him a bloodstone1 directing him to wear it suspended from his neck1 and from the time he put it on he was no longer troubled with his malady4 ,it recurred1 however1 if he removed the stone4 ,when ,boyle objected that this might be a result of imagination1 his friend disposed of his objection by relating the instance of a woman to whom the stone had been applied when she was unconscious from loss of blood4 ,nevertheless1 as soon as it touched her1 the flow of blood was checked4 ,boyle states that this stone did not seem to him to resemble a true bloodstone4 ,it may have been that the cold of the stone congealed the blood1 or that the flow was checked by exhaustion4 ,index ,a ,aaron1 #ajb1 #bgg1 #cjj1 #caj1 #cah ,abdul ,hamid1 ,sultan1 #aci ,abraham1 diamond of1 #cgg luminous stones in his city1 #afa1 #bgf ,abrasax 7,abraxas71 #abf-acj meaning of name1 #abg ,acrostics expressed with stones1 #cei-cfb ,adamas 7diamond871 #ci1 #ie1 #aeg1 #afc of high-priest1 #bgh ,adam's ,peak1 ,ceylon1 gems from1 #ge ,adelbert1 ,st41 #afd lian1 #afa tites1 #cd ,agalmatolite1 #dh ,agate1 #ea-ed1 #acb1 #bcf1 #bcg1 #bfe1 #bif1 #cje1 #ccf amulets in the ,soudan1 #ed amulets of1 cut in ,idar and ,oberstein1 #ed banded1 #ci1 #bcc1 #bif coral1 for an air-ship1 #ec eye-agates and 8,aleppo ,stones10 #ci1 #adi1 #aej gem of ,gemini1 #cdf of ,mercury1 #cej of ,venus1 #cdi in breastplate1 #bgf with veinings figuring diadem1 #bfg ,agatharcides1 #ff ,agricola1 ,georgius1 #ada ,agrippa1 ,cornelius1 #aha1 #cce1 #ccf ,alamah1 stone of breastplate1 #big ,air-ship1 with coral agate1 #eb1 #ec ,alabaster1 #ce1 #cf ,alaric1 #bhc 8,albert10 8,le ,grand10 8,le ,petit10 treatises on stones1 #ah ,albertus ,magnus1 #g1 #ag1 #fh1 #gg1 #gh1 #adf1 #chg ,albite1 #dh 8,aleppo ,stones10 #adi boil1 #adi ,alexander the ,great1 #fh1 #if1 #abe ,alexander ,,ii of ,russia1 #ed ,alexandria1 #abe1 #abf1 #acj ,alexandrite1 #ed1 #ee cat's-eye1 #ccd ,alfonso ,x1 8,lapidario0 of1 #fc1 #cdh1 #cgf ,alford1 ,henry1 #cjd ,allanite1 from ,virginia1 #cff ,almandine garnet1 #cg1 #ei1 #bic ,amazonite1 from ,maine1 #cfe ,amber1 #cd1 #ee-eh in deposits of ,stone ,age1 #ee1 #eg in ,mycen1 #eg origin of1 #ee1 #ef therapeutic effect of1 #cgb with initials naturally marked1 #eg1 #eh ,amboin1 #fb ,american ,museum of ,nat4 ,hist41 vi1 vii1 #bai1 #bcd1 #bdi1 #bed ,amethyst1 #cg1 #aai1 #acd1 #ade1 #bcg1 #bdc1 #bdd1 #big1 #cjc1 #cje1 #ccf as antidote to drunkenness1 #eh1 #cga as symbol of ,st4 ,matthias1 #cac gem of ,jupiter1 #cdh of ,pisces1 #cde in breastplate1 #bgf legend of1 #eh1 #ei ring of ,st4 ,valentine1 #beg symbolism of1 #bfi ,amulets1 ,alexandrian1 #abe-abi ,assyrian1 of seven stones1 #bcj attraction of astral influence to1 #cdj ,burmese1 #bff canon on1 at ,council of ,laodicea1 #db ,chinese1 of five stones1 #dj directions for preparing1 #ci ,egyptian1 #ch1 #bbf-bbi etymology of word1 #bb for heart1 #bbg-bbi for horses1 #acj ,gnostic1 #abe-abi in ,austro-,prussian ,war1 #be in ,russo-,japanese ,war1 #be ,japanese1 called magatama1 #bfe ,jewish1 #dc of five stones1 pancharatna1 #bda of nine stones1 naoratna1 #bda1 #bdb-bde origin of1 #ai-bd sailors'1 #ch1 #ci with head of ,alexander the ,great1 #aca ,amymone1 image of1 in emerald1 #aci1 #adj ,andalusite1 #dg ,andreas1 bishop of ,csarea1 on apostles' stones1 #caa1 #cac ,andromeda1 image of1 on gem1 #adj ,angels1 #bge guardian of the months1 #cbf-ccb guardian1 stones dedicated to1 #cci1 #cdj nine orders of1 #cad twelve1 #cjc twelve guardian1 #cbb 8,anne of ,geierstein0 and the opal1 #adc ,anthrax 7carbuncle71 #afb ,apocalyptic gems1 significance of1 #cje ,apollonius of ,tyana1 seven rings of1 #bdd ,apostles1 lists of the twelve1 #cjd stones of1 #cjc-cjf ,aquamarine 7beryl71 #bii1 #cbj therapeutic effect of1 #chg ,aquarius1 zodiacal sign of1 #cde1 #cec ,aquinas1 ,st4 ,thomas1 #ag ,aragonite1 #bea ,aries1 zodiacal sign1 #cda1 #cdb1 #cde1 #cec ,aristotle1 pseudo-1 #afj1 #afc ,arsino1 wife of ,ptolemy ,,ii1 #fg1 #ic ,artemisia vulgaris1 #bab ,artemidorus1 #cef1 #ceg ,ashmole1 ,elias1 #afg ,assher1 #bhi1 #cjj ,asteria1 #ajf1 #ajg ,astral stones1 #cba1 #cch-cfc fixed stars controlling1 #cea1 #ceb images of constellations on1 #ceb-cee influence of stars on1 #cch1 #cci ,athene of ,phidias1 #afg ,aubrey1 ,john1 #aif ,augustine1 ,st41 #abf1 #bhb ,augustus1 #cdb ,auto-suggestion1 #c ,aventurine1 #dh ,axinite1 #dh ,azchalias of ,babylon1 #hj 8,azoth0 of ,paracelsus1 #f ,azur-malachite1 from ,arizona1 #cfd ,b ,babylonian axe-head1 #bcc1 #bcd cylinders1 #aba-abc1 #bjd ,bacchus and ,amethyst1 #eh1 #ei ,baccio1 ,andrea1 #aeh ,bacon1 ,roger1 #ahb1 #ahc ,baelz1 ,dr4 ,erwin1 #bfe ,balas-ruby1 #fd1 #cdi ,ball1 ,dr4 ,valentine1 #gf ,baltic ,coast1 amber of the1 #ef ,bareketh1 stone of breastplate1 #bia1 #bib ,barium sulphate1 #i ,bartolomus ,anglicus1 #ia1 #id1 #ajd1 #aej ,basalt1 #bbg ,basilides1 #abf1 #abi ,basilidian gems1 #abf-acj ,batman1 ,stephen1 #aej ,bela ,,iv of ,hungary1 emerald in ring of1 #gg1 #gh ,belgium1 jet in cave deposits of1 #ib ,belisarius1 #bhc ,belucci collection of worked jade at ,perugia1 #bfd ,belucci1 ,prof4 ,giuseppe1 vii ,benitoite1 from ,california1 #cfd ,benjamin1 #bhi1 #big ,benoni1 ,rabbi1 #gb ,berenice1 mother of ,ptolemy ,,ii1 #fg ,berlin ,museum1 #cf ,berthelot1 ,pierre ,eugne ,marcellin1 #agd ,beryl1 #ci1 #ei1 #fj1 #aai1 #acc1 #acd1 #bcd1 #bcf1 #bcg1 #bii1 #cjc1 #cje1 #cac1 #cbj1 #ccf as symbol of ,st4 ,thomas1 #cab gem of the moon1 #cdh of ,scorpio1 #cdg in breastplate1 #bgf ,bes1 god1 image of1 #cf ,bejazet ,,ii1 #aed ,bezoar1 #cdj ,birth-stones1 see ,natal ,stones ,black1 ,christian symbolism of1 #bgc in occult ritual1 #ccf symbolism of1 #cb ,black opal of ,new ,south ,wales1 #aeb ,blake1 ,w4 ,w41 vii ,blessington1 ,countess of1 verses on opal1 #adc ,bloodstone1 #acc causing tempests1 #fj checking hemorrhages1 #bh figuring blood of ,christ1 #bfg gem of ,aries1 #cde in ,leyden papyrus1 #fa therapeutic effect of1 #cgj1 #cij1 #cia ,blue1 ,christian symbolism of1 #bgc gems in dreams1 #ceg significance of1 #ca silver1 worn in ,siam for ,friday2 dark for ,saturday1 #cce ,bologna stone1 #afh ,bondaroy1 ,jean de la ,taille de1 #e ,book of the ,dead1 #ch1 #hf1 #bbe1 #bbg1 #bbh1 #bbi1 #bij1 #big ,book of ,wings1 ,ragiel's1 #acb ,boot1 ,anselmus de1 #ef1 #fe1 #ajf1 #aji1 #aaj1 #bga ,borgia1 ,card4 ,stefano1 #bcd ,borneo1 breeding pearls in1 #db ,boyle1 ,robert1 #afi1 #agj1 #aga1 #cia ,braddock1 ,dr4 ,charles1 vii ,breastplate of high-priest1 #af1 #abj1 #bca1 #cjg1 #cjh1 #cji1 #caj1 #cai stones of1 #bge-cjb names of1 in ancient lists1 #cja probable modern names of1 #cja ,breastplate of ,judgment1 #af ,buddha1 #bch ,buddhabhatta1 #ga1 #gc ,budge1 ,dr4 ,ernest ,a4 ,wallis1 vii1 #bbg ,burgh1 ,hubert de1 #dd ,burke1 ,capt4 ,john ,g41 #bjb ,burma1 amulets of1 #bff ,burton1 ,sir ,richard ,francis1 star-sapphire of1 #ajf ,c ,csar1 ,julius1 #cda ,cagliostro 7,giuseppe ,balsamo71 #aih ,cairo ,museum1 #ch1 #bja1 #big ,calamine1 religious use of1 #bga1 #bgb ,calculus1 renal1 curious poem on1 #chd ,california ,midwinter ,mem4 ,mus41 ,san ,francisco1 vi ,californite1 #cbc ,callais1 #ajh ,cancer1 zodiacal sign1 #cdf1 #ced ,canrobert1 ,marshal1 faith in amulets1 #be ,cantimpr1 ,thomas de1 #ag1 #ei ,capricorn1 zodiacal sign1 #cdb1 #cdg ,carbuncle1 #cc1 #ci1 #ade1 #afb1 #afh1 #agd1 #bdc1 #bib1 #cje1 #cdc1 #ceg1 #cgb as symbol of ,christ's sacrifice1 #fa brought by serpent1 #fb gem of ,venus1 #cdh in breastplate1 #bgf ,carcinia1 #cd ,cardano1 ,girolamo1 #eb1 #gj1 #gh1 #hc1 #ih1 #aea1 #afj1 #bfd ,carnelian1 #f1 #cf1 #cg1 #aai1 #abd1 #acc1 #bbf1 #bbg1 #bbi1 #bfe1 #bij1 #bia1 #cai ,arabic inscription on1 #fc engraved with zodiacal signs1 #cda figures engraved in1 by ,israelites1 #abj gem of ,virgo1 #cdf of the ,sun and ,venus1 #cdh ,goethe's praise of1 #fb identified with odem-stone of breastplate1 #abj ,mohammed's seal-ring of1 #fd ,napoleon's seal of1 #fd ,oriental use against envy1 #fc therapeutic effect of1 #cgj ,carrington1 ,hereward1 vii ,catherine de' ,medici1 girdle of1 set with talismanic stones1 #cag ,cat's-eye1 #fe1 #bch1 #bdb1 #bdc1 #bdd alexandrite1 #ccd chrysoberyl1 #ccc quartz1 #ccd ,cellini1 ,benvenuto1 #aed ,celonite1 #acd ,ceraunia1 #cd1 #acd1 #afb ,cernowitz1 ,hungary1 opals of1 #adh ,cethel1 #adj ,ceylon1 #ed1 #fe1 #ge1 #afe1 #beb1 #cbd ,chalazia 7rock-crystal71 #cd ,chalcedony1 #ci1 #fe1 #abb1 #acd1 #bfe1 #cjc1 #cje1 #cac1 #cgb as symbol of ,st4 ,andrew1 #cab gem of ,capricorn1 #cdg ,chalchiuhatl1 8water of precious stones10 in ,aztec1 #dj ,chalchiuitl 7jadeite871 #bdg1 #bea ,charles ,i of ,england1 #bfb ,charles ,v of ,france1 #chh ,charles ,v of ,germany and the turquoise1 #bd ,charles ,,xii of ,sweden1 #eg ,chau ,ju-,kua1 #afe ,chaucer1 ,geoffrey1 #dc ,chelonites1 #cd ,chiastolite 7macle7 as religious symbol1 #bgj therapeutic effect of1 #bgj ,childeric1 crystal ball of1 #bai-bba ,chinese amulets1 #dj1 #hd-hg ,chin ,t'sang ,khi1 of loadstone1 #ie ,chirocrates1 #ic ,chlorastrolite1 from ,minnesota1 #cfe ,chlorophane1 luminescence of1 #agb1 #agc ,christ1 blood of1 figured in bloodstone1 #bfg colors symbolical of his sacrifice1 #bgd foundation stones symbols of1 #cac head of1 naturally figured in quartz1 #bfg1 #bfh natural images of1 in stones1 #bff1 #bfg1 #bfh1 #bfi sacrifice of1 symbolized by amethyst1 #bfi ,chromium oxide1 #aj ,chrysoberyl1 #ed1 #fe1 #cac cat's-eye1 #ccc ,chrysolampis1 #afd ,chrysolite1 #bi1 #acc1 #bia1 #big1 #cjc1 #cje as symbol of ,st4 ,bartholomew1 #cab from the 8,serpent ,isle10 #ff gem of ,libra1 #cdf of the ,sun1 #cdg in ,cologne ,cathedral1 #ff statue of ,arsino in1 #fg ,chrysoprase1 #aa1 #cg1 #fg1 #bfe1 #cjc1 #cje1 #cac1 #caf1 #cai as symbol of ,st4 ,thaddeus1 #cab of ,alexander the ,great1 #fh ,chrysostom1 ,john1 #abe ,cicero1 his daughter's emerald1 #ca ,claudian1 #id ,clavijo1 ,ruy ,gonzalez de1 #bff ,cleandro1 ,arnobio1 #afe1 #cgb ,clemens ,alexandrinus1 #cji ,clement ,,vi1 #chi ,clement ,,vii1 #cdb1 #cgh ,clerc1 ,dr4 ,g4 ,o41 vii ,cock1 the1 on amulets1 #acg ,cologne1 chrysolites in cathedral of1 #ff ,color1 ,christian symbolism of1 #bgc1 #bgd of gems and vestments for each day of the week in ,siam1 #cce symbolism of1 #bi-cc therapeutic effect of1 #bg-bi1 #cc1 #cgj ,confucius and musical jade1 #hg ,consecration of precious stones1 #dd1 #de ,constantine1 ,king of ,greece1 star-sapphire in sword-hilt of1 #ccd ,constantine the ,great1 #acf1 #bhf1 #cgc ,constellations1 symbols of1 in engraved gems1 #ceb-cee ,coral1 #dj1 #fh1 #fi1 #bcf1 #bcg1 #bch1 #bdb1 #bdc1 #bdd1 #bde1 #bdf gem of ,venus1 #cdh red1 superstition in regard to1 explained1 #afj1 #afa therapeutic effect of1 #cgb ,cornelius ,lapide 7,van den ,steen71 #bhj ,corundum1 #ci1 #beb1 #cdd1 #cgb ,council of ,laodicea1 canon on amulets1 #db ,countries1 gem of1 #cfc1 #cfd ,crocidolite 7,krokidolite71 #cfj ,cronstedt1 ,axel ,frederic1 #bga ,crookes1 ,sir ,william1 #agb ,cross1 monogrammatic1 #acf of ,christ1 found by ,st4 ,helena1 #bhf ,crusades1 #ff ,crux ansata1 #ace ,crystal ball1 called 8,currahmore ,crystal10 #bbc from ,madagascar1 #bag in ,grne ,gewlbe1 ,dresden1 #bbc in sepulchres1 #bai-bbb ,japanese1 #bag1 #bah of ,childeric1 #bai-bba ,crystal gazing1 #agf-bbd ,ctesiphon1 sack of1 #bhd1 #bhe 8,currahmore ,crystal10 #bbc ,cyanite1 #di ,cyanus1 #aai ,cylinders1 ,assyro-,babylonian1 #aba-abc1 #bjd 8,cyrianides10 ,greek treatise on stones1 #af ,d ,damigeron1 #ae1 #ij1 #ajd1 #acb1 #adj1 #ada ,damour1 ,a41 vii ,dan1 #bhi1 #big ,days of the week1 ritual gems worn in occult ceremony1 #ccf gems of the1 #ccb1 #ccc ,dee1 ,dr4 ,john1 #ahi-aif ,delhi1 #gi ,demantoid1 #di ,dendrite1 #cfj ,diamond1 #aj1 #bh1 #cb1 #fi-gf1 #bcd1 #bcf1 #bci1 #bdj1 #bda1 #bdb1 #bdc1 #bfi1 #bhj1 #bha1 #bid1 #cdd1 #cdh1 #cge as natal stone1 #cjh1 #cbj breeding1 #da1 #gb combustion of1 #ga 8,diamond ,throne10 #bch elmshu in ,assyrian 7871 #bca gem of reconciliation1 #gj of the ,sun1 #cdi of ,winter1 #cbc1 #cbf1 #cbg in breastplate1 #bgf medicinal use of1 #aec names of ,hindu castes given to1 #ga1 #gc paleness sign of infidelity1 #aeg ,sanskrit names of1 #cdc secured by birds1 #ge1 #agf symbolism of1 #bce talismanic effect of various shapes of1 #aed ,talmudic legend of1 #gd therapeutic effect of1 #chf-chi used as poison1 ,bejazet ,,ii1 ,paracelsus1 ,cellini1 ,sir ,thomas ,overbury1 #aed-aef 8,diamond ,throne10 #bch ,diana and ,amethyst1 #ei ,diaspore1 #dg ,didius ,julianus1 ,emperor1 #agh ,diodorus1 ,bishop of ,tyre1 #af ,diodorus ,siculus1 #ff1 #bih ,dionysius ,periegetes1 #bih ,dioptase1 gem of the ,congo1 #cfc ,dioskorides1 ,greek gem-engraver1 #cdb ,disease in precious stones1 #e ,dolce1 ,ludovico1 #ah ,domitian1 #cda ,donnerkeil1 #afb ,draper1 ,mrs4 ,henry1 vii ,dreams1 books of1 ancient1 #cef1 #ceg meaning of precious stones seen in1 #cef-ceh ,e ,ebers ,papyrus1 #cfg1 #cfh1 #chh ,echites1 #cd ,edda1 #adf ,edward ,,iii of ,england1 #chg ,edward ,,vi of ,england1 #ih ,egmund ,abbey1 luminous stone of1 #afd ,elolite1 #dg ,electrum1 #cg1 #bie ,elizabeth1 ,queen of ,england1 #aej1 #ahi1 #cgd ,elizabeth1 ,st41 #bfh luminous stone in shrine of1 #afe ring of1 #afe ,emerald1 #bh1 #cd1 #fh1 #gf-gi1 #ij1 #acb1 #ade1 #bcd1 #bcf1 #bcg1 #bch1 #bdj1 #bdb1 #bhj1 #bic1 #cjc1 #cje1 #cac1 #ccf1 #cdi1 #cgb as burnt offering1 #bee as symbol of ,st4 ,john1 #cab blinding of serpent by1 #aeh engraved1 of ,ismenias1 #aci1 #adj gem of ,cancer1 #cdf of ,jupiter1 #cdh of ,spring1 #cbc1 #cbd in breastplate1 #bgf in ,revelation1 #cjd luminous1 in tomb of ,hermias1 #afg of ,isabella da ,este1 #ca of ,mt4 ,zabara1 ,nubia1 #bib1 #cbd of ,otho ,i of ,germany1 #bfj of ,tullia1 #ca one adored by ancient ,peruvians1 #bdg1 #bdh 7supposed7 cup in ,genoa1 #beh1 #bei therapeutic effect of1 #cgj1 #cge1 #cgi-chb ,emerson1 ,ralph ,waldo1 #bd ,engraved gems as talismans1 #aae-adb ,envy1 ,oriental use of carnelian against1 #fc ,ephod of high-priest1 #bgf1 #bgg ,ephraim1 #bhh1 #bhi ,epidote1 #cfj ,epiphanius1 ,st41 #af1 #fg1 #aeg1 #bgh1 #bie1 #caa1 #cac ,epitaphs illustrating symbolism of gems1 #bgb1 #bgc ,erasmus1 ,desiderius1 #cd ,eridanus1 #ef ,essonite1 #cei ,euclase1 #dg ,euphrates1 #fh ,europa1 #cc ,eusebius1 #cgc ,evax1 #ae1 #ei ,evil ,eye1 #ci1 #db1 #ed1 #gb1 #ajf1 #ajg1 #acg1 #ach1 #aci1 #adh1 #aej ,eye-agates1 #ci1 #adi1 #aej ,ezekiel1 #bca1 #bge1 #cad ,f ,farrington1 ,dr4 ,oliver ,c41 vii ,fay1 ,mons du1 #agj1 #aga ,feavearyear1 ,a4 ,w41 vii ,feits'ui 7,imperial jade71 #hc1 #he ,feldspar1 #bbi1 #bib ,ferez1 ,dr4 ,paul1 #cc ,fetichism1 #ai1 #bf1 #cg ,field ,museum of ,natural ,history1 ,chicago1 vi1 #ea1 #ff ,fire-opal1 #dg ,flint1 ,dr4 ,earle1 #hf ,fluorescence1 #afi-agd ,fluorspar1 #i1 #fg ,foundation stones1 #cjg1 #caj-cad1 #caf1 #cag associated with apostles1 #cjc-cjf with ,twelve ,tribes1 #cad ,fowlerite1 from ,new ,jersey1 #cfe ,francis ,i of ,france1 #cdb ,friedrich ,wilhelm ,i of ,prussia1 #eg ,g ,gabelchover1 ,wolfgang1 #aeh1 #chj ,gad1 #bhi1 #bii ,gadolinite1 #di ,gagates1 #di ,galactides1 #di ,galen1 #cjj1 #cgf1 #che ,galopetr1 ,cretan seals1 #abc ,garcias ab ,orta1 #aec1 #aff1 #afg ,garnets1 #bfe1 #caf almandine1 #cg1 #ei1 #bic as bullets1 #cc engraved1 #acc gem of ,aquarius1 #cde therapeutic effect of1 #cgj ,gem-city of ,dwaraka1 #bcf of ,kusavati1 #bcf described by ,lucian1 #bcg ,gemini1 zodiacal sign1 #cdf1 #ced1 #cee 8,gemma ,augustea0 of ,vienna ,collection1 #cdb ,genlis1 ,mme4 de1 of 8,le ,saphire ,merveilleux10 #aje ,george ,v of ,england1 #bhh ,geranites1 #cd ,gesner1 ,conrad1 #beb1 #bei ,gesta ,romanorum1 #ce ,gimma1 ,giacinto1 #bi ,glanvil1 ,joseph1 #aig ,gnostic gems1 #abf-acj ,goethe1 ,wolfgang von1 #fb1 #ahg ,gomara1 ,francisco ,lopez de1 #bed ,gonelli1 ,giuseppe1 #fe1 #cgi ,gonzaga da ,este1 ,isabella1 emerald of1 #ca ,goodrich-,freer1 ,miss1 #bjh1 #bji ,gratacap1 ,dr4 ,l4 ,p41 vii ,green1 ,christian symbolism of1 #bgc curative effects of1 #bh gems in dreams1 #ceg significance of1 #ca1 #bbf1 #bbg stones1 therapeutic effect of1 #cgj worn in ,siam for ,thursday1 #cce ,green1 ,miss ,belle ,da ,costa1 vii ,gregory ,,ii1 #chi ,grossularite1 #dg ,gyges1 ring of1 #g ,gypsum1 #aj1 #gi1 #hj 8lucky stones0 of1 #hj ,h ,han-y1 or 8mouth jade10 #hf ,hardouin1 ,jean1 #abh ,harlequin-opal1 #di ,hauffe1 ,frederike1 #i ,hecate1 image of1 in amulet1 #dj ,hector1 #cj ,hei-tiki of ,new ,zealand1 #hg-ij ,helena1 ,st41 #bhf ,heliades1 #ee ,heliodor1 #di ,heliotrope1 #dg ,helmont1 ,van1 #chi ,hematite1 #f1 #ch1 #hj1 #ha1 #abb1 #bah1 #bbg ,henrietta ,maria1 #bfb ,henry ,,iii of ,england1 #dd ,henry ,,ii of ,france1 #aff ,heuen ,tsang1 #bch ,heraclius1 #bhf ,hermes ,trismegistus1 #af1 #cha ,hiddenite1 from ,north ,carolina1 #cfe ,hilda1 ,st41 ,abbess of ,whitby1 #bfc ,hildegard1 ,st41 #gj1 #hb1 #chi 8,hind ,horn and ,maid ,rimnild10 ballad1 #aef1 #aeg ,hirth1 ,dr4 ,frederick1 vii 8,history of ,jewels10 old gem-treatise1 #ag ,hoernes1 ,dr4 ,moriz1 #ee1 #ace ,hllenzwang of ,dr4 ,faustus1 #ahg ,homer's ,odyssey1 amber necklace1 #eg ,iliad1 use of red1 #cj ,horsey1 ,sir ,jerome1 #cgd ,horus1 eye of1 as scarab1 #aag ,hours of the day1 gems of the1 #ccg ,hudibras1 #cef ,human sacrifice1 #c-e ,huntilite1 #di ,hyacinth1 see jacinth ,hyades1 #cdc ,hyde1 ,major1 #aac ,hydrolite1 from ,oregon1 #cfe ,hydromantii1 #ahj ,hypersthene1 #di ,hypnotism1 #g1 #h1 #aa1 #cc ,i ,iceland spar1 #i ,idar1 ,germany1 gem-cutting at1 #ed ,idocrase1 #cei ,images1 natural1 in stones1 #bff-bfi ,imperial ,academy1 ,moscow1 #adb ,indersoen1 ,norway1 amber from1 #eg ,indicolite1 #cfj ,initials of names figured by precious stones1 #dg-ej ,iolite1 #cei ,iris1 #abd1 #acj1 #acb1 #bbf1 #bcd image signifying blood of1 #abj stone1 #acc ,isaiah1 #cje ,ishtar1 jewels of1 #bca ,isidorus of ,seville1 #ei ,israel1 twelve tribes of1 #bgf1 #bgh1 #bhb1 #bhh1 #bhi1 #cje1 #cad ,issachar1 #bhi1 #bid ,italian ,,ms41 #adth cent41 #gj1 #gg1 #acd ,ivan the ,terrible and his curative stones1 #cgd1 #cge ,ivory1 #cg ,j ,jacinth 7hyacinth71 #bi1 #ha-hc1 #bcd1 #bdb1 #bdc1 #bie1 #bif1 #cjc1 #cje1 #caf1 #cai1 #cdd1 #cdi1 #cge as symbol of ,st4 ,simon ,zelotes1 #cac electuary of1 #cgb gem of ,jupiter1 #cdh of ,mars1 #cdh to dissolve magic spells1 #hb to induce sleep1 #hc ,jade1 #fh1 #hc-ij1 #abb1 #bcf1 #bdh-bed1 #bfe1 #bid1 #cjj called1 with other green stones1 chalchihuitl by ,mexicans1 #bea ,chinese amulets of1 #hc1 #hd ,chinese vase of1 described1 #bci1 #bdj derivation of name1 #chc form of ,chinese character for1 #hc hei-tikis of ,new ,zealand1 #hg-ij large mass of1 from ,jordansmhl1 ,silesia1 #bej objects of in ,chinese emperor's collection1 #bde of ,new ,zealand1 #chb talismans of1 among ,mohammedans1 #bdf therapeutic use of1 #bci1 #cha-chd where found in ,new and ,old ,world1 #bdi-bea adze1 known as the 8,kunz ,adze10 #bdh1 #bdi1 #beb ,jadeite1 #bdg1 #bdi-beb1 #cjj1 #chb cross made from celt of1 #bfd objects of1 at ,perugia1 #bfd ,jagganath1 image of with eyes of precious stones1 #bdj ,james ,i of ,england1 #aee ,jamestown ,exposition1 #aijg1 vi ,jmi1 lines in crystal mirror1 #ahb ,jargoon1 see jacinth ,jasper1 #f1 #ch1 #ij1 #ia1 #abb1 #acc1 #ace1 #bbf1 #bbg1 #bbi1 #beb1 #bfe1 #bia1 #bid1 #bih1 #cjj1 #cjb1 #cjc1 #cje1 #cac1 #cai1 #cgb as symbol of ,st4 ,peter1 #caa gem of ,libra1 #cdf green1 engraved with zodiacal symbols1 #cdb in breastplate1 #bgf of ,king ,nechepsus1 #che ,jerome1 ,st41 #ajj1 #cjg1 #caj ,jessen1 ,dr4 ,peter1 vii ,jet1 #ci1 #ia1 #ib in burials of ,pueblo ,bonito1 #ib in palolithic remains1 #ia of ,whitby1 #bfc1 #bfd ,john1 ,st41 #bge1 #cjc1 #caa ,jordansmhl1 ,silesia1 largest mass of ,european jade found at1 #bej ,joseph1 #bhh1 #bhi1 #bie ,josephus1 ,flavius1 #bgg1 #bgh1 #bhc1 #bhe1 #bij1 #bia1 #bib1 #bid1 #bie1 #bif1 #big1 #cja1 #cjg1 #cji1 #caj ,juba1 #ff ,judah1 #bhi1 #bic ,junot1 ,marshal1 and the emerald1 #bfb ,jupiter1 god1 #cda planet1 #cb1 #cc1 #bdc1 #ccf1 #cdh1 #cec1 #ced1 #cee1 #cgb ,justinian1 #bhc ,k ,kaldoun1 ,ibn1 #aha ,kalpa ,sutra1 #bch ,kazwini1 ,al1 #gd ,khusrau ,,ii1 #bhd ,king1 ,rev4 ,c4 ,w41 #bhc1 #cdb ,knopf1 #bec ,konrad of ,megenberg1 #ag1 #de1 #ada ,koran1 #aaa1 #bge ,fourth ,heaven of carbuncle in the1 #fa1 #cdi ,korea1 national emblem of1 #bfe ,krishna1 #bda ,kunzite1 #aga1 #cbc ,l ,labradorite1 #cfj ,labrets1 #beb-bed ,lane1 ,e4 ,w41 experiments in crystal gazing1 #bje ,lang1 ,andrew1 #ahj1 #aha1 #baj ,lapidaries1 gods of1 in ancient ,mexico1 #bee ,lapidario1 of ,alfonso ,x1 #fc1 #cdh1 #cgf of ,marbodus 7in ,french71 #ae of ,philippe de ,valois1 #ajb of ,sir ,john ,mandeville1 #ga1 #gb1 #ajc1 #aji ,lapis ,armenus1 #chh ,lapis crucifer 7staurolite71 #bga ,lapis-lazuli1 #cf1 #cg1 #ch1 #ib1 #ic1 #bbf1 #bbg1 #bbh1 #bbi1 #bcj1 #bde1 #bid1 #cai1 #ccf gem of ,venus1 #cdh image of ,ma 7,truth7 of1 #aai1 #abb1 #bbi1 #bic therapeutic effect of1 #cgj1 #chh ,lapis nephriticus 7nephrite71 #bfd ,laufer1 ,dr4 ,berthold1 vii ,leczinska1 ,marie1 #cbj ,leishmania tropica1 #adi ,lenormant1 ,franois1 #bcc ,leo1 zodiacal sign1 #bi1 #cda1 #cdf1 #ced ,leonardo1 ,camillo1 #ah1 #ea1 #eh1 #acb ,leopold ,i of ,germany1 #bba ,lepidolite1 #dh ,leshem1 stone of breastplate1 #bie1 #bif ,levi1 #bhh1 #bhi1 #bib ,leyden papyrus1 praise of bloodstone in1 #fa ,libra1 zodiacal sign1 #bab1 #cdf1 #ced1 #cee ,life in precious stones1 #e ,ligure1 in breastplate1 #bgf1 #bie1 #cai 8,lithica10 poem on gems1 #ea1 #ij1 #id1 #afc1 #agh ,litteromancy1 #af ,llewellyn1 ,king of ,wales1 #dd ,loadstone1 #aj1 #ha1 #ic-ig1 #acd court decision in regard to1 #if statue of ,arsino to be held suspended by1 #ic statue of ,venus of1 #id symbolical names for1 #ie used as charm by ,alexander the ,great1 #if where first found1 #ic ,lodge1 ,sir ,oliver1 #bad1 #bae ,lorenzo del ,escorial1 ,san1 monastery of1 gems in1 #bfc ,lorraine1 northern1 jet from1 #ib ,loreto1 ,santa ,casa di1 #agd1 #bfb1 #bfg ,los ,cerrillos1 ,n4 ,m41 turquoise from1 #aaa1 #aab ,louis ,,xiv1 #bba ,luca ben ,costa1 #bia ,lucian1 #agg1 #bcg 8,lucky stones0 7gypsum71 from ,niagara ,falls1 #hj ,luminous stones1 #aja1 #agd in ,abraham's city1 #afa1 #bgf of ,astarte1 #afc of ,egmund ,abbey1 #afd of ,emperor ,manuel's throne1 #aff of ,henri ,,ii of ,france1 #aff of ,king of ,siam1 #fb of ,noah in the ,ark1 #afa1 #bgf of ,st4 ,elizabeth's shrine1 #afe tale of1 by lian1 #afa1 #afb 8,lunar-stone10 #afh ,luther1 ,martin1 #bid tale of amulet vender by1 #de1 #df ,lychnus or lychnitis 7a spinel871 #afb1 #afc1 #ceg ,lydian stone1 #afc ,lyncurius1 #ef1 #bie ,m ,macon1 ,ga41 court decision about loadstone1 #if ,maeterlinck1 ,mme41 #gf ,magatama amulets of ,japanese1 #bfe ,magical influences of stones1 #c1 #e1 #f1 #g1 #db ,magnes1 reputed discoverer of loadstone1 #ic ,magnet ,cove1 ,ark41 loadstone from1 #if ,maharatnani1 five chief gems of the naoratna1 #bdb ,malachite1 #h1 #cg1 #bii as a child's amulet1 #ig to protect from ,evil ,eye1 #acg to protect from falls1 #ig mines of1 #ig ,manassah1 #bhh1 #bhi ,mandeville1 ,sir ,john1 #ga1 #gb1 #ajc1 #aji ,manuel1 ,emperor1 throne of1 #aff ,marbodus1 #ae1 #ea1 #ei1 #gj1 #ajd1 #afd1 #cgg ,marguerite de ,valois1 #e ,mars1 the god1 #ha1 #id1 #adj1 #cda planet1 #ahg1 #bdc1 #cch1 #cdh1 #ceb1 #cec1 #ced1 #cee ,martial1 ,st41 jeweled gloves of1 #beg ,matrix-emerald1 #bbf1 #bbg ,medusa1 head of1 on talisman1 #abd ,meleager1 #ef ,mends1 ,mme4 ,catulle1 #bf ,mentzel1 ,christian1 #afh ,mercury1 the god1 #beg1 #cda planet1 #abc1 #bdb1 #cdh1 #ceb1 #cec1 #ced1 #cee typical of green1 #ca ,metropolitan ,museum of ,art1 #hf1 #acj1 #cdb ,meyer1 ,dr4 ,a4 ,b41 viii ,meyers1 ,j4 ,l41 #bib1 #bii 8,mexican onyx10 #bea ,meyer1 ,prof4 ,a4 ,b41 #bej ,michael1 ,st41 #beg ,microcline1 #ej ,mithridates the ,great1 #hj ,mizauld1 ,antoine1 #ih1 #aff ,mohammed's carnelian seal-ring1 #fd ,moldavite1 #cfj ,monardes1 #cij ,montfaucon1 ,bernard de1 #bbj ,month1 ,hindu list of gems of the1 #cca natal stones of the1 #cbf-ccc ,moonstone1 #h1 #cbj1 #ccd as gift for lovers1 #ih in ,india1 #ig waxing and waning with moon1 #ih ,morales1 #cdc ,morgan1 ,j4 ,pierpont1 vi1 #bed ,morgan ,collection1 ,am4 ,mus4 ,nat4 ,hist4 ,n4 ,y41 vi1 #ff ,morgan-,tiffany ,collection1 ,am4 ,mus4 ,nat4 ,hist41 #ajf1 #bcc ,morganite1 gem of ,madagascar1 #cfd ,moryson1 ,fynes1 ,gent41 #agd ,moser1 ,consul ,general1 vii ,moses1 #bgh1 #bhj1 #bhf ,moss-agate1 #dh ,mller1 ,max1 #bfi ,multan1 ,india1 idol of temple at1 #bdj ,muse d',histoire ,naturelle1 ,paris1 vi ,mother-of-pearl1 therapeutic use of1 #bci ,mycen1 amber at1 #eg gems from1 #bjd ,myrmecites1 #cd ,n ,naharari1 on gems1 #chf ,names1 initials of1 figured by precious stones1 #dg-ej ,naoratna1 nine-gem jewel1 #bca1 #bda1 #bdb-bde names of1 in various tongues1 #bdd occult use of gems in1 #bdd ,naphtali1 #bih ,napoleon's carnelian seal1 #fd ,napoleon ,i1 #fd1 #bfj1 #cji ,napoleon ,,iii1 #fd1 #adb ,natal stones1 vi1 #a1 #cjg-ccg list of1 from various sources1 #cae proposed new listing of1 #cag-cba selected from precious stones produced in the ,united ,states1 #cbc ,national ,museum1 ,washington1 vi ,natrolite1 #ej ,navajos1 rain-making gods of the1 adorned with coral and turquoise1 #bdf ,neandross1 ,sigurd1 ,maori warrior by1 #bed ,nebo1 god1 image on cylinder1 #abc ,necklace1 ,egyptian1 #cf-ch of ,vesta1 #bce ,nephrite1 see jade ,nephritfrage1 viii1 #bdi ,neptune1 god1 #cda ,new ,jerusalem1 #bcf1 #bge1 #cjb-cjf foundation stones of1 #cjg1 #caj-cad1 #caf1 #cag ,new ,south ,wales1 black opal of1 #aeb ,new ,zealand jade1 #hg-ij ,nicander1 #ic ,nicias1 #ef ,nicols1 ,thomas1 #g1 #adb ,ninib1 god1 image on seal1 #ce ,noah1 luminous stones of1 in the ,ark1 #afa1 #bgf ,nodes1 ascending and descending1 #bdc ,nonius1 opal of1 #add-adf ,nophek1 stone of breastplate1 #bib ,nordenskjld1 ,baron ,nils ,adolf ,erik1 #ed ,novaculite1 from ,arkansas1 #cfd ,nuttall1 ,mrs4 ,zelia1 #hf ,o ,oberstein1 ,germany1 gem-cutting at1 #ed1 #bah1 #bai ,obsidian1 mirror of ,dr4 ,dee1 #aif ,mexican mirrors of1 #bjd ,oculus ,beli1 #ajg ,oculus mundi1 #ajg ,odem1 stone of breastplate1 #bij1 #bia ,ominous gems1 #adc-afa ,oneirocritica 7dream-books71 #cef ,onyx1 #bcc1 #bfe1 #ccf gem of ,leo1 #cdf ill-effects neutralized by sard1 #ajg in breastplate1 #bgf 8,mexican onyx10 #bea of ,st4 ,elizabeth's tomb1 #bfg ominous quality of1 #aei provoked discord1 #ih 8,tecalco onyx10 #beb ,opal1 #adc-aeb black1 of ,new ,south ,wales1 #aeb ,cardanus1 #aea fear of the1 #ba ,hungarian1 #ade1 #adf1 #adh imitation of1 #ade in ,scott's 8,anne of ,geierstein10 #adc in ,shakespeare's ,twelfth ,night1 #aej natural1 figuring serpent1 #bg ,october's gem1 #add of ,nonius1 #add-adf patronus furum1 or patron of thieves1 #adh ,pliny's praise of1 #ade ,ophiokiolus1 #ci ,ophthalmius-stone 7opal871 #g1 #adf1 #adh ,opsianus1 #ci ,orphanus-stone 7opal871 #adf-adh ,orthoclase1 #ej ,otho ,i of ,germany1 emerald of1 #bfj ,overbury1 ,sir ,thomas1 #aee1 #aef ,p ,panchratna1 five-gem jewel1 #bda ,paracelsus1 ,philippus ,aureolus1 #f1 #aed1 #ahd1 #ahe ,patrick1 ,st41 #agi ,pausanius1 #agg 8,peacock stones10 #acg ,pearls1 #fi1 #bcj1 #bcd1 #bcf1 #bcg1 #bch1 #bdj1 #bda1 #bdb1 #bdd1 #cjc1 #cjf1 #cbj1 #ccf breeding1 #da gem of the moon1 #cdh1 #cdi of ,venus1 #cdh therapeutic effect of1 #cgb ,pellegrinus1 ,fulvius1 #ca ,pepper1 ,george ,h41 #ib1 #aab1 #aac ,pericles1 #cgc ,peridot1 see chrysolite ,perugia1 collection of jade artefacts at1 #bfd ,peter1 ,st41 #cjc1 #cjh tooth-relic of1 set with gems1 #bef ,petrie1 ,w4 ,m4 ,flinders1 #bia1 #bib ,phathon1 #ee 8,pharaoh's eggs10 #hj ,phenacite1 from ,colorado1 #cfe ,phenomenal gems1 #h1 #ccc1 #ccd ,philip ,,ii1 of ,spain1 #bfc ,philippe ,egalit1 ,duke of ,orleans1 sapphire of1 #ajf ,philostratus1 #bdd ,phosphorescence1 #afi-agd 8,piers the ,plowman10 curative gems in1 #chf ,pisces1 zodiacal sign1 #cde ,pidah1 stone of breastplate1 #bia ,planetary gems1 #bdd1 #cch-cfc controls of1 in ,lapidario of ,alfonso ,x1 #cdh of various planets1 #cdh-cea ,planets figured on engraved gems1 #cee1 #cef ,plasma1 green1 #beb ,plato1 #ic ,pleiades1 #cdc ,pliny1 #ac1 #ff1 #fg1 #hj1 #ib1 #ajj1 #ajh1 #abh1 #adc1 #afb1 #afg1 #bij1 #bia1 #bic1 #bif1 #cfg1 #chj ,plutarch1 #cj1 #cgc ,porphyry1 #ch ,porta1 ,giovanni ,battista1 #cce ,portland1 ,oregon1 ,exposition1 vi ,poujet fils1 #caf 8,prase0 of ,alexander1 #fh ,precious stones1 as adornment of goddess ,sri1 #bci as eyes of idols1 #afg1 #bdj as offerings to ,hindu gods1 #bdj1 #bda as symbols of the ,apostles1 #caa-cad as symbols of various countries1 #cfc1 #cfd collected by birds1 #ba by seals1 #bb consecration of1 #de disease in1 #e for hours of the day1 #ccg for natal months1 #cbf-cca for week days1 #ccb-cce for wedding anniversaries1 #ccg individuality of1 #bf in high-priest's breastplate1 #bce-cjf life in1 #e magical virtue of1 #e-h1 #dd1 #de meaning of1 seen in dreams1 #cef-ceh names of1 used as adjectives1 #ab1 #ac used by ,shelley1 #ac used in typography1 #ab of ,mohammedan heavens1 #cdi perfume of1 #cgf principal1 found in various ,states of the ,union1 #cfd-cff religious use of1 #bce-bgd sex of1 #dj1 #da1 #db symbolizing initials of names #dg-ej therapeutic effect of1 #cfg-cia to express acrostics1 #cei worn by ,chinese mandarins to designate rank1 #bef ,prehnite1 #cfe ,preston1 ,richard1 curative sapphire of1 #chg1 #chh ,price1 ,prof4 ,ira ,maurice1 #bcc ,procopius1 #bhc ,psellus1 #cha ,ptolemy ,,ii1 ,philadelphus1 #fg1 #ic ,pueblo ,bonito1 relics from1 #ha1 #ib1 #aab1 #aac ,pueblo ,indians1 #ha1 #ib1 #aab ,punamu1 ,new ,zealand jade1 #hg-ij1 #bed ,puranas1 #bcf1 #bda ,pyrites1 ,aztec mirrors of1 #ii 8fools' gold10 #ii ,pyrope1 #cd ,q ,quartz1 #abb1 #ade1 #bih cat's-eye1 #ccd 8,questions of ,king ,melinda10 extract from1 #bce ,r ,rabanus ,maurus1 #cje1 #cad ,rabelais1 #cdi ,radium1 #cha ,raleigh1 ,sir ,walter1 #chc ,raziel1 ,book of1 #acb ,read1 ,sir ,charles ,hercules1 vii ,red1 ,christian symbolism of1 #bgc gems in dreams1 #ceg in occult ritual1 #ccf significance of1 #cj stones1 therapeutic effect of1 #cgj worn in ,siam for ,sunday1 #cce ,sea1 chrysolites from island in1 #ff ,reinach1 ,dr4 ,salomon1 vii ,rmusat1 ,abel1 #cjj ,reuben1 #bhi1 #bia ,revelation1 book of1 #bcf1 #bge1 #bie1 #cjb1 #cjc1 #cjd1 #cjg1 #caj1 #caa1 #cah ,rhodolite1 from ,north ,carolina1 #cfe ,rhodonite1 gem of ,russia1 #cfd ,ridgeley1 ,prof4 ,w41 #bjc ,rig ,veda1 of seven ratnas1 #bdc ,ring of elmshu-stone1 #bca engagement1 combining all favorable influences1 #cfb ,gyges1 #g ,st4 ,elizabeth1 #afe ,st4 ,valentine1 #beg ,rings set with scarabs1 #aai seven1 of ,apollonius of ,tyana1 #bdd with initials1 #cei ,rock-crystal1 #aj1 #abb1 #acc1 #bag1 #bcf1 #bdd1 #bfe1 #bib1 #ccf as religious symbol1 #ajj ,aztec skull of1 #ajj1 #aja gem of ,aries1 #cdg of the moon1 #cdh god ,maya's tank of1 #bcg humorous tale of1 #aja temples of1 in ,china1 #aja used as fetich by ,cherokees1 #bed 8,roman de la ,rose10 magic stones in1 #dc ,rosicrucians1 #bfi ,rostand1 ,edmond1 #ach ,rubellite1 #cfj ,ruby1 #aj1 #bf1 #cc1 #dj1 #aja-ajc1 #abd1 #acc1 #bcd1 #bcf1 #bch1 #bdj1 #bda1 #bdb1 #bdc1 #bdd1 #bhj1 #bib1 #cdc1 #cgb1 #cge1 #cha as natal stone1 #cjh1 #caf1 #cai1 #cbj1 #cce curative effects of1 #bh embedded in flesh by ,burmese1 #ajc gem of ,capricorn1 #cdg of ,mars1 #cdh1 #cdi of ,summer1 #cbc1 #cbd of ,taurus1 #cdc1 #cdg in dreams1 #ceg lost and regained brilliancy1 #aei luminosity of1 #aja1 #ajb luminous1 of ,king of ,ceylon1 #afe1 #aff of ,pegu1 #afe of ,st4 ,elizabeth1 #afe names of ,hindu castes given to1 #ajb ominous1 of ,gabelchover1 #aeh therapeutic effect of1 #cgj ,rudolph ,,ii of ,germany1 #e1 #ahi1 #cdc ,rumphius1 ,georg ,eberhard1 #fb ,ruskin1 ,john1 on crystals1 #df ,rutile1 #ej ,s 8,sacro ,bambino0 of ,rome1 #bfj1 #bfa 8,sacro ,catino0 of ,genoa1 #beh1 #bei ,sagittarius1 zodiacal sign1 #cdb1 #cdg1 #ced ,sahagun1 ,bernardino de1 #bdg1 #bea1 #cij ,sailors' amulets1 #ch ,salisbury1 ,john of1 #ahc ,sapphire1 #ca1 #cb1 #dj1 #ajb1 #ajd-ajg1 #abd1 #acc1 #bcf1 #bda1 #bdb1 #bdc1 #bdd1 #bde1 #bhj1 #bic1 #bif1 #cjc1 #cje1 #cac1 #cbj1 #ccf1 #cge as antidote for poisons1 #ajd1 #aje as symbol of ,st4 ,paul1 #cab called 8,le ,saphire ,merveilleux10 #aje gem of ,autumn1 #cbc1 #cbe of ,jupiter1 #cdh of ,saturn1 #cdi of ,taurus1 #cdf of ,venus1 #cdh great star-sapphire of ,morgan-,tiffany collection1 #ajg in breastplate1 #bgf in ecclesiastical rings1 #ajd1 #cga named from ,hindu castes1 #cdd pavement of ,god's throne1 #bge procures favor of ,saturn1 #cdd ,sanskrit names of1 #cdd star-sapphire of ,sir ,richard ,burton1 #ajf tables of the ,law of1 #ajd therapeutic effect of1 #cgj1 #chf-chi ,sappir1 stone of breastplate1 #bic ,sard1 #ajg1 #cje as symbol of ,st4 ,philip1 #cab a foundation stone1 #cjc in breastplate1 #bgf1 #bij ,sardonyx1 #bij1 #bib1 #cjc1 #cje1 #cac1 #cai1 #cbj as symbol of ,st4 ,james1 #cab ,saturn1 planet1 #cb1 #bdc1 #ccj1 #cdd1 #cdh1 #ceb1 #cec1 #ced1 #cee ,saxo1 ,arnoldus1 #ei ,scarabus sacer1 #aae1 #aaf ,scaraboid seal1 #abb ,scarabs1 ,egyptian1 #aae-aai1 #acb1 #adj1 #bbg1 #bbh1 #bbi ,schliemann1 ,heinrich1 #eg ,scorpio1 zodiacal sign1 #cdj1 #cdb1 #cdg1 #ceb1 #cee ,scott1 ,sir ,walter1 #adc1 #ahc ,seals1 ,babylonian1 #aba-abc ,cretan1 #abc one of ,napoleon1 #fd1 #adb ,seasonal gems1 #cbc1 #cbd 8,seeress of ,prevorst10 #i ,selenite1 #ccf1 #cdi ,sendal1 ,nathaniel1 #eg1 #eh ,sentiment1 #h1 #i for each day of week1 #ccb-cce for each month in connection with natal gems1 #cbf-cca ,septuagint1 #bij1 #bia1 #big1 #bih1 #cja ,serapis1 image of1 in talisman1 #abd 8,serpent ,isle10 #ff ,serpentine1 #ajh1 #aba1 #abb1 #bbi1 #beb1 #bia1 #bih ,sex in gems1 #dj1 #da1 #db1 #gb ,shakespeare in 8,twelfth ,night0 of opal1 #aej ,shamash1 ,assyrian sun-god1 #bcc ,shamir 7emery71 #bgh1 #bid ,sheard1 ,virna1 #ab ,shebo1 stone of breastplate1 #bif ,shelley1 ,percy ,bysshe1 #ac ,siam1 ,king of1 luminous carbuncles of1 #fb ,siegstein1 or 8,victory ,stone10 #ajf ,signorelli1 ,luca1 #cij ,simeon1 #bhi1 #bia ,sin1 ,assyrian moon-god1 #ib ,sindbad the ,sailor and diamonds1 #ge 8,sleeping-stone10 #afc1 #afd ,smaragdus 7emerald71 #bia ,sodalite1 gem of ,canada1 #cfc ,solomon1 ,king1 precious stones of1 #gh ,sophia1 ,st41 in ,constantinople1 #bff1 #bhc ,sophocles1 #ef ,soudan1 agate amulets in the1 #ed ,sources1 literary1 #ac-ah ,spartianus1 #agh ,specularii1 #ahc1 #ahd 8,speculum lapidum0 of ,camillo ,leonardo1 #ah ,spener1 ,john ,jacob1 #aei ,spessartite1 from ,virginia1 #cff ,sphalerite1 #aga ,spinel1 #aj1 #ajb therapeutic effect of1 #cgj ,spodumene1 #dh ,star-ruby1 #ccd ,star-sapphire1 #h1 #ajf1 #ajg in sword-hilt of ,king of ,greece1 #ccd ,staurolite ,fairy ,stones1 plate ,staurolite1 religious symbolism of1 #bga ,steatite1 #bfe ,stone ,age1 amber in deposits of1 #ee idols of1 #bc 8,stone of ,destiny10 #ajg 8,stone of ,forgetfulness10 #ce 8,stone of ,hate10 #ce 8,stone of ,love10 #ce 8,stone of ,memory10 #ce 8,stones of ,power0 in ,scottish regalia1 #ahc ,stones with natural images1 #bff-bfi ,storchstein1 #afb ,suetonius1 #cda ,sumerian magic formula1 #ce ,sunstone1 #cff ,superstition1 v1 #a-e1 #h1 #i ,swastika emblem1 #ace1 #bfe ,sylvester1 ,st41 stone1 #beh ,sympathy and antipathy1 doctrine of1 #bd ,t ,tabari1 #bhf ,tagore1 ,rajah ,sir ,sourindro ,mohun1 viii ,takowaya1 ,russia1 alexandrite found in the1 #ed ,talismanic gems1 #a1 #db1 #eb1 #abd1 #cbb girdle of ,catharine de' ,medici set with1 #cag of the hours1 #ccg of the months1 #cbf-cca of the week1 #ccb1 #ccc ,talismans1 etymology of word1 #bc from ,new ,caledonia1 #bc of jade favored by ,mohammedans1 #bdf see amulet1 and separate stones temple gifts as1 #bda ,talmud1 #ga1 #gc1 #bge1 #cjf1 #cgg ,tamerlane1 ruthlessness of1 #cb ,tarshish1 stone of breastplate1 #big1 #bih ,taurus1 zodiacal sign1 #cda1 #cdb1 #cdc1 #cdf1 #cec1 #ced ,tavernier1 ,jean ,baptiste1 #bfj ,taw ,sien ,ko1 vii 8,tecalco onyx10 #beb ,teifashi1 ,ahmed1 #ge1 #ajd1 #aeh1 #cha ,tempe1 ,arizona1 turquoise in ruins of ,los ,muertos near1 #aab ,tetragrammaton1 #ahb ,thayngen1 ,switzerland1 jet of1 #ia ,theophrastus1 #bij1 #bic1 #bii1 #cgj ,thomas1 ,n4 ,w41 #ahj ,thomsonite1 #cfe ,thoth1 #af ,thothmes ,,ii1 talisman of1 #abj ,tiberius1 #cdb ,tiffany1 ,charles ,l41 #agb ,tiffany ,co41 #agb ,tiffany ,collection1 #ajf1 #bai ,titus1 #bhc1 #bhi ,topaz1 #dj1 #acc1 #bch1 #bdb1 #bdc1 #bdd1 #bde1 #bia1 #big1 #bih1 #cjc1 #cje1 #cac1 #cdd as symbol of ,st4 ,matthew1 #cab gem of ,sagittarius1 #cdg in breastplate1 #bgf therapeutic effect of1 #cgb1 #chi ,topazos1 island of1 #fg ,totten1 ,lieut41 on ,hebrew tribes1 #bhh ,tourmaline1 #cbj1 #cba gem of ,new ,england1 #cfd ,trees bearing precious stones1 #bcb ,kalpa tree1 #bch ,trevisa1 ,john of1 #aje ,triboluminescence1 #agc ,tritheim1 ,abbot1 #aha ,trocadro1 ,paris1 #ii ,tullia1 daughter of ,cicero1 emerald of1 #ca ,turquoise1 #f1 #cg1 #fd1 #ajh-aad1 #ccf1 #cde1 #cge ,apache name for1 #aac as natal stone1 #cjh1 #cbj ,de ,boot's tale of a1 #aji1 #aaj fading of1 indicating illness1 #bd1 #bf1 #aad from ,los ,cerillos1 ,n4 ,m41 #aaa from ,pueblo ,bonito1 ,n4 ,m41 #aab1 #aac from ,los ,muertos1 ,arizona1 #aab gem of ,jupiter1 #cdh ,persians' praise of1 #aaa protecting from falls1 #bd1 #bf1 #aji1 #aaj strikes the hour1 #aaa talismanic virtues of1 #aad usually worn by men in #agth century1 #aaa with ,aztecs1 #bdg with ,navajos1 #bdf ,tyszkiewicz ,collection1 #bcd ,u ,umia1 emerald goddess of ,peruvians1 #bdg1 #bdh ,united ,states1 principal gem-stones found in various ,states of the1 #cfd-cff ,uparatnani1 four minor gems of the naoratna1 #bdc ,urim and ,thummim1 #bca1 #bgg1 #bhb1 #bhc1 #bhg ,utahlite1 #cfa ,v ,vajra1 8the thunderbolt10 ,sanskrit name of diamond1 #bci1 #cdc ,valentine1 ,st41 ring of1 #beg 8,valley of ,diamonds10 #gd1 #ge ,varro1 #bb ,vasari1 #cij ,venus1 goddess1 emerald dedicated to1 #bh planet1 #bdc1 #ccf1 #cdd1 #cdh1 #ceb1 #cec1 #ced1 #cee represented by blue1 #ca ,verrall1 ,mrs4 ,a4 ,w41 #baa ,vespasian1 #bhc ,vesta1 necklace of1 taken by ,serena1 #bce ,vesuvianite1 #ej 8,victory ,stone10 #fh ,violet1 ,christian symbolism of1 #bgc symbolism of1 #cb ,violet-blue1 curative effects of1 #cc ,virgin ,mary1 #cj1 #acj1 #age1 #bfa1 #bfb1 #bff1 #bfg1 #bfh1 #bgc rich decorations of statue of1 at ,loreto1 #bfb1 #bfc ,virgen del ,sagrario1 ,toledo1 emerald of1 #bfa1 #bfb ,virgo1 zodiacal sign1 #cda1 #cdf ,vishnu1 #bcf1 #bda ,voiture1 his letter on curative use of jade1 #chc1 #chd ,volmar1 8,steinbuch0 of1 #fg1 #aji1 #cgc ,vulgate1 #bij1 #bia1 #bib1 #cja ,w ,wada1 ,dr4 ,t41 vii ,walker1 ,t4 ,b41 #bed ,walpole1 ,horace1 #aie ,ward1 ,dr4 ,w4 ,hayes1 vii ,wedding anniversaries1 gems for1 #ccg ,wenceslaus1 ,st41 supposed emerald in chapel of1 #bei ,whitby ,abbey1 #bfc ,white1 ,christian symbolism of1 #bgc significance of1 #cj worn in ,siam1 for ,monday1 #cce 8,white sapphire0 7corundum71 #gb ,wiedemann1 ,dr4 ,alfred1 #aba ,willemite1 #aga ,wissler1 ,dr4 ,clark1 vii ,witherite1 #i1 #aj ,wood-opal1 #ej ,world's ,columbian ,exhibition1 vi1 #ea ,wright1 ,thomas1 #bba ,wrtemberg1 jet deposits of1 #ia ,y ,yahalom1 stone of breastplate1 #bid1 #bie ,yarkastein1 #adf ,yashpeh1 stone of breastplate1 #bii ,yellow1 ,christian symbolism of1 #bgc curative effects of1 #bh girdle worn by ,chinese emperors1 #bde in occult ritual1 #ccf significance of1 #bi stones1 therapeutic effect of1 #cgj ,z ,zebulun1 #bhi1 #bie ,zechariah1 #bid ,zenochlorite1 #cfj ,zircon 7hyacinth71 #bch ,zodiacal gems1 #a1 #abd1 #aca1 #caj1 #cba1 #cbb1 #cch-cfc stones of the various signs1 #cde-cdg ,zodiacal signs associated with the ,twelve ,tribes1 #cad names of1 in ,hebrew1 #ccb ,,footnotes3 #a ,jean de la ,taille de ,bondaroy1 8,le ,blason de la ,marguerite10 ,paris1 #aegd4 #b ,de ,boot1 8,gemmarum et lapidum historia10 lib4 i1 cap4 #be1 ,lug4 ,bat41 #afcf1 pp4 #hg1 #ia4 #c ,de ,boot1 8,gemmarum et lapidum historia10 lib4 i1 cap4 #bf1 ,lug4 ,bat41 #afcf1 p4 #ajc4 #d ,mackey1 8,memoirs of ,extraordinary ,popular ,delusions10 ,london1 n4 d41 p4 #add4 #e ,nicols1 8,faithful ,lapidary10 ,london1 #afei1 pp4 #cb1 #cc4 #f ,grres1 8,die christliche ,mystik10 ,regensburg1 #ahdj1 vol4 iii1 pp4 #aij sqq4 #g ,virna ,sheard1 8,the ,jewelled ,princess10 in ,canadian ,magazine4 #h ,de ,mly1 8,les lapidaires de l'antiquit et du moyen-ge10 vol4 ii1 8,les lapidaires grecs10 ,paris1 #ahih1 pp4 #a-ej4 #i ,lucas1 8,the ,swallowing ,stones by ,seals10 ,science1 ,n4 ,s41 vol4 xx1 ,no4 #eab1 pp4 #ecg1 #ech2 ,report of ,fur ,seal ,investigation1 vol4 iii1 p4 #fh4 #aj ,hoernes1 8,urgeschichte der bildenden ,kunst10 ,wien1 #ahih1 p4 #ajh4 #aa ,giglioli1 8,materiale per lo studio della #8,et della ,pietra1'0 ,archivio per l',antropologia e l',etnologia1 vol4 xxxi1 p4 #hc1 ,firenze1 #aija4 #ab ,rose1 8,handleiding tot de ,kennis van diamanten10 etc41 ,amsterdam1 #ahia1 p4 #aaj4 #ac 8,della storia naturale delle ,gemme10 ,napoli1 #agcj1 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #aca-acg4 #ad ,il41 xxiv1 #gie1 #gif4 #ae ,paper by ,dr4 ,paul ,ferez in the ,revue de l',hypnotisme1 ,paris1 ,no4 #aj1 ,april1 #aijf1 p4 #cjf4 #af ,erasmi1 8,colloquia10 ,lipsi1 #agac1 pp4 #eig-h4 ,suggested by ,pliny1 lib4 xxxvii1 cap4 #ga-gc4 #ag ,morris ,jastrow1 8,die ,religion ,babyloniens und ,assyriens10 vol4 i1 ,giessen1 #aije1 p4 #cgd4 #ah ,morris ,jastrow1 l4 c41 p4 #dfb4 #ai ,delitzsch1 8,assyrisches ,wrterbuch10 ,leipzig1 #ahif1 p4 #fjd4 #bj 8,aegyptische ,goldschmiedearbeit10 ed4 by ,heinrich ,schffer1 ,berlin1 #aiaj1 pp4 #be-cb2 necklace figured on ,pl4 ,v1 other objects on ,pls4 ,v-,,vii4 #ba ,ibid41 p4 #ad1 ,pl4 ,,ii1 figs4 #c;a1 #c;b4 #bb ,see ,reisner1 8,catalogue gnrale des antiquits gyptiennes du ,muse du ,caire3 ,amulets0 ,le ,caire1 #aijg4 #bc ,pitra1 8,specilegium ,solesmense10 ,parisiis1 #ahee1 vol4 iii1 p4 #cic4 #bd ,kropatschek1 8,de amuletorum apud antiquos usu10 ,gryphi1 #aijg1 p4 #bd 7,paris papyrus1 #bfcj74 #be ,surindro ,mohun ,tagore1 8,mani ,ml10 ,pt4 ,,ii1 ,calcutta1 #ahha1 p4 #idc4 #bf ,seler1 8,codex ,borgia3 ,eine altmexicanische ,bilderschrift10 ,berlin1 #aijd1 vol4 i1 p4 #af4 #bg ,francisci ,ruei1 8,de gemmis10 ,tiguri1 #aeff1 f4 #d4 #bh 8,histoire critique des pratiques superstitieuses2 par un prtre de l',oratoire10 ,paris1 #agjb1 p4 #cbj4 #bi ,blum1 8,das altjdische ,zauberwesen10 ,strassburg1 #ahih1 p4 #ia4 #cj ,a projection serving to fasten down the belt4 #ca ,compleat ,works of ,geoffrey ,chaucer1 ed4 ,skeat1 ,oxford1 #ahid1 vol4 i1 p4 #aci4 #cb ,matthi ,paris1 8,historia major10 ,london1 #afhd1 p4 #cah4 #cc 8,le ,grand ,lapidaire0 of ,jean de ,mandeville1 ,vienna1 #ahfb1 pp4 #abf-abh4 #cd ,gdermann1 8,das jdische ,unterrichtswesen10 ,wien1 #ahgc1 p4 #bbe4 #ce 8,ethics of the ,dust10 ,new ,york1 #ahhf1 p4 #if4 #cf ,see also the writer's pamphlet3 8,the ,folk-,lore of ,precious ,stones10 ,chicago1 #ahid2 a paper read before the ,folk-,lore ,congress held at the ,world's ,columbian ,exhibition1 and describing the ,kunz ,collection exhibited in the ,anthropological ,building there4 ,this collection is now in the ,field ,museum1 ,chicago4 #cg ,king's version in his 8,natural ,history of ,precious ,stones10 ,london1 #ahfe1 p4 #cib4 #ch ,marbodei1 8,de lapidibus10 ,friburgi1 #aeca1 fol4 #aj4 #ci ,camilli ,leonardi1 8,speculum lapidum10 ,venetia1 #aejb1 fol4 #bb4 #dj ,albertus ,magnus1 8,le ,grand ,albert des secretz des vertus des ,herbes1 ,pierres et ,bestes4 ,et aultre livre des ,merveilles du ,monde1 d'aulcuns effetz causez daulcunes bestes10 ,turin1 ,bernard du mont du ,chat 7c4 #aeae74 ,liv4 ii1 fol4 #h recto4 #da ,cardani1 8,de subtilitate10 ,basile1 #aefj1 p4 #dfj4 #db ,cardani1 8,de gemmis10 ,basile1 #aehe1 p4 #cbc4 #dc ,valentini1 8,museum museorum oder die vollstndige ,schau-,bhne10 ,franckfurt am ,mayn1 #agad1 vol4 ii1 pt4 #c1 p4 #cd2 figure of air-ship on p4 #ce4 #dd ,hoernes1 8,urgeschichte der bildenden ,kunst10 ,vienna1 #ahih1 p4 #cgf4 ,figured in ,s4 ,muller's 8,ordn4 af ,danm4 ,olds410 i1 ,pl4 ,,xv1 ,figs4 #beb sq4 #de ,ovidii1 8,metamorphoses10 lib4 ii1 #aa4 #cdj sqq4 ,some have proposed to read ,redanus instead of ,eridanus and have seen in the former name the designation of a stream flowing into the ,vistula4 #df ,plinii1 8,naturalis ,historia10 lib4 xxxvii1 cap4 #g4 #dg ,bk4 xviii1 #aa1 #bie-bih1 trans4 of ,william ,cullen ,bryant4 #dh ,du ,chaillu1 8,the ,viking ,age10 ,new ,york1 #ahhi1 vol4 ii1 p4 #cad4 7,figs4 #abaj1 #abaa1 #abab47 #di ,sendelii1 8,electrologi10 ,elbing1 #agbe1 ,pt4 ,i1 p4 #ab1 note4 #ej ,camilli ,leonardi1 8,speculum lapidum10 ,venetia1 #aejb1 fol4 #bb4 #ea ,johannis de ,cuba1 8,hortus ,sanitatis10 ,strassburg1 #adhc tractatus de lapibus1 cap4 vii4 #eb ,belleau1 8uvres potiques10 ed4 ,marty-,laveaux1 ,paris1 #ahgh1 vol4 ii1 pp4 #agb sqq4 ,the poem in which this tale occurs is the 8,amours et nouveaux eschanges des pierres prcieuses10 written in #aegf and dedicated to ,henri ,,iii4 #ec ,rose1 8,aristotles de lapidibus und ,arnoldus ,saxo10 in ,zeitschr4 fr ,d4 ,alt41 ,new ,series1 vol4 vi1 p4 #dca4 #ed ,konrad von ,megenberg1 8,buch der ,natur10 ed4 by ,dr4 ,franz ,pfeiffer1 ,stuttgart1 #ahfa1 p4 #dcf4 #ee ,pitra1 8,specilegium ,solesmense10 ,parisiis1 #ahee1 vol4 iii1 p4 #cbe4 #ef ,kropatschek1 8,de amuletorum apud antiquos usu10 ,gryphi1 #aijg1 p4 #af4 #eg ,cardani1 8,philosophi opera qudam lectu digna10 ,basile1 #aehe1 p4 #cbc4 8,de gemmis40 #eh ,rumphius1 8,amboinsche ,rariteitkamer10 ,amsterdam1 #agda1 p4 #cjh4 #ei ,goethe ,weststerlicher ,divan ,i1 ,segenspfnder4 #fj 8,lapidario del ,rey ,d4 ,alfonso ,x10 codice original1 ,madrid1 #ahha1 fol4 #gg1 p4 #di4 #fa ,hendley1 8,indian ,jewellery10 ,london1 #aiji1 p4 #aeh4 #fb ,arakel1 8,livre d'histoire10 chap4 liii2 transl4 in ,brosset1 8,collection d'historiens armniens10 ,st4 ,ptersburg1 #ahgd1 vol4 i1 pp4 #edd1 #ede4 #fc ,josephi ,gonelli1 8,thesaurus philosophicus1 seu de gemmis10 ,neapoli1 #agjb1 p4 #aab4 #fd 8,gemmarum et lapidum historia10 ,lug4 ,bat41 #afcf1 p4 #bcj4 #fe ,agatharcides1 8,de ,mar#a ,erythro10 #b4 ,the topaz of the ancients was unquestionably the gem commonly called chrysolite at present 7olivine1 peridot74 #ff ,diodorus ,siculus1 lib4 iii1 cap4 #ch4 #fg ,plinii1 8,naturalis ,historia10 lib4 xxxvii1 cap4 #cb4 #fh ,marbodei1 8,de lapidibus10 ,friburgi1 #aeca1 fol4 #af4 #fi ,volmar1 ,steinbuch1 ed4 by ,hans ,lambel1 ,heilbronn1 #ahgg1 p4 #bb4 #gj ,alberti ,magni1 8,opera ,omnia10 ed4 ,borgnet1 ,parisiis1 #ahij1 vol4 v1 p4 #dc4 ,de mineralibus1 lib4 ii1 tract4 #b4 #ga ,bauer1 8,edelsteinkunde10 ,leipzig1 #aiji1 p4 #gej4 #gb ,albertus ,magnus1 8,le ,grand ,albert des secretz des vertus des ,herbes1 ,pierres et ,bestes4 ,et aultre livre des ,merveilles du ,monde1 d'aulcuns effetz causez daulcunes bestes10 ,turin1 ,bernard du mont du ,chat 7c4 #aeae74 ,liv4 ii1 fol4 #i recto4 #gc ,bellucci1 8,il feticismo primitivo in ,italia10 ,perugia1 #aijg1 pp4 #bb-be4 #gd 8,de lapidibus10 ,friburgi1 #aeca1 f4 #h4 #ge ,st4 ,hildegard1 8,opera ,omnia10 in ,pat4 ,lat4 ed ,migne1 vol4 cxcvii1 col4 #abed4 #gf 8,de gemmis10 ,tiguri1 #aeff1 f4 #eb4 #gg 8,philosophi opera qudam lectu digna10 ,basile1 #aehe1 p4 #cbb4 8,de gemmis40 #gh ,anonymous writer in ,ital4 ,,ms4 of the fourteenth century in the author's library2 fol4 #da p4 verso4 #gi ,see page #bgh for description of this diamond by ,st4 ,epiphanius4 #hj ,finot1 8,les lapidaires indiens10 ,paris1 #ahif1 p4 #i4 #ha ,finot1 8,les lapidaires indiens10 ,paris1 #ahif1 p4 #h4 #hb ,finot1 l4 c41 p4 #i4 #hc ,konrad von ,megenberg1 8,buch der ,natur10 ed4 by ,dr4 ,franz ,pfeiffer1 ,stuttgart1 #ahfa1 p4 #dcc4 #hd ,new edition of the ,babylonian ,talmud1 ed4 and trans4 by ,michael ,l4 ,rodkinson1 vol4 v 7xiii71 ,baba ,batra1 ,new ,york1 #aijb1 p4 #bjg4 #he ,ratzel1 8,vlkerkunde10 ,leipzig1 #ahhe1 vol4 i1 p4 #cf4 #hf ,dr4 ,julius ,ruska1 8,das ,steinbuch aus der ,kosmographie des al-,kazwini10 ,beilage zum ,jahresbericht #ahid-e der ,oberrealschule ,heidelberg1 p4 #ce4 ,see ,aristoteles ,de ,lapidibus und ,arnoldus ,saxo1 ed4 ,rose1 ,z4f4,d4,a4 ,new ,series ,,vi1 pp4 #cfd1 #cfe1 #chi1 #cij4 ,the 8other writer0 is probably ,ahmed ,teifashi4 #hg ,the work on precious stones attributed to ,aristotle was composed in ,arabic probably in the ninth century4 #hh ,teifashi1 8,fior di pensieri sulle pietre preziose10 ,firenzi1 #ahah1 p4 #ac4 #hi ,proc4 of the ,royal ,irish ,academy1 #b;d ,ser41 ,polite ,literature and ,antiquities1 vol4 ii1 ,dublin1 #ahgi-ahhh1 p4 #cjc4 #ij ,epiphanii1 8,de ,,xii gemmis10 ,tiguri1 #aefe1 fol4 #e4 #ia ,morales1 8,de las piedras preciosas10 ,valladolid1 #afjd1 fol4 #aja4 #ib ,marbodei1 8,de lapidibus10 ,friburgi1 #aeca1 fol4 #dh2 ,camilli ,leonardi1 8,speculum lapidum10 ,venetia1 #aejb1 fol4 xliii4 #ic ,fol4 #ee recto of ,ital4 ,,ms41 #adth ,century4 ,reference is to ,bela ,,iv 7#abce-abgj74 ,lo reo dilugaria bela loqale in di nostri tempi regna4 #id ,weil1 8,biblische ,legenden10 p4 #bbe4 #ie ,cardani1 8,philosophi opera qudam10 ,basile1 #aehe1 p4 #cbh4 8,de gemmis40 #if ,albertus ,magnus1 8,le ,grand ,albert des secrets des vertus des ,herbes1 ,pierres et ,bestes4 ,et aultre livre des ,merveilles du ,monde1 d'aulcuns effetz causez daulcunes bestes10 ,turin1 ,bernard du mont du ,chat 7c4 #aeae74 ,liv4 ii1 fol4 #aa4 #ig 8,naturalis historia10 lib4 xxxvii1 cap4 #fj4 #ih ,george ,h4 ,pepper1 8,the ,exploration of a ,burial-room in ,pueblo ,bonito1 ,new ,mexico10 ,putnam ,anniversary ,volume1 ,new ,york1 #aiji1 p4 #bci2 ,fig4 #e4 #ii ,marbodei1 8,de lapidibus10 ,friburgi1 #aeca1 fol4 #ch4 #ajj ,cardani1 8,philosophi opera qudam10 ,basile1 #aehe1 p4 #cbc4 8,de gemmis40 #aja ,s4 ,hildegard1 ,opera omnia2 in4 ,pat4 ,lat4 ed4 ,j4 ,p4 ,migne1 vol4 cxcvii1 ,parisiis1 #ahee1 col4 #abea4 #ajb ,cardani1 8,de subtilitate10 ,basile1 #aefj1 pp4 #ddb-c4 #ajc ,chalfant1 8,early ,chinese ,writing10 ,mem4 of ,carnegie ,museum1 vol4 iv1 ,no4 #a1 ,pittsburg1 #aijf1 p4 #aj and ,pl4 ,,xx1 ,no4 #bge4 ,see also ,pl4 ,x1 ,no4 #acb2 pei1 8shell10 8value10 as shells were used as money in very ancient times4 #ajd ,chalfant1 8,early ,chinese ,writing10 ,pl4 ,,xxii1 ,no4 #bii4 #aje 8,catalogue of the ,woodward ,collection of ,jades and other ,hard ,stones10 by ,john ,getz1 ,privately printed 7,new ,york71 #aiac1 p4 #aa1 ,no4 #bd4 #ajf ,zelia ,nuttall1 8,the ,fundamental ,principles of ,old and ,new ,world ,civilization10 ,cambridge1 ,mass41 #aija1 p4 #aie4 ,archological and ,ethnographical ,papers of the ,peabody ,museum1 ,harvard ,university1 vol4 ii4 #ajg ,the ,bishop ,collection4 8,investigations and ,studies in ,jade10 ,new ,york1 privately printed1 #aijf1 vol4 i1 pt4 iii1 8,jade as a ,mineral10 by ,george ,frederick ,kunz1 p4 #aag4 ,nos4 #dba and #fdf of the collection are excellent examples of this special jade4 #ajh ,the ,bishop ,collection4 8,investigations and ,studies in ,jade10 ,new ,york1 #aijf1 vol4 i1 p4 #ab4 ,privately printed and edition limited to #ajj copies4 ,for a description of this monumental work see 8,the ,printed ,catalogue of the ,heber ,r4 ,bishop ,collection of ,jade10 by ,george ,frederick ,kunz1 supplement to the ,bulletin of the ,metropolitan ,museum of ,art for ,may1 #aijf1 ,occasional ,notes1 ,no4 #a4 #aji ,see ,fischer1 8,ueber die ,nephritindustrie der ,maoris in ,neuseeland10 ,archiv fr ,anthropologie1 vol4 xv1 ,braunschweig1 #ahhd1 pp4 #dfc-dff4 #aaj ,king's version in his ,natural ,history of ,precious ,stones1 ,london1 #ahfe1 p4 #chb4 #aaa ,pitra1 8,specilegium ,solesmense10 ,parisiis1 #ahee1 p4 #cbh4 #aab ,epiphanius1 8,de ,,xii gemmis10 ,tiguri1 #aefe1 fols4 #g1 #h4 #aac ,birlinger1 8,kleinere deutsche ,sprachdenkmler10 in ,germania1 vol4 viii 7#ahfc71 p4 #cjb4 #aad ,bartolomi ,anglici 8,de proprietatibus rerum10 ,london1 ,wynkyn de ,worde1 #adie1 lib4 xvi1 cap4 #ea1 ,de ,jaspide4 ,old ,english version by ,john of ,trevisa4 #aae ,hoernes1 8,urgeschichte der bildenden ,kunst10 ,wien1 #ahih1 pp4 #bb1 #bd4 #aaf ,dupont1 8,l'homme pendant les ges de la pierre10 ,brussels1 #ahgb1 pp4 #aef sqq4 #aag ,pepper1 8,the ,exploration of a ,burial-room in ,pueblo ,bonito10 ,putnam ,anniversary ,volume1 ,new ,york1 #aiji1 p4 #bcg4 #aah ,ward1 8,seal ,cylinders of ,western ,asia10 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 #aiaj1 p4 #aba2 citing ,jastrow1 8,religion10 p4 #cjc4 #aai ,albertus ,magnus1 8,le ,grand ,albert des secretz des vertus des ,herbes1 ,pierres et ,bestes4 ,et aultre livre des ,merveilles du ,monde1 d'aulcuns effetz causez daulcunes bestes10 ,turin1 ,bernard du mont du ,chat 7c4 #aeae74 ,liv4 ii1 fol4 #aa1 recto4 #abj ,the ,timus of ,plato1 ed4 by ,r4 ,r4 ,archer-,hind1 ,london1 #ahhh1 p4 #cjb1 note4 #aba ,plinii1 8,historia naturalis10 ,venetiis1 #aejg1 fol4 #bfi verso1 lib4 xxxvi1 cap4 #af4 #abb ,plinii1 l4 c41 fol4 #bed1 verso1 lib4 xxxiv1 cap4 #ad4 #abc ,king's metrical version in his 8,natural ,history of ,gems10 ,london1 #ahfe1 p4 #bbf4 #abd ,john of ,trevisa's version 7made in #acif7 of ,bartholomus ,anglicus' 8,de proprietatibus rerum10 ,london1 ,wynkyn de ,worde1 #adie1 lib4 xvi1 cap4 #dc1 ,de ,magnete4 #abe ,bartolomi ,anglici1 8,de proprietatibus rerum10 l4 c4 #abf ,lucian1 ,imag4 ,i4 #abg ,klaproth1 8,lettre ,m4 le ,baron ,a4 de ,humboldt sur l'invention de la boussole10 ,paris1 #ahcd1 p4 #bj4 #abh ,from ,el ,kazwini's 8,adjl el makluquat02 cited in marginal note1 vol4 i1 pp4 #caj1 #caa1 of ,el ,damu's 8,hayat el hayaun10 ,cairo1 #acac 7#ahie74 #abi ,kunz1 8,gems and ,precious ,stones of ,north ,america10 ,new ,york1 #ahij1 p4 #aib4 #acj ,marbodei1 8,de lapidibus10 ,friburgi1 #aeca1 fol4 #ea2 ,camilli ,leonardi1 8,speculum lapidum10 ,venetia1 #aejb1 fol4 xxxviii4 #aca ,chiocci1 8,museum ,calceolarium10 ,veron1 #afbb1 p4 #bbg4 #acb ,de ,boot1 8,gemmarum et lapidum historia10 ,lug4 ,bat41 #afcf1 p4 #bfd1 lib4 ii1 cap4 #aac4 #acc ,marbodei1 8,de lapidibus10 ,friburgi1 #aeca1 fol4 #ea4 #acd 8,les secrets de la ,lune10 ,paris1 #aega4 #ace ,cardani1 8,de subtilitate10 lib4 vii1 ,basile1 #aefj1 p4 #dfd4 #acf 8,handbook of ,american ,indians ,north of ,mexico10 ed4 by ,frederick ,webb ,hodge2 ,smithsonian ,inst42 ,bur4 ,am4 ,ethn41 ,bull4 #cj2 ,washington1 #aiaj1 ,pt4 #b1 p4 #cca4 #acg ,kunz1 8,gems and ,precious ,stones of ,north ,america10 ,new ,york1 #ahij1 pp4 #bii1 #cjj4 #ach ,sancti ,eusebii ,hieronymi 8,opera ,omnia10 ed4 ,migne1 vol4 iv1 ,parisiis1 #ahfe1 col4 #ede4 #aci ,pfizmeier1 8,beitrge zur ,geschichte der ,edelsteinen und des ,goldes10 ,sitzungsbericht d4 phil4 hist4 ,kl41 ,wien1 vol4 lviii1 #ahfh1 p4 #bjj4 #adj ,pfizmeier1 l4 c41 p4 #bja4 #ada ,garbe1 8,die indische ,mineralien2 ,naharari's ,rjanighantu1 ,varga ,,xiii10 ,leipzig1 #ahhb1 p4 #gj4 #adb ,epiplianii1 8,de ,,xii gemmis10 ,tiguri1 #aefe1 fol4 #e4 #adc ,camilli ,leonardi1 8,speculum lapidum10 ,venetia1 #aejb1 fol4 xxvi4 #add ,pannier1 8,les lapidaires franais10 ,paris1 #ahhb1 pp4 #bdf1 #bfd1 #bie4 ,cited in ,schofield1 8,the ,pearl10 ,pub4 of ,mod4 ,lang4 ,asso4 of ,am41 vol4 xxiv1 ,pt4 #d1 p4 #eii4 #ade ,surindro ,mohun ,tagore1 8,mani ,ml10 ,pt4 ,i1 ,calcutta1 #ahgi1 p4 #aii4 #adf 8,le grand lapidaire de ,jean de ,mandeville10 from the ed4 of #aefa1 ed4 by ,j4 ,s4 del ,sotto1 ,vienne1 #ahfb1 p4 #h4 #adg ,taw ,sein ,ko1 communication from his 8,burmese ,necromancy40 #adh ,pitra1 8,specilegium ,solesmense10 ,parisiis1 #ahee1 vol4 iii1 p4 #cbh4 #adi ,epiphanii1 8,de ,,xii gemmis10 ,tiguri1 #aefe1 fol4 #f4 #aej ,marbodei1 8,de lapidibus10 ,friburgi1 #aeca1 fols4 #df1 #dg4 #aea ,bartolomi ,anglici1 8,de proprietatibus rerum10 ,london1 ,wynkyn de ,worde1 #adie1 lib4 xvi1 cap4 #hf1 ,de ,saphiro4 #aeb ,old ,english for spider4 #aec ,bartolomus ,anglicus1 l4 c4 #aed ,the subject of the origin1 development and reform of the carat-weight has been fully treated by the author in the ,trans4 of the ,soc4 of ,min4 ,engineers1 #aiac1 pp4 #abbe-abde1 8,the ,new ,international ,metric ,diamond ,carat of #bjj milligrams40 #aee ,marbodei1 8,de lapidibus10 ,friburgi1 #aeca1 fol4 #ej1 note of ,pictor ,villengensis4 #aef ,bellucci1 8,il feticismo primitivo in ,italia10 ,perugia1 #aijg1 pp4 #be1 #bf4 #aeg ,volmar1 8,steinbuch10 ed4 by ,hans ,lambel1 ,heilbronn1 #ahgg1 p4 #ai4 #aeh ,de ,boot1 8,gemmarum et lapidum historia10 ,lug4 ,bat41 #afcf1 pp4 #bff-bfh4 #aei ,de ,boot1 8,gemmarum et lapidum historia10 ,lug4 ,bat41 #afcf1 pp4 #afi1 #agj4 #afj ,de ,boot1 l4 c41 p4 #bgj4 #afa ,hendley1 8,indian ,jewelry10 ,london1 #aiji1 p4 #aeh4 #afb ,kunz1 8,gems and ,precious ,stones of ,north ,america10 ,new ,york1 #ahij1 pp4 #fa1 #fb1 pl4 opposite p4 #ef4 #afc ,kunz1 l4 c41 see pl4 #b1 fig4 ,a4 #afd ,pepper1 8,the ,exploration of a ,burial-room in ,pueblo ,bonito1 ,new ,mexico10 ,putnam ,anniversary ,volume1 ,new ,york1 #aiji1 pp4 #aif-beb4 #afe ,pepper1 8,the ,exploration of a ,burial-room in ,pueblo ,bonito1 ,new ,mexico10 pp4 #bbc1 #bbd4 #aff ,pepper1 l4 c41 p4 #bbg4 #afg ,burke1 8,the ,medicine-men of the ,apache10 ,ninth ,annual ,report of the ,bureau of ,ethnology1 #ahhg-ahhh1 ,washington1 #ahib1 p4 #ehi4 #afh ,fernie1 8,precious ,stones for ,curative ,use10 ,bristol1 #aijg1 p4 #bfi4 #afi ,from 8,the ,sacred ,beetle10 by ,john ,ward1 ,london1 #aijb1 ,plate ,,viii1 ,nos4 #df1 #eh1 #hi1 #bge1 #bgf1 #ddf4 #agj ,budge1 8,the ,mummy10 ,cambridge1 #ahid1 pp4 #bcd-bce4 #aga ,the ,metropolitan ,museum of ,art2 the ,murch ,collection of ,egyptian antiquities2 supplement to the ,bulletin of the ,met4 ,mus4 of ,art1 ,january1 #aiaj4 #agb ,middleton1 8,engraved ,gems of ,ancient ,times10 ,cambridge1 #ahia1 p4 #aea4 #agc ,diodori ,siculi1 8,bibliothec historicales10 ed4 ,dindorf1 ,parisiis1 #ahdb1 vol4 i1 p4 #fe2 lib4 i1 cap4 #ge4 #agd liani1 8,de animalibus10 lib4 x1 cap4 #ae4 #age ,hoernes1 8,urgeschichte der bildenden ,kunst10 ,wien1 #ahih1 pp4 #aee1 #aef4 #agf ,konrad v4 ,megenberg1 8,buch der ,natur10 ed4 ,pfeiffer1 ,stuttgart1 #ahfa1 p4 #ddh2 see also ,johannis de ,cuba1 8,hortus ,sanitatis0 ,strassburg1 #adhc1 tractatus de lapidibus1 cap4 xliii4 #agg ,marbodei1 8,de lapidibus10 ,friburgi1 #aeca1 fol4 #ai4 #agh ,fischer and ,wiedemann1 8,ueber ,babylonische #8,talismane' aus dem hist4 ,mus4 im steierisch-landschaftl4 ,joanneum zu ,graz10 ,stuttgart1 #ahha1 p4 #i4 #agi ,see ,ward1 8,the ,seal ,cylinders of ,western ,asia10 ,carnegie ,institution ,pub41 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 #aiaj1 pp4 #a-e4 #ahj ,ward1 l4 c41 p4 #e and pp4 #e-h4 #aha ,fischer and ,wiedemann1 8,ueber ,babylonische ,talismane10 ,stuttgart1 #ahha1 p4 #aa4 ,see ,pl4 ,i1 fig4 #c4 #ahb ,a4 ,evans1 in 8,journal of ,hellenic ,studies10 vol4 xiv 7#ahic71 p4 #bgj4 #ahc ,trebelii ,pollionis1 ,de ,,xxx tyrannis1 ,lipsi1 p4 #bie4 #ahd ,ad illum4 catech41 ,hom4 ,,ii1 #e4 #ahe ,krause1 8,pyrgoteles10 ,halle1 #ahef1 pp4 #aig-h4 #ahf ,caii ,plinii ,secundi1 ,naturalis ,historia1 ed4 ,harduin1 ,parisiis1 #agda1 vol4 ii1 p4 #dhi4 #ahg ,king1 ,catalogue of ,engraved ,gems1 ,metropolitan ,museum of ,art1 p4 #ha1 ,no4 #cjb1 #ahhe4 #ahh ,dissert4 apol4 de quibusdam ,alexandri ,severi numismat41 p4 #ei4 ,cited in ,dictionnaire de l'arch4 chrt41 vol4 i1 ,pt4 ,,ii1 ,paris1 #aijg1 cols4 #aghi1 #agij1 where the amulet is figured4 #ahi ,camilli ,leonardi1 ,speculum ,lapidum1 ,venetia1 #aejb4 #aij ,pitra1 8,specilegium ,solesmense10 ,parisiis1 #ahhe1 vol4 iii1 pp4 #cbf1 #cbg4 #aia ,camilli ,leonardi1 8,speculum ,lapidum10 ,venetia1 #aejb1 ff4 lvi-lvii4 #aib ,from an anonymous ,italian treatise in a fourteenth century ,,ms4 in the author's collection2 fol4 #dj verso1 #da recto4 #aic ,hoernes1 8,urgeschichte der bildenden ,kunst10 ,vienna1 #ahih1 p4 #cch4 #aid ,hoernes1 8,urgeschichte der bildenden ,kunst10 ,vienna1 #ahih1 p4 #cch4 #aie ,king1 8,the ,gnostics and their ,remains10 ,london1 #ahfd1 p4 #bch1 figure opp4 p4 #aae4 #aif ,catalogue de l',exposition de la ,socit d',anthropologie 7,exposition de #aijj71 p4 #bhf4 #aig ,elworthy1 8,the ,evil ,eye10 ,london1 #ahie1 pp4 #cec1 #ced4 #aih ,stern1 8,medizin1 ,aberglaube und ,geschlechtsleben in der ,turkei10 ,berlin1 #aijc1 vol4 i1 p4 #bce4 #aii ,plini1 8,historia naturalis10 lib4 xxxvi1 cap4 #c4 #bjj ,archologia1 vol4 xxx1 p4 #eda1 ,london1 #ahdd2 ,,ms4 ,harl4 ,no4 #hj1 folio #aje1 recto4 #bja ,pitra1 8,specilegium ,solesmense10 ,parisiis1 #ahee1 vol4 iii1 p4 #ccf4 #bjb ,de ,mly1 in ,la ,grande ,encyclopdie1 vol4 xxv1 p4 #hhe1 art4 ,pierres prcieuses4 #bjc ,konrad von ,megenberg1 8,buch der ,natur10 ,stuttgart1 #ahfa1 p4 #dfi4 #bjd ,pitra1 8,specilegium ,solesmense10 ,parisiis1 #ahee1 vol4 iii1 p4 #cce4 #bje ,agricola1 8,de natura fossilum10 lib4 vi1 ,basile1 #aedf1 p4 #bia4 #bjf ,nicols1 8,faithful ,lapidary10 ,london1 #afei1 p4 #ajg4 #bjg ,kluge1 8,edelsteinkunde10 ,leipsic1 #ahfj1 p4 #cff4 #bjh ,fernie1 8,precious ,stones for ,curative ,wear10 ,bristol1 #aijg1 p4 #aji4 #bji ,the opal is said to preserve its wearer from disease2 and hence1 in the ,east1 is much used in the form of amulets4 #baj ,from 8,gems of ,beauty10 by the ,countess of ,blessington1 ,london1 #ahcf4 #baa ,sir ,walter ,scott1 8,novels10 ,the ,janson ,society1 ,new ,york1 #aijg1 vol4 xxiii1 pp4 #abf-ach4 #bab ,plinii1 8,naturalis historia10 lib4 xxxvii1 cap4 #f4 #bac ,plinii1 l4 c4 #bad ,hesselquist1 8,voyages and ,travels in the ,levant10 ,english trans41 ,london1 #agff1 pp4 #bgc1 #bgd4 #bae ,alberti ,magni1 ,opera ,omnia1 ed4 ,borgnet1 ,parisiis1 #ahij1 vol4 v1 p4 #db4 #baf ,communication of ,dr4 ,frederick ,knab1 citing ,castellani and ,chalmers1 8,manual of ,tropical ,medicine10 #aiaj4 #bag ,batman1 8,uppon ,bartholome10 ,london1 #aehb1 p4 #bfd1 lib4 xvi1 cap4 #gc4 #bah ,shakespeare1 8,twelfth ,night10 ,act ii1 ,sc4 #d4 #bai ,cardani1 8,de subtilitate10 ,basile1 #aefj1 p4 #dde4 #bbj ,rose1 8,aristoteles ,de lapidibus und ,arnoldus ,saxo10 in ,zeitschr4 fr ,d4 ,alt41 ,new ,series1 vol4 vi1 p4 #cia4 ,see also ,avicenna1 8,liber canonis10 ,basile1 #aeef1 p4 #ahb1 lib4 ii1 ,tract4 ii1 cap4 #bj4 #bba ,garcias ab ,orta1 8,aromatum historia0 7,lat4 version by ,clusius74 ,antverpi1 #aegi1 p4 #agb4 ,the ,portuguese original was published in ,goa1 in #aefc4 #bbb ,surindro ,mohun ,tagore1 8,mani ,ml10 ,pt4 ,i1 ,calcutta1 #ahgi1 pp4 #abb1 #abe4 #bbc ,justi ,lepsii1 8,de fraude et vi10 cap4 v1 #h2 cited in ,pindar1 8,de adamante10 ,berolini1 #ahbi1 p4 #eh4 #bbd ,aldrovandi1 8,museum metallicum10 ,bononi1 #afdh1 p4 #idi4 #bbe ,vita di ,benvenuto ,cellini1 ed4 ,carpani1 ,milano1 #ahjf1 p4 #dde4 #bbf ,amos1 8,the ,great ,oyer of ,poisoning10 ,london1 #ahdf1 pp4 #ccf sqq4 #bbg ,aldrovandi1 8,museum metallicum10 ,bononi1 #afdh1 p4 #idi4 #bbh ,child1 8,the ,english and ,scottish ,popular ,ballads10 ,boston1 #ahhb-if1 vol4 i1 pp4 #ahg sqq4 #bbi ,child1 l4 c4 #bcj ,against thee4 #bca ,ravii1 8,specimen ,arabicum10 ,trajecti ad ,rhenum1 #aghd1 pp4 #ig1 #ih4 #bcb ,andre ,baccii1 8,de gemmis et lapidibus pretiosis10 ,latin trans4 by ,wolfgang ,gabelchover1 ,francofurti1 #afjc1 pp4 #fc1 #fd4 #bcc 8,de gemmis errores vulgares10 ,lipsi1 #afhh1 sect4 ii1 #ab4 #bcd ,rose1 ,aristoteles ,de lapidibus and ,arnoldus ,saxo1 ,zeitschr4 fr ,d4 ,alt41 ,new ,series1 vol4 vi1 #ahge1 pp4 #cfj1 #cfa4 #bce ,cardani1 8,de subtilitate10 ,basile1 #aeed1 lib4 vii1 pp4 #aia1 #bje4 #bcf ,ginsburg1 8,legends of the ,jews10 ,eng4 trans41 ,phila41 #aiji1 vol4 i1 p4 #afb4 ,see also ,levy1 8,dictionary of the ,targumim10 etc41 ,new ,york and ,london1 #aijc1 vol4 ii1 p4 #hcf1 s4 v4 4 ,pirke d',r4 ,el41 ch4 xxiii4 #bcg ,ginsburg1 l4 c41 p4 #bih4 #bch ,claudii liani1 8,de animalium natura10 lib4 viii1 cap4 #bb1 ed4 ,gesner1 ,tiguri1 #aefh1 pp4 #ahb1 #ahc4 #bci ,grimm1 8,wrterbuch10 vol4 ii1 col4 #abdd4 #bdj 8,lithica10 line #bgj4 #bda ,de ,mely1 8,la trait des fleuves de ,plutarche10 in ,revue des tudes ,grecques1 vol4 v 7#ahib71 p4 #cca4 #bdb ,luciani1 8,de ,syria dea10 cap4 #cb4 #bdc ,rose1 8,aristoteles de lapidibus und ,arnoldus ,saxo10 ,zeitschr4 fr ,d4 ,alt41 ,new ,series1 vol4 vi1 #ahge1 pp4 #cge1 #cgf4 #bdd ,the abbey to which ,hildegard gave the tablet was probably that built by ,theodoric ,,ii and destroyed by the ,reformers in #aegb4 ,the first building was of wood and was erected by ,theodoric ,i in #ibc or #ibd2 this was ravaged by the ,frisians not many years later4 #bde ,creuzer1 8,antik geschnittene ,steine vom ,grabmahl der heiligen ,elizabeth10 ,leipsic and ,darmstadt1 #ahcd1 pp4 #be1 #bf4 #bdf ,arnobio1 8,il tesoro delle gioie10 ,venice1 #afjb1 p4 #cd4 #bdg ,see the ,english translation of his 8,chu-fan-ch10 by ,friedrich ,hirth and ,w4 ,w4 ,rockhill1 ,st4 ,petersburg1 #aiaa1 p4 #gb4 #bdh 8,die ,reisebeschreibung des ,r4 ,benjamin von ,tudela10 ed4 by ,l4 ,grnhut and ,marcus ,n4 ,adler1 ,jerusalem1 #aijc1 pt4 ii1 trans41 p4 #ag4 #bdi ,beckmann1 8,history of ,inventions10 ,english trans41 ,london1 #ahdf1 vol4 ii1 p4 #dcc4 #bej ,garcias ab ,orta1 8,aromatum historia0 7,lat4 version by ,clusius71 ,antverpi1 #aegi1 lib4 i1 p4 #agd4 #bea ,plinii1 8,naturalis historia10 lib4 xxxvii1 cap4 #ag4 #beb ,platonis1 8,hippias major10 ed4 ,didot1 vol4 i1 p4 #gde4 #bec ,norton's 8,ordinall02 in ,ashmole 8,theatrum ,chemicum ,britannicum10 ,london1 #afeb1 p4 #bg4 #bed ,christiani ,mentzelli1 8,lapis ,bononensis10 ,bilefeldi1 #afge4 #bee ,see ,kunz1 8,the ,phosphorescence of the ,diamond10 ,trans4 ,n4 ,y4 ,academy of ,sciences1 vol4 x1 p4 #ej1 #ahij-ia2 ,kunz and ,baskerville1 8,the ,action of ,radium1 ,actinium1 ,roentgen rays1 and ,ultra ,violet ,light in ,minerals and ,gems10 ,science1 vol4 xviii1 ,no4 #dfh1 pp4 #gfi-ghc1 ,december #ah1 #aijc4 #bef ,see page #agb4 #beg ,boyle1 8,works10 ,london1 #agdd1 vol4 ii1 p4 #he4 ,the experiments were made ,october #bg1 #affc1 and the results were communicated to the ,royal ,society the next day1 the diamond which had been used being shown to the members at that time4 #beh 8,journal des ,savans10 #agci1 pp4 #dch1 #dci1 of ,amsterdam edition1 citing 8,hist4 de l',acad4 ,roy4 des ,sciences10 #agce 7vol4 xxxviii74 #bei ,see ,transactions of the ,new ,york ,academy of ,sciences1 vol4 xiv1 p4 #bfj2 #ahie4 #bfj 8,diamonds10 a lecture delivered before the ,british ,association at ,kimberley1 ,sept4 #e1 #aije2 ,london1 #aije1 p4 #cg4 ,see also the same author's 8,diamonds10 ,london and ,new ,york1 #aiji1 pp4 #if-aja4 #bfa ,kunz1 8,gems and ,precious ,stones of ,north ,america10 ,new ,york1 #ahij1 pp4 #ahc1 #ahd4 #bfb 8,collection des anciens alchemistes grecs10 ed4 by ,m4 ,berthelot1 trans41 p4 #ccf-cch2 text pp4 #cea1 #ceb1 ,paris1 #ahhg1 #ahhh4 #bfc 8,sur un procd antique pour rendre les pierres prcieuses et les vitrifications phosphorescentes10 ,annales de ,chimie et ,physique1 #fth ser41 vol4 xiv1 pp4 #dbi-dcb4 #bfd ,moryson1 8,an ,itinerary containing his ,ten ,yeeres ,travell through the ,twelve ,dominions10 etc41 ,glasgow1 #aijg-h1 vol4 i4 p4 #baf4 #bfe ,burton1 8,supplementary ,nights10 ,london1 #ahhf1 vol4 iii1 p4 #ced1 note4 #bff ,pausani1 8,descriptio ,grci10 ed4 ,schubart1 vol4 ii1 ,lipsi1 #ahhc1 pp4 #ed1 #ee1 lib4 ii1 cap4 #ba1 #ab4 #bfg ,luciani1 8,vera ,historia10 lib4 i1 #bf4 #bfh ,balz1 8,die sogenannte magische ,spiegel und ihr ,gebrauch02 ,archiv fr ,anthrop4 ,n4,s41 vol4 ii1 p4 #de1 #aijd4 #bfi ,sahagun1 8,historia general de las cosas de ,nueva ,espaa10 ,mexico1 #ahbi1 vol4 i1 pp4 #b1 #c2 vol4 ii1 pp4 #f1 #ab1 #af1 #ag2 lib4 i1 cap4 #c2 lib4 v1 cap4 #c1 #i1 #aa1 #ab4 #bgj ,spartiani1 8,vita ,didii ,juliani10 cap4 #g4 #bga ,reichelti1 8,de amuletis10 ,argentorati1 #afgf1 p4 #cf4 #bgb 8,synodum episcoporum ,patricii1 ,auxilii et ,issernani10 in ,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 vol4 liii1 ,parisiis1 #ahfe1 col4 #hbe4 #bgc ,hincmari1 8,opera ,omnia10 in ,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 vol4 cxxv1 col4 #g2 ,de devortio ,lotharii et ,tetberg4 #bgd ,london1 #aije1 pp4 xxiv1 xxx4 #bge ,ibn ,kaldoun1 in ,notices et ,ext4 de ,,mss4 de la ,bib4 ,imp41 vol4 xix1 p4 #bba4 #bgf ,see ,barrett1 8,the ,magus10 ,london1 #ahja1 p4 #ace4 #bgg ,jmi's 8,salamn and ,absal10 trans4 by ,edward ,fitzgerald1 ,boston1 #ahii1 p4 #hd4 #bgh ,description of the ,regalia of ,scotland1 by ,sir ,walter ,scott1 ,bart41 ,edinburgh1 n4 d41 p4 #ac4 #bgi ,johannis ,saresberensis1 8,policraticus10 ,lyon1 #aeac1 fols4 lxxvii1 verso1 lxxviii1 recto1 lib4 ii1 cap4 #bh4 #bhj ,johannis ,saresberensis1 l4 c41 fol4 lxxvi1 recto1 lib4 ii1 cap4 #bh4 #bha 8,the ,hermetic and ,alchemical writings of ,aureolus ,philippus ,theophrastus ,bombast of ,hohenheim1 called ,paracelsus the ,great10 trans4 by ,arthur ,edward ,waite1 ,london1 #ahid1 vol4 i1 p4 #bbd4 #bhb 8,unterricht vom ,gebrauch des ,erdspiegels1 #afeh0 7,aus dem ,kapuziner-,kloster in ,immenstat4 ,eine ,handschrift des ,kapuziner-,paters ,franziscus ,seraph4 ,heider daselbst72 in 8,handschriftlichen ,schtze aus ,kloster ,bibliotheken10 ,kln am ,rhein1 #agcd-ahaj 7reprint74 #bhc ,sloane ,,ms4 #chea1 f4 #ej;b4 #bhd ,jonson1 8,the ,alchemist10 ed4 ,hathaway1 ,new ,york1 #aijc1 pp4 #aja1 #ade1 note4 #bhe ,kiesewetter1 8,faust in der ,geschichte und ,tradition10 ,leipzig1 #ahic1 p4 #dgb4 #bhf ,kiesewetter1 8,faust in der ,geschichte und ,tradition10 p4 #dgc4 #bhg ,wieri1 8,de prestigiis demonum10 ,basile1 #aefc1 p4 #aba4 #bhh 8,the ,private ,diary of ,dr4 ,john ,dee10 ed4 by ,halliwell1 ,london1 #ahdb 7,camden ,soc4 ,pub471 p4 #i1 note 78,compendious ,memorial10 p4 #eaf74 #bhi ,a true and faithful ,relation of what passed for ,many ,yeeres between ,dr4 ,john ,dee and ,some ,spirits4 ,with preface by ,meric4 ,casaubon1 ,london1 #afei1 p4 #a4 #bij ,see ,b4 ,m4 ,dalton's notes in the ,proceedings of the ,society of ,antiquaries1 #b;d ser41 vol4 xxi1 #chj-chc4 ,sloane ,,ms4 ,a4 #cahh4 #bia ,casaubon's 8,relation10 p4 #gc4 #bib ,rist1 8,die ,aller-,edelste ,zeit-,verkrtung der ganzen ,welt10 ,franckfurt on dem ,mayn1 #affh1 p4 #bee4 #bic ,butler1 8,hudibras10 ,part ,,ii1 ,canto ,,iii1 #aa1 #bce-h1 and #fca-d4 ,this second part was issued in #affc1 four years after ,casaubon's publication of ,dee's journal4 #bid ,miscellanea graphica3 ,representations of ,ancient ,medieval and ,renaissance remains in the ,possession of ,lord ,londesborough2 introd4 by ,thomas ,wright1 ,london1 #aheg1 p4 #ha4 #bie ,aubrey1 8,miscellanies10 ,london1 #ahij1 pp4 #aef1 #aeg4 7,there is a figure on p4 #aef47 #bif ,glanvil1 8,saducismus ,triumphatus10 ,london1 #agbf1 p4 #bha4 #big ,aubrey1 8,miscellanies10 ,london1 #ahij1 p4 #aee4 #bih ,carlyle1 8,works10 ,ashburton ed41 vol4 xvi1 p4 #eji2 from ,vie de ,joseph ,balsamo1 traduite d'aprs l'original ,italien1 ch4 ii1 #aaa 7,paris1 #agia74 #bii ,kiesewetter1 8,faust in der ,geschichte und ,tradition10 ,leipzig1 #ahic1 p4 #dgf4 #cjj ,george ,,iv1 cap4 lxxxiii4 #cja ,brinton1 8,essays of an ,americanist10 ,philadelphia1 #ahij1 p4 #afe4 #cjb ,burke1 8,the ,medicine-men of the ,apache10 ,ninth ,annual ,report of the ,bureau of ,ethnology1 #ahhg-ahhh1 ,washington1 #ahib1 p4 #dfa4 #cjc ,fraser1 8,the ,golden ,bough10 pt4 i1 8,the ,magic ,art10 vol4 i1 ,london1 #aiaa1 p4 #agf4 #cjd ,lang1 8,the ,making of ,religion10 ,london1 #ahih1 pp4 #ia-ib4 #cje ,thomas1 8,crystal ,gazing10 ,london1 #aije1 p4 #dh4 #cjf ,nuttall1 8,the ,fundamental ,principles of ,old and ,new ,world ,civilization10 ,cambridge1 ,mass41 #aija1 p4 #hj4 #cjg ,tcheraz1 8,notes sur la mythologie ,armenienne10 in ,trans4 of the ,ninth ,cong4 of ,orient4 7#ahib71 ,london1 #ahic1 vol4 ii1 p4 #hcb4 #cjh ,tcheraz1 l4 c41 p4 #hce4 #cji ,proc4 ,soc4 of ,psych4 ,research1 vol4 viii1 p4 #dgj4 #caj ,proc4 of the ,soc4 for ,psych4 ,research1 vol4 v1 p4 #ejg4 #caa ,thomas1 8,crystal ,gazing10 ,london1 #aijh1 ,lang's preface1 pp4 xi1 xii4 #cab ,thomas1 l4 c41 p4 xxi4 #cac ,proc4 of the ,soc4 for ,psych4 ,research1 vol4 viii1 p4 #dgc4 #cad ,shepharial1 8,the ,crystal and the ,seer10 ,london #aijj81 p4 #ad4 #cae ,john ,melville1 8,crystal ,gazing10 ,london1 #aiaj1 pp4 #bj1 #ba4 #caf ,shepharial1 8,the ,crystal and the ,seer10 ,london #aijj81 pp4 #aa-ac4 #cag ,melville1 8,crystal ,gazing10 ,london1 #aiaj1 p4 #dg4 #cah ,atkinson1 8,practical ,psychomancy and ,crystal ,gazing10 ,chicago #aijh1 p4 #df4 #cai ,see ,leadbeater1 8,the ,astral ,plane10 ,london1 #aiaj1 p4 #ad4 #cbj ,verner1 8,how to ,know ,your ,future10 ,london #aiaj81 p4 #af4 #cba ,see ,hereward ,carrington's ,correspondence ,course of ,instruction in ,psychic ,development1 ,lesson #bd1 ,new ,york1 #aiab4 #cbb ,kunz1 8,the ,occurrence and ,manipulation of ,rock ,crystal10 ,scientific ,american1 vol4 lv1 pp4 #ajc1 #ajd 7,aug4 #ad1 #ahhf74 ,trans4 ,n4 ,y4 ,acad4 ,sciences1 ,may #cj1 #ahhf4 #cbc ,kunz1 8,the ,occurrence and ,manipulation of ,rock ,crystal40 #cbd ,gratacap1 8,the ,mystic ,crystal ,sphere10 in the ,american ,museum ,journal1 ,january1 #aiac1 p4 #bd2 plate on p4 #bb4 #cbe ,montfaucon1 ,les monumens de la monarchie ,franaise4 ,paris1 #agbi1 p4 #ae4 #cbf ,montfaucon1 l4 c4 #cbg ,cochet1 8,le tombeau de ,childeric ,ier roi des ,francs10 ,paris1 #ahei1 pp4 #af sqq4 #cbh ,cochet1 op4 cit41 p4 #cje4 #cbi ,cochet1 op4 cit41 p4 #cjb2 figure4 #ccj ,cochet1 op4 cit41 p4 #cjc1 ,no4 #a4 #cca ,simon1 8,observations sur les spulchres antiques dcouverts dans plusieures contres des ,gaules10 p4 #e2 pl4 ii1 fig4 #ad4 #ccb ,see ,wylie's 8,fairford ,graves10 pl4 iv1 fig4 #a1 pl4 v1 fig #b2 ,akerman's 8,remains of ,pagan ,saxondom10 ,roach ,smith's 8,collectanea antiqua02 ,douglas' 8,nenia ,brittanica10 and ,hillier's 8,antiquities of the ,isle of ,wight40 #ccc ,akerman1 op4 cit41 p4 #aj4 #ccd ,journal of the ,archological ,institute1 vol4 ix1 p4 #agi4 #cce ,akerman1 op4 cit41 pp4 #ci1 #dj4 #ccf ,miscellanies upon various subjects1 by ,john ,aubrey1 to which is added 8,hydrotaphia1 or ,urn ,burial10 by ,sir ,thomas ,browne1 ,london1 #ahij1 p4 #bdd2 chap1 ii4 #ccg ,lady ,wilde1 8,ancient ,legends1 ,mystic ,charms1 and ,superstitions of ,ireland10 ,boston1 #ahhh1 p4 #bji4 #cch ,life ,work of ,sir ,peter le ,page ,renouf1 ,paris1 #aijg1 vol4 iv1 p4 #cdb4 ,in the vignette to chapter #ic1 to illustrate the protection afforded1 a buckle with human hands seizes the arm of the deceased and prevents him from going toward the ,east1 the inauspicious direction for departed souls1 pl4 xxv 7,papyrus1 ,louvre iii1 #ic74 #cci ,budge1 8,the ,mummy10 ,cambridge1 #ahid1 p4 #bei4 #cdj ,budge1 8,the ,mummy10 ,cambridge1 #ahid1 p4 #bfa4 #cda ,the deceased was identified with ,osiris4 #cdb ,budge1 8,the ,mummy10 ,cambridge1 #ahid1 p4 #bfc4 #cdc ,birch1 ,catalogue of ,egyptian ,antiquities in ,alnwick ,castle1 ,london1 #ahhj1 p4 #bbd4 #cdd ,pierret1 8,le livre des ,morts10 ,paris1 #ahhb1 p4 #ach4 #cde 8,life ,work of ,sir ,peter le ,page ,renouf10 ,paris1 #aijg1 vol4 iv1 p4 #gf1 note4 #cdf ,ibid41 ,paris1 #aijg1 vol4 iv1 p4 #bie4 #cdg liani1 8,varia historia10 lib4 xiv1 cap4 xxxiv1 ,lug4 ,bat41 #agca1 ,pars altera1 p4 #igg4 #cdh ,fossey1 8,la ,magie ,assyrienne10 ,paris1 #aijb1 p4 #cja2 see ,rawlinson1 8,cun4 insc4 of ,west4 ,asia10 vol4 iv1 #ah1 ,no4 #c4 #cdi ,delitzsch1 8,assyrisches ,wrterbuch10 ,leipzig1 #ahif1 p4 #gd1 s4 v4 elmshu4 #cej ,jensen1 8,assyrisch-,babylonische ,mythen und ,epen10 ,berlin1 #aijj4 #cea ,ward1 8,seal ,cylinders of ,western ,asia10 ,carnegie ,institution ,pub41 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 #aiaj1 pp4 #bcb1 #bcd4 #ceb ,for a fuller description of this valuable relic1 and a discussion of the meaning of the inscription1 see 8,on the ancient inscribed ,sumerian 7,babylonian7 axe-head for the ,morgan ,collection in the ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history10 by ,george ,frederick ,kunz1 with translation by ,prof4 ,ira ,maurice ,price and discussion by ,dr4 ,william ,hayes ,ward4 ,bulletin of the ,museum1 vol4 xxi1 pp4 #cg-dg1 ,april #f1 #aije4 #cec ,montfaucon1 8,l'antiquit explique10 vol4 ii1 ,pt4 ,,ii1 #agai1 pp4 #cbd1 #cbe2 ,plate #acf4 #ced 8,the ,questions of ,king ,milinda10 tr4 from the ,pli by ,t4 ,w4 ,rhys ,davids1 vol4 ii1 ,oxford1 #ahid1 p4 #abh4 #cee ,buddha4 #cef ,surindro ,mohun ,tagore1 8,mani ,ml10 ,pt4 ,,ii1 ,calcutta1 #ahha1 pp4 #gae1 #gag4 #ceg ,buddhist ,suttas1 trans4 from ,pali by ,t4 ,w4 ,rhys ,davids2 8,sacred ,books of the ,east10 vol4 xi1 ,oxford1 #ahha4 #ceh ,lib4 ii1 cap4 #aa4 ,luciani ,opera1 ex recog4 ,c4 ,jacobitz1 vol4 i1 ,leipzig1 #ahhd1 p4 #ef4 #cei ,surindro ,mohun ,tagore1 8,mani ,ml10 ,pt4 ,,ii1 ,calcutta1 #ahha1 p4 #gi4 #cfj ,surindro ,mohun ,tagore1 8,mani ,ml10 ,pt4 ,,ii1 ,calcutta1 #ahha1 pp4 #fde1 #fdg4 #cfa ,heuen ,tsang1 8,mmoires sur les contres occidentales10 ,french trans4 by ,stanislas ,julien1 ,paris1 #aheg1 vol4 i1 p4 #dfa4 #cfb ,gaina ,sutras1 trans4 from ,prakrit by ,hermann ,jacobi2 8,sacred ,books of the ,east10 vol4 xxii1 ,oxford1 #ahhd1 pp4 #bbg1 #bcc4 #cfc ,hendley1 8,indian ,jewellery10 ,london1 #aiji1 p4 #cc4 #cfd ,hendley1 8,indian ,jewellery10 ,london1 #aiji1 pp4 #cc1 #cd4 #cfe ,finot1 8,les lapidaries indiens10 ,paris1 #ahif1 p4 #age4 #cff ,morales1 8,de las piedras preciosas10 ,valladolid1 #afjd 7fol4 #af verso74 #cfg ,philostrati1 8,de ,vita ,apollonii10 lib4 iii1 cap4 #cf4 #cfh ,personal communication from ,taw ,sein ,ko4 #cfi ,the ,bishop ,collection3 8,investigations and ,studies in ,jade10 ,new ,york1 #aijf1 vol4 i1 p4 #ed1 ,the 8,yushuo0 of ,t'ang ,jing-tso1 trans4 by ,stephen ,w4 ,bushnell4 #cgj ,the ,bishop ,collection3 8,investigations and ,studies in ,jade10 ,new ,york1 #aijf1 vol4 i1 p4 #cf4 #cga ,kobert1 8,ein ,edelstein der ,vorzeit10 ,stuttgart1 #aiaj1 p4 #bf4 #cgb ,alfred ,marston ,tozzer1 8,navajo ,religious ,ceremonials10 ,putnam ,anniversary ,volume1 ,new ,york1 #aiji1 pp4 #cbc-cbf1 #cbi1 ,plate ,,ii4 #cgc ,sahagun1 8,historia general de las cosas de ,nueva ,espaa10 ,mexico1 #ahcj1 vol4 iii1 p4 #big4 #cgd ,sahagun1 l4 c41 #ahbi1 vol4 i1 p4 #ah2 lib4 i1 cap4 xiii4 #cge ,garcilasso de la ,vega1 8,histoire des ,incas40 ,fr4 trans4 by ,jean ,baudoin1 ,amsterdam1 #agae1 vol4 ii1 pp4 #bee-beg4 #cgf ,ibid41 p4 #cdg4 #cgg 8,a ,remarkable ,jadeite ,adze10 ,american ,association for the ,advancement of ,science4 ,kunz1 8,gems and ,precious ,stones of ,north ,america10 ,new ,york1 #ahij1 pp4 #bgh-bhj4 #cgh 8,nephrit und ,jadite10 ,stuttgart1 #ahhj4 #cgi ,the ,bishop ,collection1 8,investigations and ,studies in ,jade10 ,new ,york1 #aijf1 vol4 i1 pt4 iii1 8,jade as a ,mineral10 by ,george ,frederick ,kunz1 p4 #agg4 ,this immense mass of nephrite which forms part of the ,heber ,bishop ,collection loan of jade is now in the ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history1 ,new ,york4 #chj ,kunz1 8,chalchiuitl3 a note on the jadeite discussion10 ,science1 vol4 xii1 ,no4 #bih4 #cha ,gesneri1 8,de figuris lapidum10 ,tiguri1 #aefe1 fol4 #ajg verso1 #ajh recto4 #chb 8,de ornatu oris1 nasi et aurium10 ,gotting1 #ahcb1 p4 #dc4 #chc 8,handbook of ,american ,indians ,north of ,mexico10 ed4 by ,frederick ,webb ,hodge2 ,smithsonian ,inst41 ,bur4 of ,am4 ,ethn4 ,bull4 #cj4 ,pt4 ,i1 p4 #deh2 ,washington1 #aiaj4 #chd 8,historia de las ,indias10 in 8,bib4 de autores espaoles10 vol4 xxii1 ,madrid1 #aheb1 p4 #bjb4 #che ,sahagun1 8,historia general de las cosas de ,nueva ,espaa10 ,mexico1 #ahbi1 vol4 ii1 pp4 #chi-cia1 lib4 ix1 cap4 xvii4 #chf ,klot1 8,ueber den ,ntzen und ,gebrauch der alten geschnittenen ,steine10 ,altenburg1 #agfh1 p4 #eg4 #chg ,erasmi ,stell1 8,interpretamentum ,gemmarum10 #c;d ed41 ,erfurti et ,lipsi1 #agcf1 p4 #bg4 #chh ,agricol1 8,de natura fossilium10 lib4 vi1 ,basile1 #aedf1 p4 #bhi4 #chi ,gesner1 8,de figuris lapidum10 ,tiguri1 #aefe1 ff4 #aabv1 #aacr4 #cij 8,les six voyages de ,jean ,baptiste ,tavernier10 ,la ,haye1 #agah1 vol4 i1 p4 #dh2 ,voyages en ,perse1 liv4 i1 chap4 iv4 #cia ,jos ,ignacio ,mir1 8,estudio de las piedras preciosas10 ,madrid1 #ahgj1 pp4 #ace1 #acf4 #cib ,lassels1 8,the ,voyage of ,italy10 ,paris1 #afgj1 ,pt4 ,,ii1 p4 #cdd4 #cic ,lassels1 l4 c41 p4 #cci4 #cid ,scotto1 8,itinerario d',italia10 ,roma1 #agdg1 p4 #cad4 #cie ,jos ,ignacio ,mir1 8,estudio de las piedras preciosas10 ,madrid1 #ahgj1 pp4 #acf1 #acg1 #bbi4 #cif ,cartularium abbathi de ,whiteby1 ,surtees ,soc4 ,pub41 vol4 lxix1 pp4 xvi-xx4 #cig ,cardani1 8,de subtilitate10 lib4 v1 ,basile1 #aefj1 p4 #cgj4 #cih ,dr4 ,baelz1 of the ,imperial ,university of ,tokyo1 in ,report of the ,smithsonian ,institution for #aijd1 pp4 #ebc-edg4 #cii ,mason1 8,burmah1 its ,people and ,natural ,productions10 ,rangoon1 #ahfj1 pp4 #aji1 #aaj4 #djj ,narrative of the ,embassy of ,ruy ,gonzalez de ,clavijo to the ,court of ,timour1 trans4 by ,clement ,r4 ,markham1 ,london1 #ahei1 p4 #ch1 ,hakluyt ,soc4 ,pub4 #dja ,chiocci1 8,museum ,calceolarium10 ,veron1 #afbb1 p4 #bea4 #djb ,kircher1 8,mundus ,subterraneus10 ,amstelodami1 #affe1 p4 #cf2 ,tabula ,,iv1 ,fig4 #f4 #djc ,creuzer1 8,antik geschnittene ,steine vom ,grabmahl der heiligen ,elizabeth10 ,leipsic and ,darmstadt1 #ahcd1 p4 #be4 #djd ,barbier de ,montault1 8,le ,trsor de l',abbaye de ,sainte-,croix de ,poitier02 in ,mm4 de la ,soc4 d',antiq4 de l',ouest1 ,sec4 ,ser41 vol4 lv1 #ahha1 pp4 #aje1 #ajf2 ,poitiers1 #ahhb4 #dje ,italian ,,ms4 of the fourteenth century in the author's library2 fol4 #da b4 #djf ,ravenshaw1 8,antiente ,epitaphs10 ,london1 #ahgh1 p4 #aaj4 #djg ,ravenshaw1 8,antiente ,epitaphs10 ,london1 #ahgh1 p4 #aac4 #djh ,see ,audsley1 8,handbook of ,christian ,symbolism10 ,london1 #ahfe1 pp4 #ace-acg4 #dji ,flavii ,josephi1 8,de ,antiq4 ,jud410 lib4 iii1 cap4 viii1 #i2 ,opera1 ed4 ,dindorf1 ,parisiis1 #ahde1 vol4 i1 pp4 #ajj1 #aja4 #daj 8,ant4 ,jud410 lib4 iii1 cap4 vii1 #e1 ,flavii ,josephi ,opera1 ,basile1 #aedd1 p4 #ge4 #daa ,sancti ,patri ,epiphanii1 8,de ,,xii ,gemmis10 ,tiguri1 #aeff1 ff4 #ab-ad4 ,edited by ,conrad ,gesner from a unique ,,ms4 in his possession4 #dab ,ginsburg1 8,legends of the ,jews10 ,eng4 trans41 ,phila41 #aiji1 vol4 i1 p4 #cd4 #dac ,see ,j4 ,l4 ,myers in the 8,encyclopdia ,biblica10 vol4 iv1 pp4 #dgii-dhab4 #dad ,see ,gimma1 8,della storia naturale delle gemme10 ,napoli1 #agcj1 vol4 i1 pp4 #bjh1 #bji4 #dae ,hommel1 8,altisraelitische ,ueberlieferung10 pp4 #bha1 sqq42 ,erman1 8,aegypten10 ,tbingen1 #ahhe1 p4 #djb4 #daf ,aureli ,augustini1 8,opera ,omnia10 vol4 iii1 ,part ,i1 col4 #fcg2 ,patrologi ,latin1 ed4 ,migne1 vol4 xxxviii1 ,paris1 #ahfd4 #dag 8,natural ,history of ,precious ,stones10 ,london1 #ahgj1 p4 #ccc4 #dah ,procopius1 ed4 ,dindorf1 ,bonnae4 #ahcc1 vol4 i1 p4 #dde2 8,de bello ,vandalico10 lib4 ii1 cap4 #i4 #dai ,procopius1 ed4 ,dindorf1 ,bonnae1 #ahcc1 vol4 i1 p4 #dde2 8,de bello ,vandalico10 lib4 ii1 cap4 #i4 #dbj ,for an account of the immense booty taken by the ,arabs1 under ,sa'ad1 on this occasion1 see ,rawlinson1 8,seventh ,great ,oriental ,monarchy10 ,london1 #ahgf1 pp4 #efd-eff4 ,the total value has been placed as high as #abe1jjj1jjj4 #dba ,c4 ,h4 ,emerson1 8,psychocraft0 ,portland1 ,me41 #aiaa4 #dbb 8,der ,midrasch ,bemidbar ,rabba10 ,german transl4 by ,dr4 ,aug4 ,wnsche1 ,leipzig1 #ahhe1 pp4 #ae1 #af4 ,parasha ,,ii4 ,of the tarshish it is said the color resembled that of 8the costly stone with which women adorn themselves10 possibly the pearl is signified4 ,hebrew text in 8,sepher ,midrash ,rabba10 ,vilna1 #ahde1 pt4 iii1 8,sepher ,bemidbar10 p4 #bc4 #dbc ,there are two evident transpositions in the text of ,josephus between the fifth and sixth and the eighth and ninth stones respectively4 #dbd ,alford1 8,the ,greek ,testament10 vol4 iv1 ,pt4 #b1 p4 #eid4 #dbe ,rabani ,mauri1 8,opera ,omnia10 vol4 v1 col4 #dgj4 ,patrologi ,lat41 vol4 cxi1 ,parisiis1 #ahfd4 #dbf 8,new ,edition of the ,babylonian ,talmud10 ed4 and trans4 by ,michael ,l4 ,rodkinson1 vol4 v 7xiii71 ,new ,york1 #aijb1 p4 #baj4 ,baba ,batra4 #dbg ,brckmann1 8,abhandlung von ,edelsteinen10 #b;d ed41 ,braunschweig1 #aggc1 p4 #ceh4 #dbh ,flavii ,josephi1 ed4 ,dindorf1 ,parisii1 #ahdg1 vol4 ii1 p4 #ig2 8,antiq4 ,jud410 lib4 iii1 cap4 #g1 paragraph #g4 ,in the second century1 ,clemens ,alexandrinus 7lib4 v1 cap4 #f7 repeats this idea of ,josephus1 adding that the four rows in which the gems were disposed signified the four seasons of the year4 #dbi ,sancti ,hieronymi1 8,opera ,omnia10 ed4 ,migne1 ,parisiis1 #ahgg1 vol4 i1 col4 #faf2 ,epistola lxiv1 paragraph #af4 #dcj ,lcke1 8,versuch einer ,einleitung in die ,offenbarung ,johannes10 ,bonn1 #aheb1 p4 #ifd4 #dca ,patrologi ,grc1 ed4 ,migne1 vol4 cvi1 ,parisiis1 #ahfc1 cols4 #dcc-dch4 #dcb ,georgius ,vitringa1 8,nauwkeurige onderzoek van de goddelyke ,openbaring der ,h4 ,apostels ,johannes10 ,dutch trans4 of ,latin by ,m4 ,gargon1 ,amsterdam1 #agbh1 vol4 ii1 p4 #fha4 #dcc ,sancti ,patris ,epiphanii episcopi ,cypri ad ,diodorum ,tyri episcopum1 8,de ,,xii4 ,gemmis1 qu erant in veste ,aaronis10 ed4 ,gesner1 ,tiguri1 #aefe4 #dcd ,rabani ,mauri1 8,opera ,omnia10 vol4 v1 col4 #dfe2 in ,patrologi ,latin1 ed4 ,migne1 vol4 xvi1 ,paris1 #ahfd4 #dce ,poujet fils1 8,trait des pierres prcieuses10 ,paris1 #agfb1 p4 #d4 #dcf ,poujet fils1 l4 c4 #dcg ,surindro ,mohun ,tagore1 8,mani ,ml10 ,pt4 ,,ii1 ,calcutta1 #ahha1 pp #fai1 #fba4 #dch ,the star-sapphire has already been described on pp4 #ajf1 #ajg4 #dci ,eliphas ,lvi1 8,rituel de la haute magie10 ,paris1 #ahfa4 #ddj ,for this number1 and for the succeeding multiples of thirteen1 the gem is believed to counteract the malign influence of the number4 #dda ,wilhelmus ,eo1 8,coron ,gemma ,nobilissima10 ,newheusern1 #afba1 pp4 #ch-i4 #ddb ,gaffarelli1 8,curiositates inaudit10 ,hamburgi1 #agjf1 pp4 #adf1 #adg4 #ddc ,schindler1 8,der ,aberglaube des ,mittelalters10 ,breslau1 #aheh1 p4 #aca4 #ddd ,reichelti1 8,de amuletis10 ,argentorati1 #afgf1 p4 #de2 citing ,ficini1 8,de vita coelit410 cap4 #ac4 #dde ,mairan1 8,lettres au ,r4 ,p4 ,parrenin10 ,paris1 #aggj1 pp4 #bge sqq4 #ddf ,mairan1 l4 c41 pp4 #aii1 #baa4 #ddg 8,collection of ,engraved ,gems10 ,metropolitan ,museum of ,art1 ,handbook ,no4 #i1 pp4 #ec1 #ed4 #ddh ,garbe1 8,die indische ,mineralien10 ,naharari's ,rjanighantu1 ,varga ,,xiii1 ,leipzig1 #ahhb1 p4 #hj4 #ddi ,garbe1 8,die indische ,mineralien10 ,naharari's ,rjanighantu1 ,varga ,,xiii1 ,leipzig1 #ahhb1 p4 #hc4 #dej ,garbe1 8,die indische ,mineralien10 ,naharari's ,rjanighantu1 ,varga ,,xiii1 ,leipzig1 #ahhb1 p4 #hd4 #dea ,surindro ,mohun ,tagore1 8,mani ,ml10 ,pt4 ,,ii1 ,calcutta1 #ahha1 p4 #hhc4 #deb ,morales1 8,de las virtudes y propiedades marvillosas de las piedras preciosas10 ,valladolid1 #afjd1 fols4 #ae;a1 #ae;b4 #dec ,rantzau1 8,tractatus de genethliacorum thematum judiciis10 ,francofurti1 #afcc1 pp4 #df-ee4 #ded ,lapidario del ,rey ,d4 ,alfonso ,x2 codice original1 ,madrid1 #ahha1 fols4 #aja-aji4 #dee ,lane1 8,arabian ,society in the ,middle ,ages10 ed4 by ,stanley ,lane-,poole1 ,london1 #ahhc1 p4 #ih4 #def ,pantagruel1 liv4 v1 chap4 xlii1 ,paris1 #ahcc1 p4 #cda4 #deg ,morales1 8,de las ,piedras ,preciosas10 ,valladolid1 #afjd4 #deh ,morales1 8,de las piedras preciosas10 ,valladolid1 #afjd1 pp4 #af;a-#af;b4 #dei ,camilli ,leonardi1 8,speculum ,lapidum10 ,venetia1 #aejb1 f4 liv-lvi4 #dfj ,camilli ,leonardi1 8,speculum ,lapidum10 ,venetia1 #aejb1 f4 liii4 #dfa ,butler1 8,hudibras10 ,part ,,ii1 ,canto ,,iii1 #aa1 #ajif-aajc4 #dfb ,artemidori ,daldiani et ,achametis ,sereimi ,oneirocritica1 ed4 ,regaltius1 ,luteti1 #afjc1 pp4 #hf1 #hg4 #dfc ,ibid41 p4 #bbh4 #dfd ,venice1 #afjb1 p4 #bed4 #dfe 8,the ,hermetic and ,alchemical writings of ,aureolus ,philippus ,theophrastus ,bombast of ,hohenheim1 called ,paracelsus the ,great10 trans4 by ,arthur ,edward ,waite1 ,london1 #ahid1 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #ad1 #bbe1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bah4 #dff ,plutarchi1 8,vit10 ed4 ,sinteris1 ,lipsi1 #ahhd1 p4 #cci2 ,pericles1 #ch4 #dfg ,eusebii ,pamphili1 8,de laudibus ,constantini10 cap4 v2 in ,eusebii1 8,opera ,omnia10 ed4 ,migne1 ,parisiis1 #aheg1 cols4 #accg1 #acdj2 ,patrologi ,grc1 vol4 xx4 #dfh ,the ,travels of ,sir ,jerome ,horsey1 ,hakluyt ,society1 ,london1 #ahef1 pp4 #aii1 #bjj4 #dfi ,the ,fuggers of ,augsburg1 the jeweller bankers of the #aeth and #afth centuries4 #dgj ,wolffii1 8,curiosus amuletorum scrutator10 ,francofurti et ,lipsi1 #afib1 p4 #cfc2 citing ,rodolphus ,goclenius 7,de peste1 p4 #gj74 #dga ,olaus ,borrichius1 in the ,collection ,acadmique1 ,paris1 #ageg1 tome iv1 p4 #cch4 #dgb ,lapidario del ,rey ,d4 ,alfonso ,x1 ,codice ,original1 ,madrid1 #ahha1 f4 xi4 #dgc 8,de lapidibus10 ,friburgi1 #aeca1 f4 #h4 #dgd ,new edition of the ,babylonian ,talmud1 ed4 and trans4 by ,michael ,l4 ,rodkinson1 vol4 v 7xiii71 ,baba ,batra1 ,new ,york1 #aijb1 p4 #ec4 ,see also ,beer1 8,leben ,abraham's10 ,leipzig1 #ahei1 p4 #gi4 #dge ,surindro ,mohun ,tagore1 8,mani ,ml10 ,pt4 ,i1 ,calcutta1 #ahgi1 pp4 #acg1 #aci1 #ada4 #dgf ,andrea ,spigello1 8,de semitert402 cited in ,gimma1 8,della ,storia naturale delle gemme10 ,napoli1 #agcj1 vol4 i1 p4 #bjh4 #dgg ,raumer1 8,historisches ,taschenbuch10 ,i ,ser41 vol4 vi1 ,leipzig1 #ahce1 p4 #cgj4 #dgh ,josephi ,gonelli1 8,thesaurus philosophicus1 seu de gemmis10 ,neapoli1 #agjb1 pp4 #gf1 #gg4 #dgi ,lapidario del ,rey ,d4 ,alfonso ,x1 ,codice ,original1 ,madrid1 #ahha1 f4 xv4 #dhj ,marbodus1 l4 c41 f4 #dh4 #dha ,rueus1 l4 c41 p4 #cf4 #dhb ,morales1 8,de las piedras preciosas10 ,valladolid1 #afjd1 f4 #aja4 #dhc ,andre ,bacci1 8,de gemmis et lapidibus pretiosis10 ,francofurti1 #afjc1 pp4 #fc1 #fd 7annotation of ,gabelchover to his ,latin version74 #dhd ,plinii1 8,naturalis historia10 lib4 xxxvii1 cap4 #af4 #dhe ,psellus1 8,de lapidum virtutibus10 ,lug4 ,bat41 #agde1 p4 #cb4 #dhf ,johannis ,braunii1 8,de ,vestitu sacerd4 ,heb410 ,amstel41 #afhj1 p4 #fei4 #dhg ,from an old book the title-page of which reads3 8,in hoc volumine de ,alchemia10 etc41 ,norimberghe1 #aeda1 p4 #cfc4 #dhh ,garbe1 8,die indische ,mineralien2 ,naharari's ,rjanighantu1 ,varga xiii10 ,leipzig1 #ahhb1 p4 #gf4 #dhi ,teifashi1 8,fior di pensieri sulle pietre preziose10 ,ital4 trans4 by ,antonio ,raineri1 ,firenzi1 #ahah1 p4 #bj4 #dij 8,the ,discovery of the ,large1 ,rich1 and ,beautiful ,empire of ,guiana10 ,london1 #ahdh1 p4 #bi1 ,hakluyt ,pub4 ,originally published in #aeif4 #dia ,lettres de ,voiture1 ed4 by ,octave ,uzanne1 ,paris1 #ahhj1 vol4 i1 p4 #ff1 ,letter ,,xxiii4 #dib ,josephi ,gonnelli1 8,thesaurus philosophicus1 seu de gemmis10 ,neapoli1 #agjb1 pp4 #aeg1 #aeh4 #dic ,claudii ,galeni1 8,de simplic4 medicament41 etc410 lib4 ix1 cap4 #ai4 8,opera ,omnia10 ed4 ,c4 ,g4 ,khn1 ,lipsi1 #ahbf1 vol4 xii1 p4 #bjg4 ,see also ,duffield ,osborne1 8,engraved ,gems10 ,new ,york1 #aiab1 pp4 #ach1 #aci4 #did ,garbe1 8,die indische ,mineralien02 ,naharari's 8,rjanighantu10 ,varga ,,xiii1 ,leipzig1 #ahhb1 p4 #gj4 #die ,the ,vision of ,william ,concerning ,piers the ,plowman1 by ,william ,langley 7or ,langland74 ,ed4 by ,rev4 ,walter ,w4 ,skeat1 ,oxford1 #ahha1 p4 #af4 ,passus ,,ii1 lines #h-ae4 #dif ,trimmed with fur4 #dig ,handsomely4 #dih ,adorned4 #dii ,burning coal4 #ejj ,aquamarines4 #eja ,poisons4 #ejb ,dugdale1 8,history of ,saint ,paul's ,cathedral in ,london10 ,london1 #ahah1 vol4 i1 pp4 #ae1 #af4 ,first edition published in #afeh4 #ejc ,alberti ,magni1 8,opera omnia10 ed4 ,borgnet1 ,paris1 #ahij1 vol4 v1 p4 #dd4 #ejd ,labarte1 8,inventaire du mobilier de ,charles ,v10 ,paris1 #ahgi1 p4 #cjh1 ,no4 #bicg4 #eje 8,a ,ternary of ,paradoxes1 written originally by ,joh4 ,bapt4 ,van ,helmont and translated1 illustrated1 and amplicated by ,walter ,charleton10 ,london1 #afej1 p4 #ag4 #ejf ,s4 ,hildegard1 8,opera omnia10 in ,pat4 ,lat4 ed4 by ,j4 ,p4 ,migne1 vol4 cxcvii1 ,parisiis1 #ahee1 col4 #abee4 #ejg ,arnobio1 8,il tesoro delle gioie10 ,venice1 #afjb1 p4 #ba4 #ejh ,bellucci1 8,il feticismo in ,italia10 ,perugia1 #aijg1 p4 #ia1 note4 #eji ,monardes1 ,semplicium medicamentorum ex novo orbe delatorum historia 7,latin version by ,clusius71 ,antverpi1 #aegi1 p4 #ea4 #eaj ,sahagun1 8,historia general de las cosas de ,nueva ,espaa10 vol4 iii4 ,mexico1 #ahcj1 pp4 #cjj1 #cja2 lib4 xi1 cap4 viii4