,transcriber's ,notes3 ,underscores 80 before and after a word or phrase indicate italics in the original text4 ,a single underscore after a symbol indicates a subscript4 ,small capitals have been converted to ,,solid capitals4 ,old or antiquated spellings have been preserved4 ,typographical errors have been silently corrected but other variations in spelling and punctuation remain unaltered4 ,the ,table of ,contents was added by the transcriber1 it is not part of the original text4 ,,the ,,boston ,,school ,,atlas1 ,,embracing ,a ,,compendium ,,of ,,geography4 ,,by ,b4 ,,franklin ,,edmands4 ,table of ,contents4 ,,preface4 ,,elemental ,,geography4 #c ,,explanation ,,of ,,maps4 #e ,,grand ,,divisions ,,of ,,the ,,earth4 #ag ,,civil ,,and ,,political ,,geography4 #ag ,,state ,,of ,,society4 #ah ,,north ,,america4 #ba ,,united ,,states4 #be ,,maine4 #bf ,,new ,,hampshire4444 and 444 ,,vermont4 #ca ,,massachusetts1 ,,connecticut1 ,,and ,,rhode ,,island4 #cb ,,new ,,york4 #cg ,,pennsylvania1 ,,maryland1 ,,new ,,jersey1 ,,and ,,delaware4 #ch ,,western ,,states4 #dc ,,united ,,states4 #dd ,,south ,,america4 #eg ,,europe4 #fa ,,british ,,isles4 #fe ,,asia4 #fi ,,africa4 #gc ,,general ,,questions4 #gd ,,west ,,india ,,islands4 #ge ,,oceanica4 #ge ,,elemental ,,astronomy4 #gf ,,tides4 #gg ,,questions ,,in ,,review ,,of ,,the ,,compendium4 #gh ,illustration ,,twelfth ,,edition2 ,,stereotyped1 ,,containing ,,the ,,following ,,maps ,,and ,,charts4 #a4 ,,map ,,of ,,the ,,world4 #b4 ,,chart 444 ,,mountains4 #c4 ,,chart 444 ,,rivers4 #d4 ,,north ,,america4 #e4 ,,united ,,states4 #f4 ,,part ,,of ,,maine4 #g4 ,,vermont ,n4 ,,hampshire4 #h4 ,,massachusetts1 ,,connecticut1 ,,and ,r4 ,,island4 #i4 ,,new ,,york4 #aj4 ,,penn4 ,,md41 ,n4 ,,jer4 ,,and ,,del4 #aa4 ,,western ,,states4 #ab4 ,,chart 444 ,,canals1 ,,rail ,,roads4 #ac4 ,,chart 444 ,,political ,,and ,,statistical4 #ad4 ,,south ,,america4 #ae4 ,,europe4 #af4 ,,british ,,isles4 #ag4 ,,asia4 #ah4 ,,africa4 ,embellished with ,instructive ,engravings4 ,,boston3 ,,published ,,by ,,robert ,s4 ,,davis1 ,,successor ,,to ,,lincoln1 ,,edmands1 ,,co41 ,no4 #gg1 ,washington ,street4 #ahdj4 ,,preface4 ,a careful examination of ,maps is a sure and at the same time the most convenient method of acquiring a knowledge of ,geography4 ,with a view of furnishing to young classes an economical means of commencing a course of geographical study1 this work has been prepared2 and it is believed that a thorough acquaintance with its contents will impart such general ideas1 as will prepare them to enter upon a more minute investigation of the subject1 when they shall have arrived at a proper age4 ,the use of this work will also obviate the necessity which has heretofore existed1 of furnishing such classes with larger volumes1 the greater part of which is useless to them1 till the book is literally worn out2 and although it is adapted to young students1 it will be found that the ,atlas exercises are equally proper for more advanced pupils4 ,the study of this work should commence with recitations of short lessons previously explained by the instructer2 and after the pupils are well versed in the elements1 the study of the maps should be commenced4 ,embodied with the questions on the maps will be occasionally found questions in italic1 referring to the elements4 ,these are intended as a review1 and the pupils should be made to understand1 that through the whole of the maps1 the instructer will require a similar review of the ,geography4 ,this course cannot fail to be interesting and advantageous4 ,the elements of ,astronomy are annexed to the work2 and it is left to the discretion of the instructer to determine the proper time to introduce this pleasing study to his pupils4 ,,boston1 ,,august1 #ahcj4 ,,advertisement ,,to ,,the ,,sixth 7,,stereotype7 ,,edition4 ,the universal approbation and liberal patronage bestowed upon the former editions of the ,boston ,school ,atlas1 have induced the publishers to make in this edition numerous improvements4 ,the maps have all been re-engraved on steel1 and in pursuance of hints from several instructers1 a concise compendium of descriptive ,geography has been added1 while at the same time the text of the preceding edition has not been so altered as to cause confusion in the use of the two editions in the same class4 ,many engravings calculated to instruct1 rather than merely to amuse1 have been interspersed1 to render the book more attractive and useful to pupils4 ,the work1 in addition to being stereotyped1 has been kept as much as possible free from subjects liable to changes1 in order that it may be a permanent ,geography1 which may hereafter be used without the inconvenience of variations in different reprints4 ,,the ,,inductive ,,system has deservedly become the most popular method of imparting instruction to the youthful mind1 and may be used with as much advantage in the study of ,geography as of any other science4 ,to compile treatises of ,geography on this plan1 with the necessary arrangement of the maps adapted to every place1 would multiply them indefinitely4 ,the ,inductive ,system1 however1 can be used with advantage in the study of this book by pursuing the following course4 ,let the ,instructer describe to the pupils the town in which they reside1 and require them to become familiar with its boundaries1 rivers1 ponds1 hills1 c4 ,after this is accomplished1 the map of the ,state should be laid before them1 and the situation of the town should be pointed out1 and they should be told what a ,state is1 and what towns are nearest them1 c4 ,this plan can be carried to any extent the instructer may think necessary to enable his pupils to acquire a correct knowledge of their own ,state2 and1 if necessary1 he should write for them additional questions of a local nature1 beside those contained in the work4 ,if the town be not on the map1 it should be inserted with a pen on all the maps used in the class4 ,after the pupils shall have acquired a correct idea of their own ,state1 they may be taught respecting the adjoining ,states1 countries1 c4 and the plan may be pursued as successfully as if they possessed an ,atlas with maps arranged in particular reference to their own place of residence4 ,,boston1 ,,june #ag1 #ahcc4 ,entered according to ,act of ,congress1 in the year #ahcb1 by ,,lincoln ,,and ,,edmands1 in the ,clerk's ,office of the ,district ,court of the ,district of ,massachusetts4 ,,recommendations ,,to ,,the ,,boston ,,school ,,atlas4 ,from ,r4 ,g4 ,parker1 ,author of 8,progressive ,exercises in ,english ,composition10 and other popular works4 ,i have examined a copy of the ,boston ,school ,atlas1 and have no hesitation in recommending it as the best introduction to the study of ,geography that ,i have seen4 ,the compiler has displayed much judgment in what he has omitted1 as well as what he has selected2 and has thereby presented to the public a neat manual of the elements of the science1 unencumbered with useless matter and uninteresting detail4 ,the mechanical execution of the work is neat and creditable1 and ,i doubt not that its merits will shortly introduce it to general use4 ,respectfully yours1 ,r4 ,g4 ,,parker4 ,from ,e4 ,bailey1 ,principal of the ,young ,ladies' ,high ,school1 ,boston4 ,i was so well pleased with the plan and execution of the ,boston ,school ,atlas1 that ,i introduced it into my school1 soon after the first edition was published4 ,i regard it as the best work for beginners in the study of ,geography which has yet fallen under my observation2 as such ,i would recommend it to the notice of parents and teachers4 ,very respectfully1 ,e4 ,,bailey4 ,from the ,preceptors of ,leicester ,academy4 ,among the great variety of school-books which have recently been published1 few are in our opinion more valuable than the ,boston ,school ,atlas4 ,as an introduction to the study of ,geography1 it is preferable to any work of the kind with which we are acquainted4 ,,john ,,richardson1 ,,albert ,,spooner4 ,from the ,principal of ,new ,ipswich 7,n4 ,h47 ,academy4 ,i have with much pleasure examined the copy of the ,boston ,school ,atlas1 which you politely sent to me4 ,i think it admirably well calculated to excite in the young mind a love of the study of ,geography1 and to convey correct ideas of the rudiments of that science4 ,i shall be happy to recommend it wherever ,i have opportunity4 ,it is1 in my opinion1 the very thing that is needed in our primary schools4 ,respectfully yours1 ,,robert ,a4 ,,coffin4 ,from ,mr4 ,emerson1 formerly a ,teacher in ,boston4 ,i have examined the ,boston ,school ,atlas1 and ,i assure you1 ,i am highly pleased with it4 ,it appears to me to contain exactly what it should1 to render it an easy and adequate introduction to the study of ,geography4 ,yours1 respectfully1 ,f4 ,,emerson4 ,from ,rev4 ,benj4 ,f4 ,farnsworth1 ,principal of the ,new ,hampton ,literary and ,theological ,seminary4 ,i have long lamented the deficiency of school-books in the elementary parts of education4 ,a good introduction to the study of ,geography has been much needed4 ,the ,boston ,school ,atlas1 recently published by you1 appears well2 and ,i think it should be preferred to most other works of the same class4 ,i know of none that could be used with equal advantage in its place4 ,i hope you may succeed in making ,school ,committees and ,teachers acquainted with this ,introduction to an interesting and important study of our primary schools2 as ,i doubt not that1 in this case1 it may obtain a very desirable patronage4 ,yours1 respectfully1 ,,benj4 ,f4 ,,farnsworth4 ,from the ,united ,states ,literary ,advertiser1 ,boston4 ,this is one of the most beautiful elementary works of the kind1 which has yet come within the range of our observation4 ,the ,maps are elegantly executed1 and finely colored--and the whole work is got up in a style that cannot fail to insure its general introduction into our schools1 as a most valuable standard book4 ,from the ,principal of one of the ,high ,schools in ,portland4 ,i have examined the ,boston ,school ,atlas1 ,elements of ,geography1 c41 and think it admirably adapted to beginners in the study of the several subjects treated on4 ,it is what is wanted in all books for learners1--simple1 philosophical1 and practical4 ,i hope it will be used extensively4 ,yours respectfully1 ,,jas4 ,,furbish4 ,from ,mr4 ,emerson1 ,author of the ,spelling and ,reading ,books4 ,i have perused your ,boston ,school ,atlas with much satisfaction4 ,it seems to me to be what has been needed as an introduction to the study of ,geography1 and admirably adapted to that purpose4 ,very respectfully1 yours1 c41 ,b4 ,d4 ,,emerson4 ,from ,rev4 ,dr4 ,perry1 of ,e4 ,bradford4 ,i received1 some months since1 the ,boston ,school ,atlas1 and having given it a trial among my children1 ,i am free to say1 that ,i think it very happily adapted to the wants and conveniences of beginners in ,geography1 and hope it may get into extensive use4 ,respectfully1 ,,gardner ,b4 ,,perry4 ,illustration3 ,,an ,,englishman4 ,a ,,scotchman4 ,a ,,dutchman4 ,,an ,,italian4 ,a ,,spaniard4 ,,an ,,indian4 ,,elemental ,,geography4 ,the ,earth1 on which we live1 is nearly a round body1 the distance through the centre from north to south1 being twenty-six miles less1 than the distance through from west to east4 ,that it is a round body is proved1 #ast1 ,by having been circumnavigated1 or sailed round2 #b;d1 ,from the appearance of a vessel approaching the land1 the top of the masts being seen first2 #c;d1 ,by the shadow of the earth upon the moon1 during an eclipse of the moon4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,view ,,of ,,the ,,earth',s ,,surface1 ,,viz4 ,,mountains1 ,,rivers1 ,,ocean1 ,,island1 c4 ,,mine4 ,,grotto4 ,this cut represents1 in a striking manner1 the mines and caverns as they exist under the land and ocean4 ,the mine here exhibited1 is a picture of a salt mine in ,poland1 ,europe4 ,the grotto is under the island ,antiparos in the ,mediterranean ,sea4 ,a mine is a cavern made by man1 in digging for the articles found in the earth4 ,a grotto is a cavern formed by nature4 ,,physical ,,geography1 or ,geography of the ,earth1 is a description of the earth's structure and surface4 ,the surface consists of two elements1 viz1 water and land2 only one-third part being land4 ,,civil ,,or ,,political ,,geography defines the boundaries and extent of the various countries in possession of the different nations of the earth4 ,civil ,geography also treats of government1 religion1 commerce1 the characteristic features of the principal races of men1 and various other subjects4 ,,statistical ,,geography is a description of ,states1 ,kingdoms1 ,empires1 or ,cities1 with reference to their population and resources4 ,,water4 ,comprises ,oceans1 ,seas1 ,lakes1 ,gulfs or ,bays1 ,havens or ,harbours1 ,straits1 ,channels1 ,sounds1 and ,rivers4 ,an ,,ocean is a large expanse of water not separated by land4 ,a ,,sea is a lesser extent of water than an ocean1 almost surrounded by land4 ,a ,,lake is a large collection of water in the interior of a country2--generally fresh4 ,a salt water lake is called a ,sea4 ,a ,,gulf or ,,bay is a part of the sea extending up into the land4 ,a ,,haven or ,,harbour is a small portion of water1 almost enclosed by land1 where ships may lie safely at anchor4 ,a ,,strait is a narrow communication between two large collections of water4 ,if it be so shallow as to be sounded1 it is called a ,sound4 ,a ,,channel is the deepest part of a river4 ,a ,strait is also sometimes called a ,channel4 ,the vapours which rise from the surface of the earth ascend to the clouds1 whence they fall in dew1 snow1 or rain1 to water the earth1 and supply springs1 and small streams or rivers4 ,a ,,river is an inland stream of water flowing from an elevated portion of land into some larger stream or body of water4 ,the commencement of a river is called its ,,source1 or ,,rise2 the direction to which it flows1 its ,,course2 and its communication with any other water1 its ,,mouth4 ,if the mouth of a river1 which flows into an ocean or sea be wide1 and is affected by tides1 it is called an ,,estuary or ,,frith4 ,a ,,cataract or ,,falls is formed by a sudden declivity or precipice in the course of a river1 over which the water falls with great force4 ,a ,,canal is an artificial passage for water1 supplied from an elevated lake or river2 and is constructed for the purpose of inland navigation4 ,canals often pass under mountains and over rivers4 ,standing water1 and low grounds filled with water1 are called ,,morasses1 ,,bogs1 and ,,fens2 or1 as in the ,united ,states1 ,,swamps4 ,,land4 ,is divided into ,continents1 ,islands1 ,peninsulas1 ,isthmuses1 and ,capes2 and is diversified by ,plains1 ,mountains1 and ,valleys4 ,a ,,continent is a large tract of land nowhere entirely separated by water4 ,there are two continents1 viz4 the ,western and ,eastern4 ,an ,,island is a portion of land surrounded by water4 ,a ,,peninsula is a portion of land almost surrounded by water4 ,an ,,isthmus is the neck of land which joins a peninsula to the main land4 ,a ,,cape is a point of land1 projecting into the sea4 ,a mountainous ,cape is called a ,,promontory4 ,a ,,plain is a large extent of level country4 ,a plain naturally destitute of trees is called a ,,prairie2 when entirely destitute of vegetation1 it is called a ,,desert4 ,a ,,mountain is a lofty elevation of land4 ,if it send forth smoke and flame1 it is called a ,,volcano4 ,the opening at the top of a volcano1 from whence issues the flame1 smoke1 c41 is called a ,,crater4 ,if the elevation of a mountain be small1 it is then called a ,,hill4 ,a ,,valley is a tract of land1 bounded by hills1 and generally watered by a river4 ,a ,,shore or ,,coast is that part of the land which borders upon a body of water4 ,,explanation ,,of ,,maps4 ,a ,,map is a picture of the whole1 or of a part1 of the ,earth's surface1 on a plane or level4 ,generally the top of a map represents north2 the right hand side1 east2 the bottom1 south2 the left hand side1 west4 ,west1 east1 north1 and south1 are called the ,cardinal ,points4 ,young persons in studying maps1 imbibe an idea that the top of a map represents the highest part of a country2 but this is a great mistake1 as will be at once seen1 by looking at the maps1 and finding many rivers flow north1 and recollecting that water cannot flow up hill4 ,that part of a country is the most elevated1 which contains mountains1 and where rivers have their source4 ,cities and towns are represented on maps by an o2 rivers1 by black lines running irregularly2 mountains1 by dark shades2 deserts1 by clusters of small dots2 boundaries1 by dotted lines4 ,the ,,axis of the earth is an imaginary line passing through its centre from north to south4 ,the extremities of the ,axis are called the ,,poles4 ,the ,,equator or ,,equinox1 is an imaginary circle1 surrounding the ,earth from west to east1 at an equal distance from the poles4 ,see ,map of the ,world1 fig4 #b4 ,a ,,meridian1 or ,line of ,longitude1 is a circle crossing the equator at right angles1 and passing through the poles4 ,see fig4 #d4 ,,parallels ,,of ,,latitude1 are lines1 drawn across maps1 representing circles equally distant in every part from the equator4 ,see fig4 #c4 ,the ,,tropics are two circles parallel to the equator1 at about #bc degrees and #bh minutes from it4 ,the northern is called1 the ,tropic of ,cancer2 and the southern1 the ,tropic of ,capricorn4 ,see fig4 #b4 ,the ,,polar ,,circles are drawn at #bc degrees and #bh minutes from the poles4 ,the northern1 is the ,arctic1 and the southern1 the ,antarctic ,circle4 ,see fig4 #b4 ,a ,,degree is the #cfjth part of a circle1 and contains #fi ,english miles2 each degree is divided into #fj equal parts1 called minutes2 and each minute into #fj equal parts1 called seconds4 ,they are marked 77 degrees1 7'7 minutes1 707 seconds4 ,the ,,longitude of a place1 is its distance from any given meridian1 as ,washington1 ,london1 or ,greenwich1 and is reckoned in degrees1 c4 on the equator4 ,longitude is marked in figures1 either on the equator1 or at the top and bottom of the map1 and can be reckoned only #ahj degrees east or west1 that distance being half of a circle4 ,longitude1 on most of these maps1 is reckoned from the meridian of ,greenwich1 near ,london4 ,the ,,latitude of a place is its distance in degrees1 c4 north or south from the equator1 and is expressed in figures on the sides of the map4 ,latitude can never exceed #ij degrees4 ,the ,,zones are portions of the ,earth's surface divided by the tropics and polar circles4 ,there are five zones1 viz4 one torrid1 two temperate1 and two frigid zones4 ,see ,map of the ,world1 fig4 #a4 ,the ,torrid ,zone is included between the tropics1 and is distinguished for extreme heat1 and luxuriant vegetation2 the climate is generally unhealthy4 ,the ,temperate ,zones are included between the tropics and the polar circles2 they have a healthy climate1 and produce the greatest abundance of the most useful commodities4 ,the ,frigid ,zones lie between the polar circles and the poles1 and are remarkable for extreme coldness of climate and general barrenness of soil4 ,a ,,hemisphere is half a globe4 ,the map of the world is divided into the western and eastern ,hemispheres2 and the equator divides it into northern and southern ,hemispheres4 ,the ,,diameter of the earth1 that is1 the distance through its centre1 is about eight thousand miles2 and its ,,circumference1 that is1 the distance round it1 is about twenty-five thousand miles4 ,in tracing the relative situation of places1 the pupil must remember to follow the direction of the parallels and meridians1 and not be governed merely by the apparent direction of one place from another4 ,thus1 on the map of the world1 ,iceland appears north from ,newfoundland1 but it is northeast4 ,therefore1 the direction towards the top and bottom of maps is not always exactly north and south2 but to go north you must proceed toward the north pole2 and south1 toward the south pole2--following the direction of the lines4 ,the preceding principles should be rendered as perfectly familiar to the pupil as the letters of the alphabet4 ,to secure this object1 the learner is required1 in the following pages1 to define a continent1 an ocean1 latitude1 longitude1 c4 in connexion with the subject of questions on the maps4 ,it will also be useful1 after the pupil has passed the map of the world1 frequently to require similar definitions to be repeated1 when naturally suggested by the subject1 and thus impress the learner with the necessity of being always prepared to answer them4 ,this method furnishes a general review of ,elemental ,geography through the whole course of studying the maps1 and will give variety and pleasure to the exercise4 ,,questions ,,on ,,the ,,map ,,of ,,the ,,world4 ,n4 ,b4 ,the ,questions in ,italics are to be answered by referring to the preceding elementary principles4 #a4 ,of what two elements is the surface of the earth composed8 #b4 ,of which is there the greater part8 #c4 ,how is land divided8 #d4 ,what is a ,continent1 and how many are there8 #e4 ,which contains the more land8 #f4 ,by what is the surface of the land diversified8 #g4 ,asia1 ,europe1 ,africa1 and ,america1 are called the ,grand ,divisions of the earth2--which of them is largest8 #h4 ,which is smallest8 #i4 ,how is ,north ,america bounded8 #aj4 ,south ,america8 #aa4 ,europe8 #ab4 ,asia8 #ac4 ,africa8 #ad4 ,which way is ,south ,america from ,africa8 #ae4 ,europe from ,north ,america8 #af4 ,what is an ,island8 #ag4 ,what large island lies south from ,asia8 #ah4 ,where is ,new ,zealand8 #ai4 ,which are the principal of the ,east ,india ,islands8 #bj4 ,of the ,west ,india ,islands8 #ba4 ,of ,australasia8 #bb4 ,of ,polynesia8 #bc4 ,australasia1 ,polynesia1 and the ,east ,india ,islands1 are sometimes embraced under the general name ,,oceanica2--which of these groups contains the largest islands8 #bd4 ,where is ,owhyhee1 where ,capt4 ,cook was slain8 #be4 ,st4 ,helena1 where ,bonaparte ended his life8 #bf4 ,what is a ,peninsula8 #bg4 ,which of the divisions of the ,eastern continent is a peninsula8 #bh4 ,is ,south ,america properly a peninsula or an island8 #bi4 ,what is an ,isthmus8 #cj4 ,what isthmus connects ,asia with ,africa8 #ca4 ,north with ,south ,america8 #cb4 ,what is a ,cape8 #cc4 ,which are the principal capes of ,new ,zealand8 #cd4 ,where is the ,cape of ,good ,hope8 #ce4 ,cape ,horn8 #cf4 ,which is further south8 #cg4 ,what is a ,plain8 #ch4 ,a ,prairie8 #ci4 ,a ,desert8 #dj4 ,a ,mountain8 #da4 ,a ,hill8 #db4 ,a ,volcano8 #dc4 ,a ,crater8 #dd4 ,in which ,grand ,division is the ,great ,desert8 #de4 ,what is a ,valley8 #df4 ,a ,shore or coast8 #dg4 ,what part of the coast of ,north ,america approaches nearest to ,asia8 #dh4 ,what ocean washes the eastern coast of ,america8 #di4 ,the western8 #ej4 ,what sea forms the northern boundary of ,africa8 #ea4 ,what does ,water comprise8 #eb4 ,what is an ,ocean8 #ec4 ,name the oceans4 #ed4 ,which is the largest8 #ee4 ,what is a ,sea8 #ef4 ,where is the ,caspian sea8 #eg4 ,yellow sea8 #eh4 ,chinese sea8 #ei4 ,the ,sea of ,ochotsk8 #fj4 ,the ,mediterranean sea8 #fa4 ,the ,black sea8 #fb4 ,the ,red ,sea8 #fc4 ,the ,caribbean sea8 #fd4 ,the ,aral sea8 #fe4 ,the ,arctic sea1 or ocean8 #ff4 ,the ,antarctic8 #fg4 ,what is a ,lake8 #fh4 ,which contains the largest lakes1 the western or eastern hemisphere8 #fi4 ,which is the largest lake in the world8 #gj4 ,where is it situated8 #ga4 ,which is the largest lake on the eastern hemisphere8 #gb4 ,in which of the ,grand ,divisions is it8 #gc4 ,what is a ,gulf or bay8 #gd4 ,where is ,hudson's bay8 #ge4 ,baffin's bay8 #gf4 ,gulf of ,mexico8 #gg4 ,what is a ,haven or harbour8 #gh4 ,a ,strait8 #gi4 ,where are ,hudson's straits8 #hj4 ,davis' straits8 #ha4 ,straits of ,gibraltar8 #hb4 ,what is a ,river8 #hc4 ,where is ,mackenzie's river8 #hd4 ,the ,amazon river8 #he4 ,the ,senegal river8 #hf4 ,what is meant by the rise1 course1 and mouth of a river8 #hg4 ,if the mouth of a river be wide1 and is affected by tides1 what is it called8 #hh4 ,what is a ,cataract8 #hi4 ,a ,morass or ,swamp8 #ij4 ,what is the ,equator8 #ia4 ,what countries does it intersect8 #ib4 ,which of the ,east ,india ,islands does it intersect8 #ic4 ,into what does the equator divide the earth8 #id4 ,what countries does the tropic of ,cancer cross8 #ie4 ,the tropic of ,capricorn8 #if4 ,what is a ,hemisphere8 #ig4 ,what islands in the western hemisphere are under the equator8 #ih4 ,what is a ,degree1 and into how many is the equator divided8 #ii4 ,how many degrees is the equator from the poles8 #ajj4 ,what is a ,meridian8 #aja4 ,what is ,longitude8 #ajb4 ,what is the longitude of ,madagascar8 #ajc4 ,of the ,azores8 #ajd4 ,of ,ireland8 #aje4 ,what is ,latitude8 #ajf4 ,what are ,parallels of latitude8 #ajg4 ,what is the latitude of ,new ,york8 #ajh4 ,of ,london8 #aji4 ,of ,canton8 #aaj4 ,of ,spitzbergen8 #aaa4 ,how many degrees further north is ,pekin than ,canton8 #aab4 ,boston than ,morocco8 #aac4 ,what are the ,tropics8 #aad4 ,what are the ,polar circles8 #aae4 ,what are ,zones8 #aaf4 ,what countries are in the ,torrid ,zone8 #aag4 ,what in the ,northern ,temperate8 #aah4 ,what in the ,southern ,temperate8 #aai4 ,has much land been discovered in the ,frigid ,zones8 #abj4 ,what oceans1 seas1 c4 must a ship navigate in sailing from ,boston to ,canton8 #aba4 ,from ,new ,york to ,rome8 #abb4 ,from the ,island ,jamaica to ,otaheite8 #abc4 ,in which of these voyages would the ship pass the ,cape of ,good ,hope8 #abd4 ,in which1 ,cape ,horn8 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,world4 ,,surface ,,of ,,the ,,earth4 ,in a general point of view1 the surface of the earth may properly be considered as one vast ocean1 in which are placed a great number of islands1 whose sizes are various4 ,two of these islands are called ,,continents2--because it has hitherto been impossible to sail round them1 owing to the frozen state of the waters of the ,arctic seas4 ,that which has been for the longer space of time inhabited by civilized nations1 is called the eastern1 or old continent1 and contains ,asia1 ,europe1 and ,africa4 ,the other comprises ,america1 and is named the western1 or new continent4 ,new ,holland1 a large tract of land situated in the midst of the most extensive mass of waters1 is by some called a continent2 but it is more proper to consider it as the largest island in existence4 ,an island differs from a continent only in size1 and the name continent is given to certain extensive portions of land1 for the sake of convenience in geographical descriptions4 ,the bottom of the basin of the ocean has irregularities1 similar to those seen on the surface of the land2 and1 if the waters were dried up1 would present to view1 mountains1 valleys1 and plains4 ,islands are therefore1 the flattened tops of mountains1 situated in the midst of the sea4 ,immense masses of rocks are found in many places under the water1 and often rise so near the surface1 that they are dangerous to navigation4 ,near ,marseilles1 there is a quarry under the sea1 from which marble is obtained4 ,these facts prove that the sea is not bottomless1 as some people suppose1 although there are some places so deep that no bottom has yet been found4 ,it has been supposed1 by many geographers1 that the depth of the abysses of the ocean1 are equal to the heights of mountains on land1 and therefore that the ocean is in no place more than thirty thousand feet deep4 ,the greatest depth that has ever been measured without finding bottom1 is four thousand six hundred and eighty feet4 ,the chief characteristic of the ocean1 is the saltness of its waters1 which renders them disagreeable to the taste1 and unfit for the use of man4 ,thus mariners are often1 although surrounded by water1 in danger of perishing from thirst1 when their supply of fresh water has been exhausted1 while they are yet at a great distance from land4 ,the cause of this saltness is not yet ascertained4 ,it is supposed that by the constant agitation of the waters the ocean preserves its purity4 ,the ,arctic ocean is constantly frozen over1 and immense pieces of ice become detached1 and being driven about in the ocean1 are often dangerous to navigators4 ,some of them are more than a mile long1 and rise to the height of one hundred and fifty feet2 others rise but a few feet above the waves1 and form floating fields of ice of great extent4 ,these fields are often visited by the natives of ,greenland1 in their canoes1 while pursuing their seal fisheries4 ,ships are sometimes1 while sailing in these dangerous waters1 surrounded and crushed between these masses of ice4 ,illustration3 ,,floating ,,ice-,,field ,,and ,,islands4 ,the form which the shores of the land presents is very irregular2 in consequence of which1 the ocean extends towards the interior of countries1 and thus forms inland seas1 gulfs1 c4 which are in reality parts of the ocean1 detached1 but not separated from it4 ,the different names1 as sea1 bay1 c4 are given for the sake of convenience4 ,the level of the sea is nearly the same in all parts of the globe1 except in some inland seas1 c4 ,for this reason all the measurements of the heights of places and mountains are calculated from this level4 ,,grand ,,divisions ,,of ,,the ,,ocean4 ,the ocean is subdivided into portions1 which are known by different names1 viz4 the ,atlantic1 ,pacific1 ,indian1 ,arctic or ,northern1 and ,antarctic or ,southern oceans4 ,the situation of these may be seen by reference to the map of the world4 ,the ,atlantic ocean varies in extent1 from seven hundred to four thousand miles in breadth from west to east1 and is nine thousand miles in length4 ,the ,pacific ocean extends from north to south about eight thousand miles1 and from west to east about eleven thousand miles1--almost half round the globe4 ,the ,indian ocean extends from north to south about four thousand miles1 and from west to east varies from twenty-five hundred to six thousand miles4 ,the ,northern ocean is encircled by the coasts of the two continents4 ,its greatest extent in one direction is computed to be three thousand miles4 ,the ,southern ocean lies south from the ,atlantic1 ,pacific1 and ,indian oceans1 and surrounds the south pole4 ,the most remarkable phenomenon which occurs throughout the extent of the ocean is the ,maelstrom4 ,this is a whirlpool by which a ship or any thing which comes within the reach of the circling current is swallowed up4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,maelstrom4 ,this whirlpool is in the ,atlantic ocean1 near the coast of ,norway1 ,europe4 ,,mountains1 c4 ,mountains form the principal feature which presents itself on viewing the surface of the land4 ,these immense heights have their descents1 more or less steep1 and their exteriors greatly diversified4 ,some of them present a surface of naked and rugged rocks piled one upon another2 others show an abrupt and almost perpendicular surface1 which conveys to an observer an idea that the mountain has been cut from top to bottom1 so as to show the interior4 ,sometimes mountains seem1 when viewed from particular points1 to show the form of the head of a tiger1 a bear1 a man's face1 c4 ,some are composed of columns of basaltic rock1 so regularly formed and disposed that they seem to have been formed by art4 ,the columns are five or six sided1 and appear to be divided into joints1 at intervals of about thirty feet4 ,the ,giant's ,causeway in ,ireland1 is a remarkable instance of this natural curiosity4 ,illustration3 ,,giant',s ,,causeway4 ,at this place there are ranges of these columns which extend into the sea several hundred feet1 and their tops present an almost level surface of pavement4 ,mountains have often large cavities in their interiors4 ,in ,norway1 ,europe1 there is a remarkable instance of a singular natural formation of a mountain4 ,mount ,torghat is pierced through with an opening one hundred and fifty feet high1 and three thousand long2 at certain seasons of the year the sun lights up the interior of this passage from one end to the other4 ,defiles or passes are narrow natural openings or roads through a chain of mountains1 and often form the only communication from one part of a country to the other4 ,there is a famous defile of this kind at the ,cape of ,good ,hope1 ,africa1 which is called ,holland's ,kloffe4 ,illustration3 ,,holland',s ,,kloffe4 ,this pass is so situated that it forms the only communication from the country of the ,hottentots to the country beyond the mountains4 ,one hundred men could here successfully oppose the march of an immense army4 ,a defile sometimes forms the bed of a river1 by which means the stream passes through a chain of mountains4 ,in the ,united ,states there is an instance of this1 where the opposite sides of the defile are connected together at the top by a natural bridge of rock4 ,illustration3 ,,natural ,,bridge1 ,,virginia1 ,u4,s4 ,a ,,plateau is a plain of immense extent1 which is formed of an extensive surface of elevated land4 ,some plateaus are eight thousand feet above the level of the sea4 ,lofty mountains often rise from these plateaus1 many of which are volcanic4 ,,volcano is a word taken from the name which the ,romans gave to the ,god of ,fire4 ,it now designates those mountains which are subject to eruptions of fire1 smoke1 stones1 and lava4 ,the irruption of a volcano is a most awful and majestic phenomenon4 ,the earth is shaken1 and rumbling noises are heard1 which sound like thunder4 ,smoke and fire begin to issue from the top of the mountain4 ,suddenly the fire becomes extinguished1 and red-hot stones are thrown out2 then the crater is filled with a burning liquid called lava1 which looks like metal in a melted state4 ,at last1 the lava overflows the sides of the crater1 and runs down the sides of the mountain1 destroying every thing which lies in its path1 and covering cities and cultivated fields with a sea of burning matter4 ,sometimes the lava is too heavy to be elevated to the summit1 and bursts out from the side of the mountain4 ,illustration3 ,,crater ,,of ,,mount ,,etna4 ,the cities ,herculaneum and ,pompeii1 in ,italy1 were entirely destroyed1 ,a4 ,d4 #gi1 by an irruption of ,vesuvius4 ,herculaneum was discovered by digging away the ashes and lava1 in the year #agac4 ,pompeii was discovered about forty years afterwards4 ,the height of mountains is measured from the level of the sea4 ,the highest mountains in the world are the ,himmaleh mountains1 in ,asia4 ,the second in point of elevation are the ,andes mountains1 in ,south ,america2 ,chimborazo is the highest peak4 ,the highest mountain in ,north ,america is ,mount ,elias1--in ,europe1 ,mont ,blanc1--in ,africa1 the ,atlas mountains4 ,a traveller in ,south ,america has lately asserted1 that he has discovered a mountain in ,peru1 which is higher than the ,himmaleh mountains in ,asia4 ,if this be a fact1 it will probably soon be confirmed by the testimony of other travellers4 ,the highest volcanic mountain in the world is ,cotopaxi1 one of the ,andes1 in ,south ,america4 ,other celebrated volcanoes are ,popocatepetl1 in ,north ,america1--,mount ,etna1 ,stromboli1 and ,vesuvius1 in ,europe1--and ,mount ,hecla1 in ,iceland4 ,mountains are sometimes found standing alone2 but generally many of them are united in a range1 or ridge1 which extends many miles1 and1 in some instances1 through the whole extent of a continent4 ,in ascending mountains it will be found1 that as you proceed towards the top1 the climate grows continually colder2 and after passing beyond the height of about #ag1jjj feet from the level of the sea1 you arrive at a region where snow and ice cover the ground during the whole year4 ,this contributes much to the coolness and salubrity of the climate of countries where such high mountains are found4 ,illustration3 ,,comparative ,,heights ,,of ,,mountains4 ,,scale ,,of ,,feet4 ,,english ,,miles4 #e ,highest ,peak1 #bf1jjj ,second ,peak1 ,himmaleh #be1jjj ,third ,peak1 ,mountains1 ,fourth ,peak1 ,asia4 #bd1jjj #bc1jjj #bb1jjj #d ,chimborazo1 ,south ,america4 #ba1jjj #bj1jjj ,antisana1 ,south ,america4 #ai1jjj ,mount ,elias1 ,north ,america4 ,cotopaxi1 ,south ,america4 #ah1jjj ,popocatepetl1 ,north ,america4 ,perpetual snow4 #ag1jjj ,mowna ,roa1 ,owhyhee4 #af1jjj #c ,mont ,blanc1 ,alps1 ,europe4 #ae1jjj #ad1jjj ,atlas1 ,africa4 #ac1jjj ,teneriffe1 ,canary ,isles4 ,rocky ,mountains1 ,n4 ,america4 #ab1jjj ,mount ,ararat1 ,asia4 #aa1jjj #b ,mt4 ,etna1 ,sicily ,islands1 ,europe4 #aj1jjj ,quito city1 ,south ,america4 #i1jjj ,pyrenees1 ,spain1 ,europe4 ,carpathian1 ,austria1 ,europe4 #h1jjj ,apennines1 ,italy1 ,europe4 #g1jjj #f1jjj ,white ,mts4 ,n4 ,hampshire1 ,u4 ,s4 #a #e1jjj ,mount ,hecla1 ,iceland4 ,green ,mountains1 ,vermont1 ,u4 ,s4 #d1jjj #c1jjj ,vesuvius1 ,italy1 ,europe4 ,alleghany1 ,virginia1 ,u4 ,states4 #b1jjj ,rock of ,gibraltar1 ,spain1 ,europe4 #a1jjj ,mount ,tom1 ,massachusetts1 ,u4 ,s4 #ejj ,st4 ,peter's ,church1 ,rome1 ,italy4 ,,level ,,of ,,the ,,sea4 ,illustration3 ,,comparative ,,lengths ,,of ,,ranges ,,of ,,mountains4 ,dofrafeld ,mountains1 xxxxxxx ,,comparative ,,lengths ,united ,states range1 xxxxxxxxx ,,of ,,ranges ,atlas range1 xxxxxxxxxxx ,,of ,,mountains4 ,ural range1 xxxxxxxxxx ,mountains of the ,moon1 xxxxxxxxxxxx ,altay range1 xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx ,rocky ,mountains1 ,n4 ,a4 xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx ,andes1 ,south ,america4 xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx x ,,miles4 #ajjj #bjjj #cjjj #djjj #ejjj #fjjj #gjjj 7,whole length of the ,american range is #aa1ejj miles47 ,small streams are called ,brooks1 ,rivulets1 and sometimes ,creeks4 ,in the study of the maps they are called branches of rivers4 ,many small streams1 being formed in the mountainous and other elevated parts of a country1 flow together1 and form a large current of water which takes the name of a river1 and is constantly augmented in its course1 by other brooks1 c4 and by rain1 until it discharges itself into an ocean1 sea1 lake1 or some other river4 ,the length of rivers has not been so definitely ascertained as the height of mountains4 ,the length of the same river varies in the statements of different geographers1 and this difference is owing to the principles on which their measurements are made1 some measuring the windings of the river1 and others only the valleys through which they flow4 ,the longest and largest river in the world is the ,,amazon1 in ,south ,america4 ,it is more than #aej miles wide at its junction with the ,atlantic ocean4 ,the body of water is so great that it constantly flows into the ocean1 and is not affected by tides4 ,the commotion caused by the meeting of the tide and the current of the river1 sometimes renders navigation dangerous4 ,the longest rivers in ,north ,america are the ,,missouri and ,,mississippi4 ,the longest river in ,asia is the ,,kian ,,ku4 ,in ,europe1 the ,,volga4 ,in ,africa1 the ,,nile4 ,the ,missouri flows into the ,mississippi about #acjj miles from its mouth1 and is1 in fact1 the main river4 ,and the length of the ,missouri is given1 in the opposite table1 from its source to the mouth of the ,mississippi4 ,the ,missouri and ,mississippi rivers1 taken together1 have no rival in the world1 for length of course1 the size and number of their tributaries1 and the vast extent of country through which they flow4 ,the ,mississippi is called by the native ,indians the #8,father of ,waters1' and the ,missouri1 the #8,mother of ,floods4' ,illustration3 ,,comparative ,,lengths ,,of ,,rivers1 ,,according ,,to ,,the ,,best ,,authorities4 ,,comparative ,,lengths ,,of #d1ejj ,,rivers1 ,,according ,,to ,,the ,,best ,,authorities4 #d1jjj #c1ejj #c1jjj #b1ejj #b1jjj #a1ejj #a1jjj #ejj ,,scale ,,of ,,miles ,connecticut1 ,u4 ,states1 #daj ,tennessee1 do4 #a1ajj ,ohio1 do4 #a1cej ,danube1 ,europe1 #a1gjj ,orinoco1 ,s4 ,america1 #a1hjj ,st4 ,lawrence1 ,n4 ,amer4 #b1jjj ,volga1 ,europe1 #b1jdj ,la ,plata1 ,s4 ,america1 #b1fjj ,nile1 ,africa1 #b1fhg ,hoang ,ho1 ,asia1 #b1ijj ,kian ,ku1 ,asia1 #c1ccj ,mississippi1 ,u4 ,states1 #c1jjj ,missouri1 ,u4 ,states1 #d1djj ,amazon1 ,s4 ,america1 #d1ejj ,rivers are supplied with water principally from springs1 and the melting of snow upon high mountains4 ,mountains attract clouds around their tops and sides1 and by this means become saturated with water1 which1 finding its way through the fissures of the rocks1 forms springs4 ,in this manner probably all springs are formed1 whether they are found on mountains or plains4 ,heavy rains also augment the quantity of water1 and often after a heavy fall of rain1 many rivers are so swollen that the water overflows their banks1 and the flood sweeps away every thing that is within its reach4 ,the ,mississippi is subject to inundations during the spring1 and the banks of the river being higher than the adjacent country1 the water never returns to the river1 but seeks other channels4 ,these inundations greatly enrich the lands4 ,the banks or shores of rivers present very different appearances1 according to the formation of the land through which they pass4 ,the banks of some rivers are but little elevated above their level1 and slope gently down to the water's edge2 others flow through rocky channels1 and are walled on each side with high and almost perpendicular precipices4 ,illustration3 ,,passaic ,,falls1 ,,new ,,jersey1 ,u4 ,s4 ,sometimes a precipice occurs immediately across the course of a river1 and the water falling nearly perpendicularly over1 forms a cataract or falls4 ,they are often obstructed by rapids which render navigation difficult and sometimes impracticable4 ,a rapid is a gradual descent in the bed of a river1 where the current is swift1 and the water shallow4 ,some rivers suddenly disappear1 by flowing into a chasm1 and are lost in the earth4 ,some of these again issue from the earth at a great distance from where they disappeared4 ,rivers present obstacles to the route of roads1 and many expedients have been invented by the ingenuity of man to obviate them4 ,in many places bridges are built of wood1 stone or iron2 and where the current is too swift1 or the channel too deep to permit a bridge to be built1 the passage is made in boats4 ,but the most astonishing project that has been undertaken for this purpose is the ,tunnel under the river ,thames1 at ,london1 ,england4 ,a road is here dug out under the river1 and is nearly completed4 ,a view of the work is given in the cut4 ,illustration3 ,,thames ,,tunnel4 ,the tunnel consists of two brick archways for carriages1 and two foot paths4 ,the passages are divided by a line of arches1 between the pillars of which are placed gas lights4 ,this undertaking was commenced in the year #ahbe4 ,the whole length is thirteen hundred feet1 and each archway is about fourteen feet in width4 ,the thickness of the earth between the bed of the river and the tunnel is about fifteen feet4 ,a country1 possessed of large and navigable rivers1 enjoys a great blessing4 ,they form a means of internal communication1 by which the productions of the inland country are brought to the city and seaport4 ,their currents are made use of1 by the aid of machinery1 to manufacture many of the necessaries and luxuries of life4 ,many rivers whose waters are pure1 afford water for the use of the inhabitants of neighboring cities4 ,london and ,westminster1 ,england1 are supplied from the ,new river2 the water is here brought thirty-eight miles through a canal4 ,the ,schuylkill river in ,pennsylvania1 ,united ,states1 supplies the city ,philadelphia with good and wholesome water1 for the use of the inhabitants4 ,illustration3 ,,view ,,of ,,the ,,philadelphia ,,waterworks4 ,these works are ingeniously constructed at ,fair ,mount on the eastern bank of the river4 ,the water is raised by the action of an engine1 moved by the water power of the river itself1 and deposited in large reservoirs1 from whence it is conveyed by iron pipes to every part of the city4 ,the aggregate length of the pipes already laid exceeds #fc miles4 ,three reservoirs have already been constructed which contain ten millions of gallons1 and a fourth has been commenced which will contain ten millions more1 being a quantity sufficient for the use of the city ,philadelphia ten days4 ,,lakes4 ,lakes are of four distinct classes4 #a4 ,those which have no streams of water running into nor from them4 ,they are generally very small1 and of little consequence4 #b4 ,those which have streams flowing from them1 but none flowing into them4 ,these are mostly supplied with water from subterraneous springs4 ,some of this class form the sources of large rivers1 and are generally situated on elevated land4 #c4 ,those which have streams flowing both into and from them4 ,these1 by a continual flow of fresh river water1 preserve their clearness and sweetness2 and often1 besides the river which seems to flow through them1 have sources of their own near their shores1 or from springs at their bottoms4 #d4 ,the fourth class is ranked among the phenomena of nature4 ,they have no visible outlet1 but receive the waters of rivers which flow into them4 ,the ,caspian sea1 in ,asia1 is an instance of this kind4 ,these lakes probably lose the surplus of their waters by evaporation produced by the heat of the sun4 ,the waters of lakes which receive their supply from springs and rivers1 partake of their qualities4 ,there are some lakes whose waters are exceedingly clear and transparent4 ,lake ,wetter in ,europe is so limpid that a piece of money can be seen at the bottom at #abj feet depth4 ,,caverns4 ,in many parts of the earth are found caverns1 or deep cavities and grottoes1 which are remarkable on account of their great extent1 and for the grand and imposing appearance of the rocks which compose the sides and roof4 ,fingal's cave1 in the island ,staffa1 one of the western islands of ,scotland1 is a noted cave4 ,illustration3 ,,fingal',s ,,cave4 ,it is thus described by a celebrated traveller4 #8,the mind can hardly form an idea more magnificent than such a space1 supported on each side by ranges of basaltic columns and roofed by the ends of those which have been broken off1 between the angles of which1 a yellow matter has exuded1 which serves to define the angles exactly1 and at the same time vary the color with a great degree of elegance4 ,to render it still more imposing1 the whole is lighted up from without1 so that the farthest extremity is visible1 and the air within being agitated by the motion of the water1 is perfectly wholesome1 and free from the noxious vapors with which caverns are usually filled4' ,some caverns are of great depth1 descending in some instances1 eleven thousand feet4 ,others1 after a descent1 assume a horizontal direction1 and are formed into many grottoes4 ,the most remarkable grotto known1 is the ,grotto of the island ,antiparos1 in the ,archipelago sea4 ,the principal chamber of this cavern is exhibited on page #c4 ,in many caverns1 water is found at a great depth1 and this circumstance1 together with the fact that water is obtained by digging deep wells1 seems to prove that there are sheets of water under ground1 which extend to considerable distances4 ,,minerals4 ,the earth contains many mineral substances beneath its surface1 which are useful to man4 ,these substances are dug out1 and thus immense mines are formed4 ,gold and silver are obtained in great quantities in ,south ,america4 ,iron1 the most useful of metals1 is obtained in various parts of the world4 ,annexed is a representation of the iron mine at ,dalmora1 in ,europe4 ,the iron ore is not dug out as in mines of coal1 tin1 c4 but is torn up by means of gunpowder4 ,illustration3 ,,iron ,,mine4 ,the descent into this mine is by means of buckets attached to ropes4 ,,grand ,,divisions ,,of ,,the ,,earth4 ,the ,earth has generally been considered by geographers under four ,,grand ,,divisions1 viz4 ,america1 ,europe1 ,asia1 and ,africa4 ,besides these1 there are four clusters of ,islands1 which according to some geographers constitute other divisions1 viz4 ,australasia1 ,polynesia1 the ,east ,india ,islands1 and the ,west ,india ,islands4 ,,america is the largest of the divisions1 and was unknown to the civilized world till the year #adib1 when it was discovered by ,christopher ,columbus4 ,it however takes its name from ,americus ,vesputius1 who came to the country about seven years after4 ,the face of the country is distinguished by lofty mountains and extensive lakes4 ,among its rivers are found the largest in the world4 ,most of the metals1 minerals1 trees1 plants1 and fruits found on the other continent1 are produced in abundance here1 and many of them in greater perfection4 ,the climate of ,america is found to be ten degrees cooler than the climate of the other continent in the same latitude4 ,,europe is the smallest of the divisions1 but is distinguished above all the others for its advancement in military power1 and in civilisation1 science1 and literature4 ,,asia is remarkable for having contained the 8garden of ,eden10 where our first parents were placed4 ,in this division1 the ,jewish1 the ,christian1 and the ,mahometan religions had their origin4 ,its soil is more fertile than that of any other division1 and its inhabitants more numerous4 ,,africa is less known than any of the other divisions4 ,the greater part of the inhabitants are in a state of barbarism4 ,nearly three-quarters of ,africa lie in the torrid zone1 and the dark complexion and savage character of the inhabitants1 and the ferocity of its wild beasts1 seem in unison with the excessive heat of the sun1 and the frightful aspect of the deserts4 ,the ,,west ,,india ,,islands lie in the ,atlantic ,ocean1 between ,north and ,south ,america1 in the torrid zone4 ,they belong principally to ,european nations4 ,australasia1 ,polynesia1 and the ,east ,india ,islands are sometimes included under the general name of ,,oceanica4 ,these islands present every variety of surface and climate1 and produce many of the luxuries of life in abundance4 ,they also abound in volcanoes4 ,,civil ,,and ,,political ,,geography4 ,the principal ,political ,divisions1 are ,empires1 ,kingdoms1 and ,republics4 ,an ,,empire consists of several large countries1 governed by one sovereign1 called an emperor4 ,a ,,kingdom is generally of a lesser extent than an empire1 and is governed by a king4 ,if the power of an emperor1 or of a king1 be limited by law1 the government is called a limited monarchy2 if there be no legal restraint to the will of the sovereign1 it is called an absolute monarchy4 ,a ,,republic is a country1 the government of which is confided to persons elected1 by the people1 for a limited term4 ,a ,republic is generally composed of a union of ,states4 ,states1 ,provinces1 ,counties1 ,cities1 ,towns1 c4 are still smaller divisions of countries4 ,the principal ,religions professed by the inhabitants of the earth1 are the ,jewish1 ,pagan1 ,mahometan1 and ,christian4 ,there are five principal races of men4 #a4 ,the ,asian race are of a deep yellow or tawny color2 have small eyes1 prominent cheek bones1 and an abundance of straight black hair4 #b4 ,the ,malay race are of a deep brown color2 have broad noses and mouths1 projecting foreheads1 and black curled hair4 #c4 ,the ,african or black race have thick lips1 flat noses1 and black woolly hair2 the head is compressed on each side1 the forehead very arched1 and the chin drawn in4 #d4 ,the ,native ,american race are of a copper color2 have exceedingly high cheek bones1 and straight black hair4 #e4 ,the ,european race 7which includes the inhabitants of the ,united ,states and all descendants of ,europeans in every part of the earth7 is distinguished from the other by the regularity and symmetry of their features and by their complexion1 which is white mingled with red2 they have straight hair4 ,in warm climates the ,european complexion takes a swarthy or brown color2 but the original color1 viz4 white and red1 always prevails in the complexion of the infants of this race in every climate4 ,this race is supposed to have originated in the ,caucasian countries in ,western ,asia1 and is sometimes called the ,caucasian race4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,view ,,of ,,the ,,features ,,which ,,distinguish ,,the ,,five ,,principal ,,races ,,of ,,men4 ,,state ,,of ,,society4 ,nations are either ,savage1 ,barbarous1 ,civilized1 or ,enlightened4 #a4 ,savages are those who are ignorant of the art of writing1 and whose ideas are confined to objects which strike the senses4 ,they are inclined to be superstitious1 cruel1 and revengeful1 but are in general free from the acquired vices of more enlightened people4 ,they live together in tribes1 and have a deadly hatred towards all other tribes4 ,they delight in war1 and are noted for the patient endurance of fatigue1 and contempt of pain4 ,some of the ,african tribes1 and the ,north ,american ,indians are of this class4 #b4 ,barbarous1 or half civilized nations1 are those which by written laws1 religious ceremonies1 or a partial advance in the arts of life1 have evidently emerged from a savage state4 ,their progress towards civilisation is slow1 and as advance is made1 their characteristic fierceness and barbarity give place to more regular habits4 ,cruelty to females is a characteristic of the savage and many of the barbarous nations4 #c4 ,civilized nations are those which have arranged their knowledge1 in the form of arts and sciences4 ,females are in such nations treated with kindness4 #d4 ,enlightened nations have brought the arts1 sciences1 religion1 and laws1 to exert their greatest and best influence on mankind4 ,in these nations females are educated to be companions of the men1 and are treated with the greatest kindness and respect4 ,the ,united ,states and some parts of ,europe are of this class4 ,illustration3 ,,north ,,america ,published by ,robert ,s4 ,davis1 ,boston4 ,h4 ,morse ,sc4 ,,north ,,america4 #a4 ,by whom and in what year was ,america discovered8 #b4 ,after whom was it named8 #c4 ,what is remarkable in the climate of ,america8 #d4 ,what are the principal divisions of ,north ,america8 #e4 ,in what part are the ,british ,possessions8 #f4 ,mexico8 #g4 ,the ,united ,states8 #h4 ,greenland8 #i4 ,the ,russian ,possessions8 #aj4 ,guatimala8 #aa to #af4 ,how is each one of these divisions bounded8 #ag4 ,what range of mountains extends through the whole length of ,north ,america8 #ah4 ,what is its course8 #ai4 ,near which coast is this range8 #bj4 ,what range of mountains is in ,the ,united ,states8 #ba4 ,which is the highest mountain in ,north ,america8 #bb4 ,which are the principal lakes8 #bc4 ,bays and gulfs8 #bd4 ,how is ,lake ,nicaragua situated8 #be4 ,which is more northwardly1 ,hudson's or ,baffin's bay8 #bf4 ,where is ,repulse bay8 #bg4 ,wager8 #bh4 ,james's8 #bi4 ,bristol8 #cj4 ,campeachy8 #ca4 ,honduras8 #cb4 ,where is the ,gulf of ,darien8 #cc4 ,gulf of ,mexico8 #cd4 ,gulf of ,st4 ,lawrence8 #ce4 ,what large river flows from the lakes1 north from ,the ,united ,slates1 to the ,atlantic ,ocean8 #cf4 ,how is ,lake ,winnipeg connected with ,hudson's bay8 #cg4 ,slave lake with the ,arctic sea8 #ch4 ,where is ,columbia river8 #ci4 ,what is its course8 #dj4 ,into what does it flow8 #da4 ,which is the largest river in ,north ,america8 #db4 ,what rivers form the boundary1 in part1 between ,mexico and ,the ,united ,states8 #dc4 ,what river flows into the ,lake of the ,hills8 #dd4 ,into the ,gulf of ,mexico8 #de4 ,hudson's bay8 #df4 ,gulf of ,california8 #dg4 ,how is ,america separated from ,asia8 #dh4 ,newfoundland from ,new ,britain8 #di4 ,how is ,baffin's bay connected with the ,atlantic ocean8 #ej4 ,where are ,hudson's straits8 #ea4 ,how is ,nootka sound situated8 #eb4 ,is ,california an isthmus or a peninsula8 #ec4 ,where is ,cape ,farewell8 #ed4 ,cape ,mendocino8 #ee4 ,icy ,cape8 #ef4 ,what cape is at the southern extremity of ,nova ,scotia8 #eg4 ,how many degrees further north is ,cape ,race1 than ,cape ,corrientes8 #eh4 ,what islands are near the western coast of ,north ,america8 #ei4 ,what is the latitude of ,vancouver's ,island8 #fj4 ,how are the ,bahama ,islands separated from ,florida8 #fa4 ,where are the ,west ,india ,islands8 #fb4 ,which of them is largest8 #fc4 ,to what nations do they principally belong8 #fd4 ,where is ,north ,georgian ,island8 #fe4 ,in what part of the ,united ,states is the ,oregon ,territory8 #ff4 ,the ,missouri ,territory8 #fg4 ,in what part of the ,british ,possessions is ,labrador8 #fh4 ,is the direction towards the top of a map always exactly north1 and towards the bottom always exactly south8 #fi4 ,what directions are exactly north1 and south8 #gj4 ,which way from ,newfoundland is ,cape ,farewell8 #ga4 ,which way from the northern extremity of ,labrador is ,cape ,farewell8 #gb4 ,which way from the ,fox ,islands are ,bhering's straits8 #gc4 ,on what island is ,havanna8 #gd4 ,kingston8 #ge4 ,where is ,quebec8 #gf4 ,montreal8 #gg4 ,how far south does ,florida extend8 #gh4 ,how is it bounded on the east and west8 #gi4 ,between what parallels of latitude do the ,united ,states principally lie8 #hj4 ,in what zone does ,north ,america principally lie8 #ha4 ,does any part lie in the ,northern ,frigid ,zone8 #hb4 ,from what meridian is longitude computed on the map of ,north ,america8 #hc4 ,which way is ,st4 ,john's1 the capital of ,newfoundland1 from ,new ,york8 #hd4 ,quebec from ,mexico8 #he4 ,halifax from ,boston8 #hf4 ,which way from the ,bermuda islands is ,newfoundland8 ,,north ,,america is divided into portions belonging to different nations4 ,it embraces every variety of soil and climate1 and its peculiar features are great ranges of mountains1 long rivers1 and extensive lakes4 ,previously to its discovery by ,columbus1 it was in possession of tribes of wandering ,indians1 most of whom were savages4 ,they were remarkable for strength1 courage1 and activity1 and showed all the peculiarities incident to the savage life1 in the greatest degree4 ,illustration3 ,,view ,,of ,,the ,,great ,,square1 ,,at ,,mexico4 ,russian ,america is chiefly valuable on account of its fur trade4 ,it is an exceedingly cold country1 and is still1 mostly in possession of native ,indians4 ,british ,america comprises ,canada1 ,new ,wales1 and ,labrador1 ,new ,brunswick1 and the neighboring islands1 together with the extent of country between ,hudson's ,bay and the ,russian ,possessions4 ,canada and ,new ,brunswick are the only parts which are settled by any considerable numbers of civilized people1 nine tenths of the country being still inhabited by ,indians4 ,furs are the staple article of the commerce and trade of the country4 ,the ,northwest ,fur ,company have an establishment at ,fort ,chipawyan1 where the ,indians resort to sell their furs4 ,mexico4 ,the coasts of this country are level and low4 ,towards the interior the land gradually rises1 until it attains an elevation of #fgjj feet above the sea1 and then forms an immense plateau4 ,the climate is hot and unhealthy1 except on the plateau1 where it is salubrious4 ,mexico contains the richest gold and silver mines in the world1 and the pursuit of these treasures led the ,spaniards1 when they first discovered the country1 to oppress the natives4 ,the city ,mexico is situated in the midst of this plateau1 and is surrounded by mountains4 ,it is one of the most magnificent cities in the world2--its streets are regular1 and its buildings truly elegant4 ,the churches are adorned with gold and silver4 ,above is the view of the great square4 ,in the centre and opposite the ,cathedral1 is an equestrian statue of ,charles ,,iv4 on a pedestal of marble4 ,this was cast in ,mexico1 and weighs #dj1ejj pounds4 ,it is one of the handsomest monuments in the world4 ,guatimala4 ,the climate is like that of ,mexico4 ,volcanoes abound1 and not less than twenty are constantly burning4 ,logwood and mahogany are obtained here in vast quantities4 ,illustration3 ,,united ,,states ,published by ,robert ,s4 ,davis1 ,boston4 ,g4 ,boynton ,sc4 ,,united ,,states4 ,,note4 ,the pupil must not think that the opposite map gives a view of the whole extent of the territory of the ,united ,states2 it represents only that part which is divided into ,states1 and settled4 ,a view of the whole is given on the map of ,north ,america2 and by comparing the two maps1 he will easily understand what part is here represented4 #a4 ,the ,united ,states constitute a ,republic2 how is the government administered8 #b4 ,how many ,states and ,territories are in this ,republic1 including ,oregon ,territory8 #c4 ,how is ,maine bounded8 #d to #cj4 ,how are the other ,states and ,territories severally bounded8 #ca4 ,what ,states are north from the #djth parallel of latitude8 #cb4 ,what south8 #cc4 ,there is a range of mountains which extends almost through the whole of the ,united ,states2 what is its general course8 #cd4 ,through what part of ,virginia does it run8 #ce4 ,what mountains are in ,tennessee8 #cf4 ,in ,alabama8 #cg4 ,where are the ,lead ,hills8 #ch4 ,is the water of lakes generally salt or fresh8 #ci4 ,what lakes lie between the ,united ,states and ,canada8 #dj4 ,how is ,lake ,michigan situated8 #da4 ,moose ,head ,lake8 #db4 ,flambeau ,lake8 #dc4 ,lake ,st4 ,clair8 #dd4 ,what lakes are near the source of the ,mississippi river8 #de4 ,what is a lake called if its waters be salt8 #df4 ,what bays are located on the south coast of ,florida8 #dg4 ,where is ,narraganset bay8 #dh4 ,what large gulf is south from the ,united ,states8 #di4 ,what is a ,sound8 #ej4 ,where is ,albemarle sound8 #ea4 ,pamlico sound8 #eb4 ,what river rises in the northern part of ,maine1 and flows through ,new ,brunswick into the ,atlantic8 #ec4 ,what is the course of the ,mississippi river8 #ed4 ,of what ,states does it form the eastern boundary8 #ee4 ,of what the western8 #ef4 ,what rivers flow into it from the east8 #eg4 ,what from the west8 #eh4 ,of what state does the ,ohio river form the northern boundary8 #ei4 ,of what states the southern8 #fj4 ,where is the ,great ,kanhawa river8 #fa4 ,what is its course8 #fb4 ,what are the principal rivers of ,virginia8 #fc4 ,north ,carolina8 #fd4 ,south ,carolina8 #fe4 ,georgia8 #ff4 ,alabama8 #fg4 ,mississippi8 #fh4 ,tennessee8 #fi4 ,what large river unites with the ,mississippi1 near ,st4 ,louis8 #gj4 ,what rivers flow south into the ,ohio8 #ga4 ,what river flows through ,arkansas territory into the ,mississippi8 #gb4 ,where is ,cape ,st4 ,blas8 #gc4 ,what capes at the mouth of ,chesapeake bay8 #gd4 ,what capes on the coast south from ,cape ,hatteras8 #ge4 ,what strait connects lakes ,huron and ,michigan8 #gf4 ,which way is ,long ,island from ,new ,jersey8 #gg4 ,where is ,mount ,desert ,island8 #gh4 ,sullivan's island8 #gi4 ,royale ,island8 #hj4 ,what two islands lie near the mouth of ,st4 ,mary's river8 #ha4 ,how are the following capitals and chief towns situated1 viz4 ,richmond8 #hb4 ,norfolk8 #hc4 ,raleigh8 #hd4 ,columbus8 #he4 ,cincinnati8 #hf4 ,indianapolis8 #hg4 ,vincennes8 #hh4 ,vandalia8 #hi4 ,kaskaskia8 #ij4 ,jefferson city8 #ia4 ,nashville8 #ib4 ,st4 ,louis8 #ic4 ,arkopolis1 or ,little ,rock8 #id4 ,frankfort8 #ie4 ,lexington8 #if4 ,knoxville8 #ig4 ,charleston8 #ih4 ,milledgeville8 #ii4 ,tuscaloosa8 #ajj4 ,tallahassee8 #aja4 ,natches8 #ajb4 ,new ,orleans8 #ajc4 ,mobile8 #ajd4 ,,washington8#a #aje4 ,which way is ,maine from ,new ,jersey8 #ajf4 ,georgia from ,ohio8 #ajg4 ,michigan from ,massachusetts8 #ajh4 ,indiana from ,north ,carolina8 #aji4 ,which way are ,philadelphia1 ,washington1 and ,baltimore from ,boston8 #aaj4 ,which is furthest8 ,note4 ,maine1 ,new ,hampshire1 ,vermont1 ,massachusetts1 ,connecticut1 and ,rhode ,island1 are called ,,the ,,new ,,england ,,states2--,new ,york1 ,pennsylvania1 ,maryland1 ,new ,jersey1 and ,delaware1 ,,the ,,middle ,,states2--,virginia1 ,north and ,south ,carolinas1 ,georgia1 ,alabama1 ,mississippi1 and ,louisiana1 ,,the ,,southern ,,states2--,tennessee1 ,kentucky1 ,ohio1 ,indiana1 ,illinois1 and ,missouri1 ,,the ,,western ,,states4--#aaa4 ,in what part of the ,union are these sections severally situated8 ,,footnotes3 #a ,the capital of the ,united ,states is ,,washington1 where the ,president resides4 ,congress assembles here to make the laws by which the people are governed4 ,,maine4 ,this map represents only the southern part of the ,state of ,maine2 the northern part is covered with extensive forests4 ,for the whole shape of the ,state1 the pupils must refer to the ,map of the ,united ,states2 and by comparing the two maps1 they will easily comprehend what portion of the ,state is here represented4 ,this ,state has many lakes and rivers1 but some of them are not well suited to navigation4 #a4 ,how many counties are there in ,maine8#b #b4 ,which of them lie along the shore of the ,atlantic ocean8 #c4 ,has ,kennebeck county any sea-coast8 #d4 ,in what part is ,oxford county8 #e4 ,which is more eastwardly1 ,penobscot or ,somerset county8 #f4 ,what lake lies in ,cumberland county8 #g4 ,what lakes in ,oxford county8 #h4 ,in what part of ,somerset county is ,moosehead lake8 #i4 ,where is ,sebec lake8 #aj4 ,what creeks flow into it8 #aa4 ,in what part of ,maine are the ,schodic lakes8 #ab4 ,in what county are they8 #ac4 ,what river connects ,madybemp lake and ,cobscook bay8 #ad4 ,into what county does ,penobscot bay extend8 #ae4 ,at the mouth of what river is ,passamaquoddy bay8 #af4 ,which is more eastwardly1 ,machias or ,goldsboro' bay8 #ag4 ,in what county is ,casco bay8 #ah4 ,on what bay is ,nobleboro'8 #ai4 ,which way is ,new ,meadow bay from ,casco bay8 #bj4 ,where is ,frenchman's bay8 #ba4 ,english bay8 #bb4 ,into what does ,mount ,desert sound extend8 #bc4 ,where is ,belfast bay8 #bd4 ,which is further west1 ,prospect harbour or ,haycock harbour8 #be4 ,where is ,pleasant ,river bay8 #bf4 ,what river flows between ,maine and ,new ,brunswick8 #bg4 ,what are the rivers of ,washington county8 #bh4 ,which is the largest river in ,maine8 #bi4 ,into what bay does it flow8 #cj4 ,what rivers flow into it from the west8 #ca4 ,what from the east8 #cb4 ,through what counties does the ,kennebeck river flow8 #cc4 ,with what lake1 in ,somerset county1 does one of its branches communicate8 #cd4 ,where is the ,androscoggin river8 #ce4 ,where does it rise8 #cf4 ,what is its course8 #cg4 ,what rivers in ,york county8 #ch4 ,where is ,marshall's ,island8 #ci4 ,which are the two largest of the numerous islands near the coast of ,maine8 #dj4 ,which of them is further east8 #da4 ,what islands lie east from ,passamaquoddy and ,cobscook bays8 #db4 ,which of them is furthest north8 #dc4 ,on which of them is ,eastport situated8 #dd4 ,what island lies at the entrance of ,machias bay8 #de4 ,where is ,manhegin island8 #df4 ,boon island8 #dg4 ,which is more eastwardly1 ,little ,menan island or ,bowbear island8 #dh4 ,which is more northwardly1 ,seal rock1 or ,wooden ,ball rock8 #di4 ,what is the longitude from ,washington1 of ,mount ,desert rock8 #ej4 ,where is ,gerrish point8 #ea4 ,cape ,neddock8 #eb4 ,which is more eastwardly1 ,cape ,small ,point or ,cape ,elizabeth8 #ec4 ,which way from ,mount ,desert rock is ,sciodic point8 #ed4 ,in what part of ,maine is ,quoddy head8 #ee4 ,at the entrance of what bay is ,cow point8 #ef4 ,is ,castine situated on an island or a peninsula8 #eg4 ,are there many peninsulas on the coast of ,maine8 #eh4 ,what town in ,cumberland county is situated on an isthmus8 #ei4 ,on what river is ,augusta1 the capital of ,maine8 #fj4 ,in what county is it8 #fa4 ,in what county is ,york8 #fb4 ,portland8 #fc4 ,wiscasset8 #fd4 ,paris8 #fe4 ,norridgewock8 #ff4 ,bangor8 #fg4 ,castine8 #fh4 ,machias8 #fi4 ,on what bay are ,portland1 ,north ,yarmouth1 and ,freeport8 #gj4 ,near the mouth of what rivers is ,bath situated8 #ga4 ,on what river is ,prospect8 #gb4 ,name some of the towns on ,androscoggin river4 #gc4 ,on ,penobscot river4 #gd4 ,which way from ,eastport is ,lubec8 #ge4 ,which way from ,augusta is ,hallowell8 #gf4 ,which way is ,waterville8 #gg4 ,in what county is it8 #gh4 ,which way from ,kennebunk is ,thomaston8 #gi4 ,what town is near the junction of the east and west branches of ,pleasant river8 ,illustration3 ,part of ,,maine ,published by ,robert ,s4 ,davis1 ,boston4 ,g4 ,boynton ,sc4 ,,footnotes3 #b ,the frequent questions on the counties1 are not inserted1 with an intention of requiring pupils to retain in their memories the whole of them2--but rather that no pupil should omit to learn those of his own state4 ,this is all that should be required of them on reviewing their lessons4 ,illustration3 ,,vermont ,,new ,,hampshire4 ,published by ,robert ,s4 ,davis1 ,boston4 ,g4 ,boynton ,sc4 ,,new ,,hampshire4444 ,,and 444 ,,vermont4 #a4 ,which of these ,states is more eastwardly8 #b4 ,which extends further north8 #c4 ,which of them has any sea-coast8 #d4 ,what state lies east from ,new ,hampshire8 #e4 ,what state south8 #f4 ,how many counties are there in ,new ,hampshire8 #g4 ,what counties border upon ,massachusetts8 #h4 ,what on ,maine8 #i4 ,what counties lie along the ,connecticut river8 #aj4 ,what counties in the interior8 #aa4 ,what mountains are there in this ,state8 #ab4 ,in what part of the ,state are the ,pigwacket mountains8 #ac4 ,in what county are they8 #ad4 ,what lake in the northern part of ,coos county8 #ae4 ,what river flows from ,lake ,umbagog into the state of ,maine8 #af4 ,which is the largest lake in ,new ,hampshire8 #ag4 ,how is it situated8 #ah4 ,which way from ,squam lake1 is ,ossipee lake8 #ai4 ,which is more eastwardly1 ,smith's lake1 or ,east pond8 #bj4 ,in what county are ,enfield pond1 and ,newfound lake8 #ba4 ,how is ,sunapee lake situated8 #bb4 ,what river bounds ,new ,hampshire on the west8 #bc4 ,what rivers1 in ,coos county1 flow into the ,connecticut river8 #bd4 ,what river flows from ,east pond1 into ,great bay8 #be4 ,what river flows from ,lake ,ossipee1 into ,saco river8 #bf4 ,where does the ,merrimack river rise8 #bg4 ,what is its course through ,new ,hampshire8 #bh4 ,what state does it enter after leaving ,new ,hampshire1 and which way flow8 #bi4 ,into what does the ,contocook river flow8 #cj4 ,the ,nashua river8 #ca4 ,the ,mascomey river8 #cb4 ,the ,piscataqua river8 #cc4 ,at the mouth of what river is ,hinsdale8 #cd4 ,in what county1 and on what river1 is ,concord1 the capital of the state8 #ce4 ,in what county is ,portsmouth8 #cf4 ,is ,portsmouth a seaport8 #cg4 ,in what county is ,amherst8 #ch4 ,keene8 #ci4 ,charlestown8 #dj4 ,haverhill8 #da4 ,lancaster8 #db4 ,dover8 #dc4 ,on what river are ,peterboro' and ,jaffrey8 #dd4 ,claremont8 #de4 ,which way is ,keene from ,concord8 #df4 ,from ,amherst to ,portsmouth8 #dg4 ,from ,washington to ,jefferson8 #dh4 ,how many counties are in ,vermont8 #di4 ,which of them lie south from the #ddth parallel of latitude8 #ej4 ,what two are crossed by it8 #ea4 ,which is in the interior8 #eb4 ,what counties are in the north part8 #ec4 ,what country lies north from ,vermont8 #ed4 ,what state lies south8 #ee4 ,what west8 #ef4 ,what range of mountains runs through the centre of the state8 #eg4 ,what is its course8 #eh4 ,what lakes lie west from ,vermont8 #ei4 ,what north8 #fj4 ,what lake is in ,addison county8 #fa4 ,what islands are in ,lake ,champlain8 #fb4 ,what is their general name8 #fc4 ,what river bounds ,vermont on the east8 #fd4 ,what rivers flow into the ,connecticut river1 north from the #ddth parallel of latitude8 #fe4 ,what south8 #ff4 ,what two streams flow from ,bennington county into the state of ,new ,york8 #fg4 ,what river flows into ,lake ,champlain at ,whitehall8 #fh4 ,in what part of the state is ,otter creek8 #fi4 ,where does it rise8 #gj4 ,what is its course8 #ga4 ,through what counties1 and into what lake1 does it flow8 #gb4 ,how many branches has ,white river8 #gc4 ,what rivers1 in the northern part of the state1 flow into ,lake ,champlain8 #gd4 ,into ,kilbourn's lake8 #ge4 ,in what county1 and on what river1 is ,montpelier1 the capital of the state8 #gf4 ,in what county is ,st4 ,albans8 #gg4 ,newfane8 #gh4 ,guildhall8 #gi4 ,manchester8 #hj4 ,danville8 #ha4 ,woodstock8 #hb4 ,middlebury8 #hc4 ,rutland8 #hd4 ,chelsea8 #he4 ,which way from ,windsor to ,burlington8 #hf4 ,from ,montpelier to ,irasburg8 #hg4 ,in which corner of the state is ,bennington8 #hh4 ,brattleboro'8 #hi4 ,which is further north1 ,montpelier or ,concord8 #ij4 ,portsmouth or ,bennington8 #ia4 ,what is the latitude of ,middlebury and ,haverhill8 #ib4 ,which way from ,claremont to ,rutland8 #ic4 ,which way from ,plymouth1 ,new-,hampshire to ,plymouth1 ,vermont8 ,,massachusetts1 ,,connecticut1 ,,and ,,rhode ,,island4 #a4 ,which is the largest of these ,states8 #b4 ,which is smallest8 #c4 ,into how many counties is ,massachusetts divided8 #d4 ,what county is in the western part8 #e4 ,through which does the ,connecticut river flow8 #f4 ,which is the largest county8 #g4 ,which counties lie in the northeastern part8 #h4 ,which in the southeastern part8 #i4 ,boston and ,chelsea constitute what county8 #aj4 ,what mountains form the western boundary of ,massachusetts8 #aa4 ,where are the ,hoosack mountains8 #ab4 ,in what part1 and in what town of ,massachusetts is ,mount ,tom8 #ac4 ,mount ,holyoke8 #ad4 ,wachusett mountain8 #ae4 ,saddle mountain8 #af4 ,where is ,massachusetts bay8 #ag4 ,barnstable bay8 #ah4 ,buzzard's bay8 #ai4 ,vineyard sound8 #bj4 ,wellfleet harbor8 #ba4 ,holmes' ,hole8 #bb4 ,what river rises in ,new ,hampshire and runs through the northeastern part of ,massachusetts8 #bc4 ,what rivers in ,massachusetts flow into the ,connecticut river from the east8 #bd4 ,what from the west8 #be4 ,in what part of ,massachusetts is ,charles river8 #bf4 ,what is a canal8 #bg4 ,what canal runs from ,worcester to ,providence8 #bh4 ,what direct water communication between ,merrimack river and ,boston harbor8 #bi4 ,where is ,cape ,ann8 #cj4 ,cape ,cod8 #ca4 ,what peninsula lies north from the entrance to ,boston harbor8 #cb4 ,what island lies off the town of ,ipswich8 #cc4 ,which is further east1 ,nantucket or ,martha's ,vineyard8 #cd4 ,what county do the ,elizabeth ,islands and ,martha's ,vineyard constitute8 #ce4 ,which way is ,worcester from ,boston8 #cf4 ,concord from ,worcester8 #cg4 ,which is more northwardly1 ,springfield or ,northampton8 #ch4 ,which way from ,taunton to ,plymouth8 #ci4 ,where are the following celebrated manufacturing towns8 viz4 ,amesbury8 #dj4 ,monson8 #da4 ,ware8 #db4 ,lowell8 #dc4 ,pawtucket8 #dd4 ,waltham8 #de4 ,leicester8 #df4 ,through what town does the ,ware river flow8 #dg4 ,what counties lie in the western part of ,connecticut8 #dh4 ,in what part is ,new ,haven county8 #di4 ,through which does the ,connecticut river flow8 #ej4 ,which lie east from the ,connecticut river8 #ea4 ,what mountains are in ,connecticut8 #eb4 ,where is ,long ,island ,sound8 #ec4 ,what river rises in ,massachusetts and flows through the western part of ,connecticut8 #ed4 ,through what towns does the ,quinebaug river flow8 #ee4 ,with what river does it unite1 and form the ,thames8 #ef4 ,for what purpose are canals constructed8 #eg4 ,what canal runs from the ,connecticut river at ,northampton to ,new ,haven8 #eh4 ,through what towns does it run8 #ei4 ,what are the counties of ,rhode ,island8 #fj4 ,what large bay in ,rhode ,island8 #fa4 ,what rivers in ,rhode ,island8 #fb4 ,through what towns1 does the ,pawtuxet river flow8 #fc4 ,in what part is ,pawtucket river8 #fd4 ,where is ,pawcatuck river8 #fe4 ,to what county of ,rhode ,island1 does ,block ,island belong8 #ff4 ,on what island is ,newport8 #fg4 ,on what island is ,jamestown8 #fh4 ,where is ,point ,judith8 #fi4 ,which way is ,providence from ,boston8 #gj4 ,new ,london from ,providence8 #ga4 ,new ,haven from ,springfield8 #gb4 ,providence from ,plymouth8 #gc4 ,hartford from ,newport8 #gd4 ,at the head of what bay1 are the city and harbor of ,boston situated8 #ge4 ,providence8 #gf4 ,what large island lies south from ,connecticut8 ,illustration3 ,,massachusetts ,,with ,,connecticut ,,and ,,rhode ,,island4 ,morse ,tuttle ,sc4 ,illustration3 ,,new ,,york4 ,published by ,robert ,s4 ,davis1 ,boston4 ,h4 ,morse ,sc4 ,,new ,,york4 #a4 ,new ,york is divided into #ef counties2 how many of them are on ,long ,island8 #b4 ,which lie north from the #ddth parallel of latitude8 #c4 ,through which does the ,hudson river flow8 #d4 ,what counties border on the river ,st4 ,lawrence8 #e4 ,through what counties does the ,delaware and ,hudson canal run8 #f4 ,what counties lie west from the meridian of ,washington8 #g4 ,what are some of the interior counties8 #h4 ,on what island is ,richmond county8 #i4 ,what counties border on ,lake ,ontario8 #aj4 ,on ,lake ,champlain8 #aa4 ,on ,lake ,erie8 #ab4 ,where are the ,catskill mountains8 #ac4 ,where is ,crane's mountain8 #ad4 ,what lake lies north from the western part of ,new ,york8 #ae4 ,which way from ,new ,york is ,lake ,erie8 #af4 ,what lake separates ,new ,york from ,vermont8 #ag4 ,where is ,lake ,george8 #ah4 ,what small lakes lie in the northern counties of ,new ,york8 #ai4 ,which is more northwardly1 ,oneida or ,otsego lake8 #bj4 ,which is most westwardly1 ,cayuga1 ,seneca1 or ,salt lake8 #ba4 ,what lake lies between ,ontario and ,yates counties8 #bb4 ,north from what part of ,new ,york state is ,long ,island sound8 #bc4 ,where is ,sacket's harbor8 #bd4 ,what bays are on the southern shore of ,lake ,ontario8 #be4 ,where is ,sag ,harbor8 #bf4 ,what rivers divide ,new ,york from ,canada8 #bg4 ,what river runs south1 through nearly the whole extent of the eastern part of ,new ,york8 #bh4 ,by what is it connected with ,lake ,champlain8 #bi4 ,what city is at its mouth8 #cj4 ,through what part does the ,genessee river flow8 #ca4 ,what river communicates with the ,hudson1 near ,troy8 #cb4 ,what with ,lake ,ontario1 near ,brownsville8 #cc4 ,where is ,tonnewanto creek8 #cd4 ,what navigable water communication is there between ,syracuse and ,oswego8 #ce4 ,the ,grand canal runs through the ,state1 from west to east2 at what place does it commence8 #cf4 ,at what place does it join the ,hudson river8 #cg4 ,in what part of the ,state is the ,delaware and ,hudson canal8 #ch4 ,where is ,montauq point8 #ci4 ,how is ,cape ,vincent situated8 #dj4 ,where is ,crown point8 #da4 ,where is ,galoop island8 #db4 ,which way from ,new ,york is ,long ,island8 #dc4 ,how is ,staten ,island situated8 #dd4 ,where is ,fisher's island8 #de4 ,in what river is ,grand ,isle8 #df4 ,on what river is ,albany1 the capital8 #dg4 ,which way is it from ,new ,york city8 #dh4 ,what are the principal towns on the ,hudson river8 #di4 ,on what river is ,utica8 #ej4 ,how is ,rochester situated8 #ea4 ,where is ,lockport8 #eb4 ,which is further east1 ,herkimer or ,rome8 #ec4 ,in what county is ,ithaca8 #ed4 ,on what river is ,west ,point8 #ee4 ,where is ,fort ,ticonderoga8 #ef4 ,how is ,fort ,erie situated8 #eg4 ,which way from ,fort ,niagara to ,fort ,erie8 #eh4 ,which way from ,albany is ,northampton in ,massachusetts8 #ei4 ,which way from ,poughkeepsie to ,new ,haven in ,connecticut8 #fj4 ,in what county is ,saratoga ,springs8 #fa4 ,what navigable water communications are there between lakes ,ontario and ,erie8 #fb4 ,what ,states lie east from ,new ,york8 #fc4 ,what states lie south8 ,,environs ,,of ,,new ,,york ,,city4 ,what river divides ,new ,york city from ,new ,jersey8 ,what river separates it from ,long ,island8 ,which way from ,new ,york is ,brooklyn8 ,which way from it is ,jersey city8 ,in what county is ,new ,york city8 ,which way from ,new ,york city are ,manhattanville and ,haerlem8 ,where is ,coney island8 ,what island lies southwest from ,new ,york bay8 ,what islands in ,new ,york bay8 ,where are the ,narrows8 ,where is ,fort ,lafayette8 ,on what island are forts ,tompkins and ,richmond8 ,which way from ,new ,york bay is ,newark bay8 ,what canal joins the ,hudson river at ,jersey city8 ,in what part of ,new ,york bay is the ,quarantine station8 ,,pennsylvania1 ,,maryland1 ,,new ,,jersey1 ,,and ,,delaware4 #a4 ,name some of the counties that lie along the northern boundary of ,pennsylvania8 #b4 ,the eastern8 #c4 ,the western8 #d4 ,the southern8 #e4 ,in the interior8 #f4 ,through what counties does the ,monongahela river flow8 #g4 ,the ,alleghany river8 #h4 ,what county borders on ,lake ,erie8 #i4 ,what range of mountains runs through the ,state8 #aj4 ,what other mountains are in the ,state8 #aa4 ,what lake borders on the northwestern corner of ,pennsylvania8 #ab4 ,what river forms the eastern boundary8 #ac4 ,what river rises in ,new ,york1 and flows through ,pennsylvania into ,chesapeake bay8 #ad4 ,the city ,philadelphia is situated between two rivers1 and extends from one to the other2 what are those rivers called8 #ae4 ,what rivers unite at ,pittsburg and form the ,ohio8 #af4 ,through what part does the ,juniata river flow8 #ag4 ,where is the ,lehigh river1 the vicinity of which abounds with coal8 #ah4 ,the ,schuylkill river is also celebrated for the coal mines in its neighborhood2 where does it rise8 #ai4 ,what is its course8 #bj4 ,into what does it flow8 #ba4 ,on what river is ,harrisburg1 the capital of the ,state8 #bb4 ,in what county is ,pittsburg8 #bc4 ,which is more northwardly1 ,sunbury or ,easton8 #bd4 ,what town lies on ,lake ,erie8 #be4 ,in what county is ,carbondale8 #bf4 ,which is more westwardly1 ,lancaster or ,columbia8 #bg4 ,which way is ,harrisburg from ,philadelphia8 #bh4 ,from ,carlisle to ,bethany8 #bi4 ,what counties in ,maryland1 are west from ,chesapeake bay8 #cj4 ,what east8 #ca4 ,what river divides ,maryland from ,virginia8 #cb4 ,into what does the ,petapsco river flow8 #cc4 ,between what counties does the ,pawtuxent river flow8 #cd4 ,how is ,annapolis1 the capital1 situated8 #ce4 ,what is its latitude8 #cf4 ,on what river is ,baltimore8 #cg4 ,at the mouth of what river is ,havre de ,grace8 #ch4 ,how far south does ,maryland extend8 #ci4 ,what ,state is south from it8 #dj4 ,which is more northwardly1 ,annapolis or ,baltimore8 #da4 ,cambridge or ,chestertown8 #db4 ,into how many counties is ,new ,jersey divided8 #dc4 ,which of them are south from the #djth parallel of latitude8 #dd4 ,in what part of the ,state is ,monmouth county8 #de4 ,name some of the northern counties4 #df4 ,which is more northwardly1 ,great or ,little ,egg harbor8 #dg4 ,where is ,barnegat bay8 #dh4 ,where is ,sandy ,hook8 #di4 ,cape ,may8 #ej4 ,on what river is ,trenton1 the capital8 #ea4 ,which way from ,trenton to ,bordentown8 #eb4 ,what bay divides ,new ,jersey from ,delaware8 #ec4 ,what are the counties of ,delaware8 #ed4 ,which is furthest north8 #ee4 ,which furthest south8 #ef4 ,in what county is ,dover1 the capital1 situated8 #eg4 ,at the mouth of what river is ,new ,castle8 #eh4 ,where is ,georgetown8 #ei4 ,where is ,cape ,henlopen8 #fj4 ,which way from ,harrisburg to ,trenton8 #fa4 ,from ,trenton to ,dover8 #fb4 ,from ,annapolis to ,pittsburg8 #fc4 ,what ,states lie east from ,pennsylvania8 #fd4 ,what ,state north from ,new ,jersey8 #fe4 ,how can a person sail from ,trenton to ,baltimore1 and not pass ,capes ,may and ,henlopen8 #ff4 ,which is largest1 ,pennsylvania1 ,new ,jersey1 ,delaware1 or ,maryland8 #fg4 ,which is smallest8 #fh4 ,which of them border on the ,atlantic ocean8 #fi4 ,what cities and towns are in the ,district of ,columbia8 #gj4 ,what river runs through it8 #ga4 ,on which side of the river is ,alexandria8 #gb4 ,what is the latitude of ,washington8 #gc4 ,of what is ,washington the capital8 ,,environs ,,of ,,philadelphia4 ,between what rivers is ,philadelphia situated8 ,in what county is ,philadelphia8 ,what island is in ,delaware river1 opposite the city8 ,what county lies north from ,philadelphia county8 ,which way is ,germantown from ,philadelphia city8 ,what separates ,camden from ,philadelphia8 ,where is ,petty's island8 ,illustration3 ,,pennsylvania ,,maryland ,,new ,,jersey ,,delaware4 ,h4 ,morse ,sc4 ,illustration3 ,,western ,,states4 ,published by ,robert ,s4 ,davis1 ,boston4 ,g4 ,boynton ,sc4 ,,western ,,states4 #a4 ,name the ,western ,states4 #b4 ,which lie north from the ,ohio river8 #c4 ,which south8 #d4 ,which west from ,mississippi river8 #e4 ,which does ,mississippi river bound on the west8 #f4 ,what two large rivers run through ,kentucky and ,tennessee8 #g4 ,the ,territory which lies north and west from ,missouri state extends westward1 to the ,oregon ,territory2 what is it called8 #h4 ,what ,territory lies south from ,missouri state8 #i4 ,what ,states south from ,tennessee8--,for answer to this question refer to the ,united ,states4 #aj4 ,what ,state east8 #aa4 ,what ,state lies east from ,kentucky8 #ab4 ,what ,state east from ,ohio8 #ac4 ,what ,territory lies north from ,ohio and ,indiana8 #ad4 ,what north from ,illinois8 #ae4 ,of what ,state is ,columbus the capital8 #af4 ,is ,ohio a mountainous state8 #ag4 ,what lake lies north8 #ah4 ,what river on the south and east8 #ai4 ,on what river is ,zanesville8 #bj4 ,what joins ,ohio river at ,portsmouth8 #ba4 ,what river flows through the northwestern corner of the ,state8 #bb4 ,on what river is ,athens8 #bc4 ,what river flows into ,lake ,erie at ,sandusky8 #bd4 ,what joins the ,ohio at the southwest corner of the ,state8 #be4 ,what is the course of the ,miami river8 #bf4 ,of ,ohio river8 #bg4 ,what water communication is there between ,cincinnati and ,dayton8 #bh4 ,what is the general course of the ,ohio canal8 #bi4 ,what towns in the northern part of the ,state are near the course of the canal8 #cj4 ,what in the southern part8 #ca4 ,to what town does a branch of the ,ohio canal run8 #cb4 ,at what place does it communicate with ,lake ,erie8 #cc4 ,what towns on ,ohio river8 #cd4 ,on what river is ,columbus1 and in what part of the ,state is it8 #ce4 ,which way is ,cincinnati from ,columbus8 #cf4 ,which is most westerly1 ,marietta1 ,cincinnati1 or ,gallipolis8 #cg4 ,where is ,steubenville8 #ch4 ,on what river1 and in what part of the ,state1 is ,fort ,defiance8 #ci4 ,which way is ,jackson from ,jefferson8 #dj4 ,what ,state does ,lake ,michigan bound 7in part7 on the north8 #da4 ,where is ,fort ,wayne8 #db4 ,what river forms part of the western boundary of ,indiana8 #dc4 ,which of the branches of the ,illinois river has its source in ,indiana8 #dd4 ,what are the branches of the ,wabash8 #de4 ,how is ,indianapolis1 the capital situated8 #df4 ,what towns on the ,ohio river8 #dg4 ,which way is ,vincennes from ,indianapolis8 #dh4 ,connersville from ,vincennes8 #di4 ,which way from ,crawfordville is ,jacksonboro'8 #ej4 ,what lake separates ,illinois from ,michigan8 #ea4 ,what three rivers form the western1 southern1 and 7in part7 the eastern1 boundaries of ,illinois8 #eb4 ,which is the largest river in ,illinois8 #ec4 ,what river in the northwestern part of the ,state8 #ed4 ,on what river is ,vandalia1 the capital8 #ee4 ,where is ,kaskaskia8 #ef4 ,which way is ,edwardsville from ,vandalia8 #eg4 ,how is ,shawneetown situated8 #eh4 ,what town is on ,lake ,michigan8 #ei4 ,in what part of the ,state is ,peoria8 #fj4 ,which way is ,mc,leansboro' from ,jacksonville8 #fa4 ,what mountains are between ,kentucky and ,virginia8 #fb4 ,what river rises in the eastern part of this ,state1 and after passing through ,tennessee1 flows north1 into the ,ohio8 #fc4 ,where is ,licking river8 #fd4 ,on what river is ,frankfort1 the capital8 #fe4 ,which way from ,frankfort to ,maysville8 #ff4 ,which is more westerly1 ,henderson or ,louisville8 #fg4 ,what town on ,mississippi river8 #fh4 ,which is more northwardly1 ,madisonville or ,barbourville8 #fi4 ,what mountains are between ,tennessee and ,north ,carolina8 #gj4 ,what range runs through the ,state8 #ga4 ,what lake is in this ,state8 #gb4 ,how is it connected with ,mississippi river8 #gc4 ,describe the course of the ,tennessee river4 #gd4 ,what are the branches of the ,tennessee river1 and where do they rise8 #ge4 ,on what river is ,nashville1 the capital8 #gf4 ,which way from it is ,murfreesboro'8 #gg4 ,in what part is ,memphis8 #gh4 ,which is more northwardly1 ,winchester or ,knoxville8 #gi4 ,which is furthest north1 ,washington1 ,munroe1 or ,jackson8 #hj4 ,of what state is ,jefferson city the capital8 #ha4 ,what mountains are in that ,state8 #hb4 ,what large river flows through the state8 #hc4 ,does it flow west or east8 #hd4 ,what river joins the ,missouri at #ae long4 west from ,washington8 #he4 ,what river in ,missouri is of the same name as one in ,new ,hampshire and ,massachusetts8 #hf4 ,what are the principal towns on ,mississippi river8 #hg4 ,which is more northwardly1 ,st4 ,louis or ,st4 ,charles8 #hh4 ,which is most westwardly1 ,franklin1 ,jefferson1 or ,jackson8 #hi4 ,of what is ,detroit the capital8 #ij4 ,what lakes appear on this map to border upon ,michigan ,territory8 #ia4 ,what are some of the rivers8 ,note4 ,for the whole shape of ,michigan and ,northwest ,territories1 the learner must refer to the map of the ,united ,states1 as neither of them is fully exhibited on this map4 #ib4 ,what is the latitude and longitude of ,zanesville8 #ic4 ,of ,vandalia8 #id4 ,how can a person travel by water from ,cleveland to ,dayton8 #ie4 ,which is further north1 ,columbus or ,indianapolis8 #if4 ,frankfort or ,jefferson city8 #ig4 ,which is further east1 ,nashville or ,vincennes8 #ih4 ,which way from the capital of ,ohio must you travel in order to pass in a straight line through the capitals of two other of the western ,states8 #ii4 ,what ,territory is north from ,illinois8 #ajj4 ,between what parallels of latitude do the ,western ,states lie8 ,,united ,,states4 ,the ,united ,states of ,north ,america are classed into four groups of ,states1 each group having a distinguishing name4 ,first1 ,new ,england2 second1 the ,middle ,states2 third1 the ,western2 fourth1 the ,southern ,states4 ,this division arises from local distinctions1 which exist in the character and pursuits of the inhabitants1 or is founded on physical causes4 ,,new ,,england4 ,new ,england includes the six ,states lying east from ,hudson river and ,lake ,champlain4 ,this general name was given to this part of the country by the first settlers1 or1 as they are generally called1 #8the pilgrim fathers1' who left ,england1 their native country1 and landed at ,plymouth1 in ,december1 #afbj1 in order that they might enjoy religious freedom4 ,this section of the ,united ,states is distinguished for the industry of its inhabitants1 and for being the most populous part of the ,union4 ,great attention is paid to agriculture and commerce4 ,illustration ,the features of ,new ,england are mountainous2 and the soil is various1 producing in abundance1 grass1 grain1 and a variety of fruits4 ,its climate is salubrious4 ,there is probably no place in the world where education is so widely spread through all classes of the people2 there being schools in each town1 supported at public expense4 ,,maine4 ,is an uneven and mountainous ,state4 ,its soil is peculiarly adapted to the growth of timber1 and for pasturage of cattle4 ,the climate is healthy1 although the cold is severe during the winter months4 ,this ,state has an extensive sea-coast1 indented with many good harbors1 and commerce is actively pursued by those who reside near the ocean4 ,the exports are timber and fish4 ,portland is the largest city1 and has heretofore been the capital2 but ,augusta has recently been selected for the metropolis of the ,state4 ,,new ,,hampshire4 ,the climate of this ,state is similar to that of ,maine4 ,the land is mountainous and fertile4 ,agriculture is the chief occupation of the inhabitants4 ,there is but little facility for commerce1 as the ,state has only sixteen miles of sea-coast4 ,the harbor at ,portsmouth is one of the best on the continent1 and contains one of the ,united ,states' naval stations4 ,the capital of this ,state is ,concord1 which is a place of considerable trade1 having a communication with ,boston harbor by means of ,middlesex canal4 ,,vermont4 ,derives its name from the range of the ,green ,mountains which runs through the ,state4 ,these mountains give rise to many rivers which contribute to the fertility of the soil4 ,the ,state being entirely inland1 the attention of the inhabitants is directed to agriculture and manufactures4 ,mines of iron1 copper1 and lead1 and quarries of marble1 are found in this ,state4 ,montpelier1 the capital1 is a flourishing town4 ,,massachusetts4 ,is the oldest ,state in ,new ,england1 and is distinguished as having been the first mover in the struggle for ,american ,independence4 ,it is the first1 except ,new ,york1 in commerce1 wealth1 and manufactures4 ,it is the second commercial ,state in the ,union4 ,the state of society is enlightened1 and the advantages of education are universally enjoyed4 ,the land is uneven and hilly1 and in the western part1 mountainous4 ,the soil is fertile1 except in the southeastern part1 where it is sandy4 ,illustration3 ,,city ,,hall1 ,,boston4 ,boston is the capital1 and being the largest city in ,new ,england1 may properly be considered the metropolis of this whole section of country4 ,it is built upon a peninsula at the head of ,massachusetts bay1 and has a most excellent harbor1 capable of accommodating more than five hundred vessels1 while the entrance is so narrow that only two ships can sail in1 abreast4 ,the wharfs are constructed with a degree of expense and neatness far exceeding those of any other city in the ,united ,states4 ,the harbor is defended by forts1 and contains one of the ,united ,states' naval stations4 ,boston has communication with the surrounding country by means of seven bridges1 all built of wood1 with the exception of the ,western ,avenue1 which is built of stone and earth4 ,this city is noted for its literature1 and for its many handsome public and private buildings1 among which may be named the ,state ,house1 ,quincy ,market1 ,tremont ,house1 ,masonic ,temple1 c4 ,the cut above gives a view of the ,city ,hall1 which contains the ,rooms of the ,mayor1 ,aldermen1 and ,council1 ,post ,office1 and ,city ,treasurer and ,clerk's ,offices4 ,this building was formerly the ,state ,house4 ,in this venerated edifice the first legislative acts on the ,american revolution were debated and acted upon4 ,this continued to be the capitol until the year #ahjj1 when the present ,state ,house was built4 ,this city is also celebrated as containing ,faneuil ,hall1 #8the cradle of liberty1' where the first popular assemblies were held1 to discuss the question of ,independence4 ,salem1 the next town in size1 is considered the wealthiest town in the ,united ,states4 ,charlestown1 is noted in the annals of the ,revolution1 as being the place where the battle of ,bunker ,hill was fought4 ,,connecticut4 ,possesses a mild climate and fertile soil which is under a high state of cultivation4 ,manufactures of cotton1 woollen1 linen1 iron1 wood1 and tin1 are carried on with great activity and ingenuity in this ,state4 ,general habits of sobriety and industry are the characteristics of the inhabitants1 who are generally well educated1 much attention being paid to schools4 ,connecticut and ,massachusetts have furnished more emigrants to the western states than any other section of the ,republic4 ,the ,general ,assembly of statesmen1 meets alternately at ,new ,haven and ,hartford1 on which account both may be considered capitals4 ,yale ,college at ,new ,haven1 is one of the most flourishing seminaries in the ,union4 ,,rhode ,,island4 ,is the smallest ,state in the ,republic2 its soil is moderately fertile1 and the climate salubrious and healthy4 ,it has a greater amount of manufactures in proportion to its population than any other ,state4 ,its commerce is considerable4 ,this ,state takes its name from an island in ,narraganset bay4 ,on this island is situated ,newport1 which has one of the best harbors in the ,united ,states4 ,rhode ,island was founded by ,roger ,williams1 a celebrated advocate for religious liberty4 ,this ,state has no written constitution1 being still governed under the charter of the ,english king1 ,charles ,,ii1 in virtue of which1 the people annually elect a ,governor1 ,senate1 and ,house of ,representatives4 ,these constitute the ,general ,assembly1 which meets four times a year4 ,providence being the largest city may be considered the capital1 although the ,assembly meets alternately at ,providence1 ,south ,kingston1 ,east ,greenwich1 and ,bristol4 ,brown ,university is in ,providence4 ,,middle ,,states4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,patterson ,,viaduct4 ,the ,middle ,states are so called from their relative situation4 ,the distinguishing characteristic of this section of country is the extensive system of internal improvement by means of canals and railroads1 by which the prosperity of those ,states is much promoted4 ,railroads are laid down on the most level routes between the places to be connected4 ,they are formed by rails of iron laid on a foundation of stone or wood4 ,the wheels of the carriages are made to run upon these rails1 which being smooth offer little resistance1 and make it easy for a small force to move an immense weight4 ,all the hills which occur in the route of these roads are levelled and the valleys filled up4 ,railroads pass over rivers by means of bridges1 or1 as they are more generally called in these ,states1 viaducts4 ,the ,baltimore and ,ohio railroad passes over a river1 about seven miles from the city1 by means of one of these1 called the ,patterson viaduct1 a view of which is given in the cut4 ,the climate of the ,middle ,states embraces almost all the varieties that are found on the face of the earth2 and1 with the exception of the northern part of the ,state of ,new ,york1 the soil is more fertile than that of ,new ,england4 ,wheat is produced in great abundance1 and forms the chief object of agriculture4 ,,new ,,york4 ,ranks first in the ,united ,states for commerce1 wealth1 and population1 and is one of the most extensive in point of territory4 ,the land is uneven1 and in some parts mountainous4 ,the soil is moderately fertile1 and well adapted to agriculture and grazing4 ,a prominent feature of this ,state is the great number of lakes in its interior1 which1 being connected together by rivers1 facilitate the transportation of produce from place to place4 ,these natural advantages1 together with large rivers and grand canals1 have raised ,new ,york to the elevated rank she now holds1 and made the city of ,new ,york the first emporium of commerce in the ,union4 ,the ,falls of ,niagara1 between ,lakes ,erie and ,ontario1 are partly in this ,state4 ,this is the largest cataract in the world1 and is a place of great interest to the thousands of its visiters4 ,the fall here is one hundred and fifty feet4 ,long ,island is a part of this ,state4 ,it is one hundred and sixty miles long1 and from two to fifteen broad1 and is well cultivated4 ,the principal town on this island is ,brooklyn1 where there is one of the ,united ,states naval stations4 ,,albany is the capital of ,new ,york4 ,it is a flourishing city on the ,hudson river1 situated at the point where it is joined by the ,western and ,champlain canals1 which circumstances contribute to make it a place of considerable trade4 ,its inhabitants are principally descendants from the ,dutch1 who first settled the state4 ,the city ,,new ,,york is situated on ,manhattan island1 at the mouth of the ,hudson river2 and from its commodious bay and other natural advantages for commerce1 seems destined to rival all the commercial cities in the world4 ,this city contains many elegant buildings1 and beautiful parks4 ,its population embraces some of almost every nation on the earth1 who congregate here in pursuit of wealth4 ,new ,york city extends over three miles along its harbor1 thus affording ample accommodation to almost innumerable vessels4 ,ballston and ,saratoga springs1 are the most celebrated mineral springs in the ,united ,states1 and are much visited1 during the summer months1 on account of the medicinal qualities of the waters4 ,,new ,,jersey4 ,the soil of ,new ,jersey is not generally so fertile as that of the states which have been named1 being sandy along the sea-coast1 and hilly in the interior4 ,although this state has an extensive sea-coast yet1 as there are few very commodious harbors1 to vie with that of ,new ,york on the one side and of ,philadelphia on the other1 it has but little commerce3--,these cities import almost all the foreign articles and dispose of most of the manufactures and produce of this state4 ,the farmers raise many cattle1 and much fruit1 particularly apples1 from which immense quantities of cider are annually made3--for this article this state is particularly celebrated4 ,iron ore is abundant--copper1 lead1 coal1 and freestone are found in considerable quantities4 ,manufactures of iron1 cotton1 and leather1 are carried on to a considerable amount4 ,trenton is the capital of the state4 ,it is situated on the ,delaware river1 and is on the great route of travel between ,new ,york and ,philadelphia4 ,it is celebrated as the scene of one of the most brilliant battles fought by the ,americans during the revolution4 ,princeton is also noted for a battle4 ,newark contains more inhabitants than any other town in the state1 its population being about #aa1jjj4 ,,pennsylvania4 ,william ,penn1 a benevolent ,english gentleman1 brought out with him1 in the year #afha1 a great number of ,quakers1 and first settled this state1 under a grant from ,king ,charles ,,ii4 ,after his name the ,state is called1 ,pennsylvania4 ,this ,state exhibits a great variety of soil and climate4 ,the soil is suited to the growth of grain1 and husbandry is said to be better understood in ,pennsylvania than in any other ,state4 ,hemp and peaches are cultivated4 ,wine is made in small quantities1 and commerce flourishes to a great extent4 ,this ,state abounds in coal1 which forms an article of commerce with most of the cities of the ,united ,states4 ,it is obtained in immense quantities in the neighborhood of ,pittsburg1 and from the ,schuylkill and ,lehigh mines4 ,pennsylvania has engaged more extensively in internal improvements than any other ,state4 ,harrisburg1 the capital1 is pleasantly situated on the ,susquehanna ,river1 and contains an elegant ,state ,house4 ,philadelphia is the most regularly laid out and well built city in the ,union4 ,the streets generally intersect each other at right angles1 and the principal ones are #ajj feet wide4 ,the inhabitants are extensively engaged in manufactures4 ,the commerce of this place is large1 and according to the amount of its exports is the third commercial city in the ,republic4 ,in this city are many literary1 scientific1 and benevolent institutions1 and numerous elegant public buildings1 among which are the ,bank of the ,united ,states1 the ,almshouse1 ,mint of the ,united ,states1 and many elegant churches4 ,the population of the city is #hj1deh2 and of the suburbs1 #hg1cec2 total1 #afg1haa4 ,,delaware4 ,with the exception of ,rhode ,island1 this state is the smallest in the ,union2 it is also the least populous state4 ,its soil is moderately fertile1 and produces a great variety of grasses1 and an abundance of wheat4 ,flour is the principal article of manufacture and export4 ,a considerable quantity of lumber is also exported4 ,the ,chesapeake and ,delaware canal intersects this state1 and forms an easy and expeditious communication between ,philadelphia and ,baltimore4 ,dover is the capital4 ,it contains a handsome state house4 ,,maryland4 ,this is the most irregularly shaped of all the ,american states4 ,here the system of husbandry peculiar to the ,southern ,states generally commences1 it being the first in our progress southward where tobacco is produced4 ,wheat1 hemp1 and flax1 are considerably cultivated4 ,the first settlers of this ,state were natives of ,sweden1 and many of their posterity may still be found who are like their forefathers1 healthy1 cheerful1 industrious1 and hospitable4 ,this ,state ranks high in a commercial view4 ,its commercial city is ,baltimore1 where there is an excellent harbor1 capable of containing a great number of vessels4 ,its inhabitants are celebrated for hospitality1 a spirit of enterprise1 and polished manners4 ,it contains many elegant public structures1 viz4 the ,washington and ,battle ,monuments1 the ,exchange1 the ,museum1 and ,hospital4 ,much attention is paid to education4 ,population #hj1fbe4 ,annapolis is the capital4 ,it is situated #bh miles southeast from ,baltimore1 and is a flourishing place1 containing a handsome state house in its centre1 towards which the streets run4 ,the principal manufacture of this ,state is flour1 which is made in such quantities as to form the chief article of export4 ,tobacco1 lumber1 iron1 glass1 and whiskey1 are also exported4 ,,district ,,of ,,columbia4 ,between ,maryland and ,virginia1 lies the ,federal ,district of ,columbia1 comprising a square of ten miles4 ,this district which was given by these ,states to the ,united ,states1 lies on both sides of the river ,potomack1 #abj miles from its mouth1 and is under the immediate jurisdiction of the ,national ,congress1 which assembles annually at ,washington1 for the purpose of legislation4 ,washington is situated near the centre of the district1 and is laid out in such manner1 that the principal buildings1 as the ,capitol1 ,president's house1 c4 command a full view of the city1 and at the same time can be seen from every part of it4 ,georgetown and ,alexandria are also within the district4 ,,western ,,states4 ,the ,western ,states have all sprung into existence within the period of the last fifteen years1 and their growth has been unparalleled1 both in the increase of population and wealth4 ,probably no district of country on earth1 possesses so great a proportion of soil capable of yielding the necessaries and luxuries of life1 in so great abundance4 ,the seasons are regularly divided into spring1 summer1 autumn1 and winter1 and the climate is generally healthful4 ,furs1 minerals1 cotton1 indigo1 tobacco1 hemp1 wheat1 and every description of grain and fruit common in the ,new ,england ,states1 flourish here4 ,prairies are common in this section of the country1 on which immense herds of buffaloes are often seen grazing4 ,the remote situation of these states from the ocean1 has retarded their growth as a commercial country2 but the introduction of steam-boats1 canals1 and railways1 is fast overcoming the difficulty1 and some of the western towns are already very large1 and are rapidly increasing4 ,illustration3 ,,cincinnati4 ,,ohio4 ,takes its name1 and derives its greatest facilities for commerce1 from the noble ,ohio river4 ,this ,state was admitted to the ,union in the year #ahjb1 since which time its growth has been rapid2 in #ahbj its population was #eha1dcd2 and increased in ten years to #icg1fgi4 ,although there are no mountains in this ,state1 yet it is diversified with hills1 valleys1 and plains1 and watered by many fine rivers1 navigable for boats4 ,the soil and climate are excellent1 and the state presents great facilities for agriculture4 ,the land in its natural state is thickly covered with forests1 and the trees attain an immense size4 ,the population is composed of emigrants from the other states1 the greater proportion of which are from ,new ,england4 ,the inhabitants are noted for their industrious habits1 and enterprising spirit4 ,cincinnati 7a view of which is given above17 is the largest town in the ,state1 and with propriety may be considered the commercial capital of the ,western ,states4 ,it is rapidly increasing in refinement1 business1 and population4 ,the number of inhabitants1 as given in the returns to congress in the year #ahcj1 is stated at #bd1hca2 but another census taken a few months later in the same year states that it is #bf1eae4 ,being advantageously situated on the ,ohio river1 it seems destined to become a great city1 and may in progress of time rival the older cities of the ,middle and the ,eastern ,states4 ,columbus1 the capital1 is a flourishing place4 ,much attention is paid in this ,state to education4 ,there are many colleges and academies1 and schools are general throughout the ,state4 ,internal improvements are gaining the attention of the people4 ,mounds of earth are found in many places1 the origin of which cannot be ascertained4 ,these mounds appear to be forts1 and are supposed to have been built by people who lived in this country before the present race of ,indians4 ,,indiana4 ,this state is nearly similar to ,ohio in its climate1 soil1 productions1 and inhabitants4 ,the northern part of the ,state is level1 the southern part broken and hilly1 and there is much timber land4 ,the largest town in the ,state is ,vincennes4 ,at this place most of the trade of the ,state centres4 ,,illinois4 ,the soil of this ,state is exceedingly rich1 and is divided into forest and prairie lands2 and when under cultivation produces in the greatest abundance1 the necessaries and luxuries of life4 ,grapes are common to the country1 and are abundant4 ,great quantities of wine might be easily manufactured4 ,foreign vines have been cultivated with success4 ,maize1 wheat1 oats1 barley1 buckwheat1 potatoes1 rye1 tobacco1 cotton1 hemp1 and flax1 peaches1 plums1 and garden vegetables1 and indeed almost all the productions of the ,eastern and ,middle ,states1 can be cultivated to advantage here4 ,the ,united ,states salt works on the ,saline river produce annually #bjj1jjj bushels of salt4 ,coal1 iron ore1 copper1 and lead are found here4 ,,missouri4 ,takes its name from the river which runs through the ,state4 ,it contains less woodland than ,illinois1 but its soil and climate are similar4 ,numerous mines of lead are now worked1 which yield immense quantities4 ,iron ore is found in great abundance1 and it is probable that enough of these two minerals may be obtained from this ,state to supply the whole ,united ,states4 ,jefferson city1 the capital1 is at present a small place1 but is increasing4 ,st4 ,louis is the largest town1 and is the depot for the trade of the northwestern territories4 ,,kentucky4 ,is one of the most healthful and beautiful ,states in the ,union4 ,the greater proportion of its land is arable and productive4 ,the failure of water of most of the rivers of this ,state during the summer months is a great obstacle to its prosperity4 ,the ,ohio and ,mississippi rivers1 however1 form an easy communication with the sea4 ,the productions are wheat1 tobacco1 maize1 rye1 and to a small extent1 cotton4 ,the inhabitants consist of the descendants of emigrants from the other ,states1 and many from ,europe4 ,they are brave1 frank1 and hospitable4 ,lexington is the largest town in the ,state1 and has a population of #f1ajd4 ,frankfort1 the capital1 is situated on the ,kentucky river1 about #fj miles from its mouth1 and is a flourishing place4 ,,tennessee4 ,the description of ,kentucky may be also applied to this ,state1 except that it is intersected by two noble rivers1 the ,tennessee and ,cumberland1 which are rarely frozen1 and afford a great extent of boat navigation4 ,vegetation commences about six weeks earlier in this ,state than in ,new ,hampshire1 and continues about six weeks longer4 ,nashville1 the capital1 is the largest town in the ,state4 ,in this place is ,cumberland ,college4 ,,southern ,,states4 ,illustration3 ,mount ,vernon4 ,seat of ,general ,washington4 ,that part of the ,southern ,states near the ,atlantic ocean and the gulf of ,mexico is low and sandy4 ,the greater portion of this section of the country is barren1 except the parts near the rivers1 which are exceedingly fertile4 ,after proceeding towards the interior about #ge or #ajj miles1 the country becomes mountainous and productive4 ,tobacco1 cotton1 rice and sugar are the staple productions4 ,the owners of the lands where these articles are cultivated are called planters1 and the labor of the plantations is performed by slaves4 ,the climate of this part of the ,united ,states is various4 ,in ,virginia and ,maryland the heat of summer is not extreme1 and a small quantity of snow only1 falls during the winter4 ,in the most southwardly ,states snow is exceedingly rare in winter1 and the heat is intense in the summer months4 ,the commerce and manufactures of these ,states are very limited1 and to agriculture1 almost the whole attention of the inhabitants is directed4 ,their tobacco1 cotton1 and all their exports are sent out in ships owned in the ,northern ,states4 ,the reason for this probably is1 that the cultivation of the staple productions is more profitable than commerce4 ,the inhabitants of the ,southern ,states1 residing on large plantations1 are so much separated from one another1 that it is impossible to carry into effect a system of education so extensive as that of the ,northern ,states1 and of course the people generally1 are not so well informed4 ,the higher classes are1 however1 well educated4 ,,virginia4 ,is the oldest ,state in the ,union1 having been first settled in the year #afjg1 and is celebrated as being the birth-place of ,general ,george ,washington1 the brightest model of a great and good man and patriot1 of which the world can boast4 ,the cut on this page presents a view of his residence1 situated on the ,potomack river1 nine miles below ,alexandria1 where he spent his time1 when not actively engaged in the service of his country4 ,this ,state includes a surface larger than that of ,england4 ,the soil of the ,eastern coast is sandy and the climate unhealthy2 while the interior parts are fertile and healthy1 and inhabited by a race of men1 very vigorous and exceedingly tall4 ,the ,virginians are hospitable1 and are noted for cherishing their talented statesmen4 ,in amount of commerce ,virginia1 though first in size1 ranks only as the eighth ,state4 ,wheat1 corn1 and tobacco are the most important articles of export4 ,richmond1 the capital1 is situated at the falls on ,st4 ,james river4 ,it is a handsome city4 ,norfolk1 on ,elizabeth river1 is the chief commercial town of the ,state4 ,,north ,,carolina4 ,closely resembles ,virginia in climate1 soil and character of its inhabitants4 ,the ,carolinians in the lower country1 are mostly planters1 and in the upper country1 farmers4 ,the coast of ,north ,carolina abounds in sand banks and islands1 which render navigation dangerous1 and its commerce is conducted at the seaports of the neighboring ,states4 ,the towns of this ,state are small1 ,newbern1 with a population of #djjj1 being the largest4 ,,south ,,carolina4 ,exhibits the characteristics peculiar to the ,southern ,states1 in a greater degree than any other4 ,the planters of this ,state are the most wealthy of their class1 and require a greater number of slaves to cultivate their fertile and extensive plantations4 ,in this ,state only does the number of slaves exceed the white population4 ,according to the last census1 more than one half of the inhabitants are slaves4 ,cotton is the great staple of this state4 ,it is of three kinds4 ,sea ,island cotton1 which grows on the islands and in the low country2--,upland cotton1 which is cultivated in the mountainous interior country2--and the ,nankin cotton1 which retains its peculiar color as long as it can be worn4 ,of these the ,sea ,island is the most esteemed4 ,rice is extensively cultivated on the shores of the rivers and bays4 ,limes1 oranges1 lemons1 figs1 c4 are produced4 ,the commerce of ,south ,carolina exceeds that of all the other ,southern ,states except ,louisiana1 the leading articles of export being cotton and rice1 to which may be added pitch1 tar1 timber1 turpentine1 indigo and tobacco4 ,,georgia1 ,,mississippi1 ,,alabama1 ,,and ,,louisiana4 ,these ,states nearly resemble each other1 and have the same productions with the other ,southern ,states2 and in addition1 the sugar cane is extensively cultivated4 ,louisiana is the most commercial of the ,southern ,states1 having at ,new ,orleans an excellent harbor1 and many other natural advantages4 ,new ,orleans is the commercial capital of that richest country in the world1 through which the ,mississippi and its tributaries flow4 ,this city is unhealthy during the warm season1 but enjoys a most excellent situation for commerce and trade4 ,the introduction of steam boats has contributed greatly to the growth of ,new ,orleans1 by affording an expeditious mode of communicating with its back country4 ,its inhabitants are a mixed race of ,french1 ,americans1 ,spaniards1 and ,germans4 ,,territories4 ,the ,territory of ,florida has a great similarity to the ,southern ,states generally4 ,it is well stocked with timber1 and furnishes a great quantity for ship building4 ,its climate and soil are well adapted to the growth of sugar cane1 coffee1 cotton and rice4 ,arkansas ,territory is in the eastern part flat and swampy--in the western uneven--and in the middle pleasant and healthful4 ,the ,north ,west ,territory has been but little explored2 it is chiefly in possession of the ,indians4 ,green ,bay and ,prairie du ,chien are the chief settlements4 ,lead mines are found here4 ,michigan ,territory4 ,the climate is severe1 and the winter lasts from the middle of ,november to ,march4 ,the face of the country is level1 and the productions are wheat1 maize1 oats1 barley and potatoes4 ,the ,southern part only is1 at present1 settled4 ,detroit the capital has a large fur trade4 ,missouri ,territory is an immense tract of land1 stretching from the ,states and ,territories bordering on the western side of the ,mississippi river to the ,rocky ,mountains2 almost the whole of it is in possession of the ,indians1 the ,united ,states having only two military posts1 one at ,council ,bluffs1 and one on ,st4 ,peter's ,river4 ,this tract is valuable to ,americans on account of the numerous wild animals found1 from which furs are obtained4 ,oregon ,territory extends from the ,rocky ,mountains to the ,pacific ,ocean4 ,this great region is also chiefly in possession of the ,indians1 although there is an ,american settlement on the ,columbia river1 called ,astoria4 ,exertions are now making to induce people to emigrate from the ,states to this part of our country1 which is said to be a healthy and fertile region1 and to offer superior advantages for commerce and manufactures4 ,,chart4 ,comparative lengths of the principal ,,canals in the ,united ,states1 which are in operation to the extent mentioned in the scale4 ,some of them will hereafter be continued to a greater length4 ,,canals4 ,canal ,length ,extent 7,miles7 ,erie1 or ,grand ,western1 #cfc ,con4 ,hudson ,r4 and ,l4 ,erie4 ,ohio1 #cjg ,connects ,lake ,erie and the ,ohio river2 also some laterals1 which make the whole length #ccd miles4 ,hudson and ,delaware1 #adj ,connects the rivers ,hudson and ,delaware1 ,n4 ,y4 ,schuylkill1 #ajj ,for the improvement of navigation of the ,schuylkill river4 ,morris1 #ij ,connects the rivers ,delaware and ,raritan1 ,del4 ,farmington1 #hj ,from ,northampton to ,new-,haven1 ,mass4 and ,conn4 ,union1 #hj ,connects the rivers ,schuylkill and ,susquehannah1 ,penn4 ,miami1 #gj ,runs from ,cincinnati to ,dayton1 ,ohio4 ,northern1 or ,champlain1 #gj ,connects ,lake ,champlain and ,hudson river1 ,n4 ,y4 ,baltimore and ,ohio1 #eg ,when completed will extend to much greater length4 ,blackstone1 #dd ,from ,providence to ,worcester1 ,mass4 ,lehigh1 #dd ,to improve navigation of ,lehigh river1 ,penn4 ,oswego1 #dj ,erie ,canal with ,lake ,ontario4 ,lackawaxen1 #cb ,from ,rail-,road to ,hudson ,canal4 ,santee1 #bh ,to connect ,santee and ,cooper rivers1 ,s4 ,c4 ,middlesex1 #bg ,from ,merrimack river to ,boston1 ,mass4 ,oxford1 #bb ,from ,portland to ,lake ,sebago1 ,maine4 ,dismal ,swamp1 #bb ,from ,chesapeake ,bay to ,albemarle ,sound1 ,va4 ,n4 ,c4 ,seneca1 #bb ,seneca ,lake and ,erie ,canal1 ,n4 ,y4 ,delaware ,chesapeake1 #ah ,connects ,delaware and ,chesapeake ,bays4 ,savannah ,ogeechee4 #ag ,from ,savannah ,city to ,ogeechee river1 ,geo4 ,,note4 ,besides the above-mentioned ,canals1 there are others in progress1 or on the point of commencement1 in the ,united ,states1 amounting1 probably1 to #aejj miles4 ,,rail-,,roads4 ,miles4 ,baltimore and ,ohio1 #cdj ,charleston and ,hamburg1 ,s4 ,c4 #ace ,columbia and ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 #ha ,portsmouth and ,roanoke1 ,va4 ,n4 ,c4 #hj ,baltimore ,susquehannah1 ,md4 #gf ,cattskill and ,canajoharie1 ,n4 ,y4 #gj ,lexington and ,ohio river1 ,ky4 #ff ,camden and ,amboy1 ,n4 ,j4 #fa ,petersburg and ,roanoke1 ,va4 #fj ,harrisburg ,chambersburg1 ,pa4 #dh ,boston and ,worcester1 ,mass4 #dc ,boston and ,providence1 ,mass4 #dc ,alleghany ,portage1 ,pa4 #cg ,baltimore and ,washington1 #cc ,ithaca and ,oswego1 ,n4 ,y4 #bi ,philadelphia and ,trenton1 ,pa4 ,n4 ,j4 #bf ,detroit and ,pontiac1 ,mich4 ,ter4 #be ,boston and ,lowell1 ,mass4 #be ,little ,schuylkill1 ,pa4 #bc ,saratoga and ,schenectady1 ,n4 ,y4 #bj ,philadelphia ,norristown1 ,pa4 #ai ,newcastle and ,frenchtown1 ,del4 ,md4 #af ,albany and ,schenectady1 ,n4 ,y4 #af ,lakens ,valley1 ,pa4 #af ,lackawaxen1 ,pa4 #af ,patterson and ,hudson1 ,n4 ,j4 #af ,manchester1 ,va4 #ac ,schuylkill1 ,pa4 #ac ,altamaha and ,brunswick1 ,geo4 #ab ,schuylkill ,valley1 ,pa4 #aj do4 do4 ,laterals1 #ac ,west ,branch1 ,pa4 #ae do4 do4 ,laterals1 #e ,mount ,carbon1 ,pa4 #i do4 do4 ,laterals1 #d ,mauch ,chunk1 ,pa4 #i do4 do4 ,laterals1 #d ,pinegrove1 #e ,louisiana1 #d ,lake ,ponchartrain1 ,la4 #d ,mile ,creek1 ,pa4 #d do4 do4 ,laterals1 #c ,quincy1 ,mass4 #d ,providence and ,stonington1 ,r4 ,i4 ,ct4 #dg ,boston and ,salem1 ,mass4 #ad ,,note4 ,many others are in progress in various ,sections of the ,united ,states4 ,,statistical ,,and ,,political ,,chart4 ,the following ,chart1 combining much general information1 is intended more for reference than for study2 yet the instructer will propose such questions as may be thought useful2 especially in relation to the state in which the learner may reside4 #c ,electors of ,president and ,vice ,seats of ,pres4 of ,total ,number ,government1 the ,united ,,states4 ,population of with ,states1 ,slaves4 ,population4 chosen in each state by ,maine1 #cii1dfb none,augusta1 #c1ihj;,districts ,new ,hampshire1 #bfi1ecc none,concord1 #c1gbg;,gen4 ,ticket ,vermont1 #bhj1fgi none,montpelier1 #a1aic ,do4 ,massachusetts1 #faj1jad none,boston1 #fa1cib ,do4 ,connecticut1 #big1gaa #bc ,new ,haven1 #aj1ahj ,do4 ,hartford1 #g1jgf ,providence1 #af1hcb ,newport1 #h1jaj ,rhode ,island1 #ig1baj #ad ,s4 ,kingston1 #c1ffc ,do4 ,e4 ,greenwich1 #a1eia ,bristol1 #c1jed ,new ,york1 #a1iac1ejh #df;,albany1 #bd1bch ,do4 ,new ,jersey1 #cbj1ggi #b1ddf,trenton1 #c1ibe ,do4 ,pennsylvania1 #a1cdg1fgb #chf;,harrisburg1 #d1caa ,do4 ,delaware1 #gf1gci #c1cje;,dover199 #a1bjj,legislature ,maryland1 #ddf1iac #ajb1hgh;,annapolis1 #b1fbc;,districts4 ,ohio1 #icg1fgi none,columbus1 #b1dcg;,gen4 ,ticket ,indiana1 #cda1ehb none,indianopolis199 #a1bjj ,do4 ,illinois1 #aeg1ege #gdf,vandalia199 #fjj ,do4 ,missouri1 #adj1jgd #bd1iij;,jefferson199 #ejj ,do4 ,kentucky1 #fhh1hdd #afe1cej;,frankfort1 #a1fhj ,do4 ,tennessee1 #fhd1hbb #adb1chb,nashville1 #e1eff,legislature ,virginia1 #a1baa1bgb #dfi1gbd,richmond1 #af1jfj;,gen4 ,ticket ,north #gch1dgj #bdf1dfb,raleigh1 #a1gjj ,do4 ,carolina1 ,south #eha1deh #cae1ffe;,columbia1 #c1caj,legislature ,carolina1 ,georgia1 #eaf1efg #bag1dgj,milledgeville1 #a1eii;,gen4 ,ticket ,alabama1 #cjh1iig #aag1bid,tuscaloosa1 #a1fjj ,do4 ,mississippi1 #acf1hjf #fe1fei;,jackson199 #a1jjj ,do4 ,louisiana1 #bae1ege #aji1fca,new ,orleans1 #df1caj,legislature ,dis4 of #ci1heh #f1jej,washington1 #ah1hbg ,columbia1 ,florida #cd1gbc #ae1eaj,tallahassee199 #a1jjj ,territ'y1#d ,michigan do4 #ca1bfj #bg;,detroit1 #b1bbb ,arkansas do4 #cj1chc #d1egh,little ,rock199 #fjj ,total1 #ab1hef1afeb1jaj1dcf ,the population is given according to the census of #ahcj1 except those towns marked 991 which were not particularized in the returns4 ,the population of these is therefore taken from other late authorities4 #e #f ,governors4 ,represen- ,senators4 tatives ,,states4 ,chosen by the ,years ,salary4 ,no4,years ,no4 ,years ,maine1 ,people #a #a1ejj #bj #a #aec #a ,new ,hampshire1 do4 #a #a1bjj #ab #a #bbi #a ,vermont1 do4 #a #gej #bcj #a ,massachusetts1 do4 #a #c1fff #dj #a #dha #a ,connecticut1 do4 #a #a1ajj #ba #a #bjh #a ,rhode ,island1 do4 #a #djj #aj #a #gb ,new ,york1 do4 #b #d1jjj #cb #d #abh #a ,new ,jersey1 ,legis4 #a #b1jjj #ad #a #ej #a ,pennsylvania1 ,people #c #d1jjj #cc #d #ajj #a ,delaware1 do4 #c #a1ccc #i #c #ba #a ,maryland1 ,legis4 #a #c1ejj #ae #e #hj #a ,ohio1 ,people #b #a1bjj #cf #b #gb #a ,indiana1 do4 #c #a1jjj #bc #c #fb #a ,illinois1 do4 #d #a1jjj #d #b ,missouri1 do4 #d #a1ejj #ah #d #di #b ,kentucky1 do4 #d #b1jjj #ch #d #ajj #a ,tennessee1 do4 #b #b1jjj #bj #b #fj #b ,virginia1 ,legis4 #c #c1ccc #cb #d #acd #a ,north do4 #a #b1jjj #fd #a #acd #a ,carolina1 ,south do4 #b #c1ijj #de #d #abd #b ,carolina1 ,georgia1 ,people #b #c1jjj #gh #a #adb #a ,alabama1 do4 #b #b1jjj #bb #c #gb #a ,mississippi1 do4 #b #b1ejj #aa #c #cf #a ,louisiana1 do4 #d #g1ejj #ag #d #ej #b ,time of holding ,time of ,elections ,meeting of ,state of the ,state ,,states4 ,officers4 ,legislatures4 ,maine1 #b;d ,monday #ast ,wednesday in ,sept4 in ,january4 ,new ,hampshire1 #b;d ,tues4 #ast ,wednesday in ,march4 in ,june4 ,vermont1 #ast ,tues4 #b;d ,thursday in ,sept4 in ,october4 ,massachusetts1 #b;d ,mond4 #ast ,wednesday in ,nov4 in ,january4 ,connecticut1 #ast ,mond4 #ast ,wed4 ,may1 in ,april4 alternately at ,hart4 and ,new ,haven4 ,governor and #ast ,wed4 ,may2 ,senators and in ,june4 ,rhode ,island1 in ,april4 ,represen- tatives in ,last ,wed4 ,oct4 ,april and and in ,jan4 ,aug4 ,new ,york1 ,october or #ast ,tuesday ,nov4 in ,january4 ,new ,jersey1 #b;d ,tues4 #dth ,tuesday in ,oct4 in ,october4 ,pennsylvania1 #b;d ,tues4 #ast ,tuesday in ,oct4 in ,december4 ,delaware1 #ast ,tues4 #ast ,tuesday in ,oct4 in ,january4 ,maryland1 #ast ,monday ,last ,monday in ,oct4 in ,december4 ,ohio1 #b;d ,tuesday #ast ,monday in ,oct4 in ,december4 ,indiana1 #ast ,mond4 #ast ,monday in ,aug4 in ,december4 ,illinois1 #ast ,mond4 #ast ,mon4 ,dec4 in ,aug4 every #b;d yr4 ,missouri1 #ast ,mond4 #ast ,mon4 ,nov4 in ,aug4 every #b;d yr4 ,kentucky1 #ast ,mond4 #ast ,monday in ,aug4 in ,november4 ,tennessee1 #ast ,thurs4 #c;d ,mon4 ,sept4 in ,aug4 every #b;d yr4 ,virginia1 ,in month #ast ,monday of ,april4 in ,december4 ,north ,generally #b;d ,monday ,carolina1 in ,aug4 in ,november4 ,south #b;d ,mond4 #dth ,monday ,carolina1 in ,oct4 in ,november4 ,georgia1 #ast ,mond4 #ast ,monday in ,oct4 in ,november4 ,alabama1 #ast ,mond4 #dth ,monday in ,aug4 in ,october4 ,mississippi1 #ast ,mond4 #ast ,monday in ,aug4 in ,november4 ,louisiana1 #ast ,mond4 #ast ,monday in ,july4 in ,january4 ,,footnotes3 #c ,the ,electors are chosen by the people in all the ,states within the thirty-four days preceding the first ,wednesday in ,december1 in which an election of ,president and ,vice ,president takes place4 ,on that day all the ,electors give in their votes4 ,no person can be an ,elector who holds any office under the government of the ,united ,states4 ,the ,,president and ,,vice ,,president are chosen for the term of four years1 commencing on the fourth day of ,march4 #d ,the ,governors of ,territories are appointed by the ,president1 with the consent of the ,senate1 for the term of three years4 #e ,senators and ,representatives are chosen by the people4 #f ,senators and ,representatives are chosen by the people4 ,illustration3 ,,south ,,america ,published by ,robert ,s4 ,davis1 ,boston4 ,h4 ,morse ,sc4 ,,south ,,america4 #a4 ,what productions are found in greater perfection in ,,america1 than in the other parts of the earth8 #b4 ,what are the principal divisions of ,south ,america8 #c4 ,in what part is ,amazonia8 #d4 ,by what name is the northeastern part of the ,republic of ,colombia known8 #e4 ,by what name is the western part distinguished8 #f4 ,how is ,colombia situated8 #g4 ,peru8 #h4 ,bolivia8 #i4 ,guiana8 #aj4 ,brazil8 #aa4 ,the ,united ,provinces8 #ab4 ,chili8 #ac4 ,patagonia8 #ad to #ba4 ,how are these countries severally bounded8 #bb4 ,what range of mountains extends the whole length of ,south ,america from north to south8 #bc4 ,near which coast is this range8 #bd4 ,what are the names of the highest peaks8 #be4 ,in which country is ,chimborazo8 #bf4 ,what mountains are there in the world higher than ,chimborazo8 #bg4 ,which way from ,chimborazo is ,cotopaxi8 #bh4 ,is ,cotopaxi a volcano8 #bi4 ,in what direction is ,pichinca from ,chimborazo8 #cj4 ,how is ,lake ,titicaca situated8 #ca4 ,which way from it is ,lake ,nicaragua in ,north ,america8 #cb4 ,where is ,lake ,parima8 #cc4 ,lake ,maracaibo8 #cd4 ,how is the ,bay of ,panama situated8 #ce4 ,bay ,st4 ,joseph8 #cf4 ,bay ,all ,saints8 #cg4 ,how is ,gulf ,st4 ,george situated8 #ch4 ,gulf of ,guayaquil8 #ci4 ,gulf of ,darien8 #dj4 ,what large river discharges its waters into the ,atlantic1 under the equator8 #da4 ,where does it rise8 #db4 ,what is its course8 #dc4 ,what rivers flow into it from the south8 #dd4 ,what from the north8 #de4 ,in what country is the river ,de la ,plata8 #df4 ,which is the largest river in the world1 and what is remarkable concerning it8 #dg4 ,what is the latitude of the mouth of the river ,st4 ,francisco8 #dh4 ,what is its course8 #di4 ,what river runs between ,colombia and ,guiana8 #ej4 ,between ,bolivia and ,brazil8 #ea4 ,which of the ,grand ,divisions of the earth is most celebrated for the magnitude of its lakes and rivers8 #eb4 ,where are the ,straits of ,magellan8 #ec4 ,what land do they separate from ,patagonia8 #ed4 ,with the waters of what oceans do they communicate8 #ee4 ,what is the northern cape of ,south ,america8 #ef4 ,the eastern cape8 #eg4 ,the southern cape8 #eh4 ,the western cape8 #ei4 ,where is ,cape ,pillar8 #fj4 ,cape ,orange8 #fa4 ,cape ,st4 ,antonio8 #fb4 ,what capes are near the mouth of ,parayba river8 #fc4 ,what ,peninsula is situated on the eastern coast of ,patagonia8 #fd4 ,what on the western coast8 #fe4 ,where is the island ,trinidad8 #ff4 ,what is its latitude and longitude8 #fg4 ,what islands in the ,pacific ocean are near the ,equator8 #fh4 ,what is their longitude8 #fi4 ,what islands lie east from the ,caribbean sea8 #gj4 ,what is the situation of the ,island ,chiloe8 #ga4 ,juan ,fernandez1 or ,robinson ,crusoe's island8 #gb4 ,what islands are east from ,terra del ,fuego8 #gc4 ,what is the latitude and longitude of the islands ,felix and ,ambrose8 #gd4 ,where is ,sandwich ,land8 #ge4 ,in what country is ,cayenne8 #gf4 ,carracas8 #gg4 ,popayan8 #gh4 ,la ,paz8 #gi4 ,valparaiso8 #hj4 ,lima8 #ha4 ,assumption8 #hb4 ,at the mouth of what river is ,buenos ,ayres8 #hc4 ,what is the latitude of ,quito8 #hd4 ,what volcanic mountains are in its vicinity8 #he4 ,what town in ,bolivia is on the coast8 #hf4 ,in what portion of ,brazil is ,paraibo8 #hg4 ,rio ,janeiro8 #hh4 ,what river flows into the ,atlantic ocean1 half way between ,caite and ,seara8 #hi4 ,in what zone are the ,united ,provinces1 ,chili1 and ,patagonia8 #ij4 ,in what zone does the larger portion of ,south ,america lie8 #ia4 ,potosi is celebrated for its silver mines2 where is it8 #ib4 ,which is more northwardly1 ,paraguay or ,banda ,oriental8 #ic4 ,peru or ,chili8 #id4 ,colombia or ,bolivia8 #ie4 ,what would be the course of a ship in sailing from the ,galapago islands to the mouth of the ,amazon river8 ,south ,america is an exceedingly rich and fertile country1 producing in abundance gold and silver1 and the necessaries and luxuries of life4 ,the most prominent feature of this country is the range of mountains which extends through the western part from north to south4 ,the region to the west from this range is an immense plateau1 elevated twelve thousand feet above the level of the sea2 owing to this elevation1 this tract enjoys a cool and healthy climate4 ,to the east from these mountains is an extensive marshy and sandy plain1 intersected by immense rivers4 ,the ,andes mountains are most interesting on account of the inexhaustible treasures which they contain4 ,one mountain alone has more than three hundred openings from which silver is obtained4 ,colombia is a republic1 with a government similar to that of the ,united ,states4 ,the face of the country is greatly diversified with mountains1 valleys1 and immense plains4 ,the climate of the plains and coast is unhealthy2 that of the more elevated parts1 salubrious4 ,cotton1 grain1 coffee1 tobacco1 gold1 silver1 and tropical fruits are produced4 ,guiana is a level and fertile country1 with an unhealthful climate4 ,the productions are sugar1 cocoa1 coffee1 indigo1 c4 ,peru possesses a mild and healthy climate and fertile soil1 except along the sea coast1 where it is level1 barren1 and unhealthy4 ,the east part consists of immense plains1 called pampas1 covered with grass4 ,these pampas resemble the prairies of the ,united ,states4 ,the productions are gold1 silver1 sugar1 grain1 and ,jesuit or ,peruvian bark1 celebrated for its medicinal qualities4 ,bolivia became an independent country in the year #ahbe1 with a republican government1 and was named after ,simon ,bolivar1 the first ,president4 ,it was once a part of ,peru1 and1 in its climate1 soil1 and productions1 resembles that country4 ,chili1 being bounded on the east by the lofty and snow capped ,andes on one side1 and the ocean on the other1 never feels excessive heat1 though situated nearly in the torrid zone4 ,the climate therefore is cool and healthy1 and the soil is fertile4 ,the seasons in this country are different from those of the ,united ,states4 ,spring begins in ,september1 summer in ,december1 autumn in ,march1 and winter in ,june4 ,the productions are gold1 silver1 copper1 tin1 corn1 wine1 maize1 sugar1 sweet potatoes1 and a variety of fruits4 ,illustration3 ,,araucanian ,,village4 ,in the southern part of ,chili there still exists a tribe of ,indians1 which the ,spaniards have not yet been able to conquer4 ,these are called the ,araucanian ,indians4 ,they are a warlike and brave people1 residing in scattered villages4 ,they possess excellent horses1 which are trained to martial use4 ,patagonia is a cold and inhospitable country1 of which little is known4 ,it is inhabited by a race of ,indians who are of a gigantic size4 ,the first discoverers1 called them ,pata-gones which means clumsy-hoofed4 ,from this circumstance the country derived its name4 ,the ,united ,provinces abound in pampas1 some of which are one hundred miles in extent1 which are inhabited by wild ,indians1 and afford pasturage to herds of wild cattle4 ,the climate is salubrious1 and most of the fruits and vegetables of the torrid and temperate zones are produced4 ,brazil is the largest of the countries of ,south ,america1 and is level and fertile1 producing tobacco1 sugar1 indigo1 coffee1 and pepper4 ,diamonds are found here4 ,in the interior1 vast herds of wild cattle abound4 ,they are hunted for their hides1 which form the chief export article of the country4 ,illustration3 ,,europe ,published by ,robert ,s4 ,davis1 ,boston4 ,h4 ,morse ,sc4 ,,europe4 #a4 ,for what is ,europe celebrated8 #b4 ,what are its principal divisions8 #c4 ,how is ,denmark#g bounded8 #d to #ai4 ,how is each of the other divisions bounded8 #bj4 ,in what part of ,europe is ,russia8 #ba4 ,spain8 #bb4 ,norway8#h #bc4 ,where are the ,ural mountains8 #bd4 ,what mountains are in ,italy8 #be4 ,in ,switzerland8 #bf4 ,in ,austria8 #bg4 ,where are the ,pyrenees8 #bc4 ,how are the ,hmus mountains situated8 #bi4 ,the ,dofrafeld mountains8 #cj4 ,what ,volcano is on the island ,sicily8 #ca4 ,where is ,mount ,hecla1 another volcano8 #cb4 ,where is lake ,constance8 #cc4 ,what lakes in ,russia lie between the ,gulf of ,finland and the ,white sea8 #cd4 ,where is lake ,ilmen8 #ce4 ,lake ,wener8 #cf4 ,between what countries is the ,gulf of ,bothnia8 #cg4 ,what bay is north from ,spain8 #ch4 ,what gulf lies between ,italy and ,austria8 #ci4 ,how is the ,gulf of ,taranto situated8 #dj4 ,gulf of ,riga8 #da4 ,what seas between ,europe and ,asia8 #db4 ,what sea south from ,europe8 #dc4 ,how is the ,baltic situated8 #dd4 ,the ,white sea8 #de4 ,the ,ural river rises in the ,ural mountains1 and forms1 in part1 the eastern boundary of ,russia2 into what sea does it flow8 #df4 ,what rivers rise in ,spain1 and flow through ,portugal8 #dg4 ,what other rivers rise in ,spain8 #dh4 ,what rivers intersect the ,netherlands8 #di4 ,what river of ,france flows south into the ,mediterranean8 #ej4 ,in what country is the ,volga river8 #ea4 ,into what does it flow8 #eb4 ,what city is at its mouth8 #ec4 ,what rivers in ,prussia8 #ed4 ,what rivers flow into the ,white sea8 #ee4 ,into the ,bay of ,biscay8 #ef4 ,what connects the ,mediterranean sea with the ,atlantic ocean8 #eg4 ,the ,sea of ,marmora with the ,archipelago8 #eh4 ,with the ,black sea8 #ei4 ,where are the ,straits of ,caffa8 #fj4 ,where is ,skager ,rack8 #fa4 ,where is ,north ,cape8 #fb4 ,cape ,la ,hogue8 #fc4 ,cape ,matapan8 #fd4 ,what capes of ,spain are on the coast of the ,mediterranean8 #fe4 ,which is more northwardly1 ,cape ,ortegal or ,finisterre8 #ff4 ,what cape is the southwest part of ,portugal8 #fg4 ,what is the latitude of the ,rock of ,lisbon8 #fh4 ,what islands in the ,mediterranean between ,italy and ,spain8 #fi4 ,what island lies south from the ,archipelago sea8 #gj4 ,what island lies northeast from ,greece8 #ga4 ,where is the island ,cyprus8 #gb4 ,where are ,ushant and ,bellisle islands8 #gc4 ,which way from ,ireland is ,iceland8 #gd4 ,what islands on the coast of ,norway8 #ge4 ,which way from ,spain are the ,british ,isles8 #gf4 ,what islands lie in the ,baltic sea8 #gg4 ,where are the ,shetland and ,feroe islands8 #gh4 ,what peninsula extends from the southern part of ,russia into the ,black sea8 #gi4 ,where is the peninsula1 called ,the ,morea8 #hj4 ,what countries in the south of ,europe constitute peninsulas8 #ha4 ,what countries in the north constitute peninsulas8 #hb4 ,how is ,st4 ,petersburg situated8 #hc4 ,what is its latitude8 #hd4 ,new ,york is situated about #da degrees latitude1 north2 what city of ,spain is in about the same latitude8 #he4 ,how can a person go by water from ,st4 ,petersburg to ,venice8 #hf4 ,in what part of ,europe is ,lapland8 #hg4 ,finland8 #hh4 ,hungary8 #hi4 ,how is ,paris situated8 #ij4 ,madrid8 #ia4 ,rome8 #ib4 ,constantinople8 #ic4 ,copenhagen8 #id4 ,bergen8 #ie4 ,konigsburg8 #if4 ,amsterdam8 #ig4 ,hamburg8 #ih4 ,stockholm8 #ii4 ,vienna8 #ajj4 ,lisbon8 #aja4 ,geneva8 #ajb4 ,what direct communication is there between the ,bay of ,biscay and the ,mediterranean sea8 #ajc4 ,where is the ,maelstrom1 a formidable whirlpool8 #ajd4 ,west from what countries of ,europe is ,england8 #aje4 ,what countries of ,europe are south from ,england8 #ajf4 ,in what zone does ,europe principally lie8 #ajg4 ,what countries north from the #ejth parallel of latitude8 #ajh4 ,what south8 #aji4 ,which of the countries of ,europe has no sea coast8 #aaj4 ,which of the countries of ,europe is divided into two parts by ,germany8#i ,illustration3 ,,laplanders4 ,,russians4 ,europe is peculiarly favored in its natural advantages for commerce1 there being many bays and inland seas extending in such manner into the interior that there is scarcely a town more than four hundred miles from some navigable bay or sea4 ,it has also many navigable rivers4 ,these advantages have contributed to the growth of the inland cities1 which are far in advance of those of our own country in size1 population1 and elegance4 ,the climate is excessively cold in the northern parts1 especially in ,lapland and the northern parts of ,norway1 ,sweden1 and ,russia4 ,in this cold region the rein-deer is the principal support of the inhabitants4 ,its flesh affords them food2 its skin1 clothes2 and its sinews1 twine and thread4 ,it is used also as horses and oxen are in this country1 for draught and travelling4 ,it is capable of travelling two hundred miles in a day4 ,the southern parts of ,norway and ,sweden have a broken and sandy soil2 the harvests are precarious1 and the rearing of cattle is practised with considerable success4 ,these countries are celebrated for their forests1 which produce vast quantities of pine and fir lumber for exportation4 ,tar1 pitch1 hemp1 tobacco1 and flax are produced4 ,russia is the largest empire in the world4 ,it is a level country4 ,the climate and soil are necessarily various4 ,the northern parts are cold and barren1 and the southern1 peculiarly fertile4 ,hemp1 flax1 grain1 iron1 tar1 and furs1 are exported in large quantities4 ,poland was formerly a powerful independent nation2 but in the year #aggb it was unjustly divided between ,russia1 ,austria1 and ,prussia4 ,russian ,poland has lately made a brave but unsuccessful attempt to regain its independence1 and is now again under the tyrannical power of ,russia4 ,the central part of ,europe1 comprising ,denmark1 ,prussia1 ,germany1 ,the ,netherlands1 ,switzerland1 and ,austria is a fertile and healthy country1 producing a great variety of the necessaries and luxuries of life4 ,a large part is adapted to grazing4 ,grain1 wine1 flax1 madder1 amber1 gold1 silver1 and copper1 are produced4 ,poland has a noted salt mine1 which is represented on page #c4 ,italy and ,turkey1 being situated in the southern part of ,europe1 possess a warm and healthy climate and fertile soil1 producing vines1 grain1 olives1 wheat1 figs1 and oil4 ,the former is one of the most delightful countries in the world1 and was once the seat of the arts and sciences4 ,the latter1 comprising ,greece1 was in ancient times1 the parent of learning and the arts1 but is now in a state of servitude to tyrannical rulers4 ,france is a fertile and beautiful country4 ,its productions are grain1 wines1 olives1 and various fruits4 ,the country is noted for its manufactures of silk and wool1 which form the chief exports of the nation4 ,paris1 the capital1 is esteemed one of the most luxurious and refined cities in the world1 and takes the lead in fashion4 ,france is honored as being the birth-place of ,,lafayette1 the companion and friend of ,washington4 ,spain and ,portugal are so favored by nature1 that by industry and good government1 they would soon be the most productive countries in the world2 but through the indolence of the inhabitants1 and the government of despotic rulers1 they are degraded1 weak1 and ignorant4 ,wheat1 rice1 silk1 hemp1 olives1 oranges1 lemons1 figs1 c4 are produced4 ,,footnotes3 #g ,greenland in ,north ,america1 and ,iceland1 belong to ,denmark4 #h ,norway is now a province1 subject to ,sweden4 #i ,germany is a confederation consisting of twenty-eight small ,states1 the ,empire of ,austria1 and the ,kingdom of ,prussia4 ,each of these ,states1 c4 is governed by its own laws and magistrates4 ,the ,general ,government is composed of ,deputies from each ,state1 called ,the ,diet1 which in some respects resembles the ,congress of the ,united ,states1 of ,america4 ,illustration3 ,,british ,,isles ,published by ,robert ,s4 ,davis1 ,boston4 ,h4 ,morse ,sc4 ,,british ,,isles4 #a4 ,the ,british ,isles constitute a ,kingdom2 how is it governed8 #b4 ,name the countries of the ,british ,isles4 #c4 ,how is ,england bounded8 #d4 ,are there any lofty mountains in ,england8 #e4 ,what sea lies west from the northern part of ,england8 #f4 ,what sea lies east from ,england8 #g4 ,what is a ,channel8 #h4 ,at the mouth of what river is ,bristol channel8 #i4 ,where is the ,wash8 #aj4 ,where is the ,british channel8 #aa4 ,straits of ,dover8 #ab4 ,what river forms part of the northern boundary of ,england8 #ac4 ,in what part are the rivers ,tyne and ,tees8 #ad4 ,into what do they flow8 #ae4 ,what rivers flow into the ,humber8 #af4 ,where is ,severn river8 #ag4 ,what rivers flow into the ,irish sea8 #ah4 ,what into the ,wash8 #ai4 ,what into the ,british channel8 #bj4 ,where is ,st4 ,edmands' point8 #ba4 ,start point8 #bb4 ,what point at the mouth of the ,bristol channel8 #bc4 ,what point at the southern extremity of ,england8 #bd4 ,what is the southern extremity called8 #be4 ,how is the ,isle of ,wight situated8 #bf4 ,near what point is ,lundy ,island8 #bg4 ,what is the latitude and longitude of ,walney island8 #bh4 ,how is it situated8 #bi4 ,on what river is ,london1 the capital of the kingdom8 #cj4 ,on what river is ,liverpool8 #ca4 ,oxford1 7noted for its university78 #cb4 ,leeds1 7celebrated for woollen goods78 #cc4 ,manchester1 7famous for cotton goods78 #cd4 ,sheffield1 7noted for cutlery78 #ce4 ,where is ,kidderminster1 7famous for carpets78 #cf4 ,how is ,gloucester1 7celebrated for pins7 situated8 #cg4 ,where is ,birmingham1 7noted for hardware78 #ch4 ,which way is ,london from ,liverpool8 #ci4 ,liverpool from ,manchester8 #dj4 ,kidderminster from ,birmingham8 #da4 ,which way from ,leeds to ,sheffield8 #db4 ,what town is opposite to ,calais in ,france8 #dc4 ,between what parallels of latitude is ,england8 #dd4 ,from what is longitude calculated on this map8 #de4 ,what is the longitude of ,dover8 #df4 ,liverpool8 #dg4 ,which way from ,england is ,scotland8 #dh4 ,how is ,scotland bounded8 #di4 ,where is ,ben ,nevis mountain8 #ej4 ,lake ,shin8 #ea4 ,where is ,north channel8 #eb4 ,what waters does it connect8 #ec4 ,what countries does it separate8 #ed4 ,what is a ,frith8 #ee4 ,where is the ,frith of ,clyde8 #ef4 ,what friths in the northern part of ,scotland8 #eg4 ,what in the eastern8 #eh4 ,what rivers in the southern part8 #ei4 ,what rivers between ,murray ,frith and ,frith of ,tay8 #fj4 ,where is ,cape ,wrath8 #fa4 ,st4 ,abbe's ,head8 #fb4 ,kinnaird's ,head8 #fc4 ,what islands lie west from ,scotland8 #fd4 ,what are the names of some of the largest8 #fe4 ,which is the most northwardly8 #ff4 ,where is ,anan island8 #fg4 ,what islands lie north from ,scotland8 #fh4 ,which way are the ,orkney from the ,shetland ,islands8 ,in answering this question the latitude and longitude marked on the scale of those islands must be compared with that of the whole map1 or the map of ,europe must be referred to4 #fi4 ,what water communication is there between the ,frith of ,forth and ,clyde river8 #gj4 ,how is ,edinburgh1 the capital1 situated8 #ga4 ,glasgow8 #gb4 ,dundee8 #gc4 ,perth8 #gd4 ,aberdeen8 #ge4 ,how is ,wales bounded8 #gf4 ,what mountains in the northwestern part8 #gg4 ,where is ,cardigan bay8 #gh4 ,milford ,haven8 #gi4 ,st4 ,david's ,head8 #hj4 ,anglesea island8 #ha4 ,what island is west from ,anglesea8 #hb4 ,how is ,cardigan situated8 #hc4 ,bangor8 #hd4 ,carmarthen8 #he4 ,montgomery8 #hf4 ,what ocean bounds ,ireland on the north1 west1 and south8 #hg4 ,what sea lies east8 #hh4 ,how is ,ireland separated from ,wales8 #hi4 ,from ,scotland8 #ij4 ,in what part of ,ireland is ,lough 7or lake7 ,neagh8 #ia4 ,what ,lough lies in the interior8 #ib4 ,what ,loughs in the western part8 #ic4 ,where is ,lough ,foyle8 #id4 ,what bays are on the western coast8 #ie4 ,what on the eastern8 #if4 ,where is ,bear ,haven8 #ig4 ,what islands lie north from ,ireland8 #ih4 ,where is the ,isle of ,man8 #ii4 ,what islands in ,galway bay8 #ajj4 ,what are the principal rivers of ,ireland8 #aja4 ,on what river is ,limerick8 #ajb4 ,drogheda8 #ajc4 ,kinmore8 #ajd4 ,in what part is ,cork8 #aje4 ,dublin8 #ajf4 ,galway8 #ajg4 ,which way from ,london is ,edinburgh8 #ajh4 ,which way is ,cork8 #aji4 ,from ,cork to ,liverpool8 #aaj4 ,dublin to ,manchester8 #aaa4 ,kidderminster to ,limerick8 #aab4 ,in what zone are the ,british ,islands8 ,,britain4 ,the ,british ,kingdom1 besides ,england and ,scotland1 ,ireland and adjacent isles1 possesses many large colonies in all parts of the world1 which offer great advantages to commerce4 ,the government is a limited monarchy4 ,the ,executive ,power is confided to the ,king1 and ,legislation to the two houses of ,parliament1 viz4 ,the ,house of ,lords1 composed of clergymen and nobles whose titles are hereditary1 and ,the ,house of ,commons1 who are chosen by the people4 ,illustration3 ,,accurate ,,view ,,of ,a ,,portion ,,of ,,the ,,liverpool ,,and ,,manchester ,,railway4 ,england is one of the most beautifully diversified countries in the world1 and possesses a fertile soil1 which is cultivated in the most perfect manner4 ,the climate is moist1 and subject to frequent and sudden changes2 but the extremes of heat and cold are not so great as in ,new ,england4 ,tin1 copper1 lead1 and iron1 are found4 ,her coal mines are so productive that they supply fuel for the whole country1 and immense quantities for exportation4 ,the ,english are brave1 intelligent1 industrious1 enterprising1 and are proud of their country4 ,commerce and manufactures are carried on with vigor1 the first extending to every part of the world1 and the latter rivalling those of all other countries4 ,canals abound and railroads are becoming general4 ,steam power is much used in these roads1 by which means a great weight can be drawn1 and the speed greatly increased4 ,the cut above shows a coach1 drawn on this road by a locomotive steam engine4 ,london1 the capital of the kingdom1 is the most opulent and commercial city in the world1 containing about #a1cjj1jjj inhabitants4 ,there are in this many splendid buildings1 among which are ,westminster ,abbey1 the ,tower1 and ,st4 ,paul's ,cathedral4 ,scotland is greatly diversified4 ,the northern part is mountainous and bleak1 and is called the ,highlands4 ,the southern part is called the ,lowlands1 and resembles ,england4 ,the ,scotch are a hardy1 brave1 and industrious people4 ,they are great lovers of learning1 and give much for the extension of education4 ,edinburgh1 the capital1 is divided into old and new towns4 ,the former consists of ancient buildings1 placed on the top of an eminence which overlooks the new town1 which is well laid out1 in a modern style4 ,the city is celebrated for its university4 ,ireland in soil and climate resembles ,england4 ,the country is moderately uneven1 and is fertile4 ,potatoes are abundant1 and form a great part of the food of the inhabitants4 ,the ,irish are brave1 hospitable1 and active1 but enjoy very few advantages for education4 ,illustration3 ,,asia ,published by ,robert ,s4 ,davis1 ,boston4 ,h4 ,morse ,sc4 ,,asia4 #a4 ,for what is ,asia remarkable8 #b4 ,which of the countries of ,asia is largest8 #c4 ,in what part is ,arabia8 #d4 ,china8 #e4 ,what countries lie between ,turkey and ,hindostan8 #f4 ,how is ,siberia bounded8 #g4 ,arabia8 #h4 ,turkey8 #i4 ,persia8 #aj4 ,independent ,tartary8 #aa4 ,hindostan8 #ab4 ,afghanistan8 #ac4 ,beloochistan8 #ad4 ,china8 #ae4 ,birman ,empire8#aj #af4 ,siam8 #ag4 ,anam8#aa #ah4 ,the ,caucasian country1 or ,circassia and ,georgia8 #ai4 ,malaya8 #bj4 ,what ranges of mountains are on the boundaries of ,siberia8 #ba4 ,where are the ,caucasus mountains8 #bb4 ,where are the ,gaut mountains8 #bc4 ,in what part of ,asia are the highest mountains in the world1 and what are they called8 #bd4 ,where is ,lake ,baikal8 #be4 ,how is ,lake ,zaisan situated8 #bf4 ,what sea lies between the ,black ,sea and the ,sea of ,aral8 #bg4 ,where is the ,red ,sea8 #bh4 ,sea of ,arabia8 #bi4 ,what bay lies west from the ,birman ,empire8 #cj4 ,how is the ,yellow ,sea situated8 #ca4 ,what sea between ,corea and the island ,niphon8 #cb4 ,where is the ,sea of ,ochotsk8 #cc4 ,how is the ,bay of ,bengal situated8 #cd4 ,which way are the ,persian ,gulf and the ,gulf of ,ormus from ,persia8 #ce4 ,where is the ,gulf ,tonquin8 #cf4 ,gulf of ,siam8 #cg4 ,two rivers flow into the ,persian ,gulf2 what are their names8 #ch4 ,where is the ,indus river8 #ci4 ,where does it rise8 #dj4 ,into what does it flow8 #da4 ,what rivers rise in the ,himmaleh mountains1 and flow into the northern extremity of the ,bay of ,bengal8 #db4 ,what rivers flow into the sea of ,aral8 #dc4 ,what are the principal rivers of ,china8 #dd4 ,of ,siberia8 #de4 ,of the ,birman ,empire8 #df4 ,what waters do the ,straits of ,babelmandel connect8 #dg4 ,what islands do the ,straits of ,sunda separate8 #dh4 ,straits of ,malacca8 #di4 ,what straits separate ,asia from ,north ,america8 #ej4 ,where is ,cape ,comorin8 #ea4 ,where is ,cape ,lopatka8 #eb4 ,what is its latitude8 #ec4 ,what cape at the northeastern extremity of ,asia8 #ed4 ,what island lies at the mouth of the ,straits of ,babelmandel8 #ee4 ,where is ,ceylon island8 #ef4 ,what is its longitude8 #eg4 ,what islands lie in the ,bay of ,bengal8 #eh4 ,what is the latitude and longitude of ,hainan island8 #ei4 ,what island is crossed by the tropic of ,cancer8 #fj4 ,what are crossed by the equator8 #fa4 ,what are the principal of the ,philippine ,isles8 #fb4 ,the ,japan ,isles8 #fc4 ,the ,moluccas or ,spice islands8 #fd4 ,where is ,nova ,zembla8#ab #fe4 ,where are the ,ladrone and ,caroline islands8 #ff4 ,the ,maldives8 #fg4 ,the ,japan islands and ,empire8 #fh4 ,where is ,mecca8 #fi4 ,ispahan8 #gj4 ,calcutta8 #ga4 ,ava8 #gb4 ,bencoolen8 #gc4 ,manilla8 #gd4 ,jerusalem8 #ge4 ,madras8 #gf4 ,tobolsk8 #gg4 ,pekin8 #gh4 ,canton8 #gi4 ,rangoon8 #hj4 ,smyrna8 #ha4 ,which way from ,canton is ,mecca8 #hb4 ,from ,tobolsk to ,pekin8 #hc4 ,from ,rangoon to ,calcutta8 #hd4 ,what is the soil of ,asia8 #he4 ,china is an empire2 how is it governed8 #hf4 ,does any part of ,asia lie in the frigid zone8 #hg4 ,what is the climate of the frigid zone8 ,illustration3 ,,chinese4 ,,turks4 ,asia was the first inhabited quarter of the world1 and is the largest of the divisions of the ,eastern continent4 ,it is distinguished as the country where man was created2 where ,christ was born1 and achieved the plan of man's redemption2 and where the ,jews received from ,jehovah1 the ,holy ,bible4 ,the northern part of this ancient country is exceedingly cold and almost entirely covered with snow1 while the southern is a warm region1 and with the exception of ,arabia1 possesses a fertile soil1 watered by numerous rivers4 ,the region between these two extremes1 comprehending ,independent and ,chinese ,tartary1 is an immense desert1 except that part called ,thibet1 where the soil is moderately fertile1 and the climate healthful4 ,arabia is almost wholly a desert country1 with a hot atmosphere1 and is unfit for the residence of man1 except along the coasts of the ,red ,sea and ,indian ,ocean1 where the soil is fertile1 and yields wheat1 corn1 barley1 tobacco1 dates1 and oranges4 ,this country is famous for producing the best horses in the world4 ,that portion of ,turkey which is in ,asia1 is beautifully diversified with fertile plains1 mountains1 and valleys4 ,the climate is excellent4 ,grapes1 mulberries1 wheat1 barley1 and tobacco1 flourish here4 ,the population is composed of descendants of various nations2 but the ,turks are the most numerous in the cities1 and possess the principal wealth of the country4 ,in ,persia1 the most remarkable feature is the want of forests and rivers4 ,there are many desert places1 although some spots are exceedingly fertile4 ,during the summer months the climate is hot1 and the country is subject to a hot wind called the ,samiel1 which is so poisonous that animals and travellers are killed by it1 unless they perceive its approach1 and fall to the ground until it has passed4 ,hindostan1 or ,india within the ,ganges1 is nearly as large as the ,united ,states1 and must therefore embrace many varieties of soil and climate4 ,the productions are rice1 cotton1 oranges1 lemons1 figs1 pomegranates1 sugar cane1 opium1 indigo1 and tobacco4 ,horses1 sheep1 elephants1 and the royal tiger1 and almost all kinds of ferocious animals1 are found here1 except the lion4 ,a great part of this country is under the dominion of the ,british ,east ,india ,company4 ,calcutta is the largest city1 and is supposed to contain #fej1jjj inhabitants1 a great many of whom are ,europeans4 ,it carries on an extensive commerce with all parts of the world4 ,the ,birman ,empire1 ,malaya1 ,siam1 ,tannasserim1 and ,anam1 have commonly been comprehended under the general name of ,india beyond the ,ganges2 and the country is little known1 except on the coast4 ,in this country1 owing to the influence of heat and moisture1 the soil is exceedingly fertile4 ,the productions are nearly the same as those of ,hindostan4 ,china is celebrated for its immense population1 for the ingenuity of its numerous manufacturers1 for its many canals1 for the great antiquity of its laws1 and for its reserve and jealousy of the people of other nations4 ,the chief productions are cotton1 rice1 and tea2 and all the necessaries of life are cultivated4 ,tea and ,china ware are the principal exports4 ,canton is the chief city1 and is the port where ,american and ,english vessels are admitted to trade4 ,,footnotes3 #aj ,the ,birman ,empire formerly embraced ,tannasserim1 which has recently been ceded to ,great ,britain4 #aa ,anam comprises the ,provinces of ,tonquin1 ,cochin ,china1 ,laos1 and ,cambodia4 #ab ,nova ,zembla is an ,european island4 ,illustration3 ,,africa ,published by ,robert ,s4 ,davis1 ,boston4 ,h4 ,morse ,sc4 ,,africa4 #a4 ,is our knowledge of ,africa as extensive as of other countries8 #b4 ,what countries lie in the northern part8 #c4 ,what countries on the coast of the ,red ,sea8 #d4 ,what countries in the southern part8 #e4 ,what in the interior8 #f4 ,what deserts in the northwestern part8 #g4 ,in the eastern8 #h4 ,where is ,liberia8 #i4 ,how is ,egypt bounded8 #aj4 ,what mountains are in the western part of ,africa8 #aa4 ,what mountains in the interior8 #ab4 ,where is ,mount ,atlas8 #ac4 ,table mountain8 #ad4 ,what ,lake lies in the interior of ,africa8 #ae4 ,where is ,lake ,moravi8 #af4 ,what ,sea lies north from ,africa8 #ag4 ,where is the ,red ,sea8 #ah4 ,the ,gulf of ,guinea8 #ai4 ,lagoa or ,lorenzo bay8 #bj4 ,table bay8 #ba4 ,gulf of ,sidra8 #bb4 ,where is ,mozambique channel8 #bc4 ,straits of ,gibraltar8 #bd4 ,straits of ,babelmandel8 #be4 ,what is the northern cape of ,africa8 #bf4 ,what two capes at the southern extremity8 #bg4 ,where is ,cape ,guardafui8 #bh4 ,what capes are on the coast of ,zahara8 #bi4 ,what are the northern and southern capes of ,madagascar8 #cj4 ,by what means are springs and rivers supplied with water8 #ca4 ,where does the ,nile rise8 #cb4 ,what is its course8 #cc4 ,into what does it flow8 #cd4 ,near the mouth of what river is ,cape ,verd8 #ce4 ,in what part of ,africa is ,orange river8 #cf4 ,the ,gambia river8 #cg4 ,where is the ,niger river8 ,the ,niger river flows east1 but its mouth has not been discovered4 #ch4 ,what islands lie east from ,morocco8 #ci4 ,where is ,madagascar8 #dj4 ,what islands west from ,madagascar8 #da4 ,where is ,st4 ,helena8 #db4 ,for what is ,st4 ,helena remarkable8 #dc4 ,which way from ,st4 ,helena is ,ascension8 #dd4 ,what cities are situated at the mouth of the ,nile8 #de4 ,which way from ,cairo is ,monrovia8 #df4 ,where is ,cape ,town8 #dg4 ,through what towns do the caravans pass in their route between ,tombuctoo and ,morocco8 #dh4 ,what proportion of ,africa lies in the torrid zone8 #di4 ,by what is the torrid zone distinguished8 ,illustration3 ,,egyptians4 ,,hottentots4 ,little is known of the geography of ,africa1 and this is owing to the almost total want of navigable rivers1 by which1 in other countries1 easy access is obtained to the interior4 ,the desert character of the country is another obstacle4 ,several enterprising travellers have penetrated ,africa1 to ascertain the sources of its rivers1 and the state of the country2 among whom1 ,bruce1 ,park1 ,denham and ,clapperton stand conspicuous4 ,in no country do desert and fertile lands come in so close a neighborhood as in ,africa4 ,the northern part along the ,mediterranean has a fertile soil1 but immediately south is the great desert which is entirely devoid of vegetation4 ,in other parts of ,africa fertile spots may be found1 on the margin of streams1 or scattered in the midst of the almost uninhabitable ,desert4 ,the most numerous class of inhabitants are the negroes1 who inhabit almost the whole central and western parts of the country1 except the ,desert of ,zahara4 ,the moors inhabit the northern parts1 and resemble in form and physiognomy1 the natives of ,europe4 ,the ,hottentots inhabit the southern extremity of the country4 ,the wandering ,arabs live on the ,desert of ,zahara1 which they are enabled to traverse by the aid of the camel4 ,this animal requires little food1 and will live many days without a fresh supply of water4 ,egypt was anciently a powerful nation1 evidences of which exist in the ruins of buildings1 catacombs and pyramids1 which are numerous in the land4 ,at present it is inhabited partly by barbarous tribes1 and seems to have lost its ancient grandeur4 ,the climate of ,egypt is exceedingly hot1 and the air unrefreshed by rain4 ,the soil is fertile when sufficiently moistened1 and produces wheat1 barley1 corn1 flax1 sugar-cane1 olives1 dates1 and oranges in abundance4 ,the only river is the ,nile1 and the possession of this river is an incalculable blessing to the country1 as it serves the double purposes of internal communication1 and watering the country4 ,this river annually overflows its banks1 in consequence of rain in the ,abyssinian mountains1 where it rises4 ,it begins to rise about the middle of ,june1 and spreads a muddy deluge to a great extent1 on both sides of its channel4 ,the waters subside to their natural bed in ,october1 leaving a rich and wet manure on the surface of the ground4 ,that part of the year called the winter months1 is here the most productive1 the ground being covered with vegetation1 and is so fertile during the season that it yields three crops4 ,sierra ,leone1 so named by the ,portuguese because the mountains are infested with ,lions1 is an ,english settlement1 which was commenced with a view to extend the benefits of civilisation and ,christianity to the natives1 and to afford a refuge for ,africans rescued from slave ships4 ,freetown is the capital of the colony4 ,liberia is the name given to a colony established by the ,american ,colonization ,society1 on the western coast of ,africa1 three hundred miles southeast from ,sierra ,leone4 ,great numbers of the free people of color have removed from the ,united ,states to this settlement4 ,commerce and agriculture flourish1 and efforts are made to extend the benefits of education and the christian religion through the colony1 and to the natives4 ,monrovia is the chief town4 ,,general ,,questions4 #a4 ,what is diameter8 #b4 ,what is circumference8 #c4 ,how is the earth proved to be a globe or round body8 #d4 ,how many miles is it through the centre of the earth8 #e4 ,how many degrees round it8 #f4 ,how many miles round it8 #g4 ,if you were to sail from the island ,owhyhee sixty degrees in a westerly direction1 at what cluster of islands would you arrive8 #h4 ,how many degrees east and west is longitude reckoned8 #i4 ,what is the longitude of the ,new ,hebrides8 #aj4 ,between what islands would a ship pass in sailing directly from ,otaheite to ,van ,dieman's land8 #aa4 ,what direction would a ship take in sailing by the shortest route from ,owhyhee to ,canton8 #ab4 ,which way would you sail by the shortest route from ,madagascar to the ,friendly ,isles8 #ac4 ,through what ,states would you pass in going from ,mobile to ,cincinnati8 #ad4 ,from ,charleston to ,albany8 #ae4 ,st4 ,louis to ,boston8 ,the word ,,antip,,odes means those people who live on the opposite side of the earth1 and have their feet under ours4 #af4 ,the inhabitants of what city of ,asia are nearly antipodes to the citizens of ,new ,orleans8 #ag4 ,how many degrees further north latitude is ,liverpool than ,boston8 #ah4 ,madrid than ,savannah8 #ai4 ,which is further south1 ,cape ,town or ,rio ,janeiro8 #bj4 ,which is further east1 ,algiers or ,st4 ,petersburg8 ,there is a scale of miles attached to each map2 thus on the map of ,massachusetts1 if you wish to find the distance1 in miles1 from ,boston to ,providence1 you must measure the distance and compare it with the scale1 and it will be found to be about forty miles4 ,another method is1 to find the distance in degrees1 and multiply the amount by #fi1 because #fi ,english miles make a degree4 #ba4 ,how many miles is it from ,boston to ,middletown1 ,con48 #bb4 ,from ,paris to ,london8 #bc4 ,from ,london to ,liverpool8 #bd4 ,from ,tombuctoo to ,morocco8 #be4 ,from ,madagascar to ,new ,holland8 ,,west ,,india ,,islands4 ,a fertile soil1 a hot and unhealthy climate in summer1 and a pleasant and healthful winter1 is common to all the ,west ,india ,islands4 ,being situated in the torrid zone1 they produce most of the tropical fruits1 spices1 c4 viz4 indigo1 coffee1 cinnamon1 cocoa1 cloves1 pine-apples1 pomegranates1 oranges1 lemons1 limes1 figs1 c4 ,cuba1 #gjj miles long1 is the largest1 and belongs to ,spain2 its capital1 ,havanna1 is a place of much commerce4 ,st4 ,domingo1 or ,hayti1 is next in size4 ,in this island the black population have established an independent government1 and their chief magistrate is called the ,president of ,hayti4 ,jamaica is a prominent island1 highly cultivated1 belonging to ,great ,britain2 its chief town is ,kingston4 ,guadaloupe and ,barbadoes are the principal of the ,caribbee ,islands4 ,hurricanes are common in these fertile islands4 ,,oceanica4 ,,east ,,india ,,islands4 ,comprise two groups of islands1 viz4 the ,isles of ,sunda and the ,philippine ,islands4 ,,borneo is the largest of these islands4 ,it has an unhealthy climate1 and a fertile soil4 ,the ,ourang ,outang1 the largest of the monkey species1 is common in this island4 ,,sumatra is a mountainous and wild country4 ,its forests abound with the elephant1 rhinoceros1 bear1 and wild boar4 ,bencoolen1 the only ,european settlement1 belongs to ,england4 ,,java has many volcanic mountains1 an unhealthy climate1 and fertile soil4 ,batavia is the chief town1 and was founded by the ,dutch4 ,,celebes and ,,gilolo1 together with many of the neighboring smaller isles1 are called the ,moluccas or ,spice islands4 ,all these islands1 from their broken and rocky appearance1 seem to have been formed by volcanic agency4 ,earthquakes are frequent4 ,these islands belong to the ,dutch4 ,the ,,philippine ,,islands are very numerous1 and abound in marshes1 and are frequently visited by earthquakes4 ,luzon is the largest of them1 and ,manilla is the principal town4 ,the ,east ,india ,islands produce in abundance rice1 cotton1 pepper1 camphor1 coffee1 sugar1 nutmegs1 cloves1 sago1 sandal wood1 and diamonds4 ,,australasia4 ,embraces many large islands1 lying in the south ,pacific ,ocean4 ,,new ,,holland is the largest island in the world1 having a greater extent of surface than the ,united ,states4 ,it is at present but little known4 ,its native inhabitants are said to approach nearer to the brute creation than any other savages4 ,,van ,,dieman',s ,,land is a fertile island1 belonging to the ,british4 ,of ,,new ,,guinea little is known4 ,,new ,,britain and ,,new ,,ireland have a fertile soil1 and produce abundance of nutmegs4 ,the inhabitants resemble those of ,new ,holland in their characters4 ,they are exceedingly warlike4 ,,polynesia4 ,this name is given to those islands lying in the ,pacific ocean between ,asia1 the ,west ,india and ,australasian islands on the one side1 and ,america on the other4 ,in this division ,owhyhee1 one of the ,sandwich islands1 is the largest4 ,the inhabitants of the ,sandwich1 ,ladrone and ,navigator's islands1 are notorious thieves4 ,those of the ,friendly1 the ,society1 the ,pelew islands1 are hospitable and kind4 ,otaheite is the largest of the ,society islands1 and has a missionary establishment1 as has also1 ,owhyhee4 ,many of the people have embraced ,christianity4 ,the climate and soil of these islands are peculiarly adapted to the production of numerous fruits and necessaries of life4 ,the productions are bread fruit1 sugar1 cocoa-nuts1 oranges1 limes1 sandal wood1 plantain1 yams1 and sweet potatoes4 ,,elemental ,,astronomy1 ,,in ,,which ,,the ,,science ,,is ,,considered ,,principally ,,in ,,its ,,relation ,,to ,,the ,,earth4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,seasons4 ,,astronomy is the science which treats of the ,system of the ,universe4 ,the system of which the ,earth is a part1 is called the ,,solar ,,system2 and is composed of the ,sun1 the ,planets1 ,satellites1 and ,comets4 ,the ,,sun is the source of light and heat to the whole system1 and is the centre of motion1 round which all the other bodies revolve from west to east4 ,the ,,planets are opaque or dark bodies1 which revolve round the ,sun at different distances4 ,there are eleven planets1 viz4 ,mercury1 ,venus1 ,earth1 ,mars1 ,jupiter1 ,saturn1 ,herschell1 ,ceres1 ,pallas1 ,juno1 and ,vesta4 ,,satellites are opaque bodies moving round the planets1 in company with the planets round the ,sun4 ,they are generally called moons4 ,there are eighteen ,satellites1 viz4 the ,earth has one1 ,jupiter four1 ,saturn seven1 and ,herschell six4 ,,comets are bright bodies moving round the ,sun4 ,coming from a far distant part of the universe1 they approach very near the ,sun1 and then return with equal swiftness4 ,their nature is but little known4 ,the paths of the planets and comets round the ,sun1 and of the satellites round their planets1 are called their ,,orbits4 ,those stars which always appear in the same situation in relation to each other are called ,,fixed ,,stars4 ,about #ajjj can be seen at once by the naked eye1 and by the help of the telescope many millions may be seen4 ,their sizes are little known1 but probably some of them are many million times larger than the earth4 ,they are not considered a part of our ,solar ,system1 but are supposed to be ,suns of other systems1 round which other planets revolve4 ,a planet turns on its axis 7like a wheel upon an axletree17 and each turn is the cause of day and night4 ,it is day to that half of the planet which is toward the ,sun1 and night to the other half4 ,each revolution of a planet round the ,sun makes its year2 but because the orbits are not equal1 the years of all the planets are not the same4 ,thus ,herschell's year is more than eighty-three of our years4 ,the axis of the earth is not perpendicular while the earth is revolving round the sun1 but slanting1 as is seen in the cut above4 ,whilst the earth is passing between the points marked ,march #bj1 and ,sept4 #bc1 the north pole inclines toward the sun1 and then the northern hemisphere enjoys more of his rays than the southern4 ,consequently it is the warm season in the northern1 and the cold season in the southern hemisphere2 and from #bc;d ,sept4 to #bjth ,march1 as the south pole is toward the sun1 it is the warm season in the southern1 and the cold season in the northern hemisphere4 ,the ,,earth is nearly a round body1 and revolves on its axis1 once every twenty-four hours1 from west to east1 which causes the ,sun and stars to appear to rise in the east1 and set in the west4 ,the earth's surface contains about two hundred millions of square miles1 and its orbit is ninety-six millions of miles from the ,sun4 ,the time occupied by the earth in its revolution round the ,sun1 is about #cfe days1 which space of time constitutes its year4 ,planets and satellites do not shine with their own light1 but merely reflect the light of the ,sun2 of course only one half can be bright at a time1 which must be that half which is toward the ,sun4 ,when the moon is on the side of the earth opposite to the ,sun1 the whole bright side of the moon is toward the earth1 and it is then full moon2 but when the ,sun and moon are on the same side of the earth1 the dark side of the moon is toward the earth1 and it is new moon4 ,the earth's satellite or moon1 revolves round the earth in about twenty-nine and a half days1 and this causes the phases or changes of the moon4 ,it turns on its axis in the same space of time4 ,illustration3 ,,phases ,,of ,,the ,,moon4 ,the inner circle represents the moon in her different positions as enlightened by the ,sun4 ,the outer circle represents the moon's appearance in her different positions as seen from the earth4 ,an ,,eclipse means a temporary obscuration of the ,sun or moon1 or a part of either1 from our sight4 ,when the ,sun or moon is wholly hid from our sight1 the eclipse is called total1 and when only a part is obscured1 it is called partial4 ,an eclipse of the ,sun is caused by the passage of the moon between the ,sun and the earth1 and can never take place except at the time of new moon4 ,to understand this more fully1 observe the cut below1 and suppose a person standing on the earth at a place where the shadow of the moon falls upon the earth2 he cannot see the ,sun1 because the moon is between him and the ,sun4 ,illustration3 ,,eclipse ,,of ,,the ,,sun4 ,the moon being an opaque body1 does not shine1 when by any cause the rays of the ,sun are prevented from reaching her surface4 ,thus when the moon arrives in her orbit at a point where the rays of the ,sun are intercepted by the earth1 she is in the shadow of the earth1 and is not enlightened by the ,sun4 ,therefore2 ,an eclipse of the moon is caused by the moon's passing through the shadow of the earth4 ,this can never happen except at the time of full moon4 ,illustration3 ,,eclipse ,,of ,,the ,,moon4 ,,tides4 ,,tides are regular motions or successive rising and falling of the waters of oceans and seas4 ,they are caused chiefly by the attraction of the moon1 which draws up the waters as seen in cut ,no4 #a4 ,thus1 as the moon revolves round the earth1 its attracting or drawing power passes with it over the surface of the ocean1 and the elevation of the waters1 following that attraction1 is drawn along until the shore or coast of a country stops its progress2 this causes1 all along the coast1 a rising of the water1 and it is then called high tide4 ,the tides occur twice in twenty-four hours4 ,the attraction of the moon in producing tides is affected in some degree by the sun4 ,when the sun and moon attract in unison1 the tides are very high2 and when the sun tends to counteract the action of the moon the tides are not so high4 ,cut ,no4 #b4 ,the highest tide is called spring tide1 and the lowest1 neap tide4 ,these tides follow each other in regular succession1 the daily tides gradually decreasing during fifteen days1 from the highest to the lowest2 and during the next fifteen days1 increasing from the lowest to the highest4 ,illustration3 ,,moon',s ,,orbit4 ,no4 #a4 ,illustration3 ,,moon',s ,,orbit4 ,no4 #b4 ,,questions ,,in ,,review ,,of ,,the ,,compendium4 ,commencing at ,page #i4 #a4 ,what does the surface of the earth most naturally appear to be8 #b4 ,what is the difference between an island and a continent8 #c4 ,what proofs are there that the ocean is not bottomless8 #d4 ,what is the chief characteristic of the waters of the ocean8 #e4 ,why is the height of places calculated from the level of the sea8 #f4 ,what is the extent of each of the divisions of the ocean8 #g4 ,what is the prominent feature of the surface of the land8 #h4 ,what is a ,defile8--#i4 ,a ,plateau8 #aj4 ,whence is the name ,volcano derived8 #aa4 ,what is the longest range of mountains in the world8 #ab4 ,at what height does the region of perpetual snow commence--#ac4 ,why do geographers disagree concerning the length of rivers8 #ad4 ,for what is the river ,amazon remarkable8 #ae4 ,from whence are the waters of springs and rivers8 #af4 ,how many classes of lakes are there8 #ag4 ,describe the differences in the classes4 #ah4 ,what gives rise to the opinion that there are extensive sheets of water underground8 #ai4 ,how are mines formed8 #bj4 ,what is remarkable of the climate of ,america in comparison with that of the eastern continent-- #ba4 ,for what is ,europe distinguished8 #bb4 ,asia8 #bc4 ,africa8 #bd4 ,to whom do the ,west ,india ,islands principally belong8 #be4 ,what are ,political divisions8 #bf4 ,name their distinguishing traits4 #bg4 ,what religions are professed by the inhabitants of the earth8 #bh4 ,what are characteristic features of the different races of men8 #bi4 ,what do you understand by ,savages8--#cj4 ,barbarians8--#ca4 ,civilized nations8--#cb4 ,enlightened8 #cc4 ,what are the distinguishing features of ,north ,america8 #cd4 ,by whom was it inhabited before its discovery by ,columbus8 #ce4 ,for what are the ,british and ,russian ,possessions valuable8 #cf4 ,describe ,mexico8 #cg4 ,what are the productions of ,guatimala8 #ch4 ,from what causes are the ,united ,states divided into groups or sections8 #ci4 ,for what are the ,new ,england ,states distinguished8 #dj4 ,why have ,maine and ,new ,hampshire better advantages for commerce than ,vermont8 #da4 ,what is said of the oldest ,new ,england ,state8 #db4 ,what buildings in ,boston are venerated as being intimately connected with the history of the ,american ,revolution8 #dc4 ,what is said of the commercial advantages of ,boston8 #dd4 ,what is said of ,connecticut8 #de4 ,what is peculiar in the government of ,rhode ,island8 #df4 ,what is the characteristic of the ,middle ,states8 #dg4 ,what is the staple production8 #dh4 ,what is said of the rank of ,new ,york ,state8 #di4 ,which is the most commercial city in the ,united ,states8 #ej4 ,what is said of ,new ,jersey8 #ea4 ,whence is the name ,pennsylvania1 derived8 #eb4 ,what is said of the agriculture of this ,state8 #ec4 ,what article is obtained for fuel8 #ed4 ,what are the productions of ,delaware8 #ee4 ,what is said of the husbandry and productions of ,maryland8 #ef4 ,what is the chief commercial city1 and what are its exports8 #eg4 ,what is said of the ,district of ,columbia8 #eh4 ,what is said of the ,western ,states8--#ei4 ,of the soil1 climate and agriculture of ,ohio8 #fj4 ,of what is the population composed and what is its character8 #fa4 ,what is the commercial capital of the ,western ,states8 #fb4 ,what is said of ,indiana8--#fc4 ,illinois8--#fd4 ,missouri8--#fe4 ,kentucky8--#ff4 ,tennessee8 #fg4 ,what are the staple productions of the ,southern ,states8 #fh4 ,for what is ,virginia distinguished8 #fi4 ,what is said of ,north ,carolina8--#gj4 ,south ,carolina and its inhabitants8 #ga4 ,how many varieties are there of the staple of ,south ,carolina8 #gb4 ,what is said of ,new ,orleans8 #gc4 ,for what are the mountains of ,south ,america valuable8 #gd4 ,which of the countries are republics8 #ge4 ,what is said of the ,araucanian ,indians8 #gf4 ,for what are the pampas of ,south ,america valuable8 #gg4 ,in which part are diamonds found8 #gh4 ,what is said of the climate and productions of the northern countries of ,europe8--#gi4 ,of the central part8--#hj4 ,of the southern part8 #ha4 ,for what is ,france noted and honored8 #hb4 ,what is the face of the country and climate of ,england8--#hc4 ,of ,scotland8 #hd4 ,of ,ireland8--#he4 to #hg4 ,what is said of the inhabitants of each8 #hh4 ,what is said of ,london8--#hi4 ,of ,edinburgh8 #ij4 ,what is the general character of the soil and climate of ,asia8 #ia4 ,what is said of ,arabia8--#ib4 ,of ,turkey8--#ic4 ,of ,persia8--#id4 ,of ,hindostan8--#ie4 ,of ,india beyond the ,ganges8--#if4 ,of ,china8 #ig4 ,what is said of the soil of ,africa8--#ih4 ,of the inhabitants8--#ii4 ,of ,egypt8--#ajj4 ,of the ,nile8--#aja4 ,of ,sierra ,leone1 and ,liberia8 #ajb4 ,what are the soil and climate of the ,west ,india ,islands8--#ajc4 ,the productions8 #ajd4 ,which has established an independent government8 #aje4 ,what groups of islands are called ,east ,india ,islands8 #ajf4 ,what are some of the peculiarities of these islands8 #ajg4 ,what is said of ,new ,holland8 #ajh4 ,of ,van ,dieman's ,land8 #aji4 ,of ,new ,britain and ,ireland8 #aaj4 ,what is the character of the people of the ,ladrone and ,navigator's islands8 #aaa4 ,of the ,friendly1 the ,society1 and the ,pelew islands8 #aab4 ,what is said of the climate and productions of the ,polynesian islands8