,7 ,y ,ev] a ,*ild8 ,,by ,,! ,,same ,,au?or ,,moon-,,calf1 a ,,novel ,,! ,,bri>y-,,bu%1 a ,,novel ,7 ,y ,ev] a ,*ild8 by ,floyd ,dell ,second ,edition1 ) a ,new ,preface ,illu/ration ,new ,york ,alfr$ ,a ,knopf #aiba ,,copyright1 #aiai1 #aiba1 ,,by ,,alfr$ ,a4 ,,knopf1 ,,inc4 ,,pr9t$ ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,( ,,am]ica ,,to ,,! ,,s*ool ,,tea*]s ,,( ,,my ,,*ildhood ,,9 ,,tok5 ,,( ,,=giv5ess ,preface ,?is book is int5d$ z an explanation ( ! new educational ideals & me?ods n[ be+ fo/]$ & develop$1 "u great difficulties1 by c\rage\s educators1 9 v>i\s s*ools = ! mo/ "p outside ! public s*ool sy/em4 ,^! s*ools are 8exp]im5tal0 9 ! s5se t !y are demon/rat+ ^u a small scale ! va/ possibilities ( a mod]n k9d ( education4 ,! importance ( ^! s*ools consi/s n s mu* 9 ! advantages :i* !y are n[ able to give to a few ( our *ildr51 b r 9 ! prophetic vision !y af=d ( all y\? gr[+ up ) ! same advantages4 ,be=e t c happ51 ! public mu/ discov] :at ! new education signifies1 & :y ! old educational sy/em is unable to keep up ) ! dem&s ( mod]n civilization4 ,?is book attempts only a small "p ( su* a trem5d\s task ( enlight5m5t4 ,b x does und]take a brief review ( ! educational situation 9 ! light ( our pres5t sci5tific k ( human nature--& m especially1 ( ! human nature ( ! *ild4 ,education may be said to be1 ess5tially1 an adju/m5t betwe5 ! *ild & ! age 9 :i* he lives4 ,t adju/m5t c be a pa9less & happy "o2 at pres5t x is a sort ( civil w>4 ,?is book deals precisely ) ! special problems involv$ 9 ! difficult process ( reconcil+ ! nature ( ! *ild ) ! nature ( our tw5tie?-c5tury ma*9e-culture4 ,! me?od *os5 9 ^! pages = ! exposition ( ?is situation is "o :i* _m read]s w consid] unduly flippant1 p>ticul>ly 9 ^? passages :i* deal ) ! failure ( ! old educational sy/em4 ,b "o might z well laugh at t failure z cry ov] x2 = x is a ridicul\s z well z a pa!tic failure4 ,! important ?+ is to recognize t x is a failure1 & to l5d a h& if we c 9 ! creat+ ( a bett] k9d ( education4 ,f4 ,d4 ,cont5ts ,i ,! ,*ild #ac ,,ii ,! ,s*ool ,build+ #bb ,,iii ,! ,tea*] #bg ,,iv ,! ,book #cf ,v ,! ,magic ,!ory ( ,education #dg ,,vi ,! ,ca/e ,sy/em ( ,education #ec ,,vii ,! ,canonization ( ,book-,magic #eh ,,viii ,! ,conque/ ( ,culture 9 ,am]ica #fc ,,ix ,smi?1 ,jones & ,rob9son #fi ,x ,employ] vs4 ,trade ,unioni/ #gd ,,xi ,! ,goose-,/ep #gg ,,xii ,! ,g>y ,plan #hj ,,xiii ,le>n+ to ,"w #hc ,,xiv ,le>n+ to ,play #ij ,,xv ,fir/ & ,la/ ,?+s #if ,,xvi ,! ,*ild z ,arti/ #ajj ,,xvii ,! ,arti/ z a ,*ild #aae ,,xviii ,! ,drama ( ,education #abd ,,xix ,! ,drama ( ,life #acb ,,xx ,curiosity #acg ,,xxi ,! ,"r to be ,wrong #adi ,,xxii ,ent]prise #aeg ,,xxiii ,democracy #afg ,,xxiv ,responsibility #agc ,,xxv ,love #ahj ,,xxvi ,education 9 #aidg ,a4 ,d4 #aij ,7 ,y ,ev] a ,*ild8 ,7 ,y ,ev] a ,*ild8 ,7 y ev] a *ild8444 ,i ask out ( no indec5t curiosity z to y\r pa/4 ,b ,i wi% to address only ^? :o w\ld naturally be int]e/$ 9 ! subject ( ,education4 ,^? :o hav5't be5 *ildr5 !mselves are 9 _m respects =tunate be+s2 b !y lack ! backgr\nd ( bitt] exp]i5ce :i* makes ?is1 to ! re/ ( u1 an acutely int]e/+ !me--& !y might j z well /op read+ "r "h4 ,i pause to all[ !m to put ! book aside4444 ,) my rema9+ audi5ce1 fit ?\gh few1 ,i feel t ,i c get d[n at once to ! brass tacks ( ! situation4 ,we h all be5 educat$--& j look at u6 ,we ourselves1 z products ( an educational sy/em1 are suffici5tly damn+ evid5ce aga9/ x4 ,if we ?9k ( :at we happily might h be51 & !n ( :at we are1 we _c b conc$e ! total failure or ! helpless inadequacy ( our education to educe ^? possibilities ( ours into actuality4 ,look+ back on ^? ye>s ^u ye>s :i* we sp5t 9 s*ool1 we "k t some?+ 0 wrong4 ,9 ?is respect our adult convictions f9d impressive support 9 our e>li] views on ! subject4 ,if we w rememb]1 we did n1 at ! "t1 exactly approve ( ! s*ool sy/em4 ,_m ( u1 9 fact1 w5t 9 = ,i4 ,w4 ,w4 tactics--especially sabotage4 ,our fav\rite br& ( sabotage 0 ! 8)drawal ( effici5cy0--9 our case a k9d ( in/9ctive passive resi/ance4 ,amiable onlook]s1 su* z our p>5ts or ! bo>d ( education1 might h ?\ght t we 7 le>n+ some?+ all ! :ile2 b t's j :]e we fool$ 'em6 ,!re 71 ( c\rse1 a few ( u :o really le>n$ & rememb]$ ev]y?+--:o c\ld /ate (f-h&1 "r n[1 if anybody ask$ u1 9 :at ye> ,norman ! ,conqu]or l&$ 9 ,engl&4 ,b ! tr\ble is t s few p ask u6 ,!re 0 "o bit ( c&\r 9 our s*ool+--at its v end4 ,!y call$ t end+ a ,comm5cem5t4 ,& s inde$ we f\nd x4 ,bewild]$1 unprep>$1 out ( t\* ) ! realities1 we comm5c$ !n & !re to le>n :at life is l4 ,we f\nd x disc\rag+ or inspirit+ 9 a ?\s& ways2 b ! ?+ :i* /ruck u at ! "t mo/ =cibly 0 t x 0 9 e respect q unlike s*ool4 ,! values :i* _h obta9$ !re1 did n exi/ outside4 ,"o c\ld n cram = a job z if x 7 an exam9ation2 "o c\ld n get 9 ! good graces ( a ma*9e z if x 7 a tea*]2 ! docility :i* won high 8m>ks0 9 s*ool 0 call$ lack ( ent]prise 9 ! bus9ess _w1 dulness 9 social life1 /upidity 9 ! realm ( love4 ,! values ( real life 7 new & diff]5t4 ,we _h be5 q c>efully prep>$ to g on /udy+ & att5d+ classes & tak+ exam9ations2 b ! real _w 0 n l t4 ,x 0 full ( adv5ture & agony & beauty2 its politics 7 n 9 ! lea/ l ! pages ( ! ,civics ,text-,book2 its j\rnalism & lit]ature _h purposes & me?ods undream$ ( by ! pr(essor :o compil$ 7f o!r text-books compil$ by o!r pr(essors7 ! ,engli% ,composition ,book2 go+ on ! road = a :olesale h\se 0 a geographical emprise into ^: fe>ful d>knesses ev5 ! ,advanc$ ,geography ,c\rse ?rew no assi/+ light2 ! economics ( c\rt%ip & m>riage & p>5?ood _h someh[ be5 ov]look$ by ! man :o ,lectur$ ^u t ,subject4 ,:e!r we _h /udi$ our lessons or n2 :e!r we _h pass$ our exam9ations triumphantly1 or j got ?r\gh by ! sk9 ( our tee?--:at diff]5ce did x make1 to u or to ! _w8 ,& :at to u n[ are ^? triumphs & humiliations1 ! failure or success ( s*ool1 except a matt] ( occasional humor\s rem9isc5ce8 ,:at w\ld we ?9k ( a long & pa9ful & exp5sive surgical op]ation ( :i* x c\ld be said aft]w>d t x made n ! slighte/ diff]5ce to ! pati5t :e!r x succe$$ or fail$8 ,yet1 judg$ by results 9 lat] life1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 fail+ & succe$+ 9 s*ool is m]ely ! diff]5ce betwe5 a railroad collision & a /eamboat explosion1 z describ$ by ,uncle ,tom3 8,if y's 9 a railroad sma%-up1 :y--?> yo' is6 ,b if yo's 9 a /eamboat bus'-up1 :y--:> is yo'80 ,x is our task1 h[ev]1 to inve/igate ?is confus$ cata/rophe1 & fix ! responsibility = its casualties4 ,i4 ,! ,*ild ,education1 z popul>ly conceiv$1 includes z its *ief +r$i5ts a ,*ild1 a ,build+1 ,text-,books1 & a ,tea*]4 ,obvi\sly1 "o ( !m mu/ be to blame = its go+ wrong4 ,let u see if x is ! ,*ild4 ,we w put him on ! witness /&3 ,q4 ,:o are y8 ,a4 ,i am a =eign] 9 a /range l&4 ,q4 ,:at6 ,a4 ,please1 sir1 t's :at ev]ybody says4 ,sometimes !y call me a little angel2 ! poet ,wordswor? says t ,i come trail+ cl\ds ( glory f ,heav5 :i* is my home4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,i am (t5 call$ a little devil2 & :5 y see ! sort ( ?+s ,i d 9 ! comic supplem5ts1 y w p]haps be incl9$ to accept t description4 ,i really don't "k :i* is "r1 b bo? op9ions seem to agree t ,i am an immigrant4 ,q4 ,speak up s t ! jury c he>4 ,h y any fri5ds 9 ?is c\ntry8 ,a4 ,no1 sir--n exactly4 ,b !re are two p1 a woman & a man1 natives ( ?is l&1 :o = "s reason take an int]e/ 9 me4 ,x 0 !y :o taught me to speak ! language4 ,!y also taught me _m ( ! cu/oms ( ! c\ntry1 :i* at fir/ ,i c\ld n und]/&4 ,= in/ance1 my preoccupation ) c]ta9 natural--! re/ ( ! s5t5ce /rick5 f ! record4 ,q4 ,y ne$ n g into su* matt]s4 ,i fe> y /ill h _m ?+s to le>n ab\t ! cu/oms ( ! c\ntry4 ,"o ( !m is n to allude to t side ( life 9 public4 ,a4 ,yes1 sir2 s ^? two p tell me4 ,i'm sure ,i don't see :y4 ,x seems to me a v int]e/+ & important-- ,q4 ,t w d4 ,n[ z to ^? p :o are look+ aft] y3 ,are y\r relations ) !m agreeable8 ,a4 ,nom9ally1 yes4 ,b ,i mu/ say t !y h treat$ me 9 a v peculi> way1 :i* has ar\s$ 9 me a deep res5tm5t4 ,y see1 at fir/ !y treat$ me l a k+--9 fact1 l a ,kais]4 ,i _h only to wave my h& & !y came runn+ to "k :at x 0 ,i want$4 ,i utt]$ c]ta9 magic syllables 9 my own language1 & !y pro/rat$ !mselves be=e me1 (f]+ me gifts4 ,:5 !y br\ght ! wrong gifts1 ,i d\bl$ up my fi/s & twi/$ my face1 & gave v5t to l\d cries--& !y became /ill m abject1 until at la/ ,i 0 placat$4 ,q4 ,t is :at is call$ p>5tal love4 ,:at !n8 ,a4 ,i naturally reg>d$ !m z my slaves4 ,b pres5tly !y rebell$4 ,"o ( !m1 ( :om ,i _h be5 p>ticul>ly fond1 comm5c$ to make me dr9k milk f a bottle in/ead ( f-- ,q4 ,yes1 yes1 we und]/&4 ,& y res5t$ t8 ,a4 ,i )drew ! light ( my fav\r f h] = a long "t4 ,i express$ my disappo9tm5t 9 h]4 ,i (f]$ freely to p>don h] del9qu5cy if %e w\ld ackn[l$ge h] fault & resume h] famili> duties4 ,b p]haps ,i did n succe$ 9 convey+ my mean+ cle>ly1 = at ?is "t ,i _h no comm& ( h] language4 ,at any rate1 my ef=ts 7 useless4 ,& h] repreh5sible conduct 0 only ! fir/ ( a s]ies ( :at seem$ to me indignities & insults4 ,i 0 no long] a k+4 ,i 0 compell$ to obey my own slaves4 ,9 va9 ,i made ! old magic ge/ures1 utt]$ ! old talismanic comm&s--9 va9 ev5 my d\bl+ up ( fi/s & twi/+ ( face & l\d outcries2 ! p[] 0 gone f ^! ?+s4 ,yet n q all ! p[]--= my cry+ 0 at lea/ a sort ( puni%m5t to !m1 & z su* ,i (t5 inflict$ x ^u !m4 ,q4 ,y 7 a naughty *ild4 ,a4 ,s !y told me4 ,b ,i only felt aggriev$ at my new helplessness1 & wi%$ to recov] some:at ( my old s5se ( p[] ov] !m4 ,b z ,i gradually acquir$ new p[]s ,i lo/ 9 "p my feel+ ( helplessness4 ,i also f\nd t !re 7 o!r be+s l myself1 & we conduct$ magic c]emonies toge!r 9 :i* we trans=m$ ourselves & our surr\nd+s at w4 ,^! delightful ent]prises 7 cont9ually be+ int]rupt$ by ^? o!r p1 our p>5ts1 :o insi/$ on our le>n+ ev] m & m ( _! own cu/oms4 ,!y wi%$ u to be int]e/$ 9 _! activities1 & !y 7 pleas$ :5 we ask$ que/ions ab\t ?+s we did n und]/&4 ,yet !re 7 "s que/ions :i* !y w\ld n answ]1 or :i* !y rebuk$ u = ask+1 or to :i* !y return$ replies t1 aft] consultation among ourselves1 we decid$ 7 fabul\s4 ,s we 7 compell$ to =m our own !ories ab\t ^! ?+s4 ,we ask$1 = in/ance-- ,q4 ,please conf9e y\r answ]s to ! que/ions4 ,t is ano!r matt] n spok5 ( 9 public2 ?\gh to be q frank ) y1 public ta/e seems to be *ang+ some:at 9 ?is respect4 ,a4 ,i am v glad to he> x4 ,i w\ld l to "k-- ,q4 ,n n[1 n n[4--,y say y h le>n$ by ?is "t _m ( ! cu/oms ( ! c\ntry8 ,a4 ,oh1 yes1 sir6 ,i c dress myself1 & wa% my face 7?\gh p]haps n 9 a mann] q above criticism71 c\nt ! *ange :i* ! groc] gives me1 tell ! "t by a clock1 say 8,yes1 ma'am0 & 8,?ank y0--& ,i am beg9n+ to be adept 9 ! great national game ( baseball4 ,q4 ,h y decid$ :at y w\ld d if y 7 p]mitt$ to take "p 9 our adult activities8 ,a4 ,i w\ld l to be a truck-driv]4 ,q4 ,:y8 ,a4 ,because he c :ip ! big horses4 ,q4 ,d y "k any?+ ab\t ma*9]y8 ,a4 ,no1 sir2 ,i knew a boy :o _h a /eam-eng9e1 b he mov$ away be=e ,i got a *ance to see h[ x work$4 ,q4 ,y spoke ( truck-driv+ j n[4 ,d y "k :]e ! truck-driv] is go+ ) 8 load8 ,a4 ,no1 sir4 ,q4 ,d y "k :]e he came f8 ,a4 ,no1 sir4 ,q4 ,d y "k :at a factory is8 ,a4 ,yes1 sir2 ,jim's fa!r got ?ree f+]s cut (f 9 a factory4 ,q4 ,d y "k :]e ! sun rises & sets8 ,a4 ,x rises 9 ! ,ea/ & sets 9 ! ,we/4 ,q4 ,h[ does x get f ! ,we/ back to ! ,ea/ dur+ ! night8 ,a4 ,x goes "u ! e>?4 ,q4 ,h[8 ,a4 ,x digs a tunnel6 ,q4 ,:at does x dig ! tunnel )8 ,a4 ,) its claws4 ,q4 ,:o 0 ,george ,wa%+ton8 ,a4 ,he 0 ! ,fa!r ( 8 c\ntry1 & he nev] told a lie4 ,q4 ,w\ld y l to be a soldi]8 ,a4 ,yes4 ,q4 ,if we let y take "p 9 ! gov]nm5t ( our c\ntry1 :at ticket w\ld y vote8 ,a4 ,! ,republican ticket4 ,my fa!r is a ,republican4 ,q4 ,:at w\ld y d if y _h t5 c5ts8 ,a4 ,i'd g to see ,*>ley ,*apl9 9 ! mov+-picture %[4 ,q4 ,?ank y4 ,y c /ep d[n4 ,a4 ,yes1 sir4 ,:]e is my t5 c5ts8 ,& n[1 g5tlem51 y h he>d ! witness4 ,he has told ! tru?--& no?+ b ! tru?--& he w\ld h told ! :ole tru? if ,i _h n be5 vigilant 9 def5ce ( y\r mode/y4 ,he is1 z he says1 a =eign]1 incompletely naturaliz$4 ,9 c]ta9 directions 8 developm5t has proce$$ rapidly4 ,he %[s a patriotism & a s5se ( political pr9ciples :i* are q z mature z mo/ ( ours4 ,b 9 o!r directions !re is mu* to be desir$4 ,he does n "k :at k9d ( _w x is he lives 91 nor has he any k ( h[ he c\ld be/ take 8 place1 ) ! mo/ satisfaction to himself & 8 fell[-m51 9 t _w--:e!r z f>m] or eng9e]1 poet or policeman1 or 9 ! humbl] b none ! less necess>y capacities ( du/man or dramatic critic4 ,x w\ld be idle = u to pret5d t we ?9k x w be easy = him to le>n all ?is4 ,b )\t ?is k he is go+ to be a nuisance--n )\t a c]ta9 *>m 7inde$1 ,i "k sev]al individuals :o h rema9$ *ildr5 all _! lives1 & !y are ! mo/ delightful ( companions = an idle h\r71 b /ill1 by reason ( incapacity & irresponsibility1 an undesirable burd5 ^u ! community3 unable to support himself1 & simply n to be tru/$ 9 ! responsible relations ( m>riage & p>5?ood4 ,we simply c't let him rema9 9 8 pres5t /ate ( ignorance4 ,& yet1 h[ is he ev] go+ to be taught8 ,y h se5 j ab\t h[ f> private ent]prise is likely to help him4 ,t man & woman ( :om he told u h o!r ?+s to d besides tea* him4 ,& if he is turn$ ov] to special private in/itutions1 we h no gu>antee t !y w n take advantage ( 8 helplessness1 keep him "u _! control & rob him ( fre$om ( movem5t = a long t]m ( ye>s1 set him to le>n+ a mass ( fabul\s or irrelevant in=mation1 in/il 9 him a fictiti\s s5se ( its value by a sy/em ( prizes & puni%m5ts1 & f9ally turn him out into our _w no bett] prep>$ to take 8 prop] "p 9 x ?an he 0 be=e2 & ?us1 hav+ wa/$ 8 own "t1 he w\ld h to wa/e ours by compell+ u to tea* him all ov] aga94 ,9 fact1 ! difficulty ( deal+ ) him appe>s s great t ,i am mov$ to make ! /atesmanlike proposal--nev] be=e1 ,i believe1 pres5t$ to ! public--( pass+ a law :i* w prev5t ?is k9d ( undesirable immigration altoge!r4 ,%all we aboli% ! ,*ild8 ,! only o!r reasonable alt]native is = u to und]take ?is difficult & delicate bus9ess ( education ourselves--assume z a public responsibility ! provision ( a full opportunity = ?is helpless1 wi/ful1 /ubborn little b>b>ian to f9d out ab\t ! _w & ab\t himself4 ,well1 %all we d t8 ,let u n all[ any false s5tim5tality to affect our decision4444 ,! vote seems to be 9 fav\r ( giv+ him 8 *ance4 ,v well6 ,,ii4 ,! ,s*ool ,build+ ,x is cle> t :at is mo/ ( all ! matt] ) ! *ild is 8 s5se ( helplessness4444 ,he told u h[ he lo/ inevitably 8 position ( ,k+ 9 ! magic realm ( infancy--a k+%ip only to be recov]$ fragm5t>ily 9 dreams & 9 ! fantasies ( play--h[ he discov]$ himself to be little & weak & clumsy & ignorant ( ! ways ( ! /range real _w4 ,x is cle> too t ! *ief diff]5ce :i* sep>ates u f *ildhood is ! acquisition ( a few p[]s1 physical & intellectual1 :i* make u feel to "s ext5t ma/]s ( our _w4 ,does n education1 !n1 fir/ ( all consi/ 9 giv+ to *ildr5 a progressive s5se ( p[]1 ?r\gh a physical & intellectual ma/]y ( _! environm5t8 ,& w\ld n ! acquisition ( an adequately increas+ ma/]%ip deprive ! *ild ( any ne$ = ^? outbur/s ( rage & malice & mis*ief :i* are today ! mo/ *>act]i/ic trait ( *ildhood1 & :i* are only 8 attempt to d5y 8 %ameful helplessness8 ,%all we n try at ! outset to make ! *ild feel t he is a useful & important "p ( our _w8 ,! answ] to ^! que/ions be+ 8,yes10 we n[ turn to ! build+ 9 :i* :at n[ passes = education is conduct$1 & inquire :e!r x answ]s ?is prim>y requirem5t4 ,b fir/ ( all1 let u free our m9ds f any l+]+ sup]/itions we may *]i% ) ref]5ce to s*ool build+s4 ,let u get ov] ! notion t s*ool-build+s are sacrosanct1 l *ur*es4 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t we h transf]r$ to ! s*ool build+ "s ( our traditional respect = *ur*es4 ,we feel t x is a desecration to all[ dances & political meet+s to be held !re4 ,we seem to reg>d ) jeal\s pride ! utt] empt9ess & uselessness ( our s*ool build+s aft] h\rs2 x is a k9d ( c]emonial wa/efulness :i* appeals to "s deep-seat$ ridicul\s b>b>ic s5se ( religi\s taboo 9 u4 ,well1 we mu/ get ov] x if we are to give ! *ildr5 a squ>e deal4 ,if x %\ld turn out t ! s*ool build+ is wrong1 we mu/ be prep>$ to aboli% x4 ,& we mu/ get ov] our notion t a s*ool build+ is necess>y 9 ord] = a s*ool to exi/4 ,! mo/ fam\s s*ool 9 ! _w _h no build+ at all--only a /ret* ( outdoors1 ) "s grass & a few plane trees4 ,( c\rse1 ! ,greeks 7 fond] ( ! op5 air ?an we are1 & _! w9t]s 7 less sev]e4 ,& !n1 too1 ! ,greek idea ( education 0 simpl] ?an ours4 ,x compris$ simply a?letics & philosophy & "o or two o!r ari/ocratic subjects :i* ,i =get at ! mom5t--art be+ reg>d$ z manual lab\r1 j z ! drama 0 consid]$ a religi\s function1 & gov]nm5t a k9d ( communal fe/ivity6 ,&1 ( c\rse1 ! ,p]sian !ory ( education--to be able to ride1 %oot1 & tell ! tru?--c\ld be c>ri$ out "u ! op5 sky bett] ?an any:]e else4 ,b our aims are m elaborate1 & x may v well be true--9 fact1 ,i h be5 conv9c$ ( x all along--t mu* ( our educational process %\ld be c>ri$ on indoors4 ,b let u n be too ha/y 9 conc$+ ! ,s*ool ,build+'s "r to exi/5ce4 ,!re is ano!r side to ! "q4 ,! tr\ble is1 once y give a ,s*ool ,build+ p]mission to exi/1 x /raightway comm5ces to put on semi-sac]dotal airs--z if x 7 a k9d ( outca/ b rep5tant *ur*4 ,x arranges itself into d+y little secul> *apels1 ) a k9d ( furtive pulpit 9 front = ! tea*]1 & a lot ( individual pews = ! m\rn]s4 ,x makes ! *emi/ry laboratory1 :i* x reg>ds z a pr(ane intrud]1 feel cramp$ & uncom=table2 x puts inconv5i5ces 9 ! way ( ! gymnasium2 & x is dreadfully afraid "s "o w ?9k t ! assembly hall w look l a !atre2 :ile z = c>p5try & pr9t+ %ops1 ateli]s = sculpture gr\ps1 & a furnace = ! pott]y class1 x feels t x has lo/ ca/e utt]ly if x is =c$ to admit !m2 nor w x condesc5d to ackn[l$ge su* a ?+ z a kit*5-g>d5 9 its back y>d z hav+ any relation to itself4 ,y c well und]/& t if x has ^! famili> adjuncts ( ev]yday life1 x w seem j l "p ( ! ord9>y _w2 & s x tries its h>de/ to keep !m out1 & g5]ally succe$s pretty well4 ,b s9ce :at we />t$ out to d 0 to tea* *ildr5 :at ! _w ( reality is l1 x is necess>y t !y %\ld be 9 & ( ! real _w4 ,& s9ce ! real _w outside is n1 un=tunately1 fully available = educational purposes1 x is necess>y to provide !m ) ! real _w on a small] scale--a _w 9 :i* !y c1 )\t dang]1 famili>ize !mselves ) _! environm5t 9 its ess5tial aspects--a _w :i* is !irs to obs]ve1 t\*1 h&le1 take ap>t & put back toge!r aga91 play )1 "w )1 & become ma/] (2 a _w 9 :i* !y h no cause to feel helpless or weak or useless or unimportant2 a _w f :i* !y c g into ! great _w outside )\t any abrupt transition--a _w1 9 %ort1 9 :i* !y c le>n to be effici5t & happy human be+s4 ,! ,s*ool ,build+1 impos+ ^u our cr$ulity & pret5d+ to be too sacr$ = ^! purposes1 ne$s to be tak5 d[n f its p$e/al4 ,x may be p]mitt$ to h a %>e 9 ! education ( our y\? if x w b rememb] t x is no m important 9 t process ?an a g>d51 a swimm+ tank1 a playgr\nd1 ! libr>y ar\nd ! corn]1 ! woods :]e ! botany class goes1 or ! sky ov]head t exhibits its con/ellations gladly at ! reque/ ( ! sci5ce tea*]4 ,let x humble itself :ile !re is yet "t1 & n expect its little gue/s to keep sil5ce )9 its walls z if !y 7 9 a *ur*1 = x may ev5 yet be ov]?r[n--& replac$ by a comb9ation !atre-gymnasium-/udio-(fice-&-model-fact ory build+4 ,& !n x w be sorry6 ,,iii4 ,! ,tea*] ,%all ! ,tea*] be aboli%$8444 ,:at's t y say8--,oh1 b surely n be=e %e has _h a he>+6--! wor/ crim9al des]ves t mu* consid]ation4 ,i beg ( y to let me speak "o mom5t 9 h] behalf4--,ah1 ?ank y1 my fri5ds4 7,si/]1 y _h a tight squeak j !n6 ,if x hadn't be5 = my pres5ce ( m9d & my habitual coolness 9 ! pres5ce ( infuriat$ mobs1 ,i hate to ?9k :at w\ld h happ5$4--,& n[ let me see3 :at c ,i say 9 y\r behalf8 ,h'm4444 ,h'm44447 ,my fri5ds1 ?is unhappy woman 7= we %all c5tre our att5tion on ! female ( ! species7 is m s9n$ aga9/ ?an s9n+4 ,reflect6 ,! /atus ( wom5 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates has *ang$ 9 ! la/ fifty ye>s4 ,mod]n indu/ry has almo/ utt]ly de/roy$ ! old pione] home ) its p>tn]%ip-m>riage2 ambiti\s "y m5 no long] h an economic ne$ = capable wom5-p>tn]s2 wom5 h lo/ _! wont$ economic value z pot5tial help]s1 & _! capacity = mo!rhood appe>s to ! l>ge/ section ( "y manhood 9 ! aspect ( a dang] r ?an a bless+4 ,wom5 h1 to be sure1 acquir$ a new value1 9 ! eyes ( a small] class ( economically 8arriv$0 m51 z a sign ( _! 8arrival0--t is1 !y are desir$ z adv]tisem5ts ( _! husb&s' economic /atus4 ,9 "o s5se1 ! task ( demon/rat+ ! ext5t ( a husb&'s income is easi] ?an ! pione] task ( help+ take c>e ( a f>m & rais+ a h\seful ( babies2 b1 aft] all1 su* a c>e] does require ei!r natural tal5t or a high degree ( tra9+ 9 ! graceful habits ( conspicu\s idl5ess & honorific extravagance4 ,&1 :e!r x is t ! va/ majority ( wom5 spurn$ su* a c>e] z an ess5tially immoral "o1 or :e!r !y 7 n really up to its requirem5ts1 or :e!r ! dem& 0 f\nd to be m ?an met by ! hordes ( c&idates turn$ out ye>ly by ! bo>d+-s*ools--:atev] ! reason1 ! fact rema9s t a l>ge numb] ( wom5 began to see ! necessity & to conceive ! desirability ( "s c>e] o!r ?an m>riage4 ,b indu/rial evolution1 :i* _h de/roy$ _! =m] opportunities1 _h fail$ to make any consid]able or at lea/ any dec5t room = !m 9 ! indu/rial s*eme4 ,mo/ p>ticul>ly 0 ?is true = ! "y wom5 ( ! middle class4 ,!y 7 unable to g into ! pr(essions or ! respectable trades1 & unwill+ 7= excell5t reasons7 to ent] ! factories2 !y 7 giv5 no opportunity to le>n h[ to d any?+--!y 7 7q aga9/ _! w1 b inevitably7 condemn$ to pr(\nd ignorance ( ! mo/ important ?+s 9 ! _w--"w & love2 & s1 naturally1 !y became ,tea*]s4 ,! _w did n want !m1 & s !y /ay$ out ( ! _w1 9 t drab1 quasi-religi\s edifice1 ! ,s*ool ,build+1 & prep>$ o!rs to g into ! _w4444 ,good ,heav5s6 d y suppose = a m9ute1 if ?is un=tunate woman _h kn[n en\gh ab\t ,any?+ 9 ,p>ticul> to get a respectable job outside1 t %e w\ld h /ay$ 9 !re to tea* ,ev]y?+ 9 ,g5]al8#a ,d y suppose %e wants to be a ,tea*]8 ,d y suppose %e likes pret5d+ to be adept 9 a doz5 difficult subjects at once1 inflict+ an impossible ideal ( 8ord]0 ^u ! =ty re/less *ildr5 :om h] we>y1 amateur1 und]paid ef=ts at in/ruction h fail$ to int]e/1 sp5d+ h] days 9 ! confront+ ( an impossible task & h] nights 9 ! 8correct+0 ( an endless s]ies ( writt5 pro(s ( h] failure--&1 on top ( t1 be+ d5i$ mo/ ( h] human rights8 ,! munition-factory girls at lea/ _h _! fl+ :5 ! day's "w 0 ov]2 b %e is expect$ to be a ,ve/al4 ,9 "s places %e c't get m>ri$ )\t los+ h] job2 9 ,new ,york1 if %e is m>ri$1 %e c't h a baby6 ,no--x is h] mis=tune1 n h] fault1 t %e is :at %e is4 ,9 fact1 ,i ?9k t if we c\ld h manag$ to keep ! w> go+ a little long]1 %e w\ld h pretty mu* aboli%$ h]self4 ,abdication is becom+ popul>1 & %e among all ! mon>*s is n ! lea/ uncom=table & re/rict$ & h$g$ 9 by useless div9ity4 ,h] abdication w be z di/urb+ an ev5t z ! ,russian ,revolution4 ,! ,russians 7 accu/om$ to _! ,cz>2 b !y j _h to le>n to get along )\t him4 ,& p]haps a simil> lesson is 9 /ore = u4444 ,y f9d x a little difficult to imag9e :at ,s*ool w\ld be l )\t ,tea*]s8 ,well1 = "o ?+1 x w\ld be m l ! re/ ( ! _w ?an x is n[--& t1 we agre$1 0 :at we want$4 ,:]e else1 inde$1 except 9 ,s*ool1 d y f9d ,tea*]s8 ,! re/ ( ! _w manages to get along )\t !m v well4 ,p]haps x is m]ely a sup]/ition t !y are ne$$ 9 ,s*ool6 ,let u inquire into ! matt]4 ,:at d p 9 ! outside _w d :5 !y want to le>n some?+8 ,!y g to somebody :o kn[s ab\t x1 & ask him4 ,!y d n g to somebody :o is reput$ to "k ab\t ev]y?+--except1 :5 !y are v "y1 to _! p>5ts3 & !y spe$ily become disillusion$ ab\t t v>iety ( omnisci5ce4 ,!y g to somebody :o might reasonably be expect$ to "k ab\t ! p>ticul> ?+ !y are int]e/$ 94 ,:5 a man buys a motor-c>1 he does n say to himself3 8,:]e c ,i f9d somebody :o c tea* me h[ to run a motor-c> & dance ! tango & pr$ict a rise on ! /ock-m>ket80 ,he does n look 9 ! telephone directory "u ,t4 ,he j gets an exp]i5c$ driv] to tea* him4 ,& :5 ! driv] tells him t ?is is ! self-/>t]1 & proce$s to />t ! c> ) x1 a confid5ce is e/abli%$ :i* makes him incl9$ to believe all he c und]/& ( :at he is pres5tly told ab\t ! my/]i\s functions ( ! c>buretor4 ,he does n ev5 inquire if ! man has tak5 v[s ( celibacy4 ,he j pays att5tion & asks que/ions & tries to d ! ?+ himself1 until he le>ns4 ,b ?is case1 ( c\rse1 assumes an int]e/ ( ! pupil 9 ! subject1 a will+ness & ev5 a desire to le>n ab\t x1 a feel+ t ! matt] is ( "s importance to himself4 ,& come to ?9k ( x1 ^! motives are g5]ally pres5t 9 ! le>n+ t goes on 9 ! outside _w4 ,x is only 9 ,s*ool t ! pupil is expect$ to be unwill+ to le>n4 ,:5 y 7 a *ild1 & pass$ ! door ( ! village blacksmi? %op1 & look$ 91 day aft] day1 y saw ! blacksmi? heat+ a piece ( iron r$ hot 9 ! furnace1 or twi/+ x deftly ) 8 p9c]s1 or dropp+ x sizzl+ into a tub ( wat]1 or p>+ a horse's ho(s1 or hamm]+ 9 ! silv]y nails ) swift bl[s2 y admir$ 8 skill1 & /ood 9 awe ( 8 /r5g?2 & if he _h (f]$ to let y bl[ ! bell[s = him & %[n y h[ to twi/ a r$-hot p5ny1 t w\ld h be5 a pr\d mom5t4 ,x w\ld also h be5 an educational "o4 ,b suppose !re _h be5 a new %op set up 9 ! t[n1 & :5 y look$ 9 at ! op5 door y saw a man at "w pa9t+ a picture2 & suppose a bell rang j !n1 & ! man /opp$ pa9t+ "r 9 ! middle ( a bru%-/roke1 & comm5c$ to read al\d 8,h[ ,!y ,br\ght ! ,good ,news f ,gh5t to ,aix02 & suppose :5 he 0 half way ?r\gh1 ! bell rang aga91 & he said1 8,we w g on ) t tomorr[10 & comm5c$ to *isel ! surface ( a piece ( m>ble2 & !n1 aft] a little1 some:at exhau/$ly1 />t$ 9 to play 8,! ,rock ( ,ages0 on a flute1 int]rupt+ ! tune to ord] y to /& up /raight & n :isp] to ! little boy beside y4 ,!re's no d\bt :at y w\ld ?9k ( him2 y w\ld "k p]fectly well t he 0 crazy2 p don't d ?+s 9 t way any:]e 9 ! _w1 except 9 s*ool4 ,& ev5 if he _h assur$ y t pa9t+ & poetry1 sculpture & music1 7 lat] 9 y\r life go+ to be matt]s ( ! deepe/ importance & int]e/1 & t y %\ld />t 9 n[ ) ! det]m9ation ( becom+ pr(ici5t 9 ! arts1 x w\ld n h help$ mu*4 ,n v mu*4 ,x's nons5se t *ildr5 d n want to le>n4 ,ev]ybody wants to le>n4 ,& ev]ybody wants to tea*4 ,& ! process is go+ on all ! "t4 ,all t is necess>y is to put a p]son :o kn[s some?+--really kn[s x--)9 ! curiosity-range ( "s "o :o doesn't "k x3 ! process comm5ces at once4 ,x is almo/ irresi/ible4 ,9 ! int]e/ ( previ\s engagem5ts "o has to te> "o's self away f all sorts ( opportunities to le>n ?+s :i* may nev] be ( ! slighte/ use b :i* nev]!less are allur+ precisely because "o does n "k !m4 ,p talk ab\t *ildr5 be+ h>d to tea*1 & 9 ! next brea? deplore ! facility ) :i* !y acquire ! 8vices40 ,t seems /range4 ,x takes z mu* pati5ce1 en]gy & fai?ful application to become pr(ici5t 9 a vice z x does to le>n ma!matics4 ,yet consid] h[ mu* m popul> pok] is ?an equations6 ,b did a s*oolboy ev] drop 9 on a gr\p ( tea*]s :o _h sat up all night p>s+1 say1 a s5t5ce 9 ,h5ry ,james1 or see+ :o c\ld draw ! be/ map ( ! ,nor? ,atlantic ,/ates8 ,& :5 y come to ?9k ( x1 x seems extremely improbable t any little boy ev] le>n$ to dr9k be] by see+ somebody take a tablespoonful once a day4 ,i ?9k t if !re 7 no tea*]s--no ha/ily & sup]ficially tra9$ ,ve/als :o 7 suppos$ to "k ev]y?+--b j ord9>y human be+s :o knew passionately & ?or\ghly "o ?+ 7b y'd be surpris$ to f9d :at a lot ( o!r k t w\ld incid5tally comprise67 & :o _h ! pati5ce to %[ little boys & girls h[ to d t ?+--we might get along )\t ,immaculate ,omnisci5ce pretty well4 ,( c\rse1 we'd h to pay !m m1 because !y c\ld get o!r jobs out 9 ! l>g] _w2 & besides1 y c\ldn't expect to get somebody :o kn[s h[ to d some?+1 = ! price y are accu/om$ to pay ^? :o only "k h[ to tea* ev]y?+4 ,nor ne$ ! *ange necess>ily be abrupt4 ,x c\ld probably be effect$ ) consid]able success by fir+ all ! tea*]s at ! beg9n+ ( ! summ] vacations1 & engag+ _! s]vices z human be+s = ! next ye>4 ,_m ( !m w\ld f9d no difficulty at all 9 readju/+ !mselves4444 ,,iv4 ,! ,book ,( ! +r$i5ts ( ! educational cata/rophe1 ! only "o rema9+ to be discuss$ is ! ,book4 ,is x to blame = ! failure ( ! process :i* has br\ght u to our pres5t /ate ( elaborate ignorance1 & ought x to be aboli%$8 ,:at h books got to d ) education1 anyway8 ,n half z mu* z mo/ p ?9k6 ,if education is le>n+ to be a civiliz$ human be+1 books h _! place 9 x4 ,b civiliz$ life is compos$ ( a numb] ( ?+s besides books--x conta9s ma*9]y1 art1 political organization1 h&icraft1 fl[]s & birds1 & o!r ?+s too num]\s to m5tion1 all ( :i* are notori\sly capable ( be+ le>n$ ab\t 9 ! great _w outside )\t ! use ( books4 ,if 9 ! great _w outside ! s*ool1 !n :y n 9 ! little _w inside ! s*ool8 ,n t ! use ( books %\ld be ev] avoid$ any:]e = ! sake ( ! avoidance4 ,books are a conv5i5ce--or an inconv5i5ce1 z ! case may be4 ,l o!r valuable human utilities1 !y are frequ5tly a nuisance if obtrud$ 9 ! place ( bett] ?+s4 ,e intellig5t p]son has ! same attitude t[>d books t he has t[>d 8 swee!>t's photograph3 if %e is out ( rea*1 if ! picture furni%es him 8 only way ( see+ h]1 he values x pr(\ndly2 b if %e is 9 ! next room1 he does n l+] ) ! image4 ,true1 he may fall 9 love ) ! picture fir/--! picture may reveal to him ! girl :om o!rwise he might nev] h appreciat$2 & books d make u appreciate aspects ( reality :i* we h neglect$4 ,b 9 education books are n an adequate sub/itute = direct contact ) ! realities ) :i* !y deal1 precisely because !y d n give ! s5se ( p[] :i* only comes f direct contact ) reality4 ,x is ! function ( books to assi/ 9 t educational contact--n to take ! place ( x4 ,!re is1 inde$1 a s5se 9 :i* books are ! mo/ egregi\s fraud ev] p]petrat$ ^u a _w hungry = ! k :i* is p[]4 ,i am rem9d$ ( ! sc5e 9 8,! ,wild ,duck10 :5 ! fa!r returns home f a gr& d9n] p>ty4 ,he has promis$ to br+ 8 little daught] "s sweetmeats or cake--& he has =gott5 to d s4 ,b--he gr&ly draws f 8 pocket a piece ( pr9t$ matt]--8,"h1 my *ild1 is ! m5u3 y c sit d[n & read ab\t ! :ole d9n]60 ,poor little ,h$vig knew t %e wasn't gett+ any?+ to eat2 b "s ( u don't realize t = ye>s & ye>s2 we dutifully ma/icate ! innutriti\s cont5ts ( text-books :ile we are />v+ = a ta/e ( reality4 ,take geography1 = in/ance4 ,i "k q well t x 0 n ! int5tion ( ! au?or ( ! text-book :i* ,i /udi$ t ,i %\ld conceive ! /ate ( ,ill9ois z yell[ & ! neighb\r+ /ate ( ,indiana z pale gre53 b ,i d to ?is day4 ,!y 7 n realities to me1 b pictures 9 a book2 & !y 7 n realities because !y _h no relation :atev] to real exp]i5ce4 ,if ,i _h be5 ask$ to draw a map ( ! s*ool gr\nds1 ) ! boys' side di/+ui%$ by "o col\r & ! girls' by ano!r1 t conv5tion w\ld !reaft] h seem$ only :at x 04 ,if ,i _h drawn a map ( ! t[n ,i liv$ 91 ,i w\ld h be5 !nce=? unable1 ,i am sure1 to see a map )\t feel+ ! realities ( /ream & wood & hill & h\se & f>m ( :i* x is a conv5tional ab/raction4 ,i w\ld1 9 %ort1 h le>n$ some?+ ab\t geography4 ,! v ^w w\ld h acquir$ a fasc9at+ significance--! depiction ( ! surface ( ! e>?6 :]eas all ! ^w geography actually means to me n[ is--a l>ge flat book4 ,& if an aviator %\ld /op me & ask :i* is ! way to ,ill9ois1 ,i c\ldn't = my life tell him3 b if y br\ght me t old geography book & op5$ x to ! map ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,i c\ld put my f+] on ,ill9ois 9 ! d>k6 ,y see1 ,ill9ois is = me n a "p ( ! real _w--x is a yell[ picture 9 a l>ge flat book4 ,9 ! same way1 ,i h ! impression t ! ,am]ican ,revolution happ5$ 9 a c]ta9 ?ick book b\nd 9 r$ clo?--n by any *ance 9 ! ,new ,york & ,new ,engl& ^: /reets ,i h walk$ 94 7,&1 = t matt]1 z ,i h lat] discov]$1 mu* ( ! ,am]ican ,revolution ( ! s*ool hi/ories--su* z ! ,bo/on ,tea-,p>ty z describ$--did n happ5 any:]e except 9 ! pages ( su* text-books74 ,! only ?+ ,i "k ab\t ! cross+ ( ! ,delaw>e1 = example1 is t x is a ,lead+ ,fact ( ,am]ican ,hi/ory1 & occurr$ on ! "r h& page1 a little bel[ & to ! left ( a picture4 ,& ?is conception ( hi/orical ev5ts z a s]ies ( s5t5ces occurr+ 9 a c]ta9 ord] on a c]ta9 page1 seems to me ! inevitable consequ5ce ( le>n+ hi/ory f a text-book4 ,!re are o!r objections to ! use ( text-books4 ,"o is _! frequ5t p]v]sion or suppression ( tru? = moral1 patriotic or s5tim5tal reasons3 9 ?is respect !y are l practically all books int5d$ = *ildr54 ,!y are g5]ally pot-boil]s writt5 by m5 ( no /&+ 9 ! intellectual or ev5 9 ! s*ola/ic _w4 ,b ev5 :5 a text-book is writt5 by a man ( real le>n+1 ! abs5ce ( a critical audi5ce ( 8 equals seems (t5 to deprive him ( a /imulus necess>y to good writ+1 & leave him free to indulge 9 long-repress$ *ildi%nesses ( 8 own :i* he w\ld nev] d>e exhibit to a mature public4 ,& ev5 :5 text-books are nei!r grossly incompet5t nor palpably di%one/1 !re is nev]!less almo/ inv>iably some?+ *eap & tra%y ab\t _! composition :i* repels ! /ud5t :o c *oose 8 own books4 ,:y %\ld !y be inflict$ ^u helpless *ildr58 ,ev5 if all text-books 7 miracles ( accuracy & ord]1 ev5 if !y all %[$ lit]>y tal5t ( a high degree1 _! usefulness w\ld /ill be 9 "q4 ,if *ildr5 are to be giv5 a s5se ( ! reality ( ! ev5ts :i* !y /udy1 !y mu/ get "s feel+ ( contact ) ! facts4 ,& to ?is project ! use ( a text-book is fatal4 ,let u turn to hi/ory once m4 ,i take x t a text-book ( hi/ory1 z int5d$ & z us$1 is a book :i* tells ev]y?+ :i* x is believ$ necess>y = ! pupil to "k4 ,"r !re x divorces itself1 completely & irrevocably1 f ! hi/orical category4 ,hi/ory is n a /atem5t ( :at p ought to "k4 ,hi/ory is an inquiry into ! nature & relation%ip & significance ( pa/ ev5ts4 ,n a pron\ncem5t ^u ^! ?+s1 b a se>*+ into !m4 ,n[ ! out/&+ fact ab\t pa/ ev5ts is t !y happ5$ "s "t ago4 ,! hi/orian does n1 to beg9 )1 "k :at happ5$1 let alone h[ & :y x happ5$4 ,he is dep5d5t ^u o!r p's reports4 ,8 *ief task is (t5 to det]m9e ! comp>ative accuracy ( ^! v>i\s reports4 ,& :5 we read ! writ+s ( a real hi/orian1 ! s5se ( contact we h ) ! ev5ts "u discussion comes f our feel+ t we h li/5$ to a cr[d ( contr>y witnesses1 &1 ) our au?or's assi/ance1 got at ! tru? beh9d _! words4 ,m ?an t1 ! hi/orian himself is address+ y1 n z if he ?\ght y _h nev] read any?+ on ! subject be=e & nev] w\ld aga91 b ) implicit or explicit ref]5ce to ! op9ions ( o!r hi/orians4 ,he is himself only "o ( a cr[d ( witnesses1 f all ( ^: te/imony he expects y to =m y\r own op9ion ( ^? pa/ ev5ts :i* none ( y w ev] meet face to face4 ,comp>e ?is ) ! s*ool text-book4 ,x 0 evid5tly writt5 by ,omnisci5ce ,itself1 = x does n talk z if ! facts 7 9 ! slighte/ d\bt1 z if !re 7 any two op9ions ab\t !m1 z if x 7 necess>y to inquire into ! pa/ to f9d out some?+ ab\t x4 ,x does n condesc5d to (f] an op9ion 9 agreem5t or 9 controv]sy ) ! views ( o!rs4 ,x does n confess any difficulty 9 arriv+ at a j conclusion4 ,no--x says ,?is happ5$ & ,t happ5$4 ,p]haps x is all true z gospel4 ,b facts s pres5t$ are ab/ractions1 devoid ( ! w>m? & col\r ( reality4 ,ev5 ! s*ools h le>n$ h[ un9t]e/+ dates are4 ,b !y d n realize t dates are un9t]e/+ because1 s9ce nobody c possibly d\bt !m1 x does no good :atev] to believe 9 !m4 ,x is only ^? tru?s :i* ne$ ! assi/ance ( our belief t engage our int]e/4 ,x is only !n t !y conc]n u4 ,we are int]e/$ 9 politics because x is ! process ( mak+ up our m9ds ab\t ! future2 & we are int]e/$ 9 hi/ory1 :5 we are int]e/$1 because x is ! process ( mak+ up our m9ds ab\t ! pa/4 ,by elim9at+ ! text-book1 or by us+ x simply z a conv5i5t syllabus & *ronological guide to an inquiry into ! significance & relation%ip ( ! ev5ts ( ! pa/1 ) ! aid ( e good hi/orical "w available = ref]5ce1 ! /udy ( hi/ory w\ld become a matt] ( conc]n to ! pupil2 & ! pa/1 look$ at f sev]al angles1 & d[n a felt p]spective ( "t1 w\ld become real4 ,i am aw>e t ?is is done 9 ! high] flights ( ! educational sy/em4 ,b :y is x t ! easy & pr(itable me?ods ( le>n+ are put (f s long & ! h>de/ & mo/ pr(itless =c$ ^u *ildr58 ,is x t easi] le>n+ means h>d] tea*+8 ,i am n sure ( t2 ! only difficulty ab\t su* a me?od z ,i h describ$ w\ld be 9 ! m]e *ange f ! old to ! new4 ,no1 ,i ?9k ! real tr\ble lies 9 ! sup]/ition ( ! ,book4 ,?is may be se5 9 ! tea*+ ( ma!matics4 ,be=e !y come to s*ool1 *ildr5 h usually le>n$ to c\nt1 & le>n$ easily because !y 7 c\nt+ real objects4 ,! objective aspect ( ma!matics is almo/ imm$iately lo/ sight ( 9 s*ool4 ,ev5 ! blackbo>d af=ds no release f ! book1 = :o ev] saw a blackbo>d outside a s*oolroom8 ,ma!matics comes to seem some?+ horribly useless4 ,! *ild simply does n believe t p ev] g ?r\gh ^! tortures :5 !y gr[ up4 ,ev5 ! sugge/ive fables into :i* ! 8examples0 are sometimes ca/1 fail to conv9ce him4 8,if a c>p5t]--0 8,a salesman has--0 ,b he is nei!r a c>p5t] nor a salesman4 ,he is a we>y *ild1 & he is n go+ to pret5d to be a c>p5t] or a salesman unless he gets "s fun out ( x4 ,! ?+ ab\t a c>p5t] or a salesman :i* appeals to ! *ild's imag9ation is some?+ o!r ?an ma!matics4 ,no1 ! pr9t$ ^w does n suffice4 ,b let him be a c>p5t] or salesman = ! nonce1 let him ) saw or sug>-scoop 9 h& f9d x to be necess>y to add1 subtract1 multiply1 divide & deal 9 fractions1 & he w rise undaunt$ to ! occasion4 ,&1 hav+ f\nd 9 actual practice j :at 8 difficulties are1 he w *e]fully use book & blackbo>d4 ,:]e !re's a w !re's a way1 & ma!matics has only to come to seem a desirable acquisition to become an easily ma/]$ "o4 ,i %\ld say t ! ideal way ( tea*+ a boy ( eight ma!matics--includ+1 if necess>y1 trigonometry--is z a "p ( ! delightful task ( con/ruct+ a motorcycle4 ,i rememb] t ,i ga9$ 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs an insight into ! my/]ies ( ,engli% gramm> :i* ,i _h fail$ to get 9 ! #abjj odd lessons previ\sly inflict$ on me 9 s*ool--& ,i ga9$ t insight 9 writ+ my fir/ %ort /ory4 ,:5 an effect t y y\rself want to a*ieve dep5ds on a preposition or a fraction1 !n1 & only !n1 are su* ?+s humanly wor? kn[+4 ,if y want to see ! mo/ t]rific & damn+ criticism ( text-books1 op5 "o ( !m :i* has be5 us$ by a *ild1 & see x writt5 !re on ! m>g9s 9 fretful & me&]+ curleques1 :i* say z pla9ly z ! h&writ+ on ,bel%azz>'s wall1 8,i h weigh$ ?is book 9 ! balance & f\nd x want+4 ,x does n int]e/ me4 ,x leaves my _s vex$ & impati5t40 ,i h e/imat$ t ! scrawl-"w 9 a s+le av]age s*oolbook1 if unw\nd & plac$ end to end1 w\ld ext5d along ! ,l9coln ,highway f ,weehawk51 ,n4 ,j41 to ,dav5port1 ,ia42 :ile ! total en]gy :i* goes into ! mak+ ( ^! scrawls ea* day 9 ! public s*ools ( ,new ,york ,city alone1 w\ld be suffici5t to hoi/ a gr& piano to ! top ( ! ,woolwor? build+4 ,! gr& total = ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ! s\l-p[] t dribbles out into ^! ugly p5cil+s1 am\nts to a huge ,niag>a ( wa/$ en]gy4 ,! ,book1 z ! c5tre ( our educational process1 mu/ be demot$4 ,x is a good s]vant1 b a bad ma/]4 ,& only z a s]vant c x be tol]at$--z an adjunct to ! g>d5s & work%ops & laboratories & kit*5s & /udios & playgr\nds ( ! s*ool-_w4 ,v4 ,! ,magic ,!ory ( ,education ,b ^! are n ! only sup]/itions :i* h muddl$ ! educational process4 ,y h he>d t fav\rite spee* ( ! condemn$ crim9al3 8,i nev] _h no education40 ,he does n ref] to moral education2 he is n compla9+ t he 0 nev] in/ruct$ z to ! sacr$ness ( life & private prop]ty4 ,he means t he nev] /udi$ ari?metic & geography & spell+--or n en\gh to m5tion4 ,he means t geography1 etc41 w\ld h sav$ him f a life ( crime & a f9i% beh9d ! b>s4 ,& y h he>d "s unlett]$ p>5t1 come f a =eign %ore1 repeat ov] & ov]3 8,my boy1 he get education4 ,i no h education4 ,b my boy--he get education40 ,or words to t effect4 ,true2 8 boy w h a bett] *ance ?an he himself _h2 he may become ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates or ( a ,fruit ,tru/4 ,& x is equally true ( ! o!r man1 t if he _h le>n$ ari?metic 9 s*ool in/ead ( sneak-?iev]y f ! ,c>m9e /reet gang1 he w\ld probably n[ be mak+ %oes 9 a factory in/ead ( 9 ,s+ ,s+4 ,!re is mu* pla9 common s5se 9 bo? ^! views ( education4 ,b !re is m ( pla9 folk-my/icism4 ,bo? speak]s ?9k ( !mselves z hav+ _h to /ruggle along 9 ! ord9>y natural way1 9 ! "o case by day-lab\r & 9 ! o!r by petty l>c5y2 & !y contra/ _! lot ) t ( ! =tunate ones :o by means ( an esot]ic k9d ( k h f\nd an easy way ( life4 ,?is k1 !y believe1 is repos$ exclusively 9 c]ta9 difficult & (ficially designat$ books1 :i* c be made to yield _! secrets only ?r\gh a process call$ go+-to-s*ool1 & by ! aid ( a k9d ( public function>y call$ a tea*]4 ,?is my/]i\s & b5efic5t proc$ure is ! popul> conception ( education4 ,! s*ool build+ & ! tea*] are ! lat] & m ext]nal elem5ts ( ! cult4 ,x is at he>t a belief 9 ! magic--"o might call x ! black-&-:ite magic--( books4 ,n[ ! ess5ce ( ! belief 9 magic is ! wi% ( ! weak p]son to be /rong--magic be+ ! %ort /raight l9e 9 ! wi%-_w f weakness to /r5g?4 ,?9k = a mom5t ( "s *ildhood fairy tale4 ,! ,h]o is n ! /rong man4 ,x is ! wick$ ,giant :o is /rong4 ,! rle ( brute =ce is always play$ by malevol5t p[]s4 ,! ,h]o1 /ripp$ ( 8 magical appurt5ances1 is n mu* to look at4 ,almo/ inv>iably he is ! y\nge/ ( ! family1 & is (t5 repres5t$ z dim9utive 9 size or /ature4 ,& ! old] ! fairy tale1 ! m physically insignificant he is4 ,x is only lat]1 :5 ! motif ( romantic love ent]s into folk-fiction1 t ! h]o mu/ be tall & h&some4 ,at ! e>li] p]iod he is frankly a weakl+1 z ,man 9 primitive times no d\bt felt himself to be1 9 comp>ison ) ! ma/odon & ! auro*s2 & frequ5tly he is reg>d$ at ! outset by ! re/ ( ! family ) contempt1 z no d\bt 0 ,man by ! o!r animals :5 8 great ,adv5ture began4 ,l ,man1 ! fairy-tale h]o is confront$ ) an impossible task--sometimes by a :ole s]ies ( su* tasks1 :i* he mu/ someh[ p]=m successfully if he wi%es to survive2 &1 by no sup]ior /r5g?1 b by "s bless$ help f outside1 a s++ bu%1 a talk+ bird1 by ! aid ( "s sup]natural weapon1 &1 above all1 by ! use ( "s talismanic ,^w1 he a*ieves 8 exploits4 ,?us does ! weakl+1 ! y\nge/ *ild1 ! h>ass$ prey ( hateful p[]s1 become ! ,giant-,kill]1 ! ,dragon-,slay]1 ! ,conqu]+ ,h]o6 ,x is v human1 ?is pa!tic ass]tion t weakness mu/ turn into /r5g?4 ,&1 if x _h n be5 = su* a confid5ce1 primitive ,man might v well h giv5 up ! game1 surr5d]$ ! field to 8 contempor>ies ( ! animal k+dom4 ,& ?is confid5ce might1 some:at fancifully1 be describ$ z a prevision>y s5se 9 e>ly ,man ( ! l>g] de/9ies ( 8 race4 ,9 v tru?1 ! weakness f :i* x sprang 0 ! ?+ :i* made possible ^! l>g] de/9ies4 ,= ! unlimit$ adaptations ( mank9d are due precisely to 8 weakness4 ,x is because ,man lack$ ! horns ( ! bull & ! tee? ( ! tig] t he 0 =c$ to inv5t ! club1 ! spe>1 ! sword1 ! b[-&-arr[2 x 0 because he lack$ ! fleetness ( ! de] t he _h to tame & tea* ! horse to c>ry him2 because he felt himself to be intol]ably inf]ior to bird & fi% t he c\ld n re/ cont5t until he _h inv5t$ ! airplane & ! subm>9e4 ,9 %ort1 because he 0 ! weake/ ( all ! creatures on e>?1 he _h to take refuge f ! t]rible tru? 9 a *ildi% b dynamic wi%-dream ( becom+--by "s my/]i\s help f outside--! "l ( creation4 ,fairy lore may be read z a record ( ! anci5t awe & gratitude ( mank9d to ! miracles ( human adaptation :i* s]v$ t *ildi% wi%4 ,! all-p[]ful fairy w& is simply t unnatural & h5ce sup]natural ?+1 ! /ick1 brok5 f a magically help+ tree & made to s]ve a human purpose2 ! sceptre ( royalty is t same magic /ick pres]v$ to u 9 ! l+]+ fairy-tale ( mon>*y4 ,b m pot5t ev5 ?an ! magic ( w& or sword 9 fairy lore is ! magic ( words4 ,& truly en\gh x 0 ! miracle ( language :i* made ! weake/ creature on e>? ! /ronge/4 ,writ+1 t my/]i\s sil5t spee*1 hold+ 9 lea% ! unkn[n p[]s ( ! magic ^w until x met ! initiate eye1 mu/ h _h = mank9d a special awe & fasc9ation1 a quality ( ultimate beauty & t]ror4444 ,?is flav\r ( magical pot5cy /ill cl+s to ! ,book4 ,x is ! greate/ ( ! my/]i\s helps by :i* ,man makes 8 dream ( p[] come true4 ,:o c blame ! poor jailbird :o ?9ks t !re 01 9 ! dull1 incompet5t pages ( ! text-books :i* y & ,i c>ri$ s unwill+ly to s*ool1 an ,op5 ,sesame to a realm ( a*ievem5t beyond 8 unaid$ p[] to rea*6 ,& :o c blame ! poor immigrant p>5t if he reg>ds ! (ficially designat$ ,books :i* 8 *ildr5 br+ home f s*ool z a talisman aga9/ ^? h>% evils ( ! _w :i* he 9 8 ignorance has _h to suff]6 ,b ! magic !ory is n ! only popul> sup]/ition ab\t education4 ,!re is ano!r1 ev5 m deeply & /ubbornly root$ 9 ! human m9d4 ,,vi4 ,! ,ca/e ,sy/em ( ,education ,n[ :at has ,ca/e to d ) ,education8 ,q z mu* z ,magic4 ,y %all see4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( ! /ud5t ( education1 ! ,ca/e sy/em appe>s z a me?od ( simplify+ ! h]$it>y transmission ( k--9 %ort1 z a primitive me?od ( education4 ,?is w be ! m readily app>5t if we glance = a mom5t at its prehi/oric orig9s4 ,be=e man 0 man1 he 0 an animal4 ,he reli$1 l ! re/ ( ! animals1 on a psy*ically easy--& lazy--mode ( adaptation to reality4 ,he _h a specific set ( 8in/9ctive0 reactions to famili> /imuli4 ,d\bt _h n ent]$ 8 s\l4 ,he _h no conflict+ impulses to torm5t him4 ,8 bag ( in/9ctive animal tricks suffic$4 ,b some?+ happ5$ to m> ! easy p]fection ( 8 /ate4 ,"s *ange 9 environm5tal conditions1 p]haps1 made 8 set ( def9ite reactions inadequate4 ,= ! fir/ "t he didn't "k exactly h[ to meet ! situation4 ,conflict+ impulses %ook 8 m9d2 d\bt ent]$ 8 s\l--& ,?\ght 0 born4 ,man ?\ght because he _h to ?9k4 ,b he hat$ to1 because x 0 ! h>de/ ?+ he _h ev] done6 ,he le>n$--unwill+ly--m & m ab\t h[ to live2 he increas$ ! numb] & ! complexity ( 8 adaptations2 b he s\ght always to codify ^! adaptations into some?+ resembl+ ! bag ( tricks :i* he _h _h to leave beh9d4 ,& :5 x came to pass+ on ! k ( ^! new adaptations to ! y\ng] g5]ation--:5 x came1 9 %ort1 to education--he did ! job 9 z easy a way z he consci5ti\sly c\ld4 ,y h se5 a cat tea*+ h] kitt5s h[ to cat* mice1 or a pair ( birds tea*+ _! "y ones to fly4 ,x is s simple6 ,! ?+ to be le>n$ is easy--easy1 because ! cat is =m$ to cat* mice & ! bird to fly4 ,&1 once ma/]$1 ^! tricks & a few o!rs z simple con/itute ! sum ( animal education4 ,!re is no m to le>n2 ^! equip ! animal to deal successfully ) reality4 ,h[ a human p>5t mu/ envy ,tabby ! simplicity & c]ta9ty ( h] task6 ,%e has only to g on ! !ory t a cat is an animal :i* lives by cat*+ mice 9 ord] to fulfil h] :ole educational duty4 ,& human p>5ts did desire 7z inde$1 consci\sly or unconsci\sly1 !y d yet7 su* a simplification ( _! task4 ,primitive mank9d want$ to pass on to ! new g5]ation a simple bag ( tricks4 ,( c\rse1 !re is no specific bag ( tricks :i* suffices ,man to live by2 he is :at he is precisely by virtue ( a capacity = unlimit$ adaptation to environm5t4 ,if ! bag ( monkey-tricks _h suffic$1 ab\t all we "k n[ w\ld be h[ to climb trees & pick cocoanuts4 ,our ance/ors le>n$ because !y mu/2 & !y pass$ on :at !y _h le>n$ to _! successors--b 9 a =m dictat$ by _! wi% to keep human behavi\r z ne> z possible to ! simple & easy "* ( animal life4 ,!y put on ! brakes4 ,because mank9d already knew m ?an x ?\ght "o animal species ought to h to "k1 x />t$ to divide itself into sub-species4 ,! division into ! male & female sub-species came fir/--& has la/$ longe/4 ,! "y m5 7 educat$ = w> & ! *ase1 & ! "y wom5 = dome/ic duties4 ,& ?is is ess5tially a division n ( physical b r ( intellectual lab\r4 ,x 0 a sep>ation ( ! burd5 ( kn[+ h[ to behave 9 life's em]g5cies--a sep>ation :i* by its simplicity gave su* satisfaction to ! primitive m9d t he hat$ & fe>$ any di/urbance ( x4 ,to ?is day a man is n s mu* a%am$ ( do+ 8woman's "w0 z ( seem+ to "k h[ to d x4 ,x is no disgrace = a man to sew on a button--provid$ he does x clumsily2 & ! laugh ) :i* m5 & wom5 greet ea* o!r's awkw>d intrusions into ea* o!r's 8sph]es ( ef=t0 is a reassurance to ! effect t ! real taboo aga9/ kn[+ h[ has n be5 violat$4 ,x is = ?is reason t wom5 _h s mu* h>d] a "t to fight _! way into ! 8mascul9e0 pr(essions to :i* a prelim9>y education 0 necess>y ?an to ent] ! factories1 :]e only /r5g? 0 suppos$ to be requir$2 & :y 7aside f ! economic reasons7 !y h s mu* difficulty 9 ent]+ trades :i* mu/ be le>n$ by appr5tice%ip4 ,an int]e/+ e*o ( ?is primitive taboo is to be f\nd 9 ,new ,york ,city1 :]e a telephone girl :o wants to /udy ! sci5ce :i* und]lies h] lab\rs w\ld f9d 9 c]ta9 public s*ools t ! electricity classes are = boys exclusively4 ,! o!r social & economic gr\ps into :i* mank9d divid$ itself t5d$ to p]petuate !mselves z simulat$ sub-species by ! transmission ( special k along /rict h]$it>y l9es4 ,crafts ( e sort--:e!r metal-work+ or magic1 ar*itecture or agriculture1 seaf>+ or %eep-bre$+1 ev5 poetry & pro/itution--came m & m to be inh]it$1 until among "s ( ! great anci5t peoples ! ca/e sy/em became ! f\ndation ( society4 ,ultimately ! ca/e sy/em p] se 0 %att]$ by ! dem& ( ! process :i* we call civilization = a m v>i\sly adaptable creature--= human be+s4 ,b x survives almo/ intact 9 c]ta9 class educational in/itutions1 su* z ! f9i%+ s*ools = girls--in/itutions devot$ to tea*+ ! p>ticul> bag ( tricks :i* w enable ^? :o le>n !m to occupy successfully & )\t fur!r adaptation a h]$it>y 7or quasi-h]$it>y7 position 9 society--to be a 8f9i%$0 & p]fect memb] ( a def9ite & un*ang+ human sub-species4 ,! mo/ pot5t h>m :i* ! ca/e !ory ( education has effect$1 h[ev]1 is 9 its /ultification ( ! true magic ( ! writt5 ^w4 ,let u see h[ t came ab\t4 ,,vii4 ,! ,canonization ( ,book-,magic ,x 0 inevitable t ! p>ticul> k9d ( k :i* is repres5t$ by books %\ld become ! prop]ty ( a c]ta9 ca/e2 & x 0 inevitable t ?is ca/e %\ld conf9e ! h]$it>y transmission ( t k *iefly to su* works z _h be5 transmitt$ f ! previ\s g5]ation4 ,=tunately1 ! lit]ate ca/e c\ld n ext+ui% lit]ature4 ,= ! presumptively less sacr$ writ+s :i* _h be5 d5i$ entrance to ! canon because !y 7 new 71 s to speak1 all[$ to lie ar\nd loose :]e ev]ybody c\ld get at !m4 ,?us ! true magic ( book-k 0 releas$ f ! b\nd>ies ( ca/e1 & became m & m a univ]sal prop]ty4 ,b nobody _h any great respect = ?is gr[+ body ( 8pr(ane0 lit]ature4 ,popul> awe 0 res]v$ = ! body ( sacr$ lit]ature 9 ! possession ( ! specifically lit]ate ca/e4 ,frequ5tly ! di/9ction 0 m>k$ by a delib]ate diff]5ce 9 ! languages or *>act]s 9 :i* ! two k9ds ( lit]ature 7 writt5--sacr$ lit]ature be+ writt5 9 ! old]1 hi]atic writ+ :i* nobody n ( ! lit]ate ca/e c\ld read4 ,note ! result at ?is /age ( ! process3 x is precisely ^? books :i* are1 on ! :ole1 lea/ likely to be ( pres5t value to mank9d1 :i* are reg>d$ ) sup]/iti\s rev]5ce4 ,! mo/ /rik+ example is f\nd 9 pre-revolution>y ,*9a1 :]e ! relics ( an age utt]ly out ( t\* ) ! new] a*ievem5ts 9 human adaptation 7 le>n$ by he>t 9 ! s*ools & made ! basis ( civil-s]vice exam9ations4 ,at ?is po9t ( our ideal b n at all fanciful sket*1 a new factor ent]s--class jeal\sy4 ,! lit]ate ca/e is f\nd to be associat$ & p>tly id5tifi$ ) ! leisure class4 ,sacr$ lit]ature has become leisure class lit]ature1 & ! aspirations ( ! less =tunate classes t[>d leisure class pr]ogatives include a special desire1 t+$ ) ! old sup]/iti\s rev]5ce1 = ! =bidd5 books4 ,^! 7 m or less unconsci\sly suppos$ to be1 if n actually responsible =1 at lea/ b\nd up )1 leisure class p[]4 ,& f9ally ! great democratiz+ movem5ts 9 :i* "s ent]pris+ l[] class wre/s f "s moribund leisure class its possessions1 seizes triumphant hold on its 8classics0 & makes !m a g5]al possession4 ,?is sket* is s piec$ toge!r f all times & places t x may decid$ly seem to ne$ ! re9=cem5t ( evid5ce4 ,let u !re=e call to ! /& t "y man ov] !re :o looks l an ,intellig5t ,"y ,immigrant4 ,he comes unaba%$1 & we proce$ to "q him3 ,q4 ,d y buy books8 ,a4 ,yes1 ( c\rse4 ,q4 ,admirable6 ,y ne$ a new pair ( %oes1 & yet y buy books6 ,well1 :at books d y buy8 ,a4 ,havelock ,ellis1 ,edw>d ,c>p5t]1 ,zola1 ,nietzs*e-- ,q4 ,see "h1 y mu/ be a ,sociali/6 ,a4 ,yes4 ,:at ( x8 ,q4 ,:at ( x6 ,:y1 ,i'm talk+ ab\t ,rev]5ce1 & y hav5't got any4 ,y're n look+ = ! noble/ utt]ances ( mank9d1 y're look+ = weapons ) :i* to cut y\r way ?r\gh ! jungle ( contempor>y hypocrisies6 ,a4 ,( c\rse4 ,q4 ,well1 h[ d y expect me to prove my !ory by y8 ,y are excus$6 ,we'll h to try aga94 ,!re's ano!r "o4 ,eag] ,"y ,immigrant1 ?ir/+ = ! treasures lock$ 9 our ,engli% tongue4 ,come "h1 my lad4 ,q4 ,:at books d y read8 ,%aw & ,vebl51 by any *ance8 ,a4 ,no1 sir4 ,i'm go+ to ! ,engli% ,lit]ature class at ! social settlem5t1 & ,i'm read+ ! 8,idylls ( ! ,k+40 ,i've read ,addison's ,essays & ,%akespe>e1 & ,i'm go+ to take up ! ,iliad4 ,q4 ,! classics1 eh8 ,a4 ,yes1 sir4 ,all ! ?+s !y /udy at college6 ,q4 ,h'm4 ,ev] he> ( ,dr4 ,eliot's ,five-,foot ,%elf8 ,a4 ,yes1 sir--,i own x4 ,q4 ,h[ mu* d y make a week8 ,a4 ,eighte5 doll>s4 ,q4 ,?ank y4 ,t's all6 ,& !re y are6 ,b please don't misund]/& me4 ,disp>agem5t ( ! classics z su* is f> f be+ ! po9t ( my rem>ks6 ,"o may reg>d ! piano z a noble in/rum5t1 & yet po9t out ! unprec$5t$ sale ( pianos dur+ ! w> z an example ( ! influ5ce ( class jeal\sy 9 int]ior decoration4 ,= obs]ve t x is n ! intr9sic m]it ( book or piano :i* w9s ! reg>d ( ! class long envi\s ( its 8bett]s0 & n[ able by a /roke ( luck to p>ade its class p>aph]nalia2 x is ! /amp ( ca/e t makes x desirable3 an accordion1 :i* m]ely makes music1 w\ld n s]ve ! purpose6 ,t boy :o owns ,dr4 ,eliot's ,five-,foot ,%elf does n want m]e vulg> enlight5m5t2 he wants an acqua9tance ) su* books z h an aura ( h]$it>y academic approval4 ,& x is = ! same reason t ,lat9 & ,greek h s app>5tly fix$ a place 9 our public education4 ,!y 7 "p ( ! sy/em ( educat+ g5tlem5's sons 9 ,engl&2 & :at 0 good en\gh to be ?re%$ into ! hides ( g5tlem5's sons is good en\gh = u6 ,,viii4 ,! ,conque/ ( ,culture 9 ,am]ica ,! fir/ organiz$ s*ools 9 ,am]ica 7 !ological sem9>ies4 ,?is 0 due to ! fact t ! ,new ,engl& colonies 7 !ocracies1 *ur*-/ates4 ,no "o n a memb] ( ! *ur* _h any political rights4 ,& ! heads ( ! *ur* 7 ! heads ( ! /ate4 ,9 ?is special k9d ( class gov]nm5t x naturally foll[$ t !ology 0 ! prime /udy ( ambiti\s y\?4 ,b z ! colonies grew m prosp]\s & ! rule ( ! m godly became z a matt] ( fact ! rule ( ! m ri*1 ! !ological sem9>ies ( ,new ,engl& *ang$ by degrees into m easily recognizable imitations ( ! great g5tlem5's sons' s*ools 9 old ,engl&4 ,su*1 9 p>ticul>1 0 ! !o-ari/ocratic g5esis ( ,h>v>d & ,yale4 ,! g5tlem5's sons' s*ool 0 ?us our fir/1 & = a long "t our only1 educational a*ievem5t4 ,! humble !ocratic beg9n+s ( ^! in/itutions did inde$ leave a quasi-democratic tradition :i* made x possible = n only ! sons ( ! well-to-d1 b = ! ambiti\s son ( poor p>5ts1 to secure ! k ( ,lat9 & ,greek necess>y to fit !m to exploit & rule a virg9 cont95t4 ,b b5ea? ?is cultural p]fection1 to meet ! ne$s ( ! great mass ( ! p1 !re 0 no organiz$ or public education :atev]4#b ,! result 0 a va/ illit]acy su* z /ill exi/s 9 _m p>ts ( ! ,s\? today4 ,! private & pitiful ef=ts ( ! l[] classes to secure an education took ! =m ( pay+ "s old woman to tea* _! *ildr5 8! ?ree ,r's40 ,( ^! ?ree ,r's ! la/ has a significance ( its own4 ,x is !re by virtue ( a reali/ic conviction1 born ( h>% exp]i5ce4 ,a man may n be able to 8figure10 & yet "k t he is be+ *eat$4 ,& s f> z gett+ along 9 a buy+-&-sell+ age is conc]n$1 ',ri?metic has an importance ev5 m fundam5tal ?an ,read9' & ',rit9'4 ,yet 9 ! li/ x /&s mode/ly la/--= x is a late & vulg> intrud] into sacr$ company4 ,ev5 9 a "y comm]cial nation1 ! old belief 9 ! rescu+ magic ( ! ,^w /ill holds its place 9 ! aspir+ m9d4 ,b :y1 y ask1 qu>rel ) ?is :olesome rev]5ce = books8 ,well--suppose ! work+ class acquir$ su* a rev]5ce = books t x refus$ to believe x 0 be+ ,educat$ unless x 0 be+ taught some?+ out ( a book6 ,suppose x wor%ipp$ books s mu* t :5 y (f]$ its *ildr5 fl[]s & />s & ma*9]y & c>p5t]s' tools & a cook-/ove to play ) 9 ord] to le>n h[ to live--suppose x ey$ y d>kly & said3 8,n[1 :at are y try+ to put ov] on me80 ,b t is to anticipate4 ,x 0 due to ! organiz$ ef=t ( ! work+ class t public education 0 at la/ provid$ = ,am]ican *ildr54 ,our free public s*ool sy/em came into exi/5ce 9 ! ?irties z a result ( trade union agitation4#c ,its com+ into exi/5ce is a great good ^u :i* we ne$ n dwell4 ,b its subsequ5t hi/ory ne$s to be some:at elucidat$4 ,! public s*ool sy/em 0 f\nd$ firmly ^u ! ?ree ,r's4 ,b ^! 7 pla9ly n en\gh4 ,x _h to be enl>g$ to meet our ne$s--& to satisfy our g5u9e democratic pride 9 x4 ,s w+s 7 ?r[n out into ! fields ( hi/ory & geography4 ,& !n8 ,!re 0 /ill an e>?-full ( room = expansion4 ,b no1 x 0 build$ up--,up6 ,& :y8 ,! metaphor is a little tr\blesome1 b y are to conceive1 p9nacl$ dim 9 ! int5se inane1 or susp5d$ f heav5 itself1 ! g5tlem5's sons' s*ool4 ,& ?is 0 :at our public s*ool sy/em 0 /riv+ to make connections )4 ,& lo6 at la/ x succe$$6 ,! /ructure b5ea? 0 rickety--fanta/ic--j]ry-built--ev]y?+ sacrific$ to ! purpose ( provid+ a way to climb ,up ,!re2 b ! purpose 0 fulfill$4 ,! democratic en?usiasm :i* creat$ ! public s*ool _h 9 fact be5 unaccompani$ by any f>-see+ !ory ( :at education ought to be4 ,& s t spl5did en?usiasm1 aft] its initial conque/ ( ! ?ree ,r's1 proce$$ to a conque/ ( ,greek & ,lat9 & ! :ole traditional p>aph]nalia ( ari/ocratic education4 ,e o!r purpose ( public education 01 = ! "t be+ lo/ sight (1 =gott51 ignor$1 9 ! pr\d attempt to create a s]ies ( /airs :i* l$ /raight up to ! colleges4 ,! high s*ool became a prep>atory s*ool = college1 & ! c\rses 7 arrang$1 re>rang$ & d]ang$1 ) t int5t4 ,f9al exam9ations 7 sy/ematiz$1 sup]vis$ & regulat$ to secure ! prop] p5ultimate degree ( academic a*ievem5t--z = in/ance by ! fam\s ,reg5ts' exam9ations4 ,! public s*ool lo/ its indep5d5ce--:i* 0 wor? no?+2 & its opportunity--:i* 0 wor? ev]y?+4 ,x rema9s a monum5t to ! ca/e ideal ( education4 ,= ! !ory :i* und]lay ! s*eme 0 t e ,am]ican boy & girl :o want$ an education %\ld h ! :ole ?+ 9 bang-up /yle4 ,:at 0 good en\gh = g5tlem5's sons 0 none too good = u4 ,t !re might be no mi/ake ab\t x1 ! /ates erect$ _! own colleges1 ) pl5ty ( free s*ol>%ips to rob ignorance ( its la/ excuse4 ,^! /ate colleges1 :ile furni%$ ) v>i\s reali/ic & te*nical adjuncts1 & lack+ 9 ! au!ntic h]$it>y aura ( _! great ,ea/]n pr$ecessors1 7 /ill e*oes1 sometimes spirit$ & m (t5 =lorn1 ( ! ari/ocratic tradition ( c5turies agone4 ,) ! reluctant addition ( a k9dly s*eme = keep+ v "y *ildr5 9 s*ool1 ! sy/em n[ /ret*$ f infancy to full manhood1 & embrac$--9 !ory--! :ole educable population ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 its utt] ?or\ghness ( b5efic5t int5tion1 ! sy/em 0 truly sublime4 ,! only tr\ble 0 t x didn't "w4 ,,ix4 ,smi?1 ,jones & ,rob9son ,at ?is po9t !re seems to be an int]ruption f somebody at ! back ( ! hall4--,l\d]1 please6 ,:at's t y say8 8,i ?\ght10 says ! voice1 8t ?is 0 to be a discussion ( education4 ,x s\nds to me m l a monologue4 ,:5 d we get a *ance to talk80 ,oh1 v well6 ,if y ?9k y c d ?is ?+ bett] ?an ,i c1 g ahead4 ,suppose y tell u :y ! ,am]ican public s*ool sy/em fail$ to "w6--,"o at a "t1 please4 ,mr4--er--,smi? has ! floor4 ,he w be foll[$ 9 due ord] by ,mr4 ,jones & ,mr4 ,rob9son4 ,& !n ,i hope ev]ybody w be satisfi$4 ,yes1 ,mr4 ,smi?8 ,,mr4 ,,smi?3 8,i am "o ( ! s-call$ victims ( our ,am]ican public s*ool sy/em4 ,i w5t to gramm> s*ool1 to high s*ool1 & !n to college4 ,y say t is :at ! sy/em is =--to lead up to college4 ,well1 x work$ 9 my case4 ,my p>5ts 7 poor1 b ,i /udi$ h>d & got a free s*ol>%ip1 & ,i work$ my way ?r\gh college by t5d+ furnaces 9 ! morn+ & tutor+ at night4 ,y say college is design$ to imp>t a g5tleman's sons' education4 ,well1 ,i got t k9d ( education4 ,& :at ,i want to "k is1 :at's wrong ) me8 ,i c't say ,i feel p>ticul>ly /ultifi$ by my educational c>e]60 ,no1 no1 ,mr4 ,smi?1 don't /op4 ,g "r on6 ,,mr4 ,,smi? 7cont9u+73 8,i w admit t ,i h sometimes wi%$ ,i _h tak5 "s k9d ( te*nical c\rse in/ead ( ! /raight classical4 ,b ,i didn't want to be an eng9e] or *emi/1 s :y %\ld ,i8 ,9 fact ,i didn't "k exactly :at ,i want$ to be4444 ,i suppose my education might n unreasonably h be5 expect$ to help me und]/& myself bett]4 ,& ,i confess t :5 ,i came out into ! _w ) my ,a4,b4 ,i did feel a bit helpless4 ,b ,i manag$ to f9d a place = myself1 & ,i get along v well4 ,i c't say t ,i make any def9ite use ( my college education1 b ,i r ?9k x's be5 an advantage40 ,?ank y = be+ s explicit4 ,mr4 ,jones next4 ,mr4 ,jones1 y h j he>d ,mr4 ,smi?'s spl5did te/imonial to ! value ( a college education--h[ x has unlock$ = him ! ages' accumulat$ weal? ( lit]ature1 ( sci5ce1 ( art--h[ x has put him 9 vivid t\* ) ! _w 9 :i* he lives--h[ x has made him realize 8 own p[]s1 & giv5 him a s]5e confid5ce 9 8 ability to use !m wisely--h[ fully x has equipp$ him to live 9 ?is complex & difficult age--9 a ^w1 h[ x has help$ him to become all t a tw5tie? c5tury ,am]ican citiz5 %\ld be6 ,h y1 ,mr4 ,jones1 any?+ to add to 8 acc\nt ( ^! b5efits8 ,,mr4 ,,jones3 8,y\r co>se s>casm1 if aim$ at me1 is misdirect$4 ,i nev] w5t to college4 ,i didn't want to t5d furnaces1 s :5 ,i f9i%$ high s*ool ,i got a job4 ,b !re's some?+ to ?is g5tleman's sons' /uff4 ,i _h f\r ye>s' />t ( ,smi?1 b ,i feel t he's got a c]ta9 advantage ov] me j because he is a college man4 ,n[ :y is t1 ,i'd l to "k8 ,i c\ld h gone to college too1 if ,i _h c>$ en\gh ab\t x4 ,b /udy+ didn't int]e/ me4 ,i 0 bor$ ) high s*ool40 ,exactly1 ,mr4 ,jones4 ,& "s hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( o!rs 7 also s bor$ ) high s*ool t ev5 ! pre/ige :i* a college education conf]s1 c\ld n tempt !m to fur!r mean+less ef=ts4 ,y h expla9$ a l>ge "p ( ! breakd[n ( our public s*ool sy/em4 ,9 !ory--b ,mr4 ,rob9son wi%es to speak4 ,,mr4 ,,rob9son3 8,!ory--!ory--!ory6 ,i ?9k x's ab\t "t a few facts 7 inject$ into ?is alleg$ discussion6 ,! fact ,i'm int]e/$ 9 is j ?is3 ,i quit s*ool :5 ,i 0 twelve ye>s old4 ,i _h j f9i%$ gramm> s*ool4 ,i c\ldn't g to high s*ool4 ,i _h to g to "w4 ,:at h y\r !ories ( education got to d ) me80 ,ev]y?+1 ,mr4 ,rob9son6 ,y sma%$ "o !ory to pieces1 y 7 ab\t to be condemn$ to a peculi> k9d ( slav]y by ano!r !ory1 & y 7 rescu$ aft] a fa%ion by a ?ird !ory4 ,y are1 to beg9 )1 ! rock ^u :i* ! good %ip ,education f\nd]$4 ,z ,i 0 ab\t to say :5 ,i 0 int]rupt$3 ! gr&iose ideal ( a g5tleman's sons' education = e ,am]ican boy fail$--because !re 7 "s millions ( ,am]ican boys l y :o c\ld n g to college1 & "s hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( o!rs l ,mr4 ,jones "h1 :o w\ld n--:o did n feel t x 0 wor? ! necess>y ef=t4 ,& ^! va/ hordes ( y go+ out into ! _w at ! age ( twelve to sixte5 ) only ! prec>i\s beg9n+ ( a leisure class culture1 became ! educational problem :i* ! la/ g5]ation has be5 try+ to solve4 ,x4 ,employ] vs4 ,trade ,unioni/ ,x 0 ! ,am]ican ,bus9ess ,man :o propos$ ! fir/ 8practical0 re=m2 & if y h any d\bt ( ! validity ( ! ,ca/e !ory1 note :at happ5$4 ,! ,am]ican ,bus9ess ,man knew t ^! millions ( y\?s 7 go+ to ent] 8 %ops & factories2 !y 7 n go+ to be memb]s ( a leisure class1 !y 7 go+ to be wage-slaves2 & s he propos$ to educate !m to be effici5t wage-slaves4 ,& he might h succe$$ 9 impos+ 8 capitali/ic v]sion ( ! ,ca/e !ory ( education ^u our public s*ools1 _h x n be5 = ! trade unions1 :o p]ceiv$ 9 ^! capitali/ plans a means ( break+ d[n _! own appr5tice sy/em4 8,:at6 turn ! s*ools into tra9+-s*ools = /rikebreak]s8 ,no60 !y said--& !y bitt]ly oppos$ e attempt to introduce indu/rial tra9+ into ! s*ools1 & mu/]$ to _! aid ! old notions ( ! ,magic ( ,books4 8,let ! *ildr5 h an education0--mean+ book-le>n+2 8x w be "t en\gh = !m to le>n to "w :5 !y leave s*ool10 0 ! g5]al v]dict4 ,& s 9 ?is cla% ( economic int]e/s1 "o !ory w>r$ ) ano!r1 & ! !ory ( ,education z a my/]i\s communion ) ! ,magic ( ,books happily won4 ,happily--= ?\gh ! controv]sy _h its un=tunate results1 9 ! fix+ ( a prejudice 9 ! m9ds ( ! work+ p aga9/ indu/rial education1 we %\ld n fail to realize t 9 t controv]sy ! trade unions 7 "r4 ,we d n want to educate ! *ildr5 ( ! poor 9 ?is tw5tie? c5tury to be a human sub-species2 x w\ld be bett] to give !m fragm5ts ( a leisure class education ?an fix !m into ! wage-slave m\ld2 x w\ld be bett] t !y le>n$ ,greek & ,lat9 7or1 = t matt]1 ,sanscrit67 ?an m]ely a trade4 ,x w\ld be bett] to turn !m out z !y came 91 helpless & ignorant1 ?an to make !m into effici5t ma*9es4 ,b su* a *oice is n necess>y4 ,x is possible to h an education :i* produces human be+s :o are nei!r out ( t\* ) _! age nor hopelessly conf9$ )9 x--a g5]ation :i* w be ! ma/]s & n ! slaves ( its environm5t4 ,! outl9es ( su* an educational sy/em 7 already be+ drawn1 9 !ory & ev5 exp]im5tally 9 fact4 ,b ^! radical proposals ?reat5$ to co/ m money ?an gov]nm5ts are accu/om$ to exp5d on peaceful & con/ructive ent]prises4 ,yet some?+ _h to be done 9 response to a popul> s5se ( ! imp]fections ( our sy/em4 ,some?+ 0 done accord+ly4 ,,xi4 ,! ,goose-,/ep ,be> 9 m9d t ! necessities ( ! case requir$ some?+ :i* w\ld n co/ any money1 :i* w\ld leave ! sy/em really intact1 & yet :i* w\ld impress behold]s ) ! fact ( ,progress4 ,! device :i* answ]$ to ?is description 0 copi$ f ,prussia & in=m$ ) ! ess5ce ( ! ,prussian _s--a quasi-milit>y ,uni=mity4 ,!re is no?+1 inde$1 s impressive to ! obs]v] z ! sight ( ev]ybody do+ exactly ! same ?+ at ! same "t4 ,& :5 t ?+ is totally unnecess>y & v difficult1 ! effect is to /un ! m9d into a bewild]$ admiration4 ,h5ce ! prepo/]\sly milit>y aspect ( ! s*ools ( ye/]day--! m>*+ 9 l9e out to recess & back aga94 ,h5ce ! drillma/] airs ( ! tea*+ =ce--z1 = in/ance1 ! ,new ,york tea*] :o boa/$1 8,i said to my pupils1 #8,all :o live on ,blank /reet raise _! h&s1' & !n ,i turn$ to talk to ! sup]9t5d5t1 =gett+ to say #8,h&s d[n'--& five m9utes lat]1 :5 ,i look$ ar\nd1 ^? ,blank /reet *ildr5 /ill _h _! h&s up4 ,t's :at ,i call discipl9e60 ,& h5ce ! reprim& to ! o!r ,new ,york tea*] because1 :5 %e came back f a visit to ,italy1 %e told ! geography class ab\t h] j\rney & pass$ ar\nd picture po/c>ds1 in/ead ( he>+ ! *ildr5 recite ! appo9t$ ,lesson f ! appo9t$ ,book at ! appo9t$ ,h\r4 ,?9k h[ x s\nds = a city sup]9t5d5t to be able to pull out 8 wat* & say to a visitor3 8,at ?is mom5t e six? grade pupil1 9 e s*ool 9 ! :ole city1 is op5+ 8 geography60 ,t is ,sy/em1 & x mu/ n be d]ang$ 9 ord] to int]e/ a m]e roomful ( *ildr5 9 ! realities ( geography = half an h\r6 ,i exp]i5c$ "s ( ! b5efits ( ! ,goose-,/ep ,sy/em myself1 back 9 ,ill9ois--& ,i "k j h[ a *ild feels ab\t x4 ,he feels j z y w\ld feel if at ! conclusion ( a !atrical p]=mance y 7 comm&$ to 8,rise6 ,turn6 ,pass60 ,he feels humiliat$ & ridicul\s4 ,he feels t he is be+ made a fool (4 ,! ,goose-,/ep ,sy/em is n int5d$ to make its little victims feel happy2 x is only int5d$ to impress behold]s ) ! fact ( ,progress4 ,& ?is k9d ( ,sy/ematization1 ?is fake re=m1 has be5 ! only s]i\s contribution to ,am]ican educational practice 9 ! public s*ools dur+ ! life ( ! g5]ation to :i* y & ,i belong--until )9 ! la/ few ye>s4 ,=tunately1 ano!r crisis arose4 ,9 e l>ge city ! att5dance at ! public s*ools outgrew ! s*ool capacities1 & x became necess>y to put _m *ildr5 on a 8half-"t0 basis4 ,& ?is sc&al dem&$ relief4 ,x /ill dem&s relief4 ,& at pres5t we are fac$ ) a *oice betwe5 two me?ods ( relief4 ,"o me?od is famili>--to turn ! gramm> s*ools into adjuncts ( capitali/ %ops & factories4 ,x is ! sy/em n[ approv$ by ! educational au?orities ( mo/ ( ! l>ge cities1 includ+ ,new ,york4 ,! o!r is a sane & democratic proposal = education on sci5tific pr9ciples1 = ! b5efit ( ! *ild & ( ! race4 ,,xii4 ,! ,g>y ,plan ,x 0 9 ! nature ( a happy accid5t t ?is sane & democratic proposal came be=e ! public z a practical alt]native to ! s*eme ( turn+ ! gramm> s*ools into adjuncts ( capitali/ %ops & factories4 ,x happ5$ t a man nam$ ,wirt solv$ 9 ! s*ools ( ,g>y1 ,indiana1 ! problem ( accommodat+ two pupils ) a desk built = "o4 ,he did ?is by ! simple means ( aboli%+ ! private & exclusive "* ( ! desks4 ,by hav+ "o-half ! pupils come a little lat] & leave a little lat] ?an ! o!r half1 & use ! desks :i* ! o!rs _h j vacat$ = ! gymnasium or work%op or assembly room1 x 0 f\nd t !re 7 desks en\gh = all4 ,& because ?is plan made x unnecess>y to sp5d "s millions ( doll>s on new s*ool-build+s1 he 0 invit$ to come to ,new ,york & put 8 plan 9 practice !re4 ,if t _h be5 all !re 0 to ! ,g>y sy/em1 x might h be5 adopt$ peacefully en\gh4 ,b ! ,g>y sy/em 0 a real & h5ce a revolution>y k9d ( education1 & s x met ) imm$iate & bitt] ho/ility4 ,x made ! *ild & 8 ne$s ! c5t] ( ! :ole process ( education4 ,x und]took to give him a *ance to le>n h[ to live4 ,x made ! s*ool to a l>ge ext5t a replica ( ! _w outside4 ,x gave him ma*9]y & g>d5s & pr9t+ presses to play ) & le>n f4 ,& "r !re x ar\s$ ! suspicions ( work+ class p>5ts1 :o 7 afraid _! *ildr5 7 n go+ to get en\gh ,book-le>n+4 ,x dem&$ some?+ ( tea*]s besides r\t9e & discipl9e & /oic pati5ce2 & ?\gh !y came ) exp]i5ce to be its mo/ en?usia/ic advocates1 !y 7 9 prospect r\s$ to angry opposition4 ,x aboli%$ ! semi-sac]dotal dignities ( ! s*ool-build+1 & ?us (f5d$ a deep-ly+ sup]/iti\s rev]5ce 9 a public :i* reg>d$ education z some?+ set ap>t f life4 ,x cla%$ ) ! bureaucratic fads ( ! high] educational au?orities1 & provok$ !m to f9ancial sabotage4 ,& f9ally x 0 dragg$ into politics1 :]e z ! pet project ( an adm9i/ration ( bureaucratic re=m (ficials x 0 held up to popul> scorn4 ,b ! ideal ( education :i* 0 implicit 9 ! ,g>y plan is /ill up = judgm5t4 ,,xiii4 ,le>n+ to ,"w ,"h1 !n1 is ! situation z x /&s4 ,our education is out ( relation to ! "t 9 :i* we live4 ,x is break+ d[n "u ! pressure ( economic =ces :i* dem&s t x turn out p :o d n h to be re-educat$ by mod]n indu/ry4 ,x _c rema9 z x is4 ,x w ei!r be made ! in/rum5t ( a democratic culture :i* accepts ! pres5t b =esees ! future2 or x w fall into ! h&s ( ^? :o are plann+ to make x a tra9+ s*ool = wage-slaves4 ,"h is ! latt] program1 z describ$ by ! sup]9t5d5t ( s*ools 9 a great ,am]ican city3 8,?ree ye>s ago ! elim9ation ( pupils f ! upp] grades ( our elem5t>y s*ools & ! dem&s ( indu/ry l$ u to exp]im5t ) indu/rial education 9 ! grades4444 ,our controll+ idea 0 t adolesc5t boys & girls /&+ on ! ?re%old ( indu/rial life %\ld be gr\p$ 9 prevocational s*ools 9 :i* !y w\ld receive1 9 addition to in/ruction 9 =mal subjects1 su* in/ruction & tra9+ 9 con/ructive activities z w\ld develop aptitudes & abilities ( di/9ct economic value4 ,at pres5t ! opportunity to rotate t]m by t]m ?r\gh v>i\s %ops is af=d$ 9 sev5 s*ools to approximately #c1jjj boys & girls 9 ! #g?1 #h? & #i? ye>s40 ,betwe5 ^! two programs y mu/ *oose4 ,ei!r effici5t democratic education1 or effici5t capitali/ic education4 8,b10 asks "s "o1 8:at is !re to *oose betwe5 !m8 ,democratic education & capitali/ic education bo? seem to me to consi/ 9 turn+ ! s*ool into a work%op40 ,n at all6 ,! democratic plan is r to turn ! work%op into a s*ool4 ,t may seem l a l>ge ord]1 b ,i may z well confess to y at once t ! democratic s*eme proposes ultimately to br+ ! :ole ( indu/ry )9 ! scope ( ! educational sy/em3 no?+ less6 ,b ! b5evol5t assimilation ( indu/ry by education 9 ! int]e/ ( human progress & happ9ess1 is "o ?+2 & ! swall[+ ( ! public s*ool sy/em by indu/ry 9 ! int]e/ ( ! employ+ class1 is q ano!r4 ,= ! pres5t1 h[ev]1 democratic education m]ely br+s ! work%op into ! s*ool1 s t ! processes ( indu/ry may be ! m readily ma/]$2 :ile capitali/ education m]ely s5ds ! s*ool-*ild into its work%ops1 9 ord] t he may become m effectively exploitable4 ,! diff]5ce %\ld be suffici5tly obvi\s3 9 ! s*ool-work%ops ( capitalism ! *ild is taught h[ to "w = somebody else1 h[ to conduct me*anical op]ations 9 an indu/rial process ov] :i* he has no control2 9 ! democratic work%ops ( ! s*ool he le>ns to use ^? processes to s]ve 8 own creative wi%es4 ,9 ! "o he is taught to be a wage-slave--& be> 9 m9d t ?is ref]s to ! *ildr5 ( ! poor--= ! ri* h _! own private s*ools = _! own *ildr54 ,9 ! o!r1 ! *ild le>ns to be a free man4 ,t is j :at irritates ! capitali/ re=m]s ( our public s*ool sy/em4 ,s9ce ! *ildr5 ( ! poor are go+ to be factory h&s1 :at is ! use ( _! hav+ le>n$ to be free m58 ,!y might z well h le>n$ ,greek & ,lat91 = all ! use x is go+ to be to !m6 ,& t is :y y mu/ ex]cise y\r *oice4 ,! m]its are n q all on "o side ( ! "q4 ,!re are disadvantages 9 ! democratic plan ( education4 ,^! disadvantages h n[h]e be5 made m cle> ?an by ,h4 ,g4 ,wells 9 8 fanta/ic sci5tific p>able1 8,! ,fir/ ,m5 9 ! ,moon40 ,y w rememb] t 8 explor]s visit$ ! ,moon 9 a que] sort ( air-craft1 & f\nd !re a p ) in/itutions q unlike our own4 ,!y too1 h[ev]1 _h classes1 & !y _h solv$ ! problem ( ! education ( ^! classes 9 a =?right mann] :i* is utt]ly unlike our timid human compromises4 ,"o ( ! visitors f ,e>? ?us describes ! ,lun> ,sy/em3 8,9 ! ,moon 444 e citiz5 kn[s 8 place4 ,he is born to t place1 & ! elaborate discipl9e ( tra9+ & education & surg]y he und]goes fits him at la/ s completely to x t he has nei!r ideas nor organs = any purpose beyond x4 #8,:y %\ld he8' ,phi-oo w\ld ask4 ,if1 = example1 a ,sel5ite is de/9$ to be a ma!matician1 8 tea*]s & tra9]s set out at once to t end4 ,!y *eck ! incipi5t disposition to o!r pursuits1 !y enc\rage 8 ma!matical bias ) a p]fect physiological skill4 ,8 bra9 gr[s1 or at lea/ ! ma!matical faculties ( 8 bra9 gr[1 & ! re/ ( him only s mu* z is necess>y to su/a9 ?is ess5tial "p ( him4 ,at la/1 save = re/ & food1 8 "o delight lies 9 ! ex]cise & display ( 8 faculty1 8 "o int]e/ 9 its application1 8 sole society ) o!r speciali/s 9 8 own l9e4 ,8 bra9 gr[s cont9ually l>g]1 at lea/ s f> z ! portions engag+ 9 ma!matics are conc]n$2 !y bulge ev] l>g] & seem to suck all life & vig\r f ! re/ ( 8 frame2 8 limbs %rivel1 8 he>t & dige/ive organs dim9i%1 8 insect face is hidd5 "u its bulg+ cont\rs4 ,8 voice becomes a m]e /ridulation = ! /at+ ( =mulae2 he seems dead to all b prop]ly enunciat$ problems4444 ,& s he atta9s 8 end4444 8,! bulk ( ^! insects1 h[ev]1 444 are1 ,i ga!r1 ( ! op]ative work+ class4 #8,ma*9e h&s1' inde$1 "s ( ^! are 9 actual nature--x is no figure ( spee*2 ! s+le t5tacle ( ! mooncalf-h]dsman is pr(\ndly modifi$ = claw+1 lift+1 guid+1 ! re/ ( !m no m ?an necess>y subord9ate app5dages to ^! important p>ts 444 o!rs aga9 h flat feet = treadles1 ) ankylos$ jo9ts2 & o!rs--:o ,i h be5 told are glass-bl[]s--seem m]e lung-bell[s4 ,b e "o ( ^! common ,sel5ites ,i h se5 at "w is exquisitely adapt$ to ! social ne$ x meets4444 8,! mak+ ( ^! v>i\s sorts ( op]atives mu/ be a v curi\s & int]e/+ process4444 ,q rec5tly ,i came ^u a numb] ( "y ,sel5ites conf9$ 9 j>s f :i* only ! =e limbs protrud$1 :o 7 be+ compress$ to become ma*9e m9d]s ( a special sort4 ,! ext5d$ #8h&' 9 ?is highly develop$ sy/em ( te*nical education is /imulat$ by irritants & n\ri%$ by injections1 :ile ! re/ ( ! body is />v$4 ,phi-oo1 unless ,i misund]/ood him1 expla9$ t 9 ! e>li] /ages ^! que] little creatures are apt to display signs ( suff]+ 9 _! v>i\s cramp$ situations1 b !y easily become indurat$ to _! lot2 & he took me on to :]e a numb] ( flexible-limb$ mess5g]s 7 be+ drawn out & brok5 94 ,x is q unreasonable1 ,i "k1 b su* glimpses ( ! educational me?ods ( ^! be+s affect me disagreeably4 ,i hope1 h[ev]1 t may pass (f1 & ,i may be able to see m ( ?is aspect ( _! wond]ful social ord]4 ,t wret*$ look+ h&-t5tacle /ick+ out ( its j> seem$ to h a sort ( limp appeal = lo/ possibilities2 x haunts me /ill1 al?\gh1 ( c\rse1 x is really 9 ! end a f> m humane proce$+ ?an our e>?ly me?od ( leav+ *ildr5 to gr[ into human be+s & !n mak+ ma*9es ( !m40 ,! ,lun> sy/em has inde$ mu* to be said = x2 & ! capitali/ plan ( wage-slave education has at lea/ ! m]it ( be+ a def9ite /ep 9 t direction4 ,,xiv4 ,le>n+ to ,play 8,b 9 ei!r case10 exclaims an indignant "m1 8! *ild ceases to be a *ild--"u ei!r ! democratic or ! capitali/ic plan--0 ,no1 madam6 ,! object ( a g5u9e democratic education is to enable him to rema9 always a *ild4 8,!n10 says ano!r int]locutor1 8,i mu/ h misund]/ood y4 ,i ?\ght y conceiv$ ( education z gr[+-up40 ,gr[+ up1 yes--out ( ! helplessness1 ! fe>1 ! mis]y ( *ildhood1 :i* come only f weakness & ignorance3 gr[+ up into k & p[]4 8,b putt+ aside =ev] 8 toys & games10 prote/s ! "m4 8,=gett+ h[ to play60 ,no1 madam4 ,le>n+ r to take realities = 8 toys1 & ent]+ bli!ly into ! fasc9at+ & delightful game ( life4 ,=get h[ to play8 ,t is :at he is condemn$ to n[4 ,x is a pity4 ,& t is precisely :at we want to *ange4 8,by sett+ him to "w80 ,:at6 are we to quibble ov] words8 ,tell me1 !n1 :at is ! diff]5ce betwe5 "w & play8 ,or r1 to %ort5 ! argum5t1 let me tell y4 ,play is ef=t :i* embodies "o's own creative wi%es1 "o's own dreams4 ,"w is any k9d ( ef=t :i* fails to embody su* wi%es & su* dreams4444 ,:5 y 7 fir/ m>ri$1 & began to keep h\se--"u difficulties1 x may be--0 t "w or play1 madam8 ,d n be afraid ( be+ s5tim5tal--we are among fri5ds4 ,is x n true t at fir/1 :ile x 0 a "p ( ! dream ( companion%ip1 :ile x seem$ to y to be mak+ t dream come true1 x 0 play--no matt] h[ mu* ef=t x took8 ,& is x n true t :5 x came to seem to y m]ely some?+ t _h to be done1 x 0 "w1 no matt] h[ easily p]=m$8--,& y1 my fri5d1 :o built a little h\se 9 ! c\ntry ) y\r own h&s = pleasure1 & work$ f> beyond union h\rs 9 do+ x--0 n t play8 ,x 0 y\r own h\se1 y say4 ,j s2 & x is ! *ild's own h\se1 t cave 9 ! woods :i* he toils s *e]fully to create4 ,& x 0 _! own h\se1 ! ca!dral :i* ! artisans & craftsm5 ( ! middle ages creat$ s joy\sly--! realization ( a collective wi% to :i* ! creative fancy ( e work] might make its private contribution4 ,y "k1 d y n1 :y we _c build ca!drals n[8 ,because craftsm5 are no long] *ildr5 at play--t is to say1 no long] free m54 ,!y toil at some?+ :i* is no affair ( !irs1 because !y mu/4 ,!y h become ! m or less unwill+ slaves ( a sy/em ( ma*9e production1 :i* !y h n yet ga9$ ! k & p[] to take & use to s]ve _! own creative dreams4 ,b m5 d n l to "w2 !y l to play4 ,!y want to be ! ma/]s & n ! slaves ( ! ma*9e-sy/em4 ,t is :y !y h /ruggl$ s fi]cely to climb out ( ! class ( slaves into ! class ( ma/]s2 x has be5 t hope :i* has su/a9$ !m 9 :at w\ld o!rwise h seem$ an intol]able condition4 ,& t is :y1 z su* a hope goes glimm]+1 !y jo9 toge!r to wre/ f _! employ]s "s control ov] ! conditions "u :i* !y "w2 & also :y _! employ]s s (t5 pref] to lose money 9 /rikes r ?an conc$e su* control--= ! s5se ( ma/]y is de>] ev5 ?an pr(its4 ,t is1 incid5tally1 :y s _m work]s pref] a :ite coll> job to a dec5t union wage--because x p]mits !m to fancy !mselves a "p ( ! ma/] class4 ,& f9ally1 t is :y ! indu/rial sy/em is n[ at ! po9t ( breakd[n--because a class ( work]s :o h no s5se ( ma/]y ov] _! jobs _c & w n take en\gh int]e/ 9 _! "w to meet ! new & /up5d\s dem&s ^u production4 ,:5 pressure is put ^u !m1 !y revolt--& hell is rais$1 b n ! production-rate4 ,e production manag] kn[s t ev5 our mo/ effici5t indu/ries are produc+ f> less ?an _! maximum2 & he kn[s :y4 ,! psy*ology ( slav]y does n make = effici5cy4 ,!re 0 a "t :5 ineffici5cy didn't matt]--:5 infants 9 agony f lack ( sleep & girls t]roriz$ by brutal =em5 c\ld produce m ?an c\ld be sold1 & 7 pref]able to work]s :o _h to be b>ga9$ )4 ,capitalism d5i$ ! work] ! "r to d>e to ?9k 8 job 8 own4 ,b ! wiseacres ( capitalism n[ enc\rage ! work] to believe 8 int]e/s id5tical ) ^? ( 8 employ]2 !y take out "s ( 8 wages & give x back to him 9 a sep>ate envelope & call x 8pr(it-%>+40 ,b ! production manag] kn[s t su* a mess ( d\btful pottage w sc>cely take ! place ( _! bir?right4 ,he kn[s t he has got out ( ! work]s ! utmo/ t _! slave psy*ology w p]mit4 ,he kn[s t !re is no use to g on tell+ !m t ! bus9ess is _! affair4 ,he kn[s t ! only ?+ left to be done is to make x _! affair--to put into _! collective control n only wages & h\rs1 b :at !y create & h[ !y create x4 ,! job mu/ be !irs be=e !y c put into x ! en]gy ( free m54 ,_! creative wi% alone c br+ production to its maximum4 ,b t is n :at he is paid to d4 ,he1 too1 is d5i$ ! "r to %ape indu/ry to 8 dream2 he may n make x effici5t2 he mu/ try to make x m pr(itable4 ,he1 too1 is a slave 444 a slave :o wi%es 8 ma/] w\ld set him free to play = a :ile ) ?is great beautiful toy4 ,he w\ld %[ u h[ to increase production by #ajj p] c5t on f\r h\rs "w a day4 ,he w\ld %[ u h[ "w c\ld be made a joy to ev]ybody4 ,he w\ld--b :at is ! use8 ,he sits & looks out ! w9d[ & wi%es t some?+ w\ld happ54 ,p]haps ^! "y m5 & wom5 :o h le>n$ to play ) ma*9]y1 :o "k x z a spl5did toy & n z a hateful tyrant1 :o want to use x to make !mselves & ! _w happi]--p]haps a g5]ation ( su* work]s1 ! products ( a democratic & effici5t educational sy/em1 w h ! k & ! p[] to take & use ?is ma*9]y to s]ve _! own creative dream ( a useful & happy new society4444 ,madam1 h ,i answ]$ y\r "q8 ,,xv4 ,fir/ & ,la/ ,?+s 8,b is !re no?+ 9 ! _w ( any importance except ma*9]y80 ,?ank y = rem9d+ me6 ,we are all incl9$ to be too mu* preoccupi$ ) ! importance ( ma*9]y4 ,i confess t ,i h be5 s ev] s9ce1 z a *ild1 ,i took my fa!r's wat* ap>t & f\nd myself unable to cope ) ! problem ( putt+ x back toge!r aga94 ,b note = a mom5t ! pragmatic significance ( su* an infantile pr$icam5t4 ,( :at use w\ld x h be5 = "s inf9itely wise p]son to say to me3 8,*ild1 d n atta* s mu* importance to ^? :eels & spr+s6 ,!y are int]e/+1 9 a way2 b h[ mu* less int]e/+ ?an ! birds1 ! fl[]s & ! />s60--:at good1 ,i ask y1 w\ld su* c\nsel h be5 to me at t mom5t8 ,i want$ to get t wat* put back toge!r be=e some?+ t]rible happ5$ to me4 ,& mank9d z a :ole seems to me to be 9 mu* ! same situation4 ,= ! be/ ( reasons1 x has to ma/] ! problem pres5t$ by a ma*9e civilization--le/ some?+ t]rible happ54 ,its preoccupation is born ( fe>4 ,! fl[]s & />s 7x ?9ks7 c wait3 !y are n s dang]\s4 ,& yet ! inf9itely wise p]son w\ld h be5 "r4 ,ma*9]y mu/ be rank$ among 7s to speak7 ! m9or poetry ( ! univ]se4 ,! a/ronomic epic1 ! botanical lyric1 ! biological drama1 are1 f any po9t ( view n prejudic$ by our fe>s1 m important4 ,x is only because we are s acutely consci\s1 all ( u1 ( ! failure ( our educational sy/em 9 ! matt] ( prep>+ u to exi/ unbewild]$ly 9 ! mid/ ( a ma*9e civilization1 t ,i h put su* emphasis on ! adequacy ( ! new education 9 deal+ ) t problem4 ,x is ( importance only z food is important to a />v+ man--m]ely s4 ,& if y h he>d en\gh ab\t ! place ( ma*9]y 9 education-- ,i see t y h4 ,v well1 !n we w g on to ! matt]s ( real importance4 ,:at are !y8 7,my rhetorical que/ions1 x seems1 are always be+ tak5 lit]ally6 ,i 0 ab\t to tell y myself1 b ,i suppose we %all h to li/5 to t eld]ly g5tleman ov] !re1 :o evid5tly has ! answ] ready47 ,v well1 sir4 ,:at are !y8 8,i am glad to he> t y h dispos$ at la/ ( ! crassly mat]iali/ic aspect ( y\r !me1 & are ab\t to deal ) its spiritual aspects4 ,= ^! are naturally its m important aspects4 ,& if y ask me to specify m p>ticul>ly :at ^! are1 ,i c only reply 9 old-fa%ion$ language1 & say t ! important ?+s 9 life1 & h5ce 9 education1 are ,beauty1 ,tru? & ,goodness4 ,i tru/ t y agree ) me80 ,c]ta9ly1 sir4 ,beauty & ,tru? & ,goodness--or1 if y w p]mit me to translate ^! eighte5? c5tury ab/ractions into our contempor>y t]m9ology--! cultivation ( ! creative faculties1 ( dis9t]e/$ curiosity1 & ( p]sonal relation%ips1 und\bt$ly con/itute ! *ief ends ( democratic cultural endeavor4 ,^!1 inde$1 toge!r ) :at y w\ld call ,usefulness & :at we w\ld call te*nical effici5cy1 comprise pretty mu* ( ! :ole ( exi/5ce4 ,n all ( x--b q en\gh to take z ! subject ( our new inquiry4 ,h[ c education enc\rage & develop1 n 9 a few individuals1 b 9 ! masses ( ! p1 ! creative faculties :i* are ! s\rce ( beauty8--= x mu/ conceive its task 9 ^! broad t]ms if x is to be a democratic education4 ,h[ c x fo/] 9 ^! same masses t r>e gr[?1 dis9t]e/$ curiosity1 f :i* come ! fruits ( philosophy & sci5ce8 ,& h[ c education deal effectively ) ! dang]\s emotions ( p]sonal relation%ip8 ,! task seems at fir/ glance s difficult t x w be well = u to ask at ! outset :e!r x c be accompli%$ at all6 ,,xvi4 ,! ,*ild z ,arti/ ,9 ?is matt]1 mo/ decid$ly1 we ne$ exp]t advice4 ,let u />t ) ,beauty4 ,! "o :o be/ und]/&s ,beauty is und\bt$ly ! ,arti/4 ,let u call 9 ! ,arti/4444 ,w y "q him1 or %all ,i8 ,y pref] to d x y\rself1 ,i see4 ,v well1 !n--b please try to get to ! po9t z soon z possible6 ,,! ,,que/ion]4 ,:at we want to "k is ?is3 is x possible to tea* ! *ild to become an arti/8 ,,! ,,arti/4 ,he is an arti/ already4 ,,! ,,que/ion]4 ,:at d y mean6 ,,! ,,arti/4 ,j :at ,i say4 ,! *ild is an arti/2 & ! arti/ is always a *ild4 ,! greate/ p]iods ( art h always be5 ^? 9 :i* arti/s _h ! direct1 nave1 unspoil$ vision ( ! *ild4 ,! aim ( our be/ arti/s today is to recov] t vision4 ,!y are try+ to see ! _w z *ildr5 see x1 & to record _! vision ( x z a *ild w\ld d4 ,h y ev] look$ at *ildr5's draw+s--n ! sort ( ?+s !y are taught to d by mi/ak5 & mis*iev\s adults1 b ! pictures t are ! natural expressions ( _! creative impulses8 ,& hav5't y obs]v$ t mod]n pa9t+s are com+ to be m & m l su* pictures8 ,,! ,,que/ion]4 ,well--er1 yes1 ,i _h notic$ some?+ ( ! k9d6 ,b is t sort ( ?+ necess>ily art8 ,i mean--well1 ,i don't want to attempt to argue ) y on a subject 9 :i* y are an exp]t1 b-- ,,! ,,arti/4 ,oh1 t's all "r6 ,! mod]n arti/ is ready to discuss art ) anybody--! m ignorant ( ! subject1 ! bett]6 ,y see1 we want art to cease to be ! possession ( a ca/e--we want x to belong to ev]ybody4 ,z a memb] ( ! human race1 y\r op9ions are important to u4 ,,! ,,que/ion]4 ,t is v k9d ( y4 ,i fe> x is r 9 ! nature ( a digression1 b1 s9ce ,i may ask )\t fe> ( seem+ presumptu\s1--are ^? horrid mis%ap5 gre5 nudes ( ,matisse1 & ^? cubical blocks ( pa9t by ,i-=get-8-"n1 & all t sort ( ?+--are !y y\r notion ( :at art %\ld be8 ,,! ,,arti/4 ,m9e8 ,oh1 n at all6 ,!y are m]ely two out ( a ?\s& contempor>y attempts to recov] ! nave *ildlike vision ( :i* ,i spoke4 ,if y w comp>e !m ) a *ild's draw+1 or ) a picture by a ,navajo ,indian1 or ) ! sket* ( an auro*s trac$ on ! wall ( 8 cave by "o ( our remote ance/ors1 y w note an ess5tial diff]5ce4 ,^? arti/s 7 n try+ to be nave & *ildlike2 !y 7 nave & *ildlike4 ,! *ief m]it ( our mod]n ef=ts1 9 my p]sonal op9ion1 is 9 _! quality z a *all5ge to traditional & mi/ak5 notions ( :at art %\ld be--an adv]tisem5t1 />tl+ en\gh1 & sometimes malici\sly />tl+1 ( ! arti/'s belief t he has ! "r to be fir/ ( all an arti/4 ,,! ,,que/ion]4 ,n[ we are com+ to ! po9t4 ,:at is an arti/8 ,,! ,,arti/4 ,i told y1 a *ild4 ,& by t1 ,i mean "o :o plays ) 8 mat]ials--n "o :o p]=ms a set & p]haps useful task ) !m4 ,a creator-- ,,! ,,que/ion]4 ,b a creator ( :at8 ,n ( ,beauty1 by any *ance8 ,,! ,,arti/4 ,incid5tally ( ,beauty4 ,,! ,,que/ion]4 ,!re we seem to disagree4 ,if ^? horrid pictures-- ,,! ,,arti/4 ,suppose y tell me :at ,beauty is4 ,,! ,,que/ion]4 ,x seems to me q simple4 ,beauty is--well--a ?+ is ei!r beautiful1 or x isn't4 ,&-- ,,! ,,arti/4 ,j s2 ! only tr\ble is t s few ( u are able to agree :e!r x is or isn't4 ,y y\rself h d\btless *ang$ y\r op9ions ab\t :at is beautiful _m times 9 ! c\rse ( y\r c>e] z an art-lov]2 & ! "t may come :5 y w *]i% "s horrid nude ( ,matisse's z y\r de>e/ possession4 ,let u admit1 l ! wise old poet1 t ,beauty is n a ?+ :i* c be argu$ ab\t4 ,x c only be produc$4 ,,! ,,que/ion]4 ,b if we don't "k :at ,beauty is1 h[ c we produce x8 ,,! ,,arti/4 ,i h already told y--z ! incid5tal result ( creative ef=t4 ,,! ,,que/ion]4 ,ef=t to create :at8 ,,! ,,arti/4 ,oh1 any?+4 ,,! ,,que/ion]4 ,are y jok+8 ,,! ,,arti/4 ,i nev] 0 m s]i\s 9 my life4 ,& ,i %\ld really in=m y t ,i am m]ely repeat+ ! famili> commonplaces ( mod]n e/hetics4 ,beauty is ! incid5tal result ( ! ef=t to create a h\se1 a sword1-- ,,! ,,que/ion]4 ,or a %oe8 ,,! ,,arti/4 ,yes4 ,i h "s peasant %oes f ,russia :i* are v beautiful4 ,y c see %oes :i* are works ( art 9 any good museum4 ,,! ,,que/ion]4 ,b h>dly 9 any boot-%op w9d[6 ,,! ,,arti/4 ,^? %oes 7 n creat$--!y 7 done z a set task4 ,!y 7 n made by peasants or craftsm5 = pleasure--!y 7 made by wage-slaves :o did !m only because !y mu/4 ,d n = a mom5t imag9e t x is ! diff]5ce 9 mat]ials or %ape t matt]s--x is ! diff]5ce 9 ! _s ) :i* !y are made4 ,i h se5 mod]n %oes :i* are works ( art--because !y 7 made by a bootmak] :o is an arti/ & does :at pleases himself4 ,,! ,,que/ion]4 ,d !y please anybody else8 ,,! ,,arti/4 ,eh8 ,,! ,,que/ion]4 ,w\ld y be se5 we>+ !m8 ,,! ,,arti/4 ,w\ld ,i be se5 dr9k+ my c(fee f a cup t _h be5 turn$ on a :eel by a man :o lov$ ! feel ( ! clay "u 8 f+]s & :o knew j ! "r t\* to give ! brim8 ,0 ,ri*>d ,coeur du ,lion's sword less a sword because x _h be5 made by an arti/ :o dream$ ov] ! /eel in/ead ( by a tir$ man 9 a hurry8 ,i _c af=d to we> %oes made by my bootmak]-arti/ fri5d--b ,i wi% ,i c\ld1 = !y fit6 ,,! ,,que/ion]4 ,w y give me 8 address8--,i beg y\r p>don--,please g on4 ,,! ,,arti/4 ,i 0 ab\t to say1 y wrong ! arti/ if y ?9k t he is n int]e/$ 9 utility4 ,x is only because utility has become b\nd up ) slav]y t arti/s & p ) arti/ic impulses revolt aga9/ x & 9 defiance produce utt]ly & fanta/ically useless ?+s4 ,?is w be s1 z long z be+ useful means be+ a slave4 ,b art is n an end 9 itself2 x _h its orig91 & w f9d its de/9y1 9 ! production ( useful ?+s4 ,= example-- ,,! ,,que/ion]4 ,yes1 d let u get d[n to ! concrete6 ,,! ,,arti/4 ,suppose y are out walk+ 9 a hilly c\ntry1 & decide to :ittle y\rself a /ick4 ,y\r wi% is to make some?+ useful4 ,b y c't help mak+ x m ?an useful4 ,y c't help x1 because1 if y are n 9 a hurry1 & nobody else is boss+ ! job1 y f9d o!r impulses besides ! utilit>ian "o com+ 9 to elaborate y\r task4 ,%all ,i "n ^? impulses8 ,,! ,,que/ion]4 ,if y w4 ,,! ,,arti/4 ,i am n a psy*ologi/1 b ,i w\ld call !m ! impulse to comm& & ! impulse to obey4 ,,! ,,que/ion]4 ,to comm& & obey :at8 ,,! ,,arti/4 ,y\r mat]ial1 :atev] x is--pa9t & canvas1 words1 s\nds1 clay1 m>ble1 iron4 ,9 ?is case1 ! /ick ( wood4 ,,! ,,que/ion]4 ,i'm afraid ,i d n q-- ,,! ,,arti/4 ,! impulse to comm& comes fir/--! impulse to j %[ t /ick :o is ma/]6 ! desire to impose y\r imp]ial w ^u x4 ,i suppose y might call x ,vanity4 ,& t impulse alone w\ld result 9 y\r mak+ some?+ fanta/ic & grotesque or /rik+ly absurd--& yet beautiful 9 its way4 ,b x is met & *eck$ by ! o!r impulse--! impulse to obey4 ,no man t ev] :ittl$ wood b has felt t impulse4 ,he feels t he mu/ n d simply :at he wants to d1 b also :at ! wood wants done to x4 ,! real arti/ does n c>e to treat m>ble z if x 7 s(t1 nor pa9t & canvas z ?\gh !y 7 ?ree-dim5sional4 ,he c\ld if he want$ to--b he respects 8 m$ium4 ,!re is an in/9ctive pleasure 9 lett+ x h its way4 ,i suppose y might call x ,rev]5ce4 ,& ?is ,vanity & ?is ,rev]5ce1 ! desire to comm& & ! desire to obey1 :5 !y are set free 9 ! dream & ef=t ( creation1 produce some?+ :i* is m ?an useful4 ,t some?+ m is :at we call ,beauty4--,d y c>e to h me g fur!r into ! me*anics ( beauty8 ,,! ,,que/ion]4 ,well--er--,i suppose n[ t we h got ?is f> into ! subject1 we might z well get to ! end ( x4 ,g on6 ,,! ,,arti/4 ,:at ,i am ab\t to tell y is ! only really important ?+ ab\t art4 ,un=tunately1 ! facts at issue h nev] be5 /udi$ by fir/-class sci5tific m9ds1 & s !y lack a prop] t]m9ology to make !m cle>4 ,9 default ( su* a sci5tific t]m9ology1 we are =c$ to use ! ^w 8rhy?m0 9 ! special s5se 9 :i* arti/s und]/& x4 ,y speak ( ! movem5ts ( a dance z be+ rhy?mic4 ,! arti/ und]/&s ! ^w to ref] to ! relation ( ^! movem5ts to ea* o!r & above all to ! emotion :i* !y express4 ,& to him ! :ole _w is a dance1 full ( rhy?mic ge/ures4 ,! ge/ure ( /&+ /ill1 or ( be+ asleep1 is also rhy?mic2 ! body is itself a ge/ure--he w speak ( ! rhy?m ( ! l9e ( a lift$ arm or a b5t knee4 ,trees t lift _! bran*es to ! sky1 & rocks t sleep on ! gr\nd h _! rhy?ms--e tree & e rock its own special rhy?m4 ,! rhy?m ( a p9e tree is diff]5t f t ( a palm--! rhy?m ( granitic rocks diff]5t f t ( lime/one4 ,s f> ! matt] is simple en\gh4 ,b ! relations ( ^! rhy?ms to ea* o!r are also rhy?mic4 ,^! relations are 9 fact s manifold t !y con/itute a *aos4 ,b 9 ?is *aos ea* p]son feels a diff]5t rhy?m2 &1 accord+ z he has ! p[]1 transmits 8 s5se ( x to u ?r\gh a rhy?mic treatm5t ( 8 m$ium4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( 8 "w1 we feel :at he has felt ab\t ! _w2 b we feel some?+ m ?an t--we feel also ! rhy?m ( ! /ruggle 9 ! arti/ betwe5 8 impulse to comm& & 8 impulse to obey4 ,our own impulses ( vanity & ( rev]5ce g out to welcome 8 p[] & 8 fai?fulness4 ,& j z !re are gay rhy?ms & sad rhy?ms 9 ! ge/ure ( movem5t1 s !re are magnific5t rhy?ms & trivial rhy?ms 9 ! ge/ure ( a s\l fac+ ! *aos ( ! _w4 ,:at has he f\nd wor? :ile to play )1 & h[ has he play$ ) x8 ,:at k9d ( creator is he8 ,ability to feel & express significant rhy?m--t is n9e-t5?s ( art4 ,,! ,,que/ion]4 ,b my de> fell[1 h[ are we to tea* all ?is to *ildr58 ,,! ,,arti/4 ,v simply3 by giv+ !m a knife & a piece ( wood4 ,,! ,,que/ion]4 ,well1 really6 ,,! ,,arti/4 ,& crayons & clay & s++-games & s =?4--,b p]haps y pref] to %[ !m pictures ( alleg$ ma/]pieces1 & tell !m1 8,?is is great art60 ,!y w believe y1 ( c\rse2 & !y w hate great art ev] aft]w>ds--j z !y hate great poetry1 & = ! same excell5t reason3 because1 pres5t$ to !m 9 t way1 x is no?+ b a damn$ nuisance4 ,yet ! *ild :o enjoys he>+ & tell+ a /ory has 9 him ! capacity to appreciate & p]haps to create ! greate/ ( /ories2 & ! *ild :o enjoys :ittl+ a block ( wood has 9 him ! capacity to appreciate & p]haps to create ! greate/ art6 ,,! ,,que/ion]4 ,!n y d n ?9k *ildr5 c be taught to appreciate art by look+ at photographic reproductions ( x8 ,,! ,,arti/4 ,i w\ld h>dly expect a ,fiji ,isl&] to become an appreciator ( civiliz$ music by lett+ him look at my phonograph records4 ,! d+y-br[ni% photograph ( a glori\sly color$ pa9t+ has ev5 less educational value--= x lies ab\t ! orig9al4 ,d y "k t !re are ?\s&s & ?\s&s ( ,am]ican s*ool *ildr5 :o ?9k t ! great ma/]pieces ( ! _w's pa9t+ are ! color ( axle-grease8 ,!y are nev] told t _! own free ef=ts ) color$ crayons are m l ,botticelli 9 e s5se ?an any photograph c\ld possibly be2 b x is true4 ,,! ,,que/ion]4 ,b don't y want !m to respect ,botticelli8 ,,! ,,arti/4 ,no4 ,i want !m to look at ,botticelli's pictures z !y look at ^? ( ano!r *ild--free to criticize1 free to dislike1 free to scorn4 ,= only :5 y are free to despise1 are y free to admire4 ,aft] all1 :o 0 ,botticelli8 ,ano!r *ild4 ,p]haps !y may pref] ,goya-- ,,! ,,que/ion]4 ,or ! ,sunday comic supplem5t6 ,,! ,,arti/4 ,a heal?y ta/e4 ,& if !y "k :at draw+ is1 ?\gh hav+ us$ a p5cil !mselves1 !y w pref] ! bett] comic pictures to ! worse1 & be ready to appreciate ,goya & ,daumi]--:o 7 ! sup]-,sunday-supplem5t comic arti/s ( _! day4 ,,! ,,que/ion]4 ,left to !mselves !y may come to l ,goya1 z y say2 b w !y ev] come to appreciate su* a ma/]piece z ,leon>do's ,la/ ,supp] )\t "s m =mal tea*+8 ,,! ,,arti/4 ,d y call x 8tea*+0 to talk solemnly to *ildr5 9 language !y _c und]/&8 ,if !y are mak+ pictures !mselves1 & be+ assi/$ 9 _! en?usia/ic exp]im5ts by a real arti/ in/ead ( a tea*]1 !y w naturally wond] :y _! fri5d %\ld h ! photograph ( ! ,la/ ,supp] 9 ! portfolio f :i* he is always tak+ out "s picture 9 ord] to illu/rate 8 answ]s to _! que/ions4 ,& hav+ wond]$1 !y w ask :y1 & _! fri5d w tell !m2 & p]haps !y w get "s ( _! fri5ds en?usiasm1 & p]haps n4 ,b !y w "k t ! real human be+ :o is l !mselves does l t picture4 ,,! ,,que/ion]4 ,b x makes no diff]5ce :e!r !y l x or n8 ,,! ,,arti/4 ,y c't compel !m to l x1 c y8 ,y c only compel !m to pret5d t !y d4 ,,! ,,que/ion]4 ,c't y tea* !m :at is call$ 8good ta/e08 ,,! ,,arti/4 ,only too easily4 ,& _! 8good ta/e0 w lead !m infallibly to pref] ! imitations ( :at !y h be5 taught to praise1 & q z infallibly to reject ! great new art ( _! g5]ation4 ,!y w ?9k "s new ,:i/l] a pot ( pa9t flung 9 ! public's face1 & ! next ,cezanne a daub]4 ,,! ,,que/ion]4 ,!n y don't approve ( good ta/e6 ,,! ,,arti/4 ,e arti/ despises x1 & ! p :o h x4 ,we "k q well t ! p :o pret5d to l ,titian & ,turn]1 because !y h be5 c>efully taught t x is ! ?+ to d1 w\ld h turn$ up _! noses at ,titian & ,turn] 9 _! own day--because !y 7 n on ! li/ ( dead arti/s :om x 0 ! fa%ion to call great2 !y "k moreov] t ^! same p ( good ta/e are g5]ally incapable ( di/+ui%+ betwe5 a beautiful & an ugly wall-pap]1 betwe5 a beautiful & an ugly plate1 or ev5 betwe5 a beautiful & an ugly necktie6 ,outside ! b\nds ( _! memoriz$ li/1 !y h no ta/e :atev]4 ,,! ,,que/ion]4 ,_c good ta/e be taught s z to include ! :ole ( life8 ,,! ,,arti/4 ,x w\ld take too mu* "t4 ,& ?ank ,god = t6 ,= good ta/e is simply a polite pret5se by :i* we cov] up our lack ( t real s5se ( beauty :i* comes only f intimate acqua9tance ) creative processes4 ,! mo/ cultivat$ p 9 ! _w _c produce beauty by m]ely hav+ notions ab\t x4 ,b ! mo/ uncultivat$ p 9 ! _w _c help produc+ beauty if only !y h "t to dream z !y "w--if only !y h fre$om to let _! "w become some?+ besides utilit>ian4 ,,! ,,que/ion]4 ,y ?9k1 !n1 t education %\ld n conc]n itself ) good ta/e1 b r ) creative ef=t8 ,,! ,,arti/4 ,exactly4 ,,! ,,que/ion]4 ,y say t *ildr5 are arti/s already8 ,,! ,,arti/4 ,& t arti/s are *ildr54 ,,! ,,que/ion]4 ,!n ! task ( education 9 respect to !m w\ld seem to be easy6 ,,! ,,arti/4 ,no--on ! contr>y1 inf9itely h>d6 ,,! ,,que/ion]4 ,:at d y mean8 ,! ,arti/4 ,i h said t *ildr5 are arti/s & t arti/s are *ildr54 ,! task ( education is to help !m to gr[ up4 ,,! ,,que/ion]4 ,new difficulties6 ,,! ,,arti/4 ,& trem5d\s ones6 ,b if ,i am to discuss !m1 y mu/ keep /ill = a :ile & let me talk 9 my own fa%ion4 --,v well1 ladies & g5tlem54 ,%all we adj\rn = lun*1 & :5 we reassemble "h give ! ,arti/ ! plat=m = half an h\r8 ,:at is ! s5tim5t ( ! meet+8 ,! ,ayes h x4 ,,xvii4 ,! ,arti/ z a ,*ild ,)\t any fur!r delay1 ! ,arti/ %all n[ address y4--,please take ! plat=m1 sir6 8,my fri5ds6 ,we are ga!r$ "h today to consid] h[ to implant 9 ! y\?ful & innoc5t m9ds :i* are entru/$ to our c>e ! b5efic5t & holy influ5ces ( t transc5d5t miracle :i* we "k z ,art4 ,sacr$ & my/]i\s subject t x is1 we approa* x ) bat$--0 ,wait6 wait6 ,!re is "s mi/ake "h1 ,i am sure4 ,j a mom5t6-- 8,we approa* ) bat$ brea? ^! au/]e & sacr$--0 ,/op1 ,i say6 8,au/]e & sacr$ regions--0 ,u%]1 w y please ?r[ ?is fell[ out6 ,he is n ! man we 7 li/5+ to ?is morn+--he is a rank impo/or1 :o has disguis$ himself z an arti/ 9 ord] to befuddle our delib]ations ) my/agogical cant4 ,if y w pull (f t false be>d1 ,i ?9k y w f9d t he is a well-kn[n ,*autauqua lectur]4444 ,aha1 ,i ?\ght s6--,%ame on y6 ,& n[ get out ( "h z quickly z y c6--,ah1 !re comes ! real ,arti/--late1 z usual4 ,:at h y to say = y\rself8 8,i'm sorry--,i got to ?9k+ ( some?+ else1 & ne>ly =got to come back "h4 ,:i* br+s me at once to ! he>t ( :at ,i want to say4 ,arti/s1 z ,i h said1 are *ildr5--&1 *ildr5 t !y are1 !y =get ! err&s ^u :i* ! _w s5ds !m4 ,!y =get1 because ^! err&s are n "p ( _! own life4 ,y reproa* u ) be+ c>eless & irresponsible--b if y w /udy ! *ild at play or ! arti/ at "w1 y w discov] t he is n c>eless or irresponsible 9 reg>d to 8 own conc]ns4 ,b ?is deep divorce betwe5 ! conc]ns ( ! arti/ & ! *ild & ! conc]ns ( ! _w is ! tragic problem = :i* we n[ seek a solution4 ,! _w has be5 unable to solve x4 ,x has only made ! brea* deep]4 8,= ! _w does n "k t its "w c be play1 t adult life c be a game l ! games ( *ildr51 only ) m desp]ate & magnific5t issues4 ,x does n reflect t we ga!r /icks 9 ! wood ) inf9ite happy pati5ce & lab\r to build our bonfires because ^? bonfires are our own dream creatively realiz$2 & x _c ?9k ( any bett] way to get u to br+ 9 ! wood = ! kit*5 /ove ?an to say1 #8,johnny1 ,i've told y ?ree times to br+ 9 t wood1 & if y c't m9d ,i'll h y\r fa!r int]view y 9 ! wood%$4' ,9 brief1 x pres5ts our p>ticipation 9 adult life z mean+less toil p]=m$ at ! bidd+ ( ano!r "u co]cion4 ,& ! :ole ( adult life gradually takes on ?is same aspect4 ,we are to d ! bidd+ ( ano!r 9 (fice or factory because o!rwise we w />ve4 8,s ! *ild-arti/ unwill+ly becomes a slave4 ,b !re are "s *ildr5 :o rebel aga9/ slav]y4 ,!y pref] to keep _! dreams4 ,!y are reg>d$ ) disapproval & anxiety by _! families1 :o tell !m t !y mu/ gr[ up4 ,b !y d n want to gr[ up into slav]y4 ,!y want to rema9 free4 ,!y want to make _! dreams come true4 8#8,b :o w pay = y\r dreams8' ! _w asks4 ,& x is n pleasant to face ! possibility ( />v+ to dea?4 ,& s !y com=t !mselves ) ! illusion ( fame & weal?4 ,sometimes _! families are cajol$ into inve/+ 9 ?is r d\btful speculative ent]prise1 & ! *ild-arti/ becomes an arti/-*ild1 support$ ?r\gh life by 8 p>5ts1 & play+ busily at 8 art4 ,sometimes ! speculation turns out well f9ancially1 ! illusion ( success becomes a reality2 b ?is1 h[ev] gratify+ to ! arti/ z a ju/ification ( 8 c>e]1 is n 8 own reason = be+ an arti/4 ,! #8successful' arti/ has a *ildlike pleasure 9 ! awe ( really gr[n-up p at ! mat]ial pro(s ( 8 importance2 & if he has giv5 ho/ages to =tune1 if he mu/ support a family ( 8 own1 he may plodd+ly reproduce ! happy accid5ts ( 8 creative ef=t :i* ga9$ him ^! rew>ds2 b he feels t 9 s do+ he has ceas$ to be a free man & become a slave--& all too (t51 z we "k f ! %ock$ comm5t ( ! _w1 he r5\nces ^! rew>ds1 becomes a *ild at play aga91 & lets 8 wife & *ildr5 get along z be/ !y may4 ,he ye>ns1 p]haps1 = fame--z a sort ( public cons5t to 8 go+ on be+ a *ild4 ,b :e!r he />ves 9 ! g>ret or b[s f 8 lim\s9e to admir+ cr[ds1 :at he really wants ( ! _w is j p]mission to play4 ,he is n int]e/$ 9 ! affairs ( ! _w4 8,!re are exceptions1 ( c\rse4 ,!re are poets & musicians & pa9t]s :o take an int]e/ 9 ! de/9ies ( mank9d2 b ?is is reg>d$ by _! fell[-arti/s z a k9d ( h]esy or disloyalty--mu* z s*ool *ildr5 7or college boys7 reg>d ! behavi\r ( "o :o really takes 8 s*ool "w s]i\sly4 ,! public also is accu/om$ to reg>d ! arti/ z a *ild2 !y laugh at 8 #8ideas' ab\t practical affairs--?\gh (t5 en\gh !y adopt 8 ideas 9 dead e>ne/ lat]4 ,%elley1 = in/ance1 propos$ to conduct campaigns ( education by dropp+ leaflets f balloons4 #8,a qua9t idea1 *>act]i/ic ( 8 vision>y & impractical m9d1' said 8 biograph]s2 & !n1 hav+ laugh$ at ! idea1 ! _w 9 its ,great ,w> proce$s to adopt t idea & c>ry x out on a trem5d\s scale4444 8,:5 ! *ild refuses to be a slave1 he is !nce=? exclud$ by common cons5t f ! affairs ( ! gr[n-up _w4 ,& z ! brea* wid5s betwe5 ! arti/ & ! _w1 z ! _w becomes m & m committ$ to slav]y1 ! arti/ is m consci\sly & wilfully a *ild4 ,he is =bidd5 by ! gr[+ public op9ion ( 8 gr\p to write or s+ ab\t human de/9ies4 #8,! arti/ mu/ n be a propag&i/1' x is decl>$ indignantly4 ,& f9ally x comes to su* a pass t x is n arti/ic good-=m = ! arti/ to tell /ories :i* ! public c und]/&--! pa9t] is prohibit$ f mak+ images :i* ! common man is able to recognize--! musician scorns to compose tunes :i* anybody c\ld dance to or :i/le6 ,& all ?is is simply ! *ild's defiance to ! _w--8 games are 8 own1 & ! gr[n-ups c keep _! h&s (f6 ,if adult life is slav]y 7:i* x is71 he w be damn$ be=e he w h any?+ to d ) x4 8,& he is damn$--damn$ to a *ildi%ness :i* conta9s only ! /ubborn wilfulness ( ! *ild's play+1 b has =gott5 its motive4 ,t motive is diff]5t f 84 ,he has *ang$ f ! *ild :o play$ at be+ a man1 to a man :o plays at be+ a *ild4 ,! *ild's dreams 7 l>ge1 & 8 are small4 ,! *ild took all life = 8 prov9ce--0 by turns a w>rior1 a blacksmi?1 a circus-rid]1 a husb&1 a /ore-keep]1 a fireman1 a savage1 an und]tak]4 ,! *ild-arti/ want$ to play at ev]y?+4 ,! arti/-*ild has r5\nc$ ^! magnific5t ambitions4 ,! _w may conscript him to fight 9 its w>s1 b he refuses to bo!r 8 head z to :at !y are ab\t2 if he f9ds t he has to walk up-t[n because !re is a /reet-c> /rike1 he is mildly annoy$1 b 7,i am describ+ an extreme b n infrequ5t type7 he decl9es to int]e/ himself 9 ! lab\r movem5t2 he escapes f ! responsibilities ( a s]i\s love-affair on ! gr\nd t #8an arti/ %\ld nev] m>ry'2 he pays 8 groc]y bills1 or leaves !m unpaid1 b ! co-op]ative movem5t bores him2 & s on6 ,he is cont5t to live 9 t little corn] ( life 9 :i* he c play undi/urb$ by worldly int]e/s4 ,?is type1 ,i h said1 is n infrequ5t2 its p]fect exempl>s1 ! arti/s :o 7 s completely *ildr5 t !y did n ev5 "k ( ! exi/5ce ( ! outside _w1 are rev]$ z ! sa9ts ( art1 & (t5 z its m>tyrs1 :i* 9 tru? !y 72 & !y are admir$ by ?\s&s ( "y arti/s :o only aspire to su* p]fection1 :ile %amefac$ly admitt+ t !y !mselves are ta9t$ ) ord9>y human int]e/s4 8,?is is :at ! _w has done to u2 x has made u *oose betwe5 be+ *ildr5 9 a t9y sph]e all our lives1 or go+ into ! l>g] _w ( reality z slaves4 ,& ,i ?9k we h made ! "r *oice4 ,= we h kept alive 9 our *ildi% folly ! flame ( a sacr$ revolt aga9/ slav]y4 ,we h succe$$ 9 mak+ ! _w envi\s ( our fre$om4 ,we h %[n x ! only way to be happy4 8,b ! arti/ _c get along )\t ! _w4 ,8 art spr+s f ! commone/ impulses ( ! human race1 & ^? impulses are utilit>ian at root2 ! savage :o scrat*$ ! auro*s on ! wall ( 8 cave 0 hungry = meat & desir\s ( luck 9 ! hunt+ tomorr[2 ! primitive ,greeks :o danc$ _! seasonal dances f :i* sprang ! glory ( dramatic art1 want$ ! crops to gr[2 & t :i* we call great art ev]y:]e is great only because x spr+s f a communal hung] & fulfils a communal wi%4 ,:5 art becomes divorc$ f ! aspirations ( ! common man1 all its te*nical p]fection w n keep x alive2 x revolts aga9/ its own te*nical p]fection1 & goes (f into qua9t & au/]e que/s = new tru?s ^u :i* to n\ri% itself2 & only :5 x discov]s ! common man & fulfils 8 unfulfill$ desires1 does x fl\ri% aga94 ,art mu/ conc]n itself ) ! _w1 or p]i%4 8,nor c ! _w get along )\t ! arti/4 ,slav]y _c keep x go+--x ne$s ! free impulses ( ! creative _s4 ,x ne$s ! arti/1 n z a be+ to scorn & wor%ip by turns1 b z ! work]-director ( its activities4 ,x ne$s ! arti/ z blacksmi?1 husb&1 & /ore-keep]--z tea*]1 prie/1 & /atesman4 ,only s c x endure & fulfil its de/9ies4 8,b if ! arti/ is to be all ^! ?+s1 if he is to ent] into ! activities ( ! real _w in/ead ( runn+ away f !m1 he mu/ gr[ up4 ,& t is ! task ( education3 to make a man ( him )\t kill+ ! arti/4 ,we mu/ beg91 !n1 be=e ! arti/ 9 him is kill$2 we mu/ beg9 ) ! *ild4 ,s f> z ,i c see1 ! s*ool z x exi/s at pres5t is utt]ly & hopelessly inadequate to ! task4 ,x requires a special me*anism1 :i* happily exi/s 9 ! outside _w1 & ne$ only be incorporat$ into ! educational sy/em1 9 ord] to provide a m$ium ( transition betwe5 ! dream-creations ( *ildhood & ! reali/ic creativity ( adult life4 ,?is me*anism is ! ,!atre40 ,,xviii4 ,! ,drama ( ,education 8,b :y--9 ! "n ( all t is beautiful6--:y ! ,!atre80 ,ah6 ,:o utt]$ t agoniz$ cry ( prote/8 ,he comes =w>d4 8,x 0 ,i :o spoke4 ,d n1 ,i beg ( y1 z y love ,beauty1 h any truck ) ! ,!atre4 ,leave x alone--avoid x--flee x z y w\ld ! pe/il5ce6 ,i "k :at ,i am talk+ ab\t60 ,& :o1 pray1 are y8 8,i am an ,actor60 ,well1 well6--?is is r curi\s4 8,n at all6 ,:o %\ld "k bett] ?an ! ,actor ! dreadful tru? ab\t ! ,!atre--t x is ! home ( a base triviality1 ! citadel ( ins9c]ity1 ! la/ refuge ( ev]y?+ t is banal 9 ?\ght & action60 ,really1 ! ,!atre seems to h no fri5ds n[adays except ! pr(essors :o tea* play-writ+ 9 ! colleges6 ,b ,i ?9k we %\ld he> :at our fri5d ! ,arti/ has to say 9 its def5ce4 ,,! ,,arti/4 8,!re is no?+ wrong ) ! ,!atre except :at is wrong ) ! :ole ( mod]n life4 ,our newspap]s are base & trivial1 our politics are ins9c]e1 & ! products ( our slave-sy/em ( production h a banality :i* ,broadway c\ld sc>cely surpass4 ,9 all ^! fields ( ef=t1 z 9 ! ,!atre1 ! creative _s has surr5d]$ to ! slave-sy/em4 ,b 9 ! ,!atre1 & 9 no place else 9 ! _w1 we f9d ! modes ( *ild-life1 ( primitive creative activity1 surviv+ intact into adult life4 ,:at is co/ume b ! #8dress+-up' ( *ildhood1 ! program ) its ca/ ( *>act]s b a way ( say+ #8,let's pret5d6'--:at1 9 %ort1 is ! ,playh\se b a h\se ( ,play8 ,x is all !re--! s++ & danc+1 ! make-believe1 ! :ole p>aph]nalia ( *ild creativity3 x is true t ! game is play$ by *ildr5 :o are n free to create _! own dreams1 :o mu/ play always at "s "o else's bidd+1 half *ildr5 & half slaves6 ,b--& ?is is its importance to u--! ,!atre is ! place :]e ! int]e/s ( ! *ild meet & m]ge into ^? ( ! adult4 ,x is ! natural transition betwe5 dreams & realities4 ,& x is !reby ! bridge across ! gulf t sep>ates art f ! _w4 8,let me expla94 ,:5 ,i use ! phrase #8,! ,!atre1' ,i am n ?9k+ ( ! dramatic arts 9 any re/rict$ & special s5se4 ,= ! ,!atre1 z ! orig9al s\rce ( all ! arts1 ! spr+ f :i* half a hundr$ /reams h p\r$1 into ! sep>ate arts ( music1 danc+1 s++1 poetry1 pageantry1 & :at n--! ,!atre 9 its hi/oric aspect z ! _s ( communal fe/ivity--is significant to u n z ! vehicle ( a s-call$ dramatic art1 sep>ate & di/9ct f ! arts :i* g to make x up1 b r z ! in/itution :i* pres]ves ! memory ( ! common orig9 ( all ^! arts & :i* /ill has ! p[] to unite !m 9 ! s]vice ( a common purpose4 ,9 ! ,!atre1 z 9 ! *ild's play+1 !y are n ?+s ali5 f ea* o!r & isolate f life1 b p>ts ( ea* o!r & ( a great] ?+--! express+ ( a common emotion4 8,s :5 ,i speak ( mak+ ! ,!atre a "p ( ! educational sy/em 9 ! int]e/ ( art & arti/s1 ,i mean to sugge/ a union ( all ! arts 9 ! expression ( communal purposes & emotions ?r\gh a psy*ological device ( :i* ! ,!atre1 ev5 9 its contempor>y =m1 /&s z a ready-to-h& example4 8,i _c be suffici5tly grateful to ! ,!atre = cont9u+ to exi/1 9 h[ev] trivial or base a =m4 ,suppose x _h p]i%$ = ev] f ! e>?6 ,:o w\ld be s d>+ a !ori/ z to conceive ! project ( br++ toge!r ! /ory-tell]1 ! poet1 ! musician1 ! s+]1 ! danc]1 ! pantomimi/1 ! pa9t]1 9 ! co-op]ative ent]prise ( creat+ #8"o common wave ( ?\ght & joy lift+ mank9d aga9'8 ,:o1 if su* a ?+ 7 propos$1 w\ld h any idea :at 0 be+ talk$ ab\t8 ,z x is1 h[ev]1 ,i c po9t to any musical com$y on ,broadway & say1 #8,:at ,i mean is some?+ l t1 only q diff]5t6' 8,diff]5t1 because ! communal emotions :i* ^! arti/s w\ld h jo9$ !mselves toge!r to express w\ld h>dly be1 if !y 7 left free to decide ! "q !mselves1 ! m]e emotions ( mob-anxiety1 mob-lascivi\sness & mob-hum\r :i* are ! ?ree motifs ( comm]cial drama4 ,no1 y h to pay p to get !m to take "p 9 t dull & tawdry game6 ,:5 !y d ?+s to suit !mselves1 z !y sometimes adv5tur\sly d ev5 n[1 x is some?+ t x is m fun to play at4 ,z free m5 & wom5 !y _c help be+ arti/s1 !y mu/ ne$s *oose t _! play %all be a #8"w ( art ^: rhy?ms fulfil "s deep wi% ( ! human s\l4--'0 8,j a mom5t6 ,"s "o1 ,i ?9k1 wants to ask a "q4--,l\d]1 please60 8,i said--?is is all v well z a plea = a ,free ,!atre1 b :at has x to d ) ,education80 ,,! ,,arti/4 8,evid5tly ,i h n made myself cle>4 ,! problem ( ,education ) respect to ,art is to keep alive ! *ild's creative impulses1 & use !m 9 ! real _w ( adult life4 ,we don't want to kill ! arti/ 9 him2 nor d we want to keep him a *ild all 8 life 9 "s t9y corn] ( ! _w1 ap>t f its s]i\s activities4 ,we don't want ! slave :o has =gott5 h[ to play1 nor ! dream] :o is afraid ( realities4 ,we want an education :i* w m]ge ! *ild's play into ! man's life1 ! arti/'s dreams into ! citiz5's lab\rs4 ,! ,!atre--0 8,excuse me1 b :at ,i c't see is h[ a ,*ildr5's ,!atre is go+ to d all t6 ,ev5 if y put a !atre 9 e s*ool-build+--0 ,,! ,,arti/4 8,y q mi/ake my mean+4 ,i w\ld r confiscate ! !atres & put a s*ool into ea* ( !m2 & s1 = t matt]1 w\ld ,i d ) ! factories6 ,b1 un=tunately1 ,i am n ,m9i/] ( ,public ,education4 ,9 default ( t1 :at ,i propose is small en\gh--b x is n s small z y suppose :5 y ?9k t ,i want to set *ildr5 to rehe>s+ plays & mak+ sc5]y = a s*ool play4 ,i propose r t ! _s ( ! ,!atre--! _s ( creative play--%\ld ent] into e bran* ( ! s*ool "w1 until ! s*ool itself becomes a ,!atre--a gorge\s1 joy\s1 dramatic fe/ival ( le>n+-to-live4 8,?9k h[ real ,hi/ory w\ld become if x 7 dramatiz$ by ! *ildr5 !mselves6 ,i d n mean its m]ely picturesque mom5ts1 b its real mean+s1 act$ out--! :ole drama ( human progress--a gr\p ( cave-m5 talk+ ( ! days be=e m5 knew h[ to make fire--,*aldean trad]s1 ,babylonian pr9ces1 ,egyptian slaves1 ea* ) 8 /ory to tell--,greek citiz5s discuss+ politics j be=e ! election--a w\nd$ ,london artisan hid+ f ! ,k+'s soldi]s 9 a g>ret1 & tell+ 8 %elt]] ! true /ory ( ,wat ,tyl]'s rebellion--a ,fr5* peasant j be=e ! ,revolution1 & 8 son :o has be5 read+ a /range book by t man ,r\sseau 9 :i* x is decl>$ t !re is no su* ?+ z ! ,div9e ,"r ( ,k+s4444 8,ma!matics z an organiz$ creative ef=t c5t]+ ar\nd real plann+ & build+ & measur+ & calculat+4444 8,geography--a magnific5t voyag+ 9 play all r\nd ! _w & 9 reality all r\nd ! t[n & surr\nd+ c\ntryside4444 ,a sci5tific inve/igation ( ! natural res\rces ( ! community1 its manufactures1 exports & imports1 discuss$ r\nd bonfires 9 ! woods by ! committee at ! end ( a long day's tramp1 & ! f9al draw+ up ( _! report1 to be illu/rat$ on ! scre5 by photographs tak5 by !mselves4444 ,! adv5ture ( map-mak+4444 87,y get ! idea1 don't y8 ,y see :y x is m real ?an ord9>y education--because x is all play67 8,& all ^! delightful games br\ght toge!r 9 gr& pageants--in/ead ( exam9ations6--e half ye>4444 8,t is :at ,i mean4 8,mak+ :atev] tea*+ ( art !re may be1 "p & p>cel ) ^! activities--& us+ ! s*ool-!atre1 if "o exi/s1 n to produce ,%]idan's #8,rivals' 91 b z a conv5i5ce to ! pres5tation ( ! drama ( _! own education2 b 9 any case mak+ all _! _w a /age1 n =gett+ t fir/ & be/ /age ( all1 ,god's gre5 outdoors6 8,no1 ,i say1 ,i d n want to put a !atre into e s*ool--,i want e s*ool to be a ,!atre 9 :i* a ,guild ( ,"y ,arti/s w le>n to d ! "w ( ! _w )\t ceas+ to be free & happy4 8,i hope ,i h succe$$ 9 mak+ myself cle>80 ,,xix4 ,! ,drama ( ,life ,z to 8 imm$iate proposals1 ,i ?9k ! ,arti/ has made himself q cle>4 ,b he op5$ up an int]e/+ vi/a ( possibilities :5 he spoke ( be+ ,m9i/] ( ,public ,education4 ,he said he c\ldn't d c]ta9 ?+s because he wasn't ,m9i/] ( ,public ,education4 ,:at we w\ld l v mu* to "k is :at he w\ld d if he 76--,d y m9d tell+ u8 ,,! ,,arti/4 8,9 ! fir/ place ,i w\ld set fire to--,b y are sure ,i am n tak+ up y\r "t unduly80 ,no1 no6 ,g on6 ,,! ,,arti/4 8,i w\ld set fire to ! coat-tails ( all ! pres5t bo>ds ( education :o are n[ runn+ our educational sy/em 9 complete indiff]5ce to ! int]e/s ( ! *ild4 ,i w\ld in/itute democratic control3 turn ! s*ool sy/em ov] to ! ,national ,guild ( ,"y ,arti/s4 ,my c>e] z an educational autocrat w\ld necess>ily /op "r !re1 s f> z ! int]nal revolutioniz+ ( education is conc]n$--= :at ,i h be5 tell+ y is simply :at ,i ?9k ! *ildr5 !mselves w\ld d ) ! s*ools if !y 7 all[$ to run !m4 8,b ,education1 z ,i und]/& x1 does n /op %ort ) ! s*ool--x ext5ds ?r\gh\t all life4 ,x is :at ,i w\ld call ! civiliz+ process4 ,& !re is mu* to be done to _m dep>tm5ts ( life be=e !y c become "p ( a real civiliz+ process4 ,i w describe only "o1 b n ! lea/ fundam5tal ( ^! *anges--! democratiz+ ( ! ,!atre4 ,or r1 z ,i %\ld say1 turn+ x into a s*ool4 8,a s*ool ( :at8 y w ask4 ,a s*ool ( life1 ( aspiration1 ( progress1 ( civilization4 ,x c be all ^! ?+s if x becomes ! ,p's ,!atre4 ,!re=e1 z ,m9i/] ( ,public ,education1 ,i propose to confiscate ! ,!atres & turn !m ov] to ! ,p4 8,b aga91 :5 ,i speak ( #8,! ,!atre1' ,i d n mean m]ely ! build+s 9 :i* plays are giv54 ,i mean all ^? arts :i* are "p ( communal creativity4 ,i propose to unite !m all 9 communal fe/ivals ( human progress4 ,i d n propose t we %all beg9 by hold+ classes 9 ! ,hippodrome--?\gh t w come4 ,i propose to beg9 ) solemn & magnific5t national holiday pageants simil> to ^? :i* 7 s frequ5tly & gorge\sly celebrat$ dur+ ! days ( ! great ,fr5* ,revolution--0 ,at ?is mom5t a policeman approa*es ! /age4 8,i wi% to w>n ! speak] t ev]y?+ he says is be+ tak5 d[n 9 %or?& by "o ( our m51 & if he wants to f9i% 8 spee* ! less he says ab\t ,revolution ! bett]4 ,t's all40 ,,! ,,arti/4 8,?ank y6 ,i %\ld h said1 dur+ ! days ( a c]ta9 great political & social upheaval :i* laid ! f\ndations ( mod]n life 9 g5]al1 & ( our gallant ally1 ! ,fr5* ,republic1 9 p>ticul>4 ,! hi/oric fe/ivals ( :i* ,i speak 7 9 *>ge ( ! great arti/s & compos]s ( ! nation1 & _! art & music 7 us$ to express ! common emotion & purpose ( ! ,p4 ,s x w be ) ours4 ,our arti/s w unite to express ! new ideals ( mank9d1 & toge!r ) ea* o!r & ) ! ,p1 w lay ! f\ndations ( a new & democratic art4 8,x is "h t ! !atres1 :i* w already be 9 *>ge ( ! guilds ( arti/s1 w come into play4 ,= ! new art mu/ h a solid basis 9 popul> emotions su* z only ! !atre c give4 ,!y w !re=e pres5t plays :i* criticize ! old slave-sy/em1 satirize its mann]s1 its traditional h]oes1 its ideals2 plays :i* inve/ ) tragic dignity ! age-long /ruggle ( ! ,p aga9/ oppressive in/itutions & cu/oms2 plays :i* creatively =e%ad[ a new popul> culture & morality2 & plays :i* celebrate ! f9al victory ( ! ,p 9 _! revolution>y /rug--0 ,ano!r policeman3 8,are ye mak+ an address on education1 or try+ to incite to riot8 ,l'ave t ^w ,revolution alone4--,?is is ! second "t we're w>n+ ye40 ,,! ,,arti/4 8,i'm sorry4 ,i _h hop$ to %[ ! influ5ce ( ! national aspirations ( a great ,celtic p ^u _! arti/ic life1 & ! f9al fl[]+ ( _! dreams 9 a c]ta9 political & social upheaval--0 ,,! ,,policeman4 8,oh1 ye mean ! ,iri% ,revolution8 ,t's diff]5t6 ,ye're all "r4 ,g on60 ,,! ,,arti/4 8,my "t1 h[ev]1 is %ort4 ,i %all leave to y\r imag9ation ! means to be us$ 9 fur!r+ ^! aims by ! democratization ( te*nical arti/ic culture4 ,i %all speak only ( its spiritual aspects4 ,! ,!atre1 z ,i h said1 w take ! lead 9 prep>+ = ! new day by pres5t+ plays :i* w tea* ! ,p c\rage & confid5ce 9 _! de/9y1 tea* !m to scorn ! ideals ( ! traditional pa/1 deep5 _! s5se ( community ) ! ,p 9 all l&s 9 _! _w-wide /ruggle = fre$om1 & make !m face ! future ) a cle> & un%akable resolution1 an indomitable w to victory4 8,if ,i _h "t1 ,i %\ld l to tell y h[ ?is educational program is already be+ c>ri$ out1 9 spite ( ! greate/ difficulties1 by a c]ta9 ,slavic nation--0 ,ano!r int]ruption6--by a r$-fac$1 dictatorial1 imp]atorial p]sonage :o has be5 sitt+ !re all ?is "t1 swell+ ) rage & await+ 8 opportunity4 ,he speaks3 8,(fic]6 ,i am a memb] ( ! ,bo>d ( ,education1 & ,i dem& t y arre/ t man z a ,bol%evik agitator60 7,tumultu\s sc5es47 ,,xx4 ,curiosity ,let u1 my fri5ds1 pass ov] ?is un=tunate incid5t1 & get on to ! next ?+ z quickly z possible4 ,! next ?+ on our program is ,tru?4 ,! "o :o be/ und]/&s ,tru? is und\bt$ly ! ,philosoph]4--,"h he is1 & we %all comm5ce )\t delay4 ,w "s "o volunte] to conduct ! exam9ation8 ,?ank y1 madam4 ,g "r ahead4 ,,! ,,lady4 ,we wi% to ask y a few que/ions4 ,,! ,,philosoph]4 ,c]ta9ly1 madam4 ,:at ab\t8 ,,! ,,lady4 ,ab\t ,tru?4 ,,! ,,philosoph]4 ,de>1 de>6 ,,! ,,lady4 ,:om are y address+8 ,,! ,,philosoph]4 ,i beg y\r p>don6--,x 0 only an exclamation ( surprise4 ,x has be5 s long s9ce anybody has talk$ to me ab\t ,tru?4 ,h[ qua9t & refre%+6 ,,! ,,lady4 ,please d n be frivol\s4 ,,! ,,philosoph]4 ,i am sorry--b really1 x is amus+4 ,tell me1 to :i* s*ool d y belong8 ,,! ,,lady4 ,to ! ,julia ,ri*mond ,high ,s*ool1 if y mu/ "k--?\gh ,i don't see :at t has to d ) ,tru?4 ,,! ,,philosoph]4 ,oh6 ,y mean y are a s*ool-tea*]6 ,,! ,,lady4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,doesn't t suit y8 ,,! ,,philosoph]4 ,x delights me4 ,i fe>$ at fir/ y might be a ,hegelian1 or ev5 a ,platoni/4 ,n[ t ,i f9d y are a ,pragmati/ l myself-- ,,! ,,lady4 ,pragmati/8 ,yes1 ,i h he>d ( ,pragmatism4 ,william ,james--summ] c\rse 9 ,philosophy4 ,b :y d y ?9k ,i am a ,pragmati/8 ,,! ,,philosoph]4 ,a s*ool-tea*] mu/ be a pragmati/1 madam1 or g mad4 ,if y really believ$ ! human bra9 to be an in/rum5t capable ( accurate ?9k+1 y\r exp]i5ces ) y\r pupils & y\r pr9cipal1 n to speak ( y\r bo>ds ( education1 w\ld furni% y a spectacle ( human wick$ness & folly too horrible to be endur$4 ,b y realize t ! poor ?+s 7 nev] int5d$ to ?9k4 ,,! ,,lady4 ,t's true2 !y're do+ ! be/ !y c1 ar5't !y8 ,!y j c't believe any?+ !y don't want to believe6 ,,! ,,philosoph]4 ,t is to say1 man is n prim>ily a ?9k+ animal--he is a creature ( emotion & action4 ,,! ,,lady4 ,especially action4 ,!y are always 9 su* a hurry to get some?+ done t !y really c't /op to ?9k ab\t x6 ,b ,i'm afraid all ?is is really beside ! po9t4 ,:at we want to "k is :y ! s*ool fails s mis]ably 9 its attempt to tea* *ildr5 to ?9k8 ,,! ,,philosoph]4 ,p]haps x is 9 too mu* ( a hurry4 ,b are y sure y really want *ildr5 to le>n to ?9k8 ,,! ,,lady4 ,( c\rse we d6 ,,! ,,philosoph]4 ,! greate/ "p ( life1 y "k1 c be liv$ )\t ?\ght4 ,we d n ?9k ab\t :]e we put our feet z we walk along an accu/om$ road4 ,we leave t to habit4 ,we d n ?9k ab\t h[ to eat1 once we h le>n$ to d x 9 a mann]ly way4 ,! acc\ntant does n ?9k ab\t h[ to add a column ( figures--he has 8 m9d tra9$ to ! task4 ,& !re is little t _c be done by ! =mation ( prop] habits1 to ! complete elim9ation ( ?\ght4 ,! habits w ev5 take c>e ( ! regulation ( ! emotions4 ,= all practical purposes1 don't y agree ) me t ?9k+ might be disp5s$ )8 ,,! ,,lady4 ,i h>dly "k :e!r to take y s]i\sly or n-- ,,! ,,philosoph]4 ,c y d5y :at ,i say8 ,,! ,,lady4 ,b--b life isn't all habit4 ,we mu/ ?9k--9 ord] to make--decisions4 ,,! ,,philosoph]4 ,x is n cu/om>y4 ,we let our wi%es fight x out1 & ! /ronge/ has its way4 ,b ,i once knew a man :o did ?9k 9 ord] to make 8 decisions4 ,! result 0 t he always made !m too late4 ,& :at 0 worse1 ! habit grew ^u him4 ,he got to ?9k+ ab\t ev]y?+ he want$ to d1 ) ! result t he c\ldn't d any?+4 ,i told him t he'd h to /op ?9k+--t x wasn't heal?y4 ,f9ally he w5t to a doctor1 & sure en\gh ! doctor told him t x 0 a well kn[n disease--a neurosis4 ,its di/+ui%+ m>k 0 t ! pati5t always saw two c\rses op5 to him ev]y:]e he turn$--two alt]natives1 two diff]5t ways ( do+ some?+1 two wom5 betwe5 :om he mu/ *oose1 two diff]5t !ories ( life1 & s on to di/raction4 ,! reason = x1 ! doctor said1 0 t ! pati5t's w1 t is to say ! function+ ( 8 emotional wi%-app>atus1 _h become d]ang$1 & ! burd5 ( decision 0 be+ put ^u a "p ( ! m9d incapable ( be>+ x--! logical faculty4 ,he cur$ my fri5d's neurosis1 & n[ he ?9ks no m ab\t ! practical affairs ( life ?an y or ,i or anybody else4 ,s y see ?9k+ is abnormal--ev5 dang]\s4 ,:y d y want to tea* *ildr5 to ?9k8 ,,! ,,lady4 ,well--x is r tak5 = grant$ t ! object ( education is le>n+ to ?9k4 ,,! ,,philosoph]4 ,b is t true8 ,if x is1 :y d y tea* y\r *ildr5 ! multiplication table1 or ! rule t ! squ>e ( ! hypot5use ( a "r triangle is equal to ! sum ( ! squ>es ( ! o!r two sides--unless 9 ord] to save !m ! tr\ble ( ?9k+8 ,by ! way1 :at is ! capital ( ,t5nessee1 & :5 did ,columbus discov] ,am]ica8 ,,! ,,lady4 ,na%ville1 #adib4 ,:y8 ,,! ,,philosoph] ,y didn't h to /op to ?9k1 did y8 ,y\r memory has be5 well tra9$4 ,b if y w =give ! comp>ison1 s has my dog's be5 well tra9$2 :5 ,i say1 #8,t[s]1 %[ ! lady y\r tricks1' he goes ?r\gh an elaborate p]=mance t w\ld gladd5 y\r he>t1 = he is an apt pupil2 b ,i don't = a mom5t imag9e t ,i h taught him to ?9k4 ,,! ,,lady4 ,!n y don't want *ildr5 taught ! multiplication table8 ,,! ,,philosoph]44 ,i8 ,mo/ c]ta9ly ,i d4 ,& s f> z ,i am conc]n$1 ,i w\ld gladly see a great _m o!r %ort cuts 9 ma!matics taught1 s z to save our we>y human bra9s ! tr\ble ( ?9k+ ab\t su* ?+s4 ,i am 9 fact "o ( ! ,honor>y ,vice-,presid5ts ( ! ,society = ! ,elim9ation ( ,useless ,?9k+4 ,,! ,,lady4 ,i am afraid y are indulg+ 9 a je/4 ,,! ,,philosoph]44 ,i am afraid ,i am4 ,b if y knew ,philosoph]s bett] y w\ld realize t x is a habit ( ours to je/ ab\t s]i\s matt]s4 ,x is "o ( our %ort-cuts to wisdom4 ,read y\r ,plato & ,william ,james aga94 ,delightful humori/s1 bo? ( !m1 ,i assure y4 ,i fe> y w5t to !m too sob]ly1 & 9 too mu* ( a hurry4 ,,! ,,lady4 ,d\btless y\r jokes h a hi/oric sanctity1 s9ce y say s1 b ,i d n feel t !y h advanc$ our inquiry v mu*4 ,,! ,,philosoph]4 ,i abhor myself & rep5t 9 du/ & a%es4 ,:at d y want to "k8 ,,! ,,lady4 ,i want to "k :at is ! use ( ?9k+8 ,,! ,,philosoph]4 ,ah1 my je/ 0 n 9 va91 if x provok$ y to t4 ,i %\ld call t "q ! evid5ce ( a real ?\ght4 ,,! ,,lady4 ,well1 :at is ! answ]8 ,,! ,,philosoph]4 ,oh1 please don't /op1 n[ t y h made su* a good />t6 ,?9k aga91 & answ] y\r own "q4 ,,! ,,lady4 ,hm4444 ,,! ,,philosoph]4 ,yes8 ,,! ,,lady4 ,i 0 ?9k+ ( ,newton & ! apple4 ,if x hadn't be5 = ,newton's ability to ?9k1 he w\ld nev] h =mulat$ ! law ( gravitation4 ,,! ,,philosoph]4 ,& :at a pity t w\ld h be5--w\ldn't x8 ,,! ,,lady4 ,y mean t x makes v little practical diff]5ce to u8 ,,! ,,philosoph]4 ,x w\ld if ! t[n 7 be+ bomb>d$4 ,! ,newtonian calculations are consid]$ useful by ! artill]y s*ools4 ,b x is true t x 0 ,newton & n an artill]y (fic] :o made !m4 ,,! ,,lady4 ,y mean t ! artill]y capta9 w\ld h be5 too int5t on practical matt]s8 ,,! ,,philosoph]4 ,& 9 too mu* ( a hurry4 ,!n !re's ! /eam-eng9e4 ,useful inv5tion--! v s\l ( hurry4 ,:o inv5t$ x--"s anxi\s po/ilion :o ?\ght horses 7 too sl[8 ,or somebody ^: m9d 0 s empty ( practical conc]ns t x c\ld be intrigu$ by a tea-kettle8 ,& by ! way1 x 0 ,/eph5son1 wasn't x1 :o appli$ ! /eam-pr9ciple to locomotion8 ,i've a v poor memory1 b ,i ?9k ,watt's eng9e 0 j a toy4 ,no practical use :atev]4 ,o!r p f\nd out ! practical uses = x4 ,arkwright4 ,fulton4 ,hoe4 ,et cet]a4 ,,! ,,lady4 ,i see4 ,! results ( ?9k+ may be put to use aft]w>d1 b ! motive = ?9k+ is n ! desire to produce su* results4 ,i wond] if t is true8 ,,! ,,philosoph]4 ,:at is ! common reproa* aga9/ philosoph]s & sci5ti/s8 ,,! ,,lady4 ,t !y are impractical4 ,b inv5tors-- ,,! ,,philosoph]4 ,did y ev] "k an inv5tor8 ,,! ,,lady4 ,yes4444 ,,! ,,philosoph]4 ,0 he ri*8 ,,! ,,lady4 ,he />v$ to dea?4 ,,! ,,philosoph]4 ,:y8 ,,! ,,lady4 ,because e "o said t 8 inv5tion 0 v wond]ful1 b n ( ! slighte/ use to anybody4444 ,yes1 x's true4 ,,! ,,philosoph]4 ,t ! results ( ?9k+ d n provide ! motive = ?9k+8 ,,! ,,lady4 ,yes4 ,,! ,,philosoph]4 ,!n :at is ! motive = ?9k+8 ,,! ,,lady4 ,j--curiosity1 ,i suppose6 ,,! ,,philosoph]4 ,dis9t]e/$ curiosity8 ,,! ,,lady4 ,yes4 ,,! ,,philosoph]4 ,!n 9 ! int]e/s ( sci5tific tru? we %\ld cultivate dis9t]e/$ curiosity8 ,,! ,,lady4 ,d\btless4 ,,! ,,philosoph]4 ,h[ w\ld y g ab\t do+ s8 ,,! ,,lady4 ,i don't "k4 ,,! ,,philosoph]4 ,by hurri$ly ?ru/+ ^u ! m9ds ( ! *ildr5 9 y\r *>ge s great a multitude ( int]e/s z to leave !m no "t to wond] ab\t any?+8 ,,! ,,lady4 ,t w\ld h>dly seem to be ! way to d x4 ,b-- ,,! ,,philosoph]4 ,:5 ,newton look$ at 8 fam\s apple1 0 !re anyone !re :o said1 8,n[1 ,newton1 look at ?is apple4 ,look at ?is apple1 ,i say6 ,consid] ! apple4 ,fir/1 x is r\nd4 ,second1 x is r$4 ,?ird1 x is sweet4 ,?is is ! ,tru? ab\t apples4 ,n[ let me see if y h grasp$ :at ,i h told y4 ,:at are ! ?ree lead+ facts ab\t apples8 ,:at6 ,don't y rememb]8 ,%ame on y6 ,i fe> ,i w h to report y to ! mayor60--did any?+ l t happ58 ,,! ,,lady4 ,newton 0 n a *ild4 ,,! ,,philosoph]4 ,y %\ld h talk$ to ,newton's family ab\t him4 ,t is j :at !y said he 06 ,i w admit t if y left *ildr5 free to wond] ab\t ?+s in/ead ( =c+ ! traditional aspects ( ^? ?+s ^u _! att5tion1 !y might n all become great sci5ti/s4 ,b are y a great ar*aeologi/8 ,,! ,,lady4 ,no6 ,,! ,,philosoph]4 ,did y ev] g on a p]sonally conduct$ t\r ( ! ru9s ( ,rome1 & h ! ?+s y 7 to see & ?9k po9t$ out to y by a guide8 ,,! ,,lady4 ,yes1 & ,i hat$ x6 ,,! ,,philosoph]4 ,y are n a great ar*aeologi/ & y nev] expect to be "o1 & yet y ?\ght y c\ld get m out ( ^? ru9s y\rself ?an ) ! assi/ance ( t pesky guide4 ,y pref]r$ to be free--to see or n to see1 to wond] & pond] & look aga9 or pass by4 ,& don't y ?9k ! *ildr5 9 y\r *>ge might enjoy _! trip a little m if !y didn't h to li/5 to ! me*anically unctu\s clatt] ( a guide8 ,,! ,,lady4 ,if "o c\ld only be sure !y w\ldn't j wa/e _! "t6 ,,! ,,philosoph]4 ,madam1 are y q sure t y1 z a tea*]1 are n wa/+ y\r "t8 ,,! ,,lady4 ,y make me wond] :e!r t may n be possible4 ,b %e] idl5ess-- ,,! ,,philosoph]4 ,0 ,newton busy :5 he lay d[n "u t tree8 ,did he h an appo9tm5t ) ! apple8 ,did he say he w\ld give x t5 m9utes1 & come aga9 next day if x seem$ wor? :ile8 ,:at is dis9t]e/$ curiosity1 9 pla9 ,engli%8 ,,! ,,lady4 ,idle curiosity--,i fe>4 ,,! ,,philosoph]4 ,i fe> y are "r4 ,!n y w\ld say t ! way to approa* ,tru?1 9 s*ool & out1 is to cultivate idle curiosity8 ,,! ,,lady4 ,i did n int5d to say any?+ ( ! k9d4 ,b y compel me to say x4 ,,! ,,philosoph]4 ,i compel y8 ,d5y x if y wi%6 ,,! ,,lady4 ,i ?\ght y 7 go+ to answ] my que/ions1 & y h be5 mak+ me answ] y\rs6 ,,! ,,philosoph]4 ,t is also an anci5t habit ( our pr(ession4 ,b s9ce y h n[ arriv$1 ( y\r own free w1 at an inescapable if uncom=table conclusion1 y c n[ h no fur!r ne$ = my s]vices1 & ,i bid y all good day6 ,,xxi4 ,! ,"r to be ,wrong ,"o mom5t6--,i take x1 my fri5ds1 we are agre$ 9 dem&+ ( ! ,philosoph] t he condesc5d to "s concrete & practical sugge/ions 9 reg>d to education4--,briefly1 please6 ,,! ,,philosoph]4 8,y mu/ draw y\r own conclusions4 ,traditional education is bas$ on ! assumption t k is a mass ( in=mation :i* c be giv5 to ! *ild 9 little dabs at regul> int]vals4 ,we "k1 h[ev]1 t ! education bas$ on ?is assumption is a failure4 ,x kills r ?an /imulates curiosity2 & )\t curiosity1 in=mation is useless4 ,we are ?us =c$ to realize t k does n reside outside ! *ild1 b 9 ! contact ( ! *ild ) ! _w ?r\gh ! m$ium ( curiosity4 ,& ?us ! :ole emphasis ( education is *ang$4 ,we no long] seek to educate ! *ild--we only attempt to give him ! opportunity to educate himself4 ,he alone has ! =mula ( 8 own specific ne$s2 none ( u is wise en\gh to arrange = him ! my/]i\s s]ies ( beautiful & poignant contacts ) reality by :i* alone he c #8le>n4' ,?is means t he mu/ *oose 8 own lessons4 ,& if y ?9k t1 left to *oose1 he w\ld pref] no lessons at all1 y are q mi/ak54 ,let me rem9d y t *ildr5 are notori\sly curi\s ab\t ev]y?+--ev]y?+ except1 z y w v ju/ly po9t out1 ! ?+s p want !m to "k4 ,x !n rema9s = u to refra9 f =c+ any k9d ( k ^u !m1 & !y w be curi\s ab\t ev]y?+4 ,y may imag9e t !y w pref] only ! less complex k9ds ( k2 b d y reg>d *ildr5's games z simple8 ,!y are 9 fact exce$+ly complex4 ,& !y are all ! m int]e/+ because !y are complex4 ,we ourselves ) our adult m9ds1 p5etrate *e]fully into ! complexities ( baseball1 or embroid]y1 or ! /ock-m>ket1 foll[+ ! lead ( "s natural curiosity2 & if our m9ds less (t5 p5etrate into ! complexities ( music1 or sci5ce1 x is because ^! ?+s h associations :i* br+ !m )9 ! realm ( ! dutiful4 ,evolution>y biology is f> m int]e/+ ?an /amp-collect+2 b x is1 un=tunately1 made to seem n s delightfully useless1 & h5ce x is %unn$ by adolesc5t boys & girls4 ,b po/age-/amp collect+ c be made z mu* a bore z biology2 x ne$s only to be put into ! s*ools z a =mal c\rse4 8,consid] = a mom5t ! boy /amp-collector4 ,8 int]e/ 9 8 collection is 9 ! nature ( a passion4 ,does x a/oni% y t passionat5ess %\ld be ! fruit ( idle curiosity8 ,!n y ne$ to face ! facts ( human psy*ology4 ,! boy's passion = 8 collection ( /amps is ak9 to ! passion ( ! sci5ti/ & ! poet4 ,d y desire ( *ildr5 t !y %\ld h a simil> passion = ari?metic1 = geography1 = hi/ory8 ,!n y mu/ leave !m free to f9d out ! int]e/+ness ( ^! ?+s4 ,!re is no way to passionate int]e/ save ?r\gh ! gate ( curiosity2 & curiosity is born ( idl5ess4 ,b d\btless y h a q wrong notion ( :at idl5ess means4 ,idl5ess is n do+ no?+4 ,idl5ess is be+ free to d any?+4 ,to be =c$ to d no?+ is n idl5ess1 x is ! wor/ k9d ( imprisonm5t4 ,be+ made to /& 9 ! corn] ) "o's face to ! wall is n idl5ess--x is puni%m5t4 ,b gett+ up on ,saturday morn+ ) a wond]ful day ahead 9 :i* "o may d :at "o likes--t is idl5ess4 ,& x leads /raight into trem5d\s exp5ditures ( en]gy4 ,!re is a say+1 #8,! devil f9ds "s mis*ief /ill = idle h&s to d4' ,yes1 b :y %\ld ! devil h no competition8 ,& t1 z ,i und]/& x1 is ! function ( education--to provide = idle & happy *ildr5 fasc9at+ contacts ) reality--?r\gh games1 tools1 books1 sci5tific in/rum5ts1 g>d5s1 & old] p]sons ) passionate int]e/s 9 sci5ce & art & h&icraft4 8,su* a place w\ld 9 a few respects resemble ! s*ools we "k2 b ! _s w\ld be utt]ly diff]5t f ! _s ( traditional education4 ,! app>atus = ar\s+ ! *ild's curiosity w\ld be inf9itely great] ?an ! meagre appliances ( our public s*ools2 b h[ev] great1 ! *ild w\ld be ! c5tre ( x all--n z ! object ( a process1 b z ! possessor ( ! emotions by =ce ( :i* all ^! outw>d ?+s become ,education4 8,b1 y may ask1 :at has all ?is to d ) tru?8 ,simply ?is4 ,we h be5 =c+ *ildr5 to memorize alleg$ facts4 ,a fact s memoriz$ _c be di/+ui%$ f a falsehood simil>ly memoriz$4 ,& s we may v well say t we h fail$ to br+ tru? into education4 ,= tru? is reality br\ght into vital contact ) ! m9d4 ,x makes no diff]5ce :e!r we tea* *ildr5 t ! e>? is r\nd or flat1 if x means no?+ to !m ei!r way4 ,= tru? does n reside 9 some?+ outside ! *ild's m9d2 reality becomes tru? only :5 x is made a "p ( 8 liv+4 8,b1 y w prote/--& y w prote/ ! m l\dly ! m y "k ( *ildr5--t _! processes ( ?\ght are illogical1 fanta/ic & wayw>d4 ,& y w ask1 ,d ,i mean t we mu/ respect ! *ild's error 9 ord] to cultivate 9 him a love ( tru?8 ,yes1 ,i d mean j t6 ,d ,i mean t we mu/ respect ! *ild's belief t ! e>? is flat1 y ask8 ,m ?an t1 we mu/ respect a ?\s& obscure & p]vasive *ildi% notions1 su* z ! notion t a hair f a horse's tail w turn into a pollywog if left 9 ! ra9b>rel1 or ! notion t ! way to f9d a lo/ ball is to spit on ! back ( ! h&1 repeat an incantation c\*$ 9 su* words z #8,spit1 ,spit1 tell me :]e ! ball is6' & !n /rike x ) ! palm ( ! o!r h&4 ,y c d\btless supply a ?\s& in/ances ( ! k9d ( *ildhood ?9k+ to :i* ,i ref]4 ,b = simplicity's sake1 let u use ! *ildi% notion t ! e>? is flat z a conv5i5t symbol = !m all4 ,& ,i say t if we d n respect ! error1 we %all n h any real success 9 conv9c+ ! *ild ( ! tru?4 ,we %all easily p]suade him t ! globe 9 ! s*oolroom is r\nd--t ! picture ( ! e>? 9 ! geography-book is r\nd--b n t ! famili> e>? ^u :i* he walks is any?+ b flat6 ,at be/1 we %all tea* him a second>y1 lit]>y1 s*oolroom conception to put beside 8 workaday "o4 ,&1 9 ! long run1 we %all place a sci5tific conception ( ?+s 9 g5]al beside 8 primitive *ildi% sup]/itions--b we %all sc>cely displace !m2 & :5 x comes to a %[-d[n 9 8 adult life1 we %all f9d him act+ 9 accordance ) *ildi% sup]/itions r ?an ) sci5tific k4 ,mo/ ( u1 z adults1 are full ( su* sup]/itions1 & we act accord+ly1 & live feebly & fe>fully2 = we h nev] yield$ to ! *ildi% magical conception ( ! _w ! respect t is due to x z a wor?y oppon5t ( sci5tific tru?--we h assum$ t we 7 p]suad$ ( tru?1 :ile 9 reality tru? has nev] yet met error 9 fair fight 9 our m9ds4 8,if y wi% to conv9ce a fri5d ( some?+1 d y n fir/ seek to f9d out :at he really ?9ks ab\t x1 & make him weigh y\r tru? & 8 error 9 ! same balance8 ,b 9 deal+ ) *ildr51 we fail to take acc\nt ( _! op9ions at all4 ,we say1 #8,y mu/ believe ?is because x is s4' ,if !y d believe x1 !y h only add$ "o m sup]/ition to _! collection4 ,tru?s are n true because somebody says s2 nor ev5 because ev]ybody says s2 !y are true only because !y fit 9 bett] ) all ! re/ ( life ?an :at we call errors--because !y be> ! te/ ( liv+--because !y "w out4 ,& ?is way ( discov]+ tru? is )9 ! capacity ( ! y\nge/ s*ool-*ild4 ,if y c get him to /ate c&idly & )\t %ame 8 d\btless errone\s ideas ab\t ! _w1 & give him leave to prove _! correctness to y1 y w h set 9 motion a process :i* is wor?y to be call$ education2 = x w con/itute a g5u9e mat*+ ( !ory ) !ory 9 8 m9d1 a real tra9+ 9 inductive logic1 & :at conclusions he rea*es w be truly 84 ,:5 he sees 9 a famili> sunset1 z he w see ) a newly fasc9at$ eye1 ! edge ( ! e>? sw++ up pa/ ! sun--!n a/ronomy w be real to him1 & full ( mean+--& n a collection ( dull facts t mu/ be rememb]$ aga9/ exam9ation-day4 8,?is means t we mu/ treat *ildr5 z our equals4 ,education mu/ embody a democratic relation%ip betwe5 adults & *ildr54 ,*ildr5 mu/ be grant$ fre$om ( op9ion--& fre$om ( op9ion means no?+ except ! fre$om to believe a wrong op9ion until y are p]suad$ ( a "r "o4 ,!y1 moreov]1 mu/ be ! judges ( :at con/itutes p]suasion4 ,y h ask$ me = practical & concrete sugge/ions 9 reg>d to education4 ,i w make ?is "o be=e ,i g3 :5 ,i f9d an a/ronomy class 9 ! fir/ grade engag$ 9 e>ne/ debate z to :e!r ! e>? is r\nd or flat1 ,i w "k t our s*ool sy/em has begun to be conc]n$ = ! fir/ "t ) ! inculcation ( a love ( tru?4 ,=1 l ,milton1 ,i c n praise a fugitive & cloi/]$ virtue1 unex]cis$ & unbrea!d1 t nev] sallies out & sees h] adv]s>y1 b sl9ks out ( ! race1 :]e t immortal g>l& is to be run =1 n )\t du/ & heat4--,i ?ank y = y\r att5tion60 ,,xxii4 ,ent]prise ,& s we come to ,goodness--& at ! same "t to a *ange 9 our program4 ,aft] call+ on ! ,arti/ z an exp]t to te/ify 9 reg>d to ,beauty1 & ! ,philosoph] to tell u ab\t ,tru?1 x w\ld seem t we %\ld he> ab\t ,goodness f a morali/4 ,s1 no d\bt1 y expect$--& s ,i _h orig9ally int5d$4 ,b x _c h fail$ to secure y\r notice t our exp]ts pursu$ a some:at unconv5tional l9e ( argum5t4 ,! ,arti/ told u t ! way to tea* *ildr5 to love ,beauty 0 to leave !m free to hate x if !y *ose4 ,! ,philosoph] said t ! way to inculcate 9 *ildr5 a love ( ,tru? 0 to leave !m free to hold wrong op9ions4 ,n[ x is all v well to talk t way ab\t ,beauty & ,tru?4 ,we might p]haps be p]suad$ to take su* risks1 s long z only ,beauty & ,tru? 7 involv$4 ,b ,goodness is a diff]5t matt]4 ,x simply w\ld n d = u to he> any "o :o propos$ a simil> c\rse 9 reg>d to conduct4 ,imag9e any "o sugge/+ t ! way to tea* *ildr5 to be good is to leave !m free to be bad6 ,b t is j :at ,i am afraid w\ld happ5 if we call$ an exp]t on ,morals to ! /&4 ,i h obs]v$ tw5ty or ?irty ( !m %uffl+ _! notes & _! feet & wait+ to be call$ on4 ,b ,i d n tru/ !m4 ,no6 ,goodness is n go+ to be treat$ 9 s irrev]5t a fa%ion :ile ,i am runn+ ?is discussion4 ,i am go+ to see t ?is subject is treat$ ) becom+ rev]5ce4 ,& z ! only way ( mak+ absolutely sure ( ?is1 ,i am go+ to address y myself4 ,we want *ildr5 to gr[ up to be good m5 & wom52 & we want to "k h[ ! s*ool c assi/ 9 ?is process4 ,fir/1 we mu/ def9e goodness2 & ,i %all sugge/ ! r\gh outl9e ( su* a def9ition1 :i* we mu/ pres5tly fill up 9 detail1 by say+ t goodness is liv+ a really civiliz$ life4 ,& z "o's conduct is n to be measur$ or judg$ except z x affects o!rs1 we may say t goodness is a matt] ( civiliz$ relation%ips betwe5 p]sons4 ,& fur!rmore1 z ! two mo/ important ?+s 9 life are its pres]vation & p]petuation1 ! two fields ( conduct 9 :i* x is mo/ necess>y to be civiliz$ are ,"w & ,love4 ,let u fir/ deal ) ,"w & f9d out :at con/itutes civiliz$ conduct 9 t field4 ,we all exi/1 z we are accu/om$ to rem9d ourselves1 9 a _w :]e "o mu/ "w 9 ord] to live4 ,t1 9 a broad s5se1 is true2 b !re are c]ta9 classes ( p]sons exempt f any su* actual compulsion2 & ) respect to almo/ any specific individual outside ( ^? classes1 x is g5]ally possible = him to escape f t compulsion if he *ooses4 ,take any "o ( u "h2 y1 = in/ance4 ,if y really & truly did n want to "w1 y c\ld f9d a way to avoid x2 y c\ld get y\r wife or y\r "m to support y by tak+ 9 wa%+ or do+ /5ography--or1 if !y refus$1 y c\ld manage to become ! victim ( "s accid5t :i* w\ld disable y f useful labor & enable y to sp5d y\r days peacefully 9 an in/itution4 ,b y pref] to "w2 & ! fact is t y l "w4 ,y are unhappy because y don't get a *ance to d ! "w y c\ld d be/1 or because y h n yet f\nd ! "w y c d well2 b y h en]gies :i* dem& expression 9 "w4 ,& if y turn to ! classes :i* are exempt f any compulsion to "w1 y f9d ! ri* exp5d+ _! en]gies ei!r 9 ! same *annels z ev]ybody else1 or organiz+ _! play until its /&>ds ( ef=t are z exact+ z ^? ( "w2 y f9d wom5 :o are support$ by _! husb&s rebell+ aga9/ ! imprisonm5t ( ! idle home1 & seek+ 9 all directions = employm5t ( _! en]gies2 & z = ! ?ird class ( ^? :o d n h to "w 9 ord] to live1 we f9d t ev5 idiots are happi] :5 set at basket-weav+4 ,if we attempt to moralize ^u ! basis ( ^! facts1 we arrive at a conclusion some?+ l ?is3 x is "r to use "o's en]gies 9 organiz$ ef=t--! m highly organiz$ ! bett]4 ,& if we ask :at is ! impulse or trait or quality :i* makes p turn f an easy to a h>d life1 f loaf+ to sport1 f sport to "w1 & :i* makes !m contemptu\s ( ea* o!r & ( !mselves if !y neglect an opportunity or evade a *all5ge to g into some?+ /ill h>d] & m exact+--if we ask :at x is t despite all our pret5sions ( laz9ess pu%es u up m & m difficult pa?s ( ef=t1 we are oblig$ to call x ,ent]prise4 ,& :5 we face ! fact t ,ent]prise is a love ( difficulties = _! own sake1 we realize t ! normal human be+ has1 )9 c]ta9 limits1 a pleasure 9 pa93 = x is pa9ful to run a race1 to le>n a language1 to write a sonnet1 to put ?r\gh a deal--& pleasurable precisely because x is1 )9 ^! limits1 pa9ful4 ,if x is too easy1 !re is no fun 9 x4 ,! extrem] sorts ( ent]prise we call c\rage & h]oism4 ,b ?\gh we admire ! fireman :o risks 8 life 9 a burn+ build+1 we w\ld n admire ! man :o delib]ately set fire to 8 own b$ 9 ord] to suff] ! pangs ( torture by fire2 nor1 al?\gh we admire ! airm5 :o come d[n froz5 f high altitudes1 w\ld we applaud a man :o lock$ himself 9 a refrig]ator ov] ! week-end 9 ord] to suff] ! torture ( great cold4 ,we w\ld feel1 9 bo? ^! hypo!tical cases1 t !re 0 no relevancy ( _! action to ! _w ( reality4 ,b ^u ?is po9t our emotions are aft] all unc]ta94 ,we d n begrudge applause to ! football-/> :o is c>ri$ f ! field ) a brok5 coll>-bone1 or to ! movie-/> :o drives a motor-c> (f a cliff into ! sea1 ?\gh x is q cle> t ^! actions are relevant to & significant 9 ! _w ( fantasy r ?an ! _w ( reality4 ,:at x comes d[n to is ! intelligibility ( ! action4 ,does x relate to any _w1 ( reality or ( fantasy1 :i* we c und]/&1 :i* has any significance = u8 ,:5 we turn to ! *ild1 we f9d t normally he has no lack ( ent]prise4 ,b 8 ent]prise is relevant to a _w ( *ildi% dream+ to :i* we h lo/ ! key4 ,8 activities are l>gely mean+less to u--t is :y we are s annoy$ by !m4 ,&1 9 ! same way1 our k9ds ( ent]prise are l>gely mean+less to him4 ,t is :y he usually objects s /rongly to lessons & tasks4 ,!y int]rupt & int]f]e ) ! conduct ( 8 own affairs4 ,he is z outrag$ at hav+ to /op 8 play to put a %ovelful ( coal on ! furnace1 z a sob] bus9ess man w\ld be at be+ compell$1 by "s /range & tyrannical infantile despotism1 to /op dictat+ lett]s & jo91 at "s /at$ h\r1 9 a game ( r+-ar\nd-!-rosy4 ,mo/ ( :at we object to z misconduct 9 *ildr5 is a natural rebellion aga9/ ! intrusion ( an unimag9ative adult despotism into _! lives4 ,nev]!less1 x is our adult _w t !y are go+ to h to live 91 & !y mu/ le>n to live 9 x4 ,& x is true1 moreov]1 t mu* ( _! ent]prise is capable ( f9d+ z satisfactory employm5t 9 :at we t]m ! _w ( reality z 9 _! _w ( dreams4 ,:at we commonly d1 h[ev]1 is to conv9ce !m by puni%m5t & scold+ t our _w ( reality is unpleasant4 ,:at we ought to d is to make x m agreeable1 m int]e/+1 m fasc9at+1 ?an _! _w ( dreams4 ,our fri5d ! ,arti/ has already told u h[ ?is may be done1 & our fri5d ! ,philosoph] has giv5 "s oblique h9ts on ! same subject4 ,i m]ely note "h t ! s*ool is ! place 9 :i* ! transition f ! _w ( dreams to ! _w ( realities may be be/ effect$4 ,b !re are v>i\s k9ds ( ent]prise 9 our adult _w4 ,x is und\bt$ly ent]pris+ to hold up a pay-tra91 a la ,jesse ,james4 ,b ?\gh :5 ! act involves real d>+1 we _c )hold an in/9ctive admiration1 yet we "k t x is wrong4 ,:y wrong8 ,because su* acts disorganize & disc\rage1 & if un*eck$ w\ld ru91 ! :ole elaborate sy/em ( ent]prise by :i* su* tra9s are despat*$ & su* money e>n$4 ,x is obvi\s t tra9-robb]y & wage-labor _c fairly compete ) "o ano!r2 t if tra9-robb]y goes on long en\gh1 nobody w d wage-labor1 & !re w ev5tually cease to be pay-tra9s to rob4 ,! law does n take cognizance ( ^! reasons1 b puni%es tra9-robb]y z a crime aga9/ prop]ty4 ,yet if we look into ! matt] = a mom5t1 we realize t loyalty to any prop]ty sy/em ultimately re/s ^u ! conviction t its de/ruction w\ld result 9 ! total fru/ration ( ! f9] sorts ( human ent]prise2 x is = ?is reason t cons]vative p always p]suade !mselves t any *ange 9 ! economic arrangem5ts ( society1 f a new income-tax to communism1 is a k9d ( tra9-robb]y1 b\nd to end 9 univ]sal piracy & ru94 ,& ?is moral indignation1 :e!r 9 any giv5 in/ance appropriate or n--or :e!r1 z 9 ! case ( _m piratical k9ds ( bus9ess ent]prise1 left = long 9 abeyance--is ! next /ep 9 our human morality4 ,if we ask ourselves1 :y %\ld n human ent]prise turn into a welt] ( primitive piracy1 ) all ! robb]s robb+ ea* o!r1 we are compell$ to answ] t 9 ! long run x w\ld n be int]e/+4 ,=1 al?\gh de/ruction is tempor>ily m excit+1 x is only con/ruction t is p]man5tly int]e/+4 ,& if we ask :y x is m int]e/+1 we f9d t x is because x is h>d]4 ,x is too easy to de/roy4 ,de/ruction may be occasionally a good ?+1 z a tonic1 some?+ to give to individuals or populations a s5se ( p[]2 b _! mo/ pr(\nd in/9ct is t[>d creation4 ,b ! *ild1 by reason ( ! primitive /age ( 8 developm5t1 t5ds to engage r m en?usia/ically 9 de/ruction z a mode ( ent]prise ?an 9 creation4 ,he tires ( build+1 & x is a "q :e!r or n ! pleasure he takes 9 knock+ ov] 8 h\ses ( blocks does n exce$ 8 pleasure 9 build+ !m4 ,he pref]s play+ at hunt+ & w> to play+ at keep+ h\se4 ,& 8 imag9ation responds m readily to ! robb]-exploits ( ,rob9 ,hood ?an to ! ,/ories ( ,great ,inv5tors4 ,?is is a fact1 b x ne$ n disc\rage u4 ,:at is necess>y is = him to le>n ! int]e/+ness ( creation4 ,if :at he builds is n a h\se ( blocks on ! nurs]y floor1 b a wigwam 9 ! woods1 8 de/ructive en]gies are likely to be satisfi$ 9 cutt+ d[n ! sapl+s ) :i* to build x4 ,?is simply means t 8 de/ructive en]gies h become subord9at$ to 8 con/ructive ones1 z !y are 9 adult life4 ,b !y _c become s subord9at$ until :at he con/ructs is :olly ! result ( 8 own wi%es1 & until moreov] x is m desirable z ! />t+-po9t ( new creative activities ?an z some?+ to de/roy4 ,^? conditions are fulfill$ :5ev] a gr\p ( *ildr5 play toge!r & h free access to ! mat]ials ) :i* to con/ruct4 ,& t is :at ! s*ool is =--to provide ! mat]ials1 & ! fre$om1 & be ! home ( a process by :i* *ildr5 le>n t x is m fun to create ?an to de/roy4 ,,xxiii4 ,democracy ,b 9 our adult _w1 !re is /ill ano!r moral quality dem&$ ( our human ent]prise4 ,x is n m]ely bett] to create ?an to de/roy1 b x is bett] to create some?+ :i* is useful1 or desirable1 to o!rs4 ,our moral attitude is a little unc]ta9 ^u ?is po9t1 = ! arti/ kn[s t 8 co>se/ & easie/ k9d ( ent]prise is likely to be valu$ by o!rs1 & 8 f9] & m difficult ent]prises neglect$ & scorn$4 ,& s he has ! impulse to "w only = himself2 nev]!less1 he realizes t if he does "w only = himself he is do+ wrong4 ,= he really feels a deep-ly+ moral obligation to "w = o!rs--a moral obligation :i* comes1 ( c\rse1 f 8 egoi/ic ne$ ( ! spiritual su/5ance ( praise4 ,! fact is t o!rs are necess>y to him1 & t 8 "w mu/ please o!rs4 ,s if he ignores ! cr[d1 x is because he wi%es to compel x to take some?+ bett] ?an :at x ask$ =4 ,& ?is democratic quality 9 ent]prise becomes ! ?ird te/ ( civiliz$ life4 ,does a giv5 action fit 9 ev]ybody else's s*eme z well z 9 y\r own3 &1 if x conflicts ) ! outside s*eme1 is x ) a fundam5tally altrui/ic int5tion8 ,!re are prophets & false prophets & ( ^? :o take ! difficult c\rse ( disagree+ ) _! fell[s1 ! be/ we c imm$iately dem& ( !m is t !y afflict u because !y ?9k x good = u & n because !y d n c>e4 ,yet ev5 s !y diff] f u at _! p]il4 ,= we are to be ! f9al judges ( :e!r we are be+ impos$ on or n4 ,if we d n1 aft] full consid]ation1 feel t we c play our game if ,napoleon or ! ,kais] plays 81 we put him out ( bus9ess4 ,n[ ! *ild has a c]ta9 natural t5d5cy t[>d ! ,napoleon-,kais] attitude4 ,he began1 z we po9t$ out "s "t ago1 by be+ an infantile emp]or4 ,he likes x4 ,& be+ depos$ by 8 p>5ts does n alt] 8 royali/ convictions4 ,= he has n m]ely be5 depos$--he has se5 ano!r k+ set up 9 8 place4 ,& "o reason :y p>5ts are n ! be/ p]sons to tea* *ildr5 democracy1 is t !y are ! au?ors ( ! :ole succession ( en?ronem5ts & depos+s :i* con/itute ! e>ly hi/ory ( a family4 ,no1 ! *ildr5 ne$ a *ange ( air--a *ance to =get _! ,w>s ( ! ,roses & to take _! places 9 a g5u9e democracy4 ,! place = !m to le>n democracy 7?\gh ,i believe ?is has be5 said be=e7 is ! s*ool4 ,= 9 a prop]ly conduct$ s*ool !re is an end ( jeal\s little pr9ces & pr9cesses squabbl+ ov] pre/ige & appeal+ to ! ,p[] ,beh9d ! ,?rone2 9 su* a s*ool1 conduct 9 g5]al & "w 9 p>ticul> is p]=m$ n ) ref]5ce to su* pre/ige z a rew>d1 b ) ref]5ce to _! individual wi%es 9 democratic composition ) ! wi%es ( _! fell[s4 ,b ?is w be true only if !y f9d at s*ool some?+ diff]5t f :at !y h left at home4 ,& :at !y h left at home may be describ$ z a c\ple ( well-mean+1 bewild]$ & helpless p :o are half ! slaves ( ! *ildr5 & half tyrants ov] !m4 ,x is un=tunate1 b x is true1 t ! fir/ t *ildr5 le>n ( human relation%ips1 is by p]sonal exp]i5ce ( a relation%ip :i* is on bo? sides tyrannical & slavi%4 ,!y naturally expect all _! relation%ips ) ! adult _w1 if n ) ea* o!r1 to be conduct$ on ?is same patt]n4 ,!y expect to f9d fa!r & "m ov] aga9 9 ! s*ool-tea*]4 ,!y hope to f9d ! slave & fe> to f9d ! tyrant4 ,b x is necess>y t !y %\ld face ! adult _w into :i* !y mu/ gr[ up1 z equals2 & !re=e !y mu/ beg9 to le>n ! lesson ( equality4 ,! s*ool1 by provid+ a k9d ( association betwe5 adults & *ildr5 :i* is free f ! emotional complexes ( ! home1 c tea* t lesson4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 s mu* intellectual confusion ab\t :at equality means t we mu/ be q cle> on t po9t be=e we g on4 ,at any mom5t ( our c>e]s1 we are ! s]vant ( o!rs1 9 ! s5se ( be+ _! foll[]1 help]1 disciple or "r-h& man2 & ! ma/] ( /ill o!rs1 9 t we are _! lead]1 c\nsellor or tea*]4 ,we c h>dly conduct an ord9>y conv]sation )\t assum+1 & usually %ift+ sev]al times1 ^! rles4 ,& ^! relation%ips ext5d f> beyond ! b\nds ( acqua9tance%ip1 = "o c sc>cely read a book or write an article )\t creat+ su* relation%ips = ! mom5t ) unkn[n individuals4 ,9 all ! critical & important mom5ts ( "o's life "o is inevitably a lead] or a foll[]4 ,b 9 adult civiliz$ life1 ^! relation%ips are fluid2 !y *ange & ex*ange ) ea* o!r4 ,& !y are fluid because !y are free4 ,y & ,i c *oose1 ?\gh p]haps n consci\sly1 our lead]s & our help]s2 we are n condemn$ to /& 9 any fix$ relation%ip to any o!r p]son4 ,& ?is fre$om to be s]vant ( :om we please1 & ma/] ( :om we c1 is equality4 ,if ,i want to "k ab\t fi%+-tackle1 ,i w sit at y\r feet & le>n1 & if y w condesc5d to lead ! exp$ition 9 que/ ( ^! articles ,i w be y\r ob$i5t foll[]2 :ile if y happ5$ to want advice ab\t p5s1 p5cils1 ink1 or typewrit]-ribbons1 y w\ld1 ,i tru/1 yield a simil> def]5ce to me4 ,we h no %ame 9 s]v+ nor any egregi\s pride 9 direct+ ea* o!r1 because we are equals4 ,we are equals because we are free to become ea* o!r's ma/] & ea* o!r's s]vant :5ev] we s desire4 ,b ! relation%ip ( p>5ts & *ildr5 is n free4 ,p>5ts _c *oose _! *ildr51 & mu/ s]ve _! helplessness willy-nilly4 ,*ildr5 _c *oose _! p>5ts1 & mu/ obey !m anyh[4 ,x is a r>e triumph ( p>5?ood--& d\btless also ( *ildhood--:5 *ildr5 & p>5ts become fri5ds1 & s]ve & obey ea* o!r n because !y mu/ b because !y really l to4 ,b s*ools c easily take up ! task :i* p>5ts are only ) ! greate/ difficulty able to accompli%1 & dissolve ! infantile tyrant-&-slave relation%ip to ! gr[n-up _w4 ,! gr[n-up p 9 ! s*ool c be ! *ild's equals4 ,!y c become s by ceas+ to enc\rage ! notion :i* ! *ild c>ries ) him f ! home1 t adults are be+s ( a diff]5t ca/e4 ,once !y reg>d an adult z a p]son l !mselves--:i*1 ,heav5 kn[s1 he is6--*ildr5 w discov] quickly en\gh 8 admirable qualities1 & 8 special abilities1 & pay !m ! tribute ( admiration & emulation4 ,!re is no human reason :y a *ild %\ld n admire & emulate 8 tea*]'s ability to d sums1 r ?an ! village bum's ability to :ittle /icks & smoke cig>ettes2 ! reason :y ! *ild doesn't is pla9 en\gh--! bum has put himself on an equality ) !m & ! tea*] has n4 ,,xxiv4 ,responsibility ,b !re is yet ano!r quality :i* civiliz$ /&>ds dem& ( our human ent]prise4 ,p hate a quitt]--& p>ticul>ly ! quitt] ^: defection leaves o!r p "u ! obligation to f9i% :at he has />t$4 ,we dem& ( a p]son t he %\ld refra9 f />t+ :at he c't f9i%4 ,?is is a dem& n only = democratic int5tions1 b = common s5se & ord9>y =esight4 ,he %\ldn't und]take a job t involves o!r p's putt+ _! tru/ 9 him1 unless he c really c>ry x ?r\gh4 ,& if he f9ds 9 ! middle ( x t he has1 z ! say+ goes1 8bit (f m ?an he c *aw10 he ought to try to /ick x out at :atev] co/ to himself4 ,if o!r p h believ$ he c\ld d x1 he mu/ n betray _! fai?4 ,?is feel+ is at ! he>t ( :at we ord9>ily call tell+ ! tru?1 z well z ! f\ndation ( ! cu/om ( pay+ "o's debts4 ,we don't really c>e h[ mu* a man p]jures 8 own immortal s\l by ly+1 b we d object to 8 fool+ o!r p by x4 ,we are all s entangl$ ) ea* o!r1 s dep5d5t ^u ea* o!r1 t none ( u c plan & create ) any c\rage or confid5ce unless we c dep5d on o!rs to d :at !y say !y w d4 ,b our feel+ goes deep] ?an ! spok5 ^w--we want p to behave 9 accordance ) ! promise ( _! actions4 ,we despise ! p]son :o seems1 & :o lets u believe t he is1 wis] or m capable ?an he turns out to be4 ,we ev5 res5t a /ory t promises at ! beg9n+ to be m int]e/+ ?an x is :5 x gets go+4 ,& 9 reg>d to "w1 ! ?+ :i* we value above any incid5tal brilliancy 9 its p]=mance1 is ! c]ta9ty t x w be f9i%$4 ,h5ce ! pride 9 f9i%+ any task1 h[ev] disagreeable1 once />t$4 ,?is is ! h>de/ ?+ t *ildr5 h to le>n--n to drop _! "w :5 !y get tir$ ( x4 ,b x %\ld be obvi\s t !re is only "o way = *ildr5 to le>n ?is1 & t x is n by any?+ :i* may be said or done 9 puni%m5t or rebuke f ! au?ority :i* imposes ! task4 ,x is n to be le>n$ at all s long z ! task is impos$ by any "o outside ! *ild himself4 ,! *ild :o is s5t on an err& may =get1 & n be a%am$4 ,b ! *ild :o has volunte]$ to g on an err&--n z a pretty trick to please ! ,au?orities1 b because ( a s5se ( ! importance ( ! err& & ( 8 own importance 9 do+ x--t *ild has assum$ a tru/1 :i* he w n be likely to violate4 ,b suppose1 nev]!less1 t he does =get4 ,"h we come to ! e?ics ( puni%m5t--a savage ritual :i* we g5]ally q fail to und]/&4 ,let u take a specific case4 ,a gr\p ( boys are build+ a h\se 9 ! woods1 & !y run out ( nails4 ,p5rod says he w g home & get "s f ! tool-*e/ 9 ! b>n4 ,he goes2 & on ! way1 he meets a boy :o (f]s to take him to ! movies1 :]e ,*>lie ,*apl9 is on exhibition4 ,p5rod reflects ^u 8 duty2 b he says to himself t he w g 9 & see "o reel ( ,*>lie ,*apl91 & !n hurry away4 ,b ! inimitable ,*>les lulls him into =getfulness ( realities1 & :5 he em]ges f ! !atre x is nigh on d9n] "t4 ,p5rod realizes 8 pr$icam5t1 & rehe>ses two or ?ree fancy /ories to acc\nt = 8 failure to return ) ! nails2 b he realizes t none ( !m w hold4 ,he wi%es t a wagon w\ld run ov] him & break 8 leg1 s t he w\ld h a valid excuse4 ,b no su* lucky accid5t occurs4 ,h[ is he go+ to face ! gang next day8 ,he has set himself ap>t f !m1 exil$ himself1 by 8 act4 ,! "q is1 h[ is he go+ to get back8 ,n[ 9 ! psy*ology ( *ildr5 & savages1 !re is happily a means = su* re9/atem5t4 ,?is means is ! dis*>ge ( ! emotions--9 ! (f5d] & 9 ! gr\p aga9/ :i* he has (f5d$--( %ame on ! "o h& & ang] on ! o!r1 :i* toge!r con/itute ! b>ri] aga9/ 8 return4 ,t is1 if !y c express _! ang] by1 let u say1 beat+ him up1 t ang] no long] exi/s1 !y are no long] (f5d$4 ,:ile if he c by suff]+ su* puni%m5t pay ! debt ( 8 (f5ce1 he !reby wipes x out ( exi/5ce1 & at ! same "t cleanses himself f ! %ame ( committ+ x4 ,z ! be/ conclusion ( an unpleasant incid5t1 he is ready to (f] himself = su* puni%m5t4 ,= *ildr5 und]/& ! b>b>ic ritual ( puni%m5t :5 x really has ! b>b>ic ritual significance4 ,b ! puni%m5t mu/ be inflict$ by ! victim's pe]s4 ,!re are few adults :o c ) any dignity inflict puni%m5t ^u *ildr5--= ! dignity ) :i* puni%m5t is giv5 dep5ds ^u ! equality ( ! puni%] & ! puni%$1 & on ! implicit und]/&+ t if ! case _h happ5$ to be diff]5t ! rles w\ld h be5 rev]s$4 ,x w be p]ceiv$ t ?is leaves discipl9e entirely a matt] = *ildr5 to att5d to among !mselves1 ) no int]f]5ce by adults1 & no imposition ( codes ( ju/ice beyond _! ye>s & und]/&+4 ,puni%m5t1 9 ?is s5se1 _c be met$ out unless ! aggriev$ p>ties are angry & ! aggressor a%am$2 b let no adult imag9e t he c tell :e!r an (f5d+ *ild is a%am$ or n4 ,%ame is a de/ructive emotion :i* a heal?y *ild tries to repress4 ,he does n say1 8,i am sorry40 ,he braz5s out 8 crime until he provokes ! injur$ p>ties to an ang] :i* explodes into swift puni%m5t1 aft] :i* he is "o ( !m aga9 & all is well4 ,b ! abdication ( adults f ! (fice ( judge-jury-&-execution] ( naughty *ildr51 de/roys ! la/ ve/iges ( ! ca/e sy/em :i* sep>ates *ildr5 f adults4 ,x puts an end to sup]impos$ au?ority1 & to goodness z a con=m+ to ! my/]i\s comm&s ( su* au?ority4 ,x places ! *ild 9 exactly su* a relation%ip to a gr\p ( equals z he w be> 9 adult life1 & x builds 9 him ! s5se ( responsibility = 8 actions :i* is ! f9al dem& t civilization makes ^u ! individual4 ,& ! importance ( ! s*ool z a milieu = su* a process is 9 its opportunity to undo at once1 e>ly 9 life1 ! psy*ological mis*ief br\ght ab\t1 almo/ inevitably1 by ! influ5ces ( ! home4 ,!re6--,i h let ! cat out ( ! bag4 ,i _h int5d$ to be v discreet1 & say no?+ t c\ld possibly (f5d anybody4 ,b ,i h said :at w (f5d ev]ybody--except p>5ts4 ,!y1 goodness kn[s1 are fully aw>e t a home is no place to br+ *ildr5 up4 ,!y see :at x does to ! *ildr5 pla9ly en\gh4 ,b we1 ! *ildr51 are s full ( repress$ res5tm5ts aga9/ ! tyrannies inflict$ ^u u by our p>5ts1 & s full ( repress$ %ame at ! slav]y to :i* we subject$ !m1 t we _c be> to he> a ^w said aga9/ !m4 ,! s5tim5tality ) :i* we reg>d ! home is an exact measure ( ! secret grudge we actually be> aga9/ x4 ,woe to ! p]son :o is s ra% z to say :at we really feel6--,b ! mis*ief is done1 & ,i may z well g on & say 9 pla9 t]ms t ! function ( ! s*ool is to lib]ate ! *ildr5 f ! influ5ces ( p>5tal love4 ,= p>5tal love--z any p>5t w tell y--is a bond t con/ra9s too tyrannically on bo? sides to p]mit ( real fri5d%ip1 :i* is a relation%ip betwe5 equals4 ,! *ild goes to s*ool 9 ord] to cease to be a son or daught]--& incid5tally 9 ord] to p]mit ! two h>ass$ adults at home to cease 9 "s measure to be fa!r & "m4 ,! *ild mu/ become a free human be+2 & he c d s only if he f9ds 9 s*ool1 n a new flock ( p>5ts1 b adults :o c help him to le>n ! lesson ( fre$om & fri5d%ip4 ,b t is some?+ :i* ,i c discuss bett] 9 deal+ ) ! subject ( ,love4 ,,xxv4 ,love ,rememb] t x is n my fault t we f9d ourselves discuss+ s inflammable a topic6 ,b if y insi/ on kn[+ :at education c d to br+ our conduct 9 ! realm ( love up to ! /&>d ( civilization1 ,i c b answ] y\r "q4 ,we h f\nd t 9 ! realm ( "w1 civilization dem&s ( u ,ent]prise1 & ,democracy1 & ,responsibility4 ,& ,i ?9k t all ! dem&s ( civilization ^u our conduct 9 ! realm ( love might be summ$ up 9 ! same t]ms4 ,we despise ^? p]sons :o are afraid ( adv5ture 9 love2 :o 9 devotion to "s mawki% dream-ideal1 turn away f ! m difficult & poignant realities ( c\rt%ip & m>riage2 & we are beg9n+ to despise ^? ^: ent]prise is too *eaply satisfi$ 9 pro/itution or 9 ! undemocratic mascul9e exploitation ( wom5 ( inf]ior economic /atus2 & n only ! crass] (f5ces aga9/ sexual morality1 b a ?\s& less def9able b n less real (f5ces )9 ! realm ( legal m>riage1 may be describ$ z attempts to evade responsibility4 ,i leave y to "w out ! implications ( ?is sy/em ( morals = y\rself4 ,:at ,i p>ticul>ly want to speak ( "h is ! effect ( p>5tal influ5ces ^u *ildr5 ) respect to _! lat] love-life1 & ! function ( education 9 dissolv+ ^? influ5ces4 ,x is no secret t adults g5]ally h n yet le>n$ h[ to be happy 9 love4 ,& ! reason = t1 aside f ! economic ob/acles to happ9ess :i* d n come )9 ! scope ( our inquiry1 is t !y are /ill *ildr54 ,!y are seek+ to r5ew 9 an adult relation%ip ! bond :i* exi/$ betwe5 !mselves & _! p>5ts 9 infancy4 ,or !y are seek+ to settle a long-=gott5 *ildi% grudge aga9/ _! p>5ts1 by assum+ ! p>5tal rle 9 ?is new relation%ip4 ,& 9 bo? ef=ts1 !y f9d !mselves enc\rag$ by ea* o!r4 ,naturally en\gh6 ,a woman likes to discov]1 & enjoys 8mo!r+10 ! *ild 9 h] husb&2 %e likes to f9d also 9 him ! god & h]o :i* h] fa!r 0 to h] 9 h] infancy4 ,& a happy m>riage is "o 9 :i* a man is at any mom5t una%am$ly h] *ild or 7let u n %r9k f us+ ^! infantile & romantic t]ms67 h] god4 ,b x is a bore to h to "m a man all ! "t2 x is 9 fact slav]y4 ,& x is equally a bore to h to look up to a man all ! "t & ?9k him wise & obey him2 = t also is slav]y4 ,! happy m>riage has some?+ else--! capacity = swift & unconsci\s *ange & int]*ange ( ^! rles4 ,! happy lov]s c v>y ! t5or ( _! relation%ip because !y are free to be m ?an "o ?+ to ea* o!r4 ,& !y h t fre$om because !y are equals4 ,t equality is comrade%ip1 is fri5d%ip4 ,d n imag9e t fri5d%ip 9 love implies any abs5ce ( t pr(\nd wor%ip & self-surr5d] :i* is *>act]i/ic ( ! types ( love t are modell$ ^u ! infantile & p>5tal patt]ns4 ,?is is z ridicul\s z x w\ld be to suppose t equality 9 o!r fields ( life means t no "o %all ev] lead & no "o ev] foll[4 ,equality 9 love means only ! fre$om to exp]i5ce all1 in/ead ( compulsion to exp]i5ce only a "p1 ( ! emotional possibilities ( love 9 a s+le relation%ip4 ,i w\ld gladly explicate ?is aspect ( my !me 9 "s detail1 7 x n t x might incid5tally comprise a catalogue ( dome/ic difficulties & misund]/&+s at once too tragic & too ridicul\s--& "s ( y might object to my unfold+ :at y w\ld consid] to be y\r own unique & private woes 9 public4 ,i w1 !re=e1 only po9t out t ev5 :at we t]m ! civiliz$ "p ( mank9d is f> f measur+ up to ?is dem& ( civilization 9 ! _w ( love1 ! dem& = equality4 ,x may seem some:at ( an imp]t95ce to blame ?is fact ^u ! e>ly influ5ces ( ! home1 :5 !re are s _m out/&+ cu/oms & laws & economic conditions :i* are f\nd$ on ! !ory ( ! inequality ( m5 & wom54 ,b ^! cu/oms & laws & conditions are 9 process ( *ange--& ! home influ5ces ( :i* ,i speak are n4 ,our problem is to consid] if ^! influ5ces may n be dissolv$ by ! s*ool4 ,=1 m>k y1 :at happ5s :5 !y are n6 ,w$d$ love1 z bas$ ^u ^? undissolv$ influ5ces1 comes into a k9d ( disgrace2 s]i\s-m9d$ m5 & wom5 ask !mselves :e!r su* a bondage is tol]able2 a ?\s& dramas & novels expose ! iniquities ( ! ?+2 & ! m intellectually adv5tur\s 9 ea* g5]ation beg9 to wond] if ! attempt at fai?ful & p]man5t love ought n to be ab&on$4 ,let me relate only "o widely typical--& p]haps only too-famili>--in/ance4 ,a boy gr[s up poison$ ) "m-love--er1 ,i mean1 pett$ & prais$ & wait$ ^u by 8 "m1 until he f9ds ! outside _w1 ) its comp>ative indiff]5ce to 8 wond]fulness1 a v cold place inde$4 ,nev]!less1 he adju/s himself to x1 becomes a man1 & falls 9 love4 ,) :om does he fall 9 love8 ,p]haps ) a girl l 8 "m2 or p]haps ) "o q opposite to h] 9 all respects1--= he may h conceiv$ an unconsci\s res5tm5t aga9/ 8 "m1 = betray+ him by h] praise into expect+ too mu* ( an unfeel+ _w4 ,b 9 any case1 he is go+ to exp]i5ce aga91 9 8 relation%ip ) 8 swee!>t1 ! anci5t delights ( be+ mo!r$4 ,he is go+ to respond to t pleasure s unmi/akably z to enc\rage ! girl 9 fur!r demon/rations ( mo!rl9ess4 ,he is 9 fact go+ to rew>d h] m = mo!rl9ess ?an = any o!r trait 9 h] possession4 ,& ! girl1 :o wants a lov] & a husb& & a man1 is go+ to f9d h]self ) a *ild on h] h&s4 ,b t is n ! wor/4 ,if ! girl does n rebel aga9/ ! situation1 ! man is likely to1 :5 he f9ds out j :at x is4 ,= he1 too1 despite 8 unconsci\s infantilism1 wants a girl & a swee!>t & a wife4 ,& :5 he realizes t he is be+ seal$ up aga9 9 ! ov]-close1 ov]-sweet love-ne/ ( 8 infancy1 t he is becom+ a baby1 he revolts4 ,he does n realize :at has happ5$--he only kn[s t he no long] *]i%es a romantic love = h]4 ,naturally4 ,romantic love is a love betwe5 equals4 ,%e has become 8 "m--& he flees h]1 & p]haps goes ?r\gh life seek+ & escap+ f 8 "m 9 half a hundr$ wom54 ,:5 ?is happ5s1 we call him a ,don ,juan or a lib]t9e or a sc\ndrel or a fool4 ,b t does n alt] 8 helplessness 9 ! grip ( infantile compulsions4 ,i d n wi% to exagg]ate ! ability ( education to dissolve1 )\t ! aid ( a special psy*ic te*nique1 any deeply-root$ infantile dispositions ( ?is sort2 b1 aside f su* flagrant cases1 !re are ?\s&s ( well-conduct$ m5 & wom5 :o j fail to free !mselves suffici5tly f ! emotions ( *ildhood to be happy 9 love4 ,besides _! own selves1 ! s5sible adult be+s t !y believe !y are1 !re are )9 !m pa!tic & absurd *ildr5 ^: dem&s ^u ! relation%ip well-nigh te> x to pieces4 ,x is 9 reg>d to ^! t x seems n improbable t a civiliz$ education c\ld secure _! happ9ess = !m4 ,& x w\ld d s by supplant+ ! emotionally ov]-lad5 atmosph]e ( ! home ) ! invigorat+ air ( equality4 ,i ref] 9 p>ticul> to equality betwe5 ! sexes4 ,s long z girls & boys are to any ext5t educat$ sep>ately1 enc\rag$ to play sep>ately1 & treat$ z diff]5t k9ds ( be+s1 ! remot5ess h9d]s ! gr[? ( real fri5d%ip betwe5 ! sexes1 & leaves ! m9d empty ( any reali/ic concepts :i* w\ld s]ve to resi/ ! transf] to ! o!r sex1 at ! romantic age1 ( repress$ infantile feel+s ab\t ! belov$ p>5t4 ,:at we h to deal ) 9 *ildr5 might )\t mu* exagg]ation be describ$ z ! dis9cl9ation ( "o :o has be5 a lov] to become a fri5d4 ,! emotions ( ! boy t[>ds 8 "m are s ri* & deep t he is incl9$ to scorn ! tam] emotions ( fri5d%ip ) girl-*ildr54 7,notori\sly1 he falls 9 love fir/ ) old] wom5 9 :om he f9ds "s idealiz$ image ( 8 "m47 ,he is contemptu\s ( little girls because !y are n ! "m-goddess ( 8 infancy4 ,:at he mu/ le>n1 & ! soon] ! bett]1 is t girls are int]e/+ human be+s1 t !y are good comrades & jolly playfell[s4 ,he mu/ le>n to l !m = :at !y are4 ,ord9>ily1 ! love-life ( ! adolesc5t boy is a s]ies ( m or less %ock$ discov]ies t ! wom5 ^u :om he has set 8 y\?ful fancy d n1 9 fact1 correspond to 8 infantile dream4 ,half ! difficulties ( m>riage are involv$ 9 ! pa9ful adju/m5t ( ! man to ! human realities ( 8 belov$2 ! o!r half be+1 ( c\rse1 ! simil>ly pa9ful adju/m5t ( ! girl to simil> human realities4 ,he c\ld be q happy ) h]1 7 ! o!r de> *>m]1 8 infantile ideal1 away4 ,& x is "o ( ! functions ( education to *ase ?is ideal away1 to dissolve ! e>ly emotional bond to ! p>5t1 by mak+ ! real _w 9 g5]al & ! real o!r sex 9 p>ticul> s humanly int]e/+ t x w be pref]r$ to ! infantile fantasy4 ,i may be mi/ak51 b ,i ?9k t half ( ?is task w be easy en\gh4 ,girls1 ,i am sure1 are only 9 appe>ance & by way ( sav+ _! face1 scornful ( ! activities ( boys2 !y w be glad en\gh to jo9 ) !m on t]ms ( complete equality1 & ready to admire & l !m = :at !y humanly are4 ,x w n be s easy to p]suade boys to admire & l girls = :at !y are2 & x w be ! bus9ess ( ! s*ool to dramatize unmi/akably = ^! "y mascul9e eyes ! human int]e/+ness ( ! o!r sex--to give ! girls a *ance to %[ _! actual ability to compete on equal & non-romantic t]ms ) boys 9 all _! common und]tak+s4 ,to make realities m int]e/+ ?an dreams--t is ! task ( education4 ,& ( all ! realities ^: values we ignore1 9 *ildi% preoccupation ) our feeble dreams1 ! human realities ( companion%ip :i* ea* sex has to (f] ! o!r are among ! ri*e/4 ,despite all our romantic s]5ad+s1 m5 & wom5 h only begun to discov] ea* o!r4 ,j z1 despite our solemn s]moniz+s on ! bless$ness ( "w1 we h only begun to discov] :at creative activity c really mean to u4 ,"w & love6-- ,a ,,voice4 8,won't y please come back to ! subject ( education80 ,:at6 ,is x possible--is x cr$ible--is x conceivable--t y h be5 foll[+ ?is discussion ?us f>1 & h n yet realiz$ t education includes ev]y?+ on e>?1 & 9 ! heav5s above & ! wat]s b5ea?8 ,come back to ! subject ( education6 ,:y1 x is impossible to w&] away f ! subject ( education6 ,i defy y to d s4 ,all ! books t h ev] be5 writt51 all ! pictures t h ev] be5 pa9t$1 all ! songs ev] sung1 all ! ma*9es ev] inv5t$1 all ! w>s & all ! gov]nm5ts1 all ! joy\s & sorry loves ( m5 & wom51 are b "p ( t va/ process1 ! education ( mank9d4 ,:5 y leave ?is discussion1 y w n h dropp$ ! subject2 y w cont9ue x 9 y\r next conv]sation1 :e!r x be ) y\r employ] or y\r swee!>t or y\r milkman4 ,y _c get away f x4 ,& ?\gh y p]i%1 & an e>?quake ov]:elms y\r city 9 ru9s1 & ! cont95t on :i* y live s9ks 9 ! sea1 some?+ t y h done or help$ to d1 some?+ :i* has be5 a "p ( y\r life1 ! twi/$ fragm5ts ( ! (fice build+ :]e y w5t to "w or ! old me]s*aum pipe y s pati5tly col\r$1 w be dug up & gaz$ ^u by future g5]ations1 & :at y c tea* !m by ^! poor relics if by no?+ else1 w be a "p ( _! education4444 ,,xxvi4 ,education 9 #aidg ,a4 ,d4 ,by way ( epilogue1 let u be ,utopian1 aft] ! fa%ion ( ,plato & ,h4 ,g4 ,wells4 ,let me1 z a return$ travell] f ! n-too-di/ant future1 picture = y concretely ! va/] implications ( education 91 say1 ! ye> #aidg1 z illu/rat$ by ! public s*ool 9 ! village ( ,p]%+1 ,n4 ,y4 99 99 99 99 99 8,b :i* is ! s*ool-build+80 ,i ask$ my guide4 ,he laugh$4 8,i am surpris$ at y10 he said4 8,surpris$ t y %\ld ask su* a "q60 8,:y80 ,i dem&$ innoc5tly4 8,because10 he said1 89 ! files ( our hi/orical rese>* dep>tm5t ,i once came across a fad$ copy ( a qua9t old w>-"t publication call$ ! ,lib]ator4#d ,x attract$ my att5tion because x appe>$ to h be5 edit$ by a grizzl$ old fire-eat] :om ,i rec5tly met1 ,major ,g5]al ,ea/man1 ! head ( our ,w> ,college4 ,9 ^? days1 x seems1 he ?\ght he 0 a pacifi/4 ,"t's *anges60 8,ah1 yes--,g5]al ,ea/man4 ,i rememb] him well10 ,i said4 8,b :at has t got to d )--0 8,9 t curi\s little magaz9e 0 an article on education4 ,x 0 sign$ by y4 ,don't y rememb] :at y wrote8 ,didn't y believe :at y said8 ,or didn't y fully realize t y 7 liv+ 9 a "t :5 prophecies come true8 ,y ask me :]e ! s*ool-build+ is4 ,:y1 !re isn't any s*ool-build+40 ,we 7 /&+ 9 ! mid/ ( a little p>k1 ab\t ! size ( a l>ge city block1 bord]$ by a !atre1 a re/aurant1 an (fice-build+1 sev]al h&some factory build+s ( ! new] & m *e]ful /yle1 a libr>y1 a newspap] plant1 & a *ur*4 ,my companion po9t$ to "o ( ! build+s4 8,t10 he said1 8is ! *ildr5's !atre4 ,!re !y pres5t _! own plays & pageants4 ,9 connection ) ! "w !re !y le>n s++ & danc+1 sc5e pa9t+1 & co/ume4 ,( c\rse !y also le>n ab\t plays--,i suppose f y\r primitive po9t ( view y w\ld say t we conduct a c\rse 9 dramatic lit]ature4 ,b all ^? antique phrases ( e>ly educational practice h pass$ out ( use4 ,we w\ld say t ! *ildr5 are le>n+ to develop _! creative impulses4 ,we consid] our !atre v important 9 t respect4 ,x is ! beg9n+ ( ev]y?+4 8,next 9 importance1 p]haps1 are ^? factories4 ,!y include a c>p5t] %op1 a pott]y1 & a ma*9e %op4 ,"h is made ev]y?+ :i* is us$ ?r\gh\t ! s*ool4 ,& !re is ! p[] h\se :i* furni%es ! electric curr5t = ! :ole e/abli%m5t4 ,y und]/&1 ( c\rse1 t ! boys & girls get a complete !oretical z well z practical grasp ( ! facts !y are deal+ )--!re is no neglect ( :at ,i suppose y w\ld call book-le>n+1 "h4 8,ov] !re is ! textile & g>m5t factory1 :i* designs & makes ! co/umes = ! plays & pageants4 ,y w n be surpris$ to le>n t ! g>m5t-mak]s at any giv5 p]iod are ! mo/ active support]s ( ! propag&a = an outdoor !atre4 ,x w\ld give !m a *ance to d m co/umes6444 8,yes1 we h politics "h4 ,! "q ( an outdoor !atre is be+ agitat$ v w>mly j n[4 ,! pupils h complete control ( ! s*ool budget ( exp5diture4 ,!re is only s mu* money to sp5d ea* ye>1 y see1 at pres5t1 ?\gh !re is a movem5t on foot to make ! in/itution self-support+2 b ,i'm afraid t w dep5d on ! political situation4 ,ultimately1 ( c\rse1 we expect to put ! :ole ( indu/ry "u ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,education4444 ,b ,i'm afraid t's go+ too deeply into a situation y c\ld h>dly be expect$ to und]/&4 8,at any rate to return to our s*ool1 ! opposition to ! outdoor !atre is f ! sci5tific gr\ps1 :o want an enl>gem5t ( _! laboratories4444 ,! ar*itectural & build+ gr\ps are neutral--!y are work+ on plans = bo? projects1 & all !y want is t ! "q %\ld be settl$ "o way or ! o!r at once1 s !y c g to "w4 ,!re w be a meet+ tonight1 at :i* a prelim9>y vote w be tak54 ,yes1 our politics are q old-fa%ion$--,greek1 9 fact4 8,! %ops8 ,!y are manag$ by %op committees ( ! work]s4 ,di/ribution ( products to ! v>i\s gr\ps :i* use !m is effect$ ?r\gh a di/ribut+ bureau1 :i* has *>ge ( ! book-keep+ & s =?4 ,!re has be5 a *ange 9 di/ribution rec5tly1 h[ev]4 ,at fir/ ! %ops m]ely made :at 0 ord]$ by ! v>i\s gr\ps1 & requisitions 7 ! m$ium ( ex*ange4 ,b ! %ops became exp]im5tal & ent]pris+1 & produc$ :at !y lik$ on ! *ance ( its be+ want$4 ,?is made a %[-place necess>y1 & z = v>i\s reasons ord9>y money became ! m$ium ( ex*ange1 ! %[-place became a k9d ( dep>tm5t /ore4 ,!n "s ( ! gr\ps decid$ to use "p ( _! subsidy 9 adv]tis+ 9 ! s*ool newspap] & magaz9es4 ,!y are work+ out "s v int]e/+ pr9ciples 9 _! adv]tis+1 too1 z y w f9d4 ,!y h to tell ! tru?4444 8,!re is ! pr9t+ e/abli%m5t4 ,no1 ! pap] & ! magaz9es are n self-support+--?\gh ! s*ool adv]tis+ helps4 ,!y're subsidiz$4 ,we q believe 9 t4 8,& !re--y c get a glimpse ( ! gre5h\ses & g>d5s4 ,botany & s =?4444 ,! libr>y is ! c5tre ( ! rese>* gr\ps4 ,hi/ory1 sociology1 economics--f9d+ out :at & :y4 ,v in=mal & v e>ne/1 z y'll f9d4444 ,! gr\ps8 ,oh1 ! "t "o /ays 9 ea* gr\p v>ies ) ! individual4 ,b e "o likes to be able to boa/ quietly ( an ,m4 ,p4--t means a #8ma/]piece' 9 ! old m$iaeval s5se2 a piece ( "w t %[s y've pass$ ! appr5tice /age--9 a reasonable numb] ( dep>tm5ts4 ,"s ,admirable ,cri*tons g 9 = an ,m4 ,p4 9 ev]y?+6444 8,! re/aurant--t's q important4 ,! cook+ gr\ps give a gr& d9n] e little :ile1 & ev]ybody goes & d9es q 9 /ate1 ) danc+ aft]w>d4 ,we le>n ! be/ ( b\rgeois mann]s--makes x q impossible to di/+ui% an immigrant's *ild f ! scions ( our old families4 ,! result is t ! be/ families are disc>d+ _! mann]s 9 ord] to reta9 _! di/9ction6 ,v amus+4444 8,! *ur*8 ,y mean t build+ ov] !re1 ,i suppose8 ,t isn't a *ur*--n 9 ! s5se y mean4 ,x's our meet+ place4 ,y see1 s9ce y\r "t *ur*es h come to be us$ s mu* = meet+s t :5 our ar*itecture gr\p came to plan an assembly hall x 0 q natural = !m to *oose ! ecclesia/ical /yle4 ,anyway1 ,i und]/& x's a return to _! orig9al purpose44440 8,b10 ,i said1 8?is s*ool is j l ! _w outside60 8,except10 he said1 89 "o p>ticul>4 ,9 ! _w outside we /ill h c]ta9 ve/iges ( class privilege & exploitation--consid]ably ton$ d[n f _! =m] asp]ities1 b /ill recognizable z relics ( capitalism4 ,9 ! s*ool we h play1 production & ex*ange z !y w\ld exi/ 9 ! outside _w if ^! ?+s 7 to be done & manag$ :olly ) ! int5tion ( mak+ bett] & wis] & happi] citiz5s4 ,! diff]5ce1 ( c\rse1 is simply t "o is run ) an educational & ! o!r ) a productive int5tion40 8,! diff]5ce seems to me10 ,i rem>k$1 8t y\r s*ool is really democratic & y\r adult _w isn't q40 8,t is "o way ( putt+ x10 he conc$$4 8,& ,i %\ld ?9k10 ,i said w>mly1 8t aft] go+ to ^! s*ools1 y\r p w\ld want ! re/ ( ! _w run on exactly ! same plan40 8,x does r h t effect10 he admitt$ cauti\sly4 8,9 fact1 ! ,educational p>ty1 z x is call$1 is v rapidly ris+ into p[]4 ,s9ce y are unfamili> ) our politics1 ,i %\ld expla9 t ! ,educational p>ty 0 =m$1 aft] ! un=tunate ev5ts ( #aibe1 by ! amalgamation ( ! ,unit$ ,eng9e]s1 ! ,o4 ,g4 ,u41 & ! ,f>m]s' ,league4 ,its *ief figure is ! sa9t$ ,madame ,goldman1 ! organiz] ( ! ,wom5's ,battalion 9 ! ,fir/ ,colonial ,w>44440 8,:at surprises me10 ,i int]rupt$1 8is t y\r cons]vatives--0 8,tut6 we h no cons]vatives--!y call !mselves ,mod]ates40 8,i am surpris$1 !n1 t y\r ,mod]ates all[ su* s*ools to exi/6 ,( c\rse !y w revolutionize any society 9 :i* !y are60 8,well10 said my companion1 8b :at c\ld !y d8 ,once y beg9 mak+ s*ools = ! *ildr51 y />t out on ! pr9ciple t education is le>n+ h[ to live--& y end "h40 ,i pond]$ ?is4 8,n necess>ily10 ,i said at la/4 8,y might h end$ ) s*ools 9 :i* ! *ildr5 ( ! poor 7 taught h[ to be effici5t wage-slaves40 8,ah1 yes10 said my fri5d1 8b !y sma%$ t attempt away back 9 #aibd40 8,did !y8 ,i'm v glad to he> x60 ,i cri$4444 8,by ! bye1 h[ mu* d ^! s*ools co/--all ov] ! c\ntry80 8,less p] ye> ?an we sp5t p] day on ! ,second ,colonial ,w>4444 ,b ?is is en\gh ( description4 ,y %all see = y\rself4 ,come60 he said4 ,we />t$ t[>d ! !atre4 8,play10 he 0 say+1 8is accord+ to our ideas m fundam5tal & m important 9 life ?an "w4 ,consequ5tly ! !atre--0 ,b :at he said ab\t ! !atre w\ld take u f> f any?+ :i* we are n[ accu/om$ to consid] education4 ,x involves no less a h]esy ?an ! calm assumption t ! arti/ type is ! highe/ human type1 & t ! *ief s]vice :i* education c p]=m = ! future is ! delib]ate cultivation ( ! faculty ( 8creative dream+40444 ,i v5ture to quote only "o s5t5ce3 8,mank9d ne$s m poets40 ,,app5dix ,a ,,def9ition ,,( ,,progressive ,,education 7,f a bullet9 issu$ by ! ,progressive ,education ,association1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c47 8,! aim ( ,progressive ,education is ! free/ & fulle/ developm5t ( ! individual1 bas$ ^u ! sci5tific /udy ( 8 physical1 m5tal1 spiritual1 & social *>act]i/ics & ne$s4 8,progressive ,education z ?us def9$ implies ! foll[+ conditions3 8#a4 ,,fre$om ,,to ,,develop ,,naturally 8,! conduct ( ! pupil %\ld be self-gov]n$ accord+ to ! social ne$s ( 8 community1 r ?an by arbitr>y laws4444 ,full opportunity = initiative & self-expression %\ld be provid$1 toge!r ) an environm5t ri* 9 int]e/+ mat]ial t is available = ! free use ( e pupil4 8#b4 ,,int]e/ ,,! ,,motive ,,( ,,all ,,"w 8,int]e/ %\ld be satisfi$ & develop$ ?r\gh3 7#a7 ,direct & indirect contact ) ! _w & its activities1 & use ( ! exp]i5ce ?us ga9$4 7#b7 ,application ( k ga9$1 & correlation betwe5 diff]5t subjects4 7#c7 ,! consci\sness ( a*ievem5t4 8#c4 ,,! ,,tea*] ,a ,,guide1 ,,n ,a ,,task-,,ma/] 8444 ,progressive tea*]s w enc\rage ! use ( all ! s5ses1 tra9+ ! pupils 9 bo? obs]vation & judgm5t2 & in/ead ( he>+ recitations only1 w sp5d mo/ ( ! "t tea*+ h[ to use v>i\s s\rces ( in=mation1 includ+ life activities z well z books2 h[ to reason ab\t ! in=mation ?us acquir$2 & h[ to express =cefully & logically ! conclusions rea*$4 ,tea*]s w inspire a desire = k1 & w s]ve z guides 9 ! inve/igations und]tak51 r ?an z task-ma/]s4 ,to be a prop] inspiration to _! pupils1 tea*]s mu/ h ample opportunity & enc\ragem5t = self-improvem5t & = ! developm5t ( broad int]e/s4 8#d4 ,,sci5tific ,,/udy ,,( ,,pupil ,,developm5t 8,s*ool records %\ld 444 include bo? objective & subjective reports on ^? physical1 m5tal1 moral1 & social *>act]i/ics :i* affect bo? s*ool & adult life1 & :i* c be influ5c$ by ! s*ool & ! home4 ,su* records %\ld be us$ z a guide = ! treatm5t ( ea* pupil1 & %\ld also s]ve to focus ! att5tion ( ! tea*] on ! all-important "w ( developm5t1 r ?an on simply tea*+ subject matt]4 8#e4 ,,great] ,,att5tion ,,to ,,all ,,t ,,affects ,,! ,,*ild',s ,,physical ,,developm5t 8,"o ( ! fir/ consid]ations ( ,progressive ,education is ! heal? ( ! pupils4 ,mu* m room 9 :i* to move ab\t1 bett] light & air1 clean & well v5tilat$ build+s1 easi] access to ! out ( doors & great] use ( x1 are all necess>y4 ,!re %\ld be frequ5t use ( adequate playgr\nds4444 8#f4 ,,co-,,op]ation ,,betwe5 ,,s*ool ,,& ,,home ,,to ,,meet ,,! ,,ne$s ,,( ,,*ild-,,life 8,! s*ool %\ld provide1 ) ! home1 z mu* z possible ( all t ! natural int]e/s & activities ( ! *ild dem&1 especially dur+ ! elem5t>y s*ool ye>s4 ,x %\ld give opportunity = manual exp]i5ce = bo? boys & girls1 = home-mak+1 & = heal?ful recreation ( v>i\s k9ds4444 ,^! conditions c come ab\t only ?r\gh intellig5t co-op]ation betwe5 p>5ts & tea*]s4 ,x is ! duty ( ! p>5ts to "k :at ! s*ool is do+ & :y4444 8#g4 ,,! ,,progressive ,,s*ool ,a ,,lead] ,,9 ,,educational ,,movem5ts 8,! ,progressive ,s*ool %\ld be 444 a laboratory :]e new ideas if wor?y meet enc\ragem5t2 :]e tradition alone does n rule1 b ! be/ ( ! pa/ is leav5$ ) ! discov]ies ( today1 & ! result is freely add$ to ! sum ( educational k4 87,! ,association is n committ$1 & nev] c be1 to any p>ticul> me?od or sy/em ( education4 ,9 reg>d to su* matt]s x is simply a m$ium ?r\gh :i* improvem5ts & developm5ts work$ out by v>i\s ag5cies c be pres5t$ to ! public470 ,,footnotes3 #a ,x w1 ,i hope1 be cle> t ^! rem>ks apply specifically to ! gramm> s*ool tea*] :o does h to tea* ev]y?+4 ,! case is less desp]ate 9 ! high] rea*es ( our s*ool sy/em4 #b ,except 9 ,dut* ,new ,york1 & 9 ,massa*usetts4 #c 8,! "o dom9ant feature ( ?is lab\r movem5t #ahbd-ahcf 0 ! almo/ fanatical insi/5ce ^u ! p>am\nt importance ( education4 ,9 political plat=ms1 9 resolutions ( public meet+s1 & 9 ! lab\r press1 ! /atem5t is repeat$ ov] & ov]1 t ! fundam5tal dem& ( lab\r is = an adequate sy/em ( education4444 8,to ?is movem5t1 m ?an to any o!r s+le cause1 if n m ?an to all o!r causes comb9$1 is due ! common s*ool sy/em ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4444 ,:5 ! movem5t di$ out 9 #ahce to #ahcg 444 ,horace ,mann 0 lead+ ! #8educational revival1' & ! common s*ool 0 an e/abli%$ in/itution 9 ne>ly e /ate40--,a4 ,m4 ,simons3 8,social ,=ces 9 ,am]ican ,hi/ory40 #d ,9 :i* "s ( ^! *apt]s orig9ally appe>$1 & to :i* my ?anks are due = ! privilege ( republication4 ,,transcrib]',s ,,notes3 ,italiciz$ text is surr\nd$ by und]scores3 italics4 ,obvi\s typographical errors h be5 correct$4 ,inconsi/5cies 9 hyph5ation h be5 /&>diz$4