,useful ,k3 #d? ed4 ,m9]als4 ,vol #a ( #c ,illu/ration3 ,frontispiece to ,vol4 ,i4 see ,page #bch1 #bci4 ,comp>ative ,height ( ,m\nta9s1 ,cities & ,lakes ,briti% ,isl&s -- ,cont95t ( ,europe -- ,isl&s n ,briti% -- ,asia -- ,am]ica ,j4 ,%ury sculp4 ,,useful ,,k3 ,,or ,a ,,famili> ,,acc\nt ,,( ,,! ,,v>i\s ,,productions ,,( ,nature1 ,,m9]al1 ,,vegetable1 ,,& ,,animal1 ,,:i* ,,are ,,*iefly ,,employ$ ,,= ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,man4 ,illu/rat$ ) num]\s ,figures1 & int5d$ z a ,"w bo? ( ,in/ruction & ,ref]5ce4 ,,by ,,! ,,rev4 ,,william ,,b+ley1 ,,am4 ,,fls4 ,,late ,,( ,,pet]h\se1 ,,cambridge1 ,,& ,,au?or ,,( ,,animal ,,biography4 ,illu/ration3 ,publi%]'s ,logo ,,9 ,,?ree ,,volumes4 ,,vol4 ,i4 ,,m9]als4 ,,f\r? ,,edition4 ,,london3 ,,pr9t$ ,,= ,,baldw91 ,,cradock1 ,,& ,,joy2 ,,h>vey ,,& ,,d>ton2 ,,& ,c4 ,,& ,j4 ,,riv+ton4 #ahbe4 ,c4 ,baldw91 ,pr9t]1 ,new ,bridge/reet1 ,london4 ,,preface4 ,,! mode 9 :i* in/ruction has hi!rto be5 convey$1 on ! peculi> subjects ( ! pres5t "w1 has *iefly be5 by small books1 9 "q & answ]1 d5om9at$ cate*isms4 ,b su*1 h[ev] respectable 9 !mselves1 or h[ev] advantage\s = *ildr51 are :olly insuffici5t = p]sons :o are 9 se>* ( ext5d$ k1 & desir\s ( furni%+ _! m9ds ) useful in=mation4 ,on ^! subjects !re has n hi!rto be5 publi%$ any "w 9 :i* !y are collectively to be f\nd2 nor c\ld a k ( !m be obta9$ b by ! consultation ( _m & exp5sive writ+s4 ,t !y are g5]ally important to be kn[n w n probably be d5i$4 ,x has consequ5tly be5 ! object ( ! au?or to compress all ! int]e/+ in=mation t c\ld be obta9$ respect+ !m1 )9 z n>r[ a compass1 & at ! same "t to r5d] ?is in=mation z ent]ta9+1 & z devoid ( te*nical words & phrases1 z possible4 ,! s*eme ( ! "w w1 x is hop$1 be f\nd suffici5tly simple4 ,! passage 9 small] *>act]s at ! head ( ea* article1 is 9 g5]al s arrang$ z to reply to ! que/ions1 8,:at is80 8,:at are80 or 8,h[ d y "k80 ,= in/ance3 8,:at is fl9t80 7,see ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #ec47 ,! answ] w be f\nd ?us3 8,fl9t is a peculi>ly h>d & compact k9d ( /one1 g5]ally ( smokegrey col\r1 pass+ into greyi% :ite1 r$di%1 or br[n4 ,x is ne>ly ?rice z heavy z wat]1 &1 :5 brok51 w split 9 e direction1 into pieces :i* h a smoo? surface40 ,! au?or is aw>e t1 9 _m in/ances1 ! def9itions are defective3 b ?is has1 9 g5]al1 aris5 f a necessity ( r5d]+ !m %ort1 & at ! same "t ( us+ su* t]ms z w\ld be likely to convey in=mation to ! m9ds ( p]sons :o h _h no previ\s k ( ! sy/ems ( natural hi/ory4 ,aft] ! def9ition1 a fur!r illu/ration sometimes foll[s2 & 9 ! l>ge *>act]s w be f\nd a brief detail ( ! hi/ory & uses ( ! object describ$4 ,! articles are numb]$1 = ! great] conv5i5ce bo? ( ref]5ce & explanation1 b p>ticul>ly ! latt]4 ,?us1 "u ! explanation ( ,,c>bon1 x is /at$ t 89 comb9ation ) oxyg5 7#ba7 x =ms c>bonic acid 7#bf71 & t x is ! *ief compon5t "p ( pitcoal 7#bag71 petroleum 7#bac71 & o!r bitum9\s sub/ances40 ,by a ref]5ce to ! numb]s ins]t$1 ea* ( ! words1 aga9/ :i* !y /&1 w be expla9$3 :il/ at lea/ ?ree ( !m w\ld o!rwise h be5 incompreh5sible by ! g5]ality ( unsci5tific read]s4 ,x mu/ be rem>k$ t ! read] w n "h f9d an acc\nt ( e production ( nature1 :i* is employ$ = ! use ( man1 nor ev5 all ! uses ( su* objects z are describ$4 ,! mo/ important ( ! productions1 & ! pr9cipal ( ! uses1 are all t he tru/s c reasonably be requir$ 9 a "w ( ! pres5t ext5t4 ,on ?is gr\nd x is t a great numb] ( animals1 :i* are 9 reque/ only = food1 h be5 :olly omitt$4 ,! figures t are ins]t$ h be5 drawn ^u z small & economical a scale z 0 compatible ) a suffici5tly accurate repres5tation ( ! objects to :i* !y relate4 ,if ! read] be desir\s ( ref]5ce to fur!r illu/ration1 he w d]ive mu* satisfaction f ! invaluable figures ( ,mr4 ,s[]by 9 8 ,briti% & ,exotic ,m9]alogy1 & ,engli% ,botany1 & ,woodville's ,m$ical ,botany2 z well z f ^? 9 ,dr4 ,%aw's ,g5]al ,zoology1 & ,bewick's ,hi/ories ( ,quadrup$s & ,briti% ,birds4 ,!re are also _m figures ( useful animals 9 ! au?or's own "w1 entitl$ 8,memoirs ( ,briti% ,quadrup$s40 ,,adv]tisem5t ,,to ,,! ,,?ird ,,edition4 ,s9ce ?is "w 0 fir/ pr9t$1 ! au?or has made 9 x consid]able improvem5ts4 ,! fir/ volume1 p>ticul>ly1 conta9s _m additional articles1 & m ?an half ( x has be5 rewritt54 ,! plates also h be5 reengrav$4 ,= ! plate ( ! m\nta9s a new draw+ has be5 made1 t ! scale might be ext5d$1 & _m p>ticul>s might be introduc$ :i* be=e 7 omitt$4 ,= ! plates ( vegetables e draw+ has be5 correct$2 &1 9 place ( su* figures z 7 mo/ defective1 new ones h be5 ins]t$4 ,*>lotte/reet1 ,bloomsbury1 ,london1 #a/ ,m>*1 #ahba4 ,,explanation ,,( ,,! ,,plates ,,( ,,! ,,fir/ ,,volume4 ,,frontispiece4 ,?is is expla9$ 9 pages #bcf1 #bcg4 ,,plate ,i4 ,fig4 ,,m9]al ,,deposits4 #a4 ,horizontal b$s or /rata4 a4 ,ve9s or dykes4 #b4 ,b5d+ /rata4 #c4 ,m9]als 9 deta*$ masses4 #d4 ,disjo9$ /rata4 b4 ,a fault4 ,,plate ,,ii4 ,,cry/als1 c4 #e4 ,octoh$ron4 #f4 ,r\gh diamond4 #g4 ,pr(ile ( a brilliantcut /one4 #h4 ,pr(ile ( a rosecut /one4 #i4 ,plane ( a tablecut /one4 #aj4 ,plane & pr(ile ( ! ,pitt diamond4 #aa4 ,dodecah$ron4 #ab4 ,r\gh g>net4 #ac4 ,sixsid$ pyramids1 jo9$ base to base4 #ad ,regul> f\rsid$ prism4 #ae4 ,sixsid$ prism4 #af4 ,cube4 #ag4 ,f\rsid$ pyramid hav+ a rhomb = its base4 ,,plate ,,iii4 ,,section ,,( ,,rocks4 ,i4 ,primitive ,rocks4 ,fig4 #a4 ,granite4 #b4 ,gneiss4 #c4 ,micaslate4 #d4 ,clayslate4 a4 ,lime/one4 b4 ,qu>tz4 #e4 ,primitive lime/one4 ,,ii4 ,second>y ,rocks4 #a4 ,transition ,rocks4 #f4 ,greywacka4 #g4 ,transition lime/one4 #b4 ,floetz ,rocks4 #h4 ,old r$ s&/one4 #i4 ,alt]nat+ /rata ( lime/one & s&/one4 ,,iii4 ,alluvial ,deposits4 #aj4 ,alluvial /rata ( clay1 gravel1 c41 c4 ,! ,,b9d] is desir$ to ins]t all ! ,plates1 except ! ,frontispieces1 imm$iately aft] ! ,explanations 9 ! respective ,volumes4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #a4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,sections ( ,/rata c4 ,j4 ,%ury4 sculp4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #b4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,,cry/als c4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #c4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,section ( ,rocks4 ,j ,%ury sculp4 ,,useful ,,k4 ,,m9]als4 ,,introduction4 #a4 ,,m9]als are natural bodies de/itute ( organization & life3 & ,,m9]alogy is t bran* ( natural sci5ce :i* treats ( ! prop]ties & relations ( su* bodies4 ,,m9]al ,,deposits4 #b4 ,if we p5etrate b5ea? ! surface ( ! e>?1 we obs]ve !re a v rem>kable arrangem5t4 ,in/ead ( a g5]ally uni=m appe>ance1 z we see on ! surface1 we pass ?r\gh div]s sub/ances1 z clay1 gravel1 s&1 & num]\s o!rs1 deposit$ 9 b$s or /rata ( v>i\s ?ickness1 f a few in*es to a great _m feet 7,pl4 ,i4 ,fig4 #a74 ,^! lie1 = ! mo/ "p1 ne>ly horizontal3 b 9 "s in/ances1 p>ticul>ly 9 m\nta9\s c\ntries1 !y take diff]5t degrees ( incl9ation2 &1 9 places :]e ! c\ntry consi/s ( g5tly slop+ hills & vales1 ! b$s h a wav+ or b5d+ =m 7,pl4 #a1 ,fig4 #c74 ,! /rata ( :i* ! e>? is compos$1 z deep z ! curiosity or ! necessities ( mank9d h induc$ !m to explore1 satisfactorily demon/rate ! wisdom :i* has be5 display$ 9 ! arrangem5t ( mat]ials requisite = ! use ( m5 & animals4 ,! fir/ lay] is frequ5tly a ri*1 black m\ld1 =m$ almo/ :olly ( animal & vegetable rema9s4 ,?is yields su/5ance to ! vegetable productions2 & !reby becomes ! actual1 ?\gh n ! imm$iate1 support ( ! :ole animal creation4--,b5ea? ?is is (t5 f\nd a ?ick b$ ( clay1 t furni%es to man a sub/ance ( :i* to make bricks1 tiles1 v>i\s k9ds ( pott]y1 & innum]able o!r articles = ! com=t ( social life4--,next are deposit$ va/ b$s ( gravel1 t are ( use 9 num]\s po9ts ( view4--,und]nea? ?is are ! inf9itely v>y+ /rata ( s&/one1 lime/one1 c4 :i* n only s]ve = ! con/ruction ( build+s1 & = o!r important purposes1 b also frequ5tly surr\nd m9es :i* conta9 ! valuable metals4--,b5ea? a slaty /ratum are usually discov]$ ^? imm5se b$s ( coal s requisite = ! com=t1 &1 9 "s situations1 ev5 = ! exi/5ce ( man4 ,^! /rata1 x is true1 are n always f\nd toge!r1 nor are !y always discov]$ 9 ! same ord]2 b ! /atem5t w suffice to %[ ! g5]al nature ( _! arrangem5t4 #c4 ,m9]als are sometimes obs]v$ 9 deta*$ masses ( v>i\s size1 & situat$ at v>i\s dep?s 9 ! e>? 7,pl4 ,i1 ,fig4 #a74 #d4 ,!y are also f\nd 9 a k9d ( natural clefts :i* cross ! regul> m9]al b$s or /rata 9 diff]5t directions 7,pl4 ,i1 ,fig4 #a1 a1 ,pl4 ,i1 ,fig4 #d1 b74 ,:5 ^! conta9 metallic ores1 !y are /yl$ ve9s2 b :5 !y conta9 only /ony or e>?y matt]s1 ! m9]s call !m dykes4 ,!y v>y mu* bo? 9 magnitude & l5g?4 ,six ?\s& feet are consid]$ an unusual l5g? = ve9s1 ?\gh1 9 "s in/ances1 ve9s h be5 trac$ upw>ds ( f\r miles4 ,few ve9s ext5d m ?an #abjj feet bel[ ! surface ( ! m\nta9s 9 :i* !y are situat$4 ,!y are usually mu* incl9$2 b !y sometimes desc5d 9 a direction p>allel ) ! b$s ( rock 9 :i* !y occur4 #e4 ,at ! places :]e dykes or ve9s pass ?r\gh ! e>?1 !y occasionally disjo9t ! /rata 9 a v s+ul> mann] 7,pl4 ,i1 ,fig4 #d74 ,"s ( ! coal /rata1 = in/ance1 are ?r[n d[n or rais$ on "o side ( a dyke upw>ds ( a hundr$ y>ds2 & ! m9]1 aft] p5etrat+ ?r\gh ?is dyke1 in/ead ( f9d+ ! same coal aga91 meets1 on ! opposite side1 ) b$s ( /one or clay4 ,h5ce he is frequ5tly at a loss h[ to proce$ 9 se>*+ = ! coal ( :i* he is 9 pursuit2 & h5ce x is t to su* dykes ! peculi> "n ( faults has sometimes be5 giv54 #f4 ,9 ,engl& ! metallic ores are g5]ally f\nd 9 ve9s1 t =m a consid]able angle ) ! regul> /rata4 ,?is 9 ,cornwall is uni=mly ! case4 ,& x is rem>kable1 conc]n+ ! ve9s ( t9 & copp] ( t c\nty1 t !y run 9 a direction ne>ly ea/ & we/2 :il/ ! dykes1 or ve9s ( o!r sub/ances1 run = ! mo/ "p nor? & s\?4 #g4 ,! ?ickness ( ve9s1 & ! quantity & quality ( ! ores !y conta91 diff] 9 e m9e4 ,"s are only a few in*es wide1 :il/ o!rs ext5d to ! wid? ( sev]al feet4 ,! ve9 at ,dalcoo? m9e1 9 ,cornwall1 v>ies f two or ?ree to =ty feet & upw>ds2 &1 9 "s p>ts1 x contracts s z to be little m ?an six in*es across4 #h4 ,9 ,cornwall ! fir/ traces ( t9 & copp] are usually f\nd at ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 & !nce to ! dep? ( #hj or #ajj feet b5ea?2 & x is said t no m9] has ev] yet se5 ! bottom ( a ve91 al?\gh sev]al h be5 wr\ght to ! dep? ( m ?an #ajjj feet4 ,! ve9s ( ^! metals h1 9 "s in/ances1 be5 work$ to ! l5g? ( ?ree or f\r miles4 #i4 ,x is frequ5tly obs]v$ t metallic ve9s are sep>at$1 f ! sub/ances !y int]sect1 by a ?9 wall1 or l9+1 ( m9]als diff]5t f ^! sub/ances1 & also by a lay] ( clay on ea* side ( ! ve94 ,x is also rem>k$ t ! same sub/ance :i* =ms ! out] coat ( ! ve9 is (t5 int]mix$ ) ! ore1 or =ms lay]s alt]nately ) x4 ,?is has usually ! d5om9ation ( matrix or gangue4 #aj4 ,!re are few m9es ( any consid]able dep? t w\ld n be flood$ ) wat] f int]nal spr+s 7 n means adopt$ = draw+ (f ?is fluid4 ,! /eam eng9es t are employ$ = ?is purpose 9 "s ( ! ,corni% m9es are s p[]ful z to dis*>ge incessantly1 bo? by night & day1 a quantity ( wat]1 equal to at lea/ #ajjj gallons1 or ne> tw5ty hog%eads1 e m9ute4 ,,sy/ematic ,,arrangem5t ,,( ,,m9]als4 #aa4 ,to a sup]ficial obs]v]1 p]haps no?+ w\ld appe> m easy ?an to describe a m9]al4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is by no means ! case4 ,! same g5]al appe>ance sometimes prevails 9 sub/ances t are v diff]5t f ea* o!r2 & ! same /one1 9 its diff]5t /ates1 is (t5 extremely v>i$ 9 its appe>ance4 ,to ^! difficulties x mu/ be add$1 t ! comb9ations ( m9]al sub/ances are multipli$ to a great ext5t4 ,a little application1 h[ev]1 p>ticul>ly if ! /ud5t be possess$ ( a collection ( arrang$ & nam$ specim5s1 :i* he w h no difficulty 9 procur+ at a reasonable price1 w enable him to ov]come all ! ob/acles t o!rwise might imp$e 8 progress 9 beg9n+ to acquire a k ( ?is int]e/+ sci5ce4#a #ab4 ,! mo/ simple & natural division ( m9]als is into f\r classes1 (1 #a4 ,,/ones2 #b4 ,,salts2 #c4 ,,combu/ibles2 &1 #d4 ,,metals2 & ! foll[+ table1 :i* has *iefly be5 arrang$ f ! sy/em ( ,w]n]1 ! wellkn[n ,g]man m9]alogi/1 w exhibit a tol]ably correct outl9e ( ! classification ( ^! sub/ances4 ,to r$uce ! :ole )9 ! compass ( a s+le page1 _m ( ! families1 h[ev]1 h necess>ily be5 omitt$4 ,footnote #a3 ,su* collections are suppli$ by ,mr4 ,mawe1 ,no4 #adi1 ,/r&1 ,london4 ,8 t]ms1 = collections conta9+ f #ajj to #bjj specim5s1 are #e gu9eas2 f #bjj to #cjj specim5s1 #aj gu9eas2 & f #cjj to #djj specim5s1 #ae gu9eas4 ,= collections conta9+ f #cej to #djj specim5s1 m select1 & compris+ a bett] suite ( preci\s /ones1 he *>ges f #bj to #cj gu9eas2 & = l>g] collections1 f #ej to #ajj gu9eas4 ,at ! p>ticul> reque/ ( ! au?or1 ,mr4 ,mawe has arrang$ a few collections ( m9]als1 & numb]$ !m 9 su* mann] z to correspond )1 & illu/rate ! pres5t volume4 ,,pr9cipal ,,species4 ,diamond4 ,diamond4 ,zircon4 ,j>goon4 ,ori5tal sapphire4 ,ruby4 ,ori5tal ruby4 ,scrat* ,em]y4 glass4 ,s*orl4 ,topaz4 ,em]ald4 ,g>net4 ,preci\s g>net4 ,cry/al4 ,qu>tz4 ,fl9t4 ,i4 ,,e>?y4 ,agate4 ,opal4 ,clay4 ,pure clay4 ,clay slate4 ,ro(+ slate4 ,w n ,mica4 ,muscovy glass4 scrat* ,soap/one4 ,full]'s e>?4 ,i4 ,,/ones glass4 ,talc4 ,talc4 ,asbe/os4 ,lime/one4 ,lime4 ,phosphat ( lime4 ,fluor sp>4 ,,ii4 ,,sal9e4 ,alaba/]4 ,b>ytes4 ,/rontian4 ,alum9e4 ,alum4 ,magnesia4 ,epsom salt4 ,,ii4 ,,salts4 ,soda4 ,common salt4 ,borax4 ,pota%4 ,nitre4 ,ammonia4 ,salammoniac4 ,sulphur4 ,sulphur4 ,naph?a4 ,,iii4 ,,combu/ibles ,bitum54 ,coal4 ,jet4 ,graphite4 ,blacklead4 ,res94 ,amb]4 ,plat9a4 ,plat9a4 ,gold4 ,gold4 ,m]cury4 ,m]cury4 ,silv]4 ,silv]4 ,i4 ,,malleable4 ,copp]4 ,copp]4 ,iron4 ,iron4 ,t94 ,t94 ,lead4 ,lead4 ,,iv4 ,,metals4 ,nickel4 ,nickel4 ,z9c4 ,z9c4 ,ars5ic4 ,ars5ic4 ,bismu?4 ,bismu?4 ,,ii4 ,,brittle4 ,cobalt4 ,cobalt4 ,manganese4 ,manganese4 c4 c4 #ac4,to complete a g5]al view ( ! diff]5t productions ( ! m9]al k+dom1 x is requisite to subjo9 a tabul> arrangem5t ( ! v>i\s k9ds ( rocks4 ,,species4 #a4 ,granite4 #b4 ,gneiss4 #c4 ,mica slate4 #d4 ,clay slate4 #e4 ,primitive lime/one4 #f4 ,primitive trap4 #g4 ,s]p5t9e4 ,i4 ,,primitive4 #h4 ,porphyry4 #i4 ,si5ite4 #aj4 ,topaz rock4 #aa4 ,qu>tz rock4 #ab4 ,primitive fl9ty slate4 #ac4 ,primitive gypsum4 #ad4 ,:ite /one4 #a4 ,transition lime/one4 ,i4 ,,transition #b4 ,transition trap4 ,,rocks4 #c4 ,grey wacke4 #d4 ,transition fl9ty slate4 #e4 ,transition gypsum4 ,,ii4 ,,second>y4 #a4 ,old r$ s&/one4 #b4 ,floetz lime/one4 #c4 ,floetz gypsum4 #d4 ,second1 or v>iegat$ s&/one4 #e4 ,second floetz gypsum4 ,,ii4 ,,floetz #f4 ,%ell lime/one4 ,,rocks4 #g4 ,?ird s&/one4 #h4 ,rock salt4 #i4 ,*alk4 #aj4 ,floetz trap4 #aa4 ,coal4 #ab4 ,newe/ floetz trap4 #a4 ,peat4 #b4 ,s& & gravel4 ,,iii4 ,,alluvial4 #c4 ,loam4 #d4 ,bog iron ore4 #e4 ,calc>e\s tufa1 c4 #a4 ,burnt clay4 ,i4 ,,pseudo ,,volcanic #b4 ,porcela9 jasp]4 ,,rocks4 #c4 ,e>? slag4 #d4 ,column> clay iron/one4 ,,iv4 ,,volcanic4 #e4 ,poli%+ slate4 ,,ii4 ,,true ,,volcanic #a4 ,/ones & a%es4 ,,rocks4 #b4 ,lava4 #c4 ,matt] ( muddy eruptions4 #ad4 ,= ! purpose ( asc]ta9+ ! names & *>act]s ( m9]als1 att5tion mu/ be paid to _! =m1 surface1 lu/re1 fracture1 or ! appe>ance ( _! int]nal surface :5 brok52 /ructure1 transp>5ce1 /reak1 or ! m>k left :5 scrat*$ by any h>d body2 /a91 or trace left :5 rubb$ ^u pap]2 cohesion1 :e!r solid1 friable1 or fluid3 h>dness1 or ! resi/ance :i* !y oppose :5 scrat*$2 t5acity1 or ! resi/ance :i* !y oppose to ! /roke ( a hamm]2 flexibility1 or _! prop]ty ( b5d+ )\t break+2 feel1 or ! s5sation communicat$ by _! surfaces :5 h&l$2 smell1 ta/e1 adh]5ce to ! tongue1 s\nd1 specific gravity1 or weight 9 comp>ison ) t ( wat]2 col\r & electricity4 #ae4 ,to asc]ta9 ! *emical prop]ties ( m9]als1 "o ( ! mo/ important in/rum5ts is ! bl[pipe4 ,?is is a tube :i* t]m9ates 9 a cavity z f9e z a small wire1 & ?r\gh :i* ! air is =c$1 & made to play ^u ! flame ( a c&le4 ,! flame is ?us conc5trat$1 & direct$ aga9/ small p>ticles ( ! m9]al to be exam9$1 :i* is plac$ ^u a bit ( *>coal 9 a spoon ( plat9a or silv]4 ,! air is =c$ into ! bl[pipe by ! m\? ( ! p]son us+ x1 or by bell[s atta*$ to x = t purpose4 ,"u ?is op]ation we h an opportunity ( try+ ! action ( o!r bodies ^u m9]als at a v high temp]ature2 & ! prop]ties :i* ^! exp]im5ts br+ into view enable u1 9 _m cases1 to asc]ta91 n only ! nature1 b ev5 ! compon5t p>ts1 ( m9]als4 ,,simple ,,m9]al ,,sub/ances4 #af4 ,z a necess>y introduction to ! /udy ( m9]als1 x is requisite to describe1 9 a brief mann]1 su* simple sub/ances z =m _! con/itu5t p>ts4 ,few ( ^!1 x is true1 are to be f\nd 9 a sep>ate1 uncomb9$ /ate2 yet t !y d exi/1 & t !y are to be obta9$ f ! m9]als ) :i* !y are unit$1 we h ! pro( ( e day's exp]i5ce4 ,,unconf9able ,,fluids4 #ag4 ,!re are "s k9ds ( unconf9able fluids1 ! exi/5ce ev5 ( :i* is manife/$ only by _! contact ) o!r bodies1 or becom+ sep>at$ f !m4 ,!y are ( a nature too subtile to be collect$ or conf9$ 9 our vessels = ! purpose ( exam9ation1 & ! inve/igation ( _! prop]ties has consequ5tly be5 att5d$ ) peculi> difficulty4 ,^? at pres5t kn[n are caloric1 light1 electricity1 & magnetism2 b ( ^! ! fir/ only is imm$iately connect$ ) ! subjects ( our pres5t inve/igation4 #ah4 ,caloric4--,e "o is acqua9t$ ) ! diff]5t s5sations ( heat & cold4 ,t matt] :i* produces on our bodies ! s5sation ( heat has ! "n ( ,caloric2 heat be+ only an effect1 ( :i* caloric is ! cause4 ,?is is ext5d$ 9 a great] or less degree ?r\gh ! :ole ext5t ( space1 & p5etrates into ! int]ior ( ev5 ! mo/ solid bodies3 9 s do+ x exp&s ! p>ticles ( :i* !y are compos$1 augm5ts _! bulk1 & dim9i%es _! solidity4 ,! sun is ! pr9cipal f\nta9 f :i* ! e>? is suppli$ ) ?is fluid2 & x passes !nce to u at ! rate ( #ab1jjj1jjj ( miles p] m9ute4 ,! defect ( caloric 9 any sub/ance occasions ! s5sation call$ cold4 ,7 ! _w depriv$ ( caloric1 e species ( organiz$ be+ w\ld1 f t mom5t1 cease to exi/4 ,x is ! cause ( all fluidity3 to x e production ( ! e>? has be5 mo/ ess5tially indebt$1 ev5 = its =m & /ructure2 & 9 no respect d ! p[] & goodness ( ! ,almighty appe> m conspicu\s ?an 9 ! creation1 disp]sion1 & cont9uance1 ( ?is mo/ subtile & a/oni%+ fluid4 #ai4 ,all ! v>i\s sub/ances ) :i* we are acqua9t$ mu/ be consid]$ ei!r z solid or fluid4 ,e sub/ance is def9$ to be a solid 9 :i* ! p>ts are s unit$ or connect$ t x requires an ext]nal =ce to sep>ate !m4 ,a fluid1 on ! contr>y1 is a body ! p>ts ( :i* are s loosely connect$ t !y n only yield easily to any =ce impress$ ^u !m1 b also move freely among/ ea* o!r2 & e fluid is a comb9ation ( caloric ) "s o!r sub/ance4 #bj4 ,fluids are ( two k9ds3 "o ( ^!1 call$ liquids1 h1 :5 at re/1 a smoo? & di/9ct surface1 & are di/+ui%able bo? by ! sight & t\*2 ! o!r1 d5om9at$ gas1 or gase\s fluids1 h ! appe>ance ( air1 & are n p]ceptible ei!r to ! sight or t\*1 except "u c]ta9 circum/ances4 ,! latt] are pr9cipally oxyg5 7#ba71 azote or nitrog51 & hydrog5 7#de74 ,we %all at pres5t h occasion to speak only ( ! fir/4 ,,gase\s ,,fluids4 #ba4 ,oxyg51 l caloric1 is a fluid nev] f\nd 9 an uncomb9$ /ate4 ,x =ms "o ( ! compon5t p>ts ( ! air t we brea!1 & ( ! wat] we dr9k2 b x approa*es ne>e/ to a /ate ( purity 9 comb9ation ) caloric 7#ah71 :5 x has ! "n ( oxyg5 gas4 ,x 0 =m]ly call$ vital air1 because no brea?+ animal c live = a mom5t 9 any air or gas :i* has n 9 x a mixture ( oxyg52 e k9d ( combu/ible burns ) great spl5d\r 9 x1 & )\t x ceases to burn4 ,x unites ) a great numb] ( sub/ances1 & *anges bo? _! appe>ance & prop]ties 9 a v rem>kable mann]4 ,( ! metals x entirely de/roys ! metallic lu/re1 & gives !m an e>?y =m & texture4 ,sub/ances 9 ?is /ate h ! "n ( oxides4 ,lead1 = in/ance1 comb9$ ) oxyg5 becomes ! wellkn[n r$ & heavy sub/ance us$ by pa9t]s1 "u ! "n ( m9ium or r$ lead 7#bci74 ,?is1 if depriv$ ( its oxyg51 loses its r$ col\r1 & returns to its =m] metallic /ate4 ,"s ( ! metals are oxidiz$ by m]ely be+ expos$ to moi/ure4 ,?us ! ru/ :i* is s readily contract$ by iron is an oxide ( t metal1 produc$ by its attract+ oxyg5 f ! air or f wat]4 ,,acids4 #bb4 ,x is "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable prop]ties ( oxyg5 to imp>t to mo/ ( ^? bodies call$ acids _! peculi> "* ( acidity4 ,oxyg5 does n itself possess ! prop]ties ( an acid1 nor is x an ess5tial +r$i5t 9 all acids1 ?\gh x is ! acidify+ pr9ciple 9 ! great] numb] ( !m4 #bc4 ,acid is a ^w orig9ally synonym\s ) s\r4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 be5 gradually ext5d$ 9 its signification1 & n[ compreh5ds all sub/ances possess$ ( ! prop]ties ( excit+ ^u ! tongue ! s5sation call$ s\r2 ( *ang+ ! blue col\rs ( vegetables to r$2 ( unit+ ) wat] 9 almo/ any proportion2 ( comb9+ ) alkalies 7#db71 metallic oxides1 & e>?s1 & ( =m+ ) !m c]ta9 comp\nds call$ salts4 #bd4 ,sulphuric ,acid1 or ,_s ( ,vitriol1 z x is commonly call$1 is a liquid ( a some:at oily consi/5ce1 transp>5t & col\rless z wat]1 =m$ by a comb9ation ( oxyg5 7#ba7 ) sulphur 7#df74 ,l o!r acids1 x nev] occurs 9 nature 9 a pure /ate1 = x c no soon] be =m$ ?an x unites ) e>?s 7#ca71 alkalies 7#db71 or metals1 & =ms1 ) !m1 sev]al wellkn[n salts1 :i* h ! "n ( sulphats4 ,?us alaba/] 7#aib7 & ,epsom salts 7#aii7 are respectively =m$ by an union ( sulphuric acid ) lime & magnesia1 & are d5om9at$ by *emi/s sulphat ( lime & sulphat ( magnesia4 ,9 l mann]1 blue vitriol 7#bji7 is sulphat ( copp]2 gre5 vitriol 7#bjh71 sulphat ( iron2 & :ite vitriol 7#baj71 sulphat ( z9c4 #be4 ,phosphoric ,acid is produc$ by a comb9ation ( oxyg5 7#ba7 ) phosphorus 7#dg72 &1 :5 obta9$ 9 a /ate ( purity1 is n a fluid1 b a :ite & flaky sub/ance4 ,?is acid1 :5 comb9$ ) m9]al productions1 =ms ^? salts :i* h ! "n ( phosphats4 ,x is v soluble 9 wat]2 &1 9 dissolv+1 makes a hiss+ noise1 simil> to t produc$ by plung+ hot iron into wat]4 #bf4 ,c>bonic ,acid is a comp\nd ( oxyg5 7#ba7 & c>bon1 or pure *>coal 7#dh73 & 9 a /ate ( gas 7#bj7 x =ms a con/itu5t "p ( ! atmosph]ic air4 ,x is also emitt$ 9 great abundance f w9e1 be]1 & o!r liquors1 9 a /ate ( f]m5tation1 & is sometimes f\nd 9 ! l[e/ p>ts ( m9es1 :]e x is kn[n to ! m9]s by ! "n ( *oke damp1 f ! circum/ance ( its imm$iately ext+ui%+ flame1 & suffocat+ all animals t are imm]s$ 9 x4 ,?is gas1 :i* 0 =m]ly call$ by *emi/s fix$ air1 is ab\t twice ! weight ( common air4 ,9 comb9ation ) lime x =ms *alk1 m>ble1 & lime/one2 & x con/itutes "p ( sev]al o!r m9]al sub/ances1 :i* are !nce d5om9at$ c>bonats4 #bg4 ,fluoric ,acid is a gas ( v s+ul> nature1 :i* is held 9 comb9ation ) lime1 9 ! ,d]by%ire or fluor sp> 7#aid72 & may be sep>at$ f x by p\r+ sulphuric acid1 or _s ( vitriol 7#bd71 ^u p[d]$ sp>1 9 a lead5 vessel call$ a retort1 & apply+ to x a g5tle heat4 ,! salts =m$ by fluoric acid h ! "n ( fluats4 #bh4 ,! ,boracic is a peculi> k9d ( acid1 :i*1 9 comb9ation ) soda 7#bjj71 =ms ! sub/ance t we import f ! ,ea/ ,indies "u ! "n ( borax 7#bjd74 ,:5 extract$ f borax ?is acid does n assume ! =m ( a fluid1 b appe>s 9 ?9 sixsid$ scales or flakes1 ( :ite col\r1 :i* adh]e slightly toge!r1 & feel some:at greasy 9 h&l+4 ,to ! ta/e x is at fir/ s\r1 !n bitt]i%2 & at la/ x leaves an agreeable sweetness on ! palate4 #bi4 ,muriatic ,acid is a gas =m$ by ! comb9ation ( oxyg5 7#ba7 ) "s base t is n yet kn[n4 ,x is an invisible & ela/ic fluid1 :i*1 9 me*anical prop]ties1 resembles common air1 & has a pung5t & v peculi> smell4 ,?is gas unites ) alkalies 7#db71 e>?s 7#ca71 & ! oxides 7#ba7 ( metals2 & ) !m =ms ! comp\nds call$ muriats1 ( :i* common salt1 or muriat ( soda 7#bjb71 is "o ( ! pr9cipal4 ,! liquid muriatic acid1 or muriatic acid gas comb9$ ) wat]1 is frequ5tly d5om9at$ _s ( salt 7#bjb74 #cj4 ,nitric ,acid is a comp\nd ( oxyg5 & azote1 or nitrog51 9 ! proportion ( tw5tyfive p>ts1 by weight1 ( ! latt] to sev5tyfive ( ! =m]4 ,x is "o ( ! con/itu5t p>ts ( nitre1 or saltpetre 7#bjf72 &1 9 a pure /ate1 is transp>5t & col\rless1 l wat]4 ,by ! action ( light1 h[ev]1 x soon becomes yell[2 &1 if expos$ to ! air1 x emits yell[ fumes1 :i* ev5 t+e ! air ( ! same col\r4 ,to ! ta/e x is extremely acid4 ,x dyes ! sk9 a yell[ col\r1 :i* is v difficult to be remov$2 & x is s corrosive z to de/roy almo/ e sub/ance into :i* x p5etrates4 ,if p\r$ ^u oils1 x sets !m on fire4 ,) v>i\s bases x =ms comp\nds call$ nitrats4 ,?is acid1 :i* hi!rto has nev] o!rwise be5 obta9$ ?an mix$ ) wat]1 is *iefly kn[n 9 comm]ce by ! "n ( aqua =tis 7#bjf74 ,,e>?s4 #ca4 ,! solid cont5ts ( ! globe are compos$ ( sev]al elem5t>y sub/ances1 among/ :i* h be5 enum]at$ no few] ?an n9e diff]5t k9ds ( e>?3 #a4 ,silex4 #b4 ,alum9e4 #c4 ,zircon4 #d4 ,gluc9e4 #e4 ,yttria4 #f4 ,b>ytes4 #g4 ,/rontian4 #h4 ,lime4 #i4 ,magnesia4 ,^!1 :5 fre$ f =eign admixture1 are1 = ! mo/ "p1 ( :ite col\r1 n soluble 9 wat]1 n combu/ible1 & d n exce$ f\r times ! weight ( wat]4 #cb4 ,! :ole ( ^! e>?s h1 till lately1 be5 consid]$ simple & uncomb9$ sub/ances2 b1 by ! discov]ies ( ,sir ,humphrey ,davy1 x has be5 asc]ta9$ t f\r ( !m h a metallic basis1 & are 9 fact metallic oxides1 or comp\nds consi/+ ( a metal unit$ ) oxyg5 7#ba74 ,^!1 :i* h ! same aff9ity ) _! respective bases z ru/ has to iron1 are silex1 lime1 b>ytes1 & alum9e4 ,until1 h[ev]1 "s fur!r light be ?r[n ^u _! nature & con/itution1 !y mu/ cont9ue to hold _! =m] situation ( simple e>?s4 #cc4 ,silex1 or ,silice\s ,e>?1 is ! basis ( all sub/ances kn[n by ! "n ( qu>tz & silex 7#gf74 ,9 a /ate ( nature x has nev] be5 f\nd pure2 b1 9 comb9ation ) o!r sub/ances1 x ab\nds 9 almo/ e c\ntry ( ! globe4 ,common fl9t 7#ij7 conta9s n9etysev5 p>ts 9 a hundr$ ( silex3 x consequ5tly has giv5 its "n to ?is e>?1 silex be+ ! ,lat9 ^w = fl9t4 ,:5 purifi$ x is a :ite p[d]1 ! p>ticles ( :i* are h>% to ! t\*1 z if !y consi/$ ( v m9ute gra9s ( s&4 ,x is n q ?ree times z heavy z wat]1 & has nei!r ta/e nor smell4 ,wat] w n dissolve x1 nor any k9d ( acid1 except fluoric4 ,sir ,h4 ,davy has discov]$ x to h a metallic basis1 to :i* he has giv5 ! "n ( silicium4 #cd4 ,alum9e is a k9d ( e>?1 s call$ f its =m+ ! basis ( alum 7#aig74 ,x is s(t1 compact1 & t5aci\s2 ab\t twice ! weight ( wat]1 &1 :5 brea!d ^u1 has a smell :i* is peculi> to all clayey productions4 ,9 ! fire x %r9ks1 & becomes s h>d z ev5 to yield sp>ks :5 /ruck aga9/ /eel4 ,x readily absorbs wat]1 & is dissolv$ by mo/ acids4 ,"s writ]s /ate t pure alum9e has be5 discov]$ 9 a native /ate ne> ,halle1 9 ,g]many4 ,x is f\nd 9 a cry/alliz$ =m1 & ne>ly 9 a /ate ( purity1 9 ! ,ori5tal ruby & sapphire4 ,! "n ( argil1 or clay1 has sometimes be5 appli$ to x2 b1 9 m9]alogy1 ?is "n has usually be5 giv5 to a mixture ( alum1 qu>tz1 & o!r sub/ances4 ,sir ,h4 ,davy has obta9$ f alum9e a metallic basis1 call$ alum9um4 #ce4 ,zircon1 :5 fre$ f ^? sub/ances ) :i* x is comb9$1 is a :ite & some:at r\gh p[d]1 insipid to ! ta/e1 insoluble 9 wat]1 & ab\t f\r times z heavy z t fluid4 ,x is f\nd 9 ! two k9ds ( preci\s /ones call$ j>goon & hyac9?1 & has n hi!rto be5 appli$ to any useful purpose4 #cf4 ,gluc9e is a k9d ( e>? ( peculi> nature1 :i* is f\nd 9 ! em]ald & b]yl1 &1 :5 purifi$1 =ms a s(t & :ite p[d]1 )\t smell1 & ( sweeti% ta/e4 ,to ! la/ ( ^! qualities x is indebt$ = its "n1 :i* is d]iv$ f a ,greek ^w signify+ sweet4 ,x is some:at unctu\s to ! t\*1 & ab\t ?ree times z heavy z wat]4 ,! uses ( ?is e>?1 :atev] !y may be1 are n kn[n4 #cg4 ,yttria is an e>? :i*1 among o!r p>ticul>s1 diff]s f gluc9e by its weight1 z x is ne>ly five times heavi] ?an wat]4 ,9 a natural /ate x occurs z ! basis ( a black ,sw$i% m9]al1 call$ gadol9ite4 ,:5 cleans$1 by *emical process1 f all its impurities1 x is a f9e1 :ite1 & inodor\s p[d]4 #ch4 ,b>ytes is a :ite1 por\s1 & v heavy e>?1 :i* c only be obta9$ pure by *emical process4 ,x is easily r$uc$ to p[d]1 & is soluble 9 all k9ds ( acids4 ,to ! ta/e x is h>% & cau/ic2 &1 if tak5 into ! /oma*1 proves an extremely virul5t poison4 ,9 "s respects x agrees ) ! alkalies 7#db71 p>ticul>ly 9 its prop]ty ( *ang+ blue vegetable col\rs to gre51 & 9 corrod+1 l !m1 ?\gh ) less en]gy1 all k9ds ( animal sub/ances4 ,f ^! circum/ances x has sometimes be5 d5om9at$ an alkal9e e>?4 ,saturat$ ) sulphuric 7#bd7 & c>bonic acid 7#bf71 x con/itutes ! m9]als d5om9at$ sulphat & c>bonat ( b>ytes 7#aif74 ,x has be5 discov]$ to h a metallic base1 :i* is call$ b>ium4 #ci4 ,/rontian is an e>? :i*1 l b>ytes1 is n f\nd o!rwise ?an 9 comb9ation ) sulphuric & c>bonic acids4 ,x occurs 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w1 &1 :5 purifi$1 =ms a por\s mass ( greyi% :ite col\r1 acrid ta/e1 & some:at alkal9e nature4 ,?is e>? conv]ts vegetable blue col\rs to gre51 b does n act s /rongly on animal bodies z b>ytes1 nor is x poison\s1 l t sub/ance4 #dj4 ,lime1 ! basis ( all ^? sub/ances :i* are d5om9at$ calc>e\s1 is only to be obta9$ 9 a /ate ( purity by artificial process4 ,comb9$ ) c>bonic acid 7#bf7 x =ms lime/one 7#adj71 *alk1 & m>ble2 all ( :i* are capable ( be+ conv]t$ into lime by burn+4 ,lime may also be obta9$ f oy/] & o!r sea %ells4 ,:5 pure1 x is ( :ite col\r1 & mod]ately h>d sub/ance1 ?\gh x is easily r$ucible to p[d]4 ,its ta/e is burn+ & acrid2 &1 l ! alkalies1 x *anges vegetable blue col\rs to gre54 ,x has likewise ! prop]ty ( corrod+ & de/roy+ animal sub/ances4 ,lime1 :5 pure1 absorbs wat] rapidly1 becomes hot1 & falls into p[d]4 ,ev5 if expos$ to ! op5 air x gradually attracts moi/ure1 & assumes a p[d]y =m2 soon aft] :i* x becomes saturat$ ) c>bonic acid 7#bf7 f ! atmosph]e1 & is !reby aga9 conv]t$ into c>bonat ( lime 7#adj74 ,x occurs abundantly 9 almo/ e c\ntry1 b always 9 comb9ation ) "s acid1 c>bonic 7#bf71 sulphuric 7#bd71 boracic 7#bh71 fluoric 7#bg71 or phosphoric 7#be74 ,?is sub/ance has a metallic basis1 :i* has be5 d5om9at$ calcium4 #da4 ,magnesia is a light & p]fectly :ite k9d ( e>?1 ( s(t p[d]y appe>ance1 )\t ta/e or smell1 & some:at m ?an twice z heavy z wat]4 ,x is n f\nd 9 ?is pure /ate 9 nature1 b may be prep>$ f ,epsom salt1 :i* consi/s ( magnesia 9 union ) sulphuric acid 7#bd74 ,! slightly acrid ta/e t is p]ceptible 9 ! magnesia us$ 9 m$ic9e arises f a portion ( lime :i* x conta9s4 ,?is sub/ance does n dissolve 9 wat]1 b is soluble 9 e k9d ( acid4 ,x has ! prop]ty ( *ang+ delicate blue col\rs to gre54 ,,alkalies4 #db4 ,alkalies are sub/ances :i* ent] into ! composition ( sev]al k9ds ( m9]als1 & are kn[n by _! prop]ty ( *ang+ ! col\r ( blue vegetable juices to gre51 & by a peculi>ly acrid1 cau/ic1 & nause\s ta/e1 :i* x is impossible to describe1 b :i*1 aft] x has be5 once exp]i5c$1 w easily be recollect$4 ,alkalies corrode & dissolve animal sub/ances1 & unite ) oil & fat 9 su* mann] z to =m ! well kn[n comp\nd call$ soap4 ,!y readily dissolve 9 wat]2 &1 :5 mix$ ) acids1 =m :at h be5 d5om9at$ neutral salts4 #dc4 ,! alkalies at pres5t kn[n are ?ree 9 numb]2 pota% 7#bje71 soda 7#bjj71 & ammonia 7#bjg74 ,( ^! ! two =m]1 al?\gh till lately !y h be5 consid]$ simple sub/ances1 h be5 %[n by ,sir ,h4 ,davy to h metallic bases4 ,,simple ,,combu/ibles4 #dd4 ,by ?is t]m we are to und]/& all ^? m9]al sub/ances1 capable ( combu/ion1 :i* h n be5 discov]$ to consi/ ( m ?an a s+le compon5t "p4 ,!y are f\r 9 numb]2 hydrog51 sulphur1 phosphorus1 & c>bon4 #de4 ,hydrog51 z its "n imports1 is a pr9cipal con/itu5t "p ( wat]2 =1 s+ul> z x may appe>1 t wellkn[n fluid is =m$ by a comb9ation ( two species ( air or gas1 call$ hydrog5 & oxyg5 7#ba71 & 9 ! proportion ( ab\t fifte5 p>ts ( ! =m] & eightyfive p>ts ( ! latt]4 ,?is gas _h =m]ly ! d5om9ation ( inflammable air1 & has long be5 kn[n 9 m9es "u ! "n ( firedamp4 ,x is ab\t twelve times light] ?an atmosph]ic air4 ,:5 pure x soon de/roys su* animals1 & ext+ui%es all su* flam+ sub/ances1 z are imm]s$ 9 x4 ,mix$ ) atmosph]ic air1 x explodes ) great viol5ce on ! application ( any ignit$ body4 #df4 ,sulphur is a simple combu/ible sub/ance1 ( yell[ col\r1 :i* is f\nd pure1 or native1 9 sev]al p>ts ( ! _w1 & is suffici5tly famili> to u "u ! "n ( brim/one 7#baa74 ,x /rongly attracts oxyg5 7#ba71 & is !reby conv]t$ into sulphuric acid 7#bd74 ,x frequ5tly occurs 9 comb9ation ) m9]al sub/ances1 su* z ars5ic1 antimony1 copp]1 & o!r metallic ores4 #dg4 ,phosphorus is a combu/ible sub/ance :i*1 :5 pure1 some:at resembles bees'wax bo? 9 col\r & consi/5ce2 &1 :5 expos$ to ! air "u ! usual temp]ature ( our atmosph]e1 is lum9\s 9 ! d>k1 & has a smell some:at resembl+ t ( g>lic4 ,x is s combu/ible t1 :5 melt$1 x %\ld be kept "u wat]1 z x _c be expos$ to ! air dur+ ?is process )\t great risk ( cat*+ fire4 ,?is sub/ance is n kn[n 9 a native /ate2 & ! :ole ( :at is us$ 9 philosophy & comm]ce is obta9$ by diff]5t artificial processes4 ,9 union ) oxyg5 7#ba7 x becomes conv]t$ into an acid1 call$ phosphoric acid 7#be71 &1 "u ?is =m1 9 conjunction ) lime1 x con/itutes ! bones ( m5 & animals4 ,! great] "p ( ! phosphorus ( ! %ops is obta9$ f bones4 #dh4 ,c>bon is a "n giv5 to ! pure inflammable "p ( *>coal4 ,x is abundantly diffus$ ?r\gh\t nature1 = x ent]s into ! composition ( sev]al m9]als1 & ( all vegetable & animal bodies4 ,! pure/ =m "u :i* c>bon is kn[n to exi/ is 9 ! diamond 7#ej74 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be obta9$ suffici5tly pure1 = all common purposes1 by burn+ a piece ( wood1 cov]$ ) s&1 9 a vessel call$ a crucible4 ,9 comb9ation ) oxyg5 7#ba7 x =ms c>bonic acid 7#bf74 ,c>bon is a *ief compon5t "p ( pitcoal 7#bag71 petroleum 7#bac71 & o!r bitum9\s sub/ances4 ,,class ,i4--,,/ones4 ,,ord] ,i4--,,e>?y ,,/ones4 ,i4 ,,h>d3 ^? :i* scrat* ,glass4 #di4 ,,( ,,gems ,,9 ,,g5]al4 ,gems1 or preci\s /ones1 z !y are frequ5tly call$1 are1 = ! mo/ "p1 transp>5t1 & h a vitre\s or glassy appe>ance4 ,_! diff]5t col\rs are occasion$ by metallic oxides 7#ba7 ( v>i\s k9ds1 ) :i* !y are impregnat$4 ,"s writ]s h class$ !m by _! col\rs1 b ?is is a v unc]ta9 mode1 z diff]5t gems h n unfrequ5tly ! same col\r2 &1 9 _m cases1 ! same gems are ( diff]5t col\rs4 ,! usual di/9ction ( gems into ,ori5tal & ,occid5tal is also liable to error1 z ! be/ gems1 f :atev] "p ( ! _w !y are br\ght1 are always call$ ,ori5tal4 ,! mo/ e/imable ( all ! k9ds are ! diamond 7#ej71 ruby 7#ed71 em]ald 7#fg71 & sapphire 7#ec72 & /ones a gra9 9 weight1 & equal 9 quality1 are valu$ 9 ! foll[+ proportions1 at #hl4 p] c>at = diamonds1 #dl4 = rubies1 & #cl4 = ea* ( ! o!rs4 ,! ame?y/ 7#gi71 topaz 7#fa71 & aquam>9e 7#fa71 are consid]$ ( ne>ly equal value ) ea* o!r2 & ! g>net 7#gj7 is ! *eape/ ( preci\s /ones4 ,! anci5ts engrav$ ^u sev]al k9ds ( gems2 b !y appe> to h be5 ignorant ( ! art ( cutt+ ! diamond1 ! ruby1 & ! sapphire1 :i* 7 too h>d = !m to op]ate ^u4 ,! em]ald & ! noble opal 7#ajb7 7 too highly e/eem$ z preci\s /ones to h (t5 f\nd _! way into ! h&s ( engrav]s4 ,x has be5 ass]t$ t ! anci5ts did n use ! topaz = engrav+2 b !re is extant a beautiful intaglio1 repres5t+ an ,indian ,bac*us1 :i* is said to be a topaz4 ,! g>net 0 (t5 engrav$ ^u3 & !re are _m ma/]pieces ( ! art 9 calc$ony 7#ia7 & c>nelian 7#ic47 ,onyx & s>donyx 7#ib7 7 employ$ = t species ( engrav+ 9 relief call$ cameos2 &1 9 _m in/ances1 x is pleas+ to obs]ve ) :at dext]ity ! anci5t arti/s avail$ !mselves ( ! diff]5t col\rs 9 ! alt]nate zones to express ! diff]5t p>ts & %ades ( _! figures4 ,mo/ ( ! gems may be imitat$ by artificial prep>ations ( glass1 col\r$ by diff]5t metallic sub/ances2 & x is n easy1 by m]e inspection1 to di/+ui% ! bett] k9ds ( factiti\s /ones f real gems4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 discov]able by a defici5cy ( lu/re1 & be+ s s(t z1 ev5 9 ! mo/ p]fect k9ds1 to yield to ! po9t ( a /eel in/rum5t4 ,! cutt+ & poli%+ ( gems is ! "w ( ! lapid>y1 & is 9 g5]al ?us p]=m$3--,! %ape mo/ prop] to be giv5 to any p>ticul> gem be+ det]m9$ on1 ! /one is cem5t$ to ! end ( a /ick1 & ! diff]5t facets are =m$ by a mill contriv$ = ! purpose4 ,?is mill is a plate ( copp]1 or an alloy ( lead & t91 to :i* an horizontal motion is giv5 by v simple ma*9]y1 & ! surface ( :i* is *>g$ ei!r ) diamond p[d] & oil1 or ) f9e em]y & wat]4 ,a ?ick peg ( wood call$ a gauge1 pi]c$ ) small holes 9 all directions1 is set upright on ! lapid>y's b5*1 close to ! mill1 & ! process ( %ap+ ! facets ?us takes place4 ,! /one is plac$ on ! surface ( ! mill1 ! opposite end ( ! /ick to :i* x is cem5t$ be+ ins]t$ 9 "o ( ! holes ( ! gauge4 ,9 ?is position x is kept /eady by ! workman1 ) 8 "r h&1 :il/1 ) ! o!r1 he puts ! mill 9 motion4 ,! skill ( ! lapid>y dep5ds on regulat+ ! velocity ( ! mill1 & press+ ) m or less =ce on ! /ick1 ) an almo/ imp]ceptible t5d5cy to "o or o!r direction 9 diff]5t /ages ( ! "w1 exam9+ ea* facet at v %ort int]vals1 9 ord] to give z great precision z possible to its size & =m4 ,?is "p ( ! bus9ess be+ complet$1 ! cutt+ mill is tak5 out1 & replac$ by "o ( brass1 on :i* ! poli%+ is p]=m$ by means ( f9e em]y 7#eh71 tripoli1 & rott5 /one 7#aai71 exactly 9 ! same mann] z is practis$ 9 ! fir/ /age ( ! process = sett+ ! facets4 ,,diamond4 #ej4 ,! ,,diamond1 or ,,adamant ( ! anci5ts1 is ! mo/ valuable ( gems1 & ! h>de/ ( all kn[n bodies2 :5 pure1 x is p]fectly transp>5t4 ,9 a r\gh /ate1 diamonds h usually ei!r ! =m ( r\nd$ pebbles1 ) a %9+ surface1 or !y are cry/alliz$ 9 ! %ape ( octoh$rons1 or d\ble f\rsid$ pyramids4 7,pl4 ,,ii1 ,fig4 #e1 #f47 ,?\gh = ! mo/ "p col\rless1 !y are sometimes yell[1 gre51 blue1 blacki%1 or rosecol\r$4 ,! be/ diamonds are br\ght f ! ,ea/ ,indies4 ,! pr9cipal m9es are ^? ( ,raolconda & ,c\l\r1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,golconda2 & t ( ,s\melp\r1 or ,g\al1 9 ,b5gal4 ,at ,raolconda !y are f\nd 9 ! deep crevices ( rocks4 ,p]sons1 by means ( long iron rods1 ) hooks at ! end1 draw out f ^! crevices ! loose cont5ts1 & aft]w>ds wa% !m 9 tubs1 = ! purpose ( discov]+ ! diamonds4 ,! fir/ discov]y ( diamonds at ,c\l\r 0 ab\t two c5turies ago1 by a c\ntryman1 :o1 on digg+ 8 gr\nd to s[ millet1 accid5tally f\nd "o ( ^! /ones ( l>ge size4 ,f t p]iod ! :ole adjac5t pla9 began to be se>*$ to ! dep? ( f t5 to f\rte5 feet2 & ! "w 01 at "o "t1 s ext5sively pursu$1 t ne>ly #f1jjj p]sons 7 employ$ 9 x4 ,at ,s\melp\r ! diamonds are f\nd among/ ! s& & gravel ( ! riv]4 ,diamonds are likewise f\nd 9 ! isl& ( ,borneo1 & 9 sev]al p>ts ( ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,! mode by :i* !y are obta9$ f "o ( ! riv]s ( ,brazil has be5 describ$ by ,mr4 ,mawe4 ,! curr5t is turn$1 & "p ( ! b$ ( ! riv] be+ laid dry1 ! mud is tak5 up & wa%$1 by negroes1 9 places prep>$ = ! purpose1 ?r\gh :i* a portion only ( ! /ream is all[$ to fl[4 ,z soon z all ! e>?y p>ticles h be5 wa%$ away1 ! gravell matt] t rema9s is rak$ toge!r1 ! /ones are ?r[n out1 & :at diamonds happ5 to be pres5t are f\nd among/ ! refuse t is left4 ,to asc]ta9 :e!r a /one1 t has be5 f\nd1 be really a diamond1 ! workm5 h a mode ( plac+ x ^u a h>d sub/ance1 & /rik+ x ) a hamm]4 ,if x ei!r resi/s ! bl[ or sep>ate into leaves1 x mu/ be a diamond2 b1 9 ! latt] case1 ! discov]y is sometimes made at an imm5se exp5se1 z1 by ?us dim9i%+ ! size1 its value mu/ also1 ( c\rse1 be greatly dim9i%$4 ,diamonds are g5]ally export$ f ,madras 9 a r\gh /ate2 & 9 small p>cels neatly sew$ 9 musl91 & seal$ by ! m]*ants :o s5d !m4 ,^!1 we are in=m$ by ,mr4 ,milburne 9 8 valuable "w on ori5tal comm]ce1 are1 = ! mo/ "p1 sold 9 ,europe by ! invoice1 z x is call$2 t is1 )\t be+ op5$3 & he says t !y are always f\nd to conta9 ! value = :i* !y 7 sold 9 ,india4 ,( all transp>5t sub/ances1 none = brilliancy c be comp>$ ) ! diamond4 ,its h>dness is su*1 t no /eel in/rum5t :atev] c make any impression ^u x4 ,not)/&+ ?is1 at a temp]ature n s high z t :i* is requir$ = ! melt+ ( silv]1 x gradually dissipates & burns4 ,diamonds h be5 %[n to consi/ pr9cipally ( c>bon or *>coal 9 a pure & cry/alliz$ /ate4 ,! anci5ts1 ignorant ( ! art ( cutt+ diamonds1 7 cont5t$ to set !m 9 a native /ate2 & = ?is purpose !y pref]r$ su* /ones z _h naturally a cry/alliz$ =m4 ,! f\r l>ge diamonds :i* ornam5t ! clasp ( ! ,imp]ial mantle ( ,*>lemagne1 & :i* are /ill pres]v$ 9 ,p>is1 are uncut /ones ( ?is description4 ,! extreme h>dness ( ! diamond baffl$ all attempts to poli% x 9 su* mann] z to exhibit its peculi> beauty1 until ! ye> #adef1 :5 a "y man ( ,bruges1 ^: "n 0 ,b]qu91 endeav\r$ to poli% two diamonds by rubb+ !m aga9/ ea* o!r4 ,hav+ succe$$ 9 ?is1 he next con/ruct$ a :eel1 on :i*1 by means ( diamond p[d]1 he 0 enabl$ to cut & poli% ^! gems 9 a mann] beyond 8 greate/ expectation4 ,s9ce ?is p]iod ! art ( poli%+ !m has be5 greatly improv$ bo? by ! ,dut* & ,briti% jewell]s4 ,9 ! *oos+ & valu+ ( diamonds 9 a r\gh /ate1 att5tion is paid to _! col\r1 _! be+ free f extrane\s matt]1 & _! %ape4 ,^? t are mo/ p]fect are cry/all9e1 & resemble a drop ( cle> spr+ wat]1 9 ! middle ( :i* is to be p]ceiv$ a /rong light1 t plays ) great _s on mov+ !m ab\t4 ,:5 !y h a yell[i% or gre5i% t+e !y are consid]$ to be bad4 ,_m diamonds h a k9d ( confus$ /ructure1 :i* lapid>ies comp>e to knots =m$ 9 wood4 ,^! are reject$1 f ! impossibility ( poli%+ !m prop]ly4 ,mr4 ,mawe rem>ks t diamonds1 :5 rubb$ toge!r1 h a peculi>ly & sc>cely to be describ$ grat+ s\nd1 :i* is "o ( _! mo/ rem>kable *>act]i/ics4 ,by ?is alone r\gh diamonds may be accurately & exp$iti\sly di/+ui%$ f e o!r gem4 ,x is usual to cut diamonds into ?ree pr9cipal =ms1 call$ brilliant 7,pl4 ,,ii1 ,fig4 #g71 rose 7,fig4 #h71 & table diamonds 7,fig4 #i74 ,brilliants are1 = ! mo/ "p1 cut f su* ( ! /ones z h naturally a cry/alliz$ %ape1 & rose diamonds f ! flat v>ieties4 ,! =m] are s call$ f _! great lu/re1 9 consequ5ce ( ! facets on bo? sides be+ cut4 ,^! are always set ^u a black gr\nd1 :il/ rose diamonds1 :i* are mu* ?9n]1 are set ^u a :ite foil speckl$ ) black1 = ! purpose ( add+ to _! lu/re4 ,rosecut diamonds are ( c\rse mu* less e/imable ?an brilliants2 s mu* s inde$1 t ( late _m ( !m1 br\ght f ,holl&1 h be5 recut into brilliants1 not)/&+ ! additional exp5se1 & ! loss ( size necess>ily att5dant on ?is op]ation4 ,! table diamond is ! lea/ beautiful ( any4 ,?is mode ( cutt+ is only adopt$ = su* /ones1 or r fragm5ts1 z1 ) a consid]able bread?1 h only a v trifl+ dep?4 ,! diamondcutt]s ( ,engl& are consid]$ to be ! be/ 9 ,europe1 b _! numb] is s small z to occasion _m /ones to be s5t to ,holl& to be cut4 ,! value ( diamonds is asc]ta9$ by _! weight 9 c>ats2 & ?is value increases1 9 a v high ratio1 accord+ to _! magnitude4 ,= in/ance1 a diamond weigh+ "o c>at w be wor? ab\t #ajl4 :il/ ano!r ( five c>ats w be wor? #aejl4 & ( t5 c>ats #hjjl4#b ,?is rule1 h[ev]1 c only be tak5 = diamonds ( tw5ty c>ats & "u4 ,! l>g] ones1 9 consequ5ce ( ! sc>city ( pur*as]s1 are g5]ally dispos$ ( at prices greatly inf]ior to _! e/imat$ wor?4 ,! value ( "s diamonds t are peculi>ly p]fect exce$s ! above ratio2 :il/1 = a /one t is cl\dy1 f\l1 or ( bad col\r1 ev5 ?ree qu>t]s ( ! e/imat$ value w p]haps be d$uct$4 ,footnote #b3 ,a ,c>at is equal to f\r jewell]'s gra9s1 sev5 gra9s ( :i* are equal to six gra9s troy4 ,to asc]ta9 ! value ( wr\ght diamonds ! weight mu/ be d\bl$1 ab\t half be+ suppos$ to be lo/ 9 ! work+4 ,?is sum mu/ be multipli$ into itself1 & ! product by two4 ,?us to f9d ! value ( a diamond ( tw5ty c>ats #bj #b #dj #dj #afjj #b #c1bjjl4 ,no diamonds are s valuable z ^? t are p]fectly transp>5t1 & ( sn[:ite col\r4 ,! gre5 & yell[ v>ieties are1 h[ev]1 mu* e/eem$3 ! blue k9ds 7 =m]ly m valu$ ?an at pres5t2 & ! lea/ valuable are ^? t h a grey or br[ni% t9t4 ,black diamonds are mu* priz$ by collectors4 ,! pr9cipal use ( ! diamond is 9 jewell]y4 ,x is also us$ by lapid>ies1 = slitt+ h>d /ones1 & = cutt+ & engrav+ ^u o!r gems2 by clockmak]s 9 ! f9] k9ds ( clock"w2 9 ! glasstrade = squ>+ l>ge pieces or plates ( glass1 & among glazi]s = cutt+ _! glass4 ,! l>ge/ diamond ev] kn[n 7if x be su*1 & n a :ite topaz1 z "s p h imag9$7 is 9 ! possession ( ! ,que5 ( ,portugal1 & weighs #a1fhj c>ats1 or m ?an elev5 ounces4 ,x 0 f\nd 9 ,brazil1 & s5t to ,lisbon 9 ! ye> #agdf4 ,x is /ill uncut1 & has be5 valu$ at #e1fdd1hjjl4 ,! ,rajah ( ,mattan1 9 ! isl& ( ,borneo1 possesses a l>ge diamond1 %ap$ l an egg1 ) an ind5t$ holl[ ne> ! small] end4 ,x 0 f\nd 9 t isl& ab\t eighty ye>s ago1 is said to be ( ! f9e/ wat]1 & to weigh #cfg c>ats1 or m ?an two ounces & a qu>t]4 ,sev]al ye>s ago ! ,gov]nor ( ,batavia1 desir\s ( pur*as+ ?is gem1 s5t a ,mr4 ,/uv>t to ! ,rajah1 au?oriz+ him to (f] = x #aej1jjj doll>s1 two l>ge brigs ( w>1 ) _! guns & ammunition1 toge!r ) a c]ta9 numb] ( great guns1 & a quantity ( p[d] & %ot4 ,! ,rajah1 h[ev]1 refus$ to deprive 8 family ( s valuable an h]$it>y possession2 = ! ,malays n only atta* to x ! miracul\s p[] ( cur+ all diseases by means ( wat] 9 :i* x is dipp$1 b also believe t ! =tune ( ! family is su/a9$ by its cont9u+ 9 _! possession4 ,tav]ni]1 ! ,fr5* ,travell]1 saw 9 ! possession ( ! ,great ,mogul a diamond :i* weigh$ ne> #bhj c>ats4 ,9 =m & size x resembl$ half a h5's egg4 ,?is diamond _h be5 obta9$ f ! m9e ( ,c\l\r1 ab\t ! ye> #aeej2 & 0 valu$ at m ?an #gjj1jjjl4 /]l+4 ,! sceptre ( ! ,emp]or ( ,russia is adorn$ ) an ori5tal diamond ab\t ! size ( a pigeon's egg1 :i* weighs #aie c>ats4 ,?is diamond is said to h once be5 plac$ z ! eye ( an idol 9 ,s]+ham1 9 ! ,c>natic4 ,a gr5adi]1 :o _h des]t$ f ! ,fr5* s]vice 9 ,india1 contriv$ to become "o ( ! prie/s ( ! idol1 9 ! hope ( be+ able to /eal ?is eye4 ,he at l5g? effect$ 8 purpose1 & escap$ ) ! diamond to ,madras1 :]e he sold x to ! capta9 ( a %ip = a sum equal to #b1ejjl4 ( ,briti% money4 ,x 0 aft]w>ds transf]r$ to a ,jew = #ah1jjjl4 ,com+ into ! h&s ( a ,greek m]*ant1 he (f]$ x = sale at ,am/]dam1 9 #agff2 & ! ,russian ,pr9ce ,orl(f b\ght x = ! ,empress ,ca?>9e = ab\t #ij1jjjl4 /]l+1 & an annuity ( #d1jjjl4 dur+ ! life ( ! p]son :o sold x4 ,! ,pitt1 or ,reg5t diamond 7,pl4 ,,ii1 ,fig4 #aj71 :i* lately 0 set 9 ! h&le ( ! sword ( /ate ( ,buonap>te1 & is n[ possess$ by ! k+ ( ,france1 is a brilliant ( ! mo/ beautiful k9d1 & weighs #acf c>ats4 ,x 0 br\ght f ,india by ,?omas ,pitt1 ,esq4 ,gov]nor ( ,=t ,george4 ,mr4 ,pitt has himself /at$1 respect+ x1 t1 9 ,decemb]1 #agja1 :il/ resid5t 9 ,madras1 sev]al valuable /ones1 9 a r\gh /ate1 7 br\ght to him = sale by an em95t diamond m]*ant4 ,"o ( ^!1 ! diamond "h spok5 (1 0 s l>ge t ! m]*ant ask$ = x ! sum ( #he1jjjl4 ,aft] mu* b>ga9+1 ,mr4 ,pitt pur*as$ x = #bj1djjl4 ,he aft]w>ds sold x = #ace1jjjl4 to ! ,reg5t ,duke ( ,orleans2 & by him x 0 plac$ among ! cr[n jewels ( ,france4 ,! ,pigot diamond weighs =tysev5 & a half c>ats4 ,?is1 :i* is an extremely f9e /one1 0 dispos$ ( by lott]y1 9 #ahjj1 = #bb1jjjl42 & is n[ 9 ! possession ( ,messrs4 ,rundell & ,bridge1 jewell]s 9 ,london4 ,a l>ge />1 cross1 & *a91 worn on gr& gala days by ! ,pr9ce ( ,brazil1 z ,sov]eign ( ! diff]5t ,portuguese ord]s ( knigh?ood1 are ea* ornam5t$ ) a great numb] ( magnific5t diamonds1 set 9 gold4 ,! c5tre diamond ( ! /> is alone valu$ at #hjj1jjjl4 ,:5 ! diamond is rubb$ x w attract bits ( /raw1 fea!rs1 hairs1 & o!r small objects2 & if expos$ to ! rays ( ! sun1 & imm$iately tak5 into a d>k place1 "s diamonds w appe> lum9\s4 ,,zircon ,,family4 #ea4 ,,j>goon is a gem usually ( smoky yell[ or br[ni% col\r1 & sometimes limpid3 if plac$ ^u any object1 x exhibits ( x a v di/9ct d\ble image4 ,! primitive =m ( its cry/al is an octoh$ron 7,pl4 ,,ii1 ,fig4 #e71 b x is frequ5tly cry/alliz$ 9 "rangl$ prisms1 t]m9at$ by f\rsid$ pyramids4 ,9 h>dness ?is /one does n mu* exce$ t ( ! em]ald4 ,! greyi% :ite & yell[i% :ite v>ieties ( j>goon are valuable *iefly on acc\nt ( _! resemblance to ! diamond4 ,! d>k]col\r$ v>ieties c be depriv$ ( _! col\r by heat2 &1 9 ?is /ate1 ?\gh 9 lu/re !y are inf9itely inf]ior to !m1 !y are sometimes sub/itut$ = diamonds4 ,j>goons are n[ seldom us$ except = ! jewell+ ( wat*es & "tpieces4 ,ab\t a c5tury ago1 !y 7 mu* us$ 9 m\rn+ ornam5ts1 = :i* ! d>k tone ( _! col\r1 & _! almo/ adamant9e lu/re1 7 suppos$ to be peculi>ly appropriate4 ,! j>goon is pr9cipally br\ght f ! isl& ( ,ceylon2 b x is occasionally f\nd 9 ,france1 & ,spa91 & 9 granite rocks ne> ,cuffel1 9 ,dumfrie%ire1 ,scotl&4 #eb4 ,! ,,hyac9?1 or ,,jac9?1 is a d>k oranger$ v>iety ( j>goon4 ,x is also *iefly import$ f ,ceylon1 :]e x is g5]ally f\nd 9 ! s& ( riv]s1 9 irregul>ly r\nd pieces1 b seldom ( l>ge size )\t flaws4 ,?is /one is indebt$ = its "n to a suppos$ resemblance 9 col\r to t fl[]1 :i*1 accord+ to ! ,pagan my?ology1 ,apollo rais$ f ! blood ( 8 fav\rite y\?1 ,hyac9?us4 ,:5 bright1 & free f flaws1 ! hyac9? is a sup]b r+ /one2 b x is n ( usual occurr5ce 9 mod]n jewell]y4 ,,ruby ,,family4 #ec4 ,! ,,ori5tal ,,sapphire is a gem ( blue col\r1 ! %ades ( :i* v>y f a full & deep t9t to a ne>ly col\rless appe>ance1 & sometimes x is p>tycol\r$4 ,x is f\nd cry/alliz$ 9 sixsid$ pyramids mu* l5g!n$ & jo9$ base to base 7,pl4 ,,ii1 ,fig4 #ac72 & also 9 r\nd$ or pebble%ap$ fragm5ts4 ,x has a foliat$ texture1 is extremely h>d1 & ab\t f\r times z heavy z wat]4 ,we are *iefly indebt$ = ! sapphire to ! ,ea/ ,indies & ! ,isl& ( ,ceylon1 :]e x is f\nd among/ ! s& ( ! riv]s4 ,:5 br\ght into ,europe1 x is cut by means ( diamond p[d]1 & poli%$ ) em]y4 ,x is n[ usually set ) a foil ( its own col\r2 b x 0 =m]ly ! practice1 in/ead ( foil1 to place "u ?is /one ! blue "p ( a peacock's fea!r4 ,9 h>dness ! sapphire ranks next to ! ruby 7#ed72 & 9 value x is ab\t equal to ! em]ald 7#fg74 ,a good sapphire ( t5 c>ats' weight is wor? ab\t fifty gu9eas4 ,9 ! ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory at ,p>is !re is a sapphire :i* weighs upw>ds ( sixtysix c>ats3 x 0 plac$ !re f ! w>drobe ( ! cr[n4 ,we are in=m$ by ,m4 ,hauy t sapphires are f\nd 9 ,bohemia & ,france1 p>ticul>ly 9 "o "p ( ! ,ville du ,puy1 among ! s& ( a rivulet ne> ,expailly4 ,9 ! summ]"t1 :5 ! rivulet is ne>ly dry1 !y are collect$ by p]sons1 ea* ( :om is furni%$ ) a small tray & a l95 bag4 ,:]eev] !re are small depressions 9 :i* ! wat] has be5 /ation>y1 ^! p]sons ent] !m1 & fill _! trays ) ! s&4 ,?is !y wa% 9 wat] 9 su* mann] t ! light] p>ticles are c>ri$ away2 :il/ ! heavi] ones ( gravel1 sapphire1 & o!r articles1 rema9 at ! bottom4 ,"s sapphires exhibit a k9d ( opalesc5ce1 or :iti% float+ light 9 _! int]ior4 ,sapphires lose all _! col\r 9 ! fire2 &1 aft] hav+ be5 subject$ to heat1 !y are s h>d & transp>5t z sometimes to be sold = diamonds4 #ed4 ,,ori5tal ,,ruby is a preci\s /one ( int5se & bright r$ col\r1 occasionally v>i$ ) blue1 & sometimes p>tycol\r$4 ,9 ! g5]al =m ( its cry/als x mu* resembles ! sapphire 7#ec74 ,! ruby is import$ into ?is c\ntry f ! ,ea/ ,indies1 ?\gh seldom 9 a r\gh /ate1 z ! /ones are almo/ always fir/ cut by ! ,indians = ! purpose ( asc]ta9+ _! value4 ,!y are said to be f\nd 9 ! s& ( c]ta9 /reams ne> ! t[n ( ,sirian1 ! capital ( ,pegu2 & ) sapphires 9 ! s& ( riv]s 9 ,ceylon4 ,b !y are s seldom se5 ( l>ge size1 t a ruby above ?irty"o c>ats' weight1 ( p]fect col\r1 & )\t flaws1 is ev5 m e/imable ?an a diamond ( equal weight4 ,! ruby is usually set ) a foil2 b1 if peculi>ly f9e1 x is sometimes set )\t bottom1 t ! /one may be se5 ?r\gh4 ,tav]ni]1 ! ,ea/]n travell]1 /ates t1 9 ! ?rone ( ! ,great ,mogul1 he saw #ajh rubies1 :i*1 on an av]age1 weigh$ f #ajj to #bjj c>ats ea*4 ,among ! jewels ( ! ,k+ ( ,c&y1 t 7 sold by auction 9 ,london1 on ! #ac? ( ,june1 #ahbj1 0 a ruby :i* measur$ two in*es 9 l5g?1 & "o in* 9 bread?4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 int]e/+ only z a specim5 = a cab9et1 = x _h1 9 v>i\s directions1 a great numb] ( small hairl tubes runn+ ?r\gh x4 ,! h>dness ( ?is /one is su* t ! anci5ts d n appe> to h possess$ ! art ( cutt+ x2 &1 9 ! improvem5ts :i* ( late h be5 made by ,mr4 ,e>n%aw 9 ! con/ruction ( "tkeep]s1 no /ones h be5 f\nd suffici5tly h>d = jewell+ ! holes1 except ! ruby & ! diamond4 ,!re are sev]al modes ( c\nt]feit+ rubies2 & "s p]sons h succe$$ s well 9 imitat+ ^! /ones1 t ev5 ! mo/ able lapid>ies1 till !y try ! h>dness1 may be deceiv$4 #ee4 ,! ,,ori5tal ,,ame?y/ is an extremely r>e gem1 usually ( purple col\r1 app>5tly =m$ by an union ( ! col\r+ matt] ( ! sapphire & ! ruby4 ,?is /one1 if heat$1 loses its col\r1 & becomes transp>5t4 ,aft] ?is process its brilliancy is su* t x is sc>cely di/+ui%able f ! diamond2 &1 9 jewell]'s "w1 x is occasionally sub/itut$ = t gem4 ,! common ame?y/ 7#gi71 or t :i* is *iefly se51 is no?+ m ?an a violetcol\r$ rock cry/al 7#gh74 #ef4 ,! ,,ori5tal ,,topaz & ,,em]ald are ea* v>ieties ( ! ori5tal ruby1 ! =m] /rawcol\r$ & ! latt] gre54 ,?is k9d ( em]ald is import$ f ,pegu1 & "s o!r p>ts ( ! ,ea/ ,indies1 & is an extremely r>e gem4 #eg4 ,! ,,sp9el & ,,balais ,,ruby are two k9ds ( preci\s /ones1 :i* diff] f ea* o!r pr9cipally 9 col\r1 ! =m] be+ ( a c>m9e1 & ! latt] a co*9eal r$4 ,!y v>y f ! ori5tal ruby 7#ed7 9 be+ less h>d2 9 ! primitive =m ( _! cry/als be+ regul> octoh$rons 7,pl4 ,,ii1 ,fig4 #e71 & 9 _! n be+ mu* m ?an #c times heavi] ?an wat]4 ,al?\gh ^! two k9ds ( rubies are inf]ior1 bo? 9 lu/re & col\r1 to ! ori5tal ruby2 yet1 :5 !y exce$ a c]ta9 size1 !y are mu* e/eem$4 ,a sp9el t weighs m ?an f\r c>ats is valu$ at half z mu* z a diamond ( ! same weight1 & is n unfrequ5tly impos$ ^u ignorant pur*as]s = ! ori5tal species4 ,x is easily wr\ght1 takes a high poli%1 & is c]ta9ly a beautiful gem4 ,be+ too exp5sive = necklaces1 x is usually set 9 r+s & broo*es1 surr\nd$ by brilliants4 ,! sp9el ruby is f\nd among/ s&1 9 "o ( ! riv]s ( ,ceylon1 :i* fl[s f ! high m\nta9s1 t[>ds ! middle ( ! isl&4 ,x is also f\nd 9 ,brazil2 & 9 ,hung>y1 ,bohemia1 & ,silesia4 ,! ,balais ruby is s nam$ f ,balac*an1 ! ,indian appellation ( ,pegu1 f :i* c\ntry x is *iefly import$4 #eh4 ,,em]y is a v h>d opaque m9]al1 ( blacki% or blui% grey col\r1 :i* is *iefly f\nd 9 %apeless masses1 & mix$ ) o!r m9]als4 ,x is ab\t f\r times z heavy z wat]4 ,! be/ em]y is br\ght f ! ,levant1 & *iefly f ,naxos1 & o!r isl&s ( ! ,grecian ,ar*ipelago1 :]e x occurs abundantly1 9 l>ge1 loose masses1 at ! foot ( primitive m\nta9s4 ,x is also f\nd 9 "s p>ts ( ,spa92 & is obta9$ f a few ( ! iron m9es 9 our own c\ntry4 ,9 h>dness x is ne>ly equal to adamant9e sp>2 & ?is prop]ty has r5d]$ x an object ( great reque/ 9 v>i\s arts4 ,x is employ$ by lapid>ies 9 ! cutt+ & poli%+ ( preci\s /ones2 by opticians1 9 smoo?+ ! surface ( ! f9] k9ds ( glass1 prep>atory to _! be+ poli%$2 by cutl]s1 & o!r manufactur]s ( iron & /eel in/rum5ts2 by masons1 9 ! poli%+ ( m>ble3 &1 9 _! respective bus9esses1 by locksmi?s1 glazi]s1 & num]\s o!r artisans4 ,= all ^! purposes x is pulv]iz$ 9 l>ge iron mort>s1 or 9 /eel mills2 & is aft]w>ds sep>at$1 accord+ to ! sev]al degrees ( f95ess t are requir$1 by wa%+ x 9 wat]1 & suff]+ ! gross] p>ticles to deposit !mselves4 ,by ?is op]ation ! f9] p>ticles1 :i* rema9 susp5d$ 9 ! wat]1 & :i* are obta9$ by decant+ ! wat] (f1 & suff]+ x to /& = a consid]able "t1 are sep>at$4 ,! p>ticles fir/ deposit$ are aga9 gr\nd1 & aga9 agitat$ 9 ! wat]1 to sep>ate ! f9e/4 ,by ^! successive op]ations ! em]y is r$uc$ to a p[d] s f9e t1 :5 rubb$ betwe5 ! f+]s1 x communicates no s5sation :atev] ( gritt9ess4 ,9 g5]al ^? p>ticles only ( ! em]y :i* rema9 susp5d$ 9 ! wat]1 aft] x has /ood ab\t half an h\r1 are us$ to poli% metals4 #ei4 ,,adamant9e ,,sp>1 or ,,imp]fect ,,corundum1 is a v h>d & ne>ly opaque /one1 :i* v>ies mu* 9 col\r1 b is *iefly grey1 ) a gre5i%1 br[n1 or blui% t9t4 ,x is usually f\nd 9 ! =m ( sixsid$ prisms1 b x sometimes occurs 9 %apeless masses1 has a foliat$ texture1 & is ab\t f\r times z heavy z wat]4 ,! "n ( adamant9e sp> 0 giv51 by ! ,briti% lapid>ies1 to ?is sub/ance f its h>dness be+ ne>ly equal to t ( ! diamond4 ,x 0 orig9ally discov]$ among ! granite rocks ( ,*9a2 b x has s9ce be5 f\nd1 & 9 great] purity1 9 ,b5gal & ,ceylon4 ,9 a p[d]$ /ate ?is sub/ance has long be5 us$ by ! arti/s ( ,india & ,*9a = ! cutt+ & poli%+ ( preci\s /ones1 & ev5 ( ! diamond2 b1 ?\gh x w 9 "s degree op]ate ^u t gem1 x is n suffici5tly h>d to br+ out ! peculi> beauty ( x 9 a degree at all comp>able to t :i* is effect$ by ! ,european lapid>ies ) diamond p[d]4 ,! ,*9ese also use adamant9e sp> = poli%+ /eel1 & 9 ! composition ( ! f9] k9ds ( porcela9 or e>!nw>e4 ,= ! cutt+ ( seals & preci\s /ones ,european workm5 consid] x pref]able to em]y2 b1 = m9ute engrav+1 x is mu* inf]ior to diamond p[d]4 #fj4 ,,*rysob]yl is a gem ( yell[i% or br[ni% gre5 col\r1 h>d] ?an qu>tz 7#gf71 & sometimes transp>5t2 b (t5 only semitransp>5t1 9 :i* case x exhibits a blui% light1 float+ 9 ! int]ior ( ! /one4 ,x is usually f\nd 9 r\nd$ pieces1 b is sometimes cry/alliz$ 9 compress$ sixsid$ prisms1 & 9 d\ble sixsid$ pyramids4 ,s little is ?is gem 9 reque/ 9 ,europe1 t x is seldom to be f\nd 9 ! possession ( jewell]s2 b 9 ,brazil x is consid]$ inf]ior only to ! diamond4 ,x is usually procur$ f ,s\? ,am]ica2 yet x occurs 9 ,saxony2 &1 ) ! ruby & sapphire1 among/ s& 9 ! riv]s ( ,ceylon4 ,su* is ! h>dness ( ! *rysob]yl1 t1 :5 prop]ly poli%$1 :i* is a difficult op]ation1 x is capable ( receiv+ a lu/re ne>ly equal to t ( ! diamond4 ,we are in=m$ t1 a few ye>s ago1 a consid]able numb] ( ^! gems 7 import$ into ?is c\ntry f ,brazil1 b t ! great] "p ( !m 7 entirely spoil$ by inf]ior workm51 & t ! re/ 7 s illcut t !y rema9$ unnotic$1 & )\t value4 ,! small] /ones are said to appe> to mo/ advantage 9 circul> e>drops2 & ! l>g] specim5s =m necklaces & r+ /ones ( great beauty4 ,! v>iety :i* exhibits an opalesc5t appe>ance1 or pres5ts a blui% light1 undulat+ z x 7 9 ! int]ior ( ! /one1 & *ang+ its situation accord+ to ! position ( ! obs]v]1 is *iefly valuable z an article ( curiosity3 ! transp>5t k9d is always pref]r$ by ! jewell]4 ,,s*orl ,,family4 #fa4 ,! ,,topaz is a gem usually ( a w9eyell[ col\r1 b sometimes orange1 p9k1 blue1 & ev5 col\rless1 l rock cry/al2 ( a lamell> or foliat$ /ructure1 h>d] ?an qu>tz1 b n s h>d z ruby4 ,x v>ies consid]ably 9 its cry/allization2 is #c times heavi] ?an wat]2 &1 :5 plac$ ^u any object1 %[s a d\ble image ( x4 ,! "n ( topaz is d]iv$ f an isl& 9 ! ,r$ ,sea1 :]e ! anci5ts f\nd a /one1 b v diff]5t f ours1 :i* !y d5om9at$ topaz4 ,! be/ topazes are ( a deep col\r1 & are import$ f ,brazil2 ! mo/ brilliant ones are suppos$ to be ^? ( ,saxony2 b ! latt] are g5]ally ( v pale col\r4 ,?is species ( gem is f\nd 9 _m p>ts ( ,europe1 b defective 9 transp>5cy1 & sometimes ev5 opaque4 ,x occurs 9 l>ge cry/als1 & roll$ masses1 9 an alluvial soil 7#bfi71 9 ! upp] p>ts ( ,ab]de5%ire1 ,scotl&2 & 9 ve9s1 along ) t9/one1 at ,/4 ,anne's1 9 ,cornwall4 ,topazes1 m ?an a p\nd 9 weight1 h be5 f\nd 9 ,scotl&4 ,mr4 ,mawe speaks ( a topaz m9e at ,capon1 ne> ,villa ,rica1 9 ,brazil4 ,9 two breaks or slips ( ! rocks1 he says1 !re 7 little s(t places :]e ! negroes f\nd ! topazes by scrap+ 9 !m ) pieces ( iron4 ,he himself obs]v$ at lea/ a c>tload ( inf]ior topazes1 any numb] ( :i* he might h tak5 away2 b all t he saw 7 defective & full ( flaws4 ,^! /ones v>y mu* 9 size2 "s1 p>ticul>ly ^? ( ,sib]ia1 be+ extremely small1 & o!rs be+ upw>ds ( an in* 9 ?ickness4 ,9 ! ,collection ( ,natural ,hi/ory at ,p>is !re is a ,brazilian topaz :i* weighs f\r ounces & a qu>t]4 ,^! /ones are n suffici5tly sc>ce to be1 9 g5]al1 mu* valu$ by ! jewell] or lapid>y4 ,! deep yell[ v>iety is pref]r$ to ! pale sort1 al?\gh ! latt] is (t5 sup]ior to x bo? 9 size & h>dness4 ,figures h sometimes be5 engrav$ on ! topaz2 & ^!1 :5 well execut$1 are ( great value4 ,9 ! ,national ,museum at ,p>is !re is a sup]b ,indian ,bac*us engrav5 on a topaz4 ,! cab9et ( ! ,emp]or ( ,russia conta9s sev]al f9e topazes ( ?is description4 ,"s ( ! co>se k9ds ( topaz are brok5 d[n1 p\nd$1 & us$ in/ead ( em]y = ! cutt+ ( h>d m9]als2 & p[d]$ topaz 0 =m]ly kept 9 apo!c>ies' %ops1 & sold z an antidote aga9/ madness4 ,x is a some:at s+ul> circum/ance1 t1 if ! ,saxon topaz be gradually expos$ to a /rong heat 9 a crucible1 x w become :ite &1 on ! contr>y1 t ,brazilian topazes by ! same process become r$ or p9k4 ,by exposure to a /ill /rong] heat1 ! ,brazilian topaz *anges its col\r to a violetblue4 ,jewell]s usually divide topazes into ! foll[+ k9ds3 #fb4 ,,brazilian & ,,saxon1 already m5tion$4 #fc4 ,,bohemian4--,^! are f\nd *iefly 9 ! t9 m9es ( ,bohemia1 are ( small size1 defici5t 9 transp>5cy1 h only grey or muddy :ite col\rs1 & are ( little value4 #fd4 ,,blue ,,topaz4--,?is is a l>ge ,brazilian gem1 :i* v>ies 9 size f "o or two c>ats to two or ?ree ounces4 ,a f9e blue topaz1 )\t flaw1 & :i* weigh$ an ounce & a qu>t]1 0 sold = #bjj gu9eas4 ,x is sometimes difficult to di/+ui% a blue topaz f an aqua m>9e 7#fh74 #fe4 ,,p9k ,,topaz4--,"s beautiful rosecol\r$ v>ieties ( topaz h be5 br\ght f ,asia ,m9or1 & o!rs are f\nd 9 ,s\? ,am]ica2 b ! p9k topazes 9 ! jewell]s' %ops are *iefly /ones ( ! yell[ ,brazilian k9d1 :i* h _h _! col\r *ang$ by heat4 #ff4 ,! ,,:ite1 or ,,nova ,,m9a ,,topaz1 is a p]fectly col\rless & transp>5t v>iety4 ,x g5]ally occurs ( small size1 & is 9 consid]able e/imation 9 ,brazil = e>r+s1 or = be+ set r\nd yell[ topazes4 ,small /ones ( ?is description h rec5tly be5 f\nd at ,/4 ,mi*ael's ,m\nt1 9 ,cornwall4 ,!re is import$ f ,brazil a yell[ k9d ( cry/al 7#hc71 :i* is s simil>1 9 its appe>ance1 to ! yell[ topaz z sometimes to be impos$ ^u pur*as]s = t /one4 #fg4 ,! ,,em]ald is a wellkn[n gem1 ( pure gre5 col\r1 & some:at h>d] ?an qu>tz4 ,its natural =m is a %ort sixsid$ prism2 b x is sometimes f\nd massive1 & r\nd$ l a pebble4 ,by ! anci5ts ! em]ald 0 a gem mu* 9 reque/1 & p>ticul>ly = engrav+ ^u4 ,!y d5om9at$ x sm>agdus1 & are said to h procur$ x f ,e?iopia & ,egypt2 b1 besides ! true em]ald1 ,pl9y1 "u ?is title1 includes gre5 jasp] 7#if71 mala*ite 7#bca71 fluor sp> 7#aid71 & "s o!r gre5 m9]als4 ,! pill>s ( em]ald 9 ! temple ( ,h]cules at ,tyre1 m5tion$ by ,h]odotus1 & ! l>ge em]alds describ$ by ,pl9y z hav+ be5 cut into columns & /atues1 _c be ref]r$ to ! true em]ald4 ,! deepe/ col\r$ & mo/ valuable em]alds t we are acqua9t$ ) are br\ght f ,p]u4 ,!y are f\nd 9 clefts & ve9s ( granite1 & o!r primitive rocks2 sometimes gr\p$ ) ! cry/als ( qu>tz 7#gf71 felsp> 7#aaj71 & mica 7#abc72 &1 n unfrequ5tly1 loose 9 ! s& ( riv]s4 ,! mo/ anci5t em]ald m9e is t ( ,manta1 9 ,p]u1 b x has be5 "s "t exhau/$2 & mo/ ( ! em]alds t are n[ br\ght to ,europe are obta9$ f a m9e situat$ 9 ! valley ( ,tunca1 betwe5 ! m\nta9s ( ,new ,gr5ada & ,popayan4 ,! em]ald is "o ( ! s(te/ ( ! preci\s /ones2 & is almo/ exclusively indebt$ = its value to its *>m+ col\r4 ,! brilliant purple ( ! ruby1 ! gold5 yell[ ( ! topaz1 ! cele/ial blue ( ! sapphire1 are all pleas+ t9ts2 b ! gre5 ( ! em]ald is s lovely1 t ! eye1 aft] glanc+ ov] all ! o!rs1 f9ds delight 9 re/+ ^u ?is4 ,9 value x is rat$ next to ! ruby2 &1 :5 ( good col\r1 is set )\t foil & ^u a black gr\nd1 l a brilliant diamond4 ,em]alds ( inf]ior lu/re are g5]ally set ^u a gre5 gold foil4 ,^! gems appe> to greate/ advantage :5 table cut 7,pl4 ,,ii1 ,fig4 #i71 & surr\nd$ by brilliants1 ! lu/re ( :i* =ms an agreeable contra/ ) ! quiet hue ( ! em]ald4 ,!y are sometimes =m$ into pe>%ap$ e>drops2 b ! mo/ valuable /ones are g5]ally set 9 r+s4 ,a fav\rite mode ( sett+ em]alds among ! opul5t inhabitants ( ,s\? ,am]ica is to make !m up into clu/]s ( artificial fl[]s on gold /ems4 ,! l>ge/ em]ald t has be5 m5tion$ is "o said to h be5 possess$ by ! inhabitants ( ! valley ( ,manta1 9 ,p]u1 at ! "t :5 ! ,spani>ds fir/ arriv$ !re4 ,x is record$ to h be5 z big z an o/ri*'s egg1 & to h be5 wor%ipp$ by ! ,p]uvians1 "u ! "n ( ! ,goddess1 or ,"m ( ,em]alds4 ,!y br\ght small] ones z (f]+s to x1 :i* ! prie/s di/+ui%$ by ! appellation ( daught]s4 ,_m f9e em]alds are /at$ to h =m]ly be5 bequea!d to diff]5t mona/]ies on ! ,cont95t2 b mo/ ( !m are said to h be5 sold by ! monks1 & to h _h _! place suppli$ by col\r$ glass imitations4 ,^! /ones are seldom se5 ( l>ge size1 & at ! same "t entirely free f flaws4 ,! em]ald1 if heat$ to a c]ta9 degree1 assumes a blue col\r2 b x recov]s its prop] t9t :5 cold4 ,:5 ! heat is c>ri$ mu* beyond ?is1 x melts into an opaque col\r$ mass4 ,! preci\s /one call$ ori5tal em]ald 7#ef7 is a gre5 & v sc>ce v>iety ( ! ori5tal ruby4 #fh4 ,! ,,b]yl1 or ,,aqua ,,m>9e1 is a light or m\nta9 gre5 v>iety ( ! em]ald1 sometimes /rawcol\r$1 blui%1 yell[1 or ev5 :ite4 ,^! /ones are ( su* frequ5t occurr5ce1 ev5 9 l>ge pieces p]fectly cle> & free f flaws1 !y are 9 g5]al s s(t1 & h s little ! brilliancy ( o!r gems1 t !y are usually consid]$ ( inf]ior value4 ,! mo/ beautiful k9ds are br\ght f ,dauria1 on ! fronti]s ( ,*9a1 f ,sib]ia1 & f ,brazil4 ,!y are also f\nd 9 ,saxony & ! ,s\? ( ,france1 & are v common at ,baltimore1 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,specim5s ( aqua m>9e h be5 obta9$ f ! upp] p>ts ( ,ab]de5%ire1 ,scotl&1 :]e !y sometimes occur 9 alluvial soil1 along ) rock cry/al & topaz4 ,^! /ones h also be5 f\nd1 emb$d$ 9 granite1 ne> ,l\gh ,bray1 & ,cronebane1 9 ! ,c\nty ( ,wickl[1 ,irel&2 & also 9 m\nta9 rock1 9 "s p>ts ( ,devon%ire4 ,!y are cut by means ( em]y 7#eh71 & poli%$ ) tripoli 7#aai74 ,! d>ke/ gre5 specim5s are set ^u a some:at /eelcol\r$ foil2 & ! pale ones are ei!r plac$1 l ! diamond1 on a black gr\nd1 or ^u a silv]y foil4 ,! aqua m>9e is usually made into necklaces2 b x is likewise employ$ = broo*es1 & n unfrequ5tly = /eel /ones & intaglios4 ,! l>g] ones are 9 mu* e/eem among ! ,turks = ! h&les ( /ilettos4 #fi4 ,! ,,t\rmal9e is a /one belong+ to ! same family z ! em]ald1 & g5]ally ( a smoky blacki% col\r3 sometimes1 h[ev]1 x is gre51 r$1 blue1 or br[n2 &1 :5 n v ?ick1 x is transp>5t4 ,x is occasionally f\nd 9 %apeless masses1 b m frequ5tly cry/alliz$ 9 ?ree1 six1 or n9esid$ prisms1 v>i\sly truncat$ or t]m9at$2 & its weight is some:at m ?an ?ree times t ( wat]4 ,?is /one 0 fir/ made kn[n 9 ,europe1 ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! la/ c5tury1 by ! ,dut* m]*ants1 :o br\ght x f ! isl& ( ,ceylon1 :]e x is pr9cipally f\nd4 ,:5 /rongly heat$ x becomes electric2 "o ( ! summits ( ! cry/al negatively1 & ! o!r positively4 ,an e>ly writ]1 by :om x is m5tion$1 says1 t 8x has ! prop]ty n only ( attract+ a%es f ! w>m or burn+ coals1 b t x also repels !m aga91 :i* is v amus+3 = z soon z a small quantity ( a%es leaps ^u x1 & appe>s z if endeav\r+ to wri! !mselves by =ce into ! /one1 !y 9 a little "t spr+ f x aga91 z if ab\t to make a new attempt4 ,x 0 on ?is acc\nt t ! ,dut* call$ x ! a%es draw]40 ,s9ce ! above p]iod1 t\rmal9e has be5 f\nd 9 ,brazil2 & 9 ,norway1 ,g]many1 ,france1 & sev]al o!r p>ts ( ,europe4 ,x g5]ally occurs emb$d$ 9 diff]5t k9ds ( m\nta9 rock2 &1 9 ^!1 is r conf9$ to s+le b$s or /rata1 ?an dissem9at$ ?r\gh ! :ole mass ( ! m\nta94 ,a piece ( t\rmal9e1 ( cyl9drical =m1 & br[ni% grey col\r1 0 "s "t ago discov]$ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,kitthill1 ne> ,call+ton1 ,cornwall4 ,black t\rmal9e1 bo? 9 l>ge & small cry/als1 is f\nd 9 granite rock1 9 ! vic9ity ( ! ,logan1 or ,rock+/ones1 ne> ,tr]yn1 9 ! same c\nty4 ,:5 laid on a table1 ! t\rmal9e appe>s a d>k & opaque /one2 b1 :5 held aga9/ ! light1 x has g5]ally a pale br[ni% hue4 ,x is sometimes cut1 poli%$1 & worn z a gem2 b1 on acc\nt ( ! mudd9ess ( its col\rs1 x is n 9 g5]al mu* e/eem$4 ,^? p]sons :o we> t\rmal9es set 9 r+s consid] !m m z objects ( curiosity ?an ( elegance3 !y %[ !m z small electrical in/rum5ts1 :i*1 aft] be+ heat$ a little :ile by ! fire1 w attract & repel light bodies4 ,9 ! sup]b collection ( m9]als ( ! ,briti% ,museum1 !re is a magnific5t specim5 ( r$ t\rmal9e1 or rubellite1 :i* has be5 valu$ at #ajjjl4 /]l+4 ,x 0 pres5t$ by ! ,k+ ( ,ava to ! late ,colonel ,symes1 :5 on an embassy to t c\ntry1 & 0 aft]w>ds deposit$ by ! latt] 9 ,mr4 ,greville's collection2 ) t collection x became ! prop]ty ( ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,,g>net ,,family4 #gj4 ,! ,,preci\s1 or ,,noble ,,g>net1 is a gem ( crimson col\r1 :i*1 :5 cry/alliz$1 has ! =m ( a twelvesid$ solid 7,pl ,,ii1 ,fig4 #aa1 #ab74 ,x is suffici5tly h>d to scrat* qu>tz1 & is ab\t f\r times z heavy z wat]4 ,?is /one is f\nd abundantly 9 _m m\nta9s 7p>ticul>ly ( primitive rock71 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w4 ,b g>nets ( ! h>de/ & be/ quality are br\ght f ,bohemia1 :]e !re are regul> m9es ( !m2 & a great numb] ( p]sons are !re employ$ 9 collect+1 cutt+1 & bor+ !m4 ,! bor+ is p]=m$ by an in/rum5t hav+ a diamond at its extremity1 :i* is rapidly turn$ by a b[4 ,! "w is s exp$iti\sly p]=m$1 t an exp]t arti/ c bore #aej g>nets1 or he c cut & poli% ?irty1 9 a day4 ,9 ,suabia !re are two t[ns 9 :i* upw>ds ( #adj p]sons are employ$ 9 ^! op]ations4 ,9 g5]al g>nets are /ones ( inf]ior value4 ,:5 comp>$ ) ! ruby1 ^? ev5 ( f9e/ quality h a v sombre appe>ance4 ,! k9ds mo/ e/eem$ are su* z h a cle> & int5se r$ col\r1 or a ri* violet or purpli% t+e4 ,! be/ g>nets are cut 9 ! mann] ( o!r preci\s /ones1 & are usually set ^u a foil ( ! same col\r4 ,to height5 ! col\r & transp>5cy ( c]ta9 g>nets1 jewell]s ei!r =m !m into :at are call$ d\blets1 by atta*+ to ! l[] "p ( ! /one a ?9 plate ( silv]1 or !y holl[ !m und]nea?4 ,cry/als ( g>net sometimes occur ?ree or f\r in*es 9 diamet]4 ,^! are cut into small vases2 :i*1 if ( good col\r1 & free f defects1 are highly valu$4 ,_m f9e engrav+s h be5 execut$ on g>net4 ,"o ( ! mo/ beautiful t is kn[n is a figure ( ! dog ,sirius1 9 ! possession ( ,"l ,duncannon4 ,! co>s] k9ds ( g>net are us$ z em]y = ! poli%+ ( o!r m9]als2 & are ?us prep>$4 ,!y are made r$hot1 !n qu5*$ 9 wat]1 r$uc$ to p[d] 9 an iron mort>1 & la/ly diffus$ ?r\gh wat]1 p\r$ into o!r vessels1 & all[$ to settle1 9 ord] to obta9 an uni=m p[d]4 ,?is p[d] is kn[n to arti/s by ! "n ( r$ em]y4 ,x has be5 conjectur$ t our g>net 0 ! same k9d ( /one :i*1 on acc\nt ( its col\r1 ! anci5ts d5om9at$ c>buncle4 #ga4 ,,common ,,g>net4--,a v inf]ior v>iety ( g>net1 ( br[n or gre5i% br[n col\r1 is f\nd 9 our own c\ntry1 & p>ticul>ly among/ rocks ne> ,huntley1 9 ,ab]de5%ire1 ,scotl&4 ,^! g>nets1 h[ev]1 are1 9 g5]al1 s s(t z to be ( little value to ! lapid>y2 & consequ5tly are seldom cut or poli%$ = ornam5tal purposes4 ,b be+ easily fus$1 & ab\nd+ 9 iron1 !y are occasionally employ$ z a flux 9 ! smelt+ ( ri* iron ores3 & z an addition to poor ones4 #gb4 ,,syrian ,,g>nets are di/+ui%$ by _! violet or purpli% t+e4 ,"s writ]s /ate t !y h _! "n f ! ^w ,soranus1 :i* signifies a r$ /one2 & o!rs f ,sirian1 a t[n 9 ,pegu1 :]e !y are said to be f\nd 9 great beauty4 #gc4 ,,pyrop ,,g>nets are ( a d>k bloodr$ col\r1 :i*1 :5 ! /ones are held betwe5 ! eye & ! light1 falls /rongly into yell[3 !y are *iefly br\ght f ,bohemia3 are employ$ 9 almo/ e k9d ( jewell]y1 & g5]ally set ) a gold foil4 ,at ,waldkir*1 9 ,suabia1 !re are tw5tyf\r mills = ! cutt+ & poli%+ ( pyrop g>nets3 & #adj ma/]s are occupi$ 9 manufactur+ ^! /ones4 #gd4 ,,vesuvian is a liv]br[n k9d ( g>net1 t 0 orig9ally f\nd among rocks eject$ f ,m\nt ,vesuvius2 & 9 ! vic9ity ( :i* m\nta9 x /ill occurs 9 consid]able abundance4 ,at ,naples x is cut into /ones = r+s & o!r ornam5ts4 ,vesuvian has ( late ye>s be5 f\nd 9 o!r p>ts ( ,europe2 & ev5 at ,kilranelagh1 & ,donegal1 9 ,irel&4 #ge4 ,,c9namon ,,/one is a k9d ( g>net ( hyac9?r$ col\r1 :i* is f\nd 9 angul> & r\ndi% pieces among ! s& ( riv]s 9 ! isl& ( ,ceylon4 ,x is cut z a preci\s /one2 &1 :5 ( good col\r1 & free f flaws1 is ( consid]able value4 ,,qu>tz ,,family4 #gf4 ,,common ,,qu>tz is a h>d & foliat$ sub/ance1 usually ( :ite or grey col\r1 & m or less transp>5t4 ,x is g5]ally f\nd 9 %apeless masses1 :i* are ne>ly ?rice z heavy z wat]1 & ! fracture ( :i* is glassy4 ,:5 cry/alliz$1 x mo/ commonly has ! =m ( a sixsid$ prism1 t]m9at$ by a pyramid ( six sides4 ,?is k9d ( /one =ms a con/itu5t "p ( _m m\nta9s1 & is v common 9 our own1 z well z 9 mo/ o!r c\ntries4 ,x is suffici5tly h>d to scrat* iron & /eel2 & x has ! prop]ty1 aft] hav+ be5 sev]al times successively made r$hot1 & dipp$ into wat]1 ( communicat+ to t fluid a c]ta9 degree ( acidity4 ,qu>tz is employ$1 9 place ( s&1 = mak+ ! f9] k9ds ( glass2 & also 9 ! manufacture ( porcela94 ,= ! latt] purpose great quantities are collect$ f ! m\nta9s ( ,wales1 gr\nd into p[d]1 & 9 t /ate %ipp$ to ,liv]pool1 & o!r p>ts4 ,aft] hav+ be5 burnt & r$uc$ to p[d]1 x is sometimes mix$ ) clay1 & =m$ into bricks = ! con/ruction ( glass furnaces3 ^! are capable ( resi/+ ! int5se heat :i* is requisite 9 ! fusion ( glass4 #gg4 ,,burr/one is a vesicul> & corrod$ v>iety ( qu>tz1 :i* =ms a mo/ excell5t & valuable k9d ( mill/one4 ,x is *iefly f\nd 9 ,france2 b is s mu* e/eem$ by ! ,engli% mill]s1 t ! ,society ( ,arts1 9 ,london1 = _m successive ye>s1 (f]$ a consid]able rew>d = its discov]y 9 ,great ,brita94 ,at l5g? a ve9 ( burr/one 0 discov]$ 9 ! ,moel y ,golfa hills1 ,nor? ,wales1 by a ,mr4 ,evans1 :o1 9 consequ5ce receiv$ a premium f ! ,society4 ,ab\t ! same "t ano!r ve9 0 op5$ ne> ,conway2 & ! same ,society1 9 #ahjj1 gave a premium ( #ajjl4 to ! wid[ & orphan *ildr5 ( ! discov]]4 ,bo? ^! qu>ries 7 suffici5tly conv5i5t = wat] c>riage2 yet ! dem& = ! ,cambrian burr did n answ] ! expectation1 & mill/ones ( ,fr5* production 7 /ill pref]r$ to !m4 ,! mode ( splitt+ ^! /ones1 z x is practis$ 9 "s p>ts ( ,france1 is s+ul>1 & af=ds a pro( ( ! extraord9>y p[] ( capill>y attraction4 ,! blocks are fir/ cut into ! =m ( cyl9d]s1 sometimes _m feet 9 height4 ,to split ^! horizontally into mill/ones1 circul> ind5tations are made r\nd !m1 at prop] di/ances1 accord+ to ! ?ickness t is to be giv5 to ! /ones2 w$ges ( will[1 t h be5 dri$ 9 an ov51 are !n driv5 into ! ind5tations ) a mallet4 ,:5 ^! h be5 sunk to a prop] dep?1 !y are moi/5$ ) wat]2 &1 aft] a few h\rs1 ! sev]al /ones t h be5 m>k$ out are f\nd to be p]fectly sep>at$4 #gh4 ,,rock ,,cry/al is an extremely beautiful k9d ( qu>tz1 sometimes p]fectly transp>5t1 & sometimes %ad$ ) grey1 yell[1 gre51 br[n1 or r$4 ,x occurs 9 ! =m ( cry/als ) six sides1 ea* t]m9at$ by a sixsid$ prism4 ,! "n ( ?is sub/ance 0 consid]$ by ! anci5ts to signify ice1 or wat] cry/alliz$2 & !y imag9$ t cry/al 0 produc$ f a congelation ( wat]4 ,its uses are num]\s4 ,x is cut into vases1 lu/res1 & snuffboxes2 & _m k9ds ( toys ( extremely beautiful appe>ance are made ( x4 ,:5 pure & p]fectly transp>5t1 x is mu* 9 reque/ by opticians1 :o make ( x ^? glasses = spectacles :i* are call$ pebbles1 & :o use x = v>i\s k9ds ( optical in/rum5ts4 ,! be/ cry/al is import$ f ,brazil & ,madagasc>1 9 blocks1 n unfrequ5tly f fifty to a hundr$ p\nds 9 weight4 ,?is /one is wr\ght into ! diff]5t %apes t are requir$1 by saw+1 splitt+1 & gr9d+4 ,! saw+ is effect$ by an ext5d$ copp] wire fix$ to a b[3 ! wire is coat$ ) a mixture ( oil & em]y1 & is drawn backw>d & =w>d until ! op]ation is p]=m$4 ,b1 z ?is process is a t$i\s "o1 p>ticul>ly :5 ! mass is l>ge1 a m exp$iti\s1 al?\gh less c]ta91 me?od is sometimes adopt$4 ,! cry/al is heat$ r$ hot1 & a wet cord is drawn across1 9 ! direction t ! workman int5ds to split x4 ,by ! rapid cool+ ?us effect$1 9 ! direction ( ! cord1 ! /one easily splits by a s+le bl[ ( ! hamm]1 & g5]ally 9 ! direction requir$4 ,! gr9d+ is p]=m$ by means ( em]y3 & ! poli%+ effect$ by t9 a%es & tripoli4 ,! anci5ts held vases t 7 made ( ?is /one 9 great e/imation1 p>ticul>ly :5 !y 7 ( l>ge size4 ,( two cups :i* ! tyrant ,n]o broke into pieces 9 a fit ( despair1 :5 in=m$ ( ! revolt t caus$ 8 de/ruction1 "o 0 e/imat$ to be wor? m ?an #fjjl4 ( our money4 ,! mo/ valuable k9d ( cry/al t 0 kn[n to ! anci5ts 0 obta9$ f ! isl& ( ,cyprus2 b x 0 (t5 faulty 9 p>ticul> p>ts1 hav+ flaws1 cracks1 & blemi%es4 ,:5 ! cry/al 0 us$ = ! engrav+ ( intaglios & cameos1 ! arti/ c\ld sometimes conceal ^! defects among/ ! /rokes ( 8 "w2 b1 :5 x 0 to be =m$ into cups or vases1 ?is c\ld n be done1 & = ! latt] purpose ! pure/ pieces only c\ld be employ$4 ,9 ! c\nties ( ,cornwall & ,d]by1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,bri/ol1 & among/ ! m\nta9s ( ,nor? ,wales1 small cry/als ( ?is k9d are frequ5tly f\nd3 ^! are respectively call$ ,corni%1 ,buxton1 ,bri/ol1 & ,sn[don diamonds4 ,we are in=m$ t ! crevices ( "s p>ts ( ,mont ,blanc & ! ,alps conta9 rock cry/al 9 su* abundance z to be p]fectly bri/l$ ) x4 ,"s cry/als conta9 9 _! sub/ance drops ( wat]1 or o!r k9d ( fluid2 & ^!1 z curiosities1 are usually sold at a rate consid]ably high] ?an o!rs4 ,!re are 9 ! ,briti% ,museum specim5s ( cry/al :i* enclose _m k9ds ( =eign sub/ances1 su* z iron/one1 ne$le antimony1 & asbe/os 7#acf74 ,v>i\s means h be5 devis$ = communicat+ col\rs to rock cry/al4 ,if x be heat$ & plung$ into a solution ( indigo1 or copp]1 x acquires a blue col\r2 or if into a decoction ( co*9eal1 a r$ col\r4 ,a clovebr[n col\r may be giv5 by expos+ x to ! vap\r ( burn+ wood4 ,arti/s sometimes communicate beautiful col\rs to rock cry/als1 by =m+ !m into :at are call$ d\blets4 ,two modes ( do+ ?is are adopt$4 ,9 "o1 a /one t is brilliantcut at ! top is holl[$ und]nea?1 fill$ ) ! col\r t ! /one is int5d$ to exhibit1 & !n clos$ at ! bottom by a plate ( glass4 ,if ?is k9d ( d\blet be dext]\sly execut$1 ! deception is n easily discov]$2 = ! :ole mass w appe> ( an uni=m t9t4 ,! second k9d ( d\blet is =m$ by cem5t+ a col\r$ plate ( glass on ! base ( a rose or brilliantcut cry/al3 by ?is ! :ole /one acquires ! col\r ( ! plate4 ,!re are f\nd 9 nature1 _m col\r$ k9ds ( cry/al4 ,^! are (t5 conf\nd$ ) preci\s /ones2 &1 z su*1 are made into female ornam5ts ( diff]5t k9ds4 ,! foll[+ are ! pr9cipal ( !m4 #gi4 ,,common ,,ame?y/4--,?is is a violetcol\r$ cry/al1 :i* acquires consid]able brilliancy 9 poli%+1 & is sometimes ( suffici5t size to be =m$ into columns m ?an a foot 9 height1 & sev]al in*es 9 diamet]4 ,:5 ! col\r is good1 & uni=mly diffus$1 ame?y/s are cut into necklaces1 bracelets1 e>r+s1 & seals2 &1 :5 less pure1 !y are manufactur$ into snuffboxes4 ,!y are valu$ 9 proportion to ! dep? ( _! col\r1 & to _! p]fect transp>5cy4 ,! mo/ fav\rite =m 9 :i* !y are made up is 9 necklaces2 & z x is n easy to f9d a numb] ( p]fect /ones ) precisely ! same t9t ( col\r1 necklaces ( ?is description are v valuable4 ,! f9e/ t is kn[n 0 9 ! possession ( h] late ,maje/y4 ,:5 ! col\r is n uni=mly diffus$1 jewell]s sometimes expose ame?y/s1 = a little :ile1 9 a mixture ( s& & ironfil+s1 to a mod]ate heat2 &1 by ?is process1 _! appe>ance is r5d]$ m uni=m4 ,! ame?y/ be+ almo/ ! only col\r$ /one t c be worn ) m\rn+1 x d]ives1 f ?is circum/ance1 a consid]able addition ( value4 ,?is species ( gem 0 well kn[n to ! anci5t ,greeks & ,romans1 & 0 held by !m 9 great e/eem4 ,its "n is d]iv$ f ! ,greek language1 & implies a p[] ( prev5t+ intoxication2 :i* 7orig9at+ no d\bt 9 ! resemblance ( its col\r to t ( w9e1 & ! absurd doctr9e ( sympa?ies7 x 0 believ$ by ! anci5ts to possess4 ,!y ascrib$ to x _m o!r virtues1 equally surpris+ & equally absurd2 p>ticul>ly t ! we>+ ( x w\ld expel melan*oly1 procure ! confid5ce & fri5d%ip ( pr9ces1 r5d] p happy1 & ev5 dispel /orms ( w9d & hail4 ,! anci5ts frequ5tly engrav$ ^u ame?y/2 & _! fav\rite subject 0 ! repres5tation ( ,bac*us & 8 foll[]s4 ,! mo/ valuable ame?y/s are import$ into ,europe f ,india & ,ceylon4 ,^!1 al?\gh !y are ) tru? d5om9at$ ori5tal1 mu/ be c>efully di/+ui%$ f ! true ori5tal ame?y/ 7#ee71 :i* is a mu* m valuable gem4 ,! ame?y/s next 9 e/eem are f\nd 9 ,brazil1 & are procur$ 9 ! m9+ di/ricts ( t c\ntry4 ,sib]ia1 & v>i\s c\ntries 9 ,europe1 especially ,g]many & ,spa91 also furni% v beautiful ame?y/s2 & inf]ior /ones ( ?is description are ev5 f\nd 9 ! m\nta9\s di/ricts ( "s p>ts bo? ( ,scotl& & ,irel&4 #hj4 ,,false ,,ruby is a cry/al ( r$ col\r1 & f\nd 9 ,bohemia1 ,silesia1 & ,b>b>y4 #ha4 ,,false1 or ,,wat] ,,sapphire is a blue cry/al1 :i* does n diff] mu* 9 appe>ance f ! true sapphire1 b is consid]ably less h>d4 ,?is k9d is f\nd 9 ,bohemia1 ,silesia1 & "s p>ts ( ,switz]l&1 b x is n s valuable z ! la/4 #hb4 ,,false ,,em]ald is a gre5 v>iety ( cry/al1 ! sc>ce/ & mo/ valuable ( all ! col\r$ k9ds4 ,x is *iefly f\nd 9 ,saxony & ,dauph9y4 #hc4 ,,yell[1 or ,,topaz9e ,,cry/al is a /one ( w9eyell[ col\r4 ,x is f\nd 9 ,brazil & ,bohemia1 b has no o!r alliance ) ! true topaz ?an its col\r4 #hd4 ,,cairn ,,gorum ,,cry/als are obta9$ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,scotl&1 b p>ticul>ly f a m\nta9 ( t "n 9 ! c\nty ( ,ab]de54 ,!y are usually ( smoky yell[ or br[n col\r1 & are1 at ?is "t1 s mu* 9 reque/ = ornam5tal articles ( dress1 t sev]al lapid>ies h be5 induc$ to settle 9 ,ab]de51 :o are con/antly employ$ 9 cutt+ !m = seals1 r+s1 necklaces1 broo*es1 & o!r tr9kets4 ,:5 ^! cry/als are ( deep & good col\r1 !y are ne>ly z e/imable z topazes2 &1 if cle> & l>ge1 !y are sold at a high rate4 ,! price ( inf]ior seal/ones v>ies f t5 %ill+s to ?ree or f\r p\nds ea*2 b ^? ( sup]ior beauty w produce f five to t5 gu9eas4 ,su* specim5s z h a pure & full yell[ col\r are (t5 sold = topazes4 ,:5 !y are muddy1 ! lapid>ies h ! art ( entirely dissipat+ ! col\r1 & giv+ !m a transp>5t lu/re4 ,?is is done by means ( heat1 :i* w dissipate ! col\r ( e species ( cry/al4 #he4 ,,avantur9e is a qu>tz1 g5]ally ( r$di% col\r1 spr9kl$ ) yell[i% %9+ po9ts ( mica 7#abc71 :i* are disp]s$ ?r\gh its :ole sub/ance4 ,a ,fr5* arti/1 "s ye>s ago1 hav+ by accid5t1 or 8p> av5ture10 suff]$ a quantity ( brass fil+s to fall into a vessel ( melt$ glass1 aft]w>ds f\nd t x 0 admirably calculat$ = vases & diff]5t k9ds ( ornam5tal "w4 ,h5ce he d5om9at$ x avantur9e1 a "n :i* m9]alogi/s h s9ce appli$ to ^? natural objects ( :i* ?is production ( art 0 an app>5t imitation4 ,avantur9e is f\nd 9 "s ( ! c\ntries bord]+ ^u ! ,:ite ,sea1 9 ,spa91 & "s p>ts ( ,france4 ,9 ! late ,lev]ian ,museum !re 0 a piece :i* weigh$ ne> five p\nds1 & 0 unique bo? = beauty & magnitude4 ,x _h be5 discov]$ 9 #aghh1 among/ ! ru9s ( ! triumphal ar* ( ,julius ,cs> 9 ! valley ( ,suse1 9 ,pi$mont2 & 0 pur*as$ ( ! p]son :o f\nd x = #bjj gu9eas4 ,avantur9e is cut into v>i\s ornam5tal articles1 :i* are sometimes sold at a v high price4 ,imitations ( x are v common1 & are =m$ by ! simple op]ation ( ?r[+ brass or copp] fil+s into col\r$ glass 9 a /ate ( fusion4 #hf4 ,,cats,,eye is a /one ( br[ni% grey col\r1 t+$ ) gre51 yell[1 :ite1 or r$2 semitransp>5t1 & reflect+ f its int]ior a spl5did :ite l9e or speck1 :i* v>ies accord+ to ! direction 9 :i* ! /one is held to ! light4 ,x is f\nd 9 pieces t are r\nd$1 massive1 or bluntedg$4 ,^! /ones are consid]$ by "s writ]s z v>ieties ( qu>tz 7#gf71 & by o!rs z a k9d ( opal 7#ajb74 ,!y are sometimes f\nd 9 ,hanov]1 b are *iefly br\ght f ! isl& ( ,ceylon4 ,x is usual to cut !m be=e !y are export$1 & g5]ally 9 a convex & oblong =m1 )\t facets1 & 9 su* mann] z to br+ ! /reak :i* int]sects !m into ! c5tre4 ,among ! k+ ( ,c&y's jewels1 :i* 7 sold by auction 9 ,london1 9 ,june #ahbj1 0 a cat'seye ( extraord9>y magnitude & beauty4 ,x 0 two in*es 9 diamet]1 ( d>k col\r1 & ne>ly hemisph]ical4 ,?is /one 0 set 9 gold1 ) small rubies r\nd x1 & 0 sold = m ?an #djjl4 ,cat'seyes are *iefly us$ = sett+ 9 r+s4 ,_! size seldom exce$s t ( a hazel nut2 b !re 0 "o 9 ! cab9et ( ! ,dukes ( ,tuscany1 :i* 0 ne>ly an in* 9 diamet]4 ,^? t are ! mo/ highly e/eem$ are ( an olivegre51 or r$ col\r4 #hg4 ,,wood/one is a v h>d m9]al sub/ance1 suppos$ to h be5 wood petrifi$ ) a silice\s m9]al call$ horn/one4 ,x is ( v>i\s col\rs2 & has n only ! ext]nal appe>ance1 b ! int]nal organization ( wood4 ,?is extraord9>y m9]al is f\nd emb$d$ 9 s&y loam1 9 alluvial soil 7#bfi71 & occurs 9 v>i\s p>ts bo? ( ,europe & ,asia4 ,x has be5 f\nd 9 f]rug9\s s&1 ne> ,woburn1 9 ,b$=d%ire1 & ne> ,nutfield1 9 ,surrey4 ,imm5se pieces ( x are discov]$ 9 "s places 9 ! orig9al %ape ( ! trees2 trunks1 bran*es1 & roots4 ,9 ! ye> #ageb ! :ole "u "p ( ! trunk ( a tree1 ) its bran*es & roots1 0 f\nd1 9 a /ate ( wood/one1 ne> ,*emnitz1 9 ,saxony2 &1 9 ! ,electoral ,cab9et at ,dresd51 !re is "p ( ! trunk ( a tree1 f ! same place1 :i* measures five feet 9 l5g? & z _m 9 ?ickness4 ,wood/one is 9 consid]able reque/ by lapid>ies4 ,x takes a good poli%1 & is made into beads = necklaces1 & o!r female ornam5ts4 ,9 ! ,ea/ ,indies x is g5]ally call$ ,petrifi$ ,tam>9d ,tree4 #hh4 ,,common ,,s& is a granulat$ k9d ( qu>tz2 or consi/s ( r\nd$ gra9s ( small size1 :i* h a vitre\s or glassy surface4 ,x is usually ( :ite or yell[i% col\r2 b is sometimes blue1 violet1 or black4 ,9 ! torrid regions ( ,africa & ,asia !re are imm5se tracts ( des]t cov]$ only ) s&1 s dry & light z to be moveable be=e ! w9d1 & to be =m$ into va/ hills & b\ndless pla9s4 ,^! are incessantly *ang+ _! place1 & frequ5tly ov]:elm & de/roy ! travell]s ^: necessities require !m to ent] ^! dre>y realms4 ,s& has num]\s uses4 ,:5 mix$ 9 due proportion ) lime1 x =ms t h>d & valuable cem5t call$ mort>4 ,melt$ ) soda 7#bjj7 & pota% 7#bje7 x is =m$ into glass2 :ite s& be+ us$ = ! f9] k9ds1 & co>se & m impure s& = bottle glass4 ,a v pure k9d ( s& :i* is f\nd 9 ,alum ,bay1 on ! we/ side ( ! ,isle ( ,wight1 & on "s p>ts ( ! coa/s ( ,norfolk1 is 9 great reque/ by glassmak]s4 ,s& is also employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( e>!nw>e2 & its utility 9 v>i\s bran*es ( dome/ic economy1 b p>ticul>ly = ! sc\r+ & clean+ ( kit*5 ut5sils1 is well kn[n4 ,9 agriculture s& is us$ by way ( manure1 to all soils ( clayey l&s3 z x r5d]s ! soil m loose & op5 ?an x w\ld o!rwise be4 ,! be/ s& = ?is purpose is t :i* is wa%$ by ra9s f roads or hills1 or t :i* is tak5 f ! b$s ( riv]s4 ,!re is a k9d ( s& :i* is naturally mix$ ) clay1 & has ! "n ( ,f\nd]'s ,s&1 f its be+ *iefly employ$ 9 ! =mation ( m\lds to ca/ metals 94 ,at ,neuilly1 9 ,france1 !re is a b$ ( p]fectly transp>5t & cry/all9e s&4 ,ea* gra91 :5 exam9$ ) a magnify+ glass1 is se5 to consi/ ( a p]fect sixsid$ prism1 t]m9at$ by two sixsid$ pyramids4 ,! uses ( ! diff]5t k9ds ( ,s&/one w be enum]at$ 9 ! acc\nt ( ! rocks 7#bfg1 #bfh74 #hi4 ,,lydian ,,/one is a k9d ( fl9tyslate1 ( greyi% or velvetblack col\r1 n q s h>d z fl9t1 opaque1 & ab\t twice & a half z heavy z wat]4 ,x is usually massive1 &1 int]nally1 has a glimm]+ appe>ance4 ,?is m9]al occurs 9 b$s 9 primitive clayslate 7#beg72 & is f\nd 9 ,bohemia & ,saxony1 & also 9 ! ,p5tl& hills ne> ,ed9burgh4 ,x 0 fir/ notic$ 9 ,lydia1 :5ce x d]iv$ its "n4 ,x is sometimes us$ z a t\*/one to asc]ta9 ! purity ( gold & silv]4 ,?is 0 its use among ! anci5ts4 ,! metal to be exam9$ is drawn along ! /one s z to leave a m>k1 & its purity is judg$ by ! col\r ( ! metallic /reak4 ,a good t\*/one %\ld be h>d] ?an ! metals1 or metallic comp\nds to be exam9$2 if s(t]1 ! p[d] ( ! /one mixes ) ! trace ( ! metal & obscures x4 ,a c]ta9 degree ( r\ghness on ! surface ( ! be/ /one is also requisite1 t ! metal to be tri$ may leave a trace or /reak suffici5tly di/9ct4 ,x mu/ n1 h[ev]1 be too r\gh1 o!rwise ! p>ticles ( ! metal w be hid among/ its inequalities1 & no di/9ct trace w be =m$4 ,! t\*/one %\ld also be ( black col\r1 z ?is t9t %[s ! col\r ( ! /reak bett] ?an any o!r4 #ij4 ,,fl9t is a peculi>ly h>d & compact k9d ( /one1 g5]ally ( smokegrey col\r1 pass+ into greyi% :ite1 r$di%1 or br[n4 ,x is ne>ly ?rice z heavy z wat]1 & :5 brok5 w split1 9 e direction1 into pieces :i* h a smoo? surface4 ,x is v common 9 sev]al p>ts ( ,engl&1 g5]ally among *alk1 arrang$ 9 a k9d ( /rata or b$s1 & 9 pieces t are = ! mo/ "p ei!r r\nd$ or tub]cul>4 ,! prop]ty :i* fl9t possesses ( yield+ sp>ks1 :5 /ruck aga9/ /eel1 has r5d]$ x an article ( indisp5sable utility 9 ! sy/em ( mod]n w>f>e4 ,to ?is sub/ance ! sportsman also is indebt$ = a means ( obta9+ 8 game4 ,! art ( cutt+1 or r ( break+1 ?is /one into gunfl9ts is ( mod]n date1 & 0 = a long "t kept secret4 ,! mo/ absurd & contradictory acc\nts h be5 giv5 ( x by v>i\s writ]s2 & x is only ( late t ! true mode has be5 r5d]$ public4 ,x consi/s 9 /rik+ ! /one repeat$ly ) a k9d ( mallet1 & br++ (f at ea* /roke a spl9t] :i* is %>p at "o end & ?ick at ! o!r4 ,^! spl9t]s are aft]w>ds %ap$1 by plac+ !m ^u a %>p iron in/rum5t1 & !n giv+ !m repeat$ly small bl[s ) a mallet4 ,dur+ ! :ole op]ation ! workman holds ! /one 9 8 h&1 or m]ely supports x on 8 knee3 & ! op]ation is s simple1 t a good workman has no difficulty 9 mak+ #aejj fl9ts 9 a day4 ,! manufacture ( gunfl9ts is *iefly conf9$ to ,engl&1 & two or ?ree dep>tm5ts 9 ,france4 ,9 ,prussia an attempt 0 once made to sub/itute a k9d ( e>!nw>e or porcela9 = fl9t2 & su* 01 = "s "t1 us$ by ! ,prussian soldi]s4 ,all ! k9ds ( fl9t are n equally adapt$ = guns3 ! be/ are ! yell[i% grey2 ! d>k smoke & a%grey v>ieties are also us$1 b !y are nei!r s easy to be split1 nor d !y af=d su* ?9 fragm5ts z ! o!r2 &1 ow+ to _! great] h>dness1 !y we> ! lock soon]4 ,fl9t is employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( porcela9 & glass4 ,= ?is purpose x is heat$ r$ hot1 &1 9 t /ate1 is ?r[n into cold wat]4 ,x is !n ( a :ite col\r1 & capable1 )\t difficulty1 ( be+ r$uc$ to p[d]1 ei!r 9 a mort> or by a mill4 ,aft] ?is p[d] has be5 pass$ ?r\gh f9e sieves1 "s aqua =tis is p\r$ ^u x1 to dissolve any p>ticles ( iron :i* x may h acquir$ 9 ! gr9d+4 ,! p[d] is !n sev]al times wa%$ 9 hot wat]1 & aft]w>ds dri$ = use4 ,! glass t is manufactur$ f ?is sub/ance is p]fectly transp>5t & faultless4 ,glass is made by mix+ s&1 or prep>$ fl9t1 ) a c]ta9 proportion ( soda 7#bjj7 or pota% 7#bje72 & expos+ ^! sub/ances1 9 a furnace1 to a viol5t heat4 ,:5 !y are 9 a p]fectly fluid /ate1 "p ( ! melt$ matt] is tak5 out at ! end ( a long holl[ tube4 ,?is is done by dipp+ ! tube into x1 & turn+ x ab\t until a suffici5t quantity is tak5 up2 ! workman1 at ea* turn1 roll+ x g5tly ^u a piece ( iron1 to unite x m intimately4 ,he !n bl[s ?r\gh ! tube till ! melt$ mass1 at ! extremity1 swells l a bubble2 aft] :i* he rolls x aga9 on a smoo? surface to poli% x1 & repeats ! bl[+ until ! glass is br\ght z ne>ly to ! size & =m ( ! vessel requir$1 z he ?9ks necess>y4 ,if he be =m+ a common bottle1 ! melt$ matt] at ! end ( ! tube is put into a m\ld ( ! exact size & %ape ( ! body ( a bottle2 & ! neck is =m$ by draw+ out ! ductile glass at ! upp] extremity4 ,if he be mak+ a vessel ) a l>ge or wide orifice1 ! glass1 9 its melt$ /ate1 is op5$ & wid5$ ) an iron tool2 aft] :i*1 be+ aga9 heat$1 x is :irl$ ab\t ) a circul> motion1 &1 by ! c5trifugal =ce ?us produc$1 is ext5d$ to ! size requir$4 ,%\ld a h&le1 foot1 or any ?+ ( simil> k9d be requir$1 t is made sep>ately1 & /uck on 9 its melt$ /ate4 ,w9d[ glass is made 9 a simil> mann]1 except t ! mass at ! end ( a tube is =m$ into a cyl9drical %ape4 ,?is be+ cut longitud9ally by sciss>s or %e>s1 is gradually b5t back until x becomes a flat plate4 ,l>ge plate glass = look+glasses is made by suff]+ ! mass1 9 a /ate ( complete fusion1 to fl[ ^u a ca/+ table1 ) iron l$ges4 ,^! conf9e ! melt$ matt]1 &1 z x cools1 a metallic roll] is pass$ ov] x1 to r$uce x to an uni=m ?ickness4 ,glass ut5sils1 unless v small & ?91 require to be gradually cool$ 9 an ov54 ,?is op]ation is call$ anneal+1 & is necess>y 9 ord] to prev5t !m f crack+ by *ange ( temp]ature1 wip+1 or slight accid5tal scrat*es4 ,x appe>s t ! manufacture ( glass 0 kn[n v e>ly2 b glass p]fectly transp>5t 0 e/eem$ ( extremely high value4 ,x is /at$ t ! ,emp]or ,n]o pur*as$ two glass cups ) h&les = a sum :i* 0 equival5t to #ej1jjjl4 ( our money4 ,! w9d[s ( "s ( ! h\ses ( ! anci5t city ( ,pompeii1 :i* 0 buri$ by an eruption ( ,m\nt ,vesuvius1 9 ! ye> #gi1 7 glaz$1 b ! glass 0 ?ick1 & n transp>5t4 ,by _m p]sons fl9t is us$ z a te/ = asc]ta9+ ! purity ( silv] co9s4 ,?is is done by rubb+ !m ^u ! fl9t2 & if ! m>k :i* !y leave be n p]fectly :ite1 !y are reject$ z c\nt]feit4 #ia4 ,,calc$ony is a species ( qu>tz1 g5]ally ( :iti%1 blui%1 or smokegrey col\r2 &1 :5 brok51 x appe>s int]nally dull1 & some:at spl9t]y4 ,x is g5]ally f\nd 9 a massive /ate1 is h>d] ?an fl9t1 g5]ally semitransp>5t1 & #b times heavi] ?an wat]4 ,! "n ( ?is /one is d]iv$ f ,*alc$on1 9 ,upp] ,asia1 :5ce x appe>s to h be5 orig9ally obta9$1 & :]e x is /ill f\nd 9 consid]able abundance4 ,sev]al sup]b specim5s ( calc$ony h be5 f\nd 9 ,brita91 & p>ticul>ly 9 "s ( ! t9 & copp] m9es ( ,cornwall4 ,x occurs 9 sev]al p>ts ( ,scotl&2 & 9 _m ( ! c\ntries ( ! ,cont95t4 ,9 ! ,lev]ian ,museum !re 0 a specim5 ( calc$ony1 :i* weigh$ m ?an #bjj p\nds4 ,its :ole surface appe>$ su* t1 at fir/ sight1 "o might imag9e x to h =m]ly be5 9 a liquid /ate3 x _h mu* ! appe>ance t ?ick oil has :ile boil+4 ,few /ones are susceptible ( a high] or m beautiful poli% ?an calc$ony4 ,h5ce ! diff]5t v>ieties ( x are cut into r+ & seal /ones1 necklaces1 e>p5dants1 small vases1 cups1 & snuffboxes4 #ib4 ,,onyx is a k9d ( calc$ony1 g5]ally m>k$ alt]nately ) /ripes ( :ite & black1 or :ite & br[n4 ,its "n is d]iv$ f ! ,greek language1 & has be5 giv5 on acc\nt ( its resemblance 9 col\r to ! :iti% b& at ! base ( ! human nail4 ,! di/9ction :i* appe>s to be made betwixt onyx & s>donyx1 arises f ! col\rs ( ! =m] be+ arrang$ ei!r conc5trically1 or 9 a some:at confus$ mann]1 & ^? ( ! latt] 9 regul> /ripes or b&s4 ,bo? ^! k9ds are highly e/eem$ by lapid>ies1 = ! =mation ( vases1 snuff boxes1 & tr9kets ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,( s>donyx ! anci5ts made ^? beautiful cameos1 _m ( :i* /ill ornam5t our cab9ets4 ,! +5uity !y h %[n1 9 ! accommodation ( ! natural ve9s & m>ks ( ! /one to ! figures engrav5 ^u !m1 is su* z to excite1 9 _m in/ances1 ! greate/ admiration4 ,x is said t we are entirely ignorant ( ! c\ntry :5ce ! anci5t arti/s obta9$ ! l>ge specim5s ( s>donyx :i* are n[ f\nd 9 "s cab9ets4 ,onyx is import$ f ! ,ea/ ,indies1 ,sib]ia1 ,g]many1 & ,portugal4 #ic4 ,,c>nelian is ano!r k9d ( calc$ony usually ( a r$ or fle% col\r1 ?\gh sometimes :ite1 orange1 or yell[4 ,on sev]al ( ! ,briti% %ores c>nelians are f\nd ) o!r pebbles3 b ! mo/ beautiful & valuable k9ds are import$ f ! ,ea/ ,indies4 ,^! are sometimes s l>ge z to measure ne>ly ?ree in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! k9ds pr9cipally 9 reque/ are ^? ( pure :ite1 & bright r$ col\r2 & jewell]s h ! art ( *ang+ ! col\r ( ! yell[ v>ieties to r$1 by heat4 ,no /one is s mu* 9 reque/ = seals z c>nelian4 ,x is likewise cut into beads = necklaces1 & /ones = e>r+s2 into crosses1 bracelets1 & o!r tr9kets1 :i*1 9 ,india1 =m a consid]able bran* ( traffic4 ,! am\nt ( ! sale value ( diff]5t k9ds ( c>nelian goods v5d$ by ! ,ea/ ,india ,company 9 #ahjg1 0 #aa1ahgl43 b1 9 o!r ye>s1 x has n usually be5 s mu* z half t sum4 ,=m]ly c>nelians 7 export$ f ,japan to ,holl&2 & !nce 7 c>ri$ to ,ob]/e91 9 ,france1 to be ex*ang$ = ! agates ( t c\ntry1 :i* 7 export$ to ,*9a4 ,! c>nelian 0 mu* e/eem$ by ! anci5ts2 & _m f9e engrav$ c>nelians are pres]v$ 9 diff]5t collections4 #id4 ,,*rysoprase1 an extremely h>d k9d ( /one1 ( cle> & delicate applegre5 col\r1 is consid]$ to be a k9d ( calc$ony4 ,?is beautiful m9]al has hi!rto be5 f\nd only 9 ! vic9ity ( ,kosemitz1 & 9 a few o!r p>ts ( ,l[] ,silesia4 ,x is susceptible ( a high poli%1 & is mu* priz$ by jewell]s :5 its col\r is deep & pure4 ,its col\r1 h[ev]1 is s fugitive1 t1 if kept 9 a w>m & dry situation1 x loses ! greate/ "p ( x2 & if expos$ to moi/ure x becomes mu* alt]$4 ,lapid>ies ass]t1 t great c>e ought to be tak5 9 ! poli%+ ( x2--pret5d+ t if1 f want ( suffici5t moi/ure1 or by ! too rapid motion ( ! :eel1 x be ov]heat$1 x w become :iti% or turbid4 ,*rysoprase is g5]ally cut into a convex =m1 or :at jewell]s call en cabo*on2 & is set ) gre5 taffeta b5ea? x1 z foil4 ,x is us$ = r+ /ones1 broo*es1 & o!r ornam5ts2 & is f\nd to h>monize well ) diamonds & pe>ls4 ,! l>g] & m impure masses are cut into snuffboxes1 seal /ones1 & simil> articles4 ,"s ( ! f9e/ specim5s ( *rysoprase t are kn[n1 are to be se5 9 ! ca!dral *ur* ( ,prague1 :]e a small closet is inlaid ) !m4 ,imitations ( *rysoprase are sometimes impos$ ^u ! public2 b ^! are easily kn[n by p]sons :o are acqua9t$ ) ! nature ( preci\s /ones4 #ie4 ,,blood/one1 or ,,heliotrope1 is an opaque /one ( ! qu>tz family1 g5]ally ( d>k gre5 col\r1 ) a some:at blui% ca/1 & m>k$ ) bloodr$ spots or /ripes4 ,x usually occurs 9 masses ( irregul> =m2 &1 :5 cut ?91 is sometimes transluc5t at ! edges4 ,! mo/ valuable k9ds ( blood/one are import$ f ! ,ea/4 ,!y are n s opaque z ^? :i* are f\nd 9 ,g]many1 & are m>k$ ) m vivid spots4 ,z blood/one is capable ( a high poli%1 & is ev5 bett] calculat$ = engrav+ ^u ?an c>nelian 7#ic71 x is 9 great reque/ = seal /ones1 = ! tops & bottoms ( snuffboxes1 & o!r articles on :i* co/ly gold m\nt+s are frequ5tly be/[$4 ,its d>k col\r & opaque appe>ance prev5t its be+ mu* us$ = beads4 ,great quantities ( x are consum$ 9 ,*9a z ornam5ts to ! girdle clasps ( ! sup]ior ranks ( p4 ,absurd z x may appe>1 _m p]sons ent]ta9 a notion t ?is /one worn 9 ! dress w prev5t ble$+ at ! nose4 ,good blood/one & c>nelian are consid]$ to be ab\t ! same value4 ,!re are _m cameos & intaglios1 bo? by anci5ts & mod]ns1 execut$ 9 blood/one4 ,9 ! ,national ,libr>y at ,p>is1 !re is a f9e engrav$ /one ( ?is k9d1 repres5t+ ! head ( ,*ri/ :il/ und]go+ ! puni%m5t ( sc\rg+1 & s cut t ! r$ spots are made to repres5t drops ( blood4 ,! anci5ts procur$ blood/ones *iefly f ,e?iopia2 b1 at pres5t1 ! mo/ highly e/eem$ v>ieties are br\ght f ,bu*>ia1 ,great ,t>t>y1 & ,sib]ia4 ,a k9d ( m9]al ne>ly resembl+ ?is is f\nd 9 ,rum1 "o ( ! we/]n isles ( ,scotl&4 ,! spots 9 blood/one are p>ticles ( r$ jasp]4 #if4 ,,jasp] is a species ( qu>tz1 & "o ( ! h>de/ /ones ) :i* we are acqua9t$4 ,x v>ies mu* 9 col\r1 be+ r$1 gre51 yell[1 blue1 olive1 violet1 black1 & (t5 v>iegat$1 spott$1 or ve9$ ) sev]al o!r col\rs4 ,x is usually opaque1 b is capable ( receiv+ a beautiful poli%4 ,?is /one is f\nd 9 l>ge & %apeless masses1 & con/itutes an +r$i5t 9 m\nta9s ( v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w4 ,su* is ! h>dness ( jasp]1 t ! savages ( ,canada avail !mselves ( x = ! fabrication ( ! heads ( javel9s1 & sometimes also ( arr[s4 ,x is us$ by arti/s = ! =mation ( vases1 snuffboxes1 seals1 & tr9kets ( v>i\s k9ds2 & =m]ly cups & sauc]s 7 sometimes made ( x4 ,_m beautiful antique engrav+s h be5 made ^u jasp]4 ,9 ! prov9ce ( ,&alusia1 9 ,spa91 !re are f\r f9e qu>ries ( jasp]4 ,"o ( ^! is celebrat$ = a bloodr$ /one1 /reak$ ) :ite1 exce$+ly h>d & v h&some1 ( :i* ! beautiful columns ( ! tab]nacle 9 ! ,escurial are made4 ,?is qu>ry is 9 ! t]ritory ( ,cogullus1 9 ! ar*bi%opric ( ,seville1 & 0 pur*as$ by ! ,cr[n 9 #aeha2 b 0 aft]w>ds s f> neglect$ t ev5 ! place :]e x lay 0 n rememb]$4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 aga9 discov]$ ab\t ! end ( ! reign ( ,*>les ! ,?ird1 aft] a v exp5sive se>* made by ord] ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,jasp] occurs 9 ! ,p5tl& hills1 ne> ,ed9burgh1 & 9 sev]al o!r p>ts ( ,scotl&2 9 ! ,%etl& ,isl&s1 & ,hebrides4 ,x has be5 obs]v$ 9 mo/ ( ! c\ntries ( ! ,cont95t2 & is f\nd1 9 great abundance1 9 ,sib]ia4 #ig4 ,,r$ ,,jasp] is an opaque r$ /one :i* is f\nd emb$d$ 9 r$ clayiron/one 9 ,bad52 & is cut & poli%$ = v>i\s ornam5tal purposes4 ,!re are extant _m f9e antique engrav+s on r$ jasp]4 #ih4 ,,egyptian ,,pebble is a k9d ( jasp]1 t is f\nd 9 globul> or r\nd$ pieces1 & is di/+ui%able :5 cut or brok51 by its num]\s col\rs1 arrang$ 9 conc5tric /ripes or lay]s4 ,x is *iefly br\ght f ,egypt2 &1 z x is capable ( receiv+ a f9e poli%1 & :5 poli%$ is v beautiful1 x is manufactur$ into sev]al k9ds ( ornam5tal articles4 ,f ! great abundance 9 :i* x is suppli$1 x is1 h[ev]1 mu* less valuable ?an c>nelian 7#ic74 ,! col\rs ( ! ,egyptian pebble frequ5tly assume v s+ul> =ms4 ,!re 0 "o 9 ! ,lev]ian ,museum :i* exhibit$1 9 ! c5tre1 ! resemblance ( a pantaloon1 or a man we>+ a fool's cap4 #ii4 ,,/rip$1 or ,,ribbon ,,jasp]1 is m>k$ ) alt]nate /ripes ( diff]5t col\rs2 & is f\nd 9 ,sib]ia1 ,saxony1 & ev5 9 ! ,p5tl& hills1 ne> ,ed9burgh4 ,x receives an excell5t poli%1 & is frequ5tly cut into ! tops & bottoms ( snuffboxes4 ,! r$ & gre5 lay]s ( jasp]1 be+ well def9$ & regul>1 ?is k9d is us$ = sev]al purposes ( ornam5t1 p>ticul>ly = cameos4 #ajj4 ,,agate1 or ,,agate ,,jasp]1 z "s m9]alogi/s d5om9ate x1 is a semitransp>5t /one ( ! qu>tz family1 :i* is capable ( receiv+ a high & v beautiful poli%4 ,^! /ones are always f\nd 9 a %apeless or massive =m1 & ne>ly ( all col\rs1 except bright r$ & gre54 ,! "n ( agate is d]iv$ f ! riv] ,a*ates1 9 ,sicily1 9 ! vic9ity ( :i* ^! /ones 7 obta9$ by ! anci5ts 9 great abundance4 ,!y are n[ f\nd 9 sev]al p>ts ( ,scotl&2 9 ,icel&1 ,saxony1 & ,hung>y2 & !y are occasionally br\ght into ,europe f ,*9a & ! ,ea/ ,indies4 ,agates are us$ 9 sev]al k9ds ( ornam5tal "w1 & p>ticul>ly = necklaces & seals4 ,!y are occasionally made into cups1 ! h&les ( knives & =ks1 hilts ( swords & hang]s1 & ! tops & bottoms ( snuffboxes4 ,! less ornam5tal k9ds are manufactur$ into small mort>s1 :i* are employ$ by enamell]s & o!rs1 = p\nd+ su* sub/ances z are too h>d to be r$uc$ 9 any o!r way4 ,!y are also made into in/rum5ts = gr9d+ col\rs1 & into poli%]s = ! glaz+ ( l954 ,9 ! ,electoral ,cab9et at ,dresd51 & ! ,ducal ,cab9et 9 ,brunswick1 !re are sev]al elegant vases =m$ ( agate4 ,! mo/ beautiful agates :i* our isl& produces are kn[n by ! "n ( ,scots ,pebbles4 ,^! are f\nd 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,scotl&1 b pr9cipally on ! sea%ore1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,dunb>4 ,agate pebbles are f\nd on sev]al ( ! ,engli% %ores1 z ^? ( ,suffolk1 ,dorset1 ,scotl&1 ,wales1 & ,irel&2 & sometimes ev5 9 gravel pits4 ,_m ( !m w be> cutt+ & poli%+ z well z ! be/ agates ( =eign c\ntries4 ,agates are occasionally se5 to be figur$ 9 v s+ul> mann]2 b ?is1 9 "s in/ances at lea/1 is suspect$ to be ! "w ( art4 ,"o is m5tion$ 9 ! *ur* ( ,/4 ,m>k1 at ,v5ice1 :i* _h ! repres5tation ( a k+'s head surm\nt$ by a diadem4 ,on ano!r1 0 repres5t$ a man 9 ! attitude ( runn+4 ,b ! mo/ rem>kable ( all seems to h be5 "o :i* conta9$ a repres5tation ( ! n9e ,muses1 ) ,apollo 9 ! mid/ ( !m6 ,x mu/ be rem>k$ t agate is n1 z "s m9]alogi/s imag9e1 a simple m9]al1 b t x is compos$ ( v>i\s species ( ! qu>tz family1 intimately bl5d$ toge!r4 ,x consi/s *iefly ( calc$ony 7#ia71 ) fl9t1 horn/one1 c>nelian 7#ic71 jasp] 7#if71 ca*olong 7#aje71 ame?y/ 7#gi71 & qu>tz 7#gf74 ,( ^! m9]als sometimes only two1 & sometimes ?ree or m1 occur 9 ! same agate4 ,its v>ieties1 consequ5tly1 are extremely num]\s4 #aja4 ,,mo*oa ,,/one is a k9d ( agate1 :i* has on its surface ! resemblance ( moss2 & ?is s ne>ly approa*+ a natural appe>ance1 t "s p]sons h actually suppos$ x to be occasion$ by a cond5sation ( moss into /one4 ,its "n is d]iv$ f mocks1 ! ,g]man ^w = moss4 ,^! /ones are us$ = sev]al ornam5tal purposes2 & are n unfrequ5tly imitat$1 by spread+ a solution ( copp] 9 nitric acid or aqua =tis 7#cj7 ov] ! surface ( a pla9 agate1 & !n sett+ a small iron nail on its head 9 ! middle4 ,! acid unites ) ! iron1 & deposits ! copp] 9 beautiful ramifications f ! c5tre4 ,! nail mu/ !n be remov$1 & ! surface c>efully wa%$ by dipp+ ! /one into w>m wat]4 ,aft]w>ds1 on ! application ( a mod]ate heat1 ! copp] becomes black4 ,z1 h[ev]1 ! deposition is m]ely sup]ficial1 x requires to be cov]$ ) glass1 to pres]ve x f injury4 #ajb4 ,,opals are a semitransp>5t k9d ( /ones1 :i* h a milky ca/1 &1 :5 held betwixt ! eye & ! light1 exhibit a *angeable appe>ance ( col\r4 ,!y are always f\nd 9 a %apeless or massive /ate1 are brittle1 & consid]ably less h>d ?an mo/ o!r preci\s /ones4 ,! only opal m9es 9 ! _w are ^? ( ,hung>y4 ,ab\t f\r c5turies ago1 opals 7 obta9$1 9 su* abundance1 f ^! m9es1 t upw>ds ( ?ree hundr$ p]sons 7 employ$ 9 !m4 ,!y /ill produce opals1 "s ( :i* are s valuable z to pass1 9 comm]ce1 "u ! appellation ( ori5tal opals1 :il/ o!rs are s poor z to be ( no value :atev] to ! jewell]4 ,opals are also f\nd 9 o!r p>ts ( ,europe2 & 9 ! isl& ( ,sumatra & sev]al p>ts ( ! ,ea/ ,indies4 ,few preci\s /ones are m beautiful ?an opals4 ,_! elegant play ( col\rs1 brilliant blue1 gre51 r$1 & yell[1 v>i\sly modifi$1 has procur$ = !m a di/+ui%$ rank among gems4 ,not)/&+ ?is1 !y are b ill suit$ to ! purposes ( jewell]y1 on acc\nt ( _! s(tness1 _! great frangibility1 & _! sometimes splitt+ on a sudd5 *ange ( temp]ature4 ,!y are usually set )\t bottoms2 b sometimes ) a black bottom1 & sometimes ) a foil ( r$1 blue1 or gold col\r4 ,_! value is su* t a f9e ori5tal opal is consid]$ wor? ab\t twice z mu* z an ori5tal sapphire ( ! same size4 ,by ! ,turks !y are s peculi>ly e/eem$1 t a f9e opal ( mod]ate size has sometimes be5 sold at ! price ( a diamond4 ,! e/eem 9 :i* !y 7 held among ! anci5t ,romans 0 su*1 t ,nonius1 ! ,roman s5ator1 is /at$ to h pref]r$ bani%m5t to p>t+ ) a fav\rite opal :i* ,m>k ,antony 0 anxi\s to possess4 ,9 ! abbey ( ,/4 ,d5ys1 ne> ,p>is1 !re 0 =m]ly a curi\s anci5t opal :i* 0 gre5 on ! outside1 &1 :5 view$ aga9/ ! light1 exhibit$ a f9e ruby col\r3 & 9 ! ,imp]ial ,cab9et at ,vi5na1 !re are two pieces ( opal1 f ! m9es 9 ,hung>y1 "o ( :i* is ab\t five in*es long1 & #b in*es broad2 & ! o!r ! size & %ape ( a h5's egg4 ,bo? ^! /ones exhibit a v ri* & spl5did play ( col\rs4 ,9 ! pur*as+ ( opals great caution is requisite1 z f9e glass pa/es h n unfrequ5tly be5 sub/itut$ = !m1 & sold at enorm\s prices4 #ajc4 ,,hydrophan\s ,,opal1 or ,,oculus ,,mundi1 is a k9d ( opal1 ! di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ic ( :i* is1 t x gradually becomes transp>5t1 & exhibits a beautiful play ( col\r aft] be+ imm]s$ 9 wat]4 ,x is ei!r ( a :iti% br[n1 yell[i% gre51 milky grey1 or yell[ col\r1 & opaque2 &1 :5 t\*$ by ! tongue1 adh]es to x4 ,! "n ( oculus mundi has be5 giv5 to ^! /ones f an int]nal lum9\s spot1 :i* *anges its position accord+ to ! direction 9 :i* !y are held to ! light4 ,! c\ntries 9 :i* !y are *iefly f\nd are ,hung>y & ,icel&4 ,!y are sometimes set 9 r+s2 & ! prices at :i* !y 7 =m]ly valu$ 71 9 ! highe/ degree1 unacc\ntable & absurd4 ,at pres5t _! value is consid]ably l[]1 ?\gh !y are /ill 9 great reque/ z objects ( curiosity4 ,! ph5om5on ( _! becom+ transp>5t 9 wat] is suppos$ to be occasion$ by t fluid soak+ ?r\gh _! :ole sub/ance1 9 ! same mann] z ! transp>5cy ( pap] is occasion$ by imm]s+ x 9 oil4 ,an hydrophan\s opal weigh+ #bg gra9s 0 kept f\r m9utes 9 wat]1 &1 on be+ tak5 out1 weigh$ #cb gra9s1 hav+ receiv$ 9 ?is %ort p]iod an augm5tation ( five gra9s1 or m ?an "o six? "p ( its :ole weight4 ,:5 tak5 f ! wat]1 ^! /ones z !y dry become aga9 opaque4 ,to pres]ve !m 9 beauty & p]fection1 c>e %\ld be tak5 n to imm]se !m 9 any b pure wat]1 & to take !m out z soon z !y h acquir$ _! full transp>5cy4 ,if ^! precautions be neglect$1 ! pores w soon become fill$ ) e>?y p>ticles3 ! /ones w cease to exhibit _! peculi> prop]ty1 & w ev] aft]w>ds cont9ue opaque4 #ajd4 ,,common ,,opal is a semitransp>5t k9d ( opal1 :i* does n exhibit any *angeable refraction ( col\r4 ,x is f\nd 9 ,g]many1 ,france1 ,italy1 & o!r c\ntries ( ! ,cont95t1 & is employ$ = broo*es & o!r ornam5ts4 ,a gre5col\r$ ,saxon v>iety is sometimes cut into r+/ones4 #aje4 ,,"m,,(,,pe>l ,,opal1 or ,,ca*olong1 is a milk:ite1 yell[i%1 or greyi%:ite k9d ( opal1 :i* occurs 9 ,icel&1 ,gre5l&1 ,spa91 & ! isl& ( ,elba4 ,x is sometimes cut into a concave =m1 = broo*es1 & o!r female ornam5ts4 ,italian arti/s also use x = mosaic "w4 #ajf4 ,,wood ,,opal appe>s to be wood t1 by "s extraord9>y op]ation ( nature1 has be5 conv]t$ into opal4 ,"s specim5s exhibit1 v beautifully1 ! ligne\s texture4 ,?is k9d ( opal is *iefly cut into plates = ! tops & bottoms ( snuffboxes4 ,x is f\nd 9 alluvial l& 9 "s p>ts ( ,g]many & ,hung>y4 ,sev]al ye>s ago ! trunk ( a tree1 p5etrat$ ) opal1 & s heavy t eight ox5 7 requisite to draw x1 0 f\nd 9 ,hung>y4 ,,pit*/one ,,family4 #ajg4 ,,obsidian is a k9d ( glass1 g5]ally ( blacki% col\r1 =m$ 9 volcanoes1 f :i* x issues 9 ?ick /reams4 ,?is sub/ance has be5 us$ = v>i\s purposes4 ,x is possible to cut & poli% x2 b its brittl5ess & frangibility are s great1 t1 )\t mu* c>e1 x w fly into pieces dur+ ! work+4 ,! reflectors ( telescopes are sometimes =m$ ( x4 ,9 ,mexico & ,p]u obsidian is cut into mirrors2 & ! inhabitants ( ^? c\ntries us$ =m]ly to manufacture x into knives & o!r cutt+ in/rum5ts4 ,h]n&ez says t he saw m ?an a hundr$ ( ^! knives made 9 an h\r4 ,cortez1 9 a lett] to ! ,emp]or ,*>les ! ,fif?1 relates t he saw razors t _h be5 =m$ ( obsidian4 ,! natives ( ,ea/] & ,asc5sion ,isl&s use ?is sub/ance = cutt+ in/rum5ts2 & also = po9t+ _! lances & spe>s1 &1 9 place ( fl9t1 = /rik+ fire )4 ,accord+ to ! acc\nt t has be5 giv5 by ,pl9y1 ! anci5ts sometimes =m$ obsidian into mirrors1 & ornam5tal articles ( diff]5t k9ds4 ,! ,dani% lapid>ies1 :o obta9 consid]able quantities ( x f ,icel&1 cut x into snuffboxes1 r+/ones1 & e>p5dants4 ,obsidian is f\nd ne> ,m\nt ,hecla1 & 9 o!r p>ts ( ,icel&4 ,sir ,george ,mack5zie1 dur+ 8 j\rney ?r\gh t isl&1 obs]v$ an imm5se mass ( ?is sub/ance1 :i* appe>$ to him to h be5 "p ( a /ream t _h fl[$ f a volcano4 ,x is also f\nd 9 ,sicily1 & sev]al o!r isl&s ( ! ,m$it]ranean2 & 9 ne>ly all p>ts ( ! _w :]e !re are volcanoes4 #ajh4 ,,pumice is an extremely light & por\s m9]al1 ( some:at fibr\s texture1 & ( :ite1 grey1 r$di%1 br[n1 or black col\r4 ,f ! texture ( ?is m9]al1 :i* is *iefly br\ght f ! neighb\rhood ( volcanoes1 "s p]sons h imag9$ x to be asbe/os decompos$ by ! action ( fire4 ,its lightness is su* t1 plac$ 9 wat]1 x w float4 ,to me*anics & o!r arti/s pumice /one is a v useful m9]al4 ,x is employ$ = cleans+ & smoo?+ ! surface ( wood1 lea!r1 metal1 /ones1 glass1 & o!r sub/ances2 & x is us$ by p>*m5tmak]s1 curri]s1 & hatmak]s4 ,h5ce x =ms a consid]able article ( trade3 & is export$ f ! ,lip>i ,isl&s1 9 great quantities1 to ! diff]5t c\ntries ( ,europe4 ,sailors 9 ! ,m$it]ranean rub _! be>ds (f ) pumice1 in/ead ( %av+4 ,on acc\nt ( its porosity1 x is us$ 9 ,t5]iffe z a filt]+ /one4 ,x =ms a p]nici\s +r$i5t 9 "s k9ds ( too? p[d]2 & 9 ,italy is gr\nd & us$ in/ead ( s&1 9 ! mak+ ( mort>4 ,pumice occurs 9 ,irel&1 along ) obsidian 7#ajg72 & x ab\nds 9 sev]al isl&s ( ! ,grecian ,ar*ipelago4 ,,azure ,,/one ,,family4 #aji4 ,,lapis ,,lazuli1 ,,azure ,,/one1 or ,,lazulite1 is a m9]al ( azureblue col\r 9 v>i\s %ades1 & g5]ally accompani$ ) :ite or cl\d$ spots1 & also ) pyrites 7#bcf71 :i* h ! appe>ance ( gold5 ve9s or spots4 ,its texture is e>?y1 & fracture unev54 ,x is opaque1 or ne>ly s1 &1 9 "s p>ts1 is suffici5tly h>d to /rike fire ) /eel4 ,we are n in=m$ t lapis lazuli is o!rwise f\nd ?an 9 %apeless masses or lumps4 ,ab\t fifty ye>s ago ?is /one 0 an article mu* 9 fa%ion = v>i\s ornam5tal p>ts ( dress4 ,be+ capable ( v high poli%1 x 0 cut into beads1 /ones = r+s1 bracelets1 & necklaces4 ,x 0 also cut into ornam5tal vases1 small /atues1 & ! tops & bottoms ( snuffboxes2 b ( late x has be5 almo/ :olly out ( use = ^! purposes4 ,be=e ! ,fr5* ,revolution x 0 import$1 to consid]able ext5t1 into t c\ntry f ! ,p]sian ,gulf = ! inlay+ ( ri*lydecorat$ alt>s2 & its value 0 appreciat$ accord+ to ! proportion ( its yell[ spots or ve9s3 ^!1 by _m p]sons1 7 errone\sly consid]$ to be ( gold4 ,! mo/ important purpose to :i* lapis lazuli is n[ appli$ is 9 ! manufactur+ ( ! beautiful & brilliant blue col\r s mu* e/eem$ by pa9t]s1 call$ ultram>9e4 ,= ! mak+ ( ?is1 su* pieces are select$ z conta9 ! greate/ proportion ( blue sub/ance1 & consequ5tly ! lea/ yell[ or :ite4 ,^! are burn$ or calc9$1 r$uc$ to a f9e p[d]1 made into a pa/e ) wax1 l9se$ oil1 & res9\s matt]s ( diff]5t k9ds1 & aft]w>ds sep>at$ by wa%+4 ,! p[d] t is left 9 ?is op]ation1 :i* requires mu* "t & great att5tion to p]=m1 is ultram>9e4 ,!re are few col\rs s little susceptible ( *ange f ! effects ( "t z ultram>9e3 ! consequ5ce ( ?is has be5 t1 z sev]al ( ! anci5t pa9t]s introduc$ x = ! repres5tation ( blue drap]y1 _! pictures1 9 _m in/ances1 are n[ devoid ( h>mony1 z ?is col\r alone has /ood1 :il/ all ! o!rs h *ang$4 ,lapis lazuli is pr9cipally br\ght f ,p]sia1 ,natolia1 & ,*9a2 b x is also f\nd 9 ,sib]ia & ,t>t>y4 ,9 ,europe x has be5 discov]$ only 9 ,g]many1 & among ! ru9s ( ,rome4 ,a co>se imitation ( x is sometimes made by ?r[+ copp] fil+s into blue enamel :il/ 9 a melt$ /ate4 ,,felsp> ,,family4 #aaj4 ,,common ,,felsp> is a h>d k9d ( /one :i* v>ies mu* 9 col\r1 be+ fle%r$1 blui% grey1 yell[i% :ite1 milk:ite1 or br[ni% yell[4 ,x is f\nd 9 a massive /ate1 dissem9at$ or cry/alliz$ 9 f\r1 six1 & t5sid$ prisms2 w /rike fire ) /eel1 & is sometimes opaque & col\r$1 sometimes transp>5t & :iti%4 ,! "n ( felsp> is d]iv$ f ! ,g]man language1 & signifies sp> ( ! fields4 ,x is a v common sub/ance1 & con/itutes a pr9cipal "p ( _m ( ! highe/ m\nta9s ( ! _w4 ,:5 expos$ to wea!r1 x gradually acquires an e>?y appe>ance1 & at l5g? passes into porcela9 clay 7#aah74 ,felsp> is ( great use 9 ! manufacture ( ! f9] k9ds ( e>!nw>e4 ,( ! two sub/ances :i* *iefly compose ! porcela9 ( ,*9a1 "o call$ petunz is a :iti% lam9> k9d ( felsp>4 ,?is m9]al is us$ 9 ! celebrat$ porcela9 t is manufactur$ at ,sevres1 ne> ,p>is1 = ! purpose ( giv+ to x a :ite & transp>5t appe>ance4 ,previ\sly to be+ us$1 x is pulv]iz$1 made into a pa/e1 & suff]$ to dry4 ,x is sometimes appli$ to ! surface ( ornam5tal vases 9 ! =m ( enamel4 #aaa4 ,,amazon ,,/one is a gre5 v>iety ( felsp>1 :i* is f\nd 9 small roll$ pieces on ! bank ( ! riv] ( ,amazons1 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 :5ce x has its "n4 ,x is susceptible ( a beautiful poli%1 & is (t5 cut into r+/ones1 broo*es1 & ! tops ( snuffboxes4 ,lapid>ies consid] x to be mo/ e/imable :5 accompani$ by mica1 :i* gives x a k9d ( speckl$ p]lace\s appe>ance4 #aab4 ,,labrador ,,felsp> is a v beautiful /one1 ( smoky grey col\r1 int]m+l$ ) ve9s & %ades ( blue1 gre51 & gold5 yell[1 exhibit+ a brilliant play ( col\rs1 accord+ to ! position ) respect to ! light 9 :i* x is held4 ,! orig9al discov]y ( ?is s+ul> m9]al 0 by ! ,moravian mission>ies1 on ! isl& ( ,/4 ,paul1 ne> ! coa/ ( ,labrador2 b x has s9ce be5 f\nd 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,norway & ,sib]ia4 ,p]sons :o h pass$ 9 boats along ! riv]s ( ,labrador1 h describ$ ! extremely brilliant & beautiful appe>ance :i* ! rocks ( ?is sub/ance frequ5tly exhibit 9 %all[ places1 at ! bottom ( ! wat]4 ,! visitors ( ! late ,lev]ian ,museum w1 no d\bt1 recollect a rem>kably f9e mass ( ,labrador felsp>1 ! surface ( :i* 0 poli%$1 & exhibit$ "s ( ! mo/ spl5did & beautiful col\rs t c be imag9$4 ,x 0 consid]$ to h be5 ! mo/ capital specim5 t 0 ev] br\ght to ,engl&4 ,?is m9]al1 on acc\nt ( its h>dness1 its brilliancy1 & its capability ( receiv+ a high poli%1 is 9 consid]able e/imation among lapid>ies = diff]5t k9ds ( ornam5tal "w1 p>ticul>ly = ! tops & bottoms ( snuffboxes1 = broo*es1 & necklaces4 #aac4 ,,moon/one1 or ,,adul>ia1 is ! pure/ k9d ( felsp> t is kn[n2 & is consid]$ to h ! same relation to common felsp> t rock cry/al has to common qu>tz4 ,its col\r is :ite1 sometimes ) a %ade ( yell[1 r$1 or gre54 ,! transluc5t v>ieties ( ?is /one1 :5 view$ 9 a c]ta9 direction1 sometimes exhibit a pe>ly & silv]y play ( col\r4 ,^! are valu$ by jewell]s1 :o cut !m into a semiglobul> =m1 & sell !m "u ! "n ( moon/one4 ,^? specim5s are consid]$ mo/ e/imable :i*1 :5 cut 9 a v l[ oval1 pres5t ! silv]y spot 9 ! c5tre ( ! /one4 ,!y are g5]ally us$ = r+s & broo*es2 & :5 set r\nd ) diamonds1 _! pe>ly lu/re exhibits a /rik+ & agreeable contra/ ) ! brilliancy ( t gem4 ,adul>ia is said to h be5 fir/ discov]$ by an ,italian m9]alogi/1 ne> ,m\nt ,/4 ,go?>d1 9 ,switz]l&4 ,he nam$ x ,adul>ia felsp>1 9 ! belief t ! m\nta9 on :i* he _h f\nd x 0 nam$ ,adula4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 0 n ! case2 = ,m\nt ,adula is at "s di/ance f ,/4 ,go?>d1 9 ! ,grisons4 ,?is m9]al has s9ce be5 f\nd 9 ! granite ( ! isl& ( ,arran1 9 ,france1 & ,g]many4 ,! f9e/ specim5s are br\ght f ,ceylon4 ,,ord] ,,ii4-,,s(t ,,/ones4 7,^? :i* w n scrat* ,glass47 ,,clay ,,family4 #aad4 ,clay is a mixture ( alum9e 7#cc7 & silex 7#ch71 & is too well kn[n to require mu* description4 ,x is opaque1 has an e>?y texture1 is ab\t twice z heavy z wat]1 :5 moi/5$ is v ductile1 adh]es slightly to ! tongue2 & ) its peculi> smell 7call$ clayey7 e "o is acqua9t$4 #aae4 ,,common ,,clay1 or ,,pott]'s ,,clay1 :i* is f\nd 9 ne>ly e c\ntry ( ! _w1 is sometimes :ite1 has a blue or yell[i% t+e1 or is br[n or r$di%4 ,x is ! peculi> quality ( ?is sub/ance to become s h>d by heat t x w ev5 /rike fire ) /eel4 ,! ductility ( clay1 & its prop]ty ( ?us h>d5+ 9 ! fire1 h r5d]$ x an article ( indisp5sable utility to mank9d 9 all civiliz$ c\ntries4 ,x is =m$ into eat+ vessels ( almo/ e description2 plates1 di%es1 cups1 bas9s1 b[ls1 & pans = keep+ provisions 94 ,= ^! almo/ any k9d ( clay may be advantage\sly us$2 b x is necess>y to mix x ) s&1 = ! purpose ( r5d]+ ! vessels t are made ( x m firm & /rong4 ,^? t are appli$ to cul9>y1 & o!r uses 9 :i* x is requisite = !m n to be p5etrable by wat]1 are cov]$ ) a glaz+4 ,?is glaz+1 = co>se w>e1 is sometimes made ) lead1 & sometimes by ?r[+ a c]ta9 portion ( salt into ! furnace4 ,9 ! =mation ( ! bett] k9ds ( e>!nw>e1 ! clay is made into a pa/e ) wat]1 m\ld$ into ! requisite %ape ^u an horizontal :eel1 ! inside be+ =m$ by "o h& ( ! pott]1 & ! outside by ! o!r1 z ! :eel turns r\nd4 ,:5 ! pieces h be5 bak$1 !y are dipp$ into a glaz+ mixture1 consi/+ ( :ite lead1 gr\nd fl9ts1 & wat]1 & are expos$ a second "t to ! fire4 ,! diff]5t col\rs ( e>!nw>e are obta9$ by means ( v>i\s k9ds ( metallic oxides 7#ba74 ,! co>s] k9ds ( clay are manufactur$ into bricks = ! build+ ( h\ses1 & tiles = ! cov]+ & pav+ ( !m4 ,^! are =m$ 9 m\lds ( ! requisite %ape1 aft]w>ds dri$ = "s "t 9 ! sun1 & f9ally pil$ 9 kilns1 & !re bak$ to a prop] degree ( h>dness4 ,! e>? = bricks ought to be suffici5tly f9e1 free f pebbles1 & n too s&y1 :i* w\ld r5d] !m heavy & brittle2 nor ought x to be entirely free f s&1 z ?is w\ld make !m crack 9 dry+4 ,clay is a sub/ance ( ine/imable value = =m+ ! bottoms ( ponds1 & ! bottoms & sides ( canals & res]voirs1 to prev5t ! wat] f dra9+ away4 ,x also composes1 9 a great measure1 ^? t5aci\s e>?s call$ arable soils4 ,:at is peculi>ly d5om9at$ clay l& is kn[n by its hold+ wat]1 & n soon dry+ :5 wett$4 ,su* l& requires mu* lab\r f ! husb&man1 be=e x c be suffici5tly pulv]iz$1 or br\ght to a fit /ate = be+ productive ( corn or grass4 #aaf4 ,,pipe ,,clay is a f9e & yell[i% :ite v>iety ( common clay4 ,x is v pla/ic1 adh]es /rongly to ! tongue2 &1 9 a /rong heat1 is h>d5$1 & r5d]$ p]fectly :ite4 ,x is ( ?is clay t tobacco pipes are made1 by ! simple process ( ca/+ !m 9 m\lds1 =m+ a hole ?r\gh ! /ems by means ( a wire1 g5]ally dipp+ ! small end into "s glaz+ mat]ial1 & !n bak+ !m4 ,pipe clay is also =m$ into oblong pieces1 dri$1 & employ$ = clean+ :ite wooll5 clo?s1 & = v>i\s purposes ( dome/ic utility4 ,x is likewise ! basis ( ! yell[1 ( :at is call$ ,que5's w>e pott]y4 ,?is is glaz$ 9 a mann] some:at diff]5t f t ( common pott]y4 ,! glaz+ mixture consi/s ( a c]ta9 proportion ( c>bonat ( lead 7#bci71 gr\nd fl9t1 & fl9t glass1 work$ ) wat] to ! ?ickness ( cream4 ,! w>e1 be=e x is glaz$1 is bak$1 & ?us acquires ! prop]ty ( /rongly imbib+ moi/ure4 ,x is !n dipp$ into ! above composition2 expos$ a second "t to ! fire1 by :i* ! glaze x has imbib$ is melt$4 ,a ?9 glossy coat is ?us =m$ ^u its surface1 :i* is m or less yell[1 accord+ to ! great] or less proportion ( lead t has be5 us$4 #aag4 ,,loam is a yell[i% or br[ni% k9d ( clay2 sometimes conta9+ a consid]able proportion ( s&4 ,x occurs 9 imm5se b$s1 & is f\nd 9 almo/ e "p ( ! _w4 ,?is sub/ance1 :5 mix$ ) /raw or hair1 to prev5t x f crack+1 is ext5sively us$ = ! build+ ( :at are call$ mud cottages or h\ses4 ,^! are g5]ally re>$ on a f\ndation ( /one1 or brickwork1 to secure !m f injury by ! moi/ure ( ! e>?4 ,x is said to be ! mo/ advantage\s practice to =m ! loam into bricks1 & to dry ^! 9 ! %ade1 & aft]w>ds 9 ! sun4 ,! use ( su* bricks is ( great antiquity4 ,we are in=m$ t ! anci5t city ( ,damascus1 & ev5 ! walls ( ,babylon1 7 con/ruct$ ( bricks made ( loam4 #aah4 ,,porcela9 ,,clay is g5]ally ( :ite or r$di% :ite col\r1 sometimes incl9+ to yell[i% or grey4 ,:5 dry1 x absorbs moi/ure rapidly2 & x becomes v t5aci\s :5 knead$4 ,x is kn[n f ! o!r clays by ! f95ess ( its p>ticles1 its soil+ ! f+]s mu* :5 h&l$1 & its f9e b meagre feel4 ,! usual di/9ction betwixt e>!n w>e & porcela9 is1 t ! =m] is opaque1 & ! latt] semitransp>5t4 ,9 ! manufacture ( porcela9 ! clay is sometimes us$ alone1 & sometimes int]mix$ ) o!r e>?s1 or ) felsp> 7#aaj74 ,! e>lie/ manufacture ( porcela9 is suppos$ to h be5 t 9 ,*9a & ,japan4 ,! quantity produc$ 9 ,*9a mu/ =m]ly h be5 extremely great2 z n only a consid]able portion ( ! ea/]n p>ts ( ! _w1 b almo/ ! :ole ( ,europe1 0 suppli$ ) x4 ,9 a s+le prov9ce x is said t ne>ly a million ( p]sons 7 at "o "t employ$ 9 ?is manufacture4 ,! manufactory at ,sevres1 9 ,france1 has long be5 celebrat$ bo? = ! excell5ce & elegance ( its porcela94 ,!re are wellkn[n manufactories ( porcela9 at ,meiss5 9 ,saxony1 at ,b]l91 & 9 ,au/ria2 b none ( ^! are at pres5t sup]ior to our own1 9 ,worce/]%ire & ,/af=d%ire4 ,porcela9 clay occurs *iefly 9 c\ntries :i* ab\nd ) granite 7#bea7 & gneiss 7#bee74 ,x is f\nd 9 small quantity 9 ,cornwall1 & o!r granite di/ricts ( ,engl&1 z well z 9 ^? ( ,scotl& & ,irel&4 ,b ! mo/ valuable k9ds ( ?is clay are f\nd 9 ,*9a & ,japan4 ,! m9]al is n us$ 9 ! /ate 9 :i* x is f\nd 9 ! e>?2 b is previ\sly wa%$ sev]al times to free x f impurities4 ,aft] ! process ( wa%+1 only ab\t fifte5 p>ts ( pure clay rema93 ?is is ! kaol9 ( ! ,*9ese4 ,to =m ! composition ( ! porcela91 ?is clay is mix$1 9 c]ta9 proportions1 ) qu>tz 7#gf71 fl9t1 gypsum 7#aib71 /eatite 7#abd71 or o!r sub/ances2 & ! mixture is sift$ sev]al times ?r\gh hair sieves4 ,x is aft]w>ds moi/5$ ) ra9 wat]1 &1 9 ! =m ( a pa/e1 is put into cov]$ casks4 ,"h a f]m5tation soon takes place1 :i* *anges its smell1 col\r1 & consi/5ce4 ,its col\r passes f :ite into d>k grey2 & ! matt] becomes bo? t\gh] & m s(t ?an be=e4 ,! peculi> mode ( prep>+ ?is mixture1 & ! art ( rightly manag+ x1 are secrets 9 mo/ porcela9 manufactories4 ,! next op]ation consi/s 9 giv+ to ! pa/e ?us =m$ ! requisite %ape ( ! vessels4 ,?is is done fir/ by knead+ x ) ! h&s2 & !n by tak+ up c]ta9 portions ( x1 & turn+ x on a la!1 9 ! mann] ( common pott]y 7#aae71 b ) m c>e4 ,! ?ird op]ation is ! bak+ or fir+4 ,?is is done 9 furnaces ( a p>ticul> con/ruction1 & g5]ally la/s f ?irtysix to =tyeight h\rs4 ,! /ate ( ! bak+ is %[n by pro( pieces1 z !y are call$1 :i* are plac$ 9 conv5i5t situations1 & c be drawn out1 f "t to "t1 = exam9ation4 ,! porcela9 9 ?is /ate1 is nam$ biscuit porcela92 & figures1 & su* o!r porcela9 articles z are nei!r to be pa9t$ nor expos$ to wat] are 9 ! /ate ( biscuit4 ,a f\r? op]ation is cov]+ ! surface ( ! biscuit ) a v>ni% or enamel4 ,?is is compos$ ( pure :ite qu>tz 7#gf71 :ite porcela91 & calc9$ cry/als ( gypsum 7#aib72 & sometimes pr9cipally ( felsp> 7#aaj74 ,^! sub/ances are c>efully gr\nd1 !n diffus$ ?r\gh wat]1 & =m$ into a pa/e4 ,:5 us$1 ! pa/e is dilut$ 9 wat]1 s z to give x consid]able fluidity2 & ! pieces ( biscuit porcela9 are sep>ately plung$ into x1 9 su* mann] z to cov] _! :ole surface4 ,^! are !n expos$ to a heat suffici5t to melt ! enamel or cov]+3 & 9 ?is /ate !y con/itute :ite porcela94 ,if ! porcela9 is to be pa9t$1 x mu/ aga9 be expos$ to heat 9 ! furnace4 ,! col\rs us$ = ! pa9t+ ( x are all d]iv$ f metals2 & _m ( !m1 ?\gh dull :5 appli$1 acquire consid]able lu/re by ! action ( ! fire4 ,! col\rs are always mix$ ) "s k9d ( flux1 su* z a mixture ( glass 7#bjd71 borax 7#bjh71 & nitre1 melt$ toge!r1 & aft]w>ds gr\nd4 ,gum or oil ( lav5d] is us$ = mix+ up ! col\rs4 ,:5 ! pa9t+ is f9i%$1 ! pieces are expos$ to a heat suffici5t to melt ! flux1 & ?us fix ! col\r4 #aai4 ,,tripoli is a k9d ( clay ( yell[i% grey1 br[n1 or :ite col\r1 sometimes /rip$ or spott$1 & ( an e>?y texture4 ,x feels h>% & dry to ! t\*2 is s(t1 sc>cely adh]es to ! tongue1 & w n take a poli% f ! nail4 ,?is sub/ance obta9$ its "n f hav+ =m]ly be5 import$ into ,europe f ,tripoli1 on ! nor? coa/ ( ,africa4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 n[ f\nd 9 sev]al p>ts ( ,g]many2 & a granulat$ k9d has be5 discov]$ 9 ,engl&4 ,tripoli is us$ = ! poli%+ ( metals & /ones4 ,= ?is purpose1 x is mix$ ) sulphur1 9 ! proportion ( two p>ts ( tripoli to "o ( sulphur4 ,^! are well rubb$ toge!r on a m>ble slab1 & are appli$ to ! /one or metal ) a piece ( lea!r4 ,:5 tripoli is comb9$ ) r$ iron/one1 x is us$ = ! poli%+ ( optical glasses4 ,x is sometimes made into m\lds1 9 :i* small metallic or glass figures &1 m$allions are ca/2 & a k9d ( tripoli is f\nd ne> ,burgos1 9 ,spa91 :i* is us$ z an +r$i5t 9 ! manufacture ( porcela94 ,9 ,d]by%ire11 & sev]al p>ts ( ,/af=d%ire1 is dug a k9d ( tripoli :i* has ! "n ( rott5 /one4 ,?is is consid]$ to be a produce ( lime/one %ale1 :i* has und]gone a decomposition by exposure to ! air & moi/ure4 ,x is us$ = mo/ ( ! same purposes z tripoli4 ,,clay ,,slate ,,family4 #abj4 ,,clay ,,slate1 or ,,ro(+ ,,slate1 is a k9d ( /one ( foliat$ texture1 & greyi%1 black1 br[n1 gre51 or blui% col\r4 ,x breaks into spl9t]s1 does n adh]e to ! tongue1 yields g5]ally a cle> s\nd :5 /ruck1 & is ne>ly ?rice z heavy z wat]4 ,va/ & ext5sive b$s ( slate occur 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w2 & ?is m9]al sometimes con/itutes ev5 a pr9cipal portion ( m\nta9s4 ,9 our own c\ntry !re are _m important qu>ries ( x1 p>ticul>ly 9 ,we/morel&1 ,york%ire1 ,wales1 & ,d]by%ire4 ,! uses ( slate are num]\s & important2 b its pr9cipal use is = ! ro(+ ( h\ses4 ,= ?is purpose x is split into ?9 plates or lam94 ,^! are fa/5$ to ! raft]s by pegs driv5 ?r\gh !m2 & are made to lap ov] ea* o!r at ! edges1 9 su* mann] z to exclude ! ra9 & o!r moi/ure4 ,! k9ds :i* are pref]r$ = ?is purpose are su* z h ! smoo!/ surface1 & split into ! ?9ne/ plates4 ,x is requisite t slates %\ld be damp :5 !y are split1 o!rwise ?is _c be done )\t difficulty4 ,h5ce x is g5]ally cu/om>y to split ! masses z soon z possible aft] !y h be5 sep>at$ f ! rock4 ,slate %\ld n be por\s4 ,if x be s1 ra9 & sn[ wat] w pass ?r\gh x1 & de/roy ! wood"w ( ! h\se on :i* x is plac$4 ,por\s slate is also liable to h moss & li*5s gr[ ^u & cov] x4 ,^! plants reta9 moi/ure long1 & keep ! surface1 & ev5 ! int]ior ( ! slate1 moi/2 s t1 dur+ ! w9t] season1 by ! freez+ ( ! moi/ure1 ! slate is apt to split & fall into pieces4 ,to asc]ta9 :e!r ! slate be ( requisite compactness1 x %\ld be completely dri$1 !n weigh$1 & aft]w>ds soak$ = "s "t 9 wat]4 ,:5 tak5 out x is to be wip$ ) a clo?1 & aga9 weigh$4 ,if x h n acquir$ any consid]able increase ( weight1 x is a pro( ( its be+ suffici5tly compact4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 x h absorb$ mu* ( ! wat]1 & h become consid]ably heavi] by ! imm]sion1 x is %[n to be ( a por\s texture4 ,slates t are brittle are bad4 ,if !y emit a tol]ably cle> s\nd1 :5 /ruck ) a hamm]1 x is consid]$ a pro( t !y are n too brittle3 if1 on ! contr>y1 ! s\nd be dull1 !y are s(t & %att]y4 ,a good slate ought also to resi/ ! action ( a consid]able degree ( heat4 ,! slates t are pr9cipally us$ 9 ,london are br\ght f ,nor? ,wales1 f qu>ries t are work$ ne> ,bangor4 ,!re are also ext5sive slate qu>ries ne> ,k5dal1 9 ,we/morel&2 & ! ,k5dal slates1 :i* are ( a blui% gre5 col\r1 are m highly e/eem$ ?an ^? f ,wales4 ,!y are n ( l>ge size1 b !y possess great durability1 & give a peculi>ly neat appe>ance to ! ro(s on :i* !y are plac$4 ,! slate qu>ries ne> ,easdale1 9 ,scotl&1 are s ext5sive z to furni% annually m ?an #e1jjj1jjj 9 numb]1 & to give employm5t to upw>ds ( #cjj m54 ,fr5* slates 7 mu* us$ 9 ,london ab\t sev5ty ye>s ago2 b !y h be5 f\nd too small1 ?91 & light1 to resi/ ! w9ds & /orms ( ?is *angeable climate4 ,d>kcol\r$1 compact1 & solid slates are manufactur$ into writ+ slates1 or table slates1 z !y are sometimes call$4 ,9 ! prep>ation ( ^!1 ! slate1 aft] x is split ( prop] ?ickness1 is smoo!d ) an iron in/rum5t4 ,x is !n gr\nd ) s&/one1 & slightly poli%$ ) tripoli 7#aai71 &1 la/ly1 rubb$ ) *>coal p[d]4 ,x is cut into ! requisite %ape1 set 9 a wood5 frame1 & is !n ready = use4 ,= writ+ on ^! slates1 p5cils are us$ :i* are also made ( slate4 ,^!1 :i* are call$ slate p5cils1 are made ( a p>ticul> k9d ( slate1 t1 on splitt+1 falls into long spl9t]y fragm5ts4 ,x is necess>y t ! p5cils %\ld be consid]ably s(t] ?an ! slate to be writt5 ^u1 s t !y may leave a :iti% /reak on its surface1 )\t scrat*+ x4 ,su* is ! %iv]y nature ( ! slate ( :i* !y are made1 t1 if x be expos$ = "s "t to ! action ( ! sun or fro/1 x is r5d]$ useless4 ,h5ce1 workm5 are c>eful to cov] x up & spr9kle x ) wat]1 z soon z x is tak5 f ! qu>ry1 & to pres]ve x 9 damp cell>s4 ,! pieces are aft]w>ds split by a p>ticul> in/rum5t1 & !n wr\ght into ! requisite %ape4 ,9 "s ( ! qu>ries 9 ,d]by%ire & ,wales ! slate is s ?ick z to admit ( be+ split into l>ge & tabul> pieces4 ,^! are us$ = grave/ones1 & = slabs = dairies & cell>s4 ,pav+ /ones & mile/ones are also =m$ ( !m2 & vessels = ! salt+ ( meat1 & sett+ ( milk 9 dairies4 ,= ! latt] use slate is peculi>ly well adapt$1 on acc\nt ( its resi/ance ( greasy or oily sub/ances4 ,b ?is prop]ty r5d]s x unfit = any purpose = :i* x is requisite to be pa9t$2 z1 ! oil n ent]+ ! /one1 ! pa9t soon peels (f1 & leaves ! /one z black z x 0 at fir/4 ,cut into n>r[ /rips1 slate has also be5 appli$1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,bangor1 ,nor? ,wales1 = ! =mation ( f5ces4 ,:5 suffici5tly solid = ! purpose1 slate is cut into ink/&s1 & turn$ into vases1 & fancy articles ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,& a s+ul> circum/ance has be5 rem>k$1 t1 if a w9d[ or door be sudd5ly op5$1 9 an ap>tm5t :]e ! workm5 are turn+ ^!1 !y w sometimes fly 9 pieces2 ?\gh1 aft] ! "w is f9i%$1 !y may be expos$ to ! usual *anges ( temp]ature )\t injury4 ,p\nd$ slate is advantage\sly us$ = clean+ iron & o!r works 9 metal4 ,:5 well gr\nd1 & mix$ ) a c]ta9 proportion ( loam1 slate is made into m\lds = ! ca/+ ( metals 92 &1 :5 burn$ & co>sely gr\nd1 is us$ in/ead ( s& 9 ! mak+ ( a solid & imp]meable mort> or cem5t1 = ! p>ts ( build+s t are cov]$ ) wat]4 #aba4 ,,black ,,*alk1 or ,,draw+ ,,slate1 is an e>?y sub/ance1 ( slaty texture2 g5]ally ( a greyi%1 sometimes a blui% black col\r4 ,x is s(t & smoo? to ! t\*1 &1 9 h&l+1 /a9s ! f+]s4 ,to crayon pa9t]s1 & o!r arti/s1 black *alk is a v useful article4 ,consid]able quantities ( x are import$ f ,france1 ,spa91 & ,italy4 ,! be/ is br\ght f ,italy4 ,?is is m free f gritty p>ticles1 m firm & compact 9 its texture1 & 9 its t\* mu* smoo!r ?an ! *alk ( any o!r c\ntry4 ,x conta9s some:at m ?an "ot5? "p ( its weight ( *>coal4 ,:5 prep>$ = use1 x is cut into squ>e pieces1 :i* are sometimes enclos$ 9 wood5 cases1 l black lead p5cils4 ,^! p5cils are said to become dry1 h>d1 & unfit = use1 by long keep+4 ,to pres]ve !m 9 greate/ p]fection1 !y %\ld be kept 9 a moi/ place4 ,"s arti/s pref] p5cils t are made ( ! *alk f9ely gr\nd1 mix$ ) a c]ta9 proportion ( gum wat]1 & ca/ 9 m\lds4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 n to put too mu* gum1 z ! p5cils w n1 9 su* case1 leave any m>k on ! pap]4 ,draw+ slate is sometimes us$ z a black col\r = pa9t+4 ,= ?is purpose x is p\nd$ or gr\nd1 & !n mix$ ) oil or size1 accord+ to ! k9d ( "w = :i* x is requir$4 ,:5 black *alk is /rongly heat$1 x loses its col\r1 & assumes t ( a r$di% grey4 #abb4 ,,hone1 or ,,:et ,,slate1 is a wellkn[n k9d ( /one1 ( some:at slaty texture1 & g5]ally ( dull :ite1 or gre5i% grey col\r4 ,its surface is smoo?1 & feels unctu\s to ! t\*4 ,^! /ones1 :5 prop]ly cut & smoo!d1 are ( indisp5sable utility to c>p5t]s1 cutl]s1 & o!rs1 = %>p5+ _! cutt+ in/rum5ts ^u4 ,^? ( ! f9e/ gra9 are us$ = lancets1 p5knives1 & razors4 ,= ?is purpose _! surface1 :5 us$1 is cov]$ ) a small quantity ( oil2 by :i*1 aft] a :ile1 !y are r5d]$ consid]ably h>d] ?an !y 7 at fir/4 ,!y ought to be kept 9 damp & cool places2 =1 if mu* expos$ to ! sun1 !y become too h>d & dry = _m purposes to :i* !y are appli$4 ,!re is a vulg> & errone\s notion t hones are holly wood1 :i* by ly+ 9 petrify+ wat]1 h be5 !reby conv]t$ into /one4 ,! great] numb] ( !m h a f9e & a co>se side4 ,f ! circum/ance ( _! hav+ be5 orig9ally br\ght into ?is c\ntry f ,turkey & ! ,levant1 !y are sometimes call$ ,turkey /ones4 ,!y are n[ f\nd 9 ,saxony & ,bohemia1 9 ,nor? ,wales1 & ne> ,drogh$a1 9 ,irel&4 ,! p[d] ( :et slate is sometimes us$1 in/ead ( em]y1 = ! cutt+ & poli%+ ( metals4 ,,mica ,,family4 #abc4 ,,common ,,mica1 ,,glimm]1 or ,,muscovy ,,glass1 is a m9]al sub/ance ( foliat$ texture1 :i* is capable ( be+ divid$ into extremely ?9 leaves t h a s5sible ela/icity1 & are transp>5t4 ,! col\r ( mica is gre5i%1 sometimes ne>ly black1 r$di%1 br[n1 yell[1 or silv]y :ite1 )1 occasionally1 a metallic lu/re on ! surface4 ,mica is s s(t z easily to be scrat*$2 &1 :5 divid$ across ! plates1 seems r to te> ?an break4 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ abundant m9]al sub/ances t is kn[n4 ,x n only occurs 9 a massive & cry/alliz$ /ate1 b x ent]s into ! composition ( _m rocks2 is f\nd fill+ up _! fissures1 or cry/alliz$ 9 ! cavities ( ! ve9s :i* trav]se !m4 ,9 "s c\ntries1 z 9 ,sib]ia1 x is an article ( comm]ce1 & is obta9$ f m9es l o!r m9]als4 ,f ^! x is extract$ by hamm]s & *isels4 ,x is !n wa%$1 to free x f ! impurities :i* adh]e to x2 split into ?9 leaves or pieces2 & assort$ into diff]5t k9ds1 accord+ to _! goodness1 purity1 & size4 ,we are in=m$ by ! ,abb ,hay1 t plates ( mica a y>d or m 9 wid? h be5 obta9$ f ! m9es 9 "s p>ts ( ,russia4 ,?9 plates ( mica are adopt$1 9 _m p>ts ( ,sib]ia & ,muscovy1 to supply ! place ( glass = w9d[s4 ,9 ! %ipp+ ( ,russia x is consid]$ pref]able to glass1 z ! concussion produc$ by ! fir+ ( ! guns does n %att] x4 ,x is employ$ in/ead ( w9d[ glass 9 ,p]u & ,new ,spa92 & also 9 ,p5nsylvania4 ,mica may be advantage\sly sub/itut$ = horn 9 lant]ns1 z x is n only m transp>5t1 b is n susceptible ( injury f ! flame ( ! c&le4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 ! inconv5i5ce ( soon becom+ dirty2 & ( hav+ its transp>5cy de/roy$ by long exposure to ! air4 ,mica is us$ = enclos+ objects t are int5d$ to be view$ by microscopes4 ,s pl5tiful is ?is sub/ance 9 ,b5gal1 t1 = ! value ( five %ill+s1 z mu* ( x may be pur*as$ z w yield a doz5 panes1 ea* measur+ ab\t twelve in*es 9 l5g? & n9e 9 bread?1 & s cle> z to all[ ( ord9>y objects be+ se5 ?r\gh !m at ! di/ance ( tw5ty or ?irty y>ds4 ,mica1 :5 p[d]$1 is sold by /ation]s on ! ,cont95t1 9 place ( s&1 = absorb+ ink 9 writ+1 b x does n dry suffici5tly quick to be ( mu* use 9 ?is respect4 ,9 ,russia x is employ$ 9 diff]5t k9ds ( inlaid "w4 ,x is sometimes p[d]$1 & int]mix$ ) ! glaze 9 p>ticul> k9ds ( e>!n w>e4 ,! heat :i* melts ! glaze has no effect on ! mica3 h5ce x appe>s1 disp]s$ ?r\gh\t ! glaze1 l plates or scales ( silv] or gold4 ,"s arti/s use x 9 mak+ artificial avantur9es 7#he74 ,x mu/ be obs]v$ t ! be/ mica is ( a pure pe>l col\r2 &1 :5 split into leaves1 pres5ts a smoo? surface4 ,,soap/one ,,family4 #abd4 ,,/eatite1 or ,,soap/one1 is a s(t & unctu\s sub/ance1 :i* has mu* ! appe>ance ( soap2 & is g5]ally ( a :ite or grey col\r1 int]mix$ ) gre5i% or yell[i% %ades4 ,x is some:at m ?an twice z heavy z wat]2 & is di/+ui%$ f indurat$ talc 7#ace7 by n splitt+1 l t sub/ance1 into slaty fragm5ts4 ,9 ! c\nties ( ,devon & ,cornwall1 & ! isl&s 9 ! vic9ity ( ! ,liz>d ,po9t1 ?is m9]al is f\nd 9 consid]able abundance4 ,x possesses _m ( ! same prop]ties z full]s' e>?1 & is1 l t sub/ance1 employ$ 9 ! sc\r+ ( wooll5 clo?s4 ,:5 mix$ ) wat] x may be =m$ into a pa/e2 &1 9 ?is /ate1 x is easily work$1 l clay1 = ! manufacture ( e>!n w>e4 ,9 ! porcela9 manufactory at ,worce/] consid]able quantities ( /eatite are employ$4 ,accord+ to ,dr4 ,%aw1 ! ,arabs use x 9 _! ba?s1 in/ead ( soap1 to s(t5 ! sk94 ,z x becomes h>d 9 ! fire1 & does n alt] its %ape1 ?is sub/ance has be5 successfully adopt$ = imitations ( engrav$ gems4 ,! subjects are engrav$ ^u x ) great ease 9 its natural /ate2 x is !n expos$ to a /rong heat2 aft]w>ds poli%$1 & !n col\r$ by means ( c]ta9 metallic solutions4 ,we are in=m$ by travell]s1 t "s ( ! savage tribes eat /eatite1 ei!r alone1 or mix$ ) _! food1 to deceive hung]4 ,! inhabitants ( ,new ,cal$onia eat consid]able quantities ( x4 ,humboldt1 ! ,s\? ,am]ican travell]1 assures u t ! ,otomacks1 a savage race ( p1 :o live on ! banks ( ! ,or9oco1 are almo/ :olly support$1 dur+ ?ree mon?s ( ! ye>1 by eat+ species ( /eatite1 or pott]'s clay1 :i* !y fir/ slightly bake1 & !n moi/5 ) wat]4 ,m4 ,golb]ry says t ! negroes ne> ! m\? ( ! ,s5egal mix _! rice ) a :ite k9d ( /eatite1 & eat x )\t inconv5i5ce4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,spa9 a v>iety ( /eatite is f\nd1 :i* is us$ by arti/s "u ! "n ( ,spani% *alk4 ,:5 slightly burn$1 ?is m9]al is sometimes us$ z ! basis ( r\ge4 #abe4 ,,figure ,,/one is a k9d ( /eatite1 :i* has1 int]nally1 a glimm]+ & res9\s lu/re1 & a slaty or spl9t]y fracture4 ,f its s(tness1 & yet solidity ( texture1 ?is m9]al c easily be fa%ion$ into v>i\s %apes1 ev5 ) a knife4 ,h5ce 9 ,*9a1 :]e x frequ5tly occurs1 x is cut into grotesque figures ( v>i\s k9ds1 :i* ! ,fr5* call magots de la ,*9e1 into cups1 vases1 pagodas1 snuffboxes1 & o!r articles4 #abf4 ,,me]s*aum1 or ,,sea,,fro?1 is a s+ul> k9d ( m9]al1 ( yell[i% or greyi% :ite col\r1 sometimes s light z to float 9 wat]3 :5 fre% dug x has ne>ly ! consi/5ce ( wax4 ,if expos$ to a /rong heat1 x becomes s h>d z to yield sp>ks ) /eel4 ,! pr9cipal use to :i* me]s*aum is appli$ is 9 ! =mation ( ! b[ls or heads ( tobaccopipes us$ by ! ,turks1 & ! quantity consum$ = ?is purpose is v great4 ,x is f\nd 9 a fissure ( grey1 calc>e\s e>?1 ab\t six feet wide1 ne> ,konie1 9 ,natolia1 :]e upw>ds ( six hundr$ m5 are employ$ 9 ! digg+ & prep>ation ( x2 & ! sale ( x supports a mona/]y ( d]vises e/abli%$ at t place4 ,! workm5 ass]t t x gr[s aga9 9 ! fissure1 & puffs itself up l fro?4 ,x is prep>$ = use by be+ fir/ agitat$ ) wat] 9 great res]voirs1 !n all[$ to rema9 at re/ = "s "t4 ,! mixture soon passes into a k9d ( f]m5tation1 & a disagreeable od\r1 resembl+ t ( rott5 eggs1 is exhal$4 ,z soon z ?is smell ceases1 ! mass is fur!r dilut$ ) wat]1 :i*1 aft] a :ile1 is p\r$ (f4 ,fre% wat] is repeat$ly add$1 until ! mass is suffici5tly wa%$ & purifi$4 ,! me]s*aum1 9 ?is /ate1 is dri$ to a c]ta9 degree4 ,x is !n press$ into a brass m\ld1 &1 "s days aft]w>ds1 is holl[$ out s z to =m ! head ( ! pipe4 ,x is subsequ5tly dri$ 9 ! %ade1 & la/ly is bak$4 ,9 ?is /ate ! pipe heads are br\ght to ,con/ant9ople1 :]e !y are subject$ to fur!r processes4 ,!y are fir/ bail$ 9 milk1 & next 9 l9se$ oil & wax2 &1 :5 p]fectly cool1 are poli%$ ) ru%es & lea!r4 ,! boil+ 9 oil & wax r5d]s !m capable ( receiv+ a high] poli% ?an c\ld o!rwise be giv54 ,:5 ?us impregnat$1 !y also acquire1 by use1 v>i\s %ades ( r$ & br[n1 :i* are ?\ght to add consid]ably to _! beauty4 ,9 ,turkey1 & ev5 9 ,g]many1 me]s*aum pipes t h be5 mu* us$ are m valu$ ?an ^? newly made1 & ?is solely on acc\nt ( ! col\r+ !y possess4 ,inde$ !re are p 9 ^? c\ntries ^: only employm5t consi/s 9 smok+ tobacco pipes1 until !y acquire ! fav\rite t9ts ( col\r4 ,by long use1 ! heads become black3 b if boil$ 9 milk & soap1 !y are soon r5d]$ :ite aga94 ,x is ass]t$ t ! ,turks spread me]s*aum on bread1 & eat x z a m$ic9e2 & t !y cov] ) x ! heads & eyes ( dead bodies1 previ\sly to int]m5t4 ,z x la!rs ) wat] l soap1 x is us$ by ! ,turki% wom5 = wa%+ _! hair2 &1 z x absorbs oily matt]s1 x is occasionally us$1 z full]'s e>? is ) u1 = ! cleans+ & sc\r+ ( clo?4 ,we are in=m$ by ,pl9y1 t a k9d ( bricks 7 made by ! anci5ts1 s light t1 :5 dri$1 !y w\ld float 9 wat]4 ,he describes !m to h be5 =m$ ( a spongy k9d ( e>?1 & to h _h "s resemblance to pumice /one1 :i* he says might p]haps be appli$ to ! same purposes z ^! bricks1 if x c\ld be obta9$ & wr\ght 9 suffici5t quantity4 ,bricks ( simil> description h lately be5 made ( a m9]al sub/ance f\nd ne> ,si5na1 9 ,italy1 & :i* is suppos$ to be me]s*aum4 ,a k9d ( me]s*aum has lately be5 discov]$1 9 ve9s1 9 ! s]p5t9e 7#acb7 ( ,cornwall4 #abg4 ,,bole is an e>?y m9]al1 ( yell[i% or r$di% br[n col\r1 s(t1 & some:at unctu\s to ! t\*1 & g5]ally f\nd 9 a massive /ate4 ,x exhibits int]nally a glimm]+ lu/re2 &1 :5 put into wat]1 imm$iately absorbs x1 & breaks d[n into small pieces ) a crackl+ noise4 ,?is m9]al is f>!r di/+ui%$ by its fracture be+ con*oidal1 or appe>+ some:at l ! impression ( a %ell2 & by its adh]+ /rongly to ! tongue4 ,al?\gh bole is at pres5t little us$ except z a basis ( too? p[d]1 & a co>se k9d ( pa9t1 x 0 =m]ly consid]$ an important article 9 m$ic9e1 & us$ z an a/r+5t4 ,we are in=m$ t tobacco pipes are sometimes made ( ?is m9]al2 & t x is employ$ z an +r$i5t 9 ! glaze ( "s k9ds ( e>!n w>e4 ,x is *iefly import$ f ! ,levant2 ?\gh x has also be5 f\nd 9 consid]able b$s 9 ,silesia & ,saxony4 #abh4 ,,lemnian ,,e>? is a k9d ( bole ( yell[i% grey1 or yell[i% :ite col\r1 sometimes m>bl$ ) ru/l spots4 ,x is di/+ui%$ f bole by be+ dry & n unctu\s to ! t\*1 dull int]nally1 adh]+ slightly to ! tongue1 & its fracture be+ e>?y4 ,) ! anci5ts ?is m9]al 0 consid]$ an almo/ invaluable m$ic9e4 ,!y procur$ x *iefly f ,arm5ia1 & ! isl& ( ,lemnos1 9 ! ,grecian ,ar*ipelago4 ,! ,lemnian bole 0 held s sacr$ t x 0 dug 9 ! pres5ce ( ! prie/s ( ,v5us1 &1 aft] hav+ be5 mix$ by !m ) goat's blood1 0 m\ld$ into cakes1 :i* 7 impress$ ) ! figure ( a goat1 to au!nticate !m4 ,?is done1 x 0 adm9i/]$ z a consecrat$ rem$y2 &1 ev5 s lately z ! sixte5? c5tury1 ! ve9 ( bole 9 ,lemnos 0 annually op5$ on ! six? ( ,augu/1 &1 aft] c]ta9 pray]s by ! prie/s1 s mu* ( ! e>? 0 tak5 out z 0 ?\ght suffici5t = ! consumption ( ! ensu+ ye>4 ,! entrance 0 !n clos$1 & ! sev]e/ puni%m5ts 7 d5\nc$ aga9/ any "o :o %\ld op5 x )\t p]mission4 ,a portion ( ! e>? 0 s5t to ,con/ant9ople1 :]e x 0 made into small cakes1 & seal$ by ! m9i/]s ( ! ,emp]or2 ! rema9d] 0 prep>$ 9 ! isl&1 & 0 impress$ ) ! seal ( ! ,gov]nor4 ,n _m ye>s ago1 x 0 cu/om>y ) c]ta9 empirics on ! ,cont95t1 to sell ?is sub/ance 9 seal$ packets1 z a no/rum ( great value1 & p>ticul>ly z possess+ a/r+5t prop]ties ( v extraord9>y nature4 #abi4 ,,full]'s ,,e>? is a wellkn[n m9]al1 g5]ally ( gre5i% col\r1 m or less mix$ ) br[n1 grey1 or yell[3 ( s(t & almo/ friable texture1 & some:at unctu\s to ! t\*4 ,:5 put into wat] x imm$iately absorbs x1 & breaks d[n into a f9e pulp4 ,?is e>? is valuable = its prop]ty ( tak+ grease out ( wooll5 & o!r clo?s1 :i*1 on a l>ge scale1 is effect$ by ! op]ation call$ full+1 :5ce its "n has be5 d]iv$4 ,?is op]ation1 :i* is p]=m$ by a k9d ( wat] mill1 call$ a full+ mill1 is p>ticul>ly necess>y ) respect to new clo?s1 to extract f !m ! grease & oil t h be5 us$ 9 _! prep>ation4 ,full]'s e>? 0 =m]ly consid]$ an article ( su* importance 9 ,engl& t its exportation 0 prohibit$ "u sev]e p5alties4 ,x 0 !n employ$ = mo/ ( ^? purposes = :i* soap has s9ce be5 s ext5sively appli$4 ,9 ! dress+ ( clo? x is n[ s indisp5sable1 t =eign]s1 al?\gh !y c procure ! wool1 are nev] able1 )\t full]'s e>?1 to rea* ! p]fection ( ! ,engli% clo?s3 &1 9 ?is c\ntry1 incalculable quantities ( x are consum$4 ,z an article ( dome/ic utility1 x might be mu* m frequ5tly us$ ?an x is1 z a sub/itute = soap1 9 ! clean+ & sc\r+ ( wood5 floors & wa9scots4 ,!re are ext5sive b$s ( full]'s e>? 9 sev]al ( ! c\nties ( ,engl&4 ,london is pr9cipally suppli$ f ^? ( ,k5t1 ,sussex1 & ,surrey4 ,at ,wav$on1 ne> ,woburn1 9 ,b$=d%ire1 a peculi>ly f9e k9d is dug up f pits at ! dep? ( t5 or twelve feet bel[ ! surface ( ! gr\nd2 & no c\ntry 9 ! _w is kn[n to produce full]'s e>? ( quality s excell5t z t obta9$ 9 ,engl&4 ,,talc ,,family4 #acj4 ,,jade1 or ,,nephrite1 is a v h>d & t\gh species ( /one1 ( gre5i% or olive col\r1 some:at unctu\s to ! t\*1 & look+ z if x _h imbib$ oil4 ,x is f\nd massive1 9 bluntedg$ or r\nd$ pieces4 ,no?+ has s mu* t5d$ to make ?is /one kn[n1 z a sup]/iti\s notion t a piece ( x susp5d$ to ! neck w dissolve /ones 9 ! kidneys4 ,h5ce has be5 atta9$ its appellation ( nephrite1 or div9e /one2 & h5ce h orig9at$ all ^? num]\s amulets 9 ! =m ( oval plates1 he>ts1 fi%es1 birds1 c4 pi]c$ ) holes = ribbons to pass ?r\gh1 :i* are se5 9 collections ( ! curi\s4 ,"s ( ! ,indian nations make talismans ( jade4 ,f ! r\ghness & t5acity ( ?is /one1 9 addition to its h>dness1 x is v difficult to be cut & poli%$2 & ev5 ! be/ poli% :i* x is capable ( tak+ z s imp]fect1 t a p]son ignorant ( its nature might consid] x to be m]ely smoo!d & rubb$ ) oil4 ,! anci5t arti/s execut$ 9 x _m beautiful & delicate figures2 & x is impossible b to admire ! indu/ry & p]sev]ance by :i* !y produc$ ev5 *a9s1 & o!r holl[ k9ds ( "w1 9 jade4 ,! ,turks cut x into h&les = sabres & dagg]s1 & into sev]al k9ds ( vessels1 to :i* !y atta* great value4 ,jade occurs 9 granite 7#bea7 & gneiss 7#bee7 9 ,switz]l&2 b ! mo/ beautiful specim5s ( ?is m9]al are br\ght f ,p]sia1 ,egypt1 & ,sib]ia4 #aca4 ,,axe/one is a k9d ( jade1 b diff]s f x 9 hav+ a slaty texture2 & 9 be+ less transp>5t & less t\gh4 ,?is /one is f\nd 9 ,*9a1 ,new ,zeal&1 & on ! banks ( ! riv] ( ,amazons1 9 ,am]ica4 ,& x is said t sev]al ( ! tribes ( ,am]ican ,indians =m ( x ! axes :i* !y use 9 place ( iron4 ,to expla9 h[ ^! p h be5 enabl$ to "w a sub/ance s rebelli\s z ?is is ev5 to ! file1 & to o!r in/rum5ts ( /eel 7( :i* !y "k n ! use71 x has be5 presum$ t1 :5 ! /one is fir/ tak5 f ! e>?1 x is consid]ably less h>d ?an :51 by dry+1 its humidity is evaporat$3 t 9 ?is /ate !y "w x1 & subsequ5tly h>d5 x1 9 "s peculi> mann]1 by exposure to heat4 #acb4 ,,s]p5t9e is a /one :i*1 :5 poli%$1 has a ne> resemblance to m>ble1 is ( d>k gre5 col\r1 or r$di%2 v>i\sly /reak$1 & spott$ ) light] gre51 r$1 br[n1 & yell[4 ,x is f\nd 9 b$s1 & 9 a massive /ate2 is transluc5t at ! edges2 &1 :5 p\nd$1 ! p[d] feels soapy to ! t\*4 ,!re are few /ones likely to prove m valuable 9 ornam5tal ar*itecture1 bo? = beauty & durability1 ?an ?is4 ,x admits ( an excell5t poli%1 :i* is n easily injur$ by ! effects ( air or wat]4 ,x is also too h>d to suff] ! same inconv5i5ces ( be+ scrat*$ or brok5 z m>ble2 & its col\rs are /at$ to be inde/ructible4 ,& su* is ! size ( _m ( ! blocks ( s]p5t9e1 t columns ( almo/ any dim5sions may be wr\ght out ( !m4 ,( ! s]p5t9e obta9$ f ! ,isl& ( ,anglesea1 & lately kn[n by ! "n ( ,mona m>ble1 a great proportion 0 s5t to ,london by ,messrs4 ,bullock & ,co4 :o1 until ! dea? ( ,mr4 ,bullock1 _h a l>ge w>eh\se & poli%+ rooms = x 9 ,ox=d/reet4 ,! prevail+ col\rs ( ?is /one are r$ & gre54 ,! qu>ries 7 work$ by !m to consid]able ext5t4 ,!y manufactur$ x into *imney pieces1 slabs1 columns1 & o!r articles2 & its great beauty1 & its excell5ce1 9 _m respects1 ov] ! g5]ality ( m>bles1 w recomm5d x /rongly to ! public notice4 ,! *ief places 9 :i* s]p5t9e has hi!rto be5 f\nd are ne> ,b>eu?1 & ,zblitz1 9 ,saxony2 9 "s di/ricts ( ,cornwall2 ab\t six miles we/ ( ! ,p>is copp] m9e1 9 ! isl& ( ,anglesea2 at ,portsoy1 9 ,bamff%ire1 & o!r p>ts ( ,scotl&2 & at ,cloghan ,lee1 9 ! c\nty ( ,donegal1 ,irel&4 ,at ,zblitz !re are "s ext5sive manufactories1 9 :i* s]p5t9e is made into vessels & ornam5ts ( v>i\s %apes1 t are c>ri$ = sale ov] ne>ly all p>ts ( ,g]many4 ,sev]al hundr$ p]sons are !re employ$ 9 ! work+ ( ?is /one4 ,! "n ( s]p5t9e is d]iv$ f "s ( ! v>ieties appe>+ col\r$ & spott$ l a s]p5t's sk94 ,?is /one1 :5 f\nd int]mix$ ) primitive lime/one1 or cry/all9e :ite m>ble1 diff]s 9 no respect f ! celebrat$ v]de antique m>ble 7#adi74 #acc4 ,,pot/one1 or ,,lapis ,,oll>is1 is a gre5i% grey /one1 unctu\s to ! t\*y & s s(t :5 fir/ tak5 f ! qu>ry z to yield to ! pressure ( ! nail1 yet n easily brok54 ,x is f\nd 9 a massive /ate4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! s(tness & t5acity ( ?is /one1 x c be turn$ ^u a la!1 & o!rwise cut & wr\ght ) great ease4 ,h5ce1 9 ,egypt1 ,lomb>dy1 ,norway1 & o!r c\ntries :]e x is f\nd1 x is =m$ into v>i\s k9ds ( cul9>y vessels & lamps1 :i* h>d5 9 dry+1 & are capable ( )/&+ ! /ronge/ action ( fire4 ,vessels ( ?is description 7 kn[n to ! anci5ts2 & are p>ticul>ly m5tion$ by ,pl9y1 ! ,roman naturali/1 :o speaks ( "s t 7 highly wr\ght be+ v valuable4 ,pot/one is us$ 9 "s c\ntries = ! l9+ ( /oves1 furnaces1 & ov5s2 & x is s durable z to h1 9 "s in/ances1 /ood unimpair$ = sev]al hundr$ ye>s4 ,on ! banks ( ! ,lake ,como1 !re 7 "s ext5sive qu>ries ( pot/one1 :i* _h be5 work$ f ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,^! qu>ries1 h[ev]1 fell 91 on ! #be? ( ,augu/1 #afah1 & de/roy$ ! neighb\r+ t[n ( ,pleurs2 :i* _h previ\sly obta9$ by means ( !m an annual rev5ue ( ab\t sixty ?\s& ducats4 #acd4 ,,common1 or ,,v5etian ,,talc1 is an e>?y /one1 capable ( be+ divid$ into plates or leaves1 :i* are s(t & unctu\s to ! t\*1 some:at transp>5t1 & usually ( gre5i% silv]y :ite col\r4 ,x leaves a :ite trace :5 rubb$ ^u any object4 ,mica & talc h a ne> resemblance to ea* o!r2 b ! plates ( ! =m]1 :5 b5t1 are ela/ic1 :ile ^? ( ! latt] are n4 ,v5etian talc is v abundant 9 ! ,tyrol & ! ,valtel9e4 ,9 a /ate ( p[d] x r5d]s ! sk9 s(t & %9+2 a prop]ty :i* appe>s to h sugge/$ ! idea ( employ+ x z ! basis ( ! cosmetic nam$ r\ge4 ,?is is prep>$ by rubb+ toge!r1 9 a w>m mort>1 c]ta9 proportions ( c>m9e1 or extract ( ! fl[]s ( c>?amus t9ctorius1 ) f9ely p[d]$ talc1 & a c]ta9 portion ( oil ( b5zo94 ,! ,romans prep>$ a beautiful blue or purple col\r1 by comb9+ p\nd$ talc ) ! col\r+ fluid ( "s p>ticul> k9ds ( te/ace\s animals1 t are f\nd among ! subm>9e rocks ( ! coa/s ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,accord+ to ,tav]ni]1 ! ,fr5* travell]1 ! ,p]sians :it5 ! walls ( _! h\ses & g>d5s ) lime1 & !n p[d] !m ) a silv]y :ite k9d ( talc2 :i*1 he says1 gives to !m a v beautiful appe>ance4 ,talc is n[ us$ by ! ,*9ese1 & 0 =m]ly us$ by ! ,europeans1 9 m$ic9e1 #ace4 ,,indurat$ ,,talc1 or ,,fr5* ,,*alk1 is a heavy m9]al1 ( close texture1 & g5]ally ( gre5i% grey col\r2 unctu\s to ! t\*1 & hav+ a some:at slaty fracture4 ,x is f\nd 9 a massive /ate2 & leaves a :ite trace :5 rubb$ ^u any object4 ,?is is a well kn[n sub/ance1 :i* is 9 great reque/ by c>p5t]s1 tailors1 hatmak]s1 & o!rs1 z ! l9es t are drawn ) x are n s easily effac$ z ^? t are made ) *alk1 & p>ticul>ly z !y rema9 unalt]$ ev5 "u wat]4 ,if l9es be trac$ ) x on glass1 !y rema9 invisible1 or at lea/ are sc>cely p]ceptible by ! nak$ eye1 till brea!d ^u4 ,?is1 x has be5 conjectur$1 9 "p dep5ds on ! comp>ative s(tness ( ! sub/ance ) :i* ! impression is made2 ! cond5sation ( ! brea? tak+ place m readily on ! glass ?an on ! talc t cov]s x1 & ! impression ( ! talc becom+ m app>5t by ! contra/4 ,indurat$ talc1 :5 r$uc$ to p[d]1 is frequ5tly employ$ = ! purpose ( remov+ /a9s1 occasion$ by grease1 f silk & clo?4 ,?is x does effectually1 &1 9 g5]al1 )\t injur+ ev5 ! mo/ delicate col\r4 ,l pot/one1 x is sometimes manufactur$ into cul9>y vessels4 ,?is m9]al is f\nd 9 sev]al p>ts ( ! cont95t ( ,europe2 & 9 ,cornwall1 ,scotl&1 & ! ,%etl& ,isl&s4 #acf4 ,,asbe/os is a gre5i% or silv]y :ite m9]al1 ( fibr\s texture1 :i* is f\nd 9 _m m\nta9\s c\ntries ( ! ,cont95t1 9 ! isl& ( ,anglesea1 & 9 ,scotl&4 ,x occurs 9 %apeless masses1 & v>ies mu* bo? 9 weight & h>dness4 ,! "n ( asbe/os is d]iv$ f ! ,greek language1 & signifies t :i* is inconsumable4 ,?is m9]al1 & p>ticul>ly a silky v>iety ( x1 9 long sl5d] filam5ts1 call$ amian?us1 0 well kn[n to ! anci5ts4 ,!y made x into an incombu/ible k9d ( clo?1 9 :i* !y burn$ ! bodies ( _! dead1 &1 by :i* means1 !y 7 enabl$ to collect & pres]ve ! a%es )\t mixture4 ,9 ! manufacture ( ?is article !y 7 n able to weave ! asbe/os alone2 b1 9 ! loom1 7 oblig$ to jo9 ) x l95 or wooll5 ?reads1 :i* 7 aft]w>ds burn$ away4 ,incombu/ible clo? 0 pur*as$ by ! ,romans at an enorm\s exp5se4 ,sir ,j4 ,e4 ,smi?1 :5 at ,rome1 saw a w9d+ %eet ( amian?us 9 ! ,museum ( ! ,vatican4 ,x 0 co>sely spun1 b z s(t & pliant z silk4 ,! p]son :o att5d$ him set fire to "o corn] ( x2 & ! same "p burn$ repeat$ly ) great rapidity & brightness1 )\t be+ at all injur$4 ,?is int]e/+ relic 0 discov]$1 9 ! ye> #agjb1 9 a fun]al urn1 & conta9$ burn$ bones1 toge!r ) a quantity ( a%es4 ,x 0 n9e ,roman palms long1 & ab\t sev5 9 wid?1 & _h be5 deposit$ 9 ! libr>y ( ! ,vatican by ord] ( ,pope ,clem5t ! ,elev5?4 ,clo? made ( amian?us1 :5 greas$1 or o!rwise contam9at$ ) dirt1 may be cleans$ by ?r[+ x into a bright fire4 ,9 ?is process ! /a9s are burn$ out1 & ! clo? is re/or$ to a dazzl+ :ite col\r4 ,pl9y1 ! ,roman naturali/1 in=ms u t he _h himself se5 tableclo?s1 t[els1 & napk9s ( amian?us tak5 f ! table ( a great fea/1 ?r[n into ! fire1 & burn$ be=e ! company3 & by ?is op]ation1 he says1 !y became bett] cleans$ ?an if !y _h be5 wa%$4 ,! inhabitants ( "s p>ts ( ,sib]ia manufacture gloves1 caps1 & purses ( amian?us2 & 9 ! ,pyr5ees x is wr\ght into girdles1 ribbons1 & o!r articles4 ,! f9e/ girdles are made by weav+ ! mo/ beautiful & silky filam5ts ) silv] wire4 ,^! are mu* priz$ by ! wom51 n only on acc\nt ( _! beauty1 b f c]ta9 my/]i\s prop]ties !y are suppos$ to possess4 ,! %ort] fibres ( amian?us h sometimes be5 manufactur$ into pap]1 b ?is is too h>d = use4 ,x has1 inde$1 be5 propos$ to pres]ve valuable docum5ts f fire1 by writ+ !m on pap] made ( amian?us4 ,su* a plan might des]ve consid]ation1 if we possess$ firepro( ink2 b until ?is be obta9$1 ! firepro( pap] w be ( little use4 ,:5 sev]al ( ! long fibres ( ?is m9]al are plac$ toge!r1 !y may be =m$ into wicks = lamps2 & x has be5 ass]t$ t su* wicks are incombu/ible4 ,kir*]1 ! ,g]man philosoph]1 _h a wick made ( amian?us :i* burn$ = two ye>s )\t injury1 & 0 at la/ de/roy$ by accid5t4 ,x is said t ! inhabitants ( ,gre5l& make use ( amian?us = ! wicks ( _! lamps4 ,?is sub/ance1 al?\gh x w long cont9ue unalt]$ 9 consid]able heat1 yet if ! heat be mu* increas$ x ceases to )/& x1 & is melt$ into a d5se k9d ( scoria4 ,9 ! isl& ( ,corsica asbe/os is advantage\sly employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( pott]y4 ,be+ r$uc$ into f9e filam5ts1 x is knead$ ) clay2 & vessels made ( ?is mixture are said to be light]1 less brittle1 & m capable ( su/a9+ sudd5 alt]ations ( heat & cold ?an common e>!nw>e4 ,,*rysolite ,,family4 #acg4 ,,*rysolite1 or ,,p]idot1 is a s(t gem1 usually ( yell[i% gre5 col\r1 ?\gh sometimes x is grassgre51 or blui% gre51 b ) a t+e ( br[n4 ,x is g5]ally f\nd 9 fragm5ts & r\nd$ pieces1 & r>ely cry/alliz$4 ,9 ! latt] case its regul> =m is an eight1 t51 or twelvesid$ prism4 ,?\gh sc>cely h>d] ?an glass1 & consequ5tly inf]ior to mo/ o!r gems 9 lu/re1 ^! /ones are n unfrequ5tly us$ 9 jewell]y1 p>ticul>ly = necklaces & ornam5ts = ! hair2 &1 :5 well mat*$ 9 col\r1 & prop]ly poli%$1 _! effect is v good4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 too s(t = r+ /ones2 =1 by we>+1 !y soon become dull on ! surface4 ,b x is said t _! lu/re may1 9 "s degree1 be re/or$ by imm]s+ !m 9 olive oil4 ,to give ! greate/ brilliancy to ?is /one1 we are in=m$ by ,mr4 ,mawe1 t a copp] :eel is us$1 on :i* a little sulphuric acid1 or _s ( vitriol 7#bd71 is dropp$2 & t1 dur+ ! process1 an highly suffocat+ od\r is giv5 out4 ,b he is ( op9ion t ! mo/ advantage\s way ( work+ x w\ld be t 9 :i* glass is cut4 ,*rysolite is import$ f ! ,levant1 & is said to be f\nd 9 ,upp] ,egypt1 & on ! %ores ( ! ,r$ ,sea4 ,,basalt ,,family4 #ach4 ,,basalt is a greyi% black & co>se gra9$ /one1 :i* is usually f\nd ei!r 9 globul> di/9ct pieces or 9 gr\ps ( l>ge columns1 ea* ( :i* has f ?ree to eight sides1 & is divid$ horizontally into num]\s /ones1 t v exactly lie ^u1 or fit into ea* o!r4 ,! mo/ rem>kable assemblages ( basaltic columns t are kn[n are ^? call$ ! ,giants' ,causeway1 on ! coa/ ( ,antrim1 9 ,irel&1 & ! ,cave ( ,f+al1 9 ! isl& ( ,/affa1 "o ( ! ,hebrides1 or ,we/]n ,isl&s ( ,scotl&4 ,! =m]1 :i* is believ$ by ! common p to h be5 an artificial production1 ! va/ lab\r ( giants :o =m]ly inhabit$ ! c\ntry1 consi/s ( an irregul> gr\p ( _m ?\s& jo9t$ pill>s4 ,mo/ ( ^! are ( consid]able height2 are 9 g5]al fivesid$1 fifte5 or sixte5 in*es 9 diamet]1 & ea* p]fectly di/9ct f top to bottom1 ?\gh s closely & compactly arrang$ t x is sc>cely possible to introduce any ?+ betwixt !m4 ,?is assemblage ( columns ext5ds into ! sea to a di/ance unkn[n1 & along a tract ( ! sea coa/ ( ne>ly six miles4 ,! ,cave ( ,f+al is accessible only by sea1 & is =m$ by ranges ( massive basaltic columns1 fifty feet & upw>ds 9 height4 ,! /one ( :i* ^! columns are =m$ v mu* resembles t ( ! ,giants' ,causeway4 ,9 sev]al p>ts ( ! _w l>ge masses ( basalt are discov]$1 compos+ entire insulat$ m\nta9s1 ( some:at conical =m4 ,!y are consid]$ by "s writ]s z volcanic productions1 b ! pro(s ( ?is are by no means satisfactory4 ,among/ ! uses to :i* basalt has be5 appli$1 two ( ! mo/ important are z mat]ials ( an excell5t & durable k9d = build+ & pav+4 ,:5 burn$ & pulv]iz$1 ^! /ones imp>t to mort> ) :i* !y are mix$ ! prop]ty ( h>d5+ "u wat]4 ,!y easily melt1 )\t any addition1 into an opaque & black glass2 & f !m1 "u a c]ta9 modification1 bottles ( olivegre5 col\r1 & ( extreme lightness1 b great /r5g? & solidity1 h be5 =m$4 ,"s ( ! k9ds h be5 advantage\sly employ$ z mill/ones4 ,basalt is occasionally us$ by arti/s = t\* or te//ones1 to asc]ta9 ! purity ( gold & silv]2 & goldbeat]s & bookb9d]s1 on ! ,cont95t1 usually make _! anvils or beat+ blocks ( x4 ,basalt1 ?\gh h>d]1 m brittle1 & less pleas+ 9 its col\rs ?an m>ble1 0 9 consid]able e/eem among ! sculptors ( antiquity1 on acc\nt ( its great durability4 ,_m f9e works 7 consequ5tly execut$ by !m 9 ?is /one4 ,pl9y1 :o has describ$ sev]al1 /ates t ! columns ( x 7 sometimes s l>ge z to admit ( sev]al figures be+ wr\ght out ( !m4 ,! ,emp]or ,vespasian _h an entire /atue1 accompani$ by ! figures ( sixte5 *ildr51 cut out ( a s+le column ( basalt2 ?is /atue he plac$ 9 ! ,temple ( ,peace1 & d$icat$ x to ! ,nile4 ,! fam\s /atue ( ,m9]va1 at ,!bes1 is describ$ by travell]s to h be5 =m$ ( basalt4 ,antiques ( basalt are always 9 a mu* bett] /ate ( pres]vation ?an ^? ( m>ble4 ,ev5 su* z are dug out ( ! e>? /ill reta9 _! orig9al poli%2 & ! f9e/ t\*es ( ! *isel ^u !m are /ill unimpair$4 ,,ord] ,,iii4--,,sal9e ,,/ones4 ,,lime1 ,,or ,,calc>e\s ,,family4 #aci4 ,lime1 aft] x has be5 fre$ f extrane\s matt]s by burn+1 is a m9]al ( :iti% col\r1 & pung5t1 acrid1 & cau/ic ta/e4 ,x has ! prop]ty ( *ang+ vegetable blue col\rs to gre51 & ( corrod+ & de/roy+ animal sub/ances4 ,?is m9]al is f\nd 9 ne>ly e c\ntry ( ! globe3 b1 9 a native /ate1 has n hi!rto be5 discov]$ except 9 comb9ation ) "s acid4#c ,! process ( purify+ lime1 or depriv+ x ( ! acid ) :i* x is comb9$1 is by burn+4 ,?is is done 9 a l>ge k9d ( furnace1 call$ a kiln1 :]e ! lime/one & fuel are heap$ 9 alt]nate lay]s4 ,aft] x has gone ?r\gh ?is process x is call$ quicklime1 & has ! abovem5tion$ appe>ance & qualities4 ,footnote #c3 ,) c>bonic acid 7#bf7 x =ms common lime/one1 m>ble1 *alk1 & "s o!r sub/ances2 ) sulphuric acid 7#bd7 x con/itutes alaba/]1 or gypsum2 & ) fluoric acid 7#bg7 x becomes t beautiful production1 ! ,d]by%ire sp>4--,all ^!1 hav+ lime = _! bases1 are d5om9at$ ,,calc>e\s ,,sub/ances4 ,! uses ( lime are num]\s & important4 ,! pr9cipal ( ^! is 9 ! =mation ( mort>1 or cem5t = build+s4 ,= ?is purpose x is fir/ slak$1 by hav+ wat] p\r$ ^u x3 a viol5t heat is !reby excit$1 & ! lime falls into p[d]3 x is !n =m$ into pa/e by work+ x ) wat] & s&4 ,?is1 :5 dry1 becomes extremely solid1 h>d1 & durable4 ,v>i\s examples might be m5tion$ ( build+s ne>ly two ?\s& ye>s old1 :]e ! lime is1 at ?is day1 z h>d z ! /ones :i* x cem5ts toge!r4 ,lime is also us$ = agricultural purposes3 :5 spread ^u l& x is suppos$ to ha/5 ! dissolution & putrefaction ( all k9ds ( animal & vegetable sub/ances1 & to imp>t to x a p[] ( reta9+ ! moi/ure :i* is necess>y = ! vigor\s gr[? ( corn or grass4 ,x is employ$ 9 ! ref9+ ( sug>1 9 ! manufacture ( soap1 9 ! melt+ ( iron1 & by tann]s1 9 a /ate ( solution1 = dissolv+ ! gelat9\s p>ts ( sk9s1 & remov+ ! hair f !m4 ,! manufactur]s ( glue mix x ) t article1 = ! purpose ( add+ to its /r5g?1 & prev5t+ its becom+ flexible by ! absorption ( moi/ure4 ,?is m9]al1 if well dri$1 p\nd$1 & m+l$ ) gunp[d]1 9 ! proportion ( "o p\nd to two1 is ( great utility 9 ! r5d+ ( /ones & rocks3 ! mixture1 x is said1 w cause an explosion equal 9 =ce to ?ree p\nds' weight ( gunp[d]4 ,lime1 if swall[$ or inhal$1 is a virul5t poison4 ,h5ce p]sons employ$ 9 limeworks are subject to v di/ress+ compla9ts2 & h5ce1 if bread be adult]at$ ) lime1 x is extremely injuri\s4 ,not)/&+ ?is p]nici\s quality1 lime is ( consid]able use 9 m$ic9e4 ,x is *iefly giv5 9 a /ate ( solution1 & 9 ! proportion ( half a p\nd ( quicklime to twelve p9ts ( boil+ di/ill$ wat]4 ,?is prep>ation is call$ lime wat]4 ,! sup]b bas9 ( ,lampi1 "o ( ! pr9cipal res]voirs :i* furni%es ! canal ( ,langu$oc ) wat]1 01 "s ye>s ago1 f\nd to leak at ! junction ( ! /ones4 ,! eng9e] :o _h ! direction ( ! works caus$ lime to be slack$ 9 ! wat]4 ,?is1 pass+ ?r\gh ! ap]tures betwixt ! /ones1 =m$ a cru/1 or v :ite cov]+1 ov] its :ole surface1 ( s h>d & durable a nature1 t x n[ con/itutes "o solid & undivid$ sub/ance1 :i* ! wat] _c p5etrate4 ,,c>bonat ,,( ,,lime4 #adj4 ,,common ,,lime is a v>iety ( c>bonat ( lime1 or ( lime 9 comb9ation ) c>bonic acid 7#bf71 :i* is h>d] & heavi] ?an *alk1 usually ( a greyi% col\r1 & is always f\nd 9 a massive /ate4 ,va/ m\nta9s ( lime/one occur 9 sev]al c\ntries ( ! globe2 b no :]e is lime m abundant ?an 9 "s p>ts ( ,engl& & ,wales4 ,x =ms1 9 p>ticul>1 ne>ly ! :ole m\nta9\s di/ricts ( ,d]by%ire & ,%rop%ire1 & encloses1 9 its sub/ance1 num]\s ve9s ( lead ore1 calam9e1 & o!r important m9]al productions4 ,its uses h be5 already describ$ 7#aci74 #ada4 ,,*alk is a :ite or yell[i% k9d ( lime/one1 too well kn[n to ne$ any description4 ,x is f\nd abundantly 9 _m ( ! s\!rn c\nties ( ,engl&1 & is usually procur$ f l>ge op5 places1 call$ *alkpits1 by digg+4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,k5t1 h[ev]1 ! workm5 save !mselves1 9 ?is respect1 mu* tr\ble4 ,!y und]m9e ! sides ( hills to a c]ta9 dep?1 !n dig a tr5* at ! top z f> di/ant f ! edge z ! m9+ ext5ds at ! bottom4 ,?is tr5* !y fill ) wat]1 :i* soaks ?r\gh dur+ ! night1 & ! :ole mass is !reby loos5$1 & falls d[n be=e morn+4 ,! h>d] & m compact k9ds ( *alk are cut into blocks1 & us$ z build+ /ones4 ,:5 burn$ & =m$ into lime1 *alk becomes an excell5t mort>3 ne>ly all ! h\ses 9 ,london are cem5t$ ) *alk mort>4 ,x is also us$ z lime 9 agriculture4 ,z x readily imbibes wat]1 x is us$ by />*mak]s1 *emi/s1 & o!rs1 to dry precipitates ^u4 ,) is+lass or ! :ite ( eggs x =ms a valuable lute or cem5t4 ,by arti/s x is 9 reque/ = ! con/ruction ( m\lds to ca/ metals 92 & by c>p5t]s & o!rs1 z a mat]ial to m>k )4 ,*alk is "o ( ! mo/ useful absorb5ts t are employ$ 9 m$ic9e3 x likewise gives "n to an (fic9al mixture1 to a p[d]1 & a potion4 ,:5 p\nd$ & cle>$ f gritty p>ticles1 x has ! "n ( :it+4 ,9 ?is /ate x is us$ = ! clean+ & poli%+ ( metallic & glass ut5sils2 = :it5+ ! ceil+s ( rooms1 & num]\s o!r purposes4 ,spani% :ite is ! same sub/ance cleans$ ) peculi> c>e2 & ! ,vi5na :ite1 :i* is us$ by arti/s1 is p]fectly purifi$ *alk4 #adb4 ,,m>ble is a compact & closegra9$ k9d ( lime/one2 s h>d z to admit ( be+ poli%$4 ,x is ?is quality :i* pr9cipally di/+ui%es x f o!r calc>e\s sub/ances4 ,al?\gh ne>ly all ! num]\s k9ds ( m>ble may be burn$1 & ?us conv]t$ into quicklime1 _! use 9 ornam5tal ar*itecture1 c4 is s important z1 9 g5]al1 to prev5t _! application to ! inf]ior purpose ( mort>4 ,m>ble has be5 kn[n f a v e>ly p]iod4 ,! ,book ( ,e/h]1 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 describes ! palace ( ,ahasu]us to h _h 8pill>s ( m>ble10 & ! pavem5t ( 8r$1 & blue1 & :ite1 & black m>ble40 ,x w\ld be impossible1 9 an elem5t>y "w l ! pres5t1 to describe1 or ev5 to enum]ate1 all ! diff]5t k9ds ( m>ble :i* 7 kn[n to ! anci5ts1 or are kn[n to ! mod]ns4 ,b x is1 p]haps1 requisite t an acc\nt %\ld be giv5 ( "s ( ! mo/ important ( !m4 ,,greek ,,m>bles4--#adc4 ,,p5telic ,,m>ble is ( beautiful :ite col\r1 & ne>ly resembles ! ,p>ian m>ble 7#ade7 ( ! ,italians2 b x is 9 co>s] granulations4 ,sometimes x is spl9t]y4 ,x 0 obta9$ f qu>ries on ,m\nt ,p5telicus1 ne> ,a!ns1 & 0 g5]ally pref]r$1 by ! ,grecian arti/s1 to ,p>ian m>ble4 ,! ,pan!on 0 built entirely ( ,p5telic m>ble2 & _m ( ! ,a!nian /atues1 & works c>ri$ on ne> ,a!ns dur+ ! adm9i/ration ( ,p]icles1 7 execut$ 9 x4 ,dr4 ,cl>ke1 h[ev]1 has obs]v$ t :ile ! works wr\ght ( ,p>ian m>ble rema9 p]fect to ! pres5t "t1 ^? ( ,p5telic m>ble h be5 decompos$ by ! atmosph]e1 & sometimes exhibit a surface z rude & e>?y z common lime/one4 ,!re are num]\s examples ( ,p5telic m>ble 9 ^? works ( ,phidias :i* =m ! ,elg9 collection 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 #add4 ,,greek ,,:ite ,,m>ble4--,! ,m>mo ,greco1 ( ,italian arti/s1 is ( sn[:ite col\r1 9 f9e granulations2 & some:at h>d]1 & consequ5tly capable ( high] poli%1 ?an mo/ o!r :ite m>bles4 ,x is f\nd ne> ! riv] ,coralus1 9 ,phrygia4 ,,italian ,,m>bles4--#ade4 ,,p>ian ,,m>ble is ( sn[:ite col\r1 incl9+ to yell[i% :ite4 ,x is obta9$ f qu>ries 9 ! isl& ( ,p>os1 is f9ely granul>1 &1 :5 poli%$1 has some:at ( a waxy appe>ance4 ,p>ian m>ble h>d5s by exposure to ! air1 & is "o ( ! mo/ p]man5t k9ds t is kn[n4 ,v>ro & ,pl9y ea* /ate t x 0 nam$ ly*nites1 by ! anci5ts1 f a ,greek ^w signify+ a lamp1 because x 0 g5]ally hewn 9 qu>ries by ! light ( lamps4 ,! f9e/ ,grecian sculpture t has be5 pres]v$ to ! pres5t "t is ( ,p>ian m>ble4 ,! pr9cipal /atues ( x n[ extant are ! ,m$icean ,v5us1 ! ,diana ,v5atrix1 & ,v5us leav+ ! ,ba?4 ,x is also ,p>ian m>ble on :i* ! celebrat$ tables at ,ox=d are inscrib$4 #adf4 ,,c>r>a ,,m>ble1 ! pure/ ( all ! k9ds ) :i* we are acqua9t$1 is to ?is day obta9$ f qu>ries ne> ! t[n ( ,c>r>a4 ,x is ( brilliant :ite col\r1 has a granul> texture2 &1 :5 brok51 sp>kles l sug>4 ,?is m>ble1 :i* is almo/ ! only "o 9 use by mod]n sculptors1 0 also qu>ri$ & wr\ght by ! anci5ts4 ,x is susceptible ( a high poli%1 & is applicable to e species ( sculpture1 except :51 z is too (t5 ! case1 d>k ve9s intrude1 & spoil ! beauty ( ! "w4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ! blocks a beautiful k9d ( rock cry/als1 call$ ,c>r>a diamonds1 are sometimes f\nd4 ,dur+ ! late w> ) ,france1 ! exportation ( /atu>y m>ble f ! c\ntries "u ! dom9ion ( ,buonap>te 0 prohibit$2 &1 at "o "t1 x became s sc>ce 9 ,engl& z to be sold at ! rate ( m ?an sev5 gu9eas p] cubic foot4 ,! block ( m>ble = ! /atue ( 8 late ,maje/y 9 ! great ,c\ncil ,*amb] at ,guildhall1 ,london1 0 /at$ by ! public pr9ts to h co/ twelve hundr$ gu9eas4 #adg4 ,,luni ,,m>ble is a sn[:ite1 compact1 & f9ely granul> v>iety1 :i* 0 obta9$ by ! anci5ts f qu>ries on ! coa/ ( ,tuscany4 ,x 0 pref]r$ by ! ,grecian sculptors1 bo? to ! ,p>ian & ,p5telic m>bles2 & x is usually suppos$ t ! ,belvid]e ,apollo1 z well z ! ,ant9\s ( ! ,capitol1 0 wr\ght out ( ?is m>ble4 ,!re is n[ f\nd at ,luni a :ite m>ble1 v>iegat$ ) r$ spots & dots4 #adh4 ,,gre5 ,,antique ,,m>ble1 or ,,v]de ,,antique ( ! ,italians1 is a mixture ( :ite m>ble & gre5 s]p5t9e 7#acb74 ,?is is believ$ to h be5 obta9$ f "s "p ( ,italy1 b ! qu>ries are n n[ kn[n4 #adi4 ,,si5na ,,m>ble is ( close texture1 & yell[i% col\r1 dispos$ 9 l>ge irregul> spots1 surr\nd$ ) ve9s ( blui% r$1 pass+ sometimes into purple4 ,x is n uncommon 9 ! vic9ity ( ,si5na1 & is 9 great reque/1 ?r\gh\t ,europe1 = *imneypieces & ornam5tal furniture4 #aej4 ,,brocatello ,,m>ble is some:at l ! la/2 b is also irregul>ly m>k$ ) v>i\s %ades ( r$1 &1 9 "s p>ts1 ) :ite4 #aea4 ,,m&elato ,,m>ble is ( light r$ col\r1 ) yell[i% :ite spots4 ,x is f\nd at ,lugezzana1 9 ! ,v]onese4 ,ano!r v>iety1 be>+ ! same "n1 occurs at ,preosa4 #aeb4 ,,v]de ,,di ,,prato ,,m>ble is a gre5 m>ble1 m>k$ ) d>k] gre5 spots1 :i* is f\nd ne> ! t[n ( ,prato 9 ,tuscany4 #aec4 ,,lago ,,maggiore ,,m>ble is a beautiful k9d1 :ite1 ) black spots & dots4 ,x has be5 employ$ = decorat+ ! int]ior ( _m *ur*es 9 ! ,milanese4 #aed4 ,,bretonico ,,m>ble4--,?is beautiful m>ble1 :i* is f\nd ne> ! village ( ,bretonico1 9 ! ,v]onese1 is v>i$ ) yell[1 grey1 & rose col\r4 ,,fr5* ,,m>bles4--#aee4 ,_m valuable k9ds ( m>ble are obta9$ f diff]5t p>ts ( ! ,fr5* t]ritory4 #aef4 ,,campan ,,m>ble4--,?ree k9ds ( m>ble are kn[n by ?is "n1 all ( !m procur$ f imm5se qu>ries at ,campan1 ne> ,bagn]e1 9 ! ,pyr5ees4 ,! fir/1 call$ ,gre5 ,campan1 is ( pale seagre5 col\r1 & exhibits1 on its surface1 l9es ( mu* deep] gre51 =m+ a k9d ( net"w4 ,! second1 call$ ,isabel ,campan1 is ( delicate rose col\r1 ) undulat+ gre5 ve9s4 ,! ?ird v>iety1 ! ,r$ ,campan1 is ( deep r$ col\r1 ) ve9s ( /ill deep] r$4 ,! gre5 v>iegations 9 ?is /one are =m$ by a talcy m9]al1 int]mix$ ) ! lime/one4--,! ,campan m>ble is well adapt$ = slabs1 tables1 *imneypieces1 & o!r ornam5tal purposes 9 ! int]ior ( build+s2 b1 if expos$ to ! wea!r1 ! talcose sub/ances p]i%1 & leave holl[ spaces :i* r5d] its surface r\gh & unev54 #aeg4 ,,griotte ,,m>ble is ( a deep br[n col\r1 ) bloodr$ oval spots1 =m$ by %ells4 ,its "n has be5 obta9$ f its br[ni% col\r1 be+ simil> to t ( ! *]ries t are call$ by ! ,fr5* griotte4 ,?is m>ble has1 ( late1 be5 mu* us$ 9 ! decoration ( public monum5ts1 & 9 spl5did furniture1 9 ,france4 ,"s ( ! ornam5ts ( ! ,triumphal ,ar* ( ! ,c>\sel are made ( x4 ,! dep>tm5t ( ,h]ault is ! "p ( ,france f :i* x is obta9$4 ,x sometimes conta9s l>ge :ite ve9s1 :i* de/roy ! h>mony ( ! o!r t9ts4 #aeh4 ,,m>quese ,,m>ble4--,?is1 :i* is obta9$ f qu>ries1 ne> ! village ( ,m>quese1 betwe5 ,calais & ,b\logne1 is m>k$ ) diff]5t %ades & v>iegations ( :ite & br[n4 ,( ?is m>ble ,buonap>te comm5c$ a magnific5t column on ! heights ne> ! sea1 at ,b\logne1 to commemorate 8 victories2 b1 s9ce 8 de?ronem5t1 ! erection ( ?is /ructure has be5 discont9u$4 #aei4 ,,s>5col9 ,,m>ble is di/+ui%$ by exhibit+ l>ge zones1 & angul> spots ( yell[ or bloodr$ col\r4 ,x is f\nd at ,s>5col91 9 ! ,high ,pyr5ees4 #afj4 ,,/4 ,,beaume1 or ,,langu$oc ,,m>ble1 is ( light r$ col\r1 m>k$ ) :ite & grey zones1 =m$ by madrepores4 ,! eight columns :i* adorn ! ,triumphal ,ar*1 9 ! ,c>\sel at ,p>is1 are ( ?is m>ble4 ,x is obta9$ f qu>ries at ,/4 ,beaume1 9 ! dep>tm5t ( ,aude4 #afa4 ,,breccia ,,m>ble ,,( ,,! ,,pyr5ees4--,"o k9d ( ?is m>ble conta9s black1 grey1 & r$1 middlesiz$ spots 9 a br[ni% r$ gr\nd4 ,x admits ( a good poli%4 ,ano!r k9d has an orangeyell[col\r$ gr\nd1 conta9+ small fragm5ts ( sn[:ite col\r4 ,bo? ^! are f\nd 9 ! ,pyr5ees4 ,,spani% ,,m>bles4--#afb4 ,few c\ntries are m productive ( m>ble ?an ,spa92 & 9 few c\ntries are ! public monum5ts & build+s m pr(usely decorat$ ) m>ble4 ,! vault ( ! !atre ( ,tol$o is support$ by #cej m>ble columns2 & an anci5t mosque at ,cordova is ornam5t$ ) #abjj columns1 mo/ ( :i* are ( ,spani% m>ble4 ,! palace & *ur* ( ! ,escurial1 & _m ( ! *ur*es 9 ,madrid1 are decorat$ ) m>bles ( ! mo/ beautiful description4 #afc4 ,,:ite ,,spani% ,,m>ble4--,ne> ,cordova2 at ,filabres1 ?ree leagues f ,alm]ia1 9 ,gr5ada2 & 9 "s o!r p>ts ( ,spa91 :ite m>ble is obta9$1 :i* is susceptible ( a good poli%1 & is well adapt$ to ! g5]al purposes ( sculpture4 #afd4 ,,seville ,,m>ble is a beautiful r$ v>iety1 ) %9+ r$ & :ite spots & ve9s4 ,9 ! vic9ity ( ,,tortosa is f\nd a k9d ( m>ble :i* has a violet gr\nd1 spott$ ) bright yell[2 & ne> ,,gr5ada a m>ble ( gre5 col\r1 :i* some:at resembles ! celebrat$ v]de antique 7#adi74 #afe4 ,,spani% ,,breccia4--,!re are sev]al beautiful v>ieties ( breccia 9 ,spa94 ,at ,riela1 9 ,arragon1 !re is "o1 compos$ ( angul> portions or fragm5ts ( black m>ble1 emb$d$ 9 a r$di% yell[ base4 ,! breccia m>ble ( ,old ,ca/ile is ( bright r$ col\r1 dott$ ) yell[ & black1 & encloses fragm5ts ( pale yell[1 brickr$1 deep br[n1 & blacki% grey col\r4 ,,g]man ,,m>bles4--#aff4 ,g]many ab\nds 9 m>bles1 & af=ds _m k9ds :i* are rem>kable bo? = beauty & s+ul>ity4 ,( ^! ! k9d be/ kn[n is #afg4 ,,luma*elli ,,m>ble4--,?is exhibits beautiful iridesc5t col\rs1 :i* are sometimes prismatic int]nally1 b m commonly ( v>i\s %ades ( r$ or orange2 :5ce x has also obta9$ ! "n ( fire m>ble4 ,few k9ds ( m>ble are m g5]ally admir$ ?an ?is4 ,x has a d>k gr\nd1 & is m>k$ ?r\gh\t ) ! appe>ance ( small :iti% %ells1 :i*1 9 c]ta9 p>ts1 refract ! mo/ beautiful & brilliant col\rs4 ,?is m>ble is cut into ! tops & bottoms ( snuffboxes1 & sev]al o!r ornam5tal articles4 ,x is f\nd 9 ve9s at ,bleyb]g1 9 ,c>9?ia4 #afh4 ,_m beautiful k9ds ( m>ble are obta9$ f ! isl& ( ,,sicily1 p>ticul>ly "o call$ ,sicilian jasp]1 :i* is r$1 ) /ripes l ribbons1 :ite1 r$1 & sometimes gre54 ,,switz]l& ab\nds 9 m>bles2 ,,portugal1 ,,sw$51 & ,,norway af=d few4 ,9 ! ,,russian ,,empire _m h be5 notic$1 p>ticul>ly among ! ,uralian m\nta9s4 ,! late ,empress ,ca?>9e caus$ an imm5se palace to be built = h] fav\rite ,orl(f1 :i* is entirely coat$1 bo? inside & outside1 ) m>ble4 ,%e built ! *ur* ( ,isaac ) m>bles ( diff]5t k9ds1 on a va/ space1 ne> ! /atue ( ,pet] ! ,great1 9 ,pet]sburgh4 ,we are at pres5t v imp]fectly acqua9t$ ) ! m>bles ( ,,asia4 ,dr4 ,%aw m5tions a r$ m>ble obta9$ f ,m\nt ,s9ai2 & ,mr4 ,mori]1 9 8 j\rney ?r\gh ,p]sia1 speaks ( a beautiful transluc5t k9d :i* he calls m>ble ( ,tabriz1 & ! col\rs ( :i* are light gre51 ) ve9s sometimes ( r$1 sometimes ( blue4 ,he says x is cut into l>ge slabs1 "s ( :i* he describes to h measur$ n9e feet 9 l5g?1 & five feet 9 bread?4--,no acc\nt has hi!rto be5 publi%$ ( ! m>bles ( ,,africa4--,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,,am]ica _m k9ds ( m>ble h be5 discov]$1 "s ( :i* h be5 wr\ght1 & poli%$2 b v imp]fect descriptions h yet be5 giv5 ( !m4 #afi4 ,few c\ntries produce a great] v>iety ( excell5t m>bles ?an ! ,,briti% ,,isl&s4 ,al?\gh ^! m>bles are seldom notic$ mu* beyond ! limits ( ! di/ricts 9 :i* !y occur1 _m ( !m are admirably adapt$ = ornam5tal purposes2 p>ticul>ly = slabs & *imneypieces4 ,x is mu* to be regrett$ t we %\ld s5d to =eign c\ntries = /ones :i*1 9 _m in/ances at lea/1 c\ld c]ta9ly be z well suppli$ f our own4 ,! foll[+ is an enum]ation ( a few ( ! mo/ important k9ds4 ,,engli% ,,m>bles4--#agj4 ,,petwor? ,,m>ble1 :5 cut into slabs1 is equal1 bo? 9 beauty & quality1 to _m ( ! m>bles import$ f ! ,cont95t4 ,! ,e>l ( ,egremont has1 at ,petwor?1 sev]al *imneypieces =m$ ( x4 ,mu* ( ?is m>ble 0 us$ 9 ! ca!dral *ur* ( ,cant]bury4 ,! pill>s1 monum5ts1 vaults1 pavem5t1 & o!r p>ts ( t v5]able /ructure1 h be5 =m$ ( x4 ,! ar*bi%op's *air is an entire piece ( ,petwor? m>ble4 ,?is m>ble is f\nd 9 greate/ p]fection ^u an e/ate ( ! ,e>l ( ,egremont1 at ,kird=d4 ,x lies at ! di/ance ( f t5 to tw5ty feet "u ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 & 9 flakes or /rata n9e or t5 in*es 9 ?ickness4 ,petwor? m>ble is also an excell5t /one = walls2 &1 = pav+1 x _c be excell$4 ,:5 burn$1 x also con/itutes a valuable manure1 sup]ior1 z "s f>m]s imag9e1 ev5 to *alk4 #aga4 ,,purbeck ,,m>ble is obta9$ f ! isl& ( ,purbeck1 9 ,dorset%ire4 ,x is ( d>k col\r1 & conta9s num]\s small r\nd %ells1 :i*1 :5 x is cut & poli%$1 m>k x ) r\ndi% v>iegations ( br[n1 d>k gre51 & grey4 ,?is m>ble 0 =m]ly m us$ ?an x is at pres5t4 ,sev]al ( ! small columns1 & _m ( ! monum5ts1 9 ! *ur*es ( ,dorset%ire1 & ! adjac5t c\nties1 are =m$ ( x4 ,b x is n s durable z _m o!r k9ds4 ,:]ev] x is long expos$ to ! wea!r1 ! surface cracks1 splits (f1 & becomes defac$4 #agb4 ,,babbicombe ,,m>ble is "o ( ! mo/ beautiful k9ds t is f\nd 9 any c\ntry4 ,x v>ies 9 col\r1 f light br[n to deep r$2 & l>ge slabs ( x h be5 obta9$ t are elegantly & div]sely m>k$1 "s 9 /reaks1 o!rs 9 spots1 & o!rs 9 diff]5t col\r$ %ades4 ,?is k9d is qu>ri$ at ,babbicombe1 9 ,torbay1 ,devon%ire1 & is ext5sively manufactur$ into *imneypieces 9 ! ,we/ ( ,engl&4 ,an attempt 0 lately made to introduce x 9 ,london2 b1 f its n be+ ! production ( a =eign c\ntry1 ?is has fail$ ( success4 #agc4 ,,d]by%ire ,,m>ble4--,!re are1 9 ,d]by%ire1 sev]al k9ds ( m>ble1 mo/ ( :i* conta9 an abundance ( fossil %ells1 & o!r rema9s ( m>9e animals4 ,at ,wetton1 ne> ,a%b\rne1 a beautiful k9d is obta9$1 ( greyi% black col\r1 :i* conta9s a va/ numb] ( :iti% & v m9ute %ells4 ,?is has ! "n ( bird's eye m>ble4 ,ne> ,monya% a beautiful v>iety is f\nd1 ( a *e]ful col\r1 incl9+ to br[n r$1 & full ( l>ge m>9e figures 9 all directions2 ^!1 :5 ! m>ble is cut1 appe> :ite1 & af=d a pleas+ contra/4 #agd4 ,,k5dal ,,m>ble4--,"s v>ieties ( black1 grey1 & br[n m>ble1 are wr\ght ne> ,k5dal1 9 ,we/morel&4 ,^! some:at resemble ! ,d]by%ire m>bles2 &1 l !m1 are manufactur$ into *imneypieces1 & ornam5tal slabs = h\ses4 ,sev]al ( ! slabs are f\nd to conta9 corall9es1 & ! rema9s ( o!r m>9e animals1 :i* v>y _! appe>ance 9 a v pleas+ mann]4 ,! ,,mona ,,m>ble is a species ( s]p5t9e int]mix$ ) :ite lime/one3 x has be5 already describ$ 7#acb74 ,,scotti% ,,m>bles4--,scotl& af=ds _m valuable & beautiful v>ieties ( m>ble4 #age4 ,,tirie ,,m>ble4--,few ( ! ,briti% k9ds ( m>ble h be5 m admir$ ?an t obta9$ f ,tirie1 "o ( ! ,we/]n ,isl&s ( ,scotl&4 ,x is ( a r$di%1 sometimes a delicate rosecol\r$ t9t1 & sometimes :ite2 & is always int]mix$ ) o!r m9]als :i* add to its beauty4 ,! mo/ common ( ^! is ( black col\r1 & call$ hornbl5de2 ! o!rs are pale gre5 sahlite1 blacki% br[n mica 7#abc71 & gre5 *lorite4 ,9 "s v>ieties ! hornbl5de is m abundant ?an ! m>ble4 #agf4 ,,assynt ,,m>ble4--,at ,assynt1 9 ,su!rl&1 a :ite m>ble has be5 discov]$1 :i* is p]fectly solid & pure1 & entirely free f blemi%es or /a9s4 ,blocks or slabs ( x may be cut ( almo/ any size t c be requir$4 ,?is m>ble acquires a smoo? surface1 b rema9s ( a dead hue2 :5ce1 ( c\rse1 its uses z an ornam5tal m>ble are mu* circumscrib$4 #agg4 ,,isle ,,( ,,sky ,,m>ble4--,!re is f\nd 9 ! ,isle ( ,sky a m>ble ( pure :ite col\r1 :i* appe>s capable ( yield+ l>ge & valuable blocks4 ,its fracture is granul> & spl9t]y1 & its texture f9e4 ,x is h>d]1 heavi]1 & m compact ?an ! m>ble ( ,c>r>a 7#adf72 & is app>5tly well fitt$ = all ! purposes ( sculpture4 ,b x has ! defect ( be+ v unequally h>d4 ,:ile "s p>ts ( ! /one are ne>ly z easy to "w z t ( ,c>r>a1 o!r p>ts are s h>d z to add a *>ge ( ne> fifty p] c5t4 to ! co/ ( ! work+4 #agh4 ,,su!rl& ,,m>ble4--,"s beautiful specim5s ( m>ble ( d>k br[n col\r1 ve9$ ) :iti%1 light r$1 or light br[n1 h lately be5 br\ght f ! c\nty ( ,su!rl&4 ,^! appe> ( close texture1 are susceptible ( a beautiful poli%1 & are capable ( be+ wr\ght into extremely beautiful slabs = *imneypieces & o!r ornam5tal purposes4 #agi4 ,,gl5 ,,tilt ,,m>ble is ( :ite or grey col\r1 & ve9$ or spott$ ) yell[ or gre52 "s specim5s are ne>ly :ite4 ,! granulations are peculi>ly l>ge2 &1 9 its aspect & composition1 ! ,gl5 ,tilt has great g5]al resemblance to ! ,p5telic m>ble 7#adc74 ,?is m>ble has ( late attract$ ! notice ( ! ,duke ( ,a?ol1 ?r\gh ! sugge/ion ( ,dr4 ,maccullo*2 & *imneypieces ( x h s9ce be5 made4 ,x is obta9$ f a valley ( ! same "n 9 ! c\nty ( ,p]?4 #ahj4 ,,blairg[rie ,,m>ble4--,a few miles f ,blairg[rie1 9 ,p]?%ire1 !re is an excell5t granulat$ broadb$d$ m>ble1 ( sug>loaf texture1 & z :ite z ! f9e/ /atu>y m>ble4 ,x may be easily rais$ 9 blocks & 9 slabs ( great size1 p]fectly free f blemi%es4 ,?is m>ble is suppos$ to be well adapt$ = ornam5tal ar*itecture1 b its l>ge sp>ry texture r5d]s x unfit = ! sculptor4 #aha4 ,,gl5avon ,,m>ble is ( :ite col\r1 ) l>ge granul> concretions1 some:at l spangles1 & z l>ge z ! scales ( fi%es4 ,?is is a valuable k9d2 b its situation 9 ! =e/ ( ,gl5avon1 on ! prop]ty ( ! ,duke ( ,gordon1 is remote & difficult ( access4 #ahb4 ,,balli*uli% ,,m>ble4--,on ! nor? side ( ! f]ry ( ,balli*uli%1 9 ,lo*ab]1 !re is a rock ( m>ble1 ( beautiful a%grey col\r1 & ( a f9e1 regul>1 & uni=m gra91 :i* is capable ( be+ wr\ght into blocks or slabs ( any size1 & is susceptible ( a f9e poli%4 ,?is m>ble is f9ely spr9kl$ ?r\gh\t ) gra9s & specks ( pyrites 7#bcf71 & ) gra9s & specks ( a beautiful lead ore1 :i* to ! eye appe>s to be ri* 9 silv]4 ,if us$ = ornam5tal purposes1 x w\ld be a bright & beautiful metallic m>ble4 #ahc4 ,,blairma*ylda* ,,m>ble4--,9 ! b$ ( a riv]1 at ! f>m ( ,blairma*ylda*1 ab\t ?ree miles s\? ( ,=t ,william1 is a s+ul> m>ble1 consi/+ ( a black gr\nd1 fl[]$ ) :ite4 ,x is ( f9e close gra91 b n v h>d4 ,! fl[]+ 9 x is light1 & beautiful1 l f9e ne$le"w1 or r resembl+ ! fro/y fret"w ^u glass w9d[s1 9 a w9t] morn+4 ,! cutt+ & poli%+ ( m>ble appe> to h be5 p]=m$ by ! anci5ts ne>ly 9 ! same mann] z x is ) u4 ,9 poli%+1 ! fir/ sub/ance employ$ is a %>p1 co>segra9$ s&4 ,aft]w>ds a f9] s& is us$1 !n em]y 7#eh7 9 diff]5t degrees ( f95ess4 ,^! are foll[$ by a r$ p[d] call$ tripoli 7#aai73 & ! la/ poli% is giv5 ) putty4 #ahd4 ,,black ,,m>ble is a species ( lime/one1 ( uni=m black col\r1 & easily di/+ui%able1 by an excessively disagreeable smell1 :i* is emitt$ on rubb+ two pieces ( x toge!r1 or /rik+ x ) a hamm]4 ,few m9]als are susceptible ( a m beautiful poli% ?an ?is4 ,x is consequ5tly mu* us$ = *imneypieces1 small columns1 vases1 & o!r ornam5tal "w4 ,!re are two qu>ries ( black m>ble ne> ,bakewell1 9 ,d]by%ire3 & x is manufactur$ to a consid]able ext5t by ,messrs4 ,br[n & ,co4 at ,d]by1 :o h fix$ up 9 _! w>erooms a l>ge slab ( x z a look+glass4 ,by ! anci5ts x 0 mu* priz$4 ,m>cus ,scaurus is said to h ornam5t$ 8 palace ) columns ( black m>ble1 ea* ?irtyeight feet high2 & _m ( ! monum5ts ( anci5t ,p]sepolis 7 execut$ 9 x4 ,m4 ,d',avejan1 ,bi%op ( ,alais1 us$ a k9d ( black m>ble = pav+ ! ap>tm5ts ( 8 palace2 b ! friction & heat r5d]$ x s fetid t 8 successors 7 compell$ to sub/itute ano!r species ( /one 9 its place4--,! pavem5ts1 h[ev]1 ( _m *ur*es1 & ( ! porticos ( sev]al gall]ies1 on ! ,cont95t1 are ( black m>ble4 #ahe4 ,,calc>e\s ,,alaba/] is a species ( lime/one ( some:at :iti% or yell[i% col\r1 transluc5t1 & int]nally spl5d5t or %9+4 ,x is ne>ly a pure c>bonat ( lime2 & occurs 9 masses1 hang+1 l imm5se icicles1 f ! ro(s ( lime/one cav]ns1 & also coat+ ! sides ( su* cav]ns4 ,! =mation ( ?is sub/ance is des]v+ ( notice4 ,! wat] :i* oozes ?r\gh ! crevices ( lime/one rocks1 becomes /rongly impregnat$ ) m9ute p>ticles ( lime4 ,?is wat]1 :5 x has rea*$ ! ro( or side ( a cav]n1 is g5]ally susp5d$1 = a consid]able "t1 be=e a drop ( suffici5t size to fall by its own weight is =m$4 ,9 ! int]val :i* ?us elapses1 "s ( ! p>ticles ( lime are sep>at$ f ! wat]1 ow+ to ! escape ( ! c>bonic acid 7#bf71 & adh]e to ! ro(4 ,9 ?is mann] successive p>ticles are sep>at$1 & are atta*$ to ea* o!r1 until :at is call$ a /alactite1 hav+ some:at ! appe>ance ( an icicle1 is =m$4 ,^! /alactites are sometimes solid1 hav+ a lamell> /ructure2 sometimes ( a fibr\s texture1 radiat+ f ! c5tre to ! circumf]5ce1 z may be obs]v$ :5 !y are brok52 & sometimes holl[4 ,if ! wat] collects & drops too rapidly to all[ "t = ! =mation ( a /alactite1 x falls ^u ! floor1 & !re =ms an irregul> lump ( alaba/]1 :i* has ! "n ( /alagmite4 ,9 "s cav]ns1 ! sep>ation ( ! calc>e\s matt] takes place bo? at ! ro( & on ! floor2 &1 9 c\rse ( "t1 ! sub/ance ^u ea* increas+1 !y meet1 & =m pill>s1 sometimes ( great magnitude4 ,cav]ns ( ?is k9d occur 9 almo/ e c\ntry4 ,^? ( ,d]by%ire are well kn[n2 b ! mo/ celebrat$ /alactitic cave 9 ! _w is t ( ,antip>os1 9 ! ,grecian ,ar*ipelago4 ,! k9d ( lime/one =m$ 9 ! above mann] is :at ! anci5ts g5]ally d5om9at$ alaba/]4 ,x 0 employ$ by !m = ! same purposes z m>ble1 0 cut into tables1 columns1 vases1 & sometimes ev5 into /atues4 ,!y also us$ x 9 ! manufacture ( vases or boxes = conta9+ ungu5ts4 ,x is suppos$ to h be5 a vessel =m$ ( ?is /one t is m5tion$ 9 ! ,gospel ( ,/4 ,mat!w1 :]e x is said !re came unto our ,savi\r 8a woman hav+ an alaba/] box ( preci\s o9tm5t40 ,9 ! ,national ,museum at ,p>is !re is a colossal figure ( an ,egyptian deity1 :i* is cut 9 a k9d ( alaba/] br\ght f ! m\nta9s betwe5 ! ,nile & ! ,r$ ,sea4 #ahf4 ,,tufa1 or ,,incru/+ ,,c>bonat ,,( ,,lime1 is a calc>e\s sub/ance deposit$ by su* wat] z is impregnat$ ) lime4 ,x clo!s1 ) a /ony coat1 ! small] bran*es ( trees1 leaves1 moss1 plants1 & o!r sub/ances2 & ?us pres]ves !m f decay1 by protect+ !m f ! action ( ! atmosph]e4 ,mo/ ( ! sub/ances t]m$ by ! common p petrifactions belong to ?is k9d ( lime4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 m]ely cov]$ )1 & by no means conv]t$ into /one4 ,! dropp+ well at ,kn>esbor\gh1 9 ,york%ire1 is p>ticul>ly celebrat$ = !m4 ,an ov]hang+ rock1 sev]al y>ds 9 dep?1 has be5 gradually =m$ ( ! calc>e\s matt] :i* ! wat] holds 9 solution2 &1 f ?is rock1 x incessantly drops into ! bas9 bel[4 ,! p]sons :o h ! c>e ( ! place con/antly keep ^! petrifi$ articles = sale4 ,ev5 old wigs & hair brooms are subject$ to ! p[]s ( ! wat]1 to furni% subjects = attraction to ! visitors4 ,!re are o!r spr+s ( ?is description 9 ,ox=d%ire & ,som]set%ire1 & p>ticul>ly at ,matlock1 9 ,d]by%ire4 ,we are in=m$ t at ,dalton1 on ! s\? side ( ,m5dip1 ! workm5 n unfrequ5tly discov] l>ge pieces ( oak envelop$ 9 blocks ( /one :i* are f\r or five tons 9 weight4 ,blocks ( tufa are1 9 "s c\ntries1 cut & us$ = build+ /ones2 & ?is sub/ance1 :5 burn$1 becomes an excell5t lime4 ,pieces ( x are sometimes holl[$1 & us$ z filt]+ /ones4 ,9 ! ,briti% ,museum !re is a human skull completely incru/$ ) /one1 :i* 0 f\nd 9 ! riv] ,tib]4 ,! w>m ba?s ( ,hung>y are (t5 s ?ickly coat$ at ! sides & bottom ) tufa1 t1 dur+ c]ta9 int]vals1 x actually fills up ! tubes & canals ?r\gh :i* !y are suppli$4 ,! fur 9 teakettles is a some:at simil> deposit f wat] 9 boil+4 #ahg4 ,,portl& ,,/one1 ,,ba? ,,/one1 ,,ketton ,,/one1 are diff]5t k9ds ( lime/one2 &1 ( a texture s h>d & compact z to be us$ 9 build+4 ,!y h _! names f ! places :]e !y are respectively f\nd1 9 ,portl& ,isl&1 ne> ,ba?1 & at ,ketton1 9 ! c\nty ( ,rutl&4 ,( ,ketton /one sev]al ( ! colleges 9 ,cambridge are built4 ,its gra9 has a s+ul> resemblance to ! petrifi$ roe ( a fi%1 :5ce also x is sometimes call$ roe/one4 ,! bridges1 ,/4 ,paul's ,ca!dral1 ! ,monum5t1 & ne>ly all ! build+s ( late date 9 ,london1 are con/ruct$ ( ,portl& /one4 ,"s ( ^! k9ds ( /one1 :5 fir/ dug out ( ! qu>ry1 are s s(t t !y are readily work$ into any =m :i* use or ornam5t may require4 ,?is is ow+ to ! moi/ure ) :i* !y are naturally impregnat$2 b :5 !y once become h>d5$1 by exposure to ! sun & air1 !y are extremely firm & solid4 ,on ! contr>y1 o!r k9ds ( lime/one t are us$ = build+s imbibe & reta9 ! moi/ure ( ! atmosph]e1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* !y bur/ or are crumbl$ by fro/4 ,we are in=m$ t ,portl& /one 0 fir/ us$ 9 ,london 9 ! reign ( ,james ! ,fir/1 t mon>*1 by ! advice ( 8 ar*itects1 hav+ employ$ x 9 ! con/ruction ( ! banquett+ h\se at ,:itehall4 ,aft] ! great fire 9 ,london1 x 0 br\ght into g5]al use by ,sir ,*ri/oph] ,wr54 #ahh4 ,,m>l is a comb9ation ( clay1 silex 7#gf71 & lime3 & is d5om9at$ calc>e\s1 argillace\s1 or silice\s1 z ! lime1 clay1 or silex1 is mo/ abundant4 ,! calc>e\s "p ( m>l is frequ5tly compos$ ( %ells1 :5ce x frequ5tly has ! "n ( %ell m>l2 & :]e ^! are pr$om9ant1 x af=ds an excell5t manure = s&y1 dry1 gravelly1 or light l&s4 ,m>l likewise produces v b5eficial effects on mossy & clayey soils2 & ^! effects1 :]e x has be5 prop]ly appli$1 h be5 obs]vable = twelve or f\rte5 ye>s4 ,"s k9ds ( m>l t conta9 b a small portion ( lime h be5 successfully us$ 9 ! manufacture ( e>!nw>e4 ,?is m9]al is usually f\nd at ! dep? ( f five to n9e feet b5ea? ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 & deposit$ betwe5 b$s ( clay & s&4 ,x is dug out ) spades2 &1 9 ! digg+ ( x1 9 ,irel&1 ! workm5 n unfrequ5tly meet ) ! horns ( de] & o!r curi\s fossils4 ,! usual mode by :i* p]sons1 g5]ally unacqua9t$ ) m9]als1 di/+ui% ?is f o!r clayey sub/ances1 is1 to break a small piece ( dry m>l into a glass ( v9eg>4 ,if x be m>l x w imm$iately dissolve ) consid]able eff]vesc5ce2 & ! briskness ( ! eff]vesc5ce w be 9 proportion to ! quantity ( lime :i* x conta9s4 #ahi4 ,,flor5ce ,,m>ble is a k9d ( indurat$ or h>d5$ m>l1 & is rem>kable = pres5t+1 :5 poli%$1 ! appe>ance ( ru9$ edifices or rocks4 ,?is k9d ( m>ble is nev] us$ 9 ar*itecture4 ,little slabs ( x are cut = ,mosaic "w1 & to be fram$ l pictures2 & ! latt]1 :5 ( consid]able dim5sions1 are sometimes pur*as$ at a high price4 ,if held at a di/ance f ! eye1 an inexp]i5c$ obs]v] might mi/ake a slab ( ,flor5ce m>ble = a draw+ 9 bi/re4 ,"h1 obs]ves a ,fr5* writ]1 we rem>k a %att]$ ,go?ic ca/le1 !re ! m\ld]+ fragm5ts ( a ca!dral2 9 "o "p ru9$ walls1 & 9 ano!r %att]$ ba/ions & t[]s4 ,b1 :5 we approa* ! picture1 ! illusion vani%es1 & ^? imag9>y figures :i*1 at a di/ance1 appe>$ to be s correctly drawn1 become *ang$ into irregul> spots1 l9es1 & %ades1 :i* pres5t no?+ di/9ct to ! view4 #aij4 ,,cottam ,,m>ble1 :i*1 :5 cut & poli%$1 also exhibits ! appe>ance ( a l&scape1 is a k9d ( compact m>l4 ,x has its "n f be+ f\nd at ,cottam1 ne> ,bri/ol4 #aia4 ,,lias1 or ,,calp is a k9d ( lime/one ( blui% black1 or greyi% blue col\r1 & compos$ *iefly ( lime1 silex 7#gf71 clay1 & oxide ( iron 7#ba74 ,?is /one1 :5 burn$1 =ms a cem5t :i* has ! prop]ty ( sett+ v /rongly "u wat]4 ,x has also1 ( late ye>s1 be5 employ$ 9 a mann] :i* m]its p>ticul> notice1 = ! multiply+ ( copies ( draw+s & p5man%ip4 ,a draw+ is made on prep>$ pap] ) a peculi> k9d ( ink4 ,a slab ( lias1 ab\t an in* ?ick1 is !n heat$2 ! draw+ is plac$ ^u x1 & bo? are pass$ ?r\gh a roll+ press4 ,! pap] is aft]w>ds wett$1 & wa%$ f ! /one2 b ! ink1 be+ ( a gummy or glut9\s quality1 becomes 9 "p absorb$ by ! /one1 & rema9s4 ,! /one is !n ready = ! pr9t]4 ,previ\sly to tak+ (f ea* impression1 ! /one is wett$ ) a sponge2 fre% ink 7:i* is said some:at to resemble pr9t]s' ink1 & is put on ) a ball simil> to t us$ by lett]press pr9t]s7 is !n appli$4 ,?is is prev5t$1 by ! wat]1 f adh]+ to any "p except to ! ink t _h be5 absorb$1 by ! /one1 f ! pap] on :i* ! draw+ 0 orig9ally made4 ,pap] is !n plac$ on ! /one1 bo? are pass$ ?r\gh a roll+ press z be=e1 & a p]fect impression ( ! draw+ is made ^u ! pap]4 ,?is art has be5 practis$ 9 ,g]many ) great success2 & ) ! diff]5ce only ( ! orig9al draw+ be+ made ^u ! /one in/ead ( pap]4 ,_m beautiful specim5s ( draw+s1 tak5 f slabs ( lias1 may be se5 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,x is said t copies ( milit>y draw+s & ord]s 71 to a v l>ge am\nt1 multipli$ by ?is means at ! headqu>t]s ( ! armies lately employ$ on ! ,cont95t4 ,an artificial composition is sometimes us$ in/ead ( lias4 ,consid]able qu>ries ( ?is /one are wr\ght 9 ,g]many4 ,x is also f\nd at ,leixlip1 ne> ,dubl92 9 b$s at ,ab]?aw1 9 ,glamorgan%ire2 9 ,dorset%ire1 & ne> ,ba?4 ,,sulphat ,,( ,,lime4 #aib4 ,,alaba/]1 or ,,gypsum1 is a k9d ( sulphat ( lime1 or ( lime 9 comb9ation ) sulphuric acid 7#bd71 :i* has a %iv]y & glitt]+ texture2 & is ( :ite col\r t+$ ) grey or r$1 & sometimes /rip$1 ve9$1 or spott$4 ,:5 cry/alliz$1 ! primitive =m ( its cry/als is a regul> f\rsid$ prism 7,pl4 ,,ii1 ,fig4 #ad47 ,be+ consid]ably s(t] ?an m>ble1 ?is m9]al is n capable ( receiv+ a good poli%4 ,f ?is circum/ance x is1 h[ev]1 ! m easily work$4 ,x is manufactur$ into *imneypieces1 columns1 bu/s1 ornam5tal vases1 & lamps2 ! latt] ( :i* transmit a s(t & pleas+ light4 ,su* is sometimes ! transp>5cy ( alaba/]1 t x has be5 employ$ = w9d[s2 &1 at ,flor5ce1 !re is n[ a *ur* :i* receives its light ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ?is sub/ance4 ,! anci5ts1 ?\gh acqua9t$ ) ! art ( mak+ glass1 _h n atta9$ ! k ( r$uc+ x into ?9 transp>5t plates2 & frequ5tly employ$ alaba/] = w9d[s4 ,( ?is /one ! ,temple ( ,=tune1 :i* 0 built by ord] ( ! ,emp]or ,n]o1 0 erect$4 ,x _h no w9d[s :atev]1 & receiv$ only a s(t k9d ( light ?r\gh its walls2 appe>+ r z if ! light issu$ f ! int]ior1 ?an t x 0 admitt$ f )\t4 ,! hot spr+s ( ,/4 ,philip1 :i* supply ! ba?s ( ,tuscany1 are s /rongly impregnat$ ) alaba/]1 t arti/s take advantage ( ?is to obta9 impressions ( basreliefs1 by m]ely expos+ _! m\lds to a curr5t ( ! wat] until !y become fill$ ) ! e>?y deposit4 ,^! impressions1 :5 tak5 out1 are f\nd to be z h>d z m>ble1 & are v beautiful4 ,!re are1 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 "s ca/s ( m$als =m$ f ! wat] ( ^! spr+s4 ,:5 alaba/] is heat$1 x falls into a s(t :ite p[d]1 :i*1 on be+ mix$ ) wat]1 absorbs x s rapidly1 t if x be =m$ into a pa/e1 x dries & becomes h>d 9 a few m9utes4 ,9 ?is /ate x is call$ pla/] ( ,p>is2 & is employ$ = ! mak+ ( /atues1 ca/s1 & o!r ornam5tal "w1 :i*1 ?\gh ( a beautiful :ite col\r1 are v brittle4 ,:5 mix$ ) col\r$ gummy or glut9\s sub/ances1 x yields pla/]s ( diff]5t hues1 & has ! "n ( /ucco2 &1 9 ?is /ate1 is us$ = l9+ ! walls & ceil+s ( rooms4 ,?is pla/] is mu* 9 reque/ 9 ! nor!rn c\nties ( ,engl&1 = ! floors ( dairies1 /orerooms1 gran>ies1 & o!r ap>tm5ts2 &1 :5 prop]ly =m$1 x con/itutes a v smoo? & durable floor+4 ,! f9e :ite v>ieties ( gypsum are us$ z an +r$i5t 9 ! composition ( e>!nw>e & porcela92 & ! glaze1 or enamel1 ) :i* porcela9 is cov]$1 has ! pure/ gypsum = "o ( its +r$i5ts4 ,( late ye>s ?is m9]al has be5 advantage\sly employ$ z a manure = f]tiliz+ ! soil4 ,gypsum is f\nd 9 ,*e%ire & ,d]by%ire1 z well z 9 sev]al p>ts ( ! ,cont95t4 ,t :i* is import$ into ?is c\ntry f ,italy & ,spa9 is consid]$ ! be/4 #aic4 ,,fibr\s ,,gypsum4--,!re is a v>iety ( gypsum :i* has a some:at fibr\s appe>ance1 & :i*1 :5 cut 9 a convex =m1 & poli%$1 reflects a light n mu* unlike t ( ! catseye 7#hf74 ,h5ce x is sometimes sold to ignorant p]sons = t /one4 ,x has also be5 impos$ ^u pur*as]s = ! gem call$ moon/one 7#aac74 ,fibr\s gypsum is cut into e>p5dants1 crosses1 beads = necklaces1 & o!r female ornam5ts2 b its s(tness is su* z to all[ ( its be+ easily injur$ bo? by dirt & friction4 ,,fluat ,,( ,,lime4 #aid4 ,,fluor ,,sp>1 or ,,d]by%ire ,,sp>1 is a m9]al =m$ by ! comb9ation ( lime ) fluoric acid 7#bg74 ,x sometimes occurs 9 a massive1 & sometimes 9 a cry/alliz$ /ate2 ! primitive =m ( its cry/als be+ a regul> octoh$ron 7,pl4 ,,ii1 ,fig4 #e74 ,its col\r is usually blui%1 gre51 yell[1 :iti%1 or a mixture ( "s ( ^!4 ,:5 heat$1 ?is sub/ance cracks1 & %9es brightly 9 ! d>k4 ,b if kept hot = "s "t1 x ceases to be lum9\s1 & ?is prop]ty _c be re/or$ to x4 ,if also two pieces be rubb$ /rongly toge!r1 !y become lum9\s 9 ! d>k4 ,f ?is sp> are made sev]al k9ds ( ornam5tal vases ( consid]able size1 columns1 & toys1 :i*1 f be+ extremely v>i$ 9 _! col\rs & appe>ance1 & admitt+ ( a high poli%1 are v beautiful4 ,:5 a piece ( fluor sp> is to be wr\ght into a vase1 or any simil> article1 x is fir/ c>v$ ) a mallet & *isel into a some:at sph]ical =m4 ,x is !n fix$ to a turn]'s la!1 &1 ) great c>e1 is =m$ into ! %ape t is requir$4 ,:5 ?is is complete1 x has to be poli%$1 :i* is done fir/ ) grit/one & pumice 7#ajh71 & la/ly ) em]y 7#eh7 & putty4 ,! la!s =m]ly 9 use 7 work$ by ! foot2 b ^? n[ adopt$ are work$ by ma*9]y1 ! advantage ( ! m /eady motion ( :i* has be5 t ornam5ts ( mu* m delicate /ructure c n[ be =m$ ?an be=e4 ,! manufacture ( articles f fluor sp> gives employm5t to a great numb] ( indu/ri\s families 9 ,d]by%ire4 ,?is m9]al occurs 9 sev]al p>ts ( t c\nty1 :]e x has ! "n ( ,blue ,john1 & :]e x is obta9$ f cav]ns at a consid]able dep? b5ea? ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,x is also f\nd 9 v>i\s c\ntries bo? ( ! ,european & ,am]ican cont95ts4 ,! acid produc$ f fluor sp> is call$ fluoric acid 7#bg71 & has ! peculi> prop]ty ( corrod+ glass & fl9t1 & consequ5tly _c be kept 9 glass bottles4 ,arti/s1 by means ( fluoric acid1 are enabl$ to et* on glass1 9 ! same mann] z1 ) aqua =tis 7nitric acid71 !y d on copp]4 ,! process is suffici5tly simple4 ,! glass is fir/ a little heat$1 = ! purpose ( cov]+ x ?9ly ov] ) wax2 !n1 ) a ne$le or o!r f9e po9t ! draw+ is to be made1 by cutt+ ?r\gh ! wax to ! surface ( ! glass4 ,! edges are next to h a little wall ( wax rais$ ^u !m4 ,?is done1 ! glass mu/ be plac$ 9 an horizontal position1 & sift$ ov] ) fluor f9ely p\nd$2 & la/ly1 a mixture ( "o "p ( _s ( vitriol or sulphuric acid 7#bd7 ) two or ?ree p>ts ( wat] is to be p\r$ g5tly ^u x4 ,! acid w be prev5t$ f runn+ (f by ! wax2 &1 9 ! c\rse ( a little :ile1 if ^! be cle>$ away1 ! glass w be f\nd corrod$ 9 all ! l9es along :i* ! ne$le pass$4 ,! mode ( obta9+ fluoric acid = *emical purposes is1 by p\r+ sulphuric acid ^u p[d]$ sp> 9 a lead5 retort1 & apply+ to x a g5tle heat4 ,?is acid %\ld be us$ ) great caution2 =1 :5 appli$ to ! sk91 x in/antly disorganizes x1 & produces v pa9ful sores4 ,,b>ytes ,,family4 #aie4 ,^! m9]als are sometimes call$ pond]\s e>?s1 & h _! "n f a ,greek ^w signify+ heavy4 ,!y compreh5d all ! comb9ations ( b>ytes ) acids4 ,:5 purifi$1 !y =m a greyi% :ite1 por\s sub/ance1 :i* is easily r$ucible to p[d]2 has no p]ceptible smell1 b has a h>% & m burn+ ta/e ?an lime1 & *anges ! blues ( vegetable col\rs to gre54 ,al?\gh b>ytes is "o ( ! mo/ useful *emical te/s t we are acqua9t$ )1 x is n mu* employ$ 9 ! arts1 because1 :5 purifi$1 x is f\nd too exp5sive4 ,x is capable ( be+ made into a v t5aci\s cem5t2 & pa9t]s use a prep>ation t is made f x z a :ite col\r :i* w n *ange4 ,?is is sold 9 ! %ops "u ! "n ( 8,hume's p]man5t :ite40 ,b>ytes tak5 into ! /oma* proves a virul5t poison2 yet a prep>ation ( x is us$ 9 m$ic9e1 & p>ticul>ly = ! removal ( scrophul\s compla9ts4 ,:5 f9ely p\nd$ & mix$ ) oatmeal1 c>bonat ( b>ytes has be5 f\nd an efficaci\s poison = rats4 #aif4 ,,sulphat ( ,,b>ytes is a m9]al =m$ by ! comb9ation ( sulphuric acid 7#bd7 ) b>ytes4 ,x sometimes occurs 9 a /ate ( p[d]1 frequ5tly 9 %apeless masses1 & (t5 cry/alliz$3 ! primitive =m ( its cry/als be+ a f\rsid$ prism4 ,x is n soluble 9 any o!r ?an sulphuric acid4 ,) u sulphat ( b>ytes is ( no use 9 ! arts4 ,! ,*9ese1 h[ev]1 employ x z an +r$i5t 9 ! composition ( porcela92 & x is said to =m a good manure = clov] fields4 ,! ,,bologna ,,phosphorus1 or ,,bononian ,,/one1 a v rem>kable k9d ( b>ytes1 has its "n f be+ f\nd ne> ,bologna 9 ,italy4 ,?is sub/ance1 :5 deta*$1 is usually obs]v$ 9 r\ndi%1 flat1 kidney%ap$ pieces1 f ab\t ! size ( a walnut to t ( an orange1 :i* h a %9+ & some:at fibr\s texture )94 ,:5 ! out] coat ( ?is /one is wa%$ away by heavy ra9s1 x has sometimes ! appe>ance ( burni%$ silv]4 ,an ,italian %oemak]1 9 ! ye> #afcj1 deceiv$ by ?is appe>ance1 c>ri$ home sev]al pieces1 hop+1 by means ( fire1 to extract silv] f !m4 ,b at ! same "t t he 0 disappo9t$ 9 ?is expectation1 he 0 surpris$ by a v unlook$= ph5om5on4 ,all ! pieces :i* he _h ?us attempt$ to melt1 :5 !y 7 aft]w>ds expos$ to ! light1 became !mselves lum9\s4 ,x is ! s+ul> prop]ty ( ! ,bologna phosphorus1 aft] x has und]gone calc9ation 9 a p>ticul> mann]1 to become capable ( imbib+ s mu* light on exposure1 = a little :ile1 to ! light ( ! sun1 or ev5 to ! flame ( a c&le1 t x w aft]w>ds %9e 9 ! d>k = an int]val ( f eight to fifte5 m9utes1 l a gl[+ coal1 b )\t any s5sible heat4 ,! light :i* x emits is suffici5t to read by1 provid$ ! lett]s be plac$ ne> x4 ,if well prep>$1 ! /one w reta9 ?is extraord9>y prop]ty = five or six ye>s4 ,! prep>ation ( x is ?us conduct$4 ,pieces ( sulphat ( b>ytes are made r$ hot1 = a few m9utes1 9 a cov]$ crucible plac$ 9 ! middle ( a fire1 & !n left to cool4 ,:5 cool1 !y are p\nd$ 9 a /one mort>1 & sift$4 ,! p[d] ?us =m$ is made into a pa/e ) a little gum arabic1 & divid$ into long cakes1 or cyl9d]s1 ea* ab\t a qu>t] ( an in* ?ick4 ,^! pieces are dri$ 9 a mod]ate heat1 & !n1 by degrees1 are expos$ to a m viol5t heat1 among *>coal1 9 a w9d furnace4 ,z soon z ! coals ( ! furnace are half consum$1 x mu/ be fill$ a second "t1 & ! phosphorus mu/ be left undi/urb$4 ,:5 ! coals are q consum$ ! a%es mu/ be c>efully bl[n (f ) a pair ( bell[s1 & ! phosphorus w be f\nd at ! bottom ( ! grate4 ,,class ,,ii4--,,salts4 ,,ord] ,i4--,,e>?y ,,salts4 ,,alum9e ,,family4 #aig4 ,,alum is a sub/ance ( yell[i% or greyi% :ite col\r1 usually opaque1 b sometimes transp>5t4 ,:5 purifi$1 x consi/s ( sl5d]1 irregul>1 hair%ap$ fibres1 & has a sweeti%1 a/r+5t ta/e4 ,! alum ( comm]ce is an artificial production f ! diff]5t k9ds ( /ones :i* conta9 x4 ,t call$ ,roman alum1 f its be+ procur$ f ! neighb\rhood ( ,rome1 is usually consid]$ pref]able to ! o!r sorts2 b good alum ( our own manufacture is equal to x 9 quality4 ,! ,levant1 or ,ro*e alum1 is said to h _h its "n f ! village ( ,rocca1 ! pres5t ,edessa1 9 ,syria4 ,!re is a fam\s alum m9e at ,tolfa1 ne> ,civita ,vec*ia1 9 ,italy4 ,! alum is obta9$ f ?is m9e ne>ly 9 a pure /ate2 & x is s extremely h>d1 t x c only be wr\ght by means ( pickaxes1 & gunp[d]4 ,at ,solfat>a1 ne> ,naples1 & 9 o!r volcanic c\ntries1 an abundance ( alum is f\nd1 9 a /ate ( effloresc5ce1 f ! lava4 ,! alum ( our own c\ntry is manufactur$ f a k9d ( slaty /one :i* is f\nd ne> ,:itby1 9 ,york%ire4 ,?is manufactory 0 fir/ e/abli%$ ab\t ! conclusion ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 by ,sir ,?omas ,*alon]1 :o is suppos$ to h obta9$ 8 k ( ! process1 f ! alum works :i* _h !n lately be5 introduc$ into ,g]many & ,spa94 ,! rock ( alum slate1 ne> ,:itby1 is suppos$ to be ne>ly twelve miles 9 ext5t3 & af=ds an abundant supply ( alum4 ,! workm5 te> op5 ! rock2 aft] :i* ! diff]5t fragm5ts are loos5$1 9 ! =m ( slaty leaves or plates1 t are ( a d>k grey col\r4 ,to obta9 ! alum1 a b$ ( fagots is =m$ f t5 to twelve feet 9 dep?4 ,by ! side ( ?is a scaffold is erect$1 :i* enables ! workm5 to =m a pile ( m9]al ab\t fifty feet long1 & =ty feet high4 ,:ile ?is pile is =m+1 ! fagots are light$4 ,by ! gradual op]ation ( ! heat1 a calc9ation takes place1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* ! alum is aft]w>ds r5d]$ capable ( be+ m easily sep>at$ ?an x o!rwise w\ld be f ! /one 9 :i* x 0 conta9$1 & f o!r extrane\s matt]s t are comb9$ ) x4 ,aft] ?is1 ! m9]al is wa%$ 9 %all[ vessels1 s arrang$ t ! wat] may be p\r$ f "o into ! o!r4 ,by ?is process ! alum becomes susp5d$ 9 ! wat]1 :ile all ! e>?y p>ticles subside to ! bottom4 ,! next op]ation is to evaporate ! wat] saturat$ ) alum4 ,?is is done by boil+ x 9 l>ge lead5 caldrons1 fix$1 on ca/ iron b>s1 ov] a furnace4 ,z soon z ! cont5ts ( ! caldrons are br\ght to a prop] /ate1 !y are drawn (f into casks1 :]e ! alum concretes into a mass4 ,! hoops are !n tak5 (f1 & ! alum is brok5 & left to dry2 aft] :i* x is pack$ 9 casks = sale4 ,alum is an article ( indisp5sable importance to dy]s1 n only on acc\nt ( its cleans+ & op5+ ! pores ( ! sub/ances to be dy$1 & ?us r5d]+ !m fit to receive ! col\r+ p>ticles1 b also f its m ess5tial prop]ty ( fix+ ! col\rs 9 su* mann] t !y _c aft]w>ds be wa%$ out4 ,by tann]s x is 9 great reque/ = giv+ firmness to ! sk9s aft] !y h be5 r5d]$ flaccid 9 ! limepits4 ,x is employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( pap]1 & by engrav]s1 & o!r arti/s4 ,9 ! mak+ ( c&les1 alum is add$ to ! tall[1 to r5d] x glossy1 & to give x great] firmness & consi/5ce2 &1 mix$ ) cream1 x aids ! sep>ation ( butt]4 ,x has a t5d5cy to ret>d ignition4 ,pap] soak$ 9 alum wat] does n easily take fire1 & is !reby bett] fitt$ = ! pres]vation ( gunp[d]4 ,su* pap] is likewise us$ 9 ! :it5+ ( silv]1 & ! silv]+ ( brass4 ,x has be5 recomm5d$ t ladies' musl9 dresses %\ld be dipp$ 9 a solution ( ?is sub/ance1 = ! purpose ( r5d]+ !m less liable to cat* fire4 ,a solution ( alum also ret>ds ! putrefaction ( animal sub/ances1 & af=ds useful1 z well z economical1 means ( pres]v+ natural productions t are import$ f =eign c\ntries4 ,alum is frequ5tly mix$ ) pa/e1 to prev5t its los+ its t5acity by ! absorption ( moi/ure4 ,x is ass]t$ t bak]s occasionally use x z an +r$i5t 9 bread1 & t its pres5ce may be discov]$ by ?ru/+ a heat$ knife into a loaf be=e x is cold3 if free f alum1 sc>cely any alt]ation w be visible on ! blade1 b if ! contr>y1 ! surface1 :5 cool1 w appe> slightly cov]$ ) an incru/ation ( alum4 ,a v important purpose to :i* alum may be appli$ is 9 ! purify+ & sweet5+ ( wat] t has become fetid & unfit = use2 f five to t5 gra9s ( burn$ alum1 & d\ble or treble t quantity ( p\nd$ *>coal1 w correct ! fetor ( a gallon ( wat]4 ,pr9t]s' cu%ions1 & ! blocks us$ = ! pr9t+ ( calicos1 are rubb$ ) burn$ alum to remove any greas9ess1 :i* o!rwise w\ld prev5t ! ink or col\r f /ick+4 ,?is sub/ance is also occasionally employ$ by surgeons to /op ! ble$+ ( small vessels1 to corrode fung\s or pr\d fle%1 & = o!r purposes 9 m$ic9e4 #aih4 ,,magnesia ,,family4 ,?is is a family ( m9]als :i* compreh5ds all ! comb9ations ( magnesia ) acids4 ,:5 fre$ f extrane\s matt]s1 magnesia is a p[d]y sub/ance ( limpid :ite col\r4 #aii4 ,,epsom ,,salts1 or ,,sulphat ,,( ,,magnesia1 consi/ ( magnesia 9 conjunction ) sulphuric acid 7#bd74 ,x is said t ,epsom salts h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,alps1 & 9 ,switz]l&1 "u a p[d]y =m1 & sometimes ev5 9 masses1 or a /ate ( incru/ation on /ones & rocks4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 *iefly f\nd dissolv$ 9 m9]al wat]s1 & p>ticul>ly 9 ^? at ,epsom 9 ,surrey1 & ,s$litz 9 ,bohemia4 ,_! ta/e is bitt] & unpleasant4 ,s little are !y affect$ by exposure to ! air1 t ! ,abb ,hay kept "s by him = m ?an twelve ye>s )\t any s5sible alt]ation4 ,^! salts are mu* us$ 9 m$ic9e1 & are sometimes manufactur$ f ! wat]s ( ,epsom 7#bij7 & ,s$litz 7#bhi71 b m frequ5tly1 & 9 mu* great] abundance1 f seawat]4 ,! magnesia ( ! %ops is prep>$ by dissolv+ ,epsom salts 9 wat]1 & add+ to ! solution half _! weight ( pota% 7#bje74 ,! sub/ance t s9ks to ! bottom is magnesia2 & ?is1 wa%$ ) a suffici5t quantity ( wat] & dri$1 has ! appe>ance ( a light1 s(t1 & :ite p[d]1 ( insipid ta/e4 ,magnesia is us$ 9 m$ic9e1 bo? 9 a simple /ate & :5 calc9$ or burn$4 ,x is also employ$ 9 "s *emical processes2 & is 9 consid]able reque/ 9 ! manufacture ( enamel & porcela94 ,if putrid wat] be agitat$ ) a small quantity ( magnesia1 x w lose a consid]able portion ( its bad ta/e & smell4 #bjj4 ,,soda ,,family4 ,soda1 l pota% 7#bje71 is an extremely cau/ic alkali 7#db74 ,x has a greyi% :ite col\r1 & agrees exactly ) pota% 7#bje7 9 ta/e1 smell1 & corrosive quality1 b x is n s heavy4 ,9 a m9]al /ate soda has hi!rto be5 f\nd only 9 comb9ation ) "s acid4 ,common salt 7#bjb7 is a comp\nd ( soda ) muriatic acid 7#bi74 ,! soda ( comm]ce is obta9$ f seawat]2 & f ! a%es ( diff]5t k9ds ( plants t gr[ on ! sea%ores1 b p>ticul>ly f t call$ salsola soda1 :i* is f\nd 9 great abundance on ! coa/s ( ! s\!rn p>ts ( ,europe2 & f :i* x has its "n4 ,x is sometimes call$ b>illa1 f ! salsola soda be+ s d5om9at$ 9 ,spa94 ,?is alkali is ( ess5tial use 9 ! arts4 ,:5 melt$ ) fl9t or s&1 x =ms glass1 & answ]s mu* bett] = ?is purpose ?an pota%4 ,9 conjunction ) oil & lime1 x is employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( soap2 & x is us$ z a sub/itute = soap 9 ! clean+ & blea*+ ( l951 flannels1 & wor/$ goods4 ,if a weak solution ( soda be p\r$ into f\l bottles1 or casks 9 :i* w9e has long be5 kept1 x w cleanse !m4 ,x may also be successfully us$ = ! cleans+ ( vessels 9 :i* milk has become acid4 ,saddles1 bridles1 or boottops1 may be effectually clean$ by means ( ?is liquor1 & re/or$ ne>ly to _! orig9al col\r & appe>ance4 ,! art ( soapboil+ may easily be illu/rat$ by ! foll[+ exp]im5t4 ,take a piece ( quicklime1 slake x gradually by spr9kl+ on x a suffici5t quantity ( wat]4 ,:5 x is completely slak$1 add to x ab\t tw5ty times its weight ( wat]4 ,to ?is mixture add two p>ts1 by weight1 ( common subc>bonat ( soda1 previ\sly dissolv$ 9 a suffici5t quantity ( wat]4 ,boil ! :ole = ab\t half an h\r1 /ra9 x ?r\gh a clo?1 & boil x till s mu* ( ! wat] is evaporat$ t a phial t w conta9 an ounce ( wat] w hold "o ounce1 sev5 p5nyweights & a half1 ( ?is ley4 ,!n mix 9 an e>!nw>e pipk9 or bas91 "o "p ( ! ley1 ) two p>ts ( olive oil4 ,place ! mixture 9 a g5tle heat1 capable only ( mak+ ! liquor simm]1 & all[ x to simm]1 /irr+ ! liquor cont9ually1 ) a wood5 /ick1 till1 by lett+ a few drops ( x fall on a plate1 ! soap w be f\nd to coagulate1 & ! wat] become spe$ily sep>at$ f x4 ,aft] :i*1 p\r out ! cont5ts into a cup1 & suff] x to cool4--,soap may also be prep>$ )\t heat4 ,if "o "p ( ! ley be mix$ ) two p>ts ( olive oil1 9 a glass or /one w>e vessel1 & ! mixture be /irr$1 f "t to "t1 ) a wood5 spoon or spatula1 x w become ?ick1 & :ite2 9 sev5 or eight days aft]w>ds ! comb9ation w be complet$1 & a :ite & firm soap w be obta9$4 ,:ite soap is =m$ ( +r$i5ts simil> to ^? t h j be5 m5tion$4 ,yell[ soap is made ) tall[1 res91 & soda4 ,soap may be =m$ by boil+ %r$s ( wooll5 clo? ) ley till ! :ole has acquir$ a c]ta9 consi/5ce4 ,?is k9d ( soap has be5 made1 & appli$ ) success1 9 sev]al manufactories 9 ,france4--,! comb9ation ( oil & o!r +r$i5ts ) pota% 7#bje71 in/ead ( soda1 af=ds :at is call$ s(t soap4 #bja4 ,,natron1 or ,,c>bonat ( ,,soda1 is a salt :i* consi/s ( soda 7#bjj7 9 comb9ation ) c>bonic acid 7#bf74 ,x is massive1 ( greyi% col\r1 soluble 9 wat]1 & has a disagreeable alkal9e ta/e4 ,?is salt is f\nd 9 ,egypt1 on ! surface ( ! e>?1 & p>ticul>ly ne> ! m>g9s ( c]ta9 lakes call$ natron lakes4 ,9 ! summ] season ! wat] ( ^! lakes is evaporat$ by ! heat ( ! sun1 leav+ a b$ ( natron g5]ally ab\t two feet 9 ?ickness4 ,?is is brok5 ) w$ges & hamm]s2 & pack$ up = sale 9 ! ,european m>kets4 ,! wat]s ( "s ( ! lakes conta9 bo? common salt & natron2 & ^!1 on evaporation1 cry/allize 9 successive b$s4 ,natron is f\nd 9 consid]able quantity "u ! =m ( an effloresc5ce1 on ! surface ( ! e>?1 9 ! pla9s ( ,debrecz9 9 ,hung>y4 ,x is likewise f\nd 9 small quantity 9 ! a%es ( mo/ vegetables1 b p>ticul>ly 9 ^? ( salsoda & salicornia4 ,! anci5t ,egyptians are said to h made great use ( natron = ! pres]vation ( dead bodies1 by mac]at+ !m 9 x = sev]al mon?s previ\sly to _! be+ embalm$4 ,l>ge quantities ( ?is salt are sometimes import$ into ,engl&1 by ! ,ea/ ,india ,company's %ips1 f ,*9a1 & o!r p>ts ( ! ,ea/4 ,x is employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( soap1 & = ! wa%+ ( l954 ,glassmak]s mix x ) s& = ! =mation ( glass4 ,on ! cont95t x is adm9i/]$ z a m$ic9e 9 compla9ts ( ! b[els & liv]4 ,! anci5ts sometimes employ$ a mixture ( natron = soak+ _! se$ corn1 "u an impression1 t1 :5 aft]w>ds committ$ to ! e>?1 x w\ld !reby be r5d]$ m f]tile4 #bjb4 ,,common ,,salt1 or ,,muriat ( ,,soda1 ?\gh f\nd 9 "s c\ntries 9 a solid & massive /ate1 is = ! mo/ "p an artificial prep>ation f seawat]1 & f ! wat] ( salt lakes & br9e spr+s4 ,x consi/s ( soda 7#bjj7 9 comb9ation ) muriatic acid 7#bi74 ,few productions1 ei!r natural or artificial1 are 9 s mu* reque/ z common salt4 ,x is us$ by ! inhabitants ( ne>ly all c\ntries1 = correct+ ! insipidity ( food4 ,:5 appli$ 9 small quantities1 x accel]ates ! putrid f]m5tation2 &1 9 ?is case1 is consid]$ to aid dige/ion1 by promot+ ! decomposition ( ! alim5ts4 ,9 l>g] quantity x has a contr>y effect1 & t5ds to pres]ve organic sub/ances f corruption4 ,salt is us$ = glaz+ ! surface ( co>se e>!nw>e2 & is employ$ 9 sev]al processes ( dye+4 ,:5 ?is sub/ance is dug out ( ! e>? x has ! appellation ( rock salt3 & imm5se masses ( x are f\nd 9 diff]5t c\ntries ( ! _w4 ,! mo/ consid]able1 z well z ! mo/ celebrat$ salt m9es1 ) :i* we are acqua9t$1 are ^? ab\t five miles f ,crac[1 9 ,pol&2 & x is suppos$ t !y conta9 m salt ?an w\ld be suffici5t to supply ! wants ( ! :ole _w = sev]al ?\s& ye>s4 ,on desc5d+ to ! bottom ( ^! m9es1 a /rang] is a/oni%$ to f9d a k9d ( subt]rane\s republic1 consi/+ ( _m families1 :o h _! own peculi> laws & polity4 ,"h are likewise public roads1 & c>riages1 horses be+ employ$ to draw ! salt to ! m\?s ( ! m9e1 :]e x is tak5 up by eng9es4 ,! horses1 :5 once !y are d[n1 nev] m see ! light ( day2 & _m ( ! p seem buri$ alive 9 ?is imm5se abyss4 ,"s are born !re1 & nev] /ir out2 o!rs1 h[ev]1 h occasional opportunities ( brea?+ ! fre% air 9 ! fields1 & enjoy+ ! light ( ! sun4 ,! subt]rane\s passages or gall]ies are v spaci\s2 &1 9 _m ( !m1 *apels are hewn out ( ! salt4 ,9 ^! are set up crucifixes1 & ! images ( sa9ts1 be=e :i* lights are kept cont9ually burn+4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ! m9e huge columns ( salt are left /&+ to support ! rock4 ,its w9d+s are s num]\s & intricate1 t workm5 h frequ5tly lo/ _! way3 ! lights !y c>ri$ h be5 burn$ out1 & !y h p]i%$ be=e !y c\ld be f\nd4 ,! salt is tak5 f ^! m9es 9 blocks s l>ge z1 sometimes1 to measure n9e feet 9 l5g?1 f\r feet 9 wid?1 & two or ?ree feet 9 ?ickness4 ,9 ! ye> #aghj1 ! greate/ dep? to :i* ! workm5 _h p5etrat$ 0 ab\t #cbj y>ds1 & ! mass ( salt 0 consid]$ to be 9 "s places m ?an #bdj y>ds ?ick1 & to ext5d at lea/ ?ree leagues4 ,ne> ! t[n ( ,c>dona1 ab\t fifty miles nor?we/ ( ,b>celona1 9 ,spa91 !re is a m\nta9 ( salt1 )\t cleft or crevice1 #ejj feet high1 & ne>ly ?ree miles 9 circumf]5ce4 ,9 ! prov9ce ( ,lahore1 9 ,h9do/an1 travell]s h describ$ a m\nta9 ( ! same m9]al1 n inf]ior to ?is 9 magnitude2 & ! elevat$ regions ( ,p]u af=d rock salt at ! height ( #gjjj feet above ! level ( ! sea4 ,at ,nor?wi* & ,nantwi*1 9 ! c\nty ( ,*e/]1 !re are salt m9es ( great dep? & ext5t4 ,^! are frequ5tly visit$ by travell]s1 & are f\nd amply to repay ! tr\ble & inconv5i5ce ( desc5d+ into !m4 ,!re are two pr9cipal b$s ( ?is sub/ance2 ! upp] "o is ab\t =tytwo y>ds bel[ ! surface1 & tw5tysix y>ds ?ick4 ,?is 0 orig9ally discov]$ ab\t a c5tury & a half ago1 9 se>*+ = coal4 ,! l[] b$ has already be5 exam9$ to ! dep? ( =ty y>ds1 )\t com+ to ! bottom2 & x is ab\t ! c5tre ( ?is b$ t ! pure/ salt has be5 discov]$4 ,! av]age dep? ( ! cavity1 =m$ by ! workm5 along ! ve9 ( salt 9 ! diff]5t m9es1 is suppos$ to be ab\t sixte5 feet4 ,9 "s ( ! m9es1 :]e pill>s six or eight y>ds squ>e are left to support ! ro(1 ! appe>ance ( ! cavity is s+ul>ly beautiful3 & ! effect is greatly increas$ :5 ! m9e is illum9at$ by num]\s c&les fix$ to ! side ( ! rock4 ,! sc5e s =m$ w\ld almo/ seem to realize ! notion ( ! magic palaces ( ,ea/]n poets4 ,"s ( ! m9es are work$ 9 aisles or /reets4 ,! me?ods employ$ 9 work+ out ! salt (f] no?+ wor?y ( notice4 ,l>g] masses are sep>at$ f ! body ( ! rock1 by bla/+ ) gunp[d]2 & are aft]w>ds brok5 d[n ) pickaxes1 hamm]s1 & o!r in/rum5ts4 ,! pres5t numb] ( m9es 9 ! vic9ity ( ,nor?wi* is elev5 or twelve1 f :i* !re are rais$1 on an av]age1 #ej1jjj or #fj1jjj tons ( salt p] annum4 ,! great] "p ( ?is quantity is export$ to ,irel& & ! ,baltic2 & ! rema9d] is employ$ 9 ,*e%ire1 & ! adjac5t c\nties4 ,salt is also made f br9e spr+s 9 ,*e%ire1 ,cumb]l&1 ,/af=d%ire1 & ,worce/]%ire2 b ! k9d mo/ commonly us$ 9 ,engl& is t :i* is made f sea wat]1 & has ! "n ( sea salt4 ,! mode ( manufactur+ x is v simple4 ,! wat] is fir/ pump$ into %all[ res]voirs ( e>?1 call$ salt pans1 or salt]ns4 ,9 ^! x rema9s expos$ to ! sun until a c]ta9 proportion ( ! wat] is evaporat$1 s z to leave x ab\t sev5 times /rong] ?an 9 its orig9al /ate4 ,x is !n conduct$ by ano!r pump into flat iron pans1 eight or n9e feet squ>e1 & z _m in*es deep4 ,^!1 be+ plac$ ov] a hot fire1 ! liquor or br9e is boil$ until ne>ly all ! rema9+ p>ticles ( wat] h pass$ (f by evaporation1 & no?+ is left 9 ! pans b salt4 ,?is is ?r[n toge!r into prop] vessels1 = a few days1 to dra91 aft] :i* x is fit = use4 ,9 "s c\ntries ! :ole evaporation is p]=m$ by ! heat ( ! sun2 &1 9 extreme nor!rn climates1 :]e ! sun w\ld n h suffici5t p[] = ! op]ation1 a v diff]5t process is adopt$4 ,! wat] is suff]$ to freeze 9 ! salt]ns1 & t portion ( x :i* cont9ues uncongeal$ is s /rongly saturat$ t x requires only a mod]ate heat to evaporate ! rema9d] ( ! wat]1 & to cry/allize ! salt4 ,bay salt is t :i* is produc$ f ! evaporation ( seawat] by ! heat ( ! sun only4 ,! inhabitants ( ,c>dona1 9 ,spa91 make ( ! rock salt 9 _! neighb\rhood v>i\s transp>5t articles1 :i* !y v5d at a *eap rate4 ,^!1 :i* consi/ ( small alt>s1 figures ( sa9ts1 crosses1 *&eli]s1 saltcell>s1 c4 are z cle> z cry/al1 &1 to appe>ance1 z la/+4 ,!y are *iefly pur*as$ by /rang]s z curiosities1 & are di/ribut$ ov] v>i\s p>ts ( ,spa9 & ! s\? ( ,france4 ,! decomposition ( salt furni%es ! muriatic acid 7#bi71 or _s ( salt ( comm]ce4 ,?is liquid1 :i* is mu* us$ 9 ! arts1 & is 9 great reque/ by *emi/s1 is prep>$1 = common purposes1 by mix+ "o "p ( common salt ) sev5 or eight p>ts ( clay1 & di/ill+ ! mixture2 or by di/ill+ common salt & _s ( vitriol or sulphuric acid 7#bd71 & receiv+ ! product into a vessel conta9+ wat]4 ,x has be5 discov]$ t muriatic acid1 9 a /ate ( gas1 is an excell5t means ( correct+ putrid exhalations4 ,9 ! ye> #aggc1 ! ca!dral *ur* ( ,dijon 0 s mu* infect$ by ! corruption ( bodies :i* _h be5 int]r$ )9 its walls1 t x 0 entirely des]t$4 ,! pr(essor ( ,*emi/ry at ,dijon hav+ be5 appli$ to = assi/ance1 plac$1 on a few burn+ coals1 9 ! middle ( ! *ur*1 a glass vessel conta9+ six p\nds ( common salt4 ,^u ?is he p\r$ two p\nds ( sulphuric acid 7#bd71 precipitately )drew1 & %ut all ! doors4 ,! gas soon fill$ ! :ole ca!dral4 ,aft] twelve h\rs ! doors 7 ?r[n op51 & a curr5t ( air 0 made to pass ?r\gh to remove ! gas1 :i* _h entirely de/roy$ e putrid od\r4 ,! foll[+ has be5 recomm5d$ z an eligible mode ( fumigat+ rooms = ! prev5tion ( infecti\s disord]s4 ,take six dra*ms ( p[d]$ nitre 7#bjf71 & six dra*ms ( sulphuric acid 7_s ( vitriol72 & mix !m 9 a teacup1 by add+ to ! nitre "o dra*m at a "t ( ! oil4 ,dur+ ! prep>ation ! cup mu/ be plac$ on a piece ( heat$ iron1 & ! mixture /irr$ ) a tobacco pipe or piece ( glass4 ,z soon z ! fumes arise1 ! cup mu/ be mov$ ab\t to diff]5t p>ts ( ! room or h\se t are to be fumigat$4 #bjc4 ,,glaub] ,,salt1 or ,,sulphat ( ,,soda1 is a salt :i* consi/s ( soda 7#bjj7 9 comb9ation ) sulphuric acid 7#bd74 ,x occurs 9 an effloresc5t or p[d]y /ate1 on ! bord]s ( salt lakes2 or1 m commonly1 9 a /ate ( solution1 9 c]ta9 m9]al wat]s4 ,?is salt1 :i* 0 orig9ally discov]$ by a ,g]man *emi/ ^: "n 0 ,glaub]1 has a nause\sly bitt] & sal9e ta/e4 ,x is f\nd1 9 an effloresc5t /ate1 on mead[ gr\nd at ,eg]1 9 ,bohemia2 & on ! walls ( old gall]ies 9 m9es1 at ,gr5oble1 9 ,france4 ,x is also abundant 9 ! a%es ( "s k9ds ( vegetables1 especially ( sea we$s4 ,! wat]s ( ! ,m$it]ranean yield a great proportion ( x2 & ! ,glaub] salt us$ = comm]cial purposes is *iefly prep>$ f seawat]1 or by decompos+ common salt1 9 ord] to procure muriatic acid 7#bi74 ,x may also be obta9$ by saturat+ soda ) sulphuric acid 7#bd74 ,! use ( ?is salt 9 m$ic9e is well kn[n2 &1 9 "s c\ntries1 x is employ$ z a sub/itute = soda 7#bjj71 9 ! manufacture ( :ite glass4 ,x ought to be kept 9 wellcork$ bottles1 z o!rwise ! cry/als soon fall into p[d]4 ,! foll[+ is a pleas+ exp]im5t1 :i* %[s a s+ul> & almo/ in/antane\s cry/allization ( ,glaub]'s salt4 ,dissolve ?is salt by add+ portions ( x gradually to wat] kept boil+ until ! wat] w dissolve no m4 ,p\r ! solution1 :il/ boil+1 into common m$ic9e phials previ\sly w>m$1 & imm$iately cork !m4 ,set ! phials 9 a quiet place )\t %ak+ !m4 ,! solution1 :5 cool1 w rema9 p]fectly fluid till ! cork is tak5 out2 b ! mom5t ?is is done1 & ! air is admitt$1 x w beg9 to cry/allize on its upp] surface1 9 f9e sat9l cry/als1 :i* w %oot d[nw>d1 l a d5se :ite cl\d4 ,9 ?is act s mu* heat becomes evolv$ z to make ! phial feel s5sibly w>m to ! h&4 ,:5 ! cry/allization is complete1 ! :ole mass g5]ally becomes s solid1 t1 on inv]t+ ! bottle1 n a drop ( x w fall out4 ,if ! cry/allization %\ld n imm$iately ensue on op5+ ! phial1 ?is may in/antly be effect$ by dropp+ into x a m9ute cry/al ( ! same salt4 ,! exp]im5t may be exhibit$ any numb] ( times aft]w>ds1 by m]ely plac+ ! phial 9 boil+ wat]1 till ! salt x conta9s be aga9 completely liquefi$2 & lett+ x /&1 z be=e1 to cool4 #bjd4 ,,borax is a salt compos$ ( boracic acid 7#bh7 & soda 7#bjj71 & is import$ *iefly f ! ,ea/ ,indies1 9 ! =m ( a br[ni% grey1 impure1 %apeless salt1 ( sweeti% ta/e2 or 9 deta*$ prismatic cry/als1 ea* ab\t an in* 9 l5g?4 ,al?\gh borax has long be5 kn[n z an article ( traffic1 !re is sc>cely any production ) ! orig9 ( :i* we h be51 till lately1 less acqua9t$4 ,x is f\nd 9 a native1 ?\gh impure /ate1 9 a m\nta9 lake1 situat$ ab\t fifte5 days' j\rney f ! capital ( ,?ibet 9 ! ,ea/ ,indies4 ,?is lake is s encompass$ ) hills z to h no /ream ei!r fall+ into x or fl[+ f x4 ,! wat] is salt to ! ta/e1 & conta9s bo? borax & common salt2 & ! edges & %all[ p>ts are cov]$ ) a /ratum ( ?is sub/ance1 :i* is dug up 9 consid]able masses = exportation4 ,x has "h ! "n ( t9kal1 & is usually br\ght into ,europe envelop$ 9 a k9d ( fatty sub/ance4 ,! mode ( ref9+ x 0 = a long "t kept1 by ! ,dut* & ,v5etians1 among/ ^? secrets :i* a want ( suffici5t rese>* alone prev5t$ f be+ g5]ally kn[n4 ,:5 ref9$1 x is call$ borax4 ,! uses ( borax are num]\s4 ,x is employ$ z a flux = metals1 be+ f\nd to produce a m p]fectly limpid fusion ?an any o!r sub/ance4 ,= ! same reason x is made an +r$i5t 9 ! f9e/ k9ds ( glass1 & p>ticul>ly 9 "s ( ! col\r$ glass pa/es :i* are manufactur$ 9 imitation ( gems4 ,b its *ief use is to jewell]s & goldsmi?s1 to facilitate ! sold]+ ( gold & silv]4 ,borax is also us$ 9 m$ic9e4 #bje4 ,,pota% ,,family4 ,pota% is an alkal9e sub/ance 7#db71 ( :ite col\r1 & ( smell some:at resembl+ t :i* is p]ceiv$ dur+ ! slak+ ( quicklime 7#acg74 ,x is extremely corrosive1 & rem>kably acrid to ! ta/e4 ,9 a m9]al /ate x is f\nd only 9 comb9ation ) nitric acid 7#cj74 ,pota% pr9cipally exi/s "u ! =m ( a salt1 9 vegetable sub/ances2 & is obta9$ by burn+ !m1 aft]w>ds repeat$ly wa%+ ! a%es ) wat]1 & !n filt]+ & evaporat+ ^! to dryness4 ,! appellation ( pota% 0 giv5 to ?is salt f its hav+ =m]ly be5 prep>$ 9 l>ge iron pots4 ,! uses to :i* x is appli$ are num]\s4 ,9 *emi/ry x is employ$ = a v>iety ( purposes2 & also 9 _m arts & manufactures1 9 sc\r+1 wa%+1 blea*+1 dye+1 glassmak+1 & sev]al o!rs4 ,its corrosive prop]ty is su* t x is (t5 us$ by surgeons "u ! "n ( pot5tial caut]y1 to op5 abscesses1 & to de/roy useless or hurtful excresc5ces4 ,pota%1 aft] x has be5 made r$ hot1 is r5d]$ :it] & m pure4 ,9 ?is /ate x has ! "n ( pe>l a%4 #bjf4 ,,nitre1 or ,,saltpetre1 is a salt :i* consi/s ( pota% 9 comb9ation ) nitric acid 7#cj74 ,its col\r is :iti% or limpid2 & x does n liquefy by ! action ( ! air4 ,x is usually obs]v$ 9 ! =m ( f9e capill>y cry/als1 ?\gh x is sometimes f\nd 9 a massive /ate4 ,:5 pure1 x cry/allizes into sixsid$ prisms 7,pl4 ,,ii1 ,fig4 #ae7 :i* h a rectangul> base4 ,x is d5om9at$ by *emi/s nitrat ( pota%4 ,nitre is f\nd incru/$ on ! surface ( ! e>?1 9 "s p>ts ( ,india1 ,africa1 & ,spa91 &1 9 su* abundance1 z to admit ( be+ swept (f at c]ta9 seasons ( ! ye>1 twice or ?ree times a week4 ,9 our own c\ntry x n unfrequ5tly occurs 9 a /ate ( :ite effloresc5ce1 on old pla/] walls t are %elt]$ f ra94 ,nitre is also produc$ 9 /ables & c>th\ses1 f ! mixture ( animal & vegetable sub/ances 9 a /ate ( putresc5ce4 ,_m k9ds ( plants1 :i* gr[ 9 soils fav\rable to ! production ( x1 conta9 nitre3 ?is is p>ticul>ly ! case ) pellitory1 borage1 & ! l>ge sunfl[]4 ,imm5se quantities ( nitre are annually requir$ = ! purposes ( w>4 ,f its con/itut+ "o ( ! mo/ important sub/ances 9 ! composition ( gunp[d]1 x has be5 f\nd necess>y to adopt artificial modes ( procur+ x4 ,9 sev]al di/ricts ( ! ,ea/ ,indies !re are places call$ saltpetre gr\nds4 ,f ^! l>ge quantities ( ! e>? are dug1 & put into cavities ?r\gh :i* wat] is pass$4 ,?is br+s away ) x ! salt :i* ! e>? conta9s1 & :i* is aft]w>ds sep>at$ f ! wat] by boil+4 ,! ,ea/ ,india ,company1 = m ?an a c5tury pa/1 has be5 "u engagem5ts to import into ?is c\ntry1 & supply ! bo>d ( ordnance1 = 8 ,maje/y's s]vice1 ) #ejj tons ( nitre annually1 at giv5 rates & prices 9 times ( peace & w>4 ,9 ,france ?is article is obta9$ 9 :at are call$ nitrires1 or nitre b$s4 ,^! consi/ ( ! refuse ( animal & vegetable sub/ances1 :i* und]go putrefaction1 mix$ ) calc>e\s & o!r e>?s2 & ! nitre is obta9$ f !m by wat]1 z abovem5tion$4--,! pr9cipal requisites = ! =mation ( nitre are said to be lime1 animal & vegetable matt]s1 heat1 & an op51 b n too free communication ) dry atmosph]ic air4 ,! discov]y ( gunp[d] has completely *ang$ ! mod]n art ( w>4 ,! e>lie/ notice t has occurr$ respect+ ! use ( ?is article 9 ,europe is1 t x 0 employ$ 9 ! w>s ( ,g]many1 some:at be=e ! ye> #acgc4 ,x is said1 h[ev]1 to h be5 kn[n 9 ,*9a long ant]ior to t p]iod4 ,its compon5t p>ts are nitre1 *>coal1 & sulphur1 9 ! proportion ( sev5tysix1 fifte51 & n9e p>ts1 9 e hundr$4 ,^! +r$i5ts are fir/ r$uc$ to a f9e p[d] sep>ately1 & !n mix$ ) wat]1 s z to =m a ?ick pa/e4 ,aft] ?is has dri$ a little1 x is plac$ ^u a k9d ( sieve full ( small holes1 ?r\gh :i* x is =c$4 ,by ?is process x is divid$ into gra9s1 ! size ( :i* dep5d ( c\rse ^u ! size ( ! holes ?r\gh :i* x has be5 squeez$4 ,x aft]w>ds und]goes "s o!r op]ations be=e x is ready = use4 ,nitre is frequ5tly adm9i/]$ 9 m$ic9e2 & x is us$ v ext5sively 9 diff]5t arts4 ,a mixture ( equal p>ts ( nitre & t>t>1 burn$ toge!r 9 a crucible1 =ms :at is call$ :ite flux1 :i* is us$ = melt+ & r$uc+ diff]5t k9ds ( metallic sub/ances4 ,& a mixture ( "o "p ( nitre & two p>ts ( t>t> burn$ 9 ! same mann] =ms :at is call$ black flux4 ,nitre possesses antiseptic qualities 9 a consid]able degree1 :5ce x is mu* us$1 9 conjunction ) common salt & bay salt1 = ! pres]v+ ( animal food f putrefaction4 ,aqua=tis1 or nitric acid 7#cj7 z x is d5om9at$ by *emi/s1 is prep>$ f ?is m9]al4 ,! mode ( obta9+ x 9 l>ge manufactories is by di/ill+ a mixture ( nitre & clay 9 glass or /one retorts1 ea* capable ( conta9+ sev5ty or eighty p\nds' weight ( ?is mixture4 ,b ! acid ?us procur$ be+ weak & impure1 *emi/s1 = nic] purposes1 g5]ally prep>e x by di/ill+1 9 a glass app>atus1 a proportion ( ?ree p>ts ( nitre & "o ( sulphuric acid 7#bd74 ,! uses ( aqua=tis are v>i\s & important4 ,all k9ds ( metals1 except gold & plat9a1 are capable ( be+ dissolv$ 9 x4 ,h5ce1 among o!r uses1 x is employ$ by dy]s1 = dissolv+ t91 & =m+ ) madd] a sc>let col\r2 &1 by hatt]s1 = dissolv+ m]cury 7#bbh7 = "s processes 9 ! prep>ation ( hats4 ,jewell]s use x = sev]al purposes4 ,,ammonia ,,family4 #bjg4 ,,sal,,ammoniac1 or ,,muriat ,,( ,,ammonia1 is a salt comp\nd$ ( ammonia & muriatic acid 7#bb74 ,x is occasionally f\nd 9 a /ate ( p[d]1 sometimes 9 a massive =m1 & sometimes 9 v irregul>ly %ap$ cry/als1 ! primitive =m ( :i* is an octoh$ron 7,pl ,,ii1 ,fig4 #e74 ,x is1 h[ev]1 m frequ5tly an artificial production f ! soot ( burn$ animal matt]4 ,! "n ( salammoniac 0 acquir$ by ?is sub/ance f its hav+ be5 f\nd by ! anci5ts 9 great abundance among/ s& ne> ! temple ( ,jupit] ,ammon1 9 ,africa4 ,x is at pres5t f\nd 9 ,p]sia2 &1 accompany+ sulphur1 among/ volcanic matt] ne> ,m\nt ,vesuvius4 ,?is salt 0 =m]ly import$ f ,egypt 9 ! =m ( conical loaves1 or ( r\nd cakes1 :i* 7 convex on "o side & concave on ! o!r2 b x is n[ made 9 ,europe1 by burn+ at ! same "t soot1 bones1 oil1 & salt4 ,! deposit =m$ by ! vap\r consi/s ( salammoniac1 9 conjunction ) o!r sub/ances1 :i* are sep>at$ f x by a subsequ5t process4 ,:5 good1 x is :ite1 transp>5t1 & dry )92 & ext]nally ( yell[i% grey1 or blacki% col\r4 ,salammoniac is appli$ to _m useful purposes4 ,occasionally x is us$ 9 m$ic9e4 ,a consid]able portion ( x is consum$ by dy]s1 to give brightness to "s ( _! col\rs4 ,x is also employ$ 9 ! assay ( metals1 to discov] ! pres5ce ( iron2 & hav+ ! prop]ty ( r5d]+ lead brittle1 is sometimes us$ 9 ! manufacture ( %ot4 ,by copp]smi?s & t9n]s x is us$ = cleans+ ! surface ( ! metals :i* !y are ab\t to cov] ) t94 ,9 c]ta9 manufactories salammoniac is mix$ ) tobacco1 to give t article1 or ! snuff t is made f x1 additional /imulant prop]ties4 ,salammoniac dissolv$ 9 nitric acid 7#cj7 =ms ! fluid nam$ aquaregia1 :i* is employ$ 9 ! solution ( gold4 ,,ord] ,,ii4--,,metallic ,,salts4 ,,salts ,,( ,,iron4 #bjh4 ,,gre5 ,,vitriol1 ,,iron ,,vitriol1 or ,,copp]as1 is a m9]al salt =m$ on a decomposition ( pyrites 7#bcf7 by ! moi/ure ( ! atmosph]e4 ,x is also call$ ,,sulphat ,,( ,,iron4 ,its col\r is bright gre51 & its ta/e v a/r+5t2 a solution ( x 9 wat] dropp$ on oak b>k in/antly produces a black spot4 ,al?\gh copp]as is occasionally f\nd 9 grottoes1 cav]ns1 ! gall]ies ( m9es1 & o!r places2 yet1 be+ mu* 9 reque/ by dy]s1 tann]s1 & ! manufactur]s ( ink1 x is artificially prep>$ f pyrites4 ,?is m9]al be+ moi/5$ & expos$ to ! air1 a cru/ is =m$ ^u x1 :i* is aft]w>ds dissolv$ 9 wat]2 & f ?is ! cry/als ( vitriol are obta9$ by evaporation4 ,! pr9cipal use ( vitriol is 9 dye+ wooll5 articles1 hats1 & o!r manufactures1 black4 ,x is ! basis ( ink1 & is us$ 9 ! manufacture ( ,prussian blue4 ,if x be r$uc$ to p[d] by ! action ( fire 9 a crucible1 & mix$ ) p[d] ( galls1 x =ms a dry portable ink4 ,sulphuric acid 7#bd7 may be obta9$ f ?is k9d ( vitriol by di/illation4 ,! residue1 aft] ! process is complet$1 is us$ z a r$ pa9t2 & :5 wa%$1 is employ$ = ! poli%+ ( /eel4 ,,salts ,,( ,,copp]4 #bji4 ,,blue ,,vitriol1 or ,,sulphat ,,( ,,copp]1 is a blue salt =m$ by a comb9ation ( copp] ) sulphuric acid 7#bd74 ,?is sub/ance1 ?\gh sometimes f\nd 9 a /ate ( concretion1 or 9 ! =m ( p[d] dissem9at$ ov] ! surface ( /ones t h be5 9 contact ) wat] impregnat$ ) x1 is m frequ5tly an artificial prep>ation obta9$ f evaporat+ ! wat] :i* runs ?r\gh copp] m9es4 ,9 ! m9es ( ,neussol1 9 ,hung>y1 at ! dep? ( #chj feet b5ea? ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 are sev]al vats1 plac$ at diff]5t di/ances1 = ! purpose ( collect+ ! wat] impregnat$ ) copp]1 & :i* fl[s into !m ?r\gh a k9d ( gall]y above4 ,f ?is wat] ! vitriol is aft]w>ds sep>at$ by evaporation4 ,a process some:at simil> is pursu$ 9 our own c\ntry4 ,9 ! pr9cipal blue vitriol manufactories e/abli%$ 9 ,france1 ! op]ation is ?us c>ri$ on4 ,pieces ( copp] are fir/ dipp$ into wat]1 & _! surface1 :ile wet1 is cov]$ ) a /ratum ( p[d]$ sulphur4 ,! copp] ?us prep>$ is put into an ov51 & heat$ to r$ness4 ,aft] "s "t1 x is tak5 out1 &1 :ile hot1 is plung$ into a vessel fill$ ) wat]4 ,^! op]ations are repeat$ sev]al times1 till ! :ole ( ! copp] is dissolv$1 & ! wat] becomes load$ ) vitriol4 ,?us saturat$1 ! wat] is plac$ ov] a fire till all ! fluid p>ticles are dissipat$1 & ! vitriol alone is left4 ,blue vitriol is us$ by arti/s & manufactur]s 9 v>i\s ways4 ,x is employ$ 9 dye+3 & ent]s into ! composition ( black col\rs1 to :i* x gives dep? & solidity4 ,blue fea!rs are /a9$ by plung+ !m into a hot solution ( x4 ,! beautiful grassgre5 col\r ( ! %ops1 call$ m9]al gre51 is made f blue vitriol2 & f[l+pieces & teaurns are br[n$ by wa%+ !m ) a prep>ation ( x4 ,,salts ,,( ,,z9c4 #baj4 ,,:ite ,,vitriol1 or ,,sulphat ,,( ,,z9c1 is a :iti%1 yell[i%1 or gre5i% :ite salt1 =m$ by a comb9ation ( z9c 7#bda7 ) sulphuric acid 7#bd74 ,al?\gh ! :ite vitriol t is us$ 9 comm]ce is *iefly an artificial prep>ation1 ?is salt sometimes occurs 9 a natural /ate1 9 m9]al repositories t conta9 bl5de 7#bda72 & x appe>s to be =m$ by a decomposition ( t ore4 ,x is f\nd at ,holywell1 9 ,fl9t%ire1 & 9 "s p>ts ( ,cornwall4 ,:5 :ite vitriol is artificially prep>$1 ! bl5de is roa/$1 & ?r[n1 :ile r$ hot1 into a vessel fill$ ) wat]2 9 :i* x is all[$ to rema9 ab\t eighte5 h\rs4 ,?is process is repeat$ sev]al times2 &1 aft] ! solution has become cle>1 x is remov$ into lead5 vessels1 & ! wat] is evaporat$ by means ( heat4 ,on cool+1 x cry/allizes4 ,aft] ?is ! cry/als are melt$ 9 a copp] vessel1 & ! surface ( ! solution is skimm$ ) a hair sieve4 ,x is !n p\r$ into a wood5 vessel1 & /irr$ till x becomes cool1 & acquires a suffici5t degree ( consi/5ce1 :5 x is =m$ into loaves = sale4 ,9 ?is /ate x has ! appe>ance & col\r ( ref9$ sug>4 ,:ite vitriol is *iefly manufactur$ 9 ,g]many4 ,x is us$ 9 m$ic9e2 & is employ$ 9 great quantities by v>ni%]s1 to make _! oil v>ni%es dry m readily ?an !y o!rwise w\ld4 ,a f9e :ite col\r1 call$ z9c:ite1 :i* is m durable ?an :ite lead1 is prep>$ f x4 ,dy]s use a consid]able quantity ( :ite vitriol to r5d] deep] ! col\rs produc$ by madd]1 co*9eal1 & o!r sub/ances4 ,a pleas+ exp]im5t is made by mix+ 9 a phial a small quantity ( solution ( :ite vitriol ) a little liquid ammonia4 ,?\gh ea* ( ! fluids is transp>5t :5 sep>ate1 yet ! z9c w n[ be imm$iately precipitat$ 9 a :ite mass2 &1 :at is peculi>ly des]v+ ( rem>k1 if !n %ak51 x w almo/ z in/antly be redissolv$4 ,,class ,,iii4--,,combu/ibles4 ,,sulphur ,,family4 #baa4 ,,common ,,sulphur1 or ,,brim/one1 is a yell[1 dry1 & brittle sub/ance1 :i*1 9 burn+1 yields a suffocat+ fume3 ! smell ( ?is1 "u ! d5om9ation ( sulphure\s1 is well kn[n4 ,sulphur is f\nd 9 a pure or native /ate 9 ne>ly all volcanic c\ntries3 x is ab\t twice z heavy z wat]2 & is sometimes cry/alliz$ 9 ! =m ( octoh$rons1 ^: bases are rhombs4 ,x exi/s abundantly 9 a /ate ( comb9ation ) sev]al metallic sub/ances1 & is also =m$ 9 putrid animal rema9s4 ,a great proportion ( ! sulphur :i* is us$ 9 comm]ce is obta9$ by ! process ( roa/+ copp]1 & o!r ores1 previ\sly to _! be+ smelt$4 ,x passes (f 9 ! =m ( vap\r1 &1 on be+ receiv$ into *amb]s con/ruct$ = ! purpose1 is !re deposit$ 9 a p[d]y /ate4 ,! sub/ance ?us =m$ is ! fl\r ( sulphur ( ! %ops4 ,x is aft]w>ds melt$ 9 l>ge pans1 & ca/ 9 wood5 tubes1 to make ! h>d1 or roll brim/one4 ,ne>ly all ! sulphur us$ 9 ,france comes f ! ,solfat>a ( ,italy4 ,?is volcanic c\ntry e :]e exhibits indications ( ! ag5cy ( subt]rane\s fires4 ,ne>ly ! :ole gr\nd is b>e & :ite2 &1 9 e "p1 is w>m] ?an ! atmosph]e dur+ ! greate/ heat ( summ]4 ,a sulphure\s vap\r is con/antly emitt$ f ! e>?1 & sulphur is cond5s$ 9 v>i\s p>ts1 & 9 great abundance4 ,?is is collect$1 pack$ 9 casks1 & export$ to ,m>seilles1 :]e x und]goes c]ta9 prep>ations t are necess>y t[>ds purify+ & r5d]+ x fit = sale4 ,a consid]able quantity ( sulphur is employ$ 9 ! composition ( gunp[d] 7#bjf74 ,its read9ess ( tak+ fire is ! reason ( its be+ employ$ 9 ! mak+ ( mat*es4 ,sulphur gives a blue col\r to artificial fireworks4 ,its vap\r is us$ = ! :it5+ ( silk & wool1 & also = ! blea*+ ( /raw us$ = mak+ ladies' hats4 ,modell]s employ sulphur to make m\lds = v>i\s k9ds ( ca/s2 & arti/s are enabl$1 by means ( x1 to take %>p & beautiful impressions ( m$als & engrav$ /ones4 ,! mode ( do+ ?is is v simple4 ,! sulphur is put into an e>!n vessel call$ a crucible1 & plac$ on a hot fire4 ,x soon melts2 & if kept "s "t ov] ! fire1 becomes ?ick & d>kcol\r$4 ,:5 p\r$ into wat] 9 ?is /ate1 x is z s(t z wax4 ,x may n[ be easily work$ betwe5 ! f+]s into any giv5 =m3 &1 if press$ ^u a seal or engrav$ /one1 w be f\nd to reta9 a p]fect impression ( x4 ,x is ?is prop]ty ( sulphur ( :i* ,mr4 ,tassie1 ( ,leice/]fields1 ,london1 has avail$ himself1 to furni% extremely elegant impressions ( _m antique gems4 ,sulphur 0 mu* us$ by ! anci5ts 9 m$ic9e2 & x is n[ occasionally adm9i/]$ bo? z an ext]nal & int]nal rem$y4 ,! comp\nds =m$ f x are employ$ to consid]able ext5t 9 v>i\s processes ( dye+ & calico pr9t+4 ,_m ( ! m9]al wat]s1 ^?1 = in/ance1 ( ,h>r[gate 7#bii7 & ,m(fat 7#cjj71 are indebt$ to sulphur = _! mo/ valuable qualities4 ,?is sub/ance has ! prop]ty ( becom+ electric by rubb+4 ,on exposure to a g5tle heat1 x melts2 b if ! heat be increas$1 x is entirely consum$1 & passes (f 9 vap\r4 ,:5 ignit$1 & ! combu/ion is sl[1 x burns ) a suffocat+ & acid fume1 & blue flame2 b :5 ! combu/ion is quick x burns ) a :ite & vivid flame4 ,if expos$ to a sudd51 ?\gh g5tle heat1 by hold+ x1 = in/ance1 9 a h& :5 t is w>m1 x w sometimes break 9 pieces ) a crackl+ noise4 ,x is a rem>kable circum/ance1 t1 if a b> ( iron be heat$ to p]fect :it5ess1 & !n t\*$ ) a roll ( sulphur1 ! two bodies comb9e1 & drop d[n toge!r1 9 a fluid /ate1 =m+ :at is call$ sulphuret ( iron1 a comp\nd ( ! same nature z iron pyrites 7#bcf74 ,a piece ( iron roll$ out v ?9 may be app>5tly melt$ 9 ! h&1 by putt+ x1 :5 heat$ to :it5ess1 ^u a ?ick piece ( solid sulphur4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 necess>y1 t ?is exp]im5t be p]=m$ ) great c>e2 & "u a *imney1 or 9 a place :]e !re is a curr5t ( air1 to c>ry (f ! suffocat+ vap\r4 ,useful z sulphur is1 9 v>i\s ways1 its mo/ important application is suppos$ to be = ! production ( sulphuric acid1 or _s ( vitriol 7#bd74 ,"o mode 9 :i* ?is acid is obta9$ = ! purposes ( comm]ce1 is by burn+ a mixture ( sulphur & nitre 7#bjf7 9 l>ge *amb]s l9$ ) lead4 ,9 ?is process ! nitre supplies a consid]able portion ( oxyg5 7#ba7 to ! sulphur1 & ! air ( ! atmosph]e furni%es ! re/4 ,?us a sub/ance :i*1 9 a natural /ate1 is "o ( ! milde/ t we are acqua9t$ )1 is by ?is op]ation conv]t$ into a corrosive & dang]\s1 ?\gh useful fluid4 ,its ta/e is /rongly acid3 &1 :5 appli$ to animal or vegetable sub/ances1 x soon corrodes1 & de/roys _! texture4 ,! prop]ties ( sulphuric acid h r5d]$ x extremely valuable = num]\s purposes1 bo? 9 ! arts & 9 ! laboratory4 ,x has be5 long employ$ by *emi/s1 z "o ( _! mo/ useful & frequ5t ag5ts4 ,! fluid t is put into ! bottles = procur+ in/antane\s light is no o!r ?an sulphuric acid2 & x is p\r$ among filam5ts ( asbe/os 7:i* x w n corrode71 = ! same purpose z ink is sometimes p\r$ ^u cotton4 ,! mat*es are slips ( wood dipp$ 9 a mixture ( equal weights ( sug> or *>coal p[d]1 & :at ! *emi/s call hyp]oxymuriat ( pota%4 ,^! are to be rubb$ toge!r 9 a mort>1 b ) great c>e1 z by /rong friction ! mixture is apt to explode4 ,to obta9 a light1 no?+ f>!r is requisite ?an to dip a mat*1 ?us =m$1 into a bottle conta9+ ! acid4 ,,bitum5 ,,family4 #bab4 ,,naph?a1 or ,,rock ,,oil1 is a yell[ or br[ni% bitum9\s fluid1 ( /rong p5etrat+ od\r1 some:at greasy to ! t\*1 & s light z to float ev5 on _s ( w9e4 ,by exposure to ! air1 ! consi/5ce ( naph?a is increas$1 & x passes into petroleum 7#bac74 ,!re are copi\s spr+s ( naph?a at ,baku1 on ! %ore ( ! ,caspian ,sea2 & also 9 "s p>ts ( ,italy1 p>ticul>ly at ,monte,*i>o1 ne> ,piac5za4 ,at ,pit*=d1 9 ,%rop%ire1 ext5sive /rata or b$s ( s&/one are saturat$ ) ?is m9]al fluid1 :i* is obta9$ f ! /one by di/illation1 & is sold1 z a rem$y aga9/ spra9s & rheumatism1 "u ! "n ( ,betton's ,briti% oil4 ,by ! ,p]sians & ,russians naph?a is us$ int]nally z a cordial4 ,on ! %ores ( ! ,caspian x is burn$ 9 lamps1 in/ead ( oil2 &1 9 "s p>ts ( ,italy x is employ$ 9 ! light+ ( *ur*es & /reets4 ,:5 mix$ ) c]ta9 vegetable oils1 x =ms an excell5t v>ni%4 ,x is ! prop]ty ( naph?a to take fire on ! approa* ( a light1 & to burn ) great read9ess & a :ite flame1 leav+ sc>cely any residuum4 ,! t[n ( ,broseley1 9 ,%rop%ire1 0 =m]ly celebrat$ = a burn+ spr+1 :i* 0 fir/ discov]$ 9 ! mon? ( ,june1 #agaa4 ,its orig9al issu+ f ! gr\nd 0 ann\nc$ by a t]rible noise 9 ! night1 :i* awak5$ sev]al p]sons :o liv$ ne> ! spot4 ,"s ( ^!1 on go+ out to asc]ta9 ! cause ( ! al>m1 p]ceiv$1 ab\t two hundr$ y>ds f ! riv] ,sev]n1 an extraord9>y %ak+ ( ! e>?1 & a little bubbl+ ( wat] ?r\gh ! grass4 ,on digg+ r\nd ! spot1 ! wat] sprang up to a great height1 & a c&le :i* "o ( !m held 9 8 h&1 set x on fire4 ,?is circum/ance excit$ great curiosity2 & _m p]sons1 f diff]5t p>ts ( ! adjac5t c\ntry1 came to visit :at 0 call$ ! 8burn+ well40 ,to prev5t ?is spr+ f be+ de/roy$1 an iron ci/]n 0 plac$ ^u x1 ) a small hole 9 ! cov]1 ?r\gh :i* ! wat] might be view$4 ,:5 a light$ c&le 0 put into ?is hole1 ! wat] imm$iately took fire1 d>t+ & fla%+ 9 a viol5t mann]1 mu* 9 ! same way z spirits d 9 a lamp1 b ) great] agitation4 ,x w\ld sometimes burn = =tyeight h\rs successively1 & )\t any s5sible dim9ution3 & a teakettle1 full ( wat]1 by be+ plac$ ^u ! hole1 has be5 made to boil 9 n9e m9utes4 ,9 #agdg1 ?is spr+ _h be5 lo/ = _m ye>s2 b ano!r 0 %ortly aft]w>ds discov]$1 ! issu+ ( :i* 0 ann\nc$ by a rumbl+ noise "u gr\nd1 simil> to t :i* _h be5 =m]ly he>d4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 also disappe>$ 9 ! ye> #agef1 by ! s9k+ ( a coalpit 9 ! neighb\rhood4 #bac4 ,,petroleum1 or ,,m9]al ,,oil1 is a fluid bitum51 ( some:at great] consi/5cy ?an naph?a3 ( black1 br[n1 or sometimes d+y gre5 col\r4 ,by exposure to ! air x assumes ! consi/5ce ( t>1 & is !n call$ ,,m9]al ,,t> 7#bad74 ,?is sub/ance exudes spontane\sly f ! e>?1 or f clefts ( rocks1 & is f\nd 9 ne>ly all c\ntries1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! ,ea/ ,indies1 ,italy1 ,france1 ,spa91 ,g]many1 & ,engl&4 ,9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,rangoon1 9 ,pegu1 !re are sev]al hundr$ wells ( petroleum4 ,^! are ( squ>e =m1 ( consid]able dep?1 & ea* l9$ ) cassia wood /aves4 ,! oil is drawn f !m pure1 & 9 a liquid /ate1 & is convey$ !nce 9 small j>s4 ,! :ole annual produce ( ?is di/rict is e/imat$ at m ?an #djj1jjj hog%eads4 ,at ,colebrook ,dale1 9 ,%rop%ire1 !re is a spr+ ( petroleum4 ,?is 0 discov]$ at ! dep? ( ab\t ?irty y>ds b5ea? ! surface ( ! e>?1 9 digg+ an ar*way = ! convey+ ( coals f a v deep pit4 ,! petroleum 0 at fir/ f\nd to ooze f betwe5 ! crannies ( ! rock1 b x soon aft]w>ds p\r$ =? 9 a consid]able /ream4 ,! utility ( ?is fluid hav+ be5 made kn[n1 l>ge iron pipes 7 =m$ f ! spr+ into pits sunk = ! purpose ( receiv+ x4 ,f ^! pits x is convey$ into imm5se caldrons1 :]e x is boil$ until x atta9s ! consi/5cy ( pit*4 ,s9ce ! fir/ discov]y ( ?is sub/ance1 ?ree diff]5t spr+s ( x h brok5 out4 ,"o ( ^! is ne> ! celebrat$ iron bridge2 & ! fluid t issues f x is almo/ pellucid1 b1 at ! same "t1 is ?ick] ?an treacle4 ,petroleum easily takes fire1 &1 9 burn+1 yields a /rong1 %>p1 & some:at unpleasant od\r2 & a ?ick & disagreeable smoke4 ,9 cold wea!r x congeals 9 ! op5 air4 ,9 ,pegu1 & o!r p>ts ( ! ,ea/1 petroleum is us$ 9 place ( oil = lamps4 ,boil$ ) a species ( res91 x is employ$ = pa9t+ ! timb] ( h\ses1 & cov]+ ! bottoms ( boats & o!r vessels4 ,9 ! latt] respect x is consid]$ to be p>ticul>ly efficaci\s1 by protect+ ! timb] f ! attacks ( m>9e worms4 ,x is also us$ by ! inhabitants ( ea/]n c\ntries z a lotion 9 cutane\s eruptions1 & z an embrocation 9 bruises & rheumatic affections4 ,! anci5t ,egyptians us$ x 9 ! embalm+ ( dead bodies4 ,9 "s c\ntries lumps ( e>? are soak$ ) petroleum1 & are employ$ z fuel4 #bad4 ,,m9]al ,,t>1 or ,,b>badoes ,,t>1 is a fluid k9d ( bitum51 some:at ?ick] ?an petroleum1 & ne>ly ( ! consi/5ce ( common t>4 ,x is viscid1 ( a black1 br[ni% black1 or r$di% col\r4 ,9 burn+ its smell is disagreeable1 b less pung5t ?an t ( mo/ o!r k9ds ( bitum54 ,its weight is some:at great] ?an t ( wat]4 ,9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 :]e ?is sub/ance is pr9cipally f\nd1 x is appli$ to _m ( ! purposes = :i* ! prec$+ species is us$2 b its pr9cipal repute has be5 obta9$ f its be+ ?\ght useful 9 disord]s ( ! brea/ & lungs1 ?\gh ?is application ( x is consid]$ v improp]4 ,x is likewise us$ z an ext]nal rem$y 9 p>alytic disord]s4 #bae4 ,,ela/ic ,,bitum51 or ,,m9]al ,,ca\t,,*\c1 has a /rong resemblance to ,indian rubb]4 ,9 "s in/ances x is ela/ic1 & s s(t z to adh]e to ! f+]s1 & 9 o!rs brittle1 & s h>d z ne>ly to resemble asphalt 7#baf74 ,its col\r is yell[i%1 r$di% br[n1 or blacki%4 ,"o k9d ( ?is m9]al1 :5 fre% cut1 ne>ly resembles f9e cork1 bo? 9 texture & col\r4 ,?is extraord9>y sub/ance1 :i* w expunge ! m>ks ( black lead 9 ! same mann] z ,indian rubb]1 0 fir/ discov]$1 ab\t ! ye> #aghf1 9 cavities ( ! lead m9e ( ,od91 ne> ,ca/leton1 9 ,d]by%ire1 & x has n hi!rto be5 f\nd else:]e4 ,ela/ic bitum5 appe>s to be a peculi> modification ( petroleum1 9 its passage to asphalt3 & probably owes its ela/icity to its cellul> texture1 & to ! moi/ure ) :i* x is comb9$4 #baf4 ,,asphalt1 or ,,solid ,,bitum51 is a brittle sub/ance1 ( black or br[ni% black col\r1 & ( consi/5ce some:at h>d] ?an pit*4 ,x has ne>ly ! same weight z wat]1 is smoo? to ! t\*1 does n /a9 ! f+]s1 & has little or no smell unless x be rubb$ or heat$4 ,:5 heat$1 x melts1 swells & inflames2 &1 if pure1 burns )\t leav+ any a%es4 ,! anci5ts 7 well acqua9t$ ) ?is sub/ance1 :i* is no?+ m ?an m9]al t> 7#bad7 9 an indurat$ or h>d5$ /ate4 ,x is f\nd on ! surface ( volcanic productions1 & floats1 9 solid pieces1 & 9 consid]able abundance1 on ! ,asphaltic ,lake1 9 ,syria1 :i* has !nce receiv$ its "n4 ,?is lake is also call$ ! ,dead ,sea1 f a notion t ! od\r aris+ f ! asphalt de/roys ev5 birds :i* fly ov] x3 ,maundrell1 h[ev]1 /ates t ?is is n true1 z he saw sev]al birds fly ab\t & ov] x1 )\t exp]i5c+ ! slighte/ injury4 ,asphalt is also f\nd ne> anci5t ,babylon2 & !re is reason to suppose t ! mort> s celebrat$ among/ ! anci5ts1 & ) :i* ! walls ( ,babylon & ( ! ,temple ( ,solomon 7 cem5t$1 0 no?+ m ?an a prep>ation ( asphalt4 ,we are in=m$ by ,h]odotus t a composition ( heat$ bitum51 mix$ ) ! tops ( re$s1 0 us$ by ! anci5ts z a cem5t4 ,?is acc\nt is confirm$ by mod]n travell]s1 :o ass]t t ! rema9s ( build+s h be5 discov]$ 9 :i* bitum5 0 =m]ly ?us employ$4 ,x is presum$ to be ! same sub/ance :i*1 9 our translation ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 is call$ pit*1 & :i* 0 us$ by ,noah1 z an ext]ior & int]ior coat+ ( ! ark2 by ! "m ( ,moses z a coat+ = ! little vessel 9 :i* he 0 expos$2 & on v>i\s o!r occasions4 ,z an article ( mod]n utility1 x is to be rem>k$ t ! ,arabians dissolve asphalt 9 oil1 &1 ) ! mixture1 sme> _! horse h>ness1 to pres]ve x f ! effects ( wea!r1 & ! attacks ( insects4 ,9 a /ate ( solution x is appli$1 9 sev]al ea/]n c\ntries1 z a cov]+ = timb] & ! bottoms ( %ips4 ,x is occasionally us$ 9 ! cleans+ & heal+ ( ulc]s1 & o!r sores4 ,9 ,france x is manufactur$ into a sub/ance :i* is 9 consid]able reque/ = greas+ ! :eels ( c>riages4 ,x is us$ by ! mak]s ( wat*dials1 :o mix x ) lamp black1 & oil ( turp5t9e2 b its *ief use is z an +r$i5t 9 c]ta9 v>ni%es1 & p>ticul>ly 9 ! v>ni% us$ by copp]plate engrav]s4 ,x is frequ5tly adult]at$ by a mixture ) common pit*2 b ?is is easily discov]$ by ! smell4 ,besides ! c\ntries & places already m5tion$1 asphalt is f\nd 9 sev]al p>ts ( ,am]ica1 9 ! isl& ( ,tr9idad1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,neuf*atel1 & _m p>ts ( ! ,cont95t ( ,europe4 ,,coal ,,family4 #bag4 ,! compon5t p>ts ( coals are pr9cipally c>bon or *>coal 7#dh71 & bitum5 7#baf74 ,"s k9ds ( coal are lam9>1 & o!rs compact4 ,!y 9 g5]al burn freely1 ) a bitum9\s od\r1 & leave a consid]able residuum4 ,?is invaluable m9]al is f\nd 9 b$s1 or /rata1 frequ5tly betwixt clay slate 7#beg7 & s&/one 7#bfg71 & seldom betwixt ^? ( lime/one 7#adj74 ,x *iefly occurs 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 p>ticul>ly 9 c\ntries :i* lie ne>ly 9 ! same latitudes ) ,great ,brita92 9 ,sib]ia1 ,g]many1 ,sw$51 ,france1 ,canada1 & ,newf\ndl&2 & 9 "s ( ! nor!rn p>ts ( ,*9a4 ,x is /at$ to be abundant 9 ,new ,holl&2 b we h no di/9ct acc\nt ( coal 9 ! cont95t ( ,africa4 ,no few] ?an sev5ty diff]5t k9ds ( coals are br\ght to ! ,london m>ket1 ! value & prices ( :i* greatly diff]4 ,( ^! ! coals call$ ,wall'send1 f ! "n ( ! pit1 ne> ,newca/le1 :5ce !y are obta9$1 usually be> ! highe/ price4 #bah4 ,,common ,,coal1 or ,,pit ,,coal1 is ( black col\r1 & has g5]ally a slaty /ructure & foliat$ texture4 ,:5 h&l$ x /a9s ! f+]s2 & :5 burnt x cakes m or less dur+ combu/ion4 ,its compon5t p>ts are usually *>coal 7#dh7 & bitum5 7#baf71 ) a small portion ( clay1 & sometimes ) pyrites1 or sulphat ( iron 7#bcf74 ,:at is call$ slaty coal conta9s a great] portion ( clay ?an o!r k9ds4 ,"s =eign writ]s h ascrib$ ! great weal? possess$ by ?is c\ntry to ! coals :i* are "h produc$ 9 su* abundance1 & :i* facilitate1 9 a v ess5tial degree1 ne>ly all its manufactures1 & consequ5tly are a means ( promot+ its comm]ce to an ext5t :i* is possess$ by few o!r c\ntries4 ,all our great manufactur+ t[ns1 ,birm+ham1 ,%effield1 ,le$s1 ,glasg[1 c4 are situat$ ei!r 9 ! mid/ ( coal di/ricts1 or 9 places to :i* coals are convey$1 ) little exp5se1 by canal c>riage4 ,coals are pr9cipally obta9$ f ! neighb\rhood ( ,newca/le^u,tyne1 ,sund]l&1 & ,:itehav54 ,! p>ticul> places :5ce !y are obta9$ h ! "n ( colli]ies1 & ! m9es f :i* !y are dug are call$ pits4 ,! deepe/ ( ^! are 9 ,nor?umb]l&1 & are work$ at m ?an #ijj feet bel[ ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,at ,newca/le !re is a coalpit ne> #hjj feet 9 dep?1 & :i*1 at t dep?1 is wr\ght five miles horizontally1 q across1 & b5ea? ! b$ ( ! riv] ,tyne1 & "u ! adjac5t "p ( ! c\nty ( ,durham4 ,at ,:itehav5 ! m9es are ( great dep?1 & are ext5d$ ev5 "u ! sea1 to places :]e !re is above !m suffici5t dep? ( wat] = %ips ( great bur!n1 & 9 :i* ! m9]s are able sometimes to he> ! ro>+ ( ! wat]4 ,on ! contr>y1 9 "s p>ts ( ,durham ! coal lies s ne> ! surface ( ! e>? t ! :eels ( c>riages lay x op51 & 9 su* quantity z to be suffici5t = ! use ( ! neighb\rhood4 ,! b$s ( coal are ( v>i\s ?icknesses1 f a few in*es to sev]al feet2 & 9 "s places1 x is f\nd advantage\s to "w !m at a v great dep?1 al?\gh _! ?ickness does n exce$ f\r or five feet4 ,! ?icke/ b$ ( ,engli% coal1 ( any ext5t1 is t ( ! ma9 coal 9 ,/af=d%ire1 :i* measures ab\t ?irty feet4 ,9 _m places !re are sev]al b$s above1 & p>allel to1 ea* o!r1 sep>at$ by /rata ( slate1 s&/one1 & o!r m9]als4 ,coal is nev] f\nd 9 *alk1 & v r>ely 9 lime/one4 ,at ,:itehav51 ! pr9cipal entrance to ! coalm9e1 bo? = m5 & horses1 is by an op5+ at ! bottom ( a hill1 ?r\gh a long passage hewn 9 a rock4 ,?is1 by a /eep desc5t1 leads to ! l[e/ b$ ( coal4 ,! greate/ "p ( ! desc5t is ?r\gh spaci\s gall]ies1 :i* int]sect o!r gall]ies2 all ! coal hav+ be5 cut away1 except l>ge pill>s1 :i*1 9 deep p>ts ( ! m9e1 are ?ree y>ds high1 & ab\t twelve y>ds squ>e at ! base1 su* great /r5g? be+ !re requir$ to support ! pond]\s ro(4 ,!re are ?ree di/9ct & p>allel /rata ( coal1 :i* lie at a consid]able di/ance above ea* o!r1 & :i* h a communication by pits t are sunk betwe5 !m4 ,^! /rata are n always regul>ly cont9u$ 9 ! same plane4 ,! m9]s occasionally meet ) ve9s ( h>d rock1 :i* int]rupt _! fur!r progress1 &1 at su* places1 ! e>?1 on "o side ( ! ve91 appe>s to h sunk d[n1 :ile t on ! opposite side has its anci5t situation4 ,^! breaks ! m9]s call dykes 7#d74 ,:5 !y come to "o ( !m1 _! fir/ c>e is to discov] :e!r ! coal1 9 ! "p adjo9+1 be high] or l[] ?an t 9 :i* !y h be5 work+2 or1 to use _! own t]ms1 :e!r x be ca/ d[n or ca/ up4 ,= ?is purpose !y exam9e att5tively ! m9]al /rata on ! opposite side1 to see h[ f> !y correspond ) ^? :i* !y h already pass$ ?r\gh4 ,if ! coal be ca/ d[n1 !y s9k a pit to x3 b if x be ca/ up1 ! discov]y ( x is (t5 att5d$ ) great lab\r & exp5se4 ,9 g5]al ! entrance to coal m9es is by p]p5dicul> %afts1 & ! coals & workm5 are drawn up by ma*9]y4 ,z ! m9es frequ5tly ext5d to great di/ances1 horizontally1 b5ea? ! surface ( ! e>?1 peculi> c>e is necess>y to keep !m cont9ually v5tilat$ ) curr5ts ( fre% air1 = ! purpose1 n only ( af=d+ to ! workm5 a con/ant supply ( t vital fluid1 b also to expel f ! m9es c]ta9 noxi\s exhalations :i* are sometimes produc$ 9 !m4 ,"o ( ^!1 d5om9at$ fire damp1 is occasion$ by ! g5]ation ( hydrog5 gas1 or inflammable air 7#de74 ,?is gas1 :5 mix$ ) ! common air ( ! atmosph]e1 explodes1 ) great viol5ce1 on ! approa* ( a light$ c&le1 or any o!r flame2 & has1 at diff]5t times1 occasion$ ! loss ( _m valuable lives4 ,x is a s+ul> circum/ance1 t al?\gh x is imm$iately set on fire by a flame1 yet x _c be k9dl$ by r$ hot iron1 nor by sp>ks produc$ f ! collision ( fl9t & /eel4 ,h5ce a ma*9e 01 "s ye>s ago1 adopt$ 9 ! m9es ne> ,:itehav5 & ,work+ton1 9 :i* a :eel =m$ ( /eel1 & 9 %ape some:at l t ( a razorgr9d]1 0 turn$ r\nd ) v rapid motion aga9/ a s]ies ( fl9ts1 & 9 su* mann] z to yield to ! m9]s suffici5t light to c>ry on _! "w 9 places :]e ! flame ( a c&le w\ld occasion ! mo/ dreadful explosions4 ,sir ,humphrey ,davy has lately inv5t$1 = ! use ( m9es :]e ?is gas is preval5t1 :at is call$ a safety lamp4 ,?is is a lamp enclos$ 9 a wire cyl9d]1 ! int]/ices ( :i* are s extremely small z1 :il/ x gives light1 w n explode ! gas4 ,ano!r injuri\s exhalation 9 coal m9es arises f ! =mation ( c>bonic acid gas1 or fix$ air 7#bf71 & is call$ *oke damp4 ,x is ! prop]ty ( inflammable air to rise to ! upp] p>ts2 b ?is1 on acc\nt ( its weight1 occupies pr9cipally ! l[] p>ts ( m9es1 & occasions dea? by suffocation1 ?\gh x is by no means s fatal z ! =m]4 ,9 "s m9es a prev5tion ( injury aris+ f ea* ( ^! gases is atta9$1 by asc]ta9+ ! p>ticul> crevices 9 ! coal f :i* !y issue1 conf9+ !m at ^? places )9 a n>r[ space1 &1 if possible1 convey+ !m out ( ! m9es1 ?r\gh long pipes1 into ! op5 air4 ,!re is yet ano!r dang] att5d+ coal m9es :i* requires to be provid$ aga9/1 & ?is is inundation4 ,_m m9es h be5 de/roy$ by ! flood+ ( wat]1 :i* spr+s up )9 !m4 ,! modes by :i* ?is 0 =m]ly extract$ 7 extremely labori\s1 &1 9 num]\s in/ances1 entirely inefficaci\s4 ,by means1 h[ev]1 ( ! fire or /eam eng9es n[ 9 use1 ! quantity ( wat] rais$ f m9es is p]fectly a/oni%+4 ,f\r eng9es 9 "o ( ! colli]ies at ,:itehav5 dis*>ge m ?an tw5ty hog%eads p] m9ute1 or upw>ds ( #cj1jjj hog%eads 9 e tw5tyf\r h\rs4 ,! coal trade1 :i* at pres5t af=ds s important a nurs]y = our seam51 &1 9 num]\s o!r respects1 yields advantages ( ! mo/ b5eficial description to ?is c\ntry1 0 entirely unkn[n a few c5turies ago4 ,coals 7 n g5]ally adopt$ z fuel until ! beg9n+ ( ! reign ( ,*>les ,i4 ,!y 71 h[ev]1 notic$ 9 docum5ts ant]ior to ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,iii41 =1 t mon>*1 9 ! ye> #abcd1 r5ew$ a *>t]1 grant$ by 8 fa!r1 to ! inhabitants ( ,newca/le1 by :i* !y 7 p]mitt$ to dig coal ^u paym5t ( #ajjl4 p] annum4 ,coals _h be5 introduc$ into ,london be=e #acjf2 = 9 t ye>1 ! use ( !m z fuel 0 prohibit$1 f ! suppos$ t5d5cy ( _! smoke to corrupt ! air4 ,ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 ! be/ coals 7 sold 9 ,london at ! rate ( #ds4 #a;d4 p] *aldron1 & at ,newca/le = no m ?an #bs4 #f;d4 ,dur+ ! ensu+ c5tury1 h[ev]1 !y 7 receiv$ into su* g5]al use1 t1 9 #afdh1 on a sc>city ( coal 9 ,london1 _m ( ! poor are said to h di$ f want ( fuel4 ,! :ole quantity ( coals import$ into ,london has be5 e/imat$1 on an av]age ( f\r ye>s1 end+ 9 ,m>*1 #ahae1 to am\nt to #a1agj1jjj *aldrons p] annum4 ,"s writ]s h imag9$ coal to be ! rema9s ( ant$iluvian timb]1 :i* float$ ^u ! wat]s ( ! deluge until sev]al /rata ( m9]al sub/ances _h be5 =m$3 o!rs conceive x to h be5 ant$iluvian peat bog4 ,x is call$ pit coal1 f ! circum/ance only ( its be+ obta9$ f m9es or pits2 &1 9 ,london1 = no bett] reason ?an its hav+ be5 convey$ ?i!r by sea1 x has ! "n ( sea coal4 ,its uses z fuel are too ext5sively kn[n to ne$ "h any obs]vations4 ,by ! di/illation ( coal an inflammable gas is produc$1 :i* has ( late be5 introduc$ = ! light+ ( manufactories1 & light+ sev]al ( ! /reets & %ops ( ! metropolis4 ,?is gas is convey$ by pipes1 f ! res]voir 9 :i* x is collect$1 to great di/ances2 & ! light :i* x yields is peculi>ly brilliant & beautiful4 ,x 0 at ! f\nd]y belong+ to ,messrs4 ,b\lton & ,watts1 at ,birm+ham1 t ! fir/ public display ( gas lights 0 made1 9 ! ye> #ahjb1 on ! occasion ( ! rejoic+s = peace4 ,9 #ahje ! cotton mills ( ,messrs4 ,phillips & ,lee1 at ,man*e/]1 7 light$ ) gas1 to ! exclusion ( lamps1 c&les1 & e o!r s\rce ( artificial light4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( #ahaf x 0 e/imat$ t1 at ! ?ree gaslight /ations1 9 ,pet]/reet1 ,we/m9/]1 ,wor%ip/reet1 & ,norton ,falgate1 ,london1 tw5tyfive *aldrons ( coals 7 us$ daily2 & t ^! 7 suffici5t to supply ) gas #abe1jjj l>ge lamps4 ,at ! works 9 ,dorset/reet1 ,fleet/reet1 ! daily consumption ( coal 0 ab\t ?ree *aldrons1 :i* af=d$ gas = #a1ejj lamps4 ,! production ( ! gas light is easily effect$ 9 m9iature1 by putt+ common coal1 p\nd$ small1 into ! b[l ( a tobaccopipe1 & closely cov]+ ?is ) clay made into a /iff lute ) wat]4 ,:5 ! clay is dry1 ! b[l ( ! pipe mu/ be put into ! fire1 & !re heat$ gradually4 ,9 a few m9utes a /ream ( gas w issue f ! end ( ! pipe4 ,?is may be set on fire ) a piece ( pap]1 & w burn ) a bright flame4 ,:5 ! gas is no long] dis5gag$1 !re w be f\nd 9 ! b[l ( ! pipe ! rema9s ( ! coals1 9 ! =m ( coke4 ,x is e/imat$ t "o *aldron ( good coals w af=d f #ag1jjj1 to #bj1jjj cubical feet ( gas2 & t "o ( ! l>ge burn]s 9 ! %ops ( ,london1 consumes ab\t f\r cubical feet p] h\r4 ,soot is produc$ f ! smoke ( burn$ coal1 & is us$ z a manure = cold1 moi/1 & clayey mead[s & pa/ures3 & p\nd$ coal has be5 appli$ to ! same purpose 9 "s p>ts ( ! ,cont95t4 ,by a process call$ *>r+1 coal is dive/$ ( its humid1 acid1 & bitum9\s p>ticles1 & is conv]t$ into a k9d ( c9d] call$ coke4 ,?is is employ$ 9 cases :]e int5se heat is requisite1 z = ! smelt+ ( iron ore2 & likewise :]e acid & bitum9\s p>ticles ( coal w\ld be detrim5tal1 z 9 ! dry+ ( malt4 ,:at is usually t]m$ culm is ! refuse or du/y coal1 produc$ 9 work+ ! common coals4 ,x conta9s mu* e>?y matt]1 w n k9dle 9 an ord9>y fireplace1 b produces consid]able heat & flame 9 a furnace1 :]e a /rong curr5t ( air is introduc$4 ,9 ,engl& x is exempt$ f ! high duty impos$ on o!r coals1 & is sold at a v l[ price4 ,x is us$ = burn+ lime1 mak+ salt1 & 9 /eam eng9es4 #bai4 ,,cannel ,,coal is ( black col\r1 ) little lu/re1 is n lam9>1 b breaks 9 any direction1 l pit*1 & does n /a9 ! f+]s4 ,?is highly inflammable k9d ( coal is f\nd abundantly 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,wigan1 9 ,lanca%ire1 :]e !re is an entire /ratum ( x ab\t f\r feet 9 ?ickness4 ,x is also f\nd ne> ,:itehav51 9 "s ( ! pits at ,newca/le1 & 9 "s p>ts ( ,scotl&4 ,d\bts h be5 ent]ta9$ respect+ ! "n ( ?is coal2 b :5 x is recollect$ t 9 ,lanca%ire1 :5ce x is *iefly br\ght1 ! ^w c&le is usually pron\nc$ ) ! omission ( ! lett] d1 & t1 9 _m in/ances1 ! coal is us$ by ! poor z a sub/itute = c&les1 ^! w be imm$iately remov$4 ,9 ,scotl& x has ! "n ( p>rot coal4 ,no k9d ( coal takes fire s readily1 nor burns ) s *e]ful & brilliant a flame z ?is3 & its n soil+ ! f+]s1 l pit coal1 r5d]s ! use ( x peculi>ly pleasant2 b x does n cake1 & soon burns away4 ,:5 fir/ k9dl$1 x crackles & spl9t]s v mu*2 &1 on ?is acc\nt1 w\ld be dang]\s1 7 x n easily prev5t$ f s do+ by be+ previ\sly imm]s$ = a little :ile 9 wat]4 ,cannel coal has mu* ! appe>ance ( jet4 ,x admits ( be+ turn$ 9 a la!1 & takes a good poli%2 & snuffboxes & tr9kets made ( x h 9 _m in/ances be5 sold z jet 7#bbb74 ,( all ! k9ds ( coal t are us$ = gaslights1 none are said to be s useful z ?is4 #bbj4 ,,/one ,,coal1 ,,kilk5ny ,,coal1 ,,wel% ,,coal1 or ,,glance ,,coal1 is ( a d>k ironblack col\r1 ) a metallic lu/re & foliat$ texture2 & consi/s almo/ entirely ( *>coal4 ,unlike mo/ o!r k9ds ( coal1 ?is occurs bo? 9 /ratifi$ masses1 & 9 lumps1 ne/$ 9 clay4 ,x is f\nd 9 sev]al c\ntries ( ! ,cont95t1 9 ,wales1 ,scotl&1 & ne> ,kilk5ny 9 ,irel&4 ,:5 laid on burn+ coals1 x becomes r$ hot1 emits a blue lamb5t flame 9 ! same mann] z *>coal2 & is1 at l5g?1 sl[ly consum$1 leav+ beh9d a portion ( r$ a%es4 ,no smoke nor soot is produc$ f ?is coal2 b1 on ! contr>y1 x :it5s ! places :]e ! fume is cond5s$2 & ! effluvia :i* x gives out are extremely suffocat+4 ,?is coal is *iefly us$ 9 ! dry+ ( malt4 #bba4 ,,bovey ,,coal1 ,,br[n ,,coal1 or ,,bitum9\s ,,wood1 is ( br[n col\r1 & 9 %ape exactly resembles ! /ems & bran*es ( trees1 b is usually compress$4 ,x is s(t1 some:at flexible1 & s light z ne>ly to float :5 ?r[n into wat]4 ,! greate/ abundance ( ?is coal occurs at ,bovey1 ne> ,exet]1 f :i* place x d]ives its "n4 ,! l[e/ /ratum is work$ at ! dep? ( sev5tyfive feet b5ea? ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,x is also f\nd 9 ,scotl&1 ,irel&1 & ,g]many4 ,z fuel1 ! ,bovey coal is us$ only by ! poore/ classes ( ! community1 z1 not)/&+ its burn+ ) a cle> flame1 x emits a sweeti% b extremely disagreeable sulphure\s gas1 :i* is injuri\s to ! heal? ( ! inhabitants4 ,x is pr9cipally us$ = ! burn+ ( lime1 & = ! fir/ bak+ ( e>!n w>e4 #bbb4 ,,jet1 or ,,pit* ,,coal1 is a solid1 black1 & opaque m9]al1 h>d] ?an coal1 & f\nd 9 deta*$ masses f an in* to sev5 or eight feet 9 l5g?1 hav+ a f9e or regul> /ructure1 & a gra9 resembl+ t ( wood4 ,x has sometimes be5 conf\nd$ ) cannel coal 7#bai71 b x is easily di/+ui%$ by its sup]ior h>dness3 ,jet _c )\t difficulty be scrat*$ ) a knife1 :il/ cannel coal may be m>k$ by ! simple pressure ( ! nail4 ,! "n ( jet has be5 d]iv$ f ,gages1 a riv] ( ,lycia1 :5ce ! anci5ts are said to h obta9$ ?is sub/ance4 ,x is frequ5tly ca/ a%ore on ! ea/]n coa/s ( ,engl&1 toge!r ) pieces ( amb] & curi\s pebbles1 p>ticul>ly ne> ,l[e/(t 9 ,suffolk1 & 9 "s p>ts ( ,york%ire1 :]e _m p]sons employ _! leisure 9 se>*+ = x1 & =m+ x into v>i\s k9ds ( tr9kets4 ,jet is f\nd 9 sev]al c\ntries ( ! ,cont95t4 ,x is /at$ t 9 ! di/rict ( ,aude1 9 ,france1 !re are m ?an #a1jjj p]sons con/antly employ$ 9 ! fabrication ( jet into ros>ies1 buttons1 e>r+s1 necklaces1 bracelets1 snuffboxes1 & tr9kets ( diff]5t k9ds4 ,ne> fifty tons weight ( x are annually us$ = ?is purpose2 & articles to ! value ( #ah1jjj livres are said to be sold 9 ,spa9 alone4 ,9 ,prussia ! amb] digg]s call x black amb]1 because x is f\nd accompany+ t sub/ance2 & because1 l amb]1 x is fa9tly electric1 or attracts fea!rs & o!r light objects :5 rubb$4 ,!y manufacture x into v>i\s ornam5tal articles1 & sell ^! to ignorant p]sons1 z black amb]1 at a great price4 ,9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! globe ! trunks ( trees1 :i* h be5 long buri$1 h pass$ into ! /ate ( jet2 &1 9 almo/ all ^! trees may be trac$ ! di/9ctive *>act]s ( ! species to :i* !y belong4 ,!y are m or less brittle1 m or less unctu\s1 accord+ to ! species1 ! degree ( alt]ation1 & ! nature ( ! soil4 ,all ( !m h a smoo? & glassy fracture1 b all are n adapt$ = ! tool ( ! workman4 ,:51 = in/ance1 ! texture ( ! tree pres5ts only a mass ( dry fibres1 ! jet obta9$ is dry & brittle2 & _c be us$ 9 ! =m+ ( tr9kets4 ,b1 if ! texture be unctu\s ! fibre acquires a consid]able degree ( s(tness1 is susceptible ( be+ prop]ly wr\ght1 & receives a p]fect & beautiful poli%4 ,a fictiti\s k9d ( jet is made ( glass2 & sev]al v>ieties ( m9]al pit*1 & cannel coal1 are impos$ ^u ignorant pur*as]s = jet4 ,:5 jet is once set on fire x burns ) a gre5 flame1 & cont9ues to burn = a consid]able "t1 exhal+ a /rong bitum9\s smell4 ,if ! heat be r5d]$ great]1 x melts4 ,,graphite ,,family4 #bbc4 ,,black ,,lead1 or ,,plumbago1 is an inflammable m9]al1 :i* consi/s ( c>bon1 or *>coal 7#dh71 comb9$ ) iron1 9 ! proportion ( ab\t n9e p>ts ( ! =m] to "o ( ! latt]4 ,x is ( d>k irongrey col\r1 ) a /rong metallic lu/re1 & s s(t t x is easily scrat*$ ) a knife4 ,to ! t\* x is s(t & greasy2 &1 :5 h&l$1 x /a9s ! f+]s4 ,9 weight x is ab\t twice z heavy z wat]4 ,! "n ( black lead has v improp]ly be5 giv5 to ?is sub/ance f its appe>ance only1 z x has no alliance :atev] ) lead4 ,x is usually f\nd 9 kidney%ap$ lumps ( v>i\s size1 & occurs 9 sev]al c\ntries ( ,europe1 b no :]e ( su* excell5t quality z 9 ,borr[dale1 ,cumb]l&1 :]e x has ! "n ( wadd4 ,! ve9 ( black lead lies betwe5 /rata ( slate1 & is f eight to n9e feet ?ick4 ,?is m9e is n op5$ m ?an once e ?ree or f\r ye>s1 ! quantity ?us obta9$ be+ f\nd fully suffici5t = ! dem&4 ,! only o!r m9e ( black lead 9 ,brita9 is 9 ,ayr%ire1 ,scotl&4 ,arti/s 9 wat]col\rs1 if depriv$ ( ?is m9]al1 w\ld f9d great difficulty 9 mak+ _! sket*es2 z ! m>ks t are errone\sly made ) x are m easily expung$ ?an ^? ( almo/ any o!r sub/ance4 ,hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( p5cils are e ye> =m$ ( black lead4 ,= ?is purpose ! m9]al is saw$ into sl5d] squ>e pieces4 ,^! are fix$ into grooves1 ( ! same %ape1 cut 9 c$>1 or "s o!r s(t wood2 ano!r piece ( wood is !n glu$ ^u ?is1 & ! :ole is work$ into a circul> =m4 ,! f9] k9ds ( black lead are prep>$ = use by be+ boil$ 9 oil be=e !y are cut4 ,! co>s] k9ds1 & ! refuse ( ! saw+s1 are melt$ ) sulphur1 & !n ca/ into co>s] p5cils = c>p5t]s4 ,^! may1 9 g5]al1 be easily di/+ui%$ by _! sulphure\s smell4 ,! p5cils t are manufactur$ 9 ,engl& are m e/eem$ on ! ,cont95t ?an any o!rs4 ,! p[d] produc$ 9 ! saw+ ( p5cils is employ$ = num]\s purposes4 ,x is us$ = giv+ a bright gloss to ca/iron grates & /oves1 & def5d+ !m f ru/1 & f ! action ( fire4 ,x may also be advantage\sly appli$ to ! inn] surface ( wood5 screws1 to pack+ presses1 ! axles ( v>i\s sorts ( ma*9es1 to slides1 & o!r wood "w1 :i* are subject to friction4 ,9 ?is respect x is f> sup]ior ei!r to grease or soap4 ,! mak]s ( razor/rops occasionally employ black lead 9 ! composition :i* !y spread ^u lea!r = ! %>p5+ ( razors2 &1 on ! ,cont95t1 x is sometimes us$ = black5+ ! hair4 ,a co>s] k9d ( black lead is us$ = mak+ ! vessels t are us$ by *emi/s1 call$ crucibles4 ,,res9 ,,family4 #bbd4 ,,amb] is a sub/ance usually ( gold5 yell[ col\r1 semitransp>5t1 & ( %9+ & some:at res9\s lu/re4 ,x is occasionally se5 ( yell[i% :ite col\r1 & ne>ly opaque4 ,! orig9 ( amb] is unkn[n4 ,f ! ants & o!r insects :i* x frequ5tly conta9s1 !re c be no d\bt t x has once be5 9 a fluid /ate3 & "s writ]s h ?\ght t x is a res9\s juice1 gradually modifi$ by ! action ( sulphuric acid 7#bd72 b ?is is entirely conjecture4 ,! anci5ts call$ x electron1 & attribut$ its =mation to ! si/]s ( ,phaton1 :o1 lam5t+ ! dea? ( _! bro!r1 7 conv]t$ into popl> trees2 ^!1 x 0 said1 in/ead ( te>s1 yield$ e ye> ?is sub/ance2 :i*1 issu+ f !m 9 a fluid /ate1 ran into ! riv]1 & !re became h>d5$4 ,amb] is usually f\nd 9 r\nd$ & deta*$ pieces1 on ! s\? coa/ ( ! ,baltic1 on ! ea/]n %ores ( ,engl&1 & 9 small quantity1 on ^? ( ,sicily & ! ,adriatic2 & a sub/ance greatly resembl+ x is occasionally f\nd 9 gravel pits ne> ,london4 ,! only m9es ( amb] at pres5t kn[n are 9 ,prussia4 ,^! are work$ 9 ! usual way1 by %afts & gall]ies1 to ! dep? ( ab\t #ajj feet4 ,! amb] is imb$d$ 9 a /ratum ( fossil wood1 & occurs 9 r\nd$ pieces1 f a few gra9s to ?ree & ev5 five p\nds 9 weight4 ,! l>ge/ piece ( amb] ev] kn[n to be discov]$ 9 a deta*$ /ate 0 f\nd ne> ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 9 ,li?uania1 ab\t twelve miles f ! ,baltic ,sea4 ,x weigh$ m ?an eighte5 p\nds1 & 0 deposit$ 9 ! cab9et ( ! ,k+ ( ,prussia at ,b]l94 ,v lately a mass ( amb]1 weigh+ ?irte5 p\nds1 0 also f\nd 9 ,prussia4 ,= ?is piece #ejjj doll>s are said to h be5 (f]$2 b ! ,arm5ian m]*ants ass]t t x might h be5 sold 9 ,con/ant9ople = m ?an #cj1jjj doll>s4 ,ant]ior to ! discov]y or g5]al disp]sion ( preci\s /ones f ,india1 amb] 0 consid]$ ( great value z a jewel1 & 0 employ$ 9 all k9ds ( ornam5tal dresses4 ,! anci5t ,romans 7 s p>tial to ?is sub/ance t ,pl9y1 reprobat+ ! great dem& = x1 says1 ! ,roman females w\ld give l>g] sums = a puppet or figure 9 amb]1 resembl+ a man or woman1 h[ev] small its size1 ?an !y w\ld = ! f9e/ man or ! mo/ valiant soldi]4 ,"u ! ,emp]or ,n]o1 p]sons 7 s5t f ,rome1 = ! purpose ( collect+ & pur*as+ amb]2 & s mu* ( x 0 at l5g? obta9$1 t x 0 us$ = ornam5t+ ! nets & cordage employ$ 9 ! !atres = prev5t+ ! wild animals f approa*+ ! populace !re assembl$4 ,x 0 likewise us$ to ornam5t ! arm\r1 ! bi]s1 & fun]al app>atus ( su* p]sons z 7 kill$4 ,amb] is n[ *iefly 9 reque/ by ,greek & ,arm5ian m]*ants1 b x is unc]ta9 :]e !y dispose ( x4 ,"s p]sons conjecture t x is pur*as$ by pilgrims previ\sly to _! j\rney to ,mecca2 & t1 on _! arrival 9 t place1 !y burn x 9 hon\r ( ,mahomet4 ,! k9d mo/ 9 e/eem is ( a bright gold5 yell[ col\r4 ,?is is occasionally manufactur$ into snuffboxes1 small vases1 necklaces1 bracelets1 caneheads1 & o!r ornam5tal articles1 _m ( :i* are pur*as$ by ! ,turks1 ,russians1 & ,poles2 b ! g5]al dem& = !m has ( late v mu* decreas$4 ,"s ye>s ago ! ,g]man arti/s paid great att5tion to ?is sub/ance2 & _m exp]im5ts 7 made = ! purpose ( discov]+ means ( remov+ its defects1 & improv+ its beauty4 ,x is said t !y possess$ ! art ( liquefy+ x to su* a degree1 t x c\ld be run into m\lds )\t injur+ its beauty2 & t specim5s ( ?is liquefi$ amb] are pres]v$ 9 ! ,electoral ,cab9et at ,dresd54 ,!re are /ill consid]able manufactories ( amb] at ,/olp51 ,konigsb]g1 ,dantzic1 & ,lubeck4 ,amb]1 :5 wr\ght into ornam5ts1 is fir/ split on a lead5 plate1 & !n turn$ on a p>ticul> k9d ( :et/one4 ,! poli%+ ( x is p]=m$ ) *alk & wat]1 or *alk & oil2 & ! "w is f9i%$ by rubb+ ! :ole ) clean flannel4 ,)\t great att5tion x becomes v hot1 & ei!r flies into pieces1 or takes fire dur+ ! op]ation4 ,aft] hav+ be5 roa/$ or melt$1 amb] is readily soluble 9 oil1 &1 9 ?is /ate1 con/itutes ! basis ( sev]al k9ds ( v>ni%4 ,x 0 =m]ly mu* us$ 9 m$ic9e1 b1 9 ?is respect1 x is n[ almo/ :olly neglect$4 ,"s p]sons1 h[ev]1 h /ill an absurd notion t a coll> or necklace ( amb]1 ti$ r\nd an infant's neck1 w enable x to cut its tee? 9 safety4 ,oil ( amb] comb9$ ) liquid ammonia con/itutes a :ite soapy liquor call$ eaudeluce4 ,x has already be5 m5tion$ t insects are occasionally f\nd 9 amb]4 ,^! are g5]ally 9 a v p]fect /ate1 & consi/ ( flies1 small mo?s1 c4 ,gra9s ( s&1 pieces ( iron pyrites1 & ! leaves ( plants1 are also sometimes f\nd 9 x4 ,insects1 s&1 & o!r sub/ances1 are likewise rem>k$ 9 a species ( gum1 call$ gum anim1 :i*1 9 col\r1 appe>ance1 & qualities1 s ne>ly resembles amb]1 t x is almo/ impossible to di/+ui% ! two sub/ances f ea* o!r4 ,l>ge productions1 :i* 7 =m]ly suppos$ to h be5 made ( amb]1 su* z a column t5 feet high 9 ! ,flor5t9e ,museum1 are n[ usually consid]$ to h be5 =m$ ( ?is gum2 & _m ( ! l>ge beads ( :at are sold z amb] necklaces are made ( x4 ,if a piece ( amb] be fix$ on ! po9t ( a knife & light$1 x w burn entirely away1 emitt+ at ! same "t a :ite smoke1 & a some:at agreeable ?\gh sickly od\r4 ,:5 rubb$ x has ! prop]ty ( attract+ light bodies2 h5ce "o ( ! anci5t ,greek philosoph]s attribut$ to x a c]ta9 k9d ( life4 ,f ! "n ( electron1 :i* 0 giv5 to x by !m1 9 consequ5ce ( ?is prop]ty1 we d]ive our ^w electricity4 ,,class ,,iv4-,,metallic ,,sub/ances4 ,,( ,,metals ,,9 ,,g5]al4 #bbe4 ,,metals1 9 a p]fect /ate1 are easily di/+ui%$ f o!r m9]als1 by a peculi> brilliancy :i* p]vades _! :ole sub/ance1 & :i* has ! "n ( metallic lu/re2 by _! complete opacity1 & _! great weight 9 proportion to t ( o!r m9]al sub/ances4 ,:5 tak5 f ! e>? !y are f\nd 9 "o or o!r ( ! f\r foll[+ /ates3 #a4 ,9 a native or metallic /ate1 #b4 ,comb9$ ) sulphur1 #c4 ,9 a /ate ( oxide 7#ba7 #d4 ,comb9$ ) acid4 ,metals1 :5 f\nd 9 a /ate ( comb9ation ) o!r sub/ances1 h ! "n ( ores4 ,!y are 9 g5]al deposit$ 9 ve9s 7#d71 ( v>i\s ?ickness1 & at v>i\s dep?s 9 ! e>?4 ,! mode ( obta9+ !m is to p5etrate f ! surface ( ! e>? to ! ve91 & !re to foll[ x1 9 :atev] direction x may lie4 ,! holl[ places ?us =m$ are call$ m9es1 & ! m5 employ$ 9 !m are d5om9at$ m9]s4 ,:5 ! ve9s are at a great dep?1 or ext5d to any consid]able di/ance b5ea? ! surface ( ! e>?1 x is necess>y1 at int]vals1 to make op5+s1 or %afts1 to ! surface1 = ! admission & circulation ( ! air2 & also to draw (f ! wat] :i* collects at ! bottom1 by dra9s1 pumps1 or /eameng9es1 z ! situation or circum/ances require4 ,aft] ! metallic ores are drawn f ! m9e1 !y1 9 g5]al1 g ?r\gh sev]al processes be=e !y are 9 a /ate fit = use4 ,"s ( !m are fir/ wa%$ 9 runn+ wat]1 to cle> !m f e>?y p>ticles4 ,!y are !n pil$ ) combu/ible sub/ances1 & burnt or roa/$1 = ! purpose ( ridd+ !m ( ! sulphur or ars5ic ) :i* !y may happ5 to be comb9$1 & :i* rises f !m 9 a /ate ( fume or smoke4 ,?us1 hav+ be5 fre$ f impurities1 !y und]go ! op]ation ( melt+1 9 furnaces con/ruct$ accord+ to ! nature ( ! respective metals1 or ! uses to :i* !y are to be subsequ5tly appli$4 ,! k ( metals is a subject ( great importance to mank9d4 ,_! use 9 trade is s frequ5t1 & 9 ! arts s v>i\s & s int]e/+1 t few objects c be m wor?y ( att5tion ?an ^!4 ,,ord] ,i4--,,malleable ,,metals2 ,,or1 ,,su* ,,z ,,are ,,capable ,,( ,,be+ ,,flatt5$ ,,or ,,elongat$ ,,by ,,! ,,hamm]1 ,,)\t ,,te>+ ,,or ,,break+4 #bbf4 ,,plat9a1 ! mo/ pond]\s ( all ! metals ) :i* we are acqua9t$1 is1 :5 purifi$1 ab\t tw5ty times heavi] ?an wat]4 ,x is also "o ( ! h>de/ & mo/ difficult to be melt$1 is ( :ite col\r1 b d>k] & n s bright z silv]1 & is f\nd only 9 small blunt$ & angul> gra9s or scales 9 ! s&s ( "s ( ! riv]s 9 ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,if plat9a c\ld be obta9$ 9 suffici5t quantity1 x w\ld p]haps be ! mo/ valuable ( all metals4 ,! important uses to :i* x is applicable may easily be imag9$ :5 we /ate t x is ne>ly z h>d z iron1 & t ! mo/ int5se fire & mo/ p[]ful acids h sc>cely any effect ^u x4 ,plat9a is n fusible by ! heat ( a =ge1 b requires ei!r ! conc5trat$ rays ( ! sun 9 a burn+ mirror1 ! galvanic electricity1 or a flame produc$ by ! ag5cy ( oxyg5 gas4 ,x is admirably adapt$ = ! uses ( ! philosophical *emi/3 al?\gh vessels made ( x mu/ always be f\nd exp5sive1 f its be+ necess>y to sold] !m ) gold2 & al?\gh x has ! disadvantage ( be+ subject to corrosion by ! application or use ( cau/ic alkalies4 ,vessels made ( x are n liable to be brok51 & are z inde/ructible z ^? made ( gold4 ,:5 prop]ly ref9$1 its col\r is some:at betwixt t ( silv] & iron4 ,n be+ liable to t>ni% l silv]1 plat9a is manufactur$ into sev]al k9ds ( tr9kets4 ,its ductility is s great t x may be roll$ into plates1 or drawn into wire2 & plat9a wire1 = /r5g? & t5acity1 is consid]$ mu* pref]able to t ei!r ( gold or silv] ( equal ?ickness4 ,plat9a is also made into mirrors = reflect+ telescopes1 into ma!matical in/rum5ts1 p5dulums1 & clock"w2 p>ticul>ly :]e x is requisite t ! con/ruction ( ^! %\ld be m ?an usually correct1 z plat9a is n only free f liability to ru/1 b is likewise subject to v little dilatation by heat4 ,x is sometimes beat5 into leaves & appli$ to porcela91 9 ! same mann] z leaf gold2 & its oxide 7#ba7 is us$ 9 enamel pa9t+1 & might be us$1 ) great advantage1 9 ! pa9t+ & ornam5t+ ( porcela94 ,! plat9a employ$ = all ^! purposes is repeat$ly melt$ ) ars5ic1 z )\t ! aid ( ?is x c\ld only be obta9$ 9 v small masses1 ow+ to ! int5se heat t is requir$ = its fusion4 ,?is extraord9>y metal 0 unkn[n 9 ,europe until ab\t ! ye> #agce1 :5 x 0 fir/ br\ght f ,s\? ,am]ica by ,don ,antonio ,ulloa4 #bbg4 ,,gold is a metal di/+ui%$ by its yell[ col\r2 by its be+ next 9 weight to plat9a1 s(t] ?an silv]1 b consid]ably m h>d ?an t92 & be+ m easily melt$ ?an copp]4 ,x is f\nd 9 v>i\s /ates1 massive1 9 gra9s1 small scales1 & capill>y1 or 9 small bran*es4 ,x _c be dissolv$ 9 any acid except t call$ aqua regia 7#bjg71 & is m ?an n9ete5 times heavi] ?an wat]4 ,! c\ntries ( hot climates are ^? *iefly 9 :i* gold is discov]$4 ,x ab\nds 9 ! s&s ( _m ,african riv]s1 & is v common 9 sev]al di/ricts bo? ( ,s\? ,am]ica & ,india4 ,! gold m9es ( ,lima & ,p]u h _h great celebrity2 b1 s9ce ! late commotions 9 ! ,spani% colonies1 ! work+ ( !m has be5 mu* neglect$4 ,x is f ,brazil t ! greate/ "p ( ! gold :i* is se5 9 comm]ce is br\ght4 ,! annual produce ( ! v>i\s gold m9es 9 ,am]ica has be5 e/imat$ at ne>ly #i1ejj1jjjl4 /]l+4 ,! pr9cipal gold m9es 9 ,europe are ^? ( ,hung>y1 & next to !m ^? ( ,saltzburg4 ,spa9 is probably v ri* 9 gold4 ,consid]able m9es 7 work$ !re 9 =m] times1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! prov9ce ( ,a/uria2 b1 aft] ! discov]y ( ,am]ica1 ^! 7 giv5 up or lo/4 ,gold has be5 f\nd 9 ,sw$5 & ,norway1 & also 9 sev]al p>ts ( ,irel&1 b p>ticul>ly 9 ! c\nty ( ,wickl[4--,among ! s&s ( a m\nta9 /ream 9 t c\nty1 & among ! s& ( ! valley on ea* side1 lumps ( gold are occasionally f\nd4 ,pieces h be5 discov]$ :i* weigh$ tw5tytwo ounces1 b !y are g5]ally mu* small]1 f two or ?ree ounces to a few gra9s4 ,x is said t lumps ( gold1 ( l>ge size1 h be5 us$ z weights 9 "s ( ! common %ops1 & t o!rs h be5 plac$ to keep op5 ! doors ( cottages & h\ses 9 "s p>ts ( ,irel&1 ! own]s n kn[+ :at !y 74 ,gold is also occasionally f\nd 9 ,cornwall1 & "s o!r c\nties ( ,engl&4 ,:]ev] x occurs x is commonly obs]v$ 9 a /ate ( alloy ) copp] or silv]1 & 9 ! =m ( gra9s1 plates1 or small cry/als4 ,gold 0 =m]ly obta9$ 9 ,scotl&4 ,x is ass]t$ t1 at ! m>riage ( ,james ,v4 !re 7 cov]$ di%es fill$ ) co9s made ( ,scotti% gold1 & t a portion ( ^! 0 pres5t$ to ea* ( ! gue/s by way ( dess]t4 ,v ext5sive op]ations = ! discov]y ( gold 7 c>ri$ on dur+ ! reign ( ,que5 ,elizabe?1 at ,leadhills1 9 ,lan>k%ire1 "u ! direction ( an ,engli%man ^: "n 0 ,bulm]4 ,! tr5*es1 ! heaps ( soil t 7 turn$ up1 & o!r m>ks ( ^! op]ations1 are yet visible ne> ! road betwe5 ,leadhills & ,elvanfoot4 ,x is said t #cjj m5 7 !n employ$2 & t1 9 ! c\rse ( a few ye>s1 a quantity ( gold 0 collect$1 equal 9 value to #ajj1jjjl4 /]l+4 ,n _m ye>s ago simil> op]ations 7 comm5c$ "u ! sup]9t5d5ce ( a celebrat$ manag] ( ! ,scotti% lead m9es4 ,! gold 0 f\nd imm$iately "u ! vegetable soil2 & ! me?od ( obta9+ x 0 to direct a small /ream ( wat]1 s z to c>ry ! soil along ) x1 to bas9s or holl[ places1 :]e ! wat] might deposit ! matt]s c>ri$ d[n by ! =ce ( its curr5t4 ,! matt] ?us deposit$ 0 repeat$ly wa%$1 till ! :ole ( ! e>?y sub/ances 7 c>ri$ (f4 ,! gold1 be+ heavie/1 sunk to ! bottom1 & rema9$ beh9d4 ,! soil /ill furni%es gold2 b ! produce w\ld by no means be equal to ! exp5se ( collect+ x4 ,se>*+ = gold1 !re=e1 is n[ reg>d$ only z an amusem5t1 & n z a s\rce ( pr(it4 ,gra9s ( ?is metal are sometimes f\nd1 aft] great floods1 among ! s& ( brooks 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ,scotl&4 ,! mode ( extract+ gold f its ore is by r$uc+ x into a f9e p[d]1 & mix+ ?is p[d] ) quicksilv] 7#bbh74 ,! latt] hav+ ! quality ( unit+ ) itself e p>ticle ( ! preci\s metal1 b be+ incapable ( union ) ! o!r sub/ances1 extracts x ev5 f ! l>ge/ portions ( e>?4 ,! quicksilv]1 :i* has absorb$ ! gold1 is !n sep>at$ by means ( heat2 x flies (f 9 vap\r1 & leaves ! o!r metal 9 ! vessel us$ = ! op]ation4 ,gold has be5 kn[n1 & 9 reque/1 f ! v e>lie/ ages ( ! _w4 ,by ! ass5t ( civiliz$ nations1 x has become ! repres5tative ( weal? "u ! =m ( money2 & x is n[ an univ]sal circulat+ m$ium = ! pur*ase ( all k9ds ( commodities4 ,x has be5 *os5 to occupy ?is important place on acc\nt ( its sc>city1 its weight1 & o!r valuable prop]ties4 ,z gold is n liable to t>ni% or ru/1 x is frequ5tly employ$ = ornam5ts ( dress4 ,b1 beyond its use 9 ! co9age1 its mo/ important uses are = goldsmi?'s "w1 9 jewell]y1 & = gild+4 ,9 ea* ( ^! its /&>d or purity is diff]5t4 ,t d5om9at$ co9age1 or /]l+ gold1 consi/s ( an alloy ( ab\t tw5tytwo p>ts ( gold ) two p>ts ( copp]2 :il/ gold ( ! new /&>d1 ( :i* gold plate1 wat*cases1 & _m o!r articles are made1 consi/s ( only eighte5 p>ts ( gold1 & six p>ts ( copp]4 ,ea* ( ^! is /amp$ at ,goldsmi?s' ,hall2 ! =m] ) a lion1 a leop>d's head 7! m>k ( ! goldsmi?'s company71 a lett] d5ot+ ! ye>1 ! k+'s head1 & ! manufactur]'s initials2 ! latt] is /amp$ ) ! k+'s head1 lett] = ! ye>1 a cr[n1 ! numb] #ah to designate its quality1 & ! manufactur]s initials4 ,! co9age gold ( ,portugal & ,am]ica is ( ! same /&>d z our own2 t ( ,france is some:at inf]ior2 & ,spani% gold is inf]ior to ! ,fr5*4 ,! ,dut* ducats & "s ( ! ,moori% co9s are ( gold unalloy$4 ,tr9ket gold1 :i* is un/amp$1 is 9 g5]al mu* less pure ?an any ( ! above2 & ! pale gold :i* is us$ by jewell]s is an alloy ( gold ) silv]4 ,! ductility & t5acity ( ?is metal1 p>ticul>ly :5 alloy$ ) copp]1 are extremely rem>kable1 & are fully prov$ by ! great ext5t to :i* a v small quantity ( x may be beat5 into leaves1 or drawn into wire4 ,leaves ( gold may be beat5 s ?91 t a s+le gra9 may be made into fiftysix leaves1 ea* an in* squ>e4 ,^! leaves are only #a_/bhbjjj ( an in* ?ick2 & ! gold leaf :i* is us$ to cov] silv] wire is b ! twelf? "p ( t ?ickness4 ,an ounce ( gold ^u silv] wire is capable ( be+ ext5d$ m ?an #a1cjj miles 9 l5g?3 & sixte5 ounces ( gold1 :i*1 9 ! =m ( a cube1 w\ld n measure m ?an an in* & a qu>t] on ea* side1 w completely gild a silv] wire 9 l5g? suffici5t to compass ! :ole e>? l a hoop4 ,gold is beat5 into leaves ^u a smoo? block ( m>ble1 fitt$ into ! middle ( a wood5 frame ab\t two feet squ>e1 9 su* mann] t ! surfaces ( ! m>ble & ( ! frame are exactly level4 ,on ?ree ( ! sides !re is a high l$ge2 & ! front1 :i* is op51 has a flap ( lea!r atta*$ to x1 :i* ! man :o beats ! gold uses z an apron = pres]v+ ! fragm5ts t fall (f4 ,9 ?is process !re are ?ree k9ds ( animal membranes us$1 "s ( :i* are laid betwe5 ! leaves to prev5t _! unit+ toge!r1 & o!rs ov] !m to def5d !m f be+ injur$ by ! hamm]4 ,! ext]ior cov] is ( p>*m5t4 ,= int]lay+ ) ! gold1 ! smoo!/ & close/ vellum t c be procur$ is fir/ us$2 &1 :5 ! gold becomes ?9n]1 ?is is ex*ang$ = mu* f9] sk91 made ( ! entrails ( ox51 prep>$ = ?is express purpose1 & h5ce call$ gold beat]'s sk94 ,aft] ! leaf has be5 beat5 to a suffici5t degree ( ?9ness1 x is tak5 up by a cane in/rum5t1 & ?r[n flat ^u a lea!rn cu%ion1 :]e x is cut to a prop] size ) a squ>e frame ( cane1 or wood edg$ ) cane4 ,^! pieces are !n fitt$ into books ( tw5tyfive leaves ea*1 ! pap] ( :i* has be5 well smoo!d1 & rubb$ ) r$ bole 7#abg71 to prev5t !m f /ick+4 ,! leaves are ab\t ?ree in*es squ>e1 & ! gold ( ea* book weighs some:at m ?an f\r gra9s & a half4 ,x 0 anci5tly ! cu/om to beat gold into ?9 plates1 & to gild ! walls ( ap>tm5ts1 ! surfaces ( di%es1 dr9k+ ut5sils1 & o!r articles1 by cov]+ !m ) su*4 ,b ?is 0 n only an exp5sive1 b x mu/ h be5 a mo/ clumsy mode ( ornam5t4 ,! pres5t modes ( gild+ are v diff]5t4 ,:5 wood is to be gild$1 ! surface is fir/ sme>$ ) an adhesive k9d ( oil1 or ) a k9d ( glue call$ size2 & ! gold leaf1 above m5tion$1 is !n spread ^u x by a tuft ( cotton or o!r s(t sub/ance4 ,! gild+ ( iron or copp] is p]=m$ by clean+ & poli%+ its surface1 & !n heat+ x till x has a blue col\r4 ,:5 ?is has be5 done1 a lay] ( gold leaf is put on1 slightly burni%$ d[n1 & expos$ to a g5tle fire4 ,x is usual1 9 common "w1 to place ?ree su* lay]s1 or f\r at ! mo/1 ea* consi/+ ( a s+le leaf4 ,! heat+ is repeat$ at ea* lay]1 & la/ ( all ! "w is burni%$4 ,= gild+ 9 or m\lu1 z x is d5om9at$ by ! ,fr5*1 an amalgam consi/+ ( t5 p>ts ( m]cury & "o "p ( gold is us$4 ,?is is spread ^u ! metal1 & is aft]w>ds expos$ to ! action ( a fire suffici5tly /rong to evaporate ! m]cury & leave ! gold beh9d4 ,! gild+ 9 or m\lu is mu* m solid & p]man5t ?an t by ! =m] me?od4 ,:5 gild+ is pale & dirty1 x may be reviv$ by means ( :at is call$ gild+ wax1 a composition ( yell[ wax1 bole 7#abg71 v]digris 7#bcj71 & alum4 ,a v beautiful gild+ ^u metals1 & p>ticul>ly ^u silv]1 is effect$ by soak+ clean l95 rags 9 a solution ( gold made by aqua regia 7#bjg74 ,! rags are dri$ & burnt2 & ! a%es are c>efully pres]v$4 ,^! a%es are us$ by tak+ a s\nd cork1 moi/5+ x ) a little wat]1 dipp+ x into ! a%es1 & !n rubb+ /rongly a portion ( !m on ! surface ( ! silv]1 :i* %\ld be p]fectly clean & bright4 ,by ?is simple & economical process1 x w be cov]$ ) an extremely ?9 coat+ ( gold1 ! col\r & brilliancy ( :i* may be height5$ by burni%+4 ,! ornam5ts ^u snuffboxes1 fans1 & v>i\s k9ds ( tr9kets1 are m]ely ?9 plates ( silv]1 gild$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,! edges ( teacups1 & o!r simil> articles1 may be gild$1 ?\gh n 9 a v durable mann]1 by apply+ a ?9 coat ( amb] v>ni% 7#bbd71 & !n plac+ leafgold ^u x4 ,:5 ! v>ni% is dry1 ! gold is to be burni%$4 ,gold1 9 a /ate ( solution1 is sometimes us$ = /a9+ m>ble1 ivory1 ornam5tal fea!rs1 & o!r articles1 a purpler$ col\r1 :i* _c be effac$4 ,by *emical processes an oxide 7#ba7 is obta9$ f ?is metal1 :i* is employ$ = giv+ ^? beautiful %ades ( lilac1 rose col\r1 r$ & purple1 :i* we obs]ve 9 glass & porcela94 ,a gold p[d] = pa9t+ may be made by unit+ "o "p ( gold ) eight p>ts ( m]cury 7#bbh71 & aft]w>ds evaporat+ ! latt] by heat4 ,! article d5om9at$ gold wire is g5]ally silv] wire gild$1 v little wire be+ made entirely ( gold4 ,its uses are *iefly = embroid]y & filagree "w4 ,gold ?read consi/s ( flatt$ silv] gilt wire1 laid ov] a ?read ( yell[ silk1 by twi/+ x 9 a ma*9e ) iron bobb9s4 ,x is ( ?is1 & n ( gold1 t ! article call$ gold lace is made4 ,! ,*9ese1 in/ead ( flatt$ wire1 use slips ( gilt pap]1 :i* !y int]weave 9 _! /uffs1 & twi/ ^u silk ?reads4 #bbh4 ,,m]cury1 9 its native /ate1 is call$ quicksilv]1 & is f\nd 9 small globules ( %9+1 silv]y appe>ance1 scatt]$ ?r\gh diff]5t k9ds ( /ones1 clay1 & ores4 ,x is ne>ly f\rte5 times heavi] ?an wat]4 ,! pr9cipal ore ( m]cury1 & t f :i* ! metal is *iefly obta9$1 is c9nab>4 ,?is is ( r$ col\r1 & consi/s ( m]cury m9]aliz$ ) sulphur4 ,x is sometimes f\nd 9 a massive /ate1 sometimes 9 gra9s1 & sometimes cry/alliz$2 & *iefly among rocks ( ! coal =mation4 ,! mo/ productive m9es ( c9nab> are 9 ! palat9ate ( ,g]many1 at ,idria 9 ,c>niola1 & at ,almad5 9 ,spa94 ,^? ( ,idria are suppos$ to be m valuable ?an any ( ! o!rs4 ,_! fir/ discov]y1 :i* 0 some:at m ?an ?ree hundr$ ye>s ago1 0 made 9 a v extraord9>y mann]4 ,?is "p ( ! c\ntry 0 !n mu* inhabit$ by coop]s2 & "o ( ! m51 on retir+ f "w 9 ! ev5+1 plac$ a new tub "u a dropp+ spr+1 to try if x w\ld hold wat]2 &1 :5 he came 9 ! morn+1 he f\nd x s heavy t he c\ld sc>cely move x4 ,exam9+ into ! cause ( ?is extraord9>y circum/ance1 ! man obs]v$ t x 0 ow+ to a %9+ & pond]\s fluid :i* 0 at ! bottom4 ,! affair 0 nois$ abroad1 & a society ( p]sons 0 =m$ to se>* fur!r1 & discov] ! m9e f :i* ?is quicksilv] _h fl[$4 ,su* 0 _! success t ! reign+ ,duke ( ,au/ria paid !m a comp5sation = ! discov]y1 & took ! m9e into 8 own possession4 ,! greate/ p]p5dicul> dep? ( ?is m9e is n[ m ?an #hcj feet4 ,x is desc5d$ by buckets1 or by ladd]s plac$ obliquely 9 a zigzag direction4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ! m9e ! pure metal fl[s 9 small /reams1 s t 9 six h\rs a man has be5 kn[n to collect m ?an ?irtysix p\nds weight ( x4 ,9 o!r p>ts x is f\nd 9 a multitude ( little drops1 ei!r 9 ores or 9 clay4 ,! :ole produce ( ! m9e is said to exce$ a hundr$ tons weight ( m]cury p] annum4 ,x has be5 ass]t$ t1 sev]al ye>s ago1 9 digg+ out clay = ! f\ndation ( a h\se opposite to ! ,k+'s ,arms inn1 9 ! /reet call$ ,hydehill1 9 ,b]wick^u,twe$1 a quantity ( native m]cury 0 discov]$4 ,! clay1 :5 dug out1 lay = "s "t 9 ! place to :i* x 0 convey$2 & ! m]cury 0 obs]v$ to exude f ! small fissures or cracks t 7 =m$ z x dri$4 ,x is said t1 sev]al ye>s aft]w>ds1 9 mak+ "s alt]ation 9 ! y>d ( ! same h\se1 ! workm5 p5etrat$ into ! same b$ ( clay2 & t x !n appe>$ to be impregnat$ ) native m]cury1 :i* ran out 9 small globules4 ,m]cury is sometimes import$ into ,europe f ,p]u1 & f ! ,ea/ ,indies4 ,! mode ( extract+ x f c9nab> is said to be by mix+ ?is ore ei!r ) p\nd$ *alk1 or ) half its weight ( iron fil+s1 & di/ill+ x 9 a /onew>e retort4 ,by ?is process ! sulphur comb9es ) ! iron1 & ! m]cury1 9 a /ate ( purity1 passes into ! receiv]4 ,:5 pure or native m]cury occurs 9 mixture ) o!r sub/ances1 ^! are /amp$ or gr\nd into a co>se p[d]4 ,wat] is p\r$ ^u !m2 !y are briskly /irr$ until ! wat] becomes ?ick & turbid1 & !n are left to settle4 ,?is op]ation is repeat$ till ! wat] runs (f p]fectly cle>4 ,! sub/ance at ! bottom1 :i* is pr9cipally m]cury1 is !n put into l>ge iron retorts & ! metal is obta9$1 free f all extrane\s matt]s1 by di/illation4 ,x is ! s+ul> prop]ty ( ?is metal1 :i* has no o!r alliance :atev] ) silv] ?an its appe>ance1 to be capable ( division1 by ! lea/ ef=t1 into an indef9ite numb] ( p>ticles1 ea* ( :i* assumes a sph]ical =m2 & to be always 9 a fluid /ate 9 ! common temp]ature ( our atmosph]e4 ,ev5 dur+ ! mo/ int5se fro/1 x /ill reta9s its fluidity4 ,by ! effect1 h[ev]1 ( extreme cold artificially produc$1 m]cury becomes a solid metal1 & 9 ?is /ate may be beat5 ) a hamm] & ext5d$ )\t break+2 b c>e mu/ be tak5 t x does n t\* ! f+]s1 z x w\ld bli/] !m & cause unpleasant sores1 9 ! same mann] z any burn+ sub/ance4 ,m]cury has be5 kn[n f ! remote/ ages2 & x 0 employ$ by ! anci5ts 9 gild+1 & 9 ! op]ations ( sep>at+ gold & silv] f _! ores1 9 ! same mann] z at pres5t4 ,be+ ! heavie/ ( all fluids ( :i* we h any k1 & n congeal+ 9 ! temp]ature ( our climate1 x has be5 pref]r$1 be=e all o!rs1 = b>omet]s1 z a measure ( ! weight ( ! atmosph]e4 ,&1 z heat dilates m]cury simil>ly to o!r fluids1 x is likewise made into !rmomet]s4 ,m]cury is sometimes us$ 9 m$ic9e 9 its pure metallic /ate4 ,! comb9ations ( m]cury ) o!r metals are t]m$ amalgams4 ,t ( m]cury & gold is =m$ s readily1 t if gold be dipp$ into m]cury1 its surface imm$iately becomes z :ite z silv]4 ,an amalgam ( m]cury & gold is employ$ = ! gild+1 & ( m]cury & silv] = ! silv]+ ( metals4 ,m]cury & t9 comb9$ toge!r =m ! sub/ance t is us$ = ! silv]+ ( look+glasses4 ,! process is z foll[s3 ,a quantity ( t9foil1 equal 9 size to ! glass1 is ev5ly plac$ on a flat /one or table2 & m]cury1 9 :i* "s t9 has be5 dissolv$1 is p\r$ ^u x1 & spread ) a fea!r1 or bun* ( clo?1 until its union has cov]$ e "p4 ,a plate ( glass is !n cauti\sly slid$ ^u x1 f "o end to ! o!r1 9 su* mann] t "p ( ! r$undant m]cury is driv5 (f1 or swept away be=e its edge4 ,! rema9d] is n[ unit$ to ! t94 ,! glass is !n load$ ) weights all ov]1 s z to press out /ill m ( ! m]cury4 ,by incl9+ ! table1 ?is rema9+ m]cury becomes dis*>g$2 &1 9 a few h\rs1 ! re/ ( ! t9foil & m]cury adh]e s firmly to ! glass1 t ! weight may be remov$ )\t any dang] ( its fall+4 ,ab\t two ounces ( m]cury are requisite = cov]+1 9 ?is mann]1 ?ree squ>e feet ( glass4 ,by means ( m]cury a fulm9at+ p[d] is made1 :i*1 :5 /ruck ) a hamm] on an anvil or flat iron1 su* z is us$ by laundresses1 explodes ) a /unn+ & disagreeable report1 & ) su* =ce z to ind5t bo? ! anvil & ! hamm]4 ,f\r or five gra9s are z mu* ( ?is p[d] z ought to be us$ = su* exp]im5ts4 ,its =ce is mu* great] ?an t ( gunp[d]1 b does n ext5d s f>4 ,h5ce x is a sub/ance :i* might be r5d]$ ( great use 9 ! bla/+ ( rocks4 ,corrosive sublimate is an extremely poison\s prep>ation f m]cury4 ,among o!r uses1 x is employ$ by dy]s z a mordant to fix _! col\rs4 ,f c]ta9 proportions ( corrosive sublimate rubb$ toge!r1 until !y are p]fectly incorporat$1 is =m$ calomel2 a salt :i*1 ( late ye>s1 has be5 ext5sively & mo/ usefully employ$ 9 m$ic9e4 ,a valuable r$ col\r or pigm5t call$ v]milion1 or artificial c9nab>1 :i* 0 z well kn[n to ! anci5ts z x is to ! mod]ns1 is usually =m$ ( ?ree p>ts ( m]cury & "o ( sulphur1 melt$ toge!r1 heat$ to r$ness1 & !n sublimat$ out ( contact ( ! air4 ,! manufacture ( v]milion 0 long kept a secret by ! ,dut*2 & x is /at$ t1 be=e ! late w>1 ne>ly #ej1jjj p\nds weight ( x 7 annually made1 9 ?ree furnaces1 by f\r workm51 ne> ,am/]dam4 ,native c9nab> is sometimes us$ = ! same purpose2 b ! artificial k9d is pref]r$ on acc\nt ( ! purity & brightness ( its col\r4 #bbi4 ,,silv] is a :ite1 brilliant1 sonor\s1 & ductile metal1 some:at m ?an t5 times heavi] ?an wat]4 ,x is f\nd 9 diff]5t /ates4 ,( ^! ! pr9cipal is d5om9at$ native silv]1 f its be+ ne>ly 9 a /ate ( purity4 ,native silv] sometimes occurs 9 small lumps1 sometimes 9 a cry/alliz$ =m1 & sometimes 9 leaves1 ?reads1 or wire4 ,9 _m in/ances ! latt] are s connect$ ) ea* o!r z to resemble ! bran*es ( trees1 9 :i* case ! ore is call$ d5dritic4 ,!re are also sev]al ores ( silv]1 9 :i* ?is metal is comb9$ ) lead1 antimony1 ars5ic1 sulphur1 & o!r sub/ances4 ,! silv] t is produc$ f ! m9es ( ,potosi1 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 is ( ! d5dritic k9d2 & is consid]$ by ! ,spani>ds z ! pure/ t is kn[n4 ,a range ( m\nta9s ne> ,potosi1 ab\t tw5ty miles 9 circumf]5ce1 is said to be p]=at$ by m ?an #cjj %afts1 or op5+s ( m9es1 & to produce1 9 ! :ole1 f #cj1jjj to #dj1jjj doll>s' wor? ( ore p] week4 ,! annual produce ( ! silv] m9es 9 ,am]ica has be5 e/imat$ at ne> #b1djj1jjjl4 /]l+4 ,silv] is also f\nd 9 sev]al p>ts ( ,europe2 &1 "s ye>s ago1 !re 7 m9es ( ?is metal1 work$ to a great ext5t1 at ,konigsb]g 9 ,norway4 ,^! 7 discov]$ 9 #afbc1 & !y 7 f\nd s pr(itable1 t 9 #agea =ty"o %afts & twelve ve9s 7 wr\ght !re2 & #c1ejj (fic]s1 artific]s1 & lab\r]s1 7 employ$4 ,! p]p5dicul> dep? ( ! pr9cipal %aft 0 m ?an #gej feet4 ,specim5s ( native silv] are n uncommon f "s ( ! copp]m9es ( ,cornwall2 &1 _m ye>s ago1 a ve9 ( silv] ore 01 = a %ort "t1 wr\ght ) consid]able advantage 9 ! p>i% ( ,alva1 ,/irl+%ire1 ,scotl&4 ,x is said t f #dj1jjjl4 to #ej1jjjl4 wor? ( silv] 0 obta9$ f x be=e ! repository 0 exhau/$4 ,we are in=m$ t a mass ( capill>y native silv] 0 f\nd1 9 ve9s trav]s+ ! bluecol\r$ lime/one ( ,isla1 "o ( ! ,we/]n ,isl&s ( ,scotl&4 ,great quantities ( silv] are extract$ f lead4 ,!re 0 lately melt$ 9 "o ref9+ h\se 9 ,london #ej1jjjl4 wor? ( ?is metal1 f lead ( ! ,b]al/on m9es 9 ,devon%ire4 ,diff]5t me?ods are employ$1 9 diff]5t c\ntries1 to extract silv] f its ore4 ,9 ,mexico & ,p]u ! m9]al is p\nd$1 roa/$1 wa%$1 & !n mix$ ) m]cury 9 vessels fill$ ) wat]2 a mill be+ employ$ = ! m p]fectly agitat+ & m+l+ !m4 ,by ?is process ! silv] comb9es ) ! m]cury4 ,! alloy ?us obta9$1 aft] und]go+ "s fur!r processes1 is submitt$ to ! action ( heat1 by :i* ! m]cury passes (f 9 a /ate ( vap\r1 leav+ ! silv] beh9d4 ,! silv] is !n melt$ & ca/ into b>s or +ots4 ,9 o!r c\ntries1 aft] ! e>?y matt]s are cle>$ f ! silv] ore by p\nd+ & wa%+1 ! rema9d] is melt$ ) lead3 :i*1 by a subsequ5t process1 is sep>at$1 & leaves ! silv] alone & pure4 ,?is metal ranks next 9 value to gold4 ,l gold1 x is co9$ into money1 & is manufactur$ into v>i\s k9ds ( ut5sils1 su* z goblets1 vases1 spoons1 & di%es1 :i* h ! g5]al appellation ( silv] plate4 ,= all ^! purposes x is alloy$ ) copp]1 :i* does n affect its :it5ess1 & is n easily detect$1 unless x be 9 too great proportion3 ! int5tion ( ?is is to r5d] x h>d] ?an x w\ld o!rwise be1 & !reby ! bett] to adapt x to receive f9e & %>p impressions on be+ ca/4 ,our /&>d silv] is compos$ ( some:at m ?an #ab p>ts ( pure metal & "o "p ( copp]2 & ! metal ( ?is /&>d is us$1 bo? = silv] plate1 & 9 ! co9age4 ,! m>k or /amp :i* is giv5 to x at ,goldsmi?s' ,hall is simil> to t :i* has be5 expla9$ = /]l+ gold4 ,aft] plat9a 7#bbf7 & gold 7#bbg71 silv] is consid]$ ! mo/ un*angeable ( all metals4 ,! air does n easily act ^u its surface 9 su* mann] z to injure x2 b1 :5 long expos$ to ! atmosph]e1 especially 9 frequ5t$ or smoky places1 x acquires a cov]+ or ru/ ( d>k br[n col\r1 :i*1 on exam9ation1 is f\nd to be :at *emi/s d5om9ate sulphuret ( silv]4 ,! fumes ( sulphur & o!r inflammable sub/ances black5 silv]4 ,v>i\s p[d]s h be5 contriv$ ) a view to re/ore to plate its orig9al lu/re2 b ^! %\ld be us$ ) caution1 z "s ( !m are v injuri\s4 ,silv] is ne>ly z ductile z gold4 ,x may be beat5 into leaves s ?9 t a s+le gra9 9 weight w cov] a space ( m ?an fifty"o in*es2 & x may be drawn into wire mu* f9] ?an a human hair1 inde$ s f9e t a s+le gra9 ( silv] has1 9 ?is =m1 be5 ext5d$ ne>ly to ! l5g? ( #djj feet4 ,x is ?is wire gild$ t has ! "n ( gold wire2 & :at is d5om9at$ gold lace 7#bbg7 is b flatt$ silv] ?read gilt1 twi/$ r\nd silk1 & wov54 ,! plat+ ( copp] ) silv] is a v useful op]ation1 & is ?us p]=m$4 ,plates ( silv] are b\nd ) iron wire1 ^u small +ots ( copp]4 ,! quantity g5]ally all[$ is "o ounce ( silv] to twelve ounces ( copp]4 ,! surface ( ! plate ( silv] is made n q s l>ge z t ( ! copp]2 & ^u ! edges ( ! copp]1 :i* are n cov]$ by ! silv]1 a little borax 7#bjd7 is put4 ,by expos+ ! :ole to a /rong heat1 ! borax melts2 &1 9 melt+1 contributes to fuse t "p ( ! silv] to :i* x is contigu\s1 & to atta* x1 9 t /ate1 to ! copp]4 ,! +ot1 ) its silv] plate1 is !n roll$ betwe5 /eel roll]s mov$ by ma*9]y1 till x is ( prop] ?ickness4 ,x is aft]w>ds cut into su* sizes & to su* %apes z may be requir$ = use4 ,an ounce ( silv] is ?us (t5 roll$ out into a surface ( ?ree squ>e feet1 hav+ its ?ickness1 ^u ! copp]1 n m ?an ! ?ree?\s&? "p ( an in*4 ,h5ce we ought n to be surpris$ at ! silv] be+ soon worn f ! %>p edges ( plat$ goods4 ,to prev5t ?is1 x is cu/om>y1 ) ! be/ articles1 to h all ! edges1 & ! p>ts liable to be worn1 =m$1 to a consid]able ?ickness1 ( silv]4 ,:at is call$ ,fr5* plate is made by heat+ copp]1 or m frequ5tly1 brass1 to a c]ta9 degree1 !n apply+ leafsilv] to ! surface1 & /rongly rubb+ x ) a burni%]4 ,! durability ( ?is plat+ dep5ds ( c\rse on ! numb] ( leaves :i* are appli$ on a giv5 surface4 ,= ornam5ts t are n mu* us$ t5 leaves may be suffici5t2 b a hundr$ w n la/ long1 if ! metal be expos$ to frequ5t h&l+ or wa%+4 ,besides ! above1 !re are v>i\s modes ( silv]+ metal articles1 or1 z x is call$1 wa%+ !m ) silv]4 ,all ^! are p]=m$ by diff]5t *emical prep>ations ( ?is metal4 ,! article d5om9at$ %ellsilv]1 us$ by pa9t]s1 is prep>$1 by c>efully gr9d+ silv]leaf1 ) a little honey or gum wat] ^u a slab1 or 9 a mort>1 & sep>at+ ! honey or gum by means ( wat]4 ,:5 ?is is wa%$ away1 ! silv] may be put on pap]1 or kept 9 %ells1 = use4 ,:5 x is to be us$1 x mu/ aga9 be dilut$ ) gum wat]4 ,! application ( silv]leaf = ! silv]+ ( pap] or wood is simil> to t ( goldleaf 7#bbg74 ,silv]1 dissolv$ 9 aqua =tis 7nitric acid1 #cj71 yields cry/als1 :i*1 aft]w>ds melt$ 9 crucibles1 =m t grey mass usually call$ lun> cau/ic1 & by *emi/s nitrat ( silv]4 ,?is prep>ation is ( consid]able use 9 surgical cases1 be+ employ$ to keep d[n fung\s or pr\d fle%1 9 w\nds & ulc]s1 & also = ! consum+ ( w>ts1 small w5s1 & o!r excresc5ces ^u ! sk94 ,x is likewise1 ?\gh a mo/ viol5t m$ic9e1 sometimes giv5 int]nally1 b 9 v small doses1 to p]sons subject to epileptic fits4 ,! liquid 9 :i* ! silv] is dissolv$ becomes excessively cau/ic4 ,x gives to ! sk91 ! hair1 & almo/ all animal sub/ances1 an indelible black col\r4 ,h5ce x is (t5 us$ z a specific = dye+ ! human hair4 ,no p]son1 h[ev]1 w\ld employ x = ?is purpose1 :o 0 acqua9t$ ) its injuri\s qualities1 n only to ! hair itself1 b also to ! sk91 if p]mitt$ to come 9 contact ) x4 ,! article call$ indelible1 or p]man5t m>k+ ink1 = m>k+ l951 & o!r we>+ app>el1 is =m$ by dissolv+1 9 a glass mort>1 two dra*ms ( nitrat ( silv]1 9 six dra*ms ( pure wat]1 & !n add+ to !m two dra*ms1 by measure1 ( ?ick gum wat]4 ,?is is ! ink = writ+ on ! l954--,9 ano!r vessel dissolve half an ounce ( salt ( t>t>1 or ( ! subc>bonat ( soda1 ( comm]ce1 9 f\r ounces ( wat]2 & add to ! solution half an ounce1 by measure1 ( ?ick gum wat]4 ,?is =ms ! prep>atory liquor4 ,) ?is ! l95 is to be ?or\ghly wett$ at ! "p int5d$ to be m>k$4 ,! l95 is to be dri$1 & !n to be writt5 ^u by a clean p5 dipp$ 9 ! m>k+ ink4 ,! lett]s w at fir/ be pale1 b by exposure to light & heat1 !y w soon become black2 & be s p]man5tly fix$1 t no wa%+ nor blea*+ c efface !m4 ,! att5tion ( ! curi\s has ( late be5 turn$ to a v extraord9>y comp\nd call$ fulm9at+ silv]1 :i* explodes )\t heat1 & ) ev5 ! slighte/ degree ( friction4 ,( ?is comp\nd little fulm9at+ balls h be5 made4 ,^! are globules ( ?9 glass1 ea* some:at l>g] ?an a pea1 & conta9+ a gra9 or two ( fulm9at+ silv]4 ,aft] ! silv] is put 91 x is secur$ by a piece ( s(t pap]1 pa/$ ov] ! ball1 s z completely to cov] x4 ,^! balls explode by m]ely cru%+ !m "u ! heel ( ! %oe4 ,:at are call$ fulm9at+ bombs are simil> balls1 b ( ! size ( hazel nuts4 ,no "o %\ld attempt to explode ^! by cru%+ !m ) ! %oe1 z _! explosive effect is s viol5t z sometimes to prove injuri\s4 ,fulm9at+ silv] requires ! utmo/ c>e4 ,x %\ld nev] be put into phials1 nor %\ld x be 9 any way h&l$ s z to produce mu* friction4 ,x is ! mo/ dang]\s prep>ation t is kn[n4 ,! m]e t\* ( a h>d sub/ance w sometimes explode x2 & its v prep>ation is s haz>d\s t ?is ought nev] to be attempt$ )\t a mask ^u ! face ) /rong glass eyes4 ,! foll[+ are ?ree pleas+ exp]im5ts ) prep>ations ( silv]3 #a4 ,mix or amalgamate toge!r f\r p>ts ( silv] leaf ) two p>ts ( m]cury 7#bbh7 & dissolve ?is 9 dilut$ aqua =tis4 ,to ! solution add z mu* wat] z w be equal to ?irty times ! weight ( ! metals employ$4 ,p\r a portion ( ! above mixture into a phial1 & place at ! bottom a small piece ( silv]4 ,aft] x has /ood a:ile1 little filam5ts ( silv] w be se5 to %oot up f x some:at 9 ! =m ( a %rub4 ,?is app>5t vegetation is popul>ly call$ ! tree ( ,diana4 #b4 ,a production ne>ly simil> may be obta9$ by add+ a little quicksilv] to a solution ( nitrat ( silv] 9 wat]4 #c4 ,drop ^u a clean plate ( copp] a small quantity ( solution ( lun> cau/ic1 or nitrat ( silv]4 ,9 a %ort "t a metallic vegetation w be p]ceptible1 bran*+ out 9 pleas+ =ms1 & 9 v>i\s directions4 #bcj4 ,,copp] is a r$ or orangecol\r$ metal1 ab\t n9e times heavi] ?an wat]4 ,x is ! mo/ sonor\s ( all metals1 &1 except iron1 ! mo/ ela/ic4 ,x is f\nd "u a great v>iety ( =ms1 sometimes 9 masses ( pure metal1 b1 m frequ5tly1 9 comb9ation ) o!r sub/ances1 p>ticul>ly sulphur4 ,!re are valuable copp] m9es 9 e qu>t] ( ! _w2 & ! use ( copp] is probably ( great] antiquity ?an t ( any o!r metal4 ,x is m5tion$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t2 &1 at a v e>ly p]iod1 dome/ic ut5sils & in/rum5ts ( w> 7 made ( bronze1 or a comp\nd ( copp] & t94 ,ev5 dur+ ! ,trojan w>1 z we le>n f ,hom]1 ! combatants _h no o!r arm\r ?an :at 0 made ( bronze4 ,! ,greek & ,roman sculptors are said to h execut$ f9e works ( art 9 porphyry1 granite1 & o!r h>d m9]als1 by means ( copp] in/rum5ts2 :5ce hi/orians h be5 induc$ to believe t ! anci5ts possess$ ! secret ( r5d]+ ?is metal z h>d z /eel3 "s ( !m ev5 imag9$ t !y _h ! means ( conv]t+ x into /eel4 ,copp] is v abundant 9 sev]al p>ts ( ,great ,brita91 p>ticul>ly 9 ! isl& ( ,anglesea4 ,! copp] m9es ( ,anglesea are situat$ on ! top ( a m\nta91 & =m an enorm\s cavity m ?an five hundr$ y>ds long1 a hundr$ y>ds broad1 & a hundr$ y>ds deep4 ,! ore is got f ! m9e by pickaxes1 & bla/+ ) gunp[d]4 ,x is !n brok5 ) hamm]s into small pieces1 an op]ation :i* is *iefly p]=m$ by wom5 & *ildr54 ,aft] ?is1 x is pil$ into kilns ( great l5g?1 & ea* ab\t six feet high2 f ! upp] p>ts ( :i* flues are atta*$ t communicate ) :at are call$ sulphur *amb]s4 ,! kilns are closely cov]$2 & fires are light$ 9 diff]5t p>ts1 t ! ore may und]go ! process ( roa/+4 ,! :ole mass gradually k9dles1 & ! sulphur1 :i* is comb9$ ) ! ore1 is expell$ 9 fumes1 by ! heat1 & is convey$1 ?r\gh ! flues1 to ! sulphur *amb]4 ,?is process occupies f ?ree to t5 mon?s1 accord+ to ! size ( ! kilns2 &1 dur+ t p]iod1 ! sulphur *amb] is cle>$ f\r or five times4 ,:5 ! op]ation is complete1 or ! ore is fre$ f ! sulphur1 x is tak5 to places d5om9at$ slack+ pits4 ,x is subsequ5tly convey$ to ! smelt+ h\ses1 :]e1 by int5se heat1 ! pure metal is drawn (f 9 a fluid /ate4 ,z ! wat]1 :i* passes ?r\gh sev]al p>ts ( ! ,p>is m9e1 is /rongly impregnat$ ) sulphat ( copp] 7#bji71 or copp] held 9 solution by sulphuric acid 7#bd71 ! proprietors turn ! c\rse ( ?is wat] ?r\gh c]ta9 l>ge & %all[ pits1 :i* !y h =m$ = ! purpose1 & 9 ea* ( :i* !y place a quantity ( iron4 ,a decomposition "h takes place3 ! iron is corrod$1 &1 at l5g?1 entirely dissolv$1 & ! copp]1 9 ! =m ( a br[n mud1 falls to ! bottom4 ,"o ton weight ( iron1 ?us imm]s$1 w produce ne>ly two tons ( copp] mud1 ea* ( :i*1 :5 melt$1 w yield sixte5 hundr$ weight ( metal4 ,?is mode ( obta9+ copp] is said to h be5 an accid5tal discov]y f "o ( ! workm51 sev]al ye>s ago1 hav+ left a %ovel 9 ! wat]1 :i*1 :5 aft]w>ds tak5 out1 appe>$ *ang$ into copp]4 ,! magnitude ( ! above m5tion$ copp] works may readily be conceiv$1 :5 x is /at$ t ! b$s ( ore are1 9 "s places1 m ?an sixty feet 9 dep?3 t ! proprietors employ m ?an #ajjj workm52 & t !y %ip1 f ! adjac5t port ( ,amlw*1 upw>ds ( #bj1jjj tons ( copp]1 annually4 ,!re is at ,ecton1 9 ,/af=d%ire1 a copp] m9e :i* is n[ work$ at ! dep? ( #adaf feet bel[ ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,?is is ! deepe/ m9e 9 ,engl&4 ,! uses ( copp] are num]\s & important4 ,:5 roll$ into %eets1 betwixt l>ge iron cyl9d]s1 x is employ$ = ! cov]+ ( h\ses1 %ea?+ ! bottoms ( %ips1 & o!r purposes4 ,z a cov]+ = h\ses1 copp] is light] ?an slate1 b :e!r x be m durable has n be5 yet asc]ta9$4 ,! copp]+ ( %ips t5ds to facilitate _! progress ?r\gh ! wat]1 by pres5t+ a smoo!r surface ?an t ( wood1 & n p]mitt+ %ell animals to fa/5 to x z !y d to wood4 ,x likewise pres]ves ! bottoms ( ! %ips f be+ punctur$ by m>9e worms2 & consequ5tly secures to !m a long] duration ?an !y w\ld o!rwise h4 ,plates1 or flat pieces ( copp]1 are us$ by arti/s = engrav+ pictures ^u1 ei!r by cutt+ !m ) a %>p /eel in/rum5t1 or corrod+ !m ) aqua =tis 7#bjf71 9 l9es drawn by a ne$le ?r\gh a ?9 coat ( wax spread ^u _! surface4 ,copp] is manufactur$ into v>i\s k9ds ( cook+ ut5sils4 ,great c>e1 h[ev]1 ought to be tak5 t acid liquors1 or ev5 wat] int5d$ = dr9k+1 or to be mix$ ) food1 be n suff]$ to /& long 9 su* vessels1 o!rwise !y w dissolve s mu* ( ! metal z to give !m disagreeable & ev5 poison\s qualities4 ,yet1 x is rem>kable t1 :ile acid liquors are kept boil+1 !y d n seem to dissolve any ( ! metal4 ,h5ce x is t confection]s1 by skilful managem5t1 prep>e ! mo/ acid syrups 9 copp] vessels1 )\t _! receiv+ any unpleasant ta/e or injuri\s quality f ! metal4 ,all vessels =m$ ( ?is metal :i* are employ$ 9 cook]y1 ought to h _! inn] surface cov]$ ) a coat ( t9 7#bch74 ,z copp] does n1 l iron1 /rike fire by collision1 x has on ?is1 z well z on "s o!r acc\nts1 be5 sub/itut$ = iron 9 ! ma*9]y :i* is employ$ 9 gunp[d] mills4 ,x is also made into wat] pipes1 & sometimes into sa% frames4 ,"u ! hamm] x is capable ( be+ beat5 into ?9 leaves l gold4 ,copp] wire is mu* employ$ by bellhang]s & o!r artisans4 ,! fil+s ( ?is metal are us$ = giv+ a gre5 col\r to "s k9ds ( artificial fireworks4 ,sev]al prep>ations ( copp] are employ$ 9 m$ic9e1 "s ( !m int]nally1 & o!rs ext]nally2 b mo/ ( ! =m] are viol5tly emetic4 ,v]digris is a ru/ or oxide 7#ba7 ( copp]1 usually prep>$ f t metal by corrod+ x ) v9eg>4 ,!re is a l>ge manufactory ( v]digris at ,montpeli] 9 ,france4 ,! workm5 place alt]nate /rata ( copp] plates & husks ( grapes1 ! latt] ( :i* spe$ily become acid & corrode ! metal4 ,! v]digris1 ?us =m$1 is scrap$ (f z x collects on ! surface2 x is aft]w>ds dri$1 & put 9 bags or casks = sale4 ,a manufactory ( v]digris has lately be5 e/abli%$ at ,dept=d1 ne> ,london4 ,a solution ( ?is sub/ance 9 di/ill$ v9eg> af=ds p]man5t cry/als1 :i* are improp]ly call$ di/ill$ v]digris1 & are made into a gre5 pa9t4 ,v]digris is pr9cipally consum$ by dy]s 9 comb9ation ) logwood1 = /rik+ a black col\r4 ,x is a virul5t poison4 ,oxide ( copp] is employ$ = giv+ a beautiful gre5 col\r to porcela94 ,x also imp>ts ! same col\r to glass1 & h5ce is frequ5tly employ$ = ! =mation ( artificial em]alds4 ,alloys ( ,copp]4 ,( all metals t are kn[n1 copp] is ! mo/ susceptible ( alloy4 ,! mo/ frequ5t & useful ( ^! alloys are made ) copp] & z9c1 9 diff]5t proportions4 ,brass is an alloy compos$ ( ?ree p>ts ( copp]1 & ab\t a f\r? "p ( z9c 7#bda74 ,x is a beautiful1 useful1 & wellkn[n yell[ metal4 ,n be+ s apt to t>ni% & ru/ z copp]1 & be+1 9 o!r respects1 bett] adapt$ = ! purpose ?an t metal1 x is mu* us$ = clock"w1 & = ma!matical & a/ronomical in/rum5ts4 ,x is m ductile ?an ei!r copp] or iron1 & h5ce is peculi>ly fitt$ to be made into wire1 = ! /r+s ( musical in/rum5ts1 & o!r purposes4 ,sieves are wov5 ) brass wire1 aft] ! mann] ( cambric weav+1 & ( su* extreme f95ess t simil> ones c\ld n possibly be made ) copp] wire4 ,brass wire1 flatt$ & gild$1 is sometimes made into lace4 ,! f9e/ brass is manufactur$ at ,g5eva4 ,x unites great beauty ( col\r to a high degree ( ductility2 & is us$ *iefly = escapem5t :eels1 & o!r nic] p>ts ( wat*mak+4 ,= "w 9 :i* !re is no friction x is necess>y to cov] brass ) a k9d ( v>ni% or laqu]1 to improve its col\r1 & prev5t x f be+ t>ni%$ by exposure to ! atmosph]e4 ,pr9ce's ,metal1 or ,p9*beck1 is an alloy conta9+ ?ree p>ts ( z9c 7#bda71 & f\r ( copp]4 ,?is metal has ne>ly ! same col\r z gold1 & 0 =m]ly mu* 9 use = ! manufacture ( ornam5tal articles ( diff]5t k9ds4 ,dut* ,gold is =m$ by ! cem5tation ( copp]plates ) calam9e 7#bda71 hamm]$ out into leaves4 ,?is article is *iefly manufactur$ 9 ,holl& & ,g]many1 & has ab\t five times ! ?ickness ( gold leaf4 ,bronze1 & ! metal ( :i* cannons are made1 consi/ ( f six to twelve p>ts ( t9 7#bch7 comb9$ ) #ajj p>ts ( copp]4 ,?is alloy is brittle1 heavi] ?an copp]1 & ( a yell[ col\r4 ,be=e ! me?od ( work+ iron 0 br\ght to p]fection1 x 0 us$ by ! anci5ts = ! manufacture ( %>ppo9t$ in/rum5ts2 & x is suppos$ to h be5 ! s or brass ( ! ,romans4 ,bell ,metal1 or ! metal ( :i* bells are =m$1 is usually compos$ ( ?ree p>ts ( copp] & "o ( t94 ,its col\r is greyi% :ite2 & x is v h>d1 sonor\s1 & ela/ic4 ,bronze & bell metal are n1 h[ev]1 always made ( copp] & t9 only4 ,!y frequ5tly h o!r admixtures1 consi/+ ( lead1 z9c1 or ars5ic4 ,bellmak]s sometimes abuse ! vulg> cr$ulity by pret5d+ t !y add a c]ta9 quantity ( silv] to ! alloy1 = ! purpose ( r5d]+ ! bells m melodi\s3 b !y are bett] acqua9t$ ) _! bus9ess ?an to employ s valuable a metal 9 ! op]ation4 ,:ite ,copp] is an alloy compos$ ( equal p>ts ( copp] & ars5ic 7#bdb74 ,! metal produc$ by ?is mixture is ( a :iti% col\r1 b ) a copp]y t+e4 ,x is fre$ f ! latt] by be+ melt$ sev]al times2 &1 by ?is process1 is at la/ r5d]$ z :ite z silv]4 ,:ite copp] is v brittle2 b1 if ! ars5ic be evaporat$ by heat1 x resumes its ductility1 & /ill pres]ves its :ite col\r4 ,:5 ! op]ation is well p]=m$1 x is easy1 at ! fir/ glance1 to mi/ake :ite copp] = silv]2 b ! diff]5ce may imm$iately be asc]ta9$ f ! prop]ties inh]5t to ! two metals4 ,:ite copp] is employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( _m k9ds ( tr9kets3 & ( a great numb] ( dome/ic ut5sils2 su* z teapots1 c(feepots1 & c&le/icks4 #bca4 ,,mala*ite is a solid gre5 copp] ore1 ! surface ( :i* has frequ5tly a bubbl$ appe>ance1 & ! int]ior is m>k$ ) num]\s irregul> zones1 & lay]s ( diff]5t %ades ( gre54 ,x is some:at m ?an ?ree times z heavy z wat]1 & is s s(t z to be easily scrat*$ by a knife4 ,9 its appe>ance1 mala*ite some:at resembles gre5 jasp]2 b x is by no means s h>d4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 capable ( be+ cut & poli%$ z a gem1 & is manufactur$ into v>i\s k9ds ( tr9kets1 :i* ( late ye>s h be5 mu* 9 reque/ = necklaces1 broo*es1 & bracelets4 ,x is also cut into slabs1 & m\nt$ into snuffboxes4 ,su* is ! size ( :i* x is sometimes f\nd1 t ,m4 ,patr9 saw1 at ,pet]sburgh1 a plate ( mala*ite ?irtytwo in*es long & sev5te5 in*es broad1 :i* 0 valu$ at #bj1jjj livres2 b ! f9e/ specim5s 9 ,europe are "s slabs t are adapt$ z ! tops ( tables1 sidebo>ds1 c4 at ,trianon1 9 ! ,p>k ( ,v]sailles3 ! l>ge/ ( ^! are ne>ly f\r feet 9 l5g? & two feet wide4 ,!y may inde$ h be5 =m$ by v>i\s pieces jo9$ toge!r2 b1 if s1 ! jo9ts are s completely conceal$ z n to be discov]able ev5 by ! close/ exam9ation4 ,mala*ite is sometimes employ$ = ! engrav+ ( cameos1 b is seldom cut 9 intaglio4 ,small] pieces ( ?is sub/ance1 t are us$ = tr9kets1 are ab\t ! same value z c>nelian4 ,indep5d5tly ( its use1 9 ! above respects1 & also z an ore ( copp]1 mala*ite1 :5 pure1 is gr\nd into p[d]1 & employ$ z a gre5 pigm5t4 ,! ,vosges ,m\nta9s 9 ,lorra9e1 & c]ta9 copp] m9es ( ,saxony1 are celebrat$ = produc+ v f9e specim5s ( mala*ite4 ,?is beautiful m9]al is also f\nd 9 our own c\ntry1 9 ! copp] m9es ( ,cornwall & ,wales4 #bcb4 ,,turquoise4 ,! beautiful light blue sub/ances t are call$ turquoises h usually be5 consid]$ z ! bones or tee? ( animals1 impregnat$ ) blue oxide 7#ba7 ( copp]2 b !y are sometimes f\nd 9 nodules :i* are c]ta9ly n ( an osse\s nature4 ,turquoises are frequ5tly set 9 r+s1 necklaces1 broo*es1 & o!r female ornam5ts4 ,9 ,p]sia !y are v common2 &1 among/ ! ,turks1 are held 9 su* e/imation t p]sons ( rank almo/ con/antly we> !m 9 "s "p ( _! dress1 z r+/ones1 & to adorn ! h&les ( /ilettoes4 ,!y are import$ into ,engl& f ,russia1 /uck ) pit* ^u ! ends ( /raws2 because if mix$ toge!r 9 p>cels1 ! pur*as] w\ld n easily be able1 9 turn+ !m ov]1 to obs]ve _! col\r1 & asc]ta9 _! value4 ,9 ! turquoise !re is no?+ t c recomm5d x to notice except ! agreeable s(tness ( its col\r1 :i* is p>ticul>ly di/+ui%able by c&lelight2 ?is alone has r5d]$ x s fa%ionable z an ornam5t 9 female dress1 = r+s1 e>drops1 & broo*es1 t ! dem& = x is at pres5t great] ?an ! supply4 ,imitations ( turquoise are easily made 9 pa/e1 & n unfrequ5tly impos$ ^u ! ignorant pur*as]2 b 9 ^!1 ?\gh ! col\r is correctly giv51 !re is a glassy lu/re mu* high] ?an t ( ! real /one4 ,( late ye>s a spuri\s k9d ( turquoise has also f\nd its way into ,europe1 :i* is mu* s(t] ?an ! g5u9e k9d2 has m ( a gre5 ?an a blue ca/1 & is by no means capable ( s good a poli%4 #bcc4 ,,iron is a wellkn[n metal1 ( livid greyi% col\r1 h>d & ela/ic1 & capable ( receiv+ a high poli%4 ,its weight is ne>ly eight times z great z t ( wat]4 ,x is seldom f\nd 9 a truly native /ate1 b occurs1 abundantly1 9 almo/ e c\ntry ( ! _w1 9 a /ate ( oxide 7#ba71 & m9]aliz$ ) sulphuric 7#bd71 c>bonic 7#bf71 & o!r acids4 ,iron is f\nd 9 plants1 9 sev]al k9ds ( col\r$ /ones1 & ev5 9 ! blood ( animals4 ,( all ! metals !re are none :i*1 9 ! :ole1 are s useful1 or are s copi\sly & v>i\sly disp]s$ z iron4 ,its uses 7 asc]ta9$ at a v e>ly p]iod ( ! _w4 ,moses speaks ( furnaces = iron1 & ( ! ores f :i* x 0 extract$1 & tells u t swords1 knives1 axes1 & in/rum5ts = cutt+ /ones1 71 9 8 "t1 all made ( ?is metal4 ,! mo/ consid]able iron m9es at pres5t exi/+ are ^? 9 ,great ,brita9 & ,france4 ,aft] iron ore is dug out ( ! e>?1 x is cru%$ or brok5 into small pieces1 by ma*9]y4 ,x is next wa%$1 to deta* ! gross] p>ticles ( e>? :i* adh]e to x4 ,?is op]ation end$1 x is roa/$ 9 kilns1 =m$ = ! purpose1 by :i* ! sulphur1 & "s o!r sub/ances t are capable ( be+ sep>at$ by heat1 are deta*$4 ,x is !n ?r[n into a furnace1 mix$ ) a c]ta9 portion ( lime/one & *>coal1 to be melt$4 ,ne> ! bottom ( ! furnace !re is a taphole1 ?r\gh :i* ! liquid metal is dis*>g$ into furr[s made 9 a b$ ( s&4 ,! l>g] masses1 or ^? :i* fl[ into ! ma9 furr[1 are call$ s[s2 ! small] ones are d5om9at$ pigs ( iron2 & ! g5]al "n ( ! metal 9 ?is /ate is ca/ iron4 ,) u iron is employ$ 9 ?ree /ates1 ( ca/ iron1 wr\ght iron1 & /eel4 ,ca/ iron is di/+ui%able1 by its prop]ties ( be+1 9 g5]al1 s h>d z to resi/ bo? ! hamm] & ! file2 be+ extremely brittle1 & = ! mo/ "p1 ( a d>k grey or blacki% col\r4 ,a great numb] ( useful & important articles are =m$ ( ca/ iron1 su* z grates1 *imney backs1 pots1 boil]s1 pipes1 & cannon %ot4 ,^! are made by ca/+ ladles full ( ! liquid metal into m\lds t are %ap$1 = ! purpose1 9 sift$ s&4 ,wr\ght iron4 ,! process ( conv]t+ ca/ iron into wr\ght or malleable iron1 is call$ bloom+4 ,! ca/ iron is ?r[n into ! furnace1 & kept melt$ by ! flame ( combu/ibles :i* is made to play ^u its surface4 ,"h x is suff]$ to cont9ue = ab\t two h\rs1 a workman con/antly /irr+ x1 until1 not)/&+ ! cont9uance ( ! heat1 x gradually acquires consi/5cy1 & congeals4 ,x is !n tak5 out1 :ile hot1 & viol5tly beat5 ) a l>ge hamm] work$ by ma*9]y4 ,9 ?is /ate x is =m$ into b>s = sale4 ,! value ( iron is beyond all e/imate1 & inf9itely great] ?an ev5 t ( gold4 ,by means ( ?is metal ! e>? has be5 cultivat$ & subdu$4 ,)\t x h\ses1 cities1 & %ips1 c\ld n h be5 built2 & few arts c\ld h be5 practis$4 ,x =ms also ! ma*9]y by :i* ! mo/ useful & important me*anical p[]s are g5]at$ & appli$4 ,/eel is usually made by a process call$ cem5tation4 ,?is consi/s 9 keep+ b>s ( iron 9 contact ) p[d]$ *>coal1 dur+ a /ate ( ignition1 = sev]al h\rs1 9 e>!n tr\ghs1 or crucibles1 ! m\?s ( :i* are /opp$ up ) clay4 ,/eel1 if heat$ to r$ness1 & suff]$ to cool sl[ly1 becomes s(t2 b if plung$1 :il/ hot1 into cold wat]1 x acquires extreme h>dness4 ,x may be r5d]$ s h>d z ev5 to scrat* glass2 & at ! same "t1 x becomes m brittle & ela/ic ?an x 0 be=e4 ,al?\gh ?us h>d5$1 x may h its s(tness & ductility re/or$1 by be+ aga9 heat$1 & suff]$ to cool sl[ly4 ,a piece ( poli%$ /eel1 9 heat+1 assumes fir/ a /rawyell[ col\r1 !n a light] yell[1 next becomes purple1 !n violet1 !n r$1 next deep blue1 & at la/ ( all bright blue4 ,at ?is p]iod x becomes r$ hot1 ! col\rs disappe>1 & metallic scales are =m$ ^u1 & encru/ its surface4 ,all ^! diff]5t %ades ( col\r indicate ! diff]5t temp]s t ! /eel acquires by ! increase ( heat1 f t :i* r5d]s x prop] = files1 to t :i* fits x = ! manufacture ( wat* spr+s4 ,mr4 ,/odd>t has avail$ himself ( ?is prop]ty to give to surgical1 & o!r cutt+ in/rum5ts1 ^? degrees ( temp] :i* _! v>i\s uses require4 ,! k9d ( /eel :i* has be5 mo/ celebrat$ 9 ?is c\ntry is t import$ f ,syria "u ! "n ( ,damascus /eel4 ,g]many is also not$ = its /eel4 ,! be/ /eel manufactur$ 9 ,brita9 is kn[n by ! "n ( ca/ /eel2 & ! mak+ ( x1 al?\gh x 0 long kept a pr(\nd secret1 is n[ discov]$ to be a simple process4 ,x consi/s m]ely 9 fus+ x ) c>bonat ( lime 7#adj71 or 9 :at is call$ cem5tation1 ) *>coal p[d]1 9 a peculi> k9d ( furnace4 ,! iron produc$ 9 ,sw$5 is consid]$ sup]ior to t ( any o!r c\ntry 9 ,europe = ! manufacture ( /eel4 ,all k9ds ( edge tools1 :]e excell5ce is requir$1 are made ( /eel2 & a /eel in/rum5t may be imm$iately kn[n f an iron "o1 by lett+ fall ^u x a drop ( nitric acid or aqua =tis 7#bjf71 some:at dilut$ ) wat]4 ,if x be /eel1 ?is w occasion a black spot2 b if x be iron1 x w n h ?is effect4 ,/eel is attract$ by ! magnet1 & is capable ( receiv+ a p]man5t magnetic prop]ty1 :i* has l$ to ! discov]y ( ! m>9]'s compass4 ,_h iron be5 productive ( no o!r advantages to mank9d ?an ?is1 x w\ld on ?is acc\nt alone h be5 entitl$ to _! greate/ att5tion4 ,iron1 :5 expos$ to ! moi/ure ( ! atmosph]e1 becomes gradually cov]$ ) a br[n1 or yell[i% sub/ance1 kn[n by ! "n ( ru/1 :i*1 if suff]$ to cont9ue )\t int]ruption1 w corrode ! entire sub/ance ( ! iron4 ,! ru/ or oxide ( iron 7#ba7 is a sub/ance 9 consid]able reque/ by calico pr9t]s = a dye4 ,ironm\lds are spots on l95 occasion$ by its exposure to iron 9 damp situations2 ^! are removeable only by ! application ( an acid4 ,!re are v>i\s modes ( pres]v+ iron & /eel f ru/4 ,! foll[+ is recomm5d$ by an em95t ,fr5* *emi/ z "o ( ! be/4 ,mix copal v>ni%1 made greasy ) oil1 ) ab\t f\rfif?s ( ! be/ _s ( turp5t9e4 ,apply ?is by means ( a sponge1 ov] ! :ole surface1 & all[ x to dry4 ,?is v>ni% may be successfully us$ = all ! metals2 & p>ticul>ly = ! pres]vation ( su* philosophical in/rum5ts z1 by be+ br\ght into contact ) wat]1 are liable to lose _! spl5d\r1 & become t>ni%$4 #bcd4 ,,meteoric ,,/ones are a species ( iron ore1 :i* h at diff]5t times be5 kn[n to fall f ! atmosph]e4 ,!y h be5 se5 only 9 %apeless masses1 ( f a few ounces to sev]al hundr$ p\nds 9 weight4 ,_! texture is granul>4 ,!y are cov]$ ext]nally ) a ?9 blacki% cru/1 & are1 int]nally1 ( an a%y grey col\r1 mix$ ) %9+ m9ute p>ticles4 ,!re is suffici5t evid5ce to %[ t solid masses ( /one h be5 obs]v$ to fall f ! air at a p]iod consid]ably ant]ior to ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,not)/&+ ?is1 s v extraord9>y 0 ! ph5om5on1 t1 until ! ye> #ahjb1 x 0 g5]ally reg>d$ by philosoph]s z a vulg> error4 ,mr4 ,h[>d1 9 t ye>1 submitt$ to ! ,royal ,society a pap] :i* conta9$ an accurate exam9ation ( ! te/imonies connect$ ) ev5ts ( ?is k9d2 & describ$ a m9ute analysis ( sev]al ( ! sub/ances :i* _h be5 said to h fall5 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! globe4 ,! result ( 8 exam9ation 0 t all ^! /ony bodies diff] completely f e o!r kn[n /one2 t !y all resemble ea* o!r1 & are all compos$ ( ! same +r$i5ts4 ,! greate/ numb] ( ! /ones :i* h fall5 f ! air h be5 prec$$ by ! appe>ance ( lum9\s bodies or meteors4 ,^! meteors h bur/ ) an explosion1 & !n ! %[] ( /ones has fall5 to ! e>?4 ,sometimes ! /ones h cont9u$ lum9\s until !y sunk into ! e>?1 b mo/ commonly _! lum9\sness disappe>$ at ! "t ( ! explosion4 ,_! motion ?r\gh ! air is surpris+ly rapid1 9 a direction ne>ly horizontal2 b !y seem to approa* ! e>? be=e !y explode4 ,9 _! flight !y h frequ5tly be5 he>d to yield a l\d :izz+ s\nd4 ,!y are hot :5 !y fir/ rea* ! e>?2 & exhibit1 on _! surface1 visible m>ks ( fusion4 ,a g5]al tradition has prevail$ 9 almo/ all ages1 & among/ all p1 ( ! fall ( solid bodies f ! atmosph]e1 "u v>i\s d5om9ations1 b1 ) u1 m p>ticul>ly1 "u t ( ?und]bolts4 ,9 b>b>\s & unciviliz$ c\ntries1 ^! h usually be5 ascrib$ to ! miracul\s judgm5t ( ! deity2 & !y may be consid]$ z ! true orig9 ( ! wor%ip ( /ones4 ,! image ( ,diana1 m5tion$ 9 ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 z believ$ by ! ,ephesians to h fall5 d[n f ,jupit]1 & ! ,palladium or sacr$ /atue ( ,m9]va1 :i* also is said to h fall5 f ,heav51 & to h be5 pres]v$ 9 ,troy1 z a treasure1 on ! safety ( :i* t ( ! city dep5d$1 _h ea*1 no d\bt1 ?is orig94 ,! ,psalmi/ evid5tly alludes to ! fall+ ( meteoric /ones1 :51 speak+ ( ! ,almighty1 he says1 8,he made d>kness 8 secret place2 8 pavilion r\nd ab\t him ) d>k wat]1 & ?ick cl\ds to cov] him4 ,at ! brightness ( 8 pres5ce 8 cl\ds remov$2 hail/ones & coals ( fire4 ,! ,"l also ?und]$ out ( ,heav51 & ! ,highe/ gave 8 ?und]2 hail/ones & coals ( fire40 ,among num]\s o!r in/ances ( ^! /ones1 x is record$ t1 on ! sev5? ( ,novemb]1 #adib1 betwixt elev5 & twelve o'clock at noon1 a dreadful clap ( ?und] 0 he>d at ,ensi%eim1 a consid]able t[n 9 ,alsace1 & t a huge /one 0 se5 to fall on a field lately s[n ) :eat4 ,on sev]al ( ! neighb\rs go+ to ! place1 ! hole x _h =m$ 0 f\nd to be ab\t ?ree feet 9 dep?1 & ! /one :5 dug out1 weigh$ two hundr$ & sixty p\nds4 ,x 0 pres]v$ 9 ! ca!dral ( ,ensi%eim until ! beg9n+ ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 :5 x 0 convey$ to ! public libr>y at ,colm>4 ,!re are 9 ! ,briti% ,museum two small pieces ( ?is /one1 & fragm5ts ( sev]al o!r meteoric /ones :i* h fall5 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w4 ,two /ones fell ne> ,v]ona 9 ,italy1 9 ! ye> #afgb1 "o ( :i* weigh$ ?ree hundr$1 & ! o!r two hundr$ p\nds4 ,mr4 ,s[]by1 ! publi%] ( ,engli% ,botany1 & ( sev]al o!r highly e/imable works1 possess$ a meteoric /one :i* fell ne> ,wold ,newton 9 ,york%ire1 9 ! aft]noon ( ! ?irte5? ( ,decemb]1 #agie1 & weigh$ fiftysix p\nds4 ,:il/ ?is /one 0 9 motion ?r\gh ! air1 sev]al p]sons p]ceiv$ a body pass+ along ! cl\ds1 al?\gh !y 7 unable to asc]ta9 :at x 04 ,x pass$ ov] sev]al diff]5t villages1 & 0 also accurately & di/9ctly he>d4 ,! day 0 foggy2 &1 ?\gh !re 0 "s ?und] & lightn+ at a di/ance1 x 0 n until ! /one fell t an explosion took place :i* al>m$ all ! adjac5t c\ntry2 & creat$1 di/9ctly1 a s5sation t some?+ v extraord9>y _h happ5$4 ,a %eph]d belong+ to ,capta9 ,topham 0 )9 a hundr$ & fifty y>ds ( ! place :]e x fell2 ,george ,sawd51 a c>p5t]1 )9 sixty y>ds2 & ,john ,%epley1 "o ( ,capta9 ,topham's f>m+ s]vants1 0 s ne> t he 0 =cibly /ruck by "s ( ! mud & e>? t 7 rais$ by ! /one da%+ into ! gr\nd4 ,9 its fall ! /one excavat$ a place n9ete5 in*es 9 dep? 7sev5 in*es ( :i* 7 9 a solid rock ( *alk71 & some:at m ?an ?ree feet 9 diamet]1 fix+ itself s firmly t "s lab\r 0 requir$ to dig x out4 ,ano!r /one ( consid]able size fell 9 ,scotl& on ! fif? ( ,april1 #agjd4 ,a mi/y commotion 0 obs]v$ 9 ! atmosph]e1 &1 ne>ly at ! "t ( ! /one fall+1 a report 0 he>d z l\d z if ?ree or f\r cannon _h be5 fir$ at a little di/ance4 ,! report 0 succe$$ by a viol5t ru%+ or :izz+ noise2 &1 almo/ imm$iately aft]w>ds1 ! /one fell into a dra91 9 ! pres5ce ( two m5 & two boys1 spla%+ ! wat] to a di/ance ( tw5ty feet ar\nd4 ,! /one1 :5 dug out1 0 f\nd to h sunk ab\t eighte5 in*es into ! e>?4 ,on ! fif? ( ,novemb]1 #ahad1 ab\t half pa/ f\r o'clock 9 ! aft]noon1 a dreadful peal ( ?und] 0 he>d 9 ! ,doab 9 ,p]sia1 & 0 imm$iately succe$$ by a %[] ( l>ge /ones1 _m ( !m f tw5tysix to ?irty p\nds weight ea*4 ,sev]al inhabitants ( ! adjac5t c\ntry 7 pres5t at ! "t2 & n few] ?an n9ete5 ( ! /ones 7 collect$4 ,pr(essor ,pallas1 _m ye>s ago1 discov]$ ly+ on ! surface ( a hill 9 ,sib]ia1 a mass ( native iron1 :i* weigh$ #afhj p\nds4 ,x 0 consid]$ by ! natives z a holy relic1 & 0 believ$ by !m to h fall5 f heav54 ,m4 de ,b\ga9ville1 ! ,fr5* circumnavigator1 discov]$1 on ! banks ( ! riv] ,la ,plata1 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 an enorm\s mass ( native iron1 :i* he calculat$ to h weigh$ ab\t #ajj1jjj p\nds4 ,& a mass ( native iron1 appe>+ 9 e respect to h be5 ( meteoric orig91 01 "s ye>s ago1 discov]$ 9 ! di/rict ( ,/4 ,jago del ,e/ro1 9 ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,x 0 9 ! middle ( a great pla91 & _h no rock nor m\nta9 ne> x1 & 0 calculat$ to h weigh$ ab\t ?irty tons4 ,! orig9 ( meteoric /ones is involv$ 9 great obscurity4 ,"s writ]s h imag9$ t !y might be project$ f di/ant volcanoes2 o!rs1 t !y may h be5 deta*$ f rocks1 & _h _! sub/ance consid]ably *ang$ by a concurr5ce ( natural causes2 o!rs1 t !y may h be5 g5]at$ 9 ! air by a comb9ation ( m9]al sub/ances2 & o!rs1 t !y may h be5 project$ f ! moon4 ,! latt] 0 ! op9ion ( ,la ,place ! a/ronom]1 :o says t a mass1 if ?r[n by a volcano f ! moon1 ) a velocity ( ab\t a mile & half p] second1 x w !nce be project$ beyond ! sph]e ( ! moon's attraction1 & into ! conf9es ( t ( ! e>?2 ! consequ5ce ( :i* w be1 t ! mass mu/ pres5tly fall to ! e>?1 & become a "p ( x4 #bce4 ,,load/one1 or ,,magnetic ,,iron/one1 is a compact blacki% k9d ( iron ore1 :i* is possess$ ( ! p[] ( attract+ iron1 z well z e sub/ance :i* conta9s f]rug9\s p>ticles4 ,x is betwixt f\r & five times z heavy z wat]4 ,?is m9]al is f\nd 9 masses ( diff]5t =m & size 9 mo/ ( ! iron m9es ( ,europe & ,am]ica1 &1 :5 submitt$ to ! furnace1 x yields a consid]able proportion ( metal4 ,x makes excell5t b> iron1 b v indiff]5t ca/ iron4 ,9 ,sw$51 & p>ticul>ly at ,roslag]1 magnetic iron /one is f\nd q pure1 & ! iron t is wr\ght f x is import$ 9 consid]able quantities into ,great ,brita91 = ! purpose ( be+ manufactur$ into /eel4 ,! appellation ( load1 or lead+ /one1 has be5 giv5 to ?is k9d ( iron f its magnetic virtues2 = x is n only end[$ ) ! prop]ty ( attract+ iron1 b also ( po9t+ itself1 & ev5 enabl+ a ne$le t\*$ ) x to po9t1 t[>ds ! poles ( ! _w4 ,we are1 h[ev]1 entirely ignorant :at is ! cause ( ?is v extraord9>y prop]ty4 ,artificial magnets1 con/ruct$ ( /eel1 n only possess all ! ess5tial virtues ( ! g5u9e load/one1 b ev5 9 a mu* high] degree4 ,! natural magnet is consequ5tly n[ little e/eem$ except z an object ( curiosity4 #bcf4 ,,pyrites1 or ,,m>casite1 is a m9]al sub/ance1 =m$ by a comb9ation ( iron ) sulphur4 ,x is usually ( a bronze1 yell[1 or br[ni% col\r1 v v>i\s 9 =m1 be+ massive1 globul>1 club%ap$1 oval1 or cry/alliz$2 & s h>d z to /rike fire ) fl9t4 ,few m9]als are m common ?an ?is1 z x occurs1 9 "s /ate or o!r1 9 almo/ e rock & ve94 ,x is (t5 f\nd among coals2 &1 :5 heat$1 decrepitates ) a l\d unpleasant noise & sulphure\s smell4 ,to ! decomposition ( ?is m9]al x is t ! hot temp]ature ( almo/ all ! m9]al wat]s may be ascrib$4 ,! "n ( pyrites1 :i* 9 ! ,greek language signifies fire/one1 has be5 obta9$ by ?is m9]al f its prop]ty ( /rik+ sp>ks f /eel4 ,x 0 =m]ly us$ = firearms1 z we n[ use fl9ts4 ,9 comm]ce x is kn[n by ! "n ( m>casite4 ,"s ye>s ago x 0 mu* us$1 p>ticul>ly 9 ,france1 = ! mak+ ( buttons & buckles2 & 0 cut & poli%$1 by lapid>ies1 = tr9kets1 p>ticul>ly = ! rims & h&s ( wat*es1 & v>i\s k9ds ( female ornam5ts4 ,if skilfully cut 9 ! =m ( small rose diamonds1 al?\gh an opaque sub/ance1 x has some:at ! appe>ance ( a diamond4 ,9 ! tombs ( ! ,p]uvian pr9ces1 ) :om a consid]able portion ( _! valuables 0 always int]r$1 !re h be5 f\nd poli%$ plates ( m>casite1 :i* appe> to h s]v$ !m z mirrors4 ,?is m9]al is nev] work$ z an ore ( iron2 & x is pr9cipally valu$ on acc\nt ( ! sulphur :i* c be obta9$ f x by means ( heat2 & ! gre5 vitriol1 or copp]as 7#bjh71 :i* x af=ds by exposure to ! air4 ,ignorant p]sons frequ5tly mi/ake iron pyrites = gold2 b x is easily di/+ui%$ f t preci\s metal by its brittl5ess4 ,x breaks :5 hamm]$1 :]eas gold is malleable1 or may be ext5d$ by hamm]+3 x also /rikes fire ) /eel1 :i* gold w n4 #bcg4 ,,r$ ,,o*re1 ,,r$dle1 or ,,r$ ,,*alk1 is an iron ore ( bloodr$ col\r1 :i* is sometimes f\nd 9 p[d]1 & sometimes 9 a h>d5$ /ate4 ,x has an e>?y texture1 & /a9s ! f+]s :5 h&l$4 ,! pr9cipal use ( r$ *alk is = draw+3 ! co>s] k9ds are employ$ by c>p5t]s & o!r me*anics1 & ! f9] k9ds by pa9t]s4 ,= ! latt] purpose x %\ld be free f grit1 & n too h>d4 ,9 ord] to free x f imp]fections1 & r5d] x bett] = use1 x is sometimes p\nd$1 wa%$1 mix$ ) gum1 & ca/ into m\lds ( conv5i5t %ape & size4 ,"u ! "n ( r$dle1 ?is sub/ance is mu* us$ = ! m>k+ ( %eep2 & 7:5 mix$ ) oil7 = ! pa9t+ ( pales1 gates1 & ! wood"w ( outbuild+s4 ,ano!r k9d ( iron ore1 or r a comp\nd ( ! ores ( iron & manganese1 is call$ umb]4 ,?is m9]al1 :i* is ( a br[n col\r1 is f\nd 9 b$s 9 ! isl& ( ,cyprus1 & is us$ z a k9d ( pa9t bo? 9 a raw /ate & burnt4 #bch4 ,,t9 is a :ite metal1 some:at l silv] 9 appe>ance1 b is consid]ably light]1 & makes a squeak+ or crackl+ noise :5 b5t4 ,x is v s(t & ductile1 & has b little ela/icity4 ,?is metal is always f\nd ei!r 9 a /ate ( oxide 7#ba71 or 9 comb9ation ) sulphur & copp]2 & is ab\t sev5 times z heavy z wat]4 ,! pr9cipal t9 m9es :i* are kn[n to u are ^? ( ,cornwall1 ,devon%ire1 ,g]many2 ! isl& ( ,banca1 & p59sula ( ,malacca1 9 ,india2 & ,*ili & ,mexico 9 ,am]ica4 ,( ^! ! mo/ celebrat$ are ! m9es ( ,cornwall1 :i* are kn[n to h be5 work$ be=e ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,diodorus ,siculus1 :o wrote =ty ye>s be=e ! bir? ( ,*ri/1 gives an acc\nt ( ^! m9es1 & says t _! produce 0 convey$ to ,gaul1 & !nce to diff]5t p>ts ( ,italy4 ,?is species ( metal 0 us$ 9 ! "t ( ,moses1 & is m5tion$ 9 ! writ+s ( ,hom]4 ,t9 is f\nd 9 ve9s1 or b$s1 b *iefly 9 ve9s1 runn+ ?r\gh granite & o!r rocks4 ,9 "s ( ! valleys & l[ gr\nds ( ,cornwall1 ! t9 ore is f\nd 9 r\nd$ gra9s & masses4 ,9 ^! situations1 small gra9s ( gold are sometimes f\nd ) x4 ,to sep>ate ! t9 f e>?y & o!r matt]s ) :i* x is int]mix$1 /reams ( wat] are pass$ ov] !m2 & ^! deposits h ! "n ( /reamworks4 ,:5 ! t9 ore has be5 dug f ! e>?1 or has be5 collect$ at ^! /reamworks1 x is ?r[n into heaps1 & brok5 to pieces4 ,aft] ?is x is wa%$1 & subsequ5tly roa/$ 9 an int5se heat1 = ! purpose ( dissipat+ "s ( ! sub/ances ) :i* x is comb9$4 ,x is la/ly melt$ 9 a furnace1 & !reby r$uc$ to a metallic /ate4 ,! metal is !n p\r$ into quadrangul> m\lds ( /one1 ea* conta9+ ab\t #cbj p\nds weight4 ,^! h ! d5om9ation ( blockt91 & are /amp$ by (fic]s ( ! ,duke ( ,cornwall1 ) ! impression ( a lion1 ! arms ( t du*y4 ,?is is r5d]$ a necess>y op]ation be=e ! t9 c be (f]$ = sale2 & on /amp+1 x pays a duty ( f\r %ill+s p] hundr$ weight to ! ,pr9ce ( ,wales1 z ,duke ( ,cornwall1 :o !nce d]ives a v consid]able income4 ,! article usually call$ t91 or t9plate1 &1 9 ,scotl&1 :ite iron1 ( :i* saucepans1 boil]s1 dr9k+ vessels1 & o!r ut5sils ( dome/ic economy are made1 consi/s only ( ?9 iron plate coat$ ) t94 ,x is ?us =m$4 ,! iron plates are imm]s$ 9 wat] r5d]$ slightly acid by _s ( salt 7muriatic acid1 #bjb7 or _s ( vitriol 7sulphuric acid1 #baa73 aft] :i*1 to clean !m completely1 !y are sc\r$ q bright4 ,^! plates are !n ea* dipp$ into a vessel fill$ ) melt$ t91 ! surface ( :i* is cov]$ ) suet1 pit*1 or res91 to prev5t ! =mation ( dross ^u x4 ,! t9 n only cov]s ! surface ( ! iron1 b completely p5etrates x1 giv+ to its :ole sub/ance a :ite col\r4 ,9 a mann] simil> to ?is1 /irrups1 buckles1 bridlebits1 & o!r articles1 are t9n$4 ,iron is usually t9n$ be=e1 b copp] always aft] x has be5 =m$ into ut5sils4 ,! object to be atta9$ by ! t9n+ ( copp] is to prev5t ! vessels made ( t metal f be+ corrod$1 & to pres]ve ! food prep>$ 9 !m f be+ mix$ ) any p>ticles ( t poison\s sub/ance call$ v]digris1 :i* is =m$ by su* corrosion4 ,9 ! t9n+ ( copp] vessels1 _! int]ior surface is fir/ scrap$ v clean ) an iron in/rum5t1 & !n rubb$ ov] ) salammoniac 7#bjg71 = ! purpose ( m completely cleans+ !m1 & also ( prev5t+ ! =mation ( v]digris f ! copp] dur+ ! op]ation4 ,! vessel is !n heat$1 & a little pit* is ?r[n into x4 ,:ile q hot1 a piece ( t9 is appli$ to ! copp]1 & ?is1 in/antly unit+ ) x1 soon clo!s ! :ole surface ) t94 ,?is metal1 :5 amalgamat$ ) m]cury1 is us$ = ! silv]+ ( look+glasses 7#bbh74 ,:5 t9 is melt$ 9 an op5 vessel1 its surface is soon f\nd to be cov]$ ) a grey p[d]1 :i* is an oxide 7#ba7 ( ! metal1 & is g5]ally call$ dross4 ,if ! heat be cont9u$1 ! col\r ( ?is p[d] becomes yell[4 ,9 ?is /ate x is kn[n by ! "n ( t9putty1 & is employ$ 9 poli%+ glass1 /eel1 & o!r h>d sub/ances4 ,:5 ! heat is v viol5t1 ! metal takes fire1 & is conv]t$ into a f9e :ite oxide1 :i* is us$ to r5d] glass opaque1 = ! =m+ ( enamel4 ,oxide ( t9 is also an important article to dy]s4 ,x is employ$ by !m1 9 l>ge quantities1 to give brightness to su* col\rs z are us$ 9 =m+ sc>lets & o!r r$s3 & to precipitate ! col\r+ matt] ( o!r dyes4 ,t9 is an ess5tial +r$i5t 9 bellmetal1 bronze1 pewt]1 & v>i\s o!r comp\nds4 ,x may be comb9$ ) lead1 9 any proportion1 by fusion2 & ?is alloy is h>d]1 & possesses mu* m t5acity ?an t94 ,! h>de/ alloy is a composition ( ?ree p>ts ( t9 & "o ( lead4 ,! pres5ce ( ! t9 de/roys1 9 a great measure1 ! noxi\s qualities ( ! lead4 ,x is sometimes cu/om>y to t9 copp] vessels ) ?is mixture1 & x has be5 asc]ta9$ t su* vessels are 9 no respects injuri\s4 ,!re are ?ree k9ds ( pewt] 9 common use4 ,^! are call$ plate1 trifle1 & ley pewt]4 ,! fir/1 :i* is made into plates & di%es1 is =m$ ( t91 ) a small proportion ( lead & antimony 7#bde74 ,! second1 or trifle pewt]1 :i* is made 9 some:at diff]5t proportions1 is us$ = ! qu>t & p9t pots ( ! publicans3 & ! ley pewt]1 :i* is =m$ ( ?ree p>ts ( t9 & "o ( lead1 is manufactur$ into w9e & _s measures4 ,t9 may be beat5 into leaves or plates t are mu* ?9n] ?an pap]4 ,b1 :5 x is ?us work$1 sev]al leaves mu/ be jo9$ toge!r4 ,!y !n support ea* o!r1 & yield to ! hamm] )\t te>+4 ,^! leaves are us$ = ! silv]+ ( glass globes1 & ! plat+ ( o!r metals4 ,^? t are us$ = ! silv]+ ( look+glasses are mu* ?ick]4 ,! article call$ t9foil is an alloy1 consi/+ g5]ally ( two p>ts ( t9 & "o ( lead2 & capable ( be+ beat5 to less ?an ! ?\s&? "p ( an in* 9 ?ickness4 #bci4 ,,lead is a heavy metal1 ( pale & livid grey col\r :5 brok51 n sonor\s :5 pure1 v flexible1 & s s(t t x may be m>k$ ) ! nail4 ,x /a9s pap] or ! f+]s ( a blui% col\r1 & is ab\t elev5 times heavi] ?an wat]4 ,the mo/ common /ate 9 :i* lead is f\nd is 9 comb9ation ) sulphur & a small portion ( silv]4 ,?is ore is kn[n by ! "n ( gal5a1 & is frequ5tly 9 ! =m ( blacki% cubical cry/als4 ,lead is also f\nd 9 union ) ars5ic 7#bdb7 & _m acids4 ,great ,brita9 possesses ! mo/ important leadm9es 9 ! _w2 & ^? t are be/ kn[n are 9 ! c\nties ( ,fl9t & ,d]by4 ,! latt] are suppos$ to h be5 work$ ev5 9 ! "t ( ! ,romans4 ,lead m9es are ent]$ sometimes by p]p5dicul> %afts1 & sometimes 7:5 9 ! sides ( hills7 by levels4 ,9 "s ( ! ,d]by%ire m9es1 :]e ! dep? ( ! ve9s w admit ( x1 ! m5 "w1 at diff]5t heights1 ( f f\r to six feet above ea* o!r1 along :at are call$ /oops2 ! upp]mo/ m5 be+ two or ?ree y>ds be=e ^? next 9 succession1 & ?us =m+ a k9d ( /eps4 ,! implem5ts us$ are picks1 hamm]s1 & /rong iron w$ges2 & ! rocks are also frequ5tly loos5$ by means ( gunp[d]4 ,:5 ! ore is br\ght out ( ! m9e1 x is sort$ & wa%$1 to free x f dirt & rubbi%4 ,aft] ?is x is spread on a bo>d2 ! be/ pieces are pick$ out & sep>at$2 & ^? conta9+ ore mix$ ) sp> 7#aid7 or o!r sub/ances1 are plac$ sep>ate1 to be brok51 & aga9 pick$4 ,aft] ! ore1 by pick+s & wa%+1 has be5 suffici5tly cleans$ f extrane\s matt]s1 x is roa/$ 9 a k9d ( kiln to free x f ! sulphur t is comb9$ ) x4 ,! next process is to mix x ) a c]ta9 quantity ( coke1 *>coal1 or peat1 & submit x to ! smelt+ furnace4 ,9 ?is furnace !re are tapholes1 :i*1 :5 ! lead is melt$1 are op5$1 & ! metal1 9 a fluid /ate1 runs into a l>ge iron pan4 ,! dross :i* floats on its surface is n[ skimm$ (f2 & ! metal is tak5 out by ladles1 & p\r$ into ca/ iron m\lds1 ) r\nd ends4 ,! lead ?us =m$1 is ready = use1 & has ! "n ( pig lead4 ,accord+ to _! size1 ! pieces t are ?us ca/ h ! appellation ( pigs1 & halfpigs4 ,lead is m5tion$ 9 ! ,sacr$ ,writ+s2 & is describ$ by ,hom] z 9 common use at ! p]iod ( ! ,trojan w>4 ,! anci5ts seem to h consid]$ x z ne>ly alli$ to t94 ,! ,romans employ$ x to %ea! ! bottoms ( _! %ips1 fa/5+ x to ! planks & timb]s by nails made ( bronze4 ,:5 fir/ melt$1 lead is bright1 b x soon t>ni%es by exposure to ! air4 ,x melts at a temp]ature v l[ 9 comp>ison ) mo/ o!r metals2 & :5 a /rong heat is appli$1 x boils & evaporates4 ,lead is mu* employ$ 9 ! useful arts4 ,:5 roll$ betwe5 iron cyl9d]s to a requisite /ate ( ?9ness & uni=mity1 x is us$ = ! cov]+ ( h\ses & *ur*es1 not)/&+ ! dang]1 9 case ( fire1 to p]sons )91 :o are expos$ to a %[] ( burn+ metal4 ,x is ca/ into pipes1 ci/]ns1 & res]voirs = wat]1 z well z into l>ge boil]s = *emical purposes4 ,b all cul9>y or dome/ic vessels made ( lead1 p>ticul>ly if int5d$ = ! keep+ ( acid liquors1 %\ld c>efully be avoid$1 z ! surface ( ! lead is !reby corrod$1 & ! liquid conta9$ 9 !m is r5d]$ poison\s4 ,h5ce arises t dreadful compla9t1 too well kn[n :]e cyd] is kept 9 lead5 ci/]ns1 call$ ! ,devon%ire colic2 h5ce also ! injury :i* sometimes foll[s f ! use ( lead 9 ! glaz+ ( co>se e>!nw>e4 ,great quantities ( lead are consum$ = ! mak+ ( %ot4 ,= ?is purpose ! metal is alloy$ ) ars5ic 7#bdb71 to r5d] x m brittle2 & to r5d] ! gra9s m r\nd & p]fect ?an !y o!rwise w\ld be4 ,%ot is =m$ by dropp+ ! melt$ alloy into wat]1 ?r\gh an iron or copp] frame1 p]=at$ ) r\nd holes1 accord+ to ! size requir$4 ,= ! smalle/ %ot ! elevation is ab\t t5 feet above ! wat]2 & = ! l>ge/ ab\t a hundr$ & fifty feet4 ,an alloy ( lead & t91 9 ! proportion ( two p>ts ( lead & "o ( t91 =ms ! sold] :i* is us$ by plumb]s4 ,! types t are us$ by pr9t]s = v l>ge *>act]s are sometimes compos$ ( an alloy ( lead & copp]4 ,lead is also us$1 ) t91 9 ! manufacture ( pewt]4 ,oxides ( ,lead4 ,! diff]5t oxides 7#ba7 ( lead are easily soluble 9 oil1 & consequ5tly are ( great use to pa9t]s4 ,( ^! ! foll[+ are ! mo/ important3 ,:ite ,lead1 or ,c]use4--,?is is made by susp5d+ ?9 plates ( lead ov] heat$ v9eg>1 9 su* mann] t ! vap\r :i* rises f ! acid may circulate ab\t ! plates4 ,by ?is process ! plates become at l5g? entirely corrod$1 & conv]t$ into a heavy :ite p[d]4 ,! manufacture ( :ite lead is a mo/ unheal?y trade1 & is conf9$ to a few p]sons1 :o h l>ge conv5i5ces = ! purpose4 ,?is sub/ance1 :5 mix$ ) oil1 is us$ z a pa9t = wood"w bo? ( ! outsides & insides ( build+s4 ,! fumes t are emitt$ f :ite pa9t are extremely noxi\s4 ,p]sons :o brea! !m are frequ5tly seiz$ ) pa9s1 & exp]i5ce symptoms n mu* unlike ^? t prec$e palsy2 & ! dang] :i* att5ds ! inhabit+ ( ap>tm5ts rec5tly pa9t$ is well kn[n4 ,! od\r ( v9eg> w correct ! p]nici\s effect ( ^! exhalations1 by act+ z a solv5t1 & comb9+ )1 & precipitat+ !m4 ,we are in=m$ t :ite lead1 dang]\s z x is1 0 9 great reque/ among ! ,roman ladies z a cosmetic4 ,x is sometimes us$ z an ext]nal application = ulc]s & o!r k9ds ( sores4 ,massicot is a m9]al sub/ance ( yell[ col\r1 us$ = pa9t+1 & prep>$ f ! dross or pellicle t is =m$ by ! melt+ ( lead4 ,r$ ,lead1 or ,m9ium1 is a m9]al sub/ance ( r$ col\r1 us$ = pa9t+1 & made1 by a t$i\s & tr\blesome process1 f massicot4 ,= ?is purpose ! massicot is gr\nd to a f9e p[d]1 put into a furnace1 & con/antly /irr$1 :il/ ! flame ( ! burn+ coals plays aga9/ its surface = ab\t =tyeight h\rs1 :5 x is conv]t$ into a r$ p[d]1 :i* is ! article "u consid]ation4 ,x is subsequ5tly pass$ ?r\gh v f9e iron sieves4 ,! use ( r$ lead z a pigm5t is well kn[n2 b z x is liable to turn black1 v]milion is g5]ally pref]r$ to x4 ,x is sometimes employ$ 9 m$ic9e z an ext]nal application = abat+ inflammations1 = cleans+ & heal+ ulc]s1 & ! l2 & is us$ 9 ! manufacture ( glass4 ,li?>ge is ano!r k9d ( oxide ( lead4 ,?is is prep>$ by expos+ calc9$ lead to a brisk fire = a c]ta9 l5g? ( "t4 ,! sub/ance1 on cool+1 concretes into a flaky matt]4 ,li?>ge is us$ by pott]s = ! glaz+ ( e>!nw>e1 b vessels t are glaz$ ) x are !reby r5d]$ un:olesome4 ,x is also employ$1 9 ! composition ( ! f9] k9ds ( glass1 = ! purpose1 n only ( giv+ !m great] transp>5cy1 b also ( r5d]+ !m capable ( su/a9+ sudd5 *anges f heat to cold1 & ( giv+ to !m a susceptibility ( be+ cut )\t break+4 ,x1 h[ev]1 adds consid]ably to ! weight ( ! glass4 ,li?>ge ,pla/]1 or ,dia*ylon ,pla/]1 z x is m frequ5tly call$1 is prep>$ by boil+ two p9ts ( olive oil ) "o p9t ( li?>ge1 add+ wat]1 & con/antly /irr+ ! mixture till !y are duly incorporat$4 ,?is pla/] is appli$ 9 excoriations ( ! sk91 slight w\nds1 & o!r sores4 ,sug> ( ,lead is a prep>ation ei!r f ! metal itself1 or f :ite lead & di/ill$ v9eg>4 ,x is usually obs]v$ 9 ! =m ( small sl5d] cry/als1 :i* h a glossy appe>ance l sat94 ,?is sub/ance is employ$1 9 consid]able quantity1 by dy]s & calico pr9t]s2 & is ! basis ( a liquid frequ5tly us$ 9 m$ic9e1 call$ ,g\l>d1 or ,g\l>d's ,extract4 ,al?\gh 9 itself a mo/ virul5t poison1 x is (t5 us$ by unpr9cipl$ deal]s = correct+ ! rancidity ( oil ( almonds & olive oil2 & a simil> p]nici\s fraud is practis$ by dissolv+ a portion ( x 9 w9es :i* are becom+ acid1 9 ord] to correct _! acidity4 ,^! frauds1 h[ev]1 are easily detect$ by prep>ations or te/s1 :i* are sold by *emi/s = t purpose4 ,p]haps ! be/ & simple/ te/ is ,h>r[gate wat]3 a little ( ?is p\r$ into ! suspect$ comp\nd w discov] ! pres5ce ( lead by giv+ to ! fluid a d>k br[n or blacki% t+e4 ,! foll[+ is a pleas+ exp]im5t4 ,dissolve an ounce ( sug> ( lead 9 ab\t a qu>t ( wat]2 filt] ! solution ?r\gh a piece ( blott+ pap]1 & put x into a glass decant]1 susp5d+ 9 x a piece ( z9c by a brass wire4 ,a decomposition w take place2 ! lead w be set at lib]ty1 & w atta* itself to ! z9c1 =m+ !re a sort ( metallic tree4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x has be5 /at$ t silv] is usually a compon5t "p ( lead ore4 ,to dis5gage ?is1 :]e ! quantity is suffici5t to repay ! exp5se1 ! lead1 aft] x has be5 smelt$1 is subject$ to ! action ( :at is call$ a ref9+ furnace4 ,a cont9u$ bla/ ( fre% air is ?r[n ^u its surface by means ( l>ge bell[s1 :ile ! lead is kept 9 a /ate z int5sely hot z possible4 ,?is by degrees conv]ts ! lead into a yell[ scaly oxide or dross4 ,! oxide1 ?us =m$1 is driv5 (f f ! melt$ metal z x rises1 & ! silv] is left alone at ! bottom1 9 a metallic /ate4 ,aft] ! op]ation is complete1 ! oxide is fus$ ) *>coal1 & aga9 r$uc$ to metallic lead4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we mu/ n omit to m5tion t1 9 "s ( ! m9es ( ,d]by%ire1 !re is a s+ul> v>iety ( lead ore call$ slick5side4 ,?is is a k9d ( gal5a1 :i* pres5ts1 to ! eye1 a smoo? & bright surface1 appe>+ z if x 7 plat$4 ,sometimes x =ms ! sides ( cavities2 & x has ! extraord9>y prop]ty1 :5 m]ely pi]c$ ) ! m9]'s tool1 ( r5d+ ) great viol5ce1 & explod+ ) a crackl+ noise4 ,"s m9]s1 fe>less ( dang]1 v5ture to scrat* x ) _! tools2 &1 on com+ aga9 to ! spot1 !y (t5 f9d t1 dur+ _! abs5ce1 ! slick5side has explod$1 & fall5 (f 9 consid]able quantity4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 !y suff] = _! imprud5ce4 ,mr4 ,mawe1 9 8 acc\nt ( ! ,m9]alogy ( ,d]by%ire1 says1 t he has se5 a man come out ( a m9e cut viol5tly1 z if he _h be5 /abb$ ab\t ! neck & 9 o!r p>ts ( ! body1 9 consequ5ce ( ! explosion ( slick5side :i* he _h pi]c$4 ,! cause ( ?is extraord9>y ph5om5on has n be5 expla9$4 #bdj4 ,,nickel1 :5 pure1 is a f9e :ite metal1 some:at resembl+ silv] 9 appe>ance1 b x is attract$ by ! magnet1 & has itself ! prop]ty ( attract+ iron4 ,x is ductile & malleable1 difficult ( fusion1 & ab\t n9e times heavi] ?an wat]4 ,?is metal is always mix$ ) ars5ic 7#bdb7 & iron4 ,nickel is f\nd 9 ,cornwall1 & 9 "s o!r c\nties ( ,engl&2 9 ,g]many1 ,sw$51 ,france1 ,spa91 & sev]al p>ts ( ,asia4 ,! ,*9ese employ x 9 mak+ :ite copp]2 &1 9 conjunction ) copp] & z9c1 !y manufacture x into v>i\s k9ds ( *ildr5's toys4 ,nickel gives a c]ta9 degree ( :it5ess to iron4 ,x is us$1 ) advantage1 by "s ( ! ,birm+ham manufactur]s1 9 comb9ation ) t metal1 & by o!rs 9 comb9ation ) brass4 ,if x 7 possible to discov] an easy me?od ( work+ nickel1 !re c be little d\bt b x w\ld be f\nd a v valuable metal = surgical in/rum5ts1 = compass ne$les1 & o!r articles1 z x is n1 l iron1 liable to ru/4 ,:5 nickel is freely susp5d$1 x po9ts to ! nor? & s\?1 9 precisely ! same mann] z ! common magnetic ne$le4 ,oxide ( nickel is us$ = giv+ col\rs to enamels & porcela94 ,9 diff]5t mixtures x produces br[n1 r$1 & grassgre5 t9ts4 #bda4 ,,z9c1 or ,,spelt]1 z x is sometimes call$1 is a blui% :ite metal =m$ 9 ?9 plates adh]+ toge!r4 ,x has a v p]ceptible ta/e1 is ab\t sev5 times heavi] ?an wat]1 r h>d] ?an silv]2 & possesses b a small degree ( malleability & ductility1 except "u c]ta9 circum/ances4 ,?is metal is nev] f\nd 9 a pure /ate2 & ! pr9cipal ores f :i* x is procur$ are kn[n by ! names ( ,calam9e & ,bl5de4 ,( ^! ! =m] is an oxide 7#ba7 ( z9c comb9$ ) c>bonic acid 7#bf71 & ! latt] is a comb9ation ( z9c ) sulphuric acid 7#bd74 ,! ores ( z9c are v abundant 9 _m c\ntries4 ,we are in=m$ t ne>ly ! :ole ( ,fl9t%ire 9 ,nor? ,wales ab\nds ) calam9e2 & t1 s entirely ignorant 7 ! inhabitants ( its use1 z1 till aft] ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 to h ev5 m5d$ _! roads ) x4 ,^! roads1 h[ev]1 h s9ce be5 turn$ up 9 _m places1 & ! mat]ials h be5 conv]t$ to m valuable purposes4 ,d]by%ire af=ds a great quantity ( ! ores ( z9c1 p>ticul>ly calam9e4 ,?is is f\nd at v>i\s dep?s1 g5]ally 9 b$s ( yell[1 or r$di% br[n clay1 & usually ne> "s ve9 ( lead ore4 ,! mode ( extract+ z9c f its ore is by di/illation4 ,! process adopt$1 9 "s p>ts ( ,saxony1 is equally simple & +5i\s4 ,an incl9$ /one is plac$ ne> ! ant]ior "p ( a furnace1 9 :i* ! ore ( lead conta9+ z9c is fus$4 ,a great "p ( ! z9c cond5ses ^u ?is /one1 & fl[s1 9 drops or globules1 into a quantity ( *>coal plac$ at ! bottom to receive x4 ,^! globules are aft]w>ds aga9 melt$1 to run ! metal into a mass4 ,:5 expos$ to ! air1 ! surface ( z9c is soon t>ni%$1 b x sc>cely und]goes any o!r *ange4 ,x has a c]ta9 degree ( ductility4 ,:5 heat$ a little above #bah ( ,fahr5heit1 x is malleable2 &1 :5 anneal$1 may be pass$ ?r\gh roll]s1 & =m$ into ?9 %eets or leaves4 ,al?\gh1 previ\sly to be+ ?us heat$1 x is brittle2 on n[ cool+1 x cont9ues s(t1 flexible1 & ductile4 ,! inconv5i5ce aris+ f ! brittl5ess ( ! z9c be+ remov$1 ?is metal is applicable to _m useful purposes4 ,x may ev5 be drawn into wire1 b ! t5acity ( ?is is n great3 a piece ( z9c wire1 "o t5? ( an in* 9 diamet]1 w su/a9 only a weight ( tw5tysix p\nds )\t break+4 ,x has be5 propos$ to sub/itute z9c 9 ! place ( t9 = ! l9+ ( copp] vessels2 b x has n hi!rto be5 asc]ta9$ :e!r ?is c be done ) effect1 & )\t injury4 ,prizes h ( late be5 (f]$1 to a consid]able ext5t1 9 ,france1 = ! asc]ta9m5t ( ?is fact4 ,9 ,*9a1 z9c is employ$ z a curr5t co9 ( ! c\ntry2 & = ?is purpose x is us$ 9 ! utmo/ purity4 ,! ,*9ese also1 z well z ! arti/s ( our own c\ntry1 employ x to a great ext5t 9 v>i\s alloys4 ,x is us$ 9 ! manufacture ( brass1 p9*beck or pr9ce's metal1 & bronze1 all ( :i* consi/ ( ?is metal 9 comb9ation ) diff]5t proportions ( copp] 7#bcj74 ,tut5ag is a well kn[n :ite metal1 made pr9cipally ( z9c1 & us$ = =m+ c&le/icks & o!r articles4 ,:5 tut5ag is well manufactur$1 x is ( good col\r1 & n m dispos$ to t>ni% ?an silv]4 ,z9c is "o ( ! metals employ$ to =m ! galvanic or voltaic app>atus2 & its fil+s are mix$ ) gunp[d]1 to produce ^? brilliant />s & spangles :i* are se5 9 ! be/ k9ds ( artificial fireworks4 ,prep>ations ( z9c are occasionally us$ 9 m$ic9e4 ,if a ?9 plate ( z9c be appli$ to ! upp] surface ( ! tongue1 & a %ill+ to ! l[] surface1 & bo? metals1 aft] a little :ile1 be br\ght into contact1 a v peculi> ta/e w1 at t in/ant1 be p]ceiv$4 ,! same s5sation w be p]ceiv$1 ?\gh 9 a weak] degree1 if ! silv] be plac$ at ! top & ! z9c at ! bottom4 ,if a silv] probe be introduc$ high up "o ( ! no/rils1 & be br\ght into contact ) a piece ( z9c plac$ on ! tongue1 a s5sation n unlike t ( a /rong fla% ( light w be produc$ 9 ! correspond+ eye4 ,a simil> p]ception w result1 bo? at ! mom5t ( contact & t ( sep>ation1 if "o ( ! metals be appli$ z high z possible betwe5 ! gums & upp] lip1 & ! o!r 9 a simil> situation ) ! "u lip1 or ev5 "u ! tongue4 ,a :ite oxide 7#ba7 prep>$ f z9c1 01 "s ye>s ago1 propos$ z a sub/itute = :ite lead 9 h\se pa9t+4 ,?is oxide is n dang]\s 9 its application2 & does n become yell[ :5 mix$ ) oil4 ,b ^! advantages are c\nt]balanc$ by "s defects1 :i* h hi!rto caus$ x to be reject$4 ,x is light] ?an :ite lead3 does n cov] ! surface s equally1 nor s well2 & is ( consid]ably high] price4 ,,calam9e4--,! pr9cipal use ( calam9e is 9 ! manufacture ( brass 7#bcj72 & ! m9es ( ,d]by%ire1 & ( ,limb\rg 9 ! ,ne!rl&s1 supply ) ?is m9]al ne>ly all ! brass works 9 ,europe4 ,aft] ! calam9e is dug out ( gr\nd1 x is r$uc$ to pieces n 9 g5]al l>g] ?an a nut4 ,x is !n roa/$ = five or six h\rs1 9 :at is call$ a rev]b]at+ furnace4 ,! l>ge pieces are sep>at$1 & ! small ones are pass$ ?r\gh a sieve4 ,x is wa%$2 &1 :5 dry1 is gr\nd 9 a mill4 ,9 ?is /ate x is sold4 ,! pr9cipal dem& = x is at ,birm+ham1 = ! diff]5t brass f\nd]ies 9 t t[n4 ,! use ( calam9e 9 ! composition ( brass 0 kn[n at a v e>ly p]iod4 ,x is m5tion$ by ,ari/otle1 :o also makes a di/9ction betwe5 ! comp\nd result+ f ! mixture ( copp] & calam9e or brass1 & t result+ f ! mixture ( copp] & t9 or bronze4 ,,ord] ,,ii4--,,brittle ,,metals1 ,,or ,,su* ,,z ,,are ,,n ,,capable ,,( ,,be+ ,,flatt5$ ,,or ,,elongat$ ,,by ,,! ,,hamm] ,,)\t ,,te>+ ,,or ,,break+4 #bdb4 ,,ars5ic1 9 a metallic /ate1 has a blui% :ite col\r1 & consid]able brilliancy2 x is rem>kably brittle1 is ! s(te/ ( all kn[n metals1 & is some:at m ?an eight times heavi] ?an wat]4 ,x is f\nd ne>ly pure1 & 9 consid]able abundance1 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ,g]many2 usually occurr+ 9 masses ( v>i\s %apes1 & 9 comb9ation ) a small portion ( iron1 gold1 or silv]4 ,! ars5ic sold 9 ! %ops1 & too well kn[n = its poison\s qualities1 is an oxide 7#ba7 ( ?is metal artificially prep>$4 ,9 "s m9es on ! ,cont95t ars5ic is v abundant1 & is f\nd extremely injuri\s to ! workm54 ,be+ v volatile1 its fumes affect & de/roy ! lungs1 & occasion dea? 9 a %ort "t to _m ( !m4 ,"o ( its ores1 ars5ical pyrites1 is f\nd abundantly 9 ,cornwall & ,devon%ire1 accompany+ ores ( copp] & t92 &1 9 comb9ation ) o!r metals1 x occurs1 9 a great] or less proportion1 9 almo/ all m9es4 ,ars5ic is occasionally us$ 9 ! arts4 ,x is employ$ 9 v>i\s metallic comb9ations :]e a :ite col\r is requir$1 &1 p>ticul>ly1 = ! :it5+ or blea*+ ( copp]1 :i* is !reby also r5d]$ capable ( tak+ a f9e poli%2 h5ce its use 9 _m ( ! compositions = ! mirrors ( reflect+ telescopes1 & = o!r optical in/rum5ts4 ,! manufactur]s ( glass frequ5tly employ ! oxides ( ars5ic 9 ! fabrication ( t article4 ,ars5ic is us$ 9 ! processes ( dye+ & calico pr9t+2 & = ! imp>t+ ( diff]5t artificial %ades & col\rs to furs4 ,x is also us$ 9 ! manufacture ( small %ot1 f its r5d]+ ! lead m brittle1 & bett] capable ( be+ =m$ into gra9s1 ?an x w\ld be )\t su* admixture4 ,! ars5ic ( comm]ce is prep>$ to a great ext5t 9 ,bohemia & ,saxony1 by roa/+ cobalt ores = ! manufacture ( zaffre 7#bdg74 ,:ite ars5ic is made1 by mix+ ! common oxide ) pota%1 & submitt+ x to a c]ta9 degree ( heat1 9 vessels adapt$ to ! purpose2 ! ars5ic1 ris+ 9 fumes1 is sep>at$1 leav+ ! sulphur beh9d1 unit$ to ! pota%4 ,?is process is call$ sublimation4 ,( all sub/ances ) :i* we are acqua9t$ ?is is p]haps ! mo/ deadly4 ,if only a few gra9s ( x be tak5 into ! /oma*1 x proves fatal2 & x has frequ5tly prov$ ! m injuri\s f its deceitful appe>ance1 9 :i* x some:at resembles salt or :ite sug>4 ,c>elessly left 9 places op5 to ! access ( *ildr51 ars5ic has n unfrequ5tly be5 mi/ak5 by !m = sug>1 & has be5 att5d$ ) ! mo/ dreadful consequ5ces4 ,if ?r[n on heat$ coals1 h[ev]1 x is imm$iately kn[n1 by ! smell ( g>lic1 & ! :ite fumes :i* x gives out4 ,! be/ rem$y = ?is poison is said to be a few scruples ( liv] ( sulphur 7sulphuret ( pota%71 dissolv$ 9 half a p9t or a p9t ( wat]1 & adm9i/]$ a little at a "t1 z ! pati5t c be> x4 ,not)/&+ its delet]i\s qualities1 ars5ic is occasionally us$ 9 m$ic9e1 ?\gh 9 extremely small doses2 & x has1 9 p>ticul>1 be5 f\nd efficaci\s 9 _m cases ( int]mitt5t fev]4 ,x is employ$ z a poison = rats & mice2 &1 dilut$ ) wat]1 x attracts & poisons flies1 :5ce x is sometimes call$ by ! ,fr5*1 p\dre a m\*es4 ,!re _c1 h[ev]1 be too great caution us$ ei!r 9 ! prep>ation1 or 9 ! application1 ( ?is fatal poison4 #bdc4 ,,yell[ ,,orpim5t is a m9]al sub/ance ( lemon col\r1 :i* consi/s ( ars5ic 9 comb9ation ) sulphur2 & 9 ! proportion ( ab\t fiftysev5 p>ts ( ! =m] & =ty?ree ( ! latt]4 ,x is ab\t ?rice z heavy z wat]2 & is f\nd bo? 9 a massive & cry/alliz$ /ate2 b ! cry/als are s confus$ t _! figures _c easily be det]m9$4 ,! orpim5t ( comm]ce is an artificial production1 & is *iefly import$ f diff]5t p>ts ( ! ,levant4 ,! ,turks1 & o!r ,ori5tals1 use x 9 ! depilatories :i* s]ve to r5d] bald ! top ( ! head4 ,a v beautiful1 b fugitive pigm5t1 call$ ,k+'s yell[1 is prep>$ f ?is m9]al2 & o!r prep>ations ( orpim5t are occasionally us$ by pa9t]s1 & also by dy]s & calico pr9t]s4 ,! :ole ( ^!1 h[ev]1 are extremely poison\s4 ,orpim5t is f\nd 9 a natural /ate1 along ) copp] & o!r ores1 9 ,natolia1 ,s]via1 ,hung>y1 ,turkey1 & "s o!r c\ntries4 #bdd4 ,,realg>1 or ,,r$ ,,orpim5t1 is a m9]al sub/ance ( r$ or orange col\r1 :i* consi/s ( ars5ic 9 comb9ation ) sulphur2 & 9 ! proportion ( sev5tyfive p>ts ( ! =m]1 & tw5tyfive ( ! latt]4 ,x is some:at m ?an ?ree times z heavy z wat]2 & occurs sometimes 9 a cry/alliz$1 & sometimes 9 a massive or dissem9at$ /ate4 ,?is production1 :i*1 by ignorant p]sons1 is n unfrequ5tly mi/ak5 = r$ lead1 is 9 consid]able reque/ by pa9t]s1 dy]s1 & calico pr9t]s4 ,9 ,*9a x is manufactur$ into small pagodas & o!r ornam5ts4 ,& ! ,*9ese =m x into m$ical cups1 & use lemon juice :i* has /ood = "s h\rs 9 !m1 z a ca?>tic4 ,realg> is poison\s1 b by no means s mu* s z ars5ic 7#bdb74 ,x is f\nd 9 ,sicily1 ,hung>y1 & v>i\s p>ts ( ,g]many3 & is v common 9 sev]al di/ricts ( ,*9a4 #bde4 ,,antimony is a compact metallic sub/ance ( brilliant & slightly blui% :ite col\r1 de/itute ( ductility1 & ab\t sev5 times heavi] ?an wat]4 ,its texture is lam9at$1 ! plates cross+ ea* o!r 9 almo/ e diff]5t direction4 ,x is z h>d z silv]1 & s brittle t x may easily be r$uc$ to p[d]1 9 a mort>4 ,9 ! /ate ( ! ,connecticut1 ,nor? ,am]ica1 x is said t antimony1 9 a pure metallic =m1 is f\nd 9 su* abundance t1 9 "s places1 l>ge masses ( x may be se5 ly+ on ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,! pr9cipal supply ( antimony 9 ,europe is f an ore :i* is f\nd 9 ,hung>y & ,norway1 call$ sulphuret ( antimony4 ,! process ( br++ x into a /ate = use is v simple4 ,! m9]al is put into pots1 ea* ( :i* has a hole 9 ! bottom1 & :i* is plac$ on ano!r pot b$d$ 9 ! e>?4 ,! upp] pots1 :i* are fill$ ) ! m9]al1 are heat$4 ,z soon z ! antimony is fus$ x fl[s into ! l[] pots1 :ile ! sub/ances ) :i* x 0 comb9$ rema9 9 ! upp] ones4 ,! antimony fixes1 & =ms cakes ( ! %ape ( ! pots :i* receive x4 ,9 ?is /ate ! metal pres5ts1 9 its fracture1 a surface ?ickset1 ) long ne$le%ap$ cry/als1 :i*1 ly+ by ! side ( ea* o!r1 compose1 z x 71 ! :ole ( ! mass4 ,x is aft]w>ds remelt$ & ca/ into cakes = sale4 ,?is metal1 9 a pure /ate1 or alloy$ only ) a v small portion ( silv] & iron1 is f\nd 9 ve9s ( m\nta9s 9 "s p>ts ( ,france & ,sw$51 occurr+ 9 massive & kidney%ap$ lumps ( :ite col\r4 ,! only m9e ( antimony 9 ,brita91 :i* is ( any importance1 is at ,gl5d9n+ 9 ,dumfries%ire4 ,x 0 discov]$ 9 #agfj1 9 se>*+ = lead ore1 b 0 n regul>ly work$ till #agfc4 ,9 ! fir/ five ye>s ab\t a hundr$ tons' weight ( antimony 7 obta9$ f x4 ,?is at #hdl4 p] ton1 produc$ ! sum ( #hdjjl4 ,! und]tak+ 0 aft]w>ds rel9qui%$1 b1 z ! price ( antimony is n[ at lea/ ?rice :at x !n 01 x is suppos$ t ?is "w1 if resum$1 might prove an advantage\s speculation4 ,! ve9 ( ore is only f eight in*es to a foot & a half 9 ?ickness4 ,antimony 0 kn[n to ! anci5ts4 ,! e>lie/ acc\nt we h ( x is 9 ! ,sacr$ ,writ+s4 ,! passage 9 ! ,second ,book ( ,k+s1#d :i* /ates t1 on ! approa* ( ,jehu to ! city ( ,jezreel1 8,jezebel pa9t$ h] face10 implies1 9 ! orig9al1 t %e /a9$ h] eyes & eyebr[s ) antimony1 = ! purpose ( mak+ !m look black & l>ge1 a cu/om :i*1 at t p]iod1 0 preval5t 9 sev]al ( ! ,ea/]n c\ntries4 ,antimony 0 likewise consid]$ by ! anci5ts a rem$y aga9/ inflammations ( ! eyes4 ,?is metal is ! basis ( _m ( ! (fic9al prep>ations :i* are n[ 9 use2 & x 0 ! basis ( _m o!rs :i* 7 =m]ly us$1 b are n[ discont9u$4 ,no m9]al sub/ance has s mu* attract$ ! att5tion1 or s mu* divid$ ! op9ion ( physicians1 z antimony4 ,"o p>ty extoll$ x z an infallible specific = almo/ e disease2 :il/ ano!r describ$ x z a virul5t poison1 :i* ought to be expung$ f ! li/ ( m$ic9es4 ,x 0 on ?is metal t ! al*emi/s ( ! middle ages pr9cipally f\nd$ _! hope ( discov]+ ! philosoph]'s /one2 &1 by a k9d ( good =tune1 ( :i* we c cite b few examples1 x has happ5$ t1 9 pursu+ a *im]a1 !y hit ^u a succession ( important realities4 ,to ! unremitt$ p]sev]ance ) :i* !y torm5t$ ?is metal1 if we may s express x1 ! art ( heal+ has be5 mo/ ess5tially indebt$4 ,footnote #d3 ,*4 ix4 v4 #cj4 ,see also ,ezek4 ,*4 xxiii4 v4 #dj4 ,! fir/ rational acc\nt ( ! prop]ties ( antimony 0 giv51 ab\t ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 by a ,fr5* *emi/1 ^: "n 0 ,lem]i4 ,its great importance 9 m$ic9e w be se5 by an enum]ation ( "s ( ! mo/ valuable prep>ations ( x :i* are /ill 9 use4 ,antimonial ,w9e is prep>$ f antimony1 9 conjunction ) :ite ,lisbon w9e4 ,x is employ$ z an emetic2 b1 if mix$ ) milk1 ?is quality is said to be completely de/roy$1 & x becomes n>cotic4 ,emetic ,t>t>1 :i* is mu* m employ$ 9 ?is c\ntry ?an all ! o!r antimonial prep>ations put toge!r1 is =m$ f antimony mix$ ) its own weight ( t>t>1 & a c]ta9 proportion ( wat]1 & aft]w>ds boil$1 filt]$1 & suff]$ to cry/allize4 ,butt] ( ,antimony is obta9$ f a comb9ation ( antimony ) corrosive sublimate4 ,x is d5om9at$ by *emi/s muriat ( antimony1 & is usually a ?ick fatty mass ( greyi% :ite col\r4 ,glass ( ,antimony is a vitre\s sub/ance ( r$di% br[n col\r1 :i* is occasionally us$ 9 m$ic9e1 b m frequ5tly 9 col\r+ ! imitations ( yell[ diamond1 ,ori5tal1 ,brazil1 & ,saxon topaz1 hyac9?1 em]ald1 & b]yl4 ,james's ,p[d]1 or ,antimonial ,p[d]1 is a wellkn[n m$ic9e1 compos$ ( phosphat ( lime & antimony4 ,an alloy consi/+ ( sixte5 p>ts ( lead & "o "p ( antimony con/itutes ! metal ( :i* pr9t]s' types are =m$4 ,?is alloy does n diff] f lead except 9 be+ consid]ably h>d] & m t5aci\s4 ,! plates on :i* music is engrav$ are =m$ ( a mixture ( t9 & antimony2 & ! oxides ( antimony are us$ = ! col\r+ ( glass4 #bdf4 ,,bismu? is a r$di% :ite semimetal1 h>d] ?an silv]1 & compos$ ( broad brilliant plates adh]+ toge!r4 ,x is ne>ly t5 times heavi] ?an wat]1 & is s brittle z readily to break "u ! hamm]4 ,none ( ! semimetals are s easy to be fus$ z ?is2 x melts ev5 9 ! flame ( a wax c&le1 & long be=e x becomes r$ hot1 & has ! s+ul> prop]ty ( exp&+ z x cools4 ,! ores ( bismu? *iefly occur 9 ,sw$51 ,norway1 ,g]many1 ,france1 & ,engl&4 ,?is metal appe>s to h be5 kn[n to ! anci5ts4 ,x 0 conf\nd$ by !m ) t92 &1 ev5 9 our own manufactories1 x is kn[n to ! workm5 by ! "n ( t9glass4 ,x is n ( mu* use 9 ! arts2 b its fusibility r5d]s ! work+ ( x v simple & easy4 ,x is employ$ 9 ! composition ( "s ( ! s(t k9ds ( sold]2 & is also us$ = giv+ h>dness to t9 & o!r metals4 ,amalgamat$ ) m]cury x r5d]s t metal less fluid2 & ! addition ( x to m]cury & t9 is f\nd useful 9 ! foliat+ or silv]+ ( look+glasses4 ,"s manufactur]s use x 9 ! composition ( pewt]2 b x is said t ?is ought n to be done1 p>ticul>ly = ! =mation ( vessels int5d$ to conta9 food1 z bismu? p>takes ( ! noxi\s prop]ties ( lead1 & sometimes conta9s ev5 ars5ic4 ,x is also occasionally employ$ 9 ! fabrication ( pr9t]s' types4 ,a v s+ul> metal is =m$ by melt+ toge!r eight p>ts ( bismu?1 five ( lead1 & ?ree ( t94 ,teaspoons =m$ ( ?is metal surprise all :o are unacqua9t$ ) _! nature3 !y h some:at ! appe>ance ( common spoons1 b !y melt z soon z !y are put into boil+ wat]4 ,bismu? r$uc$ to p[d]1 mix$ ) ! :ite ( eggs & appli$ to wood1 gives x1 :5 gradually dri$ & rubb$ ) a poli%]1 ! appe>ance ( be+ silv]$4 ,if ?is metal be dissolv$ 9 aqua=tis 7#cj71 & wat] be p\r$ into ! solution1 a :ite p[d] precipitates1 :i* is an oxide ( bismu?1 & :i*1 aft] be+ well wa%$1 is us$ z a pigm5t1 "u ! "n ( pe>l:ite4 ,f its beautiful appe>ance1 ?is p[d] is sometimes employ$ by ladies = pa9t+ _! sk92 a practice :i* _c be too mu* condemn$1 bo? on acc\nt ( ! dang] ) :i* x is att5d$1 & f its soon injur+ bo? ! texture & natural col\r ( ! sk94 ,x has ! fur!r disadvantage ( turn+ black :5 t\*$ by ! fumes ( fetid & o!r sub/ances2 & ladies1 :o h us$ ?is cosmetic1 & h aft]w>ds ba!d 9 ! ,h>r[gate wat]s1 h come f ! ba? a p]fectly tawny col\r4 ,x 0 probably ! oxide ( bismu? :i* ! ,roman ladies us$ = :it5+ _! sk92 = ,m>tial1 9 speak+ ( a lady1 :o made too free an use ( cosmetics1 describes h] z afraid ev5 ( ! sun4 ,! oxide ( bismu? is us$ 9 ! composition ( mo/ ( ! pomades employ$ 9 ,france = pa9t+ ! face4 ,a prep>ation ( bismu? has lately be5 employ$ 9 m$ic9e1 z a rem$y aga9/ spasmodic affections ( ! /oma*4 ,! foll[+ is a pleas+ exp]im5t1 illu/rative ( metallic cry/allization4 ,melt a ladleful ( bismu?1 & all[ x to cool sl[ly & quietly till a ?9 cru/ is =m$ on ! surface3 !n1 ) a po9t$ iron1 make two small opposite ap]tures ?r\gh ! cru/3 &1 ?r\gh "o ( ^!1 quickly p\r out ! fluid portion1 z c>efully & ) z little motion ( ! mass z possible4 ,! air hav+ ent]$ by ! o!r ap]ture1 !re w appe>1 on remov+ ! upp] cru/ by means ( a *isel1 :5 ! vessel has become cold1 a cup%ap$ concavity1 /udd$ ) v brilliant cry/als1 & m or less regul> accord+ to ! quantity ( metal employ$1 ! tranquillity & sl[ness ) :i* x has cool$1 & ! dext]ity ) :i* ! fluid portion ( ! mass 0 p\r$ (f be=e x became solid4 ,! same effect may be produc$ by melt+ bismu? 9 a crucible :i* has a hole 9 ! bottom1 lightly clos$ by an iron rod or /opp]2 ?is is to be drawn out :5 ! mass beg9s to congeal4 ,by s do+1 ! upp] portion1 :i* is fluid1 is made to run (f1 & a cake /udd$ ) cry/als w be left4 #bdg4 ,,cobalt is a semimetal ( grey col\r ) a %ade ( r$1 brittle1 some:at h>d] ?an silv]1 ne>ly eight times z heavy z wat]1 is attract$ by ! magnet1 & is itself capable ( be+ r5d]$ p]man5tly magnetical4 ,! ores ( cobalt are n num]\s1 & are1 = ! mo/ "p1 comb9ations ( ?is sub/ance ) o!r metals1 or ( its oxides 7#bd7 ) ars5ic1 or ) sulphuric acid 7#ba74 ,! "n ( ?is metal implies an evil be+1 7,kobold1 ,g]man1 gobl97 & is said to h be5 giv5 on acc\nt ( ! vap\r ( ars5ic1 :i* issues f x1 torm5t+ ! m9]s1 & mak+ !m believe t !y are afflict$ by wick$ spirits4 ,h5ce x 0 once cu/om>y 9 ,g]many to introduce into ! *ur* s]vice a pray] t ,god w\ld pres]ve m9]s & _! works f cobalts & spirits4 ,cobalt is f\nd 9 sev]al p>ts ( ,europe1 b mo/ pl5tifully 9 ! s\!rn bord]s ( ,france1 & 9 ,saxony2 & ! cobalt ores ( ,hesse1 al?\gh !y 7 =m]ly us$ = no o!r purpose ?an ! m5d+ ( roads1 are said n[ to yield a cle> pr(it ( ne>ly #ae1jjjl4 a ye>4 ,"s p>ts ( our own c\ntry yield ?is sub/ance 9 consid]able abundance1 p>ticul>ly ! ,m5dip ,hills 9 ,som]set%ire1 & a m9e ne> ,p5zance 9 ,cornwall4 ,aft] ! ore is tak5 f ! e>?1 x is brok5 into pieces ab\t ! size ( a h5's egg1 & ! /ony p>ts are pick$ out4 ,! sort$ m9]al is !n p\nd$ 9 mills1 & sift$ ?r\gh brasswire sieves4 ,! light] p>ticles are next c>ri$ (f by wat]4 ,aft] und]go+ "s o!r prep>ations1 to rid x ( ! impurities & =eign matt]s ) :i* x is connect$1 x appe>s 9 ! =m ( a d>k grey oxide4 ,! work+ ( ! cobalt ores 9 ,g]many is consid]$ s injuri\s1 on acc\nt ( ! ars5ic ) :i* !y are comb9$1 t mu* ( ! lab\r is p]=m$ by crim9als :o are condemn$ to x = ! commission ( crimes :i*1 by ! laws ( ! c\ntry1 h des]v$ ! puni%m5t ( dea?4 ,z a metal1 cobalt 0 unkn[n till ! ye> #agcc1 :5 x 0 discov]$ by a celebrat$ ,sw$i% *emi/ ^: "n 0 ,brant4 ,9 its metallic /ate x is n employ$ 9 ! useful arts2 b 9 a /ate ( oxide x is f\nd extremely valuable 9 ! col\r+ ( porcela91 9 pa9t+1 enamell+1 & = o!r purposes4 ,cobalt & ultram>9e =m ! mo/ p]man5t blue col\rs ) :i* we are acqua9t$4 ,! old pa9t]s g5]ally us$ !m = ! repres5tation ( ! sky & ( blue drap]y1 & ?is is ! reason :y ^! p>ts 9 "s old pictures h be5 f\nd s mu* m durable ?an any o!rs4 ,zaffre is an oxide ( cobalt mix$ ) ab\t ?ree times its own weight ( calc9$ & p\nd$ fl9t4 ,x has be5 *iefly import$ into ?is c\ntry f ,saxony & ,bohemia1 b x is n[ also manufactur$ f cobalt dug f m9es 9 ! ,m5dip ,hills & 9 ,cornwall4 ,9 ,/af=d%ire !re are sev]al p]sons :o c>ry on a consid]able trade 9 prep>+ ?is col\r = ! e>!nw>e manufactur]s ( t c\nty4 ,?is sub/ance is extremely valuable = ! col\r+ ( porcela9 & glass2 z x resi/s )\t *ange1 ! effects ( ! mo/ int5se heat4 ,h5ce also x is advantage\sly us$ = giv+ v>i\s %ades ( blue to enamels1 & to glass manufactur$ 9 imitation ( lapis lazuli1 turquoise1 sapphire1 & v>i\s preci\s /ones4 ,s int5se is ! col\r imp>t$ by x t a s+le gra9 ( zaffre w give a full blue t9t to #bdj gra9s ( glass4 ,smalt is a k9d ( glass1 ( d>k blue col\r1 =m$ by melt+ zaffre ) ?ree p>ts ( s& & "o ( pota%2 :5 ?is sub/ance is gr\nd to a co>se p[d]1 x has ! "n ( /rew+smalt1 & is mu* us$ by sign pa9t]s1 z an ornam5tal fill+ up ( ! vacant space betwixt ! lett]s ( signs4 ,9 ,g]many x is frequ5tly employ$ in/ead ( s& = ! purpose ( dry+ ink aft] writ+4 ,! same sub/ance r$uc$ to a p]fectly f9e or impalpable p[d]1 is ! article :i* is sold "u ! "n ( p[d]blue1 & :i* is n only us$ by laundresses & o!rs 9 ! gett+ up ( l951 b also z ! basis ( sev]al k9ds ( pa9t2 & by ! manufactur]s ( writ+ & pr9t+ pap]s1 to give a blue t+e to ^? articles4 ,a solution ( ! oxide ( cobalt 9 _s ( salt 7muriatic acid1 #bi7 & aft]w>ds dilut$ till ne>ly ! :ole ( its col\r disappe>s1 =ms "o ( ! mo/ beautiful sympa!tic inks ) :i* we are acqua9t$4 ,if a l&scape be drawn ) ,indian ink1 &1 aft]w>ds1 ! foliage be wa%$ ov] ) ?is solution1 x w h no peculi> appe>ance2 b1 on hold+ ! pap] ne> ! fire1 ! "p repres5t+ ! vegetation w gradually assume a gre5 t9t1 :i* w subside on remov+ ! pap] into a cool situation4 #bdh4 ,,manganese1 9 ! /ate t we usually see x1 is a black oxide ( a metal :i* is ( a silv]y grey col\r1 ( leafy or foliat$ texture1 & some:at m ?an six times z heavy z wat]4 ,m9es ( manganese h long be5 work$ 9 sev]al p>ts ( ,great ,brita91 b p>ticul>ly 9 ! c\nties ( ,devon & ,som]set4 ,ne> ,exet] & 9 ! ,m5dip ,hills ?is m9]al is f\nd 9 great abundance4 ,x is employ$ = v>i\s useful purposes4 ,9 ! manufacture ( ! f9] k9ds ( glass x is us$ 9 a d\ble capacity1 bo? z a col\r+ mat]ial & z a de/roy] ( col\r4 ,z a col\r+ +r$i5t1 ! imitators ( sev]al preci\s /ones are indebt$ to x = ! r$ & purple t9ts :i* !y give to ! ori5tal ruby1 ! balais ruby1 & ! ame?y/4 ,! violet col\r giv5 to porcela9 is obta9$ f manganese4 ,?is sub/ance is also us$ = ! glaz+ ( black e>!n w>e1 z a pa9t1 & an +r$i5t 9 pr9t]s' ink4 ,z a dis*>g] ( col\r x is appli$ 9 small quantities1 &1 by ! oxyg5 :i* x gives out1 x is said completely to de/roy any t+e left 9 ! glass1 by ! pres5ce ( iron1 & "s o!r col\r+ matt]s4 ,?is prop]ty has obta9$ = x ! appellation ( ! soap ( glass4 ,x is f manganese t all ! oxyg5 gas 7#ba7 us$ by *emi/s is obta9$4 ,by ! application ( a r$ heat ?is is yield$ 9 su* abundance t an ounce ( ! oxide ( ?is metal w yield ab\t two qu>ts ( gas4 ,! consumption ( manganese has1 ( late ye>s1 become v consid]able by ! discov]y ( ! oxyg5at$ muriatic acid1 :i* is n[ ext5sively us$ 9 ! blea*+ ( l95 & cotton2 t liquor be+ made by ! di/illation ( ! oxide ( manganese ) _s ( salt 7muriatic acid1 #bi74 ,,comp\nd ,,m9]als1 ,,or ,,rocks4 #bdi4 ,!re exi/ consid]able masses ( m9]als 9 a /ate ( comb9ation1 or aggregation ) ea* o!r4 ,^! con/itute ! rocks & soil ( :i* ! globe ( ! e>? is compos$2 & ! /udy ( !m is call$ ,,geology4 ,! op9ions ( le>n$ m5 relative to _! /ructure1 & orig9al =mation1 h produc$ v>i\s sy/ems d5om9at$ !ories ( ! e>?2 b1 :5 we consid] t ! greate/ dep? b5ea? ! surface to :i* ! art & indu/ry ( man h be5 able to p5etrate1 does n exce$ #a_/cejjj "p ( ! e>?'s diamet]1 we mu/ confess t ?is is v insuffici5t to all[ ( any correct op9ion be+ !reby =m$ conc]n+ ! /ructure ( ! :ole4 ,mod]n geologi/s1 = ! m conv5i5t arrangem5t ( ! comp\nd m9]als1 h divid$ !m into f\r classes1 :i* !y d5om9ate primitive rocks1 second>y rocks1 alluvial depositions1 & volcanic rocks4 ,i4 ,,primitive ,,rocks4 #bej4 ,^! are s call$ f _! be+ consid]$ by geologi/s1 to belong to ! fir/ =m$ p>ts ( ! globe4 ,rocks ( ?is description are ( a nature extremely h>d4 ,!y conta9 no ve/iges :atev] ( animal or organic rema9s2 & ! sub/ances ( :i* !y are compos$ are cry/alliz$4 ,!y rise ?r\gh o!r rocks at v>i\s elevations1 9 e qu>t] ( ! globe2 & nev] ei!r alt]nate )1 or re/ ^u rocks t enclose organic rema9s1 ?\gh !y are !mselves frequ5tly cov]$ by su*4 ,! foll[+ are ! pr9cipal k9ds4 #bea4 ,,granite or moon/one is a comp\nd rock compos$ ( felsp> 7#aaj71 qu>tz 7#gf71 & mica 7#abc71 ea* 9 cry/all9e gra9s ( v>i\s size1 & promiscu\sly arrang$2 sometimes "o & sometimes ! o!r ( ^! +r$i5ts pr$om9ates1 b g5]ally ! felsp>4 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ common & mo/ widely ext5d$ rocks t are kn[n2 & is consid]$ z ! f\ndation on :i* ! second>y rocks are deposit$4 ,9 ,cornwall x is v abundant1 & ve9s bo? ( copp] & t9 are f\nd 9 x4 ,granite =ms ! summits ( ! highe/ m\nta9s 9 ,scotl&1 ( ! highe/ ( ! ,grampian ,hills1 ! ,alps1 & ! ,pyr5ees2 & inde$ ! l(tie/ p>ts ( mo/ ( ! c\ntries ( ! _w4 ,! ,logan or rock+ /ones1 9 ,cornwall1 are imm5se blocks ( granite4 ,! uses ( ?is /one are num]\s & important4 ,mill/ones1 /eps1 tr\ghs = /amp+ mills1 & innum]able o!r articles1 are made ( x4 ,! /reets ( ,london are *iefly pav$ ) granite1 & its h>dness & durability r5d] x peculi>ly eligible = ?is use4 ,wea!r has little effect ^u x4 ,consequ5tly1 :5 appli$ to ar*itectural purposes x is f\nd inf9itely pref]able to ,portl& /one1 ( :i* ne>ly all ! public build+s ( mod]n date 9 ,london h be5 con/ruct$1 & _m ( :i* are fa/ go+ to decay4 ,?is circum/ance induc$ ! proprietors ( ! ,wat]loo ,bridge to adopt granite 9 ! con/ruction ( t edifice4 ,mr4 ,smeaton also *ose x = ! out] walls ( ! ,eddy/one ,ligh?\se4 #beb4 ,,scotti% ,,granite4--,scotl& is rem>kable = _m k9ds ( granite1 "s ( :i* are susceptible ( an excell5t poli%4 ,! greate/ "p ( ! m\nta9 ( ,b5 ,nevis1 ne> ,=t ,william1 is compos$ ( a r$di% granite1 "o ( ! be/ & mo/ beautiful t is kn[n4 ,?is m\nta9 is ne>ly a mile 9 p]p5dicul> height1 & is said to conta9 granite en\gh = all ! k+doms ( ! e>?1 al?\gh !y %\ld be z p>tial to ?is /one z ! anci5t ,egyptians 74 ,columns & obelisks ( any size & height might be cut f x3 = ! rock is "o uni=m mass1 )\t appe>ance ( /rata1 division1 or fissure ( any k9d4 ,a conv9c+ pro( has be5 giv5 ( ! /r5g? & h>dness ( ?is granite1 9 a fragm5t ( sev]al tons' weight1 :i* fell f ne>ly ! top ( a precipice five hundr$ y>ds 9 height1 ^u a h>d & solid rock bel[1 & yet cont9u$ entire4 #bec4 ,,granite ,,( ,,+ria4--,a beautiful r$ granite is f\nd 9 "s p>ts ( ,russia1 rem>kable on acc\nt ( ! felsp> 7#aaj7 t x conta9s1 appe>+ 9 r\nd or oval pieces1 f half an in* to two in*es 9 diamet]4 ,?is granite1 :5 poli%$1 exhibits %9+ spots ( r\nd or oval %ape1 :i* give to x some:at ! appe>ance ( be+ /udd$ ) preci\s /ones4 ,! royal summ] g>d5 at ,pet]sburg is decorat$ ) a sup]b colonnade ( ,+rian granite4 ,! columns are sixty 9 numb]1 & ea* ( a s+le piece tw5ty feet high1 & ?ree feet 9 diamet]4 ,_m ( ! public build+s 9 ,pet]sburg are ( ?is granite4 ,an imm5se block ( x ?irtytwo feet long1 tw5ty"o feet broad1 & sev5te5 feet high1 =ms ! p$e/al ( ! celebrat$ eque/rian /atue ( ,pet] ! ,great1 9 t city4 #bed4 ,,graphic ,,granite4--,a s+ul> k9d ( granite has be5 discov]$ 9 ! isl& ( ,corsica1 & lately ne> ,portsoy 9 ! nor? ( ,scotl&4 ,! gr\nd ( ?is granite is a :iti% or r$di% yell[ felsp>1 9 :i* are emb$d$ cry/als ( qu>tz ea* f an in* to an in* & half long1 & sev]al l9es 9 diamet]4 ,! "n ( graphic granite 0 giv5 to x 9 consequ5ce ( an imag9>y resemblance :i* ! sections ( ^! cry/als h to ,hebrew1 or ,arabic1 & sometimes to musical *>act]s4 #bee4 ,,gneiss is a primitive rock1 consi/+1 l granite1 ( felsp> 7#aaj71 qu>tz 7#gf71 & mica 7#abc71 b diff]+ f t rock 9 its /ructure1 be+ slaty4 ,m\nta9s ( gneiss are n s /eep z ^? ( granite1 & _! summits are usually r\nd$4 ,b5 ,lomond & o!rs 9 ,scotl&1 & m\nt ,rosa 9 ,italy1 are almo/ :olly ( gneiss1 z well z ! middle "p ( ! ,pyr5ees4 ,x is n an uncommon rock1 b 9 ,brita9 is ( less frequ5t occurr5ce ?an granite4 ,_m valuable metallic ores are f\nd 9 ve9s ( gneiss4 ,?is rock also sometimes conta9s cry/als ( g>net 7#gj71 & t\rmal9e 7#fi74 #bef4 ,,mica ,,slate1 or ,,micace\s ,,s*i/us1 is a primitive rock ( slaty /ructure1 consi/+ pr9cipally ( qu>tz 7#gf7 & mica 7#abc74 ,l gneiss1 x is ri* 9 ores4 ,x (t5 conta9s b$s ( magnetic iron/one 7#bce71 gal5a 7#bci71 copp]1 bl5de 7#bda71 c9nab> 7#bbh71 & sometimes ev5 gold4 ,x frequ5tly has g>nets1 & sometimes t\rmal9es 7#fi71 int]sp]s$ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( x4 ,mica slate occurs 9 _m p>ts ( ,scotl&2 ! m\nta9 ( ,s*ehalli51 & ! rocky adjac5t c\ntry1 are 9 a great degree compos$ ( x4 #beg4 ,,clay ,,slate is a primitive rock g5]ally ( dull blue col\r1 m or less compact1 always slaty1 & always /ratifi$4 ,"u ! appellation ( clay slate are includ$ ro(+ slate 7#abj71 :et slate 7#abb71 draw+ slate 7#aba71 & "s o!r k9ds already describ$4 ,few rocks ab\nd m 9 ve9s & b$s ( valuable metals ?an slate4 ,9 diff]5t c\ntries x conta9s ores ( t91 lead1 cobalt 7#bdg71 silv]1 & copp]2 & gold1 & m]cury 7#bbh7 sometimes occur 9 x4 ,! celebrat$ quicksilv] m9es ( ,idria 7#bbh71 & ! imm5se mass ( copp] at ,p>ys m\nta9 9 ! isl& ( ,anglesea 7#bcj71 are 9 clay slate4 ,cry/als ( pyrites 7#bcf71 & sometimes g>nets 7#gj71 & ?9 lay]s ( qu>tz 7#gf71 & felsp> 7#aaj71 are all occasionally f\nd emb$d$ 9 x4 ,?is is a widelyext5d$ rock2 x sometimes =ms :ole m\nta9s1 & ev5 *a9s ( m\nta9s2 b ^! usually h a g5tle acclivity4 ,! summit ( ! celebrat$ m\nta9 call$ ,skiddaw 9 ,cumb]l& is ( clay slate4 #beh4 ,,primitive ,,lime/one is a simple m\nta9 rock ( cry/all9e or granul> /ructure2 & g5]ally ( :ite1 yell[i%1 gre5i%1 or r$di% col\r4 ,to ?is species ( rock belong _m ( ! ri* & beautiful k9ds ( m>ble already describ$ 7#adc1 c474 ,c>r>a1 or /atu>y m>ble 7#adf71 is a famili> in/ance ( x4 ,:ole m\nta9s 9 ,/iria1 ,c>9?ia1 ,c>niola1 & ! ,pyr5ees1 & ?ree m\nta9s 9 ,switz]l&1 #aj1jjj feet 9 height1 are ( primitive lime/one4 ,! m\nta9 ( ,filabres 9 ,spa91 is said to consi/ ( "o block ( :ite granul> m>ble1 #b1jjj feet high1 & ?ree miles 9 circuit2 )\t int]mixture ( o!r e>?s or /ones1 & almo/ )\t a fissure4 ,v>i\s m9]al ores1 9 b$s & ve9s1 z lead1 z9c 7#bda71 & iron1 are occasionally f\nd 9 ?is k9d ( rock4 #bei4 ,,primitive ,,trap is a m\nta9 rock compos$ ( a black m9]al call$ hornbl5de1 mix$1 9 "s v>ieties1 ) felsp> 7#aaj71 &1 9 o!rs1 ) mica 7#abc74 ,! ^w trap is ( ,g]man orig91 signify+ a /air2 & rocks ( ?is =mation are call$ trap rocks1 because _! /rata1 :5 expos$1 usually jut out1 "o b5ea? ! o!r1 some:at l a /air4 ,"u ?is t]m is compreh5d$ a s]ies ( rocks1 di/+ui%$ *iefly by ! hornbl5de1 :i* !y all conta94 ,rocks belong+ to ?is =mation are num]\s4 ,!y occur 9 ,scotl&2 & abundantly 9 ,d]by%ire & "s o!r p>ts ( ,engl&4 ,9 _m c\ntries !y con/itute consid]able hills4 ,!y ab\nd 9 ores4 #bfj4 ,,s]p5t9e is a primitive rock1 usually consi/+ ( qu>tz 7#gf71 magnesia 7#aih71 alum9e 7#aig71 ) a portion ( oxide 7#ba7 ( iron4 ,?is rock & its v>i\s uses1 h be5 already describ$ 7#acb74 ,x g5]ally occurs 9 %apeless masses & b$s2 & seldom 9 di/9ct /rata4 ,x is f\nd 9 ,cornwall1 ! isl& ( ,anglesea1 & sev]al p>ts ( ,scotl&2 b x r>ely =ms m\nta9s4 ,ores ( lead1 silv]1 & copp]1 are sometimes f\nd 9 s]p5t9e4 #bfa4 ,,porphyry is a primitive rock1 consi/+ ( qu>tz 7#gf7 or felsp> 7#aaj71 or bo?1 emb$d$ 9 a solid & compact cem5t or gr\nd4 ,! gr\nd or basis ( porphyry v>ies 9 ! diff]5t k9ds4 ,9 "s x is clay/one1 9 o!rs pit*/one1 horn/one1 or compact felsp>4 ,:5 n cov]$ by o!r =mations1 porphyry sometimes =ms s+le rocks2 b x nev] con/itutes elevat$ m\nta9s4 ,x occurs 9 b$s ( consid]able magnitude1 b nev] appe>s 9 di/9ct & welldef9$ /rata4 ,!re are _m beautiful & spl5did works 9 porphyry4 ,obelisks1 /atues1 & columns1 wr\ght 9 x1 h _h great celebrity4 ,x is susceptible ( a poli% z high z t ( m>ble1 b is s h>d1 t ! exp5se ( work+ x has caus$ x to be mu* neglect$ by ! mod]ns4 ,?is h>dness1 h[ev]1 r5d]s x v durable1 & also con/itutes x a mat]ial ( great utility = mort>s1 slabs = gr9d+ col\rs ^u1 & = sev]al o!r purposes4 ,porphyry 0 mu* e/eem$ by ! anci5t ,egyptians2 & ,pl9y in=ms u t ! procuratorg5]al 9 ,egypt1 "u ,claudius ,cs>1 br\ght !nce1 = t ,emp]or1 c]ta9 /atues ( porphyry1 :i* he conceiv$ to be v valuable3 ?is act1 h[ev]1 0 n mu* approv$1 & ! example 0 n foll[$ by any o!r ,roman4 ,! pr9cipal qu>ries ( porphyry are 9 ,egypt2 b ?is /one is also f\nd 9 ,italy1 ,g]many1 & v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,european cont95t4 ,x may be trac$ f ,norway to ! bord]s ( ! ,black ,sea1 & x has be5 discov]$ 9 "s ( ! we/]n & nor!rn p>ts ( ,great ,brita94 #bfb4 ,,si5ite is a rock compos$ *iefly ( felsp> 7#aaj7 & hornbl5de4 ,its col\rs are usually r$di% & black4 ,"s v>ieties ( x conta9 qu>tz 7#gf7 & mica 7#abc71 ) b little hornbl5de4 ,9 ^! ! col\rs are v>i\s4 ,al?\gh ?is is a less abundant rock ?an any ( ^? t h yet be5 m5tion$1 x occurs1 9 great abundance1 at ,m\nt ,mado1 9 ! isl& ( ,j]sey4 ,!re are ext5sive qu>ries ( x 9 t m\nta91 n only = ! use ( ! isl&1 b = exportation to ,engl&1 & o!r di/ant c\ntries4 ,! cliffs1 = a long space1 & an elevation ( a hundr$ feet or m1 consi/ entirely ( si5ite1 9 l>ge masses1 :i* are app>5tly un9t]rupt$ by a s+le fissure4 ,%afts = columns ( consid]able l5g? h be5 tak5 f ^! qu>ries2 &1 7 ! dem& suffici5t to call = new op5+s1 x is imag9$ t columns ( tw5ty feet & upw>ds 9 l5g? might be rais$4 ,! felsp> is ( a fle% col\r1 & ! /one is capable ( a beautiful poli%4 ,a some:at simil> k9d ( si5ite is f\nd at ,gr&e ,roque1 9 ! isl& ( ,gu]nsey1 9 l>ge masses1 :i* are qu>ri$ = build+ /ones4 ,si5ite also occurs 9 "s p>ts ( ,scotl& & ,d]by%ire2 9 ,saxony1 ,hung>y1 ! isl& ( ,cyprus1 & ,egypt4 ,its "n has be5 d]iv$ f t ( ! city ( ,sy5e1 9 ,upp] ,egypt1 :]e x is f\nd 9 great abundance4 ,si5ite 0 mu* us$ by ! anci5ts 9 ornam5tal ar*itecture4 ,:at 0 call$ ! r$ granite ( ,egypt 7= ?is rock has usually be5 consid]$ a granite7 furni%$ num]\s magnific5t obelisks & columns1 ( a s+le piece1 :i* h be5 mu* admir$ 9 ,rome & o!r places4 ,! anci5t arti/s sometimes cut ?is k9d ( /one into /atues1 vases1 monum5tal & o!r works4 ,! celebrat$ column 9 ,egypt1 upw>ds ( n9ety feet high1 & kn[n by ! "n ( ,pompey's ,pill>1 is =m$ ( si5ite4 ,9 ve9s ( ?is rock are f\nd1 9 diff]5t c\ntries1 _m k9ds ( metallic ores3 among o!rs1 silv]1 iron1 t91 copp]1 & lead4 #bfc4 ,,qu>tz ,,rock is a simple m\nta9 rock1 usually ( granul> texture1 & :iti% col\r4 ,x sometimes conta9s mica1 9 :i* case x has a slaty =m4 ,9 c]ta9 m\nta9s ( ,scotl&1 & ! ,scotti% isl&s1 qu>tz rock is v abundant4 ,on ! ,cont95t x appe>s 9 ,saxony1 ,bohemia1 ,silesia1 & sev]al o!r c\ntries4 ,we are in=m$ t a m\nta91 #cej feet high1 & ne> #ejjj feet broad & long1 "o ( ! ,altais* *a91 9 ,sib]ia1 consi/s entirely ( a milk:ite qu>tz4 ,! uses ( qu>tz h be5 already describ$ 7#gf1 c47 ,?is k9d ( rock does n conta9 metallic ores ( any description4 ,,ii4 ,,second>y ,,rocks4 #bfd4 ,,second>y ,,rocks are compos$ (1 or at lea/ conta9 )9 !m1 ! m9]aliz$ rema9s ( organic sub/ances4 ,^! mu/ necess>ily h be5 =m$ at a p]iod subsequ5t to ! =mation ( ^? organiz$ bodies ! rema9s ( :i* !y enclose2 & !y h app>5tly be5 =m$ by ! deposition ( wat]4 ,h5ce x is t1 to di/+ui% !m f rocks ( ! prec$+ class1 !y h receiv$ ! appellation ( second>y4 ,!y always re/ ^u or cov] primitive m\nta9s1 & sometimes lean ^u _! sides or inve/ !m4 ,w]n]1 ! celebrat$ ,g]man m9]alogi/1 makes two divisions ( second>y rocks4 ,! fir/ ( ^! he d5om9ates transition rocks1 & /ates t !y are less p]fectly cry/alliz$ ?an ! primitive rocks2 & t !y enclose ! rema9s ( m>9e animals1 no species ( :i* are at ?is "t kn[n to exi/3 ! o!r division he t]ms floetz1 or flat rocks1 because !y are g5]ally dispos$ 9 horizontal or flat /rata4 ,"s ( ! latt] conta9 ! fossil rema9s ( m>9e animals & %ells1 approa*+ 9 "* & appe>ance to ! k9ds :i* are n[ f\nd 9 ! ocean2 & o!rs conta9 %ells precisely simil> to ^? n[ kn[n to exi/4 ,^! rocks usually occur at ! foot ( primitive m\nta9s1 or 9 deep valleys4 #a4 ,,transition ,,rocks4 #bfe4 ,,transition ,,lime/one is di/+ui%$ by conta9+ m>9e petrifactions ( corals1 & o!r zoophytes :i* are suppos$ no long] to exi/4 ,x (t5 conta9s ve9s ( calc>e\s sp>1 & exhibits a v>iety ( col\rs1 :i* give to x a m>bl$ appe>ance4 ,?is species ( lime/one occurs 9 imm5se b$s1 & =ms a great portion ( ! m\nta9\s p>ts ( ,d]by%ire & ,scotl&2 b x does n rise s high1 on ! sides ( m\nta9s1 z primitive rocks 7#bej74 ,x (t5 conta9s ve9s ( valuable metallic ores4 ,:5 cut & poli%$1 _m ( ! v>ieties ( transition lime/one are beautiful m>bles2 "s ( !m h be5 already describ$4 #bff4 ,,grey ,,wacka is a transition rock1 compos$ ( pieces ( qu>tz 7#gf71 fl9ty slate1 felsp> 7#aaj71 & clay slate 7#abj71 cem5t$ toge!r by a basis ( clay slate4 ,x has v>i\s appe>ances1 ! pieces be+ sometimes z l>ge z a h5's egg1 & sometimes s small t !y c sc>cely be p]ceiv$ by ! nak$ eye4 ,:5 ! rocks ( grey wacka are n cov]$ by ^? ( any o!r =mation1 !y =m r\ndback$ hills1 usually insulat$ t[>ds ! tops1 & int]sect$ by deep valleys4 ,!y are widely di/ribut$3 & are (t5 extremely ri* 9 ores1 bo? 9 b$s & ve9s4 ,almo/ all ! m9es ( copp]1 lead1 & z9c1 9 ! ,h>tz1 are 9 grey wacka2 &1 9 ,transylvania1 ?is species ( rock is trav]s$ by num]\s small ve9s ( gold4 #b4 ,,floetz1 ,,or ,,flat ,,rocks4 #bfg4 ,,old ,,r$ ,,s&/one1 or ,,mill/one ,,grit1 is a floetz or flat rock1 compos$ ( l>ge gra9s ( s& or qu>tz 7#gf71 col\r$ by oxide 7#ba7 ( iron1 & usually cem5t$ toge!r by a k9d ( clay4 ,9 sev]al p>ts ( ,d]by%ire ?is k9d ( rock =ms ! upp]mo/ /ratum2 & 9 "s places1 is kn[n to be #abj y>ds ?ick4 ,:at are kn[n by ! "n ( peak mill/ones are =m$ ( mill/one grit4 ,!y are *iefly obta9$ f qu>ries ne> ,ne!r ,padley1 9 ,ha!rs$e1 ,d]by%ire2 a v inaccessible "p ( ! c\ntry1 b :]e ! /one is ( bett] quality ?an x c else:]e be procur$4 ,^! mill/ones are made ( diff]5t dim5sions1 f two feet 9 diamet]1 & eight in*es ?ick1 to five feet & half 9 diamet]1 & sev5te5 in*es ?ick4 ,"s ( ! b$s ( mill/one grit1 :i* h sph]ical /a9s 9 !m1 ( light r$ col\r1 are said to be infusible2 & are consequ5tly a valuable /one = l9+ ! he>?s ( iron & o!r furnaces1 :]e an int5se heat is requir$4 ,^! are call$ fire/ones1 & ,ro*es qu>ry1 ne> ,upp] ,t[n1 9 ,a%ov]1 ,d]by%ire1 is fam\s = !m4 ,! upp] b$s ( ?is k9d ( rock are (t5 ?91 & capable ( division1 s z to make excell5t pav+ /ones1 or flags4 ,!re is a p>ticul> b$ ( x at ,/anton1 9 ! ,peak ( ,d]by%ire1 s por\s t x is made into filt]+ /ones = ! cleans+ ( turbid wat]4 #bfh4 ,,?ird ,,s&/one1 ,,grit/one1 or ,,free/one1 is ano!r k9d ( floetz or flat rock1 =m$ ( v small agglut9at$ p>ticles ( s&4 ,x is opaque1 usually ( :iti% col\r1 & f\nd 9 l>ge masses1 ( v>i\s degrees ( h>dness4 ,! "n ( free/one has be5 giv5 to ?is k9d ( rock1 f its capability ( be+ brok5 or hewn1 ) ne>ly equal facility1 9 any direction4 ,h5ce1 z well z f its great durability1 x is peculi>ly e/eem$ = build+s4 ,x is also =m$ into ci/]ns & tr\ghs ( v>i\s k9ds2 into pill>s = support+ corn ricks2 into roll+ /ones2 & into gr9d+ /ones = cutl]s1 edgetool mak]s1 & work]s 9 poli%$ /eel4 ,paviors' flags1 or ! /ones us$ = ! pav+ ( footpa?s1 y>ds1 kit*5s1 & outh\ses1 are g5]ally flat pieces ( free/one4 ,scy!/ones1 or /ones = ! %>p5+ ( scy!s ^u1 are made ( free/one4 ,consid]able numb]s ( ^! are wr\ght 9 ,d]by%ire2 & ! dext]ity t is display$ 9 cleav+ & =m+ !m is some:at rem>kable4 ,! workm5 use %>ppo9t$ picks1 sev]al v small w$ges1 & a hamm]4 ,a prop] block ( /one be+ select$1 two or ?ree ( ^! small w$ges are set 9 a r[1 by g5tle bl[s ( ! hamm]4 ,^! bl[s are successively repeat$ till ! /one splits4 ,! w$ges are !n set 9 a /raight l9e into ! face ( ! piece split (f1 & ! /one is cleft aga9 9 t direction4 ,9 ?is mann] ! subdivisions are cont9u$1 until a piece rema9s ( size to make two scy!/ones1 ea* an in* & a half squ>e1 & ab\t twelve in*es long4 ,?is ! workman holds 9 8 left h&1 ne>ly upright2 ) ! po9t ( 8 pick he traces a deep nick d[n ! middle ( fir/ "o side & !n ! o!r2 & !n by a slight bl[ ( 8 pick he sep>ates x1 into two1 s dext]\sly1 t n m ?an ?ree or f\r 9 a hundr$ are brok5 9 ! cleav+4 ,su* /ones z are int5d$ = r\nd rubb]s1 are fir/ r$uc$ into an octagonal %ape by ! po9t ( ! pick1 & !n h&$ ov] to wom5 & boys1 :o gr9d or rub !m 9 a not* =m$ 9 a h>d /one1 until !y are ( ! requisite %ape4 ,! squ>e ones are f9i%$ by be+ gr\nd on a flat /one4 99 99 99 99 99 ,o!r rocks1 belong+ to :at is call$ ! floetz1 or flat =mation1 h be5 already m5tion$1 "u ! heads ( lime/one 7#adj71 gypsum 7#aib71 rock salt 7#bjb71 *alk 7#ada71 & coal 7#bag74 ,,iii4 ,,alluvial ,,depositions4 #bfi4 ,^! are describ$ to compreh5d all su* sub/ances z h be5 =m$ f previ\sly exi/+ rocks1 ( :i* ! mat]ials h be5 worn d[n1 by long exposure to ! ag5cy ( wat] & air1 & aft]w>ds deposit$ 9 ne>ly horizontal b$s on ! surface ( ! l&4 ,alluvial deposits h be5 =m$1 & are /ill =m+ 9 e qu>t] ( ! globe4 ,!y occur bo? 9 m\nta9\s regions & 9 flat c\ntries1 fill+ up ! valleys or holl[s 9 ! "o2 & (t5 =m+ va/ & ext5d$ pla9s 9 ! o!r4 ,!y consi/ ( peat1 s&1 gravel1 loam1 clay1 & o!r sub/ances4 ,,iv4 ,,volcanic ,,rocks4 #bgj4 ,volcanic rocks are compos$ ( su* m9]al sub/ances z h be5 eject$ f volcanoes1 or h be5 =m$ by ! ag5cy ( subt]rane\s fires1 & h und]gone c]ta9 *anges 9 su* fires4 ,!y are ( two k9ds2 ! "o call$ pseudo volcanic1 su* z burnt clay1 porcela9 jasp]1 & e>?slag1 :i* h be5 alt]$ 9 consequ5ce ( ! burn+ ( b$s ( coal 9 _! neighb\rhood2 & ! o!r1 call$ true volcanic m9]als1 su* z /ones1 a%es1 & lava1 :i* h be5 ?r[n out ( real volcanoes4 #bga4 ,x w some:at t5d to illu/rate ! hi/ory ( ! m9]al k+dom1 to /ate1 9 conclusion1 "u a tabul> =m1 ! relative heights ( ! pr9cipal m\nta9s1 or masses ( rocks1 :i* occur 9 ! diff]5t c\ntries ( ! _w2 previ\sly rem>k+1 t ! mo/ l(ty & magnific5t ( ^!1 respect+ :i* any acc\nt suffici5tly au!ntic has hi!rto be5 obta9$1 are ! m\nta9s ( ,nepaul & ,?ibet1 9 ,asia1 "o ( ! =m] be+ #bg1ffg1 & ! highe/ ( ! latt] measur+ at lea/ #bc1bfb feet1 or f #d miles to #e miles 9 p]p5dicul> height above ! level ( ! sea4 ,previ\sly to ! k t has lately be5 atta9$ respect+ ! ,asiatic m\nta9s1 ^? ( ! ,&es1 on ! cont95t ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 _h be5 consid]$ by f> ! highe/ 9 ! _w4 ,"o ( !m1 ,*imborazo1 is #bj1ijj feet 9 height4 ,( ! ,european m\nta9s1 ! highe/ is ,mont ,blanc1 9 ,switz]l&1 :i* measures #ae1fhj feet1 or ab\t #b miles4 ,! l(tie/ summit )9 ! ,briti% isl&s is ,b5 ,nevis1 9 ,inv]ness%ire1 ,scotl&1 :i* does n exce$ #d1chj feet1 or some:at m ?an ?ree qu>t]s ( a mile2 & ! great pyramid ( ,egypt1 ! l(tie/ "w ( human art & indu/ry ) :i* we are acqua9t$1 & :i* w s]ve z a po9t 9 ! scale1 measures only #dgg feet4 #bgb4 ,x has be5 rem>k$ t ! greate/ altitude at :i* bananas & o!r palmtrees gr[ 9 ,am]ica is ab\t #cbhj feet above ! level ( ! sea 7,frontispiece1 ,fig4 #dh73 t 9 ! torrid zone1 ! sup]ior limits ( oaks is ab\t #aj1ejj feet 7#di71 ( p9es #ab1jjj feet 7#ej71 & ( li*5 plants #ah1bbe feet 7#ea74 ,! ,am]ican travell]s1 ,messrs4 ,humboldt & ,bonpl&1 on ! tw5ty?ird ( ,june1 #ahjb1 asc5d$ ! m\nta9 ( ,*imborazo to ! height ( #ai1djj feet 7#eb74 ,! highe/ flight t has be5 rem>k$ ( ! ,s\? ,am]ican vulture1 call$ ! condor1 0 #ba1jjj feet 7#ec74 ,m4 ,lussac1 on ! #af? ( ,septemb]1 #ahjd1 asc5d$ 9 a balloon f ,p>is1 to ! height ( #bb1ijj feet4 ,9 ,switz]l&1 ! limit ( p]petual sn[ is above ! altitude ( #ijjj feet 7#ed74 ,height ( ! ,pr9ciple ,m\nta9s4 ,frontispiece4 ,ft4 above ,fig4 ! sea ,briti% ,isl&s4 ,scotl& ,b5 ,nevis1 ,inv]ness%ire #a #dchj ,b5 ,law]s1 ,p]?%ire #b #djea ,engl& ,skiddaw1 ,cumb]l& #c #cecj ,cross ,fell1 ,cumb]l& #d #ccij ,helvellyn1 ,cumb]l& #e #ccbd ,:>nside1 ,york%ire #f #bdhj ,+lebor\gh1 ,york%ire #g #bchj ,wales ,sn[don1 ,ca]n>von%ire #h #cefh ,cad] ,idris1 ,m]ione?%ire #i #ceej ,irel& ,macgillicuddy's ,reeks1 ,k]ry #aj #cdjd ,sleibh,dor91 ,londond]ry #aa #caej ,cont95t ( ,europe4 ,france ,mont d',or1 ,auv]gne #ab #fgjg ,puy de ,sausi1 ,auv]gne #ac #fgjj ,pyr5ees ,mont ,p]du1 ! highe/ ( ! #ad #aa1bhc ,pyr5ees ,le ,pic ,blanc1 ,spa9 #ae #aj1bje ,alps ,l\cira #af #ad1dea ,l\pilon #ag #ad1add ,switz]l& ,mont ,blanc1 highe/ m\nta9 #ah #ae1fhj 9 ,europe ,mont ,rosa #ai #ae1eee ,mont ,/4 ,go?>d #bj #aj1jad ,italy ,mont ,cimone #ba #fdja ,vesuvius #bb #cijj ,g]many ,ortl],spitze1 ,tyrol #bc #ae1dcj ,o/elle1 ,saltzburg #bd #ab1hjj ,c>pa?ian ,m\nta9s1 highe/ #be #hfdj summit ,lomnitz ,peak #bf #hfdj ,sw$5 ,areskutan1 ,jempl& #bg #fahj ,isl&s4 ,t5]iffe ,peak ( ,t5]iffe #bh #ab1bcf ,sicily tna #bi #aj1ifc ,jamaica ,blue ,m\nta9s #cj #gdca ,icel& ,snfiel #ca #fhfj ,hecla #cb #dijj ,asia4 ,india ,dhawalg]i 9 ,nepaul #df #bg1ffg ,m\nta9s ( ,?ibet #dg #bc1bfb ,turkey ,m\nt ,lebanon1 e/imat$ at #cc #iebj 9 ,asia ,m\nt ,ar>at1 e/imat$ at #cd #iejj ,m\nt ,ida #ce #difj ,am]ica4 ,&es1 ,s\? ,*imborazo1 ,quito #cf #bj1ijj ,am]ica4 ,cotopaxi1 ,quito #cg #ah1hhj ,height ( ,rem>kable ,lakes1 ,cities1 c4 ,alps ,lake ( ,lausanne #ch #hfdj ,lake ( ,lanzon1 on ! #ci #fgig m\nta9 ( ,olan ,switz]l& ,lake ( ,luc]ne #dj #adjh ,s\? ,am]ica ,city ( ,riobamba1 ,quito #da #ah1hjj ,city ( ,quito #db #icef ,nor? ,am]ica ,city ( ,mexico #dc #gdbd ,au/ria ,t[n ( ,eis5]z #dd #bjef ,egypt ,! great ,pyramid #de #dgg ,,wat] ,,9 ,,g5]al4 #bgc4 ,,wat]1 g5]ally speak+1 is a transp>5t & ne>ly incompressible fluid1 ! compon5t p>ts ( :i* are two k9ds ( gas1 call$ hydrog5 7#de7 & oxyg5 7#ba74 ,x is liquid 9 ! common temp]ature ( our atmosph]e1 assumes a solid /ate "u ! d5om9ation ( ice1 9 a cold temp]ature 7#cb ( ,fahr5heit's !rmomet]72 &1 by heat at #bab1 is conv]t$ into an ela/ic vap\r ( almo/ incr$ible =ce1 call$ /eam4 ,at any temp]ature betwixt ^! two po9ts1 x returns1 unalt]$1 to its liquid /ate4 ,! weight ( wat] is ab\t #haf times great] ?an t ( atmosph]ic air4 ,wat] ab\nds 91 & may be consid]$ z1 a k9d ( g5]al cem5t to all solid bodies4 ,x p]=ms ! mo/ important functions bo? 9 ! animal & vegetable k+doms1 & ev5 ent]s l>gely into _! composition4 ,a *ief "p ( ! nutrition ( vegetables is ! wat] :i* !y absorb f ! e>? ?r\gh ! pores ( _! roots4 ,! great quantity s absorb$ may readily be imag9$1 :5 x is /at$ t ! drie/ & mo/ compact k9ds ( wood1 su* z ev5 he>t ( oak1 :5 conv]t$ into *>coal1 lose1 dur+ ! process1 full ?reef\r?s ( _! weight2 & t ! fluid :i* escapes is ne>ly pure wat]4 ,?is fluid is f\nd 9 ! drie/ ( solid bodies1 :atev] be _! description4 ,a piece ( h>t%orn kept = =ty ye>s1 & !reby become z h>d & dry z metal 7s t if /ruck aga9/ a fl9t x w\ld give sp>ks ( fire71 ^u be+ di/ill$1 0 f\nd to yield an eigh? "p ( its weight ( wat]4 ,e be+ ) life1 9 a great degree1 lives by x2 & :atev] gr[s1 ?r\gh x receives its gr[?2 & :]ev] x ent]s1 x promotes & su/a9s life1 pres]v+ ! :ole ( creat$ nature 9 _! prop] classes ( exi/5ce4 ,& :e!r we consid] x z productive ( heal? to animals & vegetables1 z requisite to ! exi/5ce & beauty ( ! e>?1 or z "o ( ! great p[]s by :i* ! ,almighty works 9 ! support ( ! _w1 we _c b admire & adore ! wisdom by :i* x has be5 orda9$4 ,9 ! v>i\s k9ds ( wat]1 ev5 ( t :i* is commonly us$ 9 dr9k+1 & = ! prep>ation ( food1 !re is great diff]5ce bo? ( ta/e & appe>ance4 ,?is diff]5ce is *iefly occasion$ by ! =eign matt]s :i* !y hold 9 solution or susp5sion4 ,9 "s cases ! quantity ( ^! is s m9ute z to h b little influ5ce on ! ta/e2 b 9 o!rs !y alt] its prop]ties altoge!r1 & r5d] ! wat] noxi\s1 or m$ic9al1 or unfit = ! prep>ation ( food4 ,! *emical analysis ( wat]1 = ! purpose ( asc]ta9+ ! diff]5t sub/ances :i* x holds 9 solution1 is "o ( ! mo/ difficult & complicat$ op]ations t is kn[n 9 ?is bran* ( sci5ce2 & "o t ex]cises1 9 a peculi> degree1 bo? ! skill & indu/ry ( ! op]ator4 ,! difficulty arises n only f ! div]sity ( ! bodies :i* occur1 b f ! v m9ute quantities ( "s ( !m4 ,^! bodies are discov]$ by an addition to ! wat] ( c]ta9 sub/ances1 ! consequ5ce ( :i* is "s *ange 9 its appe>ance1 & ?is *ange indicates ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( ! bodies suspect$4 ,! sub/ances ?us employ$ are v num]\s1 & h ! "n ( te/s4 ,! me?ods ( asc]ta9+ ! exact proportion ( ea* ( ^! +r$i5ts are mu* too complicat$ to require a place 9 ! pres5t "w4 ,wat] _c be obta9$ 9 any /ate ( p]fect purity except by ! artificial process ( di/illation4 ,,ord] ,i4--,,common ,,wat]4 #bgd4 ,,ra9 ,,wat] is consid]$ to be next 9 purity to di/ill$ wat]1 f its hav+ und]gone a natural di/illation4 ,its =eign cont5ts v>y accord+ to ! /ate ( ! air ?r\gh :i* x falls4 ,h5ce1 = in/ance1 :5 x passes ?r\gh ! atmosph]e ( a smoky t[n1 x becomes impure3 & :5 collect$ 9 t[ns1 x frequ5tly acquires a small quantity ( sulphat ( lime 7#aib71 & calc>e\s matt] f ! mort> & pla/] ( ! h\ses4 ,?is wat] is always v s(t2 & is1 consequ5tly1 well calculat$ = ! dissolv+ ( soap1 9 wa%+ & o!r processes4 ,x is also peculi>ly adapt$ to ! solution ( alim5t>y or col\r+ matt]1 9 ! prep>ation ( food & dye+1 & is accord+ly us$ to great ext5t = ^! purposes4 ,by ! addition ( a small quantity ( a solution ( b>ytes 7#aie71 x may be r5d]$ suffici5tly pure = all *emical uses4 ,if ra9 wat] be long kept1 especially 9 hot climates1 x acquires a disagreeable smell1 & becomes putrid1 & full ( animalcul4 #bge4 ,,ice & ,,sn[ ,,wat] are equal to ra9 wat] 9 purity2 & ! air hav+ be5 expell$ f !m dur+ ! process ( freez+1 !y are consequ5tly devoid ( air :5 fir/ melt$4 ,ice & sn[1 9 _! natural /ate1 are highly important to mank9d4 ,x is a g5]al law ( nature t all bodies become m d5se & heavy by exposure to cold2 b ! freez+ ( wat] is an exception to ?is law1 & = a purpose ( extreme b5efit to mank9d4 ,by ?is ord9ation x is t ice always rises to ! surface ( ! wat]1 & ?us pres]ves f ! effects ( ! surr\nd+ cold1 a va/ body ( heat 9 ! fluid b5ea?2 & is itself ready to receive its own accu/om$ quantity ^u ! fir/ *ange ( ! atmosph]e4 ,! expansion ( wat]1 9 freez+1 is ow+ to its assum+ a cry/alliz$ =m2 & ?is expansion is (t5 s great t glass bottles1 fill$ ) wat]1 are bur/ by x4 ,dur+ ! int5se cold ( w9t]1 sn[1 :i* is ( a s(t & spongy texture1 is consid]$ ( great utility 9 prev5t+ ! imm$iate access ( ! atmosph]ic air to ! gr\nd2 x has d\btless be5 design$ by ,provid5ce z a g>m5t to protect ! incipi5t vegetation1 at t inclem5t season1 f injury4 ,! inhabitants ( all ! extreme nor!rn p>ts ( ! _w use ?aw$ sn[ = _! con/ant bev]age dur+ w9t]2 & ! va/ masses ( ice :i* float 9 ! pol> seas af=d an abundant supply ( fre% wat] to ! navigators ( ^? dre>y regions4 ,sn[ wat] has1 h[ev]1 long la9 "u ! imputation ( occasion+ ^? extraord9>y swell+s 9 ! neck1 :i* de=m ! inhabitants ( "s ( ! alp9e valleys ( ,switz]l&2 b ?is op9ion is n support$ by any wellau!nticat$ facts4 ,inde$ x is r5d]$ q improbable by ! frequ5cy ( ?is disease 9 ! isl& ( ,sumatra1 :]e ice & sn[ are nev] se53 & by its be+ q unkn[n 9 ,*ili & ,?ibet1 ?\gh ! riv]s ( ^! c\ntries are *iefly suppli$ by ! melt+ ( ! sn[s4 #bgf4 ,,spr+ ,,wat] is no?+ m ?an ra9 wat]1 :i* hav+ gradually filt]$ ?r\gh ! e>?1 collects at ! bottom ( declivities1 & !re makes its way to ! surface4 ,x is obvi\s t spr+ wat] mu/ be ne>ly z v>i\s 9 its cont5ts z ! sub/ances ?r\gh :i* x fl[s4 ,ord9>y spr+s pass ins5sibly into m9]al spr+s1 accord+ z _! =eign cont5ts become m abundant2 b x has n unfrequ5tly happ5$ t wat]s h acquir$ great m$ical reputation f _! purity only4 ,al?\gh by f> ! great] numb] ( spr+s are cold1 "s are hot1 or at lea/ are ( a temp]ature :i*1 at all times1 exce$s t ( summ] heat3 & ?is w>m? is s little influ5c$ by ! /ate ( ! atmosph]e1 t x is ne>ly ! same bo? 9 summ] & w9t]4 ,! wat] ( almo/ e spr+ is ( su* nature t x w n dissolve1 b curdles1 soap2 & _c be us$ = dress+ sev]al k9ds ( food4 ,wat] ( ?is description is d5om9at$ h>d1 a prop]ty ow+ to ! great proportion ( e>?y salts :i* x holds 9 solution1 & :i*1 at ! same "t1 are n 9 su* abundance z to impair its ta/e4 ,! mo/ common ( ^! salts is sel5ite1 or sulphat ( lime 7#aib71 & *alk1 or c>bonat ( lime 7#adj72 :5 x conta9s only ! latt]1 ! wat] is easily r5d]$ s(t by boil+1 :i* expels ! excess ( c>bonic acid 7#bf71 & ?us causes ! *alk to be precipitat$4 ,h5ce orig9ates ! e>?y cru/ or fur 9 su* tea kettles z h _h h>d wat] sev]al times boil$ 9 !m4 ,! wat] ( deep wells is = ! mo/ "p mu* h>d] ?an t ( spr+s :i* ov]fl[ _! *annels4 #bgg4 ,,riv] ,,wat] is a mixture ( spr+ & ra9 wat]1 :i*1 f mu* agitation1 & by long exposure to ! air1 9 ! c\rse ( its *annel1 becomes1 9 g5]al1 tol]ably s(t & free f e>?y salts4 ,= wa%+1 & o!r purposes ( dome/ic economy1 riv] wat]1 f its s(tness & purity1 is n only pref]able to spr+ wat]1 b also s]ves = _m uses to :i* ! latt] _c be at all appli$4 ,z a bev]age1 h[ev]1 x is 9 g5]al vapid & unpleasant4 ,! wat]s ( "s riv]s1 p>ticul>ly :]e ! b$s1 ov] :i* !y fl[1 are s&y or /ony1 are rem>kably pure4 ,?is is ! case ) sev]al ( ^? 9 ,switz]l&1 ,wales1 ,scotl&1 & ! nor!rn c\nties ( ,engl&4 ,! riv] ,se9e has great repute 9 ,france on ?is acc\nt3 x has be5 f\nd1 on accurate exam9ation1 ev5 m pure ?an ,bri/ol wat]4 ,t ( ! riv] ,?ames1 impregnat$ z x w\ld appe> to be ) putrid rema9s1 is s(t & good1 :5 tak5 up at l[ wat]2 &1 aft] re/ & filtration1 is f\nd to conta9 b a small portion ( any ?+ ei!r noxi\s or unpleasant4 ,x is pref]r$1 by m>9]s1 to mo/ o!r wat] = sea /ore2 b x soon becomes putrid1 & und]goes a rem>kable spontane\s *ange4 ,:51 aft] hav+ be5 kept a mon? or two1 a cask is op5$1 a quantity ( inflammable air escapes1 & ! wat] is black & nause\s4 ,if1 9 ?is /ate1 x be rack$ (f into l>ge e>!n vessels 7oil j>s x is said are commonly us$ = ! purpose71 & expos$ to ! air1 x gradually deposits a portion ( black slimy mud1 & becomes p]fectly cle>1 sweet1 & fit = use4 #bgh4 ,,/agnant ,,wat] conta9s great] impurities ?an any o!r4 ,9 ponds & m>%es p>ticul>ly1 x is fill$ ) ! rema9s ( animal & vegetable matt]s1 :i* are !re und]go+ a gradual decomposition4 ,! wat] ( lakes is n1 9 g5]al1 s mu* contam9at$ z ?is2 b f ! same cause1 x frequ5tly has a slimy appe>ance1 a br[ni% col\r1 & an unpleasant ta/e4 ,f ! putrefy+ cont5ts ( /agnant wat]1 nutrim5t is af=d$ to v>i\s liv+ plants & insects :i* !re supply ! place ( ^? t p]i%4 ,its ta/e is vapid1 unpleasant1 & :olly de/itute ( t agreeable fre%ness :i* is f\nd 9 spr+ wat]4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 g5]ally s(t1 &1 by filtration1 x may be fre$ f _m ( its impurities4 ,! air :i* issues f m>%es & /agnant pools is extremely noxi\s1 & is ! cause ( agues & o!r di/ress+ compla9ts1 to su* p]sons z reside 9 ! neighb\rhood ( !m or are mu* expos$ to !m2 & ! injuri\s effects ( su* air h also be5 consid]$ to ext5d to ! int]nal use ( ^! wat]s4 ,,ord] ,,ii4--,,sea ,,wat]4 #bgi4 ,,sea ,,wat] is a v het]og5e\s comp\nd1 n only conta9+ a consid]able portion ( sal9e sub/ances1 b hold+ also susp5d$ 9 x an inf9ite numb] ( m9ute animal & vegetable p>ticles1 to ! gradual putrefaction ( :i* its peculi>ly nause\s & bitt] ta/e1 at ! surface1 is 9 "s measure to be attribut$4 ,! av]age quantity ( salt 9 sea wat] is e/imat$ to am\nt to ab\t "o?irtie? "p ( its weight4 ,x likewise conta9s a c]ta9 portion ( muriat ( magnesia1 sulphat ( magnesia or ,epsom salts 7#aii71 & a small quantity ( sulphat ( lime 7#aib74 ,sea wat]1 tak5 f a great dep?1 has n ! bitt]ness :i* ! wat] ( ! surface has3 x is only sal9e4 ,no natural wat]s1 if we except c]ta9 br9e spr+s & salt lakes1 are s sal9e z ^? ( ! ocean2 & ! latt] diff]1 9 ?is respect1 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w4 ,at ! tropic1 ! sea is 9 g5]al m salt ?an x is at ! poles1 a wise ord9ation to pres]ve x1 9 ^? climates1 f ! great t5d5cy to putrefaction3 &1 at a consid]able dep?1 x is always f\nd m salt ?an at ! surface4 ,! wat] ( ! ,baltic is mu* less salt ?an t ( ! ,atlantic2 & x is a rem>kable circum/ance1 t its sal9e cont5ts are increas$ by a we/ w9d1 b /ill m s by a gale f ! nor? we/4 ,"s philosoph]s h endeav\r$1 b to little purpose1 to acc\nt1 f second causes1 = ! salt9ess ( ! ocean4 ,dr4 ,halley p]suad$ himself t x might h be5 gradually acquir$1 9 v m9ute portions1 by a deposit ( salt wa%$ d[n f ! l& by riv]s1 & t1 z x c\ld n be c>ri$ (f by evaporation1 in/ead ( be+ dim9i%$1 x mu/ be con/antly increas+4 ,b ?is idea ( salt+ ! sea ) fre% wat]1 is1 to say ! lea/ ( x1 some:at absurd1 m p>ticul>ly z x presumes t ! sea 0 orig9ally unimpregnat$ ) salt4 ,_h ?is be5 ! case1 ! putrefaction ( ! imm5se mass ( animal & vegetable sub/ances :i* x gradually conta9$1 w\ld1 9 a %ort "t1 h prov$ fatal to ! :ole inhabitants ( ! e>?4 ,! temp]ature ( ! sea1 al?\gh x mu/ necess>ily v>y 9 ! diff]5t seasons1 is mu* m uni=m ?an t ( any inl& wat] expos$ to ! atmosph]e4 ,?is is1 9 a great measure1 attributable to its va/ body ( wat]1 & ! p]petual agitation to :i* x is expos$4 ,sea wat]1 :5 congeal$ by fro/1 is f\nd to reject all1 or ne>ly all1 its sal9e p>ticles2 & consequ5tly1 :5 ?aw$1 its ice yields wat] s fre% t x may be drunk )\t unpleasantness4 ,! freez+ ( sea wat] is n unfrequ5tly practis$ 9 ! nor!rn p>ts ( ! _w1 ) a view to less5 ! tr\ble & exp5se ( extract+ salt f x1 = dome/ic & o!r uses 7#bjb74 ,salt wat] may likewise be r5d]$ fre% & palatable by di/illation1 a mode :i* is n[ v g5]ally practis$ at sea4 ,! sea %ore has ( late become s mu* frequ5t$ by invalids1 = ! purpose ( ba?+1 t !re is sc>cely a fi%+ village1 on ! :ole ext5t ( our coa/1 b :i* is provid$ ) "s accommodation = ba!rs4 ,z a cold ba?1 sea wat] is employ$1 ) advantage1 9 all ^? cases ( debility = :i* cold ba?+ has1 9 g5]al1 be5 recomm5d$4 ,x is also us$ z an ext]nal application 9 tum\rs & "s o!r compla9ts2 &1 tak5 int]nally1 z a rem$y 9 v>i\s disord]s4 ,x is to sea wat] t we are *iefly indebt$ = ! salt :i* we use at table1 & = all ! purposes ( dome/ic economy 7#bjb74 ,f ?is wat] is also obta9$ ^? salts us$ 9 m$ic9e1 call$ ,glaub]'s 7#bjc7 & ,epsom salts 7#aii74 ,,ord] ,,iii4--,,m9]al ,,wat]s4 #a4 ,,! ,,m ,,simple ,,cold ,,wat]s4 #bhj4 ,,malv]n ,,wat] is a simple cold wat]1 p]fectly bright & pellucid3 x has an agreeable1 & some:at pung5t flav\r2 b1 9 o!r respects1 x does n diff] 9 ta/e f pure & good s(t wat]4 ,x conta9s c>bonic acid 7#bf71 & a v small portion ( e>?1 ei!r lime or magnesia2 b1 ! c>bonic acid p]haps except$1 ! =eign bodies are less 9 quantity ?an ^? ev5 ( our common spr+ wat]4 ,! spr+ f :i* ?is wat] pr9cipally issues is d5om9at$ ! ,holy ,well3 & is situat$ high up ! hill1 ab\t midway betwe5 ! villages ( ,great & ,little ,malv]n1 9 ,worce/]%ire4 ,bo? z an ext]nal & int]nal application1 ! wat]s ( ,malv]n h be5 consid]$ b5eficial 9 _m ob/9ate compla9ts4 ,x is a s+ul> circum/ance respect+ !m t1 not)/&+ _! app>5t purity1 if !y be expos$ to ! air 9 an op5 vessel1 !y w soon acquire a fetid & unpleasant smell4 ,malv]n is pr9cipally frequ5t$ dur+ ! summ] season4#e ,footnote #e3 ,adjo9+ to ,great ,malv]n1 & a little high] up ! hill1 !re is a v light & pleasant *alybeate wat]4 #b4 ,,! ,,m ,,simple ,,w>m ,,wat]s4 #bha4 ,,bri/ol ,,hot,,well ,,wat] is pure1 w>m1 & slightly acidulat$1 cle>1 sp>kl+1 & agreeable to ! palate1 b )\t any v decid$ ta/e4 ,x is also de/itute ( smell4 ,:5 p\r$ into a glass x s5ds =? num]\s airbubbles4 ,! heat ( ?is spr+ is v mod]ate1 ! av]age be+ ab\t #gd ( ,fahr5heit's !rmomet]2 & ?is heat does n s5sibly v>y dur+ summ] or w9t]4 ,! =eign cont5ts ( ! hotwell wat] are muriat ( magnesia1 common salt1 ,glaub]'s salt1 sulphat ( lime 7#aib71 & *alk3 b ^! are 9 extremely small quantity4 ,x also conta9s at ! rate ( ab\t ?irty cubic in*es ( c>bonic acid gas1 or fix$ air 7#bf71 9 e gallon4 ,?is wat] spr+s f ! bottom ( ! s\!rn extremity ( ,/4 ,v9c5t's rock1 a l(ty cliff ( lime/one situat$ on ! nor? bank ( ! riv] ,avon1 & ab\t a mile bel[ ! city ( ,bri/ol4 ,&1 al?\gh x is consid]ably high] ?an ! riv]1 x is s f> affect$ by ! spr+ tides z to become1 !reby1 9 "s degree turbid4 ,! dis*>ge ( wat] am\nts to ab\t =ty gallons 9 a m9ute4 ,!re is ano!r spr+ at ,clifton1 on ! summit ( ! same hill1 f ! bottom ( :i* ! wat]s ( ! hotwell issues4 ,?is is call$ ! ,sion spr+1 & is "o or two degrees cold]1 b1 9 o!r respects1 x v ne>ly resembles ! wat] ( ! hotwell4 ,its discov]y 0 some:at rem>kable4 ,a ,mr4 ,morgan1 an attorney ( ,bri/ol1 hav+ erect$ a h\se ne> ! spot1 sunk a well = ! supply ( 8 family ) wat]4 ,! workm5 _h proce$$ to ! dep? ( ne>ly #bdj feet )\t success1 :5 !y 7 sudd5ly al>m$ by ! gu%+ =? ( su* an abundance ( wat] t !y 7 compell$ to retreat ) precipitation4 ,! proprietor 0 s f> disappo9t$ ( 8 hopes z to f9d t ?is 0 a spr+ ( w>m in/ead ( cold wat]4 ,b ! circum/ance induc$ him to erect an eng9e to raise ! wat] = m$ic9al purposes2 &1 s9ce t p]iod1 a pump room & ba?+ h\ses h be5 prep>$ = ! accommodation ( visitors4 ,! wat] ( ea* ( ^! spr+s1 besides be+ us$ m$ic9ally 9 pulmon>y consumptions & o!r compla9ts1 is employ$ v ext5sively at table1 & = all dome/ic purposes4 ,x is rem>kable = s(tness & purity2 &1 f its quality ( cont9u+ unta9t$ = a great l5g? ( "t1 ev5 9 hot climates1 is a valuable wat] = long voyages1 & is accord+ly export$ 9 consid]able quantities to di/ant p>ts4 ,! season ( g5]al resort to ,clifton & ! hotwells is f ab\t ! middle ( ,april to ! end ( ,octob]4 #bhb4 ,,matlock ,,wat] is a simple w>m wat]1 :i*1 9 its s5sible prop]ties1 exclusive ( its temp]ature1 :i* is only ab\t #ff ( ,fahr5heit1 is sc>cely diff]5t f good spr+ wat]4 ,x is beautifully cle>1 & exhales no /eam1 except 9 v cold wea!r4 ,! m$ic9al virtues ( ?is wat] h *iefly be5 ascrib$ to its temp]ature4 ,its supply is v copi\s1 & f sev]al diff]5t s\rces4 ,?\gh recomm5d$ 9 "s int]nal compla9ts1 x is pr9cipally employ$ z a ba?2 &1 9 ?is respect1 x =ms a m$ium betwixt ! wat]s ( ,ba? or ,buxton & ^? ( ! g5]ality ( cold ba?s4 ,matlock1 :i* is a beautifully romantic village1 situat$ 9 a hilly "p ( ,d]by%ire1 & at ! di/ance ( #adc miles nor? ( ,london1 0 fir/ br\ght into public notice ab\t ! ye> #afih1 %ortly aft] :i* p]iod ! fir/ ba? 0 erect$4 ,x is *iefly frequ5t$ f ! mon? ( ,may to t ( ,octob]2 or1 if ! wea!r cont9ue f9e1 till ne> ! beg9n+ ( ,novemb]4 #bhc4 ,,buxton ,,wat] is a simple w>m wat]1 :i* conta9s s little =eign matt]1 z sc>cely to be di/+ui%able f common spr+ wat] heat$ to ! same temp]ature4 ,x has nei!r smell nor ta/e2 &1 ?\gh x sp>kles a little 9 ! glass1 :5 fir/ drawn1 ?is is n app>5tly m ?an :at is obs]vable 9 ! wat] ( _m common spr+s4 ,its temp]ature1 9 ! ba? call$ ! ,g5tleman's ba?1 is inv>iably #hb4 ,buxton has be5 celebrat$1 = its w>m spr+s1 ne>ly two c5turies & a half4 ,z e>ly z ! ye> #aegb a treatise on _! virtues 0 publi%$3 ?is /ates !m to h be5 at t "t mu* resort$ to by p]sons f all ! adjac5t c\nties4 ,! wat] is employ$ bo? ext]nally & int]nally1 & to great ext5t4 ,its pr9cipal value1 z a ba?1 arises f its v copi\s supply1 its purity1 & its high temp]ature4 ,! s5sation :i* is felt f ba?+ 9 x is consid]$ to be su* z w\ld be exp]i5c$ f any ba? heat$ to ! highe/ temp]ature :i* is compatible ) giv+ "s s5sation ( cold :5 ! body is fir/ plung$ into x4 ,?is wat] is also us$ z an int]nal m$ic9e2 & is frequ5tly us$ by ! inhabitants z _! common bev]age1 & = su* dome/ic purposes z its h>dness w admit4 ,!re are sev]al spr+s & sev]al di/9ct ba?s2 b ! orig9al & mo/ anci5t ( !m is call$ ,/4 ,ann's ,well1 & is enclos$ 9 an elegant /one build+4 ,^! wat]s are frequ5t$ by p]sons afflict$ ) ! rheumatism1 g\t1 diseases ( ! alim5t>y organs1 & kidneys1 & v>i\s o!r compla9ts3 & ! *ief influx ( company is dur+ ! summ] & autumnal mon?s4 ,! situation ( ,buxton is 9 a n>r[ & funnel%ap$ valley1 surr\nd$ by wild1 bleak1 & dre>y m\nta9s1 9 ! mid/ ( ! c\nty ( ,d]by1 & ab\t #afj miles nor? ( ,london4 #c4 ,,hot ,,c>bonat$ ,,*alybeate ,,wat]4 #bhd4 ,,ba? ,,wat] is a hot c>bonat$ *alybeate4 ,:5 fir/ drawn1 x appe>s cle> & col\rless1 nor does x af=d any signs ( briskness or eff]vesc5ce4 ,! temp]ature ( ! wat] drawn f ! ,k+'s ,ba?1 :i* is t usually employ$ = dr9k+1 is #aaf ( ,fahr5heit1 & t ( ! ,cross ,ba? is #aab4 ,no od\r :atev] is p]ceptible f a glass ( fre% wat]2 b f a l>ge body ( x ! nose is affect$ by a slight degree ( pung5cy4 ,:5 ! wat] is hot f ! pump1 x fills ! m\? ) a /rong *alybeate impression )\t any pung5cy1 & accompani$ ) sc>cely any k9d ( sal9e ta/e2 &1 :at is rem>kable1 z soon z ! wat] cools1 ! *alybeate ta/e is entirely lo/1 & no?+ b an extremely slight sal9e s5sation rema9s ^u ! palate4 ,! =eign cont5ts ( ,ba? wat] are sulphat ( lime 7#aib71 *alk1 ,glaub]'s salt 7#bjc71 & common salt2 toge!r ) a v small portion ( oxide ( iron 7#ba71 yet suffici5t to give iron m\ld /a9s to ! l95 ( ! ba!rs4 ,! wat] curdles soap1 & is s h>d z to be unfit = _m dome/ic purposes4 ,! city ( ,ba? has be5 celebrat$ = its hot spr+s ev5 f ! "t ( ! ,romans4 ,^! are ( high] temp]ature ?an any )9 ! ,briti% dom9ions2 & inde$ are ! only natural wat]s :i* we possess t are at all hot to ! t\*1 ! o!r !rmal wat]s be+ ( heat bel[ ! animal temp]ature4 ,!re are ?ree pr9cipal s\rces ( ^! wat]s1 call$ ! ,k+'s ,ba?1 ! ,cross ,ba?1 & ! ,hot ,ba?2 & !y diff] slightly 9 _! prop]ties4 ,! spr+s arise )9 a %ort di/ance ( ea* o!r1 at ! l[] "p ( ! city2 & yield s copi\s a supply t all ! l>ge res]voirs us$ = ba?+ are fill$ e ev5+ ) wat] fre% f _! respective f\nta9s4 ,! application ( ! wat] ext]nally is ei!r g5]al or local4 ,! latt] consi/s 9 pump+ x = a consid]able "t on ! "p affect$4 ,?is is call$ dry pump+1 because 9 x only "o "p ( ! body is wett$1 :il/ ! re/ is kept dry2 & 9 _m cases1 x is f\nd an excell5t rem$y4 ,! diseases = :i* ^! wat]s are resort$ to are v num]\s1 & are among/ ! mo/ important & difficult to be cur$ t come "u m$ical treatm5t4 #d4 ,,hot ,,alkal9e ,,sulphure\s ,,wat]4 #bhe4 ,,aix,,la,,*apelle or ,,ak5 ,,wat]1 is an alkal9e sulphure\s wat]1 mu* hott] ?an t ( any ( ! spr+s 9 ,engl&1 v>y+ 9 temp]ature 9 ! diff]5t ba?s f #aab to #adc4 ,x has a sal9e1 bitt]i%1 & some:at alkal9e ta/e2 & its smell precisely resembles1 b is greatly m p[]ful ?an1 t ( ,h>r[gate wat] 7#bii74 ,x conta9s a small quantity ( *alk1 common salt1 & c>bonat ( soda 7#bja71 ! latt] ( :i* r5d]s x soapy to ! t\*4 ,b ! mo/ /rik+ feature 9 ?is wat] is ! unusual quantity ( sulphur :i* x conta9s2 & :i* is s extremely volatile on ! application ( heat1 t none ( x is left 9 ! residuum aft] evaporation4 ,9 ?is wat] !re is also a consid]able portion ( c>bonic acid4 ,! city ( ,aixla,*apelle is 9 ! circle ( ,we/phalia1 betwixt ! riv]s ,meuse & ,rh9e1 ab\t sev5ty miles ea/ ( ,brussels1 & 9 a ri* & f]tile c\ntry4 ,its wat]s h be5 9 great m$ical repute1 & h attract$ a num]\s conc\rse ( visitants = _m c5turies pa/4 ,_! reputation 0 s well e/abli%$1 ev5 9 ! "t ( ,*>lemagne1 t he frequ5tly resid$ at ,aix3 & he is said to h be5 s mu* delight$ 9 ! use ( ! wat]s z to h sometimes ev5 held 8 levee at ! ba?s4 ,9 ?is city1 & 9 ! small t]ritory t belongs to x1 !re are sev]al s\rces ( hot wat]4 ,( ^! ! pr9cipal spr+ is enclos$ 9 a /one ci/]n1 :i* is vault$ & almo/ conical at ! top1 & ! p>ts ( :i* are connect$ ) ! utmo/ c>e1 to prev5t ! vap\r f escap+4 ,f ?is spr+ ! wat] fl[s1 9 a copi\s /ream1 into sev]al spaci\s & elegant ba?s1 9 ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! city1 di/+ui%$ by ! names ( ! ,emp]or's ,ba?1 ! ,nobles' ,ba?1 ! ,poor's ,ba?1 & o!r appellations4 ,9 mo/ ( ^! !re is e necess>y app>atus = ba?+ by imm]sion1 = vap\r ba?+1 & = pump+ on any p>ticul> p>ts ( ! body4 ,! wat] rises1 ) great quickness1 f ! spr+s1 & s5ds =? bubbles ( air1 :i* bur/ ) a slight noise :5 !y rea* ! surface4 ,x is at fir/ p]fectly col\rless & pellucid1 & emits a l>ge portion ( /eam1 & ) x a /rong sulphure\s smell1 :i* is p]ceptible at a great di/ance4 ,its temp]ature is s high1 t1 9 ! l>ge ba?s1 x requires to /& f fifte5 to eighte5 h\rs be=e x is suffici5tly cool$ = tepid ba?+2 & x is "o ( ! few natural spr+s :i* are hot en\gh to be employ$ z a vap\r ba? )\t ! addition ( artificial heat4 ,on /&+ to cool1 x gradually loses its cle>ness1 acquires a milky hue1 & deposits an e>?y s$im5t1 :i* is entirely calc>e\s4 ,at ! same "t x loses its (f5sive smell1 &1 :5 cold1 has sc>cely any od\r4 ,:]ev] a l>ge quantity ( ?is wat] passes hot f ! spr+ ?r\gh a conf9$ place1 ! upp] cov]+ becomes encru/$ ) sulphur4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly ! case ) respect to ! dome ( ! vault t encloses ! great s\rce :i* supplies ! ,emp]or's ba?1 & :i* is op5$1 f "t to "t1 = ! purpose ( hav+ ! sulphur bru%$ (f4 ,f ! wat]s ( ,aixla,*apelle1 ?\gh only int]nally us$1 ! body acquires a sulphure\s smell2 & ev5 silv] worn 9 ! pocket becomes t>ni%$4 #bhf4 ,,borset ,,wat] is ( two k9ds4 ,"o ( ^! resembles ! wat] ( ,aix 9 e respect1 except z to ! impregnation ( sulphur1 :i* is mu* weak]3 its temp]ature is #acb4 ,! o!r conta9s no sulphur3 x is1 h[ev]1 equally alkal9e1 & ! heat is z high z #aeb1 :i* mu* exce$s ! hotte/ ( ! wat]s ( ,aix4 ,bo? ^! wat]s are us$ by full]s & clo?work]s1 on acc\nt ( ! conv5i5ce !y af=d1 )\t exp5se1 ( a suffici5cy ( hot & some:at alkal9e fluid :i* is well adapt$ = ! cleans+ ( wooll5 clo?4 ,9 ! latt] ( ! abovem5tion$ spr+s a l>ge portion ( e>? is susp5d$4 ,?is1 z ! wat] cools1 is deposit$1 & =ms h>d incru/ations ( consid]able ?ickness r\nd e sub/ance ) :i* x comes 9 contact4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 on ?is acc\nt f\nd less useful = ! sc\r+ ( clo?1 boil+ ( vegetables = ! table1 or any ( ^? dome/ic purposes = :i* s(t wat] is requir$4 ,9 ?is spr+ !re is a consid]able portion ( c>bonic acid gas1 or fix$ air 7#bf71 :i* is cont9ually escap+ f ! fre% wat]1 & is 9 suffici5t quantity to corrode1 9 a %ort "t1 ! lead5 cov]+ t is us$ = ! vap\r ba?s1 & any iron )9 its rea*4 ,aft] hav+ suppli$ sev]al ba?s1 ! /ream fl[s into a l>ge fi% pond1 :]e x is /ill ( blood heat4 ,9 ?is pond we are in=m$ t c>p & t5* multiply v fa/1 & gr[ to an enorm\s size2 b t _! fle% is s(t & )\t flav\r1 until !y h be5 remov$1 = ab\t six mon?s1 into a pond ( cold wat]1 :]e !y become p]fectly firm & good = ! table4 ,9 _! m$ic9al application ^! wat]s are *iefly employ$ ext]nally1 & _! great heat all[s ( e conv5i5ce = vap\r1 hot1 w>m1 & tepid ba?+4 ,! village ( ,borset1 or ,bords*eit1 9 :i* !y are f\nd1 is situat$ ab\t a qu>t] ( a mile s\? ( ,aixla,*apelle 7#bhe74 #e4 ,,hot1 ,,sal9e1 ,,highly ,,c>bonat$ ,,*alybeate ,,wat]4 #bhg4 ,,! ,,vi*y ,,wat]s are hot1 sal9e1 & *alybeate4 ,!y v>y 9 "s degree 9 ! diff]5t spr+s1 h a salt & some:at bitt] ta/e1 & a consid]able pung5cy ( smell4 ,!y are alkal9e1 & ab\t ! temp]ature ( #abj4 ,!re are1 at ,vi*y1 a small t[n on ! banks ( ! riv] ,alli]1 ab\t #ahj miles s\?ea/ ( ,p>is1 no few] ?an six diff]5t spr+s ( hot wat]1 :i* v>y some:at 9 _! temp]ature1 & 9 ! proportion ( _! =eign cont5ts4 ,! valley 9 :i* ?is t[n is situat$ is highly f]tile & beautiful1 & ab\nds 9 v9ey>ds & fruittrees4 ,x is rem>kable t %eep1 c[s1 & o!r animals1 cr[d to dr9k ?is wat] ) great eag]ness1 & ev5 to lick ! /ones & sides ( ! *annel ?r\gh :i* x fl[s4 ,_! p>tiality = x is s great t1 at c]ta9 times1 !y are kn[n to swim across ! riv] ,alli]1 9 consid]able numb]s toge!r1 )\t ev5 ta/+ ( t wat]1 & to proce$1 )\t int]ruption onw>d1 until !y rea* ?is _! fav\rite bev]age4 #bhh4 ,,c>lsbad ,,wat] is hot1 sal9e1 & *alybeate1 hav+ an unpleasant alkal9e & bitt] ta/e1 ?\gh sc>cely any smell4 ,its con/ant temp]ature is #afe4 ,x conta9s *alk1 ,glaub]'s salt 7#bjc71 common salt1 & c>bonat ( soda 7#bja71 toge!r ) a small portion ( iron2 & c>bonic acid gas1 or fix$ air 7#bf71 9 consid]able quantity4 ,! t[n ( ,c>lsbad1 situat$ on ! riv] ,eg]1 9 ,bohemia1 & its spr+s 7:i* h ! "n ( ,c>ol9e ba?s71 receiv$ _! appellation f ! ,emp]or ,*>les ! ,f\r?1 :o is said to h himself discov]$ ! latt]1 9 ! ye> #acgj1 :il/ hunt+2 &1 s9ce t p]iod1 few wat]s h m engag$ ! att5tion ( *emi/s & physicians ?an ^!4 ,c>lsbad is n[ mu* frequ5t$ dur+ ! summ] mon?s1 & has good accommodations z a wat]+ place4 ,its wat] is rem>kable = a rapid & copi\s deposition ( calc>e\s e>?1 :i* takes place always on cool+1 & =ms a v h>d & beautiful cru/ on ! inn] surface or tube ( any *annel ?r\gh :i* x fl[s2 & =ms petrifactions r\nd moss1 pieces ( /raw1 or o!r extrane\s sub/ances :i* are put into ! /ream1 ev5 = s %ort a "t z tw5tyf\r h\rs4 ,all ! iron :i* ! fre% wat] conta9s is also precipitat$ by cool+1 & r soon] ?an ! calc>e\s e>?4 ,a v f9e lam9at$ calc>e\s /one 9 v>iegat$ col\rs is ?us =m$ 9 l>ge masses ar\nd ! *annel ( ! /ream1 :i*1 :5 poli%$1 is almo/ equal 9 beauty to jasp]4 ,( ! hot spr+s ( ?is neighb\rhood ! pr9cipal is call$ ! ,sprudel4 ,x boils up1 ) great viol5ce1 & dis*>ges ab\t #ceb cubic feet ( wat] h\rly1 ?r\gh a curi\s natural vault or incru/ation :i* x has gradually =m$4 ,?is wat] supplies ! great] numb] ( ! ba?s4 ,! o!r spr+s are1 9 g5]al1 ( mu* l[] temp]ature3 !y d n exce$ f #aad to #abe1 & !y diff] some:at f ea* o!r 9 _! *emical prop]ties4 ,!y all conta9 a l>ge portion ( c>bonic acid gas1 or fix$ air1 & ?is is giv5 out 9 su* quantity by ! wat]1 t x fills sev]al cav]ns1 9 ! rocks adjo9+ to ! spr+s1 r5d]+ !m fatal to all animals :i* incauti\sly ent] !m4 ,! wat]s ( ,c>lsbad are us$ = ! removal ( a great v>iety ( disord]s1 b p>ticul>ly su* z are connect$ ) indige/ion4 ,!y are likewise us$ 9 ob/ructions ( ! b[els1 & diseases ( ! kidneys4 ,ab\t five p9ts1 divid$ into f\rte5 portions1 are1 on an av]age1 drunk by ea* individual e day4 ,! ,sprudel spr+ is bett] ?an t ( any m9]al wat]s :i* are employ$ m$ic9ally4 ,x requires to be consid]ably cool$ be=e x c ei!r be us$ z a ba?1 or drunk4 ,its heat is su* t x is occasionally employ$1 9 place ( wat] artificially heat$1 = sev]al dome/ic purposes1 su* z ! scald+ ( f[ls & hogs1 ! fea!rs & hair ( :i* x imm$iately loos5s4 ,sev]al hundr$ p\nds weight ( ,glaub]'s salt are annually prep>$ f ?is wat]4 #f4 ,,simple ,,sal9e ,,wat]s4 #bhi4 ,,s$litz ,,wat] is v salty & bitt]4 ,x conta9s a small portion ( *alk1 "s sulphat ( lime 7#aib71 c>bonat ( magnesia1 muriat ( magnesia1 & a v great proportion ( ,epsom salt 7#aii71 to :i* its bitt] ta/e & m$ic9al virtues are pr9cipally attribut$4 ,! spr+ = :i* ! village ( ,s$litz1 9 ,bohemia1 has long be5 celebrat$1 01 = _m ye>s1 :olly neglect$ by ! inhabitants1 on acc\nt ( ! bitt] & nause\s ta/e ( its wat]1 :i* r5d]$ x unfit = ne>ly all dome/ic purposes4 ,its virtues1 z a m$ic9e1 7 fir/ br\ght into notice ab\t ! ye> #agba1 by ,h(fman1 ! celebrat$ ,prussian physician4 ,?is wat] is consid]$ a valuable rem$y 9 cases ( indige/ion1 = remov+ scorbutic hum\rs1 & 9 sev]al o!r compla9ts4 #bij4 ,,epsom ,,wat] is sal9e1 & p>takes1 9 "s degree1 ( ! nature & qualities ( ,s$litz wat]1 b x is by no means s p[]ful4 ,x is transp>5t & col\rless2 &1 :5 fir/ tak5 into ! m\?1 has sc>cely any ta/e1 b x leaves a decid$ly bitt] & salti% ta/e on ! palate4 ,?is wat] conta9s sulphat ( magnesia1 or ,epsom salt 7#aii71 sel5ite1 & a small portion ( *alk4 ,al?\gh ! ,epsom wat]s1 on acc\nt ( _! defici5cy ( /r5g?1 are n[ sc>cely ev] employ$ 9 m$ic9e1 yet !y 7 among ! fir/ sal9e ca?>tic spr+s :i* 7 br\ght into use 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! salt to :i* !y owe _! prop]ty1 & :i* is kn[n ?r\gh\t ,europe by ! "n ( ,epsom salt1 01 = _m ye>s1 prep>$ almo/ exclusively f !m & f ,s$litz wat]4 ,b ! quantity :i* !y suppli$ 0 f\nd s v inadequate to ! increas+ dem&s = ?is salt 9 m$ic9e1 t ,epsom ,salt has1 = "s "t pa/1 be5 manufactur$ f sea wat]4 ,epsom wat]1 if closely cork$1 may be kept = sev]al mon?s )\t injury3 b1 o!rwise1 x soon becomes putrid4 ,! spr+ f :i* x issues is situat$ ab\t half a mile f ! t[n ( ,epsom 9 ,surrey1 sixte5 miles s\? ( ,london4 ,!re are1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,london1 _m spr+s ( simil> quality to ?is ( ,epsom3 ( ^! ! pr9cipal are at ,acton1 ,kilburne1 ,bagnigge ,wells1 & =m]ly ! ,dog & ,duck 9 ,/4 ,george's ,fields2 b !y are1 9 g5]al1 s weak z to r5d] v l>ge quantities ( ! wat] necess>y to produce any suffici5t m$ical effect4 #g4 ,,highly ,,c>bonat$ ,,alkal9e ,,wat]4 #bia4 ,,seltz] ,,wat] is an highly c>bonat$ alkal9e wat]4 ,:5 fre%1 or well pres]v$1 x is p]fectly cle>1 & sp>kles mu* :5 p\r$ into a glass4 ,x is some:at pung5t1 slightly sal9e1 & a little alkal9e to ! ta/e4 ,x conta9s *alk1 c>bonat ( magnesia1 c>bonat ( soda 7#bja71 & common salt2 & m c>bonic acid gas1 or fix$ air 7#bf71 ?an any wat] hi!rto kn[n4 ,x is h>d1 & curdles ) soap4 ,! spr+ :i* supplies ?is wat] is situat$ 9 ,ni$] ,seltz]1 a village 9 a f9e woody c\ntry1 )9 ! bi%opric ( ,treves2 & !re are few m9]al spr+s :i* h acquir$ s mu* celebrity = m$ical virtues z ?is4 ,! diseases1 = ! removal ( :i* x has be5 successfully appli$1 are too num]\s to be "h p>ticul>iz$4 ,to ! ta/e x is v agreeable1 & :5 drunk 9 mod]ate quantity1 x exhil>ates ! spirits1 increases ! appetite1 & produces no p>ticul> det]m9ation to ! b[els4 ,x is to ! /rong impregnation ) c>bonic acid1 & ! small proportion ( soda :i* x conta9s1 t its mo/ important b5efits are ow+4 ,if x be closely cork$ & seal$1 ,seltz] wat] may be kept )\t injury1 or ev5 alt]ation1 = a v consid]able "t2 b1 if expos$ to ! air1 x soon becomes fetid4 ,x is us$ z a common dr9k at table 9 _m p>ts ( ,g]many & ,holl&1 & is ev5 br\ght into ,engl& 9 /one bottles1 ea* conta9+ ab\t ?ree p9ts4 ,a l>ge proportion ( ,seltz] wat]1 ei!r g5u9e or artificial1 is consum$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 #h4 ,,*alybeate ,,wat]s4 #bib4 ,are su* z conta9 a portion ( iron4 ,?is is easily detect$ by ! prop]ty :i* x has ( /rik+ a black col\r ) t9cture ( nutgalls4 #bic4 ,,tunbridge ,,wat] is a c>bonat$ *alybeate1 ! small portion ( iron :i* x conta9s be+ held 9 solution by c>bonic acid 7#bf74 ,x is1 h[ev]1 nei!r brisk nor acidul\s4 ,to ! ta/e x is simply *alybeate2 & t only 9 a slight degree4 ,its =eign cont5ts are oxide ( iron 7#ba71 a small portion ( common salt1 muriat ( magnesia1 & sulphat ( lime 7#aib71 c>bonic acid gas or fix$ air 7#bf71 & o!r gases1 b ^! only 9 small quantity4 ,tunbridge ,wells is a popul\s village1 situat$ 9 a s&y b romantic valley 9 ! c\nty ( ,k5t1 ab\t five miles f ! t[n ( ,tunbridge1 & ?irtysix miles s\? ( ,london4 ,!re are1 at ?is place1 _m *alybeate spr+s1 all ( :i* ne>ly resemble ea* o!r 9 _! *emical prop]ties4 ,two ( !m1 h[ev]1 are *iefly us$1 ea* ( :i* yields ab\t a gallon ( wat] 9 a m9ute4 ,:5 fir/ tak5 f ! /one bas9 into :i* x fl[s1 ! wat] is p]fectly cle> & bright1 & exhales no p>ticul> smell4 ,x does n sp>kle 9 ! glass1 b a few bubbles sl[ly sep>ate1 & adh]e to ! sides ( ! vessel4 ,:5 x has /ood = "s h\rs expos$ to ! air1 x becomes turbid1 & o!rwise und]goes a v mat]ial *ange4 ,z x does n prop]ly curdle soap1 x may be d5om9at$ a s(t wat]4 ,! orig9al discov]y ( ?is wat]1 z to its m$ical prop]ties1 is usually consid]$ to h be5 9 ! reign ( ,james ! ,fir/4 ,! season = dr9k+ x comm5ces z e>ly z ,m>* or ,april1 & cont9ues till ,novemb]4 #bid4 ,,spa ,,wat]1 ! celebrity ( :i* has giv5 a g5]al appellation to mo/ o!r m9]al spr+s1 is a highly c>bonat$ *alybeate wat]1 :i* conta9s a great proportion ( c>bonic acid 7#bf74 ,x has an agreeable acidul\s ta/e1 mix$ ) a /rong impression ( *alybeate1 :i* rema9s on ! palate = a consid]able "t aft] x has be5 drunk4 ,x conta9s oxide ( iron 7#ba71 *alk1 c>bonat ( magnesia1 c>bonat ( soda 7#bja71 & common salt1 toge!r ) ab\t =tyfive p>ts 9 a hundr$ ( c>bonic acid gas or fix$ air 7#bf72 & is suffici5tly s(t to mix bo? ) milk & soap )\t curdl+4 ,spa is a small b celebrat$ t[n 9 ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,x is situat$ on ! little riv] ,weze1 ab\t tw5ty miles s\?ea/ ( ,liege1 & sev5 miles s\?we/ ( ,l9sburg2 & is surr\nd$ by rude & uncultivat$ m\nta9s1 _m ( :i* are cov]$ ) wood1 & o!rs ) hea? or morasses4 ,9 its neighb\rhood !re are no few] ?an sixte5 m9]al spr+s1 five ( :i* are m celebrat$ ?an ! o!rs4 ,! mo/ copi\s & mo/ frequ5t$ ( ! :ole is ! ,p\hon spr+1 9 ! m>ketplace ( ,spa4 ,?is is a l>ge1 sl[1 & deep spr+1 ! desc5t to :i* is by sev]al /eps4 ,9 cold dry wea!r ! wat]1 :5 fir/ tak5 up1 appe>s col\rless & p]fectly transp>5t3 x sc>cely sp>kles1 b x soon cov]s ! inside ( ! glass ) small airbubbles1 :i* x also emits v copi\sly :5 %ak54 ,dur+ moi/ wea!r ! surface ( ! well appe>s some:at turbid3 &1 on ! approa* ( ra91 a :i/l+ or humm+ noise is he>d1 :i* is call$ by ! c\ntry p ! music ( ! spr+4 ,if ?is wat] be bottl$1 & !n set 9 a w>m place1 x w g5]ally =ce out ! cork1 ) a l\d explosive noise4 ,9 pres]v+ x = exportation1 x is consequ5tly necess>y to wire ! corks firmly d[n4 ,9 ?is /ate1 if well cem5t$1 x may be kept p]fectly good = m ?an two ye>s4 ,x is some:at rem>kable1 respect+ ?is wat]1 t if x be tak5 9 a full draught1 p>ticul>ly 9 hot wea!r1 or ^u an empty /oma*1 x produces a swimm+ 9 ! head1 & a degree ( intoxication1 :i* frequ5tly cont9ues = half an h\r or upw>ds1 & is v simil> to t :i* arises f ! dr9k+ ( spiritu\s liquor1 b x does n leave ! same debility4 #bie4 ,,pyrmont ,,wat] is a highly c>bonat$ *alybeate4 ,:5 rec5tly tak5 f ! spr+1 x is cle> & pellucid1 & s5ds =? a copi\s /ream ( bubbles = a consid]able "t4 ,9 ?is respect x f> exce$s any ( ! m9]al wat]s ) :i* we are acqua9t$4 ,its ta/e is pleasant1 be+ /rongly acidulat$1 & hav+ a pung5cy n unlike t ( brisk ,*ampagne w9e2 b x is at ! same "t /rongly *alybeate1 & a little bitt]i%4 ,x *iefly conta9s oxide ( iron 7#ba71 *alk1 c>bonat ( magnesia1 ,epsom salt 7#aii71 sulphat ( lime 7#aic71 & common salt1 & a great proportion ( c>bonic acid gas1 or fix$ air4 ,x is v h>d4 ,pyrmont is a t[n ( ,we/phalia1 & ab\t ?irtyeight miles s\?we/ ( ,hanov]4 ,x is ! capital ( a c\nty1 has a /rong =t1 & is well kn[n on acc\nt ( its m9]al spr+s4 ,! wat] :i* issues f ^! spr+s con/antly emits s l>ge a quantity ( gas z to h a s5sible pung5cy ( smell to ^? :o /& ar\nd1 & ev5 to make ! wat]s]v]s giddy4 ,x =ms an atmosph]e ov] ! surface ( ! well :i* proves fatal to ducks & small birds t attempt to swim across4 ,! gas conta9$ 9 ! wat] is e/imat$ to be ne>ly equal 9 bulk to ! wat]4 ,x is ow+ to ?is1 t ,pyrmont wat]1 if bottl$ & well cork$1 & aft]w>ds remov$ into a w>m place1 w frequ5tly bur/ ! bottles4 ,:5 drawn fre% f ! spr+ & drunk copi\sly1 x produces a tempor>y k9d ( intoxication4 ,x also enliv5s ! spirits & increases ! appetite4 ,?is wat] is s5t 9 bottles1 by ! ,wes]1 to ,brem51 :5ce x is export$ to v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w4 #bif4 ,,*elt5ham ,,wat] is a sal9e1 c>bonat$1 *alybeate1 :i* has a slight sulphure\s smell1 & a bracki%1 some:at bitt]1 & *alybeate ta/e1 b no briskness nor pung5cy4 ,its =eign cont5ts are ,glaub]'s salts 7#bjc71 muriat & c>bonat ( magnesia1 common salt1 & oxide ( iron1 toge!r ) a portion ( c>bonic acid gas1 & "s o!r k9ds ( gas4 ,! orig9al discov]y ( ! m9]al spr+ at ,*elt5ham 0 ab\t ! ye> #agaf4 ,! wat] ( ?is spr+ issues sl[ly1 & 9 a scanty /ream ( n m ?an #ce p9ts 9 an h\r1 f a b$ ( s& int]mix$ ) blue clay4 ,! well is sunk to ! dep? ( six feet1 & is exclud$ f communication ) ! ext]nal air4 ,?is spr+ is d5om9at$ ! ,old ,spa4 ,9 ! ye> #aghh1 on digg+ a well = a private h\se1 ano!r spr+ 0 accid5tally discov]$1 :i* is ( ne>ly ! same nature z ?is1 & produces a mu* m abundant supply ( wat]4 ,x is ab\t a hundr$ y>ds di/ant f x1 is upw>ds ( =ty feet deep1 & is drawn by a pump4 ,:5 ,*elt5ham wat] is fre% drawn1 x appe>s tol]ably cle>1 ?\gh n p]fectly transp>5t4 ,aft] /&+ "s "t1 x becomes m turbid1 & airbubbles1 9 small quantity1 rise f x4 ,x conta9s m salt ?an p]haps any o!r wat]s1 except ^? ( ! sea & "s br9e spr+s2 & by f> ! greate/ "p ( ! salts are ( a purgative k9d4 ,x is also a v /rong *alybeate1 & has a slight impregnation ( sulphur4 ,?is wat] _c long be kept1 nor c x be transport$ to any di/ance )\t be+ mat]ially alt]$4 ,9 ord]1 h[ev]1 to r$uce its valuable p>ts to a m conv5i5t =m1 = c>riage & keep+1 ! salts are extract$ f x on ! spot1 by evaporation1 & cry/alliz+ ! residuum4 ,^! salts are mu* us$1 9 addition to ! fre% wat]1 = ! purpose ( increas+ its op]ation on ! b[els4 ,*elt5ham is a small t[n 9 ! c\nty ( ,gl\ce/]4 ,x is ab\t n9etyfive miles nor?we/ ( ,london1 situat$ 9 a s&y vale1 surr\nd$ ) hills ( mod]ate height1 & 9 ! mid/ ( a f]tile & well cultivat$ c\ntry4 #big4 ,,brighton ,,*alybeate ,,wat] is a vitriolat$ *alybeate1 :i*1 :5 fre%1 has a peculi> & fa9t smell n uncommon 9 f]rug9\s wat]s1 & a /rong ?\gh n unpleasant *alybeate ta/e4 ,x conta9s sulphat ( iron or vitriol 7#bjh71 sulphat ( lime 7#ahb71 common salt1 muriat ( magnesia1 silice\s e>?1 & a c]ta9 portion ( c>bonic acid gas 7#bf74 ,brighton is a wellkn[n m>kett[n1 situat$ on ! coa/ ( ,sussex1 & ab\t fiftyf\r miles s\? ( ,london4 ,! *alybeate spr+ is at ,wick1 on ! declivity ( a small em95ce ne>ly a mile we/ ( ! t[n1 & a qu>t] ( a mile f ! sea4 ,a small b neat build+ has be5 erect$ imm$iately ov] ! spot f :i* ! wat] issues1 & :]e x is receiv$1 a few feet "u gr\nd1 into a bas9 ( ,portl& /one4 ,?is res]voir conta9s only a few gallons ( wat]1 b x fills aga9 almo/ z soon z x is empti$4 ,! wat] is s h>d z in/antly to curdle soap4 ,x is consid]$ useful 9 cases ( debility1 indige/ion1 & su* diseases = :i* *alybeate & tonic rem$ies are requir$4 ,! seaba?+ at ,brighton is1 9 _m cases1 an additional & important advantage to ^? p]sons :o use ! *alybeate wat]4 #i4 ,,cold ,,sulphure\s ,,wat]s4 #bih4 ,,hepatic1 or ,,sulphure\s ,,wat]s1 are s /rongly impregnat$ ) sulphur1 unit$ ei!r to hydrog5 7#de71 or to an alkali1 or bo?1 z !reby to acquire a v s5sible smell & ta/e4 ,!y h ! prop]ty ( black+ silv] & lead2 & are imm$iately kn[n by ! smell1 :i* is v fetid1 & l t :i* arises f ! sc\r+ ( a f\l gunb>rel1 or1 z "s p]sons suppose1 l ! smell ( rott5 eggs4 ,! ta/e ( ^! wat]s is peculi>1 & r sweeti%4 ,!y con/itute a dr9k :i*1 at fir/1 is v unpalatable1 b :i*1 by habit1 is soon reconcil$ to ! dr9k]4 ,none ( !m w be> c>riage to any di/ance4 #bii4 ,,h>r[gate ,,wat] is a cold sulphure\s wat]1 :i* has a v /rong & fetid smell1 l t ( a damp ru/y gunb>rel4 ,to ! ta/e x is bitt]1 nause\s1 & /rongly sal9e4 ,its =eign cont5ts are common salt1 muriat ( lime1 muriat ( magnesia1 *alk1 c>bonat ( magnesia1 ,epsom salt 7#aii71 c>bonic acid gas1 or fix$ air 7#bf71 azotic gas1 & sulphuret$ hydrog5 gas4 ,!re are1 at ,h>r[gate1 f\r di/9ct sulphure\s spr+s1 :i* appe> to h _! rise 9 a l>ge bog1 at a small di/ance f ! wells4 ,! wat] ( all ^! spr+s is simil> 9 its prop]ties & its di/+ui%+ *>act]s1 b z "o ( !m is m /rongly impregnat$ ) sulphur ?an ! o!rs1 ?is alone is us$ = dr9k+1 :il/ ! o!r ?ree are employ$ to supply ! ba?s4 ,:5 ! wat] ( ! =m] ( ^! spr+s is fir/ tak5 up1 x is p]fectly cle> & transp>5t2 & s5ds =? a few airbubbles4 ,not)/&+ bo? its nause\s smell & ta/e1 su* is ! p[] ( habit 9 reconcil+ x to ! palate1 t1 aft] a little :ile1 ne>ly all p]sons :o dr9k ?is wat] d x )\t disgu/4 ,:5 expos$ to ! air x loses its transp>5cy1 & assumes a some:at gre5i% col\r3 ! sulphure\s od\r abates2 &1 at la/1 ! sulphur is deposit$ on ! bottom & sides ( ! vessel 9 :i* x is kept4 ,su* is ! nature ( ,h>r[gate wat] t a secret correspond5ce has (t5 be5 c>ri$ on by means ( x4 ,a lett] writt5 ) solution ( sug> ( lead is illegible2 b if dipp$ into ?is wat] ! writ+ w n m]ely become visible1 b1 9 a %ort "t1 w appe> almo/ black4 ,hydrog5 has ! prop]ty ( reviv+ ! metallic oxides3 h5ce also x is t ladies :o h us$ metallic cosmetics h become ( a d>k tawny col\r by ba?+ 9 ^! wat]s4 ,h>r[gate has long be5 celebrat$ = its sulphure\s wat]s4 ,x has also two v valuable *alybeate spr+s1 call$ ! ,old ,spa1 & ! ,tewit ,well1 ! wat] ( :i* 0 =m]ly us$ int]nally1 :il/ ! o!r wat] 0 conf9$ to ext]nal use4 ,b1 at pres5t1 ! latt] is employ$ to v great ext5t z an int]nal m$ic9e4 ,! two villages ( ,high & ,l[ ,h>r[gate are situat$ 9 a pleasant op5 c\ntry1 9 ! c5tre ( ! c\nty ( ,york1 ne> ! t[n ( ,kn>esbor\gh1 & ab\t #bab miles nor? ( ,london4 #cjj4 ,,m(fat ,,wat] is a cold sulphure\s wat]1 ! smell ( :i* is precisely simil> to t ( ,h>r[gate wat]1 & ! ta/e simply sal9e1 & )\t any bitt]ness4 ,its =eign cont5ts are common salt1 toge!r ) c>bonic acid gas1 azotic gas1 & sulphuret$ hydrog5 gas4 ,x is consequ5tly v simple 9 its composition4 ,m(fat is a village situat$1 at ! head ( a valley1 on ! banks ( ! riv] ,annan1 & ab\t fiftysix miles s\?we/ ( ,ed9burgh4 ,x is surr\nd$ by hills1 "s ( :i* are v l(ty4 ,?is village has obta9$ s mu* celebrity1 on acc\nt ( its wat]s1 z to be consid]$ ! ,h>r[gate ( ,nor? ,brita94 ,^! issue f a rock :i* is at a little di/ance bel[ a bog1 :5ce1 probably1 !y d]ive _! sulphure\s +r$i5ts4 ,! pr9cipal spr+ is conta9$ )9 a /one build+1 & af=ds a suffici5t quantity ( wat] to supply e dem&4 ,x is drawn by a pump4 ,:5 ! wat] is fir/ tak5 f ! well x appe>s some:at milky & blui%4 ,x sp>kles a little2 b1 on be+ expos$ to ! air1 x becomes turbid1 & ?r[s up a ?9 film1 :i*1 on exam9ation1 w be f\nd pure sulphur4 ,?is *ange takes place ev5 9 close vessels1 s t x _c be s5t to any di/ance ) advantage4 ,! common p s mu* e/eem ?is wat] t _m ( !m dr9k at ! rate ( f six to t5 qu>ts ( x 9 a morn+1 & "o in/ance has be5 /at$ ( a p]son dr9k+ ?irtytwo qu>ts ( x 9 eight h\rs4 ,,index ,,to ,,! ,,fir/ ,,volume4 ,acid1 sulphuric1 #ab2 h[ made1 prop]ties & uses (1 #ade ,acid1 phosphoric1 #ab ,acid1 c>bonic1 #ab ,acid1 fluoric1 #ac2 h[ made1 prop]ties & uses (1 #abj ,acid1 boracic1 #ac ,acid1 muriatic1 #ac2 ,h[ made & uses (1 #acb ,acid1 nitric1 #ad2 ,h[ made1 & uses (1 #ach ,adamant4 ,see ,diamond4 ,adamant9e sp>4 ,see ,corundum4 ,adul>ia1 description & uses (1 #gj ,agate1 description1 uses1 c4 (1 #fa1 #fb ----1 diff]5t k9ds (1 #fc ,alaba/]1 description & uses (1 #aag ----1 calc>e\s1 acc\nt & uses (1 #aaa1 #aab ,alkalies1 #ah ,alum9e1 #ae1 #abc ,alluvial depositions1 #bce ,alum1 description & uses (1 #abc1 #abd ----1 ,roman & ,ro*e1 #abc ----1 h[ procur$ & made1 #abc ,amalgams1 :at !y are1 #agf ,amazon /one1 description & use (1 #fi ,amb]1 description & hi/ory (1 #afa ----1 :]e f\nd1 & h[ wr\ght1 #afb ----1 uses & prop]ties (1 #afc ----1 v>ni%1 #afc ----1 gum anim (t5 mi/ak5 =1 #afd ,ame?y/1 ori5tal1 #cb ----1 common1 description & uses (1 #dh ,amian?us4 ,see ,asbe/os4 ,ammonia1 muriat (4 ,see ,salammoniac4 ,antimony1 description (1 & :5ce obta9$1 #bae ----1 h[ prep>$1 & uses (1 #baf1 #bag ----1 butt] & glass (1 #bag ----1 oxides (1 #bag ,antimonial p[d]1 ( :at compos$1 #bag ---- w9e1 h[ prep>$1 & use (1 #bag ,aqua m>9e1 description1 value1 & uses (1 #ci1 #dj ----1 :]e f\nd1 h[ cut & set1 #dj ,aqua =tis1 mode ( manufactur+1 & uses (1 #ach ,aqua regia1 ( :at made1 #aci ,argil1 #ae ,ars5ic1 description (1 & :5ce obta9$1 #bab ----1 h[ prep>$ = use1 & ! uses (1 #bac ----1 poison\s effects (1 h[ c\nt]act$1 #bac ----1 h[ to "k f any o!r sub/ance1 #bac ,asbe/os1 use (1 = mak+ incombu/ible clo?1 c41 #ic1 #id ,asphalt1 description (1 :]e f\nd1 & uses (1 #adi1 #aej ,avantur9e1 description1 uses1 & value (1 #ej ----1 imitations (1 h[ made1 #ej ,axe/one1 description & use (1 #hi ,azure /one1 description & uses (1 #fg1 #fh ----1 imitation (1 h[ made1 #fh ,b4 ,b>illa4 ,see ,soda4 ,b>ium1 #ag ,b>ytes1 description & uses (1 #abj ----1 sulphat (1 #aba ,basalt1 description & uses (1 #ie1 #if ,ba? /one1 description & uses (1 #aad ,bell metal1 ( :at made1 #ahh ,b]yl4 ,see ,aqua m>9e3aquam>9e4 ,betton's ,briti% oil1 :at x is1 #adf ,biscuit porcela91 :at x is1 & h[ made1 #ge ,bismu?1 description & uses (1 #bag1 #bah ----1 s+ul> fusible metal prep>$ f1 #bah ----1 exp]im5t )1 illu/rative ( metallic cry/al1 #bcd ,bitum54 ,see ,asphalt1 #adi ----1 ela/ic1 #adi ,black *alk1 description & use (1 #hj ----1 p5cils1 h[ made1 #hj ,black t91 :at x is1 #bjj ,blood/one1 description & uses (1 #ei ----1 s+ul> specim5 (1 #ei ,blue ,john4 ,see ,fluor sp>4 ,bl5de1 #bji ,bole1 description & uses (1 #hg ,bologna phosphorus1 or ,bononian /one1 h[ prep>$1 & prop]ties (1 #aba ,boracic acid1 #ac ,borax1 description (1 :5ce & h[ obta9$1 #acd ----1 prep>ation & uses (1 #ace ,bottles1 h[ made1 #ee ,brass1 h[ made1 & uses (1 #ahg ---- wire1 prop]ties & uses (1 #ahg ,bricks1 h[ made1 #gb ,brim/one4 ,see ,sulphur4 ,bri/ol diamonds1 #dg ,bronze1 h[ made1 & uses (1 #ahg ,burn+ spr+1 description ( "o 9 ,%rop%ire1 #adg ,burr/one1 or mill/one1 description (1 #dd ----1 :]e f\nd1 uses (1 & h[ split1 #de ,buxton diamonds1 #dg ,c4 ,ca*along opal1 description & use (1 #fe ,calam9e1 description & uses (1 #bjibaa ,calc>e\s sub/ances1 #ag1 #ig ,calc$ony1 description & uses (1 #ef1 #eg ,calcium1 #ah ,calomel1 h[ made1 & uses (1 #agg ,caloric1 #i ,calp4 ,see ,lias4 ,ca\t*\c m9]al1 #adi ,c>bon1 #bj ,c>bonats1 #ac ,c>bonic acid1 #ab ,c>buncle1 #dc ,c>nelian1 description1 uses1 & value (1 #eg ,cat'seye1 description (1 h[ cut1 & uses (1 #ej ,cave ( ,f+al1 acc\nt (1 #if ,cairn gorum cry/al1 :5ce obta9$1 h[ wr\ght1 & uses (1 #di ,c]use4 ,see ,:ite lead4 ,*alk1 description & uses (1 #ii ----1 black1 description & uses (1 #hj ----1 r$1 h[ prep>$1 & uses (1 #aii ,*9ese grotesque figures1 ( :at made1 #hd ,*oke damp 9 coalm9es1 :at x is1 h[ produc$1 & h[ to prev5t ! injuri\s effects (1 #aed ,*rysob]yl1 description1 value1 & uses (1 #ce ,*rysolite1 description (1 h[ cut1 & uses (1 #ie ,*rysoprase1 description (1 h[ cut1 imitations1 & uses (1 #eh1 #ei ,c9nab>1 artificial1 h[ manufactur$1 & use (1 #agg ,c9namon /one1 #dd ,clay1 v>i\s k9ds1 description & uses (1 #ga1 #gb ,clayslate4 ,see ,ro(+slate4 ,coal1 description (1 :]e f\nd1 & value (1 #aea ----1 suppos$ orig91 & v>i\s uses (1 #aee ,coal m9es1 acc\nt (1 #aeb ,coal trade1 hi/ory1 c4 (1 #aedaef ,coal1 cannel1 :at1 :y s call$1 & uses (1 #aeg ----1 /one1 ,kilk5ny1 or ,glance1 & ,wel%1 #aeh ----1 ,bovey1 or br[n1 #aeh ----1 pit*1 #aeh ----1 p>rot1 #aeg ,cobalt1 acc\nt (1 :5ce obta9$1 & uses (1 #bbj ----1 oxide (1 #bba ,coke1 uses (1 #aef ,copp]1 description & anci5t uses (1 #ahc ----1 m9es ( ,anglesea describ$1 #ahc ----1 h[ extract$ f ! ore1 c41 #ahc ----1 uses (1 #ahe1 #ahf ----1 vessels1 9 :at respects p]nici\s1 #ahe ----1 oxide (1 uses (1 #ahf ----1 alloys (1 #ahf ----1 :ite1 ( :at made1 & uses (1 #ahh ----1 h[ to gild1 #agb ----1 sulphat (4 ,see ,vitriol1 :ite4 ,copp]as4 ,see ,vitriolgre54 ,corni% diamonds1 #dg ,corrosive sublimate1 :at x is1 & uses (1 #agg ,corundum1 description & uses (1 #cd ,cry/al1 description & uses (1 #dedg ----1 :]e f\nd1 h[ wr\ght & poli%$1 #df1 #dg ,culm1 :at x is1 & ! uses (1 #aeg ,d4 ,d]by%ire sp>4 ,see ,fluor sp>4 ,dia*ylon pla/]1 h[ made1 & uses (1 #bjf ,diamond1 description (1 #bc ----1 :]e f\nd1 h[ obta9$1 & h[ kn[n1 #bc1 #bd ----1 prop]ties (1 #bd ----1 h[ cut1 poli%$1 & set1 #bf ----1 value & uses (1 #bf1 #bg ----1 acc\nt ( sev]al rem>kable diamonds1 #bg1 #bh1 #bi ----1 ,buxton1 ,corni%1 & ,c>r>a diamonds1 #dg1 #ajb ,draw+ slate4 ,see ,black *alk4 ,dropp+ well at ,kn>esbor\gh1 #aac ,dut* gold1 h[ made1 #ahg ,dykes1 m9]al1 #c ,e4 ,e>?1 #ad e>!nw>e1 h[ manufactur$1 #ga ,eaudeluce1 ( :at made1 #afd ,egyptian pebble1 description & uses (1 #fa ,electron ( ! anci5ts1 :at x 01 #afb ,em]ald1 description (1 :]e f\nd1 h[ set1 & h[ valu$1 #ch ----1 ori5tal1 #cb ----1 false1 #di ,em]y1 description1 prop]ties1 & uses (1 #cc ----1 h[ prep>$ = use1 #cc ----1 r$1 #dc ,epsom salts1 description (1 h[ made1 & uses (1 #abf ,f4 ,faults1 9 m9+1 :at !y are1 #c ,felsp>1 common1 description & uses (1 #fi ----1 ,labrador1 #fi ,figure /one1 description & uses (1 #hd ,filt]+ /one1 ( :at made1 #bcc ,fire damp 9 coalm9es1 :at x is1 h[ produc$1 c41 #ai1 #aec ,fl9t1 description & uses (1 #ec1 #ed ----1 gunfl9ts1 h[ made1 #ed ,flor5ce m>ble1 description & use (1 #aae ,fluat ( lime1 #aai ,fluats1 #ac ,fluoric acid1 :at x is1 #ac ---- ----1 h[ to et* on glass by means (1 #abj ---- ----1 mode ( obta9+1 #abj ,fluor sp>1 description & prop]ties (1 #aai ---- ----1 h[ manufactur$1 & ! uses (1 #aai ,flux1 :ite1 ( :at made1 #acg ----1 black1 #acg ,free/one1 description & uses (1 #bcc ,fr5* *alk1 description & uses (1 #ib ,full]'s e>?1 description & use (1 #hg ,fulm9at+ p[d]1 #agf ,fulm9at+ silv]1 extraord9>y prop]ties (1 #ahb ,fumigat+ ( rooms1 h[ effect$1 #acc ,fur 9 tea kettles1 h[ =m$ !re1 #aad ,g4 ,gal5a1 :at x is1 #bjc ,gangue1 9 m9+1 :at x is1 #d ,g>net1 preci\s1 :]e f\nd1 h[ cut1 & value (1 #db1 #dc -- ----1 h[ set1 & uses (1 #db ----1 common1 #dc ----1 ,syrian & pyrope1 #dc ,gas1 :at x is1 #aj ,gas lights1 hi/ory & uses (1 #aef ---- ----1 h[ produc$1 #aef -- ----1 h[ exhibit$ on a small scale1 #aef ,gems1 engrav+1 cutt+1 & value (1 #babc ----1 imitations (1 #bb ,giant's causeway1 acc\nt (1 #ie ,gild+ on iron or copp]1 h[ p]=m$1 #agb ---- 9 orm\lu1 :at x is1 #agb ---- on silv]1 h[ p]=m$1 #agb ---- on ! edges ( teacups1 #agc ---- wax1 h[ made1 & use (1 #agb ----1 anci5t mode (1 #agb ----1 on wood1 #agb ,glass1 h[ made1 #ee ----1 bottles1 h[ made1 #ee ----1 w9d[ & plate1 h[ made1 #ee1 #ef ----1 anneal+ (1 ! use (1 #ef ----1 h[ to et* on1 #abj ----1 ,muscovy4 ,see ,mica4 ,glaub] salt1 description (1 h[ obta9$1 & uses (1 #abc ---- ----1 pleas+ exp]im5t )1 #acd ,glimm]4 ,see ,mica4 ,gluc9e1 #af ,gneiss1 #bbf ,gold1 description & prop]ties (1 #afg1 #afh ----1 h[ obta9$ f m9es 9 ,am]ica & ,europe1 #afh ----1 f\nd 9 ,irel& & ,scotl&1 #afh1 #afi ----1 mode ( extract+ f ! ore1 #afi ----1 value & uses (1 #agj ----1 co9age or /]l+ gold2 & gold ( ! new /&>d1 #agj ----1 description ( ! /amps on gold plate1 #agj ----1 h[ alloy$1 #agj ----1 co9age gold ( ,portugal1 ,am]ica1 ,france1 ,spa91 ,holl&1 & ,morocco1 #agj ----1 tr9ket & pale gold1 h[ alloy$1 #agj ----1 ductility & t5acity (1 #agj ,gold leaf1 h[ beat51 #aga ,gold wire1 #agc ,gold ?read & lace1 :at !y are1 #agc ,gold p[d] = pa9t+1 h[ made1 #agc ----1 ,dut*1 h[ made1 #ahg ,goldbeat]s' sk91 h[ made1 & uses (1 #aga ,granite1 description & uses (1 #bbe ----1 v>i\s k9ds (1 #bbe ,g\l>d1 ( :at made1 #bjg ,greywacka1 #bcb ,gr9d/ones1 ( :at made1 #bcd ,grit/one1 description & uses (1 #bcc ,gunb>rels1 h[ br[n$1 #ada ,gunfl9ts1 h[ made1 & h[ to *oose1 #ed ,gunp[d]1 h[ made1 #acg ,gypsum4 ,see ,alaba/]4 ----1 fibr\s1 description & uses (1 #aah ,h4 ,hair1 p]nici\s effects ( prep>ations to col\r !1 #aha ,heliotrope4 ,see ,blood/one4 ,hone1 or :etslate1 description & use (1 #hj ,hyac9?1 description & uses (1 #cj ,hydrog51 #ai ,i4 ,inflammable air1 #ai ,ink1 indelible1 = m>k+ l951 h[ made1 #aha ----1 sympa!tic1 h[ made1 #bbb ,in/antane\s light1 mat*es & bottles = procur+1 h[ made1 #ade ,iron1 description & uses (1 #aij ----1 m9es1 acc\nt (1 #aij ----1 h[ extract$ f ! ore1 #aia ----1 ca/ iron1 :at1 & uses (1 #aia ----1 wr\ght iron1 h[ made1 & uses (1 #aia ----1 h[ pres]v$ f ru/1 #aic ----1 native1 acc\nt ( extraord9>y masses (1 #aig ----1 magnetic1 or load/one1 description & uses (1 #aig ----1 :ite1 :at1 #bja ,iron pyrites1 description & uses (1 #aih ----1 h[ to gild on1 #agb ----1 sulphat (4 ,see ,vitriol1 gre54 ,j4 ,jade1 description & uses (1 #hh ,james's p[d]1 ( :at made1 #bag ,j>goon1 description & uses (1 #bi ,jasp]1 description & uses (1 #fj ----1 v>i\s k9ds (1 #fa ----1 agate4 ,see ,agate4 ,jet1 description1 prop]ties1 & uses (1 #aeh ----1 imitation (1 #afj ,k4 ,kaol91 :at x is1 & h[ made1 #gd ,ketton /one1 description & use (1 #aad ,l4 ,labrador felsp>1 description & uses (1 #fi ,lapis lazuli4 ,see ,azure /one4 ,lapis oll>is1 description & use (1 #ij ,lazulite4 ,see ,azure /one4 ,lead1 description (1 #bjc ----1 h[ extract$ f ! ore1 #bah ----1 pig lead1 :at x is1 #bjd ----1 anci5t & mod]n uses (1 #bjd ----1 injuri\s effects ( lead5 vessels1 #bjd ----1 alloys & oxides (1 #bje ----1 silv]1 h[ obta9$ f1 #agh1 #bjg ----1 :ite1 h[ manufactur$1 & uses (1 #bje ----1 r$ or m9ium1 h[ manufactur$1 & uses (1 #bjf ----1 sug> (1 #bjg ----1 h[ detect$ 9 w9e1 c41 #bjg ----1 pleas+ exp]im5t )1 #bjg ,lead m9es1 acc\nt (1 #bjc ,lemnian e>?1 h[ obta9$ & use (1 #hf ,lias1 use ( = multiply+ draw+s1 #aaf ,lime1 #ag2 h[ burnt1 & v>i\s uses (1 #ig ---- wat]1 h[ made1 #ih ,lime c>bonat (1 #ii ,lime sulphat (1 #aag ,lime fluat (1 #aai ,lime/one1 description & uses (1 #ii ----1 primitive1 #bbh ----1 transition1 #bcb ,li?>ge1 h[ made & uses (1 #bjf ---- pla/]1 ( :at made1 #bjf ,load/one1 description (1 :]e f\nd1 & uses (1 #aig ,loam1 description & uses (1 #gc ,look+glasses1 process ( silv]+1 #agf ,lun> cau/ic1 :at x is1 & uses (1 #aha ,lydian /one1 description & uses (1 #ec ,m4 ,magnesia1 h[ prep>$ & uses (1 #abe ,mala*ite1 description & uses (1 #ahh ,manganese1 description (1 h[ obta9$1 & uses (1 #bbb ,m>ble1 description & uses (1 #ajj ----1 /atu>y1 #ajb--aje--aji ----1 ,p5telic1 ,greek :ite1 & ,p>ian1 #aja ----1 ,c>r>a1 ,luni1 & ,v]de antique1 #ajb ----1 ,si5na1 ,brocatello1 ,m&elato1 ,v]de di ,prato1 ,lago ,maggiore1 ,bretonico1 & ,campan1 #ajc ----1 ,griotte1 ,m>quese1 ,s>5col91 ,/4 ,beaume or ,langu$oc1 ,breccia ( ! ,pyr5ees1 #ajd ----1 :ite ,spani%1 ,seville1 ,tortosa1 ,gr5ada1 ,spani% ,breccia1 #aje ----1 ,luma*elli1 ,sicilian1 ,swiss1 ,portuguese1 ,russian1 ,asiatic m>ble ( ,tabriz1 ,african1 ,am]ican1 #ajf ----1 ,petwor?1 ,purbeck1 #ajg ----1 ,babbicombe1 ,d]by%ire1 ,k5dal1 ,mona1 ,tirie1 #ajh ----1 ,assynt1 ,isle ( ,sky1 ,su!rl&1 ,gl5 ,tilt1 #aji ----1 ,blairg[rie1 ,gl5avon1 ,balli*uli%1 ,blairma*ylda*1 #aaj ----1 mode ( cutt+ & poli%+1 #aaa ----1 black1 #aaa ----1 ,flor5ce1 #aae ----1 ,cottam1 #aaf ,m>casite4 ,see ,pyrites4 ,m>k+ ink1 = l951 c4 h[ made & us$1 #aha ,m>l1 description & uses (1 #aad ,matrix1 #d ,me]s*aum1 h[ obta9$1 prep>$1 & us$1 #hd ,m]cury1 ! ores (1 #agc ----1 h[ extract$ f ! ore1 #age ----1 prop]ties & uses (1 #age1 #agf ,m]cury m9es 9 ,india1 description (1 #age ,metals1 diff]5t /ates 9 :i* !y are f\nd1 #afe ----1 h[ obta9$ & prep>$ = use1 #afe ,meteoric /ones1 description (1 #aic ---- ----1 extraord9>y in/ances ( _! fall+ f ! air 9 #adib1 #afgb1 #agjd1 #agie1 #ahad1 c41 #aie ---- ----1 op9ions ( le>n$ m5 respect+1 #aig ---- ----1 prop]ties (1 #aid ,mica1 description (1 h[ obta9$1 & uses (1 #ha ,mica slate1 or micace\s s*i/us1 #bbg ,mill/ones4 ,see ,burr ,/one4 ----1 ,peak1 :at =m$ (1 #bcc ----1 ( granite1 #bbe ,mill/one grit1 description & uses (1 #bcc ,m9]al gre51 ( :at made1 #ada ,m9]al oil4 ,see ,petroleum4 ,m9]als1 sy/ematic arrangem5t (1 #d ,m9]al t>1 description & uses (1 #adh1 #adi ,m9ium1 h[ manufactur$1 & uses (1 #bjf ,mo*oa /one1 description & use (1 #fc ---- ----1 imitations (1 h[ made1 #fc ,mona m>ble4 ,see ,s]p5t9e4 ,moon/one1 description & use (1 #gj ,m\nta9s1 comp>ative heights ( ! pr9cipal1 #bcg ,muriatic acid1 #ac ,muriats1 #ac ,muscovy glass4 ,see ,mica4 ,music plates1 ( :at made1 #bag ,n4 ,naph?a1 :]e f\nd1 uses & prop]ties (1 #adf ,natron1 description (1 h[ obta9$ & uses (1 #abh ,nephrite4 ,see ,jade4 ,nickel1 description & uses (1 #bjh ----1 oxide (1 & = :at us$1 #bji ,nitrats1 #ad ,nitrat ( silv]1 uses (1 #aha ,nitre1 description (1 h[ & :5ce obta9$1 #acf ----1 h[ manufactur$1 & uses (1 #acf1 #acg ,nitric acid4 ,see ,aqua =tis4 ,nova ,m9a topaz1 #cg ,o4 ,o*re1 r$1 description & uses (1 #aii ,obsidian1 description & uses (1 #ff ,oil1 rancidity (1 h[ correct$1 #bjg ,onyx1 description & use (1 #eg ,opal1 description (1 :]e f\nd1 use & value (1 #fc ----1 imitations (1 #fd ----1 ,hydrophan\s1 s+ul> quality1 use1 & value (1 #fd ----1 ,common1 #fe ----1 ,"m ( pe>l1 & wood opal1 #fe1 #ff ,orpim5t1 yell[1 description & uses (1 #bad ----1 r$1 #bad ,oxides1 #aa ,oxyg51 #aj ---- gas1 #aa ,p4 ,pa9t1 :ite1 h[ to prev5t p]nici\s effects (1 #bje ---- ----1 made ( oxide ( z9c1 #baa ,pavi\r's flags1 ( :at made1 #bcd ,pav+ /ones1 #bbe1 #bcc ,pe>la%1 :at x is1 & h[ prep>$1 #acf ---- :ite1 ( :at made1 & use (1 #bah ,pebbles1 #df ,petrifactions4 ,see ,tufa4 ,petrify+ spr+s1 at ,kn>esbor\gh & ,matlock1 #aac ,petroleum1 description1 prop]ties1 & uses (1 #aeg ,petunz1 #fi ,pewt]1 ( :at made1 #bjb ,phosphats1 #ab ,phosphoric acid1 #abbj ,phosphorus1 #ai ,p9*beck1 ( :at made1 & use (1 #ahg ,pipeclay1 description & use (1 #gb ,pla/] ( ,p>is1 ( :at made1 & use (1 #aah ,plate glass1 h[ made1 #ef ,plat+ ( copp]1 c4 h[ p]=m$1 #ahj ,plat9a1 description1 prop]ties1 & uses (1 #aff1 #afg ,pompey's pill>1 ( :at =m$1 #bcj ,pond]\s e>?4 ,see ,b>ytes4 ,porcela9clay1 description & use (1 #gd ----1 ,*9ese1 ,fr5*1 & ,engli% porcela91 acc\nt (1 #gd ----1 h[ manufactur$1 glaz$1 & pa9t$1 #gd1 #ge ----1 biscuit1 h[ made1 #dg1 #ge ,porphyry1 description & uses (1 #bbi ,portl& /one1 description & use (1 #aad ,pota%1 description (1 h[ obta9$1 & use (1 #ace ,pot/one1 description & use (1 #ij ,pott]y1 h[ made1 #gc ,p[d] blue1 ( :at made1 & use (1 #bbb ,pr9ce's metal1 :at x is1 & = :at us$1 #ahg ,pr9t]'s types1 ( :at made1 #bje1 #bah ,pumice1 description & use (1 #fg ,pyrites1 description1 prop]ties1 & uses (1 #aih1 #aii ,q4 ,qu>tz1 description1 prop]ties1 & uses (1 #dd ----1 rock1 #bca ,que5's w>e pott]y1 ( :at made1 #gc ,quick lime1 h[ made1 #ih ,quicksilv]4 ,see ,m]cury4 ,r4 ,r$ *alk & ,r$dle1 description & uses (1 #aii ,realg>1 description & uses (1 #bad ,rocks1 sy/ematic arrangem5t (1 #g1 #bbd ----1 primitive1 description (1 #bbd ----1 second>y1 #bca ----1 transition1 #bcb ----1 floetz or flat1 #bcc ----1 volcanic1 #bce ,rock oil4 ,see ,naph?a4 ,roe /one4 ,see ,ketton /one4 ,ro(+ slate1 description (1 #gf ---- ----1 h[ to *oose1 #gg ---- ----1 ,wel% & ,we/morel&1 #gh ---- ----1 ,fr5*1 #gf ---- ----1 v>i\s uses (1 #gghj ,roll+ /ones1 ( :at made1 #bcd ,rott5 /one1 description & use (1 #gf ,r\ge1 ( :at made1 #hd1 #ia ,rubellite1 valuable specim5 (1 #da ,ruby1 ,ori5tal1 description (1 #ca ----1 :5ce import$1 value1 prop]ties1 & uses (1 #ca1 #cb ----1 sp9el1 description1 value1 & uses (1 #cb ----1 ,balais1 #cb ----1 false1 #di ,ru9 m>ble4 ,see ,flor5ce m>ble4 ,s4 ,sal ammoniac1 description (1 h[ made1 & uses (1 #ach1 #aci ,salt1 common1 description & uses (1 #abi ----1 m9es 9 ,pol&1 description (1 #abi ----1 m9es 9 ,*e/]1 #acj ----1 m\nta9s (1 9 ,spa91 #acj ---- spr+s1 #aca ,salt1 h[ manufactur$1 #aca ----1 bay1 #acb ----1 _s (1 h[ made1 & uses (1 #acb ,saltpetre4 ,see ,nitre4 ,s&1 common1 description & uses (1 #eb ,s&/one1 #bcd ,sapphire1 ,ori5tal1 description (1 h[ cut & set1 #cj ----1 prop]ties1 value1 & use (1 #cj1 #ca ----1 false1 or wat]1 #di ,s>donyx1 #eg ,scots pebbles1 description & use (1 #fb ,scy!/ones1 h[ made1 #bcd ,sea fro?4 ,see ,me]s*aum4 ,sea wat]1 description & prop]ties (1 #bdd ---- ----1 cause ( its bitt]ness1 & salt9ess1 #bdd ---- ----1 uses (1 #bde ,s]p5t9e1 description & uses (1 #hi1 #ij ,%ell silv]1 h[ prep>$1 #aha ,%ot1 h[ made1 #bje ,si5ite1 description & uses (1 #bcj ,silex1 #ae ,silice\s e>?1 #ae ,silicium1 #ae ,silv]1 description (1 #agg ---- m9es ( ,potosi & ,norway1 acc\nt (1 #agg1 #agh ----1 f\nd 9 ,scotl&1 #agh ----1 extract$ f lead1 #agh ----1 h[ extract$ f its ores1 #agh ----1 value & uses (1 & h[ alloy$1 #agi ----1 m>ks or /amps on silv] plate expla9$1 #agi ----1 nitrat (1 uses (1 #aha ----1 fulm9at+1 extraord9>y prop]ties (1 #ahb ----1 exp]im5ts ) prep>ations (1 #ahb ----1 h[ to gild1 #agb ,silv] plate1 h[ clean$1 #agi ----1 ductility (1 #agi ,silv] wire1 #agi ,silv]+ ( look+glasses1 process (1 #agf ---- ( metals1 h[ p]=m$1 #ahf ---- ( pap] & wood1 #aha ,slate4 ,see ,ro(+ slate1 & ,writ+ slate4 ,slate p5cils1 h[ made1 #gh ,slick5side1 extraord9>y prop]ties (1 #bah ,smalt1 ( :at =m$1 & uses1 #bba ----1 /rew+1 #bba ,sm>agdus1 #ch ,sn[don diamonds1 :at !y are1 #dg ,soap1 h[ made1 #abg ,soap1 boil+1 illu/ration (1 #abg ----1 :ite1 yell[1 & s(t1 ( :at made1 #abh ---- ( glass1 :at x is1 #bbc ,soap/one4 ,see ,/eatite4 ,soda1 description & uses (1 #abf ----1 c>bonat (1 #abh ----1 muriat (1 #abi ----1 sulphat (1 #acc ,sold]1 ( :at made1 #bje ,soot1 uses (1 #aef ,spani% *alk1 #hd ,spani% :ite1 ( :at made1 #ajj ,spelt]4 ,see ,z9c4 ,/alactites1 description & uses (1 #aab ,/alagmite1 #aab ,/eatite1 description & uses (1 #hc ,/eel1 h[ made1 & uses (1 #aib1 #aic ----1 ,damascus1 :at1 #aib ----1 ca/1 h[ made1 #aib ----1 h[ to pres]ve f ru/1 #aib ,/rontian1 #ag ,/ucco1 ( :at made1 #aah ,sulphur1 #ai2 description (1 & h[ manufactur$1 #adc ----1 uses & prop]ties (1 #adc1 #add ----1 s+ul> exp]im5t )1 #ade ,sulphuric acid1 h[ prep>$1 prop]ties & uses (1 #ade ,sympa!tic ink1 h[ made & us$1 #bbb ,t4 ,table slates1 h[ made1 #gh ,talc1 common1 or ,v5etian1 description & uses (1 #ia ----1 indurat$4 ,see ,fr5* *alk4 ,tam>9dtree1 petrifi$4 ,see ,wood/one4 ,t>t>1 emetic1 h[ prep>$1 #bag ,teacups1 h[ to gild1 #agc ,teaurns1 h[ br[n$1 #ada ,?und]bolts4 ,see ,meteoric /ones4 ,tiles1 h[ made1 #gb ,t91 description (1 #bjj ----1 alloys (1 #bjb ----1 block1 & t9 plate1 :at1 & uses (1 #bjj1 #bja ----1 h[ extract$ f ! ore1 #bjj ,t9 m9es1 & /eam works1 acc\nt (1 #bjj ,t9 putty1 h[ made1 & uses (1 #bjb ,t9 foil1 h[ made1 & uses (1 #bjc ,t9glass4 ,see ,bismu?4 ,t9cal4 ,see ,borax4 ,t9n+ ( iron & copp]1 h[ p]=m$1 #bja ,tobacco pipes1 h[ made1 #gc ---- ----1 ,turki%1 ( :at made1 #hd ,topaz1 description (1 :]e f\nd1 & h[ obta9$1 #ce1 #cf ----1 value1 uses1 & prop]ties (1 #cf ----1 ,ori5tal1 #cb ----1 ,brazilian1 ,saxon1 ,bohemian1 blue1 p9k1 :ite1 or ,nova ,m9a1 #cg ,t\rmal9e1 description & prop]ties1 & uses (1 #dj ,trap1 primitive1 #bbh ,tripoli1 description & use (1 #gf ,tufa1 description & uses (1 #aac1 #aad ,turkey /one1 description & uses (1 #ha ,turquoise1 description (1 h[ import$1 & uses (1 #ahi ----1 spuri\s k9d1 h[ detect$1 #aij ,tut5ag1 ( :at made1 & uses (1 #baj ,u4 ,ultram>9e1 h[ made1 & uses (1 #fh ,umb]1 description & use (1 #aii ,v4 ,v]de antique m>ble1 #ajb ,v]digris1 h[ made1 & uses (1 #ahf ----1 di/ill$1 :at1 & uses (1 #ahf ,v]milion1 :at x is1 & h[ made1 #agg ,vesuvian1 description & use (1 #dc ,vi5na :ite1 ( :at made1 #ajj ,vitriol1 ----1 blue1 description (1 h[ made & uses (1 #adj ----1 gre51 or iron vitriol1 #aii ----1 :ite1 #ada ----1 _s (4 ,see ,sulphuric acid4 ---- ----1 pleas+ exp]im5t )1 #adb ,w4 ,wat]1 uses & analysis (1 #bch1 #bci ----1 ra91 description & prop]ties (1 #bdj ----1 ice & sn[1 description1 prop]ties1 & uses (1 #bdj ----1 spr+1 riv]1 & /agnant1 #bdabde ----1 putrid1 h[ to r5d] sweet1 #bdc ----1 sea1 #bdd ----1 ,malv]n1 #bdf ----1 ,bri/ol ,hotwell1 #bdf ----1 ,matlock & ,buxton1 #bdh ----1 ,ba?1 #bdi ----1 ,aixla,*apelle1 or ,ak51 #bej ----1 ,borset1 #beb ----1 ,vi*y1 #bec ----1 ,c>lsbad1 #bed ----1 ,s$litz1 #bee ----1 ,epsom1 #bef ----1 ,seltz]1 #bef ----1 ,tunbridge1 #beg ----1 ,spa1 #beh ----1 ,pyrmont1 #bei ----1 ,*elt5ham1 #bfj ----1 ,brighton *alybeate1 #bfa ----1 ,h>r[gate1 #bfb ----1 ,m(fat1 #bfd ,:etslate1 description & uses (1 #hj ,:it+1 ( :at made1 #ajj ,w9d[ glass1 h[ made1 #ee ,w9e1 antimonial1 h[ prep>$1 & use1 #bag ----1 h[ to detect ! adult]ation (1 #bjg ,wood/one1 description & uses (1 #ea ,writ+ slates1 h[ made1 #gh ,y4 ,yttria1 #af ,z4 ,zaffre1 :at1 h[ made1 & uses (1 #bba ,z9c1 :5ce obta9$1 & h[ extract$ f ! ore1 #bji ----1 uses & prop]ties (1 #baj ----1 oxide (1 us$ z pa9t1 #baa ----1 :ite1 h[ prep>$1 #ada ,zircon1 #bi ,,end ,,( ,,vol4 ,i4 ,c4 ,baldw91 ,pr9t]1 ,new ,bridge/reet1 ,london4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,! outl9e provide by ! au?or 7page #ba7 did n mat* ! text 9 two places3 8,,ii4 ,,s(t ,,/ones0 0 *ang$ to 8,,ord] ,,ii4 ,,s(t ,,/ones04 8,,ord] ,,ii4--,,sal9e ,,/ones0 0 *ang$ to 8,,ord] ,,iii--,,sal9e ,,/ones04 ,m9or typographical errors 7 sil5tly correct$4 ,miss+ or obscur$ punctuation 0 sil5tly correct$4 ,inconsi/5t spell+ & hyph5ation 7 made consi/5t only :5 a pr$om9ant =m 0 f\nd 9 ?is book4 ,text t 0 9 italics is enclos$ by und]scores 7italics72 text t 0 bold by 8equal0 signs 7bold74