,,the ,,southern ,,literary ,,messenger3 ,,devoted ,,to ,,every ,,department ,,of ,,literature ,,and ,,the ,,fine ,,arts4 ,au gr de nos desirs bien plus qu'au gr des vents4 ,crebillon's ,electre4 ,as we will1 and not as the winds will4 ,,richmond3 ,t4 ,w4 ,,white1 ,,publisher ,,and ,,proprietor4 #ahcd-e4 ,,southern ,,literary ,,messenger4 ,,vol4 ,i4 ,,richmond1 ,,may #ahce4 ,,no4 #i4 ,t4 ,w4 ,,white1 ,,printer ,,and ,,proprietor4 ,,five ,,dollars ,,per ,,annum4 ,,publisher',s ,,notice4 ,the ,publisher has the pleasure of announcing to his friends and patrons that he has made an arrangement with a gentleman of approved literary taste and attainments1 to whose especial management the editorial department of the ,messenger has been confided4--,this arrangement1 he confidently believes will increase the attractions of his pages1--for besides the acknowledged capacity of the gentleman referred to1 his abstraction from other pursuits will enable him to devote his exclusive attention to the work4 ,with this ample assurance therefore1 that the public patronage will be met by renewed efforts to give general satisfaction1 the publisher earnestly hopes that his friends will aid him in extending the circulation of the ,messenger4 ,a reasonable enlargement of the subscription list will afford the means of occasionally embellishing its pages with handsome drawings and engravings--and especially sketches of some of those remarkable natural curiosities and picturesque scenes1 with which ,virginia1 and the ,southern country generally1 abounds4 ,in this way the publisher hopes to make his periodical a repository of not only every thing elegant in literature1 but tasteful in the arts2 and his generous and intelligent supporters may rest assured1 that whilst a moderate reward for his own labors is indispensable--his principal aim is to multiply the sources of intellectual pleasure1 and increase the facilities for improvement4 ,it is due to the gentleman who has acted as editor up to the present period1 that the publisher should1 in parting with him1 express that deep feeling of gratitude which his disinterested friendship could not fail to inspire4 ,at the commencement of the ,messenger1 when the prospect of its success was doubtful1 and when many judicious friends augured unfavorably of the enterprise1 the late editor volunteered his aid to pilot the frail bark if possible into safe anchorage--nor did he desert it until all doubt of success had ceased4 ,the efforts of that gentleman are the more prized1 because they were made at a considerable sacrifice of ease and leisure1 in the midst too of avocations sufficiently arduous to occupy the entire attention of most men1--and because they were rendered without hope or expectation of reward4 ,and the publisher embraces this occasion1 to declare that the success of the ,messenger has been greatly owing to the judicious management of the editorial department by that gentleman4 ,for services of so much value1 rendered with no other object than a desire to promote the establishment of a literary periodical in ,virginia1 the publisher is deeply indebted to him--and the readers of the work will1 we doubt not1 long remember his efforts in their behalf4 ,to him belongs the merit of having given his disinterested aid in the season of its early feebleness4 ,his successor has but to follow in the path which has thus been marked out by a hardy and skilful literary pioneer4 ,t4 ,w4 ,,white1 ,publisher and ,proprietor4 ,for the ,southern ,literary ,messenger4 ,,sketches ,,of ,,the ,,history ,and ,present ,condition of ,tripoli1 with some accounts of the other ,barbary ,states4 ,no4 ,,vi4 ,in the last number of these sketches1 it was stated that ,hamet went to ,derne in #ahji1 where he passed the remainder of his life in quiet1 as ,bey of the two ,eastern ,provinces4 ,this has been since discovered to be incorrect2 within two years afterwards1 he was again expelled by the ,pasha1 for some cause or pretence1 and obliged to fly with his family to ,egypt1 where he died4 ,in ,october1 #ahcb1 a man appeared at the ,american ,consulate in ,alexandria1 who declared himself to be ,mahommed ,bey1 eldest son of ,hamet ,caramalli2 he stated that his father's family were living in great indigence at ,cairo1 and his object was to ascertain whether any relief could be expected for them from the ,united ,states4 ,the conduct of the ,bey of ,tunis during the early part of the war between ,tripoli and the ,united ,states1 has been already exposed4 ,he continued to observe the subsequent occurrences with great attention1--manifesting the utmost anxiety with regard to the result4 ,he saw with dismay the increase of the ,american forces in the ,mediterranean1 and the distressed condition to which ,yusuf was reduced by the determined manner in which they had been employed2 and he rightly conceived that by thus unveiling the weakness of one of the ,barbary ,states1 the system which they were all interested in preserving1 was placed in jeopardy4 ,with a view to avert the apprehended danger1 he made frequent offers of mediation1 which having been declined1 he determined if possible to force a conclusion favorable to his interests1 by a display of hostile intentions against the ,united ,states4 ,for this he soon found an excuse in the blockade of ,tripoli4 ,we have seen that he at first refused to acknowledge this blockade1 on the just grounds that it was not maintained by a competent force2 when that force was increased so as effectually to close the port1 he insisted1 that being at peace with the ,united ,states1 his vessels had the right of proceeding to any place without interruption by them1 and that the passport granted by the ,american ,consul ought always to afford them protection from the armed forces of his nation4 ,the passports granted by the ,consuls of ,christian powers in the ,barbary states1 are merely certificates that the vessel is owned in the country where the ,consul resides1 with a statement of her class1 her name and that of her captain1 and other particulars requisite to identify her2 it protects the vessel from detention or capture by the armed ships of the nation in whose name it is issued1 for one year after its date4 ,the ,consul in vain represented this to the ,bey1 and endeavored to explain the principles of blockade2 shewing that an attempt to enter ,tripoli would be a hostile act on the part of the vessel making it1 but on her part only1 and should not necessarily create any unfriendly feelings between the two governments2 and that the vessels of several ,christian nations had been taken by the ,american squadron1 while they were thus endeavoring to force the blockade1 and condemned without any complaints having been made by their governments4--,to these representations1 the ,bey refused to listen1 contending that ,christian laws and usages were not applicable to affairs in which ,oriental ,states were concerned2 and declaring that the capture of a ,tunisian vessel by the ,americans would be followed by a declaration of war against them4 ,the question was at length brought to a direct issue4 ,on the #bdth of ,may1 an armed vessel under ,tunisian colors1 with two prizes1 attempted to enter the port of ,tripoli1 and were taken by the frigate ,constitution4 ,on examination1 it appeared that the cruiser corresponded in no point with the description in the passport exhibited by her captain1 which must therefore have been improperly obtained2 and other circumstances led to the belief1 that she was ,tripoline property and manned by ,tripolines1 although commanded by a ,tunisian subject4 ,she was of course condemned1 and sent with her prizes to the ,united ,states4 ,the rage of the ,bey on being informed of this seizure was violent and unrestrained2 he insisted that the ,consul should cause the vessels to be immediately restored1 and ample satisfaction to be made for the injury and insult committed against him and his subjects4 ,mr4 ,davis replied1 that having no power himself1 he could only state the demand to the ,commodore1 but he had no expectation that it would be complied with4 ,the ,bey1 according to the usual policy of the ,barbary ,princes1 would not admit of this reference to an authority over which he could have no control or influence2 and endeavored by threats of war and of personal violence1 to extort from the ,consul a promise that the vessels should be restored1 in order that he might afterwards allege such promise1 as the solemn act of the ,american government4 ,davis however remained firm1 and transmitted a statement of the whole affair to ,mr4 ,lear1 which reached him off ,tripoli1 immediately after the conclusion of the peace with ,yusuf4 ,in consequence of this communication1 the ,commodore wrote a letter to ,hamouda1 declaring his demands inadmissible1 and despatched a frigate and a brig to watch his movements4 ,this letter increased the rage of the ,bey2 he told the ,consul that negotiation was impossible2 that he would be forced into a war by the conduct of the ,americans1 who had been the first to capture one of his cruisers in time of peace2 and that if hostilities should commence1 they would not end while he had a soldier to fire a gun4 ,after such indications of his disposition1 ,rodgers considered that no time was to be lost1 he accordingly sailed for ,tunis1 and arrived in the gulf on the #ast of ,august2 his force then amounted to five frigates1 two brigs1 a sloop of war1 two schooners1 and several gun-boats4 ,a letter was immediately despatched to the ,bey1 requiring an explanation of his intentions1 and stating that unless he declared them to be friendly within thirty-six hours1 hostilities would be commenced against him4 ,to this demand ,hamouda evaded giving a direct answer2 he informed the ,consul that he had no wish to make war1 until he had heard from the ,president of the ,united ,states respecting his vessels which had been captured2 but that in the meantime1 any attempt on the part of the ,americans to stop his cruisers1 or to interrupt his commerce1 would be considered by him as a commencement of hostilities4 ,the ,commodore knew too well the worthlesness of such verbal assurances2 and determined to have some stronger guaranty for their performance4 ,he therefore despatched ,captain ,stephen ,decatur1 who then commanded the frigate ,congress1 to ,tunis1 with a letter requiring of the ,bey a written declaration of his pacific intentions1 to be witnessed by the ,english and ,french ,consuls4 ,hamouda refused to see ,decatur1 and showed so little disposition to come to terms1 that the ,consul retired with his family on board the squadron4 ,shortly after this1 a ,tunisian vessel attempting to put to sea1 was fired on by the ,americans1 and forced to return into port4 ,this circumstance created great consternation in ,tunis2 business was suspended1 the people became dissatisfied1 and the ,bey discovered that he must yield4 ,he in consequence wrote a letter to ,rodgers1 disavowing his threats1 declaring his willingness to remain at peace1 and inviting ,mr4 ,lear1 with whom he had hitherto refused to communicate1 to come on shore and treat with him on the subject of the existing difficulties4 ,mr4 ,lear complied with this invitation1 and several conferences were held1 in which the ,african ,prince sustained his character for shrewdness1 exhibiting however a degree of suavity and apparent frankness1 which excited the admiration of the ,american ,commissioner4 ,supported by the oaths and attestations of his worthy minister the ,sapatapa1 ,hamouda gravely and solemnly denied having ever uttered threats of hostilities against the ,united ,states1 or of violence towards their ,consul1 or of having made any unreasonable demands2 insisting that all the difficulties had been occasioned by ,mr4 ,davis1 whom he indeed believed to be a good man1 incapable of any wilful misrepresentation1 but who had most strangely interpreted some of his expressions in a sense totally different from that intended1 and forgotten others4 ,he had indeed asked for a frigate from the ,united ,states2 but that was a request such as one friend might make of another1 and the refusal of which should give rise to no difference between them4 ,the subject of blockades he could not understand2 his vessels had been taken in time of peace1 and he would send an ,ambassador to the ,united ,states to demand their restitution1 although he would prefer having that business settled on the spot2 in the meantime1 he was ready to give the strongest guaranties of his pacific intentions4 ,nothing more could be demanded4 ,a new ,consul was presented in place of ,mr4 ,davis1 who refused to return2 and the frigate ,congress having been sent to the ,united ,states1 to convey the ,ambassador ,sidi ,soliman ,melle-,melle1 the rest of the squadron quitted the ,gulf of ,tunis about the #ast of ,september4 ,the ,tunisian ,ambassador arrived with his retinue at ,washington1 where he excited great curiosity and attention4#a ,he soon made a formal demand1 in his master's name1 for the restoration of the vessels1 or their value1 which was complied with from a desire to conciliate the ,bey2 but this compliance encouraged the ,ambassador to require a supply of naval stores1 as the price of peace for the succeeding three years1 which having been positively refused1 he quitted the ,united ,states without retracting the demand4 ,his master however was at that time engaged in a war with ,algiers1 and did not think proper to proceed farther in his exactions2 and although attempts were afterwards made by him and his successor to force the ,americans to pay tribute1 they proved always unsuccessful1 and no actual interruption of peace between the ,united ,states and ,tunis has occurred since the termination of the difference above stated4 ,footnote #a3 ,melle-,melle is still remembered in ,washington1 where his dresses1 his presents1 his prayers1 his ,arabian horses1 his refusing to eat from sunrise to sunset during a particular time of the year1 7the ,ramadan or ,mahometan ,lent17 and other of his ,oriental customs and peculiarities1 form the subjects of many anecdotes4 ,among his attendants was a passionate fellow named ,hadji ,mohammed1 who having had a quarrel with a barber in the city1 threatened to kill him4 ,the barber complained to ,mr4 ,madison1 then ,secretary of ,state1 who sent ,mr4 ,b----1 a highly respected gentleman of his ,department1 to call on ,melle-,melle1 and request him to curb the impetuosity of his follower4 ,the ,ambassador received ,mr4 ,b---- with the usual ,oriental forms of politeness1 and having heard the complaint1 said a few words in ,arabic to one of his attendants1 who went out1 and presently re-appeared with poor ,hadji ,mohammed1 guarded by four men with drawn swords4 ,this apparition somewhat astounded ,mr4 ,b----1 who is the most mild and amiable of men2 and he was still more shocked when ,melle-,melle1 in the most courteous manner expressing his desire to do all in his power to please the ,american government1 offered to have the culprit's head taken off immediately1 and sent to the ,secretary of ,state1 unless he or the ,president might prefer seeing it done themselves4 ,mr4 ,b---- of course declined such a demonstration of the ,ambassador's good feeling toward the ,united ,states1 and hastened to assure him that no such mode of reparation was demanded2 it being only necessary to enjoin upon his attendant to refrain from any acts of violence4 ,this fact was related to the writer by ,mr4 ,b---- himself4 ,from ,tunis the ,american squadron proceeded to ,algiers1 where ,mr4 ,lear landed1 and was received with great respect by the government4 ,at this time it would doubtless have been easy to have relieved the ,united ,states from the annual tribute of naval stores and munitions to the value of twenty-one thousand dollars1 which they were bound to pay to that ,regency by the treaty of #agie2 but the ,algerines had not committed any notable infraction of the terms of that treaty1 and there was no cause of quarrel4 ,in #ahjg the government of the ,united ,states1 in anticipation of an immediate war with ,great ,britain1 recalled its naval forces from the ,mediterranean1 which sea was not again visited by an ,american armed vessel until #ahae4 ,the peace with ,tripoli and ,tunis has1 however1 continued without any absolute interruption to this time2 with ,algiers it was broken in #ahab1 when the ,dey1 emboldened by the absence of the ,american ships of war1 and instigated1 as we shall show1 by the ,british government1 thought proper to commence hostilities against the ,united ,states1 for which a signal retribution was exacted in #ahae4 ,the occurrences of the war between ,tunis and ,algiers would be devoid of interest1 however faithfully related4 ,algiers had long maintained a degree of arrogant influence over ,tunis1 which was very galling to the sovereigns of the latter country4 ,this was effected partly by superiority in military and naval forces1 partly by the aid of the ,ottoman ,porte1 which very naturally sided with ,algiers against a state scarcely acknowledging its dependance on the ,sultan1 but principally by bribes to the high officers of the ,tunisian government4 ,to free his kingdom from this nightmare had been the incessant endeavor of ,hamouda1 and was the object of the war2 its results were favorable to the ,tunisians1 both at sea and on land2 peace was made in ,september1 #ahjh1 and the influence of ,algiers appears never since to have been felt in the councils of ,tunis4 ,from #ahjg to #ahae1 the ,mediterranean was navigated by few vessels except those of ,great ,britain1 which were forbidden fruit to the ,barbary cruisers2 almost their only prey being the miserable inhabitants of ,sicily1 ,sardinia1 and even of the ,greek ,islands1 although the latter were subject to the ,sultan4 ,one circumstance here shows that the government of ,great ,britain still cherished the system of encouraging piracy in the ,mediterranean1 as a means of excluding other nations from its commerce4 ,sicily remained during the whole of the period above mentioned1 absolutely in possession of the ,british1 the authority of the king being nearly nominal4 ,yet1 although its vessels were daily attacked1 and its inhabitants carried off from the coasts to slavery in ,africa1 a truce negotiated with ,algiers in #ahaj1 and an occasional remonstrance to the other two powers1 which was never attended to1 were the only measures adopted to remedy the evil1 by those who styled themselves the protectors of the island4 ,to the honor of the ,americans1 it can be said with truth1 that in their ,consuls the unhappy captives found friends1 and that through the active intercession of these agents1 many of them were restored to their homes4 ,the ,pasha of ,tripoli1 as soon as he was relieved from the presence of the ,american forces1 began with great industry to restore tranquillity in his dominions1 and to repair his finances which had been exhausted by the war4 ,as he was almost shut out from the sea1 he resolved to establish and extend his authority on land4 ,the fixed population of this regency is small1 and almost entirely confined to the few fertile spots on the coast2 the interior being principally desert or mountainous1 is inhabited by ,arabs1 who wander with their flocks from pasture to pasture1 or are engaged in the transportation of merchandize1 or live by plundering their more industrious neighbors4 ,the allegiance of these wanderers is always doubtful2 the revenue derived from taxing them is small1 and is never obtained without considerable difficulty4 ,whenever the ,pasha is known to be in trouble at home1 they become refractory1 refuse to pay their tribute1 and attack the caravans or towns on the coast2 seldom indeed does a year pass in which the sovereign of ,tripoli is not engaged in war with some of their tribes4 ,of these tribes1 one called the ,waled ,suleiman had long been formidable for its numbers and its rebellious disposition2 under a daring and sagacious chief the ,sheik ,safanissa1 it had set at defiance the power of the ,pasha1 and had frequently pushed its inroads to the gates of the capital4 ,safanissa at length died2 although his descendants were brave and trained to war1 and his tribe continued to be powerful and influential1 yet the magic of his presence was wanting1 to maintain that supremacy which it had so long boasted4 ,yusuf saw this1 and determined if possible to exterminate these insolent foes4 ,he began by gaining over to his side another powerful tribe called the ,waled ,magarra1 the hereditary rivals and enemies of the ,suleimans2 and when he had sufficiently secured their fidelity1 he struck a blow which proved perfectly successful1 and by which he gained another object long considered important by the sovereigns of ,tripoli4 ,in the ,desert south of this regency1 is a large tract of habitable country called ,fezzan4 ,the greater part of its surface is indeed a sterile waste of sand1 but there are many small spots containing clay enough to render them capable of producing dates and some other articles for the support of men and beasts4 ,the labor of cultivation is however very great1 as it seldom or never rains1 and there being neither springs nor rivers1 the water necessary for moistening the earth can only be procured from wells4 ,almost the only articles of export are dates and salt1 which latter is procured in great quantities from the borders of stagnant pools1 and carried to the coast of the ,mediterranean1 and to the negro countries south of the desert4 ,it is inhabited principally by a black race1 differing in feature however from the negroes2 there are also many ,arabs and some ,moors1 making in all perhaps seventy thousand of the poorest and most miserable of the human species4 ,the sovereignty had long been hereditary in a family originally from ,morocco1 which acknowledged its dependance on ,tripoli2 but the ,sultan of ,fezzan1 like the ,arabs1 seldom paid his tribute when he could avoid it2 and the expense of collecting1 had indeed of late years1 amounted to more than the sum obtained4 ,such a territory and such inhabitants would scarcely seem to offer any inducements to conquest2 but the position of ,fezzan renders it important to ,tripoli1 as through it passes the principal route from the coast to the interior of the continent2 and ,yusuf was well assured that the ,sultan obtained a large revenue by exactions from his subjects1 and from the numerous caravans which traversed his dominions4 ,he was therefore anxious to have his share1 and was the more enraged at the insolence of this ,prince in withholding it1 as he was supported and encouraged in so doing by an alliance with the ,waled ,suleiman4 ,at length in #ahaa1 ,yusuf seized a moment when the ,suleimans were absent on a foray in the ,egyptian territory1 and sent an army of ,tripolines and ,magarra ,arabs to ,fezzan1 under one of his most attached and experienced generals1 named ,mahomet el ,mukni1 who was well acquainted with the country1 from having visited it several times to receive the tribute4 ,these troops rapidly passed the ,gharian mountains1 which separate ,tripoli from ,fezzan1 and appeared unexpectedly before ,morzouk1 the capital of the latter kingdom2 this town1 built of mud1 and defended only by a wall and castle of the same material1 was easily taken1 the ,sultan and his family1 with many of the principal inhabitants1 were put to death1 the rest submitted to the invaders1 and the whole country was soon in their possession4 ,the neighboring ,arabs overawed by this success1 flocked to ,mukni's standard1 and having received a reinforcement of ,tripoline troops1 he marched to intercept the ,waled ,suleimans on their return from ,egypt2 they were met1 defeated1 and almost exterminated4 ,abdi ,zaleel1 one of the grandsons of ,safanissa1 was made prisoner1 and retained for some time by the ,pasha as a hostage for the fidelity of the few whose lives were spared4 ,as a reward for the generalship displayed by ,mukni1 ,yusuf appointed him ,governor of ,fezzan1 with the title of ,sultan while in that territory2 he was required however1 to transmit a large amount of tribute1 and also to make an annual inroad into the negro countries lying south of the ,desert1 for the purpose of bringing away slaves1 who were afterwards sent to ,tripoli1 and thence to the markets of ,smyrna and ,constantinople4 ,by these means the power of the ,pasha was much strengthened1 and his revenues increased2 but his sons grew up to manhood1 and he began to receive from them the same ungrateful treatment which he had displayed towards his own father4 ,his eldest1 ,mohammed1 who as heir to the crown1 bore the title of ,bey1 and commanded the troops1 is universally represented as one of the most complete monsters which even ,africa has produced4 ,he first excited the jealousy of his father in #ahaf1 by the purchase of a large number of muskets1 which were probably intended for the purpose of arming his followers and dethroning the ,pasha2 for this he was ordered to go to ,bengazi1 and there take the command of some troops destined to act against a tribe of refractory ,arabs4 ,in this expedition he was entirely successful2 that is to say1 he exterminated the rebellious tribes1 laid waste the country which they had infested1 and sent a number of heads1 of both friends and enemies1 to adorn the gates of his father's castle4 ,on his return to ,tripoli1 he probably considered these eminent services as entitling him to the immediate possession of the throne1 and with that view he made an attempt on ,yusuf's life2 it failed1 and he was again sent to the ,eastern ,provinces1 to act against another tribe who had refused to pay tribute4 ,mohammed however1 immediately on his arrival1 joined the rebels1 and plundered the country which he was ordered to defend4 ,yusuf was therefore obliged to send an army against him under his second son ,ahmed1 who dispersed his brother's forces and drove him into ,egypt4 ,the instances of treachery and cruelty practised on each side during this war1 are too shocking to be related4 ,the principal inhabitants of whole towns were murdered2 hostages were beheaded at the moment stipulated for their return2 promises of pardon confirmed by appeals to the common faith of both parties were shamelessly broken1 and those who trusted to them sacrificed in cold blood4 ,the result of the whole was the promotion of ,ahmed to the situation of ,bey1 and the establishment of the rebellious ,mohammed as ,governor of ,derne4 ,notwithstanding these proofs of ,yusuf's perfidy and ferocity1 he became popular with ,europeans2 and those who were introduced to him1 generally came away favorably impressed with regard to his character1 and were inclined to attribute his excesses more to his situation than to his disposition4 ,he spoke ,italian fluently1 and seemed to be well acquainted with what was going on in the world3 his court was splendid2 his apartments furnished with elegance and taste2 he drank the best champaigne which ,france produced1 and his manners are said to have been such as to entitle him to be considered a gentleman any where4 ,the celebrated ,portuguese1 ,badia ,castilho1 whose travels and adventures under the name of ,ali ,bey1 are so well known1 seems to have been charmed by the frankness and amenity of the ,pasha of ,tripoli4 ,captain ,beechy1 who was sent by the ,british ,admiralty in #ahbb1 to survey the shores of the great ,syrtis1 speaks with gratitude of the readiness with which facilities were afforded him for the prosecution of the work4 ,lyon1 ,denham and ,clapperton1 although they all experienced many vexations in their journey through the ,tripoline dominions1 yet seemed to ascribe them rather to the malignity and knavery of the officers of the government1 than to any ill intentions on the part of the chief4 ,to those who were not his subjects1 the good old-gentlemanly vice of avarice seems to have been his principal failing4 ,his own habits were expensive1 and his sons1 by their prodigality1 kept his coffers always empty4 ,to the ,american officers and ,consuls1 he has been most scrupulously attentive1 and has several times shewn his anxiety to prevent any difficulties from arising with the government of the ,united ,states4 ,on all public occasions1 there has been a struggle for precedence between the ,british and ,french ,consuls2 those of other ,european nations not venturing to advance any claims for themselves4 ,the ,united ,states have been fortunately represented in ,tripoli by determined men1 who1 while they ridiculed the etiquette in the abstract1 determined to admit no inferiority in a country where it was considered as essentially important2 they have therefore uniformly maintained their rights1 the ,pasha shewing a disposition to aid them as far as he could4 ,a serious affair1 however1 occurred in ,september1 #ahah1 which was very near producing a rupture between ,tripoli and the ,united ,states4 ,mr4 ,r4 ,b4 ,jones1 the ,american ,consul1 while on a shooting excursion in the vicinity of the city1 was attacked by two negroes1 and beaten4 ,the negroes were discovered to be the slaves of ,morat ,rais the ,admiral1 and there was reason to believe that they had been set on by the ,scotch renegade1 who always remained the bitter enemy of the ,united ,states4 ,investigations were made1 by the results of which this suspicion was confirmed1 and ,morat finding himself in danger1 sought an asylum in the ,british ,consulate4 ,mr4 ,jones demanded the public punishment of the slaves1 and the banishment of the ,admiral from the ,regency1 during the pleasure of the ,president of the ,united ,states4 ,yusuf made every endeavor to evade the latter1 offering instead to bastinado the slaves as long as ,mr4 ,jones might please1 or to strike off their heads if that were required4 ,he urged that the ,british ,consul was entitled to protect all fugitives1 by the immemorial custom of the place1 and that to drag him from his asylum would be to involve ,tripoli in a war with ,great ,britain4 ,the ,british ,consul1 on his part1 insisted that ,morat was a subject of ,great ,britain1 and as such1 liable only to be tried by him4 ,mr4 ,jones refused to listen to any of these representations1 and was preparing to leave the place with his family1 when ,yusuf yielded4 ,the slaves were publicly bastinadoed1 and their master banished from ,tripoli for life4 ,three years after1 however1 ,mr4 ,jones was induced by the representations of the ,pasha1 to request that the ,president would permit him to return1 which was in consequence granted4 ,many changes had in the mean time taken place in ,tunis4 ,in the month of ,september1 #ahac1 ,hamouda ,bey1 while taking a cup of coffee1 after a long day's fast in the ,ramadan1 fell down and expired4 ,it has been already stated1 that he was not the rightful heir to the throne1 according to the ,european laws of succession1 for ,mahmoud and ,ismael1 the sons of ,mahmed an elder brother of his father1 were still alive1 retained as state prisoners in the palace4 ,on the death of ,hamouda1 his brother ,othman assumed the crown1 and held it for nearly two years2 but he had a powerful enemy in the ,sapatapa ,sidi ,yusuf1 who was anxious to govern himself1 and considered that the aged ,mahmoud would be a more convenient representative of royalty4 ,the troops were accordingly corrupted1 and on the #aith of ,january1 #ahae1 ,othman was murdered by the hand of ,mahmoud himself1 who1 having also despatched ,othman's two sons1 assumed the title and power of ,bey1 without opposition4 ,the ,sapatapa1 the contriver of this last revolution1 soon received the just reward of his villainy3 he was anxious to enjoy the title1 as well as the power of a sovereign of ,tunis1 and prepared to dispose of ,mahmoud and his family4 ,his plans were1 however1 revealed1 and on the night on which they were to have been executed1 he was himself murdered as he was retiring to his apartment in the palace of ,bardo1 after having spent the evening in business with the ,bey1 and in playing chess with his eldest son ,hassan4 ,his immense property was confiscated1 and his body was dragged by the infuriated populace through the streets1 with every mark of indignity4 ,mahmoud held the throne without any serious difficulty until his death1 in #ahbd4 ,his brother ,ismael had no children1 and was not a person likely to give him any apprehension4 ,he is represented as having been a merry inoffensive old gentleman1 fond of punning1 a great lover and judge of wine which he called vinegar1 out of respect for the ,koran1 and an inveterate newspaper politician4 ,it is difficult to imagine an ,african ,prince of this character4 ,on the death of ,mahmoud1 his eldest son1 ,hassan1 succeeded1 who is the present ,bey4 ,for the ,southern ,literary ,messenger4 ,,to ,,marguerite4 ,where is my friend8 ,i languish here-- ,where is my own sweet friend8 ,with all those looks of love so dear1 ,where grace and beauty blend6 ,i miss those social winter hours ,with her ,i used to spend1 ,now cheerless are my summer bowers-- ,where is my own lov'd friend8 ,our sweetest joys1 like flowers may rise1 ,and all their fragrance lend1 ,yet my sick heart within me dies-- ,where is my own sweet friend8 ,the winding brooks1 like distant lute1 ,their murmuring whispers send2 ,the echoes of my soul are mute-- ,where is my own dear friend8 ,m4 ,for the ,southern ,literary ,messenger4 ,,to ,,ann4 ,i will not cross thy path again ,while ,earth shall stand or ,ocean roll1 ,for thou hast rent the bond in twain ,that fetter'd long my struggling soul4 ,for me the world no more can bring ,a smile to love1 a frown to fear2 ,the bird that soars on wildest wing1 ,hath stronger ties to chain him here4 ,to-morrow's sun shall sink to me ,beneath lone ocean's caverns deep-- ,to-morrow's sun shall glide from thee1 ,behind yon forest's waving sweep4 ,and thou shalt mark his farewell beams ,o'er lov'd familiar objects play2 ,but will they rouse the fairy dreams ,that once endear'd the close of day8 ,i shall not heed1 in climes afar1 ,thy name--'twill be a sound unheard1 ,and time and distance doubly mar ,the fitful dream that thou hast stirr'd4 ,i shall not long remember thee1 ,mid' prouder schemes and objects strange2 ,thy scorn hath set the captive free1 ,and boundless now shall be his range4 ,and while a sunder'd path shall own ,my bosom now1 as cold as thine1 ,to me thy doom shall rest unknown1 ,as thou shalt nothing know of mine4 ,if o'er thee pale disease should creep ,and mark thee for an early grave1-- ,no mourning voice shall cross the deep1 ,no tear shall swell the eastern wave4 ,if long and blest thy life should be1 ,and fall like leaves when frost is come1-- ,unconscious all1 the sullen sea ,will bear no echo from thy tomb4 ,unknown must be thy smiles or tears3 ,yet sometimes1 at the farewell hour1 ,the book of fate unclasp'd appears1 ,and half imparts a prophet's power4 ,try to forget6 ,the time may be ,when ,fancy shall withhold her sway1 ,and blissful dreams no more for thee ,shall sport in sunset's golden ray4 ,try to forget6 ,thy calm of pride ,may sink to waveless1 waste despair1 ,like her whose homeward glance descried ,heaven's shower of flame descending there4 ,try to forget6 ,thy peace of mind ,may change to passion's blasting storm2 ,when spirits of the past unbind ,the shroud from ,pleasure's faded form4 ,pray to forget6 ,when chill disdain ,shall haply tell that love is fled1 ,and thou shalt gaze1 but gaze in vain1 ,on eyes where ,passion's light is dead2 ,then turn thee not to former days-- ,remember not this hour of pride ,that banish'd one1 who but to raise1 ,to shield1 to bless thee1 would have died4 ,the shaft that flies from ,sorrow's bow ,when ,fate would sternest wrath employ1 ,is far less steel'd with present woe ,than poison'd with remember'd joy4 ,norfolk1 ,september #ac1 #ahcd4 ,for the ,southern ,literary ,messenger4 ,,my ,,native ,,land4 ,,by ,,lucy ,t4 ,,johnson4 ,i return'd to my own native land1 ,and ,i sought for the spot ,i had loved1 ,where the rose and the lily had bloom'd 'neath my hand1 ,and my footsteps in childhood had roved4 ,i saw--but ,i wept at the change ,long years had thrown over the scene2-- ,it was there--but the desert's wild1 desolate range ,was mark'd where the garden had been4 ,i look'd for the cottage of white1 ,as it stood half conceal'd1 half disclosed1 ,by the rose tree and vine which encircled it quite1 ,near the sod where my fathers reposed4 ,it was gone--but the chimney was there1 ,the sad relic of long vanish'd years2 ,and the thorn and the brier now embraced1 or were near1 ,where my kindred had buried their cares4 ,i look'd for the valley and stream1 ,where the bower and grove intertwined2 ,where the wild hunter boy oft indulged in his dream ,of delights he was never to find4 ,the valley and stream--they were there1 ,but the shade of the green wood had pass'd2 ,the stream was a wild where the serpent might lair1 ,in that vale's ever shadowless waste4 ,i look'd for the mountain and hill1 ,where the hunter delighted to stray1 ,and where at the twilight1 the lone whippoorwill ,had pour'd forth his anchorite lay4 ,they were there--but the hunter was gone1 ,and the sound of his bugle was hush'd2 ,and the torrent was there--but the light-footed fawn ,drank not at its fount as it rush'd4 ,i look'd for the friends ,i lov'd best2 ,the friends of my earliest choice2 ,they had gone to that bourne where the dead are at rest1 ,or cold was each care-stricken voice4 ,the living were there--but were chill'd ,by the imprint of age and its cares2 ,they met me--just met me--and heartlessly smiled1 ,for their friendship had fled with their years4 ,adieu to thee--land of the leal1 ,fair land of the blue-vaulted sky2 ,tho' ,i go--yet the heart thus inspired to feel1 ,shall remember thee oft with a sigh4 ,elfin ,moor1 ,va4 ,january #ad1 #ahce4 ,for the ,southern ,literary ,messenger4 ,,to ,,my ,,child4 ,,by ,,pertinax ,,placid4 ,why gazest thou1 my eldest born1 my best beloved boy1 ,upon thy father's clouded brow1 as if it marr'd thy joy-- ,as ,if it chill'd thy little heart1 such sadden'd looks to see1 ,and gave a mournful presage of thy own dark destiny8-- ,why dost thou stop thy frolic play1 and with inquiring eye1 ,looking up into my thoughtful face1 breathe something like a sigh8 ,thy little hand upon my knee1 thy neck thrown gently back1 ,and thine offer'd kiss1 to tempt my tho'ts from their dark and dreary track4 ,yes1 that childish kiss can win me back to momentary peace1 ,and thy soft embrace can bid awhile my bosom's sadness cease-- ,for in my spirit's wanderings1 when the past with pain ,i tread1 ,or pry into the future with mingled hope and dread1 ,still thou1 my child1 in all my tho'ts1 sad tho' they be1 hast part1 ,and of thy after-life ,i muse1 with a father's anxious heart4 ,even now thou smilest winningly1 to bid me smile again1 ,and thy looks of joy and innocence revive the heart1 as rain ,revives the drooping1 wither'd flower1 in ,autumn's chilly day1 ,when winds and storms its summer leaves1 one by one have rent away4 ,oh many a sad and heavy hour my heart has felt for thee1 ,and many a prayer my lips have breath'd that heaven thy guide may be1 ,throughout the giddy maze of life1 and from sorrow keep thee free4 ,not from those griefs that all must feel1 who tread this path of care1 ,and that weigh on every bosom doom'd the fate of man to bear-- ,but from the deep regret ,i feel for many a wasted hour1 ,and from the gnawing of remorse1 unbridled passion's dower3 ,that thou may'st early learn to check thy fancy's treacherous glow1 ,nor paint too fair the face of things1 the dark reverse to know-- ,nor1 fed by ,hope1 too long believed1 when she has taken wing1 ,look round thee on the human face as on a hated thing4 ,oh never may'st thou deem the world what it has seem'd to me1 ,the field of strife where ,virtue falls 'neath fraud and treachery3 ,and may'st thou by no sad reverse1 man's darker passions know1 ,nor prove1 when fortunes change1 that friends can deal the heaviest blow1 ,that he who shared thy inmost soul1 may prove thy deadliest foe4 ,even now1 upon thy gentle face1 too plainly ,i behold ,the impress of thy future life--thy destiny foretold4 ,that noble brow1 so fearless1 that eye so bold and free1 ,bespeak a soul undim'd by aught of wrong or perfidy-- ,the dreaming pauses 'midst thy play1 as if of sudden thought1 ,the speaking glances of thine eye1 when with hope and gladness fraught-- ,these tell a tale of after times1 when ,i no more shall guide ,the wand'rings of thy youthful feet1 or lead thee by my side-- ,when the fondness of a father's love thou never more canst know1 ,and ,i shall in an early grave sleep tranquilly and low4 ,that eager glance1 that buoyant step1 that shout so full of glee1 ,tell me that thou in manhood's throngs wilt bear thee manfully-- ,that thou wilt trust to those who swear1 in love or friendship1 truth1 ,and mourn1 like me1 the illusion o'er1 the errors of thy youth4 ,then be it so--speed on thy race1 thro' sunshine and thro' shade3 ,fair be thy young imaginings--for ah1 they all must fade-- ,and may'st thou1 when the visions pass1 that o'er thy slumbers bend1 ,when life grows dark1 and hearts grow cold1 find thou hast still a friend1 ,whose faith the terrors cannot shake of life's most stormy hour1 ,true to the last1 be fortune thine1 or when misfortune lower4 ,but still1 should keen adversity1 rend every human tie1 ,bear thy proud soul above the wreck1 the tempest's rage defy4 ,look on my face again1 fair boy1 the clouds have passed away-- ,i trust thee to that better guide1 who checks us when we stray4 ,and if the thorn must wound us still1 whene'er we pluck the rose1 ,his wisdom1 which inflicts1 can teach to bear life's many woes4 ,come then1 and kiss thy father1 boy1--his brow no more is dark2 ,smile once again1 pursue thy play1 and carol like the lark4 ,for the ,southern ,literary ,messenger4 ,,to ----4 ,thou arch magician6 emphasise the arch6 ,i would not--for an office--have it said ,that ,i apostrophized another--march ,where'er ,i will1 thy strategy has spread ,for me1 alas6 such ambuscades and toils1 ,i fear thou seek'st to add me to thy spoils4 ',tis1 by my holidame6 no more a jest ,to cope with thee1 than him1 whose subtle schemes ,cheat an enlightened people's greatest1 best-- ,while thou art tickling in their downy dreams1 ,some half score maidens1 putting them in mind ,to play the devil--just as they're inclined4 99 99 99 99 99 ,with woman's eyes thou hast my heart assailed1 ,yet ,i withstood them4 ,lips and teeth in vain ,coral and pearls outshone--form1 features failed ,to bind me captive in thy treacherous chain2 ,i know not why1 but fancy some bright shield ,hath saved me scathless from the well fought field6 99 99 99 99 99 ,perhaps it was her eyes--their flashing light ,must have reminded me of quenchless fire3 ,it may have been her teeth--their dazzling white ,might hint ,tartaric snows than ,andes higher1 ,where shriek the damned from every frozen clime1 ,warning poor tempted souls to flee from crime4#a ,perhaps her lips foretokened coals as red-- ,perhaps her faultlessness of form might tell ,of ruined ,arch-angelic beauties1 led ,by ,love or ,pride's seduction1 down to hell-- ,but how 'twas possible ,i can't divine1 ,to look upon her foot and think of thine6 ,footnote #a3 ,a hot region has no terrors for the ,laplanders4 ,none but a very cold place of punishment is adapted to their imagination4 ,for the ,southern ,literary ,messenger4 ,,lines ,written in an ,album1 on pages between which several leaves had been cut out4 ,what leaves were these so rudely torn away8 ,whose immortality thus roughly foiled8 ,what aphoristic dogs have had their day1 ,and of their hopes been suddenly despoiled8 ,whose leaf was this8 and what the bay-wreath'd name ,which here its glowing fancies did rehearse8 ,what was the subject which it doomed to ,fame8 ,whose knife or scissors did that doom reverse8 ,here gallant knights1 imagining the wings ,of the famed ,pegasus sustained them1 soaring1 ,fiddled1 thou false one6 on their own heartstrings1 ,whilst thou thy soul in laughter wert outpouring6 ,a score of petty minstrels might have lain1 ,and1 like the ,abbey ,sleepers1 found good lying ,in this brief space--but none1 alas6 remain1 ,thou'st sent their ashes to the four winds flying6 ,behold my ,muse1 ,colossus like1 bestride ,the fallen honors of each beau and lover-- ,ghosts of departed songs1 that here have died1 ,how many of ye now do o'er me hover8 ,methought ,i heard ye then1 as first ye threw ,your soft imaginings in dreamy numbers1 ,and o'er my soul the sweet enchantment flew ,like music faintly heard in midnight slumbers4 99 99 99 99 99 ,when whim1 or chance1 or spite1 my leaf shall tear1 ,grant me in turn1 ye fates6 some gentle poet-- ,one who shall lie with such a grace1 you'd swear ,that if indeed he lied1 he did'nt know it6 ,for the ,southern ,literary ,messenger4 ,a ,,prodigious ,,nose4 ,,mr4 ,,white3 ,your facetious correspondent ,,pertinax ,,placid1 seems so deeply versed in what may be called nasal music1 that ,i am very sure he would have recorded1 in his late communication1 and in far better style than mine1 the history of a ,,nose4 ,permit me1 therefore1 to furnish him with a few memorabilia1 of this extraordinary protuberance1 7nose it could not properly be called17 against his next narrative of a nasal concert4 ,it was the property of a ,virginia gentleman1 long since dead1 who had attained1 at a very early age1 the enormous weight of some seven or eight and twenty stone4 ,it had no resemblance to that of ,slawkenbergius--as delineated by ,sterne--nor to ,dan ,jackson's1 so frequently and fondly described by ,swift--nor to that of the sensual ,bardolph1 so famous in dramatic annals1 for the phosphorescent quality of shining in the dark1 ascribed to it by his friend ,falstaff4 ,in short1 such was its unique conformation1 that it would have defied the skill of ,dr4 ,taliacotius himself1 even with the choice of any part of the human body1 to manufacture any thing at all like it4 ,although it approached more the bulbous kind of nose1 than any other1 and in shape1 strongly resembled the nose of the ,hippopotamus1 or river horse1 it was so disproportionately small1 when contrasted with the two tumuli of flesh between which it was deeply imbedded1 that it was quite invisible to any person taking a profile view of the face1 which seemed to be literally noseless4 ,add to this1 the projection of an upper lip of double the usual thickness1 which so nearly closed the two apertures through which the proprietor breathed1 as to render it perfectly manifest to all beholders1 that to sleep in any other way but with his mouth at least half open1 was utterly impracticable4 ,this accordingly1 was his invariable habit2 and the consequences can be much more easily imagined1 7difficult as it was17 than described4 ,to relate every tale that ,i have heard of his snoring achievements1 would certainly bring into some suspicion the veracity of those from whom ,i heard them4 ,in tender regard1 therefore1 for their character1 ,i will repeat only two2 but by these alone1 both you and your readers may judge pretty well of the rest4 ,the first was1 that on a memorable occasion1 when his crater was in full blast1 his nasal explosions actually burst open a bran new door1 although the bolt of the lock was turned4 ,at another time1 it is related of him1 that arriving late at night at his favorite tavern in ,alexandria1 he was conducted into a room1 furnished with two beds1 in one of which was a little ,frenchman1 fast asleep1 who had gone to rest without any expectation of receiving a fellow lodger4 ,into the empty bed the fat gentleman soon entered2 and being a precious sleeper1 he remained but a few minutes awake4 ,much1 however1 and most startling work was always to be done1 before sound sleep ensued2 for a prelude was to be performed1 which might aptly be compared to the fearful sounds of a man in the agonies of death by strangulation1 from the rupture of a blood vessel4 ,this being almost enough to awaken the dead1 we may readily suppose that the little ,frenchman was instantly aroused1--aroused too1 in the utmost extremity of such terror as would probably be caused in any one1 at the idea of a murder being committed in his room4 ,this conviction flashed upon his mind1 with all its accompanying horror1 at the moment he awoke4 ,in the twinkling of an eye1 he sprang out of bed--not exactly in puris naturalibus1 but certainly in a dress very unsuitable for company1 and rushed headlong down three flights of stairs1 crying out at the top of his voice1 murder6 mon dieu6 murder6 murder6 ,as may well be imagined1 this produced a general rush of the lodgers from their apartments1 and in costume similar to his own4--,the females were screaming in their highest key--the men1 in their far harsher tones1 were roaring out1 what's the matter8 what's the matter8 while the little ,frenchman reiterated still more loudly his piteous cries of murder6 mon dieu6 murder6 murder6 ,a scene of such indescribable confusion ensued1 that some time elapsed before the equally terrified tavern keeper1 who had joined the throng1 had the least chance of unravelling the mystery4 ,at last1 however1 sufficient quiet was restored to enable him to understand from the little ,frenchman1 why he had fled from his room with such precipitation4 ,an irrepressible burst of laughter had nearly suffocated the poor landlord1 before he could gain sufficient breath to explain to his guests1 that the whole cause of their dreadful alarm1 was nothing more than the fat gentleman's tuning and preluding upon his nasal instrument1 as was his invariable custom1 preliminary to the much deeper sleep that always followed2 and which was indicated by a combination of such unearthly sounds1 that they might reasonably thank their stars that the preparation they had received was no worse4 ,,democritus1 ,,jr4 ,,swimming4 ,some of our readers will doubtless remember an allusion in the tale of ,the ,doom to an individual who performed the feat of swimming across the ,james1 at the falls above this city4 ,a valuable correspondent1 who was the bold swimmer alluded to1 writes us as follows3 ,i noticed the allusion in the ,doom4 ,the writer seems to compare my swim with that of ,lord ,byron1 whereas there can be no comparison between them4 ,any swimmer 'in the falls' in my days1 would have swum the ,hellespont1 and thought nothing of the matter4 ,i swam from ,ludlam's wharf to ,warwick1 7six miles17 in a hot ,june sun1 against one of the strongest tides ever known in the river4 ,it would have been a feat comparatively easy to swim twenty miles in still water4 ,i would not think much of attempting to swim the ,british ,channel from ,dover to ,calais4 ,for the ,southern ,literary ,messenger4 ,,the ,,grave ,,of ,,forgotten ,,genius4 ,,by ,,an ,,undergraduate4 ,anxious thought that wished ,to go1 yet whither knew not well to go1 ,possessed his soul and held it still awhile3 ,he listened and heard from far the voice of fame1 ,heard and was charmed1 and deep and sudden vow ,of resolution made to be renowned1 ,and deeper vowed to keep his vow4--,pollock4 ,the summer of #ah--1 was the fourth which ,i had spent at ,c---- ,college1 and with it1 ended my collegiate life4 ,the scenes1 which my long residence there had made sacred to the memory1 were now becoming still more sacred as the time of my departure drew near4 ,every object1 which was at all associated with meeting-scenes and parting-adieus1 had become a magician's wand1--recalling the absent and the dead--towering hopes1 now buried in the tomb1 and anguish1 which1 thus recalled1 is but the bliss which the dreamer enjoys1 when he wakes and feels himself secure from the precipice1 from whose edge a moment before he was plunging into a gulph below4 ,no scene was to me so sacred as the student's grave-yard2 for in it1 ,i often mourned over the woes and ills of life1 and almost unconsciously wished for a fate like the young men's who slept in its repose4 ,there were then only four graves--three were side by side1 having tomb-stones1 epitaphed to the memory of those whose ashes reposed beneath them4 ,the fourth stood alone--over it was a rude stone1 on which was visible no tribute to him1 whose remains were there4 ,his was a destiny which often made me look upon the unlettered stone with the deepest sympathy4 ,one only thing seemed to be known of this grave--one tribute only did time pay to his memory--for to the pilgrim who passed by and hastily inquired who sleeps there8 naught was ever replied but the simple1 yet eloquent elegy1 that is the ',grave of the ,forgotten ,genius4' ,in this unconscious elegy1 there was that which made me look upon it1 almost as the grave of a brother4 ,it was here that ,i often retired during the last days of my stay at ,c---- ,college4 ,here ,i could enjoy an uninterrupted revery1 and call before me the spirits of the dead and weep o'er the destiny of forgotten genius2 yet1 even then1 ,i sometimes thought their fate the happiest which could fall to the lot of man4 ,perhaps they have prayed for the gift of oblivion4 ,perhaps they have wished not to be remembered4 ,their last desire may have been1 ,silent let me sink to earth ,with no officious mourners near3 ,i would not mar one hour of mirth ,nor startle friendship with a tear4 ,a few days before my departure from the college1 ,i was walking thoughtfully through the grove1 which surrounded this little grave-yard1 when suddenly ,i beheld a stately figure1 standing near the unepitaphed grave4 ,he stood for a moment--then approached the gravestone--seemed to take something from it1 and pressing his hand to his forehead for a moment1 look fixedly at the stone4 ,he arose--hastily left the grave and directed his course towards a little village below4 ,here was a mystery6 ,is this a relative--a brother of the forgotten genius1 who has at last come to pay a tribute to his long neglected memory8 ,i ran to the grave4 ,behold6 the name of him who had so long been forgotten6 ,the mysterious stranger had discovered the name of the being who was buried there1 which had been almost covered by the moss that had collected upon the stone1 and which till then ,i had never observed4 ,at twilight ,i was again in the grove1 and again saw the same figure approach the grave4 ,he stood over it1 and ,i distinctly heard these words1 hapless being6 ,would that ,i had been here to ease thy dying agony4 ,yet 'tis well6 ,i grieve not6 ,thy spirit is at rest4 ,i did not hesitate1 but immediately approached the stranger1 who seemed a little surprised1 but by no means disconcerted4 ,stranger1 ,i said1 thou grievest not alone6 ,pardon me for intruding upon thy grief4 ,i wish only to add my sympathy to your anguish4 ,thou'rt welcome6 said the stranger1 ,i thank thee for thy sympathy3 but tell me8 ,is the tale of him1 who sleeps in that grave still known8 ,it is only known that he was once a student of ,c---- ,college1 and that his tomb has long been called the ',grave of the ,forgotten ,genius' ,i replied4 ,but the stranger seemed not to hear me--made no answer and approached again to the grave1 and by the light of the moon which now shone brightly1 read the name ,walter ----1 exclaiming1 yes 'tis my younger brother1 who died fifteen years ago4 ,and were none of his friends ,i inquired1 at his side during his last illness8 ,alas said he1 his spirit was gone1 ere the news reached them1 that he was sick6 and then after a short silence the stranger continued4 ,but come with me to yonder village8 ,i will there give you all the information you want4 ,i immediately gave my assent1 and after the stranger had again stood silently over the grave seemingly engaged in supplicating the favor of heaven1 we approached the village4 ,we entered the village inn1--the stranger left me for a moment1 but soon reentered the room in which he had left me1 bearing in one hand a small manuscript1 and in the other a purse4 ,this manuscript said he1 will give you the tale of him1 who is now known only as the ,forgotten ,genius4 ,this purse contains one hundred and fifty crowns1 half of which you must cause to be applied to the erection of a monument over my brother's grave1 and the other half to be deposited in the county treasury1 the interest to be applied to the cultivation of the grove around the student's grave-yard4 ,it is now late said the stranger1 my duty calls me one hundred miles hence before to-morrow evening4 ,i must rest a little1 and continue my journey4 ,i then pressed the stranger's hand4 ,neither spoke4 ,the tears flowed down the stranger's cheeks1 and ,i felt that ,i was parting from a brother2 without the least hope that ,i should ever see him again1 ,i retired to my room1 but it was only to give vent to the excess of my feelings4 ,i continued walking through my apartment until dawn1 and on going out1 was informed that the stranger had just set out on his journey4 ,i rushed to my room again1 full of doubt and grief--opened the manuscript which had been given to me by the stranger1 and read as follows3-- 99 99 99 99 99 ,walter ,dunlap was born in ,chestatee ,village1 which is situated on one of the tributary streams of the ,tennessee river1 and surrounded by those beautiful vallies1 so numerous on both sides of the ,cumberland mountains4 ,his father had been the first1 and was at his birth the principal merchant in ,chestatee ,village4 ,he was not wealthy1 yet his economy had enabled him to afford means for the education of his sons at one of the first colleges in the east4 ,the procurement of this had been his whole ambition1 and it may well be imagined1 that any evidences of talent and genius in his sons1 would please him much4 ,in his infancy1 ,walter displayed in his slightest actions1 a nobleness1 a generosity1 and a dauntlessness which at once won the heart of his father1 and ,walter had not been placed under the instruction of a tutor more than six months1 ere he was far in advance of those who had spent years in the school-room4 ,already did the fathers and mothers of ,chestatee ,village hold up ,walter to their children as a model for their imitation4 ,he had not passed his twelfth year before he was sent with an elder brother to a college three hundred miles distant from his paternal home4 ,we arrived at ,c---- ,college full of hope and expectation1 for the writer of this narrative was the next elder brother of ,walter4 ,we looked only for that continual flow of spirits and sprightliness1 which the changing and novel scenes of our journey had excited1 and were therefore illy prepared to meet the rigid confinement and discipline of a college-life4 ,at first we sat out with ardor1 and ,walter especially1 seemed delighted with the prospect of pleasure which lay before him4 ,yet the most ardent and ambitious1 are not always the most successful students4 ,a sudden prospect of an adventure1 full of romance and chivalry1 seldom fails to bewitch their imagination1 and those who before were first and most ardent in the pursuit of knowledge1 are often1 by a single incident of mirth and pleasure converted into ring-leaders of insubordination1 unwilling to reap the advantages of a liberal education1 and constantly contriving means of interrupting the peace of those around them4 ,there were such at ,c---- ,college1 and it was not long ere ,walter was ranked among the most ungovernable members of the institution4 ,six months had not elapsed1 ere he was represented to his father1 as one who was no longer fit for the station he occupied1 and was thus privately dismissed4 ,these were the circumstances3 ,walter and myself were placed under the guardianship of a distant relative who was connected with the institution1 and he was to supply us with whatever money we needed4 ,the frequent applications which ,walter had made to his guardian at last caused a prompt refusal1 which greatly displeased ,walter4 ,he went to the apartment occupied by his guardian1 and took the sum for which he had applied4 ,this act he did not attempt to conceal1 for he was not yet able to distinguish between right and wrong1--so that it could not have entered into his mind that he was then committing a crime1 which was subject to the severest punishment4 ,his guardian1 offended at the indignity which he thought had been offered him1 reported the child who was placed under his peculiar protection1 to the president of the college1 for theft4 ,thus was the thoughtless1 the generous and noble ,walter1 beloved by all his companions1 implicated and deemed guilty of an act1 among the basest in the catalogue of crimes4 ,this news might well astonish the too confiding father of ,walter4 ,he was scarcely able to think1 or to speak1 when he received the request which the faculty had made4 ,it was a journey of several days1 yet this did not stop the weeping father1 who hastened to the college to examine in person the nature of the offence4 ,on his arrival1 he too was convinced of the guilt of his son4 ,in vain did his youthful eloquence attempt to make a distinction between taking that which was his own1 and that which was another's4 ,his father's rigid justice could not comprehend the distinction1 which though incorrect1 was perfectly natural4 ,well do ,i remember the sad and woe-worn countenance of our parent4 ,never have ,i seen1 during a lapse of almost twenty year's observation1 a father lament so bitterly over the fate of his son4 ,my son1 said he to me1 as he was about to set out with ,walter1 to leave me to solitude and tears1 act honorably for my sake1 and as we shook hands1 tears came to relieve the agony which oppressed us4 ,walter1 too1 who till now had been firm and unmoved1 boldly informing his companions of his situation and defending his actions1 embraced me tenderly1 and then more than at any other time during my life1 when my feelings were only suggested by nature1 did my heart respond to the thrilling lines ,the word that bids us sever1 ,it sounds not yet1 no1 no1 no6 ,we parted6 ,months passed on and not a word from ,walter4 ,at last a letter came from my father4 ,it breathed still the same feelings and anguish which he felt at our separation4 ,walter1 said he1 still remains inexorable6 ,he is ruined1 and ,i am not able to control him4 ,you1 my son1 you alone can cheer my heart and recal me from the woe which ,waller has caused me4 ,at the end of one year from the time ,i had separated from my father1 he informed me that he had just sent ,walter to live with an uncle1 who resided on the ,elk--a river whose banks were then but thinly settled1 where he hoped the retirement of his situation and the good counsel of his uncle1 would work a reformation in the feelings and principles of ,walter4 ,if this fail1 he concluded1 ,i am at an end--my last hope is destroyed and my heart is broken4 ,more than two years had elapsed since my departure for the college1 and for the first time was ,i summoned to my paternal home4 ,i returned1 and oh1 how changed was the scene6 ,i had left my father's a house of constant happiness1 but now scarcely a smile was familiar to the face of a person in the family4 ,my father was absent in mind1 and talked of forsaking business4 ,i remained two months1 and used all my endeavors to recal his thoughts to the objects around him1 and in some measure succeeded4 ,i again returned to ,c---- ,college--where ,i remained two years longer1 not forgetting to write often to my father in such a style as to make him forget that subject which weighed so heavily upon his spirits2 nor did ,i forget ,walter1 to whom ,i often wrote1 although my letters were never answered1 and had reason to hope that they were not only agreeable to him1 but gladly received4 ,the last year of my collegiate life ended6 ,i flew to my home1 in obedience to the urgent request of my father1 who still spoke of the disgrace and ruin of ,walter1 who had just returned4 ,i was greeted with the sincerest joy--and ,walter1 as my father informed me1 wept for the first time since our separation four years before1 and ,i felt1 that ,i had been restored to a long lost brother4 ,he1 indeed1 seemed to be suddenly wrested from the gloom which had so long surrounded him1 and we rambled over the hills1 sacred to the memory of school-boy sports1 again mingled together in the society of youthful friends1 and were again as happy and as joyous1 as we were1 ere we experienced the pestilential influence of a college4 ,immediately after my return home1 my father entreated me to use every means for the reformation of ,walter1 at the same time1 evincing all the bitterness of grief and despair4 ,my whole object was now to gain an ascendancy over the mind of ,walter4 ,we read together--talked and laughed together--and indulged together those anticipations of the future1 so bright and enchanting to the minds of the young4 ,often did his eye brighten at the suggestion of his future glory and greatness4 ,thus1 by slow but certain progress1 did he allow himself to be dragged from the despair and gloom by which he was surrounded4 ,he read the tales of the great and renowned1 and again was fired with ambition which prompted him to look for a name equal to theirs4 ,long had he been accustomed to look upon himself as an offcast from society--as one scorned and shunned by the good and the generous3 for none had encouraged him to hope even that the disgrace which had come so soon to snatch him from the light of joy1 and sink him to the depths of despair could ever be forgotten4 ,how many noble1 ardent and ambitious youths1 have thus been driven to the night of woe and mental desolation8 ,how many have been urged to the extremity of human depravity by the too rigid decree of a father's or a guardian's justice8 ,how many like ,walter1 have been driven before the gale of prosperity1 then suddenly abandoned1 left scorched and desolate1 as the proud vessel which is cast upon the barren shore1 and left to moulder in the winds and rains of heaven6 ,yet there was one thing which seemed to afford some ground for the hope that all was not lost4 ,for when we participated in the amusements of youth together1 and he again received such evidences of respect from those around him1 that he could not believe them insincere1 and when he had forgotten his hopeless destiny1 there came over his spirit lucid intervals1 in which he explored the sublime philosophy of ,locke and ,paley1 and became master of all the descriptions and sentiments of ,addison4 ,as we rambled one day in a solitary grove1 ,walter suddenly stopped1 and after a moment's silence1 said in a firm but melancholy tone1 my brother1 the last four years of my life have been desolate1 dreary like--a solitary waste4 ,yet this was not my fault6 ,i have been an outcast--no human being sympathized with me--none trusted me--none esteemed me--none would receive my company but the profligate and abandoned1 with whom ,i was taught to class myself ere ,i distinguished between error and truth8 ,thou alone hast remained faithful1 and ,i now thank you for all your kindness and advice4 ,i was exiled from my paternal home1 ,i returned heart-stricken and miserable1 yet ,i received no sympathy1 until you came like an angel of mercy1 to recal me to light4 ,may heaven----4 ,here his voice faltered1 and a flood of tears came to his relief4 ,after a few moments he continued3 ,i have resolved to return to ,c---- ,college and there retrieve the happiness1 the honor and character1 which a youthful folly has taken from me4 ,i thank you for your tears of sympathy4 ,you can participate in my feelings and do justice to my motives4 ,it was thus1 in one of the most intensely interesting conversations which ,i ever held1 that ,walter disclosed to me the very purpose which ,i had prayed in all the fervor of supplication he might resolve upon4 ,i soon after made known his feelings to his father1 and soon1 almost instantaneously1 he again left his paternal home to return to ,c---- ,college4 ,he left us agitated with doubt and the deepest anxiety for his success4 ,he left us1 warmed with the admiration which his noble purpose could not fail to inspire1 but racked with that awful feeling of dread1 which the uncertainty of hope always occasions4 ,walter did not weep--he did not seem moved1 and yet there was that in his countenance which spoke eloquently of feeling4 ,and yet there were tears to hallow the memory of our separation4 ,a little brother1 scarce able to realize the scene around him1 shed tears of childish sorrow--a sister1 enthusiastic in her affection for her brother shed tears--and a father too1 whose locks were whitened with grief1 showed youthful sympathy at his son's adieu--and ,i too1 was not unmoved4 ,walter ,dunlap is again at ,c---- ,college6 ,the farewell scene1 which had convinced him how deeply the happiness of his relatives could be affected by his success--the powerful sympathy which such an occasion had displayed1 at once establish him in his purpose4 ,fame1 honor1 and usefulness1 were the beacon-lights which illumined his path1 and the eternal gratitude of a sister--a brother--a heart-broken father1 the ministering spirits which cheered him amid the storms of passion and misery1 incident to the human heart4 ,kirke ,white was the model which he set before his mind--because there was a sympathy to his mind between their destinies1 although ,white had never received a moral blight1 yet it was enough that they had both been pursued by the rigor of fate4 ,from the moment he entered the walls of the college1 he began a rigid discipline of the mind4 ,what elevated ,milton1 he would ask1 to an equality with the gods8 ,what gave to ,newton a comprehension of the mysteries of the universe1 and to ,franklin a power over the elements8 and then triumphantly answer1 study--unceasing study4 ,if ,socrates had contented himself with only wishing and sighing to enter the field of philosophical truth--if he had prayed1 however fervently1 could that have sufficed to make him the ,prince of ,philosophers8 ,naught but the deepest1 unbroken thought could have made him sport familiarly with the subtleties of philosophy1 clothed as they then were1 in all the gloom of ancient mythology4 ,so thought ,walter ,dunlap4 ,night after night did he wear himself away by the intensity of his study and the depth of his thought4 ,a year had not passed1 ere he had run through much of the whole collegiate course--made himself master of the ancient languages1 and gained a prize in astronomical calculations4 ,mind cannot conceive the joy which he felt at this success4 ,the image of a father1 smiling with tenderness and approbation1 blessing him with the unbounded gratitude which a father only can feel1 was ever present to his mind4 ,who can measure the depth of his joy8 ,who can count the sighs of anguish which these moments of joy now repayed8 ,well might he say1 in reference to his own life1 ,one moment may1 with bliss repay ,unnumbered hours of pain4 ,yet he did not esteem his work yet ended--his purpose yet realized4 ,innumerable difficulties1 calling for energy to brave the prospect of years of application1 presented themselves4 ,he resolved to banish from his heart every image of despair1 and if the attainment of glory and usefulness required it1 ,to drink even to the very dregs ,the bitterest cup that time could measure out1 ,and having done1 look up and ask for more4 ,he received no joy but in the action of mind--in converse with the proudest philosophers of the world4 ,if he was but allowed to walk with ,plato and ,aristotle1 in the grove of ,academus1 and listen to their discourses he was content4 ,and yet1 philosopher as he was1 he did not wish to die unlamented1 with no epitaph to his memory4 ,how could he remain in the world1 and leave it1 without having made one discovery in science--established one truth which might benefit mankind--done aught that could endear his name to posterity--caused one heart's gratitude to follow him to the tomb8 ,such a thought was sad--unutterable6 ,it was thus he was hurried on in his mental application1 till at last it became far too incessant for the safety of his life4 ,he saw the consequence1 yet could not stay the impetuous workings of his own mind--now beyond his control4 ,his last letter to me1 thus concluded1 since ,i cannot expect a long residence on this earth1 my only wish is1 that ,i may have at least one kind friend who will candidly inscribe upon my tomb1 this simple epitaph1 ,here lies a heart1 that beat for fame4 ,soon after the reception of this letter1 we were informed by the president of ,c---- ,college1 that ,walter ,dunlap had died suddenly1 from an inflammation of the lungs occasioned by an exposure to the air for several hours1 while observing the corruscations of the ,aurora borealis4 ,thus died ,walter ,dunlap--a child of sorrow--a being of the strongest aspirations--possessing a genius which would have elevated him to a rank with the profoundest philosophers--and wept by his companions whose tears form his only funeral eulogy4 ,his life may show the danger of exposing a child too early to the contagion of a college--the folly of dealing too harshly with youthful errors--the force of sympathy on the heart1 and the elevation at which a mind may instantly arrive4 ,farewell4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i will only add that the student's grave yard now contains a monument over the tomb of the ,forgotten ,genius1 and that in compliance with my promise1 ,i caused to be inscribed to the memory of ,walter ,dunlap1 the eloquent epitaph contained in his last letter to his brother1 so justly due to the actions of his short life4 ,west ,point1 #ahth ,april1 #ahce4 ,for the ,southern ,literary ,messenger4 ,,the ,,house ,,mountain ,,in ,,virginia4 ,this double mountain forms a conspicuous object in the romantic county of ,rockbridge4 ,it stands seven miles west of ,lexington1 from whose inhabitants it hides the setting sun1 and not unfrequently turns the summer showers4 ,being separated from the neighboring ridge of the ,north mountain1 and more lofty1 it presents its huge body and sharp angles full to the western winds4 ,clouds are often driven against it1 cloven asunder1 and carried streaming on to the right and left with a space of clear sky between1 similar in form to the evening shadow of the mountain4 ,sometimes however1 a division of the cloud after passing the town1 will come bounding back in a current of air1 reflected from another mountain4 ,it is not uncommon to see a cloud move across the great valley in ,rockbridge1 shedding its contents by the way--strike the ,blue ,ridge on the south eastern side1 wheel about and pursue a different course until it is exhausted4 ,the traveller1 after the shower is over1 and the clear sunshine has induced him to put off his cloak and umbrella1 is surprised by the sudden return of the rain from the same quarter towards which he had just seen it pass away4 ,what is called the ,house ,mountain1 consists in fact1 of two oblong parallel mountains1 connected at the base1 and rising about #aejj feet above the common level of the valley4 ,the summits which are about a mile and a half long1 resemble the roof of a house2 the ends terminate in abrupt precipices2 and round the base1 huge buttresses taper up against the sides1 as if designed to prop the mighty structure4 ,the students of ,washington ,college make a party every summer to visit this mountain for the sake of the prospect4 ,they set out in clear weather and spend the night on the mountain in order to enjoy the morning beauties of the scene1 which are by far the most interesting4 ,having twice been of such a party1 the writer gives the following description1 from a memory so deeply impressed by what he saw1 that years have scarcely abated the vividness of its ideas4 ,the first time1 we were disappointed by the cloudiness of the atmosphere1 and should have made an unprofitable trip1 had not an unexpected scene afforded us a partial reward for the toils of the ascent4 ,we lodged like ,indian hunters not far from the summit1 where a little spring trickles from the foot of the precipice4 ,after we had slept awhile1 one of the company startled us with the cry of fire6 ,he saw with astonishment in the direction of the ,blue ,ridge1 a conflagration that cast a lurid glare through the hazy atmosphere4 ,the flame rose and spread1 every moment tapering upwards to a point1 and bending before the night breeze4 ,we first imagined that a large barn was on fire1 and then as the flame grew1 that the beautiful village of ,lexington was a prey to the devouring element4 ,while we gazed with fearful anxiety1 the fiery object in rising yet higher1 seemed to grow less at the lower extremity1 until it stood forth to our joyful surprise1 the ,,moon half full1 reddened and magnified by the misty air beyond what we had ever seen4 ,its light afforded an obscure perception of the most prominent objects of the landscape4 ,shadowy masses of mountains darkened the sight in various directions1 and spots less dark in the country below1 gave indications of fields and houses4 ,we perceived just enough to make us eager for a more distinct and general view of the scene4 ,in the morning1 every thing was hidden by the cloudy confusion of the atmosphere4 ,the next time1 our party lodged on the aerial summit of the mountain1 by a fire of logs1 which might have served the country for a beacon4 ,the weather proved favorable1 and we rose before the dawn to enjoy the opening scene4 ,the sky was perfectly serene1 but all the world below was enveloped in darkness and fog4 ,our fire had sunk to embers4 ,the gloom1 the desolation1 the deathlike stillness of our situation1 filled every mind with silent awe1 and prepared us for solemn contemplation4 ,we spoke little1 and felt disposed to solitary musing4 ,i retired alone to a naked rock which raised its head over a precipice1 turned my face to the east1 and waited for the rising sun1 if not with the idolatrous devotion1 yet with the deep solemnity of the ,persian ,magii4 ,presently the dawn began to show the dim outline of the ,blue ,ridge along the eastern horizon1 at the distance of twelve or fifteen miles4 ,when the morning light opened the prospect more distinctly1 the level surface of the mist which covered the valley became apparent2 and the mountain tops in almost every direction1 looked like islands in a white1 placid1 and silent ocean4 ,i gazed with delighted imagination over this novel and fairy scene2 so full of sublimity in itself1 and from the sober twilight in which it appeared1 so much like the work of fancy in visions of a dream4 ,the trees and rocks of the nearest islands soon became visible2 more distant islands were disclosed to view1 but all were wild and desolate4 ,i felt as if placed in a vast solitude1 with lands and seas around me hitherto undiscovered by man4 ,whilst ,i gazed with increasing admiration over the twilight scene1 and endeavored to stretch my vision into the dusky regions far away1 my attention was suddenly arrested by sparks of dazzling brilliancy which shot through the pines on the ,blue ,ridge4 ,in the olden time1 when ,jupiter's thunderbolts were manufactured in the caverns of tna1 never did such glittering scintillations fly from under the forge hammers of ,cyclops4 ,it was the sun darting his topmost rays over the mountain1 and dispersing their sparkling threads in the bright and cloudless atmosphere4 ,very soon the fancied islands around me caught the splendid hue of the luminary1 and shone like burnished gold on their eastern sides4 ,in the west1 where they were most thickly strown over the white sea of mist1 and where their sides alone appeared1 ,i could imagine them to be the islands of the blessed 7so famous in ancient poetry17 where light and peace reigned perpetually4 ,but the pleasing illusion was soon dissipated4 ,the surface of the mist hitherto lying still1 became agitated like a boiling caldron4 ,every where light clouds arose from it and melted away4 ,presently the lower hills of the country began to show their tops as if they were emerging from this troubled sea4 ,when the sun displayed his full orb of living fire1 the vapory commotion increased1 the features of the low country began to be unveiled1 and the first audible sound of the morning1 the barking of a farmer's dog1 rose from a deep vale beneath1 and completely broke the enchantment of the twilight scene4 ,when the sun was an hour high1 the fog only marked the deep and curvilinear beds of the waters4 ,nor was ,i less delighted with the realities of the prospect before me4 ,the country lay beneath and around me to the utmost extent of vision4 ,along the uneven surface of the great valley1 a thousand farms in every variety of situation were distinctly visible1 some in low vales1 some on the upland slopes1 and here and there a few on the elevated sides of the mountains4 ,on the northeast1 the less hilly county of ,augusta was seen in dim perspective1 like a large level of blueish green4 ,stretching along the eastern horizon for many a league1 the ,blue ,ridge shewed a hundred of its lofty pinnacles among which the ,peaks of ,otter toward the south1 rose pre-eminently conspicuous4 ,the valley in a southwestern direction was partly concealed by the isolated line of the ,short ,hill3 but beyond that appeared at intervals the vales of ,james river1 from the gap where the stream has burst through the ,blue ,ridge1 up to the place where it has cloven the ,north mountain1 and thence round by the west1 to the remarkable rent which it has made in the solid rock of the ,jackson mountain1 a distance altogether of some forty miles4 ,on the western side1 the view is of a different character4 ,here it seemed as if all the mountains of ,virginia had assembled to display their magnificence and to exhibit with proud emulation1 their loftiness and their length4 ,line upon line1 ridge behind ridge1 perched over one another1 crossed the landscape in various directions1 here swelling into round knobs1 and there stretching off in long masses far and wide2 until they faded away in the blue of the atmosphere1 and distinction of form and color was lost in the distance4 ,when ,i was able to withdraw my eyes from the collective whole of this sublime prospect1 and to examine the particular objects that appeared around me1 ,i was struck with the long narrow vales on the western side4 ,the cultivated low grounds and streams of water1 all converging towards the wider stream and valley of the ,james river1 presented a beautiful contrast with the rude grandeur of the mountains among which they lay4 ,when ,i looked down upon the country in the immediate vicinity of the ,house ,mountain1 ,i admired the beauties of the scene4 ,the woody hillocks and shady dells had lost every rough and disagreeable feature3 the surface of the woods was uniformly smooth and green1 like a meadow1 and wound before the elevated eye with the most graceful curves imaginable4 ,the little homesteads about the foot of the mountain1 the large farms and country seats further away in the valley1 and the bright group of buildings in the village of ,lexington1 formed a gentle scene of beauty1 which relieved the mind from the almost painful sublimity of the distant prospect1 and prepared us1 after hours of delightful contemplation1 to descend from our aerial height1 and to return with gratified feelings to our college and studies again4 ,lexington1 ,virginia4 ,for the ,southern ,literary ,messenger4 ,,visit ,,to ,,the ,,virginia ,,springs1 ,during the ,summer of #ahcd4 ,,no4 ,i4 ,on the morning of a bright and beautiful day early in ,july1 ,i resumed my seat in the mail coach at ,lexington1 with the prospect of soon reaching the ,virginia ,springs4 ,the line having been recently established was as yet little known1 and on this occasion ,i was the only passenger4 ,ample opportunity was afforded for viewing the charming scenery which surrounds this village2 and1 certainly1 the world can scarcely present a more lovely landscape than that which lay before us as we entered upon the turnpike which leads to the ,springs4 ,at the foot of the hill which we were descending1 ,woods's ,creek was stealing along through the shaded retreats and the velvet green which lines its banks2 the adjoining hills were crowned with waving fields1 now ripening for the harvest2 the chimnies of the ,mulberry ,hill residence could just be seen1 peering above the groves and the foliage which throw their charms around its retirement2 the ruins of the ,old ,academy--where ,alexander1 ,baxter1 ,matthews1 ,rice1 and others of the first men in the ,presbyterian ,church were educated1--with its mouldering1 ivy-covered walls1 stood in melancholy solitude on the borders of the neighboring forest4 ,beyond1 was the rolling country in its variety of scenery2 and in the back ground1 the ,house1 ,jump and ,north ,mountains marking their clear outline1 against the deep azure of a cloudless sky4 ,after winding among the hills for a few hours1 we came in view of the long1 unbroken range of mountains1 over which we were to pass2 and though still some miles from the base1 the road could be distinctly traced1 running in straight1 and then in zigzag directions along the precipitous ascent4 ,soon after1 we commenced our slow progress up the mountain1 which might have been tedious had it not been that every successive moment which increased our elevation1 revealed new beauties4 ,the road itself is one of the curiosities of this region2 it would scarcely seem possible for the ingenuity and energy of man to construct so safe and so delightful a passage over these rough and almost perpendicular ridges4 ,at one point you may look from your carriage window upon the traveller some fifty feet below1 parallel with yourself1 and1 paradoxical as it may appear1 proceeding in the same direction1 although he is bound for the opposite end of the road4 ,so great are the angles necessary to be made in order to overcome the obstacles which nature had interposed4 ,the declivity of the turnpike1 however1 is now so slight as to admit of travelling at almost any speed4 ,on reaching the summit1 the view was inexpressibly grand4 ,one of the loveliest sections of the ,valley of ,virginia spread its beauties below us4 ,on one hand the ,house ,mountain rose in solitary grandeur above the surrounding hills1 and on the other the dark spurs of the ,alleghany projected out into the more cultivated country4 ,on the southwest1 as far as the eye could reach1 mountain after mountain could be seen4 ,immediately below and before us1 were laid out as a map1 the fertile fields1 comfortable farm-houses and county roads of ,rockbridge2 the numerous streams reflected in silvery sheets1 as they wound through the broken country and hurried along to pour their waters into the bosom of the ,james4 ,across the ,valley at the distance of perhaps twenty miles1 the great ,blue ,ridge stretched away towards the north and south1 until it was lost in the deeper azure of the evening sky1 or hid by the dark and heavy clouds which bear the summer's storm4 ,we were now upon the boundary which separates the ,valley from ,western ,virginia4 ,after gazing in admiration on the beauties of the country through which we had just travelled1 ,i turned to enjoy similar scenes on the opposite side4 ,but nothing except successive piles of mountains met the view4 ,the deep vales and sun-tinged peaks1 seemed to be still slumbering in their original wildness1 and had it not been for the traces of art exhibited by our turnpike1 and the sight of an iron foundry in the valley below1 ,i should have been almost forced to the conclusion1 that we were disturbing the silence of those forests which had never before echoed but to the cry of the panther1 or the war-whoop of the wandering ,indian4 ,having halted a few minutes1 the driver shod our coach1 and rolling away with the sound of thunder down the mountain1 we reached the inn where the stage stopped for the night1 just as the sun was sinking behind the western hills4 ,our landlord and his better half were themselves ,dutch1 and had raised up a stout rosy-looking family1 who attended to the domestic concerns of the establishment without the aid of servants4 ,the house was situated on a level lawn between two lofty ridges of the ,alleghany1 part of which was neatly enclosed1 and clothed with the richest green4 ,the domicil itself was one story in height1 with a piazza in front2 and the peculiar national taste of the proprietor could be seen in the free use of red and black paint with which the establishment was ornamented4 ,but the interior presented an aspect rather more inviting1 after the fatigue of the day's ride4 ,the snow-white table cloth1 and the clean and plain1 yet delightful fare1 with which the table was bountifully supplied1 gave evidence of the existence of taste in the culinary department1 which amply compensated for the want of it in matters of less substantial importance4 ,a handsome coach and four had driven up just as we arrived4 ,after tea the guests assembled in the piazza1 and we passed away in cheerful conversation the hours of a lovely summer's evening1 in this wild valley among the mountains4 ,we reached ,covington1 a village on ,jackson's river1 to breakfast the next morning1 and by ten o'clock had arrived at ,callaghens1 a comfortable country tavern1 where we intersected the line from ,staunton4 ,on the arrival of that stage1 ,i changed conveyances1 and with it the light and rapid travelling of the former coach1 for the slow and heavy motion of one loaded down with passengers and baggage4 ,i found as my new companions1 a very agreeable gentleman from ,philadelphia1 with his wife and son1 an intelligent young ,south ,american1 a huge and awkward ,mississippian1 an incog4 gentleman with a good countenance and a white hat of the first magnitude1 a youth of about seventeen1 whose emaciated countenance1 hectic flush and distressing cough1 told that consumption had marked him as its victim1 together with one or two others not peculiarly interesting4 ,we were now but fifteen miles from the ,white ,sulphur2 and the impatience of our passengers seemed to increase almost in the duplicate ratio as the distance diminished4 ,every few moments the interrogatory1 ,how far are we now8 was heard from some one of the company4 ,at length the number of handsome vehicles1 persons on horseback and on foot1 which were passing and repassing us1 shewed that we were in the vicinity of the ,springs4 ,in a few moments the enclosure came in view1 and immediately after we drove up in front of the hotel at the ,white ,sulphur4 ,groups of gentlemen were collected about the lawn and in the long piazza of the hotel4 ,all eyes were eagerly turned towards our coach1 and many came crowding round1 in hopes of espying the face of an acquaintance among the new arrivals4 ,the first physiognomy which greeted our vision was that of the manager of the establishment1 who has no very enviable notoriety among the visitors4 ,according to his usual system1 he had our baggage deposited for the remainder of the day at the foot of the tree where we landed1 whilst we were left to wander about the premises1 without even a domicil in which to change our dusty travelling garb for one more in unison with our personal comfort1 and the general appearance of those who were to constitute our temporary associates4 ,there is something in the first view of the ,white ,sulphur1 very prepossessing and almost enchanting4 ,after rolling along among the mountains and dense forests1 the wild and uncultivated scenery is at once exchanged for the neatness and elegance of refined society1 and the bustle and parade of the fashionable world4 ,almost every state in the ,union1 and some of the nations of ,europe may find their representatives at the ,white ,sulphur1 during the months of ,july and ,august4 ,the last season was honored with an uncommon assemblage of interesting personages4 ,we had ,messrs4 ,clay and ,poindexter of the ,united ,states ,senate2 ,mc,duffie and others from the ,house of ,representatives2 ,commodores ,chauncey1 ,biddle and ,rogers of the ,navy2 ,judges ,carr1 ,brooke and ,cabell of the ,court of ,appeals2 ,col4 ,aspinwall1 ,american ,consul at ,london2 the ,hon4 ,mr4 ,sergeant of ,philadelphia1 and a host of dignitaries of somewhat lower degree1--also from the religious community1 ,rev4 ,doctors ,johns and ,keith of the ,episcopal ,church1 and ,rev4 ,messrs4 ,chester1 ,styles1 7of ,georgia7 and others of the ,presbyterian4 ,mr4 ,clay was just recovering from an injury he had received from the upsetting of the stage1 but he moved about with the lightness and activity of a boy of #ae4 ,indeed we almost thought that he descended from his dignity by his frivolous and careless air4 ,he was affable and accessible to all4 ,mr4 ,mc,duffie1 on the contrary1 with his hard and forbidding countenance1 was morose and distant1 and the very reverse of the orator of ,kentucky4 ,perhaps1 however1 due allowance should be made in favor of the former1 on account of the infirm state of his health4 ,but the ,white ,sulphur itself must not pass unnoticed4 ,its charms are worthy of being celebrated4 ,the buildings1 which are situated on a gradual acclivity1 are arranged in the form of a hollow square4 ,adjoining the ,kanawha turnpike1 which passes the springs and parallel with it1 are two large white hotels4 ,one of these contains the dining and drawing rooms1 and in the other there is a spacious saloon for music1 dancing1 c4 ,this is also used on the ,sabbath as a chapel4 ,in a line with these1 and running in each direction1 is a row of cottages one story in height1 for the use of visitors4 ,with this at the eastern extremity unites a continued range of beautiful white cottages1 with venitians and long piazzas1 forming another side of the quadrangle4 ,at the distance of several hundred paces from the hotels1 and parallel with them on the hill side1 is the third range1 which is built entirely of brick and extends for several hundred yards1 until its lower termination is concealed amongst the trees which form a thick grove on the brow of the hill4 ,on the western extremity of the area are the bathing houses1 and above all1 that which constitutes the great attraction--the spring4 ,the reservoir in which the spring rises1 is an octagon of about five feet in diameter1 from which a constant and copious stream flows off1 supplying the bathing houses4 ,a few steps lead up from this reservoir1 to a platform some twenty-five feet in diameter1 furnished with seats and surrounded by a neat railing4 ,the whole is protected by a beautiful temple1 composed of lofty white pillars surmounted by a dome4 ,from the interior of this dome is suspended a chandelier1 by which the temple is lighted up in the evenings4 ,a lawn of the richest green1 tastefully laid out with gravelled walks1 and shaded by an abundance of oaks and locusts1 extends over the area of the quadrangle4 ,at the distance of a few feet from the cottages is a light railing1 along which1 as also along the walks1 are lamp-posts1 from which the area is brilliantly illuminated in the evening4 ,we know of no scene more romantic and picturesque than that presented to a spectator from one of the cottages on the hill1 after the lamps have been lighted for the night4 ,the floods of light1 streaming among the trees1 and from every window2 the throngs of the gay and fashionable1 crowding the walks for the evening's promenade1 and the thrilling melody of the rich music from a fine ,german band1 throws quite a fairy-like influence around this pleasant retreat among the mountains4 ,on the ,sabbath1 the saloon usually occupied as a dancing room1 was consecrated to more hallowed purposes4 ,at the call of the bell1 a large and very respectable congregation assembled1 and listened to a solemn and eloquent discourse from the ,rev4 ,doct4 ,johns of ,baltimore4 ,it seemed peculiarly appropriate1 that while resorting to these waters for healing the diseases of the body1 we should also have recourse to the wells of salvation which have been opened in the house of ,david for the diseases of the soul4 ,the grace and elegance with which the speaker on this occasion presented the truths connected with his office1 was calculated to render them interesting1 as well as to convey a sense of their importance even to the most indifferent4 ,it would be perhaps superfluous to speak of the healing efficacy of this celebrated spring2 its renovating effects are annually exhibited1 and have been for years4 ,it has been1 however1 a matter of regret1 that so little has been certainly known1 as to the peculiar properties of this as well as the other mineral springs of ,virginia1 and of their application to different diseases4 ,it is a lamentable fact that invalids1 by resorting to one of the springs which was not at all suited to their case1 have only aggravated their diseases1 and hurried themselves more rapidly to the grave4 ,no impression is perhaps more common and none more erroneous1 than that if the use of a particular spring is efficacious in one complaint1 it will be equally beneficial in others1 no matter how different their nature1 and that at all events if no good is gained1 no positive injury is received4 ,the very opposite of this is the fact4 ,unless there is a clear understanding of the pathology of the disease1 and of the properties of the water1 as well as the adaptation of its constituents to remove the malady in view1 we are for the most part groping in the dark1 and playing at best but a hazardous game4 ,the want of a mineral water suited to the case of invalids1 need however deter no one from visiting the ,virginia ,springs4 ,providence has supplied in this region a variety sufficient to answer the necessities of almost any case4 ,the only difficulty is1 to ascertain which of these watering places is adapted to the particular disease4 ,doctors ,bell and ,horner have given to the public the results of some investigations in reference to these waters1 but the former had never visited the springs1 and the latter only for a few weeks of one season1 without either proper apparatus to perfect a complete analysis1 or sufficient opportunity for witnessing their practical effects4 ,the consequence is1 that both of these gentlemen1 though eminent in their professions1 have given their authority to statements which are in many respects erroneous4 ,difficulties from this source however will soon be remedied4 ,professor ,rogers of ,william and ,mary ,college1 a gentleman eminently qualified for the purpose1 visited the springs last summer with complete analyzing apparatus1 and it is to be hoped that the cause of humanity will speedily realize the benefit of his valuable investigations4 ,dr4 ,tindall1 who has made the ,white ,sulphur his place of residence for several seasons1 has devoted his attention to ascertaining the practical effects of the waters1 and intended issuing a volume on the subject before the commencement of the next summer4 ,the efficacy of the ,white ,sulphur is principally confined to affections of the liver1 and derangements of the sanguiferous and biliary systems4 ,where there is any tendency to pulmonary disease1 the use of this water should by all means be avoided4 ,its exciting effects are exceedingly prejudicial to such constitutions4 ,a continued use of the water will occasion a rapid progress of the disease4 ,individuals of a consumptive habit have been known to hasten their end by a residence at the ,white ,sulphur4 ,one case at least has come within my own observation4 ,we cannot leave the ,white ,sulphur without a deep feeling of regret1 that the proprietors of this otherwise attractive and delightful place1 should make so little provision for the comfort of visitors4 ,the buildings1 though extensive1 are not at all sufficient to accommodate the numbers which now resort thither4 ,during the last summer almost every house for miles on the roads leading to the springs1 was thronged with persons who had been turned off at the hotel4 ,many of those who could obtain the privilege of remaining upon the ground1 received exceedingly unpleasant accommodations4 ,the table too1 which assumes a prodigious importance after a week's residence and use of the water1 is by no means such as should be afforded at such an establishment4 ,every visitor will recollect his dining-room experience at the ,white ,sulphur4 ,but one of the most unpleasant features of the whole1 is found in the person of the manager1 who1 although naturally possessed of an amiable and accommodating disposition1 we must say1 in our opinion1 is not qualified for the situation4 ,it is much to be lamented1 that this place which possesses decided advantages over any watering place in the ,united ,states and perhaps in the world--whose climate1 scenery and healing properties are no where surpassed1 and to which1 notwithstanding the accommodations1 crowds resort1 should not be fitted up in a style suited to its merits4 ,for the ,southern ,literary ,messenger4 ,,the ,,fine ,,arts4 ,,no4 ,,iii4 --------------- ,in elegant design1 ,improving nature3 in ideas fair1 ,or great1 extracted from the fine antique2 ,in attitude1 expression1 airs divine2 ,her sons of ,rome and ,florence bore the prize4 ,thomson4 ,the sixteenth century was remarkable for the transcendant excellence of the ,italian painters2 every city had its school1 and each school preserved a different style1 distinguished for expression1 grace or dignity4 ,by schools1 we do not mean academies1 for there were none when these great men came forth ennobling nature3 they studied in the academic groves of the ,arno and the ,tiber1 and were themselves the establishers of those schools1 that fettered genius with scholastic rules1 and from that day the arts began to decline2 each succeeding generation became imitators of the preceding one1 and neglecting the study of nature and the poetry of art1 they fell into a manerism1 growing worse and worse down to their present puerile and meretricious style4 ,and here permit us to correct a very prevalent error1 that ,italy at this day is distinguished far its living artists1 when in fact no country of ,europe is so deficient in men eminent in sculpture and painting2 but for the present we will confine our remarks to the masters of the sixteenth century and their unrivalled works4 ,for three centuries the palm of excellence has been awarded to ,michael ,angelo for originality1 to ,raphael for correctness of design and expression1 to ,titian for color1 and ,correggio for grace2 but that in which they all agree is sublimity4 ,this1 says ,longinus1 elevates the mind above itself1 and fills it with high conceptions and a noble pride4 ,the sources of the sublime he makes to consist of boldness or grandeur in thought1 pathos1 expression1 and harmony of structure1 and these characterize the works of the ,italian masters1 and place them amongst the epics of the pencil4 ,it is not1 as pretended connoisseurs assert1 in the high relief1 the wonderful foreshortening1 the boldness of the touch or fine finish1 or even harmony of coloring1 that these works claim superior merit1 for in all these the ,dutch as a school surpass them1 but it is in the grandeur of the thought1 in the pathos1 expression and harmony of the whole4 ,michael ,angelo's originality and creative powers surpassed those of all men1 and his knowledge of the human figure constituted his praise and his reproach1 for in the desire to display his anatomical learning1 he overstepped the modesty of nature and exhibited his figures with a muscular developement1 disproportioned to the strength required4 ,in the ,sistine ,chapel1 a little child holding the ,cybeline book1 is represented with the arms of an infant ,hercules2 and in his holy family at ,florence1 naked men are seen in the back ground at gymnastic exercises1 having no connection with1 or reference to the modesty of the subject2 the execution of this picture is hard and the color opaque4 ,well might he exclaim after finishing it1 ,oil painting is unworthy of men1 ,i leave it to boys4 ,raphael was the boy against whom this sarcasm was hurled1 whose works in oil will long survive his frescos1 and who freed from envy--that passion of little minds--thanked his maker that he had lived in the days of ,michael ,angelo4 ,but the ,last ,judgment is the work on which ,m4 ,angelo's reputation rests as a painter2 it was the last he ever executed1 and is strongly impressed with the peculiar character of its author1 originality and vigor of thought1 with incongruity of persons and place4 ,the son of man appears in wrath to take vengeance on his enemies1 and with an uplifted hand and frowning brows1 seems to say depart1 ye cursed into everlasting punishment1 and they are tumbling headlong down in every conceivable attitude2 on the other hand the righteous are rising to eternal life1 in groups of a masterly design1 executed with such strength and simplicity as to convey the most sublime ideas of the subject2 but the improper mixture of mythological fable and ,christian faith detract much from its merit1 and we are scarcely less disgusted with ,charon ferrying his boat in hell1 than with the angels playing with the cross in heaven2 they are equally out of keeping1 and the whole scene is deficient in drapery--even the blessed being stands exposed in the nudity of this frail tenement4 ,the work most justly to be brought in comparison with this1 is the ,transfiguration by ,raphael4 ,the subject is equally sublime1 and composed with equal simplicity4 ,the whole scene rises before you with such propriety of expression in every countenance1 that it requires no interpreter to know them2 no trifling ornament diverts the attention from the subject1 and no idle levity detracts from the solemnity of the occasion4 ,human infirmity is brought in strong contrast with omnipotent power1 and the mind is led by a natural gradation from our dependance up to his goodness4 ,an epileptic boy of interesting age is supported in the arms of his father1 and surrounded with friends and relations1 who bring him to the disciples to be healed1 and the imploring mother1 the beautiful countenance of the sister1 the anxious parent and suffering boy1 excite our sympathy1 and we look to the apostles for their miraculous power of healing1 but their faith had failed them2 sweet charity remained1 and ,hope the comforter lingered yet below1 as they point to the mount from whence their help cometh4 ,following the direction we behold the prostrate three1 ,peter1 ,james and ,john1 veiling their faces in the ineffable presence2 above1 self-poised in mid air and bright in the radiance of supernatural light1 the son of man is seen between ,moses and ,elias4 ,it has been objected that there are two subjects here in one picture1 but they are so closely allied in the history of the event1 and simultaneous in time1 that to separate them would be to destroy the effect and interest of both2 nothing could be omitted without detracting from its merit1 and nothing added without impairing its grandeur2 with the exception of two men ascending the mount in sacerdotal robes1 doubtless introduced against the wish of the artist1 to gratify some officious patron4 ,these two paintings may represent the schools of ,rome and ,florence1 and are justly esteemed the sublimest style of art4 ,the former in fresco1 the latter in oil1 and both unattractive by the beauty of coloring or the magic of effect1 but sublime in thought1 expression and design4 ,in presenting these to the admiration of the amateur and the study of the artist1 we would not limit excellence to any one manner1 but on the contrary1 reprehend those who see no beauty save in a smoked antique1 or in a modern ,english portrait1 in the boldness of ,salvator ,rosa or the finish of ,carlo ,dolci4 ,these may be all beautiful in their kind and have equal claims to admiration1 though inferior in sublimity of design4 ,the ,venetian school revelled in the luxury of colors and feasted the eye with the most harmonious arrangement of the brightest tints and broadest light and shade2 and some have supposed could these have been added to the ,roman school1 it would have been the perfection of art1 but ,sir ,joshua ,reynolds thought them incompatible1 and it is not without probability that a gayer dress would have detracted from the simplicity and greatness of the ,roman paintings1 as would pearls in the ears of a fine statue4 ,if the ,venetians therefore1 were not so sublime1 they were more beautiful3 ,to those of ,venice4 ,she the magic art ,of colors melting into colors gave4 ,theirs too it was by one embracing mass ,of light and shade1 that settles round the whole1 ,or varies1 tremulous1 from part to part1 ,o'er all a binding harmony to throw1 ,to raise the picture and repose the sight4 ,of these1 ,titian stands pre-eminent in the truth of nature and the choice of the beautiful2 a refinement is impressed on every product of his pencil1 and from the portrait of ,charles the #eth to the assumption of the ,madonna at ,venice1 7his greatest work7 there is a nobleness of air1 an elevation of thought above common men or common things2 it was this1 not less than the truth of his coloring1 that employed his pencil upon so many crowned and noble heads2 his carnations glowed with the freshness of life1 neither erring with too much of the blossom of the rose or the yellow of the marigold1 and it is probable from his works1 ,fresnoy drew that admirable precept3 ,he that would color well1 must color bright1 ,hope not that praise to gain by sickly white4 ,correggio comes next in the scale of excellence1 who with less truth of color than the ,venetians1 or greatness of design than the ,romans1 surpassed them all in grace1 that indescribable je ne sais quoi1 so delightful in the movements of some persons1 and equally opposed to the rules of polished society and clownish rusticity4 ,his figures repose with a nature unstudied1 and his children play with an infant's artless innocence--though frequently homely in feature and badly drawn1 they irresistibly charm the learned and the simple1 and command at once the highest admiration and the highest price4#a ,his finest work is probably the ,st4 ,jerome at ,parma1 so called from this saint's forming one figure in the group1 with the infant ,saviour1 his mother1 and ,mary ,magdalene4 ,the anachronism of thus introducing persons who lived at different eras1 did not affect the minds of good ,catholics three centuries since1 more than the same discrepancy does the modern reader of ,anacharsis4 ,footnote #a3 ,a ,holy ,family1 only #i by #ac inches in the national gallery in ,england1 was purchased for #cjjj guineas4 ,g4 ,c4 ,for the ,southern ,literary ,messenger4 ,,recent ,,american ,,novels4 ,the year '#ce1 rich as may be its promise of social and political good1 has so far done little for the cause of letters4 ,the seductions of political distinction1 or the more substantial attractions of the lucrative professions1 have turned from the paths of literature all whom genius and education have fitted to attain a high degree of intellectual rank2 while in the peculiar department of romance1 the master spirits1 those who ruled the realms of fiction with undisputed sway1 have retired from the scenes of their glory1 and left their neglected wands to be played with by the puny arms of dwarfish successors4 ,,cooper#a has sheltered himself from the furious storm1 which an injudicious and silly political pamphlet raised about his head1 in some quiet nook in his own native state2 while ,,irving1 the elegant1 but over-nice1 the gentle but languid ,,irving1 has abandoned romance for reality1 to favor the world with sketches of ,indian manners and scenery4 ,,paulding and ,miss ,,sedgewick have ceased for a time1 to inflict their stories of humor and love1 upon the proprietors of circulating libraries1 and provincial book-sellers4 ,but the press has not ceased3 others have been found to succeed to1 if not to fill the places of those1 whose genius the sanction of the world had approved1 and whose names ranked high in our infant literature4 ,who are the new comers8 ,do they write as men having authority--the authority of heaven-stamped genius1 to claim to be heard for themselves1 and their cause8--or are they but raw1 brawling braggarts1 who have broken into the sacred circle1 rioting like buffoons1 disgracing what they could not honor8 ,are they menials of the mind1 underlings of the intellect1 who have filled the rich banqueting hall just abandoned by their superiors1 sitting in squalid rags on the splendid seats of genius1 and gulping down the dregs of the deserted wine1 and the scraps of the half consumed feast--boors rioting in the sumptuous apartments of their lords8 ,are they men1 who1 by a vigorous and educated intellect1 and the patient study of the works of the great writers of romance1 have fitted themselves to pour forth words of burning eloquence1 of bitter satire1 of side-shaking humor1 and irresistible pathos8 ,are they artists1 who1 by the curious and intricate construction of their fable1 know how to excite and sustain the deepest interest1 ever urging upon the heart some tender affection1 some exalted feeling of honor and chivalry8 ,footnote #a3 ,since this sentence was penned1 we have noticed the advertisement of a new 7satirical87 novel1 7,the ,mannikins17 from the pen of this gentleman1 to be published during the summer4 ,at a period when the crowd of novels issued almost daily from the press1 threatens serious injury to the literature of the age1 not only by withdrawing men of high natural capacities from the arduous study of graver and more important subjects1 but by throwing before the public such a mass of matter1 that unless they be neglected1 7which from their seductive character is not likely to be the case17 nothing else can be read1 it is of the highest importance1 that an elevated standard should be fixed by which to measure these productions4 ,the popular objection so often urged against this species of literature1 is not without some foundation in truth2 and the only mistake made by those who have brought it forward1 consists in applying to the species1 that which is true only in individual cases4 ,the influence of these fictitious histories1 from the rude form of the early romance1 down to the brilliant productions of the best writers of the present century1 has been1 however1 on the whole1 advantageous to general literature1 and of the most humanizing effect upon society4 ,nothing could betray more silly ignorance1 than to contrast this class of authors with those who have chosen higher and more essentially important subjects2 and because law1 and philosophy1 and mathematics1 may be in themselves1 of a deeper interest and more universal value1 to regret the time and talent devoted to this elegant and refining department of letters1 as so much labor and opportunity thrown away4 ,so far from being wasted1 we question1 if even the most brilliant discoveries in science1 have contributed as much to the comfort and enjoyment of society4 ,it would be difficult to calculate the actual amount of moral good1 that may have been effected by the constant holding up to the young and ardent1 but plastic mind1 the bright and winning examples of female loveliness and manly virtue1 that abound in these popular and ever attractive volumes4 ,and those who underrate their powerful influence1 know little of the actual workings of the human heart--of the secret influences that direct1 for good or for evil1 the wayward thoughtfulness of the young4 ,the whole class of romances1 then1 viewed as a means of forming individual character1 must assume in the eyes of the moralist and statesman1 an importance far beyond their intrinsic value1 as literary works2 and it is the forgetting of the ulterior and vastly more interesting purpose which they serve1 in the general economy of society1 that has misled many virtuous and even able men1 to undervalue and despise the whole species as frivolous and worthless4 ,a proper regard to their influence1 exerted in this way1 must lie at the bottom of all sound criticism1 or the labors of the reviewer degenerate at once far below the flippancy of the most trashy of the works he reads but to condemn4 ,the novel is only valuable as illustrating some peculiarities1 defects1 or excellencies of character--passages of historical interest1 or the manners and customs of a class2 and its success must depend on the ability with which it is adapted to the end desired to be accomplished4 ,it is only the more unthinking class of writers1 who mistaking the means for the end1 have lost sight of all object in the composition of their tales4 ,don ,quixotte was not written as a mere record of amusing absurdities2 its purpose was to put down the injurious and ridiculous follies1 which the wit of ,cervantes happily lashed out of ,spain4 ,and it will be found that no work has obtained an extensive and lasting popularity1 that did not recommend itself by something beyond the mere detail of the story1 and the humor of the dialogue4 ,but to return from this long digression4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,insurgents4 ,we commence with these volumes as decidedly superior1 in point of ability and interest1 to other works on our table1 from the pens of ,american writers4 ,they are the production of one who has written before1 who knows his own strength1 and has fallen1 7if we may use the expression17 into the regular gait of authorship--he is broken to the press4 ,an outline of the plot1 will the better enable those who may not have perused the work itself1 to comprehend the justice of the scenes1 and to understand the excellencies or defects of the various characters that figure on the stage4 ,the story is laid in ,massachusetts1 at the period of the insurrectionary movements1 among the inhabitants of some of the interior counties1 during the administration of ,governor ,bowdoin1 and immediately after the close of the revolutionary war4 ,col4 ,eustace1 an officer of the revolutionary army1 a generous but careless manager of his own affairs1 has after several years of arduous service1 and in consequence of ill health1 retired to an estate fast falling to ruin1 under the thriftless conduct of the open-handed thoughtless veteran4 ,henry ,eustace1 his eldest son1 had served for two years as an adjutant to his father1 and returned after the close of the war1 full of ardent aspirations1 and without any regular profession1 to his paternal home4 ,elizabeth ,eustace1 is the only daughter of the old ,colonel1 and as the propriety of the novel requires1 a lovely and interesting girl4 ,tom ,eustace1 a younger brother1 plays a subaltern part in the developement of the story4 ,frank ,talbot1 an officer but a few years the senior of ,henry ,eustace1 succeeds to the ,colonelcy1 vacant by the retirement of the elder ,eustace2 and after the disbanding of the army1 returns to his residence in the village1 near the estate of ,col4 ,eustace1 and is soon deeply immersed in professional business as a lawyer1 and in the political duties of a representative of his native town1 in the ,general ,court1 the title by which the ,legislature of ,massachusetts was then distinguished4 ,frank too1 has a sister1 ,mary1 somewhat the senior of ,elizabeth1 and distinguished from her by a reserved manner and studious habit1 but little characteristic of her age and sex4 ,the concluding portion of the second chapter1 discovers the secret attachment1 which ,elizabeth ,eustace already bore the young legislator1 and drops the reader a hint of what the after pages of the work more fully disclose4 ,the great sacrifices of property1 incident to a war of seven years1 and the heavy imposts which the necessities of the state government impelled it to levy on those who were already deeply involved1 stirred up among that class of the people1 a spirit of sullen discontent2 and the legislature was already the arena on which the relief1 or popular party on the one hand1 and the creditors on the other1 had arrayed themselves in fierce opposition4 ,talbot1 who is represented as devoured by an ambition for political power and distinction1 with an active restless spirit1 determined to disregard all principle1 whenever a more conscientious course might interfere with the gratification of his political aspirations1 embraced the side of the malcontents1 and was now on a visit to his constituents1 for the purpose of rousing them up to more active remonstrance against the measures of the creditors' or government party1 already supposed to have secured a majority in the lower house of the ,state ,legislature4 ,henry ,eustace1 at this time1 visits his friend1 and consults with him on the choice of a profession4 ,medicine1 to which he at first inclined1 is soon abandoned1 for the more attractive employment of politics2 and fascinated by the popular eloquence of ,talbot1 whose enthusiasm had already enflamed the ardent blood of ,henry1 he becomes one of the most violent of the partizans of the party to which ,talbot was then attached4 ,while on this visit to the neighborhood1 ,talbot engages himself to ,elizabeth ,eustace4 ,his talents and influence had already attracted the attention of the friends of the government1 and they resolve to tempt him to desertion from his present associates1 by the offer of electing him1 by their support1 to the ,senate1 to which he already aspired1 but with little hope of success1 from the votes of his own party4 ,having espoused the popular cause1 from motives of personal interest1 he as readily abandons it1 when more seductive offers are held out by the opposite party4 ,the baseness of ,talbot1 who seizes the first opportunity to betray the cause he had formerly supported1 is an unexpected blow to ,eustace1 and severs the friendship that before existed between them4 ,the latter assumes the secret command of the conspirators1 while ,talbot devotes all his energy and abilities to the service of his new friends of the government2 and every day widens the difference between them4 ,a large portion of the two volumes is taken up with descriptions of the various marchings and counter-marchings of the insurgents and the militia1 in the course of which ,talbot and ,eustace engage in single combat2 the latter strikes the sword from his adversary's hand1 and spares him his life4 ,the story then goes on1 without any thing of importance occurring1 until the conflict between the two parties in the ,legislature1 is decided in favor of the government1 by the passage of a law for the suspension of the habeas corpus act4 ,the hatred between ,talbot and ,eustace had already become of the most rancorous and malignant character1 and the arrest of the latter1 who had been once saved by the sister of ,talbot1 is now effected by her brother at the head of a party of soldiers4 ,thus deprived of their chief support1 in the person of ,eustace1 the insurgents are soon dispersed1 not however without a skirmish1 in which they are put to flight1 in a way at once ludicrous and conclusive4 ,the first fire disperses them1 never to recover4 ,elizabeth ,eustace and ,mary ,talbot1 in the mean time1 manage to bring about a reconciliation between the two hostile brothers1 to whom they had been respectively engaged1 and a double marriage consummates the happiness of this quartette1 and concludes the second and last volume of the ,insurgents4 ,so much for the story1 which though simple enough in the detail1 is liable to the serious objection1 that must ever lie against that division of interest1 the necessary consequence of introducing a double set of characters into a plot1 that should be single and simple4 ,the unities of the drama are not more essential to the perfection of pieces designed for theatrical representation1 than is the preservation of an individual and prominent interest in the hero of a novel4 ,the narrow compass of a couple of duodecimos1 is not more than sufficient for the painting of one chief character1 with the sketches of the minor person1 necessary to sustain the interest of a plot4 ,an attempt at double teaming a novel1 with two sets of heroes1 invariably results in destroying that prominence of interest1 which a closer adherence to the legitimate form of the fable1 naturally and necessarily insures2 and no more striking illustration of our position could be found1 than in the volumes before us4 ,the characters of ,eustace and ,talbot1 neither contrast with effect1 nor harmonize in the general management of the plot2 and the awkward and unnatural reconciliation1 which is finally brought about1 to say nothing of the perplexities into which the cross-loves of the four1 plunge the writer1 is the best evidence that this double-plotting has injured the effect of the story1 by rendering it necessary to force a conclusion4 ,as the fidelity to nature1 in the character of the principal actors1 must always be one of the highest sources of interest to a critical reader1 we shall notice very briefly1 the manner in which the author of the ,insurgents has succeeded in the personnel of his descriptions4 ,the old ,colonel1 the father of ,henry ,eustace1 is exactly such a personage as every reader may have met with--brave1 generous1 careless1 and ignorant1 he is1 perhaps1 a very correct picture of the better part of the ancien regime of our colonial and revolutionary times4 ,without any striking peculiarities of character1 and playing but a subaltern part in the story1 he only appears as a piece of the family furniture1 brought into play1 by the casual location of the scene4 ,the reader has no cause to regret the slightness of the acquaintance4 ,the ,colonel's second son1 ,tom1 is but an appendage to the story4 ,henry1 one of the heroes1 begins in the army1 a mischief loving1 rule breaking1 but active and gallant youth2 and in the progress of the story1 becomes an eloquent1 restless1 rebellious demagogue--stirring up insurrection among the people--defending in the ,legislature1 with consummate ability1 their pretended wrongs and actual treason2 and upon one occasion1 displaying in the field1 the chivalrous courage of his hot and impatient years4 ,he is1 however1 always honorable and sincere4 ,his treason is infatuation1 and his demagogueism 7if we may coin a much wanted word17 the frenzy of passion and thoughtlessness4 ,talbot1 on the contrary1 is bold and eloquent2 a brave soldier1 and an accomplished advocate2 but a cunning and unprincipled politician1 who1 in the beginning of his career1 espouses the cause of the malcontents1 as the only means of securing the representation of his native village in the ,legislature1 and as quickly abandons it1 when a higher office is promised him by the friends of the government1 as the price of his desertion4 ,dr4 ,talbot1 a country physician of long practice and high repute1 is an abrupt1 rough1 but good natured disciple of ,esculapius1 and seems to have been intended for no other purpose1 than to enable the author to discharge his wit at the expense of some of the ill mannered admirers of the surly blackguardism of the ,abernethy school of medical gentility4 ,of the two heroines1 ,mary ,talbot is a thoughtful1 reserved1 bright eyed blue2 ,elizabeth ,eustace is younger1 and prettier1 but more entirely the child of nature4 ,neither of them1 however1 say or act any thing that can distinguish them from the common materiel of all novel-women1 and serve rather the necessities of the plot1 than the illustration of any of the more touching or exalted beauties of female character4 ,of the ,dii minorum gentium--the lower order of character1 ,zeek ,morehouse1 a worthless understrapper about the old ,colonel's domestic establishment--,hezekiah ,brindle1 another domestic1 who1 when fortune had abandoned the standard of the ,insurgents1 with the most simple hearted treachery1 'lists for a private in the adverse army--,deacon ,hopkins1 a thin visaged1 flint hearted knave1 the usurer of the parish--,captain ,moses ,bliss1 the inn keeper1 one of those pert1 low rogues1 so often found in village taverns--,captain ,shays1 the leader of the insurgents1 and the very impersonation of the spirit of the militia service--,mrs4 ,appleton and ,mrs4 ,shattuck1 specimens of the virago1 are all rather amusing examples of ,yankee low life1 and afford occasion for much characteristic1 if not very interesting dialogue4 ,the other characters brought out in the developement of the story1 scarcely deserve to be noticed1 serving as they only do1 like soldiers drafted from the cobbler's stalls and tailors benches1 for the use of the stage1 to help the author through the necessities of his plot4 ,the conduct of the story1 is in some respects extremely1 and very often unnecessarily1 faulty4 ,the introduction of ,zeek ,morehouse1 in the second chapter1 is a bungling expedient to beat out the author's materiel1 over a larger surface for the publisher3 and the whole scene in the kitchen1 and afterwards in the presence of the ,colonel's family1 is low and dull4 ,the ,doctor 7,talbot17 is always an unnecessary personage1 and we hardly think there is any thing about him1 to compensate the delay in the story which his presence occasions4 ,the affair of ,mary ,gibbs's misfortune1 is awkwardly brought in1 and unsatisfactorily disposed of4 ,we are sorry for the misconduct of ,eustace1 and rather vexed at the facile forgiveness with which his mistress overlooks it2 while the silence of the novelist gives a venial character to one of the most crying offences against individual happiness and social order4 ,osborne1 and his adventures1 from the commencement1 through his trial and mock punishment1 down to the period of the marriage with ,miss ,warren1 form an episode that only swells the volume1 without helping on the story1 or affording the author any opportunity 7that he had not before17 for remark1 or the illustration of character4 ,he is nothing but the shadow of ,eustace1 in point of character2 and ,miss ,warren1 as a sketch of a flirting fashionable1 is not worth the pains taken to introduce her to the reader4 ,the capital defect of the plot1 however1 is in the conclusion4 ,the bitter contempt which ,eustace must have felt1 7and which he seizes every opportunity to express17 for the baseness of ,talbot1 in betraying the cause of the popular party1 and the rancorous hatred which his subsequent violent persecution of him1 had engendered in the breast of ,eustace1 7see vol4 #b1 p4 #bff-g17 to say nothing of the cordial detestation with which ,talbot returned his ill will1 7see vol4 #b1 p4 #bfh17 renders the reconciliation1 effected without any sort of explanation1 apology1 or clearing up of the guilt of either1 unnatural and disgusting4 ,eustace knew the baseness of ,talbot1 and the latter 7a bearded man1 and a soldier17 had just declared that he would sooner follow his sister to the grave1 than see her united to his enemy2 and yet1 presto6 the author having finished out his second volume1 the traitor and his bitter foe1 shake hands1 and enter at once into an exchange of sisters by a double marriage6 ,in this particular1 the story is contrived with great want of skill4 ,the author seems to have been aware of the propriety and good taste of preserving historical correctness in a novel1 founded on scenes in real life2 but he does not comprehend1 to its full extent1 the spirit of that sound canon4 ,so far as the progress of the story1 in the movements of the insurgents1 is concerned1 the events are in strict keeping with ,bradford's account of the insurrections in ,massachusetts4 ,but this was but a small part of the duty of the novelist2 and he has violated all the rest4 ,the open rebellion of the greater part of the population of several counties1 threatened the most serious and alarming evil2 perhaps the total overthrow of the government of the state2 and the spirit of the people had become sullen and gloomy4 ,in the ,insurgents1 however1 the whole affair is treated with ridicule1 and the reader of the novel is left with an impression that the insurrection was of a character1 compared with which1 the adventures of ,don ,quixotte and his squire1 were serious and important6 ,shays1 who was the head of the malcontents1 and commander in chief of the disorderly forces that were arranged against the government1 is painted in the novel1 as a despicably ignorant and silly creature4 ,now1 such would not have been the character of a man1 elected to head a band of desperate insurgents1 upon the point of engagement with the forces of a powerful commonwealth6 ,we may add1 that the whole body of the relief party1 with the exception of ,eustace1 and his friend ,osborne1 are described as frivolous gasconading clowns4 ,in this respect1 then1 there has been a gross falsification of history1 and the extremely literal adherence of the author1 to historical correctness in events1 renders this striking variation the more apparent1 and the more to be lamented4 ,the moral of the ,insurgents1 is defective4 ,the treachery of ,talbot1 and the indignant virtue of ,eustace1 are rewarded with the same final happiness2 and the unfortunate ,mary ,gibbs does not even suggest to the author a word of censure1 upon her guilty seducer4 ,we should have been glad to have made such extracts from the work1 as would have enabled our readers to judge for themselves of its merit2 but there are few1 if any passages1 in either volume1 of very striking interest1 and any partial quotation would rather have misled1 than corrected their judgment4 ,men of humor are always1 in some degree1 men of genius2 wits are rarely so1 although a man of genius may1 amongst other gifts1 possess wit1 as ,shakspeare4 ,coleridge's ,table ,talk4 ,for the ,southern ,literary ,messenger4 ,,letters ,,on ,,the ,,united ,,states ,,of ,,america4 ,by a young ,scotchman now no more4 ,boston1 #ahcb4 ,,dear ,,henry1--,you have requested me to give you some information concerning the science and literature of the ,united ,states1 which have been so often the subjects of ridicule and derision in the critical reviews and other literary journals of our country4 ,i take great pleasure in complying with this request1 as far as my limited opportunities have enabled me to judge of their condition4 ,i have read almost every ,american work of any merit ,i could obtain1 and mingled with some of their men of science and letters1 for the purpose of being directed in my researches1 and of acquiring from personal observation1 a better knowledge of their living authors4 ,in science1 perhaps1 for so young and growing a nation1 its progress has been as steady and rapid as could reasonably have been expected4 ,in the exact and physical sciences1 there are some who1 though they have not greatly enlarged their circle1 are nevertheless profoundly versed in them1 and who would not be ranked below the best in ,europe4 ,in chemistry1 mineralogy1 and botany1 several have acquired great distinction1 and these sciences are becoming daily more popular and more generally cultivated4 ,many of the young of both sexes attend occasional and regular lectures on each1 but especially on the first and last1 and it is not rare to meet with females conversant to a certain degree with both4 ,in the northern cities1 public lectures are delivered on various branches of science1 which are attended by both sexes4 ,there are at present several scientific journals published in the ,united ,states1 which are said to be pretty generally patronized1 and two or three scientific associations1 whose transactions have been given to the public4 ,of the former1 the most meritorious are--,silliman's ,journal of ,science1 the ,franklin ,quarterly ,journal1 ,chapman's and some other medical journals1 and two or three law journals4 ,of the philosophical transactions ,i can say but little4 ,i have merely glanced over those of the ,american ,philosophical ,society1 the ,american ,academy of ,arts and ,sciences1 and the ,literary and ,philosophical ,society of ,new ,york1 but that glance has not impressed me very favorably with the genius or learning of their members4 ,some few papers are indeed valuable1 and exhibit considerable research and erudition1 but they appear to be deficient in originality1 depth and lucidness4 ,i have1 however1 never been very partial to these associations4 ,the amount of their contributions to science or literature has never been so great as to render their formation desirable in my eye1 and certainly they are not to be compared with the individual labors of those great luminaries who have shed such radiance over the paths of science4 ,scientific men here have published from time to time the result of their labors in the different physical sciences1 to the cultivation of which they have devoted a large portion of their lives4 ,the botanical works of ,bigelow1 ,nutall1 ,barton1 ,eaton and ,elliott1 the works on ,american birds by ,wilson1 ,bonaparte and ,audubon1 that on mineralogy by ,cleveland--on entomology by ,say1 and on natural history by ,goodman1 are highly creditable to the country in which they were produced4 ,law and medical lectures are frequently published1 and law reports are numerous4 ,i believe every ,state has its reporter1 and every year brings forth a volume or two of decisions4 ,jurisprudence appears to be in this country a more complicated science than in ,europe4 ,the student has not only to make himself acquainted with the elements and principles of ,english law1 maritime1 civil and criminal1 but he has to acquire a knowledge of the laws of the particular state in which he practices1 and to know what the courts of the different states have decided1 where he does not practice4 ,law is a favorite science1 if indeed it can be called a science1 among the ,americans4 ,there is scarcely a youth who has received the most ordinary education1 that does not undertake to study and practice1 or attempt to practice it4 ,in a government of laws like this1 law will be a desirable object of attainment1 and hence almost every citizen is more or less conversant with the laws by which he is governed4 ,the medical science too1 is very extensively cultivated1 and this profession has produced several distinguished men1 of whom the nation has reason to feel proud4 ,but metaphysical science is almost entirely neglected1 which is a matter of surprise when we consider the very inquisitive and refining character of the ,american mind4 ,men here1 however1 have no time for mere abstract speculation2 and though many of them refine and subtilize1 and split hairs on constitutional questions1 they are not very anxious to analyze or investigate mere abstractions1 or to attempt to elicit light from the darkness of metaphysical obscurity4--,one of the most extensively informed scientific men this country has produced1 was ,dr4 ,samuel ,l4 ,mitchell of ,new ,york1 who died during the summer of #ahca4 ,he had devoted his life to the cultivation of science1 especially the physical sciences1 in all of which he was well skilled2 but1 in consequence of that vanity which sometimes accompanies great attainments1 he often became an object of ridicule to his countrymen1 who seemed more inclined to depreciate than to exalt his real merits4 ,of the literature of ,america you are almost as well informed as myself4 ,i have looked into most of the native productions of this country with an impartial eye1 and am sorry to say that its literature does not rank so high as one might be led to suppose from the intelligence of its people and the nature of its political institutions4 ,literature does not receive that encouragement and patronage under this ,republic1 which are calculated to give it a vigorous growth or a permanent and healthy existence4 ,there is not much individual wealth1 and few can afford1 if they had the inclination1 to purchase the productions of native authors4 ,there is1 however1 another cause which operates to the disadvantage of ,american literature1 and will continue to do so1 until some measure be adopted to remedy the evil2 it is the cheapness and facility with which the productions of the ,british press can be republished is this country4 ,the ,american author has to struggle against many disadvantages1 especially when young1 unknown and inexperienced4 ,british works of established reputation can be obtained at little or no expense1 and reprinted in this country1 while the native writer is often obliged to publish the productions of his mind at his own cost1 or give them to any one that will undertake to put them to the press4 ,few can afford to write for mere fame1 and no great inducement is offered to write for any thing else4 ,hence there are but few1 if any1 professional authors in the ,united ,states4 ,for a long time too1 the people of this country were disposed to underrate their own literary powers1 and many believed that none but the works of the ,british press were worthy of perusal or patronage4 ,this prejudice is1 however1 now beginning to wear away1 especially since the critics of our country have been forced to acknowledge the genius and literary excellence of some of the native writers of ,america4 ,but still when the extent1 population1 age1 and comparative refinement of the ,united ,states are considered1 it must be a matter of surprise that so few authors of distinction are to be found within its widely extended limits4 ,may not this very extent be prejudicial to the cause of ,american letters8 ,the expense of transportation from one portion of the ,union to the other is so considerable1 that the publisher finds it safer and more profitable to confine his sales to a limited and convenient range1 than to spread his books over an almost boundless surface1 from which but few satisfactory returns are ever made4 ,the ,americans1 though not a nation of shop-keepers1 as ours has been denominated1 are nevertheless a money making and thrifty people1 and almost all are engaged in some lucrative kind of business or occupation1 which affords them but little leisure for either literary pursuits1 or the cultivation of a taste for the fine arts2 and though most of them are readers1 their reading is generally confined to newspapers1 and the political productions of the day4 ,in the latter ,i do not think they have made any very great progress since the period of the revolution4 ,in force and perspicuity of style1 felicity of illustration and logical power1 the authors of the ,federalist have not since been surpassed4 ,this is a work written in periodical numbers by ,hamilton1 ,madison and ,jay1 recommending and enforcing with great ability and eloquence1 the adoption of the constitution which now exists4 ,it is a work which every man should read who wishes to understand the principles of this great charter of ,american liberty1 and the motives1 feelings and views of its framers and supporters4 ,in the walks of romance the most distinguished writers of this country are the late ,charles ,b4 ,brown of ,philadelphia1 and ,j4 ,fenimore ,cooper of ,new ,york1 both men of unquestionable genius4 ,the novels or romances of the former having been recently republished in ,england1 you have no doubt seen them1 and those of the latter1 but few who read at all have not read4 ,miss ,sedgewick has also written some popular novels and ranks deservedly high among the few literati of her country2 and ,mr4 ,paulding has lately published some tales which have been well received and possess a good deal of merit4 ,i can scarcely class ,washington ,irving among the romance writers of this country4 ,most of his tales were written abroad1 and ,i do not think that novel writing is his forte4 ,he has excelled in the other walks of literature so greatly that he need not covet the fame of a writer of fictitious history4 ,brown unfortunately belonged to the satanic school of our countryman ,godwin1 and all his dramatis person1 plots1 incidents and pictures partake of the gloom and ferocity of that school2 but ,brown was unquestionably a man of genius1 and capable of giving lustre to the literary reputation of his country4 ,godwin was his model1 as ,scott seems to be that of ,cooper4 ,brown's picture of the yellow fever in ,philadelphia cannot be surpassed in accuracy of coloring and intensity of interest1 and it may very justly be classed with the description of the plague at ,athens by ,thucydides1 and that of the same terrible pest at ,florence by ,boccacio4 ,in detached scenes ,brown is very powerful1 but he never appears inclined to complete what he begins1 or to present a perfect whole4 ,he sometimes breaks off abruptly1 or hastens too precipitately to a close4 ,he delights in gloom and the more ferocious and uncontrollable workings of the human passions4 ,his object is to excite terror and not tenderness--to raise up storms and tempests1 and not to breathe over the scene a quietness and repose calculated to soothe and tranquillize4 ,his novels like those of his model1 are now but seldom read1 and he is rapidly sinking into oblivion4 ,the dramatic romance of ,scott and ,cooper is now preferred to all others1 and has caused ,brown's novels to be cast aside4 ,cooper's rise to fame was as rapid as it was deserved4 ,he had been for some years an officer in the ,american ,navy1 where he acquired a knowledge of all the minuti of nautical life1 which was of great service to him in the composition of some of his tales4 ,these are justly considered as his best4 ,they display a perfect intimacy with sea life1 and his characters1 incidents and sentiments are such as belong to the mountain wave1 and are always in admirable keeping4 ,his dialogues1 though sometimes tedious and unnecessarily prolonged are on the whole dramatic1 and serve not only to develope character but to excite the interest of the reader4 ,his descriptions1 though at times graphic and striking1 are rather too minute for effect4 ,the unities of time and action are well preserved1 and his plots1 though very simple in their construction1 are usually wrought up with great power1 and often produce the most intense and thrilling interest4 ,of his female characters1 generally two in number1 but little can be said2 they are ,siamese twins1 but with different dispositions and styles of beauty1 and play the respective parts assigned to them in the drama with proper decency and effect4 ,his sketches of ,american scenery and his delineations of savage life and character are admirable4 ,there is in the former perhaps too much detail1 and in the latter too high coloring for nature2 but they are unequalled1 and display the vigor of ,cooper's genius and the strength of his conceptions4 ,his style is easy1 perspicuous and fluent4 ,in short1 he is a writer of whom any country might justly feel proud4 ,were ,i to attempt a parallel between the ,american ,novelist and the ,northern ,magician1 ,i should say that ,scott has more varied powers and a finer poetical mind1 but in the management of their plots1 intensity of interest1 and the description of natural scenery1 they are not very unequal4 ,the ,scotch romancer has greater acquirements and a more minute and intimate acquaintance with the history1 manners and customs of past ages1 but in all that appertains to sea life ,cooper is superior1 and does not fall short of his model in the ability with which he works up his incidents and developes his plots4 ,this1 you will think1 is saying a great deal for a ,scotchman1 but such is my unbiassed opinion and the impression left upon my mind1 after a careful perusal of the productions of both of these eminent writers of fictitious history4 ,for the ,southern ,literary ,messenger4 ,,observations ,on the ,national ,importance of ,mineral ,possessions1 and the ,cultivation of ,geological ,inquiry4 ,the importance of the metallic ores and other mineral substances1 considered as instrumental in the advancement of national prosperity1 is obvious to every one4 ,in announcing that a certain country possesses extensive and skilfully worked mines1 either of coal1 of iron1 copper1 tin1 lead1 or other of the numerous ores1 we at once proclaim her wealth in terms that all must understand4 ,they are readily perceived to be essential to the prosecution of the various arts and manufactures that flourish in the present age1 and to form a fruitful source of wealth to the country in which they happen to abound4 ,the facility1 however1 with which one nation can procure these from another1 owing to the free intercourse and system of exchange subsisting between them1 which thus enables a country1 barren itself in mineral treasures1 to attain a respectable rank among the wealthy nations of the earth1 occasions us to assign to the possession of them within our own soil1 an importance infinitely less than is due4 ,we are disposed to consider them too much in the light of mere articles of export1 and valuable1 chiefly as commodities of exchange3 or1 if we do not bestow too much consequence on their exchangeable value1 we at least allow too little to their intrinsic worth4 ,yet1 when we assign to the products of the mineral kingdom their proper rank in the scale of national blessings1 they take their place beside that of a fertile soil1 or a salubrious climate1--blessings we may still enjoy1 though we adopt the exclusive and selfish policy of ancient ,egypt1 or of modern ,china4 ,in short1 we should value these mineral productions1 not as we value one of our great staple commodities1 tobacco1 on account of its nominal price1 but on their own account--not by the gain derived from parting with1 but that derived from keeping them4 ,nor should we confine our solicitude to procuring now1 on the easiest terms1 the means of supplying our immediate wants2 but with a more comprehensive view1 look forward and provide for the period1 when the growing wants of the unborn millions destined to people our almost boundless territory1 will create a demand for these substances1 in quantities which either foreign nations1 with comparatively exhausted mines1 will be unable to supply1 or to purchase which1 we must appropriate that produce 7the produce of a large portion of the surface of the soil17 which should be devoted to the more legitimate purpose of furnishing to its inhabitants the means of subsistence and employment4 ,we are apt too to forget1 that were it possible1 with or without the intervention of war1 for a people to be cut off from all intercourse with other nations1 and to be destitute themselves of mineral resources1 that their very existence1 at least as a civilized people1 would be next to impossible4 ,that the different degrees of refinement attained by the human race in different periods of antiquity1 are marked with a precision sufficiently distinct1 by their acquaintance with the metals1 and the uses to which they are susceptible of being applied3 and1 that nearer our own times1 the aboriginal inhabitants of our own continent were found existing in a higher or lower stage of progress towards civilization1 in proportion to their knowledge or their ignorance of these substances4 ,to trace a little further1 the connection of mineral wealth with national prosperity1 we may observe1 that the wants of a people may be said to be mainly supplied1 when they are provided with food1 clothing and habitation1 and they are better or worse supplied1 according to the nature and abundance of the materials they possess for the fabrication of these1 and the perfection of the instruments they may have1 proper for fashioning them into convenient forms4 ,the nation which can command for its subsistence1 in greatest profusion1 the varied vegetable and animal productions1 of whatever clime1 that constitute the necessaries and luxuries of life2 whose well stored magazines of merchandize furnish1 for its apparel1 the finest fabrics and the richest stuffs2 and which can boast1 for its places of dwelling1 the most commodious1 splendid and durable edifices1 with the various conveniences that necessarily keep pace with improvements in these1 may be said1 physically considered1 to have well nigh attained the pinnacle of prosperity4 ,let us observe in what manner the mineral substances to which we have alluded1 contribute to accomplish this end4 ,let us suppose man rude and barbarous1 for the first time1 to be presented with that best of gifts--iron2 and for the sake of proceeding1 let us anticipate the slow progress of events1 and give it to him in the form into which he would soon convert it--that of the simplest implements4 ,instantly his habits are changed3 his wandering mode of life is abandoned3 his abode becomes fixed1 and he himself devoted to labor4 ,in a little time1 the rugged face of nature is made to assume a softened and a brightened aspect1 and to smile upon him with a novel beauty4 ,the ample and ancient forest1 his former range1 falls with continued crash1 day after day1 beneath the repeated stroke of his axe3 on all sides1 broad and sunny plains open around him3 the broken soil heaved up to the influence of the atmosphere by his plough1 or stirred with his hoe1 begins to yield in abundance the fruits of the earth2 the prostrate timber rent asunder by his wedge1 and hewed1 sawed1 or chiseled into appropriate shapes1 furnishes materials of building3 these1 arranged and secured by means of pins or nails of the same material1 rise in orderly succession one above another1 till there is erected for his habitation a comfortable and commodious dwelling3--while the surrounding fields1 now that he has ample food in store for their support1 are overspread with the flocks he has domesticated1 to provide for his use unfailing supplies of clothing and subsistence4 ,already he has made himself acquainted with the rudiments of agriculture1 architecture and manufactures1 and has laid the foundation of the useful arts4 ,compare his condition now1 with that in which he existed before his acquaintance with the uses of iron3 contrast the savage of the forest with the cultivator of the field--the scanty and precarious sustenance of the one1 with the regular and abundant subsistence of the other--the covering of skin1 with the garment of wool--the hut1 with the commodious dwelling--the hardships attendant on one mode of life1 with the numerous conveniences that follow as a necessary train to the other2 and from this rough-drawn and very imperfect outline1 there may be formed some slight idea of the revolution effected in the condition of man1 even by a limited acquaintance with the simpler uses of this single1 though most important of all the mineral substances4 ,it is scarcely necessary to direct the reader's attention to the accession to the comforts1 the conveniences1 the elegancies of life1 or to the vast acquisitions to the power of man1 which1 in successive periods of time1 have been gained by a more extended and familiar acquaintance with the various properties of iron1 and the innumerable purposes to which1 with increased advantage1 human ingenuity has discovered it to be applicable4 ,it is sufficient to turn the eye on some great and populous city--the seat of busy manufactures2--on a ,sheffield1 a ,manchester1 or a ,birmingham1--those nurseries of the arts1 and workshops of the world3 to view its immense establishments in active operation1 and look on the tens of thousands of the industrious they maintain and employ4 ,it is sufficient to hear the eternal din and incessant roar of stupendous machinery1 laboring in the service of man1 in obedience to laws and impulses he has given to it2--to see its multifarious and complicated parts performing each its allotted movement2--swinging heavily1 with measured time1 and force1 or shooting to and fro with regulated rapidity2 revolving slowly1 and lazily around1 or flying with inconceivable velocity1 and whirling smoothly1 each in its proper sphere1--moving1 all in harmonious cooperation1 to effect some beneficial end1 with a precision unerring--as if impressed with the intelligence and volition of animated being4 ,it is sufficient1 to be convinced of the great acquisition we have in iron1 to witness the wondrous effects of the steam-engine1--that giant machine1 which performs to our hands the labor of countless hosts2 which enables us to penetrate into the secret recesses of the solid earth1 and to master the ocean1 and the very elements themselves4 ,it rows1 it pumps1 it excavates1 it carries1 it draws1 it lifts1 it hammers1 it spins1 it weaves1 it prints2--that masterpiece of human skill1 which1 in the language of the celebrated ,doctor ,black1 is the most valuable present ever made by philosophy to the arts4 ,again1 when we behold materials of every known description1 in the rude state in which nature presents them1 before they have been subjected to the first elementary process in their manufacture1 and look upon them1 after they have undergone the various mechanical operations to which they are successively submitted1 and are produced in a finished state1 of every form and fashion that can minister to the wants1 or gratify the caprice of man1 we almost doubt their identity1 and are at a loss which most to admire1 the utility of the substance by means of which so wonderful a change has been effected1 or the sagacity of him1 who moulds and constructs it into complicated machines1 to which he gives motion and almost life1 to work out his own advantage4 ,and1 lastly1 when there is displayed before us the endless variety of manufactured goods and wares2---of instruments1 and implements1 and utensils2--of machines1 and engines1 and mechanical contrivances to abridge human labor2 when we gaze on the immense fleets that wait to receive them1 in an hundred ports of some great manufacturing country1 or survey the seas whitened with the sails1 and heaving beneath the burthens of whole navies1 busied in transporting them to distant and expectant nations1 and even piloted in their course1 through the wide and trackless waste of waters1 with unerring accuracy1 by a property peculiar to iron1--we turn from the contemplation more fully persuaded of the extent to which we are indebted to this single metal1 to which in truth1 if we except the spontaneous productions of nature1 7of little comparative value unwrought17 we owe every thing we possess4 ,we are enabled1 perhaps1 by this review1 hasty though it has been1 of the numerous and varied uses of iron1 better to estimate its real worth1 and we do not hesitate to assign to it1 an importance among the elements of national prosperity of the highest order1 and to consider it1 what truly it is1 the most valuable of all acquisitions4 ,we look upon the country rich in the possession of its ores1 with feelings of rivalry1 and are prompted to emulate her in acquiring this true species of substantial wealth4 ,our national ambition is excited to grasp at this mighty instrument of power1 and our energies should be roused into ceaseless activity1 until1 by untiring assiduity in surveying and exploring our own tempting regions1 guided by the lights borrowed from geological science1 we succeed in enlarging our mineral domain to at least an equal extent4 ,before proceeding to the consideration of any other of the substances we have proposed to treat of1 it may not be improper1 here1 to annex 7more in the form of notes7 a few facts illustrative of the history of the very interesting mineral which has occupied our attention in the preceding remarks4 ,of all the metals1 iron is the most widely and universally distributed1 being confined to no particular formation as its repository1 but discoverable in every class of rocks1 from the oldest granite to the newest alluvial deposit4 ,it is also the most abundant of the metallic ores3 whole mountains composed of it occurring in the northern parts of the globe4 ,as instances of the great masses in which it is found1 it may be mentioned1 that the sparry iron ore found in the floetz limestone in ,stiria1 has been worked to an immense extent and with great profit1 for more than twelve hundred years3 and1 that the ,rio mountain in the island of ,elba1 five hundred feet in height and three miles in circumference1 known at an early day to the ,romans1 7in which mines are still wrought17 is wholly composed of specular iron ore4 ,though this metal1 as we have stated1 exists in every kind of rock and soil1 it has been remarked1 that the dark oxides or its richest ores are confined exclusively to primitive rocks4 ,the ores are generally1 it has also been observed1 of a purer quality1 and more abundant in northern regions4 ,what are denominated iron-stones1 or the ores containing a larger proportion of earthy matter1 are found in the secondary strata1 and exist commonly in great abundance in those accompanying coal4 ,although iron was known in the remotest ages1 and was in use among some particular nations even at a time anterior to the deluge1 according to ,moses1 7,gen4 iv4 #bb7 we are not to presume it was in general use3 ,him ,tubal nam'd1 the ,vulcan of old times ,the sword and falchion their invention claim2 ,and the first smith was the first murderer's son4 ,nor must we forget1 that the useful arts1 and among them the art of working metals1 were lost to the generality of mankind1 in consequence of that universal calamity4 ,gold1 silver and copper seem to be the metals of which the knowledge and uses were earliest recovered after that period2 owing1 no doubt1 to their being oftener found on the surface of the earth1 or in the beds of streams--to their more frequent occurrence in the metallic state1 and to the greater ease with which they are separated from their ores4 ,copper1 though greatly inferior to iron1 yet possesses considerable tenacity1 and sufficient hardness to furnish a substitute in the construction of cutting instruments1 and either pure1 or alloyed with tin to increase its hardness1 constituted the materials of which were formed the swords1 hatchets1 and artist's tools of many ancient nations4 ,the arms and tools of the ,american nations were similarly made1 and by means of this awkward substitute1 the ,mexicans and ,peruvians made considerable advances in manufactures and the arts--greater perhaps than any other people unacquainted with the use of iron4 ,the inconvenience experienced by these nations from their ignorance of this metal1 and the awkward expedients to which in consequence they had recourse1 afford an important lesson in teaching us what estimate to make of the value of a substance1 which1 its very requisiteness to every common purpose of life so familiarizes us with1 as to cause us daily to pass by with little or no notice4 ,the evils which we are taught would inevitably follow its loss1 make a deeper impression of its importance1 than all the advantages1 manifold though they be1 which in heedless enjoyment1 we are continually deriving from its possession4 ,with no better substitute for iron tools in cutting stone1 than the sharp edged fragments of flint1--without carriages1 or machines of any kind1--how tedious and laborious must have been the work of separating from the quarry1 of shaping1 of transporting to a distance1 and elevating to a proper height1 the huge blocks of stone with which the ,mexicans and ,peruvians contrived to erect their temples and other public edifices6--structures that have commanded the admiration of more modern nations4 ,what toil and what time must have been expended in the operation of dividing a single block1 by means of continued rubbing of one rock against another6 ,what pains and what efforts of ingenuity must it have cost the artizans of ,montezuma1 without the aid of nails1 to form the ceilings of his palace1 by an arrangement of the planks so artificial1 as mutually to sustain each other6 ,with what eagerness the ,peruvian would have accepted nails of iron1 to fasten together the pieces of timber he employed in building1 and have laid aside as worthless1 the cords of hemp his necessities compelled him to apply to that purpose6 ,what an acquisition would have been even a common needle1 in the place of the thorn1 to which1 in the fashioning of their cotton garments1 they were obliged to have recourse6 ,iron differs from the metals we have mentioned as earliest known1 by its occurring rarely in a metallic state1 and being then most difficult of fusion3 its uses were in consequence a later discovery4 ,the methods1 besides1 of disengaging it from the ores in which it is usually found in nature1 are far from being obvious1 consisting of various processes1--such as pounding1 roasting1 smelting in contact with charcoal1 to render it fusible2 requiring too1 additional heatings and hammerings to render it malleable1 and a still more complicated process to convert it into steel4 ,yet it was in use1 as has been remarked1 in very remote ages3 ,moses1 in ,deuteronomy1 makes frequent mention of it4 ,he speaks of mines of iron1 and alludes to furnaces for melting it2 and from the circumstance of swords1 knives1 axes1 and tools for cutting stone1 constructed of that metal1 being mentioned by the same authority1 we are entitled to conclude that the art of tempering and converting it into steel was also known4 ,the mode of tempering it was certainly known to the ,greeks as early as the days of ,homer2 for that poet borrows from the art some of his similes4 ,thus in the ,oddyssey3 ,and as1 when arm'rers temper in the ford ,the keen-edged pole-axe1 or the shining sword1 ,the red hot metal hisses in the lake1 ,so in his eye-ball hiss'd the plunging stake4 ,it is by its conversion into steel1 that we are furnished with a material retentive of an edge1 and adapted to cutting the hardest substances1 and are enabled to fabricate that most important class of implements1 edge-tools1 all of which1 from the ponderous pit saw to the finest lancet1 are formed in part with this metal4 ,it was not1 however1 until very late in modern times1 that we may be said to have acquired absolute dominion over this individual of the mineral kingdom1 so as to be able at command1 to press it into service1 whatever may be its locality1 in relation to the surface of the earth or its interior4 ,for1 before the improvements made in the steam-engine by the discoveries of ,watts1 we were limited in the power of availing ourselves of the known existence of iron1 however abundant in any particular spot1 by the necessity of the concurrence of a stream of water in the same location with that of the metal1 as a means of impelling the machinery for producing the blast requisite in the operation of smelting4 ,since those improvements1 steam power may be employed wherever the ore and fuel is found in sufficient quantities to authorize the erection of furnaces2 and the manufacture of iron has in consequence1 especially in ,great ,britain1 risen into great importance4 ,the annual produce of smelted ore in that kingdom1 is estimated now to be about seven hundred thousand tons4 ,we cannot avoid suggesting here1 to the owners and workers of coal property in ,virginia1 the propriety of investigating the strata through which they necessarily pass in their mining operations1 with reference to the discovery of argillaceous iron-stone1 with more minuteness than hitherto they have done--if indeed1 7which we are inclined to doubt17 their attention has been in any degree directed to such examination4 ,it is from this species of iron-stone1 accompanying coal-strata1 that ,great ,britain derives at least nineteen twentieths of the metals which she possesses in such abundance1 and to which1 in connection with its convenient location in the immediate vicinity of the fuel necessary in its reduction1 she owes her towering eminence as a manufacturing country4 ,the coal formation of ,virginia contains the same clays1 shales1 sandstones and slates1 and these are characterized by the same vegetable impressions that mark the series in other countries4 ,and may we not reasonably ask1 why should we hastily conclude this usual concomitant of the coal strata in ,england1 ,scotland1 ,france and ,germany1 to be wanting here2 or rather1 why may not we hope to find it equally abundant in our own coal district4 ,we are induced to urge this suggestion the more1 from the circumstance1 that this species of ore presents in its external characters1 so little indicative of its metallic nature or chemical composition1 that but for its greater weight1 it might well escape the notice of an inexperienced or unobservant eye1 unless arrested by some such hope as we have been induced to hold out4 ,even in ,england1 where from its great abundance it might have been expected to be generally better known1 instances have occurred in some districts1 of its being wastefully misapplied1 through ignorance1 to the common purpose of mending the roads4 ,the immense benefits that would result from success attending a research directed to this object1 as well to the city of ,richmond1 as to a few fortunate individuals1 are too obvious to require comment4 ,it is sufficient to remark1 that it would prove an abundant source of individual wealth1 and would1 in connection with her other great advantages and increasing facilities of transportation1 be the means of elevating the metropolis of ,virginia to an exalted rank in the class of large cities1 and enable her to vie in importance with the proudest seat of manufactures1 or the most extensive emporium of commerce4 ,it was our intention1 as our title announces1 to have passed rapidly on1 and glanced at the history1 uses1 and national importance of coal1 and some of the most valuable of the other mineral substances1 as well as to have pointed out in a short series of remarks1 some of the advantages to be derived from the cultivation and pursuit of mineralogical and geological inquiries in connection with this subject2 but we have loitered on the way1 and the contracting limits of our paper admonish us to hasten to a close4 ,we may at another time1 if leisure permit1 and if on reflection1 we deem our endeavors at all likely to attract attention to subjects which have too long been almost universally neglected1 again resume1 after our own fashion1 a subject which under better management1 could not fail to prove interesting as well as instructive4 ,,gamma4 ,henrico1 ,april #bhth1 #ahce4 ,for the ,southern ,literary ,messenger4 ,,letters ,,from ,a ,,sister4 ,,letter ,,eleventh4 ,malmaison1 ,tomb of the ,ex-,empress ,josephine--,engine for ,conveying ,water to ,versailles and ,st4 ,cloud--,st4 ,germain en ,laye--,nanterre--,st4 ,genevive4 ,,paris1 ----4 ,dear ,jane3 ,although quite fatigued1 ,i cannot retire to rest ere ,i have rendered my dear sister an account of to-day's excursion to ,st4 ,germain and to ,malmaison the favorite residence of the late ,ex-,empress ,josephine4 ,we took an early breakfast1 and sat off by ten o'clock2 the ,danvilles in their carriage1 accompanied by ,sigismund1 and we in a remise1 or1 as it is termed in ,england1 a glass coach4 ,we soon alighted at ,malmaison1 it being only two leagues from ,paris1 and spent more than an hour in walking over the house and grounds1 and thinking of poor ,josephine4 ,a great deal of the furniture yet remains as she left it2 even her music books are kept as she arranged them4 ,the room she occupied as her chamber1 is exceedingly beautiful4 ,it is circular1 lined with cloth of crimson and gold1 and surrounded by mirrors inserted in the walls and doors4 ,the bed is supported by golden swans1 and the coverlid and curtains are of silver lama4 ,in the library we saw the writing table and inkstand of ,napoleon4 ,the first bears evident marks of his penknife2 which1 while meditating1 he used to strike into the wood4 ,the domestic who conducted us through the apartments1 spoke of the ,ex-,empress with great affection2 and so did the gardener1 a ,west ,india negro1 whose ebony visage was a novel spectacle to us4 ,they said she was beloved by all the household and neighborhood1 for her affability and kindness4 ,the green house is filled with gay and choice flowers and shrubs2 and it is melancholy to reflect that these the frailest productions of nature1 have outlived their lovely mistress1 and still blossom and flourish and shed their fragrance around1 while she1 like a shadow has passed away6 ,after following awhile the windings of a stream that meanders through the garden1 we found ourselves at the threshold of a pretty little temple dedicated to ,cupid4 ,the mischievous urchin himself1 treading upon roses1 is placed in the centre1 and on the pedestal beneath him1 this vindictive couplet is inscribed3 ,il l'est1 le fut1 ou le doit tre1 ,qui que ce soit1 voici ton ,maitre4 ,we quitted the shades of ,malmaison with regret1 and proceeded to the neighboring village of ,ruelle to visit the tomb of ,josephine in the church there1 where her ashes repose4 ,the monument is of white marble1 and was erected to her memory by ,eugene ,beauharnais1 her son4 ,on its summit she is represented clad in a folding robe with a diadem on her head1 and kneeling before an open breviary4 ,it is a handsome tribute of filial love4 ,near ,ruelle is a chateau that once belonged to ,cardinal ,richelieu1 and since then to ,marshal ,massena1 whose widow still inhabits it4#a ,being informed that the family were absent and that it was customary for strangers to visit this sojourn of those distinguished men1 we drove there2 and1 alighting from our carriages1 were demanding permission of a person in the yard to see the mansion and its grounds1 when a lady suddenly made her appearance1 and we had the mortification to find that we were intruding on the privacy of ,madame ,massena herself4 ,we immediately explained our mistake1 and would have come away but she insisted on our entering1 and was so polite that we could not refuse4 ,the chateau is very plain1 and furnished with corresponding simplicity4 ,in front of it is a limpid sheet of water1 and behind it a pleasant garden1 where we wandered awhile and then took leave1 gratified with our adventure1 awkward as it was at the commencement4 ,footnote #a3 ,this lady is since dead4 ,she died soon afterwards4 ,retracing our steps a short distance1 we continued our ride to ,saint ,germain en ,laye1 and observed on our left a stupendous steam engine which1 on inquiry1 we found is used for supplying the fountains of ,versailles and ,saint ,cloud with water from the ,seine1 and has succeeded the famous machine of ,marly4 ,this machine had become so decayed in some parts before its removal1 that it occasioned the death of several persons who were examining its construction--and heedlessly stepped on an old board1 which giving way they were precipitated into the river and drowned1 or crushed to death by the wheels4 ,saint ,germain en ,laye derives its name from the extensive forest adjoining it1 which is considered the finest in ,france1 and has ever been the favorite hunting ground of the ,french monarchs4 ,while partaking of the pleasures of the chase they inhabited the spacious palace1 that still exists and is at present a barracks for soldiers4 ,that abject king ,james the ,second1 resided in it twelve years1 supported by the munificence of ,louis le grand1 and finally closed his earthly career in this noble retreat4 ,he was buried in the adjoining church1 and his heart is enshrined in a paltry looking altar1 before which a lamp is constantly burning1 and upon which is an inscription informing the reader why it was erected4 ,but what renders the palace at ,saint ,germain peculiarly interesting1 is its having been the residence of the ,duchess de la ,vallire2 and in the ceiling of one of the rooms appropriated to her use there is a trap door1 through which it is supposed her enamored sovereign descended when he visited her clandestinely4 ,on the left of the castle is a terrace one mile in length1 and bordering an acclivity that overhangs the ,seine1 and is highly cultivated in vineyards and fruit trees4 ,this terrace is much frequented by persons who resort there1 for the purpose of enjoying fresh air and a fine prospect4 ,some go in carriages1 but the usual mode of conveyance is by a donkey1 and this we chose4 ,the streets of the town are wide and the houses generally large2 which might be expected1 as court festivities were so often held here2 and now-a-days1 many of the ,parisian gentry pass the summer months here4 ,we finished the day by dining at a neat auberge1 7inn7 with a garden teeming with flowers just in front of our parlor4 ,returning home we passed through the village of ,nanterre1 7the birthplace of ,st4 ,genevive7 and stopped an instant to buy some of the cakes for which it is renowned2 they are merely buns1 and we did not think them deserving of their fame4 ,nanterre beer and ,nanterre sausages are also held in great estimation1 but of these we did not taste1 being quite satisfied with our trial of the cakes4 ,i imagine you know the history of ,st4 ,genevive2 though lest you should not1 ,i will tell you in a few words that she was a shepherdess1 whose virtues and piety caused her to be canonized after her death1 and made the patron saint of ,paris4 ,there is a lovely picture of her at the ,louvre1 by ,pierre ,guerin1 representing her turning a spindle while guarding her flock4 ,good night4 ,,leontine4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,letter ,,twelfth4 ,lafayette and his ,family--,svres ,manufactory--,palace of ,st4 ,cloud--,madame de ,genlis--,savoyards--,ballet of ,mars and ,venus4 ,paris1 -----4 ,dear ,jane3-- ,we have formed acquaintance with some delightful characters since ,i wrote to you a few days since4 ,we have been introduced to the good and brave ,general ,lafayette and his family6 ,on ,wednesday he came with his son1 ,mr4 ,george ,lafayette1 to see ,mr4 ,danville1 and the latter presented us to them4 ,the print you have seen of this distinguished patriarch1 is a correct likeness2 and his manners are as benevolent as his countenance4 ,he has a soire on every ,wednesday night1 and we have gladly accepted the kind and pressing invitation he gave each of us to attend them4 ,the ladies of the family1 consisting of his daughters1 his grand-daughters1 and daughter-in-law ,madame ,g4 ,lafayette1 have also called1 and we find them very amiable and pleasing4 ,we have likewise had an introduction to ,madame de ,genlis1 for which we are indebted to ,mrs4 ,danville2 who1 rightly conjecturing it would be gratifying to us to know this celebrated lady1 and being well acquainted with her1 requested her permission to present us to her4 ,this was readily granted1 and this morning appointed for the visit4 ,accordingly1 after an early ride to the ,svres manufactory of porcelain and the palace of ,saint ,cloud1 the most splendid of all the king's habitations1 we repaired to her residence4 ,on arriving we were conducted up stairs by a tidy looking femme de chambre and ushered through a small bed-room1 plainly furnished1 into an apartment that1 from the variety of its contents1 might be compared to ,noah's ark4 ,besides the usual appendages of a parlor1 it contained a piano1 a harp1 a guitar1 a folding screen1 and several tables loaded with books1 papers1 baskets and boxes1 c4 ,we found the venerable authoress seated in an arm chair1 near the window4 ,her regular and delicate features and fair skin1 still indicate former beauty4 ,her nose is aquiline1 and her eyes clear blue2 as they are weak1 she is obliged to wear a green shade to protect them from the light1 but has never yet found it necessary to use spectacles3 this is astonishing1 for she will be eighty-two on the #beth of next ,january6 ,she wore a black silk gown1 and a simple muslin cap2 and when ,mrs4 ,danville introduced us she offered her hand to each1 and as soon as we were seated entered into conversation with a degree of vivacity that quite surprised us2 we were still more so1 at her vanity4 ,she talked a great deal about her own works1 and in their praise6 ,we asked her if she continued to play on the harp4 ,oh oui6 trs bien6 she replied4 ,and on the piano and the guitar1 ,madame8 ,oh1 oui1 tout1 tout1 trs bien6 ,she told us she often practised on the harp and composed in prose at the same time2 and that while reciting verses aloud in a distinct voice and with strict attention to punctuation and emphasis1 she could read a page from any author and then recount to you in regular rotation1 every idea therein expressed2 and this proved1 she said1 that the mind is capable of two operations at once4 ,papa observed that ,charles the ,twelfth of ,sweden1 proved it a century ago1 when he played chess while dictating letters to different persons4 ,she did not notice this remark1 but proceeded to extol a novel she wrote some years since1 entitled ,alfred the ,great4 ,she considers it one of her best productions1 and gave it to a physician who attended her during a dangerous illness and declined being paid for his services4 ,she said she thought she could not compliment him more1 than by making him a present of her work2 that he seemed delighted with it1 and declared he would have it published immediately1 but that much to her regret he had not kept his promise4 ,alfred is her favorite hero1 and she expressed her wonder that he is not often made the subject of a romance4 ,she informed us that she always retires to bed at half past ten o'clock and rises at seven1 and is careful to eat very moderately4 ,her faculties continue perfect1 and she knows fifty-two trades2 such as sewing1 knitting1 spinning1 embroidering1 making baskets1 weaving purses1 c4 c4 ,we saw on the chimney-piece a snuff box that ,mademoiselle d',orleans1 her ci-devant pupil1 had sent to her4 ,on the lid she had painted a harp entwined with a garland of flowers1 and below it this sentence was written3 ,c'est votre ouvrage4 ,having sat with her two hours we took leave1 and had quitted the room1 when she called us back to show us with what ease she could rise from her chair without resting her hands on the arms of it to aid herself1 as old people are commonly obliged to do4 ,she has invited us to call on her whenever we can1 and was so polite as to say she felt quite flattered by our visit4 ,on reaching home we found ,mr4 ,danville and ,leonora much diverted at the exploit of a monkey that had climbed in at the window1 and ere they perceived it1 twitched from ,leonora's hand a bunch of raisins she was eating4 ,it was the property of a little ,savoyard1 who had taught it a variety of tricks in order to gain a few sous by their exhibition4 ,the ,boulevard abounds with these little wanderers1 and their marmosets4 ,this evening we are going to a fte at the ,tivoli ,garden2 the ,new ,tivoli as it is called2 the old one 7which ,i am told was far handsomer7 has been converted into ground for building4 ,we have seen the ,ballet of ,mars and ,venus1 at the grand opera2 nothing can be more beautiful and splendid than it is6 ,leaving it for your imagination to fancy1 ,i subscribe myself your affectionate ,,leontine4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,letter ,,thirteenth4 ,fte at ,tivoli--,the ,catacombs--,cemetery of ,montmartre--,abattoirs--,lady ,morgan--,mrs4 ,opie--,a ,quaker ,meeting4 ,paris1 ----4 ,dear ,jane3 ,we were much entertained at ,tivoli4 ,the garden was brightly illuminated1 and all sorts of amusements went on2 and what a variety of these the ,french have1 and with what zest they partake of them6 ,we did our part very well too4 ,we swung1 we rode on wooden horses1 we sailed in ships1 looked at a cosmorama1 witnessed a phantasmagoria1 rope dancing and fire works1 a play performed by puppets1 and some metamorphoses of little paste board figures1 that were quite wonderful2 for instance3--a tiny lion was changed1 as if by magic1 into a cupid driving a car drawn by swans1 a young lady into a basket of flowers1 a butterfly into a beau1 c4 c4 ,these transfigurations1 ,i think1 must be produced in the following manner3 ,two different objects are painted on a bit of pasteboard1 one on the back and the other on the front of it2 the pasteboard is then folded into the shape of one of them1 and threads1 too fine to be visible at a moderate distance1 attached to it2 after exhibiting the first figure a sufficient time1 the threads are pulled and the pasteboard adroitly turned round and thrown open1 thus displaying the second figure1 to the form of which its edges are trimmed4 ,as no person was visible1 the threads were undoubtedly passed through the scenes of the miniature stage into the hand of the skilful operator1--for skilful he or she was who conducted the business4 ,when tired of strolling we entered a fine caf1 situated in the centre of the garden1 and refreshed ourselves with ice creams2 afterwards1 attracted by the sound of music1 we repaired to an open space1 where an orchestra was erected and a band of musicians were playing quadrilles for a party of beaux and belles1 who danced away merrily1 not on the turf but in the sand2 they were1 however1 so inspired by the tones of violins and clarionets1 that they moved along as if on a board floor4 ,you will wonder1 perhaps1 how we sailed in ships without the aid of wind or tide6 ,i will tell you4 ,two poles1 with a little ship suspended by a rope from each end1 were placed crosswise on a pivot1 and turned as rapidly as you chose1 carrying you round and round in the air1 with an undulating motion1 not dissimilar to that of a vessel at sea1 and so unpleasant to our feelings that we soon disembarked4 ,this diversion is termed les ,espagnolettes4 ,the wooden horses are arranged in like manner1 except that they are firmly fixed on the ends of the poles1 and consequently1 in riding on them you do not experience the sickening1 waving motion4 ,the machine for swinging1 is denominated a ,balancoir4 ,this also consists of a couple of beams placed athwart each other1 with chairs attached to their ends1 which are thrown alternately up and down4 ,several parties1 as they glided round on the wooden horses1 amused themselves by trying to pass a stick through a large ring which was held towards them by a woman mounted on a bench4 ,whenever a ring was caught and borne off1 it was instantly replaced by another1 until one of the competitors had obtained five and thus won the game4 ,i must now change my theme and inform you of our disappointment as respects seeing the catacombs4 ,they are closed at present by order of the government--,i believe on account of the danger there is in visiting them4 ,we have been to the cemetery of ,montmartre1 or ,field of ,repose1 as it is likewise styled4 ,it is of much older date than ,pre la ,chaise1 but not so extensive1 nor does it contain such handsome monuments2 there are however some shady1 melancholy dells and moss covered tombs1 that render it peculiarly interesting4 ,vestris the celebrated dancer and ,very the chief of ,restaurateurs1 are buried there4 ,from the cemetery we proceeded to the ,abattoir1 or ,slaughter-house of ,montmartre2 an establishment of this kind is erected in every department of the city4 ,within them the butchers exercise their sanguinary functions1 and the expense of them is defrayed by taxes on the animals that are killed4 ,they are kept in the neatest order and composed of numerous buildings1 each of which is appropriated to a particular branch of the business4 ,in one the poor animals are knocked in the head2 and there is a receptacle for the blood1 which trickles into it through furrows made in the floor3 in a second the carcase is skinned3 in a third quartered3 in a fourth the entrails are separated and cleansed3 in a fifth the fat is boiled in an immense kettle4 ,there are besides spacious tables1 where the unconscious victims are sheltered and amply supplied with food and straw1 while awaiting their fate4 ,it made me quite sad to behold them eating and reposing so calmly1 and then to think of their bloody destiny6 ,the ,abattoirs are liberally watered and often washed1 and therefore no disagreeable odour is perceptible about them4 ,i wish our butchers would follow the example of their ,french brethren as regards these places6 ,we had the gratification of meeting with ,lady ,morgan last night at ,madame ,b----'s4 ,mamma had a great deal of conversation with her and found her extremely affable and agreeable4 ,you know we were told she was ugly--we do not think her so1 but she certainly dresses too girlishly1 rouges too highly and seems too desirous of admiration4 ,this cannot be said of ,mrs4 ,opie1 to whom we were also introduced4 ,she was as plain in her attire as a dark grey silk gown and a white muslin kerchief and cap could make her4 ,in her manners she is unaffected1 in her conversation animated and intelligent4 ,her countenance is open and expressive of her lively mind4 ,the moment we beheld her we recognized her as a lady we had seen at a quaker meeting which we attended from motives of curiosity on ,sunday4 ,a quaker meeting in ,paris6 you will exclaim4 ,even so my dear1 for what is there on the face of the earth 7that depends not on soil or climate7 which may not be found in this bustling capital8 ,the meeting was held in a house in the ,champs ,elyses1 belonging to a quaker family with whom ,mr4 ,d4 was acquainted1 and who gave him a cheerful permission to bring with him whenever he wished it1 any friends desirous of going there4 ,we were shewn into a neat parlor1 where about twenty persons were sitting in solemn silence1 and for nearly an hour not a sound was heard1 save the occasional sneezes of an old lady who had a violent cold in her head4 ,at length however the spirit moved a dark eyed gentleman and he gave us a tolerable sermon4 ,i conclude with love from all of us to yourself1 aunt ,m4 and ,albert1 and to our relations and friends in the vicinity of ,morven ,lodge4 ,i have not always room for affectionate messages1 or be assured they would always be inserted4 ,,leontine4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,letter ,,fourteenth4 ,soire at ,general ,lafayette's--,benjamin ,constant--,messrs4 ,perrier1 ,laffitte and ,ternaux1 c4--,conservatory of ,arts and ,trades--,diorama--,georama--,neorama--, royal ,printing ,office--,manufactory of ,plate ,glass--,hospital of the ,quinze ,vingts--,castle of ,vincennes--,fountain of the ,elephant--,franconi's ,circus--,the ,duchess of ,berri's children4 ,,paris1 ----4 ,dear ,jane3 ,another busy week of pleasure and amusement has glided by since you have heard from us1 and two evenings of it have been spent at two delightful soires4 ,the first at ,madame de ,n----'s1 the second at the gallant old ,general ,lafayette's1 in the rue d',anjou2 where he has a suite of small and neat apartments illuminated for the reception of his expected guests on every ,tuesday evening4 ,we made our debut there about #i o'clock and found them crowded4 ,among the throng were many celebrated and interesting personages1 for the worthy and enlightened of all nations seem ever ready to do homage to the virtuous patriarch of ,lagrange4 ,at his soires the greatest ease prevails--the refreshments are simple and plentiful1 and in compliment to the ,americans and ,english1 tea is always served1 a custom not practised among the ,french4 ,we again saw ,sir ,charles and ,lady ,morgan and ,mrs4 ,opie1 with whom by the bye we have exchanged visits4 ,then there was the orator ,benjamin ,constant1 a pale1 thin man1 with light blue eyes and snowy hair1 looking as if he were far on his passage to the next world4 ,he was environed by a crowd of gentlemen1 to whom he was speaking very earnestly with a great deal of gesture4 ,not far from him we observed other stars of the ,chamber of ,deputies1 and these were ,messieurs ,casimir ,perrier1 ,laffitte and ,ternaux1 whose countenances bespeak their noble minds4 ,monsieur ,ternaux has introduced here and carries on the manufacture of cashmere shawls1 and they not only equal those of ,india in tints and texture1 but surpass them in the beauty and richness of the borders4 ,to him also is attributed the discovery of the art of stamping patterns in relief on cloth table covers1 c4 ,in the next room1 we saw ,mr4 ,cooper1 the ,american novelist1 and his lady--the two ,miss ,p----'s1 cousins of ,lord ,byron and ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ----4 ,she is the daughter of ,gen4 ,bertrand1 and a beautiful creature she is4 ,the lovely countess d',a---- was sitting near her4 ,she is the sister of ,madame ,george ,lafayette1 and is an intelligent and fascinating woman4 ,she called here yesterday with ,madame ,lasteyrie and her daughters4 ,it is now time to speak of some of the curiosities of ,paris to which we have recently been devoting our mornings4 ,i believe the conservatory of arts and trades stands first on the list4 ,it is also termed the museum of industry1 and is a collection of all sorts of machines and models1 patterns and specimens of things that ,french genius and labor have produced2 for the government obliges every ,frenchman to deposit here a sample or model of whatever he improves or invents1 and to accompany it with an account of its manufacture or construction4 ,besides several halls exhibiting machines and models1 there are others filled with specimens of porcelain1 glass1 stone ware1 lace1 silks1 ribbons1 tapestry1 colored and stamped paper1 scissors1 knives1 fans1 watches1 clocks1 lamps and a thousand other articles4 ,one of the halls contains a number of miniature buildings1 representing sundry manufactories4 ,they are open in front1 and display in different apartments the various processes of each business and the implements required in it1 not omitting the most trifling tool4 ,another hall contains a library of #aj1jjj volumes1 written in almost every language1 and treating on subjects connected with the purport of the establishment--and professors of geometry and natural philosophy give lectures there to such pupils as are recommended by the minister of the interior4 ,would it not be shameful if the ,french nation did not rapidly progress in the arts and sciences1 when the government is so liberal in encouraging them1 by affording those persons who possess talents every advantage gratuitously1 so that the poor may rise as well as the rich1 if blessed with abilities8 ,among the patterns of tapestry is one concerning which a droll story is related1 viz4 that ,vaucanson1 a skilful mechanic1 being offended with the inhabitants of ,lyons for undervaluing some looms he had invented1 tied an ass to one of them and made him execute the piece of embroidery from which this specimen was cut1 and which excelled any they had ever done4 ,we have also visited the ,diorama1 the ,georama and the ,neorama1 the royal printing office1 the manufactory of plate glass and the hospital of the ,quinze ,vingts4 ,a diorama you have seen4 ,a georama is a panoramic representation of the earth with its divisions of land and water2 the spectator standing in the centre4 ,a neorama is a painting so ingeniously designed and arranged1 as to produce the illusion of your being within whatever building it represents4 ,the one we saw is a picture of the interior of ,st4 ,peter's at ,rome1 and ,mr4 ,dorval who has been there says it is an exact copy4 ,the royal printing office is an establishment of great magnitude4 ,there is a vast collection of types and several hundred presses4 ,we were informed that ,pope ,pius ,,vii visited this office during his sojourn in ,paris1 and that while he was there the ,lord's prayer was printed in no less than #aej languages and presented to him4 ,at the plate glass manufactory we beheld mirrors of wonderful magnitude4 ,the plates are cast at ,cherbourg and at ,st4 ,gobin1 7a castle in the department of ,aisne7 and sent here to be quick-silvered and polished4 ,eight hundred workmen are constantly employed in the business4 ,the ,french are indebted to the great ,colbert for this establishment2 prior to its foundation plate glass could only be had by sending for it to ,venice4 ,having satisfied our curiosity here1 we proceeded to the hospital of the ,quinze ,vingts1 founded by ,st4 ,louis in #abbj for the maintenance of #cjj blind--a larger number is now admitted4 ,it was customary in the age of ,st4 ,louis to count by twenties1 and there being #ae twenties in #cjj this institution derived its appellation from having that number of pensioners4 ,we were pleased with the neatness and comfort that reigned1 and arrived there just in time to hear a class of the blind sing and play2 for those who evince a talent for music are instructed in it4 ,the women were the vocalists and the men performed on various instruments4 ,even the leader was sightless6 ,they kept time very well and we enjoyed their concert exceedingly1 though the distorted faces some made while singing were horrible4 ,they are taught a variety of trades1 and not only reading but the art of printing1 and we saw a man arrange the types and print several words with both skill and quickness4 ,the types were extremely large and made of wood1 and no ink was used in the operation1 but the letters pressed on the paper1 so as to leave the traces of them perceptible to the slightest touch4 ,on ,wednesday we went to the castle of ,vincennes1 a gothic fortress1 about three miles from the city4 ,it contains the state prisons and an armory4 ,a note to the commandant1 from ,mr4 ,warden1 the ,american ,ex-,consul and a kind friend of the ,danvilles1 gained us admission1 and we spent two hours in examining the castle within whose gloomy turrets1 nobles and monarchs have sighed in captivity4 ,the celebrated ,mirabeau was a prisoner there during four years1 and there wrote his letters between ,gabriel and ,sophie4 ,the duke d',enghien was shot in a moat of this castle--the spot where the execution took place is designated by a willow tree and a black column1 bearing this inscription1 ,here he fell4 ,in the chapel is a handsome mausoleum enclosing his ashes4 ,returning from ,vincennes we stopped on the ,place de la ,bastille 7once occupied by that terrific building7 to view the model of the fountain of the ,elephant4 ,it is of plaster1 and #gb feet high6 ,a tower on the animal's back is to serve as a reservoir for the water which is to flow from the proboscis1 and one of the legs is to contain the stair case leading to the tower4 ,the whole mass is to be of bronze1 but it is doubtful if this grand fountain will ever be made2 it was one of ,napoleon's gigantic designs1 which adversity and death prevented his accomplishing4 ,last night we witnessed the wonder of an ,elephant acting a part in a play at the ,cirque ,olympique1 a theatre of the same description as that of ,astley's in ,london4 ,the house was crowded almost to suffocation1 and the docile and astonishing creature excited universal admiration by her performance4 ,she is called ,mam'selle ,dyjeck1 is a native of the island of ,ceylon1 and was purchased from some ,indian jugglers by ,monsieur ,huguet her present owner4 ,she is so attached to him that she shews evident distress if he is long absent from her1 and extreme delight when he returns4 ,if he be fatigued or indisposed1 it is said that she even undresses him1 puts him to bed and watches by him while he rests4 ,travellers ,i know are expected to exaggerate1 but ,i assure you ,i am not availing myself of the privilege in the present instance4 ,the play was entitled l',elephant du roi de ,siam1 and was written expressly to exhibit the address and sagacity of ,m'lle ,dyjeck1 who really acted throughout as if she were a human being4 ,at the close of the performance the audience vociferated for her re-appearance1 and after a few moments elapsed the curtain was raised and the royal lady came forth proudly tossing her trunk4 ,she advanced to the edge of the stage and made three courtesies1 retreating all the while1 and looking round on the spectators as she rose1 until she had sufficiently receded1 she walked off amidst a roar of applause4 ,it was quite an inspiring scene4 ,the ,duchess of ,berri and her suite were present4 ,apropos--,madame ,f4 lately gave us a most interesting account of her ,highness' children1 the little ,duke of ,bordeaux and ,m'lle ,louise4 ,she says they are both remarkably amiable and le petit ,duc holds a levee daily1 is dressed en militaire and assumes all the airs of a grown gentleman4 ,he is so proud of his sword1 that the severest penalty his tutor can inflict1 when he misbehaves1 is to deprive him of it4 ,he is a pretty boy--we have often met him taking an airing in his coach and four1 surrounded by gens d'armes1 for the ,bourbons are so unpopular that for fear of his sharing the fate of his father1 he is always strongly guarded whenever he appears in public4 ,he pays dearly for his lineage1 poor little fellow6 and ,i never see him without thinking sorrowfully of the probability of his perishing by the ruthless hand of an assassin4 ,but mercy6 what a packet4 ,have patience dearest6 with your ,,leontine4 ,for the ,southern ,literary ,messenger4 ,,lines ,in recollection of ,thomas ,h4 ,white1 who died at ,richmond1 ,va4 ,october #g1 #ahcb1 aged #ai years4 ,was it a dream8 ,it has pass'd away ,as vanish dreams at the rising day1-- ,that graceful form1 from the ,saco's side1 ,that loved the leap of its dashing tide1 ,and watched full long1 in the mild ,moon's ray1 ,the rainbow tints of the rising spray4 ,fair was that form2 and the feature's glow1 ,true to the pulse of the ,heart's warm flow1 ,heighten'd at thought of those friends afar1 ,who the aspect watched of his rising star2 ,with fervent prayer that that star might shed ,benignant influence upon his head4 ,with heart as joyous1 and foot as light ,as the wild young roe1 he scaled the height-- ,the crystal sought in its mountain-bed1 ,and the fragrant wild flowers gathered2 ,nature he loved in her freakish mood-- ,and sought her1 deep in her solitude4 99 99 99 99 99 ,he is not now where the rapids play1 ,or moonlight tinctures the rising spray2 ,nor like the roe on the craggy height1 ,with heart as gay1 and a foot as light2-- ,did he hear the howl of the frost-god nigh1 ,and fly like the ,birds to his native sky8 ,his native sky8--,ah6 it brightly glows-- ,it cheers the bird and it scents the rose2 ,it wakes all nature to songs of joy-- ,but it smiles all vainly on thee1 sweet ,boy6 ,they laid1 who loved thee1 all lone and deep1 ,on the ,james' green shore1 in thy last1 long sleep6 ,yes6 'twas a dream of ,life's dreamy day6 ,beautiful1 fleeting1 and vain as they6 ,dreams of the heart1 the mind1 the eye1 ,belov'd1 how dearly6--how soon to fly6 ,they fade1 they vanish1 e'er dawns the morrow1 ,and the heart is left to its night of sorrow4 ,,eliza4 ,saco1 ,maine4 ,for the ,southern ,literary ,messenger4 ,,to ,,spring4#a ,not since the world's first blushing ,spring ,hath warmer1 truer offering ,than mine1 by minstrel1 muse1 or maid1 ,been on thy rose-wreathed altar laid4 ,may-flower1 the first in ,flora's band1 ,i've snatch'd from thy half-open'd hand1 ,and help'd the little ,daisy shake ,from her bright head the light snow-flake2 ,i've watch'd thee while thy crayon spread ,the first tint on the ,violet's head1 ,and wrapt with pleasure1 scan'd the grace ,thy light touch threw o'er ,nature's face-- ,but more ,i love thee for thy promise bright1 ,that ,man shall spring1 revived from ,death's cold1 wintry night4 ,,eliza4 ,saco1 ,maine4 ,footnote #a3 ,on the warm banks of the ,james1 this ,apostrophe to ,spring may probably appear altogether too late for the season1 but on the banks of the ,saco1 where a good fire is still necessary to comfort1 and the ,may-flower1 the most daring of our wild flowers1 is just putting forth its blossom in token of approaching ,spring1 it is quite early enough4 ,for the ,southern ,literary ,messenger4 ,,spring4 ,rude ,winter's surly storms are gone-- ,spring1 in her joy1 is passing on3 ,beneath her light and magic tread1 ,each flow'ret lifts its gentle head3 ,streamlets1 so long in fetters bound1 ,leap with a glad1 reviving sound3 ,valleys and hills1 so long unseen1 ,glow with a rich and silv'ry green3 ,the ,robin's wild and thrilling note1 ,the silence of the grove1 has broke3 ,the ,bee1 for months1 in bondage held1 ,wakes her hum in the wonted field3 ,the ,horse and ,ox their stalls forsake1 ,in leaping streams1 their thirst to slake2-- ,to seek1 on mountain-side and plain1 ,the feast1 that ,nature spreads again4 ,nymph1 with the sweetly-laughing eye6 ,where dost thou dwell1 when o'er the sky1 ,the murky storms of ,winter scowl1 ,and through the leafless valleys howl2-- ,that thou1 the moment they are gone1 ,doth1 lovely still1 come tripping on8 ,go on1 upon thy blooming way6 ,i know thou wilt not1 canst not1 stay2 ,but oft1 as on your course you wind1 ,oh6 cast a ling'ring look behind6 ,,roy4 ,lovingston1 ,april #a1 #ahce4 ,for the ,southern ,literary ,messenger ,,to ,a4 ,l4 ,b4 ,author of ,trust ,not1 in the ,messenger for ,february4 ,scorn not the love of the gentle one6 ,turn not away from the heart's devotion6 ,still to its shrine may'st thou be won1 ,and thy bosom be stirr'd with its gentle emotion4 ,spurn not that treasure6 its worth is untold2 ,bright gems are hid in its deep recesses2-- ,fear not that her bosom shall grow cold1 ,when the light is gone from her wavy tresses4 ,there's a fountain of feeling pure and bright1 ,which the glance of her eye is so gently revealing2 ,like the twilight dawn of the ,summer's light1 ,on the longing sight of the weary stealing4 ,trust to the love thou hast falsely disdain'd1 ,so shall the trusted deceive thee never2 ,forget the scorn thou hast falsely claim'd1 ,and the star of thy breast shall be bright forever4 ,then come to the hall of wine and song1 ,where the spirit of beauty reposes1 ,and truth shall be crown'd by the shining throng1 ,with a garland of myrtle and roses6 ,s4 ,w4 ,w4 ,raleigh1 ,n4 ,c4 ,for the ,southern ,literary ,messenger4 ,,spring4 ,to see thy tiny songsters rear ,with wondrous skill1 their home of love2 ,and hear each praise the other's care ,in songs1 that might be breathed above4 ,to watch the modest flowret's growth1 ,the spotless type of love on earth ,which nightly droops1 as though 'twere loath ,to quit the breast that gave it birth2 ,or lay me down beside some brook1 ,where ,i may muse the livelong day1 ,and drop my oft neglected book1 ,to dream of others far away4 ,such is the joy1 the quiet bliss1 ,of holding converse sweet with thee1 ,and wooing1 still1 thy favoring kiss ,midst nature's wilds1 in fancy free4 ,but ,i must bide within my room1 ,content to breathe1 alone1 thy air1 ,and feel that it is double gloom1 ,because thou art so lovely1 there4 ,a ,,prisoner4 ,for the ,southern ,literary ,messenger4 ,,mr4 ,t4 ,w4 ,,white4 ,dear ,sir3--,you have been so kind as to solicit something from my pen for your interesting periodical4 ,with great pleasure ,i transmit the enclosed sheets1 in the hope that you may find them suitable to the ,messenger4 ,the subject ,i consider as particularly congenial with this delightful season1 which has been truly said to constitute the great jubilee of nature2 awakening our sympathy with young life1 and drawing our attention to the promise and hazards of the vegetable creation1 amid the cheerful labors of agriculture4 ,nunc omnis ager1 nunc omnis parturit arbos2 ,nunc frondent sylv1 nunc formosissimus annus4 ,but ,i am sure that my subject has an interest1 independent of the delightful associations of the season at which ,i write1 and that most of your readers will be ever ready to exclaim in the gallant strain of the sweet ,irish ,bard1 ,oh woman6 whose form and whose soul ,are the spell and the light of each path we pursue6 ,whether sunn'd in the tropics1 or chill'd at the pole1 ,if woman be there1 there is happiness too6 ,what ,i have written in this first number of my ,dissertation1 has reference principally to what may be termed the sentimental portion of our nature4 ,i must therefore beg of your readers1 to suspend all judgment as to the partiality or impartiality of the execution1 until ,i have drawn the whole picture4 ,i am yet to compare the sexes together1 in relation to the intellectual powers4 ,i am1 sir1 with high respect1 ,your obedient servant1 ,z4 ,x4 ,w4 ,may #ab1 #ahce4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,dissertation ,on the ,characteristic ,differences between the ,sexes1 and on the ,position and ,influence of ,woman in ,society4 ,,no4 ,i4 ,when we survey with a philosophic eye the varied and complicated works of nature1 there is nothing upon which the mind rests with more pleasure1 than the contemplation of the harmony1 the order1 and the unity of design1 manifested throughout4 ,the physical philosopher points to the centripetal and centrifugal forces1 to the annual and diurnal revolutions of the earth1 to the periodical return of the seasons1 the regular succession of day and night1 to the laws of cohesion and repulsion1 and shows with pride the wondrous harmony which exists in all the departments of the physical world1 all working and conspiring to one great end4 ,the political economist delights to look to the nations of the earth1 composed of vast multitudes of individuals2 to scan the great variety of occupations which the endless division of labor has generated1 and to see how the almost countless millions of inhabitants1 although each one is busily and selfishly engaged in the pursuit only of his own little narrow schemes1 are nevertheless1 when we embrace the grand whole1 working1 in as perfect harmony and accord1 as if the spirit of unbounded wisdom and universal philanthropy guided every head and touched every heart4--,while to the common observer1 the great volume of the human mind is uninteresting1 with its pages confused and scattered like the sybil leaves of antiquity1 it becomes to the metaphysician who can arrange and interpret it1 a source of knowledge1 of pleasure1 and of gratitude4 ,he beholds the nice lineaments of feelings and passions--observes the operations of our various intellectual powers and faculties4 ,he sees a beautiful harmony and unity of design in the whole ,ideal ,republic2 and finds with wonder and astonishment1 that all our passions1 instincts and faculties are so nicely arranged in relation to each other1 that1 like the bodies in our planetary system1 not one could be struck from existence without endangering the harmony of the whole4 ,thus shall we find1 look where we will1 through the wide range of nature's works1 part corresponding to part1 power to power1 mind to mind1 and to matter too2 and the whole moving forward with that beautiful harmonious action1 which at once demonstrates the illimitable wisdom of the designer1--his benevolence and his consistency4 ,among all these beautiful adaptations in the universe1 there is not one perhaps1 which presents itself to the mind under a more engaging1 a more interesting aspect1 than the relations of the sexes4 ,to increase and multiply1 seems to be the great law of animated creation2 and the attractions by which the sexes are brought together for the fulfilment of this universal law1 are so many1 so complicate1 and yet so beautiful and delightful1 while shedding their benign influence over the rugged journey through life1 that it is impossible to contemplate them1 without an immediate acknowledgment of their sublime harmony1 and of the benevolent design of him who ordered and established them4 ,my mind of late has been more than usually engaged in the contemplation of this subject2 and to amuse my leisure hours1 ,i have determined to throw together1 however loosely1 some thoughts on the constitutional differences between the sexes--to point out the effects which those differences have produced upon their moral1 social and political characters--to show that the position of woman in society is not an accidental one1 but results from the law of nature2 and that the benign and powerful influence which she exerts over the destiny of man1 is due principally to that very state of things which woman is so apt to condemn4 ,from this investigation1 we cannot fail to see that a constant amelioration in her condition is calculated to enlarge and diversify the pleasures of the whole human family1 while it urges forward with irresistible power1 the march of civilization4 ,whether there be any original natural differences between the sexes1 in a moral and intellectual point of view1 is a question extremely difficult to determine4 ,education has commenced1 long before children have arrived at that age and growth of intellect1 which will enable them to manifest with certainty their passions1 propensities1 tastes1 and mental powers4 ,the wide intellectual and moral differences existing among individuals similarly situated and similarly educated1 lead us to conclude that they have different original capacities and dispositions4 ,but so different is the education of the sexes--so different is their position in society1 that we cannot say with certainty1 whether their moral and intellectual differences are due wholly to education1 or partly to nature4 ,the discussion of this question ,i shall waive1 as not being of much importance to the view which ,i propose to take of the subject1 and shall proceed to show how the education of the two sexes is calculated to produce the differences which we observe among them1 and how their relative positions in society are the results of the force of circumstances1 and not of accident1 as some have most ingeniously contended2 and this ,i hope to be enabled to show1 even upon the supposition of perfect intellectual equality between the sexes at birth4 ,before entering upon this subject1 it is proper to state1 that ,i use the word education in its most extended sense1--to mean not only the moral and intellectual discipline which we derive from our parents and teachers1 but to include the influence of physical organization1 of the physical circumstances by which we are surrounded1 of opinion--in fine1 all those influences which are extraneous to the mind itself1 but capable of forming and directing it4 ,there is both a physical and moral education1 to which we are constantly subjected1 from birth to manhood1 entirely independent of professed teachers1 which perhaps exercises the greatest sway in the formation of our characters4 ,most persons are apt to forget1 in the calculation of character1 the effect of physical circumstances2 but these must never be lost sight of4 ,physics govern morals1 to a certain extent1 all over the world4 ,it is impossible to withdraw ourselves wholly from the influence of physical causes4 ,in the beautiful language of ,mr4 ,allison1 ,wander where we will1 trees wave1 rivers flow1 mountains ascend1 clouds darken1 or winds animate the face of heaven2 and over the whole scenery1 the sun sheds the cheerfulness of his morning1 the splendor of his noonday1 or the tenderness of his evening light2--there is not one of these features of scenery1 which is not fitted to waken us to moral emotion2 to lead us1 when once the key of our imagination is struck1 to trains of fascinating and endless imagery2 and in the indulgence of them1 to make our bosoms either glow with conceptions of mental excellence1 or melt in the dreams of moral good4 ,even upon the man of the most uncultivated taste1 the scenes of nature have some inexplicable charm3 there is not a chord perhaps of the human heart1 which may not be awakened by their influence4 ,again1 let us wander where we will1 and in vain shall we attempt to escape the moral influences which are exerted around us4 ,opinions1 manners1 customs1 fashions1 c4 exercise a silent1 but potent sway1 from which none can hope to be exempt4 ,we sometimes indulge the wish of flying from our native land1 to escape these influences in a foreign clime4 ,how vain the wish6 ,go where we will1 the mighty spell is still laid over us--the enchantment is still unbroken--and as long as man's nature remains unchanged1 so long must he be subject to the guidance and direction of that mighty physical and moral machinery1 which if ever at work around him1 silently developing and forming his character4 ,these causes1 in their all pervading influences1 may almost be considered as emblematical of the omnipresence of the ,divinity4 ,in our remarks then1 upon the distinctive characteristics of the sexes1 it is proper to commence first with the operation of physical causes2 and among these1 without doubt the difference of physical organization exercises the most powerful influence--perhaps so powerful as to be itself sufficient to account for all the characteristic differences between man and woman4 ,of course1 the remarks which follow1 apply to the entire sexes1 and not to individual cases2 for the individual female will frequently be found to have all the masculine traits of character more perfectly developed than the individual man4 ,few men1 for example1 can be compared with an ,edgeworth or ,de ,stael in point of intellect--and few have shown more persevering courage and masculine heroism1 than ,queen ,margaret of ,england1 or ,joan d',arc of ,france2 but these are specimens from which we can draw no just conclusions concerning the entire sex4 ,physical ,differences between the ,sexes1 and their ,immediate ,effects4 ,what then is the difference in physical organization8 ,woman1 says ,voltaire1 is in general less strong than man2 smaller and less capable of lasting labor4 ,her blood is more aqueous2 her flesh less firm2 her hair longer2 her limbs more rounded2 her arms less muscular2 her mouth smaller2 her hips more prominent1 and her abdomen larger4 ,these physical points distinguish woman all over the earth1 and of all races1 from ,lapland unto the coast of ,guinea1 and from ,america to ,china4#a ,the physiologists all agree in the main points of difference here asserted4 ,they say that woman differs from man in the whole of her lower stature--in the delicacy of her organization--in the predominance of her lymphatic and cellular system1 which softens down the projections of the muscles1 and gives to all her limbs those rounded and graceful forms1 of which we see in the ,venus de ,medicis the inimitable model4 ,in woman1 sensibility is also more exquisite2 and1 with less strength1 her mobility is greater4 ,the female skeleton even1 is easily distinguished from that of the male1 by striking differences4 ,the asperities of the bones are less prominent2 the clavicle is less curved2 the chest shorter1 but more expanded2 the sternum shorter1 but wider2 the pelvis more capacious1#b c4 ,comparing the sexes together then1 all over the world1 man appears to be decidedly the stronger and better formed for war1 for hard and persevering labor2 woman for retirement1 for the mild and less laborious occupations4 ,the camp1 the field1 the woods1 and the sea seem to be the natural theatres for the display of man's powers4 ,woman fills with peculiar grace1 all the domestic occupations and sedentary employments4 ,in fact1 the same amount of exercise is not necessary to the preservation of her health1 as for that of man4 ,hence she is more naturally sedentary and quiet1 and perhaps less industrious4 ,her labor1 in a purely politico-economical light1 is universally considered less valuable4 ,the severer labors of cutting1 mauling1 ditching1 carpentry1 masonry1 c4 are performed by men4 ,the management of children1 sewing1 knitting1 washing1 c4 are performed most frequently by women4 ,the working in lace1 ,rousseau considered an occupation particularly suited to a delicate modest female4 ,he never could exercise the slightest patience towards men tailors4 ,the needle and sword ought not to be managed by the same hands4 ,in his ,emile1 he says1 ,if ,i were sovereign1 ,i would not permit sewing and the occupations of the needle to any but women and lame men4 ,footnote #a3 ,see ,phil4 ,dic4 ,vol4 #f1 ,art4 ,woman4 ,footnote #b3 ,richerand's ,physiology4 ,chapman and ,goodman's ,edition3 p4 #cha4 ,occupation produces a mighty influence on character4 ,women in all countries will talk about their dresses and domestic matters3 ,men talk of war1 politics1 horse-racing1 field sports1 and the labors of the farm4 ,at a very early period of life1 we find the boy delighting in his top1 his bow and arrows1 and his mimic wagon or cart4 ,the girl finds most pleasure in dolls1 in pretty dresses and glittering toys1 which amuse her without much exertion on her part4 ,with what a languid yawn1 says ,mary ,woolstoncraft in her ,rights of ,woman1 have ,i seen an admirable poem thrown down1 that a man of true taste returns to again and again with rapture2 and whilst melody has almost suspended respiration1 a lady has asked me where ,i bought my gown4 ,and whilst the men converse about business1 politics or literature1 how naturally1 says ,swift1 do women apply their hands to each other's lappets and ruffles4 ,the learned lady whom ,i have just referred to1 might have saved herself a great deal of vexation and pretended mortification1 if she had only reflected1 that difference in occupation between the sexes is due principally to difference in physical organization2 and that the conversation of men and women will always run more or less upon their occupations4 ,our very dreams are but too frequently dictated by the occupations which engage us4 ,queen ,mab gallops ,through lover's brains1 and then they dream of love2 ,on courtier's knees1 that dream on court'sies straight2 ,o'er lawyer's fingers1 who straight dream on fees4 ,and sometimes comes she with a tithe pig's tail1 ,tickling a parson's nose as a' lies asleep-- ,then dreams he of another benefice3 ,sometimes she driveth o'er a soldier's neck1 ,and then dreams he of cutting foreign throats2 ,of breaches1 ambuscadoes1 ,spanish blades2 ,of healths five fathoms deep3 and then anon ,drums in his ear--at which he starts and wakes2 ,and being thus frighten'd1 swears a prayer or two1 ,and sleeps again4 ,relative ,position of the ,sexes in ,society4 ,the relative position of the sexes in the social and political world1 may certainly be looked upon as the result of organization4 ,the greater physical strength of man1 enables him to occupy the foreground in the picture4 ,he leaves the domestic scenes2 he plunges into the turmoil and bustle of an active1 selfish world2 in his journey through life1 he has to encounter innumerable difficulties1 hardships and labors which constantly beset him4 ,his mind must be nerved against them4 ,hence courage and boldness are his attributes4 ,it is his province1 undismayed1 to stand against the rude shocks of the world2 to meet with a lion's heart1 the dangers which threaten him4 ,he is the shield of woman1 destined by nature to guard and protect her4 ,her inferior strength and sedentary habits confine her within the domestic circle2 she is kept aloof from the bustle and storm of active life2 she is not familiarized to the out of door dangers and hardships of a cold and scuffling world3 timidity and modesty are her attributes4 ,in the great strife which is constantly going forward around her1 there are powers engaged which her inferior physical strength prevents her from encountering4 ,she must rely upon the strength of others2 man must be engaged in her cause4 ,how is he to be drawn over to her side8 ,not by menace--not by force2 for weakness cannot1 by such means1 be expected to triumph over might4 ,no6 ,it must be by conformity to that character which circumstances demand for the sphere in which she moves2 by the exhibition of those qualities which delight and fascinate--which are calculated to win over to her side the proud lord of creation1 and to make him an humble suppliant at her shrine4 ,grace1 modesty and loveliness are the charms which constitute her power4 ,by these1 she creates the magic spell that subdues to her will the more mighty physical powers by which she is surrounded4 ,her attributes are rather of a passive than active character4 ,her power is more emblematical of that of divinity3 it subdues without an effort1 and almost creates by mere volition2--whilst man must wind his way through the difficult and intricate mazes of philosophy2 with pain and toil1 tracing effects to their causes1 and unravelling the deep mysteries of nature--storing his mind with useful knowledge1 and exercising1 training and perfecting his intellectual powers1 whilst he cultivates his strength and hardens and matures his courage2 all with a view of enabling him to assert his rights1 and exercise a greater sway over those around him4 ,woman we behold dependant and weak2 but out of that very weakness and dependance springs an irresistible power4 ,she may pursue her studies too--not however with a view of triumphing in the senate chamber--not with a view to forensic display--not with a view of leading armies to combat1 or of enabling her to bring into more formidable action the physical power which nature has conferred on her4 ,no6 ,it is but the better to perfect all those feminine graces1 all those fascinating attributes1 which render her the centre of attraction1 and which delight and charm all those who breathe the atmosphere in which she moves2 and1 in the language of ,mr4 ,burke1 would make ten thousand swords leap from their scabbards to avenge the insult that might be offered to her4 ,by her very meekness and beauty does she subdue all around her4 ,the ,grecian poet of old has told us where her power lies4 ,to woman what does nature give8 ,beauty she gives instead of darts2 ,beauty instead of shields imparts3 ,nor can the fire nor sword oppose ,the fair1 victorious where she goes4 ,we must recollect1 however1 that it is beauty of mind1 of grace1 of accomplishment2 and not beauty of person alone1 which constitutes her power4 ,when the beautiful mother of mankind is described by the matchless poet1 he mentions not one purely physical trait of beauty4 ,grace was in all her steps2 heaven in her eye3 ,in all her gestures dignity and love4 ,when ,juno too1 tries the old and successful cheat of love with her imperial husband1 the poet of antiquity makes her borrow the beauties of mind1 rather than those of body4 ,the gentle vow1 the gay desire1 ,the kind deceit1 the still reviving fire2 ,persuasive speech1 and more persuasive sighs1 ,silence that spoke1 and eloquence of eyes4 ,even ,waller1 the sycophantic poet of a corrupt and profligate court1 pays all due homage to the beauty of mind4 ,oh1 my lovely foe1 ,tell me where thy strength doth lie-- ,where the power that charms me so3 ,in thy soul1 or in thine eye4 ,as woman then cannot conquer by physical strength1 she must depend upon other attributes of a more passive quality4 ,the following little anecdote well illustrates the characteristic differences between the sexes in this respect4 ,i was once giving a handsome and accomplished lady a description of the ,menagerie ,royal at ,paris1 and was describing the apartment of a large ferocious lion that had been brought from ,africa4 ,the apartment was double1 with a partition wall between the chambers4 ,whilst the lion would be in one chamber eating1 it was the custom of the keeper to go into the other for the purpose of cleaning it out1 taking care to shut the door between them4 ,one day he neglected this2 and the lion leaving the meat which he had been devouring1 suddenly entered the room1 advanced to the man1 who backed against the wall1 then leaped upon his breast1 and looked him steadily in the face4 ,just at this point1 ,i paused and asked the lady1 for she seemed agitated1 what she would have done in a similar crisis4 ,her answer was characteristic indeed3 ,i would have kissed him6 ,now ,i assert that there is not a man in the wide world who would have ever thought of appeasing the wrath of the monarch of the forest by a kiss4 ,his power does not depend on a kiss4 ,from him it is not sufficiently appreciated to make it coveted by others1 and therefore a source of his power4 ,but with woman it is far otherwise2 it is one of her most potent means--a sort of reserve1 not to be resorted to but under the pressure of necessity4 ,had you addressed the same question to man1 he would have told you1 that he would have stood quiet and firm1 7as did the individual just mentioned17 till assistance could be brought2 or he would have summoned up all his courage and all his strength for one desperate effort1 and attempted to hurl the lion from him2 but never would he have thought of purchasing his life by giving him a kiss4 ,this is one of woman's resources in the hour of peril1 and woman alone would ever have thought of it4 ,in that darkest and most dismal hour of ,josephine's life1 when the dread secret of the divorce was first hinted to her by that great but wily and unprincipled statesman ,fouche1 how does she act8 ,in all the agony and concentrated grief which preys upon her heart1 she seeks in his chamber the solitary chieftain1 whose martial prowess had shaken all the thrones of ,europe1 and filled the world with a fame which eclipsed that of the ,csars and ,alexanders--she seats herself in his lap--she strokes back the hair from his forehead3 in the mild and faltering tone of injured honor1 she asks him if it be so8 ,he answers no6 ,and with beauty1 grace and tears supplicating1 who could have answered otherwise6 ,then imprinting a kiss upon his brow1 she asks the dismission of ,fouche as an earnest of his attachment4 ,this was denied her2 and at that moment despair seized upon her heart4 ,she knew her power was gone--the charm was broken--the spell was dissolved4 ,ambition triumphed over love4 ,but the ,colossus of ,europe could have told you1 that the melancholy triumph of that moment1 had cost him more than the conquest of kingdoms and the dethronement of monarchs2 or he could have told you afterwards1 that when he for the first time beheld the barren rock of ,st4 ,helena1 with that countenance unmoved and unchanged1 which so astonished those who observed it1--the internal struggle by which he chained down the conflicting emotions of his soul1 was not to be compared with that which could firmly resist the request of a beloved but injured wife in tears4 ,points of ,honor in the ,sexes4 ,so far1 ,i have been considering the effects of mere inferiority of strength in the female4 ,but independently of this1 there is another portion of her organization1 attended with consequences no less marked on the whole character4 ,i allude of course to the great law of nature1 which imposes upon her the burden of gestation--of nursing and of training the rising population of the world4 ,that woman is destined to the office of nursing and rearing her children1 the arrangement of nature evidently demonstrates4 ,it is she alone whom nature provides with the food adapted to the support of the fragile constitution of the newly born babe4 ,she has known and felt all the solicitude1 anxiety and pain pertaining to its existence4 ,it is a law of our nature1 to love that with most ardor1 which has cost us most pain and most anxiety in the attainment4 ,for this reason perhaps1 it may be that even at birth1 a mother's love for her babe is more intense than that of the father2 and hence an additional reason of a moral character1 why the office of tutoring and nursing should devolve more particularly on her4 ,let us now proceed1 for a moment1 to trace the consequences of this position of woman4 ,it is evident that its tendency must be1 to narrow the circle in which she moves2 a considerable portion of her life must be spent in the nursery and the sick room4 ,here1 at once1 would be presented an insurmountable barrier against that ambition which would lead her into the field1 into politics1 or any of the regular professions4 ,she never could compete with man4 ,in fact1 to succeed at all1 she would be obliged to desert the station and defeat the ends for which nature intended her4 ,a physician1 a lawyer1 or statesman1 who should be obliged to attend to the suckling1 clothing1 and the thousand little wants of a helpless babe1 would be distanced in the race by him1 who with any thing like equal power of intellect1 was unimpeded in his career by any of those embarrassing obstacles4 ,this organization of woman now under consideration1 renders circumspection and virtue more absolutely indispensable to her than to man4 ,guilt and infidelity are much more certainly detected in her case than in his1 and are attended with much more lamentable consequences4 ,her whole moral character is formed in some measure in view of this state of things3 chastity and virtue become her points of honor2 modesty becomes her most pleasing and necessary attribute4 ,that chastity of look which seems to hang ,a veil of purest light o'er all her beauties1 ,and by forbidding1 most inflames desire1 may truly be said to constitute one of her greatest and most indispensable ornaments4 ,the great point of honor in man1 is undoubtedly courage2 and in woman1 chastity and virtue4 ,in books of chivalry1 7says ,addison1 in one of the ,nos4 of the ,spectator17 where the point of honor is strained to madness1 the whole story runs on chastity and courage4 ,the damsel is mounted on a white palfrey1 as an emblem of her innocence2 and to avoid scandal1 must have a dwarf for her page4 ,she is not to think of a man until some misfortune has brought a knight errant to her relief4 ,the knight falls in love1 and did not gratitude restrain her from murdering her deliverer1 would die at her feet by her disdain4 ,however1 he must waste many years in the desert1 before her virginity can think of a surrender4 ,the knight goes off--attacks every thing he meets that is bigger and stronger than himself--seeks all opportunities of being knocked on the head--and after seven years' rambling1 returns to his mistress1 whose chastity in the mean time has been attacked by giants and tyrants1 and undergone as many trials as her lover's valor4 ,the following inscription on a monument erected in ,westminster ,abbey1 to the ,duke and ,duchess of ,new ,castle1 particularly pleased ,mr4 ,addison1 as illustrative of the difference in the points of honor between the sexes4 ,her name was ,margaret ,lucas1 youngest sister to the ,lord ,lucas of ,colchester2 a noble family--for all the brothers were valiant1 and all the sisters virtuous4 ,voltaire in his ,philosophical ,dictionary remarks1 that all animals1 if they could talk1 would tell you they considered the female1 each one of its own species1 as the most beautiful creature in the world4 ,the remark is a philosophical one2 and will no doubt apply with great force to man1 especially in a civilized condition4 ,all our writers on taste1 rank woman in point of beauty at the head of creation2 and make her the most beautiful of her sex1 whose beauty is combined with virtue and loveliness1 and fortified by modesty4 ,how beautifully has ,barrett described the superior excellence of the female character in the following lines3 ,to guard that virtue1 to supply the place ,of courage1 wanting in her gentle race-- ,lo1 modesty was given2 mysterious spell1 ,whose blush can shame1 whose panic can repel4 ,strong1 by the very weakness it betrays1 ,it sheds a mist before our fiery gaze3 ,the panting apprehension1 quick to feel ,the shrinking grace1 that fain would grace conceal1 ,the beautiful rebuke that looks surprise-- ,the gentle vengeance of averted eyes2-- ,these are its arms1 and these supreme prevail2 ,love pauses--,vice retracts his glozing tale4 ,we are now prepared to see at once1 the foundation of that difference observable among the sexes all over the world1 in all ages1 in relation to the conduct which they observe towards each other4 ,man makes all the advances towards the weaker sex4 ,he is the wooer1 and woman the wooed1 in every age and country3 whilst she is coy and retiring1 and blushes deeply at the very idea of her preferences and attachments for the opposite sex being even suspected1 man acknowledges with candor his devotion to woman2 seeks her society every where2 confesses his enthusiastic delight at the charms of her conversation1 and glories in the performance of those civilities and gallantries1 which the laws of social intercourse have always demanded at his hands4 ,the desires and inclinations of man1 are open and confessed2 those of woman1 kept doubtful and secret4 ,man 7says ,rousseau17 depends on woman on account of his desires2 woman on man both on account of desires and necessities4 ,the difference1 however1 is that the former are avowed1 the latter concealed4#c ,the charms and fascination of woman1 are so contrived as to hide all art itself1 and to appear entirely aimless4 ,yet in this very circumstance frequently rests the great power of her attractions4 ,unaiming charms with edge resistless fall1 ,and she who means no mischief does it all4 ,footnote #c3 ,broussais1 the materialist1 supposes a difference in this respect between the sexes1 founded on differences in irritation and animal sensibility1 and this is the reason why she is contented to win him 7man7 by gestures and speech1 but never does she undertake to subdue him by force4 ,whether this be the fact1 must be decided by physiologists4 ,to those who wish to examine this subject1 ,i can only refer them to ,broussais's ,physiology1 ch4 #ac1 sec #b4 ,it is easy to deduce from the foregoing1 that what is called character or reputation1 in the eyes of the world1 is infinitely more necessary to woman than to man3 her virtue is the true sensitive plant1 which is blighted even by the breath of suspicion4 ,csar would not have a wife upon whom suspicion fell1 even though convinced of her innocence4 ,man may1 by reformation1 regain a lost character1 but woman rarely can4 ,man may1 and often ought to rise superior to the opinion of the world2 woman never can4 ,hence the bold assertion of ,rousseau1 in his ,emile3 ,l'opinion est le tombeau de la virtue parmi les hommes et son trne parmi les femmes4 ,under these circumstances1 does not the guilt of the individual1 who undermines or asperses the female character1 become a thousand times more atrocious8 ,in regard to woman1 ,madame de ,stael observes1 in her work on literature1 that to defend themselves is an additional disadvantage2 to justify themselves a new alarm4 ,they are conscious of a purity and delicacy in their nature1 which the notice even of the public will tarnish4 ,and those who suppose themselves clothed in panoply complete1 because of their superior talents1 she likens to ,erminia in her coat of mail3 the warriors perceive the helmet1 the lance1 and the dazzling plume2 they expect to meet with equal force2 they begin the onset with violence1 and the first wound cuts to the heart4 ,well then does it behoove every man of honor and chivalry to guard against the injury of a being so defenceless1 and to contribute all in his power1 to the elevation and amelioration of her position1 if it be only as compensation for the many disadvantages to which she is subjected1 in comparison with man4 ,i have thus endeavored to trace out the causes which produce the modesty1 gentleness and virtue1 which certainly characterize the female sex4 ,upon the same principles we may explain that extraordinary command over her feelings1 which is certainly another of the characteristics of woman4 ,she cannot give utterance to her passions and emotions like man4 ,she is not to seek1 but to be sought4 ,she is not to woo1 but to be wooed4 ,she is thus frequently required to suppress the most violent feelings2 to put a curb on her most ardent desires1 and at the same time to wear that face of contentment and ease which may impose upon an inquisitive and scrutinizing world4 ,how often do we see in the gay circles of fashion and of folly1 that while apparent joy it beaming from the countenance1 a secret grief is preying on the heart1 and working the soul into an agony4 ,we are told by ,plutarch1 that the institutions of ,lycurgus had so disciplined the ,spartans in the art of enduring pain without complaint1 that a boy permitted a stolen fox to eat down to his bowels1 without complaining or exhibiting his sufferings in his countenance4 ,the education and position of woman1 produces an influence in this respect similar to that produced by ,spartan legislation4 ,she can suffer much1 and she can suffer long1 in silence1 without complaint4 ,how admirably has ,shakspeare described this trait of character1 in the description of ,viola1 in the #abth ,night3 though so often quoted1 ,i cannot forego the pleasure of repeating it3 ,she never told her love1 ,but let concealment like a worm in the bud1 ,feed on her damask cheek3 she pined in thought1 ,and with a green and yellow melancholy1 ,she sat like patience on a monument1 ,smiling at grief4 ,all persons placed in situations requiring great self command1 by constantly curbing the passions and allaying the rising emotions1 arrive at last at that self control1 that perfect apparent mental equilibrium which appears so wonderfully difficult to the ordinary spectator4 ,this is often most strikingly exemplified in statesmen1 diplomatists and gamblers1 and sometimes in mercantile men4 ,the great reserve of ,washington on state affairs1 is well known3 ,davilla1 the historian1 praises the deep dissimulation of ,catherine de ,medicis4 ,lord ,clarendon1 and ,locke1 have spoken with commendations of the same traits in the characters of the ,earls of ,bristol and ,shaftsbury2 whilst ,cicero even1 has bestowed his eulogy on the same qualities1 and points to the characters of ,homer's ,ulysses1 ,themistocles the ,athenian1 ,lysander the ,spartan1 and to ,marcus ,crassus of ,rome1 for examples4 ,talleyrand1 the great diplomatic wonder of the nineteenth century1 it is said1 possesses this talent pour le silence1 on state affairs1 in a most extraordinary degree4 ,with such a being1 every thing becomes a matter of calculation1 down even to the responses to the ordinary questions of how do you do8 and how have you been8 ,such a man may truly be said to carry his heart in his head1 as was said of ,mr4 ,pitt the younger4#d ,footnote #d3 ,bulwer1 in his ,france1 pp4 #ajg and #h1 has given us the following little anecdotes illustrative of this trait of character2 and the first admirably exhibits the opinion which that deep searching and wily politician entertained of the candor of statesmen4 ,but why is not ,m4 de ,s4 here8 said ,m4 de ,talleyrand4 ,m4 de ,s4 est malade1 said an acquaintance4 ,ha6 ha6 replies the old statesman1 shaking his head1 ,m4 de ,s4 est malade6 mais qu'est ce donc qu'il gagne tre malade6 ,again1 which do you like best1 ,m4 de ,talleyrand1 said a lady1 ,madame de ---- or myself8 ,the reply was not so decisive as the fair and accomplished questioner expected4 ,but now1 said she1 suppose we were both to fall into the sea1 which should you first try to save8 ,oh6 ,madame1 said the ,prince1 ,i should be quite certain that you could swim4 ,after these1 we may well believe the late response which he is said to have made to his physician1 who asked him some questions about ,spain4 ,doctor1 said he1 you must have remarked1 that ,i never give an opinion1 except upon subjects which ,i do not understand4 ,i am happy to talk about physic4 ,upon the same principles we can explain a seeming moral paradox1 in the fact1 that phlegmatic men1 when once suddenly excited1 become perfectly ungovernable2 exhibiting follies and extravagances1 beyond those we see manifested by men of great imagination and warm feelings4 ,very phlegmatic persons1 when suddenly in love1 are sometimes to be ranked among the most amusing and laughable objects in nature3 with them a new feeling has just been called1 for the first time1 into action3 it entirely unhinges and deranges the whole internal man3 it is a new power1 which1 for a moment1 subjects every thing to its capricious dominion1 and the man becomes instantly like ,ahmed1 the pilgrim of love1 so beautifully described in the tales of the ,alhambra1 mounted upon the suddenly disenchanted steed1 clad in the magic armor1 and overturning1 without the possibility of managing himself or steed1 both friend and foe4 ,it has generally been supposed1 that sudden love is a symptom of much imagination1 and excitable feelings3 this is not always true2 it may sometimes be a proof of the reverse4 ,very cold phlegmatic men1 may frequently be suddenly roused and enamoured1 because they have no control over the little imagination and feeling which they possess1 when once that little has been roused4 ,one of the most phlegmatic men ,i ever knew1 married in less than three months after the death of a wife1 whom he had loved while alive1 as much as such a nature was capable of loving2 and an affectionate squeeze of the hand1 and a more than usually tender tone of voice1 were the simple means by which this sudden flame was kindled4 ,the remarks made above1 are susceptible of extensive generalization4 ,mr4 ,stuart says1 in the third volume of his ,elements of the ,philosophy of ,mind1 ,in one of our most celebrated universities1 which has long enjoyed the proud distinction of being the principal seat of mathematical learning in this ,island1 ,i have been assured1 that if at any time a spirit of fanaticism has infected 7as will occasionally happen in all numerous societies17 a few of the unsounder limbs of that learned body1 the contagion has invariably spread much more widely among the mathematicians1 than among the men of erudition4 ,even the strong head of ,waering1 undoubtedly one of the ablest analysts that ,england has produced1 was not proof against the malady2 and he seems at last 7as ,i am told by the late ,dr4 ,watson1 ,bishop of ,landaff17 to have sunk into a deep religious melancholy1 approaching to insanity4 ,when ,whitefield first visited ,scotland1 and produced1 by his powerful though unpolished eloquence1 such marvellous effects on the minds of his hearers1 ,dr4 ,simpson1 the celebrated professor of mathematics at ,glasgow1 had the curiosity to attend one of his sermons in the fields1 but could never be persuaded1 by all the entreaties of his friends1 to hear another4 ,he had probably felt his imagination excited in an unpleasant degree1 and with his usual good sense resolved not to subject himself to the danger of a second experiment4 ,now it is well known1 that mathematical studies exercise the imagination less perhaps than any other whatever2 and the powerful influence spoken of by ,mr4 ,stewart1 was no doubt owing to the fact1 that the individuals in question1 had no control over the imagination2 when once excited1 they had never learned to manage and restrain it4 ,upon the same principles we can explain the wonderful control which the coquette ultimately acquires over all her feelings4 ,the general opinion is1 that coquettes are cold and feelingless1 and have always been so1 and that all their demonstrations of emotion1 are the result of hypocrisy4 ,this may sometimes be the case1 but not always4 ,persons of this description1 may even have intense feelings2 but from constantly watching1 restraining and curbing them1 after they have been called into action1 they acquire perfect mastery over them4 ,in some cases1 the feelings may be so chained down by habit1 as almost to be destroyed2 in fact1 this is generally the case with coquettes1 and when they do marry1 it is frequently more from policy than love4 ,ambition and vanity1 in their case1 triumph eventually over love and feeling2 and the love of riches1 standing1 pomp1 and show1 determines their choice4#e ,there is one species of coquetry for which ,i have much compassion and sympathy2 it is where the affections of a lady have really been won by an individual1 whom prudence and the advice of friends1 will forever prevent her from marrying4 ,in this case it sometimes happens1 that tenderness on her part1 and a desire to avoid wounding his feelings1 may cause her to excite hopes which are never to be realized4 ,in this case1 he may drink too deeply of what ,shakspeare calls ,the honey'd music of her words2 and at last will awaken to a disappointment1 whose melancholy influence ,i shall describe1 when ,i come to speak of the effects of love on the sexes4 ,perhaps in a case like this1 prompt decision1 and the concealment of every thing like tenderness1 may be the stern mandate of reason and prudence2 but we must recollect that it is not that of feeling and sympathy2 and we often1 in our passage through life1 meet with cases of this kind1 when too loose a rein is given to the feelings upon ,sterne's principle1 that it is not always agreeable to be fighting the d----l4 ,footnote #e3 ,sometimes coquettes appear to love after marriage more intensely than others3 in most cases ,i am disposed to doubt the reality of the affection4 ,sometimes they have remained single until the decline of their charms1 the advance of age1 and an unfavorable public opinion1 have destroyed their reign4 ,this condition is almost insupportable1 and marriage becomes an asylum for their refuge4 ,in this case the coquette is in love with marriage1 rather because of the insupportable ills which she has escaped1 than of the love which she bears her husband4 ,in other cases1 after marriage1 want of something to engage her attention1 and exercise her powers of pleasing2 of something that may amuse and excite her2 in fine1 as ,mademoiselle de ,l',enclos1 who will readily be acknowledged first rate authority on this subject1 expresses it1 ,la necessit d'avoir quelque gallantrie1 may induce her to lavish upon her husband1 all those attentions1 finesses1 and displays of feeling1 which she before bestowed upon the world at large4 ,in this case1 she makes her husband the very personification of the gallantries of the world1 and proceeds to play out the game with him1 which she had before been carrying on with the dashing beaux of the fashionable world4 ,lastly1 in some cases1 mere vanity itself may be sufficient1 by its intense action1 to make the coquette wear in her countenance1 and manifest by her actions1 that love which she feels not in her heart4 ,i do not think then the coquette will often make a fit companion for the man of delicate sensibility and all searching penetration4 ,he should seek for some sensitive1 deep feeling heart1 which can return him back a full measure of the love of which his own fond1 devoted heart is so lavish4 ,true and genuine affection cannot long be deceived3 it has too many nice and exquisitely delicate chords1 to be played upon with success by the coarse fingers of hypocrisy4 ,a gentleman1 for similar reasons1 often indulges sentiments of love towards her whom he knows that circumstances will never permit to be his4 ,i have seen many cases of most tender attachment1 of this kind4 ,travellers in foreign countries1 and persons in lower stations of life1 suddenly brought into contact with the upper1 furnish the most frequent illustrations4 ,pride and ,vanity4 ,we are now prepared to compare the sexes together1 as to two most important traits in character--pride and vanity2 and before entering upon this investigation1 it is proper to premise1 that ,i use these words in their technical philosophical meaning3 ,pride to mean that quality which makes us set a high value on ourselves1 independently of the esteem of the world--and vanity1 to be that which makes us desire the esteem of others1 and value ourselves accordingly4 ,false pride is the valuing ourselves for properties which are really contemptible1 or not praiseworthy2 and false vanity is the desire of the esteem of those whose opinions we should disregard1 either because of the inferiority of their judgments1 or because of the insignificance of the merit1 for which we claim their approbation4 ,the meaning which ,i have here given to false pride and vanity1 is what is generally attached in ordinary parlance to the simple terms pride and vanity4 ,now1 according to the definition given above1 it follows1 that these two qualities belong1 in some proportions1 to all the members of the human family4 ,man is evidently made by his maker1 a being of relations and dependencies3 coming into the world in the most helpless and dependent condition1 the preservation of his life1 and the training of infancy1 demand the continued assistance of others3 those who are around him1 give him his daily food1 and teach him his daily lessons3 their esteem and love is the reward of his little virtues and merits3 their censures and frowns his punishments4 ,as he grows to manhood1 and his mind expands1 his relations with the world become more numerous1 and more extensive1 and he ultimately seeks the applause and esteem1 not only of the little family circle in which he was reared1 but of his neighborhood1 of his ,state2 then1 if his ambition be great1 of mankind1 and of the generations that are to follow4 ,thus the desire of the applause of the world1 and the dread of its censure1 becomes one of the most powerful motives to action1 in the breast of man--this is vanity4 ,but at the same time1 there is that within us1 which produces happiness from the reflection1 that we have done our duty1 and that our conduct is praiseworthy1 whether we have the esteem of the world or not4 ,we value ourselves for what we consider our real intrinsic merits1 and not for the applause of the world--and this is pride4 ,as thus explained1 it is very evident that these two great principles1 pride and vanity1 must have almost omnipotent sway in the formation of character4 ,chenevix1 in his work on national character1 and ,adam ,smith in his theory of moral sentiments1 make the whole human character to hinge on these two qualities4 ,when pride is excessive1 you have for the most part a haughty isolated independent taciturn being1 who1 wrapt up in himself1 and his own ideal perfections1 despises the opinions of those around him1 and treats the world with austerity and scorn4 ,his social defects are bluntness1 rudeness1 and a want of sympathy and compassion4 ,but then he is a being who is firm and steady in his character1 and unwavering in his resolves4 ,he may be relied on1 if you can ever win him to your side4 ,when vanity is excessive1 you have a being the very reverse of the one just described4 ,he is social1 loquacious1 polite and attentive to all around him4 ,he has no fixed character or opinion of his own3 the opinion of the world is the looking glass in which he daily dresses himself4 ,affectation and disingenuousness are his social defects4 ,win him to your side to-day1 and to-morrow when he finds the other the most popular1 he will desert you without hesitation4 ,he is a treacherous friend4 ,when these two qualities are properly combined1 you have the perfect character4 ,now it is easy to see1 from what has already been said1 that of the two sexes man is the prouder1 and woman the vainer4 ,the greater physical strength of man1 the occupations in which he is engaged1 his self dependence and self sufficiency1 make him generally more proud and less vain than woman1 who being weaker than man1 and more dependent on others1 is obliged to seek their esteem and applause1 in order that through their attachment and love1 she may exercise a power which she finds not within herself4 ,the desire to please is undoubtedly the ruling passion in the female heart4 ,as ,i have before observed1 her virtue is a much more sensitive and tender plant1 than that of man3 it can much more easily be tarnished1 by the breath of public opinion2 and when her reputation is once lost1 it can never be regained4 ,hence the good opinion of the world is all in all to her4 ,she endeavors to secure it by every means4 ,she is generally more gay and cheerful1 more loquacious and polite1 infinitely more amiable and agreeable in the social circle1 and she trifles with more grace and elegance4 ,for the same reason she adorns and perfects her beauty more1 and endeavors to heighten and polish her natural endowments by the aid of artificial ornaments4 ,i have observed1 7says ,ledyard17 among all nations1 that the women ornament themselves more than the men2 that they are ever inclined to be gay1 cheerful1 timorous and modest4 ,they are more observant of fashions and of etiquette1 and1 as we shall presently see1 they have more tact1 more nice discrimination of feeling and discernment of character than men have4 ,women are precisely what the men make them1 all over the world4 ,addison says1 that had women determined their own point of honor1 it is probable that wit or good nature would have carried it against chastity2 but our sex have preferred the latter1 and woman has conformed to the decision4 ,the vanity of woman1 under proper regulation1 makes her the most fascinating being in creation1 when it is the virtuous1 the intelligent1 and the just1 whose approbation she attempts to win1 by the charms and graces of virtue1 innocence1 modesty1 and accomplishment1 where she is the darling child of society1 indulged not spoiled1 presiding over its pleasures1 preserving its refinements1 taking nothing from its strength1 adding much to its brilliancy1 permitted the full exercise of all her faculties1 and retaining the full endowment of all her graces4 ,and this same being1 who1 in her unmarried state1 is the delight and charm of every circle in which she moves1 may after marriage look to the esteem and approbation of him who has won her hand and heart1 as the jewel of greatest price4 ,his opinion may become to her what that of the world was before4 ,his taste is the one which she may delight to please4 ,she1 if her lord but gaze with pride1 ,wears what he loves1 and thinks no gem denied2 ,and if1 compliant with his wish1 she roam1 ,to the gay tumults which endear her home1 ',mid brighter fashions1 and that pomp of waste1 ,which glittering fools misname1 and call it taste2 ,tho' not a gem her simple hair have crown'd1 ,while lavish diamonds fling their beams around1 ,can smile serene1 nor feel one envy burn1 ,and sleep without a sigh1 on her return4#f ,footnote #f3 ,paradise of ,coquettes1 generally ascribed to the pen of the late ,dr4 ,thomas ,brown1 the professor of moral and mental philosophy in the ,university of ,edinburgh1 of whom ,mr4 ,dugald ,stewart said1 in my opinion even ,dr4 ,brown would have been a still better metaphysician1 if he had not been a poet1 and a still better poet if he had not been a metaphysician4 ,i have no doubt of the truth of this remark1 though we must acknowledge1 that whether we examine his metaphysics or his poetry1 we shall find that none has ever better understood the heart of a truly virtuous and constant female1 or more highly appreciated it4 ,such a companion makes the home of her husband a paradise on earth1 and the thought of him and his happiness1 soon interweaves and intertwines itself with all her little schemes and projects1 with all her desires and ambition1 and her house becomes the true scene of domestic happiness and of the domestic virtues4 ,on the other hand1 when vanity is excessive1 or badly regulated1 woman is too apt to substitute art for nature1 and to attempt to impose upon the world by outward show and hollow pretensions2 to manage and intrigue for the purpose of carrying her plans1 and consummating her schemes2 and when in danger of detection1 she has recourse to evasions and devices1 which in the end may produce the character of falsehood and hypocrisy4 ,a person 7says ,adam ,smith17 who has excessive vanity1 in attempting to win the applause of those around him1 is apt to fall into the practice of lying1 but the lies are not of a black or very hurtful character to society2 they are intended to deceive you1 and make you think more of the person who tells them1 and not to injure others2 whereas a proud man but rarely lies1 and when he does1 it is apt to be a dark and malicious falsehood1 which he tells2 one intended for the injury of others1 not for the exaltation of himself4 ,it is badly regulated vanity1 which produces that character for cunning1 which ,rousseau considered one of the distinguishing characteristical traits in the female4 ,he was so much impressed with the predominance of this trait in woman's character1 that he was disposed to attribute it1 7,i think falsely17 rather to nature than to circumstances and education4 ,he tells us of the following device1 practiced by a girl of six years old1 who had been strictly forbidden to ask for any thing at table4 ,for the purpose of inducing her parents to help her to a dish which she had not tasted1 she pointed her finger at the several dishes1 saying1 ,i have eaten of that1 and of that1 c4 until she came to the one of which she had not eaten1 passing that by in silence4 ,a cunning hint was thus given to the parents1 without violation of their commands1 that she would like to be helped to it4 ,this little stratagem ,rousseau thinks far beyond what a boy of the same age would have planned1 and hence he comes to the conclusion1 that ,la ruse est un talent naturel au sex--he thinks this a wise dispensation of nature1 for1 says he1 ,la femme a tout contre elle nos defauts1 sa timidit1 sa faiblesse2 elle n'a pour elle que son art et sa beaute4 ,n'est il pas juste qu'elle cultive l'un et l'autre8 ,when these devices and stratagems1 which the softer sex practice for the attainment of their ends1 become too apparent1 they disgust2 when well concealed1 they frequently succeed3 but honesty here1 as every where1 will prove to be the best policy2 and ,i cannot agree with ,rousseau1 that generally they are advantageous to those who practice them3 they always endanger more or less the character of the individual4 ,in spite1 however1 of all our caution and advice on this subject1 in the little concerns of life1 and the petty tactics of the drawing and ball rooms1 woman will always display more skill and cunning than man4 ,these are the scenes with which she is more conversant1 and which she studies far more deeply than he4 ,a skilful tactician in the drawing room1 may almost be compared to a general in the field4 ,she notes1 without being perceived1 every movement1 and by skilful evolutions she brings about that arrangement of parties which best suits her taste1 and which seems to others1 who have not the sagacity to see the game1 the effect of magic1 rather than of art4 ,with man it is very different2 concealment and stratagem in the little courtesies and plans of life1 are never expected of him4 ,the maxim of ,david ,crockett1 go ahead1 is the one on which he practices4 ,as woman is the most skilful manager on these occasions1 so is she the most sagacious observer1 and she can sometimes greatly amuse us1 by furnishing a key to the manoeuvring in the social and fashionable world4 ,mother and ,child4 ,i now proceed more particularly to the consideration of the effects produced upon the female character1 by that most interesting and tender tie1 the relation of mother and child4 ,we have already pointed out the reasons why the mother should be considered1 as intended more particularly by nature1 for the office of nursing1 rearing1 and tutoring the infant4 ,although the effects of this position1 are first manifested upon mothers1 yet1 as they constitute so large and influential a portion of females1 their character1 whatever it may be1 will quickly diffuse itself over the whole sex1 and consequently we may predicate of the whole1 to a certain extent at least1 the properties and peculiarities of character1 which flow from the relation of mother and child4 ,there can scarcely be conceived in the whole range of nature1 a more tenderly interesting object1 than the perfectly helpless and innocent babe4 ,the writers on the sublime tell us1 that that obscurity and indistinctness which prevents us from seeing the exact proportions of objects1 is favorable to sublimity1 by the increased play which it gives to the imagination4 ,now1 what is there so well calculated to rouse the imagination and excite our anticipations1 as the listless1 inactive infant1--slumbering from the moment at which he takes his milky food to the moment at which he awakes to require it again8 ,what is that infant to become8 ,what is to be his destiny8 ,what the rle which he is to play in the great drama of life8 ,he is now at the starting point2 the future lies latent within him4 ,he is to be nursed and taken by the hand1 and led gently along the path of life1 until the growth of body1 and the developement of mental powers1 shall enable him1 unaided1 to combat the difficulties and obstacles which beset him on his way4 ,then1 is he to select the part which he is to act8 ,is he to be the great warrior1 striding from victory to victory1 and making his path a plane of continued elevation--dethroning and unmaking princes1 and grasping the destiny of empires in his single hand8 ,or is he1 by overturning the fair fabric of his country's government1 and wading through war1 anarchy and blood1 at last to triumph over the law and the constitution1 and build up his own throne on the melancholy ruins of his country's liberty8 ,or will he be the philosopher of his age1 taking ,his ardent flight ,through the blue infinite2 numbering the planets1 noting their complex but harmonious movements1 and deducing the unerring laws by which they are governed8 ,or1 by pouring truth after truth upon the world1 is he to break up the prejudices and dissipate the errors which have before bound down the restless energies of the mind under the fatal spell of ignorance and superstition8 ,perhaps he is to be the genuine philanthropist1 and like ,howard1 to travel from country to country1 not to survey the sumptuousness of palaces or the stateliness of temples2 not to make accurate measurement of the remains of ancient grandeur2 not to form a scale of the curiosity of modern arts2 nor to collect medals or to collate manuscripts3 but to dive into the depths of dungeons--to plunge into the infection of hospitals--to survey the mansions of sorrow and pain--to take the gauge and dimensions of misery1 depression and contempt--to remember the forgotten1 to attend to the neglected1 to visit the forsaken--and compare and collate the distresses of all men in all countries4 ,or is he to be the simple1 but contented being1 whose world is bounded by his visual horizon1-- ,who never had a dozen thoughts ,in all his life2 and never changed their course2 ,but told them o'er1 each in its 'customed place1 ,from morn till night1 from youth till hoary age1 ,and never had an unbelieving doubt2 ,but thought the visual line that girt him round ,the world's extremes3 and thought the silver moon ,that nightly o'er him led her virgin host1 ,no broader than his father's shield4-- ,well1 this being who is now rocked in his cradle1 with these germs infolded1 but unperceived1 in his heart and in his feeble intellect1 although the most helpless and dependent of animated creation1 commands the sympathies and love of those who were the authors of its being1 and possesses already so great an influence1 that he cannot in after life1 by the most imperious orders which he addresses to the most obsequious slaves1 exercise an authority more commanding1 than that which in the first hours of his life1 when a few indistinct cries and tears were his only language1 he exercised irresistibly over hearts of the very existence of which he was ignorant4 ,but it is the mother that gave it birth1 who feels the deepest sympathy with all its pains and wants1 and carries in her heart1 the most unbounded and unremitting affection for it4 ,man as ,i have before observed1 has a ruder and a hardier nature than woman3 the out of door world1 with all its bustle and jostling1 its difficulties1 dangers1 hardships and labors1 is the theatre for his actions4 ,he only enjoys the domestic scenes during the intervals of his labors1 and then perhaps worn down by toil and fatigue1 he dandles for a moment his smiling infant on his knee1 and retires to rest1 or to muse on the projects of his ambition1 or to form schemes for the accumulation of wealth and the extension of his influence4 ,and when he thinks of his child1 he associates him with those schemes and projects with which he is to be connected in after life1 and looks upon ,the bright glad creature springing in his path ,but as the heir of his great name1 the young ,and stately tree1 whose rising strength ere long ,shall bear his trophies well4 ,and this is love6 ,this is man's love6 ,the prayer which ,homer puts into the mouth of ,hector for his son ,astyanax1 at the parting with ,andromache1 most beautifully illustrates the nature of a father's love4 ,o ,jupiter1 and ye gods6 grant that this my son may be like his father1 a leader among the ,trojans1 brave in battle1 and a brave king of ,illion4 ,and hereafter1 may the people say of him as he comes from battle1 he is far braver than his father1 and may he bring back the bloody spoils1 having slain his enemy1 and please his mother's heart4 ,a ,brutus and a ,titus ,manlius1 who would condemn their own sons to death for the satisfaction of public justice1 may be found among fathers1 but never among mothers4 ,agamemnon may consent to the sacrifice of ,iphigenia1 but ,clytemnestra1 although a woman of depravity1 could not1--because she loved the daughter more than she loved ,greece4 ,joy it is well known1 may sometimes be so intense as to produce death4 ,listen to the three following cases of death from joy3 they will illustrate the difference between the father's and mother's love4 ,pliny tells us1 that ,chilo the ,spartan died upon hearing that his son had gained a prize at the ,olympic games4 ,again--the three sons of ,diagoras were crowned on the same day victors in the ,olympic games1 the one as a pugilist1 the other as a wrestler1 and the third1 at the pancration1 or game combined of wrestling and boxing2 and ,aulus ,gellius tells us1 that the father's joy was so great1 that he expired in the arms of his sons in the presence of the assembled multitude1 ibi in stadio inspectante populo1 in osculis atque in manibus filiorum animam efflavat4 ,in both of these cases joy came from gratified ambition4 ,livy tells us of an aged mother1 who1 while she was plunged into the depths of distress from the news of her son's death in battle1 died in his arms from the excess of joy1 on his sudden1 unexpected safe return2 the mother loved her son1 not for the lustre which he might shed on her name and family1 but for himself1 and well might she1 for it is the lot of a mother to watch with unremitting care over her infant during the first years of its existence4 ,she notices with a tender anxiety all its little movements1 and administers to all its wants4 ,she alone learns to ,explore the thought1 explain the asking eye2 she alone learns to read all the emotions of its heart by gazing on the play of its features4 ,to her the voice of laughter is as delightful and beautiful as the most ravishing music2 and the tones and cries of sickness and distress1 are as afflicting and melancholy1 as the fall of stocks1 revulsions of commerce1 and the disasters of trade and business are to man4 ,even in women of the most wicked character1 those who are the very fiends of their sex1 we sometimes see this maternal fondness bursting out1 and demonstrating at once1 the difference between the wickedness of man and that of woman4 ,mrs4 ,jameson admires very much those touches of ,shakspeare's pencil1 which mark in the midst of all her atrocities and dark crimes1 the womanly character of ,lady ,macbeth4 ,how beautiful is the recollection of a mother's love1 even in this fiend3 ,i have given suck1 and know how tender 'tis ,to love the babe that milks me4 ,and again she shows the woman1 when she exclaims3 ,had he not resembled my father as he slept1 ,i had done it-- ,well1 then1 are we prepared in the fifth act for the declaration of this monster of depravity1 under the stings of a tormenting conscience1 when she gazes on the hand that had done the deed and exclaims3 ,all the perfumes of ,arabia1 will not sweeten this little hand4 ,but let us quit such specimens as these1 and go back to our subject4 ,who is there among us1 who can look back to the period of his infant career1 and not shed a tear of gratitude for a mother's love1 and a mother's care8 ,what heart does not heave with emotion at the recollection of the first years of our education1 when day by day we were clasped in our mother's arms1 and with the kiss of affection imprinted upon the brow1 were charged to be good boys1 and learn with cheerfulness the lesson that was assigned us4 ,black indeed must be that heart which can forget a mother's solicitude4 ,the recollection of her advice and admonition has often saved the individual in the hour of temptation1 and we can almost forgive ,marmontel for his vices and his sins1 while breathing the atmosphere of a profligate and abandoned court1 when we peruse in his interesting memoirs the following paragraph1 occasioned by the farewell which he took of his mother in declining health4 ,yet a little while1 and she will be no longer mine2 this mother who from my birth has breathed only for me2 this adored mother whose displeasure ,i feared as that of heaven1 and if ,i dare say it1 yet more than heaven itself4 ,for ,i thought of her much oftener than of ,god1 and when ,i had some temptation to subdue or some passion to repress1 it was always my mother that ,i fancied present4 ,what would she say1 if she knew what passes in me8 ,what would be her confusion8 ,what would be her grief8 ,such were the reflections that ,i opposed to myself1 and my reason then resumed its empire1 seconded by nature1 who always did what she pleased with my heart4 ,those who1 like me1 have known this tender filial love1 need not be told what was the sadness and despondency of my soul4 ,montaigne in his singular1 but highly amusing and ingenious essays1 places ,epaminondas of ,thebes1 among the three men who were more excellent than all the rest of whom he had any knowledge2 and the very first proof which he adduces of his excessive goodness is the declaration of ,epaminondas1 that the greatest satisfaction he ever had in his whole life1 was the pleasure he gave his father and mother by his victory at ,leuctra4 ,the influence which a mother's care and a mother's love produces upon a girl1 is much greater than that wrought on a boy4 ,the girl is more constantly with her mother2 she is taught to imitate and act like her2 she is more constantly with the younger children of the family2 her attentions1 her kindnesses1 her sympathies and her love1 come in process of time to resemble those of the mother1 much more than of the father4 ,hence it is fair to say1 that all the effects wrought on the mother by the nursing1 training1 c4 of the infant1 are produced in some degree on all her daughters4 ,having thus pointed out the character of that love which a mother bears for her children1 ,i will now proceed to show the effects which it produces on the character of the mother herself4 ,marmontel in his ,lecons ,sur la ,morale1 pronounced the heart of a good mother1 to be the masterpiece of nature's works2 and ,stewart1 on the ,active and ,moral ,powers1 endorses the assertion1--and adds1 there is no form certainly1 in which humanity appears so lovely1 or presents so fair a copy of the ,divine image after which it was made4 ,the tender offices of a mother1 combined with that inferiority of strength which ,i have before noted1 together with difference in physical organization1 will no doubt contribute to increase the number and sensibility1 if ,i may use the expression1 of the chords of affection and sympathy4 ,they will cultivate to a much greater extent1 the finer and the lovelier feelings of our nature4 ,they understand better and receive more readily those finer and more fugitive impressions which come under the description of sentiment4 ,we become hackneyed by the rough and rude business of the world1 our feelings become coarse and less delicate1 and less minute4 ,in consequence of their domestic life1 that reciprocation of social kindnesses which is only a recreation to men1 is to women in some sense a business4 ,it is their field duty1 from which household cares are their repose4 ,men do not seek the intercourse of society as a friend to be cultivated1 but merely throw themselves on its bosom to sleep4 ,in the same manner1 we shall find that woman possesses much more tact1 and much nicer discernment of character than man4 ,perhaps in the rough storms of life1 when the master passions are called into action1 and mind is brought into conflict with mind1 under the most powerful agitation1 man then may be the best judge of character2 for the tragedy has become too deep and dark for woman's penetration and experience4 ,she is not so well acquainted with the deep feelings of the heart1 when lashed into a tempest by the strife and conflicts of the political world4 ,but of the fireside character1 of those inequalities exhibited by the temper under all the manifold aggravations of social injury1 she is decidedly the best judge1 and knows best how to administer the proper remedies4 ,under the influence of sorrow and pain1 we may often wear a countenance that will deceive man1--rarely one that will impose on woman1 when she is interested in our fate4 ,every man will have observed occasionally how quickly a woman discerns the wound which she has involuntarily inflicted upon his feelings1 and how soon and how tenderly she will repair the mischief2 making him by the manner of reparation1 not only forgive the injury1 but admire her more than ever4 ,with man it is but too often very different1 and he must be asked for explanation before he is aware of the injury4 ,woman1 in all conditions1 is a better comforter and a better nurse than man4 ,she reads in the countenance with more facility all our little wants1 and is ever ready to administer to them4 ,her sympathy is more alive1 and her familiarity with the distresses around1 make her more humane and compassionate than man4 ,mercy and mildness have always been her attributes2 and the horrors and barbarities of war were never moderated1 until chivalry and religion brought forward the mighty influence of woman to suppress them4 ,the following most beautiful and just eulogy of one of the most distinguished travellers which the world has ever produced1 written without any view to publication1 is so apposite to the views which have just been presented1 that ,i will give it entire from ,sparks's ,life of ,ledyard1 with the exception of portions already quoted4 ,i have observed among all nations 7says ,ledyard17 that wherever found1 they 7women17 are the same kind1 civil1 obliging1 humane1 tender beings4 ,they do not hesitate like man to perform a hospitable or generous action2 not haughty1 nor arrogant1 nor supercilious1 but full of courtesy1 and fond of society2 industrious1 economical1 ingenious1 more liable to err than man1 but in general1 also more virtuous1 and performing more good actions than he4 ,i never addressed myself in the language of decency and friendship to a woman1 whether civilized or savage1 without receiving a decent and friendly answer4 ,with man1 it has often been otherwise4 ,in wandering over the barren plains of inhospitable ,denmark1 through honest ,sweden1 frozen ,lapland1 rude and churlish ,finland1 unprincipled ,russia1 and the wide spread regions of the wandering ,tartar1 if hungry1 dry1 cold1 wet or sick1 woman has ever been friendly to me1 and uniformly so2 and to add to this virtue so worthy of the appellation of benevolence1 these actions have been performed in so free and so kind a manner1 that if ,i was dry1 ,i drank the sweet draught1 and if hungry1 ate the coarse morsel with a double relish4#g ,footnote #g3 ,the author of ,leaves from my ,log ,book1 relates the following incident which occurred while he was passing through a village near ,rochefort in ,france1 as a prisoner under a military escort4 ,it affords so fine an illustration of the truth of ,ledyard's eulogy on the sex1 that ,i am induced to insert it in a note4 ,i had obtained a fresh supply of canvass for my feet1 which were much blistered and extremely sore2 but this was soon worn out1 and ,i suffered dreadfully4 ,about noon1 we halted in the market place of a small town bearing every mark of antiquity1 7,i think it was ,melle17 to rest and refresh4 ,to escape the sun1 ,i took my seat on an old tea chest1 standing in front of a ,huckster's shop1 and removed my tattered moccasins4 ,whilst doing this1 an elderly woman came out of the shop accompanied by a young girl very prettily dressed1 and 'pauvre garcon6 pauvre prisonier6' were uttered by both4 ,the girl with tears in her eyes looked at my lacerated feet1 and then without saying a word returned to the house4 ,in a few moments afterwards she reappeared1 but her finery had been taken off1 and she carried a large bowl of warm water in her hands4 ,in a moment the bowl was placed before me4 ,she motioned me to put in my feet1 which ,i did1 and down she went upon her knees and washed them in the most tender manner4 ,oh what luxury was that half hour6 ,the elder female brought me food1 while the younger having performed her office1 wrapt up my feet in soft linen1 and then fitted on a pair of her mother's shoes4 ,well then might this grateful writer exclaim1 in conclusion of this little narrative1 ,hail6 woman hail6 last formed in ,eden's bowers1 ,midst humming streams1 and fragrance breathing flowers3 ,thou art 'mid light and gloom1 through good and ill1 ,creation's glory1 man's chief blessing still4 ,thou calm'st our thoughts1 as ,halcyons calm the sea1 ,sooth'st in distress1 when servile minions flee2 ,and oh6 without thy sun bright smiles below1 ,life were a night1 and earth a waste of woe4 ,far1 indeed1 might this poor prisoner have journeyed without meeting in our sex1 with such a kind1 tender being1 as the fair ,evlalie4 ,marmontel tells us that ,madame de ,tencin1 one of the most distinguished and fashionable ladies at ,paris1 and one who possessed a deep and exquisite knowledge of men and women1 advised him always to seek for friends among women1 rather than among men4 ,for by means of women 7said she17 you may do what you please with men2 and these are either too dissipated or too much occupied with their own personal interest to attend to yours3 whereas women think of your interest1 be it only out of indolence4 ,mention this evening to a woman who is your friend1 an affair that intimately concerns you2 to-morrow at her spinning wheel1 at her embroidery1 you will find her occupied with you1 torturing her fancy to invent some means of serving you4 ,but be careful to be nothing more than the friend of her whom you think may be useful to you2 for between lovers1 where once there happens any cloud1 dispute or rupture1 all is lost4 ,be then assiduous to her1 complaisant1 gallant even1 if you will1 but nothing more4 ,you understand me8 ,so strongly does woman sympathize with the distress and suffering of those around her1 that under peculiar circumstances1 she sometimes is carried to perform acts of enterprise and heroism1 which rival the achievements of the ages of chivalry4 ,under the impulse of highly excited feelings1 she has sometimes forgotten her inferiority of strength1 and the dangers to which she is exposed by collision with the rudeness and roughness of the out of door world4 ,on such occasions1 she has braved all the hardships and labors which have opposed her1 has crossed mountains and rivers1 and penetrated alone into ,siberian deserts2 or visited courts and camps1 and importuned monarchs and generals1 until she has accomplished her humane purposes4 ,how interesting is ,elizabeth to us1 in the ,exiles of ,siberia1 by ,madame ,cottin1 when she determines to go alone from the heart of the ,siberian desert1 to beg the ,emperor for the liberty of her exiled father2 and how much more deeply interested do we become in this tale when we know that it is not only founded on fact1 but that the real dangers and difficulties which ,elizabeth encountered1 were of such a character as to make ,madame ,cottin suppose that they would not be believed1 if faithfully narrated4 ,the deep and thrilling interest excited by the character of ,jeannie ,deans1 in the ,heart of ,mid ,lothian1 is due in a great measure to her magnanimous and heroic resolution1 taken under the influence of sisterly love1 to make a journey on foot1 unprotected and alone1 from her father's mansion near ,edinburg1 to ,london1 for the purpose of obtaining the pardon of her sister1 and to the difficulties1 dangers and hardships which she is represented as surmounting with unshaken fortitude4 ,mrs4 ,jameson in her ,visits and ,sketches1 has given us a narrative of the adventures of ,mademoiselle ,ambos1 equal to those of ,elizabeth in the ,exiles of ,siberia1 or to those of ,jeannie ,deans in the beautiful fiction of ,sir ,walter ,scott4 ,this young lady formed the bold and daring project of visiting the court of ,russia for the purpose of obtaining the pardon of her brother ,henri ,ambos1 who was exiled to ,siberia4 ,she actually visited ,st4 ,petersburg alone1--obtained after a triumph over the most appalling difficulties1 the pardon of her brother from the ,emperor ,nicholas1--and then under the impulse of those ,divine feelings which can exist in woman's heart alone1 she determined herself to be the bearer of the glad tidings which would restore a lost son to a broken hearted mother1 and an affectionate sister4 ,and the reader can scarce refrain from dropping a tear of sympathy1 when she received for answer to the pardon which she had delivered to the commandant of the fortress1 with a hand trembling with impatience1 and joy almost too great to be borne1 ,henri ,ambos is dead6--,in order to estimate the heroism1 the sublimity of such deeds1 we must call to mind the relative positions of the sexes in society2 we must recollect the weakness1 the modesty1 and above all the shrinking timidity of the female1 before we can estimate the depth of that feeling which can conquer all the weaknesses of her nature1 in the execution of her benevolent purposes4 ,ye who shall marvel1 7says ,byron in his very interesting description of the ,maid of ,saragossa17 ,ye who shall marvel when you hear her tale1 ,oh6 had you known her in her softer hour1 ,mark'd her black eye that mocks her coal black veil1 ,heard her light1 lively tones in lady's bower1 ,seen her long locks that foil the painter's power1 ,her fairy form1 with more than female grace1 ,scarce would you deem that ,saragoza's tower ,beheld her smile in danger's ,gorgon face1 ,thin the closed ranks1 and lead in glory's fearful chase4 ,the sympathies1 the feelings of woman on such occasions1 impart a courage and fortitude which seem to be almost the inspiration of heaven itself2 the rude uncourteous world1 is awed into respect and admiration by the forbidding dignity of her demeanor1 and the fearless determination with which she executes her resolves4 ,when ,mademoiselle ,ambos was asked if she had ever met with insult1 she said she had twice met with wicked men--but she felt no alarm1 she knew how to protect herself2 and as she said this1 7says ,mrs4 ,jameson17 her countenance assumed an expression which showed that it was not a mere boast4 ,influence of ,love4 ,i come now to the consideration of the character of the sexes in relation to a passion1 which is one of the most universal1 powerful and interesting1 implanted in the human breast--the passion of love4 ,a passion which has agitated alike1 the philosopher and the poet1 the nobleman and the peasant2 which in the language of the ,edinburg ,review1 has filled the parsonage house with chubby children1 and beats in the breast of the ,baptist1 animates the ,arminian1 melts the ,unitarian maid1 and stirs up the moody ,methodist1 to declare himself the ready victim of human love4 ,my limits will not of course allow me to enter fully into a subject upon which so much has been written1 and so much more has been felt4 ,the sexes throughout the whole animated creation are determined towards each other by an instinct1 and this is animal love4 ,under its operation but little preference is shown for individuals1 except in those cases where the joint aid of male and female is necessary to the rearing of the offspring4 ,there nature1 ever consistent with herself1 and with that harmonious design and beautiful adaptation observed throughout the universe1 has established a temporary union among the sexes1 similar to marriage in the human family4 ,but this connexion seems to be determined more by the operation of mere instinct1 than by reason1 imagination1 and the association of ideas4 ,with man1 love is no doubt founded on animal instinct2 but then all the powers of the human mind1 all the passions of the heart1 all the affections and emotions2 in fine1 the whole moral and mental machinery of our nature are brought to bear on this instinct1 to foster or stifle1 to develope or exterminate it4 ,by means of the mighty power of imagination1 and the laws of association1 such a complicated and magnificent fabric is reared1 as occasionally to obscure and almost hide the instinct material which lies at the bottom4 ,it is under the influences of these higher and more exalted powers of the mind1 that this passion of our nature is directed towards one object alone1 and that all the world is so readily forsaken for the possession of that one4 ,most of our desires1 although natural1 are determined as to their particular direction by the operation of circumstances--take for example the desire for society4 ,there is no doubt that this is a natural instinctive desire2 man is certainly a gregarious animal2 he delights in intercourse with fellow-man2 solitude is at war with the condition of his nature1 and so strong is his desire for society1 that if man be deprived of intercourse with man1 he will make companions of brutes and reptiles themselves4 ,horses1 dogs1 cats1 even spiders and rats1 have become his very dear associates in his solitary condition4 ,and yet1 under the operation of reason1 imagination1 and the passions1 together with that endless variety of character which we find in the human family1 this desire is directed to particular persons and particular circles4 ,we may shun the society of ,a and ,b--we may court that of ,c and ,d--and indeed1 under the very severe pressure of calamity1 when all our hopes and our darling schemes of ambition and aggrandizement are blasted forever1 by the perfidious machinations and wily projects of those very individuals whom we had fondly called our friends1 there is an almost irresistible tendency in the mind1 at such a melancholy crisis1 to indulge the gloomy feeling of misanthropy1 and plunge into the depth of solitude1 where we may escape the persecution and treachery of a dissembling world4 ,thus do we find circumstances controling1 directing1 and sometimes almost exterminating our natural passions and propensities4 ,love in the human family is eminently under the control of circumstances4 ,the original1 natural passion implanted in the breast1 may be compared to the common quantities in algebra--it belongs to all4 ,cupid cares not for creeds1 nor occupations1 nor professions2 but the development of the passion1 under the guidance of reason1 association and imagination1 assumes as many shapes as the dispositions and intellects of the myriads who compose the human family4 ,in the civilized countries of ,europe1 and in our own1 woman has been liberated from that state of servitude and debasement1 to which either the condition of barbarism1 or the laws of ,mahommedanism had too long confined her4 ,the institution of chivalry1 and the diffusion of the humane spirit of christianity1 have assigned her that station in society which makes her in the social circle the equal of man4 ,she has been disenthralled from that jealousy which would quietly immure her within the walls of the ,seraglio1 and which1 in attempting to preserve her chastity by constraint1 prevents the development of mind1 extinguishes the vigor and intensity of the affections1 and really in the end1 debauches the heart1 whilst it guards the person4 ,under a system of free and equal intercourse among the sexes1 love assumes a totally different form from that which exists in society where woman is not looked on as the equal of man4 ,in the former case1 she must be wooed and won2 in the latter1 she is bought and locked up4 ,in the former case1 she is allowed the free employment of all her faculties1 and the full play of all her graces and accomplishments4 ,in the latter1 becoming the slave of man1 and losing all those higher inducements to mental and moral excellence which freedom alone can foster1 she degenerates into a mere being of ignorance and sensuality1 going through the dull round of solely animal pleasures1 unattended by that grace and refinement which throw so bright a lustre around the female character4 ,when freedom of intercourse exists among the sexes1 what is called courtship1 becomes a longer and more assiduous task to the gentlemen1 than where such freedom does not exist4 ,the heart of woman may be likened to the besieged and fortified castle4 ,it must be regularly invested2 slowly and cautiously1 or boldly and daringly approached1 according to circumstances4 ,the whole science of social tactics must be studied1 and a skilful application made to the heart which is to be won4 ,under these circumstances1 when all the affections of a man's heart have really been concentrated upon one object1 if he possess a keen sensibility and a highly wrought imagination1 the period of his love and of his courtship1 may be the most important of his whole life3 like the fabled wand of the magician1 it may but wave over the character1 and change the whole inner man4 ,ardent and intense love is certainly the master passion of our nature1 whilst it exists2 but like all tyrants1 it may reign but for a season2 it is liable to dethronement4 ,whilst1 however1 it is enthroned1 it conquers every other4 ,ambition1 interest1 patriotism1 all have yielded during the hour of its ascendancy4 ,whilst this passion endures1 it clusters around its object all the dearest associations and fondest recollections of our life4 ,it is the spirit which has only to move over the chaos of our existence1 and attract to itself all the elements of our nature4 ,it enters the heart1 and makes us brood over dreams of joy1 and look with rapturous gaze and supplicating eye1 ,to the bright form of our idolatrous worship1 ,whose every gesture1 motion1 look or word-- ,like wonder-working secret alchymy1 ,changes each passing thought to visioned bliss4 ,it mixes itself with all our thoughts1 our desires1 our hopes and actions4 ,it is the realization of the fable of the fish1 which imparted its own beautiful color to every object that approached it4 ,how often when we have stood amid the lone majesty of nature's works1 all heaven above and earth beneath1 with no eye gazing on us1 save that of him who doeth his will and ruleth in the armies of heaven1 have we felt this unseen spirit to move within us--to touch1 as if with magic hand1 all the springs of our moral sensibility1 and waken up all the tender emotions of our soul4 ,even with the prayer which we address to heaven from this great temple of nature we cannot refrain from mingling the name of her whose beauty and loveliness have excited within us the sympathetic emotions of virtue and piety4 ,this passion of love1 when it is genuine1 accompanies us wherever we go2 it associates the beloved object with all our plans and schemes of ambition1 and casts its own bright radiance over all the objects which surround us3 ,it breathes forth in the song of joyous birds-- ,in the violet hues of the broad laughing heavens-- ,in sunlight--in the beams of radiant stars-- ,in gush of waters--in the evening breeze1 ,making its nest amidst the parting boughs ,of murmuring trees--and oh6 the most of all ,in her sweet melting tones of tenderness1 ,the steadfast lustre of her gazing eye-- ,for all are nature's oracles1 and teach ,the heart to love4 ,even the circle of friends by which we are surrounded1 become associated in our imagination with the sole object of our affections2 our tastes are often changed1 our friendships altered1 our very opinions and inclinations are sometimes revolutionized by the potent but silent sway of that being whose beauty and loveliness have placed us under this mysterious spell4 ,love like this1 terminating in marriage1 founded on reciprocity of affection1 must be productive of the most exquisite and refined happiness which the frail condition of man will allow us in this world4 ,it is such love as this which will quickly bring two heterogeneous beings to harmonize in temper and disposition4 ,it is such as this which will tame down the ferocity of the tiger and triumph over the savage spirit of the hyena4 ,under its operation the corsair has been sometimes arrested in his bold career1 the robber has been reformed1 and the arm of the bloodthirsty villain has been withholden from an infliction of the deadly blow4 ,when1 however1 such love is unfortunate1 and fails to win its object1 there comes perhaps one of the heaviest blows to which mortality is subject2 then does it become necessary to gather up the shattered resources of mind and body to withstand the storm which is overwhelming us with calamity4 ,this is a period fraught with infinite danger even to the character of man4 ,at such a time we seem suddenly arrested in our mid career by the cruel hand of misfortune4 ,the bright1 the delusive prospects which we beheld reflected in the mirror of hope1 have suddenly disappeared from the mental vision4 ,but a little while ago and we were like him who had wandered into the splendid repository of the works of art1 illumined by the bright lamp whose radiant light was beautifully reflected from the thousand polished surfaces which glittered around2 now we are like him in that same mazy hall1 with his lamp extinguished and total darkness around4 ,the very sun of our moral and social existence seems suddenly struck from the heavens1 and well may we in the agony of despair exclaim1 how stale1 flat1 and unprofitable is this world to us now4 ,when we wander abroad1 how dismal is the prospect which lies before us4 ,the sun1 and the moon with her nightly train1 seem to have lost that celestial spirit which a little while ago had made us gaze upon them in silent and pensive bliss4 ,our homes1 our firesides1 our friends have lost the charm which can neutralize woe2 for a period the desire for fame and honor is lost1 and the voice of ambition is silenced within4 ,look where he comes4 ,in this embowered alcove ,stand close concealed and see a statue move2 ,lips busy and eyes fixed1 foot falling slow1 ,arms hanging idly down1 hands clasped below6 ,that tongue is silent now2 that silent tongue ,could argue once1 could jest or join the song-- ,could give advice1 could censure or commend1 ,or charm the sorrows of a drooping friend4 ,now neither healthy wilds1 nor scenes as fair ,as ever recompensed the peasant's care1 ,nor gales that catch the scent of blooming groves ,and waft it to the mourner1 as he roves1 ,can call up life into his faded eye1-- ,that passes all he sees unheeded by4 ,this period of agony which ,i have just described has often infused the gall of bitterness into the cup of life1 turned benevolence into misanthropy1 soured the temper1 and destroyed the tranquillity of existence4 ,when the shock has come after matrimonial engagement1 which has been ended by woman's caprice1 or the wily artifices of the mischief-making meddler1 then the stroke is still more dreadful1 and productive of effects still more marked in the character of the man2 and oftentimes is the conduct of that being1 who stands an anomaly in the eyes of the world1 to be traced back to this cause4 ,we have seen an individual mysteriously settle down in our vicinage1 immure himself in his solitary mansion1 shrink from the gaze of the world as from the dragon's visage1 and live as though life were a burden which was to him insupportable4 ,pry into his history1 and you will find1 when you have traced it out1 that it was the treachery of her upon whom he had lavished all the affections of his soul1 which separated him from his original home and happiness4 ,look again--there is another being whose brilliant1 but meteor like career1 alarms the selfish statesman and puzzles the philosopher4 ,to-day1 listening senates are hanging on his words1 and electrified by the magic of his soul-stirring eloquence4 ,to-morrow1 in the social circle1 he displays those powers of fascination and attraction which fix the gaze of all on the play of his features1 while the brilliancy of his fancy and the vivid corruscations of his wit and intellect1 are delighting all around with his wonder-working speech4 ,at times he realizes the fable of ,orpheus2 he draws the very trees after him1 melts the hearts of stone that are around him1 and makes them forgive the wrongs which he has done--then his reason seems to be dethroned1 the very demon of malice enters his heart2 his shafts of calumny transfix alike friend and foe1 and he traverses seas and continents almost like the deluded victim of knight errantry1 impelled by a spirit which urges forward with irresistible impetuosity1 whilst it seems to have lost its destination4 ,the world stands amazed whilst this brilliant meteor is playing above the horizon4 ,one ascribes his course to the waywardness of nature1 and calls him a lusus natur2 another traces his character to the diseases of the body2 another tells you he was ambitious1 and that all his schemes of promotion and self-aggrandizement were wrecked4 ,but go to him who has shared his confidence1 and nursed him in the hours of his misfortune--to him who can best tell you his history1 and he will tell you his was a heart with feelings as intense and pure1 as ever were given to the heart of man2 he will tell you that that heart poured forth the mighty stream of its affections upon another1 and that his love1 great as it was1 was returned by that being1--when the spoiler came1 and then came mystery1 converting the very affections of the heart into the scorpions of the furies1 and the garden of ,eden into a place of torment1 which deranged his faculties and destroyed the equilibrium of his mind2 and that thus all those fitful moods which puzzle the world1 may be traced back to disappointed love4 ,the effects which ,i have been describing as flowing from disappointed love1 are certainly of an extreme character1 happening only in the case of ardent temperaments1 combined with a concurrence of circumstances which generate intense and all absorbing affection for the beloved object4 ,in these cases1 when all hope is entirely eradicated1 there is certainly a tendency to peevishness1 fretfulness1 whim1 suspicion and misanthropy2 and against these consequences the individual ought always to be on his guard4 ,he should not charge to the human race1 or even to the whole sex1 the vices which he thinks he sees in a single individual4 ,this is a case in which kind friends1 especially females1 may do much to soothe and tranquillize the mind4 ,women alone seem to have enough of that deep discernment1 nice tact1 and generous sympathy1 which can administer consolation to a wounded heart and calm the irritated feelings of blasted hope4 ,in the great majority of cases however1 the disappointed lover plunges into the business and scenes of active life1 forms new associations and attachments1 and quickly forgets his former love1 without any permanent effect being produced on the character by mere disappointment4 ,man 7says ,dr4 ,cogan on the passions7 rarely runs any serious risk from disappointment in love4 ,if he have not speedy recourse to the pistol or the rope1 he will probably survive the agonies under which the softer sex will gradually pine and die4 ,i will now examine briefly1 a few of the effects produced on the character of the male1 during the period of courtship in society1 organized as it is in this country and ,europe1--and certainly one of the most marked effects1 is the strengthening of vanity and the weakening of pride4 ,as it is the province of man to woo and to win1 his constant aim must be to render himself agreeable to the object of his affections4 ,to gain her esteem1 her approbation1 her love1 is the object of all his efforts4 ,now this is vanity4 ,the proudest heart1 the soul of sternest stuff1 by the operation of this all subduing passion of love1 is made to yield--to become a candidate for the praise of her whose affections he so much covets4 ,in this condition we are all more or less like ,petrarch1 who declared that she 7,laura7 was the motive and object of all his studies--that he coveted glory only as it might secure her esteem--that she alone had taught him to desire life1 and to lift his thoughts towards heaven4 ,in his ,conversations with ,st4 ,augustin1 he even confesses that he was more ardent in his desire for the ,laurel ,crown1 on account of its affinity to the name of ,laura4 ,now1 although this vanity seeks the approbation directly of but one1 yet as she is regulated by the opinion of the world1 we quickly find it necessary to gain the good opinion and esteem of those around us1 in order1 by their means1 to win the approbation of the object of our affections4 ,hence1 however proud the man1 love and courtship will in the civilized countries of our globe soon infuse a degree of vanity1 which will temper his overweening pride and make him more social1 more loquacious1 more attentive to all the little courtesies of life1 and much more cheerful than he was before4 ,in all the ,mahommedan countries1 where woman is bought and locked up1 and the alternately sweet and painful solicitudes of love and courtship are never known--how proud1 how taciturn1 how forbidding1 unsocial and grave1 is the character of man6 ,in ,france1 where the influence of women is very great1 how entirely opposite is his character2 there1 vanity is his predominant trait4 ,montesquieu1 in his ,lettres ,persannes1 makes ,usbeck say to ,ibben1 in a letter from ,paris1 on the characters of the ,french and ,persians1 ,it must be allowed that the seraglio is better adapted for health than for pleasure4 ,it is a dull uniform kind of life1 where every thing turns upon subjection and duty2 their very pleasures are grave1 and their pastimes solemn2 and they seldom taste them but as so many tokens of authority and dependence4 ,the men in ,persia are not so gay as the ,french2 there is not that freedom of mind and that appearance of content which ,i meet with here in persons of all ranks and estates4 ,it is still worse in ,turkey1 where there are families1 in which from father to son1 not one of them ever laughed from the foundation of the monarchy4 ,now these proud1 taciturn1 grave beings would at once be changed1 by giving full freedom to the females1 and rendering it necessary for each one to woo1 to interest and to delight her whom he would make his wife4 ,in fact1 we have never learned so well to know the unappreciable1 the priceless value of a woman's heart1 as when we have experienced the pains and the pleasures1 the doubts and hopes1 pertaining to the period of courtship4 ,there have been instances of husbands losing all affection for their wives in the quietude of their possession1 but who were suddenly roused to the most tormenting love1 as soon as they saw that their cold and brutal indifference had destroyed that affection which they once possessed4 ,mrs4 ,jameson1 in her very interesting description of the beauties of ,charles #b;d1 tells us that ,lady ,chesterfield1 the daughter of the ,duke of ,ormond1 when first married to ,lord ,chesterfield1 received from him in return for her own pure1 warm and innocent affection1 a negligent and frigid indifference1 which astonished1 pained and humiliated her4 ,finding however that all her tenderness was lavished in vain1 mingled pique and disgust succeeded to her first affection and admiration3 and in this condition she was suddenly taken by her husband to the ,court of ,charles the #b;d1 where1 from a neglected wife1 living in privacy and even in poverty1 she suddenly became a reigning beauty4 ,lord ,chesterfield1 when he found his charming wife universally admired1 was one of the first to sigh for her2 and his passion rose to such a height1 that casting aside the fear of ridicule1 he endeavored to convince her by the most public attentions1 that his feelings towards her were entirely changed4 ,and let the result be a warning to all negligent husbands4--,unfortunately1 says ,mrs4 ,j41 it was now too late3 the heart he had wounded1 chilled and rejected1 either could not1 or would not be recalled2 he found himself slighted in his turn1 and treated with the most provoking and the most determined coldness4 ,the author of the ,journal of a ,nobleman at the ,congress of ,vienna1 has given us a still more interesting and striking illustration of the assertion which ,i have made1 in the case of the ,count and ,countess of ,pletenburg1 whom he saw in the gay circles of ,vienna during the period of the session of the ,holy ,alliance in that city4 ,pletenburg had married1 without much courtship or difficulty1 a young and beautiful woman1 for the purpose of securing a fortune which had been left to him1 on the condition that he married before he was twenty-five4 ,he soon plunged into every kind of debauchery and dissipation1 conceived the greatest disgust for his lovely and loving wife of sixteen--left her almost broken hearted1 for the purpose of travelling in ,europe1 returned after some years1 saw her1 and saw that she had ceased to love him3 then he loved in turn1 and loved most violently and hopelessly4 ,he is thus described by the author of the ,journal just mentioned1 who met with him at a party of the ,countess ,freck's in ,vienna4 ,the poor man has become an object of ridicule by the servility of his devotion2 always sighing1 as at the age of eighteen1 and1 as jealous as a sexagenarian1 he never moves from her side4 ,he is ever taking up her gloves and her handkerchief1 and pressing them to his bosom in public4 ,but all this tends only to increase the aversion he has raised4 ,proscribed from the nuptial bed which he had so long disdained1 he complains of this rigor in prose1 and laments his fate in verse4 ,in short1 his enthusiasm has become so great1 that if it continues for any length of time1 his intellect must become affected by it4 ,and thus is it that the disenthralment of woman will always cause her to be more respected and loved1 and by her influence on man she will be sure to make him more agreeable1 more social1 less proud4 ,besides this1 virtuous love has a tendency to improve the morals of man1 to increase his sympathies and call into play all his most tender feelings4 ,this moral tendency of love in the male1 arises partly from imitation of the virtues and character of her whom we love2 but mostly from that exquisite1 indescribable pleasure1 which one in love feels1 from the performance of those acts of kindness and virtue which excite the gratitude and esteem of the lady beloved4 ,in this case his minute1 tender and ever anticipating attentions to the female1 have an effect on man similar to that which ,i have described as being produced on woman by the relation of mother and child4 ,how oft the thrillings of transported joy ,have stolen on the heart1 with life's warm tide1 ,when she has deigned with approbating smile ,to pay the effort of the wish to please6 ,how oft with sorrow's keen corroding pang ,we've seen displeasure cloud her beauteous face6 ,as when the sun1 obscured1 would teach the world ,the value of his genial noontide smile4 ,i know of nothing so well calculated to soften the heart1 to smooth down the asperities of character1 to excite all the kindly1 sympathetic and amiable feelings of our nature1 as ardent affection for a virtuous and pious female4 ,mr4 ,randolph in his letters to a relation1 has spoken with great force and propriety of this effect of virtuous love4 ,so far1 ,i have been describing the nature of man's love1 and the effects which it produces on his character4 ,the love of woman however1 is much more interesting1 and if not more ardent1 it is perhaps more devoted1 more tender and more constant than that of man4 ,man1 says ,irving1 is the creature of interest and ambition4 ,his nature leads him forth into the bustle and struggle of the world4 ,love is but the embellishment of his early life1 or a song piped in the intervals of the acts4 ,he seeks for fame1 for fortune1 for space in the world's thoughts1 and dominion over his fellow men4 ,but a woman's whole life is the history of the affections4 ,the heart is her world2 it is there her ambition strives for empire--it is there her avarice seeks for hidden treasures4 ,she sends forth her sympathies on adventure2 she embarks her whole soul in the traffic of affection2 and if shipwrecked1 her case is hopeless1--for it is a bankruptcy of the heart4 ,madame de ,stael tells us that love is but an episode in the history of man's life1 but it is the serious business of a woman's4 ,and a man1 says ,thomas1 is more to a woman than a whole nation4 ,under these circumstances1 when a woman's affections have been won1 when1 casting aside all passions1 feelings1 joys of earth1 save for one alone1 she settles down1 ,with wings all folded and with silent tongue-- to brood over dreams of felicity to be enjoyed with him--how overwhelming1 how crushing must his treachery be1 to her all confiding heart4 ,her bygone dreams of deep enthralling bliss are all a mockery4 ,her pride is wounded1 her modesty is shocked4 ,for a time she may still affect gaiety2 she may travel the routine of apparent pleasure2 but the worm is at the heart1 and she sinks at last a martyr to her affections4 ,where one man falls a victim to love1 there are perhaps at least ten women4 ,no wonder then she should be more inveterate in her antipathies and animosities when she has once been wronged--when once deceived she rarely forgives4 ,taught to conceal1 the bursting heart desponds ,over its idol4 ,and if 'tis lost1 life hath no more to bring1 ,and their revenge is as the tiger's spring1 ,deadly1 and quick1 and crushing2 yet as real ,torture is theirs--what they inflict they feel4 ,but if the affections of a woman are once fixed on a man1--so absorbing1 so overwhelming do they become1 that she will forgive the stain which his conduct has inflicted on his own honor2 she will forgive him for her own ruin2 she will pardon every thing in fine1 save the loss of his love for her4 ,for this wrong1 and for this alone1 will she conceive the most bitter and deadly hatred and revenge4 ,how admirably did ,sir ,walter ,scott understand this trait in woman's love4 ,when in the heart of ,mid ,lothian1 ,effie ,deans is visited in prison by her sister1 who makes mention of the being who had disgraced and ruined her1 but who nevertheless loved her and was anxious to save her life1 he makes ,effie exclaim1 in the overflowing and forgiving fulness of her affection1 ,o ,jeannie1 if ye wad do good to me at this moment1 tell me every word that he said1 and whether he was sorry for poor ,effie or no4 ,a woman in this situation is sometimes like ,antigone in the ,oedipus--she may become fond of the very misery which she feels for his sake4 ,the constraint which is put upon the passion of love in woman1 nurses and invigorates it4 ,fear and modesty mingle inquietude with her love1 and double its force4 ,the confession of her affection is of itself a mighty sacrifice2 but a woman is then only the more tender for the great sacrifice which she has made4 ,the more the confession has cost her1 the more fondly does she love him to whom she has made it4 ,she attaches herself1 says ,thomas1 by her sacrifices4 ,virtuous1 she enjoys her denials2 guilty1 she glories in the favors she bestows4 ,women therefore1 when love is a passion1 are more constant than men2 but when it is only an appetite they are more libertine4 ,for then they feel no more of those anxieties1 those struggles1 and that sweet shame which impressed the delicious sentiment so strongly on their hearts4 ,with what facility a ,ninon de l',enclos and a ,catherine of ,russia would change their lovers1 every body knows2 theirs was more of an appetite than of an affection and sentiment1 and where this is the case1 woman's love is more fickle than man's2 in every other instance it is more constant and faithful4 ,i have thought proper1 in this dissertation1 to speak of the effects produced upon the character of man during the period of courtship and love2 and we have seen that the effects in his case are decidedly beneficial4 ,i doubt whether the same may be asserted in all cases with regard to woman4 ,the time which a woman passes between the period of her entrance into society and her marriage1 is perhaps the most important and the most perilous of her career4 ,having led a previous life of retirement and comparative seclusion1 unacquainted with the wiles and stratagems of the world--endowed almost always with a vivid imagination and warm feelings1 she comes forth into society with buoyant hopes and an animating gaiety1 which throw a charm over the whole face of nature1 that conceals from view the snares and deceptions of the world4 ,she may then fall a sacrifice to some artful deceiver1 and suffer the pangs of disappointment1 which ,i have just been describing4#h ,or she may acquire a love of conquest in the wars of ,cupid--may become fascinated by the applauses and flattery of the world1 until nothing but the incense of adulation can satisfy her perverted vanity4 ,this period1 is one1 during which1 a woman enjoys more fame1 more worldly glory1 than during any other of her life4 ,it is not to be wondered at then1 that she is so frequently seen suppressing her feelings and smothering her affections1 in order that she may protract this period of her glory and reputation4#i ,there is nothing more seducing1 more captivating to the vanity and imagination of woman1 than to see all hearts enchained1 and rendering the willing homage of love and admiration to her graces and accomplishments4 ,but she must beware1 lest this delightful devotion implant in the heart a lust for applause and notoriety1 at the sacrifice of all the more feminine and lovely virtues4 ,and she must recollect too that the very pain of disappointment1 which she is obliged to inflict and to witness from day to day1 in her unfortunate lovers1 is of itself calculated to weaken and obtund her feelings and sympathies1 and to generate coldness and hardness of heart4 ,metaphysicians tell us that the active feelings are strengthened1 but the passive are weakened by too frequent repetition--the frequent sight of beggary1 of death1 of pain and misery of every description1 when it is beyond our power to administer relief1 always tends to weaken our sympathy and harden the heart4 ,now there can be no pain1--no anguish more exquisite1 than that which the disappointed lover feels in the melancholy hour of his rejection2 and the woman1 who witnesses such scenes too frequently1 may at last lose the generous sympathies of her nature4 ,like the man of deep feelings and keen sensibility1 who the historian informs us1 was at first unwillingly dragged to the amphitheatre to witness the horrid1 the revolting combats of the gladiators1 she may at last by repetition so conquer the feelings of nature as even to experience a savage delight in the pain and suffering of human sacrifice and human woe4 ,footnote #h3 ,it is easier for an artful man who is not in love1 7says ,addison7 to persuade his mistress he has a passion for her1 and to succeed in his pursuit1 than for one who loves with the greatest violence4 ,true love has ten thousand griefs1 impatiences and resentments1 that render a man unamiable in the eyes of the person whose affection he solicits3 besides that1 it sinks his figure1 gives him fears1 apprehensions and poorness of spirit1 and often makes him appear ridiculous1 where he has a mind to recommend himself4 ,footnote #i3 ,a lively ,french writer1 says ,mary ,wolstoncraft1 asks what business women turned of forty can have in this world4 ,before leaving this topic1 ,i beg leave to add one word of advice to the gay and fascinating belle1 who is moving forward in her victorious career1--conquering all hearts before her1--until1 like the ,juan of ,moliere1 she may wish for other worlds1 not for purposes of conquest1 like ,alexander1 but to win the hearts of those that inhabit them4 ,a lady in this situation ought always to be mindful of the great influence which she is exerting on those around her4 ,her lightest words are treasured up with the fondest zeal1 her very defects are sometimes considered as surpassing beauties4 ,a principle advocated by her1 no matter how erroneous1--a doctrine advanced1 no matter how false1 is apt to make an impression1 sometimes deep and indelible1 on the susceptible hearts of her admirers4 ,she should ever recollect that the cause of virtue and of piety is peculiarly hers2 and when she is walking the golden round of her pleasures1 shedding her influence on all who approach her1 let her be conscious to herself of no word or deed which can injure the sacred cause of morality and religion4 ,we all know the irresistible influence of association4 ,a writer of antiquity said he would rather believe drunkenness no vice1 than that ,plato could have one4 ,the stuttering of ,aristotle and the wry neck of ,alexander were admired on the same principle3 and ,des ,cartes1 the great philosopher1 declared he had a partiality for persons who squinted2 and he says that in his endeavor to trace the cause of a taste so whimsical1 he at last recollected1 that1 when a boy1 he had been fond of a girl who had that blemish4 ,i have rarely known a very devoted lover who did not love all the peculiarities and even oddities of his mistress4 ,we are all like the ,frenchman1 whose mistress had a twisted nose1 of which the lover used to say1 ,c'est au moins la plus belle irregularit du monde4 ,hence1 for the very same reason that ,dr4 ,johnson remarks1 if there is any writer whose genius can embellish impropriety1 or whose authority can make error venerable1 his works are the proper object of criticism1--would ,i say1 that if there be any being whose opinions and actions form the ,glass ,wherein the noble youths do dress themselves1 let such beings remember the nature and responsibility of their station1 and manage well the talents which are committed to their charge4 ,i shall for the present1 pass over all consideration of the married state1 with the sole remark1 that in all ages and countries the women love more constantly and more devotedly in that state than the men1 possessing a more exclusive and more engrossing affection1 and that their errors and infidelity have generally been the result1 not the cause1 of those of the men4 ,hence1 the more attentive1 the more sedulously tender and kind the husband is1 the more virtuous1 affectionate and faithful the wife becomes4 ,all over the world1 the woman who marries from love1 covets1 beyond every thing else1 the entire affections of her husband4 ,he is all in all to her1--and it will be only his indifference and infidelity which will ever alienate her affections2 then1 in the spirit of chagrin and mortification1 may she bewail her lot1 in the language of ,dryden3 ,cursed vassalage1 ,first idolized till love's hot fire be o'er1 ,then slaves to those who courted us before4 ,for the ,southern ,literary ,messenger4 ,,dancing1 ,,waltzing1 c4 ,j'ai toujours cru que le bon n'etait que le beau mis en action4--,rousseau4 ,amid the various changes in the customs and fashions of society1 the abolition of old1 and the introduction of new modes1 which an age prolific in intelligent and important improvement has effected1 it is matter of surprise1 that some of the engines of reform1 some of the batteries of satire1 have never been unmasked upon the crude and barbarous fashion of dancing4 ,start not1 gentle reader1 when ,i say barbarous fashion1 for such dancing unquestionably is4 ,its very origin is barbarous4 ,in a rude state1 when the untutored savage is agitated by any strong emotion1 as joy1 patriotism1 admiration1 c41 his first impulse is to caper and skip about like a grasshopper4 ,among the records of the customs and manners of the most polished and civilized nations of antiquity1 we seek in vain for the importance and admiration which attaches to this miscalled accomplishment at the present day4 ,the ,romans1 perhaps the most accomplished and polite of the ancients1 held the art in very low esteem4 ,indeed we find ,cicero striving with all the force of his matchless eloquence1 to vindicate his friend ,murna from the charge of being a dancer1 preferred against him by ,cato4 ,so conscious is he of the weight of the imputation1 that he makes it the subject of one branch of his defence1 and1 in a digression1 recounts the brilliant services and devoted patriotism of his client's ancestors1 to discountenance a charge affecting so seriously1 the value and dignity of his character4 ,tempestivi convivii1 amni loci1 ,multarum deliciarum1 comes est extrema saltatio4 ,the ,greeks1 we are told1 held the art of dancing in higher estimation1 and it is said1 considered graceful dancing one of the necessary constituents to the character of an accomplished gentleman2 but the very word1 and indeed the only one used by them to express the motion1 ,greek3 orchsis1 signified mimicry2 plainly intimating its derivation from the buffoons and jesters of the stage1 and consequently it never could have had much popularity in their more refined and elegant circles4 ,as a religious rite it was in use1 it seems1 among the ancient ,jews1 and in celebration of the worship of the heathen deities of ,greece and ,rome1 we find it only practised in the orgies of ,bacchus1 a fact of itself sufficient to mark it as a lewd1 licentious and vulgar pastime4 ,it was a favorite amusement of the ancient ,scythians1 the ,chinese1 the ,goths1 the ,vandals1 the ,persians1 and other barbarous nations of antiquity1 and is yet in practice among the modern ,french and ,italians1 who1 first introducing it in theatrical amusements1 and then having carried the art to great perfection1 have now transplanted it to the fashionable circles of domestic society4 ,but it is rather in reference to its effects upon the present constitution of society1 and its awkward adaptation to the chastened simplicity of the republican character1 that ,i propose to consider dancing1 than in regard to its estimation among the ancients4 ,excellence in national dances1 as such1 may deservedly be ranked among the highest efforts of skill and grace4 ,we discover much elegance1 certainly1 in the easy and graceful evolutions of the ,spanish waltz4 ,there is a charming vivacity in the romping gaiety of the ,french gallopade2 and even the oriental mazourka1 is not devoid of a certain graceful beauty4 ,but they derive their interest from the national and historical associations connected with them4 ,we see the haughty ,spaniard1 proud indeed1 but pliant1 aptly pictured in the mysterious intricacy of the mazy waltz4 ,the lively gallop presents to our mind at once1 the reckless nonchalance and chivalrous gaiety of the ,frenchman2 and thus these dances come to us as faithful types of their national origin4 ,but why may we not be content to witness this delineation of national characteristics upon our theatrical boards8 ,why should we take them from their appropriate sphere1 and introduce them to the frivolous and undignified imitation of the polite and refined8 ,i do not know a scene more faithfully descriptive of rude1 boisterous1 and unbecoming merriment1 than an ,american ball room4 ,place your hands upon your ears1 and look down the hall4 ,you will see the most unmeaning grimaces--the most ridiculous contortions of body in one quarter--while another view presents to you the unwelcome picture of man1 lordly man1 fallen from his high estate1 and going through the laborious operations of the dance1 with the farcical solemnity of a monk1 or the clownish rapture of a mountebank4 ,people may say what they please1 about those only opposing this capering vice1 who cannot dance themselves4 ,they may tell us1 that ,lord ,byron wrote his fretful satire upon waltzing1 because his lordship could not participate in that fashionable dance1 owing to his club foot4 ,they may preach1 that the ignorant alone complain of those accomplishments which they cannot attain themselves2 that the dances in practice1 from time immemorial1 among our ancestors1 were equally objectionable as those we now adopt and admire1 which certain bold critics1 going beyond their province1 dare to denounce as dangerous innovations1 savoring of foreign modes and manners1 licentious and demoralizing4 ,all this will not do1 ,mr4 ,editor4 ,dancing is dangerous1 and the waltz especially3 and a virtuous and intelligent community will unite1 ,i feel assured1 to frown these vicious amusements out of society1 and consign them to the barbarous regions whence they were so irreverently introduced among us4 ,this mania for dancing1 waltzing1 c41 is the bane of every social circle4 ,do you go to pass the evening sociably with your friend1 where you have a vague instinctive idea you will meet the pretty creature you passed in the street1 on the ,thursday previous--you will enter--your fondest anticipations are realized--you draw your chair towards her1 and fall into a charming tete-a-tete1 with the dear object for whom you already conceive a nascent passion--who has made you lose a whole week's sleep1 break your mirror1 tear your black silk bonnet de nuit into fragments1 and kick your faithful valet de chambre down stairs1 because your laundress has failed to impart the due degree of rigidity to your collar linen4 ,now you promise yourself a full indemnity for all the contre-temps of the past week--you are just arranging a most pleasant excursion with the lady the next afternoon1 when1 alas6 the vanity of human hopes6 an impertinent coxcomb1 whose only merit consists in a well arranged dress and capacious whiskers1 demands the honor of the lady's hand for the next waltz4 ,odious1 detested waltz6 ,you have too much taste to dance yourself3 your inamorata1 however1 must yield to the unrelenting tyranny of fashion1 and you are left in a posture of amiable abstraction1 musing on the provoking scene enacting before you4 ,to sit quietly and await the termination of the dance1 might not be an unattainable effort of patience2 but to see her partner's place supplied again and again--you take leave of hope and the company together1 and pass the next week to the manifest infringement of your own peace of mind1 and your aforesaid ill-fated valet's physical comforts4 ,now1 ,mr4 ,messenger1 ,i take you to be a sensible and discreet man1 anxious for the purity of public taste1 and ever vigilant to rid society of all nuisances2 ,i doubt not1 therefore1 that ,i shall find in you1 an able and willing coadjutor in the remedy ,i propose to apply1 for the extirpation of this unspeakable annoyance2 and ,i hope the undignified1 graceless1 dancing fraternity1 aye1 and sisterhood too1 7for sorry am ,i to say1 the ladies are the most untiring patrons of this capering vice17 will take the hint forthwith4 ,i propose1 through the ,messenger1 to give to the public the result of my best labors to eradicate this odious practice from society4 ,i know not if my efforts will ever receive their deserved reward4 ,the public is an ungrateful master1 and ever incredulous and uncourteous when you propose to reform him4 ,it is not1 however1 the part of a philanthropist and reformer1 to abate his efforts on that account4 ,immortality will be the price of success1 and posterity will pay it4 ,had ,columbus abandoned his attempts to explore the western main1 because bigoted and ignorant monarchs would not accept the world he offered them1 we might now have been the wretched subjects of some ,european despot instead of the countrymen of ,washington1 under a government of equal laws1 and in a land of liberty4 ,on a visit a few evenings ago1 to a maiden aunt1 ,i was glad to find1 that among the ladies assembled on the occasion1 the utmost unanimity prevailed as to the importance and utility of the proposed reform4 ,miss ,betsy ,bloomever declared it would be one of the most extensively beneficial reformations which the world has witnessed1 since the proscription of hoops1 stays1 and stomachers4 ,miss ,debby ,creaktone pronounced it a more important revolution than that achieved by ,signorina ,garcia1 in the musical style of the ,american vocalists2 and ,miss ,judith ,knowell said1 that in her estimation1 7and she was a ,protestant ,episcopalian1 she added17 ,luther's reformation would sink to insignificance before it4 ,you can imagine my gratification1 ,mr4 ,messenger1 at so numerous and so respectable an accession to my opinions2 a fact upon which ,i could not forbear to felicitate myself1 to ,miss ,sophronisba ,grundy1 adding1 that ,i was confident my exertions would now be duly appreciated by an enlightened public1 when it should be apprised1 that ,i was aided in my labors by ladies1 from whose age and experience1 so much might be expected1 when----conceive my astonishment1 the whole group rose upon me1 with unanimous rage2 and declared it was a positive insult-- ,age and experience indeed6 humph6 ,call me old at thirty-five6 screamed ,miss ,deborah4 ,and me1 at forty--only five years more6 shouted ,miss ,betsy4 ,and ,i1 said ,miss ,judith1 scornfully1 that will let you know1 ,sir1 ,i shall not be thirty-five till the #bith day of ,june next4 ,impudence6 said ,miss ,primrose4 ,insult6 echoed ,miss ,grundy4 ,in short1 ,i found it impossible1 ,mr4 ,messenger1 to compose the troubled elements1 thus innocently put in motion1 and was forced to retire4 ,all my attempts at expostulation and entreaty1 being overborne and silenced by the volume of voice and clamor sent after me--my aunt even intimating to me1 at the hall door1 that ,i must not visit her house1 unless ,i could better estimate the feelings of her friends1 who certainly had much cause to complain of my wanton outrage upon them4 ,i was electrified--was astounded--and tossed on my pillow the whole night1 vainly laboring to unravel the inexplicable problem4 ,that ladies of such seeming propriety1 should evince such passion at an allusion to that to which ,i considered them alone indebted1 for any consequence they might have in the world1 was more than my philosophy could estimate1 or my ingenuity explain4 ,as some compensation1 however1 for the defection of these young ladies with delicate feelings1 ,i am rejoiced to find that the sex can appreciate my exertions in the cause of elegance and refinement1 and are determined to aid me in my patriotic labors4 ,last evening the penny post brought me the two following letters1 on the subject of the great reformation of manners in which we are engaged2 and as they strengthen my opinions with great force of argument1 ,i am unwilling to suppress them1 and beg leave you will give them at once to the dear public1 whose welfare ,i have so much at heart4 ,with the kind and very welcome invitation contained in the first1 ,i shall certainly comply1 and hope ere long1 to give you the result of the deliberations of a body1 from whose wisdom1 7,i will not say age or experience17 so much may be justly expected2 and in the mean while1 ,i am very faithfully1 yours and the public's dear friend1 ,,anthony ,,absolute4 ,mr4 ,absolute3 ,i am secretary to the ,society of ,young ,ladies for the suppression of vulgar practices1 and the promotion of elegance and gentility among young men1 and am directed by a resolution of the ,society1 at its last meeting in ,quality ,hall1 to convey to you the assurance of their hearty good will and ready co-operation1 in your philanthropic efforts in the dancing reformation4 ,our society has long deplored the absence of some efficient and active measures for the suppression of a practice so derogatory to the dignified grandeur of the human form and character1 and congratulate themselves and their co-laborers in the same cause1 upon the highly important and gratifying results1 which your beneficent zeal and energy promise4 ,they have ever since the formation of their society1 regarded the practice of dancing--of waltzing particularly1 and especially in private circles--as seriously obstructive to that march of mind1 which is elsewhere effecting such important improvements in the domestic economy and wealth of nations2 and hail with delighted enthusiasm the dawn of a brighter and better period1 in our beloved country4 ,an anti-dancing clause is found in the constitution of our society4 ,our members have all abandoned the custom very long ago2 indeed1 our president1 among the oldest of our number1 being nearly sixty years of age1 says1 that at the last dancing party she attended1 she saw ,general ,washington dance a minuet with her aunt ,fanny4 ,there was1 she says1 so much stately grace in that dance1 that she would not object to seeing minuets danced always2 but nothing else4 ,we all agree in unanimous condemnation of the rapid1 whirling1 graceless waltzes1 hops1 gallops1 and all those ,frenchified follies1 which are now1 alas6 by the depraved taste of the day1 considered so fashionable4 ,pray do not spare any pains to wipe off this dreadful stain upon our domestic customs and manners1 and let not dancing be any longer urged against us as a national reproach4 ,the next meeting of our society will be held on the afternoon of this day week1 when ,i am directed to invite your attendance4 ,pray do not fail to come and give us your aid in working the speedy extirmination of this great vice from among us4 ,and1 in the meantime1 wishing you perfect success in your virtuous labors1 ,i remain your friend1 in the sympathy which unites the advocates of a common cause4 ,,caroline ,,camfield1 ,secretary4 ,mr4 ,absolute3 ,hearing of your intended efforts1 by a series of essays1 and by forming societies throughout the country1 to draw the public attention to the demoralizing tendency and intrinsic ungentility of dancing1 ,i cannot forbear to wish you entire success1 in a reformation fraught with the best interests of society4 ,i am a young lady of respectable connexions1 of some reading1 more property1 and1 unless my glass plays me false1 of a person quite agreeable4 ,with youth and these advantages1 one would think ,i could get along very well among the patrons of dancing2 but you must know ,i never could dance fashionably1 and as no body dances otherwise1 the consequence is1 that ,i go to party after party1 and never dance at all4 ,pa sent me to the dancing school almost a whole quarter1 but ,i had hardly in that time learned more than the positions1 when our master dislocated his ankle joint in teaching one of the scholars 7a fat ,dutch girl from the mountains17 the ,french gallopade1 and since then1 we have never got another one in our neighborhood4 ,how much more sociable it is to pass the evening in agreeable conversation1 in which all can participate1 than by dancing1 to gratify one part of the company at the expense of the other4 ,lord ,chesterfield1 7whose letters ,i have sometimes read17 advises his son never to play on any musical instrument4 ,it is an accomplishment1 he says1 of the necessitous or vulgar4 ,if he wants to hear music1 he directs him to send for a professed performer1 and pay him for his services4 ,thus ought it be in regard to dancing4 ,confine it to the circus or theatre1 and society will not be annoyed by the practice4 ,until this is done1 rely upon it1 ,mr4 ,absolute1 none of your disciples will do more to drive it from the polished circles of domestic society1 than your obedient servant1 ,,sally ,,soberly4 ,for the ,southern ,literary ,messenger4 ,,lion-,,izing4 ,a ,,tale4 ,,by ,,edgar ,a4 ,,poe4 ------------all people went ,upon their ten toes in wild wonderment4 ,bishop ,hall's ,satires4 ,i am--that is to say1 ,i was1 a great man4 ,but ,i am neither the author of ,junius1 nor the man in the mask--for my name is ,thomas ,smith1 and ,i was born somewhere in the city of ,fum-,fudge4 ,the first action of my life was the taking hold of my nose with both hands4 ,my mother saw this and called me a genius4 ,my father wept for joy1 and bought me a treatise on ,nosology4 ,before ,i was breeched ,i had not only mastered the treatise1 but had collected into a common-place book all that is said on the subject1 by ,pliny1 ,aristotle1 ,alexander ,ross1 ,minutius ,felix1 ,hermanus ,pictorius1 ,del ,rio1 ,villart1 ,bartholinus1 and ,sir ,thomas ,browne4 ,i now began to feel my way in the science1 and soon came to understand1 that1 provided a man had a nose sufficiently big1 he might1 by merely following it1 arrive at a ,lionship4 ,but my attention was not confined to theories alone4 ,every morning ,i took a dram or two1 and gave my proboscis a couple of pulls4 ,when ,i came of age my father sent for me to his study4 ',my son'--said he--'what is the chief end of your existence8' ',father'--,i said--'it is the study of ,nosology4' ',and what1 ,thomas'--he continued--'is ,nosology8' ',sir'--,i replied--'it is the ,science of ,noses4' ',and can you tell me'--he asked--'what is the meaning of a nose8' ',a nose1 my father'--said ,i--'has been variously defined1 by about a thousand different authors4 ,it is now noon1 or thereabouts4 ,we shall therefore have time enough to get through with them all by midnight4 ,to commence3--,the nose1 according to ,bartholinus1 is that protuberance1 that bump1 that excrescence1 that'---- ',that will do ,thomas'--said my father4 ',i am positively thunderstruck at the extent of your information--,i am1 upon my soul4 ,come here6 7and he took me by the arm47 ,your education may be considered as finished1 and it is high time you should scuffle for yourself--so--so--so 7here he kicked me down stairs and out of the door17 so get out of my house1 and ,god bless you6' ,as ,i felt within me the divine afflatus1 ,i considered this accident rather fortunate than otherwise1 and determined to follow my nose4 ,so ,i gave it a pull or two1 and wrote a pamphlet on ,nosology4 ,all ,fum-,fudge was in an uproar4 ',wonderful genius6'--said the ,quarterly4 ',superb physiologist6'--said the ,new ,monthly4 ',fine writer6'--said the ,edinburg4 ',great man6'--said ,blackwood4 ',who can he be8'--said ,mrs4 ,bas-,bleu4 ',what can he be8'--said big ,miss ,bas-,bleu4 ',where can he be8'--said little ,miss ,bas-,bleu4 ,but ,i paid them no manner of attention1 and walked into the shop of an artist4 ,the ,duchess of ,bless-my-soul was sitting for her portrait4 ,the ,marchioness of ,so-and-so was holding the ,duchess's poodle4 ,the ,earl of ,this-and-that was flirting with her salts1 and ,his ,royal ,highness of ,touch-me-not was standing behind her chair4 ,i merely walked towards the artist1 and held up my proboscis4 ',o beautiful6'--sighed the ,duchess of ,bless-my-soul4 ',o pretty6'--lisped the ,marchioness of ,so-and-so4 ',horrible6'--groaned the ,earl of ,this-and-that4 ',abominable6'--growled his ,highness of ,touch-me-not4 ',what will you take for it8'--said the artist4 ',a thousand pounds'--said ,i1 sitting down4 ',a thousand pounds8'--he inquired1 turning the nose to the light4 ',precisely'--said ,i4 ',beautiful6'--said he1 looking at the nose4 ',a thousand pounds'--said ,i1 twisting it to one side4 ',admirable6'--said he4 ',a thousand pounds'--said ,i4 ',you shall have them'-said he--'what a piece of ,virt6' ,so he paid me the money1 and made a sketch of my nose4 ,i took rooms in ,jermyn street1 sent his ,majesty the ninety-ninth edition of the ,nosology with a portrait of the author1 and his ,royal ,highness of ,touch-me-not invited me to dinner4 ,we were all ,lions and ,recherchs4 ,there was a ,grand ,turk from ,stamboul4 ,he said that the angels were horses1 cocks1 and bulls--that somebody in the sixth heaven had seventy thousand heads and seventy thousand tongues--and that the earth was held up by a sky-blue cow with four hundred horns4 ,there was ,sir ,positive ,paradox4 ,he said that all fools were philosophers1 and all philosophers were fools4 ,there was a writer on ,ethics4 ,he talked of ,fire1 ,unity1 and ,atoms--,bi-part1 and ,pre-existent soul--,affinity and ,discord--,primitive ,intelligence and ,homoomeria4 ,there was ,theologos ,theology4 ,he talked of ,eusebius and ,arianus--,heresy and the ,council of ,nice--,consubstantialism1 ,homousios1 and ,homouioisios4 ,there was ,fricasse from the ,rocher de ,cancale4 ,he mentioned ,latour1 ,markbrunnen and ,mareschino--,muriton of red tongue1 and ,cauliflowers with ,velout sauce--veal la ,st4 ,menehoult1 ,marinade la ,st4 ,florentin1 and orange jellies en mosaiques4 ,there was ,signor ,tintontintino from ,florence4 ,he spoke of ,cimabue1 ,arpino1 ,carpaccio1 and ,argostino--the gloom of ,caravaggio--the amenity of ,albano--the golden glories of ,titian--the frows of ,rubens1 and the waggeries of ,jan ,steen4 ,there was the great ,geologist ,feltzpar4 ,he talked of ,hornblende1 ,mica-slate1 ,quartz1 ,schist1 ,schorl1 and ,pudding-stone4 ,there was the ,president of the ,fum-,fudge ,university4 ,he said that the moon was called ,bendis in ,thrace1 ,bubastis in ,egypt1 ,dian in ,rome1 and ,artemis in ,greece4 ,there was ,delphinus ,polyglot4 ,he told us what had become of the eighty-three lost tragedies of schylus--of the fifty-four orations of ,isus--of the three hundred and ninety-one speeches of ,lysias--of the hundred and eighty treatises of ,theophrastus--of the eighth book of the ,conic ,sections of ,apollonius--of ,pindar's ,hymns and ,dithyrambics1 and the five and forty ,tragedies of ,homer ,junior4 ,there was a modern ,platonist4 ,he quoted ,porphyry1 ,iamblichus1 ,plotinus1 ,proclus1 ,hierocles1 ,maximus1 ,tyrius1 and ,syrianus4 ,there was a human-perfectibility man4 ,he quoted ,turgot1 ,price1 ,priestly1 ,condorcet1 ,de ,stal1 and the ,ambitious ,student in rather ill health4 ,there was myself4 ,i talked of ,pictorius1 ,del ,rio1 ,alexander ,ross1 ,minutius ,felix1 ,bartholinus1 ,sir ,thos4 ,browne1 and the ,science of ,noses4 ',marvellous clever man6'--said his ,highness4 ',superb6'--said the guests3 and the next morning her ,grace of ,bless-my-soul paid me a visit4 ',will you go to ,almacks1 pretty creature8' she said4 ',certainly'--said ,i4 ',nose and all8'--she asked4 ',positively'--,i replied4 ',here then is a card'--she said--'shall ,i say you will be there8' ',dear ,duchess6 with all my heart4' ',pshaw6 no--but with all your nose8' ',every bit of it1 my life1'--said ,i4 ,so ,i gave it a pull or two1 and found myself at ,almacks4 ,the rooms were crowded to suffocation4 ',he is coming6'--said somebody on the stair case4 ',he is coming6'--said somebody farther up4 ',he is coming6'--said somebody farther still4 ',he is come6'--said the ,duchess--'he is come1 the little love6' ,and she caught me by both hands1 and looked me in the nose4 ',ah joli6'--said ,mademoiselle ,pas ,seul4 ',dios guarda6'--said ,don ,stiletto4 ',diavolo6'--said ,count ,capricornuto4 ',tousand ,teufel6'--said ,baron ,bludenuff4 ',tweedle-dee--tweedle-dee--tweedle-dum6 ' said the orchestra4 ',ah joli6--,dios guarda6--,diavolo6--and ,tousand ,teufel6' repeated ,mademoiselle ,pas ,seul1 ,don ,stiletto1 ,count ,capricornuto1 and ,baron ,bludenuff4 ,it was too bad--it was not to be borne4 ,i grew angry4 ',sir6'--said ,i to the ,baron--'you are a baboon4' ',sir6'--replied he1 after a pause1--',donner and ,blitzen6' ,this was sufficient4 ,the next morning ,i shot off his nose at six o'clock1 and then called upon my friends4 ',bte6'--said the first4 ',fool6'--said the second4 ',ninny6'--said the third4 ',dolt6'--said the fourth4 ',noodle6'--said the fifth4 ',ass6'--said the sixth4 ',be off6'--said the seventh4 ,at all this ,i felt mortified1 and called upon my father4 ',father'--,i said--'what is the chief end of my existence6' ',my son'--he replied--'it is still the study of ,nosology4 ,but in hitting the ,baron's nose you have overshot your mark4 ,you have a fine nose it is true1 but then ,bludenuff has none4 ,you are d----d1 and he has become the ,lion of the day4 ,in ,fum-,fudge great is a ,lion with a proboscis1 but greater by far is a ,lion with no proboscis at all4' ,for the ,southern ,literary ,messenger4 ,,lionel ,,granby4 ,,chap4 ,i4 ,what am ,i8 how produced1 and for what end8 ,whence drew ,i being8 to what period tend8 ,artbuthnot4 ,my name is ,lionel ,granby4 ,i was the second and youngest son of the ,honorable ,edmund ,granby1 a gentleman distinguished for his polished education and stately aristocracy4 ,the earliest associations of my eventful life1 steal from memory more of joyousness than of pain2 and gathering in a gilded horizon of light around the darkness of my destiny1 they whisper a consolation which despair cannot efface1 nor misfortune obliterate4 ,chalgrave1 7an ominous name for a patrician family17 was the proud mansion of my ancestors4 ,it was a huge and gnarled pile of ,dutch brick1 surrounded by a cumbrous wall of the same material4 ,situated on the western side of ,chesapeake ,bay1 it frowned with stubborn misanthropy1 on the mingled beauty which softened the silent landscape4 ,it stood alone in the silence of its grandeur1--cold1 fearful and noiseless4 ,a broad and level plain swept round its base1 dotted into life with the cottages of my father's numerous slaves4 ,from them sprung the only voices which soothed the chilled solitude of the scene4 ,here1 at all times might be heard the merry laugh1 the jocund song1 or the unalloyed mirth of alternate ease and idleness4 ,one of those noble and beautiful rivers1 which dally1 as if it scorned to arise from an humble rivulet1 with the bosom of the ,chesapeake1 gushed up its full waters fresh as in the morning of its creation4 ,much rude and incongruous taste disfigured the interior of ,chalgrave4 ,a dark and gloomy heaviness sate on the antique wainscotting1 the massy sofas1 and the blackened windows4 ,from the dinner hall1 the portraits of my ancestors looked down1 as if in contempt on the degeneracy of modern times4 ,here was a cavalier1 with flowing locks and iron-bound brow1 who had lost his life in the memorable field of ,naseby4 ,opposite to him1 was the stiff and rigid portrait of a grave and thoughtful face4 ,he was one of those inflexible and independent lawyers1 whose moral courage had labored in the war of our revolution1 and whose inflexible spirit had inspired successful resistance4 ,mothers with children in their arms2 infants with toys1 and belles with flowers and books1 filled the wall alike with vermillion and smiles4 ,the number seven was curiously interwoven1 in the circumstances of my birth4 ,i was born on the seventh day of the seventh month1 at seven o'clock1 being the seventh of ,may4 ,in our old family ,bible1 ,i find the record of my birth in my father's hand writing1 followed with this fearful sentence4 ,curse him not1 oh ,god6 with the ---- of our family4 ,amid the desolations of despair--the anguish of broken hearted affliction1 and the contempt of the world1 ,i turn to the gentle and joyous hours of my childhood1 even as the hart which panteth after the water brooks4 ,my memory is my heart1 and my affections hourly trace themselves on its index4 ,my mother's dark and deep blue eye1 even now beams over her wretched child1 and ,i live alone in the regenerative charity of this blessed passion4 ,i have a faint and indistinct recollection of my father's death and burial4 ,the solemn ceremony of his funeral1 and the dull and harsh sound of the earth as it touched his coffin1 deeply affected my youthful spirits4 ,i cried bitterly in the arms of my old nurse1 and wondered at my mother's chilled and tearless eye4 ,my father was dead6 ,he had been stern and imperious to me2 and as my gratitude was no reasoning power1 ,i soon laughed brightly again in the serious and melancholy face of my mother4 ,my old nurse ,ellen1 had lived in the ,granby family for three successive generations1 and was addressed by the endearing epithet of ,mammy4 ,her grandson1 a well formed and athletic youth1 named ,scipio1 four years older than myself1 had been given to me by my father1 and ,i soon learned the deep and abiding fidelity of his affection4 ,he was my friend1 companion and slave2 and ,i thank ,god6 that the pride of dominion never insulted or degraded him4 ,in his obedience1 he was dignified2 and in his devotion1 ardent1 generous and sincere4 ,he taught me to ride the unbroken colt--to steer the frail periogue1 and to fish with success for the active boneta4 ,according to the custom in ,virginia1 he did no service but wait on his young master4 ,thus separated from the great mass of my father's slaves1 he grew into manhood with a gentleness of character and a dignity of address which would have honored the proudest gentleman in the state4 ,my old uncle ,charles1 who was one of the happiest and most dignified specimens of the decayed gentleman1 had found a resting place for his adversity in the ,chalgrave family4 ,he had been a ,colonel in the militia2 and having on one occasion1 performed with his whole regiment before an admiring court yard1 the difficult and vexatious manoeuvre of the hollow square1 he instantly resigned his commission2 and under the shade of his laurels1 he lamented the decay of military spirit1 and the ignorance of the officers4 ,the hollow square1 was the first mathematical figure ,i learned4 ,every thing in nature was pressed by my uncle into this fortified figure 7as he called it17 of fortification4 ,the trees1 the flowers1 the grass plats1 backgammon men1--and the flies trained with honey1 presented the solemn outline of my uncle's pride and learning4 ,his peculiarities were few1 and deeply tinctured with enthusiasm4 ,as an antiquary alone1 in the cause of ,virginian history1 he was bigoted1 obstinate and credulous2 and1 considered as the first of books1 the ,metamorphoses of ,ovid1 done into ,english by ,mr4 ,george ,sandys1 the company's treasurer4 ,he contended that ,clayton1 the botanist1 was greater in learning1 than ,linnus2 and1 told with much indignation1 the minuti of ,clayton's quarrel with ,gronovius1 the ,amsterdam printer4 ,my uncle was experienced in the diseases of dogs and horses1 and perfectly familiar with the technical jargon of the racing calendar4 ,he had travelled in ,europe1 but would never mention the incidents of his tour1 except to inform his auditory that the best saddles were made in ,london1 and the finest pointers were bred at ,padua4 ,yet my uncle had learning1 taste and erudition1 which he guarded1 from every profane eye1 with a repulsive and dogged obstinacy2 and the few flashes which occasionally broke from him1 glittered like the trembling rays which play around the edge of some sombre cloud4 ,as an admirer of the fair1 he was courteous1 dreamy and fantastic1 and would ever and anon1 refer1 for an evidence of his family gallantry1 to the speech of one ,sir ,danvers ,granby1 who was a commissioner under ,henry ,,viii1 for dissolving the nunneries4 ,when the nuns were shivering in the rude gaze of the populace1 ,sir ,danvers1 looked at them with tears in his eyes1 exclaiming1 ,god bless you6 ,i could marry you all1 if ,i did not adore you6 ,this story my uncle told with a smile and a bow4 ,my gallant1 gifted1 and noble brother ,frederick6 how bright was the star which shone over thy boyhood6 ,alas6 that its flickering light should only beam o'er thy pallid couch6--,he was several years my senior1 and had been sent to ,europe for the purpose of acquiring a military education1 but had returned at the age of nineteen with a broken and impaired constitution4 ,he was studious1 solitary and reserved2 while the hectic flush of consumption1 which irradiated his cheek1 nerved alike the fortitude of his character1 and awakened the sympathy of every eye4 ,his heart was gentle1 though his studies were severe--and he saved from the wreck which ambition ever makes of feeling1 no jewel so rich as the untainted tenderness of his character4 ,he had become a member of the bar2 and ,i have often gazed on his high and marbled brow1 as a living monument1 on which destiny had inscribed its fiat of despair4 ,political life6 that maddening turmoil of empty nothingness6 was the goal on which he had fixed his dream of hope2 and1 though ill health prostrated him to the earth1 his sunny smile breathed a freshness1 and a gloom1 as brilliant1 and as melancholy as the tremulous twilight of an autumn sky4 ,he cared naught for wealth1 love or pleasure4 ,ambition was the demon which moved around him1 in a track of its own desolation2 and though beauty had lured him almost to the confines of matrimony1 he could trample down the sympathies of his nature beneath its despotic rule4 ,my sister ,lucy1 was two years younger than myself2 she was fair1 delicate1 and singularly beautiful4 ,her raven and luxuriant hair1 fell in prodigal ringlets over a brow of ,parian whiteness1 giving that struggling halo of beauty which darkness throws around the solitude of the snow drift4 ,she was deeply versed in the fashionable accomplishments of female education1 and had added to them the acquirements of solid learning4 ,the old library was the resort of her solitary hours2 and as her light and sylph-like form1 would flit through its darkened walls1 fancy might easily personify her into ,fame1 hovering over the tomb of ,genius4 ,the coachman1 ostler1 and dining room servants1 are all important characters in the dramatis person of a ,virginian household4 ,with them ,i was a pet4 ,the first1 taught me to drive--the second1 initiated me into the mysteries of ,tree ,hill and ,broad ,rock2 while the third1 corrected with severity1 any breach of etiquette or violation of morals1 inconsistent with his own or the ,granby's dignity4 ,such was the ,granby family4 ,where are they now8 ,the spider has woven her web1 and the owl has built her nest in the crumbling walls of ,chalgrave4 ,the silent grave reads but one lesson--for the breeze which sighs over its dewy grass1 tells me that ,i alone1 am the last of that proud and gifted name4 ,,theta4 ,,dagger',s ,,springs1 ,,in ,,the ,,county ,,of ,,botetourt1 ,,virginia4 ,among the numerous watering places in ,virginia1 our attention has been drawn to that which is named at the head of this notice1 by several individuals who tested its virtues during the last season1 and who speak highly of the situation and management of the ,springs1 and the efficacy of its waters4 ,the mineral qualities of these ,springs have been long known1 and they have been resorted to for some years by persons living in their vicinity4 ,but the character and circumstances of the original proprietor1 a descendant of the early ,dutch settlers of the country1 prevented their improvement until within the last year or two4 ,he had a full sense of the mineral treasure which enhanced the value of his property1 and refused all offers from those who wished to purchase the site of the ,springs2 while he had not the means of bringing them into profitable use1 by erecting buildings for the accommodation of visiters4 ,many individuals were1 nevertheless1 in the habit of drinking the waters of the ,springs during the warm season1 and of sojourning for a few days in the rude and imperfect dwellings which he had erected3 and with the moderate income thus obtained from this mine of natural wealth1 its sturdy proprietor seemed well satisfied4 ,at his death1 his successors disposed of the ,springs and the adjacent lands to the present proprietors2 and buildings were erected last year1 on a limited scale1 with every regard to the comfort of the traveller and the invalid4 ,the consequences of a more liberal arrangement were immediately felt4 ,the number of visiters last season exceeded the means of accommodation2 and the managers have in the interim1 made the most active exertions to meet the growing popularity of their establishment1 having completed additional apartments1 which will enable them to provide for the comfort of one hundred persons4 ,the scenery in the vicinity of the ,springs has been described to us in glowing colors1 as combining every variety of the magnificent and the beautiful--and we have also been assured that the fare and attendance are worthy of all praise2 so that we feel safe in recommending the enlarged establishment of the proprietors 7,messrs4 ,dibrell and ,watkins17 to the attention of travellers for health or pleasure4 ,dagger's ,springs are situated within easy distances from some of the most interesting towns in the ,valley of ,virginia--they are forty-five miles from the ,white ,sulphur2 twenty-two from ,lexington2 eighteen from ,fincastle1 and sixteen from ,pattonsburg4 ,the following letter from a distinguished physician1 affords all necessary information as to the medicinal properties of the waters1 and the management of the establishment3 ,danville1 ,april #bh1 #ahce4 ,i visited ,dagger's ,spring on the #bdth of last ,july1 and on the next day proceeded to subject the water to a number of chemical tests4 ,the experiments performed1 though not as full and as satisfactory as ,i could have wished1 were sufficient to demonstrate that the water possesses highly valuable properties1 and sufficient also to make us somewhat acquainted with the nature of those properties4 ,the most active mineral ingredients in the water are carbonated alkalies4 ,in this it differs materially from the ,white and ,salt ,sulphur1 and is more nearly assimilated in its qualities to the ,red and ,gray ,sulphur4 ,it is however more decidedly alkaline than either of those ,springs4 ,this peculiarity will ever recommend it to persons subject to acidities of the stomach1 and to the other concomitants of dyspepsia2 while the large quantity of hydrogen that it contains1 will render it useful in all of those complaints for which sulphur water is usually prescribed4 ,the following experiment was performed with the view of ascertaining the quantity of gas contained in the water4 ,three measures of the water were placed in a retort1 and the bulb of the retort plunged in water1 heated to the temperature of #ajh ,fahrenheit4 ,the gas1 as it was extricated1 was received over mercury1 in a graduated measure4 ,the result was1 that the three measures of water yielded one measure of gas4 ,this gas was subsequently tested1 and found to consist of sulphuretted hydrogen1 azote1 and atmospheric air--principally of the former4 ,the presence of iron is not detected by the usual tests2 but the water1 when treated with prussiate of potash1 and subsequently with sulphuric acid1 yields a blue precipitate1 which is evidently prussiate of iron--the sulphuric acid having a stronger affinity for potash than the prussic acid1 disengages the latter4 ,the acid thus disengaged1 unites with the iron in the water1 and forms the prussiate of iron or prussian blue4 ,although the water contains but about #cf grs4 of mineral substances to the gallon1#a it acts1 under certain circumstances1 with great promptness4 ,it effects upon the system are invigorating3 it promotes digestion and improves the secretions generally2 it strengthens without producing an undue excitement1 and may therefore be used beneficially in some cases1 in which the water of the ,white ,sulphur1 from its stimulating properties1 would prove destructive4 ,footnote #a3 ,the smaller of two springs at the ,red ,sulphur contains about #fj grs4 per gal4 ,the larger1 which is most used1 does not contain but about #bd grs4 per gal4 ,i will only say in conclusion1 that ,i was pleased with the manner in which the establishment appeared to be conducted1 with the spirit of enterprise manifested1 and the taste displayed in the plan of improvement1 which was kindly exhibited to me4 ,i met with no situation among the mountains susceptible of as great improvement as that selected for the buildings4 ,it may be made a second ,eden4 ,i am engaged in preparing a work for the press1 in which this ,spring will be more particularly noticed1 and attention directed to objects of interest in the surrounding country4 ,it would have been completed before this1 but for the peculiarities of my situation1 which allow me but little leisure for literary pursuits4 ,i was told of another spring belonging to the establishment1 from which ,i was informed it was designed to supply the bathing house4 ,from the account given of it1 ,i have no doubt but that it is highly alkaline4 ,i regret very much that it was not in my power to examine and test its properties4 ,,the ,,red ,,sulphur ,,springs4 ,we have received1 and shall insert in the next ,no4 of the ,messenger1 a continuation of the ,visit to the ,virginia ,springs1 the first portion of which will be found in the preceding pages4 ,the second part contains much valuable information1 relating particularly to the ,red ,sulphur1 which has recently risen into importance under the management of ,mr4 ,burke1 whose amiable and intelligent character is well known to the citizens of ,richmond4 ,as we consider it important1 that the qualities of the healing waters which abound in this state1 should be made known as extensively as possible1 we anticipate the more ample information of our correspondent1 by making the following extract from a circular just issued by the proprietor of the ,red ,sulphur ,springs1 7,mr4 ,burke73 ,in that species of pulmonary disease attended by hemorrhages1 unless the energies of life are completely exhausted1 it never fails to afford relief4 ,sometimes1 when the pulse beats #aaj to #aae1 and the emaciated figure of the patient too plainly indicates the ravages made by repeated hemorrhages1 and the unavailing efforts of physicians to arrest them1 he comes to the ,red ,sulphur1 drinks about four quarts of the water in twenty-four hours1 lives upon plain farinaceous articles of diet1 takes all the exercise his case will admit1 and at the end of that brief period1 his pulse falls to #hj or #he2--;his spirits revive1 he continues daily to improve1 and almost invariably1 to gain a pound in weight every day4 ,at the expiration of fifteen days1 he becomes renovated1 and pours forth his gratitude1 by extolling the virtues of the waters on every occasion4 ,this is the usual action of the waters1 but there are cases in which their advantages are not perceived for two or three weeks4 ,such is the exhilarating effect of confidence and hope1 that he soon forgets his late deplorable condition1 and becomes guilty of some unhappy imprudence that endangers his prospects4 ,the luxuries of the table1 or violent exercise1 if indulged in1 at this crisis1 will cause incalculable mischief4 ,in affections of the bronchia1 this water1 visited early1 affords certain relief4 ,in asthma1 it is highly valuable4 ,in the early stage of genuine phthisical consumption1 it will arrest its progress2 and1 by repeating the visit annually1 and using the utmost self-denial1 life may be protracted for many years1 and rendered comparatively comfortable2 but in the later stages1 it is vain to hope for relief from any earthly remedy2 and it is therefore unwise to remove from the consolations and comforts of home1 the unfortunate patient1 whose approaching dissolution is apparent to all except himself and his nearest relatives4 ,when the patient has alternate chills and fevers1 copious night sweats1 and a pulse at #abj or #acj2 moreover1 when it becomes necessary to check diarrhoea by opiates1 and to sustain his sinking strength by juleps1 what rational hope can be afforded by any remedy whatever8 ,in diseases of the liver1 this water is highly efficacious4 ,in dropsy1 rheumatism1 gravel1 gout1 dyspepsia1 tic doloreux1 and epilepsy1 it has been used with advantage4 ,in cutaneous diseases1 it seldom fails to effect a cure4 ,from the same circular we learn1 that the accommodations at the ,red ,sulphur have been much enlarged since the last season1 and that provision has been made for the reception of two hundred and twenty visiters1 with their servants and horses4 ,the efficacy of the waters in cases of incipient consumption1 renders this an important place of resort for a large class of invalids1 who may be assured of finding in ,mr4 ,burke1 a humane and considerate entertainer4 ,,female ,,education4 ,young ,ladies ,seminary1 at ,prince ,edward ,court ,house4 ,there is no subject which claims greater attention than the judicious education of females4 ,it has justly been considered by some of the most eminent writers1 of vast importance that the minds of the gentler sex should be cultivated and enlarged by every practicable means2 that the mothers of an enlightened nation should be well prepared to train the mental faculties of their offspring2 and that1 as the earliest intellectual as well as physical nutriment is derived from the mother by the child1 she should be fitted with care for her responsible and momentous duty4 ,much greater attention is now bestowed upon the culture of the female mind than formerly2 and parents generally seem more impressed with the propriety of giving to their daughters a solid education4 ,accomplishments1 which at one time seemed to make up the sum of their acquirements1 are beginning to be considered as secondary to those studies which strengthen the intellect and store the mind with useful knowledge4 ,we have no doubt that a change which carries such beneficial consequences into the bosom of every well-ordered family1 will gain ground4 ,the importance and the advantages of a thorough course of study for females1 in the present enlightened state of society1 are too obvious to need enforcement4 ,the parts they have to act in this world's drama1 require that their early years of freedom from care and anxiety1 should be employed in preparation for the performance of the high duties of their after lives1 with ease1 with dignity and usefulness4 ,the time has1 we trust1 arrived when the general cultivation of the female intellect will be deemed1 7as it is7 absolutely necessary for her happiness1 and for the well-being of those whom providence may render dependent upon her guidance1 her councils1 or her affections--when she will be educated with a view to her becoming the companion1 and not the plaything of the other sex4 ,the importance of her position in civilized society1 and the vast influence of her benignant qualities1 demand that she should be prepared to fill the one1 and to exercise the other with dignity and effect4 ,our attention has been called to this subject by the encomiums bestowed by many intelligent individuals1 on the ,,young ,,ladies ,,seminary at ,prince ,edward ,court ,house1 ,va41 which is conducted by ,mr4 ,e4 ,root1 in the most satisfactory manner4 ,this institution has been established about four years1 and has met with great success1 as is shown by the fact that it had upwards of one hundred pupils during the past year4 ,it has been the object of its director to fix upon a thorough course of study1 rigidly to be pursued1 under the superintendence of the best teachers in the various departments2 rendering solid study the main object of attention1 but without neglecting those ornamental branches which embellish and refine the more important acquirements4 ,music and the ,french language are taught by proficients in each1 and in fact every means is afforded at this seminary for giving young ladies a finished education4 ,to build up an institution of this description1 where every important branch of study is ably and faithfully imparted1 is a work of no ordinary difficulty1 as it is one of great public benefit3 and ,mr4 ,root and his assistants are deserving of public commendation for the manner in which this establishment is conducted1 divested as we believe it to be of the faults too often found in such schools1 and which have rendered the epithet ,boarding ,school ,miss1 almost a term of contempt4 ,we can conscientiously recommend the ,prince ,edward ,seminary1 for its efficient method of instruction--not short and easy1 but such as is best adapted to the developement and strengthening of the mental energies--for able and well qualified teachers--a discipline which combines kindness and gentleness with order and propriety--a careful attention to the manners and morals of the pupils--and moderate expense4 ,believing such to be the characteristics of ,mr4 ,root's ,seminary1 we have deemed it our duty to call to it the public attention by these brief remarks4 ,,literary ,,notices4 ,i ,,promessi ,,sposi1 or the ,betrothed ,lovers2 a ,milanese ,story of the ,seventeenth ,century3 as translated for the ,metropolitan1 from the ,italian of ,alessandro ,manzoni1 by ,g4 ,w4 ,featherstonhaugh4 ,washington3 ,stereotyped and published by ,duff ,green4 #ahcd4 #hvo4 pp4 #bdi4 ,the appearance of this work strongly reminds us of the introductory remarks with which the ,edinburg ,review1 thirty years ago1 prefaced its annunciation of ,waverley4 ,we would gladly appropriate them1 were it fair to do so2 but honor among thieves6 ,reviewers must not steal from ,reviewers2 and what is it but theft1 when he who borrows1 can never have anything worthy of acceptance to give in return8 ,we may1 nevertheless1 so far imitate the grand ,napoleon of the realms of criticism1 as to congratulate our readers on the appearance of a work1 which promises to be the commencement of a new style in novel writing4 ,since the days of ,fielding1 unimitated and inimitable--and of ,smollett1 between whose different productions there was scarce a family likeness1 we have had a succession of dynasties reigning over the regions of romance4 ,we have had the ,ratcliffe dynasty1 the ,edgeworth dynasty1 and the ,scott dynasty2 each1 like the family of the ,csars1 passing from good to bad1 and from bad to worse1 until each has run out4 ,partial movements in the provinces have occasionally set up the standard of rival aspirants3 but these have soon passed away4 ,heroines from the bogs1 and heroes from the highlands of ,scotland1 or the ,polish wilds1 could not maintain their pretensions1 though uniting in themselves all that is admirable both in the civilized and the savage character4 ,perhaps this was the reason4 ,we like to read of things that may a little remind us of what we have seen in real life4 ,sir ,charles ,grandison in the ,scottish ,kilt1 is a startling apparition4 ,the younger ,d',israeli has indeed1 occasionally flashed upon us the light of his capricious genius2 but one of his caprices has been to disappoint the hope that he had raised4 ,he has shown us what he could do1 and that is all4 ,mr4 ,bulwer too1 in a sort of freak of literary radicalism1 has set up for himself4 ,he scorned to add to the number of those who dress themselves in the cast-off habiliments of ,scott2 and study1 as at a glass1 to make themselves like him1 as if ambitious to display their thefts4 ,he learned the craft of plagiarism in the ,spartan school1 where detection was the only disgrace4 ,he would not steal1 not he1 from any but the poor man1 who had nothing save one little ewe lamb1 that lay in his bosom1 and was unto him as a daughter4 ,he would imitate none but himself1 and draw from no other models4 ,his novels are all echoes of each other4 ,there is hardly a page which might not be known for his1 nor a favorite character which is not an exhibition of one of the phases of his exquisite self4 ,the variety is between what he imagines himself to be1 and what he imagines that he might have been1 had he been a cavalier of the seventeenth century1 or had circumstances made him a highwayman or a murderer4 ,we are aware that he denies all this1 and may be unconscious of it3 but his identity can no more be mistaken than that of the one-eyed companion of ,hogarth's idle apprentice4 ,we are aware too1 that ,mr4 ,bulwer is a member of a certain literary cabal1 who aspire to direct the public taste1 and bring all the influence of wealth and fashion and political connexion in aid of their pretensions4 ,he is a sort of literary ,jack ,cade4 ,his mouth is the law4 ,we know that the amphitrion on l'on dire is always the true amphitrion4 ,but we never expect to travel as caterers for a public journal4 ,we in the south do not do that sort of thing4 ,we are not taught so to raise the wind4 ,we are not up to perpetual motion1 nor to the art of making our living by taking our pleasure4 ,we feel ourselves therefore under no obligation to admire ,mr4 ,rogers's poems1 though he be a banker--nor ,mr4 ,bulwer's novels1 nor himself1 though he be a member of ,parliament2 nor though his female doublure ,lady ,blessington1 have the finest bust1 and the prettiest foot1 and be the finest woman in ,london4 ,we do not put the names of our fine women in the newspapers4 ,the business of female education with us1 is not to qualify a woman to be the head of a literary coterie1 nor to figure in the journal of a travelling coxcomb4 ,we prepare her1 as a wife1 to make the home of a good and wise and great man1 the happiest place to him on earth4 ,we prepare her1 as a mother1 to form her son to walk in his father's steps1 and in turn1 to take his place among the good and wise and great4 ,when we have done this1 we have accomplished1 if not all1 at least the best that education can do4 ,her praise is found in the happiness of her husband1 and in the virtues and honors of her sons4 ,her name is too sacred to be profaned by public breath4 ,she is only seen by that dim doubtful light1 which1 like the majesty of darkness1 so much enhances true dignity4 ,she finds her place by the side of the ,mother of the ,gracchi1 and of her whom an ,english poet1 who well knew how to appreciate and how to praise female excellence1 has simply designated as ,,sidney',s ,,sister1 ,,pembroke',s ,,mother4 ,we much fear1 that after all this1 the author of the work before us will have no reason to thank us for our praise4 ,on the contrary1 there may be danger of involving him in the displeasure1 which we may draw upon ourselves from that same cabal1 which has its members on both sides of the ,atlantic4 ,ca me2 ,ca thee1 is the order of the day4 ,if half the praise be due1 which is lavished on the works that daily issue from the press1 we may live to see the writings which instructed and delighted our youth1 laid on the same shelf with ,thomas ,aquinas and ,duns ,scotus4 ,men can no more read every thing than they can eat every thing2 and the petits plats1 that are handed round hot-and-hot1 leave us no room to do honor to the roast beef of old ,england1 nor to the savory ,virginia ham4 ,but these are the food by which the thews and sinews of manhood are best nourished4 ,they at once exercise and help digestion4 ,dyspepsia was not of their day4 ,it came in with ,french ,gastronomy4 ,are we mistaken in thinking1 that we see symptoms of a sort of intellectual dyspepsia1 arising from the incessant exhibition of the bon bons and kickshaws of the press8 ,well6 here is something that will stick by the ribs2 a work of which we would try to give a sort of outline1 but that it cannot be abridged4 ,the machinery of the story is not intricate1 but each part is necessary to the rest4 ,to leave anything out is to tell nothing4 ,it might be too much to say that this novel is1 in every sense of the word1 original4 ,the writer is obviously familiar with ,english literature1 and seems to have taken at least one hint from ,sir ,walter ,scott4 ,the use made by that writer of the records and traditions of times gone by1 has suggested this hint4 ,it naturally occurred to ,manzoni1 a native of ,italy1 that much of the same sort of material was to be found among the archives of the petty ,italian states1 now blotted from the map of ,europe4 ,it is obvious that the collisions of small states1 though less interesting to the politician than those of mighty nations1 must afford more occasion for a display of individual character1 and the exercise of those passions which give romance its highest interest4 ,but what is known of the great and good men who nobly acted their parts in these scenes1 when the very theatre of their acts is crushed and buried beneath the rubbish of revolution8 ,to drag them from beneath the ruins1 and permit the world to dwell for a moment on the contemplation of their virtues is a pious and praiseworthy task4 ,it is sad to think how the short lapse of two centuries can disappoint the hope that cheered the last moments of the patriot and the hero4 ,for his country he lived1 for his country he died2 his country was all to him2 but his country has perished1 and his name has perished with it4 ,with the civil wars of ,england we are all familiar2 and our hearts have glowed1 and our tears have fallen1 in contemplating the virtues and the sufferings of those who acted in those scenes2 but1 if we may credit the traditions imbodied in this book1 a contemporary history of the ,italian ,republics would display characters yet more worthy of our admiration and our sympathy4 ,the ,cardinal ,borromeo is an historical character4 ,the writer obviously means to paint him as he was2 and the annals of mankind may be searched in vain for a more glorious example of the purity1 the enthusiasm1 and the inspiration of virtue4 ,we might suspect that something of a zeal for the honor of the ,romish ,church had mingled itself in the rich coloring of this picture4 ,but ,manzoni was as much alive1 as ,luther himself1 to the abuses of that church4 ,in an episode1 which will be found at page fifty-eight1 he discloses some1 of the precise character of which we were not hitherto aware4 ,we knew that something was wrong1 but what that something might be1 was never certainly known4 ,the author has unveiled the mystery4 ,he has withdrawn a curtain1 behind which we had never been permitted to look4 ,we had guessed1 and we had read the guesses of others2 but we never knew precisely what was there4 ,the moral coercion1 more cruel than bodily torture1 by which a poor girl1 the victim of the heartless pride of her parents1 without command1 without even persuasion1 7for both it seems are forbidden7 is driven to the cloister1 that her brother may have more ample means to uphold his hereditary honors2 this was a thing inscrutable and inconceivable to us4 ,in reading such works as ,mrs4 ,sherwood's ,nun1 we feel that we are dealing with conjectures4 ,we turn to the scene exhibited in this work1 and we know it to be real life4 ,we would gladly grace our pages with it4 ,it would probably be read with more interest than any thing we can say2 but it is before the public1 and we have no right to discharge our debts to our readers1 by giving them what is theirs already4 ,we will only pray their indulgence so far as to offer a short extract1 as a specimen of the writer's power4 ,it is a picture of some of the horrors of the plague1 as it raged in ,milan in the year #afbh4 ,it may serve to show us that the pestilence1 which lately stooped upon us1 was in comparison1 an angel of mercy4 ,the cars spoken of in the following extract1 are those in which the uncoffined bodies of the dead were borne to a common receptacle1 naked for the most part1 some badly wrapped up in dirty rags1 heaped up and folded together like a knot of serpents4 ,the monalti were men who1 having had the plague1 were considered exempt from future danger1 and were employed to bury the dead4 ,a lady came from the threshold of one of the houses1 whose aspect announced youth advanced1 but not yet passed away4 ,her beauty was obscured1 but not obliterated1 by distress and mortal languor2 that sort of beauty1 at once majestic and soft1 which is so conspicuous in the ,lombard race4 ,she walked with pain1 but did not stagger2 her eyes shed no tears1 but bore marks of having done so abundantly4 ,there was1 in her grief1 a something inexpressibly quiet and deep1 betokening a soul imbued and filled with it4 ,but it was not her own appearance alone1 that in the midst of so much wretchedness1 marked her especially for commiseration1 and awakened in her favor a feeling now deadened and worn out in all hearts4 ,she bore in her arms a girl about nine years old1--dead1 but dressed in a white frock of spotless purity1 with her hair divided in front1 as if her own hands had adorned her for a feast1 long promised as the reward of her goodness4 ,she held her1 seated on one of her arms1 with her breast upon the lady's breast2 and she might have been thought to be alive1 but that her young white hand hung heavy and lifeless on one side1 like wax-work1 and her head lay upon her mother's shoulder1 with an air of abandonment heavier than that of sleep4 ,her mother6 ,if the resemblance had not proclaimed the relation1 the distress of the survivor announced it too plainly4 ,a coarse monalti drew near the lady1 and silently offered to relieve her from her burthen1 but with an air of unwonted respect and involuntary hesitancy4 ,but she1 with an action betokening neither disgust nor scorn1 drew back1 and said1 ',no2 do not touch her now2 ,i must lay her on that car myself2 take this4' ,she opened her hand1 showed a purse1 and dropped it into his4 ,she then continued3 ',promise me not to take a thread from her1 and to suffer no other to do so1 and to put her in the ground just as she is4' ,the monalti placed his hand on his breast1 and then with an obsequious zeal1 rather like one subdued by a new and strange emotion1 than as if prompted by the unexpected gift1 he busied himself to make room on the car for the little corpse4 ,the lady placed her there1 as on a bed1 laid her straight1 kissed her cold brow1 spread over her a white sheet1 and then spoke for the last time4 ',adieu1 ,cecilia6 ,rest in peace6 ,this evening we meet again1 to part no more4 ,pray for us1 my child1 and ,i will pray for thee1 and for the rest4 ,you1' added she to the monalti1 'when you pass again at vespers1 will come and take me too1 and not me alone4' ,having said this1 she re-entered the house1 and presently appeared at the window1 holding in her arms a still younger darling1 alive1 but with the marks of death on its face4 ,she stood1 as if contemplating the unworthy obsequies of the first1 until the car moved1 and while it remained in sight1 and then she disappeared4 ,what remained1 but to lay her only surviving babe upon the bed1 place herself by her side1 and die with her2 even as the stately blossom1 with the bud beside it on its stem1 falls before the scythe that levels all the plants in the meadow4 ,there is a power in this to which we do not scruple to give great praise4 ,we regret to say that the translation has many faults4 ,we lament it the more1 because they are obviously faults of haste4 ,the translator1 we fear1 was hungry2 a misfortune with which we know how to sympathize4 ,the style is1 for the most part1 ,italian1 in ,english words1 but ,italian still4 ,this is a great fault4 ,in some instances it would be unpardonable4 ,in this instance1 perhaps1 it is more than compensated by a kindred excellence4 ,in a work like this1 abounding in the untranslatable phrases of popular dialogue1 it gives a quaint raciness which is not unacceptable4 ,it does more4 ,such translations of such works1 would soon make the ,english ear familiar with ,italian idioms1 which once naturalized1 would enrich the language4 ,it is already thus incalculably enriched by the poetry of ,burns and the novels of ,scott4 ,a familiarity with ,shakspeare1 7which is not the ,english of the present day17 preserves a store of wealth which would else be lost4 ,the strength of a language is in the number and variety of its idiomatic phrases4 ,these are forms of speech which use has rendered familiar1 and emancipated from the crippling restraint of regular grammar4 ,they enable the speaker to be brief1 without being obscure4 ,his meaning1 eliptically expressed1 is distinctly and precisely understood4 ,should any other work of ,manzoni fall into the hands of ,mr4 ,featherstonhaugh1 we hope he may have time to correct those inaccuracies of which he is doubtless sensible2 but we trust he will not consider his popular ,italian idioms as among his faults4 ,smollett1 in his translation of ,don ,quixotte1 through extreme fastidiousness1 threw away an opportunity of doubling the force of the ,english language4 ,this work comes to us as the harbinger of glad tidings to the reading world4 ,here is a book1 equal in matter to any two of ,cooper's novels1 and executed at least as well1 which we receive at the moderate price of forty-two cents6 ,it forms one number of the ,washington ,library1 published monthly1 at five dollars per annum4 ,at this rate1 a literary gourmand1 however greedy1 may hope to satisfy his appetite for books1 without starving his children4 ,the author has our praise1 and the translator and publisher have our thanks4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,horse-,,shoe ,,robinson2 ,a ,tale of the ,tory ,ascendency4 ,by the ,author of ',swallow ,barn4' ,philadelphia3 ,carey1 ,lea and ,blanchard4 ,we have not yet forgotten1 nor is it likely we shall very soon forget1 the rich simplicity of diction--the manliness of tone--the admirable traits of ,virginian manners1 and the striking pictures of still life1 to be found in ,swallow ,barn4 ,the spirit of imitation was1 however1 visible in that book1 and1 in a great measure1 overclouded its rare excellence4 ,this is by no means the case with ,mr4 ,kennedy's new novel4 ,if ever volumes were entitled to be called original--these are so entitled4 ,we have read them from beginning to end with the greatest attention1 and feel very little afraid of hazarding our critical reputation1 when we assert that they will place ,mr4 ,kennedy at once in the very first rank of ,american novelists4 ,horse-,shoe ,robinson 7be not alarmed at the title1 gentle reader67 is a tale1 or more properly a succession of stirring incidents relating to the time of the ,tory ,ascendency in ,south ,carolina1 during the ,revolution4 ,it is well known that throughout the whole war this state evinced more disaffection to the confederated government than any other of the ,union1 with the exception perhaps of the neighboring state of ,georgia1 where the residents on the ,savannah river1 being nearly allied to the ,carolinians in their habits and general occupations1 were actuated1 more or less1 by the same political opinions4 ,but we will here let the author speak for himself4 ,such might be said to be the more popular sentiment of the state at the time of its subjugation by ,sir ,henry ,clinton and ,lord ,cornwallis4 ,to this common feeling there were many brilliant exceptions1 and the more brilliant because they stood1 as it were1 apart from the preponderating mass of public judgment4444 ,there were heroes of this mould in ,south ,carolina1 who entered with the best spirit of chivalry into the national quarrel1 and brought to it hearts as bold1 minds as vigorous1 and arms as strong1 as ever in any clime worked out a nation's redemption4 ,these men refused submission to their conquerors1 and endured exile1 chains1 and prison1 rather than the yoke4 ,some few1 still undiscouraged by the portents of the times1 retreated into secret places1 gathered their few patriot neighbors together1 and contrived to keep in awe the soldier government that now professed to sway the land4 ,they lived on the scant aliment furnished in the woods1 slept in the tangled brakes and secret places of the fen1 exacted contributions from the adherents of the crown1 and1 by rapid movements of their woodland cavalry1 and brave blows1 accomplished more than thrice their numbers would have done in ordinary warfare4444 ,in such encounters or frays1 as they might rather be called1 from the smallness of the numbers concerned1 and the hand to hand mode of fighting which they exhibited1 ,marion1 ,sumpter1 ,horry1 ,pickens1 and many others had won a fame1 that1 in a nation of legendary or poetical associations1 would have been reduplicated through a thousand channels of immortal verse4 ,but alas6 we have no ballads6 and many men who as well deserve to be remembered as ,percy or ,douglas1 as ,adam ,bell or ,clym of the ,clough1 have sunk down without even a couplet epitaph upon the rude stone1 that1 in some unfenced and unreverenced grave yard1 still marks the lap of earth whereon their heads were laid4 99 99 99 99 99 ,one feature that belonged to this unhappy state of things in ,carolina was the division of families4 ,kindred were arrayed against each other in deadly feuds1 and not unfrequently brother took up arms against brother1 and sons against their sires4 ,a prevailing spirit of treachery and distrust marked the times4 ,strangers did not know how far they might trust to the rites of hospitality1 and many a man laid his head upon his pillow1 uncertain whether his fellow lodger might not invade him in the secret watches of the night1 and murder him in his slumbers4 ,all went armed1 and many slept with pistols or daggers under their pillows4 ,there are tales told of men being summoned to their doors or windows at midnight by the blaze of their farm yards1 to which the incendiary torch had been applied1 and shot down1 in the light of the conflagration1 by a concealed hand4 ,families were obliged to betake themselves to the shelter of the thickets and swamps1 when their own homesteads were dangerous places4 ,the enemy wore no colors1 and was not to be distinguished from friends either by outward guise or speech4 ,nothing could be more revolting than to see the symbols of peace thus misleading the confident into the toils of war--nor is it possible to imagine a state of society characterized by a more frightful insecurity4 ,it will here be seen at a glance that the novelist has been peculiarly fortunate in the choice of an epoch1 a scene and a subject4 ,we sincerely think that he has done them all the fullest justice1 and has worked out1 with these and with other materials1 a book of no ordinary character4 ,we do not wish to attempt any analysis of the story itself--or that connecting chain which unites into one proper whole the varied events of the novel4 ,we feel that in so doing1 we should1 in some measure1 mar the interest by anticipation2 a grievous sin too often indulged in by reviewers1 and against which1 should we ever be so lucky as to write a book1 we would protest with all our hearts4 ,but we may be allowed a word or two4 ,the principal character in the novel1 upon whom the chief interest of the story turns1 and who1 in accordance with the right usage of novel writing1 should be considered the hero1 and should have given a title to the book1 is ,brevet ,major ,arthur ,butler of the continental army1 to whose acquaintance we are first introduced about two o'clock in the afternoon of a day towards the end of ,july1 #aghj4 ,but ,mr4 ,k4 has ventured1 at his own peril1 to set at defiance the common ideas of propriety in this important matter1 and1 not having the fear of the critic before his eyes1 has thought it better to call his work by the name of a very singular personage1 whom all readers will agree in pronouncing worthy of the honor thus conferred upon him4 ,the writer has also made another innovation4 ,he has begun at the beginning4 ,we all know this to be an unusual method of procedure4 ,it has been too1 for some time past1 the custom1 to delay as long as possible the main interest of a novel--no doubt with the very laudable intention of making it the more intense when it does at length arrive4 ,now for our own parts we can see little difference in being amused with the beginning or with the end of a book1 but have a decided preference for those rare volumes which are so lucky as to amuse us throughout4 ,and such a book is the one before us4 ,we enter at once into the spirit and meaning of the author--we are introduced at once to the prominent characters--and we go with them at once1 heart and hand1 in the various and spirit-stirring adventures which befall them4 ,horse-,shoe ,robinson1 who derives his nick-name of ,horse-,shoe 7his proper prnomen being ,galbraith7--from the two-fold circumstance of being a blacksmith1 and of living in a little nook of land hemmed in by a semi-circular bend of water1 is fullly entitled to the character of an original4 ,he is the life and soul of the drama--the bone and sinew of the book--its very breath--its every thing which gives it strength1 substance1 and vitality4 ,never was there a rarer fellow--a more laughable blacksmith--a more gallant ,sancho4 ,he is a very prince at an ambuscade1 and a very devil at a fight4 ,he is a better edition of ,robin ,hood--quite as sagacious--not half so much of a coxcomb--and infinitely more moral4 ,in short1 he is the man of all others we should like to have riding by our side in any very hazardous expedition4 ,we think ,mr4 ,k4 has been particularly successful in the delineation of his female characters2 and this is saying a great deal at a time when1 from some unaccountable cause1 almost every attempt of the kind has turned out a failure4 ,mildred ,lindsay1 in her confiding love1 in her filial reverence1 in her heroic espousal of the revolutionary cause1 not because she approved it1 but because it was her lover's1 is an admirable and--need we say more8--a truly feminine portrait4 ,then the ardent1 the eager1 the simple-minded1 the generous and the devoted ,mary ,musgrove6 ,most sincerely did we envy ,john ,ramsay1 the treasure of so pure and so exalted an affection6 ,with the exception of now and then a careless1 or inadvertent expression1 such for instance1 as the word venturesome instead of adventurous1 no fault whatever can be found with ,mr4 ,kennedy's style4 ,it varies gracefully and readily with the nature of his subject1 never sinking1 even in the low comedy of some parts of the book1 into the insipid or the vulgar2 and often1 very often rising into the energetic and sublime4 ,its general character1 as indeed the general character of all that we have seen from the same pen1 is a certain unpretending simplicity1 nervous1 forcible1 and altogether devoid of affectation4 ,this is a style of writing above all others to be desired1 and above all others difficult of attainment4 ,nor is it to be supposed that by simplicity we imply a rejection of ornament1 or of a proper use of those advantages afforded by metaphorical illustration4 ,a style professing to disclaim such advantages would be anything but simple--if indeed we might not be tempted to think it very silly4 ,we have called the style of ,mr4 ,k4 a style simple and forcible1 and we have no hesitation in calling it1 at the same time1 richly figurative and poetical4 ,we have opened the pages at random for an illustration of our meaning1 and have no difficulty in finding one precisely suited to our purpose4 ,let us turn to vol4 i4 page #aab4--,the path of invasion is ever a difficult road when it leads against a united people4 ,you mistake both the disposition and the means of these republicans4 ,they have bold partizans in the field1 and eloquent leaders in their senates4 ,the nature of the strife sorts well with their quick and earnest tempers2 and by this man's play of war we breed up soldiers who delight in the game4 ,rebellion has long since marched beyond the middle ground1 and has no thought of retreat4 ,what was at first the mere overflow of popular passion has been hardened into principle--like a fiery stream of lava which first rolls in a flood1 and then turns into stone4 ,while we are upon the subject of style1 we might as well say a word or two in regard to punctuation4 ,it seems to us that the volumes before us are singularly deficient in this respect--and yet we noticed no fault of this nature in ,swallow ,barn4 ,how can we reconcile these matters8 ,whom are we to blame in this particular1 the author1 or the printer8 ,it cannot be said that the point is one of no importance--it is of very great importance4 ,a slovenly punctuation will mar1 in a greater or less degree1 the brightest paragraph ever penned2 and we are certain that those who have paid the most attention to this matter1 will not think us hypercritical in what we say4 ,a too frequent use of the dash is the besetting sin of the volumes now before us4 ,it is lugged in upon all occasions1 and invariably introduced where it has no business whatever4 ,even the end of a sentence is not sacred from its intrusion4 ,now there is no portion of a printer's fount1 which can1 if properly disposed1 give more of strength and energy to a sentence than this same dash2 and1 for this very reason1 there is none which can more effectually1 if improperly arranged1 disturb and distort the meaning of every thing with which it comes in contact4 ,but not to speak of such disturbance or distortion1 a fine taste will intuitively avoid1 even in trifles1 all that is unnecessary or superfluous1 and bring nothing into use without an object or an end4 ,we do not wish to dwell upon this thing1 or to make it of more consequence than necessary4 ,we will merely adduce an example of the punctuation to which we have alluded4 ,vide page #ach1 vol4 i4 ,will no lapse of time wear away this abhorred image from your memory8--,are you madly bent on bringing down misery on your head8--,i do not speak of my own suffering4--,will you forever nurse a hopeless attachment for a man whom1 it must be apparent to yourself1 you can never meet again8--,whom1 if the perils of the field1 the avenging bullet of some loyal subject1 do not bring him merited punishment1--the halter may reward1 or1 in his most fortunate destiny1 disgrace1 poverty1 and shame pursue3--,are you forever to love that man8-- ,would not the above paragraph read equally as well thus3 ,will no lapse of time wear away this abhorred image from your memory8 ,are you madly bent on bringing down misery on your head8 ,i do not speak of my own suffering4 ,will you forever nurse a hopeless attachment for a man whom1 it must be apparent to yourself1 you can never meet again--whom1 if the perils of the field1 the avenging bullet of some loyal subject1 do not bring him merited punishment1 the halter may reward1 or1 in his more fortunate destiny1 disgrace1 poverty and shame pursue8 ,are you forever to love that man8 ,the second of ,mr4 ,k's volumes is1 from a naturally increasing interest taken in the fortunes of the leading characters1 by far the most exciting4 ,but we can confidently recommend them both to the lovers of the forcible1 the adventurous1 the stirring1 and the picturesque4 ,they will not be disappointed4 ,a high tone of morality1 healthy and masculine1 breathes throughout the book1 and a rigid--perhaps a too scrupulously rigid poetical justice is dealt out to the great and little villains of the story--the ,tyrrells1 the ,wat ,adairs1 the ,currys1 and the ,habershams of the drama4 ,in conclusion1 we prophecy that ,horse-,shoe ,robinson will be eagerly read by all classes of people1 and cannot fail to place ,mr4 ,kennedy in a high rank among the writers of this or of any other country4 ,we regret that the late period of receiving his book will not allow us to take that extended notice of it which we could desire4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,journal--,by ,,frances ,,anne ,,butler4 ,philadelphia3 ,carey1 ,lea ,blanchard4 ,presented to the ,editor of the ,messenger1 by ,mr4 ,c4 ,hall4 ,perhaps no book has1 for many years1 been looked for1 long previous to its publication1 with such intense curiosity1 as this record of ,miss ,fanny ,kemble's observations and opinions of men and women1 manners and customs1 in the ,united ,states4 ,we say ,miss ,fanny ,kemble's opinions--for while bearing that name1 most of those opinions were formed4 ,under that name she was hailed in this country1 as the inheritress of the genius of ,mrs4 ,siddons1 whose fame is connected in the minds of ,americans with all that is noble1 and majestic1 and powerful in the dramatic art4 ,under that name she received the admiration of thousands1 was made a sharer of the hospitality of many of the most distinguished citizens of the country--and received a homage to which nothing but the highest genius1 and the purest moral worth could have entitled her4 ,it is not therefore as ,mrs4 ,frances ,anne ,butler1 the wife of an ,american citizen1 that we look upon her in her character of authoress--but as the favorite actress1 applauded to the echo1 surfeited with flattery1 and loaded with pecuniary rewards4#a ,it is impossible to consider this book in any other than a personal point of view4 ,its very form forbids our separating the author from the work--the opinions and sentiments1 from the individual who utters them4 ,the idea of both exist in an indivisible amalgamation4 ,nor we fear1 will it be possible for nine-tenths of her readers to weigh a single expression of ,fanny ,kemble the authoress1 unmingled with the idea of ,fanny ,kemble the actress1 the star--the observed of all observers4 ,hence this ,journal will have an effect probably far beyond the anticipations of its writer4 ,it will not only be looked upon as the test of ,mrs4 ,butler's ability as an author2 but it will1 whether justly or not1 convey to the thousands who have already perused1 and the tens of thousands who will hereafter peruse it1 a picture of her character and dispositions4 ,the picture may1 and doubtless will be an exaggerated one--few pictures are otherwise2 but still it will be received as true1 because the outlines have been traced by the original herself4 ,we are sorry to say that the counterfeit resemblance of the fair authoress1 presented by her book1 displays many harsh and ill-favored lineaments1 and the traces of passions which we could wish did not disfigure its many noble and magnanimous features4 ,mrs4 ,butler cannot claim for herself the immunity which she awards with great justice to poetical writers1 of a distinction between their real and their written sentiments4#b ,if this book contains as we suppose1 the faithful transcripts of her daily observations and opinions1 revised long after they were penned1 and thus exhibiting her true1 unexaggerated impressions1 by them must she be judged--and in passing judgment upon her work1 a candid critic will find much1 very much1 to admire and approve1 and much also to censure and condemn4 ,footnote #a3 ,we are far from wishing to convey the idea that a popular actor of real merit is in any way placed under obligation1 7especially such an obligation as would render it improper or ungrateful for him to speak with freedom of the communities of which his audiences formed parts17 by the pecuniary benefits received from the public for the exhibition of his talents4 ,mrs4 ,butler has1 we think1 settled that question in her book2 and it will be better for both the audiences and the actors1 whenever differences arise between them1 to consider each other on the footing of equality1 which she points out as the equitable and common-sense relation of the two parties4 ,nothing can be more rational than the following3 ,it may not be amiss here to say one word with regard to the gratitude which audiences in some parts of the world claim from actors1 and about which ,i have lately heard a most alarming out-cry4 ,do actors generally exercise their profession to please themselves and gratify their own especial delight in self-exhibition8 ,is that profession in its highest walks one of small physical exertion and fatigue1 7,i say nothing of mental exertion7 and in its lower paths is it one of much gain1 glory1 or ease8 ,do audiences1 on the other hand1 use to come in crowds to play-houses to see indifferent performers8 and when there do they out of pure charity and good-will1 bestow their applause as well as their money upon tiresome performers8--,i will answer these points as far as regards myself1 and therein express the gratitude which ,i feel towards the frequenters of theatres4 ,i individually disliked my profession1 and had neither pride nor pleasure in the exercise of it4 ,i exercised it as a matter of necessity1 to earn my bread1--and verily it was in the sweat of my brow4 ,the parts which fell to my lot were of a most laborious nature1 and occasioned sometimes violent mental excitement1 always immense physical exertion1 and sometimes both4 ,in those humbler walks of my profession1 from whose wearisomeness ,i was exempted by my sudden favor with the public1 ,i have seen1 though not known1 the most painful drudgery1--the most constant fatigue1--the most sad contrast between real cares and feigned merriments1--the most anxious penurious and laborious existence imaginable4 ,for the part of my question which regarded the audiences1 ,i have only to say1 that ,i never knew1 saw1 heard or read of any set of people who went to a play-house to see what they did not like2 this being the case it never occurred to me that our houses were full but as a necessary consequence of our own attraction1 or that we were applauded1 but as the result of our own exertions4 ,i was glad the houses were full1 because ,i was earning my livelihood1 and wanted the money2 and ,i was glad the people applauded us1 because it is pleasant to please1 and human vanity will find some sweetness in praise1 even when reason weighs its worth most justly4 ,vol4 ii4 pp4 #aji-aaj4 ,footnote #b3 ,moore talks about ,byron's writing with the same pen full of ink1 ',adieu1 adieu1 my native land1' and ',hurra1 ,hodgson1 we are going4' ,it proves nothing1 except what ,i firmly believe1 that we must not look for the real feelings of writers to their works--or rather that what they give us1 and what we take for heart feeling1 is head weaving--a species of emotion engendered somewhere betwixt the bosom and the brain1 and bearing the same proportion of resemblance to reality that a picture does--that is--like feeling1 but not feeling--like sadness1 but not sadness--like what it appears1 but not indeed that very thing3 and the greater a man's power of thus producing sham realities1 the greater his qualification for being a poet4 ,journal1 vol4 i41 pp4 #ba-bb4 ,we have read ,mrs4 ,butler's work with untiring interest--indeed the vivacity of its style1 the frequent occurrence of beautiful descriptions1 of just and forcible observations1 and many sound views of the condition of society in this country--the numerous characteristic anecdotes1 and some most discriminating criticisms of actors and acting1 must stamp her work as one of no ordinary merit4 ,and these attractions in a great measure neutralize1 although they cannot redeem1 her innumerable faults of language1 her sturdy prejudices1 her hasty opinions1 and her ungenerous sarcasms--,these abound in the ,journal1 and yet it is more than probable that her censorious spirit has to a great extent been suppressed1 as almost every page is studded with asterisks1 indicating1 we may presume1 that her sins of hasty censure have been greatly diminished to the public eye1 by the saving grace of omission4 ,the defects of the work are not confined to the exhibition of prejudices and the expression of unjust opinions3 the style and language is often coarse1 we might say vulgar2 and her more impassioned exclamations are often characterized by a vehemence which is very like profanity1 an offence that would not be tolerated in a writer of the other sex4 ,we cite a few1 from among the many passages which we have noted1 as specimens of undignified1 unfeminine and unscholarlike phraseology3 ,the word dawdled seems a great favorite with ,mrs4 ,butler--as1 for instance3 ,rose at eight1 dawdled about1 c4 vol4 i4 p4 #ah4 ,rose at half past eight1 dawdled about as usual1 p4 #ba4 ,came up and dawdled upon deck1 p4 #dg4 ,came home1 daudled about my room1 p4 #ig4--;,and in numberless other instances this word is used1 apparently1 to signify loitering or dallying1 spelled indiscriminately dawdled1 or daudled4 ,indeed so much does our fair authoress seem to have been addicted to the habit which the word implies--be it what it may--that in the second volume she speaks of having dressed for once without dawdling1 as an uncommon occurrence4 ,she is also fond of the word gulp1 and uses it in strange combinations1 as--,my dear father1 who was a little elated1 made me sing to him1 which ,i greatly gulped at1 p4 #fa4 ,i gulped1 sat down1 and was measured1 7for a pair of shoes17 p4 #ajc--on the edge of a precipice1 several hundred feet down into the valley3 it made me gulp to look at it1 c4 ,at page #ig1 she tells us1 that when the gentlemen joined us they were all more or less 'how come'd you so indeed8' and shortly after1 they all went away in good time1 and we came to bed3 ------------------------------------,to bed--to sleep-- ,to sleep6--perchance to be bitten6 aye--there's the scratch3 ,and in that sleep of our's what bugs may come1 ,must give us pause4 ,she thus describes the motions of persons on ship-board1 in rough weather3 ,rushing hither and thither in all directions but the one they purpose going1 and making as many angles1 fetches1 and ridiculous deviations from the point they aim at1 as if the devil had tied a string to their legs1 and jerked it every now and then in spite4 p4 #ah4 ,at page #ii3 ,supped1 lay down on the floor in absolute meltiness away1 and then came to bed4 ,when ,i went on1 ,i was all but tumbling down at the sight of my ,jaffier1 who looked like the apothecary in ,romeo and ,juliet1 with the addition of some devilish red slashes along his thighs and arms1 p4 #ajg4 ,away walloped the four horses1 c4 p4 #aca4 ,how they did wallop and shamble about1 c4 p4 #adi4 ,now ,i'll go to bed2 my cough's enough to kill a horse1 p4 #aec4 ,heaven bless the world1 for a conglomerated amalgamation of fools1 p4 #aij4 ,he talked an amazing quantity of thickish philosophy1 and moral and sentimental potter4 ,in truth1 potter and pottering1 seem to be favorites equally with daudling1 and she as frequently makes use of them4 ,for instance1 ,he sat down1 and pottered a little1 p4 #eh4 ,they took snuff1 eat cakes1 and pottered a deal1 p4 #ahb4 ,after dinner pottered about clothes1 c4 p4 #bbj4 ,sat stitching and pottering an infinity1 p4 #bcj--;and many other varieties of the same word4 ,but of the infinite number of literary novelties of this sort1 it would be impossible1 within the limits we have prescribed to ourselves1 to give more than a few specimens4 ,we will take two or three more at random3 ,my feet got so perished with the cold1 that ,i didn't know what to do1 p4 #bcj4 ,he was most exceedingly odd and dauldrumish4 ,i think he was a little 'how come'd you so indeed4' p4 #aie2 yesterday began like ,may1 with flowers and sun-shine1 it ended like ,december1 with the sulks1 and a fit of crying4 ,the former were furnished me by my friends and ,heaven1 the latter by myself and the d----l4 p4 #aih4 ,at six o'clock1 ,d---- roused me2 and grumpily enough ,i arose4 #a;b4 ,at one o'clock1 came home1 having danced myself fairly off my legs4 p4 #bbg4 ,such blemishes as these1 apparently uniting the slang of the boarding school and the green room1 deform the work of ,mrs4 ,butler1 and are much to be lamented1 became they may have the effect of blinding the hasty1 prejudiced or fastidious reader1 to the many beauties which are to be found in its pages4 ,indeed the work has already encountered the severest criticisms from the newspaper press1 imbittered by the many censorious remarks of ,mrs4 ,b4 upon the manners and institutions of the country2 her severe1 and in many instances just strictures upon the state of society in the cities in which she sojourned2 and the supercilious sneers which she has uttered against the editorial fraternity1 the press gang1 as she uncourteously denominates that numerous and powerful body4 ,the censures of her book1 are doubtless1 in the main1 well deserved2 but in their excess1 the merits which the ,journal unquestionably possesses in great abundance and of a high order1 have in many cases been passed by unheeded by her indignant critics4 ,and here we cannot refrain from the utterance of a remark which has frequently occurred to us1 and which is brought forcibly to mind by the reception which ,mrs4 ,butler's criticisms upon ,america have met with3 we think that too much sensitiveness is felt by our countrymen1 at the unfavorable opinions expressed by foreigners1 in regard to our social1 political1 and moral condition--and that the press1 as the organ of public sentiment1 is prone to work itself into a superfluous frenzy of indignation1 at what are generally considered foreign libels upon us4 ,to be indignant at gross misrepresentations of our country1 is an exhibition of patriotism in one of its most laudable forms4 ,but the sentiment may be carried too far1 and may blind us to evils and deficiencies in our condition1 when pointed out by a foreigner1 which it would be well for us rather to consider with a view to their amendment4 ,it may so far blunt our sense of the justice of the maxim fas est1 ab hoste doceri1 as to induce us to entertain jealousy and aversion for the most judicious suggestions1 if offered by others than our own countrymen4 ,entertaining these views1 we have read ,mrs4 ,butler's work1 with a disposition to judge of it impartially2 and while we have perceived many instances of captious complaints in regard to matters of trifling importance in themselves2 and frequently a disposition to build up general censures upon partial1 individual causes of disgust1 displeasure or disappointment--we feel bound to say1 that1 taking the work as a whole1 we do not think a deliberate disposition to misrepresent1 or a desire to depreciate us1 can be discovered in it4 ,the strictures upon our modes of living1 our social relations1 c4 are often unworthy the writer4 ,she complains for instance1 that the things 7at the hotel in ,new ,york17 were put on the table in a slovenly1 outlandish fashion2 fish1 soup1 and meat1 at once1 and puddings1 and tarts1 and cheese1 at another once2 no finger glasses1 and a patched table cloth--in short1 a want of that style and neatness which is found in every hotel in ,england4 ,the waiters too1 remind us of the half-savage highland lads1 that used to torment us under that denomination in ,glasgow--only that they were wild ,irish instead of ,scotch4 vol4 i4 p4 #di4 ,frequently too1 she complains of the audiences before whom she performed1 with occasional reproof of their ungracious conduct in not sufficiently applauding her father or herself3 ,she says1 of the first appearance of the former at the ,park ,theatre3 ,when he came on they gave him what every body here calls an immense reception2 but they should see our ,london audience get up1 and wave hats and handkerchiefs1 and shout welcome as they used to do to us4 ,the tears were in my eyes1 and all ,i could say was1 'they might as well get up1 ,i think4' ,vol4 i4 p4 #ic4--;,and on another occasion3 ,the people were stupid to a degree to be sure2 poor things1 it was very hot4 ,indeed ,i scarcely understood how they should be amused with the ,school for ,scandal2 for though the dramatic situations are so exquisite1 yet the wit is far above the generality of even our own audiences1 and the tone and manners altogether are so thoroughly ,english1 that ,i should think it must be for the most part incomprehensible to the good people here1--p4 #aaj4 ,at the ,philadelphia audiences1 she grumbles as follows3 ,the audiences here1 are without exception1 the most disagreeable ,i ever played to4 ,not a single hand did they give the balcony scene1 or my father's scene with the friar2 they are literally immoveable4 ,they applauded vehemently at the end of my draught scene1 and a great deal at the end of the play2 but they are nevertheless intolerably dull1 and it is all but impossible to act to them1--p4 #aeg4 ,of the ladies of this country1 she seems to have formed a low estimate in many respects1 and to look upon them generally with no little contempt4 ,of those in ,new ,york1 she says3 ,the women dress very much1 and very much like ,french women gone mad2 they all of them seem to me to walk horribly ill1 as if they wore tight shoes4--,and again3 ,the women here1 like those in most warm climates1 ripen very early1 and decay proportionably soon4 ,they are1 generally speaking1 pretty1 with good complexions1 and an air of freshness and brilliancy1 but this ,i am told is very evanescent2 and whereas1 in ,england1 a woman is in the full bloom of health and beauty1 from twenty to five and thirty2 here1 they scarce reach the first period without being faded1 and looking old4 ,they marry very young1 and this is another reason why age comes prematurely upon them4 ,there was a fair young thing at dinner to-day1 who did not look above seventeen1 and she was a wife4 ,as for their figures1 like those of the ,french women1 they are too well dressed for one to judge exactly what they are really like3 they are1 for the most part1 short and slight1 with remarkably pretty feet and ancles2 but there's too much pelerine and petticoat1 and 'de quoi' of every sort to guess any thing more1--p4 #hh4 ,this is a delicate subject1 and one on which we should be averse to enter the lists with ,mrs4 ,butler1 prejudiced as she most probably is4 ,but some of her observations on the mode of nurturing females1 strike us as exhibiting good sense3 ,in the following note to the above1 we apprehend there is much truth3 ,the climate of this country is made the scape-goat upon which all the ill looks1 and ill health of the ladies is laid2 but while they are brought up as effeminately as they are1 take as little exercise1 live in rooms heated like ovens during the winter1 and marry as early as they do2 it will appear evident1 that many causes combine with an extremely variable climate1 to sallow their complexions1 and destroy their constitutions4 ,we are sorry to be forced to say1 that there is also much sound sense and unwelcome truth in her remarks upon the situation of married females in our fashionable circles generally1 7although the picture is overwrought and is more peculiarly applicable to northern females17 which we quote from ,vol i4 p4 #afj4 ,the dignified and graceful influence which married women among us exercise over the tone of manners1 uniting the duties of home to the charms of social life2 and bearing1 at once1 like the orange tree the fair fruits of maturity with the blossoms of their spring1 is utterly unknown here4 ,married women are either house-drudges and nursery-maids1 or1 if they appear in society1 comparative cyphers2 and the retiring1 modest youthful bearing1 which among us distinguishes girls of fifteen or sixteen is equally unknown4 ,society is entirely led by chits1 who in ,england would be sitting behind a pinafore2 the consequence is1 that it has neither the elegance1 refinement1 nor the propriety which belong to ours2 but is a noisy1 racketty1 vulgar congregation of flirting boys and girls1 alike without style and decorum4 ,this view of manners is drawn from the society of the cities of ,new ,york and ,philadelphia2--appended to the above extract1 is a note1 entering more into the details of her impressions regarding their fashionable circles1 which we give entire3 ,when we arrived in ,america1 we brought letters of introduction to several persons in ,new ,york2 many were civil enough to call upon us1 we were invited out to sundry parties1 and were introduced into what is there called the first society4 ,i do not wish to enter into any description of it1 but will only say1 that ,i was most disagreeably astonished2 and had it been my fate to have passed through the country as rapidly as most travellers do1 ,i should have carried away a very unfavorable impression of the best society of ,new ,york4 ,fortunately1 however1 for me1 my visits were repeated and my stay prolonged3 and in the course of time ,i became acquainted with many individuals whose manners and acquirements were of a high order1 and from whose intercourse ,i derived the greatest gratification4 ,but they generally did me the favor to visit me1 and ,i still could not imagine how it happened that ,i never met them at the parties to which ,i was invited1 and in the circles where ,i visited4 ,i soon discovered that they formed a society among themselves1 where all those qualities which ,i had looked for among the self-styled best1 were to be found4 ,when ,i name ,miss ,sedgewick1 ,halleck1 ,irving1 ,bryant1 ,paulding and some of less fame1 but whose acquirements rendered their companionship delightful indeed1 amongst whom ,i felt proud and happy to find several of my own name2 it will no longer appear singular that they should feel too well satisfied with the resources of their own society1 either to mingle in that of the vulgar fashionables1 or seek with avidity the acquaintance of every stranger that arrives in ,new ,york4 ,it is not to be wondered at1 that foreigners have spoken as they have1 of what is termed fashionable society here1 or have condemned1 with unqualified censure1 the manners and tone prevailing in it2 their condemnations are true and just as regards what they see3 nor perhaps1 would they be much inclined to moderate them1 when they found that persons possessing every quality that can render intercourse between rational creatures desirable1 were held in light esteem1 and neglected1 as either bores1 blues1 or dowdies1 by those so infinitely their inferiors in every worthy accomplishment4 ,the same separation1 or if anything a still stronger one1 subsists in ,philadelphia1 between the self-styled fashionables1 and the real good society4 ,the distinction there1 is really of a nature perfectly ludicrous2 a friend of mine was describing to me a family whose manners were unexceptionable1 and whose mental accomplishments were of a high order2 upon my expressing some surprise that ,i had never met with them1 my informant replied1 ',oh1 no1 they are not received by the ,chestnut street set4' ,if ,i were called upon to define that society in ,new ,york and ,philadelphia1 which ranks 7by right of self-arrogation17 as first and best2 ,i should say it is a purely dancing society1 where a fiddle is indispensable to keep its members awake2 and where their brains and tongues seem1 by common consent1 to feel that they had much better give up the care of mutual entertainment to the feet of the parties assembled1 and they judge well4 ,now1 ,i beg leave clearly to be understood1 there is another1 and a far more desirable circle2 but it is not the one into which strangers find their way generally4 ,to an ,englishman1 this fashionable society presents1 indeed1 a pitiful sample of lofty pretensions without adequate foundation4 ,here is a constant endeavor to imitate those states of ,european society1 which have for their basis the feudal spirit of the early ages2 and which are rendered venerable by their rank1 powerful by their wealth1 and refined1 and in some degree respectable1 by great and general mental cultivation4 ,of ,boston ,i have not spoken4 ,the society there1 is of an infinitely superior order4 ,a very general degree of information1 and a much greater simplicity of manners render it infinitely more agreeable1--pp4 #afa-b4 ,as few matters1 worldly or spiritual1 escaped the observation of our authoress1 it is not wonderful that her pen was occasionally dipped in the political cauldron4 ,but as her ideas are in most instances tinged with her own national prejudices1 we shall not dwell upon them longer than to say that she sees already a decided aristocratic tendency among us1 and to quote the following summary of her opinion as to the permanence of our institutions and government3--,i believe in my heart that a republic is the noblest1 highest1 and purest form of government2 but ,i believe that according to the present disposition of human creatures1 'tis a mere beau ideal1 totally incapable of realization4 ,what the world may be fit for six hundred years hence1 ,i cannot exactly perceive--but in the mean time1 'tis my conviction that ,america will be a monarchy before ,i am a skeleton4 p4 #ef4 ,if argument with a lady on such a subject could be reconciled to the precepts of gallantry1 it would certainly be unprofitable where the causes of her belief are so vaguely stated4 ,and we think she has furnished the best argument against herself in her frequent comparisons of the condition of the mass of the people of this country to that of the laboring class in ,england1 in which she constantly decides in favor of ,america4 ,it will scarcely be argued that a people enjoying such blessings as she ascribes to the condition of the mass of ,american citizens1 could easily be induced to change their government1 and yield up a certain good for a doubtful improvement--far less that they would willingly submit to a form of government which they look upon as particularly odious4 ,the following passage shows what are her views of the condition of the laboring classes among us3 ,i never was so forcibly struck with the prosperity and happiness of the lower orders of society in this country1 as yesterday returning from ,hoboken4 ,the walks along the river and through the woods1 the steamers crossing from the city1 were absolutely thronged with a cheerful1 well-dressed population abroad1 merely for the purpose of pleasure and exercise4 ,journeymen1 laborers1 handicraftsmen1 tradespeople1 with their families1 bearing all in their dress and looks evident signs of well-being and contentment1 were all flocking from their confined avocations1 into the pure air1 the bright sunshine1 and beautiful shade of this lovely place4 ,i do not know any spectacle which could give a foreigner1 especially an ,englishman1 a better illustration of that peculiar excellence of the ,american government--the freedom and happiness of the lower classes4 ,neither is it to be said that this was a holiday1 or an occasion of peculiar festivity--it was a common week-day--such as our miserable manufacturing population spends from sun-rise to sun-down1 in confined1 incessant1 unhealthy toil--to earn1 at its conclusion1 the inadequate reward of health and happiness so wasted--the contrast struck me forcibly--it rejoiced my heart2 it surely was an object of contemplation1 that any one who had a heart must have rejoiced in4 ,we had intended to make several additional extracts from what we think the better portions of the ,journal1 such as would exhibit the authoress in her most favorable light4 ,but we have daudled so long on the way1 that those extracts must be brief1 and will probably fail to do the justice we proposed to the fair writer4 ,as however1 we have not selected the worst of the passages from those which we deemed it our duty to censure1 we may be forgiven1 if we should fail to quote the best of those which exhibit her good sense and ability as a writer4 ,of the fate of the aborigines of this country1 she says3 ,the chasing1 enslaving1 and destroying creatures1 whose existence1 however inferior1 is as justly theirs1 as that of the most refined ,european is his2 who for the most part1 too1 receive their enemies with open-handed hospitality1 until taught treachery by being betrayed1 and cruelty by fear2 the driving the child of the soil off it1 or1 what is fifty times worse1 chaining him to till it2 all the various forms of desolation which have ever followed the landing of civilized men upon uncivilized shores2 in short1 the theory and practice of discovery and conquest1 as recorded in all history1 is a very singular and painful subject of contemplation4 ',tis true1 that cultivation and civilization1 the arts and sciences that render life useful1 the knowledge that ennobles1 the adornments that refine existence1 above all1 the religion that is its most sacred trust and dear reward1 all these1 like pure sunshine and healthful airs following a hurricane1 succeed the devastation of the invader2 but the sufferings of those who are swept away are not the less1 and though ,i believe that good alone is ,god's result1 it seems a fearful proof of the evil wherewith this earth is cursed1 that good cannot progress but over such a path4 ,no one1 beholding the prosperous and promising state of this fine country1 could wish it again untenanted of its enterprising and industrious possessors2 yet even while looking with admiration at all they have achieved1 with expectation amounting to certainty to all that they will yet accomplish2 'tis difficult to refrain from bestowing some thoughts of pity and of sadness upon those1 whose homes have been overturned1 whose language has past away1 and whose feet are daily driven further from those territories of which they were once sole and sovereign lords4 ,how strange it is to think1 that less than one hundred years ago1 these shores1 resounding with the voice of populous cities--these waters1 laden with the commerce of the wide world1 were silent wildernesses1 where sprang and fell the forest leaves1 where ebbed and flowed the ocean tides from day to day1 and from year to year in uninterrupted stillness2 where the great sun1 who looked on the vast empires of the east1 its mouldering kingdoms1 its lordly palaces1 its ancient temples1 its swarming cities1 came and looked down upon the still dwelling of utter loneliness1 where nature sat enthroned in everlasting beauty1 undisturbed by the far off din of worlds 'beyond the flood4' ,there is eloquence and good feeling in the following3 ,in beholding this fine young giant of a world1 with all its magnificent capabilities for greatness1 ,i think every ,englishman must feel unmingled regret at the unjust and unwise course of policy which alienated such a child from the parent government4 ,but1 at the same time1 it is impossible to avoid seeing that some other course must1 ere long1 have led to the same result1 even if ,england had pursued a more maternal course of conduct towards ,america4 ,no one1 beholding this enormous country1 stretching from ocean to ocean1 watered with ten thousand glorious rivers1 combining every variety of climate and soil2 therefore1 every variety of produce and population2 possessing within itself every resource that other nations are forced either to buy abroad1 or to create substitutes for at home2 no one1 seeing the internal wealth of ,america1 the abundant fertility of the earth's surface1 the riches heaped below it1 the unparalleled facilities for the intercourse of men1 and the interchange of their possessions throughout its vast extent1 can for an instant indulge the thought that such a country was ever destined to be an appendage to any other in the world1 or that any chain of circumstances whatever1 could have long maintained in dependance a people furnished with every means of freedom and greatness4 ,but far from regretting that ,america has thrown off her allegiance1 and regarding her as a rebellious subject1 and irreverent child2 ,england will surely1 ere long1 learn to look upon this country as the inheritor of her glory2 the younger ,england1 destined to perpetuate the language1 the memory1 the virtues of the noble land from which she is descended4 ,loving and honoring my country1 as ,i do1 ,i cannot look upon ,america with any feeling of hostility4 ,i do not only hear the voice of ,england in the language of this people1 but ,i recognize in all their best qualities1 their industry1 their honesty1 their sturdy independence of spirit1 the very witnesses of their origin1 they are ,english2 no other people in the world would have licked us as they did2 nor any other people in the world1 built upon the ground they won1 so sound1 and strong1 and fair an edifice4 ,with regard to what ,i have said in the beginning of this note1 of the many reasons which combined to render this country independent of all others2 ,i think they in some measure tell against the probability of its long remaining at unity with itself4 ,such numerous and clashing interests2 such strong and opposite individuality of character between the northern and southern states2 above all1 such enormous extent of country2 seem rationally to present many points of insecurity2 many probabilities of separations and breakings asunder2 but all this lies far on1 and ,i leave it to those who have good eyes for a distance4 ,vol4 i4 pp4 #ahg-h4 ,from her description of a voyage up the ,hudson river1 which is one of the most beautiful portions of the work1 we can give but two brief passages3 ,we passed the light-house of ,stoney ,point1 now the peaceful occupant of the territory1 where the blood in ,english veins was poured out by ,english hands1 during the struggle between old established tyranny and the infant liberties of this giant world4 ,over all and each1 the blessed sky bent its blue arch1 resplendently clear and bright1 while far away the distant summits of the highlands rose one above another1 shutting in the world1 and almost appearing as though each bend of the river must find us locked in their shadowy circle1 without means of onward progress4 ,vol4 i4 p4 #bjg4 99 99 99 99 99 ,where are the poets of this land8 ,why such a world should bring forth men with minds and souls larger and stronger than any that ever dwelt in mortal flesh4 ,where are the poets of this land8 ,they should be giants1 too2 ,homers and ,miltons1 and ,goethes and ,dantes1 and ,shakspeares4 ,have these glorious scenes poured no inspirings into hearts worthy to behold and praise their beauty8 ,is there none to come here and worship among these hills and waters1 till his heart burns within him1 and the hymn of inspiration flows from his lips1 and rises to the sky8 ,is there not one among the sons of such a soil to send forth its praises to the universe1 to throw new glory round the mountains1 new beauty over the waves8 is inanimate nature1 alone1 here 'telling the glories of ,god8' ,oh1 surely1 surely1 there will come a time when this lovely land will be vocal with the sound of song1 when every close-locked valley1 and waving wood1 rifted rock and flowing stream shall have their praise4 ,yet 'tis strange how marvellously unpoetical these people are6 ,how swallowed up in life and its daily realities1 wants1 and cares2 how full of toil and thrift1 and money-getting labor4 ,even the heathen ,dutch1 among us the very antipodes of all poetry1 have found names such as the ,donder ,berg for the hills1 whilst the ,americans christen them ,butter ,hill1 the ,crow's ,nest1 and such like4 ,perhaps some hundred years hence1 when wealth has been amassed by individuals1 and the face of society begins to grow chequered1 as in the old lands of ,europe1 when the whole mass of population shall no longer go running along the level road of toil and profit1 when inequalities of rank shall exist1 and the rich man shall be able to pay for the luxury of poetry1 and the poor man who makes verses1 no longer be asked1 ',why don't you cast up accounts8' when all this comes to pass1 as perhaps some day it may1 ,america will have poets4 ,it seems strange to me that men such as the early settlers in ,massachusetts1 the ,puritan founders of ,new ,england1 the ',pilgrim ,fathers1' should not have had amongst them some men1 or at least man1 in whose mind the stern and enduring courage1 the fervent1 enthusiastic piety1 the unbending love of liberty1 which animated them all1 become the inspiration to poetic thought1 and the suggestion of poetical utterance4 ,they should have had a ,milton or a ,klopstock amongst them4 ,yet after all1 they had excitement of another sort1 and moreover1 the difficulties1 and dangers1 and distresses of a fate of unparalleled hardship1 to engross all the energies of their minds2 and ,i am half inclined to believe that poetry is but a hothouse growth4 ,vol4 i4 pp4 #bab-ac4 ,our friends1 ,oliver ,oldschool and ,anthony ,absolute1 will be pleased to observe that ,mrs4 ,butler abjures the ,waltz1 and agrees with them in objecting to its tendency3 ,dr4 ---- called1 and gave me a sermon about waltzing4 ,as it was perfectly good sense1 to which ,i could reply nothing whatever1 in the shape of objection1 ,i promised him never to waltz again1 except with a woman1 or my brother4444 ,after all1 'tis not fitting that a man should put his arm round one's waist1 whether one belongs to any one but one's self or not4 ',tis much against what ,i have always thought most sacred1--the dignity of a woman in her own eyes1 and those of others4 ,i like ,dr4 ---- most exceedingly4 ,he spoke every way to my feelings of what was right to-day4 ,after saying that he felt convinced from conversations which he had heard amongst men1 that waltzing was immoral in its tendency1 he added1 ',i am married1 and have been in love1 and cannot imagine any thing more destructive of the deep and devoted respect which love is calculated to excite in every honorable man's heart1 not only for the individual object of his affection1 but for her whole sex1 than to see any and every impertinent coxcomb in a ball room1 come up to her1 and1 without remorse or hesitation1 clasp her waist1 imprison her hand1 and absolutely whirl her round in his arms4' ,so spake the ,doctor2 and my sense of propriety1 and conviction of right1 bore testimony to the truth of his saying4 ,so1 farewell1 sweet ,german ,waltz6 next to hock1 the most intoxicating growth of the ,rheinland4 ,i shall never keep time to your pleasant measure again6--no matter2 after all1 anything is better than to be lightly spoken of1 and to deserve such mention4 ,vol4 i4 pp4 #bbg-bh4 ,mrs4 ,butler seems to have no great love of the dramatic art--that is1 the art of stage performance4 ,several pages in the second volume are devoted to this subject1 7pp4 #ei1 #fj and #fa7 in which she argues with great force in support of the position1 that acting is the very lowest of the arts4 ,like all her criticisms of subjects connected with the stage1 it is an admirable passage2 but it is too long for quotation4 ,a shorter one conveys the same idea1 in eloquent language3 ,i acted like a wretch1 of course2 how could ,i do otherwise8 ,oh1 ,juliet6 vision of the south6 rose of the garden of the earth6 was this the glorious hymn that ,shakspeare hallowed to your praise8 was this the mingled strain of ,love's sweet going forth1 and ,death's dark victory1 over which my heart and soul have been poured out in wonder and ecstacy8--,how ,i do loathe the stage6 these wretched1 tawdry1 glittering rags1 flung over the breathing forms of ideal loveliness2 these miserable1 poor1 and pitiful substitutes for the glories with which poetry has invested her magnificent and fair creations--the glories with which our imagination reflects them back again4 ,what a mass of wretched mumming mimickry acting is4 ,pasteboard and paint1 for the thick breathing orange groves of the south2 green silk and oiled parchment1 for the solemn splendor of her noon of night2 wooden platforms and canvass curtains1 for the solid marble balconies1 and rich dark draperies of ,juliet's sleeping chamber1 that shrine of love and beauty2 rouge1 for the startled life-blood in the cheek of that young passionate woman2 an actress1 a mimicker1 a sham creature1 me1 in fact1 or any other one1 for that loveliest and most wonderful conception1 in which all that is true in nature1 and all that is exquisite in fancy1 are moulded into a living form4 ,to act this6 to act ,romeo and ,juliet6--horror6 horror6 how ,i do loathe my most impotent and unpoetical craft6 ,vol4 ii4 pp4 #af-ag4 ,in another and sadder strain1 there are many beautiful portions1 from which we can only select the following--and with this our extracts must end3 ',tis strange1 that ,messenger ,bird threw more than a passing gloom over me4 ,if the dead do indeed behold those whom they have loved1 with loving eyes and fond remembrance1 do not the sorrows1 the weariness1 the toiling1 the despairing of those dear ones rise even into the abodes of peace1 and wring the souls of those who thence look down upon the earth1 and see the wo and anguish suffered here8 ,or1 if they do not feel1--if1 freed from this mortal coil1 they forget all they have suffered1 all that we yet endure1 oh6 then what four-fold trash is human love6 what vain and miserable straws are all the deep1 the dear1 the grasping affections twined in our hearts' fibres1--mingled with our blood6--how poor are all things--how beggarly is life4 ,oh1 to think that while we yet are bowed in agony and mourning over the dead1--while our bereaved hearts are aching1 and our straining eyes looking to that heaven1 beyond which we think they yet may hear our cries1 they yet may see our anguish1 the dead1 the loved1 the mourned1 nor see1 nor hear2 or if they do1 look down with cold and careless gaze upon the love that lifts our very souls in desperate yearning towards them4 ,vol4 ii4 pp4 #ed-ee4 ,we have thus endeavored to give our readers an idea of this very remarkable book--a task of no little difficulty from its variable features1 its mixture of sense and silliness1 of prejudice and liberality--almost every page bearing a distinct and peculiar character4 ,there are many things which have elicited censure1 on which we have not laid any stress1 and among these are the frequent exhibitions of attachment to her native country1 and preference of its people1 its customs1 its laws1 c4 to those of ,america4 ,we cannot find fault with her for so noble and so natural a sentiment1 even though it should lead her to depreciate and underrate us4 ,besides1 she acknowledges the blindness of her partiality to ,england1 and speaks of it with great candor1 as a national characteristic3 ,how we ,english folks do cling to our own habits1 our own views1 our own things1 our own people2 how in spite of all our wanderings and scatterings over the whole face of the earth1 like so many ,jews1 we never lose our distinct and national individuality2 nor fail to lay hold of one another's skirts1 to laugh at and depreciate all that differs from that country1 which we delight in forsaking for any and all others4 ,vol4 i4 p4 #ij4 ,the chief fault of the work will be found in the dictatorial manner of the writer4 ,a female1 and a young one too1 cannot speak with the self-confidence which marks this book1 without jarring somewhat upon ,american notions of the retiring delicacy of the female character4 ,but the early induction of ,mrs4 ,b4 upon the stage1 has evidently given her a precocious self-dependence and a habit of forming her own opinions4 ,there is perhaps no situation in which human vanity is so powerfully excited1 as that of the favorite actor4 ,the directness of the applause which greets his successful efforts is most intoxicating1 and mingles so much admiration of the performer with delight at the performance1 that he or she1 whose vanity should resist its fascinations1 must be a stoic indeed4#c ,the effects of this personal homage1 added to the advantages of her birth1 and her really masculine intellect1 are apparent in ,mrs4 ,b's ,journal4 ,but she also displays some fine feminine traits1 which the flatteries of delighted audiences1 the admiration of ambitious fashionables1 and the consciousness of being the chief ,lion of the day1 could not destroy4 ,her sympathy for a sick lady1 lodging in the same house in ,philadelphia1 is frequently and delicately expressed2 and various other incidents shew that kindness and generosity are among her prominent qualities4 ,many pages are devoted to the subject of religion1 and as appears from them1 she was attentive to the performance of her devotions3 ,yet we cannot but think her religion as displayed in this book1 more a sentiment than a principle2 rather the imbodying of a poetical fancy1 than that pervading feeling of the heart which enters into and characterizes the actions of those who feel its influence4--,in conclusion1 we will repeat what we have said before1 that there is much to admire and much to condemn in this work--enough of the former to render it one of the most attractive 7as it is one of the most original7 that has recently issued from the press2 and in censuring its faults it will be but justice to bear in mind a sentiment of ,mrs4 ,b42 ,after all1 if people generally did but know the difficulty of doing well1 they would be less damnatory upon those who do ill4 p4 #aad1 vol4 i4 ,footnote #c3 ,this position has been beautifully illustrated by some modern ,english writer1 but by whom we have forgotten4 ,mrs4 ,butler is fully aware of the intoxicating nature of the applause bestowed on actors1 and speaks most sensibly on the subject1 although she is probably unconscious of its full effects upon her own feelings1 and manner of thinking and writing4 ,excitement1 says she1 is reciprocal between the performer and the audience2 he creates it in them1 and receives it back again from them3 and in that last scene in ,fazio1 half the effect that ,i produce is derived from the applause which ,i receive1 the very noise and tumult of which tends to heighten the nervous energy which the scene itself begets4 ,the idea is farther carried out in the following striking passage3 ,the evanescent nature of his triumph1 however an actor may deplore it1 is in fact but an instance of the broad moral justice by which all things are so evenly balanced4 ,if he can hope for no fame beyond mere mention1 when once his own generation passes away1 at least his power1 and his glory1 and his reign is in his own person1 and during his own life4 ,there is scarcely to be conceived a popularity for the moment more intoxicating than that of a great actor in his day1 so much of it becomes mixed up with the individual himself4 ,the poet1 the painter1 and the sculptor1 enchant us through their works2 and with very1 very few exceptions1 their works1 and not their very persons are the objects of admiration and applause2 it is to their minds we are beholden2 and though a certain degree of curiosity and popularity necessarily wait even upon their bodily presence1 it is faint compared with that which is bestowed upon the actor2 and for good reasons--he is himself his work4 ,his voice1 his eyes1 his gestures1 are his art1 and admiration of it cannot be separated from admiration for him4 ,this renders the ephemeral glory which he earns so vivid1 and in some measure may be supposed to compensate for its short duration4 ,the great of the earth1 whose fame has arisen like the shining of the sun1 have often toiled through their whole lives in comparative obscurity1 through the narrow and dark paths of existence4 ,their reward was never given to their hands here1--it is but just their glory should be lasting4 ,vol4 ii4 pp4 #fa-fb4 ,,editorial ,,remarks4 ,in presenting the ninth number of the ,messenger to our readers1 we take occasion to make some brief references to its contents4 ,besides contributions from old friends1 to whom we have been formerly indebted1 it contains seven prose articles from new correspondents1 some of whom are entirely unknown to us1 all of whom are welcome to our pages4 ,of the sixth number of ,sketches of the ,history of ,tripoli1 it is only necessary to say that it is worthy of and sustains the character of the preceding numbers4 ,the same may be said of the ,letters of a ,sister1 in which the vivacity that has elicited so much praise of the former numbers1 is not diminished4 ,the descriptions of ,virginia scenery1 in the article on ,the ,house ,mountain1 and the ,visit to the ,virginia ,springs1 are highly attractive4 ,the former is remarkable for its graphic delineations and glowing imagery--the latter abounds with useful information1 conveyed in an attractive style2 and its writer describes the scenes he visited with great clearness4 ,the third number upon the ,fine ,arts1 is an admirable article4 ,the writer warms as he progresses with his subject4 ,we would particularly recommend the article on the ,national ,importance of ,mineral ,possessions1 c4 ,the application of general truths to our own peculiar situation1 is made with much force in that article4 ,our stranger correspondent1 ,anthony ,absolute1 has very delicately satirized the opposers of the amusement of dancing4 ,his style is evidently modelled after that of some of the numbers of the ,spectator1 and he is uncommonly happy in keeping up a vein of quiet humor throughout4 ,his grave irony is highly amusing4 ,the writer of an article on ,recent ,american ,novels1 seems to us to have expressed some opinions hastily1 and to estimate the merits of some of our native writers incorrectly4 ,he has surely overlooked the author of ,calavar1 in classing the successors of ,cooper and ,irving1 as dwarfish1 and their efforts as puny4 ,he was not in fault in passing over the author of ,horse-,shoe ,robinson1 as that work had not appeared when his article was penned2 and ,swallow ,barn does not rank as a novel4 ,we believe that ,mr4 ,kennedy and ,dr4 ,bird will prove themselves worthy successors to ,cooper and ,irving 7so far as the latter may be considered a novel writer17 when the mantles shall fall from their shoulders--nor will ,mr4 ,sims1 the author of ,guy ,rivers and the ,yemassie1 7either of which1 we apprehend1 are superior to the ,insurgents17 be far behind4 ,the reviewer seems to us rather inconsistent in his allusions to ,cooper1 ,irving1 ,paulding and ,miss ,sedgewick3 ,but we have not room to particularize4 ,with regard to the two former1 the opinions of a ,young ,scotchman1 in the interesting letter which we publish in this number1 are worthy of attention4 ,we are happy to say1 that extracts from his ,letters on the ,united ,states1 will be continued in the ,messenger4 ,we doubt not they will be read with avidity4 ,lion-izing1 by ,mr4 ,poe1 is an inimitable piece of wit and satire3 and the man must be far gone in a melancholic humor1 whose risibility is not moved by this tale4 ,although the scene of the story is laid in the foreign city of ,fum ,fudge1 the disposition which it satirizes is often displayed in the cities of this country--even in our own community2 and will probably still continue to exist1 unless ,mrs4 ,butler's ,journal should have disgusted the fashionable world with ,lions4 ,the prominent article for this month1 we have not yet alluded to2 it is the ,dissertation on the ,characteristic ,differences between the ,sexes2 the ,influence of ,woman1 c4--a subject of great and abiding interest1 treated in a masterly manner4 ,the comprehensive views taken by the writer1 of the whole subject2 the copiousness of his illustrations1 and the happy manner in which they are brought to sustain his various positions1 are striking features in this able article4 ,we think we incur no risk in expressing the belief1 that this ,dissertation when completed1 will be the most perfect essay on the subject1 in the whole range of ,english literature4 ,the ,grave of ,forgotten ,genius1 and ,lionel ,granby1 will have their attractions1 we doubt not1 for many of our readers4 ,the writer of the latter possesses powers of description of no mean order4 ,he paints objects and characters skilfully1 though at times his style is somewhat overloaded with words4 ,we shall receive his future chapters with pleasure4 ,the poetical contributions for this number are generally excellent4 ,we are constrained to forbear any particular notice of them1 by the briefness of the space which we have to occupy4 ,,to ,,correspondents4 ,the humorous strictures on modern fashions1 by our friend ,oliver ,oldschool1 did not reach us in time for insertion in the present number2 he will appear in our next4 ,we have received two tales from an inexperienced girl of sixteen1 entitled ,lucy ,carlton and ,the ,sanfords1 which1 although they exhibit considerable talent1 are very deficient in incident4 ,the sketching of character is mostly good1 but the author fails to make effectual use of the materials which she brings together4 ,we shall insert ,the ,sanfords in our next1 as the best of the two4 ,the story entitled ,remorse1 is inadmissible4 ,the narrative presents some dramatic scenes and situations1 of which the writer has but partially availed himself2 but defects of language form the principal objection to his story4 ,in answer to ,octavian's inquiry1 we must say that his lines are by no means equal to those from his pen formerly inserted in the ,messenger4 ,and as it would be impossible to publish all the contributions received1 unless the ,messenger were twice its size1 we are constrained to leave out some which are even passable4 ,english ,poetry1 ,chap4 ,,ii1 and further extracts from the ,,mss4 of ,d4 ,d4 ,mitchell1 will appear in the next ,no4 ,the ,curse of the ,betrayed ,one possesses considerable merit1 but is deformed by faults of metre1 easily amendable4 ,with the author's consent we will make a few corrections in his poem1 and insert it in our next number4 ,we will exercise the same pruning prerogative upon the tale of ,the ,reclaimed4 ,the poetical contributions of ,mrs4 ,emma ,willard1 of ,troy1 are welcome1 and will appear as early as possible2 also some beautiful effusions of a deceased lady of ,matthews county1 ,virginia4 ,extracts from the ,autobiography of ,pertinax ,placid1 ,chap4 ,i1 will have an early insertion4 ,in addressing the numerous correspondents whose favors have not yet appeared in our numbers1 we avail ourselves of the opportunity to make a few general remarks1 which are due both to ourselves and to those who write for the ,messenger4 ,although our poetical contributions have in general met with high approbation1 and though many effusions which we have had the honor to present to the public1 have received the just praise due to the lofty promptings of the muse--we have noticed some strictures upon certain articles which we had considered it our duty to insert in that department4 ,we do not purpose to defend all our poetical contributions from censure4 ,it is far from us to claim for them the merit of uniform excellence4 ,but we wish to show our readers1 that to look for such uniformity in the contents of a work like ours1 would be unreasonable1 and to inform them of the principle upon which our selections are made from the mass of materials placed before us4 ,it must be held in mind that the ,messenger is a new enterprise1 in a section of country where such a work has never before been sustained for any considerable length of time--that one of its leading objects is to draw forth and encourage literary talent1 and to build up in the south a literature distinct and separate from that which shines in the legal forum or the arena of politics4 ,in order to carry into effect this object1 7which we think laudable in itself17 it is necessary that we should display a greater degree of forbearance with inexperienced aspirants to literary honors1 than would be expected from a discriminating editor1 placed in other circumstances4 ,had we merely the task before us to amuse our readers1 it would not be difficult to select from other sources the materials for our work1 and abandoning all editorial responsibility1 render the contents of our pages unexceptionable1 by a choice of the best productions from other publications4 ,but would this course fulfil the great object of the ,messenger8--would it compensate our readers for the suppression of the many noble productions which we have already presented to them--works which1 although in a minor form1 we trust those who have perused them would not willingly let die8 ,the duty we have assumed1 is to foster the productions of native writers--to awaken1 especially in the south1 a literary spirit1 an ambition to excel in the cultivation of polite learning--and to give our humble aid in stimulating the ambition of our youth1 by offering a fit repository for the offspring of taste and genius4 ,whether we collect and place on permanent record the fugitive productions of men already known to fame in other walks1 or bring forward to public applause the first efforts of youthful talent1 we equally fulfil the main object of our labors1 by exciting the admiration and awakening the ambition of others1 possessing latent powers perhaps unknown to themselves1 until struck forth by a natural and praiseworthy emulation4 ,in the performance of the duty which this object enjoins upon us1 there are many sources of perplexity of which our readers can scarcely be aware4 ,our judgment in regard to the numerous contributions which we receive from all quarters1 leans1 as it ought1 to mercy's side4 ,the exhibition of ability1 although qualified by many faults of conception or manner1 claims our attention and favor4 ,we look to the future2 and if in the most faulty production we find promise of improving excellence1 or redeeming traits which counterbalance the writer's errors1 we think it our duty to afford him an opportunity and stimulus for improvement4 ,for these reasons articles are not seldom inserted in the ,messenger1 which exhibit defects of conception and style1 which it is no part of our duty to amend1 but which we believe to be counterbalanced by beauties or merits indicating that their authors are capable of better things4 ,one complaint that we have to make of our contributors1 regards the carelessness with which they write2 for this want of correctness1 mostly verbal it is true1 but frequently extending to the sense1 rendered obscure by faulty construction of language1 imposes upon the editor the constant task of revision1 and the responsibility of correcting manuscripts at his own discretion4 ,the labor we do not grudge2 but it should be performed by the writers themselves2 and we cannot too strenuously urge upon our friends greater care than in many instances they have thus far bestowed upon the finishing of their articles4 ,their own careful revision would no doubt lead to the more perfect amendment of inaccuracies than could be made by an editor1 who in most instances cannot be supposed to share the full views of the writer on the matters in hand4 ,our own relief from the labor of revision is a secondary consideration1 and one which we should not urge2 but by relieving us from much of that labor1 the writers would greatly increase the value of their contributions4 ,,deferred ,,articles4 ,among the numerous articles for which room could not be found in the present number1 are1 reviews of ,lee's ,napoleon1 ,bancroft's ,history of the ,united ,states1 ,sparks's ,washington ,correspondence1 ,the ,infidel1 a novel1 by ,doctor ,bird1 and a notice of the excellent ,inaugural ,address of ,president ,vethake1 of ,washington ,college4