,a                          ,,manual ,,(
 ,,con*ology1                           
,,accord+                         ,,to  
,,! ,,sy/em ,,laid ,,d[n                
,,by ,,lam>ck1                          
,,) ,,! ,,late ,,improvem5ts            
,,by ,,de ,,bla9ville4                  
,,exemplifi$ ,,& ,,arrang$ ,,= ,,! ,,use
 ,,( ,,/ud5ts4                          
,,by ,,?omas ,,wyatt1 ,m4,a4            
,,illu/rat$ ,,by ,,?irty-,,six ,,plates 
,,conta9+ ,,m ,,?an ,,two ,,hundr$      
,,types1                       ,,drawn  
,,f ,,! ,,natural ,,%ell4               
,,new-,,york3                           
,,h>p]  ,,bro!rs1 ,,cliff-,,/reet4      
#ahch4           ,ent]$1 accord+ to ,act
 ( ,congress1 9 ! ye> #ahch1 by         
,,?omas ,,wyatt1       9 ! ,cl]k's      
,(fice ( ! ,ea/]n ,di/rict (            
,p5nsylvania4                           
----------------------------------------
--------------------------------        
,,introduction4   ,con*ology or         
,te/aceology is a num]\s & beautiful    

bran* ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 treat+ ( !    
te/ace\s cov]+ ( animals2 p]haps none b 
! dep>tm5t ( ,flora c vie ) x 9 v>iety1 
symmetry ( =m1 & ri* col\r+4 ,x has ev] 
excit$ admiration1 & obta9$ a prom95t   
situation 9 ! cab9et2 & s great are !   
facilities af=d$ at ! pres5t day to     
procure specim5s & obta9 a k ( ?is      
sci5ce1 t x has become "o ( ! requisites
 ( a f9i%$ education4 ,%ells are f\nd 9 
all p>ts ( ! _w1 bo? on l& & 9 wat]2 b !
 mo/ beautiful & valuable species are   
f\nd betwe5 ! tropics4  ,at fir/ !y 7   
reg>d$ z pleas+ curiosities1 & priz$    
only on t acc\nt2 b ! inve/igations (   
sci5tific m5 h prov$ t ! /udy ( ?is     
sci5ce is n only int]e/+1 b useful4 ,mu*
 valuable in=mation has already be5     
obta9$1 &1 f ! inve/igations ( mod]n    
naturali/s1 mu* m may be anticipat$4  ,s
 intimate is ! connexion betwe5         
,con*ology & ,geology1 t a k ( ! "o is  
indisp5sable to ! /udy & acquirem5t ( ! 
o!r4 ,! geologi/ w draw mu* advantage f 
a close /udy ( ! te/ace\s cov]+ (       

mollusc\s animals to aid him 9 det]m9+ !
 id5tity or ! sup]position ( ! diff]5t  
/rata ( ! e>? & ! extraord9>y *anges x  
has und]gone2 =1 z ,b]gman elegantly    
says1 8fossil %ells1 coral1 & wood are !
 only ?ree rema9+ m$als ( ,creation40   
,he w see 9 ! innum]able quantity ( ^!  
animals1 succe$+ ea* o!r f g5]ation to  
g5]ation 9 ! dep? ( ! seas1 "o ( !      
evid5t causes ( ! gr[? & increase (     
isl&s & cont95ts4  ,b man may f9d 9 ! k 
( ,mollusca applications /ill m direct  
to 8 well be+ 9 society1 bo? z to !     
advantages & disadvantages to be d]iv$ f
 !m3 ?us a great numb] ( species are    
prop] = food1 z oy/]s1 mussels1 c41 :i* 
are objects ( comm]cial speculations4 ,!
 ,p9na furni%es ! ,italians ) mat]ials =
 a ri* dress1 & ! pe>l1 s mu* priz$ by !
 ,ori5tals1 by pr9ces1 & p>ticul>ly by !
 ladies1 z a mode/ & beautiful ornam5t1 
is produc$ by a disease ( ! animals 9   
c]ta9 species ( %ells4 ,x 0 ?is k :i*   
made ! celebrat$ ,l9nu imag9e t x 0     
possible to =m an artificial pe>l]y 9 ! 

riv]s ( ,sw$54 ,! "m ( pe>l1 s mu*      
employ$ z an ornam5t 9 articles (       
luxury1 is only ! int]ior l9+ ( c]ta9   
univalve or bivalve %ells4 ,pa9t+ draws 
f "s ( ^! animals _m col\rs1 valuable n 
s mu* = _! beauty z _! usefulness1 z    
,*9ese ink & sepia4  ,! brighte/ & ri*e/
 col\r kn[n by ! anci5ts1 & us$ by !m = 
! celebrat$ ,tyrian purple dye1 is      
produc$ by animals at ?is "t kn[n by !  
"n ( ,purpura4  ,! ,t]$o attacks ! wood 
( our vessels1 & (t5 does mu* injury2   
!re=e ! k ( its mann]s1 habits1 & cu/oms
 mu/ be ( great importance 9 c\ntries   
infe/$ ) !m1 s z to be able to provide a
 rem$y aga9/ !m4 ,snails & slugs are    
also enemies mu* to be dread$ 9 our     
g>d5s4  ,lam>ck1 9 8 la/ "w1 ! result ( 
! successive & cont9ual lab\rs ( 8 :ole 
life & ^? ( 8 contempor>ies1 has r5d]$ a
 v great s]vice to sci5ce1 b especially 
to con*ology1 by describ+1 or1 at lea/1 
*>act]iz+ ! num]\s species ( %ells 9 8  
own spl5did cab9et4 ,x may be prop] "h  
to rem>k1 t a "p ( ,lam>ck's cab9et is  

n[ 9 ! possession ( ,isaac ,lea1 ,esq41 
( ,philadelphia1 to :om we are mu*      
indebt$ = valuable assi/ance4 ,to ,dr4  
,com/ock1 & ! ,rev4 ,w4 ,turn]1 (       
,h>t=d1 ,conn41 we are mu* indebt$ = k9d
 fav\rs2 _! aid has greatly facilitat$  
our lab\rs4  ,9 ?is ,manual ( ,con*ology
 we h endeav\r$ to give a free          
translation ( ,lam>ck's sy/em1 z        
simplifi$ by ,de ,bla9ville2 &1 9 ord]  
to facilitate z mu* z possible ! /udy ( 
?is beautiful & int]e/+ sci5ce1 we h    
dive/$ x ( num]\s te*nicalities1 &      
divid$ x into f\r classes3 ,annelides1  
,cirrhip$es1 ,con*if]a1 & ,mollusca4    
,to ea* class we h assign$ its v>i\s    
families1 to ea* family its g5]a1 & to  
ea* g5us its liv+ species2 !reby mak+ x 
pla9 & )9 ! rea* ( ! meane/ capacity4 ,a
 type ( almo/ e g5us is giv51 except+   
only ^? %ells :i*1 f _! simil>ity to o!r
 g5]a1 may easily be class$4  ,x 0 deem$
 advisable1 z ?is is int5d$ = an easy   
introduction to ! sci5ce1 to omit _m    
divisions & subdivisions1 :i* w\ld only 

s]ve to p]plex & r5d] ! atta9m5t m      
difficult4  ,z ! ,naiades1 or %ells (   
?is c\ntry1 are giv5 9 sev]al valuable  
sci5tific works lately publi%$1 we h    
only slightly t\*$ !m 9 ! place !y are  
int5d$ to occupy4  ,we _c expect t ! "w 
n[ pres5t$ to ! public is free f        
imp]fections2 b we ask = _! l5ity & k9d 
=be>ance to excuse :atev] defects !re   
may be 9 our humble attempts to advance 
! cause ( sci5ce4 ,con*ology1 l o!r     
dep>tm5ts ( natural hi/ory1 is          
progress+2 & t :i* is giv5 to-day is    
almo/ always susceptible ( be+ modifi$  
to-morr[2 %\ld ?is "w be well receiv$1 x
 is our int5tion to give1 z soon z      
practicable1 an enl>g$ "w1 conta9+ ev5 !
 m9ute microscopic %ells & ! fossils1 ) 
plates conta9+ types ( z _m species ( ! 
g5]a z c possibly be obta9$4  ,! plates 
7 drawn & col\r$ ) great c>e & accuracy 
f ! natural %ells 9 our own cab9et1 "u !
 sup]9t5d5ce ( ,mr4 ,james ,ack]man1    
arti/4                                  
,t4 ,w4                                 

,,arrangem5t4                           
,,class ,i4                             
,,annelides4                            
,,f\r ,,families4                       
,fam4                     #a4 ,dorsali4 
,two g5]a4                         #a4  
,ar5icola4      ,species   #a           
#b4 ,siliqu>ia4        8      #d        
#b4 ,maldani4 ,two g5]a4                
#a4 ,clym5e4        ,species   #a       
#b4 ,d5talium4         8     #ab        
#c4 ,amphitrita4 ,f\r g5]a4             
#a4 ,pect9>ia4     ,species   #b        
#b4 ,sabell>ia4        8      #b        
#c4 ,t]ebella4         8      #c        
#d4 ,amphitrite4        8      #f       
#d4 ,s]pulacea4 ,five g5]a4             
#a4 ,spirorbis4      ,species   #e      
#b4 ,s]pula4           8     #bf        
#c4 ,v]milia4          8      #h        
#d4 ,galeol>ia4        8      #b        
#e4 ,magilus4           8      #a       
,,class ,,ii4                           
,,cirrhip$es4                           
,,"o ,,family4                     #a4  

,cirrhip$es4 ,t5 g5]a4                  
#a4 ,tubic9ella4    ,species   #a       
#b4 ,coronula4          8      #c       
#c4 ,balanus4           8     #bh       
#d4 ,aca/a4            8      #c        
#e4 ,creusia4           8      #c       
#f4 ,pyrgoma4           8      #a       
#g4 ,anatif]a4         8      #e        
#h4 ,pollicipes4        8      #c       
#i4 ,c9]as4           8      #a         
#aj4 ,otion4             8      #b      
,,class ,,iii4                          
,,con*if]a4                             
,,tw5ty ,,families4                     
#a4 ,tubicola4 ,six g5]a4               
#a4 ,asp]gillum4    ,species   #d       
#b4 ,clavagella4     ,species   #a      
#c4 ,fi/ulana4         8      #d        
#d4 ,sept>ia4          8      #a        
#e4 ,t]$9a4          8      #b          
#f4 ,t]$o4            8      #b         
#b4 ,pholad>ia4 ,two g5]a4              
#a4 ,pholas4         ,species   #i      
#b4 ,ga/ro*na4       8      #c          
#c4 ,sol5ides4 ,f\r g5]a4               

#a4 ,sol54          ,species  #ah       
#b4 ,panopa4           8      #a        
#c4 ,solecurtus4        8      #c       
#d4 ,glycim]is4        8      #a        
#d4 ,my>ia4 ,two g5]a4                  
#a4 ,mya4            ,species   #d      
#b4 ,anat9a4           8     #aj        
#e4 ,mactracea4 ,sev5 g5]a4             
#a4 ,lutr>ia4       ,species  #aa       
#b4 ,mactra4            8     #cc       
#c4 ,crassatella4       8     #aa       
#d4 ,eryc9a4           8      #a        
#e4 ,ungul9a4          8      #b        
#f4 ,sol5imya4         8      #b        
#g4 ,amphidesma4        8     #af       
#f4 ,corbulacea4 ,two g5]a4             
#a4 ,corbula4        ,species   #i      
#b4 ,p&ora4           8      #b         
#g4 ,li?ophagi4 ,?ree g5]a4             
#a4 ,saxicava4       ,species   #e      
#b4 ,petricola4         8     #ac       
#c4 ,v5]irupis4       8      #g         
#h4 ,nymphacea4 ,t5 g5]a4               
#a4 ,sangu9ol>ia4  ,species   #d        
#b4 ,psammobia4         8     #ah       

#c4 ,psammota4         8      #g        
#d4 ,tell9a4           8     #ed        
#e4 ,tell9ides4        8      #a        
#f4 ,corbis4            8      #a       
#g4 ,luc9a4            8     #bj        
#h4 ,donax4             8     #bg       
#i4 ,capsa4             8      #b       
#aj4 ,crass9a4          8      #a       
#i4 ,con*acea4 ,sev5 g5]a4              
#a4 ,cyclas4         ,species  #aa      
#b4 ,cyr5a4            8     #aj        
#c4 ,gala!a4       ,species   #a        
#d4 ,cypr9a4           8      #b        
#e4 ,cy!rea4          8     #gh         
#f4 ,v5us4             8     #hh        
#g4 ,v5]ic>dia4      8      #a          
#aj4 ,c>diacea4 ,five g5]a4             
#a4 ,c>dium4        ,species  #dh       
#b4 ,c>dita4           8     #ba        
#c4 ,cypric>dia4       8      #d        
#d4 ,hiatella4          8      #b       
#e4 ,isoc>dia4         8      #c        
#aa4 ,arcacea4 ,f\r g5]a4               
#a4 ,cuculla4       ,species   #a       
#b4 ,arca4              8     #cg       

#c4 ,pectunculus4       8     #ai       
#d4 ,nucula4            8      #f       
#ab4 ,trigonacea4 ,two g5]a4            
#a4 ,trigonia4       ,species   #a      
#b4 ,ca/alia4          8      #a        
#ac4 ,naiades4 ,f\r g5]a4               
#a4 ,unio4           ,species  #dh      
#b4 ,hyria4             8      #b       
#c4 ,anodonta4          8     #ae       
#d4 ,irid9a4           8      #a        
#ad4 ,*amacea4 ,?ree g5]a4              
#a4 ,dic]as4        ,species   #a       
#b4 ,*ama4             8     #ag        
#c4 ,e!ria4           8      #d         
#ae4 ,tridacnites4 ,two g5]a4           
#a4 ,tridacna4       ,species   #f      
#b4 ,hippopus4          8      #a       
#af4 ,mytilacea4 ,?ree g5]a4            
#a4 ,mytilus4        ,species  #ce      
#b4 ,modiola4           8     #bc       
#c4 ,p9na4             8     #ae        
#ag4 ,malleacea4 ,five g5]a4            
#a4 ,cr5atula4      ,species   #g       
#b4 ,p]na4             8     #aj        
#c4 ,malleus4           8      #f       

#d4 ,avicula4           8     #ac       
#e4 ,meleagr9a4        8      #b        
#ah4 ,pect9ides4 ,sev5 g5]a4            
#a4 ,p$um4          ,species   #a       
#b4 ,lima4              8      #f       
#c4 ,pect54            8     #ei        
#d4 ,plagio/oma4       8     #aj        
#e4 ,plicatula4         8      #e       
#f4 ,spondylus4         8     #ba       
#g4 ,podopsis4          8      #b       
#ai4 ,o/racea4 ,six g5]a4               
#a4 ,grypha4        ,species   #a       
#b4 ,o/rea4            8     #dh        
#c4 ,vulsella4       ,species   #f      
#d4 ,placuna4           8      #c       
#e4 ,anomia4            8      #i       
#f4 ,crania4            8      #a       
#bj4 ,bra*iopoda4 ,?ree g5]a4           
#a4 ,orbicula4       ,species   #a      
#b4 ,t]ebratula4       8     #ab        
#c4 ,l+ula4           8      #a         
,,class ,,iv4                           
,,mollusca4                             
,,tw5ty-,,two ,,families4               
#a4 ,pt]opoda4 ,six g5]a4               

#a4 ,hyala4         ,species   #b       
#b4 ,clio4              8      #b       
#c4 ,cleodora4          8      #b       
#d4 ,limac9a4          8      #a        
#e4 ,cymbulia4          8      #a       
#f4 ,pneumod]mon4      8      #a        
#b4 ,phyllidiacea4 ,f\r g5]a4           
#a4 ,phyllidia4      ,species   #c      
#b4 ,*itonellus4       8      #b        
#c4 ,*iton4            8      #f        
#d4 ,patella4           8     #de       
#c4 ,calyptracea4 ,sev5 g5]a4           
#a4 ,p>mophora4     ,species   #c       
#b4 ,em>g9ula4        8      #d         
#c4 ,fissurella4        8     #ai       
#d4 ,pileopsis4         8      #d       
#e4 ,calyptra4         8      #d        
#f4 ,crepidula4         8      #f       
#g4 ,ancylus4           8      #b       
#d4 ,bullacea4 ,?ree g5]a4              
#a4 ,ac]a4          ,species   #a       
#b4 ,bulla4            8      #a        
#c4 ,bulla4             8     #aa       
#e4 ,aplysiacea4 ,two g5]a4             
#a4 ,aplysia4        ,species   #c      

#b4 ,dolabella4         8      #b       
#f4 ,limac9ea4 ,five g5]a4              
#a4 ,on*idium4      ,species   #b       
#b4 ,p>macella4        8      #a        
#c4 ,limax4             8      #d       
#d4 ,te/acella4        8      #a        
#e4 ,vitr9a4           8      #a        
#g4 ,colimacea4 ,elev5 g5]a4            
#a4 ,helix4          ,species #ajg      
#b4 ,c>ocolla4         8     #ae        
#c4 ,ano/oma4          8      #b        
#d4 ,helic9a4          8      #d        
#e4 ,pupa4              8     #bg       
#f4 ,clausilia4      ,species  #ab      
#g4 ,bulimus4           8     #cd       
#h4 ,a*at9a4          8     #bj         
#i4 ,succ9ea4          8      #c        
#aj4 ,auricula4          8     #ad      
#aa4 ,cyclo/oma4        8     #bh       
#h4 ,lymncea4 ,?ree g5]a4               
#a4 ,planorbis4      ,species  #ab      
#b4 ,physa4             8      #d       
#c4 ,lymna4            8     #aa        
#i4 ,melanides4 ,?ree g5]a4             
#a4 ,melania4        ,species  #af      

#b4 ,melanopsis4        8      #c       
#c4 ,pir5a4            8      #d        
#aj4 ,p]i/omides4 ,?ree g54             
#a4 ,valvata4        ,species   #a      
#b4 ,palud9a4          8      #g        
#c4 ,ampull>ia4        8     #aa        
#aa4 ,n]itacea4 ,five g5]a4             
#a4 ,n]it9a4       ,species  #ba        
#b4 ,navicella4         8      #c       
#c4 ,n]ita4            8     #ag        
#d4 ,natica4            8     #ca       
#e4 ,jan?9a4          8      #b         
#ab4 ,macro/omides4 ,f\r g54            
#a4 ,sig>etus4      ,species   #d       
#b4 ,/omatella4        8      #e        
#c4 ,/omatia4          8      #b        
#d4 ,haliotis4          8     #ae       
#ac4 ,plicacea4 ,two g5]a4              
#a4 ,tornatella4     ,species   #f      
#b4 ,pyramidella4       8      #e       
#ad4 ,scal>ides4 ,?ree g5]a4            
#a4 ,v]metus4       ,species   #a       
#b4 ,scal>ia4          8      #g        
#c4 ,delph9ula4        8      #c        
#ae4 ,turb9acea4 ,sev5 g5]a4            

#a4 ,sol>ium4       ,species   #g       
#b4 ,tro*us4           8     #fi        
#c4 ,monodonta4         8     #bc       
#d4 ,turbo4             8     #cd       
#e4 ,planaxis4          8      #b       
#f4 ,phasianella4       8     #aj       
#g4 ,turritella4        8     #ac       
#af4 ,canalif]a4 ,elev5 g5]a4           
#a4 ,c]i?ium4      ,species  #cf        
#b4 ,pleurotoma4     ,species  #bc      
#c4 ,turb9ella4        8     #bc        
#d4 ,cancell>ia4       8     #ab        
#e4 ,fasciol>ia4       8      #h        
#f4 ,fusus4             8     #cg       
#g4 ,pyrula4            8     #bh       
#h4 ,/ru?iol>ia4     8      #b          
#i4 ,ranella4           8     #ad       
#aj4 ,murex4             8     #ff      
#aa4 ,triton4            8     #ca      
#ag4 ,alata4 ,?ree g5]a4                
#a4 ,ro/ell>ia4    ,species   #c        
#b4 ,pt]oc]as4        8      #g         
#c4 ,/rombus4          8     #cb        
#ah4 ,purpurif]a4 ,elev5 g54            
#a4 ,cassid>ia4     ,species   #e       

#b4 ,cassis4            8     #be       
#c4 ,ric9ula4          8      #i        
#d4 ,purpura4           8     #ej       
#e4 ,monoc]os4         8      #e        
#f4 ,con*olepas4       8      #a        
#g4 ,h>pa4             8      #h        
#h4 ,dolium4            8      #g       
#i4 ,bucc9um4          8     #eh        
#aj4 ,eburna4            8      #e      
#aa4 ,t]ebra4           8     #bd       
#ai4 ,columell>ia4 ,five g5]a4          
#a4 ,columbella4     ,species  #ah      
#b4 ,mitra4             8     #hj       
#c4 ,voluta4            8     #dd       
#d4 ,m>g9ella4        8     #bd         
#e4 ,volv>ia4          8      #e        
#bj4 ,convoluta4 ,six g5]a4             
#a4 ,ovula4          ,species  #ab      
#b4 ,cypra4            8     #fh        
#c4 ,t]ebellum4        8      #a        
#d4 ,ancill>ia4        8      #d        
#e4 ,oliva4             8     #fb       
#f4 ,conus4             8    #aha       
#ba4 ,nautilacea4 ,two g5]a4            
#a4 ,spirula4        ,species   #a      

#b4 ,nautilus4          8      #b       
#bb4 ,het]opoda4 ,two g5]a4             
#a4 ,argonauta4      ,species   #c      
#b4 ,c>9>ia4         8      #c          
,,con*ology4                            
,,class ,i4                             
,,annelides4                            
,,conta9s ,,f\r ,,families4             
,,family ,i4                            
,,dorsali4 ,two g5]a4                   
#a4 ,ar5icola4 ,has no %ell4 ,"o        
species4                                
,a4 piscatorium4                        
#b4 ,siliqu>ia4 ,f\r species4  ,%ell v  
?91 conical1 tubul>1 involut$ 9 a loose 
& irregul> spiral mann]2 ap]ture        
circul>1 edges %>p1 int]rupt$ 9 ! middle
 by a not* prolong$ l a slit ?r\gh ne>ly
 all its l5g?1 /opp$ abruptly at "s     
di/ance f ! summit4                     
,siliqu>ia angu9a4                      
,s4 muricata4                           
,s4 lvigata4                            
,s4 lactea4  ,s4 angu9a4 ,! ,snake      
,siliqu>ia4 ,pl4 #cc1 fig4 #d4  ,%ell   

tap]+1 undulat+1 spiral at ! extremity4 
,s4 muricata4 ,! ,prickly ,siliqu>ia4   
,species arm$ ) %ort sp9es or prickles2 
ap]ture sometimes m>g9$2 usually ( a    
rosy or p9k col\r4                      
,,family ,,ii4                          
,,maldani4 ,two g5]a4                   
#a4 ,clym5e4 ,"o species4  ,c4          
amphi/oma4 ,! d\ble-m\!d ,clym5e4  ,tube
 ?9 & sl5d]1 op5 at bo? ends2 incru/$   
ext]nally ) s& & fragm5ts ( %ells4      
#b4 ,d5talium4 ,! ,too? ,%ell4 ,twelve  
species4  ,?is g5us took its "n f its   
resemblance to an elephant's too?4 ,x is
 an att5uat$ conical tube1 slightly b5t1
 & op5 at bo? ends4  ,%ell tubul>1      
regul>1 symmetrical1 lightly curv$      
longitud9ally1 conic1 att5uat$ ins5sibly
 po/]iorly1 & op5 at ea* extremity by a 
r\nd orifice4                           
,d5talium elephant9um4                  
,d4 apr9um4                         ,d4 
fasciatum4                         ,d4  
entale4                         ,d4     
,t>5t9um4                         ,d4   

corneum4                         ,d4    
octoganum4                         ,d4  
novemco/atum4                           
,d4 d5tale4                         ,d4 
nigrum4                         ,d4     
politum4                         ,d4    
eburneum4  ,d4 elephant9um4 ,!          
,elephant's ,too? ,%ell4  ,species 9 :i*
 ! tube is /riat$ or ribb$              
longitud9ally2 ! ribs are g5]ally t5 9  
numb]2 gre5 col\r4  ,d4 entale4 ,!      
common ,d5talium4 ,pl4 #cc1 fig4 #a4    
,species v m9utely /riat$2 :ite or      
yell[i% col\r4  ,d4 pellucidum4 ,!      
pellucid ,d5talium4  ,species n>r[ & ?92
 pale topaz col\r4  ,d4 politum4 ,!     
r+-/riat$ ,too? ,%ell4  ,species f9ely  
po9t$1 solid1 /riat$ annul>ly2 g5]ally  
rosy or p9k col\r4  ,d4 rectum4 ,!      
/raight ,too? ,%ell4  ,species entirely 
/raight1 ) longitud9al ribs4  ,d4       
eburneum4 ,! ,ivory ,too? ,%ell4        
,species ( a r$di% or pale yell[ col\r1 
) ! tip frequ5tly t+$ ) orange or p9k4  
,,family ,,iii4                         

,,amphitrit,a4 ,f\r g5]a4  ,! simil>ity 
( ! f\r g5]a compris+ ?is family is su*1
 t x 0 ?\ght suffici5t to give only "o  
type 7! sabell>ia crassissima71 z !     
/ud5t may easily recognise ! o!rs4      
#a4 ,pect9>ia4 ,two species4  ,a        
membran\s or papyrace\s tube1 9 ! =m ( a
 rev]s$ cone2 unfix$2 ext]ior cov]$ )   
s&y adhesions4                          
,pect9>ia ,belgica4                     
,pect9>ia cap5sis4  ,p4 ,belgica4 ,!    
,belgic ,pect9>ia4  ,tube inv]sely      
conic1 membran\s1 & cov]$ ) s&4         
#b4 ,sabell>ia4 ,two species4  ,! cov]+ 
( ! animal belong+ to ?is g5us is       
compos$ ( fragm5ts & p>ticles ( m>9e    
sub/ances1 adh]+ to a tubul> membrane2  
"s are deta*$ & o!rs are fix$4 ,! tubes 
are cellul> at ! base1 & ! orifice      
exp&$4                                  
,sabell>ia alveolata4                   
,sabell>ia crassissima4  ,s4 alveolata4 
,! ,honeycomb ,sabell>ia4  ,consi/s (   
num]\s p>allel tubes1 ne>ly /raight1    
communicat+ by an ap]ture1 =m+ :5 9 mass

 ! appe>ance ( a honeycomb2 x adh]es to 
rocks 9 clu/]s4  ,s4 crassissima4 ,! v  
?ick or /rong ,sabell>ia4 ,pl4 #cc1 fig4
 #b4  ,species incru/$ ) small /ones2   
sometimes f\nd ?ick & ( a l>ge size4    
#c4 ,t]ebella4 ,?ree species4  ,tube    
elongat$1 cyl9drical1 membran\s1        
att5uat$ & po9t$ at ! base1 ) adhesions 
( s&4                                   
,t]ebella con*ilega4                    
,t4 cri/ata4                            
,t4 v5tricosa4  ,t4 con*ilega4 ,! %elly 
,t]ebella4  ,tube cov]$ ) num]\s        
fragm5ts ( brok5 %ells4                 
#d4 ,amphitrite4 ,six species4  ,ne>ly !
 same z ! ,t]ebella1 b ( a t\gh]        
membran\s texture1 & g5]ally )\t        
adhesions4                              
,amphitrite v5tilabrum4                 
,a4 p5icillus4                          
,a4 magnifica4                          
,a4 vesiculosa4                         
,a4 volutacornis4                       
,a4 infundibulum4  ,a4 v5tilabrum4 ,!   
,fan ,amphitrite4  ,tube subulate1      

smoo?1 ( a yell[i% col\r4               
,,family ,,iv4                          
,,s]pulacea4 ,five g5]a4                
#a4 ,spirorbis4 ,five species4  ,tube   
te/ace\s1 spirally twi/$ on a horizontal
 plane1 ) t]m9al ap]ture r\nd$ or       
angul>1 atta*$ by ! l[] "p to m>9e      
sub/ances4                              
,spirorbis ,nautiloides4                
,s4 spirillum4                          
,s4 c>9ata4                          ,s4
 lamellosa4                          ,s4
 trico/alis4  ,s4 ,nautiloides4 ,!      
,nautilus-%ap$ ,spirorbis4  ,:ite1      
transv]sely wr9kl$ & m9ute4             
#b4 ,s]pula4 ,! ,worm ,%ell4 ,tw5ty-six 
species4  ,! "n ( ?is g5us is d]iv$ f ! 
,lat9 ^w s]po1 to creep1 on acc\nt ( !  
v]mi=m "* ( "s ( its species4  ,!y are  
inv>iably tubul>1 sometimes solit>y1 b m
 frequ5tly 9 clu/]s spirally entw9$1    
adh]+ to m>9e sub/ances4 ,9 col\r !y are
 br[n1 purple1 yell[1 tawny1 p9k or     
:ite1 & sometimes t+$ ) gre54  ,tube    
solid1 calc>e\s1 irregul>ly twi/$1 fix$ 

to o!r sub/ances4                       
,s]pula v]micul>is4                     
,s4 fascicul>is4                        
,s4 inte/9um4                           
,s4 contortuplicata4                    
,s4 plic>ia4                            
,s4 glom]ata4                           
,s4 decussata4                          
,s4 prot5sa4                            
,s4 infundibulum4                       
,s4 annulata4                           
,s4 c]eolus4                            
,s4 filograna4                          
,s4 v]micella4                          
,s4 fil>ia4                          ,s4
 pellucida4                          ,s4
 intorta4                          ,s4  
cri/ata4                          ,s4   
spirula4                          ,s4   
quadrangul>is4                          
,s4 m9ima4                          ,s4 
e*9ata4                          ,s4    
sulcata4                          ,s4   
co/alis4                          ,s4   
d5tif]a4                          ,s4   

sipho4                          ,s4     
ar5>ia4  ,s4 v]micul>is4 ,! wormlike    
,s]pula4  ,:ite1 cyl9drical1 tap]+1     
rugg$1 v>i\sly curv$ & twi/$4           
#c4 ,v]milia4 ,eight species4  ,tube    
te/ace\s1 cyl9drical1 m or less twi/$1  
gradually att5uat$ po/]iorly2 op5+ r\nd1
 ! m>g9 ) "o1 two1 or ?ree tee?2 %ell   
adh]+ by ! side to o!r sub/ances2       
provid$ ) a convex op]culum4            
,v]milia ro/rata4                       
,v4 triquetra4                          
,v4 bic>9ata4                           
,v4 eruca4                              
,v4 subcr5ata4                          
,v4 plicif]a4                           
,v4 scabra4                             
,v4 tniata4  ,v4 triquetra4 ,! ?ree-sid$
 ,v]milia4  ,:ite or r$di%1 rugg$1 twi/$
 & triangul>1 c>9at$ along ! back4      
#d4 ,galeol>ia4 ,two species4  ,di/+ui%$
 f ! ,v]milia by a v peculi> op]culum4  
,f\nd 9 gr\ps1 adh]+ toge!r at ! base4  
,tube op5 at ! summit2 ap]ture orbicul>1
 t]m9at$ on ! side by a spatul\s tongue2

 op]culum orbicul>1 squamose1 consi/+ ( 
f five to n9e te/ace\s p>ts or valves1  
all atta*$ to "o side ( ! op]culum2 !   
middle "o d5tat$ at ! truncat$ "p ( its 
summit1 ! o!rs a little too!d on _!     
int]nal edge4                           
,galeol>ia cspitosa4                    
,galeol>ia elongata4  ,g4 elongata4 ,!  
elongat$ ,galeol>ia4  ,:iti%1 exi/+ 9   
congregat$ masses2 op]culum z above4    
#e4 ,magilus4 ,"o species4  ,a v s+ul>  
%ell1 greatly resembl+ a petrifi$ body1 
compos$ ( a te/ace\s :ite sub/ance l    
alaba/]4 ,! base is b5t into a %ort     
spire1 ) ab\t f\r contigu\s :orls2 ! la/
 prolong$ & ne>ly /raight4 ,! animal1 z 
x increases 9 size1 ab&ons ! spiral "p  
by increas+ ! tubul> "p1 fill+ up ! "p x
 quits ) calc>e\s matt]1 :i* proves t x 
advances gradually4  ,tube p>tially     
involut$1 convex 9 its upp] ext]ior "p1 
! l[] side flatt5$1 platt$1 c>9at$1 &   
some:at angul>2 ! spire %ort1 helix-=m$1
 & prolong$ ?r\gh ! re/ ( its ext5t 9   
ne>ly a "r l9e2 ap]ture entire1 oval1 ) 

a sort ( s9us or gutt] 9 ! middle l9e1  
produc+ ! keel ( ! %ell4  ,m4 antiquus4 
,! antiquat$ ,magilus4  ,answ]s to !    
above description2 col\r pale yell[i%   
br[n1 transv]sely wr9kl$4               
,,class ,,ii4                           
,,cirrhip$es4                           
,,has ,,b ,,"o ,,family4                
,,cirrhip$es4 ,t5 g5]a4  ,lam>ck divid$ 
! ,lepas ( ,l9nu into ! v>i\s g5]a :i*  
compose ?is family4 ,! t]m lepas is     
d]iv$ f ! ,greek ^w 1 a rock1 allud+ to 
its cu/om ( adh]+ to rocks & m>9e       
bodies4 ,! %ell (t5 v>ies 9 %ape1 cov]+1
 & col\r+2 x is g5]ally conical1 b      
sometimes hemisph]ical2 "s ( ! valves   
are plac$ p]p5dicul>ly on a base1 broad 
at ! l[] m>g9 & tap]+ t[>ds ! summit1   
:i* is clos$ by small horizontal valves 
=m+ ! op]culum4 ,! numb] ( valves is    
indef9ite1 f f\r to tw5ty-f\r2 b all are
 div]sifi$ ) /ri1 ridges1 & grooves4 ,! 
/ri are mo/ly transv]se1 & ! ridges     
longitud9al4  ,! valves :i* compose !   
op]culum or lid v>y 9 %ape1 & are 9     

numb] two1 ?ree1 f\r1 or m2 !y are      
g5]ally atta*$ to a ligam5t4  ,!y are   
seldom1 if ev]1 f\nd deta*$1 b adh]e 9  
gr\ps to rocks1 %ells1 an*ors1 m>9e     
animals1 c4 ,^? t fix !mselves to %ips  
are g5]ally call$ b>nacles2 !y rapidly  
increase 9 size & numb]1 d great damage1
 & greatly imp$e ! progress ( ! vessel4 
,"s ( ?is family are affix$ at ! base ( 
! %ell to o!r sub/ances1 & are !re=e    
call$ sessile2 o!rs are atta*$ to a     
fle%y p$uncle or /em1 & are said to be  
p$unculat$4 ,! p$uncle or /em1 proce$+ f
 ! base ( ! %ell to ! sub/ance :i*      
su/a9s x1 is sometimes smoo?1 f9e 9     
texture1 & t+$ ) bright r$ or orange2   
sometimes x is ( a d>k or br[ni% col\r1 
) a texture mu* co>s] & granulat$4      
#a4 ,tubic9ella4 ,"o species4  ,has ! =m
 ( a cyl9drical tube1 slightly curv$1 & 
op5 at bo? ends2 "o extremity clos$ by  
f\r trapezoidal valves atta*$ to ! inn] 
m>g91 ! o!r end clos$ by a membrane4 ,! 
annul> ribs :i* sep>ate ! comp>tm5ts %[ 
its progressive gr[?4 ,f\nd buri$ s     

deeply 9 ! fat ( m>9e animals1          
p>ticul>ly :ales1 t only ! op]culum & ! 
upp] "p ( ! tube are visible4 ,%ell r   
elevat$1 sub-cyl9drical1 ! p>titions r  
small & ind5t$2 ! spaces or comp>tm5ts  
almo/ quadrilat]al2 ! inf]ior mu* m n>r[
 ?an ! o!rs2 ! ap]tures equal & circul>2
 ! membrane :i* closes ! sup]ior =m+ a  
tube betwe5 ! f\r almo/ equal valves ( !
 op]culum4  ,t4 baln>um4 ,! ,:ale       
,tubic9ella4  ,tubul>1 ) transv]se ribs1
 & a r+-%ap$ m>g92 op]culum bottle-%ap$4
                         #b4 ,coronula4 
,?ree species4  ,f\nd imb$d$ 9 ! sk9 (  
:ales & o!r m>9e animals1 ?\gh n g5]ally
 at s great a dep? z ! ,tubic9ella4     
,%ell 9 =m a little v>iable & )\t trace 
( support2 ! coron>y "p =m$ ( six       
pieces1 z 9 ^? prop]ly call$ ,balanus1 b
 m regul>ly dispos$ 9 a mann] to imitate
 a k9d ( cr[n or tube2 spaces alt]nately
 holl[$ & saliant2 op]culum n           
articulat$1 compos$ ( two pairs ( small1
 level1 delicate valves1 jo9$ at !      
ap]ture ( ! tube by a consid]able       

membran\s "p1 leav+ a passage = !       
cirrh\s app5dages ( ! animal4           
,coronula te/ud9>ia4                    
,c4 baln>um4                            
,c4 diadema4                            
,c4 qu9quevalvis4  ,c4 te/ud9>ia4 ,!    
,tortoise ,coronula4  ,v depress$1      
circul>1 z if radiat$ by ! disposition (
 m>k$ spaces1 /riat$ transv]sely1 =m+   
six rays div]g+ f ! c5tre to !          
circumf]5ce2 ap]ture oval & hexagonal4  
,c4 baln>um4 ,! ,:ale ,coronula4  ,a    
little m elevat$2 ! spaces prom95t1     
equal betwe5 !m1 mu* l>g] ?an !         
excavat$2 ! ap]ture subcircul>2 !       
op]culum ( f\r valves1 almo/ equal1     
occupy+ b a small space ( ! membran\s "p
 :i* =ms betwe5 !m a sort ( tube4  ,c4  
diadema4 ,! ,cr[n ,coronula4  ,m        
elevat$1 sub-hexagonal2 ! spaces almo/  
equal1 ! holl[ p>ts l>g] ?an ! saliant2 
! sup]ior ap]ture v l>ge & hexagonal2 ! 
inf]ior mu* small]1 ( ! same =m1 &      
communicat+ 9 a r\nd excavation by      
radiat$ plates2 ! op]culum bivalve4  ,c4

 qu9quevalvis4 ,! five-valv$ ,coronula4 
,pl4 #d1 fig4 #c4  ,species irregul>1   
hav+ only five valves1 ( a purple hue4  
#c4 ,balanus4 ,! ,acorn ,%ell4          
,tw5ty-eight species4  ,s nam$ f its    
resemblance to an acorn4 ,%ell conical2 
! coron>y "p =m$ ( six v di/9ct valves1 
"o dorsal1 "o v5tral1 & two pairs (     
lat]als1 ) or )\t a calc>e\s support2   
op]culum ( f\r articulat$ pieces1 =m+ a 
sort ( pyramid 9 ! sup]ior ap]ture ( !  
tube4                                   
,balanus angulosus4                     
,b4 sulcatus4                           
,b4 t9t9nabulum4                        
,b4 nigresc5s4                          
,b4 cyl9draceus4                        
,b4 calycul>is4                         
,b4 roseus4                             
,b4 palmatus4                           
,b4 /alactif]us4                        
,b4 plicatus4                           
,b4 duploconus4                         
,b4 patell>is4                          
,b4 semiplicatus4                       

,b4 galeatus4                           
,b4 ovul>is4                            
,b4 mis]4                            ,b4
 amphimorphus4                          
,b4 p]=atus4                            
,b4 lvis4                            ,b4
 sp9osus4                            ,b4
 radiatus4                              
,b4 subimbricatus4                      
,b4 rugosus4                            
,b4 placianus4                          
,b4 crispatus4                          
,b4 punctatus4                          
,b4 fi/ulosus4                          
,b4 latus4  ,b4 sulcatus4 ,! furr[$     
,balanus4  ,:ite2 valves ne>ly smoo?2   
op]culum /rongly ridg$ transv]sely1 )   
longitud9al1 ne>ly obsolete /ri4  ,b4   
t9t9nabulum4 ,! little ,bell ,balanus4  
,pl4 #d1 fig4 #a4  ,%ell conical2 valves
 /rongly & irregul>ly ribb$2 int]/ices  
delicately /riat$ transv]sely2 col\r    
purple4  ,b4 sp9osus4 ,! sp9y ,balanus4 
,ei!r has no support or a membran\s "o2 
arm$ ) sp9es ext]iorly4                 

#d4 ,aca/a4 ,?ree species4  ,f\nd 9     
sponge1 f :i*1 :5 deta*$1 x _c /& erect 
on acc\nt ( ! convexity ( ! base4  ,%ell
 oval1 sub-conic1 %ap$ l a ,patella1 )  
six lat]al unequal valves slightly      
connect$2 op]culum ) f\r valves4        
,aca/a ,montagui4                       
,a4 glans4                              
,a4 sulcata4  ,a4 ,montagui4 ,montague's
 ,aca/a4  ,valves erect1 triangul>1     
acute1 ) muricat$ asc5d+ sp9es4         
#e4 ,creusia4 ,?ree species4  ,! %ells (
 ?is g5us are g5]ally small2 f\nd 9 !   
seas ( hot c\ntries atta*$ to madrepore 
& o!r m>9e sub/ances4  ,%ell sessile1   
?91 ,patella-%ap$2 ap]ture oval1 r l>ge1
 clos$ by a l>ge sub-pyramidal bivalve  
op]culum2 a consid]able calc>e\s        
support1 funnel-%ap$1 p5etrat+ ! bodies 
to :i* ! animal is atta*$4              
,creusia /romia4                        
,c4 sp9ulosa4                           
,c4 v]ruca4  ,c4 sp9ulosa4 ,! sp9y      
,creusia4  ,v depress$1 /riat$1         
sometimes ) m>ks ( division into f\r    

pieces2 op]culum bivalve4  ,c4 v]ruca4  
,! w>t$ ,creusia4 ,pl4 #d1 fig4 #b4     
,:iti%1 slightly depress$1 ) int]wov5   
obliquely /riat$ valves2 ! m>g9 at !    
base irregul>ly s]rat$4                 
#f4 ,pyrgoma4 ,"o species4  ,! pr9cipal 
diff]5ce betwe5 ?is g5us & ! ,creusia is
 9 =m4  ,%ell sessile1 r globul>        
appe>ance on acc\nt ( ! valves be+ m    
closely unit$1 v5tricose1 convex above1 
apex p]=at$1 ap]ture small & elliptical2
 op]culum bivalve4  ,p4 cancellata4 ,!  
cancellat$ ,pyrgoma4  ,?ick1 conical1   
,patella-%ap$1 ribs radiat+ f ! summit  
to ! base2 ap]ture v small1 clos$ by an 
op]culum ( :i* ! two pieces are long &  
n>r[ on ea* side2 pale violet col\r4    
#g4 ,anatif]a4 ,five species4  ,! %ells 
( ?is g5us & ! ?ree foll[+ g5]a are     
affix$ to m>9e bodies by a t\gh         
membran\s p$uncle1 v>y+ 9 l5g?4  ,%ell  
flat1 ) five valves imbricat+ m or less 
on ! edges1 unit$ by a ?9 membrane4     
,anatif]a lvis4                         
,a4 villosa4                            

,a4 d5tata4                             
,a4 /riata4                             
,a4 vitrea4  ,a4 lvis4 ,! smoo?         
,anatif]a4 ,pl4 #d1 fig4 #e4  ,five     
smoo? valves2 ! dorsal "o r\nd$ at !    
sides1 & slightly c>9at$2 p$uncle long1 
nak$1 ( a sc>let col\r4                 
#h4 ,pollicipes4 ,?ree species4  ,easily
 di/+ui%$ by ! num]\s small valves      
situat$ at ! base4                      
,pollicipes cornucopia4                 
,p4 mitella4                            
,p4 scalpellum4  ,p4 cornucopia4 ,!     
,cornucopia ,pollicipes4 ,pl4 #d1 fig4  
#f4  ,p$uncle cov]$ ) imbricat$ scales1 
! l[] ones r\nd$ & turn$ upw>d4  ,p4    
mitella4 ,! ,mitre ,pollicipes4 ,pl4 #d1
 fig4 #d4  ,valves indef9ite 9 numb]1 f 
six to tw5ty-f\r2 almo/ equal1 & op5 l  
tulips2 col\r blui%1 purpli%1 br[ni%1 or
 r$di% ca/4                             
#i4 ,c9]as4 ,"o species4  ,%ell compos$ 
( five te/ace\s oblong valves1 sep>ate1 
n cov]+ ! :ole ( ! body2 two at ! sides 
( ! ap]ture1 ! o!rs on ! back2 p$uncle (

 a gre5i% col\r1 ) six longitud9al      
/ripes4  ,c4 vittata4 ,! fillet$ ,c9]as4
  ,answ]s to ! above description4       
#aj4 ,otion4 ,two species4  ,%ell       
compos$ ( two te/ace\s valves1 enclos$ 9
 a mantle or membran\s bag1 :i* is      
prolong$ & t]m9at$ 9 two fle%y tubes =m$
 l e>s1 "o ( ! two hav+ a lat]al op5+4  
,otion ,cuvi]ii4                        
,otion ,bla9villii4  ,o4 ,cuvi]ii4      
,cuvi]'s ,otion4  ,answ]s to ! above4   
,o4 ,bla9villi4 ,bla9ville's ,otion4    
,a% col\r$2 ! body & e>s spott$ ) black4
                                        
,,class ,,iii4                          
,,con*if]a4                             
,,conta9s ,,tw5ty ,,families4           
,,family ,i4                            
,,tubicola4 ,six g5]a4            #a4   
,asp]gillum4 ,! ,wat]+-pot ,%ell4 ,f\r  
species4  ,a well-kn[n b r>e %ell2 !    
l>g] end clos$ by a convex disk1 )      
num]\s small p]=ations1 & encircl$ by a 
dilat$ m>g9 ( elegant papyrace\s tubes1 
resembl+ a beautifully plait$ ruff2 !   

small] end op54 ,f\nd 9 s&y places at l[
 wat]4  ,%ell oval1 slightly elongat$1  
/riat$ longitud9ally1 sub-equilat]al2   
adh]+1 m or less conf\nd$ ) ! coats ( a 
r ?ick calc>e\s tube1 conic1 club-%ap$1 
op5 at its att5uat$ extremity1 & t]m9at$
 at ! o!r by a convex disk pi]c$ by a   
great numb] ( sub-tubul>1 r\nd$ holes1 &
 by a fissure 9 ! c5tre4                
,asp]gillum ,javanum4                   
,a4 vag9if]um4                          
,a4 ,nov ,zeyl&i4                       
,a4 agglut9ans4  ,a4 ,javanum4 ,! ,java 
,asp]gillum4 ,pl4 #cc1 fig4 #c4         
,species smoo?1 9 :i* ! circumf]5ce ( ! 
disk is bord]$ ) a wav$ te/ace\s fr+e4  
,a4 ,nov ,zeyl&i4 ,! ,new-,zeal&        
,asp]gillum4  ,species 9 :i* !          
circumf]5ce ( ! disk is )\t a fr+e4     
#b4 ,clavagella4 ,"o species4  ,an      
irregul> tube1 ) bran*es or project+    
tubes at ! clos$ end2 )9 x is "o free or
 moveable valve1 unit$ by a ligam5t to  
ano!r1 :i* is bl5d$ ) ! tube2 ?is       
di/+ui%es x f ! ,asp]gillum4 ,f\nd 9 s& 

& coral4  ,%ell oval1 v slightly        
elongat$1 /riat$ longitud9ally1 slightly
 irregul>2 equivalve1 inequilat]al2 h+e 
a little v>iable2 ligam5t ext]ior2 two  
well-m>k$ di/ant muscul> impressions2 a 
calc>e\s sub-cyl9drical tube1 m or less 
completely surr\nd+ ! %ell1 & t]m9at$   
be=e by a s+le orifice4  ,c4 ap]ta4 ,!  
op5 ,clavagella4  ,tube erect1 adh]+2   
ap]ture wav$1 entire1 exp&+1            
funnel-%ap$1 leav+ ! two valves op5 or  
uncov]$ 9 all _! ant]ior "p2 ) an ovate 
face valve4                         #c4 
,fi/ulana4 ,f\r species4  ,lam>ck ass]ts
 t ! tube & %ell ( ?is g5us are q       
di/9ct4 ,x s greatly resembles ! ,t]$o t
 x is ) difficulty di/+ui%$4 ,x is f\nd 
9 s&1 wood1 /one1 & sometimes %ells4    
,%ell annul> or v %ort1 n %>p nor angul>
 ant]iorly1 b 9 o!r respects mu* l t ( !
 ,t]$o4  ,tube g5]ally %ort]1 ?ick]1 m  
solid1 m club-%ap$ ?an t ( ! ,t]$o1     
always clos$ at its ant]ior extremity 9 
su* a mann] z to conta9 & entirely hide 
! %ell2 ! po/]ior extremity op51 &      

divid$ int]iorly into two syphons by a  
p>tition4                               
,fi/ulana clava4                        
,f4 corni=mis4                          
,f4 gregata4                            
,f4 lag5ula4  ,f4 corni=mis4 ,!         
horn-%ap$ ,fi/ulana4  ,answ]s to ! above
 description4  ,f4 gregata4 ,! greg>i\s 
,fi/ulana4  ,%ea? or tube d\bly         
club-%ap$1 congregat+2 %ell angul>ly    
arcuat$1 ) d\ble angulat$ s]rat$ w+s4   
,f4 ,clava4 ,! ,club ,fi/ulana4 ,pl4    
#cc1 fig4 #e4  ,species ) "o end        
clavate1 ! o!r incurv$1 n>r[]1 obtuse1 &
 p]=at$ 9 ! middle2 %ell g5]ally        
flexu\s1 ( a br[ni% col\r2 ext]ior r\gh1
 int]ior smoo?4                         
#d4 ,sept>ia4 ,"o species4  ,! tube (   
?is g5us unque/ionably conta9s a bivalve
 %ell2 b1 z no p]fect specim5 has yet   
be5 f\nd1 no?+ decisive is kn[n respect+
 x4  ,tube calc>e\s1 ?ick1 conically    
elongat$1 m or less flexu\s1 z if       
compos$ ( pieces plac$ on ! ends ( ea*  
o!r1 or z if articulat$1 ) a r+ or      

projection m or less m>k$ at ! place ( !
 jo9ts1 b )\t traces ( p>titions2       
t]m9at$ on "o side by an inflation1     
(t5times ) "s int]ior p>titions1 & on ! 
o!r by two tubes1 di/9ct &              
sub-articulat$4  ,s4 ar5>ia4 ,! ,s&     
,sept>ia4  ,! type ( ?is g5us4          
#e4 ,t]$9a4 ,two fossil species4  ,a    
g5us )\t a liv+ species1 giv5 "h to     
pres]ve ! family entire1 hav+ a %ell    
?ick1 oval1 %ort1 v gap+ po/]iorly1     
equivalve1 inequilat]al2 summits well   
m>k$2 a spoonlike cavity 9 ea* valve4   
,tube or %ea? te/ace\s1 cyl9drical2     
ant]ior end op52 po/]ior end clos$1 b   
exhibit+ ! two valves ( ! %ell4         
#f4 ,t]$o4 ,! ,%ip ,worm4 ,?ree species4
  ,?is g5us d]iv$ its "n f ! faculty x  
possesses ( bor+ wood4 ,! ,t4 navalis c 
p5etrate ! /\te/ oak5 planks ( a %ip's  
sides by means ( two valves affix$ to ! 
head ( ! animal4 ,! effects produc$ w\ld
 be mu* m de/ructive b f ! fact ( _!    
g5]ally p]=at+ ! wood 9 ! direction ( ! 
gra94 ,sir ,e4 ,home wrote a v sci5tific

 & int]e/+ description ( a species n    
m5tion$ by ,lam>ck1 call$ ! ,t4         
gigantea1 f\nd imb$d$ 9 indurat$ mud 9 !
 ,isl& ( ,sumatra4 ,x is ! l>ge/ species
 kn[n1 "s hav+ be5 se5 f\r or five feet 
long4  ,%ell ?ick1 solid1 v %ort or     
annul>1 op5 at bo? extremities2         
equivalve1 equilat]al1 angul> & %>p     
ant]iorly1 only slightly t\*+ by !      
opposite edges2 h+e obsolete2 a         
consid]able int]nal spoonlike cavity2 "o
 slightly s5sible muscul> impression4   
,tube m or less di/9ct f ! sub/ance 9   
:i* ! animal lives1 cyl9drical1 /raight 
or flexu\s1 clos$ ) age at ! oral       
extremity s z to envelop ! animal & its 
%ell2 always op5 at ! o!r end1 & divid$ 
int]iorly into two syphons by a middle  
p>tition4                               
,t]$o navalis4                          
,t4 palmulata4                          
,t4 gigantea4  ,t4 navalis4 ,! common   
,%ip ,worm4  ,species v ?91 cyl9drical1 
& smoo?2 slightly twi/$1 :ite1 f9ely    
/riat$ longitud9ally4                   

,,family ,,ii4                          
,,pholad>ia4 ,two g5]a4                 
#a4 ,pholas4 ,! ,/one ,pi]c]4 ,n9e      
species4  ,?is g5us is )\t any tubul>   
%ea?2 x d]ives its "n f ! ,greek ^w 1 to
 hide1 allud+ to ! cu/om ( its          
inhabitant 9 =m+ cells 9 rocks1 wood1 c4
  ,9 =m ! ,pholas is g5]ally oblong1    
hav+ two l>ge valves opposite to ea*    
o!r1 ) a numb] ( small] ones atta*$ to !
 back z a sub/itute = a h+e4 ,! two l>ge
 valves nev] %ut close2 !y are op5 at "o
 end1 & sometimes at bo?4  ,! ext]ior ( 
! %ell is usually ( a pure or dusky     
:ite1 b sometimes ( a br[ni% ca/4 ,9 "s 
species ! %ell is adorn$ ) beautiful    
delicate reticulations1 l ! f9e/ lace2 9
 o!rs ! texture is co>s]1 l small       
basket-"w4 ,!y are f\nd 9 ! ,am]ican1   
,indian1 & ,european seas1 ea* %ell 9 a 
sep>ate habitation =m$ 9 lime/one1      
s&/one1 wood1 coral1 c42 (t5 discov]$   
completely imb$d$ 9 ! oak planks ( %ips 
trav]s+ ^? seas2 z !y advance 9 gr[? !y 
enl>ge ! space )91 & leave ! ap]ture by 

:i* !y ent]$ ( its primitive size4      
,%ell ?91 sub-transp>5t1 f9ely /riat$1  
elongat$ oval1 bivalve1 equivalve1      
inequilat]al2 ! valves only t\*+ 9 !    
middle ( _! edges2 ! summits b little   
m>k$1 & conceal$ by a callosity produc$ 
by ! expansion ( ! dorsal lobes ( !     
mantle2 ne> ! h+e are (t5 develop$ "o or
 m accessory calc>e\s pieces2 an incurv$
 too? int]ior b5ea? ! h+e4              
,pholas dactylus4                       
,p4 ori5talis4                          
,p4 c&ida4                              
,p4 dactyloides4                        
,p4 silicula4                           
,p4 co/ata4                             
,p4 crispata4                           
,p4 callosa4                            
,p4 clavata4  ,p4 dactylus4 ,! prickly  
,pholas4 ,pl4 #c1 fig4 #c4  ,answ]s to !
 g5]al description1 b is beset ) small  
calc>e\s sp9y nodules on ! ribs1 :i* run
 wid5+ & enl>g+ f ! summit to ! m>g92   
col\r :ite or v light br[n4  ,p4 /riata4
 ,! /riat$ ,pholas4 ,pl4 #c1 fig4 #e4   

,oval1 ! dorsal callosity leav+ ! summit
 free1 & ext5d+ t[>ds ! ant]ior &       
inf]ior extremity 9 su* a mann] t ea*   
valve seems to be =m$ ( ?ree p>ts1      
because ( an oblique furr[ f ! summit to
 ! m>g92 a too? runn+ d[n 9 ! inside f !
 summit2 "o pair ( accessory pieces at !
 po/]ior extremity ( ! %ell4  ,p4 c&ida4
 ,! :ite ,pholas4 ,pl4 #c1 fig4 #b4     
,elongat$1 w$ge-%ap$2 muscul> impression
 almo/ m$ial2 a k9d ( oblique too? p>t+ 
f ! summit2 no accessory pieces4  ,p4   
co/ata4 ,! ribb$ ,pholas4 ,pl4 #c1 fig4 
#d4  ,elongat$1 w$ge-%ap$1 cov]$ )      
regul> elevat$ jagg$ or scallop$ ribs1  
elegantly dispos$2 ?ree dorsal accessory
 pieces2 muscul> impression almo/ m$ial4
  ,p4 crispata4 ,! curl$ ,pholas4       
,some:at oval1 truncat$ beh9d1 & z if   
divid$ into two p>ts by an oblique furr[
 f ! summit to ! base2 ant]ior "p       
reticulat$1 ! o!r p>ts pla92 muscul>    
impression m>g9al4  ,p4 clavata4 ,!     
clubb$ ,pholas4  ,%ort1 w$ge-=m1 little 
gap+1 ) _m accessory pieces4            

#b4 ,ga/ro*na4 ,?ree species4  ,always  
)\t accessory pieces1 &1 !re=e1 easily  
di/+ui%$ f ! ,pholas4  ,%ell equivalve1 
some:at w$ge-%ap$1 ) a v l>ge1 oval1    
oblique1 ant]ior op5+ betwe5 ! valves2 !
 po/]ior extremity ne>ly close2 h+e     
l9e>1 m>g9al1 )\t tee?2 two di/ant      
muscul> impressions2 sometimes ) a k9d (
 tube or calc>e\s g5]al envelope4       
,ga/ro*na cunei=mis4                    
,g4 mytiloides4                         
,g4 modiol9a4  ,g4 modiol9a4 ,!         
,modioli=m ,ga/ro*na4  ,oval1 ?91       
brittle1 gap+ at ! side2 light r$di%    
br[n1 ) a blui% :ite int]ior4  ,g4      
cunei=mis4 ,! w$gelike ,ga/ro*na4 ,pl4  
#c1 fig4 #a4  ,species ) a smoo? %ell1 &
 )\t di/9ct tube4 7,repres5t$ z imb$d$ 9
 wood47                                 
,,family ,,iii4                         
,,sol5ides4 ,f\r g5]a4                  
#a4 ,sol54 ,eighte5 species4  ,!re are  
_m species belong+ to ?is g5us diff]+   
consid]ably 9 =m & appe>ance4 ,its "n is
 d]iv$ f a ,greek ^w signify+ a pipe or 

tube4 ,x is a bivalve ^: bread?         
sometimes exce$s its l5g?2 "s species h 
a resemblance to ! %ea? ( a razor or a  
knife h&le2 o!rs are curv$ l ! scabb>d (
 a cimet]4  ,! ,sol5 is f\nd 9 ! s& ( ! 
sea%ore1 :i* x sometimes p5etrates to ! 
dep? ( "o or two feet4 ,mo/ ( ! species 
are cov]$ ) an epid]mis1 :i* r5d]s _!   
col\rs m or less obscure4 ,9 g5]al !y   
pres5t b little beauty1 ?\gh "s are ( a 
bright p9k col\r1 & "s are beautifully &
 delicately radiat$ ) purple & :ite4  ,!
 pr9cipal *>act]i/ic ( ?is g5us is !    
h+e1 :i* g5]ally has "o subulate too?1  
?\gh sometimes two or ?ree4  ,%ell      
equivalve1 extremely inequilat]al1      
transv]sely elongat$1 op5 at bo? ends2 !
 apices v small1 & entirely at !        
comm5cem5t ( ! dorsal l9e2 "o or two    
tee? 9 ! h+e2 ligam5t ext]nal2 two      
di/ant muscul> impressions2 ! ant]ior "o
 v long & n>r[1 ! po/]ior "o sub-angul>4
                              ,sol5     
vag9a                             ,s4   
corneus4                             ,s4

 ensis4                             ,s4 
pygmu4                             ,s4  
ambiguus4                               
,s4 ,dombeii4                           
,s4 ,javanicus4                         
,s4 ,c>ibu4                             
,s4 antiquatus4                         
,s4 vag9oides4                          
,s4 siliqua4                            
,s4 cultellus4                          
,s4 planus4                             
,s4 m9utus4                             
,s4 con/rictus4                         
,s4 co>ctatus4                          
,s4 ro/ratus4                           
,s4 violaceus4  ,s4 vag9a4 ,! ,razor    
,%ea?4 ,pl4 #ca1 fig4 #e4  ,valves      
equal1 truncat$ at bo? ends2 /raight or 
slightly curv$2 summit t]m9al4  ,s4     
cultellus4 ,! kidney-%ap$ ,sol54        
,species a little curv$ l5g?wise2 summit
 n t]m9al4  ,s4 ro/ratus4 ,!            
violet-beak$ ,sol54  ,species ) long] & 
n>r[] valves1 flatt] at ! extremities2  
callosity at ! h+e v visible2 c>d9al    

tee? or h+e ne>] ! middle ?an ! ant]ior 
side4  ,s4 ensis4 ,! ,sabre ,sol54      
,species l9e>1 sabre-%ap$2 a s+le       
compress$ too? 9 ea* valve2 olive br[n  
at ! base1 & ( a purple hue ne> ! apex4 
,s4 siliqua4 ,! podlike ,sol54  ,species
 l9e>1 /raight2 two tee? 9 "o valve & "o
 9 ! o!r2 cov]$ ) a glossy br[n         
epid]mis2 /riat$ transv]sely4  ,s4      
antiquatus4 ,! ,antiquat$ ,sol54        
,species ?91 :ite1 & almo/ transp>5t2   
/riat$ conc5trically2 ends r\nd$2 h+e   
ne> ! c5tre2 a too? 9 "o valve lock+    
into two 9 ! o!r2 ! tee? erect &        
project+ beyond ! m>g92 cov]$ ) a       
d>k-col\r$ epid]mis4                    
#b4 ,panopa4 ,"o species4  ,di/+ui%$ f !
 ,mya by ! prom95cy ( ! apex & !        
situation ( ! ligam5t4  ,%ell regul>1   
elongat$ oval1 gap+ at ! two            
extremities1 equivalve1 inequilat]al2   
summit b little m>k$1 & ant]odorsal2 h+e
 v complete1 simil>1 =m$ by a conical   
prim>y too? be=e a %ort1 compress$1     
asc5d+ callosity2 ligam5t ext]ior1      

atta*$ to ! callosity2 two muscul>      
impressions4  ,p4 ,aldrov&i4 ,! ,panopa 
( ,aldrov&us4 ,pl4 #e1 fig4 #b4  ,! type
 ( ?is g5us1 transv]sely elongat$1      
undulat$2 conc5trically wr9kl$2 ( d>k   
gre5 col\r1 almo/ black4                
#c4 ,solecurtus4 ,?ree species4  ,%ell  
oval1 elongat$1 equivalve1              
sub-equilat]al1 edges almo/ /raight &   
p>allel2 ! extremities equally r\nd$1 & 
z if truncat$2 summits b little m>k$2   
h+e too?less1 or =m$ by "s rudim5t>y    
prim>y tee?2 ligam5t project+1 affix$ to
 ! ?ick nymphal callosities2 two di/ant1
 r\nd$ muscul> impressions4             
,solecurtus radiatus4                   
,s4 /rigilatus4                         
,s4 legum54  ,s4 radiatus4 ,! radiat$   
,solecurtus4  ,species flat1 small1 ) an
 int]ior ridge runn+ d[n obliquely f !  
summit to ! abdom9al m>g94  ,s4         
/rigilatus4 ,! /rigilat$ ,solecurtus4   
,species m cyl9drical1 )\t int]ior      
ridge4  ,s4 legum54 ,! ,pease-pod       
,solecurtus4 ,pl4 #ca1 fig4 #f4         

,species /ill m elongat$ &              
sub-cyl9drical4                         
#d4 ,glycim]is4 ,two species4  ,di/+ui%$
 f ! ,sol5 by be+ )\t tee? at ! h+e4    
,%ell cov]$ ) epid]mis1 slightly        
irregul>1 elongat$1 gap+ at ! two       
extremities1 equivalve1 inequilat]al2 ! 
summits b little m>k$2 h+e too?less2 a  
longitud9al callosity2 ligam5t ext]ior1 
affix$ to v project+ callosities on !   
%orte/ side ( ! %ell2 two di/9ct muscul>
 impressions4                           
,glycim]is m>g>itacea4                  
,glycim]is siliqua4  ,g4 siliqua4 ,!    
podlike ,glycim]is4  ,transv]sely       
oblong1 cov]$ ) a black epid]mis2       
umbones decorticat$2 int]nal disc ( !   
valves :ite1 ?ick1 & call\s4            
,,family ,,iv4                          
,,my>ia4 ,two g5]a4              #a4    
,mya4 ,! ,tr\gh ,%ell1 or ,gap]4 ,f\r   
species4  ,?is t]m is d]iv$ f ! ,greek  
^w 1 to close1 allud+ to ! animal's     
cu/om ( clos+ ! valves4 ,! pr9cipal     
*>act]i/ic ( ! ,mya is its gap+ at "o   

end2 x is likewise di/+ui%$ by hav+ a   
l>ge spoonlike too? proce$+ f b5ea? !   
beak4 ,its =m is greatly v>i$1 b g5]ally
 cov]$ ) a gre5i% epid]mis1 :i* may be  
remov$2 & ! %ell1 :5 poli%$1 w display  
beautiful prismatic col\rs4 ,! ,mya is  
f\nd on ! sea%ore or on ! banks ( l>ge  
riv]s1 p>tially conceal$ 9 ! s& & mud4  
,%ell transv]se1 inequilat]al1 surr\nd$ 
) a ?ick epid]mis2 r solid2 edges ?9 &  
%>p2 summits b little m>k$2 h+e         
dissimil>2 "o or two l>ge1 compress$1   
spoon-%ap$ tee? ris+ p]p5dicul>ly f !   
plane ( ! left valve1 & fitt+ into !    
entrance ( a prim>y cavity 9 ! "r valve2
 ligam5t int]ior1 atta*+ ! too? &       
cavity2 two di/ant muscul> impressions2 
! ant]ior long & n>r[1 ! po/]ior r\nd$2 
! mantle impression n>r[1 ) a l>ge s9us 
or holl[4                               
,mya truncata4                          
,m4 ar5>ia4                             
,m4 erodona4                            
,m4 sol5imyalis4  ,m4 ar5>ia4 ,! ,s&    
,mya4 ,pl4 #e1 fig4 #a4  ,regul>        

species4  ,m4 erodona4 ,! ,erodona ,mya4
  ,irregul> species1 9 :i* ! cavity ( ! 
"r valve is bord]$ by /rong projections4
  ,m4 truncata4 ,! truncat$ ,mya4 ,pl4  
#e1 fig4 #c4  ,sub-oval1 truncat$2 small
 end gap+2 l>ge end r\nd$2 cov]$ ) a d>k
 yell[i% epid]mis2 inside :ite2 wr9kl$  
transv]sely4                  #b4       
,anat9a4 ,! ,duck's ,bill4 ,t5 species4 
,%ell elongat$ oval1 v ?91 fragile1     
semipellucid2 mu* inflat$ at "o end l a 
duck's bill1 :5ce x d]ives its common   
"n2 equivalve1 v inequilat]al2 h+e      
too?less2 ! ant]ior side r\nd$ & mu*    
long] ?an ! po/]ior2 ligam5t int]ior    
affix$ to a bony spoonlike process 9 ea*
 valve1 & su/a9$ by a lat]al plate runn+
 obliquely into ! int]ior ( ! %ell4     
,anat9a lat]na4                         
,a4 truncata4                           
,a4 subro/rata4                         
,a4 longiro/ris4                        
,a4 globulosa4                          
,a4 trapezoides4                        
,a4 rugosa4                             

,a4 imp]fecta4                          
,a4 myalis4                             
,a4 rupicola4  ,a4 subro/rata4 ,!       
beaklike ,anat9a4  ,species equivalve & 
regul>4  ,a4 myalis4 ,! ,mya-l ,anat9a4 
,species inequivalve4  ,a4 trapezoides4 
,! trapezium-%ap$ ,anat9a4 ,pl4 #ab1    
fig4 #e4  ,species ) a moveable too? or 
calc>e\s piece ^u ! "r valve1 lodg$ 9 ! 
angle =m$ by ! spoonlike process4       
,,family ,v4                            
,,mactracea4 ,sev5 g5]a4                
#a4 ,lutr>ia4 ,elev5 species4  ,?is g5us
 0 tak5 f ! ,mactra1 & is p]fectly      
di/9ct1 z x wants ! lat]al tee?4 ,x is  
call$ ,lutricola by ,de ,bla9ville1 f   
its lurk+ 9 s& or mud at ! m\?s ( l>ge  
riv]s4  ,%ell inequilat]al1 orbicul>1   
sub-triangul> or transv]sely oval1 gap+ 
at ! extremities2 h+e ) "o c>d9al too?  
fold$ 9 two1 or two tee?1 "o ( :i* is   
pla91 ) an opposite holl[ to receive x2 
no lat]al tee?2 ligam5t int]ior & fix$ 9
 ! holl[ cavity ( ! prim>y too?4        
,lutr>ia sol5oides4                     

,l4 rugosa4                             
,l4 compressa4                          
,l4 pip]ata4                            
,l4 tell9oides4                         
,l4 elliptica4                          
,l4 papyracea4                          
,l4 plicatella4                         
,l4 crassiplica4                        
,l4 complanata4                         
,l4 c&ida4  ,l4 sol5oides4 ,! ,sol5-l   
,lutr>ia4  ,species oblong1             
sub-cyl9drical1 v gap+1 two v /rong     
c>d9al tee?2 ! spoonlike cavity ( !     
ligam5t v]tical4  ,l4 compressa4 ,!     
compress$ ,lutr>ia4  ,species oval or   
orbicul>1 almo/ equilat]al1 v compress$1
 little gap+2 h+e simil>2 int]nal       
ligam5t ins]t$ 9 ! pit ( a v]tical      
spoonlike cavity2 two di/9ct tubes1 )\t 
longitud9al /ri4  ,l4 rugosa4 ,! rugg$  
,lutr>ia4  ,species ovate1 clos$ at bo? 
ends2 /ri f ! summit to ! base4  ,l4    
elliptica4 ,! oval ,lutr>ia4  ,oblong   
oval1 ne>ly smoo?1 hav+ a few conc5tric 
/ri1 & "s diagonal /ri at ! ends ( !    

valves2 col\r yell[ or gre5i% br[n2     
inside :ite4            #b4 ,mactra4 ,! 
,knead+-tr\gh4 ,?irty-?ree species4  ,! 
"n giv5 to ?is g5us 0 d]iv$ f ! ,greek  
^w 1 f its resemblance to a tr\gh us$ = 
knead+ bread4  ,9 all species ( ?is g5us
 a simil>ity ( col\r+ & =m p]vades !    
:ole4 ,9 %ape !y are sub-triangul> or   
oblong1 ) a smoo?1 /riat$1 or           
transv]sely-ribb$ ext]ior4 ,9 "s species
 ! valves gape at bo? ends1 & 9 o!rs at 
! ant]ior only4 ,! mo/ g5]al col\r is   
lilac1 or :ite t+$ ) blue or yell[2 "s h
 purple rays on a br[n gr\nd4  ,a       
s+ul>ity 9 ! =m ( ! h+e ( ! ,mactra     
di/+ui%es x f all o!r g5]a4 ,x is ( a   
triangul> =m1 has a b5t or angul>       
compress$ too? on ea* valve1 ) a small  
oblique cavity on ea* side to :i* !     
ligam5t is atta*$4 ,!re are also two    
lat]al tee?1 "o ne> ! ligam5t & ! o!r   
ne> ! prim>y too?4 ,^! tee? are ?9 &    
fragile2 ! prim>y too? is sometimes     
indi/9ct1 b ! lat]al tee? always exi/4  
,! ,mactra is f\nd buri$ 9 ! s& at a    

little di/ance f ! sea%ore4 ,%ell       
g5]ally ?9 & brittle1 cov]$ ) epid]mis1 
( a triangul> =m1 transv]se1 equivalve1 
inequilat]al2 beaks prom95t2 "o         
compress$1 fold$1 c>d9al too?1 ) an     
adjo9+ pit 9 ea* valve1 project+ inw>d2 
lat]al tee? ?91 lamell\s1 ent]+1 plac$  
ne> ! h+e2 ext]ior ligam5t small2 an    
int]ior ligam5t ins]t$ 9 ! c>d9al pits2 
two muscul> impressions1 unit$ by a n>r[
 m>g9al tongue4                         
,mactra gigantea4                       
,m4 ,sp5gl]i4                           
,m4 /riatella4                          
,m4 c>9ata4                             
,m4 /ram9ea4                            
,m4 ,au/ralis4                          
,m4 violacea4                           
,m4 fasciata4                           
,m4 turgida4                            
,m4 plicat>ia4                          
,m4 rufesc5s4                           
,m4 maculata4                           
,m4 subplicata4                         
,m4 triangul>is4                        

,m4 lactea4                             
,m4 abbreviata4                         
,m4 ,helvacea4                          
,m4 gr&is4                              
,m4 /ultorum4                           
,m4 maculosa4                           
,m4 oval9a4                             
,m4 alba4                               
,m4 solida4                             
,m4 ca/anea4                            
,m4 rufa4                               
,m4 squalida4                           
,m4 ,brasiliana4                        
,m4 donac9a4                            
,m4 depressa4                           
,m4 lilacea4                            
,m4 trigonella4                         
,m4 deltoides4                          
,m4 crassatella4  ,m4 gigantea4 ,!      
gigantic ,mactra4  ,species 9 :i* !     
c>d9al tee? are almo/ obsolete1 9       
consequ5ce ( ! enl>gem5t ( ! pit ( !    
ligam5t4  ,m4 /ultorum4 ,! fool's       
,mactra4 ,pl4 #i1 fig4 #f4  ,species 9  
:i* all ! tee? are v l>ge1 lamell\s1    

/riat$ longitud9ally2 col\r r$di% br[n4 
,m4 solida4 ,! solid ,mactra4  ,species 
?ick1 solid1 )\t epid]mis2 lat]al tee?  
f9ely /riat$4  ,m4 trigonella4 ,!       
?ree-corn]$ ,mactra4  ,species 9 :i* !  
lat]al tee? are almo/ obsolete2 ext]ior 
surface smoo?4  ,m4 triangul>is4 ,!     
triangul> ,mactra4  ,species v small1   
/rong1 opaque1 :ite2 inside :ite2 m>g9  
/rongly cr5at$4  ,m4 crassa4 ,! ?ick    
,mactra4  ,species v ?ick1 solid1 /riat$
 longitud9ally2 ! c>d9al tee? obsolete1 
or almo/ s2 ! lat]al v ?ick1 v close1 & 
reflect$2 an ext]nal ligam5t z well z an
 int]nal "o4                       #c4  
,crassatella4 ,elev5 species4  ,may be  
easily kn[n f ! ,mactra & ,lutr>ia1 z ! 
valves1 :5 clos$1 fit exactly1 & d n    
gape4 ,x is rem>kable t all ! liv+      
species conta9$ 9 ?is g5us only exi/ 9 !
 seas ( ,au/ralasia1 :ile at lea/ sev5  
species 9 a fossil /ate are f\nd 9      
,france4  ,%ell inequilat]al1           
sub-orbicul>1 close1 equivalve1         
sometimes att5uat$ at "o end2 two       

div]g5t prim>y tee?1 ) a cavity at !    
side2 lat]al tee? obsolete2 ligam5t     
int]nal1 ins]t$ 9 ! cavity ( ! h+e4     
,crassatella ,k+icola4                  
,c4 donac9a4                            
,c4 sulcata4                            
,c4 subradiata4                         
,c4 contr>ia4                           
,c4 cuneata4                            
,c4 ro/rata4                            
,c4 glabrata4                           
,c4 eryc9a4                          ,c4
 cycladea4                          ,c4 
/riata4  ,c4 sulcata4 ,! furr[$         
,crassatella4 ,pl4 #f1 fig #d4  ,%ell   
ord9>ily ?ick1 /riat$ transv]sely1      
d5ticulat$1 sub-triangul>1 equivalve1   
inequilat]al1 summits well m>k$ &       
evid5tly turn$ =w>d2 h+e v l>ge1        
subsimil>1 =m$ by two div]g+ c>d9al     
tee?1 sep>at$ by a l>ge pit2 ligam5t    
almo/ entirely int]ior1 & ins]t$ 9 !    
pit4  ,c4 ,k+icola4 ,! ,k+'s ,isl&      
,crassatella4  ,ovate1 orbicul>2 yell[i%
 :ite1 ) obsolete rays2 v m9utely /riat$

 transv]sely2 ! umbones some:at plicat$4
                           #d4 ,eryc9a4 
,"o species4  ,! only liv+ species ( ?is
 g5us is f\nd on ! s& 9 ,new-,holl&1 b  
!re are _m fossils 9 ,france4 ,x is s   
equivocal 9 "* t x is difficult to judge
 ( _! h+e4  ,e4 c>dioides4 ,!           
c>dium-%ap$ ,eryc9a4 ,pl4 #f1 fig4 #e4  
,%ell r long] ?an high1 sub-triangul>1  
regul>1 equivalve1 inequilat]al1 r>ely  
gap+2 ! summits well m>k$ & a little    
ant]iorly incl9$2 h+e subsimil>2 two    
unequal c>d9al tee?1 conv]g+ at !       
summit1 & leav+ a pit betwe5 !m2 two    
lat]al tee?1 n di/ant1 lamell\s1 ins]t$2
 ligam5t int]ior1 fix$ 9 ! cavity betwe5
 ! prim>y tee?4                         
#e4 ,ungul9a4 ,two species4  ,?is g5us  
is v rem>kable = hav+ ! pit or cavity   
divid$ into two p>ts1 ! "o at ! end ( ! 
o!r2 ! ligam5t is p>tially se5 f !      
outside4                                
,ungul9a oblonga4                       
,ungul9a transv]sa4  ,u4 transv]sa4 ,!  
transv]se ,ungul9a4  ,%ell v]tical or   

longitud9al1 r irregul>1 n gap+1        
equivalve1 inequilat]al1 ) summits      
little m>k$ & decorticat$2 h+e dorsal1  
=m$ by "o %ort1 prim>y cleft too?1 be=e 
an oblong pit1 divid$ by a small        
ligam5t1 9 :i* is ins]t$ a sub-int]ior  
ligam5t2 col\r yell[i% br[n4            
#f4 ,sol5imya4 ,two species4  ,?is g5us1
 :i* at fir/ sight is conf\nd$ ) !      
,sol5s1 diff]s f !m p>ticul>ly by !     
s+ul> disposition ( ! ligam5t plac$ at !
 %ort side ( ! %ell4                    
,sol5imya ,au/ralis4                    
,sol5imya ,m$it]ranea4  ,s4 ,au/ralis4  
,! ,au/ralian ,sol5imya4 ,pl4 #f1 fig4  
#b4  ,%ell cov]$ ) a ?ick br[ni%        
epid]mis1 regul>1 ?ick1 elongat$ oval1  
edges /raight & p>allel1 equally r\nd$  
at bo? extremities2 valves equal1 v     
inequilat]al4  ,s4 ,m$it]ranea4 ,!      
,m$it]ranean ,sol5imya4  ,transv]sely   
oblong2 d>k br[n1 ribb$ longitud9ally1 )
 imbricat$ project+ foliations2 inside  
:ite4                       #g4         
,amphidesma4 ,sixte5 species4  ,?is g5us

 0 con/itut$ by ,lam>ck on acc\nt ( !   
peculi> *>act]s :i* di/+ui%$ x f ^? g5]a
 :i* x mo/ resembles2 p>ticul>ly 9 hav+ 
! valves connect$ by two ligam5ts4      
,%ell g5]ally small1 transv]se1 sub-oval
 or r\nd$1 occasionally a little gap+ at
 ! sides2 h+e ) "o or two c>d9al tee?1 &
 a n>r[ cavity = ! int]ior ligam5t2     
ext]ior ligam5t %ort4                   
,amphidesma v>iegata4                   
,a4 donacilla4                          
,a4 lactea4                          ,a4
 cornea4                          ,a4   
albella4                          ,a4   
flexuosa4                          ,a4  
prismatica4                          ,a4
 phaseol9a4                          ,a4
 corbuloides4                           
,a4 glabrella4                          
,a4 luc9alis4                           
,a4 ,boysii4                            
,a4 t5uis4                          ,a4 
purpurasc5s4                            
,a4 nucleola4                           
,a4 physioides4  ,a4 glabrella4 ,! smoo?

 ,amphidesma4 ,pl4 #f1 fig4 #i4         
,species l5ticul> or oval1 ) or )\t a   
lunat$ depression4  ,a4 lactea4 ,! milky
 ,amphidesma4  ,sub-orbicul>1           
sub-pellucid1 compress$1 reticulat$2    
yell[i% :ite4                           
,,family ,,vi4                          
,,corbulacea4 ,two g5]a4                
#a4 ,corbula4 ,n9e species4  ,?is g5us  
approximates ! ,crassatella & ,ungul9a1 
b is di/+ui%$ f !m by ! inequality ( !  
valves & ! /rong prim>y too?4  ,%ell r  
solid1 a little irregul> & triangul>1   
inequivalve1 m or less inequilat]al1    
r\nd$ & enl>g$ be=e1 att5uat$ & prolong$
 beh9d2 summits well m>k$1 "o project+  
beh9d ! o!r2 h+e anomal\s1 =m$ by a     
l>ge1 conical1 recurv$ c>d9al too?1 ) a 
cavity at its base = ! reception ( !    
too? ( ! o!r valve2 ligam5t v small2 two
 muscul> impressions little di/ant4     
,corbula ,au/ralis4                     
,c4 sulcata4                            
,c4 ery?rodon4                          
,c4 oval9a4                             

,c4 ,tait5sis4                          
,c4 nucleus4                            
,c4 impressa4                           
,c4 porc9a4                             
,c4 sem54  ,c4 nucleus4 ,! k]nel        
,corbula4  ,/rong1 sub-triangul>1 "u    
valve l>g] ?an ! upp] "o2 transv]sely   
/riat$2 cov]$ ) a ?ick br[ni% epid]mis4 
,c4 oval9a4 ,! ovate ,corbula4 ,pl4 #f1 
fig4 #f4  ,regul> species4  ,c4         
,au/ralis4 ,! ,au/ralian ,corbula4      
,irregul> species1 liv+ 9 /one4         
#b4 ,p&ora4 ,two species4  ,closely     
alli$ to ! ,corbula4                    
,p&ora ro/rata4                         
,p&ora obtusa4  ,p4 ro/rata4 ,! beak$   
,p&ora4 ,pl4 #f1 fig4 #c4  ,%ell :ite1  
regul>1 elongat$1 inequivalve1          
inequilat]al2 "r or upp] valve entirely 
flat1 ) a plait or fold2 mu* produc$    
t[>ds ! beak2 h+e anomal\s1 =m$ by a    
transv]se c>d9al too? on ! "r valve1    
ent]+ into a correspond+ cavity on !    
left2 ligam5t int]nal1 oblique1         
triangul>1 ins]t$ 9 a pit r deep1 )     

edges a little project+ on ea* valve2   
two r\nd$ muscul> impressions4          
,,family ,,vii4                         
,,li?ophagi4 ,?ree g5]a4                
#a4 ,saxicava4 ,five species4  ,?is g5us
 is tak5 f ! ,mytilus1 &1 l ! ,pholas1  
possesses ! faculty ( p5etrat+ calc>e\s 
rocks1 f :i* x _c be extract$ )\t break+
 ! sub/ance 9 :i* x is imb$d$4  ,%ell   
bivalve1 ?ick1 cov]$ ) epid]mis1 r      
irregul>1 elongat$1 sub-cyl9drical1     
obtuse at ! two extremities2 summits    
little m>k$2 h+e too?less1 or ) a v     
small rudim5t>y too?2 ligam5t ext]nal1 a
 little inflat$4                        
,saxicava rugosa4                       
,s4 ,gallicana4                         
,s4 pholadis4                           
,s4 ,au/ralis4                          
,s4 v5]i=mis4  ,s4 ,au/ralis4 ,!        
,au/ralian ,saxicava4 ,pl4 #g1 fig4 #f4 
,answ]s to ! above description4  ,s4    
,gallicana4 ,! ,gallic ,saxicava4       
,oblong1 wr9kl$1 truncat$ at ! po/]ior  
extremity1 "o valve l>g] ?an ! o!r2 pale

 horn col\r4                       #b4  
,petricola4 ,?irte5 species4  ,?is g5us 
possesses ! same faculty ( bor+ rocks z 
! ,saxicava2 x is di/+ui%$ f ! latt]    
g5us by ! h+e hav+ "o or two tee? 9 ea* 
valve4  ,%ell sub-trigonal1 transv]se1  
inequilat]al2 upp] side n>r[$ & a little
 gap+2 l[] side r\nd$4                  
,petricola lamellosa4                   
,p4 o*roleuca4                          
,p4 semilamellata4                      
,p4 luc9alis                            
,p4 /riata4                             
,p4 co/ellata4                          
,p4 rocel>ia4                           
,p4 exilis4                             
,p4 rup]ella4                           
,p4 *amoides4                           
,p4 pholadi=mis4                        
,p4 labagella4                          
,p4 l+uatula4  ,p4 lamellosa4 ,!        
lamell\s ,petricola4 ,pl4 #g1 fig4 #c4  
,species oval1 trigonal1 radiat$2 two   
tee? on "o valve1 & "o on ! o!r4  ,p4   
pholadi=mis4 ,! ,pholas-%ap$ ,petricola4

  ,species transv]sely elongat$4        
#c4 ,v5]irupis4 ,sev5 species4  ,ano!r  
li?ophag\s %ell1 tak5 f ! g5us ,v5us1 f 
:i* x is di/+ui%$ by ! diff]5t          
disposition ( ! tee?1 hav+ ?ree prim>y 9
 "o ( ! valves at lea/4  ,%ell m or less
 irregul>1 sub-trigonal1 /riat$ or      
radiat$1 equivalve1 inequilat]al1 !     
ant]ior side %ort] & r\nd$1 ! po/]ior   
sub-truncat$2 summits well m>k$2 h+e    
sub-regul>1 m or less dissimil>1 =m$ by 
sl5d]1 n>r[1 c>d9al tee?1 v>iable 9     
numb] on ea* valve1 sometimes two on !  
"r & ?ree on ! left1 & sometimes ?ree on
 bo?2 ^! tee? are small1 contigu\s1     
p>allel1 & b little1 if at all1 div]g5t 
ext]ior2 v weak4                        
,v5]irupis p]=ans4                      
,v4 nucleus4                            
,v4 irus4                          ,v4  
exotica4                          ,v4   
di/ans4                          ,v4    
cr5ata4                          ,v4    
c>ditoides4  ,v4 p]=ans4 ,! p]=at+      
,v5]irupis4  ,sub-rhombic1 transv]sely  

/riat$1 wr9kl$ on ! ant]ior side2       
ext]ior br[n1 int]ior :ite1 sometimes   
t+$ ) purple4  ,v4 irus4 ,! foliat$     
,v5]irupis4 ,pl4 #g1 fig4 #b4  ,species 
longitud9ally /riat$2 c>d9al tee? two1  
sometimes ?ree on ! "r & ?ree on ! left4
                                        
,,family ,,viii4                        
,,nymphacea4 ,t5 g5]a4  ,?is family is  
divid$ into ,n4 ,sol5>ia & ,n4          
,tell9>ia1 f _! resemblance to ! ,sol5 &
 ! ,tell9a4                         ,n4 
,,sol5>ia4 ,?ree g5]a4                  
#a4 ,sangu9ol>ia4 ,f\r species4  ,?is   
g5us may be di/+ui%$ f ! ,sol5 by nev]  
hav+ ! transv]se oblong %ape1 or ! edge 
( ! valves p>allel to ! base4           
,sangu9ol>ia occid5s4                   
,s4 rosea4                         ,s4  
livida4                         ,s4     
rugosa4  ,s4 rosea4 ,! rosy             
,sangu9ol>ia4  ,semi-orbicul>1 smoo?1   
%9+ & convex2 ne> ! umbones ( a         
beautiful rose col\r1 :i* becomes pal] z
 x desc5ds2 acute transv]se /ri4  ,s4   

occid5s4 ,! sett+-sun ,sangu9ol>ia4 ,pl4
 #g1 fig4 #d4  ,oval1 a little elongat$1
 v compress$1 slightly gap+1 valves     
elliptical1 equally r\nd$ at ! two      
extremities1 )\t m>k ( po/]ior keel2    
summits slightly indicat$2 h+e =m$ by "o
 or two contigu\s c>d9al tee? on ea*    
valve2 ligam5t project+1 convex2 m>g9s n
 p>allel4                       #b4     
,psammobia4 ,eighte5 species4  ,tak5 f !
 ,tell9a1 :i* x mu* resembles 9 =m1 b f 
:i* x diff]s by n hav+ ! irregul> plait 
on ! ant]ior "p4  ,%ell ovate1          
transv]se1 slightly gap+2 summits       
project+2 h+e =m$ by two tee? on "o     
valve1 & only "o ins]t$ on ! o!r4       
,psammobia virgata4                     
,p4 ,f]ro5sis4                          
,p4 vesp]t9a4                           
,p4 florida4                            
,p4 muculosa4                           
,p4 crulesc5s4                          
,p4 elongata4                           
,p4 flavicans4                          
,p4 squamosa4                           

,p4 alba4                            ,p4
 ,cay5n5sis4                            
,p4 lvigata4                            
,p4 tell9ella4                          
,p4 pul*ella4                           
,p4 aurantia4                           
,p4 fragilis4                           
,p4 livida4                             
,p4 ,gala!a4  ,p4 virgata4 ,! /rip$     
,psammobia4 ,pl4 #g1 fig4 #a4  ,species 
r gap+1 /riat$ longitud9ally1 ! tee? ( !
 h+e consid]ably effac$4  ,p4 ,f]ro5sis4
 ,! ,f]ro ,psammobia4  ,oblong oval2    
:ite1 radiat$ ) crimson2 f9ely /riat$   
transv]sely2 valves obliquely truncat$4 
#c4 ,psammota4 ,sev5 species4  ,( ! same
 =m z ! ,psammobia1 b diff]+ 9 ! numb] (
 tee?1 z ! left valve ( ! ,psammota has 
only "o too?2 sometimes "o valve is     
too?less1 :ile ! o!r has two tee?4      
,%ell transv]se oval or oblong2 gap+ a  
little at ! sides2 "o prim>y too? on ea*
 valve1 ?\gh sometimes on only "o ( !m2 
ligam5t ext]ior1 atta*$ to callosities  
at ! h+e1 & )\t an irregul> plait4      

,psammota violacea4                     
,p4 zonalis4                            
,p4 pellucida4                          
,p4 s]ot9a4                             
,p4 c&ida4                           ,p4
 ,t>5t9a4                           ,p4 
donac9a4  ,p4 violacea4 ,! violet       
,psammota4 ,pl4 #g1 fig4 #e4            
,transv]sely ovate-oblong1              
sub-v5tricose2 transv]sely /riat$2      
purple radiations4                      
,,tell9>ia4 ,sev5 g5]a4  ,! fir/ five ( 
^! g5]a h "o or two lat]al tee?1 !      
rema9+ two h none4                 #d4  
,tell9a4 ,! ,tell54 ,fifty-f\r species4 
,?is g5us diff]s b little f ! ,donax2   
its species are num]\s1 especially 9 !  
seas ( hot c\ntries2 !y are f\nd sunk   
deep 9 ! s&4  ,!re are b few g5]a t c   
vie ) ! ,tell9a 9 beauty1 v>iety1 or    
numb]2 "s are smoo? & poli%$1 "s are    
rem>kable = _! beautiful radiations1 &  
o!rs are cov]$ ) m9ute /ri &            
undulations2 occasionally ! :ole surface
 is cov]$ ) imbrications or scales4  ,!y

 are produc$ abundantly 9 almo/ e sea & 
9 _m riv]s1 b ! f9e/ species are f\nd 9 
! pe>l-fi%]ies ( ,ceylon4  ,! usual =m (
 ! ,tell9a is broad at "o end &         
gradually tap]+ t[>ds ! o!r4 ,x d]ives  
its "n f ! ,greek ^w 1 to br+ to a      
t]m9ation4  ,%ell ( v>iable =m1 g5]ally 
/riat$ longitud9ally & v compress$2     
equivalve1 m or less inequilat]al2      
ant]ior side long] & m r\nd$ ?an !      
po/]ior2 (f]s a flexu\s plait or twi/ at
 ! inf]ior m>g92 summits little m>k$2   
h+e simil>2 "o or two c>d9al tee?2 two  
di/ant lat]al tee?1 ) a pit at _! base 9
 ea* valve2 ligam5t ext]nal4            
,tell9a radiata4                        
,t4 unimaculata4                        
,t4 semizonalis4                        
,t4 maculosa4                           
,t4 virgata4                            
,t4 /aurella4                           
,t4 crucig]a4                           
,t4 ,sp5gl]i4                           
,t4 ro/rata4                            
,t4 lutiro/ra4                          

,t4 elliptica4                          
,t4 alb9ella4                           
,t4 m>g>it9a4                           
,t4 /rigosa4                            
,t4 planata4                            
,t4 punicea4                            
,t4 depressa4                           
,t4 pul*ella4                           
,t4 fabula4                             
,t4 t5uis4                              
,t4 sulphurea4                          
,t4 foliacea4                           
,t4 op]culata4                          
,t4 rosea4                              
,t4 *loroleuca4                         
,t4 remies4                             
,t4 sulcata4                            
,t4 crassa4                             
,t4 lvigata4                            
,t4 l+uafelis4                          
,t4 rugosa4                             
,t4 lacunosa4                           
,t4 g>gadia4                            
,t4 pri/is4                             
,t4 multangula4                         

,t4 polygona4                           
,t4 capsoides4                          
,t4 exilis4                             
,t4 donac9a4                            
,t4 nitida4                             
,t4 scal>is4                            
,t4 psammotella4                        
,t4 /riatula4                           
,t4 scob9ata4                           
,t4 decussata4                          
,t4 ,brasiliana4                        
,t4 obliqua4                            
,t4 umbonella4                          
,t4 deltoidalis4                        
,t4 nymphalis4                          
,t4 solidula4                           
,t4 bimaculata4                         
,t4 sexradiata4                         
,t4 o/racea4  ,t4 radiata4 ,! radiat$   
,tell54 ,pl4 #h1 fig4 #e4  ,%ell        
elongat$2 po/]ior side %ort] & m n>r[   
?an ! ant]ior4  ,t4 foliacea4 ,!        
foliace\s ,tell54  ,species transv]sely 
oblong2 ^u ! edge ( ! front side ( ei!r 
valve are r[s ( s]rat$ tee?1 runn+ f !  

apex to ! m>g94  ,t4 bimaculata4 ,!     
d\ble-spott$ ,tell54  ,species orbicul>1
 easily kn[n by answ]+ to its common "n4
  ,t4 fabula4 ,! false ,tell54  ,%ell v 
?91 pellucid1 & oval2 yell[i% col\r1    
d>k] t[>ds ! umbo1 :i* is ne>ly c5tral1 
po9t$ & turn$ a little to "o side2      
ant]ior side slopes to an obtuse po9t2  
po/]ior side l>ge & r\nd$2 h+e ) ?ree   
tee? 9 "o valve & two 9 ! o!r4  ,t4     
scob9ata4 ,! rasp ,tell54  ,species oval
 or sub-orbicul>1 sub-equilat]al4  ,t4  
donac9a4 ,! ,donax-l ,tell54 ,pl4 #i1   
fig4 #e4  ,sub-oval1 flatti%1           
semi-/riat$ & semipellucid2 h+e ) two   
tee? 9 "o valve & "o 9 ! o!r2 pale      
yell[1 radiat$ longitud9ally ) p9k4  ,t4
 depressa4 ,! depress$ ,tell54  ,oval1  
flat1 po9t$ at ! small] end & slightly  
reflect$2 pale yell[i% col\r1 fa9tly    
/riat$ conc5trically2 cov]$ ) a pale    
br[n epid]mis4                          
#e4 ,tell9ides4 ,"o species4  ,?\gh ?is 
g5us be>s a great aff9ity to _m o!rs1 x 
_c be unit$ ) any2 hav+ lat]al tee?1 x  

diff]s f ! ,psammobia2 by n hav+ !      
valves twi/$1 x diff]s f ! ,tell9a2 !   
valves clos+1 & hav+ muscul> impressions
 9 ! int]ior1 r5d] x di/9ct f ! ,luc9a4 
,%ell equilat]al1 r elongat$1 almo/ )\t 
! flexu\s plait2 two c>d9al tee? div]g+1
 & two remote lat]al tee?1 ( :i* !      
ant]ior is b little di/ant f ! summit4  
,t4 ,timor5sis4 ,! ,tell9ides ( ,timor4 
,pl4 #h1 fig4 #c4  ,! only type &       
species ( ?is g5us4                     
#f4 ,corbis4 ,"o species4  ,?is g5us 0  
at fir/ class$ by ,lam>ck ) ! ,luc9a2 b 
,cuvi]1 hav+ discov]$ t ! organization (
 ! animals diff]$1 made ?is a di/9ct    
g5us1 :i* 0 adopt$ by ,lam>ck4  ,%ell   
transv]se1 equivalve1 no flexuosity2    
apices curv$ inw>d1 oppos$ to ea* o!r2  
two prim>y & two lat]al tee?1 ! po/]ior 
"o ne>e/ to ! h+e2 muscul> impression   
simple1 valves sometimes convex1 /rongly
 ribb$ transv]sely1 /riat$              
longitud9ally1 m>g9s s]rat$ & closely   
int]lock+4  ,c4 fimbriata4 ,! fr+$      
,corbis4 ,pl4 #h1 fig4 #a4  ,species    

:ite1 r ?ick1 oval1 a little elongat$1  
almo/ equilat]al2 ! c>d9al & ! lat]al   
tee? well m>k$2 ! muscul> impression    
ant]ior1 r\nd$4                         
#g4 ,luc9a4 ,tw5ty species4  ,9 ! h+e & 
lat]al tee? x mu* resembles ! ,tell9a1 b
 diff]s f x 9 nev] be+ flexu\s4 ,?is    
g5us is m easily *>act]iz$ by !         
orbicul>1 compress$1 g5]al =m ( ! %ell1 
?an by ! d5tal sy/em1 :i* is sometimes  
entirely effac$4  ,%ell compress$1      
regul>1 orbicul>1 sub-equilat]al2       
summits small & po9t$1 incl9$ ant]iorly2
 h+e simil>1 b v>iable2 two div]g5t     
c>d9al tee?1 little m>k$1 & sometimes   
entirely effac$2 two remote lat]al tee?1
 ) a pit at ! base1 sometimes obsolete2 
po/]ior ligam5t m or less sunk2 two     
widely-sep>at$ muscul> impressions1 (   
:i* ! ant]ior is n>r[ & long4           
,luc9a ,jamaic5sis4                     
,l4 ,p5nsylvanica4                      
,l4 ed5tula4                            
,l4 mutabilis4                          
,l4 radula4                             

,l4 squamosa4                           
,l4 lactea4                             
,l4 undata4                             
,l4 circ9>ia4                           
,l4 columbella4                         
,l4 conc5trica4                         
,l4 div>icata4                          
,l4 c>n>ia4                             
,l4 scabra4                             
,l4 reticulata4                         
,l4 s9uata4                             
,l4 pect54                           ,l4
 lutea4                           ,l4   
digitalis4                           ,l4
 globul>is4  ,l4 ,jamaic5sis4 ,!        
,jamaica ,luc9a4 ,pl4 #h1 fig4 #h4      
,species l5ticul>1 /riat$ conc5trically2
 ! tee? ( ! h+e v>iable1 & sometimes    
obsolete4  ,l4 undata4 ,! wav$ ,luc9a4  
,orbicul>1 ?91 convex1 undulat$ ) f9e   
irregul> /ri2 ext]ior pale yell[1       
int]ior :ite2 m>g9 glossy & pla94       
#h4 ,donax4 ,! ,w$ge ,%ell4 ,tw5ty-sev5 
species4  ,! s+ul>ity ( =m t gave rise  
to its common "n r5d]s x easily         

di/+ui%$4 ,x v mu* resembles a w$ge1 be+
 v broad & ?ick at "o extremity1 &      
gradually tap]+ t[>ds ! o!r4 ,!y v>y 9  
col\r1 b ! mo/ g5]al is purple radiat$  
on a :ite gr\nd1 div]g+ f ! beak to !   
m>g92 _m h an orange t+e1 & o!rs a p9k  
hue2 ! int]ior g5]ally p>takes ( ! col\r
 ( ! ext]ior4 ,!re are n1 p]haps1 two   
species t h absolutely ! same h+e4  ,!  
,donax is f\nd buri$ deep 9 ! s& ( !    
sea%ore1 ) ! %ort side upp]mo/4  ,%ell  
sub-trigonal1 great] 9 l5g? ?an 9       
height1 equivalve1 v inequilat]al2      
po/]ior side mu* %ort] ?an ! ant]ior2   
summits almo/ v]tical2 h+e complex1     
simil>2 two c>d9al tee? 9 "o or bo?     
valves2 "o or two remote lat]al tee? on 
ea* valve2 ligam5t po/]ior1 %ort1 &     
inflat$2 two r\nd$ muscul> impressions4 
,donax scortum4                         
,d4 pubesc5s4                           
,d4 compressa4                          
,d4 cuneata4                            
,d4 deltoides4                          
,d4 radians4                            

,d4 abbreviata4                         
,d4 triquetra4                          
,d4 r+5s4                            ,d4
 rugosa4                            ,d4 
,cay5n5sis4                             
,d4 elongata4                           
,d4 d5ticulata4                         
,d4 granosa4                            
,d4 columbella4                         
,d4 v5]i=mis4                           
,d4 ,au/ralis4                          
,d4 epid]mia4                           
,d4 bicolor4                            
,d4 vittata4                            
,d4 m]oe4                            ,d4
 scripta4                            ,d4
 trunculus4                             
,d4 flabagella4                         
,d4 c9at9um4                            
,d4 ,m>t9ic5sis4                        
,d4 c>dioides4  ,d4 scortum4 ,! beak$   
,donax4 ,pl4 #h1 fig4 #d4  ,species     
oval1 ( :i* ! po/]ior side is           
sub-truncat$2 ) decussat$ & muricat$    
/ri4  ,d4 trunculus4 ,! common ,donax4  

,oblong1 glossy1 f9ely /riat$           
longitud9ally1 transv]sely b&$ & radiat$
 ) purple2 :ite1 cl\d$ ) purple )92     
int]nal m>g9 ( ! valves di/9ctly d5tat$ 
or cr5ulat$4  ,d4 d5ticulata4 ,!        
d5ticulat$ ,donax4  ,species ( :i* !    
po/]ior side is truncat$2 furr[$ f !    
summit to ! base4                       
#i4 ,capsa4 ,two species4  ,?is g5us 0  
sep>at$ by ,lam>ck f ! ,donax on acc\nt 
( ! peculi>ity ( ! h+e4                 
,capsa lvigata4                         
,capsa ,brazili5sis4  ,c4 lvigata4 ,!   
smoo? ,capsa4  ,triangul>1              
sub-equilat]al1 obsoletely /riat$       
transv]sely2 cov]$ ) a gre5i% yell[     
epid]mis2 inside violet t[>ds ! umbones4
  ,c4 ,brazili5sis4 ,! ,brazilian       
,capsa4 ,pl4 #h1 fig4 #g4  ,%ell        
elongat$1 cov]$ ) epid]mis2 equivalve1  
close2 ! c>d9al tee? r$uc$ to "o l>ge   
sub-bifid too? on ! "r valve1 plac+     
itself betwe5 two v ?9 ones on ! left2  
ligam5t ext]nal1 on ! %ort side4        
#aj4 ,crass9a4 ,"o species4  ,di/+ui%$ f

 ! ,crassatella by ! position ( !       
ligam5t1 & f ! ,v5us by hav+ only two   
tee? on ea* valve2 "o ( !m on ! left    
valve projects v slightly4  ,c4         
,danmoni5sis4 ,! ,devon%ire ,crass9a4   
,pl4 #f1 fig4 #a4  ,solid1 ?ick1        
sub-orbicul>1 sub-equilat]al2 two v l>ge
 div]g5t tee? on "o valve1 & two v      
unequal ones on ! o!r2 regul> p>allel   
grooves & ribs2 cov]$ ) a yell[i%       
epid]mis2 inside :ite2 m>g9 broad &     
pla94                                   
,,family ,,ix4                          
,,con*acea4 ,sev5 g5]a4  ,?is family is 
divid$ into ,con* fluviatiles1 fre%-wat]
 %ells1 & ,con* m>91 sea %ells4         
,c4 ,,fluviatiles4 ,?ree g5]a4          
#a4 ,cyclas4 ,elev5 species4  ,! %ells (
 ?is g5us are v small1 & are f\nd buri$ 
9 ! mud ( fre% wat]s2 ! apices or       
summits are nev] erod$1 & "s species are
 s ?9 z to be transp>5t4  ,%ell cov]$ ) 
a br[n epid]mis1 oval or sub-orbicul>1  
regul>1 equivalve1 inequilat]al2 summits
 blunt1 contigu\s1 or turn$ ant]iorly2  

h+e simil>1 complex1 =m$ by a v>iable   
numb] ( c>d9al tee?1 & by two remote    
lat]al tee? ) a cavity at ! base2       
ligam5t ext]ior1 po/]ior1 & convex2 two 
di/ant muscul> impressions1 )\t po/]ior 
s9us4                                   
,cyclas rivicola4                       
,c4 cornea4                             
,c4 lacu/ris4                           
,c4 obliqua4                            
,c4 calyculata4                         
,c4 obtusalis4                          
,c4 font9alis4                          
,c4 ,au/ralis4                          
,c4 sulcata4                            
,c4 /riat9a4                            
,c4 ,s>ratogea4  ,c4 cornea4 ,! horny   
,cyclas4 ,pl4 #i1 fig4 #g4  ,species    
sub-orbicul>1 convex1 ?91 pellucid1 )   
f9e conc5tric /ri2 c>d9al tee? a little 
v>iable1 always v small1 & sometimes    
obsolete2 summits n erod$1 cov]$ ) a    
horn-col\r$ epid]mis2 int]ior blui%     
:ite4                           #b4     
,cyr5a4 ,t5 species4  ,?is g5us ( %ells 

is f\nd 9 rapid riv]s & /reams2 x 0     
=m]ly class$ ) ! ,cyclas1 f :i*1 h[ev]1 
x greatly diff]s 9 hav+ ?ree c>d9al tee?
 on ea* valve1 & also lat]al tee?4 ,!y  
are ?ick1 solid %ells1 sometimes ( a    
l>ge size2 ! apices always erod$ or     
c>i\s4  ,%ell r\nd$ & trigonal1         
v5tricose1 inequilat]al2 h+e ) ?ree tee?
 on ea* valve2 two lat]al tee?1 "o ( :i*
 is ne> ! prim>y ones2 ligam5t ext]ior1 
plac$ on ! l>ge/ side2 9 "s species !   
lat]al tee? are cr5ulat$1 9 o!rs !y are 
entire4                                 
,cyr5a trigonella4                      
,c4 ori5talis4                          
,c4 cor4                            ,c4 
depressa4                            ,c4
 ,c>ol9i5sis4                           
,c4 fuscata4                            
,c4 flum9ea4                            
,c4 violacea4                           
,c4 ,b5gal5sis4                         
,c4 ,ceylanico4  ,c4 flum9ea4 ,! riv]   
,cyr5a4 ,pl4 #f1 fig4 #g4  ,species     
sub-trigonal or elongat$ oval2 summits  

decorticat$1 m ant]ior2 ?ree c>d9al     
tee?1 ( :i* ! two po/]ior are =k$2      
ext]ior gre5i% br[n1 int]ior v>iegat$ ) 
:ite & violet2 sulcat$ transv]sely4     
#c4 ,gala!a4 ,"o species4  ,?is         
beautiful %ell is f\nd 9 fre% wat]s1 &  
is di/+ui%$ f ! ,cyr5a by ! div]g5t =m (
 ! prim>y too?4  ,g4 radiata4 ,! radiat$
 ,gala!a4 ,pl4 #f1 fig4 #h4  ,%ell      
equivalve1 sub-trigonal1 cov]$ ) a      
gre5i% epid]mis1 b5ea? :i* ! surface is 
( a milky :ite1 highly poli%$1 ) sev]al 
violet or pale *e/nut rays div]g+ f !   
apex to ! m>g92 prim>y tee? furr[$1 two 
on ! "r valve jo9$ at ! base1 ?ree on ! 
o!r valve plac$ triangul>ly1 !          
int]m$iate "o be+ advanc$1 sep>ate1     
?ick1 & call\s2 ! muscul> impressions   
are lat]al1 & appe> d\ble on ea* side4  
,c4 ,,m>94 ,f\r g5]a4                   
#d4 ,cypr9a4 ,two species4  ,?is %ell is
 g5]ally l>ge1 resembl+ ! ,v5us1 f :i* x
 may be di/+ui%$ by hav+ on ! front side
 "o impress$ lat]al too?1 :i* is        
sometimes obsolete2 ! nymph or          

callosities ( ! h+e l>ge1 ar*$1 &       
t]m9at$ ne> ! apices by a cavity1       
sometimes v deep4  ,de ,bla9ville says t
 ?is g5us is int]m$i>y to ! ,cyclas & ! 
,v5us1 & conta9s b "o liv+ species2     
,lam>ck makes two1 ?\gh at fir/ he      
*>act]iz$ eight4                        
,cypr9a t5ni/ria4                       
,cypr9a ,isl&ica4  ,c4 ,isl&ica4 ,!     
,icel&ic ,cypr9a4 ,pl4 #i1 fig4 #b4     
,%ell ?ick1 regul>1 he>t-%ap$1 cov]$ )  
d>k br[n epid]mis2 :ite int]ior2        
sub-/riat$ longitud9ally2 apices v      
/rongly recurv$ ant]iorly1 & (t5        
contigu\s2 h+e ?ick1 sub-simil>1 =m$ by 
?ree c>d9al tee? b little conv]g5t1 & by
 "o remote po/]ior lat]al too?1         
sometimes obsolete2 ligam5t v ?ick1     
convex1 fix$ to l>ge1 ar*$1 nymphal     
callosities1 prec$$ by a cavity m or    
less deep1 holl[$ imm$iately beh9d !    
summits2 muscul> impressions subcircul> 
& v di/ant4                     #e4     
,cy!rea4 ,sev5ty-eight species4  ,?is   
g5us 0 tak5 f ! ,v5us1 & is easily def9$

 z di/9ct f x by hav+ f\r prim>y tee? on
 "o valve1 & only ?ree unit$ on ! o!r1 )
 an isolat$ cavity1 oval & p>allel to ! 
m>g92 ! lat]al tee? div]g5t to ! summit4
 ,9 "s species ! int]nal m>g9 is entire1
 hav+ ! ant]ior c>d9al too? ) a /riat$  
canal or unev5 sides2 9 o!rs ! ant]ior  
c>d9al too? is entire1 )\t a /riat$     
canal2 sometimes ! int]nal m>g9 is      
cr5ulat$ or d5tat$4  ,%ell solid1       
regul>1 equivalve1 inequilat]al2 apices 
equal1 recurv$1 & slightly project+2 f\r
 prim>y tee? on "o valve1 ( :i* ?ree are
 div]g5t & approximat+ at ! base1 & "o  
remote2 ?ree prim>y div]g5t tee? on !   
o!r valve1 ) a di/ant cavity p>allel to 
! edge4                                 
,cy!rea lusoria4                        
,c4 pete*ialis4                         
,c4 impudica4                           
,c4 ca/anea4                            
,c4 zon>ia4                             
,c4 graphica4                           
,c4 morph9a4                            
,c4 purpurata4                          

,c4 ca/a4                            ,c4
 corbicula4                             
,c4 m]etrix4                            
,c4 gigantea4                           
,c4 eryc9a4                             
,c4 lilac9a4                            
,c4 imp>4                            ,c4
 eryc9ella4                             
,c4 pectoralis4                         
,c4 planatella4                         
,c4 florida4                            
,c4 nitidula4                           
,c4 ,*ione4                             
,c4 maculata4                           
,c4 citr9a4                             
,c4 alb9a4                              
,c4 lata4                            ,c4
 mactroides4                            
,c4 trigonella4                         
,c4 sulcat9a4                           
,c4 ,hebra4                             
,c4 ca/r5sis4                           
,c4 ornata4                             
,c4 picta4                              
,c4 tigr9a4                             

,c4 scripta4                            
,c4 numul9a4                            
,c4 musc>ia4                            
,c4 pect9ata4                           
,c4 gibbia4                             
,c4 ranella4                            
,c4 te/ud9alis4                         
,c4 div>icata4                          
,c4 cuneata4                            
,c4 placunella4                         
,c4 rugif]a4                            
,c4 tripla4                             
,c4 ,v5etiana4                          
,c4 juv5ilis4                           
,c4 rufa4                            ,c4
 ,gu9i5sis4                             
,c4 ,dione4                             
,c4 ,arabica4                           
,c4 trimaculata4                        
,c4 immaculata4                         
,c4 pellucida4                          
,c4 hepatica4                           
,c4 luc9alis4                           
,c4 lactea4                             
,c4 exoleta4                            

,c4 l9cta4                              
,c4 conc5trica4                         
,c4 pro/rata4                           
,c4 int]rupta4                          
,c4 tig]9a4                             
,c4 punctata4                           
,c4 umbonella4                          
,c4 undat9a4                            
,c4 pulic>is4                           
,c4 mixta4                              
,c4 abbreviata4                         
,c4 plicat9a4                           
,c4 flexuosa4                           
,c4 macrodon4                           
,c4 lunul>is4                           
,c4 squamosa4                           
,c4 lun>is4                             
,c4 c>dilla4                            
,c4 cygnus4                             
,c4 d5t>ia4  ,c4 ,*ione4 ,! ,*ione      
,cy!rea4  ,?ick1 solid1 he>t-%ap$1 cov]$
 ) a smoo? br[n epid]mis1 b5ea? :i* !   
%ell is ( a beautiful purple2 radiat$   
longitud9ally1 fa9tly wr9kl$            
transv]sely1 ant]ior c>d9al too? entire1

 & )\t a /riat$ canal2 apex turn$       
sideways1 ) a cordi=m depression4  ,c4  
mactroides4 ,! ,mactra-l ,cy!rea4 ,pl4  
#i1 fig4 #d4  ,species ?91 convex1      
triangul>2 summits v m>k$2 m>g9s %>p2   
ant]ior c>d9al too? entire4  ,c4        
pect9ata4 ,! pect9at$ ,cy!rea4  ,species
 oval1 ?ick1 solid1 m or less compress$1
 co/at$1 pect9at$ ^u ! edges4           
#f4 ,v5us4 ,eighty-eight species4  ,?is 
g5us ( %ells is num]\s & v>i$4 ,x       
surpasses all bivalve %ells 9 beauty1 & 
is 9 =m v l ! ,cy!rea1 b easily di/+ui%$
 by ! h+e1 :i* almo/ inv>iably conta9s  
?ree approximate tee?1 & a lat]al too?  
div]g+ to ! summit4 ,! int]nal m>g9 ( ! 
valves is cr5at$ or d5tat$1 ) or )\t    
lamell> /ri4  ,! %ells are ( ! mo/      
beautiful & lively t9ts2 ! ext]ior z    
well z ! int]ior col\r+ is ( almo/ e    
possible %ade & hue4 ,!y are f\nd buri$ 
a little bel[ ! surface on ! s&y %ores (
 mo/ p>ts ( ! _w1 p>ticul>ly 9 w>m      
climates4  ,%ell solid1 ?ick1 regul>1   
p]fectly equivalve & close1 m or less   

inequilat]al2 summits well m>k$1 incl9$ 
ant]iorly2 h+e sub-simil>2 ! middle     
c>d9al too? =k$1 or ?ree c>d9al tee? m  
or less contigu\s & conv]g5t t[>ds !    
summit2 ligam5t ?ick1 (t5 ar*$1 convex1 
& ext]ior2 two di/ant muscul>           
impressions2 cordi=m depressions b5ea? !
 beaks4                                 
,v5us pu]p]a4                           
,v4 reticulata4                         
,v4 pygma4                              
,v4 corbis4                             
,v4 v]rucosa4                           
,v4 rugosa4                             
,v4 cas9a4                              
,v4 crebiscula4                         
,v4 cr5ulata4                           
,v4 disc9a4                             
,v4 granulata4                          
,v4 m>ica4                              
,v4 c+ulata4                            
,v4 c>divides4                          
,v4 grisea4                             
,v4 elliptica4                          
,v4 ,dombeii4                           

,v4 m]c5>ia4                            
,v4 lagopus4                            
,v4 gall9a4                             
,v4 gall9ula4                           
,v4 pect9ula4                           
,v4 sulcata4                            
,v4 lamellata4                          
,v4 exalbida4                           
,v4 rufa4                            ,v4
 dorsata4                            ,v4
 hiant9a4                            ,v4
 crassisulca4                           
,v4 corrugata4                          
,v4 ,malab>ica4                         
,v4 papilionacea4                       
,v4 adsp]sa4                            
,v4 punctif]a4                          
,v4 turgida4                            
,v4 lit]ata4                            
,v4 florida4                            
,v4 petal9a4                            
,v4 bicolor4                            
,v4 floridella4                         
,v4 cat5if]a4                           
,v4 pul*ella4                           

,v4 s9uosa4                             
,v4 tri/is4                             
,v4 plicata4                            
,v4 cancellata4                         
,v4 pector9a4                           
,v4 sulc>ia4                            
,v4 textilis4                           
,v4 texturata4                          
,v4 geographica4                        
,v4 r>iflamma4                          
,v4 decussata4                          
,v4 pulla/ra4                           
,v4 gl&9a4                              
,v4 truncata4                           
,v4 retif]a4                            
,v4 anomala4                            
,v4 galactites4                         
,v4 exilis4                             
,v4 scal>9a4                            
,v4 ,scotica4                           
,v4 aurea4                              
,v4 virg9ea4                            
,v4 m>morata4                           
,v4 ovula4                              
,v4 lat]isulca4                         

,v4 callipyga4                          
,v4 opima4                              
,v4 nebulosa4                           
,v4 phaseol9a4                          
,v4 c>neola4                            
,v4 flammiculata4                       
,v4 conul>is4                           
,v4 /rigosa4                            
,v4 aphrod9a4                           
,v4 ,p]ronii4                           
,v4 aphrod9oides4                       
,v4 elegant9a4                          
,v4 flammea4                            
,v4 rimul>is4                           
,v4 vulv9a4                             
,v4 v]miculosa4                         
,v4 subro/rata4                         
,v4 undulosa4                           
,v4 pumila4                             
,v4 ovata4                              
,v4 inqu9ata4  ,v4 ,cas9a4 ,! ,cas9a1 or
 broad-ribb$ ,v5us4 ,pl4 #h1 fig4 #b4   
,sub-orbicul>1 ) transv]sely acute      
recurv$ ridges2 lamell> /ri2 cr5ulat$ on
 ! h9d m>g92 slightly *annell$ beh9d !  

depression4  ,v4 decussata4 ,! int]sect$
 ,v5us4 ,pl4 #i1 fig4 #c4  ,species     
sub-rhomboidal1 ) decussat$ /ri2 m>g9 n 
d5ticulat$2 umbo plac$ ne> "o end2 !    
?ree tee? ( ! h+e v contigu\s & v weak2 
ext]ior br[ni% & m>k$ ) purple l9es4    
,v4 aurea4 ,! gold5 ,v5us4              
,sub-orbicul>1 inequilat]al1 transv]sely
 & conc5trically /riat$2 yell[ gold5    
col\r4  ,v4 corbis4 ,! basket ,v5us4    
,species sub-rhomboidal1 deeply lattic$2
 tee? v ?ick1 ligam5t entirely conceal$1
 m>g9 d5tat$4  ,v4 pu]p]a4 ,! convex or 
spott$ ,v5us4  ,species ?ick1 solid1    
orbicul> or sub-orbicul>1 ) conc5tric   
/ri1 or1 r1 lam92 tee? v ?ick2 m>g9     
d5tat$4  ,v4 granulata4 ,! granulat$    
,v5us4  ,species ?ick1 solid1           
c>dium-%ap$1 radiat$ f ! summit to !    
base4                        #g4        
,v5]ic>dia4 ,"o species4  ,?is g5us     
resembles ! ,v5us1 b has only two       
oblique c>d9al tee? on ea* valve4  ,%ell
 equivalve1 inequilat]al1 sub-orbicul>1 
sides g5]ally ) longitud9al ray$ ribs2  

h+e ) two oblique c>d9al tee? 9 ea*     
valve1 turn$ 9 ! same direction4  ,v4   
imbricata4 ,! imbricat$ ,v5]ic>dia4 ,pl4
 #i1 fig4 #a4  ,species almo/ r\nd1 hav+
 convex longitud9al ribs1 cov]$ )       
imbricat$ r\gh scales2 inf]ior m>g9     
r\nd$ & d5tat$2 m & m equilat]al2 ! two 
tee? %ort & oblique4                    
,,family ,x4                            
,,c>diacea4 ,five g5]a4           #a4   
,c>dium4 ,cockle1 or ,he>t ,%ell4       
,=ty-eight species4  ,?is g5us receiv$  
its "n f its resemblance to a he>t 774  
,x is s well def9$ by ,l9nu t no        
alt]ation 0 made by ,lam>ck1 except 9   
mak+ two divisions ( !m2 ! fir/ di/+ui%$
 by hav+ ! ant]ior side z l>ge or l>g]  
?an ! po/]ior1 & no di/9ct angle at !   
apex2 ! second by possess+ c>9at$ or    
angul> umbones1 & ! po/]ior side (t5 mu*
 l>g] ?an ! ant]ior4 ,^! %ells are f\nd 
at a small dep? 9 ! s& on almo/ e       
sea%ore4  ,%ell inflat$1 equivalve1     
sub-cordi=m 7:5 se5 ant]iorly71 g5]ally 
co/at$ f ! summit to ! circumf]5ce2     

summits v evid5t2 slightly recurv$ =w>d2
 h+e complex1 simil>1 =m$ by two oblique
 c>d9al tee?1 articulat+ ) ! correspond+
 tee? on ! o!r valve2 two di/ant lat]al 
tee? on ea* valve2 ligam5t dorsal1      
po/]ior1 & v %ort4                      
,c>dium co/atum4                        
,c4 ,indicum4                           
,c4 r+5s4                            ,c4
 ,asiaticum4                            
,c4 t5nico/atum4                        
,c4 fimbriatum4                         
,c4 pseudolima4                         
,c4 aculeatum4                          
,c4 er9aceum4                           
,c4 tub]culatum4                        
,c4 ,brasilianum4                       
,c4 ap]tum4                             
,c4 papyraceum4                         
,c4 bullatum4                           
,c4 cili>e4                             
,c4 e*9atum4                            
,c4 lvigatum4                           
,c4 biradiatum4                         
,c4 eolicum4                            

,c4 pect9atum4                          
,c4 isoc>dia4                           
,c4 muricatum4                          
,c4 angulatum4                          
,c4 m>moreum4                           
,c4 elongatum4                          
,c4 v5tricosum4                         
,c4 rugosum4                            
,c4 sulcatum4                           
,c4 s]ratum4                            
,c4 un$o4                            ,c4
 m$ium4                            ,c4  
fragum4                            ,c4  
retusum4                            ,c4 
tumorif]um4                             
,c4 ru/icum4                            
,c4 edule4                              
,c4 ,gro5l&icum4                        
,c4 latum4                              
,c4 cr5ulatum4                          
,c4 exiguum4                            
,c4 m9utum4                             
,c4 roseum4                             
,c4 scob9atum4                          
,c4 hemic>dium4                         

,c4 c>dissa4                            
,c4 inv]sum4                            
,c4 ,junoni4                            
,c4 l9eatum4  ,c4 edule4 ,! edible      
,c>dium1 or common ,cockle4 ,pl4 #aj1   
fig4 #b4  ,species n gap+1 ) ab\t       
tw5ty-six depress$ ribs & transv]se     
obsolete scales2 ( a cream col\r2 beaks 
protub]ant4  ,c4 c>dissa4 ,v5us's ,he>t4
  ,species he>t-%ap$1 valves angul>ly   
flatt5$1 umbones alt]nat+4  ,c4         
lvigatum4 ,! smoo? ,c>dium4  ,species   
smoo? or ne>ly s1 ant]ior side z l>ge z 
! po/]ior4  ,c4 hemic>dium4 ,! half-he>t
 ,c>dium4  ,species ribb$1 ) elevat$    
r\gh /ri2 ! ant]ior side is v %ort &    
almo/ flat4  ,c4 co/atum4 ,! high-ribb$ 
,c>dium4  ,no angle at ! umbones2       
ant]ior side at lea/ z l>ge z ! po/]ior2
 r[s ( :ite1 holl[1 elevat$ ribs1       
situat$ at regul> di/ances1 proce$+ f ! 
umbones to ! m>g91 ) ! spaces betwe5 !m 
( a r$di% br[n col\r4  ,c4 un$o4 ,!     
,/rawb]ry ,he>t4  ,species ) ribs arm$ )
 small cresc5t-%ap$ scales4  ,c4        

tub]culatum4 ,! tub]culat$ ,c>dium4     
,species n gap+1 ) l>ge ribs arm$ )     
nodules4                       #b4      
,c>dita4 ,tw5ty-"o species4  ,lam>ck    
took ?is g5us f ! ,*ama on acc\nt (     
sev]al peculi>ities 9 ! %ell z well z 9 
! animal4 ,x is n affix$ to o!r bodies  
by its l[] valve1 b1 accord+ to ,de     
,bla9ville1 lies expos$ on ! rocks4 ,!re
 is "s difficulty 9 di/+ui%+ ?is g5us f 
! ,v5]ic>dia1 )\t c>efully exam9+ !     
position ( ! two tee?4  ,%ell regul>1   
?ick1 solid1 equivalve1 m or less       
inequilat]al2 summit dorsal1 always v   
recurv$ ant]iorly2 h+e simil>1 =m$ by   
two oblique tee?2 "o %ort c>d9al plac$  
b5ea? ! umbo1 ! o!r oblique1 ar*$1      
m>g9al1 & prolong$2 ligam5t elongat$1   
sub-ext]ior1 & ins]t$2 two v di/9ct     
muscul> impressions4                    
,c>dita sulcata4                        
,c4 aj>4                            ,c4 
turgida4                            ,c4 
squamosa4                            ,c4
 phr5etica4                             

,c4 crassico/a4                         
,c4 rufesc5s4                           
,c4 calyculata4                         
,c4 subasp]a4                           
,c4 nodulosa4                           
,c4 int]m$ia4                           
,c4 trepezia4                           
,c4 bicolor4                            
,c4 depressa4                           
,c4 concam]ata4                         
,c4 s9uata4                             
,c4 avicul9a4                           
,c4 citr9a4                             
,c4 sublvigata4                         
,c4 corbul>is4                          
,c4 li?ophagella4  ,c4 crassico/a4 ,!   
?ick-ribb$ ,c>dita4  ,species elongat$1 
a little gap+ at ! inf]ior m>g92 ligam5t
 conceal$4  ,c4 sulcata4 ,! furr[$      
,c>dita4 ,pl4 #aj1 fig4 #c4             
,sub-cordi=m or oval1 m transv]se ?an   
longitud9al2 col\r :ite1 tesselat$ )    
br[n2 po/]ior depression he>t-%ap$2     
longitud9al1 convex1 transv]sely-/riat$ 
ribs4                        #c4        

,cypric>dia4 ,f\r species4  ,di/+ui%$ f 
! ,c>dita by hav+ ?ree tee? b5ea? !     
apices1 & a call\s l5g!n$ too? or ridge4
  ,%ell obliquely elongat$1 equivalve1  
inequilat]al2 valves /riat$1 b nev]     
ribb$2 h+e ) ?ree tee? b5ea? ! umbo1 &  
"o lat]al elongat$ too?4                
,cypric>dia ,gu9aica4                   
,c4 angulata4                           
,c4 ro/rata4                            
,c4 coralliophaga4  ,c4 ,gu9aica4 ,!    
,gu9ea ,cypric>dia4 ,pl4 #aj1 fig4 #f4  
,species elongat$1 v inequilat]al2      
summit r\nd$ & recurv$ ant]iorly2 two   
%ort div]g5t c>d9al tee?1 besides a     
lamell\s too?2 ligam5t v long1 project+ 
or n2 yell[i% :ite1 cov]$ ) decussat$   
/ri4                          #d4       
,hiatella4 ,two species4  ,e/abli%$ by  
,daud92 class$ by ,l9nu ) ! ,sol51 b    
,lam>ck is ( op9ion t x m ne>ly         
approximates ! ,c>dita4  ,%ell ?91      
sub-rhomboidal1 equivalve1 v            
inequilat]al1 gap+ at its inf]ior m>g9 &
 po/]ior extremity2 ! summit v ant]ior &

 recurv$ 9 front2 dorsal h+e =m$ by a   
s+le too? on "o valve correspond+ to a  
semicircul> slope on ! opposite valve1  
or by a small too? ) a c>d9al cavity 9  
ea* valve2 ligam5t probably ext]ior &   
dorsal2 muscul> impressions unkn[n4     
,hiatella ,arctica4                     
,hiatella biap]ta4  ,h4 ,arctica4 ,!    
,arctic ,hiatella4  ,%ell small1        
transv]sely oblong2 apices truncat$1 )  
two div]g5t spr+ ridges2 a small too? on
 ea* valve2 cream col\r1 ) decussat$    
/ri2 inside pe>ly4  ,h4 biap]ta4 ,!     
d\ble-cleft$ ,hiatella4 ,pl4 #aj1 fig4  
#d4  ,species t has only a s+le too? on 
"o valve2 yell[i% :ite4                 
#e4 ,isoc>dia4 ,?ree species4  ,tak5 f !
 ,*ama ( ,l9nu on acc\nt ( a peculi>ity 
9 ! %ape ( ! c>d9al tee?1 & ! s+ul>     
curvature ( ! umbones4                  
,isoc>dia cor4                          
,i4 semisulcata4                        
,i4 ,moltkiana4  ,i4 cor4 ,! he>t       
,isoc>dia4 ,pl4 #ab1 fig4 #d4  ,%ell    
free1 regul>1 he>t-%ap$1 equivalve1 v   

inequilat]al2 summits div]g+1 /rongly   
recurv$ spirally1 =w>d1 & outw>d2 h+e   
dorsal1 long1 simil>1 =m$ by two flat   
c>d9al tee?1 ) an elongat$ lat]al "o    
beh9d ! ligam5t1 :i* is dorsal &        
ext]ior1 div]g+ t[>ds ! summits2 muscul>
 impressions v di/9ct & r small2        
slightly wr9kl$ longitud9ally2 ext]ior  
r$di% *e/nut col\r1 int]ior :ite4  ,!   
,isoc>dia ,moltkiana is a v r>e %ell1 & 
! mo/ elegant species ( ?is g5us4       
,,family ,,xi4                          
,,arcacea4 ,f\r g5]a4                   
#a4 ,cuculla4 ,"o species4  ,di/+ui%$ f 
! ,arca by ! muscul> impression )91 to  
"o side ( :i* is an e>-%ap$ te/ace\s    
app5dage2 ! %ell is m trapezi=m1 & ! h+e
 by age becomes obsolete1 giv+ ! tee? a 
m horizontal appe>ance4  ,%ell          
equivalve1 inequilat]al1 trapezi=m1     
he>t-%ap$2 beaks di/ant1 & sep>at$ by ! 
angul> groove ( ! ligam5t1 :i* is       
altoge!r ext]nal2 h+e l9e>1 /raight1 )  
small transv]se tee?1 hav+ at its       
extremity f two to five p>allel ribs2   

valves m>k$ ) m9ute & /rong longitud9al 
/ri1 & sometimes "o valve ov]laps2 m>g9s
 cr5ulat$4  ,c4 auriculif]a4 ,! e>$     
,cuculla4 ,pl4 #aj1 fig4 #a4  ,species  
navicul> or obliquely he>t-%ap$1 )      
decussat$ /ri2 h+e completely /raight1 )
 two p>allel ribs at ea* end1 ! t]m9al  
tee? long] & m oblique ?an ! o!rs2      
ext]ior *e/nut col\r1 int]ior :ite1 t+$ 
) violet4                   #b4 ,arca4  
,! ,ark4 ,?irty-sev5 species4  ,?is g5us
 is easily kn[n by its resemblance to ! 
hull ( a %ip2 ! h+e is peculi>1 be+     
compos$ ( num]\s %>p tee? alt]nately    
ins]t$ betwe5 ea* o!r4 ,! ,arca ( ,l9nu 
0 divid$ by ,lam>ck into ! f\r g5]a t   
compose ?is family1 ea* possess+ a /rong
 di/9ctive "*4 ,all ! %ells ( ?is family
 are f\nd 9 ! sea at a little di/ance f 
! %ore2 !y are cov]$ ) a d>k gre5i%     
lamell> or velvet-l epid]mis1 frequ5tly 
end+ 9 a deep fr+e at ! m>g94  ,%ell a  
little v>i$ 9 =m1 b mo/ g5]ally         
elongat$1 & m or less oblique at !      
po/]ior extremity2 sometimes v          

inequilat]al2 summits m or less di/ant1 
& a little recurv$ =w>d2 h+e anomal\s1  
/raight1 or a little curv$2 long1 & =m$ 
by a l9e ( %ort v]tical tee? decreas+ f 
! extremities to ! c5tre2 ligam5t       
ext]ior1 broad2 sometimes ! m>g9 is     
cr5at$4                                 
,arca tortuosa4                         
,a4 semitorta4                          
,a4 ,no4                             ,a4
 tetragona4                             
,a4 umbonata4                           
,a4 s9uata4                             
,a4 avellana4                           
,a4 c>dissa4                            
,a4 v5tricosa4                          
,a4 retusa4                             
,a4 sulcata4                            
,a4 ovata4                              
,a4 ,helb+ii4                           
,a4 scapha4                             
,a4 b>bata4                             
,a4 fusca4                              
,a4 ,magellanica4                       
,a4 ,dom+5sis4                          

,a4 lactea4                             
,a4 trapez9a4                           
,a4 pi/a*ia4                            
,a4 pisol9a4                            
,a4 cancell>ia4                         
,a4 callif]a4                           
,a4 irud9a4                             
,a4 bisulcata4                          
,a4 ,indica4                            
,a4 s5ilis4                             
,a4 antiquata4                          
,a4 rhombea4                            
,a4 granosa4                            
,a4 auriculata4                         
,a4 ,brasiliana4                        
,a4 corbicula4                          
,a4 squamosa4                           
,a4 ,cay5n5sis4                         
,a4 inequivalvis4  ,a4 ,no4 ,noah's     
,ark4 ,pl4 #aj1 fig4 #e4  ,species      
boat-%ap$1 oblong1 /riat$ transv]sely & 
ribb$ longitud9ally2 umbones remote &   
incurvat$2 m>g9s entire & gap+2 h+e     
/raight2 :iti%1 ) div]g5t zigzag *e/nut 
/ripes2 inside blui% :ite4  ,a4         

tortuosa4 ,! twi/$ ,ark4  ,a r>e        
species2 %ell elongat$1 close1 twi/$2   
h+e completely /raight4  ,a4 b>bata4 ,! 
be>d$ ,ark4  ,species ) ! h+e /raight1 n
 holl[$ or n gap+ inf]iorly1 & ( :i* !  
muscle is n adh]5t4                     
#c4 ,pectunculus4 ,n9ete5 species4  ,?is
 g5us has ! ligam5t p>tially ins]t$     
int]nally1 & has no ext]ior angul>      
groove4 ,! valves nev] gape1 (t5 h ray$ 
longitud9al ribs1 are compress$1 & !    
%ell by age becomes ?ick & pond]\s1     
sometimes atta9+ a l>ge size4 ,! tee? 9 
! h+e are n s num]\s z 9 ! ,arca &      
,cuculla2 ! c5tre tee? appe> worn d[n4  
,%ell close1 orbicul>1 d\bly convex1    
equivalve1 sub-equilat]al2 summits almo/
 v]tical1 & m or less di/ant2 h+e =m$ on
 ea* valve by a r num]\s s]ies ( small  
tee?1 dispos$ 9 a curv$ l9e1 sometimes  
brok5 "u ! summit2 ligam5t ext]nal &    
l>ge4                                   
,pectunculus glycim]is4                 
,p4 pilosus4                         ,p4
 undulatus4                         ,p4 

m>moratus4                         ,p4  
scriptus4                         ,p4   
angulatus                         ,p4   
/ellatus4                         ,p4   
pall5s4                         ,p4     
violacesc5s4                         ,p4
 zonalis4                         ,p4   
p5naceus4                         ,p4   
rub5s4                         ,p4      
ca/aneus4                         ,p4   
pect9i=mis4                         ,p4 
/riatul>is4                         ,p4 
numm>ius4                         ,p4   
pect9atus4                         ,p4  
radians4                         ,p4    
vitreus4  ,p4 glycim]is4 ,! delici\s    
,pectunculus4  ,sub-orbicul>1 umbones   
produc$2 f9ely /riat$ transv]sely &     
longitud9ally2 cov]$ ) epid]mis1 "u :i* 
x is m>k$ ) r$di% *e/nut spots or b&s2  
inside :ite2 m>g9s cr5ulat$4  ,p4       
pilosus4 ,! hairy ,pectunculus4         
,species convex1 m or less smoo? &      
hairy4  ,p4 pect9i=mis4 ,! ,pect5-%ap$  
,pectunculus4 ,pl4 #aa1 fig4 #f4        

,species l5ticul>1 m compress$1         
pect9at$1 & m or less r\gh4             
#d4 ,nucula4 ,six species4  ,%ell small1
 m or less ?ick1 sub-triangul>1         
equivalve1 inequilat]al2 summits        
contigu\s & turn$ =w>d2 h+e simil>1 =m$ 
by a num]\s s]ies ( v po9t$ tee?1       
pect9at$ & dispos$ 9 a l9e int]rupt$ "u 
! summit2 ligam5t int]nal1 %ort1 ins]t$ 
9 a small oblique cavity 9 ea* valve2   
two muscul> impressions2 valves m or    
less pe>ly )94                          
,nucula lanceolata4                     
,n4 ro/rata4                            
,n4 pella4                              
,n4 ,nicob>ica4                         
,n4 obliqua4                            
,n4 m>g>itacea4  ,n4 ro/rata4 ,! beak$  
,nucula4  ,species ( :i* ! m>g9 is      
entire4  ,n4 m>g>itacea4 ,! pe>ly       
,nucula4 ,pl4 #aa1 fig4 #g4  ,species ( 
:i* ! m>g9 is cr5at$2 num]\s regul>     
pect9at$ tee?2 obliquely ovate1         
trigonal2 /ri m9ute & almo/ obsolete2   
cov]$ ) a gre5i% epid]mis2 inside       

silv]y1 pe>l-l4                         
,,family ,,xii4                         
,,trigonacea4 ,two g5]a4                
#a4 ,trigonia4 ,"o species4  ,suppos$ to
 be 9 v deep places 9 ! sea2 x is a     
/rong1 beautiful1 pe>ly %ell1           
sub-trigonal or sub-orbicul>2 ?ick1     
regul>1 equivalve1 inequilat]al2 summits
 slightly prom95t1 recurv$1 ant]odorsal2
 h+e complex1 dorsal1 dissimil>2 two    
l>ge oblong tee? lat]ally compress$1    
jo9$ angul>ly "u ! summit1 /rongly      
furr[$ on ! "r valve1 p5etrat+ into two 
excavations ( ! same =m1 equally furr[$ 
on ! left valve2 ligam5t ext]ior &      
m>g9al2 two di/9ct muscul> impressions4 
,t4 pect9ata4 ,! pect9at$ ,trigonia4    
,pl4 #aa1 fig4 #d4  ,species            
sub-orbicul>1 ) radiat$ or div]g5t1     
prom95t1 & some:at scaly ribs2 inside   
pe>ly2 m>g9 cr5ellat$4                  
#b4 ,ca/alia4 ,"o species4  ,?is g5us is
 f\nd 9 fre% wat]s1 & diff]s f !        
,trigonia 9 ! numb] & position ( !      
lamell> tee?4 ,! sub/ance ( ! %ell is   

pe>ly4  ,%ell sub-trigonal1 equivalve1  
inequilat]al2 umbones erod$1 cov]$ )    
epid]mis1 & inflect$ ant]iorly2 h+e )   
two lamell> tee?1 transv]sely /riat$1 "o
 ( !m po/]ior1 di/ant1 & %ort5$1 ! o!r  
ant]ior1 l5g!n$1 & lat]al2 ligam5t      
ext]ior4  ,c4 ambigua4 ,! ambigu\s      
,ca/alia4 ,pl4 #aa1 fig4 #e4  ,%ort1    
sub-trigonal2 umbones truncat$2         
longitud9ally ribb$1 ) di/ant transv]se 
/ri2 cov]$ ) epid]mis1 "u :i* ! %ell is 
( a pale *e/nut br[n1 inside pe>ly2 !   
lamell> & pr-apicial tee? are well m>k$1
 m regul>1 & all /riat$ p]p5dicul> to _!
 l5g?4                                  
,,family ,,xiii4                        
,,naiades4 ,f\r g5]a4                   
#a4 ,unio4 ,=ty-eight species4  ,!      
species ( ?is g5us become e day m       
num]\s2 !y are f\nd 9 all c\ntries1 b   
p>ticul>ly 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,! ,unio is 
a fre%-wat] %ell1 & !re=e1 ) great      
propriety1 remov$ f ! ,mya1 :i* consi/s 
entirely ( m>9e %ells4 ,! sub/ance is   
pe>ly2 ! ext]ior cov]$ ) a br[n or gre5 

epid]mis2 ! apices erod$4 ,!y are f\nd 9
 ! mud ( riv]s1 ) _! apices d[nw>d2 "s  
are slightly gap+1 & "s species produce 
f9e pe>ls4  ,%ell g5]ally v ?ick1 pe>ly 
)91 cov]$ ) epid]mis2 summits erod$1    
dorsal1 & sub-int]ior2 besides a long   
lamell\s too? "u ! ligam5t1 ! h+e is =m$
 by a d\ble prec>d9al too?1 m or less   
compress$1 & d5tat$ irregul>ly on ! left
 valve1 simple on ! "r valve2 ligam5t   
ext]nal1 dorsal1 & po/-apicial2 muscul> 
impressions well m>k$4                  
,unio s9uata4                           
,u4 elongata4                           
,u4 crassid5s4                          
,u4 ,p]uviana4                          
,u4 r>iplicata4                         
,u4 pupurata4                           
,u4 ligam5t9a4                          
,u4 obliqua4                            
,u4 retusa4                             
,u4 r>isulcata4                         
,u4 co>ctata4                           
,u4 purpurasc5s4                        
,u4 radiata4                            

,u4 brevialis4                          
,u4 rhombula4                           
,u4 c>9if]a4                            
,u4 ,georg9a4                           
,u4 clava4                              
,u4 recta4                              
,u4 navi=mis4                           
,u4 glabrata4                           
,u4 nasuta4                             
,u4 ovata4                              
,u4 rotundata4                          
,u4 littoralis4                         
,u4 semirugata4                         
,u4 nana4                            ,u4
 alata4                            ,u4  
deladonta4                              
,u4 sulcid5s4                           
,u4 ro/rata4                            
,u4 pictorum4                           
,u4 ,batava4                            
,u4 corrugata4                          
,u4 nodulosa4                           
,u4 v>icosa4                            
,u4 granosa4                            
,u4 depressa4                           

,u4 ,virg9ianum4                        
,u4 luteola4                            
,u4 m>g9alis4                           
,u4 angu/a4                             
,u4 manca4                              
,u4 c>iosa4                             
,u4 spuria4                             
,u4 ,au/ralis4                          
,u4 anodont9a4                          
,u4 sub-orbiculata4  ,u4 pictorum4 ,!   
,pa9t]'s ,unio4 ,pl4 #h1 fig4 #f4       
,species oval1 n auriculat$1 /rong1     
ant]ior side rhomboid & att5uat$2 !     
opposite side obtusely acute2 ! umbones 
some:at w>t$2 conc5trically wr9kl$2     
cov]$ ) a dusky gre5 epid]mis4  ,u4     
s9uata4 ,! crook$ ,unio4  ,species oval1
 sub-auriculat$2 c>d9al too? %ort1 n    
lamell> or sub-/riat$4  ,u4             
sub-orbiculata4 ,! sub-orbicul> ,unio4  
,species r\nd or almo/ r\nd2 c>d9al too?
 compress$1 elongat$1 & (t5 lamell>4    
#b4 ,hyria4 ,two species4  ,easily      
di/+ui%$ f ! ,unio by a comp\nd c>d9al  
too?1 :i* slopes 9 an incl9$ position   

t[>ds ! po/]ior side4 ,!y are m f\nd 9  
lakes ?an 9 riv]s4  ,%ell solid1 pe>ly1 
equivalve1 obliquely triangul>1         
auriculat$2 base truncat$ & /raight2 h+e
 ) two project+ tee?2 ! c>d9al divid$   
into num]\s div]g5t p>ts2 ant]ior ones  
small]1 ! o!rs long & lamell>4          
,hyria avicul>is4                       
,hyria corrugata4  ,h4 avicul>is4 ,!    
little bird ,hyria4 ,pl4 #e1 fig4 #d4   
,umbones smoo? & poli%$2 e>s l>ge1 )    
po9t$ t]m9ations2 f9ely /riat$2 int]ior 
pe>ly1 ext]ior ( a ri* r$di% gold5-yell[
 col\r2 cov]$ ) a gre5i% br[n epid]mis4 
#c4 ,anodonta4 ,fifte5 species4  ,a     
fre%-wat] %ell1 f\nd 9 ponds & lakes1   
difficult to be di/+ui%$ f ! ,unio b by 
! h+e1 :i* wants ! c>d9al & lat]al too?1
 & m]ely pres5ts a smoo? int]nal rim    
r\nd ! edge t]m9at$ by a s9us or not*1 9
 :i* ! ant]ior extremity ( ! ligam5t is 
sunk2 ! sub/ance is pe>ly1 cov]$ ) a    
false epid]mis4  ,%ell ord9>ily r ?91   
regul>1 close1 equivalve1 inequilat]al2 
summit ant]odorsal2 h+e l9e>1 )\t tee?2 

ligam5t ext]nal1 dorsal1 & po/-apicial2 
two well-m>k$ muscul> impressions4      
,anodonta cygna4                        
,a4 anat9a4                             
,a4 sulcata4                            
,a4 fragilis4                           
,a4 cat>acta4                           
,a4 trapezialis4                        
,a4 exotica4                            
,a4 rub5s4                              
,a4 crispata4                           
,a4 uniopsis4                           
,a4 ,p5nsylvanica4                      
,a4 int]m$ia4                           
,a4 glauca4                             
,a4 s9uosa4                             
,a4 ,patagonica4  ,a4 cygna4 ,! ,swan   
,anodonta4 ,pl4 #aa1 fig4 #b4  ,species 
oval1 ?91 elongat$1 h+e /raight1 & only 
auriculat$ ant]iorly2 beaks small &     
v5tricose2 conc5trically wr9kl$2 cov]$ )
 a gre5i% epid]mis1 :i* is frequ5tly ( a
 br[n t+e t[>ds ! umbo4  ,a4 rub5s4 ,!  
ruddy ,anodonta4  ,species oval1 h+e    
ar*$1 )\t trace ( auricula or e>4  ,a4  

trapezialis4 ,! trapezium ,anodonta4    
,pl4 #aa1 fig4 #c4 ,species oval or     
r\nd$1 auriculat$ on bo? sides ! summit4
                           #d4 ,irid9a4 
,"o species4  ,a v r>e %ell1 sep>at$ f !
 ,anodonta on acc\nt ( ! h+e be+        
att5uat$ 9 ! middle1 & hav+ small       
tub]cles di/ribut$ along its l5g?4 ,!   
sub/ance is ?ick] & m solid ?an !       
,anodonta1 & ( a brilliant rose-col\r$  
pe>ly hue2 x is f\nd 9 ! riv]s ( w>m    
c\ntries4  ,%ell equivalve1             
inequilat]al1 transv]se1 ) small apices2
 recurv$1 b ne>ly erect2 n auriculat$2  
h+e v long1 l9e>1 cr5ulat$ ?r\gh all its
 l5g?2 ligam5t ext]nal & m>g9al2 two    
well-m>k$ muscul> impressions4  ,i4     
exotica4 ,! exotic ,irid9a4  ,! only    
species ( ?is g5us answ]+ to ! above    
description4                            
,,family ,,xiv4                         
,,*amacea4 ,?ree g5]a4                  
#a4 ,dic]as4 ,"o fossil species4  ,only 
f\nd 9 a fossil /ate2 di/+ui%$ f ! ,*ama
 by ! h+e1 :i* is dissimil>1 =m$ by a   

l>ge ?ick too?1 concave 9 ! great]      
valve2 summits v project+2 almo/ regul> 
spiral contortions4  ,d4 ariet9a4 ,!    
ram's-horn ,dic]as4  ,%ell irregul>1    
inequivalve1 inequilat]al1 some:at      
he>t-%ap$1 ) div]g5t beaks4             
#b4 ,*ama4 ,! ,clam or ,gap]4 ,sev5te5  
species4  ,9 ?is g5us are n[ compreh5d$ 
only su* z h a ?ick oblique transv]se   
too?1 resembl+ a l5g!n$ callosity1      
g5]ally cr5ulat$ or groov$1 fitt+ into a
 correspond+ cavity 9 ! l[] valve4 ,!   
animals inhabit+ ^! %ells h ! faculty ( 
affix+ !mselves to o!r bodies by ! l[]  
valve4  ,! ,*ama receiv$ its "n f its   
gap+2 x is f\nd 9 mo/ seas1 p>ticul>ly 9
 ! ,s\!rn2 sometimes its col\rs are     
elegantly bl5d$4  ,%ell irregul>1       
adh]5t1 inequivalve1 inequilat]al2      
summits m or less twi/$ spirally1       
especially 9 ! l[] valve2 "s f left to  
"r1 o!rs f "r to left2 h+e dissimil>1   
l>ge1 =m$ by "o lamell\s1 ar*$1         
sub-cr5ulat$1 po/-c>d9al too?1          
articulat+ into a furr[ ( ! same =m2    

ext]ior1 po/-apicial1 slightly ins]t$2  
two l>ge & r di/ant muscul> impressions4
                               ,*ama    
,laz>us4                                
,c4 damcornis4                          
,c4 gryphoides4                         
,c4 cr5ulata4                           
,c4 unicornis1                          
,c4 arc9ella4                           
,c4 radians4                            
,c4 cri/ella4                           
,c4 florida4                            
,c4 limbula4                            
,c4 rug9osa4                            
,c4 asp]ella4                           
,c4 decussata4                          
,c4 albida4                             
,c4 rud]alis4                           
,c4 croceata4                           
,c4 ,japonica4  ,c4 ,laz>us4 ,laz>us's  
,*ama4 ,pl4 #ab1 fig4 #b4  ,species (   
:i* ! summits twi/ f left to "r2        
imbricat$1 dilat$1 wav$ foliations2     
/riat$ obsoletely2 ext]ior :ite1 orange1
 r$1 or yell[2 int]ior :ite4  ,c4       

arc9ella4 ,! h$gehog ,*ama4  ,species ( 
:i* ! summits twi/ f "r to left2 !      
p9k-col\r$ ones ( ?is species are ! mo/ 
priz$4                          #c4     
,e!ria4 ,f\r species4  ,di/+ui%$ f !    
,*ama by ! want ( tee? 9 ! h+e1 & be+ ( 
a pe>ly sub/ance4 ,x is a r>e %ell1 only
 f\nd 9 deep wat]1 :]e x is atta*$ to ! 
rocks by ! l[] valve4 ,its irregul> =m  
is p]haps occasion$ by ! l[] valve      
adapt+ itself to ! =m ( ! body to :i* x 
is affix$4 ,two species are fluviatile &
 two m>9e4  ,%ell adh]+1 irregul>1 ?ick1
 pe>ly1 inequivalve1 inequilat]al2      
summits ?ick1 little evid5t2 h+e        
too?less1 call\s1 ?ick1 irregul>2       
longitud9al1 sub-dorsal ligam5t1 p>tly  
ext]ior & p>tly p5etrat+ into ! %ell2   
two oblong muscul> impressions1 "o      
inf]ior & ant]ior1 ! o!r sup]ior &      
sub-po/]ior2 ) or )\t an oblong incru/$ 
callosity on ! base ( ! valve4          
,e!ria elliptica4                       
,e4 semilunata4                         
,e4 trigonula4                          

,e4 transv]sa4  ,e4 elliptica4 ,! oval  
,e!ria4 ,pl4 #aa1 fig4 #a4  ,species )  
an oblong callosity on ! ant]ior "p ( ! 
%ell2 oval1 depress$1 dilat$ t[>ds !    
umbones2 summits di/ant4  ,e4           
semilunata4 ,! semilun> ,e!ria4         
,species )\t callosity at ! base4       
,,family ,,xv4                          
,,tridacnites4 ,two g5]a4               
#a4 ,tridacna4 ,! ,clam ,%ell4 ,six     
species4  ,! mo/ pond]\s %ell kn[n1     
sometimes measur+ sev]al feet 9 l5g?1 & 
sometimes weigh+ five hundr$ p\nds4  ,by
 ,l9nu ?is g5us 0 class$ ) ! ,*ama1 b ! 
*>act]i/ic di/9ctions are s great t !y  
are easily kn[n4 ,! ,*ama is irregul>1  
has b "o too?1 & is fa/5$ to o!r        
sub/ances by ! l[] valve2 ! ,tridacna is
 equivalve1 has b two tee?1 & is affix$ 
to o!r bodies by a byssus consi/+ (     
fili=m t5dons4  ,! animal inhabit+ ?is  
%ell is said to produce v f9e pe>ls1 b  
!re is no pe>ly appe>ance on ! valves4  
,%ell ?ick1 solid1 v>y+ 9 size2 "s are v
 small & "s v l>ge2 regul>1 triangul>1 m

 or less inequilat]al2 ! summits incl9$ 
backw>d2 h+e dissimil>1 entirely ant]ior
 to ! summits2 "o lamell\s prec>d9al    
too?1 & two di/ant lat]al tee? on ! left
 valve1 correspond+ to two lamell\s     
prec>d9al tee? & "o remote lat]al too? 9
 ! "r valve2 ligam5t ant]ior1 elongat$2 
"o =k$ sub-m$ian muscul> impression1    
almo/ m>g9al & (t5times ne>ly obsolete2 
valves ) broad1 r\nd$ longitud9al ribs1 
arm$ ) vault$ scales1 m or less elevat$2
 po/]ior slope he>t-%ap$1 & widely gap+4
                              ,tridacna 
gigas4                             ,t4  
elongata4                               
,t4 squamosa4                           
,t4 crocea4                             
,t4 mutica4                             
,t4 s]rif]a4  ,t4 gigas4 ,! giant       
,tridacna4 ,pl4 #ab1 fig4 #c4  ,species 
( :i* ! %ell is sometimes v l>ge1 :ite1 
transv]sely ovate or elongat$2 ! ant]ior
 side long] ?an ! po/]ior2 broad ribs   
cov]$ ) vault$ scales2 :5 ( a p9k or    
orange col\r1 greatly valu$4            

#b4 ,hippopus4 ,"o species4  ,simil> to 
! ,tridacna1 b di/+ui%$ f x by hav+ its 
po/]ior slope clos$ ) a d5tat$ m>g92 its
 ribs are nev] ar*$ or vault$1 & its    
ant]ior side is %ort] ?an ! po/]ior     
side4  ,h4 maculatus4 ,! spott$         
,hippopus4 ,pl4 #ab1 fig4 #a4  ,%ell    
transv]sely ovate1 v5tricose1 ) scaly   
ribs2 lunule1 he>t-%ap$1 & oblique2     
m>g9s deeply cr5ulat$2 r$di% purple     
spots4                                  
,,family ,,xvi4                         
,,mytilacea4 ,?ree g5]a4                
#a4 ,mytilus4 ,! ,muscle4 ,?irty-five   
species4  ,z arrang$ by ,lam>ck1 n[     
comprises only su* %ells z are regul>1  
equivalve1 & longitud9al2 solid 9       
sub/ance1 & atta*$ to o!r bodies by a   
%ort ?ick byssus4  ,9 col\r & appe>ance 
!y greatly v>y1 "s be+ smoo? &          
beautifully v>iegat$ ) delicate col\rs1 
or radiat$ ) purple & :ite2 "s are      
co>sely ribb$ or granulat$1 & h only "o 
col\r1 z black1 blue1 yell[1 br[n1 or   
gre52 all are cov]$ ) an epid]mis1 to   

:i* (t5times ! col\r is conf9$4  ,%ell (
 a close texture1 elongat$1 m or less   
oval1 sometimes sub-triangul>1          
equivalve1 summits ant]ior1 m or less   
curv$1 a little slop+ inf]iorly2 h+e    
g5]ally )\t tee?1 or ) two v small      
rudim5t>y tee?2 ligam5t dorsal1 l9e>1   
sub-int]ior1 ins]t$ 9 a long & n>r[     
furr[2 two muscul> impressions1 ( :i* ! 
ant]ior is v small1 ) or )\t longitud9al
 grooves or furr[s4                     
,mytilus ,magellanicus4                 
,m4 erosus4                          ,m4
 cr5atus4                          ,m4  
decussatus4                          ,m4
 hirsutus4                          ,m4 
elongatus4                          ,m4 
latus4                          ,m4     
zon>ius4                          ,m4   
ungulatus4                          ,m4 
violaceus4                          ,m4 
opalus4                          ,m4    
sm>agd9us4                          ,m4 
corneus4                          ,m4   
edulis4                          ,m4    

retusus4                          ,m4   
,hesp]ianus4                            
,m4 p]na4                          ,m4  
exu/us4                          ,m4    
bilocul>is4                          ,m4
 ovalis4                          ,m4   
u/ulatus4                          ,m4  
,dom+5sis4                          ,m4 
,s5egal5sis4                            
,m4 ,af]4                          ,m4  
a*at9us4                          ,m4   
ungul>is4                          ,m4  
planulatus4                          ,m4
 borealis4                          ,m4 
,galloprov9cialis4                      
,m4 angu/anus4                          
,m4 l9eatus4                            
,m4 lacunatus4                          
,m4 canalis4                            
,m4 incurvatus4                         
,m4 abbreviatus4  ,m4 incurvatus4 ,!    
incurvat$ ,mytilus4  ,ne>ly smoo?1      
elongat$ oval1 valves inflat$ & curv$   
ne> ! ligam5t2 apex acute4  ,m4 ,af]4 ,!
 ,african ,mytilus4  ,m or less         

compress$ & sub-triangul>1 )\t grooves2 
byssus v l>ge & mu* develop$2 summit    
entirely t]m9al & ant]ior2 smoo? &      
radiat$ ) blue or purple1 cov]$ ) a d>k 
br[n epid]mis2 inside m>g9 blue1 %ade   
decreas+ to ! c5tre4  ,m4 cr5atus4 ,!   
cr5at$ ,mytilus4  ,species longitud9ally
 groov$1 radiat$1 or /riat$4  ,m4       
hirsutus4 ,! be>d$ ,mytilus4  ,species )
 grooves2 cov]$ ) a %aggy or be>d$      
epid]mis4                      #b4      
,modiola4 ,tw5ty-?ree species4  ,tak5 by
 ,lam>ck f ! ,mytilus1 z x diff]s by be+
 m transv]se ?an longitud9al1 & ! beaks1
 in/ead ( be+ t]m9al1 are plac$ b5ea? ! 
apex4  ,%ell smoo?1 sub-transv]se1      
equivalve1 regul>1 sub-triangul>1 !     
po/]ior side %ort2 summits almo/ lat]al2
 h+e lat]al & l9e>1 )\t tee?2 ligam5t   
p>tly int]ior1 plac$ 9 a m>g9al furr[2  
"o sub-lat]al elongat$ muscul>          
impression 9 ea* valve4                 
,modiola ,papuana4                      
,m4 tulipa4                             
,m4 albico/a4                           

,m4 vag9a4                              
,m4 picta4                              
,m4 sulcata4                            
,m4 plicatula4                          
,m4 semifusca4                          
,m4 securis4                            
,m4 purpurata4                          
,m4 b>bata4                             
,m4 ,guyan5sis4                         
,m4 ,adriatica4                         
,m4 pulex4                              
,m4 discrepans4                         
,m4 discors4                            
,m4 trapez9a4                           
,m4 c9namomea4                          
,m4 silicula4                           
,m4 plicata4                            
,m4 sem54                               
,m4 li?ophaga4                          
,m4 caudig]a4  ,m4 discors4 ,!          
discordant ,modiola4  ,%ell elongat$    
oval1 v convex1 n>r[e/ at ! ant]ior end2
 /riat$ at ! two extremities2 summit    
oblique2 ext]ior gre5i%2 int]ior :ite1 )
 sometimes a p9k-t+e1 & some:at pe>ly2  

cr5ulat$ m>g94  ,m4 ,papuana4 ,! ,papuan
 ,modiola4 ,pl4 #ab1 fig4 #f4  ,species 
smoo?1 m or less triangul>2 summit ne> !
 ant]ior extremity2 byssus obsolete 9   
adults4  ,m4 sulcata4 ,! furr[$         
,modiola4  ,species /riat$              
longitud9ally4                  #c4     
,p9na4 ,! ,w+ ,%ell4 ,fifte5 species4   
,?is g5us is ! same z con/itut$ by      
,l9nu2 ! %ell is m>9e1 g5]ally v brittle
 & fragile1 9 =m resembl+ an acute angl$
 triangle2 usually cov]$ ) longitud9al  
ribs & elevat$ transv]se /ri2 g5]ally   
horn col\r$4  ,?is g5us is rem>kable = !
 production ( an abundant byssus ( a f9e
 br[n silky texture1 :i* ! ,italians    
frequ5tly fabricate into articles (     
dress1 equal 9 appe>ance to ! f9e/ silk4
  ,! ,p9n (t5 gr[ to a l>ge size2 !y are
 sometimes f\nd /&+ erect 9 ! smoo?-wat]
 bays1 ) ! base ( ! %ell upp]mo/1 b     
g5]ally affix$ by ! byssus to rocks &   
o!r sub-m>9e bodies4 ,! filam5ts t      
compose ! byssus are s t\gh & /rong t ! 
%ells are n easily deta*$4  ,%ell       

fibr\s1 fragile1 regul>1 equivalve1     
longitud9al1 triangul>1 base gap+ & z if
 truncat$2 summit po9t$ & /raight2 h+e  
dorsal1 longitud9al1 l9e>1 & )\t tee?2  
m>g9al ligam5t occupy+ almo/ ! :ole ( ! 
dorsal edge ( ! %ell2 "o v broad muscul>
 impression beh9d a trace ( ! ant]ior 9 
! summit4                               
,p9na rudis4                            
,p4 flabellum4                          
,p4 sem9uda4                            
,p4 angu/9a4                            
,p4 nobilis4                            
,p4 squamosa4                           
,p4 m>g9ata4                            
,p4 muricata4                           
,p4 pect9ata4                           
,p4 saccata4                            
,p4 v>icosa4                            
,p4 dolabrata4                          
,p4 +5s4                                
,p4 vexillum4                           
,p4 nigr9a4  ,p4 squamosa4 ,! scaly     
,p9na4  ,species v close & r\nd$ at !   
po/]ior extremity2 valves convex1 cov]$ 

) vault$ imbricat$ scales4  ,p4         
flabellum4 ,! fan ,p9na4 ,pl4 #ac1 fig4 
#b4  ,species gap+ at ! po/]ior         
extremity1 :i* is z if truncat$2 valves 
r r\nd$ at ! upp] end1 & 9 ! %ape ( an  
exp&$ fan2 light fawn col\r4  ,p4       
pect9ata4 ,! pect9at$ ,p9na4 ,pl4 #ac1  
fig4 #a4  ,?91 pellucid2 longitud9ally  
ribb$ & sp9\s = half its wid?1 obliquely
 /riat$ transv]sely on ! o!r half4      
,,family ,,xvii4                        
,,malleacea4 ,five g5]a4                
#a4 ,cr5atula4 ,sev5 species4  ,!re is  
"o peculi> di/9ction betwe5 ?is g5us & !
 ,p]na2 ! h+e ( ! ,cr5atula is compos$ (
 slightly concave call\s cr5ulations1   
:i* receive ! ligam5t2 :ile 9 ! ,p]na x 
consi/s ( p>allel truncat$ l9e> tee?    
7or1 r1 riblike jo9ts71 correspond+ &   
oppos$ to ! opposite ones1 ! ligam5t be+
 ins]t$ only 9 _! int]/ices4  ,%ell ?91 
v delicate1 irregul>1 valves flatt5$1   
foliace\s1 sub-rhomboidal1              
sub-equivalve2 h+e longitud9al1 dorsal1 
)\t tee?2 ligam5t sub-multiple1 & ins]t$

 9 a s]ies ( r\nd$ cavities correspond+ 
) ! dorsal m>g92 "o sub-c5tral muscul>  
impression4                             
,cr5atula avicul>is4                    
,c4 modiol>is4                          
,c4 nigr9a4                          ,c4
 bico/alis4                          ,c4
 viridis4                          ,c4  
mytiloides4                          ,c4
 phasianopt]a4  ,c4 avicul>is4 ,!       
avicul> ,cr5atula4 ,pl4 #ad1 fig4 #b4   
,answ]s to ! above description4  ,c4    
mytiloides4 ,! muscle-%ap$ ,cr5atula4   
,oblong1 ovate1 oblique2 base acute2    
violet col\r$1 ) obscure radiations4    
#b4 ,p]na4 ,t5 species4  ,9 speak+ ( !  
,cr5atula1 we gave ! *>act]i/ic         
di/9ction1 :i* reg>d$ x natural &       
exp$i5t to make ! ,p]na =m a diff]5t    
g5us4  ,%ell irregul>1 v compress$1     
foliace\s1 sub-equivalve1 r v>iable =m1 
gap+ at ! ant]ior "p ( ! l[] extremity2 
summit v small1 h+e /raight1 v]tical1   
)\t tee?2 ligam5t multiple1 & ins]t$ 9 a
 s]ies ( longitud9al p>allel furr[s4    

,p]na ephippium4                        
,p4 obliqua4                            
,p4 isognomon4                          
,p4 avicul>is4                          
,p4 femoralis4                          
,p4 can9a4                              
,p4 m>supiom4                           
,p4 sulcata4                            
,p4 vulsella4                           
,p4 nucleus4  ,p4 femoralis4 ,! femoral 
,p]na4 ,pl4 #ad1 fig4 #a4  ,species     
elongat$1 & ) app5dages l e>s4  ,p4     
vulsella4 ,! tweez] ,p]na4  ,species    
elongat$1 )\t e>like app5dages1 or hav+ 
v small ones4  ,p4 ephippium4 ,! saddle 
,p]na4  ,species r\nd1 compress$1 v     
pe>ly 9 ! int]ior2 v slightly1 if at    
all1 auricl$2 m>g9 acute2 ext]ior       
purpli% br[n4                     #c4   
,malleus4 ,! ,hamm]4 ,six species4  ,a  
%ell ( a s+ul> =m1 resembl+ a pickaxe1  
f\nd only 9 ! ,indian & ,au/ralian      
,seas2 !re are two species1 ! :ite & !  
black1 bo? ( :i*1 :5 9 f9e pres]vation1 
are highly e/eem$1 b ! :ite is m r>e &  

valuable4  ,%ell sub-nacre\s1 irregul>1 
rugg$1 sub-equivalve1 inequilat]al1     
g5]ally auricl$ be=e & prolong$ beh9d1 s
 z to be 9 =m l a hamm]2 summit entirely
 ant]ior2 betwe5 !m & ! inf]ior auricle1
 an oblique cut or slope = ! passage ( !
 byssus2 h+e l9e>1 elongat$1 )\t tee?2  
ligam5t simple1 triangul>1 ins]t$ 9 a   
conical oblique cavity1 p>tly ext]ior2  
"o r l>ge sub-c5tral muscul> impression4
                              ,malleus  
albus4                             ,m4  
vulg>is4                             ,m4
 normalis4                              
,m4 vulsellatus4                        
,m4 anat9us4                            
,m4 decurtatus4  ,m4 vulg>is4 ,! common 
,malleus4 ,pl4 #ad1 fig4 #d4  ,species )
 two e>like app5dages2 trilobate1 col\r 
blacki% br[n4  ,m4 albus4 ,! :ite       
,malleus4  ,species trilobate2 base ( ! 
lat]al lobe prolong$1 )\t a s9us2 ! base
 & ! pit ( ! ligam5t n di/9ct2 col\r    
:ite1 ) transv]se undulations4  ,m4     
vulsellatus4 ,! tweez] ,malleus4        

,species slightly auricl$4  ,m4         
normalis4 ,! squ>e ,malleus4  ,species  
)\t e>like app5dages4                   
#d4 ,avicula4 ,?irte5 species4          
,rem>kable = ! =m ( its %ell1 :i*       
resembles1 :5 p>tially exp&$1 a bird    
fly+4  ,%ell foliace\s or n1 ?9 & v     
fragile1 always pe>ly1 sub-equivalve2 =m
 sub-regul>1 b r v>iable2 summit        
ant]ior2 valves oblique1 ! left "o ) a  
little not*1 ?r\gh :i* ! byssus passes2 
sometimes unequally & obliquely auricl$2
 h+e l9e>1 too?less1 or ) two small     
rudim5t>y tee?2 ligam5t m or less       
ext]ior1 plac$ 9 a n>r[ groove1         
sometimes enl>g$ t[>ds ! summit2 "o v   
l>ge po/]ior muscul> impression2 & "o v 
small ant]ior4                          
,avicula macropt]a4                     
,a4 lotorium4                           
,a4 semi-sagitta4                       
,a4 het]opt]a4                          
,a4 falcata4                            
,a4 crocea4                             
,a4 ,t>5t9a4                            

,a4 ,atlantica4                         
,a4 squamulosa4                         
,a4 papilionacea4                       
,a4 co/ellata4                          
,a4 physoides4                          
,a4 vir5s4  ,a4 macropt]a4 ,! r\nd$     
,avicula4 ,pl4 #ad1 fig4 #c4  ,species  
oval1 oblique1 ! e>like app5dages v     
develop$1 especially ! sup]ior2 "o too? 
at ! h+e4  ,a4 ,atlantica4 ,! ,atlantic 
,avicula4  ,obliquely curv$1 yell[i%    
fawn col\r1 ) d>k r$di%-br[n /a9s2      
int]ior pe>ly4                          
#e4 ,meleagr9a4 ,two species4  ,! =m ( !
 %ell is orbicul> & equivalve1 )\t !    
elongat$ transv]se base on ! c>d9al     
too?1 & ! slop+ sides ( ! op5+ = !      
passage ( ! byssus are p]ceptible on bo?
 valves2 ^! peculi>ities di/+ui% x f !  
,avicula4  ,%ell sub-equivalve1         
rotundate1 ne>ly squ>e1 ext]nally       
squamose2 ! inf]ior c>d9al m>g9 /raight1
 n caudate ant]iorly2 a s9us at !       
po/]ior base ( ! valves = ! passage ( ! 
byssus2 ! left valve be+ at ?is place   

n>r[ & *annell$2 h+e l9e>1 )\t tee?4    
,meleagr9a m>g>itif]a4                  
,meleagr9a alb9a4  ,m4 m>g>itif]a4 ,!   
pe>l-be>+ ,meleagr9a1 sometimes call$ ! 
"m-(-pe>l oy/]4  ,species slightly      
oblique1 some:at squ>e1 pe>ly1 v ?ick1  
compress$2 undulat$ & transv]sely       
/riat$1 ) a s]ies ( lamellat$           
longitud9al scales2 ext]ior gre5i%1     
int]ior pe>ly4 ,?is %ell is celebrat$ = 
its irridesc5t col\rs1 & is valu$ = !   
beautiful & co/ly pe>ls x produces4 ,^! 
pe>ls are =m$ f a deposition ( !        
sub/ance de/9$ to l9e ! %ell ^u s& or   
o!r bodies1 casually or purposely       
introduc$ )9 ! mantle ( ! animal2 ! %ell
 itself is ! "m-(-pe>l us$ = inlay+1 or 
mak+ v>i\s elegant tr9kets4             
,,family ,,xviii4                       
,,pect9ides4 ,sev5 g5]a4                
#a4 ,p$um4 ,! ,%eph]d's ,crook4 ,"o     
species4  ,! common "n 0 giv5 to ?is    
g5us f ! resemblance to a ,fr5* %eph]d's
 crook4 ,! %ell is ( a regul> =m2 its   
l[] valve1 9 :i* is a s9us = ! byssus1  

is turn$ up at ! edges1 & ! upp] valve  
falls )9 x4  ,%ell inequivalve1 a little
 e>$2 apices unequal1 di/ant1 r\nd$1    
little evid5t2 h+e )\t tee?2 ligam5t    
ins]t$ 9 an oblique groove1 prolong$ to 
! summit1 & c>ri$ )9 9 a k9d ( spoonlike
 cavity4  ,p4 spondyloideum4 ,!         
spondylus-%ap$ ,p$um4 ,pl4 #ae1 fig4 #e4
  ,ovate1 w$ge %ap$1 flat2 sup]ior valve
 ) longitud9al /ri2 :ite1 granulat$1 &  
r\gh2 slightly t+$ ) purple ne> ! beak4 
#b4 ,lima4 ,! ,file ,%ell4 ,six species4
  ,no s9us or not*2 ! valves1 ?ick &    
gap+1 =m a lat]al op5+2 ! e>s are small1
 b di/9ct4  ,%ell oval1 m or less       
oblique1 almo/ equivalve1 ) small e>s1  
regul>ly gap+ at ! ant]ior "p ( ! l[]   
edge2 summits ant]ior & di/ant2 h+e     
longitud9al1 )\t tee?2 ligam5t r\nd$1   
almo/ ext]ior1 ins]t$ 9 a cavity ( ea*  
valve2 c5tral muscul> impression divid$ 
into ?ree v di/9ct p>ts4                
,lima inflata4                          
,l4 squamosa4                           
,l4 glacialis4                          

,l4 annulata4                           
,l4 fragilis4                           
,l4 l+uatula4  ,l4 squamosa4 ,! scaly   
,lima4 ,pl4 #ae1 fig4 #c4  ,answ]s to ! 
above description1 ) valves v5tricose1  
arm$ ) vault$ scales4  ,l4 fragilis4 ,! 
fragile ,lima4  ,oblong ovate1 v        
pellucid1 delicately :ite1 ) longitud9al
 di/9ct /ri2 l[] m>g9 d5ticulat$1       
closely int]lock+ :5 ! valves are clos$4
                 #c4 ,pect54 ,!         
,scallop4 ,fifty-n9e species4  ,! %ells 
con/itut+ ?is g5us are f\nd 9 all seas2 
!y are well kn[n1 & _m ( !m are v       
beautiful4  ,! =m is usually regul>2 _! 
surface is adorn$ ) elevat$ div]g5t     
ribs1 v>y+ 9 numb] f five to ?irty1     
proce$+ f ! beaks & t]m9at+ at ! m>g9s 9
 a scallop$ outl9e4  ,"s are equivalve1 
o!rs h "o valve flat & ! o!r convex2 !  
col\rs ( ! upp] valve are bright] ?an ^?
 ( ! l[]4  ,!re is consid]able v>iation 
9 ! size & =m ( ! e>s1 :i* 9 "s species 
are equal or ne>ly s1 b 9 o!rs are      
unequal2 "s are s small z to be ne>ly   

indi/9ct4 ,! ribs are v>i\sly div]sifi$ 
) beautiful col\rs & delicate *eck]-"w2 
! m>g9s are mo/ly cr5at$1 & (t5times    
beautifully col\r$4  ,^! %ells 7 =m]ly  
worn by ,pilgrims on _! hat or coat1 z a
 m>k ( hav+ be5 to ! holy %r9e 9        
,pale/9e4  ,%ell free1 regul>1 ?91      
solid1 auricl$1 equivalve1 equilat]al2  
summits contigu\s2 h+e )\t tee?2 a      
ligam5tal membrane ?r\gh all ! l5g? ( ! 
h+e1 besides a %ort1 ?ick ligam5t1 almo/
 entirely int]nal1 :i* fills a triangul>
 cavity "u ! summits2 "o sub-c5tral     
muscul> impression4                     
,pect5 maximus4                         
,p4 m$ius4                              
,p4 ,jacobu4                            
,p4 bifrons4                            
,p4 ziczac4                             
,p4 ,latir5tii4                         
,p4 ra/ellum4                           
,p4 turgidus4                           
,p4 flagellatus4                        
,p4 asp]sus4                            
,p4 flavidulus4                         

,p4 plica4                              
,p4 pleuronectes4                       
,p4 oblit]atus4                         
,p4 ,japonicus4                         
,p4 ,magellanicus4                      
,p4 purpuratus4                         
,p4 l9eol>is4                           
,p4 radula4                             
,p4 nodosus4                            
,p4 pallium4                            
,p4 pes-felis4                          
,p4 tigris4                             
,p4 imbricatus4                         
,p4 hi/rionicus4                        
,p4 sauciatus4                          
,p4 op]cul>is4                          
,p4 asp]rimus4                          
,p4 s5atorius4                          
,p4 aurantius4                          
,p4 flor5s4                             
,p4 v>ius4                              
,p4 sangu9eus4                          
,p4 s9uosus4                            
,p4 ornatus4                            
,p4 glab]4                              

,p4 sulcatus4                           
,p4 virgo4                              
,p4 unicolor4                           
,p4 griseus4                            
,p4 di/ans4                             
,p4 ,isabella4                          
,p4 l9eatus4                            
,p4 flabellatus4                        
,p4 irradians4                          
,p4 flexuosa4                           
,p4 disp>4                              
,p4 quadriradiatus4                     
,p4 ,isl&icus4                          
,p4 inflexus4                           
,p4 pellucidus4                         
,p4 ,tranqueb>icus4                     
,p4 gibbus4                             
,p4 m9iaceus4                           
,p4 pusio4                              
,p4 hybridus4                           
,p4 sulphureus4                         
,p4 lividus4  ,p4 glab]4 ,! glabr\s     
,scallop4 ,pl4 #ae1 fig4 #d4  ,species (
 :i* ! two valves are ribb$ & almo/     
equally convex1 ! "r a little less1 &   

hav+ its inf]ior e> less broad ?an !    
left1 s z to produce a k9d ( groove = ! 
passage ( ! byssus4  ,p4 ,jacobu4 ,!    
scallop ( ,/4 ,james4  ,species v       
inequivalve2 ! left valve be+ v flat1 ! 
"r convex2 e>s equal4  ,p4 pleuronectes4
 ,! sole ,scallop4  ,species equivalve1 
n clos+2 surface smoo? & ribb$ )92 "o   
valve p]fectly :ite1 ! o!r ( a br[ni% or
 r$di% col\r4                     #d4   
,plagio/oma4 ,t5 fossil species4  ,only 
kn[n z fossils2 probably introduc$ "h by
 ,lam>ck to s]ve z a connect+ l9k = !   
g5]a ,lima1 ,pect51 ,spondylus1 &       
,podopsis4  ,%ell r ?ick1 regul>1 free1 
sub-equivalve1 sub-auriculat$2 ! two    
valves almo/ equally convex1 bo? provid$
 ) a di/9ct summit1 recurv$ 9 ! middle (
 a level surface1 ) a great triangul>   
slope 9 ! middle2 ! c>d9al base         
transv]se1 /raight2 h+e )\t tee?2 a     
conical c>d9al pit situat$ bel[ ! beak1 
p>tly int]nal1 op5+ outw>d1 & receiv+ ! 
ligam5t4  ,p4 sp9osa4 ,! ?orny          
,plagio/oma4  ,sub>cuat$1 ! umbo ( "o   

%ell high] ?an t ( ! o!r1 ) longitud9al 
ribs & remote conc5tric r+s4            
#e4 ,plicatula4 ,five species4  ,sep>at$
 f ! ,spondylus ( ,l9nu on acc\nt ( its 
di/9ct /ructure4 ,! ligam5t is altoge!r 
int]nal2 x is )\t e>s1 & ! prolong$ beak
 s conspicu\s 9 t g5us4 ,! ,plicatula   
has ! faculty ( affix+ itself to ano!r  
body1 s t _m are f\nd gr\p$ toge!r 9    
clu/]s4 ,! valves are /rongly plait$ )9 
& )\t1 closely int]lock+ ) ea* o!r4     
,%ell solid1 adh]+1 sub-irregul>1 )\t   
e>s1 inequivalve1 po9t$ at ! summit1    
r\nd$ & plait$ beh9d2 h+e ) two /rong   
tee? 9 ea* valve1 ) a cavity betwe5 !m1 
9 :i* ! ligam5t is int]nally ins]t$4    
,plicatula ramosa4                      
,p4 depressa4                           
,p4 cri/ata4                            
,p4 r5i=mis4                            
,p4 ,au/ralis4  ,p4 ramosa4 ,! bran*$   
,plicatula4 ,pl4 #ae1 fig4 #b4  ,oblong1
 trigonal1 v ?ick2 /rong longitud9al    
plaits2 ext]ior br[n1 ) a yell[ t+e1 )  
r$di% arr[-%ap$ m>k+s2 int]ior :ite4    

#f4 ,spondylus4 ,! ?orny ,oy/]4         
,tw5ty-"o species4  ,! valves ( ?is g5us
 greatly resemble ^? ( ! common oy/]1 b 
h e>s1 & are cov]$ ) long recurv$ or    
/raight-po9t$ sp9es4  ,! l[] valve is   
mu* l>g] ?an ! upp]1 & has foliace\s    
lam91 by :i* x is atta*$ to ! o!r       
sub/ances4 ,!y are f\nd 9 all seas ( hot
 c\ntries1 b p>ticul>ly 9 ! ,indian2 !y 
adh]e to rocks1 coral1 c41 (t5times 9   
l>ge gr\ps4  ,! usual col\rs are r$1    
purple1 :ite1 br[n1 or orange1 sev]al ( 
:i* are sometimes bl5d$ 9 ! same %ell4  
,%ell solid1 adh]+1 sub-regul>1 m or    
less sp9$1 sub-auriculat$1 inequivalve2 
! "r or inf]ior valve fix$1 mu* m       
excavat$ ?an ! o!r1 & hav+ beh9d1 at !  
summit1 a triangul> face1 :i* enl>ges & 
elongates ) age2 h+e longitud9al1       
provid$ 9 ea* valve ) two /rong tee?    
ent]+ into correspond+ cavities2 ligam5t
 %ort1 almo/ m$ial1 p>tly ext]ior2 "o   
sub-dorsal1 muscul> impression4         
,spondylus gd>opus4                     
,s4 ,am]icanus4                         

,s4 ara*noides4                         
,s4 c&idus4                             
,s4 multilamellatus4                    
,s4 cocc9eus4                           
,s4 crassisquama4                       
,s4 spa?ulif]us4                        
,s4 ducalis4                            
,s4 longitud9alis4                      
,s4 co/atus4                            
,s4 v>iegatus4                          
,s4 longisp9eus4                        
,s4 regius4                             
,s4 avicul>is4                          
,s4 microlepos4                         
,s4 croceus4                            
,s4 aurantius4                          
,s4 radians4                            
,s4 zonalis4                            
,s4 violacesc5s4  ,s4 gd>opus4 ,! ?orny 
r$ ,spondylus4 ,pl4 #ae1 fig4 #a4  ,upp]
 valve r$1 "u "o :ite1 ) longitud9al /ri
 or ribs2 r\gh granulations1 & some:at  
tongue-%ap$2 r %ort truncat$ sp9es4  ,s4
 longisp9eus4 ,! long-sp9$ ,spondylus4  
,?ickly sp9$1 longitud9ally sulcat$ &   

ribb$2 alt]nate sp9es arcuat$ &         
tongue-%ap$2 valves ( a r$di% col\r2    
umbones orange4                         
#g4 ,podopsis4 ,two fossil species4     
,only introduc$ "h to fill up ! family &
 keep up ! *a9 ( connexion4 ,x          
approximates ! g5us ,gryphea4  ,%ell r  
?ick1 sub-regul>1 symmetrical1          
equilat]al1 inequivalve1 adh]+ by !     
extremity ( ! %ort] valve2 ! o!r t]m9at$
 by a summit po9t$1 a little recurv$ &  
m$ial2 articulation v angul>1 by means (
 two v di/ant condyles4                 
,,family ,,xix4                         
,,o/racea4 ,six g5]a4                   
#a4 ,grypha4 ,"o species4  ,?is g5us    
resembles ! ,o/rea1 ) :i* x 0 =m]ly     
class$1 b f :i* x is di/+ui%$ by !      
peculi> "* ( ! l[] valve4 ,x is v deep &
 c>9at$1 ) a summit t]m9at+ 9 a long    
spirally recurv$ beak1 slightly turn$ to
 "o side2 ! edge %>p & angul>4  ,x is   
seldom1 if ev]1 atta*$ to o!r bodies4   
,%ell m f9ely lamellat$ ?an t ( ! oy/]1 
free or slightly adh]5t1 sub-equilat]al1

 v inequivalve2 ! l[] valve v concave1 )
 a summit m or less recurv$ l a hook2 ! 
upp] valve mu* small]1 & =m$ l a lid2   
h+e )\t tee?2 ligam5t ins]t$ 9 an oblong
 ar*$ cavity2 "o s+le muscul> impression
 on ea* valve4  ,g4 angulata4 ,!        
angulat$ ,grypha4 ,pl4 #af1 fig4 #b4    
,oblong ovate1 ) ?ree long longitud9al  
c>9at$ ribs bel[2 summit ( ! inf]ior    
valve is subvolute4 ,?is is a r>e %ell4 
#b4 ,o/rea4 ,! ,oy/]4 ,=ty-eight        
species4  ,z giv5 by ,lam>ck1 is a      
natural & well-def9$ family4 ,x is too  
well kn[n to require description4 ,x    
fixes itself to o!r bodies by ! lam9 ( !
 :ole surface ( "o valve1 & g5]ally     
rema9s immoveable1 exhibit+ no o!r signs
 ( life o!r ?an t ( op5+ its valves to  
receive nutrim5t4  ,%ell irregul>1      
inequivalve1 inequilat]al1 ext]ior      
r\ghly foliace\s1 int]ior some:at pe>ly2
 ! left or inf]ior valve l>g]1 deep]1 & 
adhesive1 its summit prolong+ ) age 9 a 
sort ( heel1 ! "r or sup]ior valve      
small]1 m or less 9 ! =m ( a lid2 h+e   

)\t tee?2 ligam5t %ort1 sub-int]ior1    
ins]t$ 9 an oblong c>d9al cavity1       
increas+ ) ! summit2 muscul> impression 
s+le & sub-c5tral4                      
,o/rea edulis4                          
,o4 hippopus4                           
,o4 borealis4                           
,o4 ,adriatica4                         
,o4 co*le>4                             
,o4 cri/ata4                            
,o4 gall9a4                             
,o4 numisma4                            
,o4 l+ua4                               
,o4 tulipa4                             
,o4 ,brisiliana4                        
,o4 scabra4                             
,o4 ro/ralis4                           
,o4 p>asitica4                          
,o4 d5ticulata4                         
,o4 spa?ulata4                          
,o4 cornucopi4                          
,o4 cucullata4                          
,o4 doridella4                          
,o4 rubella4                            
,o4 limacella4                          

,o4 ruscuriana4                         
,o4 ,virg9ica4                          
,o4 ,canad5sis4                         
,o4 excavata4                           
,o4 mytiloides4                         
,o4 s9uata4                             
,o4 trapez9a4                           
,o4 tub]culata4                         
,o4 rufa4                               
,o4 m>g>itacea4                         
,o4 gibbosa4                            
,o4 ,au/ralis4                          
,o4 elliptica4                          
,o4 haliotida4                          
,o4 de=mis4                             
,o4 fucorum4                            
,o4 plicatula4                          
,o4 glauc9a4                            
,o4 fusca4                              
,o4 turb9ata4                           
,o4 cri/a-galli4                        
,o4 erucella4                           
,o4 folium4                             
,o4 labrella4                           
,o4 imbricata4                          

,o4 hyotis4                             
,o4 radiata4  ,o4 edulis4 ,! eatable    
,oy/]4 ,pl4 #af1 fig4 #e4  ,species     
orbicul>1 & n plait$2 rugg$1 ) undulat$1
 imbricat$ scales2 "o valve flat & ! o!r
 convex2 v>iable 9 size2 outside gre5i% 
br[n1 inside pe>ly :ite1 sometimes ) a  
blui% t+e4  ,o4 ,virg9ica4 ,! ,virg9ian 
,oy/]4  ,species longitud9al & n plait$4
  ,o4 imbricata4 ,! imbricat$ ,oy/]4    
,species orbicul> & plait$4  ,o4        
cri/a-galli4 ,! ,cock's-comb ,oy/]4     
,species /rongly plait$ longitud9ally4  
#c4 ,vulsella4 ,! ,tweez]s4 ,six        
species4  ,?is g5us has sev]al          
*>act]i/ics :i* di/+ui% x f ! ,o/rea2 !y
 are free2 ! valves & ! apices are ne>ly
 equal1 ) a project+ callosity on ea*   
valve1 depress$ und]nea?1 & obliquely   
ar*$ = ! reception ( ! ligam5t4  ,%ell  
sub-nacre\s1 sub-regul>1 sub-equivalve1 
inequilat]al2 upp] valve f9ely          
granulat$1 or /riat$ longitud9ally f !  
apex to ! m>g92 summits ant]ior1 di/ant1
 recurv$ bel[2 h+e )\t tee?2 ligam5t    

undivid$1 ?ick1 ins]t$ 9 a r\nd$ cavity1
 made 9 a slightly project+ callosity on
 ea* valve2 muscul> impression          
sub-c5tral1 r l>ge1 & two v small ones  
entirely ant]ior4  ,v4 l+ulata4 ,!      
tongue-l ,vulsella4 ,pl4 #ae1 fig4 #f4  
,elongat$1 depress$1 transv]sely /riat$2
 pale yell[i% br[n1 ) longitud9al d>k]  
/ripes4             #d4 ,placuna4 ,!    
,*9ese ,w9d[ ,%ell4 ,?ree species4  ,?is
 g5us receiv$ its common "n f ! ?91     
transp>5t nature ( ! valves ( ! %ell1   
p>ticul>ly ( ! species plac5ta1 :i* by !
 +5i\s ,*9ese are (t5 poli%$ & us$ z a  
sub/itute = w9d[-glass4  ,! h+e ( !     
%ells ( ?is g5us is s peculi> z to make 
x p]fectly di/9ct2 entirely int]ior1    
fa/5$ by a ligam5t %ap$ l a ,v on "o ( !
 valves4  ,%ell free1 sub-irregul>1 v   
?91 almo/ entirely transp>5t1 flat1     
sub-equivalve1 sub-equilat]al1 slightly 
auricl$2 h+e entirely int]nal1 =m$ on ! 
sup]ior less valve by two elongat$1     
unequal1 oblique ribs conv]g+ at !      
summit1 to ! int]ior side ( :i* a       

ligam5t l ! lett] ,v is ins]t$ 9 two    
equally conv]g+1 r deep cavities ( ! l[]
 valve1 :i* is m convex2 "o r small1    
sub-c5tral muscul> impression4  ,p4     
plac5ta4 ,! glassy ,placuna4 ,pl4 #af1  
fig4 #c4  ,sub-orbicul>1 flat1 :ite1 &  
transp>5t2 f9ely /riat$ longitud9ally1  
slightly decussat$4                  #e4
 ,anomia4 ,! ,antique ,lamp4 ,six       
species4  ,:5 ,l9nu =m$ ?is g5us & nam$ 
x ,anomia1 he probably did s f its hav+ 
no det]m9ate "*4 ,its common "n 0 giv5 x
 by ! fanci$ resemblance ( "s ( its     
species to an antique lamp4 ,l ! oy/]1  
!y seldom leave _! place2 !y are always 
affix$ to m>9e bodies by an osse\s      
op]culum1 =m$ by ! ?ick extremity ( !   
animal's muscle4 ,! l[] valve is p]=at$ 
& small]1 con=m+ to ! %ape ( ! sub/ance 
to :i* x is affix$4  ,%ell adh]+1       
irregul>1 inequivalve1 inequilat]al1    
o/race\s2 inf]ior valve r m flat ?an !  
sup]ior1 divid$ at ! summit into two    
slop+ bran*es1 ^: approa*+ toge!r =ms a 
l>ge oval hole1 ?r\gh :i* protrudes a   

muscle1 ! extremity ( :i* becomes       
ossifi$ & adh]es to extrane\s bodies2 "o
 sub-c5tral muscul> impression divid$   
into ?ree4                              
,anomia ephippium4                      
,a4 patell>is4                          
,a4 cepa4                            ,a4
 electrica4                             
,a4 pyri=mis4                           
,a4 =nicata4                            
,a4 membranacea4                        
,a4 squamula4                           
,a4 l5s4  ,a4 ephippium4 ,! ,saddle     
,anomia4 ,pl4 #af1 fig4 #a4  ,%ell      
sub-orbicul>1 irregul>ly wr9kl$ & wav$2 
upp] valve convex1 "u flat & p]=at$ at !
 h+e1 ?r\gh :i* passes ! ligam5t by :i* 
x is affix$ to o!r bodies2 inside pe>ly1
 & ( v>i\s *ang+ col\rs1 su* z gre51    
purple1 violet1 & yell[4                
#f4 ,crania4 ,! ,scull4 ,"o species4  ,s
 call$ f ! appe>ance caus$ by ?ree holes
 or cavities on ! surface ( ! l[] valve4
  ,%ell irregul>1 orbicul>1 inequivalve2
 ! inf]ior valve almo/ flat1 & m>k$ on !

 int]ior ) f\r muscul> impressions1     
sometimes v deep1 & ( :i* ! two         
sub-c5tral are suffici5tly connect$ to  
=m b "o2 ! sup]ior valve l a ,patella1 m
 or less convex1 ) f\r v di/9ct muscul> 
impressions1 r di/ant4  ,c4 p]sonata4 ,!
 mask$ ,crania4 ,pl4 #af1 fig4 #d4      
,orbicul>2 upp] valve gibb\s & conical1 
l[] valve flat1 ) ?ree p]=ations4       
,,family ,,xx4                          
,,bra*iopoda4 ,?ree g5]a4               
#a4 ,orbicula4 ,"o species4  ,greatly   
resembl+ a ,patella1 = :i* x is (t5     
mi/ak5 on acc\nt ( ! l[] valve be+ v ?91
 flat1 & adh]+4  ,%ell sub-orbicul>1 v  
compress$1 inequilat]al1 v inequivalve2 
! inf]ior valve v ?91 adh]5t1 &         
imp]=at$2 ! sup]ior valve l a ,patella1 
) a summit m or less incl9$ t[>ds !     
po/]ior side4  ,o4 ,norwegica4 ,!       
,norwegian ,orbicula4 ,pl4 #ag1 fig4 #d4
  ,upp] valve 9 ! =m ( a depress$ cone1 
) a summit produc$ & po9t$4             
#b4 ,t]ebratula4 ,twelve species4  ,tak5
 f ! ,anomia1 & ) great propriety1 z its

 *>act]i/ic diff]5ces are v great2 !    
p]=ation ( ! ,anomia is always 9 !      
small] valve1 :i* is atta*$ to ! l>g] by
 a c>d9al ligam5t1 :ile 9 ! ,t]ebratula 
! p]=ation is always 9 ! l>g] valve1 :i*
 is connect$ to ! small] by tee? at !   
h+e4 ,9 "s ! valves are smoo?1 & 9 o!rs 
groov$ longitud9ally4  ,%ell ?91        
equilat]al1 sub-triangul>1 inequivalve2 
"o ( ! valves l>g] & m convex ?an ! o!r1
 prolong$ beh9d by a sort ( heel1       
sometimes recurv$1 & pi]c$ by a r\nd    
hole at its extremity2 frequ5tly slop$ m
 or less by a cleft ( v>iable =m2 !     
opposite valve small]1 m flat1 sometimes
 =m$ l a lid1 hav+ 9 ! int]ior a sy/em (
 support v>iable 9 =m & complication 9 e
 true species2 h+e limit$1 prom95t1 &   
=m$ by two articulat+ surfaces ( "o     
valve plac$ betwe5 correspond+          
projections ( ! o!r2 a k9d ( t5d9\s     
ligam5t issu+ f ! slop+ cleft ( ! %ell1 
by :i* x is atta*$ to m>9e bodies4      
,t]ebratula vitrea4                     
,t4 dilatata4                           

,t4 rotunda4                            
,t4 flavesc5s4                          
,t4 d5tata4                             
,t4 dorsata4                            
,t4 pisum4                           ,t4
 globosa4                           ,t4 
sangu9ea4                           ,t4 
caput-s]p5tis4                          
,t4 truncata4                           
,t4 psittacea4  ,t4 dorsalis4 ,! dorsal 
,t]ebratula4 ,pl4 #ag1 fig4 #a4  ,!     
summit ( ! l>ge valve pi]c$ ) a r\nd    
hole1 v circumscrib$2 groov$            
longitud9ally2 valves z if cut slop+ 9 !
 middle l9e4  ,t4 globosa4 ,! globose   
,t]ebratula4  ,species smoo?1 ) ! valves
 r\nd$ at _! ant]ior edge4  ,t4 caput   
s]p5tis4 ,! ,s]p5t's-head ,t]ebratula4  
,species groov$1 ) ! summit or heel ( ! 
l>ge valve deeply holl[$ ev5 to ! edge (
 ! articulation2 ! slope r\nd$2 ! valves
 sub-bilobate by ! app>5t slope ( !     
ant]ior edge4                           
#c4 ,l+ula4 ,"o species4  ,! valves (   
?is g5us are unit$ by means ( a tubul>1 

fle%y1 or membran\s p$uncle surr\nd+ !  
n>r[ "p ( !m1 & ( :i* ! base is affix$  
to m>9e sub/ances4  ,%ell cov]$ )       
epid]mis1 sub-equivalve1 equilat]al1    
depress$1 elongat$1 truncat$ ant]iorly1 
summit middle & po/]ior1 )\t trace (    
ligam5t1 b support$ at ! extremity ( a  
long fibro-gelat9\s p$uncle1 :i* atta*es
 x v]tically to sub-m>9e bodies2        
multiple muscul> impression4  ,l4       
anat9a4 ,! ,duck's-bill ,l+ula4 ,pl4    
#ag1 fig4 #b4  ,cov]$ ) a gre51 %9+     
epid]mis1 %ap$ l a duck's bill1 & hav+ a
 cyl9drical p$uncle4                    
,,class ,,iv4                           
,,mollusca4                             
,,tw5ty-,,two ,,families4               
,,family ,i4                            
,,pt]opoda4 ,six g5]a  ,"s g5]a ( ?is   
family are )\t a te/ace\s cov]+1 & are  
m5tion$ only = ! sake ( pres]v+ ! family
 entire4                   #a4 ,hyala4  
,v5us's ,*>iot4 ,two species4  ,?is g5us
 d]ives its common "n f a fanci$        
resemblance to a m9iature triumphal c>4 

,%ell v ?91 transp>5t1 symmetrical1     
convex bel[1 flat above1 valves unequal1
 =m tricuspidat$1 cleft at ! sides1 op5 
l a cleft ant]iorly1 & trid5tat$        
po/]iorly2 summit truncat$4             
,hyala trid5tata4                       
,hyala cuspidata4  ,h4 trid5tata4 ,!    
?ree-too!d ,hyala4  ,transp>5t1         
horn-col\r$1 globul>2 trid5tat$         
po/]iorly2 summit & two po/]ior sides   
op52 f9ely /riat$ transv]sely4          
#b4 ,clio4 ,has no ,%ell4 ,two species4 
,clio ,borealis4                        
,clio ,au/ralis4                        
#c4 ,cleodora4 ,two species4  ,%ell     
gelat9\s1 c>tilag9\s1 transp>5t1 9 %ape 
( a rev]s$ pyramid or lanceolate        
truncat$1 only op5 at ! summit4         
,cleodora pyramidata4                   
,cleodora caudata4  ,c4 pyramidata4 ,!  
pyramidal ,cleodora4  ,l a pyramid1     
triangul>1 ?91 transp>5t2 ap]ture       
obliquely truncat$4                     
#d4 ,limac9a4 ,"o species4  ,%ell       
papyrace\s1 v fragile1 planorbis =m1    

sub-c>9at$1 involut$ r obliquely1 9 su* 
a mann] z to be deeply & l>gely         
umbilicat$ on "o side1 & ! sp9e slightly
 project+ & po9t$ on ! o!r2 ap]ture     
l>ge1 entire4  ,l4 helicialis4 ,!       
,helix-l ,limac9a4  ,?91 fragile1       
spiral2 ! volutions unit$ 9 a discoid   
=m4                    #e4 ,cymbulia4 ,!
 ,slipp]4 ,"o species4  ,%ell or case   
c>tilag9\s1 transp>5t1 conical po/]iorly
 :]e ! animal adh]es1 & prolong$ above l
 a long holl[ semi-cyl9d]1 "u :i* !     
animal c take %elt]4  ,c4 ,p]onii4      
,p]on's ,cymbulia4  ,%ell %ap$ l a %oe1 
some:at gelat9\s or c>tilag9\s1 v       
transp>5t cry/all9e1 oblong po9t$ at !  
v]tex1 truncat$ at ! base4              
#f4 ,pneumod]mon4 ,has no %ell4 ,"o     
species4                                
,p4 ,p]onii4                            
,,family ,,ii4                          
,,phyllidiacea4 ,f\r g5]a4              
#a4 ,phyllidia4 ,?ree species4  ,!      
animals ( ?is g5us are cov]$ ) a        
coriace\s sk91 b )\t a %ell4            

,phyllidia v>icosa4                     
,p4 pu/ulosa4                           
,p4 ocellata4                           
#b4 ,*itonellus4 ,two species4  ,=m]ly  
class$ ) ! ,*iton2 b z ! te/ace\s plates
 ( ?is g5us are nev] jo9$1 ! two may be 
easily di/+ui%$4  ,%ell elongat$1       
multivalve2 alt]nate pieces g5]ally     
longitud9al2 sides nak$4                
,*itonellus /riatus4                    
,*itonellus l>v=mis4  ,c4 /riatus4 ,!   
/riat$ ,*itonellus4  ,/ri radiat+ f !   
apex ( ea* valve2 m>g9 s]rat$2 base ( ! 
la/ valve obtuse4  ,c4 l>v=mis4 ,!      
,cat]pill> ,*itonellus4  ,m or less     
cyl9drical1 almo/ nak$2 ! valves ( !    
%ell v small1 & almo/ entirely conceal$ 
"u ! sk92 tufts hairy or silky betwe5 ! 
p>ts ( ! valves ne> ! m>g94             
#c4 ,*iton4 ,six species4  ,?is g5us 0 s
 call$ f ! resemblance ( its te/ace\s   
cov]+ to a coat ( mail4 ,! =m ( ! ,*iton
 is v simil> to a well-kn[n insect call$
 ! woodl\se1 f\nd 9 decay$ timb]2 x     
g5]ally adh]es to rocks1 or lies roll$  

up l a ball among seawe$ & /ones4 ,9    
l5g? x seldom exce$s an in*1 except 9   
tropical climates1 :]e !y are sometimes 
?ree or f\r in*es long4 ,9 g5]al !re are
 eight valves1 ! t]m9ation ( :i* is     
surr\nd$ by a scaly or r\gh ligam5t1 :i*
 enables ! animal to exp& or contract   
its %ell freely4 ,x pres5ts a great     
v>iety ( col\r2 9 g5]al x is d>k br[n1  
ov]ca/ ) a %ade ( gre51 b "s are        
beautifully v>iegat$ ) p9k1 yell[1 blue1
 or r$2 int]ior gre5 or :iti%4  ,%ell m 
or less elongat$1 consi/+ ( a           
longitud9al s]ies ( eight v symmetrical 
calc>e\s pieces1 m or less curv$1 & r\nd
 at bo? extremities2 summit m or less   
m>k$1 & :5 imbricat$1 always f front to 
re>4                              ,*iton
 gigas4                             ,c4 
squamosus4                              
,c4 ,p]uvianus4                         
,c4 sp9osus4                            
,c4 fascicul>is4                        
,c4 m>g9atus4  ,c4 squamosus4 ,! scaly  
,*iton4 ,pl4 #a1 fig4 #a4  ,depress$1   

valves l>ge1 c>9at$1 well imbricat$2 !  
int]/ices (f]+ well-m>k$ lat]al spaces2 
! bord] ( ! mantle regul>ly scaly4  ,c4 
m>g9atus4 ,! m>g9at$ ,*iton4 ,pl4 #a1   
fig4 #b4  ,valves c>9at$ & project+ ov] 
ea* o!r2 f9ely %agre5$1 ) a dusky       
r$di%-br[n m>g94  ,c4 fascicul>is4 ,!   
fasciculat$ ,*iton4 ,pl4 #a1 fig4 #c4   
,valves m n>r[1 imbricat$1 )\t di/9ct   
spaces2 lat]al p>ts ( ! sk9 nak$ or     
hairy1 b always provid$ ) silky or hairy
 tufts dispos$ 9 pairs betwe5 !         
junctions ( ! valve4  ,c4 sp9osus4 ,!   
sp9y ,*iton4 ,pl4 #a1 fig4 #d4  ,%ell   
beset ) long1 ?91 curv$1 tubul>1 hairy1 
blacki% sp9es4        #d4 ,patella4 ,!  
,limpet or ,di%like ,%ell4 ,=ty-five    
species4  ,! ,patella ( ,l9nu 0 divid$  
by ,lam>ck into sev]al di/9ct g5]a1 & n[
 compreh5ds only su* %ells z are ( a    
conical =m1 ) an imp]=at$ summit4 ,!    
ant]ior is t "p to :i* ! summit incl9es1
 & is always m n>r[ ?an ! po/]ior "p4   
,x d]ives its "n f its resemblance to a 
little di%2 ! col\r & /ructure are      

v>i\s2 "s are smoo?1 o!rs granulat$1 &  
_m are cov]$ ) elevat$ tub]culat$ ribs4 
,! ext]ior is sometimes ( a pale fawn   
col\r1 & ! int]ior ( a bright p9k2 "s h 
a silv]y hue1 b ! m g5]al col\r is blui%
 :ite or light br[n4  ,?is g5us ( %ells 
is v num]\s 9 all seas1 b *iefly 9 hot  
c\ntries1 :]e !y are f\nd ( a l>g] size2
 !y g5]ally adh]e by _! base to rocks1  
/ones1 & m>9e sub/ances1 f :i* x is     
difficult to deta* !m4  ,%ell oval or   
circul>1 sub-conic2 summit "r or m or   
less recurv$ ant]iorly2 ! cavity simple1
 entire1 m or less deep2 ! m>g9 complete
 & entirely horizontal2 a n>r[ muscul>  
impression4                             
,patella apic9a4                        
,p4 granat9a4                           
,p4 oculus4                             
,p4 b>b>a4                              
,p4 plicata4                            
,p4 lac9iosa4                           
,p4 sac*>9a4                            
,p4 angulosa4                           
,p4 b>bata4                             

,p4 longico/a4                          
,p4 sp9if]a4                            
,p4 asp]a4                              
,p4 luteola4                            
,p4 pyramidata4                         
,p4 umbrella4                           
,p4 plumbea4                            
,p4 crulea4                             
,p4 radians4                            
,p4 scutell>is4                         
,p4 viridula4                           
,p4 pect9ata4                           
,p4 ,gala!a4                            
,p4 ,safiana4                           
,p4 te/ud9>ia4                          
,p4 co*le>4                             
,p4 compressa4                          
,p4 granul>is4                          
,p4 decaurata4                          
,p4 ,magellanica4                       
,p4 /ellif]a4                           
,p4 vulgata4                            
,p4 mammill>is4                         
,p4 l9eata4                             
,p4 leucopleura4                        

,p4 notata4                             
,p4 ,t>5t9a4                            
,p4 punctata4                           
,p4 puncturata4                         
,p4 ,javanica4                          
,p4 tub]culif]a4                        
,p4 m9iata4                             
,p4 pellucida4                          
,p4 trico/ata4                          
,p4 ,au/ralis4                          
,p4 cymbul>ia4  ,p4 vulgata4 ,! common  
,patella4 ,pl4 #b1 fig4 #a4  ,conic1    
summit obtuse & v]tical2 sometimes ribb$
 f ! v]tex to ! m>g9 ) div]g5t /ri1     
sometimes /riat$ )\t ribs2 ext]ior d>k  
br[n or gre5i%1 int]nal blue or purple  
radiations4  ,p4 compressa4 ,! compress$
 or flat-sid$ ,patella4 ,pl4 #b1 fig4   
#b4  ,oval1 elongat$1 compress$ on !    
sides1 hav+ ! summit sub-ant]ior1 well  
m>k$1 & curv$2 ext]ior fawn col\r1      
int]ior ( a silv]y hue4  ,p4 deaurata4  
,! gold5 r$ ,patella4 ,pl4 #b1 fig4 #c4 
,sub-conic1 summit m ant]ior1 ) a slight
 =w>d incl9ation2 col\r yell[i% r$4  ,p4

 co*le>4 ,! spoonlike ,patella4 ,pl4 #b1
 fig4 #d4  ,depress$1 ! summit h>dly    
m>k$1 & mu* m n>r[ 9 front ?an beh9d2   
ext]ior br[ni%1 int]ior light blue4  ,p4
 scutell>is4 ,! buckl] ,patella4 ,pl4   
#b1 fig4 #e4  ,depress$1 summit         
sub-ant]ior1 radiat$ f ! summit to !    
m>g92 br[n col\r1 ) a yell[i% b& p>allel
 to ! m>g94  ,p4 pect9ata4 ,! pect9at$  
,patella4 ,pl4 #b1 fig4 #f4  ,oval1     
summit well m>k$ & ant]iorly incl9$2    
ribb$ f ! summit to ! m>g91 :i* is      
slightly convex 9 ! middle4  ,p4        
cymbul>ia4 ,! cymbul> ,patella4 ,pl4 #b1
 fig4 #g4  ,oval1 ?91 pe>ly1 ) a fe/oon$
 m>g92 summit ne>ly m>g9al2 col\r :ite1 
%ad$ ) v light br[n4                    
,,family ,,iii4                         
,,calyptracea4 ,sev5 g5]a4  ,! g5]a t   
con/itute ?is family 7 sep>at$ by       
,lam>ck f ! ,patella ( ,l9nu4           
#a4 ,p>maphora4 ,! ,duck's-bill ,limpet4
 ,?ree species4  ,! *>act]i/ic          
di/9ctions ( ?is %ell 7 fir/ po9t$ out  
by ,de ,bla9ville4  ,%ell elongat$1 v   

depress$2 ! summit greatly po/-m$ial1 & 
evid5tly incl9$ beh9d2 ap]ture z l>ge z 
! %ell2 ! lat]al edges /raight &        
p>allel1 ! po/]ior r\nd$1 ! ant]ior %>p 
& not*$ 9 ! middle2 muscul> impression  
l>ge1 elongat$ oval1 slightly op5 9     
front4                                  
,p>mophora ,au/ralis4                   
,p4 brevicula4                          
,p4 granulata4  ,p4 ,au/ralis4 ,!       
,au/ralian ,p>mophorus4  ,%ell oblong1  
depress$2 v]tex slightly recurv$2 /riat$
 conc5trically2 "o m>g9 r\nd$1 & ! o!r  
truncat$4                #b4 ,em>g9ula4 
,! ,slit ,limpet4 ,f\r species4  ,mo/ ( 
! %ells ( ?is g5us are small2 "s are    
elevat$1 & o!rs ( a widely-depress$     
conical =m4  ,%ell conical1 recurv$2    
summit entire2 slit1 or m or less holl[$
 on ! ant]ior side2 a muscul> impression
 9 =m ( a horse%oe1 op5 beh9d & ?ick] at
 ! beg9n+4                              
,em>g9ula ,bla9villii4                  
,e4 m>g9ata4                         ,e4
 fissura4                         ,e4   

rubra4  ,e4 ,bla9villii4 ,bla9ville's   
,em>g9ula4  ,%ell ) ! not* or slit 9 !  
middle ( ! back1 & n ext5d+ to ! m>g94  
,e4 fissura4 ,! slit ,em>g9ula4 ,pl4    
#cb1 fig4 #e4  ,oval1 compress$1 summit 
well m>k$1 ) reticulat$ /ri & ribs2     
fissure ext5d+ half way f ! m>g9 to !   
summit2 ext]ior light br[n1 int]ior     
:ite4  ,e4 m>g9ata4 ,! m>g9at$          
,em>g9ula4  ,m compress$ ?an ! prec$+2  
summit di/9ct1 ant]ior m>g9 =m$ l a     
gutt]4             #c4 ,fissurella4 ,!  
,keyhole ,limpet4 ,n9ete5 species4  ,!  
p]=ation n be+ p]fectly r\nd1 b g5]ally 
ovate oblong1 procur$ = ?is g5us its    
common "n1 by :i* x is easily di/+ui%$4 
,%ell simple1 conical1 depress$1        
recurv$2 summit p]=at$ a little ant]ior 
9 an oblong or oval mann]1 l a keyhole2 
! ext]ior surface ribb$ longitud9ally1  
slightly /riat$ transv]sely4            
,fissurella picta4                      
,f4 nimbosa4                            
,f4 crassa4                             
,f4 ,grca4                              

,f4 nodosa4                             
,f4 ,cay5n5sis4                         
,f4 lilac9a4                            
,f4 rosea4                              
,f4 ,b>bad5sis4                         
,f4 radiata4                            
,f4 viridula4                           
,f4 hiantula4                           
,f4 pu/ula4                             
,f4 fascicul>is4                        
,f4 ,javanic5sis4                       
,f4 depressa4                           
,f4 ,p]uviana4                          
,f4 gibb]ula4                           
,f4 m9uta4  ,f4 nimbosa4 ,! scaly-ribb$ 
,fissurella4  ,species ( :i* ! middle "p
 ( ! edges ( ! ap]ture is holl[$ 9 su* a
 mann] t1 :5 plac$ on a level surface1  
!y t\* only at ! extremities4  ,f4      
rosea4 ,! rosy ,fissurella4  ,species m 
depress$1 edges b5t up l5g?wise1 =m+ a  
k9d ( canal4  ,f4 ,grca4 ,! ,greek      
,fissurella4 ,pl4 #cb1 fig4 #a4         
,conical1 ovate oblong2 /ri cancellat$ &
 elevat$2 sections tub]culat$2 ext]ior  

yell[i% br[n or cl\d$1 int]ior :ite or  
light blue4               #d4           
,pileopsis4 ,! ,caplike ,limpet4 ,f\r   
species4  ,easily di/+ui%$ by its =m1   
:i* gave rise to ! common "n4  ,%ell    
oblique1 %>p po9t$2 cone b5t =w>d1 ) a  
recurv$1 almo/ spiral summit1 f9ely     
/riat$ longitud9ally & slightly wr9kl$  
transv]sely2 ap]ture a r\nd oval2 ! m>g9
 at ! base ne>ly r\nd1 m or less        
regul>ly cr5at$ & ind5t$1 int]ior ) a   
l5g!n$1 ar*$1 transv]se muscul>         
impression4                             
,pileopsis ung>ica4                     
,p4 mitrula4                            
,p4 intorta4                            
,p4 subrufa4  ,p4 ung>ica4 ,! ,fool's   
,cap4  ,conical1 v]tex slightly spiral1 
po9t$1 & recurv$2 ext]ior pale fawn     
col\r1 & ! out] m>g9 bord]$ ) a fr+$    
epid]mis2 int]ior sometimes ( a v bright
 p9k or rose col\r4            #e4      
,calyptra4 ,! ,cup & ,sauc] ,limpet4    
,f\r species4  ,?is g5us ( %ells is     
rem>kable = hav+ 9 ! int]ior cavity a   

transv]se funnel or tongue-%ap$ te/ace\s
 app5dage1 f :i* orig9at$ its common "n4
  ,%ell conic1 base orbicul>2 summit    
v]tical & imp]=at$2 cavity deep1 hav+ at
 its int]ior summit a tongue-l app5dage4
 ,?is app5dage is sometimes v]tical &   
sometimes l a horse%oe1 hav+ on x a     
muscul> impression ( v>iable =m4        
,calyptra ext9ctorium4                  
,c4 lvigata4                         ,c4
 eque/ris4                         ,c4  
tectum-s95se4  ,c4 ext9ctorium4 ,!      
ext+ui%] ,calyptra4  ,species 9 :i* !   
int]nal app5dage is horn-%ap$2 col\r    
br[ni%4  ,c4 eque/ris4 ,! eque/rian     
,calyptra4 ,pl4 #cb1 fig4 #d4  ,species 
9 :i* ! int]nal app5dage is l a         
horse%oe1 op5 9 front4  ,c4             
tectum-s95se4 ,! ,*9ese ro( ,calyptra4  
,%ell =m$ ( sep>ate1 transv]se1 irregul>
 r\nd lam9 ( uni=m size1 atta*$ to ea*  
o!r by ! summit on ! ext]ior ( ea*1     
pres5t+ ! appe>ance ( a numb] ( small   
flat ,patell pil$ "o on ! o!r2 col\r    
yell[i%1 m>g9 entire1 v glossy )94      

#f4 ,crepidula4 ,! ,slipp] ,limpet4 ,six
 species4  ,v simil> to ! ,navicella1 b 
di/+ui%$ f x by n hav+ an op]culum4     
,%ell irregul>1 =m v v>iable1 depress$  
or compress$2 spire obliquely incl9$ to 
"o side2 m>g9 entire2 cavity l>ge1      
divid$ by a horizontal p>tition1 :i*    
gives x ! =m ( a half-deck$ boat4       
,crepidula =nicata4                     
,c4 porcellana4                         
,c4 aculeata4                           
,c4 ungui=mis4                          
,c4 dilatata4                           
,c4 ,p]uviana4  ,c4 porcellana4 ,!      
br[n-spott$ ,crepidula4  ,%ell ?ick1    
flat1 summit n spiral4  ,c4 aculeata4 ,!
 prickly ,crepidula4  ,oval1 br[n1      
r\ghly /riat$1 v]tex recurv$1 int]ior   
blue or purple4  ,c4 sub-spirata4 ,!    
sub-spiral ,crepidula4 ,pl4 #cb1 fig4   
#b4  ,species almo/ r\nd1 summit        
sub-spiral2 col\r yell[i% :ite1 ) a     
blui% t+e t[>ds ! summit4               
#g4 ,ancylus4 ,! ,lake ,limpet4 ,two    
species4  ,?is is a fre%-wat] %ell1 f\nd

 9 ! lakes ( ,europe4  ,%ell ?9 &       
brittle1 obliquely conical2 summit po9t$
 & recurv$2 m>g9s simple1 base oval &   
smoo?4                                  
,ancylus oblongus4                      
,ancylus fluviatilis4  ,a4 oblongus4 ,! 
oblong ,ancylus4  ,ap]ture elongat$1    
v]tex turn$ to "o side1 /riat$          
conc5trically2 ext]ior pale yell[i%     
col\r1 int]ior light blue4  ,a4         
fluviatilis4 ,! riv] ,ancylus4 ,pl4 #cb1
 fig4 #c4  ,simple1 oval1 almo/         
symmetrical2 summit po9t$1 compress$1 v 
di/9ct2 b5t back a little to ! "r1 b n  
m>g9al2 ! edges ( ! ap]ture entire &    
effuse4                                 
,,family ,,iv4                          
,,bullacea4 ,?ree g5]a4                 
#a4 ,ac]a4 ,has no %ell4 ,"o species4   
,ac]a ,c>nosa4                          
#b4 ,bulla4 ,"o species4  ,=m]ly class$ 
) ! ,bulla1 b sep>at$ f x on acc\nt ( ! 
%ell be+ entirely cov]$ by ! animal1 &  
nev] ext]nally visible4  ,%ell oval1 ?91
 fragile1 m or less involut$ on "o side1

 r5d]+ ! ap]ture m or less wide4  ,b4   
ap]ta4 ,! op5 ,bulla4 ,pl4 #ag1 fig4 #e4
  ,%ell int]ior & v incompletely        
involut$1 )\t spire or columella2       
sub-orbicul>1 :ite1 transp>5t1 fa9tly   
/riat$1 & slightly wr9kl$2 almo/        
entirely op54                    #c4    
,bulla4 ,! ,bubble4 ,elev5 species4  ,! 
great confusion t exi/$ 9 ?is g5us1 z   
class$ by ,l9nu1 has be5 elucidat$ by ! 
division & classification ( ,lam>ck4    
,?is g5us d]iv$ its "n f ! resemblance  
:i* "s ( ! small] species h to a bubble 
( wat]4 ,its %ells are f\nd 9 almo/ all 
p>ts ( ! _w4  ,%ell ext]nal1 oval1      
involut$2 ap]ture v l>ge1 op5 ! :ole    
l5g? ( ! %ell1 & g5]ally wid] at ! base2
 out] edge %>p & smoo?2 summit          
umbilicat$4                             
,bulla lign>ia4                         
,b4 ampulla4                            
,b4 /riata4                             
,b4 naucum4                             
,b4 physis4                             
,b4 fasciata4                           

,b4 aplu/re4                            
,b4 hydatis4                            
,b4 cornea4                             
,b4 fragilis4                           
,b4 solida4  ,b4 aplu/re4 ,! /ream]-l   
,bulla4 ,pl4 #ag1 fig4 #g4  ,species    
completely involute2 ! spire v di/9ct1  
visible1 b n project+1 ) a k9d ( ?ick5+ 
at ! ant]ior "p ( ! columell> edge4  ,b4
 lign>ia4 ,! woodlike ,bulla4  ,species 
sub-involute1 no visible spire ei!r )9  
or )\t1 b n>r[$ t[>ds ! top :5 x is     
slightly umbilicat$2 yell[i% br[n col\r1
 ) transv]se pale /ri4  ,b4 hydatis4 ,! 
wat]y ,bulla4  ,species m solid1 ?ick]1 
almo/ entirely involute2 :orls ( ! spire
 slightly visible 9 an umbilicus        
project+ int]iorly f ! summit4  ,b4     
naucum4 ,! sea-nut ,bulla4  ,species ?92
 ! :orls ( ! spire visible ext]nally1 b 
)\t projection1 & ) a suture z if       
caniculat$ )\t ?ick5+ at ! ant]ior "p ( 
! columell> edge4  ,b4 fragilis4 ,!     
fragile ,bulla4  ,species v ?91 r       
involute2 ! :orls ( ! spire di/9ct )9 z 

)\t2 ! suture deep1 angul>1 & cleft 9 a 
great] or less "p ( its l5g?4           
,,family ,v4                            
,,aplysiacea4 ,two g5]a4                
#a4 ,aplysia4 ,?ree species4  ,?is g5us 
may almo/ be said to h no te/ace\s      
cov]+1 z x appe>s m l ! elem5t ( a %ell4
                             ,aplysia   
depilans4                            ,a4
 fasciata4                              
,a4 punctata4  ,a4 depilans4 ,! bald    
,aplysia4  ,%ell dorsal1 semicircul>1 ( 
a ?9 yell[ c>tilag9\s sub/ance4         
#b4 ,dolabella4 ,two species4  ,closely 
alli$ to ! ,aplysia2 x is a s+ul>ly =m$ 
%ell1 difficult to describe1 z x conta9s
 few ( ! *>act]i/ics :i* di/+ui% o!r    
%ells4  ,%ell rudim5t>y1 entirely flat1 
sub-spiral1 ) a summit ?ick & v call\s4 
,dolabella ,rumphii4                    
,dolabella fragilis4  ,d4 ,rumphii4     
,rumphius's ,dolabella4  ,base ?ick1    
call\s1 & sub-spiral2 dilat$ above1 ?91 
& w$ge-%ap$4                            
,,family ,,vi4                          

,,limac9ea4 ,five g5]a4                 
#a4 ,on*idium4 ,has no %ell4 ,two       
species4                                
,on*idium ,typh4                        
,on*idium ,p]onii4                      
#b4 ,p>macella4 ,"o species4  ,lam>ck   
has giv5 a description ( ! animal ( ?is 
g5us1 b only m5tions t ! scut*eon       
conta9s a %ell or solid cru/ace\s body4 
,p>macella ,olivi]i4                    
#c4 ,limax4 ,f\r species4  ,! animal    
belong+ to ?is g5us is furni%$ ) a      
coriace\s %ield1 wr9kl$4                
,limax rufus4                           
,l4 albus4                              
,l4 c9]us4                              
,l4 agre/is4                         #d4
 ,te/acella4 ,"o species4  ,%ell        
ext]nal1 v small1 e>-%ap$2 v depress$1  
summit incl9$ po/]iorly1 n spiral2      
ap]ture oval1 v l>ge2 ! left edge %>p1 a
 little roll$ inw>d1 especially beh9d4  
,t4 ,haliotidea4 ,! ,haliotis-%ap$      
,te/acella4 ,pl4 #ag1 fig4 #f4  ,answ]+ 
to ! above description2 v ?91 transp>5t1

 & yell[i%4                             
#e4 ,vitr9a4 ,"o species4  ,%ell        
proportionally v small1 extremely ?91   
pellucid1 almo/ membran\s1 oval or      
sub-globul>2 spire v %ort1 ( :i* ! la/  
:orl is v l>ge2 ap]ture l>ge1 semilun>2 
! edges %>p2 ! left edge ar*$1 & ext5d+ 
itself int]iorly to ! summit4  ,v4      
pellucida4 ,! pellucid ,vitr9a4 ,pl4    
#ag1 fig4 #c4  ,extremely ?91 pellucid1 
& glossy2 depress$1 spire v %ort2       
ap]ture l>ge & oval2 col\r pale yell[i% 
gre54                                   
,,family ,,vii4                         
,,colimacea4 ,elev5 g5]a4               
#a4 ,helix4 ,! ,snail4 ,"o hundr$ & sev5
 species4  ,accord+ to ! sy/ematic      
arrangem5t ( ,lam>ck1 ?is g5us n[       
consi/s ( %ells ) peculi> *>act]i/ic    
di/9ctions4  ,by ,l9nu1 m>9e1 l&1 &     
fre%-wat] %ells 7 unit$ 9 ?is g5us1 & s 
conf\nd$ t ! naturali/ w\ld (t5 look 9  
va9 = ! di/+ui%+ *>act]s :i* w\ld enable
 him to class & det]m9e ! g5us ( !      
object "u exam9ation4  ,not)/&+ !       

divisions ( ,lam>ck1 its species are    
num]\s2 ! %ells are t]re/rial1 & f\nd 9 
all p>ts ( ! globe2 "s are r>e &        
beautiful4  ,! t]m ,helix 0 giv5 to ?is 
g5us f ! spiral =m ( ! %ell4  ,%ell     
extremely v>iable 9 =m1 g5]ally globul>1
 sometimes v5tricose1 conoid1 nev]      
turriculat$2 summit con/antly obtuse &  
r\nd$2 ap]ture g5]ally ( a m$ium size1 b
 sometimes v l>ge or v small1 always    
modifi$ by ! turn ( ! spire2 oval1      
semilun>1 m wide ?an long1 edges        
disunit$1 ent]+ b v little into !       
=mation ( ! int]ior2 ! "r lip or m>g9   
?ick5$ or reflect$4                     
,helix vesicalis4                       
,h4 algira4                             
,h4 pomatia4                            
,h4 asp]sa4                             
,h4 v]miculata4                         
,h4 alon5sis4                           
,h4 l9eolata4                           
,h4 picta4                           ,h4
 mutata4                           ,h4  
gigantea4                           ,h4 

polyzonalis4                            
,h4 monozonalis4                        
,h4 pulla4                           ,h4
 v]sicolor4                             
,h4 ,naticoides4                        
,h4 ,madagasc>i5sis4                    
,h4 galactites4                         
,h4 hma/oma4                            
,h4 melanotragus4                       
,h4 ext5sa4                             
,h4 lucana4                             
,h4 globulus4                           
,h4 melano/oma4                         
,h4 clatura4                            
,h4 micro/oma4                          
,h4 maculosa4                           
,h4 ,ri*>di4                            
,h4 ,bonpl&ii4                          
,h4 planulata4                          
,h4 labrella4                           
,h4 ungul9a4                            
,h4 pellis-s]p5tis4                     
,h4 ,s5egal5sis4                        
,h4 unid5tata4                          
,h4 cepa4                           ,h4 

het]oclites4                            
,h4 discolor4                           
,h4 lactea4                             
,h4 zon>ia4                             
,h4 s]p5t9a4                            
,h4 ,nici5sis4                          
,h4 v>iabilis4                          
,h4 fruticum4                           
,h4 neglecta4                           
,h4 cespitum4                           
,h4 ericetorum4                         
,h4 int]secta4                          
,h4 ,c>?usianella4                      
,h4 ,c>?usiana4                         
,h4 diaphana4                           
,h4 concolor4                           
,h4 velut9a4                            
,h4 ,javanica4                          
,h4 ,p]uviana4                          
,h4 simplex4                            
,h4 cid>is4                             
,h4 citr9a4                             
,h4 guttata4                            
,h4 v]ticillus4                         
,h4 olivetorum4                         

,h4 planospira4                         
,h4 ,b>bad5sis4                         
,h4 s9uata4                             
,h4 hippoca/anum4                       
,h4 bid5talis4                          
,h4 argilacea4                          
,h4 vittata4                            
,h4 al&a4                           ,h4 
arbu/orum4                           ,h4
 c&idissima4                            
,h4 nemoralis4                          
,h4 hort5sis4                           
,h4 sylvatica4                          
,h4 pisana4                             
,h4 spl5dida4                           
,h4 cr5ulata4                           
,h4 planorbula4                         
,h4 macul>ia4                           
,h4 m>itima4                            
,h4 /rigata4                            
,h4 muralis4                            
,h4 rugosa4                             
,h4 cornea4                             
,h4 l+uif]a4                            
,h4 inc>nata4                           

,h4 c9ctella4                           
,h4 cell>ia4                            
,h4 nitida4                             
,h4 obvoluta4                           
,h4 ,cookiana4                          
,h4 pileus4                             
,h4 papilla4                            
,h4 punctif]a4                          
,h4 plicatula4                          
,h4 planorbella4                        
,h4 scabra4                             
,h4 c>iosa4                             
,h4 plebeium4                           
,h4 p]sonata4                           
,h4 hispida4                            
,h4 rotundata4                          
,h4 apic9a4                             
,h4 /riata4                             
,h4 conspurcata4                        
,h4 conica4                             
,h4 conoidea4                           
,h4 pul*ella4  ,h4 algira4 ,! yell[     
,snail4 ,pl4 #ah1 fig4 #h4  ,species    
%ap$ l a ,planorbis1 r\gh or hairy1 m or
 less l>gely umbilicat$1 m>g9 %>p4  ,h4 

,naticoides4 ,! ,natica-%ap$ ,snail4    
,pl4 #ah1 fig4 #g4  ,species v5tricose4 
,h4 obvoluta4 ,! small :ite-lipp$       
,snail4 ,pl4 #ah1 fig4 #i4  ,species m  
or less depress$1 umbilicat$1           
,planorbis-%ap$1 ! edges ( ! ap]ture    
?ick5$1 call\s1 & ev5 too!d4  ,h4       
conoides4 ,! cone-%ap$ ,snail4 ,pl4 #ah1
 fig4 #d4  ,species conoidal2 ! turns ( 
! spire r\nd$4  ,h4 pomatia4 ,! edible  
,snail4  ,species sub-globul>1 n        
umbilicat$2 ! m>g9 ( ! ap]ture ?ick5$2  
ap]ture cov]$ ) a calc>e\s lid resembl+ 
an op]culum4  ,h4 nitida4 ,! pellucid   
,snail4  ,species depress$1 m or less   
l>gely umbilicat$2 ! edges %>p1 b always
 ?9 & %9+4  ,h4 nemoralis4 ,! grove     
,snail4  ,species imp]=at$1             
semi-globul>1 ?91 & sub-pellucid2 n     
umbilicat$1 ) a light inflexion at !    
place ( ! junction ( ! columella ) !    
m>g9 ( ! ap]ture2 col\r v>i\s1 inn] m>g9
 :ite or r$di% br[n2 volutions five1 )  
sev]al d>k br[n b&s4  ,h4 ,c>?usiana4 ,!
 ,c>?usian ,snail4  ,species            

sub-depress$1 sub-umbilicat$1 ) a %>p   
edge1 ?ick5$ )9 by a roll4  ,h4         
arbu/orum4 ,! or*>d ,snail4             
,sub-globul>1 sub-pellucid1             
sub-umbilicat$1 five volutions1 f9ely   
/riat$ longitud9ally2 mottl$ ) gre5i%   
yell[1 /reak$ ) deep *e/nut1 a broad    
br[n b& commonly at ! edge ( ! out] lip1
 & runn+ r\nd ?r\gh ! volutions to !    
apex4                       #b4         
,c>ocolla4 ,eighte5 species4  ,all      
t]re/rial %ells 9 ?is g5us1 tak5 f !    
,l9nan ,helix on acc\nt ( ! peculi>ity (
 ! %ell1 :i* is orbicul>1 m or less flat
 on ! upp] "p2 ! circumf]5ce ( ! %ells  
con/antly c>9at$ or sub-c>9at$2 ap]ture 
ovate1 transv]se1 contigu\s to ! axis ( 
! %ells2 out] lip sub-angul>1 sometimes 
too!d )94                               
,c>ocolla acutissima4                   
,c4 albilabris4                         
,c4 angi/oma4                           
,c4 labyr9?us4                          
,c4 luc]na4                          ,c4
 inflata4                          ,c4  

,gualt]iana4                            
,c4 bicolor4                            
,c4 ,mauritiana4                        
,c4 ,madagasc>i5sis4                    
,c4 m>g9ata4                            
,c4 ly*nu*us4                           
,c4 planata4                            
,c4 plan>ia4                            
,c4 hispidula4                          
,c4 lapicida4                           
,c4 albella4                            
,c4 elegans4  ,c4 lapicida4 ,! /one     
,c>ocolla4 ,pl4 #ai1 fig4 #a4  ,species 
discoid1 v umbilicat$2 edges ?ick1 b n  
too!d2 beautiful b&s4  ,c4 elegans4 ,!  
elegant ,c>ocolla4  ,species ) a conical
 spire a little elevat$1 ! base flat1 ! 
ap]ture squ>e1 ) %>p edges4  ,c4        
labyr9?us4 ,! w9d+ ,c>ocolla4  ,species 
discoid1 umbilicat$1 ) ! ap]ture too!d4 
#c4 ,ano/oma4 ,two species4  ,an        
extraord9>y %ell1 sometimes call$ !     
antique lamp f its =m4  ,%ell orbicul>1 
! spire convex & obtuse2 ap]ture r\nd1  
too!d )91 gr9n+1 turn$ upw>d to ! spire2

 m>g9 reflect$4                         
,ano/oma depressa4                      
,ano/oma globulosa4  ,a4 depressa4 ,!   
depress$ ,ano/oma4  ,sub-globul>1       
depress$ & sub-c>9at$ 9 its circumf]5ce1
 n umbilicat$2 ap]ture r\nd1 ! m>g9     
cont9u$ by a callosity1 too!d1 ?ick5$1 &
 turn$ t[>ds ! back ( ! %ell4  ,a4      
globulosa4 ,! globul> ,ano/oma4         
,globose1 ) two small punctures1 "o on  
ea* side ( ! lip2 slightly c>9at$1      
smoo?1 & :ite2 m>g9 reflect$4           
#d4 ,helic9a4 ,f\r species4  ,a         
t]re/rial %ell1 di/+ui%$ f ! ,helix by  
its transv]se call\s columella2 depress$
 & dim9i%$ 9 ?ickness at ! l[] "p4      
,%ell sub-globul> or conoid1 spire l[1 a
 little depress$2 ap]ture semi-ovate1   
modifi$ by ! la/ turn ( ! spire2 ! edge 
( ! ap]ture %>p or a little reflect$ 9 a
 roll1 ! left edge enl>g$ at its base 9 
a l>ge callosity1 :i* entirely cov]s !  
umbilicus & jo9s obliquely ) !          
columella1 :i* is twi/$ & a little      
project+2 ! op]culum horny1 complete1   

sometimes calc>e\s ext]nally4           
,helic9a ,n]itella4                     
,h4 /riata4                             
,h4 fasciata4                           
,h4 viridis4  ,h4 ,n]itella4 ,!         
,n]ite-%ap$ ,helic9a4 ,pl4 #ai1 fig4 #d4
  ,species yell[i% :ite1 f9ely /riat$1 !
 edge reflect$ 9 a roll4  ,h4 /riata4 ,!
 /riat$ ,helic9a4  ,globul>1 /riat$1 !  
"r edge %>p1 b reflect$2 ! umbilical    
callosity r ?ick1 ! op]culum calc>e\s & 
solidifi$ by a m>g9al roll & a v]tical  
crosspiece4                        #e4  
,pupa4 ,tw5ty-sev5 species4  ,^! %ells  
are g5]ally v small1 "s n m ?an an eigh?
 ( an in* 9 l5g?2 *iefly t]re/rial4     
,%ell cyl9drical1 elongat$1 or          
sub-globul>1 ord9>ily v5tricose3 summit 
obtuse2 ! turns ( ! spire num]\s1 almo/ 
equal2 ap]ture r\nd or oval1 ) m>g9s    
almo/ equal1 exp&$1 reflect$2 "o or two 
plaits on ! columell> edge1 & sev]al    
tee?1 v>y+ 9 numb] on ! "r m>g94        
,pupa mumia4                            
,p4 uva4                             ,p4

 sulcata4                               
,p4 c&ida4                              
,p4 labrosa4                            
,p4 fusus4                              
,p4 trid5tata4                          
,p4 fasciolata4                         
,p4 quadrid5s4                          
,p4 polyodon4                           
,p4 v>iabilis4                          
,p4 frum5tum4                           
,p4 secalis4                            
,p4 zebra4                              
,p4 unic>9ata4                          
,p4 maculosa4                           
,p4 clavulata4                          
,p4 ovul>is4                            
,p4 ,g]manica4                          
,p4 c9]ea4                              
,p4 trid5s4                             
,p4 av5a4                               
,p4 granum4                             
,p4 fragilis4                           
,p4 dolium4                             
,p4 umbilicata4                         
,p4 muscorum4  ,p4 ,lyonetiana4         

,lyonet's ,pupa4 ,pl4 #ah1 fig4 #e4     
,species cyl9drical1 obtuse1 ap]ture    
compress$ & di/ort$ by ! la/ :orl 9 its 
adult /ate mak+ sudd5ly a gibb\s        
inflection to ! left4  ,p4 muscorum4 ,! 
moss ,pupa4  ,species v small1 oval or m
 or less sph]ical1 obtuse1 light br[ni% 
col\r2 ap]ture l>ge1 ) "o too?2         
volutions convex2 out] lip :ite &       
reflect$4  ,p4 mumia4 ,! d\ble-too!d    
,pupa4 ,pl4 #ai1 fig4 #b4  ,species     
cyl9drical1 obtuse at bo? ends1 ap]ture 
semi-ovate1 ) two tee?4                 
#f4 ,clausilia4 ,twelve species4        
,rem>kable = hav+ ! t]m9ation ( ! l[]   
:orl q deta*$ f ! base ( ! %ell4  ,%ell 
cyl9drical1 elongat$1 a little v5tricose
 9 ! middle1 g5]ally fusi=m1 summit     
obtuse1 ! la/ turn small] ?an ! prec$+2 
ap]ture small1 irregul>1 oval2 at lea/  
"o plait1 po/]ior to ! columella1       
increas+ ) age s z to be sep>at$1 & =m+ 
at ! po/]ior angle ( ! ap]ture a r\nd$  
s9us4                                   
,clausilia torticollis4                 

,c4 truncatula4                         
,c4 retusa4                          ,c4
 co/ulata4                          ,c4 
corrugata4                          ,c4 
inflata4                          ,c4   
t]es4                          ,c4      
d5ticulata4                          ,c4
 coll>is4                          ,c4  
papill>is4                          ,c4 
plicatula4                          ,c4 
rugosa4  ,c4 lvis4 ,! smoo? ,clausilia4 
,pl4 #ai1 fig4 #c4  ,a regul> type ( ?is
 g5us4  ,c4 papill>is4 ,! pimpl$        
,clausilia4  ,pellucid1 f9ely /rip$     
longitud9ally1 ! m>g9s ( ! volutions    
papillose2 ap]ture ) two plaits2 br[ni% 
col\r4                       #g4        
,bulimus4 ,?irty-f\r species4  ,! %ells 
( ?is beautiful g5us are all t]re/rial1 
& diff] f ! ,helix & ,bulla ( ,l9nu 9   
nev] be+ ( an orbicul> %ape4 ,! animals 
inhabit+ !m are said to be ovip>\s1 & h 
eggs ne>ly z l>ge z ^? ( a pigeon4      
,%ell oval1 oblong1 sometimes           
sub-turriculat$2 ! summit ( ! spire     

obtuse1 & ! la/ turn mu* great] ?an all 
! o!rs tak5 toge!r2 ap]ture oblong oval1
 ! edge disunit$2 ! "r reflect$ outw>d 9
 adults2 ! columella smoo?1 ) an        
inflection 9 ! middle1 at ! po9t (      
junction ( ! columella ) ! m\? ( !      
ap]ture :i* x =ms4                      
,bulimus ovatus4                        
,b4 hma/omus4                           
,b4 gall9a sultana4                     
,b4 zigzag4                             
,b4 undatus4                            
,b4 ovoideus4                           
,b4 int]ruptus4                         
,b4 ,p]uvianus4                         
,b4 ,favannii4                          
,b4 ,kambeul4                           
,b4 calc>eus4                           
,b4 decollatus4                         
,b4 ,lyonetianus4                       
,b4 inflatus4                           
,b4 radiatus4                           
,b4 fragilis4                           
,b4 ,guadal\p5sis4                      
,b4 ,ri*ii4                             

,b4 inv]sus4                            
,b4 citr9us4                            
,b4 sultanus4                           
,b4 ,py?oga/]4                          
,b4 ,mexicanus4                         
,b4 multifasciatus4                     
,b4 ,b5gal5sis4                         
,b4 ,c>iborum4                          
,b4 octonus4                            
,b4 t]ebra/]4                           
,b4 articulatus4                        
,b4 acutus4                             
,b4 v5tricosus4                         
,b4 montanus4                           
,b4 hordeaceus4                         
,b4 lubricus4  ,b4 montanus4 ,! m\nta9  
,bulimus4  ,ovate oblong1 umbilicat$1   
slightly /riat$ longitud9ally1 ) sev]al 
convex volutions2 ap]ture semi-oval2    
br[ni% col\r2 out] lip :ite & reflect$4 
,b4 hma/omus4 ,! rose-lipp$ ,bulimus4   
,species oval or ( ord9>y =m4  ,b4      
v5tricosus4 ,! v5tricose ,bulimus4      
,species v5tricose1 f :i* circum/ance x 
d]iv$ its "n4  ,b4 radiatus4 ,! radiat$ 

,bulimus4 ,pl4 #ai1 fig4 #g4  ,species  
turriculat$4  ,b4 citr9us4 ,! citron    
,bulimus4  ,species s9i/ral4  ,b4       
multifasciatus4 ,! _m-b&$ ,bulimus4     
,species slightly umbilicat$4           
#h4 ,a*at9a4 ,tw5ty species4  ,?is      
likewise is an elegant g5us ( %ells1    
class$ by ,l9nu ) ! ,bulla4 ,!y are !   
l>ge/ l&-%ells kn[n1 & greatly resemble 
! ,bulimus1 b nev] h _! lips reflect$ or
 ?ick5$4 ,sometimes ! la/ :orl is       
compress$ & att5uat$ at ! base1 &       
sometimes v5tricose & n compress$4      
,%ell 9 =m v v>iable1 b g5]ally         
sub-turriculat$1 v5tricose1 /riat$      
longitud9ally2 ! summit papillose2      
ap]ture a little v>iable1 b nev] ?ick5$ 
or reflect$2 ! "r edge always acute1 !  
columell> m>g9 r /rongly holl[$1        
entirely =m$ by ! columella1 ( :i* !    
ant]ior extremity is con/antly op5 &    
truncat$4                               
,a*at9a p]dix4                          
,a4 zebra4                              
,a4 acuta4                              

,a4 bic>9ata4                           
,a4 ,mauritiana4                        
,a4 ca/anea4                            
,a4 glans4                              
,a4 ,p]uviana4                          
,a4 albo-l9eata4                        
,a4 fusco-l9eata4                       
,a4 immaculata4                         
,a4 purpurea4                           
,a4 u/ulata4                            
,a4 vexillum4                           
,a4 ,virg9ea4                           
,a4 ,priamus4                           
,a4 fulm9ea4                            
,a4 column>ia4                          
,a4 folliculus4                         
,a4 acicula4  ,a4 ,virg9ea4 ,! ,virg9ian
 ,a*at9a4  ,smoo?1 conoid1 ) ap]ture    
almo/ r\nd2 v %ort1 grayi% :ite1 ) r$ & 
black transv]se b&s2 columella          
rose-col\r$1 ) "o plait2 volutions      
v5tricose2 inside ( ! lips blui%2 a     
transv]se callosity 9 ! int]ior4  ,a4   
zebra4 ,! zebra ,a*at9a4 ,pl4 #ah1 fig4 
#a4  ,species ?91 oval1 sub-v5tricose1  

spire prom95t1 /rip$ l a zebra4  ,a4    
glans4 ,! acorn ,a*at9a4 ,pl4 #ah1 fig4 
#b4  ,species sub-turriculat$1 ( :i* !  
la/ :orl is att5uat$ ant]iorly4  ,a4    
column>is4 ,! column> ,a*at9a4 ,pl4 #ah1
 fig4 #c4  ,species evid5tly            
turriculat$4                         #i4
 ,succ9ea4 ,?ree species4  ,a t]re/rial 
%ell1 ?\gh ! animal t inhabits x is     
almo/ amphibi\s2 x greatly resembles !  
,bulimus1 b is easily di/+ui%$ by nev]  
hav+ ! lip reflect$ or ?ick5$4  ,%ell v 
?91 translucid1 ovate-oblong1 ) a       
conical-po9t$ spire =m$ ( a small numb] 
( :orls2 ap]ture v l>ge1 oval1 oblique2 
! edges disunit$2 ! "r always acute1 !  
left acute & ar*$1 =m$ by ! columella4  
,succ9ea cucullata4                     
,s4 amphibia4                           
,s4 oblonga4  ,s4 amphibia4 ,! amphibi\s
 ,succ9ea4 ,pl4 #bd1 fig4 #d4  ,species 
elongat$1 v ?9 & pellucid2 spire %ort2  
ap]ture exp&+2 amb] col\r4              
#aj4 ,auricula4 ,f\rte5 species4  ,?is  
g5us 0 s call$ f ! resemblance :i* !    

ap]ture be>s to ! %ape ( an e>2 _m ( !  
species are nam$ f _! resemblance to !  
e>s ( p>ticul> quadrup$s4 ,x is a       
l&-%ell1 f\nd *iefly 9 ! ,ea/ & ,we/    
,india ,isl&s4  ,%ell ?ick1 solid1 m or 
less smoo?1 oval1 oblong1 spire %ort &  
obtuse2 ap]ture entire1 oblong1 enl>g$1 
e>-%ap$1 mu* contract$ beh9d2 edges     
disunit$2 "r lip sometimes ?ick &       
outw>dly reflect$2 ! left or columella )
 "o or m tee? or ?ick call\s plaits4    
,auricula ,mid4                         
,a4 ,jud4                               
,a4 ,sil5i4                             
,a4 leporis4                            
,a4 felis4                              
,a4 ,dombeiana4                         
,a4 coni=mis4                           
,a4 sc>abu4                             
,a4 bov9a4                              
,a4 caprella4                           
,a4 myosotis4                           
,a4 m9ima4                              
,a4 nit5s4                              
,a4 monile4  ,a4 ,jud4 ,judas's ,e>4    

,pl4 #ai1 fig4 #f4  ,species ?ick1      
oblong1 conical1 ) m9ute decussat$ /ri &
 granulations2 light br[n2 two plaits on
 ! columella2 "r outw>dly reflect$4  ,a4
 sc>abu4 ,! ,beetle's ,e>4  ,species (  
:i* ! columella has ?ree plaits1 & !    
:ole int]nal side ( ! "r edge           
d5ticulat$4  ,a4 myosotis4 ,! dw>f      
,auricula4  ,species m9ute1 ) two plaits
 on ! columella1 & "o too? beh9d4  ,a4  
,sil5i4 ,sil5us's ,e>4  ,species v      
small1 )\t plaits or tee?4              
#aa4 ,cyclo/oma4 ,tw5ty-eight species4  
,a t]re/rial %ell1 v>y+ consid]ably 9   
=m1 b di/+ui%$ by a r\nd ap]ture1       
reflect$ lip1 & horny op]culum4  ,%ell m
 or less elevat$1 volutions r\nd$1      
summit papillose2 ap]ture r\nd1 ! edges 
unit$ circul>ly & reflect$2 ! left hav+ 
its orig9 v deta*$ f ! spire4  ,op]culum
 calc>e\s1 complete1 n spiral2 summit   
sub-c5tral4                             
,cyclo/oma planorbula4                  
,c4 volvulus4                           
,c4 c>9ata4                          ,c4

 sulcata4                          ,c4  
unic>9ata4                          ,c4 
tric>9ata4                          ,c4 
obsoleta4                          ,c4  
rugosa4                          ,c4    
labeo4                          ,c4     
int]rupta4                          ,c4 
ambigua4                          ,c4   
semilabris4                          ,c4
 flavula4                          ,c4  
patulum4                          ,c4   
fasciata4                          ,c4  
mumia4                          ,c4     
quat]nata4                          ,c4 
f]rug9ea4                          ,c4  
decussata4                          ,c4 
l9eolata4                          ,c4  
mamill>is4                          ,c4 
ligata4                          ,c4    
l9c9ella4                          ,c4  
orbella4                          ,c4   
fimbriata4                          ,c4 
multilabris4                            
,c4 elegans4                            
,c4 truncatulum4  ,c4 elegans4 ,!       

elegant ,cyclo/oma4 ,pl4 #ai1 fig4 #e4  
,species ) spire slightly elevat$1      
ovate1 conical1 umbilicat$2 volutions   
convex2 f9ely /riat$ transv]sely4  ,c4  
fasciata4 ,! b&$ ,cyclo/oma4  ,species )
 spire v elevat$4  ,c4 ,planorbula4 ,!  
,planorbis-%ap$ ,cyclo/oma4  ,species ) 
spire v depress$4                       
,,family ,,viii4                        
,,lymn,,cea4 ,?ree g5]a4                
#a4 ,planorbis4 ,twelve species4  ,tak5 
f ! ,helix ( ,l9nu to di/+ui% ! aquatic 
f ! t]re/rial %ells4 ,?is g5us is f\nd 9
 fre% wat]1 & has no op]culum4  ,%ell   
?91 (t5 s9i/ral1 discoid1 or involut$   
almo/ 9 ! same v]tical plane2 ! spire n 
project+ & entirely lat]al1 s t ! %ell  
is holl[$ or depress$ on ea* side2      
ap]ture small1 transv]se1 ) edges %>p1 n
 reflect$1 disunit$ by ! la/ :orl ( !   
spire :i* modifies x2 sometimes c>9at$4 
,planorbis cornu-arietis4               
,p4 corneus4                         ,p4
 c>9atus4                         ,p4   
lutesc5s4                         ,p4   

ori5talis4                         ,p4  
spirorbis4                         ,p4  
vortex4                         ,p4     
de=mis4                         ,p4     
contortus4                         ,p4  
hispidus4                         ,p4   
nitidus4                         ,p4    
imbricatus4  ,p4 c>9atus4 ,! keel$      
,planorbis4  ,species ) a keel2         
depress$1 upp] side concave4  ,p4       
corneus4 ,! horny ,planorbis4 ,pl4 #bj1 
fig4 #d4  ,species )\t a keel4          
#b4 ,physa4 ,f\r species4  ,?is g5us is 
g5]ally het]o/rophe 7t is1 ) :orls turn$
 to ! left h&72 f\nd 9 fre% wat]2 x     
greatly resembles ! ,lymna1 b has n a   
wid5$ ap]ture4  ,%ell (t5 s9i/ral1 oval1
 oblong1 or globul>1 p]fectly smoo?2    
ap]ture oval1 contract$ po/]iorly2 ! "r 
edge %>p1 advanc$ above ! plane ( ! left
 edge2 columella twi/+ obliquely1 &     
enl>g+ to jo9 itself to ! ant]ior "p ( !
 columell> m>g94                        
,physa ca/anea4                         
,p4 font9alis4                          

,p4 hypnorum4                           
,p4 subopaca4  ,p4 font9alis4 ,! f\nta9 
,physa4 ,pl4 #bj1 fig4 #b4  ,volutions  
rev]s$1 oval1 v5tricose1 pellucid1      
horn-col\r$2 spire %ort & acute4        
#c4 ,lymna4 ,elev5 species4  ,%ell      
aquatic1 oval1 turret$ or conical1 ?91  
smoo?1 spire po9t$2 ap]ture oval1       
entire2 edges disunit$1 ! left ) a v    
oblique plait at ! po9t ( junction ( !  
columella ) ! re/ ( ! m>g94             
,lymna /agnalis4                        
,l4 palu/ris4                           
,l4 ,virg9iana4                         
,l4 luteola4                            
,l4 acum9ata4                           
,l4 auricul>ia4                         
,l4 ovata4                              
,l4 p]egra4                             
,l4 int]m$ia4                           
,l4 leuco/oma4                          
,l4 m9uta4  ,l4 /agnalis4 ,! pond       
,lymna4 ,pl4 #bj1 fig4 #a4  ,ovate1     
v5tricose2 spire subulate & v acute2    
ap]ture l>ge & ovate2 horn col\r$4  ,l4 

leuco/oma4 ,! %9+ ,lymna4  ,species     
sub-turret$1 ) ! "r edge ?ick5$4        
,,family ,,ix4                          
,,melanides4 ,?ree g5]a4                
#a4 ,melania4 ,sixte5 species4          
,likewise tak5 f ! ,helix ( ,l9nu4      
,%ell fluviatile1 cov]$ ) epid]mis1     
oval1 oblong2 spire slightly po9t$1 m or
 less turret$2 ! m>g9 ( ! :orls (t5     
surm\nt$ by spires2 ap]ture oval1       
entire2 columella smoo? & ar*$2 clos$ by
 a ?91 horny1 complete op]culum4        
,melania asp]ata4                       
,m4 truncata4                           
,m4 co>ctata4                           
,m4 punctata4                           
,m4 corrugata4                          
,m4 subulata4                           
,m4 lvigata4                            
,m4 clavus4                             
,m4 decollata4                          
,m4 am>ula4                             
,m4 ?i>ella4                            
,m4 sp9ulosa4                           
,m4 granif]a4                           

,m4 c>9if]a4                            
,m4 truncatula4                         
,m4 fasciolata4  ,m4 am>ula4 ,! cr[n$   
,melania4 ,pl4 #bj1 fig4 #c4  ,cov]$ ) a
 black epid]mis1 "u :i* ! col\r is deep 
*e/nut2 ovate oblong1 ) ! :orls         
transv]sely keel$ & coronat$ ) triangul>
 tub]cles1 f :i* emanate ciliat$ sp9es4 
#b4 ,melanopsis4 ,?ree species4  ,!     
%ells ( ?is g5us are fluviatile1 &      
di/+ui%$ f ! ,melania by hav+ ! upp] "p 
( ! columella call\s4  ,%ell oval or    
slightly sub-turriculat$2 ap]ture oval1 
)\t trace ( tube1 b holl[$ ant]iorly1   
)\t a po/]ior s9us2 ! columell> edge    
call\s & r deeply excavat$2 op]culum    
horny1 sub-spiral1 r complete4          
,melanopsis ,bucc9oides4                
,m4 co/ata4                         ,m4 
lvigata4  ,m4 ,bucc9oides4 ,!           
,bucc9um-%ap$ ,melanopsis4 ,pl4 #bj1    
fig4 #f4  ,species turriculat$2 col\r   
blui% :ite1 cl\d$ ) purple2 spiral :orls
 d5tat$4  ,m4 co/ata4 ,! ribb$          
,melanopsis4  ,species sub-turriculat$ &

 ribb$4  ,m4 lvigata4 ,! poli%$         
,melanopsis4  ,species ovate1 smoo?1    
*e/nut col\r4                           
#c4 ,pir5a4 ,f\r species4  ,?is %ell    
resembles ! ,melania1 b is easily       
di/+ui%$ by hav+ a s9us at ! base &     
ano!r at ! summit4  ,%ell turret$1      
ap]ture oblong1 clos$ by a horny        
op]culum2 "r lip %>p1 ) a di/9ct s9us at
 ! base & ano!r at ! summit2 base ( !   
columella incl9$ t[>ds ! "r4            
,pir5a t]ebralis4                       
,p4 sp9osa4                             
,p4 aurita4                             
,p4 granulosa4  ,p4 t]ebralis4 ,! wimble
 ,pir5a4  ,subulate1 longitud9ally      
/riat$1 cov]$ ) a d>k-br[n epid]mis2    
ap]ture :ite1 out] lip exp&$4           
,,family ,x4                            
,,p]i/omides4 ,?ree g5]a4               
#a4 ,valvata4 ,"o species4  ,?is g5us   
conta9s %ells f\nd 9 fre% wat]4 ,%ell   
sub-discoid or conoid1 umbilicat$1      
spiral :orls r\nd$2 summit papillose2   
ap]ture r\nd1 n modifi$ by ! la/ :orl2 !

 edges completely unit$1 %>p2 op]culum  
complete1 horny1 & orbicul>4  ,v4       
pisc9alis4 ,! ,pond ,valvata4 ,pl4 #bj1 
fig4 #e4  ,small1 globul>1 conoid1      
deeply umbilicat$2 summit obtuse2 wr9kl$
 longitud9ally1 cov]$ ) a yell[i%       
epid]mis4                         #b4   
,palud9a4 ,sev5 species4  ,g5]ally      
inhabits fre% wat]1 ?\gh "s h be5 f\nd  
:]e x is q sal9e4  ,%ell conoid1 cov]$ )
 epid]mis1 spiral :orls r\nd$2 r long]  
?an broad1 edges unit$1 always %>p2 !   
comm5cem5t ( ! left edge imm$iately     
atta*$ to ! la/ :orl ( ! spire2 op]culum
 horny1 complete1 or m>g9al1 n spiral1 )
 conc5tral elem5ts4                     
,palud9a vivip>a4                       
,p4 a*at9a4                             
,p4 ,b5gal5sis4                         
,p4 unicolor4                           
,p4 impura4                             
,p4 muriatica4                          
,p4 viridis4  ,p4 vivip>a4 ,! vivip>\s  
,palud9a4 ,pl4 #ba1 fig4 #a4  ,?91      
ovate1 v5tricose1 wr9kl$ longitud9ally2 

body ) ?ree br[n b&s3 cov]$ ) a gre5i%  
epid]mis2 ap]ture almo/ r\nd4           
#c4 ,ampull>ia4 ,elev5 species4  ,?is   
g5us is evid5tly int]m$i>y to ! ,palud9a
 & ! ,natica4 ,its species are probably 
all fluviatile2 "s atta9 a great size4  
,%ell ?91 globul>1 v5tricose2 umbilicus 
small1 =m+ a compress$ funnel-%ap$      
ap]ture1 )\t int]ior callosity2 spire v 
%ort1 ! la/ :orl mu* l>g] ?an all ! o!rs
 toge!r2 ap]ture ovate1 long] ?an broad1
 ) m>g9s unit$2 "r m>g9 smoo? & %>p2    
columell> lip ?ick5$1 project+1 &       
reflect$ ov] ! umbilicus2 op]culum      
horny1 r>ely calc>e\s1 ?91 oval1 n      
spiral1 ) conc5tric elem5ts2 summit     
sub-m>g9al1 inf]ior1 pass+ obliquely by 
! "r edge ( ! ap]ture1 b atta*$ to !    
left4                                   
,ampull>ia ,guyan5sis4                  
,a4 rugosa4                          ,a4
 fasciata4                          ,a4 
canaliculata4                           
,a4 effusa4                          ,a4
 ,gu9aica4                          ,a4 

vir5s4                          ,a4     
c>9ata4                          ,a4    
avellana4                          ,a4  
intorta4                          ,a4   
fragilis4  ,a4 ,guyan5sis4 ,! ,guiana   
,ampull>ia4  ,globul>1 ?ick1 ) unequal  
longitud9al /ri2 cov]$ ) br[n epid]mis2 
inside gold5 col\r4  ,a4 rugosa4 ,! r\gh
 ,ampull>ia4 ,pl4 #ba1 fig4 #c4         
,species dextral4  ,a4 ,gu9aica4 ,!     
,gu9ea ,ampull>ia4  ,species s9i/ral4   
,a4 c>9ata4 ,! c>9at$ ,ampull>ia4       
,species s9i/ral1 ) a v l>ge umbilicus1 
spirally c>9at$4                        
,,family ,,xi4                          
,,n]itacea4 ,five g5]a4                 
#a4 ,n]it9a4 ,tw5ty-"o species4  ,=m]ly 
class$ ) ! ,n]ita1 b sep>at$ f x because
 ! ,n]ita is a m>9e %ell1 & ^? ( ?is    
g5us are fluviatile4  ,!y are g5]ally   
?91 smoo?1 or v f9ely /riat$2 ! "r side 
( ! ap]ture is n cr5ulat$ or d5tat$1 & !
 animal dissolves ! int]ior ( ! spire4  
,%ell ?91 ovate1 n umbilicat$2 ap]ture  
semilun>2 inn] lip reflect$ on !        

columella1 & sometimes cr5at$2 out] lip 
)\t tee? int]nally2 op]culum ) a lat]al 
too?4                                   
,n]it9a p]v]sa4                         
,n4 pullig]a4                           
,n4 dubia4                              
,n4 zebra4                              
,n4 zigzag4                             
,n4 gagates4                            
,n4 lugubris4                           
,n4 corona4                             
,n4 brevisp9a4                          
,n4 crepidul>ia4                        
,n4 auriculata4                         
,n4 ,dom+5sis4                          
,n4 fasciata4                           
,n4 l9eolata4                           
,n4 semi-conica4                        
,n4 /rigilata4                          
,n4 meleagris4                          
,n4 ,virg9ea4                           
,n4 fluviatilis4                        
,n4 viridis4                            
,n4 ,btica4  ,n4 fluviatilis4 ,!        
fre%-wat] ,n]it9a4  ,%ell v small1 oval2

 back convex1 smoo?1 :ite1 ) black or   
br[n spots2 spire incl9$1 lat]al lip    
slightly d5ticulat$2 "r edge %>p1       
op]culum v oblique4  ,n4 zebra4 ,! zebra
 or /rip$ ,n]it9a4 ,pl4 #ba1 fig4 #b4   
,same z ,n4 fluviatilis1 b /rip$ in/ead 
( spott$4  ,n4 corona4 ,! cr[n ,n]it9a4 
,pl4 #ba1 fig4 #d4  ,species provid$ )  
long sp9es1 & ) ! columell> edge        
d5ticulat$4  ,n4 auriculata4 ,! e>$     
,n]it9a4  ,species ) ! columell> edge   
d5ticulat$2 ! two extremities ( ! "r    
edge ext5d+ beyond ! ap]ture1 & =m+ ) ! 
callosity1 :i* is reflect$ ov] !        
columella1 a k9d or e>1 produc$ by !    
t5tacul> lobe ( ! animal4  ,n4 p]v]sa4  
,! p]v]se ,n]it9a4  ,species %ap$ l a   
,calyptra1 ) ! sup]ior summit v]tical1  
spiral2 ! la/ :orl =m+ all ! base ( !   
%ell4                         #b4       
,navicella4 ,?ree species4  ,a fre%-wat]
 %ell1 closely alli$ to ! ,n]it9a2 x    
g5]ally has ! appe>ance ( porcela94     
,%ell ovate oblong1 cov]$ ) epid]mis1   
%ap$ l a ,patella1 summit n spiral1 b   

/raight1 turn$ q to ! base1 & concave   
b5ea?2 no columella2 ! columell> edge   
replac$ by a k9d ( %>p p>tition1 :i*    
cov]s "p ( ! ap]ture1 ) a s9us at its   
left extremity2 muscul> impression %ap$ 
l a horse%oe1 op5 9 front & int]rupt$   
beh9d2 ?91 calc>e\s op]culum1 ) a       
subulate1 lat]al too? adh]+ to ! po/]ior
 m>g92 ! o!r edges %>p4                 
,navicella elliptica4                   
,n4 l9eata4                             
,n4 tessellata4  ,n4 elliptica4 ,! oval 
,navicella4  ,%ell cov]$ ) olive        
epid]mis1 "u :i* x is smoo?1 %9+1 spott$
 & /reak$ ) purple1 blue1 or br[n2 spire
 curv$1 prom95t1 ext5d+ beyond ! m>g94  
#c4 ,n]ita4 ,! ,ho( ,%ell4 ,sev5te5     
species4  ,a m>9e %ell1 nev] sp9$1 b    
v>i\sly /riat$4 ,"s species ( ?is g5us  
are v beautiful2 !y are frequ5tly worn z
 ornam5ts by ! ,indians4  ,%ell solid1  
?ick1 m or less globul>1 flat b5ea?1    
spire b little1 if at all1 project+1 n  
umbilicat$2 ap]ture l>ge1 semilun>1 v   
entire2 ! ext]nal m>g9 v mu* holl[$2 !  

int]nal or columell> /raight1 %>p1 &    
%ap$ l a p>tition1 (t5 d5tat$2 op]culum 
horny or calc>e\s1 sub-spiral2 ! summit 
entirely m>g9al at its extremity1       
implant$ by tee? m or less m>k$1 & sunk 
9 ! columell> m>g91 on :i* x seems      
articulat$4                             
,n]ita exuvia4                          
,n4 textilis4                           
,n4 undata4                             
,n4 peloronta4                          
,n4 *loro/oma4                          
,n4 atrata4                             
,n4 polita4                             
,n4 albicilla4                          
,n4 *amleon4                            
,n4 v]sicolor4                          
,n4 ,asc5sionis4                        
,n4 ,malacc5sis4                        
,n4 l9eata4                             
,n4 scabrico/a4                         
,n4 plicata4                            
,n4 tessellata4                         
,n4 signata4  ,n4 peloronta4 ,!         
ble$+-too? ,n]ita4 ,pl4 #ba1 fig4 #e4   

,?ick1 transv]sely sulcat$2 inn] lip )  
two cr5ulations1 ) a bloody m>k at _!   
base2 "u lip ) two not*es ne> its       
int]nal upp] edge2 col\r yell[i%1 t+$ ) 
r$1 ) v>i\sly col\r$ b&s4  ,n4 exuvia4  
,! exuvia ,n]ita4  ,species ) ! inn] lip
 too!d & tub]culat$4  ,n4 polita4 ,!    
smoo? ,n]ita4  ,species ) bo? lips      
too!d2 beautifully di/+ui%$ by hav+ ?ree
 or f\r bright crimson b&s1 on a d>k    
mottl$ gr\nd1 runn+ 9 a p>allel         
direction ) ! convolutions ( ! %ell4 ,a 
fav\rite ,indian ornam5t4               
#d4 ,natica4 ,?irty-"o species4  ,a m>9e
 %ell1 =m]ly class$ ) ! ,n]ita1 b       
di/+ui%$ by be+ )\t tee?1 & hav+ an     
umbilicus modifi$ by ! callosity4  ,%ell
 smoo?1 r ?91 & n cov]$ ) epid]mis2 !   
spire evid5t1 ?\gh l[1 umbilicat$2 !    
columell> edge n too!d1 m or less       
call\s1 modify+ ! umbilicus2 ! "r edge  
?9 & n too!d int]iorly2 op]culum        
calc>e\s or horny & smoo?1 semi-spiral1 
) conc5tric ribs fitt+ into a slight    
groove on ! columella4                  

,natica glauc9a4                        
,n4 album54                             
,n4 mamill>is4                          
,n4 mamilla4                            
,n4 ampull>ia4                          
,n4 canr5a4                             
,n4 cru5tata4                           
,n4 millepunctata4                      
,n4 vitellus4                           
,n4 helvacea4                           
,n4 coll>ia4                            
,n4 monilif]a4                          
,n4 labrella4                           
,n4 rufa4                            ,n4
 uni-fasciata4                          
,n4 melano/oma4                         
,n4 aurantia4                           
,n4 conica4                             
,n4 plumbea4                            
,n4 l9eata4                             
,n4 fulm9ea4                            
,n4 maculosa4                           
,n4 vittata4                            
,n4 ca/anea4                            
,n4 ,m>o*i5sis4                         

,n4 ara*noidea4                         
,n4 zebra4                              
,n4 zon>ia4                             
,n4 ,*95sis4                            
,n4 ,javanica4                          
,n4 cancellata4  ,n4 canr5a4 ,! ,canr5a 
,natica4  ,sub-globul>1 smoo?1 umbilicus
 deep1 bord]$ ant]iorly by a k9d (      
call\s column2 spire a little prom95t2  
ext]ior fawn col\r$1 ) b&s & rays (     
r$di% br[n2 int]ior :ite2 op]culum      
calc>e\s4  ,n4 ca/anea4 ,! *e/nut       
,natica4 ,pl4 #ba1 fig4 #f4  ,species ) 
! umbilicus uncov]$1 & ! op]culum horny4
  ,n4 mamilla4 ,! nipple ,natica4       
,species ) ! umbilicus entirely cov]$   
ov] by a l>ge callosity2 ! spire        
papillose1 & ! op]culum horny4          
#e4 ,jan?9a4 ,two species4  ,=m]ly      
class$ ) ! ,helix1 :i* x some:at        
resembles 9 =m1 b prop]ly sep>at$1 z x  
diff]s 9 e o!r respect4  ,x is a s+ul>  
m>9e %ell1 (t5 f\nd 9 great numb]s      
float+ on ! surface ( ! sea1 susp5d$ by 
a vesicul> app5dage1 :i* /a9s ! h& ( a  

purple col\r4  ,%ell sub-globul>1       
v5tricose1 extremely ?9 & fragile2      
transp>5t1 ( a beautiful violet col\r2 !
 spire l[1 lat]al1 po9t$1 ) sub-c>9at$  
:orls2 ap]ture l>ge1 sub-angul>1 greatly
 modifi$ by ! la/ :orl ( ! spire2 edges 
disunit$1 ! left entirely =m$ by !      
columella1 :i* is /raight & cont9u$     
beyond ! base1 ! "r edge %>p1 (t5 ) a   
s9us 9 ! middle4                        
,jan?9a communis4                       
,jan?9a exigua4  ,j4 communis4 ,! common
 ,jan?9a4 ,pl4 #ah1 fig4 #f4  ,v        
fragile1 ap]ture triangul>1 ) a small   
not* on ! m>g9 ( ! out] lip2 beautiful  
violet col\r4                           
,,family ,,xii4                         
,,macro/omides4 ,f\r g5]a4              
#a4 ,sig>etus4 ,f\r species4  ,di/+ui%$ 
f ! ,natica by ! great wid? ( ! ap]ture1
 & its %ort spiral columella4  ,%ell    
oval1 m or less ?ick1 v depress$1 spiral
 %ort1 little elevat$1 lat]al2 ap]ture v
 ext5d$1 entire1 ! left edge reflect$ & 
%>p2 two lat]al muscul> impressions v   

disunit$4                               
,sig>etus ,haliotoideus4                
,s4 convexus4                           
,s4 lvigatus4                           
,s4 cancellatus4  ,s4 convexus4 ,!      
convex ,sig>etus4 ,pl4 #bb1 fig4 #b4  ,v
 ?91 smoo?1 back convex1 spire :ite1 r  
prom95t2 ap]ture v exp&$2 umbilicus r   
deep2 yell[1 ) a r$di% t+e1 transv]sely 
/riat$4  ,s4 ,haliotoideus4 ,!          
,haliotis-%ap$ ,sig>etus4  ,species     
?ick1 solid1 depress$2 spire flatti%1   
ap]ture expos+ ! :ole ( ! int]ior4      
#b4 ,/omatella4 ,five species4  ,to be  
easily di/+ui%$ f ! ,/omatia by n hav+ a
 transv]sal rib4  ,%ell v depress$1     
orbicul> or oblong2 imp]=ate2 int]ior   
pe>ly2 ap]ture v l>ge1 oval1 long] ?an  
wide2 ! "r edge effuse1 dilat$1 & op52  
summit po9t$ & incurv$4                 
,/omatella imbricata4                   
,s4 rubra4                          ,s4 
sulcif]a4                          ,s4  
auricula4                          ,s4  
planulata4  ,s4 imbricata4 ,! imbricat$ 

,/omatella4 ,pl4 #bb1 fig4 #a4          
,sub-orbicul>1 convex1 sub-depress$1    
r\gh1 cov]$ ) imbricat$ scales2 col\r   
grayi% br[n4  ,s4 auricula4 ,! e>-%ap$  
,/omatella4  ,species oval1 elongat$4   
#c4 ,/omatia4 ,two species4  ,be>+ a v  
great resemblance to ! ,haliotis1 b is  
nev] p]=at$4  ,%ell e>-%ap$1 imp]=ate2  
oblong1 spire elevat$ & recurv$ to "o   
side2 ap]ture entire1 oblong2 int]ior   
pe>ly2 tub]culat$1 & ) a transv]se      
sub-c>9at$ rib4  ,s4 phymotis4 ,! tum\r$
 ,/omatia4 ,pl4 #bb1 fig4 #f4  ,elongat$
 oval1 /riat$1 tub]culat$2 spire small1 
contort$2 lip ?9 & %>p1 col\r :ite1     
int]ior pe>ly4                 #d4      
,haliotis4 ,! ,e> ,%ell4 ,fifte5        
species4  ,?is g5us is v beautiful1 &   
d]iv$ its common "n f its resemblance to
 ! human e>4 ,! ext]ior is g5]ally      
tub]culat$ & load$ ) m>9e sub/ances1 :i*
 gives x a r\gh & unc\? appe>ance1 b !  
int]ior =ms a spl5did contra/ by its    
natural iridesc5ce4 ,ea* %ell is furni%$
 ) a r[ ( orifices ne> ! m>g91 v>y+ 9   

numb] f eight upw>d2 ( ^! f ?ree to sev5
 are g5]ally op51 & ! o!rs close4 ,^!   
holes are made by ! animal z x increases
 ! size ( ! %ell1 to admit ! passage ( a
 %ort syphon4  ,!y are f\nd adh]+ to    
rocks l ! ,patella1 & are deta*$ ) great
 difficulty4  ,%ell e>-%ap$1 pe>ly1     
recurv+1 v depress$1 m or less oval1 )  
spire v small1 v l[1 almo/ po/]ior &    
lat]al2 ap]ture z l>ge z ! %ell1 ) m>g9s
 cont9u$2 ! "r ?9 & %>p1 ! left flat1   
enl>g$1 & %>p2 a s]ies ( holes1 complete
 or incomplete1 p>allel to ! left m>g92 
"o l>ge oval muscul> impression4        
,haliotis ,mid4                         
,h4 iris4                               
,h4 tubif]a4                            
,h4 excavata4                           
,h4 ,au/ralis4                          
,h4 tub]culata4                         
,h4 /riata4                             
,h4 as99a4                              
,h4 glabra4                             
,h4 lamellosa4                          
,h4 unilat]alis4                        

,h4 rugosa4                             
,h4 canaliculata4                       
,h4 trico/alis4                         
,h4 dubia4  ,h4 as99a4 ,! as99e         
,haliotis4  ,int]nal m>g9 v broad1      
inside pe>ly1 smoo?1 %9+1 iridesc5t1    
reflect+ gre51 p9k1 & orange2 back cl\d$
 ) br[n & gre52 /riat$ longitud9ally4   
,h4 co/ata4 ,! ribb$ ,haliotis4 ,pl4    
#bb1 fig4 #d1 int]ior4 ,pl4 #cb1 fig4   
#f1 ext]ior4  ,species ) disk r\nd$     
ant]iorly4  ,h4 canaliculata4 ,!        
*annell$ ,haliotis4  ,species ) disk    
elevat$ by a l>ge p>allel rib1 holl[$   
int]iorly1 & ) ! ant]ior m>g9 m or less 
irregul>4  ,h4 tub]culata4 ,! tub]culat$
 ,haliotis4  ,ap]ture op5 ! :ole l5g? ( 
! %ell2 out] lip irregul>1 ext]ior r$di%
 br[n1 /riat$ longitud9ally & wr9kl$    
transv]sely1 ) a few rais$ tub]cles2    
int]ior pe>ly1 reflect+ ! mo/ beautiful 
%ades ( p9k1 blue1 gre51 & yell[4       
,,family ,,xiii4                        
,,plicacea4 ,two g5]a4                  
#a4 ,tornatella4 ,six species4  ,%ell   

?ick1 oval1 convolute1 ! spire v %ort2 !
 la/ :orl mu* l>g] ?an all ! o!rs unit$2
 ! ext]nal ?91 %>p1 d5tat$ int]iorly2 "o
 or two l>ge plaits on ! columella1 (   
:i* "o s]ves to sep>ate ! two p>ts ( !  
foot4                                   
,tornatella flammea4                    
,t4 solidula4                           
,t4 fasciata4                           
,t4 auricula4                           
,t4 nitidula4                           
,t4 p$ipes4  ,t4 fasciata4 ,! b&$       
,tornatella4  ,spire produc$1 apex      
acute1 ap]ture /raight5$1 ) "o plait on 
! columella2 f9ely /riat$ transv]sely1 )
 two :ite transv]se b&s2 col\r purpli%  
r$4  ,t4 coni=mis4 ,! cone-%ap$         
,tornatella4 ,pl4 #bb1 fig4 #c4         
,species l a cone2 ! spire entirely     
flat4                        #b4        
,pyramidella4 ,five species4  ,%ell     
smoo?1 n cov]$ ) epid]mis1 conical1     
elongat$ or sub-turriculat$2 ap]ture    
semi-oval1 entire2 ! out] lip %>p1      
d5tat$ int]iorly1 plait$1 enl>g$ ov] !  

umbilicus1 :i* x leaves m or less       
expos$4                                 
,pyramidella t]ebellum4                 
,p4 dolabrata4                          
,p4 plicata4                         ,p4
 corrugata4                         ,p4 
maculosa4  ,p4 dolabrata4 ,! d5tat$     
,pyramidella4 ,pl4 #bb1 fig4 #e4        
,answ]s to ! above description2 :5 plac$
 on its base1 x falls on "o side4  ,p4  
t]ebellum4 ,! wimble ,pyramidella4      
,smoo?1 glossy1 :ite1 ) r$di%-br[n b&s2 
columella recurv$2 inside ( ! lip smoo?4
                                        
,,family ,,xiv4                         
,,scal>ides4 ,?ree g5]a4                
#a4 ,v]metus4 ,"o species4  ,resembl+ 9 
appe>ance ! %ell ( a ,s]pula2 b !       
organization ( ! animal caus$ ?is to be 
made a di/9ct g5us4  ,its %ells are     
usually f\nd gr\p$ toge!r or int]tw9$ ) 
ea* o!r1 & are v rem>kable = be+ atta*$ 
to m>9e bodies by ! att5uat$ & po9t$    
extremity ( ! spire4  ,%ell conical1    
tubul>1 ?91 involute spirally1 m or less

 close1 ) :orls almo/ completely        
disunit$2 free or adh]5t by int]tw9+2   
ap]ture /raight1 circul>1 ) edges %>p & 
complete2 sev]al p>titions n p]=at$     
t[>ds ! summit2 op]culum horny &        
complete4  ,v4 lumbricales4 ,! wormlike 
,v]metus4 ,pl4 #bc1 fig4 #c4  ,a flexu\s
 %ell1 ) a spiral1 acute tip1 v mu*     
resembl+ a corkscrew2 col\r r$di% br[n1 
sometimes cl\d$ ) a d>k] %ade4          
#b4 ,scal>ia4 ,sev5 species4  ,a m>9e   
%ell1 ) a circul> ap]ture l !           
,cyclo/oma1 b easily di/+ui%$ by its    
turret$ =m2 longitud9al1 elevat$ ribs1  
nev] connect$ toge!r1 r oblique1 & %>p2 
! %ape ( ! %ell is elegant1 be+ a spiral
 cone1 =m$ by gibb\s :orls1 unconnect$  
by a columella1 gradually increas+ f !  
apex to ! base4 ,! col\r is g5]ally     
yell[i% or br[ni% :ite4 ,:5 p]fect & (  
good size1 !y are ( great value & highly
 priz$4  ,%ell sub-turret$1 ! :orls ( ! 
spire m or less press$ & g>ni%$ )       
int]rupt$ longitud9al ribs1 =m$ by !    
successive pres]vation ( ! reflect$ m>g9

 ( ! ap]ture1 :i* is small1 p]fectly    
r\nd1 ) edges unit$1 ?ick5$1 & outw>dly 
reflect$2 op]culum horny & ?94          
,scal>ia pretiosa4                      
,s4 lamellosa4                          
,s4 coronata4                           
,s4 v>icosa4                            
,s4 communis4                           
,s4 ,au/ralis4                          
,s4 r>ico/a4  ,s4 pretiosa4 ,! preci\s  
,scal>ia1 m commonly call$ ! ,w5tle     
,trap1 or ,w9d+ ,/aircase4 ,pl4 #bc1    
fig4 #a4  ,?is %ell has its spiral :orls
 sep>ate1 & appe>s l an att5uat$ tube   
evolv$ r\nd a cone2 spire deta*$1 ) a   
deep umbilicus2 volutions connect$ by   
longitud9al ribs2 body extremely        
v5tricose2 col\r cream yell[4  ,s4      
communis4 ,! common ,scal>ia1 or false  
,w5tle ,trap4  ,m tap] & elongat$ ?an ! 
,s4 pretiosa4 ,x has no umbilicus1 & !  
:orls are closely unit$4                
#c4 ,delph9ula4 ,?ree species4  ,a m>9e 
%ell1 :i*1 l ! ,scal>ia1 has a r\nd     
ap]ture1 b its solidity & pe>ly sub/ance

 di/+ui%es x f ! ,cyclo/oma1 :i* is     
t]re/rial4  ,%ell ?ick1 pe>ly 9 !       
int]ior1 sub-discoid or conical2 !      
spiral :orls sometimes deta*$1 r\nd$1   
sp9y1 ) a l>ge umbilicus2 ap]ture r\nd  
or multrigonal1 n modifi$2 edges        
p]fectly unit$ ) a small spire1         
tub]culat$ ext]iorly4                   
,delph9ula lac9iata4                    
,d4 di/orta4                            
,d4 turb9opsis4  ,d4 lac9iata4 ,! fr+$  
,delph9ula4 ,pl4 #bc1 fig4 #e4  ,%ell   
depress$1 umbilicus l>ge1 surr\nd$ by   
l>ge vault$ scales 9 spiral r[s2 /rong  
wav$ spiral /ri2 col\r r$di% purple1    
v>iegat$ ) :ite4                        
,,family ,,xv4                          
,,turb9acea4 ,sev5 g5]a4                
#a4 ,sol>ium4 ,sev5 species4  ,"s %ells 
( ?is g5us are highly valu$ = _! beauty 
& r>ity4  ,%ell orbicul>1 involut$ almo/
 9 ! same plane2 ,planorbis-%ap$2 !     
spire ( ! "r side v depress$2 umbilicus 
l>ge & conical1 ) edges d5ticulat$ or n 
at ! entrance2 ap]ture n modifi$ by !   

la/ :orl ( ! spire1 :i* is entirely     
flat2 no columella4                     
,sol>ium p]spectivum4                   
,s4 granulatum4                         
,s4 lvigatum4                           
,s4 /ram9eum4                           
,s4 hybridum4                           
,s4 v>iegatum4                          
,s4 luteum4  ,s4 p]spectivum4 ,!        
p]spective ,sol>ium4 ,pl4 #bc1 fig4 #d4 
,species v c>9at$ 9 _! circumf]5ce2 !   
ap]ture squ>e2 umbilicus l>ge & cr5at$2 
col\r yell[i%1 ) br[n & :ite b&s on !   
sutures ( ! volutions4  ,s4 v>iegatum4  
,! v>iegat$ ,sol>ium4  ,species         
sub-c>9at$1 ap]ture sub-orbicul>4       
#b4 ,tro*us4 ,! ,top ,%ell4 ,sixty-n9e  
species4  ,?is g5us d]iv$ its "n f its  
resemblance to a top4  ,! %ells are     
m>9e1 f\nd 9 almo/ all p>ts ( ! _w2 "s  
are smoo?1 b ! great] numb] are cov]$1 )
 knobs1 sp9es1 tub]culations1 or        
undulations4  ,! long sp9es on ! m>g9 ( 
! ,t4 ,sol>is are plac$ at regul>       
di/ances1 & resemble ! rays ( ! sun4    

,_m1 :5 decorticat$1 look l "m-(-pe>l2  
o!rs h a spl5did metallic lu/re4 ,! ,t4 
agglut9ans possesses ! faculty ( cov]+  
itself ) extrane\s sub/ances1 su* z     
/ones1 corals1 fragm5ts ( %ells1 c4 ,(  
?is species !re are two k9ds1 :i*1 ?\gh 
con*ologically kn[n only by "o "n1 are  
famili>ly kn[n by two2 ! ,con*ologi/ & !
 ,m9]alogi/2 ! =m] s call$ f be+ load$ )
 %ells1 & ! latt] ) /ones1 c4 ,sometimes
 ! ,con*ologi/ is load$ ) corals only1 &
 !n is call$ ! ,zoologi/4  ,%ell ?ick1  
g5]ally pe>ly1 %ap$ l a top1 spire      
sometimes depress$1 sometimes elevat$ & 
po9t$ at ! summit1 %>p or c>9at$ at its 
circumf]5ce1 umbilicat$ or n2 ap]ture   
depress$1 angul> or sub-angul>1         
sometimes he>t-%ap$1 ) edges disunit$2 !
 "r %>p2 ! columella ar*$1 twi/$1 & (t5 
project+ =w>d2 op]culum horny1 ?91 )    
num]\s spiral :orls1 n>r[1 & increas+ a 
little f ! c5tre to ! circumf]5ce4      
,tro*us imp]ialis4                      
,t4 longisp9a4                          
,t4 sol>is4                             

,t4 ,indicus4                           
,t4 radians4                            
,t4 pileus4                             
,t4 calyptr=mis4                        
,t4 fimbriatus4                         
,t4 brevisp9a4                          
,t4 rotul>ius4                          
,t4 /ella4                           ,t4
 /ell>is4                           ,t4 
niloticus4                           ,t4
 pyramidalis4                           
,t4 nodulif]us4                         
,t4 crulesc5s4                          
,t4 obeliscus4                          
,t4 virgatus4                           
,t4 asp]atus4                           
,t4 rhodo/omus4                         
,t4 sp9ulosus4                          
,t4 co/ulatus4                          
,t4 in]mis4                             
,t4 agglut9ans4                         
,t4 clatus4                             
,t4 tub]4                           ,t4 
magus4                           ,t4    
m]ula4                           ,t4    

argyro/omus4                            
,t4 ,cookii4                            
,t4 conuloides4                         
,t4 conulus4                            
,t4 jujub9us4                           
,t4 ,javanicus4                         
,t4 annulatus4                          
,t4 doli>ius4                           
,t4 maculatus4                          
,t4 granosus4                           
,t4 squ>rosus4                          
,t4 incrassatus4                        
,t4 flammulatus4                        
,t4 elatus4                             
,t4 m>moratus4                          
,t4 ,mauritianus4                       
,t4 imbricatus4                         
,t4 tris]ialis4                         
,t4 cr5ulatus4                          
,t4 asp]ulus4                           
,t4 acutus4                             
,t4 concavus4                           
,t4 l9eatus4                            
,t4 zizyph9us4                          
,t4 granulatus4                         

,t4 granatum4                           
,t4 monilif]us4                         
,t4 iris4                           ,t4 
ornatus4                           ,t4  
bic+ulatus4                             
,t4 callif]us4                          
,t4 umbilic>is4                         
,t4 undatus4                            
,t4 ,ph>aonis4                          
,t4 sagittif]us4                        
,t4 c>neolus4                           
,t4 c9]>ius4                            
,t4 excavatus4                          
,t4 nanus4                           ,t4
 pyramidatus4                           
,t4 ery?roleucos4  ,t4 imp]ialis4 ,!    
imp]ial ,tro*us4 ,pl4 #bc1 fig4 #f4     
,species umbilicat$1 spire v depress$1  
%>p & radiat$ at _! circumf]5ce by !    
pres]vation ( an angul> canal f ! middle
 ( ! "r m>g94 ,?is species is r>e &     
beautiful1 f\nd 9 ,new-,zeal&4  ,t4     
zizyph9us4 ,! livid ,tro*us4  ,species )
 /rong transv]se /ri2 col\r livid1 )    
undulat$ /reaks ( r$ or br[ni% c>nation4

  ,t4 agglut9ans4 ,! agglut9at+ or      
,c>ri] ,tro*us4  ,species umbilicat$1 ) 
spire v depress$2 ! base mu* enl>g$1 & z
 if excavat$ by ! l>ge projection ( !   
angle ( ! "r edge1 :i* advances mu*     
beyond ! r\nd$ columell> edge2 g5]ally  
cov]$ ) %ells1 /ones1 or coral4  ,t4    
niloticus4 ,! l>ge m>ble ,tro*us4       
,species n umbilicat$1 conical1 ) base  
flat & circul>2 ! columella twi/$2 !    
ap]ture v angul>4  ,t4 obeliscus4 ,!    
obelisk ,tro*us4  ,species n umbilicat$1
 conic1 elevat$1 flat & circul> base2 ! 
t]m9ation ( ! columella /rongly twi/$1 b
 pass+ d[n by ! m>g91 appe>+ slop$ by ! 
advance ( an int]nal longitud9al plait4 
,t4 iris4 ,! iris ,tro*us4  ,species n  
umbilicat$1 conic1 base oblique2 ap]ture
 l>ge1 slightly angul>2 ! columella     
twi/$1 & =m+ a k9d ( too? at its        
t]m9ation4  ,t4 granulatus4 ,! granulat$
 ,tro*us4  ,conic1 imp]=ate at ! base1  
spirally granulat$ & n m>g9at$ at !     
edges ( ! volutions2 body swell+ out2   
spire tap]+ abruptly2 apex acute1       

fle%-col\r$4  ,t4 umbilic>is4 ,!        
umbilicat$ ,tro*us4  ,%ell              
conico-convex1 r flat1 r\nd$ at ! top2  
apex depress$1 volutions sub-m>g9ate2   
/riat$ spirally2 ap]ture compress$ &    
angul>2 umbilicus l>ge1 ext5d+ to !     
apex2 col\r :iti%4                      
#c4 ,monodonta4 ,tw5ty-?ree species4    
,?is g5us occupies an int]m$iate space  
betwe5 ! ,tro*us & ! ,turbo2 di/+ui%$ f 
! =m] by ! ap]ture be+ m r\nd & slightly
 depress$1 & f ! latt] by ! too?like    
project+ angle :i* ! truncat$ columella 
occasions at ! base ( ! ap]ture4  ,%ell 
ovate or conoid1 ap]ture r\nd & entire1 
) an op]culum2 out] lip disunit$ f !    
body at ! top2 columella ar*$ & truncat$
 at ! base4                             
,monodonta bicolor4                     
,m4 pagodus4                            
,m4 tectum ,p]sicum4                    
,m4 papillosa4                          
,m4 coron>ia4                           
,m4 ,egyptiaca4                         
,m4 c>*$onius4                          

,m4 tectum4                             
,m4 labio4                           ,m4
 ,au/ralis4                             
,m4 canalif]a4                          
,m4 viridis4                            
,m4 frag>ioides4                        
,m4 con/ricta4                          
,m4 modulus4                            
,m4 articulata4                         
,m4 lugubris4                           
,m4 punctulata4                         
,m4 tric>9ata4                          
,m4 canaliculata4                       
,m4 ,sem9igra4                          
,m4 rosea4                           ,m4
 l9eata4  ,m4 coron>ia4 ,! cr[n$        
,monodonta4  ,species 9 :i* ! columella 
greatly projects1 & ! spire is entirely 
flat2 cov]$ ) num]\s small tub]cles2    
col\r :ite2 ! columella t+$ ) r$4  ,m4  
labio4 ,! d\ble-lipp$ ,monodonta4 ,pl4  
#bc1 fig4 #b4  ,species sub-globul>1    
umbilicat$1 spiral :orls r\nd$2 !       
columella t]m9at$ by a too?4  ,m4       
frag>ioides4 ,! /rawb]ry-%ap$           

,monodonta4  ,species m or less globul>1
 ( :i* ! columella1 almo/ /raight1 (f]s 
b a little ob/acle to its junction ) !  
m>g94               #d4 ,turbo4 ,!      
,turban ,%ell4 ,?irty-f\r species4      
,di/+ui%$ f ! ,monodonta by nev] hav+ ! 
columella truncat$ at ! base2 & f !     
,tro*us by be+ solid1 ) ! :orls         
con/antly convex & nev] flatt5$4 ,l !   
,tro*us1 :5 decorticat$1 ! ,turbo       
exhibits spl5did pe>ly1 gold1 or silv]  
irridesc5t col\rs4  ,%ell ?ick1 pe>ly 9 
! int]ior2 depress$1 conical1 or        
sub-turret$2 umbilicat$ or n1 little or 
n c>9at$ at its circumf]5ce2 ap]ture    
r\nd or little depress$2 ! middle ( !   
ext]nal edge n b5t1 b sometimes holl[$  
or slop$ 9 "s "p2 ! edges r>ely jo9$ by 
a callosity2 ! columella ar*$1 r>ely    
twi/$1 & n truncat$ at ! base2 op]culum 
calc>e\s or horny2 ! spire visible      
ext]nally 9 ! latt] & int]iorly 9 ! =m]2
 ! ext]ior (t5 ?ick5$ & curv$4          
,turbo m>moratus4                       
,t4 imp]ialis4                          

,t4 torquatus4                          
,t4 diaphanus4                          
,t4 rugosus4                            
,t4 coronatus4                          
,t4 s>maticus4                          
,t4 cornutus4                           
,t4 argyra/omus4                        
,t4 ,*ryso/omus4                        
,t4 radiatus4                           
,t4 m>g>itaceus4                        
,t4 setosus4                            
,t4 ,sp5gl]ianus4                       
,t4 pe?olatus4                          
,t4 undulatus4                          
,t4 pica4                            ,t4
 v]sicolor4                             
,t4 sm>agdus4                           
,t4 cid>is4                             
,t4 cr5ulatus4                          
,t4 hippoca/anum4                       
,t4 muricatus4                          
,t4 littoreus4                          
,t4 u/ulatus4                           
,t4 ,nicob>icus4                        
,t4 n]itoides4                          

,t4 retusus4                            
,t4 rudis4                              
,t4 obtusatus4                          
,t4 pullus4                             
,t4 crulesc5s4                          
,t4 cancellatus4                        
,t4 co/atus4  ,t4 pica4 ,! ,magpie      
,turbo4 ,pl4 #bd1 fig4 #f4  ,species 9  
:i* ! ap]ture is oblique2 ! columella   
los+ itself entirely 9 its cont9uation )
 ! m>g91 ! umbilicus always uncov]$2    
col\r black & :ite4  ,t4 setosus4 ,!    
bri/ly ,turbo4  ,?ick1 transv]sely &    
deeply sulcat$1 longitud9ally /riat$2   
spire %ort1 volutions r\nd$1 lip        
cr5ulat$2 inside pe>ly1 v>iegat$ ) :ite1
 gre51 & br[n4  ,t4 rugosus4 ,! r\gh    
,turbo4  ,species ( :i* ! ap]ture is    
p]fectly r\nd 9 ! direction ( ! axis2 ! 
op]culum horny4                         
#e4 ,planaxis4 ,two species4  ,%ell     
m>9e1 g5]ally small1 solid1 ( an oval   
conical =m1 oblong1 a little slop+ 9    
front2 columella flatt5$ & truncat$     
ant]iorly2 "r m>g9 furr[$ or radiat$ )91

 & ?ick5$ by a callosity runn+ to its   
orig92 op]culum oval1 ?91 horny1 &      
sub-spiral4                             
,planaxis sulcata4                      
,planaxis undulata4  ,p4 sulcata4 ,!    
furr[$ ,planaxis4 ,pl4 #bg1 fig4 #d4    
,imp]=ate1 furr[$ transv]sely2 out] lip 
cr5ulat$ & /riat$ int]nally2 col\r      
grayi% :ite1 spott$ ) black1 =m+ oblique
 longitud9al b&s4               #f4     
,phasianella4 ,! ,pheasant ,snail4 ,t5  
species4  ,?is g5us ( %ells is celebrat$
 = ! beauty & v>iety ( ! col\r+1 dispos$
 9 su* a mann] z to resemble ! plumage (
 a pheasant4  ,!y are m>9e %ells1 _m (  
:i* are r>e & valuable2 !y possess a v  
di/9ctive "*1 t ( a slightly project+   
angle runn+ along ! columella4  ,%ell r 
?ick1 oval1 smoo?1 )\t epid]mis1 spire  
po9t$2 ap]ture oval1 l>g] 9 front1 )    
disunit$ edges2 ! "r %>p2 ! columella   
unit+ itself a little ) ! left edge1 &  
(f]+ int]iorly a longitud9al callosity2 
op]culum calc>e\s1 oval1 oblong1        
sub-spiral1 ! summit at "o ( its        

extremities4                            
,phasianella bulimoides4                
,p4 rub5s4                         ,p4  
v>iegata4                         ,p4   
elegans4                         ,p4    
,p]uviana4                         ,p4  
l9eata4                         ,p4     
nebulosa4                         ,p4   
sulcata4                         ,p4    
,mauritiana4                         ,p4
 angulif]a4  ,p4 picta4 ,! pa9t$        
,phasianella4 ,pl4 #bd1 fig4 #b4        
,species smoo?1 oval1 glossy1 volutions 
inflat$2 r$di% :ite1 ) crimson or r$di% 
br[n spots2 ap]ture sub-ovate4          
#g4 ,turritella4 ,! ,screw ,%ell4       
,?irte5 species4  ,?is g5us is easily   
di/+ui%$ f all screwlike %ells by a s9us
 on ! "r m>g9 ( ! ap]ture1 n exi/+ 9 any
 o!r %ell ( simil> =m4  ,%ell m>9e1     
turret$1 n pe>ly1 r ?91 /riat$ accord+  
to ! turn+ ( ! spire1 :i* is v po9t$1 & 
has num]\s :orls2 ap]ture r\nd$2 ! edges
 disunit$ po/]iorly2 ! "r extremity ?91 
&1 :5 p]fect1 hav+ a light s9us ab\t !  

middle2 op]culum horny4                 
,turritella duplicata4                  
,t4 t]ebra4                          ,t4
 imbricata4                          ,t4
 replicata4                          ,t4
 fuscata4                          ,t4  
cornea4                          ,t4    
brevialis4                          ,t4 
bic+ulata4                          ,t4 
trisulcata4                          ,t4
 exoleta4                          ,t4  
c>9if]a4                          ,t4   
,au/ralis4                          ,t4 
,virg9iana4  ,t4 bic+ulata4 ,!          
twice-girdl$ ,turritella4 ,pl4 #bd1 fig4
 #e4  ,species t answ]s to ! above      
description4  ,t4 t]ebra4 ,! aug]       
,turritella4  ,tap]1 po9t$1 acute       
transv]se /ri1 ! int]m$iate spaces      
prom95t & acute2 :ite1 r$di%1 or cream  
col\r$4                                 
,,family ,,xvi4                         
,,canalif]a4 ,elev5 g5]a4               
#a4 ,c]i?ium4 ,?irty-six species4  ,a   
beautiful & num]\s g5us ( turret$ %ells1

 ) an exp&$ out] lip & %ort beak2 !     
great] "p are m>9e2 _m are f\nd at !    
m\?s ( riv]s1 & a few 9 lakes1 ?\gh none
 c prop]ly be call$ riv] %ells4 ,9      
appe>ance !y are l an elongat$ pyramidal
 cone1 & ! spire is at lea/ two ?irds ! 
l5g? ( ! %ell4 ,! ext]ior is seldom     
smoo?1 b /riat$1 tub]culat$1 granulat$1 
or sp9\s4  ,%ell m or less turret$1     
g5]ally tub]culat$2 ap]ture small1 oval1
 oblique2 ! columell> edge holl[$1      
call\s2 ! "r edge %>p1 & dilat+ a little
 ) age2 op]culum horny1 oval1 r\nd$1    
sub-spiral1 & /riat$4                   
,c]i?ium giganteum4                     
,c4 palu/re4                            
,c4 sulcatum4                           
,c4 telescopium4                        
,c4 eb59um4                             
,c4 ery?ron5se4                         
,c4 muricatum4                          
,c4 radula4                             
,c4 crassum4                            
,c4 decollatum4                         
,c4 nodulosum4                          

,c4 vulgatum4                           
,c4 obeliscus4                          
,c4 granulatum4                         
,c4 aluco4                           ,c4
 e*9atum4                           ,c4 
subulatum4                           ,c4
 het]oclites4                           
,c4 zonale4                             
,c4 semif]rug9eum4                      
,c4 torulosum4                          
,c4 tub]culatum4                        
,c4 morus4                           ,c4
 obtusum4                           ,c4 
semigranosum4                           
,c4 asp]um4                             
,c4 l9eatum4                            
,c4 v]tagus4                            
,c4 fasciatum4                          
,c4 ocellatum4                          
,c4 lit]atum4                           
,c4 atratum4                            
,c4 eburneum4                           
,c4 punctatum4                          
,c4 lima4                           ,c4 
p]v]sum4  ,c4 v]tagus4 ,! curv$ beak    

,c]i?ium4 ,pl4 #bd1 fig4 #c4  ,species )
 evid5tly a small canal1 v %ort1 &      
recurv$ obliquely t[>ds ! back4  ,c4    
aluco4 ,! cat]pill> ,c]i?ium4  ,species 
) a canal mu* small]1 b entirely        
/raight1 & a s9us well =m$ at ! po/]ior 
union ( ! two edges4  ,c4 semigranosum4 
,! semi-granulat$ ,c]i?ium4  ,fusi=m1   
turret$2 apex acute2 ! suture ) d\ble   
spiral r[s ( l>ge granules2 m9utely     
/riat$ transv]sely1 ) sulcat$           
granulations2 col\r r$di% br[n4         
#b4 ,pleurotoma4 ,tw5ty-?ree species4   
,di/+ui%$ f ! ,c]i?ium by hav+ a not* or
 slit 9 ! "r m>g94  ,%ell fusi=m1 r     
rugg$1 spire turret$2 ap]ture ovate1    
small1 t]m9at$ by a canal v>iable 9     
l5g?2 ! "r edge %>p1 m or less not*$2   
op]culum horny4                         
,pleurotoma imp]ialis4                  
,p4 auriculif]a4                        
,p4 muricata4                           
,p4 e*9ata4                          ,p4
 fascialis4                          ,p4
 bim>g9ata4                          ,p4

 bucc9oides4                            
,p4 c+ulif]a4                           
,p4 flavidula4                          
,p4 int]rupta4                          
,p4 cr5ul>is4                           
,p4 c9cta4                          ,p4 
unizonalis4                          ,p4
 l9eata4                          ,p4   
spirata4                          ,p4   
virgo4                          ,p4     
,babylonia4                          ,p4
 undosa4                          ,p4   
m>morata4                          ,p4  
tigr9a4                          ,p4    
crispa4                          ,p4    
alb9a4                          ,p4     
nodif]a4  ,p4 ,babylonia4 ,! ,t[] (     
,babel ,pleurotoma4 ,pl4 #bd1 fig4 #a4  
,species 9 :i* ! tube is r long1 & !    
not* is a little po/]ior to ! middle ( !
 edge4  ,p4 auriculif]a4 ,! e>$         
,pleurotoma4  ,species 9 :i* ! tube is  
%ort1 & ! not* entirely aga9/ ! spire4  
,p4 nodif]a4 ,! knotty or ,javanese     
,pleurotoma4  ,species ) out] lip l>gely

 not*$ & deeply cr5ulat$2 upp] volution 
smoo?2 "u volution & body /riat$        
transv]sely1 ) angulat$ oblique nodules 
at ! suture2 col\r r$di% yell[4         
#c4 ,turb9ella4 ,tw5ty-?ree species4    
,by ,l9nu ?is g5us 0 class$ ) ! ,voluta1
 ?\gh !y are m closely alli$ to !       
,murex2 diff]+1 h[ev]1 f !m by hav+ no  
v>ices4  ,%ell g5]ally turb9at$1 b      
sometimes turret$1 rugg$1 & ?ick2 spire 
v>iable 9 =m2 ap]ture elongat$1 t]m9at$ 
by a /raight canal1 (t5 r %ort2 ! left  
edge almo/ /raight1 & =m$ by a callosity
 :i* hides ! columella2 ! "r edge entire
 & %>p2 ! columella ) two or ?ree       
unequal1 almo/ transv]se plaits4        
,turb9ella scolymus4                    
,t4 rapa4                           ,t4 
napus4                           ,t4    
pyrum4                           ,t4    
pugill>is                           ,t4 
leucozonalis4                           
,t4 ru/ica4                             
,t4 c+ulif]a4                           
,t4 polygonia4                          

,t4 c>9if]a4                            
,t4 rh9oc]os                            
,t4 cornig]a4                           
,t4 c]amica4                            
,t4 capitellam4                         
,t4 mitis4                           ,t4
 globulus4                           ,t4
 infundibulum4                          
,t4 craticulata4                        
,t4 l9eata4                             
,t4 nassatula4                          
,t4 tris]ialis4                         
,t4 v>iol>is4                           
,t4 ocellata4  ,t4 rapa4 ,! turnip      
,turb9ella4  ,species fusi=m & almo/    
smoo?4  ,t4 scolymus4 ,! arti*oke       
,turb9ella4  ,species turb9at$ & sp9\s4 
,t4 infundibulum4 ,! funnel-%ap$        
,turb9ella4  ,species turret$ & fusi=m4 
,t4 pyrum4 ,! pe>-%ap$ ,turb9ella4      
,species ) spire %ort1 mucronate2 apex  
mammili=m1 beak long2 columella ) f\r   
plaits2 col\r yell[i% :ite1 ) irregul>  
r$di% br[n spots4                       
#d4 ,cancell>ia4 ,twelve species4  ,?is 

g5us is n giv5 by ,de ,bla9ville        
precisely l ,lam>ck1 z he has remov$ ^? 
t are greatly canaliculat$ ei!r to !    
,murex or ,turb9ella4 ,!y are all m>9e  
%ells1 & greatly approximate !          
la/-m5tion$ g5us4  ,%ell oval1 globul>1 
v5tricose1 rugg$2 ! spire middl+1 po9t$2
 ap]ture ovate1 enl>g$1 groov$1 &       
sometimes sub-canaliculat$ ant]iorly2 ! 
"r edge effuse1 concave1 %>p2 ! left or 
columell> edge almo/ /raight1 & m>k$ 9 !
 middle by two or ?ree plaits2 op]culum 
horny4                                  
,cancell>ia reticulata4                 
,c4 asp]ella4                           
,c4 scal>ia4                         ,c4
 scal>i=mis4                         ,c4
 nodulosa4                         ,c4  
cancellata4                         ,c4 
s5ticosa4                         ,c4   
ci?>ella4                         ,c4   
spirata4                         ,c4    
obliquata4                         ,c4  
rugosa4                         ,c4     
,zi]vogeliana4  ,c4 reticulata4 ,!      

reticulat$ ,cancell>ia4 ,pl4 #be1 fig4  
#e4  ,oval1 /rong1 v5tricose2 columella 
) ?ree plaits2 di/ant1 co>se1 reticulat$
 /ri2 sometimes ) yell[ or orange b&s2  
ap]ture :ite4                        #e4
 ,fasciol>ia4 ,eight species4  ,?is g5us
 0 sep>at$ by ,lam>ck f ! ,murex ( ,l9nu
 on acc\nt ( hav+ no v>ices4  ,%ell     
fusi=m or sub-fusi=m2 ap]ture middl+1   
elongat$1 almo/ symmetrical1 t]m9at$ by 
a r long /raight tube2 ext]nal edge %>p2
 ! columell> edge ) two or ?ree oblique 
plaits4                                 
,fasciol>ia tulipa4                     
,f4 di/ans4                             
,f4 trapezium4                          
,f4 aurantiaca4                         
,f4 coronata4                           
,f4 filam5tosa4                         
,f4 f]rug9ea4                           
,f4 t>5t9a4  ,f4 tulipa4 ,! tulip       
,fasciol>ia4 ,pl4 #be1 fig4 #d4         
,species fusi=m1 n tub]culat$4  ,f4     
trapezium4 ,! /rip$ t[] ,fasciol>ia4    
,species fusi=m1 volutions tub]culat$1  

v5tricose2 r$di% fawn col\r$1 )         
transv]se d\ble1 slightly undulat$ l9es2
 inside ( ap]ture ) r$di% /ri4  ,f4     
filam5tosa4 ,! ?read$ ,fasciol>ia4      
,species turret$ & tub]culat$4          
#f4 ,fusus4 ,?irty-six species4         
,likewise tak5 f ! ,murex2 !y are m>9e  
%ells1 ( an elongat$ fusi=m %ape1 )     
:orls v5tricose 9 ! middle or at ! l[]  
extremity4  ,%ell cov]$ ) epid]mis1     
r\gh1 fusi=m1 or v5tricose 9 ! middle2  
prolong$ beh9d by ! spire1 b p>ticul>ly 
=w>d by ! canal2 ap]ture oval2 !        
columell> edge /raight or ne>ly s2 !    
ext]ior edge %>p2 op]culum oval1 horny1 
) sub-conc5tric elem5ts1 & summit       
lat]al4                                 
,fusus colosseus4                       
,f4 longissimus4                        
,f4 colus4                           ,f4
 tub]culatus4                           
,f4 ,nicob>icus4                        
,f4 di/ans4                             
,f4 torulosus4                          
,f4 incrassatus4                        

,f4 multic>9atus4                       
,f4 sulcatus4                           
,f4 antiquus4                           
,f4 despectus4                          
,f4 c>9atus4                            
,f4 proboscidif]us4                     
,f4 ,isl&icus4                          
,f4 morio4                           ,f4
 coronatus4                             
,f4 co*lidium4                          
,f4 corona4                             
,f4 raphanus4                           
,f4 filosus4                            
,f4 polygonoides4                       
,f4 v]ruculatus4                        
,f4 lign>ius4                           
,f4 ,syracusanus4                       
,f4 /rigosus4                           
,f4 v>ius4                           ,f4
 crebrico/atus4                         
,f4 ,af]4                           ,f4 
rub5s4                           ,f4    
s9i/ralis4                           ,f4
 ,nifat4                           ,f4  
articulatus4                            

,f4 bucc9atus4                          
,f4 aculei=mis4                         
,f4 scal>9us4  ,f4 colus4 ,! sp9dle     
,fusus4 ,pl4 #be1 fig4 #c4  ,species    
turret$ or sub-turret$1 n umbilicat$2   
out] lip entire1 columella smoo?4  ,f4  
filosus4 ,! ?read$ ,fusus4  ,species    
sub-turret$ & umbilicat$4               
#g4 ,pyrula4 ,tw5ty-eight species4      
,di/+ui%$ f ! ,fusus by hav+ a %ort     
depress$ spire1 & ! la/ :orl v l>ge &   
v5tricose1 giv+ ?is %ell ! %ape ( a pe>4
  ,%ell pyri=m by ! depression ( !      
spire1 ! canal conical1 v long or       
middl+1 sometimes a little slop$2       
ap]ture oval1 v l>ge2 columella smoo?4  
,pyrula canaliculata4                   
,p4 c>ica4                           ,p4
 p]v]sa4                           ,p4  
c&elabrum4                           ,p4
 t]natana4                           ,p4
 bezo>4                           ,p4   
rapa4                           ,p4     
papyracea4                           ,p4
 tuba4                           ,p4    

bucephala4                           ,p4
 vesp]tilio4                            
,p4 melong5a4                           
,p4 reticulata4                         
,p4 ficus4                           ,p4
 ficoides4                           ,p4
 spirata4                           ,p4 
spirillus4                           ,p4
 elongata4                           ,p4
 galcodes4                           ,p4
 angulata4                           ,p4
 squamosa4                           ,p4
 nodosa4                           ,p4  
citr9a4                           ,p4   
abbreviata4                             
,p4 n]itoidea4                          
,p4 de=mis4                             
,p4 l9eata4                             
,p4 plicata4  ,p4 melong5a4 ,! op5-m\?  
,pyrula4 ,pl4 #be1 fig4 #f4  ,species   
v5tricose1 tube or canal %ort2 ap]ture v
 l>ge & effuse2 tub]culat$1 /riat$      
longitud9ally4  ,p4 ficus4 ,! fig       
,pyrula4  ,spire v %ort2 volutions r\nd$
 above2 v ?9 & v5tricose2 col\r yell[i% 

br[n1 ) d>k br[n spots2 cov]$ )         
decussat$ /ri4                          
#h4 ,/ru?iol>ia4 ,two species4  ,! %ells
 ( ?is g5us are m>9e1 inhabit$ by       
mollusca1 t1 by frequ5tly mov+ 9 & out (
 ! %ell :ile w&]+ on ! %ore 9 se>* (    
food1 produce s+ul> callosities on ! two
 edges ( ! ap]ture4 ,!y g5]ally resemble
 ! ,murex & ,bucc9um1 b are di/+ui%$ by 
a ?ick5$ m>g9al lip on ! "r side4  ,%ell
 ovate1 spire produc$2 ap]ture s9u\s1   
t]m9at$ at ! base by a v %ort canal2    
/raight1 & )\t a not*2 columell> edge   
call\s & effuse2 "r edge ) a ?ick5$     
v>ix4                                   
,/ru?iol>ia nodulosa4                   
,/ru?iol>ia cr5ulata4  ,s4 nodulosa4 ,! 
nodul\s ,/ru?iol>ia4 ,pl4 #be1 fig #a4  
,ovate1 groov$ & /riat$ transv]sely2 top
 ( volutions flatt5$ & nodul\s2         
cream-col\r$1 ) undulat$1 br[ni%-yell[  
longitud9al l9es2 int]ior ( lip yell[i%4
                        #i4 ,ranella4   
,f\rte5 species4  ,?is g5us ( %ells has 
two r[s ( v>ices or ?ick5$ b&s1 arrang$ 

on ei!r side 9 r[s1 s t x =ms a di/9ct  
division betwe5 ! ,/ru?iol>ia & !       
,murex4  ,%ell oval1 z if depress$ by ! 
pres]vation ( ea* side ( a longitud9al  
?ick5$ b&2 ap]ture oval1 almo/          
symmetrical by ! excavation ( !         
columell> edge1 t]m9at+ ant]iorly by a  
%ort canal1 (t5 a little slop+2 a s9us  
at ! po/]ior junction ( ! two edges4    
,ranella gigantea4                      
,r4 leuco/oma4                          
,r4 c&isata4                            
,r4 ,argus4                             
,r4 ran9a4                              
,r4 sp9osa4                             
,r4 bufonia4                            
,r4 granulata4                          
,r4 granif]a4                           
,r4 semigranosa4                        
,r4 bitub]cul>is4                       
,r4 crum5a4                             
,r4 anceps4                             
,r4 pygma4  ,r4 ran9a4 ,! froglike      
,ranella4 ,pl4 #be1 fig4 #b4  ,species n
 umbilicat$4  ,r4 granulata4 ,!         

granulat$ ,ranella4  ,species n         
umbilicat$4  ,r4 sp9osa4 ,! prickly     
,ranella4  ,species ( :i* ! v>ices h    
elongat$ sp9es2 beak sulcat$2 out] lip  
int]nally cr5at$2 acute1 %ort1 di/9ct   
muricat$ tub]cles2 fawn col\r$4         
#aj4 ,murex4 ,! ,trumpet ,%ell4         
,sixty-six species4  ,?\gh s greatly    
divid$ by ,lam>ck1 ?is is a beautiful & 
num]\s g5us1 compreh5d+ only su* %ells z
 h ?ree or m v>ices on ea* :orl4  ,^!   
v>ices %[ ! numb] ( times ! animal has  
increas$ ! size ( its %ell1 & :at       
proportion is add$ at ea* increase4  ,! 
%ells are g5]ally irregul> 9 =m1 aris+ f
 _! surfaces be+ usually arm$ ) sp9es1  
knobs1 /ri1 or foliations4  ,%ell       
g5]ally oval2 ! spire always b little   
elevat$1 arm$ ) longitud9al transv]se   
v>ices or ?ick5$ b&s2 ap]ture small2 v  
oval & symmetrical by ! excavation ( !  
left edge1 =m$ by a plate appli$ on !   
columella1 t]m9at$ ant]iorly by a middl+
 siz$ canal1 sometimes v long & close2 !
 "r edge m or less adorn$ ) v>ices2     

op]culum horny1 oval1 complete1 almo/   
circul>1 ) sub-conc5tric p>titions2     
summit t]m9al4                          
,murex crassisp9a4                      
,m4 ,hau/ellum4                         
,m4 acan?opt]us4                        
,m4 t5uisp9a4                           
,m4 r>isp9a4                            
,m4 inflatus4                           
,m4 elongatus4                          
,m4 palm>os4                            
,m4 brevifrons4                         
,m4 calcitrapa4                         
,m4 adu/us4                             
,m4 rufus4                              
,m4 axicornis4                          
,m4 c]vicornis4                         
,m4 aculeatus4                          
,m4 microphyllus4                       
,m4 brassica4                           
,m4 saxatilis4                          
,m4 endivia4                            
,m4 radix4                              
,m4 melanoma?os4                        
,m4 hexagonus4                          

,m4 scorpio4                            
,m4 secundus4                           
,m4 ,t>5t9us4                           
,m4 scab]4                              
,m4 co/ul>is4                           
,m4 cornutus4                           
,m4 br&>is4                             
,m4 t]nisp9a4                           
,m4 brevisp9a4                          
,m4 t5uiro/rum4                         
,m4 motacilla4                          
,m4 asp]rimus4                          
,m4 phyllopt]us4                        
,m4 capuc9us4                           
,m4 tript]us4                           
,m4 trigonul>is4                        
,m4 unc9>ius4                           
,m4 hemitript]us4                       
,m4 gibbosus4                           
,m4 triquet]4                           
,m4 trigonulus4                         
,m4 quadrifrons4                        
,m4 turb9atus4                          
,m4 trunculus4                          
,m4 angulif]us4                         

,m4 melonulus4                          
,m4 ,magellanicus4                      
,m4 lamellosus4                         
,m4 er9aceus4                           
,m4 c+ulif]us4                          
,m4 subc>9atus4                         
,m4 torosus4                            
,m4 polygonulus4                        
,m4 vitul9us4                           
,m4 angul>is4                           
,m4 crispatus4                          
,m4 f5e/ratus4                          
,m4 c+ulatus4                           
,m4 lyratus4                            
,m4 concat5atus4                        
,m4 gran>ius4                           
,m4 fimbriatus4                         
,m4 pul*ellus4                          
,m4 aciculatus4  ,m4 crassisp9a4 ,!     
?ick-sp9$ ,murex4 ,pl4 #bf1 fig4 #c4    
,species ) tube v long & sp9y4  ,m4     
adu/us4 ,! burnt ,murex4 ,pl4 #bf1 fig4 
#a4  ,species ) ?ree ramifi$ v>ices4    
,m4 ,hau/ellum4 ,! ,snipe ,murex4 ,pl4  
#bf1 fig4 #d4  ,species ) tube v long1 &

 )\t sp9es4  ,m4 acan?opt]us4 ,! prickly
 ,murex4  ,species ) ?ree v>ices on ea* 
:orl4  ,m4 melanoma?os4 ,! black-sp9$   
,murex4  ,species :i* h :orls ) m ?an   
?ree v>ices2 ! tube almo/ close4  ,m4   
lyratus4 ,! lyre-%ap$ ,murex4  ,species 
sub-turret$4  ,m4 vitul9us4 ,! "y       
,murex4  ,species sub-globul>2 ! spire &
 ! canal r %ort1 v op52 ! ap]ture       
sub-effuse4                       #aa4  
,triton4 ,?irty-"o species4  ,9 ?is g5us
 ! v>ices are 9 longitud9al r[s or      
s]ies1 b alt]nat+1 few 9 numb]1         
sometimes only "o on ea* :orl4 ,!y are  
nev] sp9\s or foliat$1 ?\gh frequ5tly   
plait$ or tub]culat$4  ,! ,triton       
v>iegatus type ( ?is g5us is "o ( !     
l>ge/ spiral %ells4  ,%ell oval1 ) spire
 & canal /raight1 middl+1 g5]ally r\gh1 
g>ni%$ ) v>ices1 r>e1 scatt]$1 & pres]v$
 9 longitud9al r[s2 ap]ture sub-oval1   
elongat$1 t]m9at$ by a %ort1 op5 canal2 
! columell> edge less holl[$ ?an ! "r1 &
 cov]$ ) a callosity2 op]culum horny1   
oval1 r\nd$1 & r l>ge4                  

,triton v>iegatus4                      
,t4 nodif]us4                           
,t4 ,au/ralis4                          
,t4 lampas4                             
,t4 scrobiculator4                      
,t4 ,sp5gl]i4                           
,t4 corrugatus4                         
,t4 succ9ctus4                          
,t4 pile>is4                            
,t4 lotorium4                           
,t4 femoralis4                          
,t4 subdi/ortus4                        
,t4 cancellatus4                        
,t4 maculosus4                          
,t4 cl&e/9us4                           
,t4 pyrum4                              
,t4 cynocephalum4                       
,t4 tripus4                             
,t4 canalif]us4                         
,t4 retusus4                            
,t4 clavator4                           
,t4 tub]osus4                           
,t4 vespaceus4                          
,t4 *loro/omus4                         
,t4 anus4                            ,t4

 cla?ratus4                             
,t4 rubecula4                           
,t4 cutaceus4                           
,t4 dol>ius4                            
,t4 ,tranqueb>icus4                     
,t4 undosus4  ,t4 v>iegatus4 ,! trumpet 
,triton4 ,pl4 #bf1 fig4 #e4  ,! smoo!/  
species1 oblong1 v5tricose1 tubi=m2     
ap]ture dilat$2 suture ( ! spire        
cr5ulat$2 pill> lip groov$ obliquely2   
col\r pale purple1 cl\d$ & spott$ )     
br[n4  ,t4 cutaceus4 ,! r\gh-sk9        
,triton4  ,species ) spire r %ort1      
always v tub]culat$1 (t5 umbilicat$2 a  
s9us at ! po/]ior junction ( ! two      
edges4  ,t4 anus4 ,! gr9n+ ,triton4     
,species simil> to ! ,t4 cutaceus1 b    
hav+ ! ap]ture surr\nd$ by a ?9 dilat$  
membrane & irregul> tee?4               
,,family ,,xvii4                        
,,alata4 ,?ree g5]a4                    
#a4 ,ro/ell>ia4 ,?ree species4  ,lam>ck 
=m$ ?is g5us f ! ,/rombus ( ,l9nu on    
acc\nt ( hav+ a s9us 9 ! l[] "p ( ! "r  
m>g9 contigu\s to ! canal4 ,! beak is   

g5]ally curv$1 & %ort 9 comp>ison to !  
l5g? ( ! spire1 b sometimes x is        
/raight1 & equal 9 l5g? to ! o!r "p ( ! 
%ell4  ,! ,r4 rectiro/ris is "o ( ! mo/ 
r>e %ells kn[n4  ,%ell sub-depress$1    
turret$1 ) spire produc$ & po9t$2       
ap]ture oval by ! excavation ( !        
columell> edge2 ! "r m>g9 dilat+ by age1
 & hav+ a s9us contigu\s to ! po9t$     
canal :i* t]m9ates ! %ell4              
,ro/ell>ia curviro/ris4                 
,r4 rectiro/ris4                        
,r4 pes-,pelicani4  ,r4 curviro/ris4 ,! 
curv$ beak ,ro/ell>ia4 ,pl4 #bg1 fig4   
#b4  ,species ) ! "r edge digitat$4  ,r4
 pes-,pelicani4 ,! ,pelican's foot      
,ro/ell>ia4  ,species turret$1 ) f\r    
digitations on ! "r edge2 body &        
volutions ribb$ longitud9ally & cr[n$ ) 
papill2 fle%-col\r$ or :ite4            
#b4 ,pt]oc]as4 ,sev5 species4  ,=m$ f ! 
,/rombus1 be+ di/9ct f x by n hav+ !    
canal at ! base %ort5$ or truncat$4 ,x  
greatly resembles ! ,ro/ell>ia1 b ! s9us
 ( ! "r m>g9 is di/ant f ! body4 ,f its 

digitation or long recurv$ claws x has  
(t5 be5 call$ ! ,spid] ,%ell4  ,%ell    
oblong-ovate1 v5tricose1 canal elongat$1
 att5uat$1 & (t5 clos$2 "r m>g9 dilat+  
by age into an exp&$1 digitat$ w+1      
atta*$ to & cov]+ a %ort spire1 ) a s9us
 9 ! l[] "p n contigu\s to ! body4      
,pt]oc]as truncata4                     
,p4 lambis4                             
,p4 millep$a4                           
,p4 pseudoscorpio4                      
,p4 scorpio4                            
,p4 aurantia4                           
,p4 *iragra4  ,p4 *iragra4 ,! ,devil's  
,claw4 ,pl4 #bh1 fig4 #c4  ,tub]culat$1 
) six digitat$1 canaliculat$ rays1 clos$
 9 ! adult %ell2 out] lip int]nally     
/riat$4  ,p4 scorpio4 ,! ,scorpion      
,pt]oc]as4  ,species ) digitations on ! 
ext]nal edge1 v>y+ 9 numb] f six to t54 
#c4 ,/rombus4 ,! ,w+ ,%ell4 ,?irty-two  
species4  ,z n[ def9$ & *>act]iz$ by    
,lam>ck1 is easily di/+ui%$ by n hav+ ! 
w+$ ap]ture on ! "r side d5tat$ or      
digitat$1 & ! s9us !re9 always sep>at$ f

 ! canal4  ,9 "s species ! ext]ior is   
v>i\sly /riat$1 smoo?1 wr9kl$           
longitud9ally1 or tub]culat$2 ! int]ior 
pres5ts vivid & beautiful col\rs4  ,^!  
%ells frequ5tly atta9 a l>ge size &     
great solidity4  ,%ell ?ick1            
sub-involute1 diconic1 or v5tricose1    
t]m9at$ l a cone be=e & beh9d2 ap]ture v
 long1 n>r[1 t]m9at$ ant]iorly by a     
canal m or less elongat$1 recurv$2 !    
edges p>allel2 ! ext]nal dilat+ ) age1  
(f]+ beh9d a gutt] at its atta*m5t to ! 
spire1 & be=e a s9us m po/]ior ?an !    
canal1 ?r\gh :i* passes ! head ( !      
animal2 op]culum horny1 long1 & n>r[1 ) 
elem5ts z if imbricat$2 ! summit t]m9al4
                             ,/rombus   
gigas4                            ,s4   
accipitr9us4                            
,s4 latissimus4                         
,s4 tricornis4                          
,s4 ,can>ium4                           
,s4 ,isabella4                          
,s4 vittatus4                           
,s4 epidromis4                          

,s4 gallus4                             
,s4 bitub]culatus4                      
,s4 cri/atus4                           
,s4 dilatatus4                          
,s4 bubonius4                           
,s4 l5tig9osus4                         
,s4 auris-,dian4                        
,s4 pugilis4                            
,s4 pyrulatus4                          
,s4 gibb]ulus4                          
,s4 ,luhuanus4                          
,s4 ,mauritianus4                       
,s4 colomba4                            
,s4 succ9ctus4                          
,s4 troglodytes4                        
,s4 trid5tatus4                         
,s4 urceus4                             
,s4 plicatus4                           
,s4 ,floridus4                          
,s4 papilio4                            
,s4 l9eatus4                            
,s4 m>g9atus4                           
,s4 turritus4                           
,s4 cancellatus4  ,s4 polyfasciatus4 ,! 
_m-b&$ ,/rombus4 ,pl4 #bh1 fig4 #b4     

,species di/+ui%$ by its b&s1 & by hav+ 
! m>g9 ( ! out] lip ?ick5$4  ,s4        
auris-,dian4 ,diana's ,e> ,/rombus4     
,oblong-ovate2 spire acute1 tub]culat$1 
& transv]sely /riat$2 base recurv$1 out]
 lip ?ick1 ant]ior lobe ) a f+]-l       
t]m9ation4  ,s4 pugilis4 ,! fight+1 or  
?ick-sp9$ ,/rombus4  ,ant]ior lip       
prom95t1 r\nd$1 smoo?2 spire cr[n$ )    
sp9es1 ! out]mo/ :orl cancellate2       
columella mu* reflect$2 beak ?ree-lob$1 
obtuse1 fle%-col\r$1 & poli%$ )94       
,,family ,,xviii4                       
,,purpurif]a4 ,elev5 g5]a4              
#a4 ,cassid>ia4 ,five species4  ,m>9e   
%ell1 sometimes conf\nd$ ) ! ,cassis1 b 
di/+ui%$ by ! canal :i* t]m9ates !      
ap]ture be+ asc5dant1 v little ar*$1 & n
 sudd5ly recurv$4  ,%ell sub-globul>1   
v5tricose1 tub]culat$1 or flut$2 spire  
%ort & po9t$2 ap]ture long1 oval1       
sub-canaliculat$ ant]iorly2 ! "r edge   
effuse & fold$ back2 ! columella cov]$  
ov] ) a broad1 smoo? callosity1 unit+   
beh9d to ! "r edge2 op]culum horny4     

,cassid>ia e*9ophora4                   
,c4 ,tyrrh5a4                           
,c4 c+ulata4                         ,c4
 /riata4                         ,c4    
oniscus4  ,c4 e*9ophora4 ,! tub]culat$  
,cassid>ia4 ,pl4 #bg1 fig4 #e4  ,species
 oval1 sub-globul>1 canal sub-asc5dant1 
) tub]culat$ belts or ribs4  ,c4        
,tyrrh5a4 ,! ,tyrrh5ian ,cassid>ia4     
,species ovate1 groov$ transv]sely1     
volutions convex2 apex ) "o tub]cle2    
tawny col\r4              #b4 ,cassis4  
,! ,helmet ,%ell4 ,tw5ty-five species4  
,?is g5us 0 =m$ f ! ,bucc9um1 f :i* x is
 easily di/+ui%$2 ! latt] hav+ only a   
not* at ! base1 & ! ,cassis ) a canal   
abruptly turn$ t[>ds ! back ( ! %ell4   
,%ell inflat$ oval1 sub-involute1 spire 
v little project+2 ap]ture long1 oval1  
sometimes v n>r[1 t]m9at$ ant]iorly by a
 v %ort canal1 slop$ & recurv$ obliquely
 t[>ds ! back2 ! "r edge m or less      
concave1 reflect$ backw>d1 & (t5 d5tat$ 
)92 ! columella cov]$ ) a l>ge          
callosity1 d5ticulat$ or wr9kl$ 9 all   

its l5g?2 op]culum horny4               
,cassis cornuta4                        
,c4 tub]osa4                            
,c4 ,madagasc>i5sis4                    
,c4 flammea4                            
,c4 fasc9ata4                           
,c4 glauca4                             
,c4 rufa4                           ,c4 
p5nata4                           ,c4   
te/iculus4                           ,c4
 a*at9a4                           ,c4  
crum5a4                           ,c4   
plic>ia4                           ,c4  
areola4                           ,c4   
zebra4                           ,c4    
decussata4                           ,c4
 abbreviata4                            
,c4 sulcosa4                            
,c4 granulosa4                          
,c4 saburon4                            
,c4 canaliculata4                       
,c4 pyrum4                           ,c4
 ,ceylanica4                            
,c4 semigranosa4                        
,c4 vibex4                           ,c4

 er9aceus4  ,c4 tub]osa4 ,! tub]\s      
,cassis4 ,pl4 #bh1 fig4 #e4  ,species 9 
:i* ! ap]ture is long1 ! ext]nal edge   
almo/ /raight1 & ! spire ) ?ick5$ b&s4  
,c4 flammea4 ,! flam+ ,cassis4  ,species
 9 :i* ! ap]ture is sub-oval1 & !       
ext]nal edge excavat$2 spire %ort1 base 
triangul>2 columella rugose2 out] lip   
?ick5$4  ,c4 areola4 ,! draught-bo>d    
,cassis4  ,smoo?1 %9y1 :ite1 ) squ>e    
orange tesselat$ spots2 spire %ort &    
conical1 ) decussat$ /ri2 l[] "p (      
columella rugose4                       
#c4 ,ric9ula4 ,n9e species4  ,%ell oval 
or sub-globul>1 ?ick1 arm$ ) po9ts or   
tub]cles1 ) a depress$ spire2 ap]ture   
n>r[1 elongat$1 not*$1 sometimes        
canaliculat$ ant]iorly1 & digitat$      
ext]nally2 ! left edge m or less call\s1
 sometimes d5ticulat$2 op]culum horny1  
oval1 transv]se1 ) elem5ts slightly     
imbricat$4                              
,ric9ula horrida4                       
,r4 cla?rata4                           
,r4 ara*noidea4                         

,r4 miticula4                           
,r4 digitata4                           
,r4 pisol9a4                            
,r4 asp]a4                              
,r4 morus4                              
,r4 mutica4  ,r4 horrida4 ,! horrid     
,ric9ula4 ,pl4 #bf1 fig4 #b4  ,species  
)\t a canal2 ext]ior cov]$ ) /rong1     
obtuse black tub]cles1 ) ! int]/ices    
:ite1 /riat$ transv]sely2 int]ior ri*   
purple col\r2 out] lip ) five triangul> 
groov$ radii1 betwe5 :i* at _! base !   
m>g9 is cr5ulat$4  ,r4 digitata4 ,!     
digitat$ ,ric9ula4  ,species            
canaliculat$2 two long palmat$ digits at
 ! side ( ! ap]ture4                    
#d4 ,purpura4 ,fifty species4  ,?is g5us
 has its "n f ! purple liquid produc$ by
 ! animal1 f :i* ! anci5ts extract$ !   
,tyrian purple dye4 ,?is is ! la/ g5us t
 pres5ts ! appe>ance ( a canal at ! base
 ( ! ap]ture1 & !re=e rightly prec$es ! 
rema9+ g5]a ( ?is family1 all ( :i* are 
)\t a canal4  ,%ell oval1 ?ick1 g5]ally 
tub]culat$2 spire %ort2 ! la/ :orl mu*  

great] ?an all ! o!rs unit$2 ap]ture    
oval1 greatly dilat$1 t]m9at$ ant]iorly 
by a canal %ort1 oblique1 & not*$ at !  
extremity2 ! columell> edge almo/       
/raight1 cov]$ ) a callosity po9t$      
ant]iorly2 op]culum horny1 flat1 almo/  
semicircul>1 ) transv]se /ri slightly   
m>k$2 ! summit beh9d4                   
,purpura ,p]sica4                       
,p4 ,rudolphi4                          
,p4 patula4                             
,p4 collumell>is4                       
,p4 succ9cta4                           
,p4 consul4                             
,p4 armig]a4                            
,p4 bitub]cul>is4                       
,p4 hippoca/anum4                       
,p4 undata4                             
,p4 hma/oma4                            
,p4 manicella4                          
,p4 bufo4                            ,p4
 callosa4                            ,p4
 n]itoides4                             
,p4 planospira4                         
,p4 callif]a4                           

,p4 coronata4                           
,p4 sacellum4                           
,p4 squamosa4                           
,p4 rugosa4                             
,p4 textilosa4                          
,p4 s]tum4                              
,p4 ,francol9us4                        
,p4 limbosa4                            
,p4 ligata4                             
,p4 cru5tata4                           
,p4 lapillus4                           
,p4 imbricata4                          
,p4 lag5>ia4                            
,p4 cat]acta4                           
,p4 bico/alis4                          
,p4 plicata4                            
,p4 fiscella4                           
,p4 ?i>ella4                            
,p4 ru/ica4                             
,p4 c>9if]a4                            
,p4 scal>i=mis4                         
,p4 hy/rix4                             
,p4 deltoidea4                          
,p4 unifascialis4                       
,p4 retusa4                             

,p4 tro*lea4                            
,p4 semi-imbricata4                     
,p4 e*9ulata4                           
,p4 clavus4                             
,p4 fasciol>is4                         
,p4 vexillum4                           
,p4 bizonalis4                          
,p4 nucleus4  ,p4 ,p]sica4 ,! ,p]sian   
,purpura4 ,pl4 #bh1 fig4 #d4            
,transv]sely sulcat$ & /riat$ betwe5 !  
ridges2 col\r burnt-umb]1 ridges        
yell[i%1 ) d>k br[n spots2 upp] ridge & 
! sup]ior edges ( ! volutions mucronate2
 int]ior sulcat$ & /riat$4  ,p4         
lapillus4 ,! common ,purpura4  ,species 
small1 :ite1 sometimes b&$ ) yell[ or   
br[n1 ) a scaly surface4                
#e4 ,monoc]os4 ,! ,unicorn4 ,five       
species4  ,d]iv$ its "n f ! long1       
conical-po9t$1 some:at recurv$ too? 9 ! 
out] lip1 by :i* alone x c well be      
di/+ui%$ f ! ,purpura2 & ) ?is          
*>act]i/ic diff]5ce ! description ( !   
%ell ( ! ,purpura w answ] = ?is g5us4   
,monoc]os c+ulatum4                     

,m4 imbricatum4                         
,m4 /riatum4                            
,m4 glabratum4                          
,m4 crassilabrum4  ,m4 c+ulatum4 ,!     
belt$ ,monoc]as4  ,cyl9drical1 columella
 n smoo?1 b irregul>ly plait$ or wr9kl$1
 & ! too? does n ext5d )9 ! int]ior ( ! 
:orls z 9 ! o!r species1 b appe>s affix$
 only to ! edge ( ! lip2 volutions      
flatt5$ 9 _! upp] edges2 transv]se      
spiral br[n b&s4                        
#f4 ,con*olepas4 ,"o species4  ,=m]ly   
consid]$ a ,patella1 b di/9ct f x on    
acc\nt ( hav+ an op]culum4 ,x is        
p>ticul>ly di/+ui%$ by hav+ two tee? at 
! base ( ! "r side4  ,%ell wide1 r\gh1  
oval1 spire v %ort1 n project+2 ap]ture 
v l>ge1 oval1 effuse1 slop$ ant]iorly2 !
 edges unit$2 ! "r or ext]nal v ?ick1   
d5tat$2 ! two tee? :i* limit ! slope are
 a little l>g] ?an ! o!rs2 muscul>      
impression visible1 & almo/ 9 =m ( a    
horse%oe2 op]culum horny & rudim5t>y4   
,c4 ,p]uvianus4 ,! ,p]uvian ,con*olepas4
 ,pl4 #bh1 fig4 #a4  ,! type ( ?is g5us2

 ext]ior d>k br[n1 int]ior :ite4        
#g4 ,h>pa4 ,! ,h>p ,%ell4 ,eight        
species4  ,?is g5us ( %ells is truly    
beautiful2 x 0 class$ by ,l9nu ) !      
,bucc9um1 b ,lam>ck consid]$ t !y 71 =  
_! beauty1 wor?y ( =m+ a g5us by        
!mselves4  ,%ell oval1 inflat$1 r ?91 ) 
longitud9al p>allel ribs1 =m$ by !      
pres]vation ( ! ?ick5+ ( ! "r m>g92 !   
spire v %ort1 po9t$1 ! la/ :orl mu*     
long] ?an all ! o!rs toge!r2 ap]ture    
l>ge1 ovate1 widely not*$ ant]iorly2 !  
"r edge mu* excavat$ & ?ick5$ outw>dly2 
! columella smoo?1 & t]m9at$ 9 a po9t   
ant]iorly4                              
,h>pa imp]ialis4                        
,h4 v5tricosa4                          
,h4 conoidalis4                         
,h4 nobilis4                            
,h4 articul>is4                         
,h4 rosea4                              
,h4 m9or4                            ,h4
 /riata4  ,h4 imp]ialis4 ,! imp]ial     
,h>p4  ,species 9 :i* ! numb] ( ribs f> 
exce$s t ( any o!r1 & occasions x (t5 to

 be call$ ! _m-ridg$ h>p2 a small spiral
 keel r\nd ! summit4 ,a r>e & valuable  
species4  ,h4 nobilis4 ,! noble ,h>p4   
,pl4 #bi1 fig4 #b4  ,a regul> species4  
,h4 rosea4 ,! roseate ,h>p4             
,oblong-ovate2 fle% col\r$1 ) roseate   
int]rupt$ b&s2 ribs remote2 columella ( 
a f9e rosy hue4                   #h4   
,dolium4 ,! ,tun ,%ell4 ,sev5 species4  
,! %ells ( ?is g5us are g5]ally l>ge1   
?91 & globose1 ) a wide ap]ture1 & too!d
 or cr5at$ out] lip2 !y h a brittle &   
light /ructure1 & al?\gh "s ( !m gr[ to 
a v l>ge size1 !y reta9 _! *>act]i/ic   
fragility & ?9ness4  ,%ell sub-globul>1 
v v5tricose1 ?91 encircl$ by decurr5t   
flut+s2 ! spire v %ort2 ! la/ turn mu*  
l>g] ?an all ! o!rs toge!r2 ap]ture     
oblong1 v l>ge1 by ! great excavation ( 
! "r edge1 :i* is cr5at$ ?r\gh all its  
l5g?2 columella twi/$2 op]culum unkn[n4 
,dolium galea4                          
,d4 ole>ium4                            
,d4 maculatum4                          
,d4 fasciatum4                          

,d4 pomum4                              
,d4 v>iegatum4                          
,d4 p]dix4  ,d4 p]dix4 ,! ,p>tridge     
,dolium4 ,pl4 #bi1 fig4 #d4  ,species   
sub-umbilicat$1 ovate-oblong1 ?91 ?ickly
 ribb$1 & convex2 col\r r$di% br[n1     
cl\d$ & spott$ ) :ite4  ,d4 galea4 ,!   
br[n ,tun4  ,species n umbilicat$2      
sometimes exce$s t5 in*es 9 diamet]4    
#i4 ,bucc9um4 ,! ,:elk4 ,fifty-eight    
species4  ,not)/&+ ! divisions ( !      
,l9nan ,bucc9um into s _m diff]5t g5]a1 
x /ill pres5ts a great v>iety & div]sity
 ( species4  ,%ell slightly cov]$ )     
epid]mis1 oval1 elongat$2 ! spire middl+
 elevat$2 ap]ture oblong1 oval1 not*$1 &
 sometimes sub-canaliculat$ ant]iorly2 !
 "r edge ?ick1 n reflect$2 columella    
simple & swell$ at ! upp] "p2 op]culum  
horny1 complete1 oval1 ) sub-conc5tric  
elem5ts2 ! summit slightly m>k$ &       
m>g9al4                                 
,bucc9um undatum4                       
,b4 glaciale4                           
,b4 ,anglicanum4                        

,b4 papyraceum4                         
,b4 annulatum4                          
,b4 lvissimum4                          
,b4 cr5ulatum4                          
,b4 reticulatum4                        
,b4 ,tranqueb>icum4                     
,b4 l9eatum4                            
,b4 fuscatum4                           
,b4 l9eolatum4                          
,b4 maculosum4                          
,b4 politum4                            
,b4 suturale4                           
,b4 mutabile4                           
,b4 inflatum4                           
,b4 retusum4                            
,b4 v5tricosum4                         
,b4 gemmulatum4                         
,b4 ,corom&elianum4                     
,b4 fasciatum4                          
,b4 miga4                           ,b4 
lyratum4                           ,b4  
arcul>ia4                           ,b4 
coronatum4                           ,b4
 ,!rsites4                           ,b4
 paup]atum4                             

,b4 n]iteum4                            
,b4 te/ud9eum4                          
,b4 a*at9um4                            
,b4 glans4                           ,b4
 papillosum4                            
,b4 olivaceum4                          
,b4 canaliculatum4                      
,b4 tric>9atum4                         
,b4 ,brasilianum4                       
,b4 semiconvexum4                       
,b4 fasciolatum4                        
,b4 v9osum4                             
,b4 t5uiplicatum4                       
,b4 sub-sp9osum4                        
,b4 ,ascanias4                          
,b4 lvigatum4                           
,b4 flexuosum4                          
,b4 aciculatum4                         
,b4 corniculatum4                       
,b4 cribr>ium4                          
,b4 grana4                           ,b4
 cocc9ella4                             
,b4 zebra4                           ,b4
 d]me/oideum4                           
,b4 aurantium4                          

,b4 p$icul>4                            
,b4 gibbolusum4                         
,b4 pullus4                             
,b4 m>g9ulatum4                         
,b4 polygonatum4  ,b4 undatum4 ,! common
 ,:elk1 or wav$ ,bucc9um4  ,species     
oval1 slightly v5tricose1 & sub-c>9at$  
on ! :orls ( ! spire2 sulcat$ obliquely2
 /riat$ transv]sely & longitud9ally2    
volutions convex2 ap]ture :ite or yell[2
 cov]$ ) a yell[i% epid]mis4  ,b4       
papillosum4 ,! prickly-lip ,bucc9um4    
,pl4 #bi1 fig4 #a4  ,species ) ! spire  
elevat$1 m or less tub]culat$1 ! edges (
 ! ap]ture sep>at$ po/]iorly by a n>r[1 
r deep s9us2 ! "r d5tat$ ant]iorly4  ,b4
 reticulatum4 ,! reticulat$ ,bucc9um4   
,species %ort1 v5tricose1 sub-globul>4  
,b4 a*at9um4 ,! ,aga?9e ,bucc9um4       
,species smoo?1 ! spire r elevat$2 !    
ap]ture wid] ant]iorly4                 
#aj4 ,eburna4 ,five species4  ,%ell oval
 or elongat$1 smoo?2 ! spire po9t$1 its 
:orls z if r\nd$2 ap]ture ovate1        
elongat$1 effuse1 & widely not*$        

ant]iorly2 ! "r m>g9 entire2 ! columella
 call\s po/]iorly1 umbilicat$1          
sub-canaliculat$ at its ext]nal or "r   
side4                                   
,eburna glabrata4                       
,e4 ,ceylanica4                         
,e4 spirata4                            
,e4 areolata4                           
,e4 lutosa4  ,e4 ,ceylanica4 ,! ,ceylon 
,eburna4 ,pl4 #bi1 fig4 #c4  ,species   
smoo?1 :ite1 ) irregul> l>ge purpli%    
spots2 apex acute1 tipp$ ) blue2 sutures
 ) an elevat$ l9e2 umbilicus fill$ )    
sp9es4             #aa4 ,t]ebra4 ,!     
,ne$le ,%ell4 ,tw5ty-f\r species4  ,?is 
g5us ( %ells is rem>kable = _! %>p1     
l5g!n$1 & spiral =m1 :i* obta9$ = !m !  
common "n ( ,ne$les4  ,%ell elongat$    
oval1 spire po9t$1 slightly elevat$1 or 
sub-turret$2 ap]ture wide1 oval1 /rongly
 not*$ ant]iorly2 l[] end ( ! columella 
twi/$ or oblique4                       
,t]ebra maculata4                       
,t4 flammea4                            
,t4 cr5ulata4                           

,t4 dimidiata4                          
,t4 /riatula4                           
,t4 *lorata4                            
,t4 c]i?9a4                             
,t4 raphanula4                          
,t4 musc>ia4                            
,t4 subulata4                           
,t4 oculata4                            
,t4 duplicata4                          
,t4 ,babylonia4                         
,t4 corrugata4                          
,t4 ,s5egal5sis4                        
,t4 crulesc5s4                          
,t4 c+ulif]a4                           
,t4 myuros4                             
,t4 scabrella4                          
,t4 /rigilata4                          
,t4 lanceata4                           
,t4 acicul9a4                           
,t4 granulosa4                          
,t4 vittata4  ,t4 ,bucc9oides4 ,!       
,bucc9um-%ap$ ,t]ebra4 ,pl4 #bg1 fig4   
#c4  ,answ]s to ! above description4    
,t4 vittata4 ,! fillet$ ,t]ebra4        
,species smoo?1 pale fawn col\r$2       

transv]sely /riat$1 ) transv]se purpli% 
fillets4  ,t4 maculata4 ,! spott$       
,t]ebra4 ,pl4 #bg1 fig4 #a4  ,species v 
long1 spire po9t$2 ap]ture oval1 small1 
widely not*$ ant]iorly2 ! ext]nal edge  
?9 & %>p1 ! left ) an oblique ?ick5+ at 
its extremity4                          
,,family ,,xix4                         
,,columell>ia4 ,five g5]a4              
#a4 ,columbella4 ,eighte5 species4  ,!  
%ells ( ?is g5us are %ort1 small1 & r   
?ick2 f\nd 9 ! seas ( hot c\ntries4  ,! 
,c4 m]catoria is v common on ! %ores ( !
 ,atlantic 9 w>m latitudes1 & 0 =m]ly   
us$ z money4  ,%ell ?ick1 turb9at$2     
spire %ort1 obtuse2 ap]ture n>r[1       
elongat$1 t]m9at$ by a v %ort canal or  
not*1 r5d]$ n>r[ by an inflation at !   
inn] side ( ! "r edge1 & by "s plaits on
 ! columella2 a v small horny op]culum4 
,columbella /rombi=mis4                 
,c4 ru/ica4                        ,c4  
m]catoria4                        ,c4   
,hebra4                        ,c4      
flavida4                        ,c4     

semipunctata4                        ,c4
 bizonalis4                        ,c4  
reticulata4                        ,c4  
p>dal9a4                        ,c4     
scripta4                        ,c4     
ovulata4                        ,c4     
nitida4                        ,c4      
zonalis4                        ,c4     
fulgurans4                        ,c4   
m5dic>ia4                        ,c4    
turtur9a4                        ,c4    
punctata4                        ,c4    
unifascialis4  ,c4 /rombi=mis4 ,!       
,/rombus-%ap$ ,columbella4 ,pl4 #bi1    
fig4 #f4  ,! type ( ?is g5us1 p>tly     
*>act]iz$ by its "n4  ,c4 m]catoria4 ,! 
m]*ant ,columbella4  ,ovate1 :ite1      
sulcat$1 transv]sely cl\d$ ) br[n or    
yell[2 out] lip d5tat$ int]nally4       
#b4 ,mitra4 ,! ,mitre ,%ell4 ,eighty    
species4  ,a num]\s & elegant g5us (    
%ells1 sep>at$ by ,lam>ck f ! ,voluta on
 acc\nt ( possess+ sev]al /rong         
di/9ctive *>act]s4 ,! spire is always   
po9t$1 & ! columell> plaits1 dim9i%+ 9  

size1 are always transv]se & p>allel to 
ea* o!r4  ,! ext]ior is sometimes mo/   
beautifully m>k$ ) transv]se grooves1   
/ri1 punctures1 or granulations2 ! col\r
 ( almo/ e hue4  ,%ell turret$1         
sub-fusi=m1 & oval2 ! spire always po9t$
 at ! summit2 ! ap]ture small1          
triangul>1 wid] & /rongly not*$         
ant]iorly2 ! ext]nal edge %>p1 almo/    
/raight1 always long] ?an ! columella1  
:i* is =m$ by a v ?9 callosity1 & m>k$ )
 oblique p>allel plaits1 ( :i* ^?       
ant]ior are ! %orte/4                   
,mitra episcopalis4                     
,m4 papalis4                            
,m4 pontificalis4                       
,m4 puncticulata4                       
,m4 millepora4                          
,m4 c>d9alis4                           
,m4 ar*iepiscopalis4                    
,m4 v]sicolor4                          
,m4 sangu9ol5ta4                        
,m4 p$iculus4                           
,m4 lactea4                             
,m4 cornicul>is4                        

,m4 lutesc5s4                           
,m4 /riatula4                           
,m4 subulata4                           
,m4 cornea4                             
,m4 tr+a4                           ,m4 
melaniana4                           ,m4
 f]rug9ea4                           ,m4
 t]ebralis4                             
,m4 adu/a4                           ,m4
 granulosa4                             
,m4 crocata4                            
,m4 ca/a4                           ,m4 
nexilis4                           ,m4  
oliv>ia4                           ,m4  
scabriuscula4                           
,m4 granat9a4                           
,m4 cr5if]a4                            
,m4 s]p5t9a4                            
,m4 tniata4                             
,m4 plic>ia4                            
,m4 corrugata4                          
,m4 co/ell>is4                          
,m4 lyrata4                             
,m4 melong5a4                           
,m4 c9ctella4                           

,m4 vulpecula4                          
,m4 ,caffra4                            
,m4 sanguisuga4                         
,m4 /igmat>ia4                          
,m4 filosa4                             
,m4 fissurata4                          
,m4 ar5osa4                             
,m4 clavulus4                           
,m4 lit]ata4                            
,m4 ,p]onii4                            
,m4 obliquata4                          
,m4 onisc9a4                            
,m4 scutulata4                          
,m4 dactylus4                           
,m4 f5e/rata4                           
,m4 cr5ulata4                           
,m4 texturata4                          
,m4 conulus4                            
,m4 limbif]a4                           
,m4 aurantiaca4                         
,m4 amphorella4                         
,m4 coronata4                           
,m4 paup]cula4                          
,m4 cucum]9a4                           
,m4 patri>*alis4                        

,m4 muriculata4                         
,m4 torulosa4                           
,m4 eb5us4                           ,m4
 h>p=mis4                           ,m4 
semifasciata4                           
,m4 retusa4                             
,m4 microzonias4                        
,m4 ficul9a4                            
,m4 nucleola4                           
,m4 unifascialis4                       
,m4 bacillum4                           
,m4 conul>is4                           
,m4 plumbea4                            
,m4 l>va4                           ,m4 
pisol9a4                           ,m4  
d]me/9a4                           ,m4  
granulif]a4                             
,m4 tabanula4  ,m4 episcopalis4 ,!      
episcopal ,mitre4 ,pl4 #ca1 fig4 #g4    
,species turret$1 ) spiral :orls v wide 
& entire2 ! ap]ture effuse ant]iorly4   
,m4 papalis4 ,! papal ,mitre4  ,species 
) coronat$ :orls4  ,m4 pontificalis4 ,! 
pontifical ,mitre4  ,species cov]$ ) a  
yell[i% epid]mis1 b5ea? :i* are         

int]rupt$ fillets ( orange col\r$ spots2
 spire cr[n$ ) tub]cles4  ,m4           
micozonias4 ,! small :ite-b&$ ,mitre4   
,species sub-ovate1 spire v %ort1       
g5]ally tub]cl$4  ,m4 dactylus4 ,!      
six-plait$ ,mitre4  ,species oval1 spire
 v %ort1 & g5]ally lattic$4  ,m4 tniata4
 ,! rib& ,mitre4  ,species fl>+1        
turret$1 ribb$2 spire m ?an half ! l5g? 
( ! %ell2 ap]ture v n>r[1 long1         
sub-canaliculat$1 ) "o plait4           
#c4 ,voluta4 ,! ,volute or ,wrea?4 #dd  
species4  ,?is g5us1 z e/abli%$ by      
,l9nu1 includ$ %ells ( diff]5t families1
 promiscu\sly bl5d$ toge!r1 r5d]+ x     
difficult to det]m9e satisfactorily     
respect+ %ells "u exam9ation4 ,z arrang$
 & classifi$ by ,lam>ck1 x is /ill a    
num]\s & beautiful g5us1 conta9+ "s ( ! 
mo/ r>e & co/ly %ells1 p>ticul>ly ,v4   
,junonia or ,peacock ,volute1 ( :i* v   
few are kn[n4 ,!y v>y consid]ably 9     
size2 "s are v m9ute1 & o!rs l>ge2 !y   
are f\nd *iefly 9 ! seas ( ! torrid zone
 or s\!rn hemisph]e4  ,%ell oval1 m or  

less v5tricose2 ! fir/ :orls ( ! spire  
mamillose2 ap]ture 9 g5]al mu* m long   
?an wide1 /rongly & obliquely not*$     
ant]iorly2 ! "r edge a little reflect$1 
entire2 ! columell> edge excavat$1 &    
adorn$ ) great plaits1 m or less        
oblique1 & a little v>iable 9 numb] )   
age4                            ,voluta 
nautica4                           ,v4  
diadema4                           ,v4  
armata4                           ,v4   
ducalis4                           ,v4  
tesselata4                           ,v4
 ,neptuni4                           ,v4
 cymbium4                           ,v4 
olla4                           ,v4     
proboscidalis4                          
,v4 porc9a4                             
,v4 ?iopica4                            
,v4 melo4                           ,v4 
imp]ialis4                           ,v4
 pellis-s]p5tis4                        
,v4 vesp]tilio4                         
,v4 ,hebra4                             
,v4 musica4                             

,v4 *loros9a4                           
,v4 lvigata4                            
,v4 polyzonalis4                        
,v4 nodulosa4                           
,v4 magnifica4                          
,v4 ancilla4                            
,v4 ,magellanica4                       
,v4 ,pacifica4                          
,v4 fulm9ata4                           
,v4 ,junonia4                           
,v4 scapha4                             
,v4 ,brasiliana4                        
,v4 mitis4                           ,v4
 nivosa4                           ,v4  
s]p5t9a4                           ,v4  
?i>ella4                           ,v4  
c>neolata4                           ,v4
 ,gu9aica4                           ,v4
 fulva4                           ,v4   
sulcata4                           ,v4  
nucleus4                           ,v4  
undulata4                           ,v4 
lapponica4                           ,v4
 vexillum4                           ,v4
 volvacea4                           ,v4

 fe/iva4                           ,v4  
mitr=mis4  ,v4 ?iopica4 ,! ?iopian      
,volute4 ,pl4 #cj1 fig4 #b4  ,species   
l>ge1 oval1 convex1 v5tricose2 spire    
papill>y1 ) :orls coronat$ ) elevat$    
holl[ sp9es4  ,v4 musica4 ,! music      
,volute4  ,species oval1 m>k$ l musical 
notes set 9 scores on its surface2 spire
 sub-tub]culat$4  ,v4 ,magellanica4 ,!  
,magellan ,volute4  ,species sub-fusi=m1
 elongat$1 & sub-turret$2 no sp9es or   
tub]cles on ! :orls4                    
#d4 ,m>g9ella4 ,tw5ty-f\r species4      
,di/+ui%$ f ! ,voluta1 f :i* x 0 tak51  
by hav+ ! out] lip ?ick5$4  ,%ell smoo?1
 poli%$1 ovate1 oblong1 sub-conic1 spire
 %ort & papill>y2 ap]ture n>r[1         
sub-ovate1 by a light curve ( ! "r edge1
 :i* is inflat$ or reflect$1 slightly   
not*$ ant]iorly2 ! columell> edge m>k$ )
 ?ree di/9ct oblique plaits4            
,m>g9ella glabrella4                    
,m4 radiata4                            
,m4 qu9queplicata4                      
,m4 limbata4                            

,m4 rosea4                          ,m4 
lifasciata4                          ,m4
 faba4                          ,m4     
d5tif]a4                          ,m4   
dactylus4                          ,m4  
bullata4                          ,m4   
cornea4                          ,m4    
avellana4                          ,m4  
nubeculata4                          ,m4
 crulesc5s4                          ,m4
 aurantia4                          ,m4 
biv>icosa4                          ,m4 
longiv>icosa4                           
,m4 musc>ia4                            
,m4 eburnea4                            
,m4 =micula4                            
,m4 p]sicula4                           
,m4 l9eata4                          ,m4
 tessellata4                            
,m4 int]rupta4  ,m4 l9eata4 ,! l9eat$   
,m>g9ella4 ,pl4 #cj1 fig4 #c4  ,species 
) ap]ture z long z ! %ell2 spire n      
project+1 sometimes sunk or umbilicat$4 
,m4 faba4 ,! ,bean ,m>g9ella4  ,species 
) ap]ture %ort] ?an ! %ell1 & ! spire   

project+4  ,m4 crulesc5s4 ,! c]ulean    
,m>g9ella4  ,species ) surface blui%    
:ite2 spire %ort & acute2 f\r plaits on 
! columella2 int]ior lip br[ni% purple4 
#e4 ,volv>ia4 ,five species4  ,!        
connect+ g5us betwe5 ^? %ells t h a     
columella & ^? t are evolv$ ^u _! own   
axis4 ,di/+ui%$ f ! ,m>g9ella by n hav+ 
a ?ick5$ out] lip4 ,! %ells are m>9e1 & 
g5]ally v small4  ,%ell cyl9drical1     
convolute2 spire obsolete or conceal$2  
ap]ture n>r[1 ! :ole l5g? ( ! %ell1 ) "o
 or m plaits on ! columella at ! l[] "p4
                             ,volv>ia   
monilis4                            ,v4 
pallida4                            ,v4 
triticea4                            ,v4
 oryza4                            ,v4  
miliacea4  ,v4 monilis4 ,! ,necklace    
,volv>ia4 ,pl4 #bi1 fig4 #e4  ,species  
greatly involut$2 ap]ture v n>r[ & v    
long2 plaits on ! ant]ior "p ( !        
columell> edge2 ! ext]ior edge ?94      
,,family ,,xx4                          
,,convoluta4 ,six g5]a4                 

#a4 ,ovula4 ,! ,egg4 #ab species4  ,?is 
is ! fir/ g5us ( ,lam>ck's arrangem5t ( 
convolut$ %ells2 x is ne>ly alli$ to !  
,cypra1 b easily di/+ui%$ f x by ! want 
( spire1 & by n hav+ tee? on ! columell>
 lip2 ! "r lip is reflect$ inw>dly1     
sometimes wr9kl$ & sometimes smoo?4     
,%ell oblong1 convex1 resembl+ ! ,cypra 
9 =m1 ) ! two extremities ( ! ap]ture   
not*$1 & m or less prolong$ l a tube2 ! 
left m>g9 d5tat$4                       
,ovula ovi=mis4                         
,o4 angulosa4                           
,o4 v]rucosa4                           
,o4 hordacea4                           
,o4 spelta4                             
,o4 biro/ris4                           
,o4 lactea4                             
,o4 c>nea4                              
,o4 triticea4                           
,o4 gibbosa4                            
,o4 acicul>is4                          
,o4 volva4  ,o4 volva4 ,! ,weav]'s      
,%uttle4 ,pl4 #cd1 fig4 #d4  ,species 9 
:i* ! "r edge is n ?ick5$ or d5tat$1 & )

 ea* extremity elongat$1 produc+ a long1
 /raight tube1 :i* increases ) age4 ,"o 
( ! mo/ r>e %ells ( ?is g5us4  ,o4      
ovi=mis4 ,! egg-%ap$ ,ovula4 ,pl4 #cd1  
fig4 #a4  ,species ovate1 mu* inflat$1  
v5tricose 9 ! c5tre1 v glossy & :ite2 "r
 edge d5tat$1 ! tube ( ea* extremity v  
prom95t2 int]ior ( ap]ture r$di% purple4
  ,o4 gibbosa4 ,! belt$ ,ovula4 ,pl4    
#cd1 fig4 #b4  ,species gibb\s1 nei!r   
end d5tat$2 tubes little m>k$1 & ) !    
body ( ! %ell encircl$ by a blunt keel4 
,o4 v]rucosa4 ,! w>ty ,ovula4 ,pl4 #cd1 
fig4 #c4  ,species 9 :i* ! "r end is    
d5tat$1 ) a not* & a knob above at ea*  
extremity4                      #b4     
,cypra4 ,! ,c[rie4 #fh species4  ,?is   
g5us d]iv$ its "n f ! ,cyprian goddess1 
on acc\nt ( ! beauty ( its poli%$ %ells4
 ,!y are g5]ally smoo?1 ( great         
brilliancy ( col\r1 & elegantly m>k$ )  
dots1 zigzag l9es1 undulations1 or      
/ripes1 & cov]$ ) an enamel-l glaze4 ,!y
 are f\nd buri$ 9 ! s& at ! bottom ( !  
sea1 & are cov]$ by ! animal ) a ?9     

membrane1 :i* pres]ves ! poli% & prev5ts
 o!r te/ace\s bodies f adh]+ to !m4 ,?is
 membrane consi/s ( two p>ts1 & arises  
on bo? sides ( ! %ell 9 ! =m ( w+s1     
furni%+ ! te/ace\s & col\r+ matt]2 9 "s 
species !y d n q meet on ! back ( !     
%ell1 & ! uncov]$ space is m>k$ by a    
col\r$ dorsal l9e2 :5 ^! membran\s w+s  
ov]lap ea* o!r1 ?is l9e is ne>ly        
obsolete4  ,^! %ells (t5 diff] mu* )    
age2 at fir/ 9 ?ickness1 !n because !   
edges are ?91 %>p1 h>dly d5tat$1 unless 
int]nally2 &1 la/ly1 sometimes 9 !      
outl9e2 ?is is because ! two lobes ( !  
mantle1 by turn+ ov] ! primitive %ell   
dur+ ! creep+ ( ! animal1 deposite new  
calc>e\s matt]4 ,de ,bla9ville _c admit 
! hypo!sis ( ,brugui]e1 t ^! animals c  
completely ab&on _! %ell to =m a new "o4
  ,%ell1 :5 full gr[n & mature1 is      
solid1 oval1 convex1 v smoo?1 involute2 
! spire entirely po/]ior1 v small1 (t5  
conceal$ by a calc>e\s lay] deposit$ by 
! lobes ( ! mantle1 leav+ 9 "s species a
 small cavity l an umbilicus2 ap]ture   

longitud9al1 v n>r[1 slightly curv$1 z  
long z ! %ell1 ) edges int]nally d5tat$1
 & not*$ at ea* extremity4  ,%ell1 :5 "y
 & immature1 is v ?91 ! edges ( !       
ap]ture n d5tat$2 ! "r m>g9 %>p & n     
reflect$4                               
,cypra c]9a4                            
,c4 exan!ma4                            
,c4 tigris4                             
,c4 tigr9a4                             
,c4 ,argus4                             
,c4 te/ud9>ia4                          
,c4 ,mauritiana4                        
,c4 mappa4                           ,c4
 ,arabica4                           ,c4
 hi/rio4                           ,c4  
scurra4                           ,c4   
rattus4                           ,c4   
/]cor>ia4                           ,c4 
mus4                           ,c4      
v5triculus4                             
,c4 ,aurora4                            
,c4 lynx4                           ,c4 
adu/a4                           ,c4    
erosa4                           ,c4    

caurica4                           ,c4  
,isabella4                           ,c4
 ocellata4                           ,c4
 cribr>ia4                           ,c4
 turdus4                           ,c4  
olivacea4                           ,c4 
/olida4                           ,c4   
hirundo4                           ,c4  
undata4                           ,c4   
zigzag4                           ,c4   
flaveola4                           ,c4 
sangu9ol5ta4                            
,c4 por>ia4                             
,c4 ursellus4                           
,c4 asellus4                            
,c4 monili>is4                          
,c4 /]cus-musc>um4                      
,c4 talpa4                           ,c4
 c>neola4                           ,c4 
lurida4                           ,c4   
vitellus4                           ,c4 
caput-s]p5tis4                          
,c4 c9]ea4                           ,c4
 zonata4                           ,c4  
sordida4                           ,c4  

ict]9a4                           ,c4   
mili>is4                           ,c4  
v>iol>ia4                           ,c4 
rufa4                           ,c4     
cic]cula4                           ,c4 
lota4                           ,c4     
globulus4                           ,c4 
ovulata4                           ,c4  
helvola4                           ,c4  
,arabicula4                             
,c4 /aphyla4                            
,c4 pu/ulata4                           
,c4 nucleus4                            
,c4 limac9a4                            
,c4 moneta4                             
,c4 obvelata4                           
,c4 annulus4                            
,c4 radians4                            
,c4 oniscus4                            
,c4 p$iculus4                           
,c4 oryza4                           ,c4
 cocc9ella4                             
,c4 ,au/ralis4                          
,c4 albella4  ,c4 exan!ma4 ,! measly    
,cypra4  ,species oblong-ovate1 br[n1 ) 

r\nd :ite spots2 dorsal l9e grayi%2     
m>g9al tee? br[n2 spire n q conceal$4   
,c4 ,pan!r9a4 ,! ,pan!r ,cypra4 ,pl4    
#ca1 fig4 #d4  ,species regul>1         
beautifully spott$ l a pan!r4           
#c4 ,t]ebellum4 ,"o species4  ,%ell     
convolute1 ?91 %9+1 sub-cyl9drical1     
po9t$ beh9d1 truncat$ be=e2 ap]ture     
longitud9al1 edges entire1 columella    
truncat$4  ,t4 subulatum4 ,! awl-%ap$   
,t]ebellum4 ,pl4 #ca1 fig4 #c4  ,answ]s 
to ! above description1 be+ ! only liv+ 
species kn[n4                           
#d4 ,ancill>ia4 ,f\r species4  ,an      
int]m$iate g5us betwe5 ! ,t]ebellum & ! 
,oliva2 di/+ui%$ f ! =m] by a call\s    
oblique b& at ! base ( ! columella2 & f 
! latt] by n hav+ ! spiral :orls sep>at$
 by a groove4  ,%ell smoo?1 oval1       
oblong1 po9t$ beh9d1 enl>g$ & truncat$  
be=e2 ! columella cov]$ ant]iorly by a  
call\s oblique b&2 ! "r lip obtuse4     
,ancill>ia c9namomea4                   
,a4 v5tricosa4                          
,a4 m>g9ata4                            

,a4 c&ida4  ,a4 c9namomea4 ,! c9namon   
,ancill>ia4 ,pl4 #cj1 fig4 #e4  ,species
 ) spire ne>ly obsolete2 %ell *e/nut    
col\r1 ) :ite b&s2 v>ix ( ! columella   
r$di% & some:at /riat$4                 
#e4 ,oliva4 ,! ,olive4 ,sixty-two       
species4  ,an oval1 involut$1 int]nal   
%ell1 di/+ui%$ f ! ,ancill>ia by a n>r[ 
canal cont9u$ f its upp] angle ar\nd !  
sutures ( ! spiral :orls4 ,x 0 =m]ly    
class$ ) ! ,voluta1 :i* g5us has n !    
canal1 s t !y _c be mi/ak5 = ea* o!r4   
,!re is a callosity unit+ ) ! spiral    
canal1 & ano!r at ! base ( ! columella4 
,%ell ?ick1 solid1 smoo?1 oval1         
elongat$1 sub-cyl9drical2 ! spiral :orls
 v small1 sep>at$ by a canal2 ap]ture   
long1 n>r[2 ! columell> edge reflect$   
ant]iorly by a callosity1 & /riat$      
obliquely ?r\gh all its l5g?4 ,! %ells  
are g5]ally cl\d$ or cov]$ ) wav$ l9es (
 a br[ni% col\r1 m or less d>k4         
,oliva porphyria4                       
,o4 textil9a4                           
,o4 ery?ro/oma4                         

,o4 pica4                            ,o4
 tremul9a4                              
,o4 angulata4                           
,o4 maura4                              
,o4 sepulturalis4                       
,o4 fulm9ans4                           
,o4 irisans4                            
,o4 elegans4                            
,o4 episcopalis4                        
,o4 v5ulata4                            
,o4 guttata4                            
,o4 leucopha4                           
,o4 undata4                             
,o4 inflata4                            
,o4 bic9cta4                            
,o4 h>pul>ia4                           
,o4 hepatica4                           
,o4 u/ulata4                            
,o4 avellana4                           
,o4 tessellata4                         
,o4 c>neola4                            
,o4 espidula4                           
,o4 oriola4                             
,o4 c&ida4                              
,o4 volutella4                          

,o4 tigr9a4                             
,o4 ,brasiliana4                        
,o4 utriculus4                          
,o4 reticul>is4                         
,o4 flammulata4                         
,o4 granitella4                         
,o4 araneosa4                           
,o4 lit]ata4                            
,o4 scripta4                            
,o4 tricolor4                           
,o4 sangu9ol5ta4                        
,o4 mu/el9a4                            
,o4 lugubris4                           
,o4 funebralis4                         
,o4 gl&i=mis4                           
,o4 ,p]uviana4                          
,o4 ,s5egal5sis4                        
,o4 fusi=mis4                           
,o4 auricul>is4                         
,o4 acum9ata4                           
,o4 subulata4                           
,o4 luteola4                            
,o4 te/acea4                            
,o4 hiatula4                            
,o4 obtus>ia4                           

,o4 ,ceylanica4                         
,o4 nebulosa4                           
,o4 fabag9a4                            
,o4 conoidalis4                         
,o4 undatella4                          
,o4 eburnea4                            
,o4 nana4                            ,o4
 zonalis4                            ,o4
 oryza4  ,o4 subulata4 ,! awl-%ap$      
,olive4 ,pl4 #cj1 fig #a4  ,species     
elongat$1 ) v project+ spire4  ,o4      
undata4 ,! wav$ ,olive4 ,pl4 #cj1 fig4  
#d4  ,species oval1 spire h>dly         
project+4  ,o4 cru5ta4 ,! bloody ,olive4
  ,species cyl9drical1 suture canal     
deep2 fawn col\r1 ) triangul> spots (   
purple1 & two d>k br[n spots on ! edge (
 ! out] lip4           #f4 ,conus4 ,!   
,cone4 ,"o hundr$ & eighty-"o species4  
,a g5us valu$ on acc\nt ( ! beauty1     
symmetry1 & v>iety ( its species2 "s (  
its %ells are v r>e & rem>kable = _!    
ri*ness ( col\r+2 "s are coronat$1 &    
o!rs h a pla9 spire4 ,!y are all cov]$ )
 an epid]mis1 b5ea? :i* is g5]ally a    

smoo? surface1 ) sometimes a high poli%2
 a few are granulat$ & tub]culat$4 ,!y  
are f\nd 9 great abundance 9 ! seas (   
w>m climates4  ,%ell conic1 cov]$ ) a   
membran\s p]io/eum1 ?ick1 solid1        
involut$2 ! summit ( ! cone ant]ior2 !  
spire little or n at all project+2      
ap]ture longitud9al1 v n>r[1 turn+ t[>ds
 its ant]ior extremity2 ! ext]nal edge  
/raight1 ) oblique plaits 9 its ant]ior 
"p2 op]culum v small & horny1           
sub-spiral1 ) summit t]m9al4            
,conus m>moreus4                        
,c4 ,b&anus4                            
,c4 nocturnus4                          
,c4 ,nicob>icus4                        
,c4 araneosus4                          
,c4 zonatus4                            
,c4 imp]ialis4                          
,c4 fuscatus4                           
,c4 viridulus4                          
,c4 regius4                             
,c4 tulipa4                             
,c4 geographicus4                       
,c4 punctatus4                          

,c4 tniatus4                            
,c4 musicus4                            
,c4 mili>is4                            
,c4 mus4                           ,c4  
lividus4                           ,c4  
,b>bad5sis4                             
,c4 roseus4                             
,c4 c$o-nulli4                          
,c4 aurantius4                          
,c4 nebulosus4                          
,c4 m9imus4                             
,c4 sulcatus4                           
,c4 ,hebru4                             
,c4 v]miculatus4                        
,c4 ar5atus4                            
,c4 pulic>ius4                          
,c4 fu/igatus4                          
,c4 obesus4                             
,c4 v>ius4                           ,c4
 millepunctatus4                        
,c4 lit]atus4                           
,c4 eburneus4                           
,c4 tesselatus4                         
,c4 g5]alis4                            
,c4 ,maldivus4                          

,c4 ,malacanus4                         
,c4 l9eatus4                            
,c4 monile4                             
,c4 c5turio4                            
,c4 vitul9us4                           
,c4 vulp9us4                            
,c4 flavidus4                           
,c4 virgo4                           ,c4
 daucus4                           ,c4  
pa/9aca4                           ,c4  
capitaneus4                             
,c4 classi>ius4                         
,c4 vittatus4                           
,c4 mu/el9us4                           
,c4 vexillum4                           
,c4 ,sumatr5sis4                        
,c4 figul9us4                           
,c4 qu]c9us4                            
,c4 c>d9alis4                           
,c4 ,magellanicus4                      
,c4 di/ans4                             
,c4 pontificalis4                       
,c4 ,cal$onicus4                        
,c4 sponsalis4                          
,c4 puncturatus4                        

,c4 ,ceylan5sis4                        
,c4 lamellosus4                         
,c4 pusillus4                           
,c4 exiguus4                            
,c4 asp]4                           ,c4 
hyna4                           ,c4     
miles4                           ,c4    
ammiralis4                           ,c4
 g5uanus4                           ,c4 
papilionaceus4                          
,c4 ,siam5sis4                          
,c4 ,prome!us4                          
,c4 glaucus4                            
,c4 ,surat5sis4                         
,c4 mona*us4                            
,c4 ranunculus4                         
,c4 anemone4                            
,c4 a*at9us4                            
,c4 c9]eus4                             
,c4 /ram9eus4                           
,c4 zebra4                           ,c4
 lacteus4                           ,c4 
c+ulatus4                           ,c4 
vic>ius4                           ,c4  
m]cator4                           ,c4  

o*raceus4                           ,c4 
betul9us4                           ,c4 
,m$it]raneus4                           
,c4 puncticulatus4                      
,c4 ,proteus4                           
,c4 leon9us4                            
,c4 augur4                           ,c4
 p]tusus4                           ,c4 
nivosus4                           ,c4  
fulgurans4                           ,c4
 acum9atus4                             
,c4 amadis4                             
,c4 ,janus4                             
,c4 flammeus4                           
,c4 li?oglyphus4                        
,c4 te/ud9>ius4                         
,c4 v5ulatus4                           
,c4 qu/or4                           ,c4
 muscosus4                           ,c4
 ,n>cissus4                             
,c4 ,mozambicus4                        
,c4 ,gu9aicus4                          
,c4 ,franciscanus4                      
,c4 in=mis4                             
,c4 rattus4                             

,c4 ,jamaic5sis4                        
,c4 amabilis4                           
,c4 ,omaicus4                           
,c4 nobilis4                            
,c4 aurisiacus4                         
,c4 t]m9us4                             
,c4 /riatus4                            
,c4 gub]nator4                          
,c4 granulatus4                         
,c4 t]ebra4                             
,c4 v]ulosus4                           
,c4 raphanus4                           
,c4 magus4                           ,c4
 spectrum4                           ,c4
 bullatus4                           ,c4
 ,mauritianus4                          
,c4 fumigatus4                          
,c4 eques4                           ,c4
 luzonicus4                             
,c4 catus4                           ,c4
 v]rucosus4                             
,c4 acutangulus4                        
,c4 m9danus4                            
,c4 ,japonicus4                         
,c4 pusio4                           ,c4

 columba4                           ,c4 
madur5sis4                           ,c4
 nemocanus4                             
,c4 cancellatus4                        
,c4 fusi=mis4                           
,c4 crulesc5s4                          
,c4 ,aurora4                            
,c4 ,tait5sis4                          
,c4 ,adansonii4                         
,c4 t9ianus4                            
,c4 ,portoricanus4                      
,c4 crocatus4                           
,c4 /rigatus4                           
,c4 glans4                           ,c4
 mitratus4                           ,c4
 nussatella4                            
,c4 aulicus4                            
,c4 auratus4                            
,c4 colubr9us4                          
,c4 clavus4                             
,c4 auricomus4                          
,c4 om>ia4                           ,c4
 rubig9osus4                            
,c4 p5naceus4                           
,c4 prlatus4                            

,c4 panniculus4                         
,c4 c]vus4                           ,c4
 /]cus-musc>um4                         
,c4 ,timor5sis4                         
,c4 nimbosus4                           
,c4 dux4                           ,c4  
t5d9eus4                           ,c4  
prfectus4                           ,c4 
melan*olicus4                           
,c4 ar*iepiscopus4                      
,c4 canonicus4                          
,c4 episcopus4                          
,c4 abbas4                           ,c4
 legatus4                           ,c4 
textilis4                           ,c4 
pyramidalis4                            
,c4 gloria-m>is4                        
,c4 ,au/ralis4  ,c4 textilis4 ,!        
embroid]$ ,cone4 ,pl4 #ca1 fig4 #b4     
,species ovate1 slightly elongat$2 !    
spire r project+1 po9t$1 n coronat$4    
,c4 imp]ialis4 ,! imp]ial ,cone4        
,species conic1 spire coronat$1         
project+1 or flat4  ,c4 /riatus4 ,!     
/riat$ ,cone4  ,species oblong-ovate1   

gibb\s1 n coronat$1 cl\d$ & /rongly     
/riat$ transv]sely4  ,c4 g5]alis4 ,!    
g5]al ,cone4  ,species conic1 spire     
project+1 n cr[n$ ) tub]cles2 col\r     
r$di% br[n1 or cl\d$ ) orange &         
int]rupt$ fillets4  ,c4 mu/el9us4 ,!    
,weasel ,cone4 ,pl4 #ca1 fig4 #a4       
,species ) base sub-truncat$2 spire     
*annell$ & b&$ ) orange spots2 body     
:iti%1 encircl$ 9 ! middle by           
orange-spott$ b&s4                      
,,family ,,xxi4                         
,,nautilacea4 ,two g5]a4                
#a4 ,spirula4 ,"o species4  ,an         
involute1 symmetrical1 discoid %ell1 ^: 
:orls d n t\* ea* o!r2 ! septa or       
p>titions are brilliant pe>l1 concave   
ext]nally1 pi]c$ by a tube call$ !      
siphon or siphuncle1 plac$ close to !   
inn] edge ( ! ap]ture2 cov]$ ) a ?9     
epid]mis4  ,s4 ,p]onii4 ,p]on's         
,spirula4 ,pl4 #cf1 fig4 #b4  ,answ]s to
 ! above description2 col\r yell[i%     
:ite4                          #b4      
,nautilus4 ,two species4  ,an elegant1  

well-kn[n %ell1 m or less v5tricose1    
discoid1 slightly compress$1 umbilicat$ 
or n1 b nev] papillose2 ! septa simple1 
transv]se1 n visible ext]nally1 ! la/   
deeply sunk & p]=at$ by a siphon runn+  
?r\gh !m all2 edges entire4  ,! ,n4     
,pompilius1 :5 dissect$1 displays its   
beautiful pe>ly *amb]s2 f9e specim5s are
 (t5 conv]t$ into dr9k+-cups by !       
,ori5tals1 :o sometimes remove ! out]   
coat+1 s t its :ole appe>ance is pe>ly4 
,! ,nautilis v>ies 9 size2 "s are       
microscopic2 & al?\gh !y h receiv$      
diff]5t names1 & on acc\nt ( ! animal h 
be5 made to =m diff]5t g5]a1 x 0 deem$  
unnecess>y to treat ( !m "h4            
,nautilus ,pompilius4                   
,nautilus umbilicatus4  ,n4 ,pompilius4 
,! ,pompilius ,nautilus4 ,pl4 #cf1 fig4 
#c4  ,species n umbilicat$2 ! back      
r\nd$2 ap]ture r\nd & pe>ly2 siphon     
sub-c5tral2 pale yell[1 ) *e/nut /reaks 
& undulations4  ,n4 umbilicatus4 ,!     
umbilicat$ ,pompilius4 ,pl4 #cf1 fig4   
#a4  ,species umbilicat$1 sub-orbicul>2 

pale fawn col\r1 ) *e/nut undat$        
transv]se cl\ds4                        
,,family ,,xxii4                        
,,het]opoda4 ,two g5]a4                 
#a4 ,argonauta4 ,! ,pap] ,sailor4 ,?ree 
species4  ,! %ells ( ?is g5us are       
rem>kable = _! fragility1 delicacy1 &   
elegance2 !y resemble a scroll1 ornam5t$
 ) v>i\s canaliculat$ grooves f ! summit
 to ! m>g91 :i* is bic>9at$4 ,! col\r is
 usually blui%1 b ! keel is ( a d>k]    
hue2 !y v>y greatly 9 size4  ,%ell      
navicul>1 symmetrical1 v ?91 compress$1 
bic>9at$1 sub-involut$ longitud9ally 9 !
 same plane2 ap]ture v l>ge1 entire1    
symmetrical1 squ>e 9 front1 slightly    
modifi$ by ! turn ( ! summit1 & provid$ 
on ea* side ) an e>like app5dage1 ) ?ick
 & smoo? edges2 lips %>p4               
,argonauta argo4                        
,a4 tub]culosa4                         
,a4 nitida4  ,a4 argo4 ,! ,portuguese   
man-(-w>4 ,pl4 #ce1 fig4 #a4  ,*>act]iz$
 above2 %ell :iti%1 fragile1 keel r     
n>r[1 ) %>p-po9t$ tub]culations2 sides  

/riat$ transv]sely1 wr9kl$              
longitud9ally4  ,a4 tub]culosa4 ,!      
tub]culat$ ,argonaut4 ,pl4 #ce1 fig4 #b4
  ,species m convex at ! sides1 )       
nodul\s elevations2 keel broad]1 po9ts m
 obtuse4              #b4 ,c>9>ia4 ,!   
glassy ,nautilus4 ,?ree species4  ,9 =m 
& texture greatly resembl+ ! ,argonauta1
 b di/+ui%$ by only hav+ "o keel on !   
:ole l5g? ( ! back4  ,%ell symmetrical1 
c>9at$ or n1 v ?91 slightly compress$1  
)\t spire1 b ) ! summit slightly recurv$
 po/]iorly2 ap]ture oval & v entire4    
,c>9>ia vitrea4                         
,c4 fragilis4                           
,c4 cymbium4  ,c4 vitrea4 ,! glassy     
,c>9>ia4  ,species v r>e & beautiful1   
?91 papyrace\s1 v fragile &             
semitransp>5t2 a s]rat$ keel rises up   
its front1 & ! sides are decorat$ ) ribs
 p>allel to ! base4  ,c4 fragilis4 ,!   
fragile ,c>9>ia4  ,species small]1 v ?91
 /riat$ longitud9ally1 div]g+ f ! summit
 to ! m>g92 no keel4  ,c4 cymbium4 ,!   
m9ute ,c>9>ia4  ,species n l>g] ?an a   

gra9 ( s&4                              
,,gloss>y                       ,,(     
,,t]ms ,,us$ ,,9 ,,con*ology4           
,a4    ,abbreviat$1 %ort5$1 cut %ort4   
,abdom51 ! belly4    ,aculeat$1 furni%$ 
)1 or end+ 91 prickles4    ,acum9at$1   
end+ 9 a %>p po9t %>p po9t$4    ,adnate1
 adh]+ or gr[+ toge!r1 adjo9+4          
,alat$1 w+$1 appli$ to ! exp&$ lip ( !  
,/rombus g5us1 c4    ,ambitus1 !        
circumf]5ce or outl9e ( ! valves4       
,annulat$1 =m$ or divid$ into di/9ct    
r+s4    ,annulations1 r+s4              
,antiquat$1 longitud9ally furr[$1 b     
int]rupt$ by transv]se     furr[s1 z if 
! %ell _h acquir$ new gr[? at ea* furr[4
    ,ap]ture1 ! m\? or op5+ ( ! %ell4   
,apex1 ! tip or po9t ( ! spire4         
,apophysis1 an excresc5ce4              
,approximat+1 approa*+ ne> to1 or ne>   
toge!r4    ,arcuat$1 b5t 9 ! =m ( an    
ar*4    ,arcuations1 b5d+s1 curv+s4     
,area1 ! surface conta9$ betwe5 l9es or 
b\nd>ies4    ,ar5ose1 s&y4    ,areola1 a
 small area or circle4                  

,articulations1 junctures1 or jo9+s4    
,ascititi\s1 supplem5tal1 additional4   
,att5uat$1 ?91 sl5d]4    ,aurat$1 e>$1  
hav+ e>s z 9 ! scallops4    ,auricl$1   
hav+ app5dages l e>s4    ,auri=m1       
e>-%ap$4                                
,b4    ,b>b1 any?+ t gr[s 9 place ( a   
be>d4    ,base1 9 univalves1 t "p ( !   
%ell by :i* x is affix$ to     rocks1   
c41 & 9 multivalves ! opposite extremity
 to ! apex4     ,9 univalves1 ! opposite
 end to ! apex4    ,beak1 ! cont9uation 
( ! body ( univalves 9 :i* ! canal is   
situat$4    ,be>d1 ! process by :i* "s  
bivalves adh]e to rocks1 c4    ,belly+1 
di/5d$ 9 ! middle4    ,bi1 prefix$ to   
any ^w1 signifies two4    ,biangulat$1  
hav+ two corn]s or angles4    ,bicuspid1
 hav+ two po9ts4    ,bid5tate1 hav+ two 
tee?4    ,bifid1 op5+ ) a cleft4        
,bif>i\s1 p>t+ 9 opposite directions4   
,bilabiate1 furni%$ bo? ) an out] & inn]
 lip4    ,bilobate1 divid$ into two     
lobes4    ,bim>g9ate1 furni%$ ) a d\ble 
m>g9 z f> z ! lip4    ,biradiate1 hav+  

two rays4    ,bivalve1 consi/+ ( two    
valves or divisions4    ,blot*$1 spott$ 
9 an irregul> way4    ,blunt1 obtuse1   
oppos$ to acute4    ,bor]1 a pi]c]4     
,br9d$1 /reak$4    ,bulg+1 gibb\s1      
swoll5 out4    ,bullate1 ( a bli/]$     
appe>ance4    ,byssus1 a be>d1 common 9 
! ,mytilus & ,p9na4                     
,c4    ,calc>e\s1 relat+ to lime1 ( a   
limy nature4    ,callosity1 a           
protub]ance4    ,callus1 is compos$ (   
two %ort ribs1 unit$ at ! base1 &       
conv]g+ at ! apex t[>ds ! h9d] "p ( !   
%ell4    ,campanulate1 bell-%ap$4       
,canaliculat$1 made l a pipe or gutt]4  
,cancellat$1 longitud9ally & transv]sely
 ribb$4    ,c>9ate1 hav+ a longitud9al  
prom95ce l ! keel ( a vessel4           
,c>9at$1 keel$4    ,c>tilage1 a flexible
 fibr\s sub/ance by :i* ! valves are    
unit$1 situat$ ne> ! beak4    ,cauda1 ! 
elongat$ base ( ! v5t]1 lip1 &          
columella4    ,cicatrix1 ! glossy       
impression 9 ! inside ( ! valves1 to :i*
     ! muscles ( ! animal are affix$4   

,ciliate1 edg$ ) p>allel hairs1 bri/les1
 or app5dages1 l !     eyelids4         
,c9]e\s1 ( a% col\r1 ( ! col\r ( wood   
a%es4    ,clavate1 club-%ap$1 ?ick]     
t[>ds ! top1 elongat$ t[>ds !     base4 
,co*le1 %ells ( "o piece1 univalves4    
,co*leate1 twi/$ l a screw or ! %ell ( a
 snail4    ,columella1 ! upright pill> 9
 ! c5tre ( mo/ ( ! univalve     %ells4  
,commissure1 a jo9t or seam4            
,complicat$1 d\bl$ toge!r4              
,compress$1 p]p5dicul>ly squeez$ toge!r1
 9 opposition to     depress$1 :i* is   
horizontally flatt5$4    ,concam]at$1   
ar*$ ov]1 vault$4    ,concam]ations1    
divid$ into comp>tm5ts1 z 9 ! ,nautili4 
,concave1 holl[$ out l a b[l4           
,conc5tric1 runn+ to a c5tre4    ,con*1 
%ells consi/+ ( two or m pieces or      
valves1 bivalves1     or multivalves4   
,cone1 ! =m ( a sug>-loaf4    ,conflu5t1
 runn+ toge!r4    ,conoid1 a figure l a 
cone1 sug>-loaf-%ap$4    ,contort$1     
twi/$1 or incumb5t on ea* o!r1 9 an     
oblique     direction4    ,contract$1   

%ort5$1 %runk up4    ,convolut$1 roll$  
^u itself1 twi/$ spirally1 l a piece (  
pap] roll$ betwe5 ! f+] & ?umb4         
,cordate1 he>t-%ap$4    ,cordi=m1       
resembl+ ! =m ( a he>t4    ,coriace\s1 (
 a lea!r-l consi/5ce4    ,corne\s1 ( a  
horn col\r1 resembl+ a horn4            
,coronal1 relat+ to ! cr[n or top4      
,coronat$1 cr[n$1 or girt t[>ds ! apex4 
,co/at$1 ribb$1 hav+ l>ge ribs4         
,corpus1 ! body ( ! %ell1 ! la/ or great
 wrea? 9 :i* !     ap]ture is situat$4  
,cortex1 ! ant]ior sk9 or epid]mis4     
,cr5ulat$1 not*$ at ! m>g91 scallop$4   
,crispat$1 r\gh ) wav+ l9es4            
,cunei=m1 %ap$ l a w$ge4    ,cyl9drical1
 r\nd l a cyl9d] or a roll]4            
,cymbi=m1 boat-%ap$4                    
,d4    ,decorticat$1 worn1 dive/$ (     
epid]mis or sk94    ,decussat$1 g5]ally 
appli$ to /ri or l9es :i* are cross$1 or
     :i* int]sect ea* o!r p]p5dicul>ly  
or horizontally4    ,deflex$1 b5t aside4
    ,d5t>y1 ( or belong+ to ! tee?4     
,d5tile1 a small too?1 su* z ! too? ( a 

saw4    ,d5ticulat$1 set ) small tee?1 z
 9 ! ,arca4    ,depress$1 press$ d[n    
horizontally1 l[1 %all[1 flat4    ,dext]
 valve1 is ! "r valve4    ,diaphan\s1   
transp>5t1 cle>1 pellucid4    ,digitat$1
 f+]$ or claw$1 z 9 ! lobes ( ! out] lip
 ( !     ,/rombi1 c4    ,disk1 ! middle 
"p ( ! valves1 or t :i* lies betwe5 !   
umbo & ! m>g94    ,div>icat$1 /raddl+1  
spread+ out widely4    ,div]g5t1 t5d+ to
 v>i\s p>ts or directions f "o po9t4    
,dorsum1 ! back2 x g5]ally means ! upp] 
surface ( ! body (     ! %ell1 :5 laid  
^u ! ap]ture or op5+4 ,9 ! g5]a (       
,patella & ,haliotis1 ! back means !    
upp] convex surface4    ,dott$1 punctur$
 l a ?imble4    ,duplicat$1 divid$ into 
plaits or folds4    ,duplicature1 a     
fold1 any?+ d\bl$4                      
,e4    ,e*9at$1 bri/l$ l a hog1 set )   
sp9es4    ,effuse1 spread out4          
,elliptical1 hav+ ! =m ( an ellipsis1   
oval4    ,elongat$1 l5g!n$1 drawn out4  
,em>g9ate1   ) ! edge or m>g9 not*$4    
,em>g9at$1     ,ensi=m1 sabre-%ap$4     

,entire1 :ole1 un9t]rupt$1 n divid$4    
,epid]mis1 ! out] coat+ or sc>fsk9 ( !  
%ell4    ,equidi/ant1 be+ at ! same     
di/ance4    ,equilat]al1 hav+ all sides 
alike4    ,equivalve1 hav+ bo? valves ( 
equal dim5sions4    ,exolete1 worn or   
fad$4    ,exs]t$1 /&+ out1 protrud+4    
,extrane\s1 n belong+ to a p>ticul> ?+4 
,f4    ,falcat$1 b5t or hook$ l a scy!4 
,fasciat$1 fillet$1 or cov]$ ) b&s4     
,fascicl$1 clu/]$ toge!r z 9 a bundle4  
,fasciculat$1 consi/+ ( little bundles4 
,fa/igate1 flat & ev5 at top4    ,faux1 
:at c be se5 ( ! cavity ( ! fir/ *amb] (
 !     %ell1 by look+ 9 at ! ap]ture4   
,f]rug9\s1 ( an iron col\r1 or ru/      
col\r$4    ,filam5t1 a sl5d] ?readlike  
process4    ,fili=m1 ?read-%ap$1 sl5d]1 
& ( equal ?ickness4    ,fimbriat$1 fr+$4
    ,fissure1 a cleft1 a little slit1 or
 n>r[ *asm4    ,flexu\s1 zigzag1 )      
angles g5tly w9d+4    ,flexure1 a b5d+4 
,fluviatic1 ( or belong+ to a riv]4     
,fluviatile1 belong+ to fre% wat]4      
,foliace\s1 consi/+ ( lam9 or leaves4   

,foliat$1 b5t into lam9 or leaves4      
,=nix1 ! excavat$ "p "u ! umbo4 ,x      
likewise signifies !     upp]1 or convex
 %ell 9 ! ,o/rea4    ,fragile1 brittle1 
easily brok54    ,front1 9 univalves1 :5
 ! ap]ture is turn$ t[>ds ! obs]v]4     
,furcat$1 =k$4    ,furr[1 a small tr5*  
or holl[4    ,fuscat$1 d>k5$1 obscur$4  
,fusi=m1 sp9dle-%ap$1 int]m$iate betwe5 
! conical & oval4                       
,g4    ,gap1 an op5+ 9 bivalves :5 !    
valves are %ut z 9 !     ,pholades1 ,my1
 c4    ,gem9at$1 m>k$ ) a d\ble elevat$ 
/ri connect+ ! wrea?s4    ,g5iculate1   
keel$4    ,g5us1 an assemblage ( species
 possess+ c]ta9 *>act]s 9     common1 by
 :i* !y are di/+ui%$ f all o!rs4        
,g5]a1 ! plural ( g5us4    ,gibb\s1     
bulg$ or bulg+4    ,glabr\s1 smoo?1 hav+
 a smoo? surface4    ,globose1 globul>4 
,granulat$1 bead$1 9 small gra9s or     
beads4    ,groove1 a holl[ *annel4      
,h4    ,hemisph]ical1 9 ! %ape ( a half 
globe4    ,hirsute1 r\gh1 beset ) /rong 
hairs4    ,het]oclitical1 synonym\s )   

het]o/rophe4    ,het]o/rophe1 rev]s$1   
appli$ to %ells ^: spires turn 9 a      
contr>y direction to ! usual way4       
,hispid1 hairy4                         
,i  ,j4    ,jagg$1 d5ticulat$1 unev51   
too!d l a saw4    ,imbricate1 plac$ l ! 
tiles ( a h\se4    ,imp]=at$1 n pi]c$ ) 
a hole1 want+ an umbilicus4             
,inequilat]al1 :5 ! ant]ior & po/]ior   
sides make diff]5t     angles ) ! h+e4  
,inequivalve1 :]e "o valve is m convex  
?an ! o!r1 or     dissimil> 9 o!r       
respects1 z 9 ! common oy/]4            
,in>ticulate1 indi/9ct1 n prop]ly =m$4  
,incumb5t1 "o ly+ ov] ! o!r4            
,incurv$1    b5t inw>d1 crook$4         
,incurvat$1     ,ind5t$1 unequally m>k$1
 holl[$4    ,inflat$1 tumid1 swoll51 z  
if bl[n out4    ,inflect$1 b5t inw>d4   
,index$1 b5t t[>ds ea* o!r4             
,int]co/al1 plac$ betwe5 ! ribs4        
,int]node1 ! space betwe5 "o knot or    
jo9t & ano!r4    ,int]rupt$1 divid$1    
sep>at$4    ,int]/ice1 space betwe5 "o  
"p & ano!r1 a crevice4    ,intortion1 ! 

turn+ or twi/+ 9 any p>ticul> direction4
    ,involucre1 a cov]+4    ,involution1
 t "p :i* involves or inwraps ano!r4    
,involute1 :]e ! ext]ior lip is turn$   
inw>d at ! m>g91 z 9     ! ,cypra4      
,isabella-col\r1 a br[ni% yell[ ) a %ade
 ( br[ni% r$4    ,juncture1 ! jo9+ ( !  
:orl 9 univalve %ells4                  
,k4    ,keel1 ! longitud9al prom95ce 9 !
 ,argonauta4    ,knob1 a protub]ance1   
any "p bluntly aris+ above ! re/4       
,l4    ,labra1 ! lips4    ,lac9iate1    
jagg$ or cut into irregul> segm5ts4     
,lacunose1 hav+ ! surface cov]$ ) pits4 
,lamell>1 consi/+ ( films on plates4    
,lamellat$1 divid$ into di/9ct plaits or
 foliations4    ,lam91 ?9 plates1 laid  
"o coat above ano!r4    ,lanceolate1    
oblong1 & gradually tap]+ l ! head ( a  
lance4    ,lat]al1 ext5d+ to "o side f !
 c5tre4    ,lattic$1 hav+ longitud9al   
l9es or furr[s1 decussate by            
transv]se ones4    ,l5ticulate1 d\bly   
convex1 ( ! =m ( a l5s4    ,ligam5t1 a  
solid body1 s(t] ?an a c>tilage1 b h>d] 

?an a     membrane1 :i* connects !      
valves 9 bivalves4    ,limb1 ! m>g9 (   
bivalve %ells4    ,l9e>1 compos$ ( l9es4
    ,l9eate1 m>k$ ) l9es4    ,lip1 !    
out] edge ( ! ap]ture ( univalves4      
,littoral1 ( or belong+ to ! %ore4      
,lobat$1 r\nd$ at ! edges4              
,longitud9al1 ! l5g? ( ! %ell f ! apex  
to ! base4    ,lubricity1 slipp]9ess1   
smoo?ness ( surface4    ,lunat$1 =m$ l a
 half moon4    ,lunulat$1 cresc5t-%ap$4 
,lunule1 a cresc5t-l m>k or spot1       
situat$ ne> ! ant]ior &     po/]ior     
slopes 9 bivalve %ells4    ,luni=m1 9 ! 
%ape ( a cresc5t4                       
,m4    ,m>g91 ! :ole circumf]5ce or     
outl9e ( ! %ell 9 bivalves4    ,m>g9at$1
 hav+ a prom95t m>g9 or bord]4          
,membrane1 a web ( sev]al sorts (       
fibres4    ,membranace\s1 consi/+ (     
membranes4    ,mottl$1 cl\d$ or spott$ )
 v>i\s col\rs4    ,mucronate1 end+ 9 a  
%>p rigid po9t4    ,multilocul>1        
_m-*amb]$1 consi/+ ( sev]al divisions4  
,muricat$1 clo!d ) %>p sp9es4           

,n4    ,nacr$1 pe>ly1 pe>lace\s4        
,nemoral1 ( or belong+ to a wood4       
,nit$1 glossy4    ,nodose1 knotty4      
,nucleus1 a k]nel4                      
,o4    ,ob1 prefix$ to words1 is us$ =  
inv]sely or inv]t$2 z     obconic1      
inv]sely conic2 obcordate1 inv]sely     
he>t-%ap$4    ,oblong-ovate1 egg-%ap$ or
 oval4    ,obsolete1 indi/9ct1 n well   
def9$4    ,ocellat$1 appli$ to eyelike  
spots4    ,o*re\s1 ( ! col\r ( yell[    
o*re4    ,(fuscat$1 d>k5$1 cl\d$1 dimm$4
    ,olivace\s1 be+ ( a gre5i% olive    
col\r4    ,op]culum1 a lid :i* closes ! 
ap]ture ( "s turb9at$     univalves2 &  
also "s ( ! tops ( multivalves4         
,orbicul>1 sph]ical1 circul>1 r\nd4     
,ord]1 ! second division ( ! animal     
k+dom4 ,ord]s are made up     ( a       
plurality ( g5]a4    ,orifice1 an op5+  
or p]=ation4    ,ovate1 %ap$ l !        
longitud9al section ( an egg4    ,ovoid1
 oval4                                  
,p4    ,palmat$1 webb$1 z 9 ! feet ( "s 
wat]-birds4    ,papill1 small dots or   

pimples4    ,papill>y1  hav+ ! surface  
cov]$ ) dots or pimples4   ,papill\s1   
,papillose1 pimpl$1 dott$4              
,papyrace\s1 ?9 z pap]4    ,p>asitical1 
liv+ on "s o!r body4    ,patul\s1 ) a   
gap or op5+4    ,pe>lace\s1 ( or l      
"m-(-pe>l4    ,p>titions1 calc>e\s      
processes1 divid+ ! %ells ( ! g5us      
,nautilus1 ,s]pula1 c4    ,pect9at$1    
resembl+ ! tee? ( a comb4    ,p$icle1 ! 
support ( ! ,lepas ,anatif]a1 & its     
correspond+     species1 by :i* !y are  
atta*$ to wood1 c4    ,p$uncle1 a       
foot-/alk or tube on :i* any?+ is seat$4
    ,p$i=m1 foot-%ap$4    ,pelagic1     
belong+ to ! deep sea4    ,pellicle1 !  
sk9 or film4    ,pellucid1 transp>5t1   
cle>1 bright4    ,p5tagonal1 hav+ five  
angles4    ,p]=at$1 pi]c$ ) holes4      
,p]vi\s1 admitt+ passage4               
,phosphoresc5t1 emitt+ light 9 ! d>k4   
,pill>1 9 univalves is ! int]nal        
cont9uation ( ! columella or     inn]   
lips1 & ext5ds f ! base to ! apex4      
,p9nat$1 w+$4    ,plait$1 fold$4        

,plaits1 folds4    ,plicat$1 fold$ or   
plait$1 z 9 ! pill> ( ! volute tribe4   
,plumose1 hav+ a fea!ry appe>ance4      
,poly?alm\s1 divid$ into sev]al *amb]s4 
,porcate1 m>k$ ) rais$ longitud9al l9es4
    ,porrect$1 project+4    ,prismatic1 
g5]ally appli$ to ! col\rs ( %ells1 be+ 
l     ^? ( ! prism2 iridesc5t4          
,produc$1 l5g!n$ out4    ,protrude1 to  
?ru/ =w>d4    ,protub]ances1 plaits     
high] or m elevat$ ?an ! p>ts           
adjo9+4    ,punctuat$1 ) small holl[s l 
! punctures ( a ?imble4    ,pyri=m1     
pe>-%ap$4                               
,q4    ,quadrangul>1 hav+ f\r "r angles4
    ,quadruplicat$1 hav+ f\r plaits4    
,r4    ,radiat$1 furni%$ ) rays4        
,radicat$1 is :5 ! %ell is fix$ by !    
base to ano!r body4    ,rectangul>1 hav+
 "r angles4    ,recurvat$1 turn$        
backw>d4    ,recurv$1 b[$ back4         
,reflect$1 ?r[n backw>d1 or b5t back4   
,reflex1    ! same z recurvat$4         
,reflex$1     ,refract$1 abruptly b5t1 z
 if brok54    ,r5i=m1 kidney-%ap$4      

,rep&1 ) a s]p5t9e m>g94    ,replicat$1 
fold$ or plait$1 s z to =m a groove or  
*annel4    ,reticulat$1 =m$ l a piece ( 
network4    ,retr(lect$1 b5t backw>d4   
,retr\sse1 cock$ up1 turn$ up4          
,retrov]t$1 turn$ back4    ,retuse1 end+
 9 an obtuse s9us4    ,rotundat$1       
blunt$1 or turn$ at ! edge4    ,rev]s$  
spire1 is :5 ! volutions turn ! rev]se  
way ( a common     corkscrew1 or to !   
sun's app>5t motion4    ,revolute1 roll$
 backw>d4    ,ribb$1 hav+ longitud9al or
 transv]se ridges4    ,ridge1 ! upp] "p 
( a slope4    ,rima1 ! int]/ice betwe5 !
 valves :5 ! hym5 is remov$4    ,ro/rum1
 ! beak2 ! ext5sion ( ! %ell1 9 :i* !   
canal is     situat$4    ,rotund1 r\nd1 
circul>1 sph]ical4    ,rudim5t>y1 !     
comm5cem5t or fir/ elem5ts ( any?+2     
g5]ally     appli$ to ! indi/9ct tee? ( 
%ells4    ,ruf\s1 ( a r$di% col\r4      
,rugose1 rugg$1 full ( wr9kles4         
,s4    ,sangu9ace\s1 ( a blood col\r1 or
 resembl+ blood4    ,scabr\s1 r\gh1     
rugg$1 h>%1 or l a file4    ,scallop$1  

ind5t$ at ! edges4    ,scrobiculate1    
pitt$1 hav+ ! surface cov]$ ) holl[s4   
,scorbicul\s1 a depression or cavity4   
,scutellat$1   %ield-%ap$4              
,scutelli=m1     ,seam1 ! l9e =m$ by !  
union ( ! valves4    ,semi1 is us$ 9    
composition 9 ! s5se ( half4            
,semi-cordate1 half he>t-%ap$4          
,semi-cyl9drical1 half cyl9drical1 cut  
?r\gh l5g?ways4    ,semi-orbicul>1 !    
%ape ( a half globe4    ,semi-lun>1 !   
%ape ( a half moon4    ,semi-pellucid1  
some:at pellucid or %9+4    ,septi=m1 9 
! %ape ( a p>tition4    ,s]rat$1 l !    
tee? ( a saw4    ,s]rulat$1 v m9utely   
s]rat$4    ,sessile1 sitt+ or seat$4    
,seta1 a bri/le4    ,setace\s1 bri/ly1  
cov]$ ) bri/les4    ,setif]\s1 be>+     
bri/les4    ,setose1 cov]$ ) bri/les4   
,s9i/] valve1 is ! left valve4    ,s9us1
 a groove or cavity4    ,siphunculus1 a 
cyl9drical canal p]=at+ ! p>titions 9   
poly?alm\s %ells2 = in/ance1 z 9 !      
,nautilus ,spirula4    ,solit>y1 g5]ally
 appli$ to a s+le too? 9 bivalves4      

,spatulate1 r\nd$ & broad at ! top1 &   
becom+ n>r[ l a     spatula or          
battl$ore4    ,species1 ! division ( a  
family or g5us1 conta9+ su* z agree     
) x 9 g5]al *>act]s1 or su* z are d]iv$ 
f "o     common p>5tage4    ,sp9y1      
?orny1 cov]$ ) ?ornlike processes4      
,sp9\s1 hav+ sp9es l a h$gehog4         
,spire1 all ! :orls ( univalve %ells1   
except+ ! "o 9 :i*     ! ap]ture is     
situat$1 :i* is t]m$ ! body4    ,spiral1
 twi/$ l a corkscrew4    ,squamose1     
scaly4    ,/ellat$1 />r$1 consi/+ ( />-l
 figures4    ,/riat$1 scor$1 or cov]$ ) 
f9e ?readlike l9es4    ,sub1 9          
composition1 means almo/1 or approa*+   
to2 z sub-globose1     some:at globul>4 
,sub>cuat$1 some:at ar*$4    ,sub-conic1
 some:at conical4    ,sub-diaphan\s1    
some:at transp>5t or cle>4              
,sub-rotund1 ne>ly globul>4             
,subulate1 awl-%ap$4    ,sulcat$1       
furr[$4    ,sulci1 furr[s or ridges4    
,summit1 ! tip or apex4    ,sature1 a   
holl[ l9e ( division 9 univalve %ells1 !

 spiral l9e     ( :i* sep>ates ! wrea?s4
                                        
,t4    ,t5tacula1 ! feel]s ( snails :i* 
inhabit %ells4    ,tesselat$1 *eck]$ l a
 *essbo>d4    ,te/acea1 ! ?ird ord] (   
worms1 includ+ ^? :i* are cov]$     ) a 
te/ace\s %ell4    ,te/ace\s1 consi/+ (  
c>bonate ( lime & animal matt]4         
,tetragonal1 f\r corn]$4    ,torose1    
swell+ into knobs or protub]ances4      
,tortuosity1 wrea?1 flexure4            
,tortu\s1 twi/$1 wrea!d1 w9d+4          
,transv]se1 plac$ across or crossways4  
,:5 ! bread? ( a %ell is     great] ?an 
its l5g?1 x is call$ transv]se4         
,trapezi=m1 %ap$ l a trapezium4         
,trigonal1 hav+ ?ree angles4            
,truncat$1 /unt$1 cut %ort or abruptly  
(f at ! end4    ,tub]cle1 a little knot 
or pimple4    ,tub]culat$1 knott$1      
pimpl$4    ,tub]osities1 prom95t knots  
or excresc5ces4    ,tubul>1 9 ! %ape ( a
 holl[ tube4    ,tubulate1 tubul\s or   
holl[4    ,tunicat$1 coat$4             
,turb9at$1 %ap$ l a top or pe>4         

,turgid1 swoll54                        
,u  ,v4    ,valve1 ! :ole ( univalve    
%ells1 ( %ells 9 "o piece2 & !     half 
( bivalves1 or %ells 9 two divisions1 c4
    ,v>ices1 longitud9al ribs 9 univalve
 %ells4    ,v>iety1 is :5 "o species    
diff]s "s little degree f t (     ano!r4
    ,vault$1 l ! ro( ( "o's m\?4        
,v5t]1 ! belly1 situat$ 9 ! body ( !    
%ell2 be+ ! mo/     prom95t "p :5 !     
ap]ture is turn$ to ! obs]v]4           
,v5tral1 belong+ to ! belly4            
,v5tricose1 inflat$1 swell$ 9 ! middle4 
,v]mi=m1 worm-%ap$4    ,v]tex1 9 !      
,patella ! top or mo/ prom95t "p1       
situat$ 9     g5]al ne>ly 9 ! middle4 ,9
 ! g5us ,bulla x is us$ = !     apex4   
,v]rucose1 w>t$4    ,v]ticulat$1 :orl$4 
,umbilicat$1 hav+ a depression 9 ! c5tre
 l a navel4    ,umbo1 9 bivalve %ells1 !
 r\nd "p :i* turns ov] ! h+e4           
,umbonate1 boss$1 hav+ a rais$ knob 9 ! 
c5tre    ,undulat$1 wav$1 hav+ a wav$   
surface4    ,ungulate1 %ap$ l a horse's 
ho(4    ,unilocul>1 ) a s+le *amb] or   

comp>tm5t4    ,univalve1 %ells consi/+ (
 "o valve or piece4    ,volutions1 !    
wrea?s or turn+s ( ! %ells ( univalves4 
,urceolate1 swell+ 9 ! middle l a pit*]4
    ,vulva1 a spatulat$ m>k 9 sev]al    
bivalve %ells2 =m$ :5 !     valves are  
unit$ on ! po/]ior & ant]ior slopes4    
,w4    ,:orl1 "o ( ! wrea?s or turn+s ( 
! spire ( univalves4                    
,z4    ,zigzag1 hav+ contr>y turn+s &   
w9d+s4    ,zon$1 surr\nd$ ) "o or m     
girdles4                                
,,index                                 
,,to ,,!                  ,,classes1    
,,families1 ,,g5]a1 ,,& ,,plates4       
,n4,b4--,! ,classes are pr9t$ 9 ,small  
,capitals1 ! ,families 9 ,italics1 & !  
,g5]a 9 ! ,ord9>y ,type4          ,a4   
,class4   ,fam4    ,g54   ,plate4       
,fig4   ,page4    ,aca/a                
#b       #a       #d                    
#bj  ,ac]a                  #d       #d 
#a                     #aja  ,a*at9a    
#d       #g       #h      #ah     #a-c  
#aac  ,alata                #d      #ag 

#c                     #adi  ,amphidesma
             #c       #e       #g       
#f       #i      #ci  ,amphitrita       
#a       #c       #d                    
#ac  ,amphitrite             #a       #c
       #d                      #ad      
,ampull>ia             #d      #aj      
#c      #ba       #c     #abj  ,ano/oma 
#d       #g       #c                    
#aji  ,anatif]a              #b       #a
       #g       #d       #e      #ba    
,anat9a                #c       #d      
#b      #ab       #e      #cc           
,ancill>ia             #d      #bj      
#d      #cj       #e     #afi  ,ancylus 
#d       #c       #g      #cb       #c  
#aja  ,,annelides              #a       
#d                              #aa     
,anodonta               #c      #ac     
#c      #aa    #b1 #c      #fh  ,anomia 
#c      #ai       #e      #af       #a  
#hi  ,aplysiacea           #d       #e  
#b                     #ajc  ,aplysia   
#d       #e       #a                    
#ajc  ,arca                   #c        

#aa       #b      #aj       #e      #fc 
,ar5icola              #a       #a      
#a                      #aa  ,arcacea   
#c      #aa       #d                    
#fa  ,argonauta              #d      #bb
       #a      #ce    #a1 #b     #agf   
,asp]gillum            #c       #a      
#a      #cc       #c      #bc  ,auricula
               #d       #g      #aj     
#ai       #f     #aae  ,avicula         
#c      #ag       #d      #ad       #c  
#gi                                     
,b4                                     
,balanus                #b       #a     
#c       #d       #a      #ai           
,bra*iopoda          #c      #bj        
#c                      #hi  ,bucc9um   
#d      #ah       #i      #bi       #a  
#aei  ,bulimus                #d        
#g       #g      #ai       #g     #aab  
,bulla                  #d       #d     
#c      #ag       #g     #ajb  ,bullacea
             #d       #d       #c       
#aja  ,bulla                 #d       #d
       #b      #ag       #e     #ajb    

,c4                                     
,calyptracea          #d       #c       
#g                      #ig  ,calyptra  
#d       #c       #e      #cb       #d  
#ajj  ,canalif]a           #d      #af  
#aa                     #ach            
,cancell>ia            #d      #af      
#d      #be       #e     #adb  ,capsa   
#c       #h       #i       #h       #g  
#di  ,c>diacea            #c      #aj   
#e                      #eg  ,c>dita    
#c      #aj       #b      #aj       #c  
#ei  ,c>dium                #c      #aj 
#a      #aj       #b      #eh  ,c>9>ia  
#d      #bb       #b                    
#agf  ,c>ocolla              #d       #g
       #b      #ai       #a     #ajh    
,cassid>ia             #d      #aj      
#a      #bg       #e     #aeb  ,cassis  
#d      #ah       #b      #bh       #e  
#aec  ,ca/alia               #c      #ab
       #b      #aa       #e      #fe    
,*ama                  #c      #ad      
#a      #ab       #b      #fi  ,c]i?ium 
#d      #af       #a      #bd       #c  

#aci  ,*amacea             #c      #ad  
#c                      #fi  ,*iton     
#d       #b       #c       #a     #a-d  
#ie  ,*itonellus            #d       #b 
#b                      #ic  ,c9]as     
#b       #a       #i                    
#bb  ,,cirrhip$es            #b       #a
                              #ag       
,cirrhip$es          #b       #a        
#aj                      #ag  ,clausilia
              #d       #g       #f      
#ai       #c     #aaa  ,clavagella      
#c       #a       #b                    
#bc  ,cleodora               #d       #a
       #c                      #ib      
,clio                   #d       #a     
#b                      #ib  ,clym5e    
#a       #b       #a                    
#ab  ,colimacea            #d       #g  
#aa                     #aje            
,columbella             #d      #ai     
#a      #bi       #f     #afa           
,columell>ia           #d      #ai      
#e                     #afj  ,con*acea  
#c       #i       #g                    

#di  ,,con*if]a             #c      #bj 
#bc  ,convoluta            #d      #bj  
#f                     #aff  ,conus     
#d      #bj       #f      #ca    #a1 #b 
#agd  ,corbis                 #c        
#h       #f       #h       #a      #df  
,corbula                #c       #f     
#a       #f       #f      #ci           
,corbulacea           #c       #f       
#b                      #ci  ,con*olepas
            #d      #ah       #f        
#bh       #a     #aef  ,coronula        
#b       #a       #b       #d       #c  
#ai  ,crania                 #c      #ai
       #f      #af       #d      #hi    
,crassatella            #c       #e     
#c       #f       #d      #cg  ,crass9a 
#c       #h      #aj       #f       #a  
#di  ,cr5atula              #c      #ag 
#a      #ad       #b      #gf           
,crepidula              #d       #c     
#f      #cb       #b     #aja  ,creusia 
#b       #a       #e       #d       #b  
#bj  ,cuculla               #c      #aa 
#a      #aj       #a      #fa  ,cyclas  

#c       #i       #a       #i       #g  
#ej  ,cyclo/oma             #d       #g 
#aa      #ai       #e     #aaf          
,cymbulia               #d       #a     
#e                      #ic  ,cyr5a     
#c       #i       #b       #f       #g  
#ea  ,cypra                 #d      #bj 
#a      #cd       #d     #afi           
,cypric>dia            #c      #aj      
#c      #aj       #f      #fj  ,cypr9a  
#c       #i       #d       #i       #b  
#eb  ,cy!rea               #c       #i  
#e       #i       #d      #ed           
,d4                                     
,delph9ula             #d      #ad      
#c      #bc       #e     #aca  ,d5talium
              #a       #b       #b      
#cc       #a      #ab  ,dolabella       
#d       #e       #b                    
#ajc  ,dolium                 #d        
#ah       #h      #bi       #d     #aeg 
,donax                  #c       #h     
#h       #h       #d      #dh  ,dorsali 
#a       #a       #b                    
#aa                                     

,e4                                     
,eburna                 #d      #ah     
#aj      #bi       #c     #aei          
,em>g9ula             #d       #c       
#b      #cb       #e      #ih  ,eryc9a  
#c       #e       #d       #f       #e  
#cg  ,e!ria                #c      #ad  
#b      #aa       #a      #ga           
,f4                                     
,fasciol>ia            #d      #af      
#e      #be       #d     #adb           
,fissurella             #d       #c     
#c      #cb       #a      #ii  ,fi/ulana
              #c       #a       #c      
#cc       #e      #bd  ,fusus           
#d      #af       #f      #be       #c  
#adc                                    
,g4                                     
,gala!a               #c       #i       
#c       #f       #h      #ea           
,galeol>ia             #a       #d      
#d                      #af  ,ga/ro*na  
#c       #b       #b       #c       #a  
#bh  ,glycim]is             #c       #c 
#d                      #ca  ,gryphea   

#c      #ai       #a      #af       #b  
#he                                     
,h4                                     
,haliotis               #d      #ab     
#d      #bb    #d1 #f     #abg  ,h>pa   
#d      #ah       #g      #bi       #b  
#aef  ,helic9a               #d       #g
       #d      #ai       #d     #aji    
,helix                  #d       #g     
#a      #ah     #d-i     #ajg           
,het]opoda           #d      #bb        
#b                     #age  ,hiatella  
#c      #aj       #d      #aj       #d  
#fj  ,hippopus               #c      #ae
       #b      #ab       #a      #gb    
,hyala                 #d       #a      
#a                      #ib  ,hyria     
#c      #ac       #b       #e       #d  
#fg                                     
,i4                                     
,irid9a                #c      #ac      
#d                      #fi  ,isoc>dia  
#c      #aj       #e      #ab       #d  
#fa                                     
,j4                                     

,jan?9a               #d      #aa       
#e      #ah       #f     #abe           
,l4                                     
,lima                   #c      #ah     
#b      #ae       #c      #hj  ,limac9ea
            #d       #f       #e        
#ajd  ,limac9a               #d       #a
       #d                      #ic      
,limax                  #d       #f     
#c                     #ajd  ,l+ula     
#c      #bj       #c      #ag       #b  
#ia                                     
,l4                                     
,li?ophagi           #c       #g        
#c                      #dj  ,luc9a     
#c       #h       #g       #h       #h  
#dg  ,lutr>ia               #c       #e 
#a                      #cc  ,lymncea   
#d       #h       #c                    
#aaf  ,lymna                 #d       #h
       #c      #ba       #a     #aag    
,m4                                     
,mactracea            #c       #e       
#g                      #cc  ,mactra    
#c       #e       #b       #i       #f  

#cf  ,macro/omides        #d      #ab   
#d                     #abe  ,magilus   
#a       #d       #e                    
#af  ,malleacea            #c      #ag  
#e                      #gf  ,malleus   
#c      #ag       #c      #ad       #d  
#gh  ,maldani             #a       #b   
#b                      #ab  ,m>g9ella  
#d      #ai       #d      #cj       #c  
#afe  ,melanides            #d       #i 
#c                     #aag  ,melania   
#d       #i       #a      #bj       #c  
#aah  ,melanopsis             #d        
#i       #b      #bj       #f     #aah  
,meleagr9a             #c      #ag      
#e                      #gi  ,mitra     
#d      #ai       #b      #ca       #g  
#afb  ,modiola                #c        
#af       #b      #ab       #f      #gd 
,,mollusca               #d      #bb    
#ib  ,monoc]os              #d      #ah 
#e                     #aee  ,monodonta 
#d      #ae       #c      #bc       #b  
#ace  ,murex                  #d        
#af      #aj      #bf #a1 #c1 #d        

#adg  ,my>ia               #c       #d  
#b                      #cb  ,mya       
#c       #d       #a       #e    #a1 #c 
#cb  ,mytilus                #c      #af
       #a                      #gc      
,mytilacea            #c      #af       
#c                      #gh             
,n4                                     
,naiades              #c      #ac       
#d                      #ff  ,natica    
#d      #aa       #d      #ba       #f  
#abd  ,nautilacea           #d      #ba 
#b                     #agd  ,nautilus  
#d      #ba       #b      #cf    #a1 #c 
#age  ,navicella              #d        
#aa       #b                     #abb   
,n]ita                 #d      #aa      
#c      #ba       #e     #abc  ,n]it9a  
#d      #aa       #a      #ba    #b1 #d 
#aba  ,n]itacea            #d      #aa  
#e                     #aba  ,nucula    
#c      #aa       #d      #aa       #g  
#fd  ,nymphacea            #c       #h  
#aj                      #db            
,o4                                     

,oliva                  #d      #bj     
#e      #cj    #a1 #d     #aga          
,on*idium              #d       #f      
#a                     #ajd  ,orbicula  
#c      #bj       #a      #ag       #d  
#ij  ,o/rea                 #c      #ai 
#b      #af       #e      #hg  ,o/racea 
#c      #ai       #f                    
#he  ,otion                  #b       #a
      #aj                      #bb      
,ovula                  #d      #bj     
#a      #cd     #a-d     #aff           
,p4                                     
,palud9a                                
,p>macella             #d       #f      
#b                     #ajd  ,p>mophora 
#d       #c       #a                    
#ig  ,patella                #d       #b
       #d       #b     #a-g      #ie    
,p&ora                #c       #f       
#b       #f       #c      #dj  ,panopa  
#c       #c       #b       #e       #b  
#ca  ,pect5                 #c      #ah 
#c      #ae       #d      #hb  ,pect9>ia
             #a       #c       #a       

#ac  ,pectunculus            #c      #aa
       #c      #aa       #f      #fd    
,p$um                  #c      #ah      
#a      #ae       #e      #hj           
,pect9ides           #c      #ah        
#g                      #hj  ,p]i/omides
         #d      #aj       #c           
#aai  ,p]na                  #c      #ag
       #b      #ad       #a      #gg    
,petricola              #c       #g     
#b       #g       #c      #da           
,phasianella            #d      #ae     
#f      #bd       #b     #acg  ,pholas  
#c       #b       #a       #c     #b-e  
#bg  ,pholad>ia           #c       #b   
#b                      #bf  ,physa     
#d       #h       #b      #bj       #b  
#aag  ,phyllidia              #d        
#b       #a                      #ic    
,phyllidiacea         #d       #b       
#d                      #ic  ,pir5a     
#d       #i       #c                    
#aai  ,p9na                  #c      #af
       #c      #ac    #a1 #b      #ge   
,pileopsis              #d       #c     

#d                      #ii  ,planorbis 
#d       #h       #a      #bj       #d  
#aaf  ,plicacea             #d      #ac 
#b                     #abh  ,planaxis  
#d      #ae       #e      #bg       #d  
#acf  ,placuna                #c        
#ai       #d      #af       #c      #hh 
,pleurotoma             #d      #af     
#b      #bd       #a     #adj           
,plicatula              #c      #ah     
#e      #ae       #b      #hc           
,plagio/oma            #c      #ah      
#d                      #hc             
,pneumod]mon           #d       #a      
#f                      #ic  ,pollicipes
             #b       #a       #h       
#d    #d1 #f      #bb  ,podopsis        
#c      #ah       #g                    
#he  ,psammobia              #c       #h
       #b       #g       #a      #dc    
,psammota              #c       #h      
#c       #g       #e      #dc  ,pt]oc]as
             #d      #ag       #b       
#bh       #c     #aej  ,pt]opoda        
#d       #a       #f                    

#ib  ,pupa                   #d       #g
       #e      #ah       #e     #aaj    
,pupa                   #d       #g     
#ae      #ai       #b     #aaa  ,purpura
                #d      #ah       #d    
#bh       #d     #aee  ,purpurif]a      
#d      #ah       #a                    
#aea  ,pyramidella            #d        
#ac       #b      #bb       #e     #abi 
,pyrula                 #d      #af     
#g      #be       #f     #add  ,pyrgoma 
#b       #a       #f                    
#ba                                     
,r4                                     
,ranella                #d      #af     
#i      #be       #b     #ade  ,ric9ula 
#d      #ah       #c      #bf       #b  
#aec  ,ro/ell>ia            #d      #ag 
#a      #bg       #b     #adi           
,s4                                     
,sabell>ia             #a       #c      
#b      #cc       #b      #ac           
,sangu9ol>ia          #c       #h       
#a       #g       #d      #db  ,saxicava
               #c       #g       #a     

#g       #f      #dj  ,scal>ia          
#d      #ad       #d      #bc       #a  
#acj  ,scal>ides           #d      #ad  
#c                     #abi  ,sept>ia   
#c       #a       #d                    
#be  ,s]pula                #a       #d 
#b                      #ad  ,s]pulacea 
#a       #d       #e                    
#ad  ,sig>etus              #d      #ab 
#a      #bb       #b     #abf           
,siliqu>ia             #a       #a      
#b      #cc       #d      #aa  ,sol>ium 
#d      #ae       #a      #bc       #d  
#aca  ,solecurtus             #c        
#c       #c      #ca       #f      #ca  
,sol5                  #c       #c      
#a      #ca       #e      #bi  ,sol5ides
            #c       #c       #d        
#bi  ,sol5imya              #c       #e 
#f       #f       #b      #ch           
,spirorbis              #a       #d     
#a                      #ad  ,spirula   
#d      #ba       #a      #cf       #b  
#age  ,spondylus              #c        
#ah       #f      #ae       #a      #hd 

,/omatella             #d      #ab      
#b      #bb       #a     #aea  ,/omatia 
#d      #ab       #c      #bb       #f  
#add  ,/rombus               #d      #ag
       #c      #bh       #b     #abf    
,/ru?iol>ia          #d      #af        
#h      #be       #a     #abf  ,succ9ea 
#d       #g       #i      #bd       #d  
#aad                                    
,t4                                     
,tell9a                #c       #h      
#d       #h       #e      #de           
,tell9ides             #c       #h      
#e       #h       #c      #df  ,t]ebella
              #a       #c       #c      
#ad  ,t]ebellum             #d      #bj 
#c      #ca       #c     #afi  ,t]ebra  
#d      #ah      #aa      #bg    #a1 #c 
#afj  ,t]ebratula            #c      #bj
       #b      #ag       #a      #ij    
,t]$o                 #c       #a       
#f                      #be  ,t]$9a     
#c       #a       #e                    
#be  ,te/acella             #d       #f 
#d      #ag       #f     #ajd           

,tornatella             #d      #ac     
#a      #bb       #c     #abh  ,tro*us  
#d      #ae       #b      #bc       #f  
#acc  ,tridacna               #c        
#ae       #a      #ab       #c      #ga 
,tridacnites          #c      #ae       
#b                      #ga  ,trigonia  
#c      #ab       #a      #aa       #d  
#fe  ,trigonacea           #c      #ab  
#b                      #fe  ,triton    
#d      #af      #aa      #bf       #e  
#adh  ,tubicola             #c       #a 
#f                      #bc  ,tubic9ella
            #b       #a       #a        
#ah  ,turbo                  #d      #ae
       #d      #bd       #f     #acf    
,turb9acea           #d      #ae        
#g                     #aca  ,turb9ella 
#d      #af       #c                    
#adj  ,turritella             #d        
#ae       #g      #bd       #c     #aci 
,u4 ,v4                                 
,ungul9a               #c       #e      
#e                      #cg  ,unio      
#c      #ac       #a       #h       #f  

#fg  ,valvata                #d      #aj
       #a      #bj       #e     #aai    
,v5]ic>dia           #c       #i        
#g       #i       #a      #eg           
,v5]irupis            #c       #g       
#c       #g       #b      #db  ,v5us    
#c       #i       #f       #h    #b1 #c 
#ef  ,v]milia               #a       #d 
#c                      #ae  ,v]metus   
#d      #ad       #a      #bc       #c  
#abi  ,vitr9a                #d       #f
       #e      #ag       #c     #ajd    
,voluta                 #d      #ai     
#c      #cj       #b     #afd  ,volv>ia 
#d      #ai       #e      #bi       #e  
#afe  ,vulsella               #c        
#ai       #c      #ae       #f      #hg 
,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #a4--,li?4 ( ,d4 ,w4 
,kellogg  ,co4 ,h>t=d1 ,ct4             
,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #b4--,li?4 ( ,d4 ,w4 
,kellogg  ,co4 ,h>t=d1 ,ct4             
,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #c4--,li?4 ( ,d4 ,w4 
,kellogg  ,co4 ,h>t=d1 ,ct4             
,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #d4--,li?4 ( ,d4 ,w4 
,kellogg  ,co4 ,h>t=d1 ,ct4             

,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #e4--,li?4 ( ,d4 ,w4 
,kellogg  ,co4 ,h>t=d4  ,illu/ration3   
,pl4 #f4--,li?4 ( ,d4 ,w4 ,kellogg  ,co4
 ,h>t=d1 ,ct4  ,illu/ration3 ,pl4       
#g4--,li?4 ( ,d4 ,w4 ,kellogg  ,co4     
,h>t=d1 ,ct4  ,illu/ration3 ,pl4        
#h4--,li?4 ( ,d4 ,w4 ,kellogg  ,co4     
,h>t=d1 ,ct4  ,illu/ration3 ,pl4        
#i4--,li?4 ( ,d4 ,w4 ,kellogg  ,co4     
,h>t=d1 ,ct4  ,illu/ration3 ,pl4        
#aj4--,li?4 ( ,d4 ,w4 ,kellogg  ,co4    
,h>t=d1 ,ct4  ,illu/ration3 ,pl4        
#aa4--,li?4 ( ,d4 ,w4 ,kellogg  ,co4    
,h>t=d1 ,ct4  ,illu/ration3 ,pl4        
#ab4--,li?4 ( ,d4 ,w4 ,kellogg  ,co4    
,h>t=d1 ,ct4  ,illu/ration3 ,pl4        
#ac4--,li?4 ( ,d4 ,w4 ,kellogg  ,co4    
,h>t=d1 ,ct4  ,illu/ration3 ,pl4        
#ad4--,li?4 ( ,d4 ,w4 ,kellogg  ,co4    
,h>t=d1 ,ct4  ,illu/ration3 ,pl4        
#ae4--,li?4 ( ,d4 ,w4 ,kellogg  ,co4    
,h>t=d1 ,ct4  ,illu/ration3 ,pl4        
#af4--,li?4 ( ,d4 ,w4 ,kellogg  ,co4    
,h>t=d1 ,ct4  ,illu/ration3 ,pl4        
#ag4--,li?4 ( ,d4 ,w4 ,kellogg  ,co4    

,h>t=d1 ,ct4  ,illu/ration3 ,pl4        
#ah4--,li?4 ( ,d4 ,w4 ,kellogg  ,co4    
,h>t=d1 ,ct4  ,illu/ration3 ,pl4        
#ai4--,li?4 ( ,d4 ,w4 ,kellogg  ,co4    
,h>t=d1 ,ct4  ,illu/ration3 ,pl4        
#bj4--,li?4 ( ,d4 ,w4 ,kellogg  ,co4    
,h>t=d1 ,ct4  ,illu/ration3 ,pl4        
#ba4--,li?4 ( ,d4 ,w4 ,kellogg  ,co4    
,h>t=d1 ,ct4  ,illu/ration3 ,pl4        
#bb4--,li?4 ( ,d4 ,w4 ,kellogg  ,co4    
,h>t=d1 ,ct4  ,illu/ration3 ,pl4        
#bc4--,li?4 ( ,d4 ,w4 ,kellogg  ,co4    
,h>t=d1 ,ct4  ,illu/ration3 ,pl4        
#bd4--,li?4 ( ,d4 ,w4 ,kellogg  ,co4    
,h>t=d1 ,ct4  ,illu/ration3 ,pl4        
#be4--,li?4 ( ,d4 ,w4 ,kellogg  ,co4    
,h>t=d1 ,ct4  ,illu/ration3 ,pl4        
#bf4--,li?4 ( ,d4 ,w4 ,kellogg  ,co4    
,h>t=d1 ,ct4  ,illu/ration3 ,pl4        
#bg4--,li?4 ( ,d4 ,w4 ,kellogg  ,co4    
,h>t=d1 ,ct4  ,illu/ration3 ,pl4        
#bh4--,li?4 ( ,d4 ,w4 ,kellogg  ,co4    
,h>t=d1 ,ct4  ,illu/ration3 ,pl4        
#bi4--,li?4 ( ,d4 ,w4 ,kellogg  ,co4    
,h>t=d1 ,ct4  ,illu/ration3 ,pl4        

#cj4--,li?4 ( ,d4 ,w4 ,kellogg  ,co4    
,h>t=d1 ,ct4  ,illu/ration3 ,pl4        
#ca4--,li?4 ( ,d4 ,w4 ,kellogg  ,co4    
,h>t=d1 ,ct4  ,illu/ration3 ,pl4        
#cb4--,li?4 ( ,d4 ,w4 ,kellogg  ,co4    
,h>t=d1 ,ct4  ,illu/ration3 ,pl4        
#cc4--,li?4 ( ,d4 ,w4 ,kellogg  ,co4    
,h>t=d1 ,ct4  ,illu/ration3 ,pl4        
#cd4--,li?4 ( ,d4 ,w4 ,kellogg  ,co4    
,h>t=d1 ,ct4  ,illu/ration3 ,pl4        
#ce4--,li?4 ( ,d4 ,w4 ,kellogg  ,co4    
,h>t=d1 ,ct4  ,illu/ration3 ,pl4        
#cf4--,li?4 ( ,d4 ,w4 ,kellogg  ,co4    
,h>t=d1 ,ct4                            
----------------------------------------
--------------------------------        
,,transcrib]',s ,,notes    #a4 ,p4 iv1  
*ang$ 8muscles0 to 8mussels0 & 8die0 to 
8dye04  #b4 ,p4 #ga1 *ang$ 8,clamp0 to  
8,clam04  #c4 ,p4 #aed1 *ang$ 8die0 to  
8dye04  #d4 ,p4 #agd1 *ang$ 8,o4        
legatus40 to 8,c4 legatus404  #e4       
,sil5tly correct$ typographical errors4 
#f4 ,reta9$ ana*roni/ic & non-/&>d      
spell+s z pr9t$4  #g4 ,enclos$ italics  

font 9 und]scores4