,a                          ,,manual    
,,of ,,conchology1                      
,,according                         ,,to
 ,,the ,,system ,,laid ,,down           
,,by ,,lamarck1                         
,,with ,,the ,,late ,,improvements      
,,by ,,de ,,blainville4                 
,,exemplified ,,and ,,arranged ,,for    
,,the ,,use ,,of ,,students4            
,,by ,,thomas ,,wyatt1 ,m4,a4           
,,illustrated ,,by ,,thirty-,,six       
,,plates ,,containing ,,more ,,than     
,,two ,,hundred ,,types1                
,,drawn ,,from ,,the ,,natural ,,shell4 
,,new-,,york3                           
,,harper  ,,brothers1 ,,cliff-,,street4 
#ahch4           ,entered1 according to 
,act of ,congress1 in the year #ahch1 by
                               ,,thomas 
,,wyatt1       in the ,clerk's ,office  
of the ,eastern ,district of            
,pennsylvania4                          
----------------------------------------
--------------------------------        
,,introduction4   ,conchology or        

,testaceology is a numerous and         
beautiful branch of ,natural ,history1  
treating of the testaceous covering of  
animals2 perhaps none but the department
 of ,flora can vie with it in variety1  
symmetry of form1 and rich colouring4   
,it has ever excited admiration1 and    
obtained a prominent situation in the   
cabinet2 and so great are the facilities
 afforded at the present day to procure 
specimens and obtain a knowledge of this
 science1 that it has become one of the 
requisites of a finished education4     
,shells are found in all parts of the   
world1 both on land and in water2 but   
the most beautiful and valuable species 
are found between the tropics4  ,at     
first they were regarded as pleasing    
curiosities1 and prized only on that    
account2 but the investigations of      
scientific men have proved that the     
study of this science is not only       
interesting1 but useful4 ,much valuable 
information has already been obtained1  
and1 from the investigations of modern  

naturalists1 much more may be           
anticipated4  ,so intimate is the       
connexion between ,conchology and       
,geology1 that a knowledge of the one is
 indispensable to the study and         
acquirement of the other4 ,the geologist
 will draw much advantage from a close  
study of the testaceous covering of     
molluscous animals to aid him in        
determining the identity or the         
superposition of the different strata of
 the earth and the extraordinary changes
 it has undergone2 for1 as ,bergman     
elegantly says1 8fossil shells1 coral1  
and wood are the only three remaining   
medals of ,creation40 ,he will see in   
the innumerable quantity of these       
animals1 succeeding each other from     
generation to generation in the depth of
 the seas1 one of the evident causes of 
the growth and increase of islands and  
continents4  ,but man may find in the   
knowledge of ,mollusca applications     
still more direct to his well being in  
society1 both as to the advantages and  

disadvantages to be derived from them3  
thus a great number of species are      
proper for food1 as oysters1 mussels1   
c41 which are objects of commercial     
speculations4 ,the ,pinna furnishes the 
,italians with materials for a rich     
dress1 and the pearl1 so much prized by 
the ,orientals1 by princes1 and         
particularly by the ladies1 as a modest 
and beautiful ornament1 is produced by a
 disease of the animals in certain      
species of shells4 ,it was this         
knowledge which made the celebrated     
,linnus imagine that it was possible to 
form an artificial pearlery in the      
rivers of ,sweden4 ,the mother of pearl1
 so much employed as an ornament in     
articles of luxury1 is only the interior
 lining of certain univalve or bivalve  
shells4 ,painting draws from some of    
these animals many colours1 valuable not
 so much for their beauty as their      
usefulness1 as ,chinese ink and sepia4  
,the brightest and richest colour known 
by the ancients1 and used by them for   

the celebrated ,tyrian purple dye1 is   
produced by animals at this time known  
by the name of ,purpura4  ,the ,teredo  
attacks the wood of our vessels1 and    
often does much injury2 therefore the   
knowledge of its manners1 habits1 and   
customs must be of great importance in  
countries infested with them1 so as to  
be able to provide a remedy against     
them4 ,snails and slugs are also enemies
 much to be dreaded in our gardens4     
,lamarck1 in his last work1 the result  
of the successive and continual labours 
of his whole life and those of his      
contemporaries1 has rendered a very     
great service to science1 but especially
 to conchology1 by describing1 or1 at   
least1 characterizing the numerous      
species of shells in his own splendid   
cabinet4 ,it may be proper here to      
remark1 that a part of ,lamarck's       
cabinet is now in the possession of     
,isaac ,lea1 ,esq41 of ,philadelphia1 to
 whom we are much indebted for valuable 
assistance4 ,to ,dr4 ,comstock1 and the 

,rev4 ,w4 ,turner1 of ,hartford1 ,conn41
 we are much indebted for kind favours2 
their aid has greatly facilitated our   
labours4  ,in this ,manual of           
,conchology we have endeavoured to give 
a free translation of ,lamarck's system1
 as simplified by ,de ,blainville2 and1 
in order to facilitate as much as       
possible the study of this beautiful and
 interesting science1 we have divested  
it of numerous technicalities1 and      
divided it into four classes3           
,annelides1 ,cirrhipedes1 ,conchifera1  
and ,mollusca4  ,to each class we have  
assigned its various families1 to each  
family its genera1 and to each genus its
 living species2 thereby making it plain
 and within the reach of the meanest    
capacity4 ,a type of almost every genus 
is given1 excepting only those shells   
which1 from their similarity to other   
genera1 may easily be classed4  ,it was 
deemed advisable1 as this is intended   
for an easy introduction to the science1
 to omit many divisions and             

subdivisions1 which would only serve to 
perplex and render the attainment more  
difficult4  ,as the ,naiades1 or shells 
of this country1 are given in several   
valuable scientific works lately        
published1 we have only slightly touched
 them in the place they are intended to 
occupy4  ,we cannot expect that the work
 now presented to the public is free    
from imperfections2 but we ask for their
 lenity and kind forbearance to excuse  
whatever defects there may be in our    
humble attempts to advance the cause of 
science4 ,conchology1 like other        
departments of natural history1 is      
progressing2 and that which is given    
to-day is almost always susceptible of  
being modified to-morrow2 should this   
work be well received1 it is our        
intention to give1 as soon as           
practicable1 an enlarged work1          
containing even the minute microscopic  
shells and the fossils1 with plates     
containing types of as many species of  
the genera as can possibly be obtained4 

,the plates were drawn and coloured with
 great care and accuracy from the       
natural shells in our own cabinet1 under
 the superintendence of ,mr4 ,james     
,ackerman1 artist4                      
,t4 ,w4                                 
,,arrangement4                          
,,class ,i4                             
,,annelides4                            
,,four ,,families4                      
,fam4                     #a4 ,dorsali4 
,two genera4                         #a4
 ,arenicola4      ,species   #a         
#b4 ,siliquaria4        8      #d       
#b4 ,maldani4 ,two genera4              
#a4 ,clymene4        ,species   #a      
#b4 ,dentalium4         8     #ab       
#c4 ,amphitrita4 ,four genera4          
#a4 ,pectinaria4     ,species   #b      
#b4 ,sabellaria4        8      #b       
#c4 ,terebella4         8      #c       
#d4 ,amphitrite4        8      #f       
#d4 ,serpulacea4 ,five genera4          
#a4 ,spirorbis4      ,species   #e      
#b4 ,serpula4           8     #bf       

#c4 ,vermilia4          8      #h       
#d4 ,galeolaria4        8      #b       
#e4 ,magilus4           8      #a       
,,class ,,ii4                           
,,cirrhipedes4                          
,,one ,,family4                     #a4 
,cirrhipedes4 ,ten genera4              
#a4 ,tubicinella4    ,species   #a      
#b4 ,coronula4          8      #c       
#c4 ,balanus4           8     #bh       
#d4 ,acasta4            8      #c       
#e4 ,creusia4           8      #c       
#f4 ,pyrgoma4           8      #a       
#g4 ,anatifera4         8      #e       
#h4 ,pollicipes4        8      #c       
#i4 ,cineras4           8      #a       
#aj4 ,otion4             8      #b      
,,class ,,iii4                          
,,conchifera4                           
,,twenty ,,families4                    
#a4 ,tubicola4 ,six genera4             
#a4 ,aspergillum4    ,species   #d      
#b4 ,clavagella4     ,species   #a      
#c4 ,fistulana4         8      #d       
#d4 ,septaria4          8      #a       

#e4 ,teredina4          8      #b       
#f4 ,teredo4            8      #b       
#b4 ,pholadaria4 ,two genera4           
#a4 ,pholas4         ,species   #i      
#b4 ,gastrochna4       8      #c        
#c4 ,solenides4 ,four genera4           
#a4 ,solen4          ,species  #ah      
#b4 ,panopa4           8      #a        
#c4 ,solecurtus4        8      #c       
#d4 ,glycimeris4        8      #a       
#d4 ,myaria4 ,two genera4               
#a4 ,mya4            ,species   #d      
#b4 ,anatina4           8     #aj       
#e4 ,mactracea4 ,seven genera4          
#a4 ,lutraria4       ,species  #aa      
#b4 ,mactra4            8     #cc       
#c4 ,crassatella4       8     #aa       
#d4 ,erycina4           8      #a       
#e4 ,ungulina4          8      #b       
#f4 ,solenimya4         8      #b       
#g4 ,amphidesma4        8     #af       
#f4 ,corbulacea4 ,two genera4           
#a4 ,corbula4        ,species   #i      
#b4 ,pandora4           8      #b       
#g4 ,lithophagi4 ,three genera4         

#a4 ,saxicava4       ,species   #e      
#b4 ,petricola4         8     #ac       
#c4 ,venerirupis4       8      #g       
#h4 ,nymphacea4 ,ten genera4            
#a4 ,sanguinolaria4  ,species   #d      
#b4 ,psammobia4         8     #ah       
#c4 ,psammota4         8      #g        
#d4 ,tellina4           8     #ed       
#e4 ,tellinides4        8      #a       
#f4 ,corbis4            8      #a       
#g4 ,lucina4            8     #bj       
#h4 ,donax4             8     #bg       
#i4 ,capsa4             8      #b       
#aj4 ,crassina4          8      #a      
#i4 ,conchacea4 ,seven genera4          
#a4 ,cyclas4         ,species  #aa      
#b4 ,cyrena4            8     #aj       
#c4 ,galathea4       ,species   #a      
#d4 ,cyprina4           8      #b       
#e4 ,cytherea4          8     #gh       
#f4 ,venus4             8     #hh       
#g4 ,venericardia4      8      #a       
#aj4 ,cardiacea4 ,five genera4          
#a4 ,cardium4        ,species  #dh      
#b4 ,cardita4           8     #ba       

#c4 ,cypricardia4       8      #d       
#d4 ,hiatella4          8      #b       
#e4 ,isocardia4         8      #c       
#aa4 ,arcacea4 ,four genera4            
#a4 ,cuculla4       ,species   #a       
#b4 ,arca4              8     #cg       
#c4 ,pectunculus4       8     #ai       
#d4 ,nucula4            8      #f       
#ab4 ,trigonacea4 ,two genera4          
#a4 ,trigonia4       ,species   #a      
#b4 ,castalia4          8      #a       
#ac4 ,naiades4 ,four genera4            
#a4 ,unio4           ,species  #dh      
#b4 ,hyria4             8      #b       
#c4 ,anodonta4          8     #ae       
#d4 ,iridina4           8      #a       
#ad4 ,chamacea4 ,three genera4          
#a4 ,diceras4        ,species   #a      
#b4 ,chama4             8     #ag       
#c4 ,etheria4           8      #d       
#ae4 ,tridacnites4 ,two genera4         
#a4 ,tridacna4       ,species   #f      
#b4 ,hippopus4          8      #a       
#af4 ,mytilacea4 ,three genera4         
#a4 ,mytilus4        ,species  #ce      

#b4 ,modiola4           8     #bc       
#c4 ,pinna4             8     #ae       
#ag4 ,malleacea4 ,five genera4          
#a4 ,crenatula4      ,species   #g      
#b4 ,perna4             8     #aj       
#c4 ,malleus4           8      #f       
#d4 ,avicula4           8     #ac       
#e4 ,meleagrina4        8      #b       
#ah4 ,pectinides4 ,seven genera4        
#a4 ,pedum4          ,species   #a      
#b4 ,lima4              8      #f       
#c4 ,pecten4            8     #ei       
#d4 ,plagiostoma4       8     #aj       
#e4 ,plicatula4         8      #e       
#f4 ,spondylus4         8     #ba       
#g4 ,podopsis4          8      #b       
#ai4 ,ostracea4 ,six genera4            
#a4 ,grypha4        ,species   #a       
#b4 ,ostrea4            8     #dh       
#c4 ,vulsella4       ,species   #f      
#d4 ,placuna4           8      #c       
#e4 ,anomia4            8      #i       
#f4 ,crania4            8      #a       
#bj4 ,brachiopoda4 ,three genera4       
#a4 ,orbicula4       ,species   #a      

#b4 ,terebratula4       8     #ab       
#c4 ,lingula4           8      #a       
,,class ,,iv4                           
,,mollusca4                             
,,twenty-,,two ,,families4              
#a4 ,pteropoda4 ,six genera4            
#a4 ,hyala4         ,species   #b       
#b4 ,clio4              8      #b       
#c4 ,cleodora4          8      #b       
#d4 ,limacina4          8      #a       
#e4 ,cymbulia4          8      #a       
#f4 ,pneumodermon4      8      #a       
#b4 ,phyllidiacea4 ,four genera4        
#a4 ,phyllidia4      ,species   #c      
#b4 ,chitonellus4       8      #b       
#c4 ,chiton4            8      #f       
#d4 ,patella4           8     #de       
#c4 ,calyptracea4 ,seven genera4        
#a4 ,parmophora4     ,species   #c      
#b4 ,emarginula4        8      #d       
#c4 ,fissurella4        8     #ai       
#d4 ,pileopsis4         8      #d       
#e4 ,calyptra4         8      #d        
#f4 ,crepidula4         8      #f       
#g4 ,ancylus4           8      #b       

#d4 ,bullacea4 ,three genera4           
#a4 ,acera4          ,species   #a      
#b4 ,bulla4            8      #a        
#c4 ,bulla4             8     #aa       
#e4 ,aplysiacea4 ,two genera4           
#a4 ,aplysia4        ,species   #c      
#b4 ,dolabella4         8      #b       
#f4 ,limacinea4 ,five genera4           
#a4 ,onchidium4      ,species   #b      
#b4 ,parmacella4        8      #a       
#c4 ,limax4             8      #d       
#d4 ,testacella4        8      #a       
#e4 ,vitrina4           8      #a       
#g4 ,colimacea4 ,eleven genera4         
#a4 ,helix4          ,species #ajg      
#b4 ,carocolla4         8     #ae       
#c4 ,anostoma4          8      #b       
#d4 ,helicina4          8      #d       
#e4 ,pupa4              8     #bg       
#f4 ,clausilia4      ,species  #ab      
#g4 ,bulimus4           8     #cd       
#h4 ,achatina4          8     #bj       
#i4 ,succinea4          8      #c       
#aj4 ,auricula4          8     #ad      
#aa4 ,cyclostoma4        8     #bh      

#h4 ,lymncea4 ,three genera4            
#a4 ,planorbis4      ,species  #ab      
#b4 ,physa4             8      #d       
#c4 ,lymna4            8     #aa        
#i4 ,melanides4 ,three genera4          
#a4 ,melania4        ,species  #af      
#b4 ,melanopsis4        8      #c       
#c4 ,pirena4            8      #d       
#aj4 ,peristomides4 ,three gen4         
#a4 ,valvata4        ,species   #a      
#b4 ,paludina4          8      #g       
#c4 ,ampullaria4        8     #aa       
#aa4 ,neritacea4 ,five genera4          
#a4 ,neritina4       ,species  #ba      
#b4 ,navicella4         8      #c       
#c4 ,nerita4            8     #ag       
#d4 ,natica4            8     #ca       
#e4 ,janthina4          8      #b       
#ab4 ,macrostomides4 ,four gen4         
#a4 ,sigaretus4      ,species   #d      
#b4 ,stomatella4        8      #e       
#c4 ,stomatia4          8      #b       
#d4 ,haliotis4          8     #ae       
#ac4 ,plicacea4 ,two genera4            
#a4 ,tornatella4     ,species   #f      

#b4 ,pyramidella4       8      #e       
#ad4 ,scalarides4 ,three genera4        
#a4 ,vermetus4       ,species   #a      
#b4 ,scalaria4          8      #g       
#c4 ,delphinula4        8      #c       
#ae4 ,turbinacea4 ,seven genera4        
#a4 ,solarium4       ,species   #g      
#b4 ,trochus4           8     #fi       
#c4 ,monodonta4         8     #bc       
#d4 ,turbo4             8     #cd       
#e4 ,planaxis4          8      #b       
#f4 ,phasianella4       8     #aj       
#g4 ,turritella4        8     #ac       
#af4 ,canalifera4 ,eleven genera4       
#a4 ,cerithium4      ,species  #cf      
#b4 ,pleurotoma4     ,species  #bc      
#c4 ,turbinella4        8     #bc       
#d4 ,cancellaria4       8     #ab       
#e4 ,fasciolaria4       8      #h       
#f4 ,fusus4             8     #cg       
#g4 ,pyrula4            8     #bh       
#h4 ,struthiolaria4     8      #b       
#i4 ,ranella4           8     #ad       
#aj4 ,murex4             8     #ff      
#aa4 ,triton4            8     #ca      

#ag4 ,alata4 ,three genera4             
#a4 ,rostellaria4    ,species   #c      
#b4 ,pteroceras4        8      #g       
#c4 ,strombus4          8     #cb       
#ah4 ,purpurifera4 ,eleven gen4         
#a4 ,cassidaria4     ,species   #e      
#b4 ,cassis4            8     #be       
#c4 ,ricinula4          8      #i       
#d4 ,purpura4           8     #ej       
#e4 ,monoceros4         8      #e       
#f4 ,concholepas4       8      #a       
#g4 ,harpa4             8      #h       
#h4 ,dolium4            8      #g       
#i4 ,buccinum4          8     #eh       
#aj4 ,eburna4            8      #e      
#aa4 ,terebra4           8     #bd      
#ai4 ,columellaria4 ,five genera4       
#a4 ,columbella4     ,species  #ah      
#b4 ,mitra4             8     #hj       
#c4 ,voluta4            8     #dd       
#d4 ,marginella4        8     #bd       
#e4 ,volvaria4          8      #e       
#bj4 ,convoluta4 ,six genera4           
#a4 ,ovula4          ,species  #ab      
#b4 ,cypra4            8     #fh        

#c4 ,terebellum4        8      #a       
#d4 ,ancillaria4        8      #d       
#e4 ,oliva4             8     #fb       
#f4 ,conus4             8    #aha       
#ba4 ,nautilacea4 ,two genera4          
#a4 ,spirula4        ,species   #a      
#b4 ,nautilus4          8      #b       
#bb4 ,heteropoda4 ,two genera4          
#a4 ,argonauta4      ,species   #c      
#b4 ,carinaria4         8      #c       
,,conchology4                           
,,class ,i4                             
,,annelides4                            
,,contains ,,four ,,families4           
,,family ,i4                            
,,dorsali4 ,two genera4                 
#a4 ,arenicola4 ,has no shell4 ,one     
species4                                
,a4 piscatorium4                        
#b4 ,siliquaria4 ,four species4  ,shell 
very thin1 conical1 tubular1 involuted  
in a loose and irregular spiral manner2 
aperture circular1 edges sharp1         
interrupted in the middle by a notch    
prolonged like a slit through nearly all

 its length1 stopped abruptly at some   
distance from the summit4               
,siliquaria anguina4                    
,s4 muricata4                           
,s4 lvigata4                            
,s4 lactea4  ,s4 anguina4 ,the ,snake   
,siliquaria4 ,pl4 #cc1 fig4 #d4  ,shell 
tapering1 undulating1 spiral at the     
extremity4  ,s4 muricata4 ,the ,prickly 
,siliquaria4  ,species armed with short 
spines or prickles2 aperture sometimes  
margined2 usually of a rosy or pink     
colour4                                 
,,family ,,ii4                          
,,maldani4 ,two genera4                 
#a4 ,clymene4 ,one species4  ,c4        
amphistoma4 ,the double-mouthed         
,clymene4  ,tube thin and slender1 open 
at both ends2 incrusted externally with 
sand and fragments of shells4           
#b4 ,dentalium4 ,the ,tooth ,shell4     
,twelve species4  ,this genus took its  
name from its resemblance to an         
elephant's tooth4 ,it is an attenuated  
conical tube1 slightly bent1 and open at

 both ends4  ,shell tubular1 regular1   
symmetrical1 lightly curved             
longitudinally1 conic1 attenuated       
insensibly posteriorly1 and open at each
 extremity by a round orifice4          
,dentalium elephantinum4                
,d4 aprinum4                         ,d4
 fasciatum4                         ,d4 
entale4                         ,d4     
,tarentinum4                         ,d4
 corneum4                         ,d4   
octoganum4                         ,d4  
novemcostatum4                          
,d4 dentale4                         ,d4
 nigrum4                         ,d4    
politum4                         ,d4    
eburneum4  ,d4 elephantinum4 ,the       
,elephant's ,tooth ,shell4  ,species in 
which the tube is striated or ribbed    
longitudinally2 the ribs are generally  
ten in number2 green colour4  ,d4       
entale4 ,the common ,dentalium4 ,pl4    
#cc1 fig4 #a4  ,species very minutely   
striated2 white or yellowish colour4    
,d4 pellucidum4 ,the pellucid           

,dentalium4  ,species narrow and thin2  
pale topaz colour4  ,d4 politum4 ,the   
ring-striated ,tooth ,shell4  ,species  
finely pointed1 solid1 striated         
annularly2 generally rosy or pink       
colour4  ,d4 rectum4 ,the straight      
,tooth ,shell4  ,species entirely       
straight1 with longitudinal ribs4  ,d4  
eburneum4 ,the ,ivory ,tooth ,shell4    
,species of a reddish or pale yellow    
colour1 with the tip frequently tinged  
with orange or pink4                    
,,family ,,iii4                         
,,amphitrit,a4 ,four genera4  ,the      
similarity of the four genera comprising
 this family is such1 that it was       
thought sufficient to give only one type
 7the sabellaria crassissima71 as the   
student may easily recognise the others4
                         #a4            
,pectinaria4 ,two species4  ,a          
membranous or papyraceous tube1 in the  
form of a reversed cone2 unfixed2       
exterior covered with sandy adhesions4  
,pectinaria ,belgica4                   

,pectinaria capensis4  ,p4 ,belgica4    
,the ,belgic ,pectinaria4  ,tube        
inversely conic1 membranous1 and covered
 with sand4                         #b4 
,sabellaria4 ,two species4  ,the        
covering of the animal belonging to this
 genus is composed of fragments and     
particles of marine substances1 adhering
 to a tubular membrane2 some are        
detached and others are fixed4 ,the     
tubes are cellular at the base1 and the 
orifice expanded4                       
,sabellaria alveolata4                  
,sabellaria crassissima4  ,s4 alveolata4
 ,the ,honeycomb ,sabellaria4  ,consists
 of numerous parallel tubes1 nearly     
straight1 communicating by an aperture1 
forming when in mass the appearance of a
 honeycomb2 it adheres to rocks in      
clusters4  ,s4 crassissima4 ,the very   
thick or strong ,sabellaria4 ,pl4 #cc1  
fig4 #b4  ,species incrusted with small 
stones2 sometimes found thick and of a  
large size4                         #c4 
,terebella4 ,three species4  ,tube      

elongated1 cylindrical1 membranous1     
attenuated and pointed at the base1 with
 adhesions of sand4                     
,terebella conchilega4                  
,t4 cristata4                           
,t4 ventricosa4  ,t4 conchilega4 ,the   
shelly ,terebella4  ,tube covered with  
numerous fragments of broken shells4    
#d4 ,amphitrite4 ,six species4  ,nearly 
the same as the ,terebella1 but of a    
tougher membranous texture1 and         
generally without adhesions4            
,amphitrite ventilabrum4                
,a4 penicillus4                         
,a4 magnifica4                          
,a4 vesiculosa4                         
,a4 volutacornis4                       
,a4 infundibulum4  ,a4 ventilabrum4 ,the
 ,fan ,amphitrite4  ,tube subulate1     
smooth1 of a yellowish colour4          
,,family ,,iv4                          
,,serpulacea4 ,five genera4             
#a4 ,spirorbis4 ,five species4  ,tube   
testaceous1 spirally twisted on a       
horizontal plane1 with terminal aperture

 rounded or angular1 attached by the    
lower part to marine substances4        
,spirorbis ,nautiloides4                
,s4 spirillum4                          
,s4 carinata4                           
,s4 lamellosa4                          
,s4 tricostalis4  ,s4 ,nautiloides4 ,the
 ,nautilus-shaped ,spirorbis4  ,white1  
transversely wrinkled and minute4       
#b4 ,serpula4 ,the ,worm ,shell4        
,twenty-six species4  ,the name of this 
genus is derived from the ,latin word   
serpo1 to creep1 on account of the      
vermiform character of some of its      
species4  ,they are invariably tubular1 
sometimes solitary1 but more frequently 
in clusters spirally entwined1 adhering 
to marine substances4 ,in colour they   
are brown1 purple1 yellow1 tawny1 pink  
or white1 and sometimes tinged with     
green4  ,tube solid1 calcareous1        
irregularly twisted1 fixed to other     
substances4                             
,serpula vermicularis4                  
,s4 fascicularis4                       

,s4 intestinum4                         
,s4 contortuplicata4                    
,s4 plicaria4                           
,s4 glomerata4                          
,s4 decussata4                          
,s4 protensa4                           
,s4 infundibulum4                       
,s4 annulata4                           
,s4 cereolus4                           
,s4 filograna4                          
,s4 vermicella4                         
,s4 filaria4                            
,s4 pellucida4                          
,s4 intorta4                            
,s4 cristata4                           
,s4 spirula4                            
,s4 quadrangularis4                     
,s4 minima4                          ,s4
 echinata4                          ,s4 
sulcata4                          ,s4   
costalis4                          ,s4  
dentifera4                          ,s4 
sipho4                          ,s4     
arenaria4  ,s4 vermicularis4 ,the       
wormlike ,serpula4  ,white1 cylindrical1

 tapering1 rugged1 variously curved and 
twisted4                         #c4    
,vermilia4 ,eight species4  ,tube       
testaceous1 cylindrical1 more or less   
twisted1 gradually attenuated           
posteriorly2 opening round1 the margin  
with one1 two1 or three teeth2 shell    
adhering by the side to other           
substances2 provided with a convex      
operculum4                              
,vermilia rostrata4                     
,v4 triquetra4                          
,v4 bicarinata4                         
,v4 eruca4                              
,v4 subcrenata4                         
,v4 plicifera4                          
,v4 scabra4                             
,v4 tniata4  ,v4 triquetra4 ,the        
three-sided ,vermilia4  ,white or       
reddish1 rugged1 twisted and triangular1
 carinated along the back4              
#d4 ,galeolaria4 ,two species4          
,distinguished from the ,vermilia by a  
very peculiar operculum4 ,found in      
groups1 adhering together at the base4  

,tube open at the summit2 aperture      
orbicular1 terminated on the side by a  
spatulous tongue2 operculum orbicular1  
squamose1 consisting of from five to    
nine testaceous parts or valves1 all    
attached to one side of the operculum2  
the middle one dentated at the truncated
 part of its summit1 the others a little
 toothed on their internal edge4        
,galeolaria cspitosa4                   
,galeolaria elongata4  ,g4 elongata4    
,the elongated ,galeolaria4  ,whitish1  
existing in congregated masses2         
operculum as above4                     
#e4 ,magilus4 ,one species4  ,a very    
singular shell1 greatly resembling a    
petrified body1 composed of a testaceous
 white substance like alabaster4 ,the   
base is bent into a short spire1 with   
about four contiguous whorls2 the last  
prolonged and nearly straight4 ,the     
animal1 as it increases in size1        
abandons the spiral part by increasing  
the tubular part1 filling up the part it
 quits with calcareous matter1 which    

proves that it advances gradually4      
,tube partially involuted1 convex in its
 upper exterior part1 the lower side    
flattened1 platted1 carinated1 and      
somewhat angular2 the spire short1      
helix-formed1 and prolonged through the 
rest of its extent in nearly a right    
line2 aperture entire1 oval1 with a sort
 of sinus or gutter in the middle line1 
producing the keel of the shell4  ,m4   
antiquus4 ,the antiquated ,magilus4     
,answers to the above description2      
colour pale yellowish brown1            
transversely wrinkled4                  
,,class ,,ii4                           
,,cirrhipedes4                          
,,has ,,but ,,one ,,family4             
,,cirrhipedes4 ,ten genera4  ,lamarck   
divided the ,lepas of ,linnus into the  
various genera which compose this       
family4 ,the term lepas is derived from 
the ,greek word 1 a rock1 alluding to   
its custom of adhering to rocks and     
marine bodies4 ,the shell often varies  
in shape1 covering1 and colouring2 it is

 generally conical1 but sometimes       
hemispherical2 some of the valves are   
placed perpendicularly on a base1 broad 
at the lower margin and tapering towards
 the summit1 which is closed by small   
horizontal valves forming the operculum4
 ,the number of valves is indefinite1   
from four to twenty-four2 but all are   
diversified with stri1 ridges1 and      
grooves4 ,the stri are mostly           
transverse1 and the ridges longitudinal4
  ,the valves which compose the         
operculum or lid vary in shape1 and are 
in number two1 three1 four1 or more2    
they are generally attached to a        
ligament4  ,they are seldom1 if ever1   
found detached1 but adhere in groups to 
rocks1 shells1 anchors1 marine animals1 
c4 ,those that fix themselves to ships  
are generally called barnacles2 they    
rapidly increase in size and number1 do 
great damage1 and greatly impede the    
progress of the vessel4 ,some of this   
family are affixed at the base of the   
shell to other substances1 and are      

therefore called sessile2 others are    
attached to a fleshy peduncle or stem1  
and are said to be pedunculated4 ,the   
peduncle or stem1 proceeding from the   
base of the shell to the substance which
 sustains it1 is sometimes smooth1 fine 
in texture1 and tinged with bright red  
or orange2 sometimes it is of a dark or 
brownish colour1 with a texture much    
coarser and granulated4                 
#a4 ,tubicinella4 ,one species4  ,has   
the form of a cylindrical tube1 slightly
 curved1 and open at both ends2 one     
extremity closed by four trapezoidal    
valves attached to the inner margin1 the
 other end closed by a membrane4 ,the   
annular ribs which separate the         
compartments show its progressive       
growth4 ,found buried so deeply in the  
fat of marine animals1 particularly     
whales1 that only the operculum and the 
upper part of the tube are visible4     
,shell rather elevated1 sub-cylindrical1
 the partitions rather small and        
indented2 the spaces or compartments    

almost quadrilateral2 the inferior much 
more narrow than the others2 the        
apertures equal and circular2 the       
membrane which closes the superior      
forming a tube between the four almost  
equal valves of the operculum4  ,t4     
balnarum4 ,the ,whale ,tubicinella4     
,tubular1 with transverse ribs1 and a   
ring-shaped margin2 operculum           
bottle-shaped4                          
#b4 ,coronula4 ,three species4  ,found  
imbedded in the skin of whales and other
 marine animals1 though not generally at
 so great a depth as the ,tubicinella4  
,shell in form a little variable and    
without trace of support2 the coronary  
part formed of six pieces1 as in those  
properly called ,balanus1 but more      
regularly disposed in a manner to       
imitate a kind of crown or tube2 spaces 
alternately hollowed and saliant2       
operculum not articulated1 composed of  
two pairs of small1 level1 delicate     
valves1 joined at the aperture of the   
tube by a considerable membranous part1 

leaving a passage for the cirrhous      
appendages of the animal4               
,coronula testudinaria4                 
,c4 balnarum4                           
,c4 diadema4                            
,c4 quinquevalvis4  ,c4 testudinaria4   
,the ,tortoise ,coronula4  ,very        
depressed1 circular1 as if radiated by  
the disposition of marked spaces1       
striated transversely1 forming six rays 
diverging from the centre to the        
circumference2 aperture oval and        
hexagonal4  ,c4 balnarum4 ,the ,whale   
,coronula4  ,a little more elevated2 the
 spaces prominent1 equal between them1  
much larger than the excavated2 the     
aperture subcircular2 the operculum of  
four valves1 almost equal1 occupying but
 a small space of the membranous part   
which forms between them a sort of tube4
  ,c4 diadema4 ,the ,crown ,coronula4   
,more elevated1 sub-hexagonal2 the      
spaces almost equal1 the hollow parts   
larger than the saliant2 the superior   
aperture very large and hexagonal2 the  

inferior much smaller1 of the same form1
 and communicating in a round excavation
 by radiated plates2 the operculum      
bivalve4  ,c4 quinquevalvis4 ,the       
five-valved ,coronula4 ,pl4 #d1 fig4 #c4
  ,species irregular1 having only five  
valves1 of a purple hue4                
#c4 ,balanus4 ,the ,acorn ,shell4       
,twenty-eight species4  ,so named from  
its resemblance to an acorn4 ,shell     
conical2 the coronary part formed of six
 very distinct valves1 one dorsal1 one  
ventral1 and two pairs of laterals1 with
 or without a calcareous support2       
operculum of four articulated pieces1   
forming a sort of pyramid in the        
superior aperture of the tube4          
,balanus angulosus4                     
,b4 sulcatus4                           
,b4 tintinnabulum4                      
,b4 nigrescens4                         
,b4 cylindraceus4                       
,b4 calycularis4                        
,b4 roseus4                             
,b4 palmatus4                           

,b4 stalactiferus4                      
,b4 plicatus4                           
,b4 duploconus4                         
,b4 patellaris4                         
,b4 semiplicatus4                       
,b4 galeatus4                           
,b4 ovularis4                           
,b4 miser4                              
,b4 amphimorphus4                       
,b4 perforatus4                         
,b4 lvis4                            ,b4
 spinosus4                              
,b4 radiatus4                           
,b4 subimbricatus4                      
,b4 rugosus4                            
,b4 placianus4                          
,b4 crispatus4                          
,b4 punctatus4                          
,b4 fistulosus4                         
,b4 latus4  ,b4 sulcatus4 ,the furrowed 
,balanus4  ,white2 valves nearly smooth2
 operculum strongly ridged transversely1
 with longitudinal1 nearly obsolete     
stri4  ,b4 tintinnabulum4 ,the little   
,bell ,balanus4 ,pl4 #d1 fig4 #a4       

,shell conical2 valves strongly and     
irregularly ribbed2 interstices         
delicately striated transversely2 colour
 purple4  ,b4 spinosus4 ,the spiny      
,balanus4  ,either has no support or a  
membranous one2 armed with spines       
exteriorly4                          #d4
 ,acasta4 ,three species4  ,found in    
sponge1 from which1 when detached1 it   
cannot stand erect on account of the    
convexity of the base4  ,shell oval1    
sub-conic1 shaped like a ,patella1 with 
six lateral unequal valves slightly     
connected2 operculum with four valves4  
,acasta ,montagui4                      
,a4 glans4                              
,a4 sulcata4  ,a4 ,montagui4 ,montague's
 ,acasta4  ,valves erect1 triangular1   
acute1 with muricated ascending spines4 
#e4 ,creusia4 ,three species4  ,the     
shells of this genus are generally      
small2 found in the seas of hot         
countries attached to madrepore and     
other marine substances4  ,shell        
sessile1 thin1 ,patella-shaped2 aperture

 oval1 rather large1 closed by a large  
sub-pyramidal bivalve operculum2 a      
considerable calcareous support1        
funnel-shaped1 penetrating the bodies to
 which the animal is attached4          
,creusia stromia4                       
,c4 spinulosa4                          
,c4 verruca4  ,c4 spinulosa4 ,the spiny 
,creusia4  ,very depressed1 striated1   
sometimes with marks of division into   
four pieces2 operculum bivalve4  ,c4    
verruca4 ,the warted ,creusia4 ,pl4 #d1 
fig4 #b4  ,whitish1 slightly depressed1 
with interwoven obliquely striated      
valves2 the margin at the base          
irregularly serrated4                   
#f4 ,pyrgoma4 ,one species4  ,the       
principal difference between this genus 
and the ,creusia is in form4  ,shell    
sessile1 rather globular appearance on  
account of the valves being more closely
 united1 ventricose1 convex above1 apex 
perforated1 aperture small and          
elliptical2 operculum bivalve4  ,p4     
cancellata4 ,the cancellated ,pyrgoma4  

,thick1 conical1 ,patella-shaped1 ribs  
radiating from the summit to the base2  
aperture very small1 closed by an       
operculum of which the two pieces are   
long and narrow on each side2 pale      
violet colour4                          
#g4 ,anatifera4 ,five species4  ,the    
shells of this genus and the three      
following genera are affixed to marine  
bodies by a tough membranous peduncle1  
varying in length4  ,shell flat1 with   
five valves imbricating more or less on 
the edges1 united by a thin membrane4   
,anatifera lvis4                        
,a4 villosa4                            
,a4 dentata4                            
,a4 striata4                            
,a4 vitrea4  ,a4 lvis4 ,the smooth      
,anatifera4 ,pl4 #d1 fig4 #e4  ,five    
smooth valves2 the dorsal one rounded at
 the sides1 and slightly carinated2     
peduncle long1 naked1 of a scarlet      
colour4                        #h4      
,pollicipes4 ,three species4  ,easily   
distinguished by the numerous small     

valves situated at the base4            
,pollicipes cornucopia4                 
,p4 mitella4                            
,p4 scalpellum4  ,p4 cornucopia4 ,the   
,cornucopia ,pollicipes4 ,pl4 #d1 fig4  
#f4  ,peduncle covered with imbricated  
scales1 the lower ones rounded and      
turned upward4  ,p4 mitella4 ,the ,mitre
 ,pollicipes4 ,pl4 #d1 fig4 #d4  ,valves
 indefinite in number1 from six to      
twenty-four2 almost equal1 and open like
 tulips2 colour bluish1 purplish1       
brownish1 or reddish cast4              
#i4 ,cineras4 ,one species4  ,shell     
composed of five testaceous oblong      
valves1 separate1 not covering the whole
 of the body2 two at the sides of the   
aperture1 the others on the back2       
peduncle of a greenish colour1 with six 
longitudinal stripes4  ,c4 vittata4 ,the
 filleted ,cineras4  ,answers to the    
above description4                      
#aj4 ,otion4 ,two species4  ,shell      
composed of two testaceous valves1      
enclosed in a mantle or membranous bag1 

which is prolonged and terminated in two
 fleshy tubes formed like ears1 one of  
the two having a lateral opening4       
,otion ,cuvierii4                       
,otion ,blainvillii4  ,o4 ,cuvierii4    
,cuvier's ,otion4  ,answers to the      
above4  ,o4 ,blainvilli4 ,blainville's  
,otion4  ,ash coloured2 the body and    
ears spotted with black4                
,,class ,,iii4                          
,,conchifera4                           
,,contains ,,twenty ,,families4         
,,family ,i4                            
,,tubicola4 ,six genera4            #a4 
,aspergillum4 ,the ,watering-pot ,shell4
 ,four species4  ,a well-known but rare 
shell2 the larger end closed by a convex
 disk1 with numerous small perforations1
 and encircled by a dilated margin of   
elegant papyraceous tubes1 resembling a 
beautifully plaited ruff2 the smaller   
end open4 ,found in sandy places at low 
water4  ,shell oval1 slightly elongated1
 striated longitudinally1               
sub-equilateral2 adhering1 more or less 

confounded with the coats of a rather   
thick calcareous tube1 conic1           
club-shaped1 open at its attenuated     
extremity1 and terminated at the other  
by a convex disk pierced by a great     
number of sub-tubular1 rounded holes1   
and by a fissure in the centre4         
,aspergillum ,javanum4                  
,a4 vaginiferum4                        
,a4 ,nov ,zeylandi4                     
,a4 agglutinans4  ,a4 ,javanum4 ,the    
,java ,aspergillum4 ,pl4 #cc1 fig4 #c4  
,species smooth1 in which the           
circumference of the disk is bordered   
with a waved testaceous fringe4  ,a4    
,nov ,zeylandi4 ,the ,new-,zealand      
,aspergillum4  ,species in which the    
circumference of the disk is without a  
fringe4                         #b4     
,clavagella4 ,one species4  ,an         
irregular tube1 with branches or        
projecting tubes at the closed end2     
within it is one free or moveable valve1
 united by a ligament to another1 which 
is blended with the tube2 this          

distinguishes it from the ,aspergillum4 
,found in sand and coral4  ,shell oval1 
very slightly elongated1 striated       
longitudinally1 slightly irregular2     
equivalve1 inequilateral2 hinge a little
 variable2 ligament exterior2 two       
well-marked distant muscular            
impressions2 a calcareous               
sub-cylindrical tube1 more or less      
completely surrounding the shell1 and   
terminated before by a single orifice4  
,c4 aperta4 ,the open ,clavagella4      
,tube erect1 adhering2 aperture waved1  
entire1 expanding1 funnel-shaped1       
leaving the two valves open or uncovered
 in all their anterior part2 with an    
ovate face valve4                       
#c4 ,fistulana4 ,four species4  ,lamarck
 asserts that the tube and shell of this
 genus are quite distinct4 ,it so       
greatly resembles the ,teredo that it is
 with difficulty distinguished4 ,it is  
found in sand1 wood1 stone1 and         
sometimes shells4  ,shell annular or    
very short1 not sharp nor angular       

anteriorly1 but in other respects much  
like that of the ,teredo4  ,tube        
generally shorter1 thicker1 more solid1 
more club-shaped than that of the       
,teredo1 always closed at its anterior  
extremity in such a manner as to contain
 and entirely hide the shell2 the       
posterior extremity open1 and divided   
interiorly into two syphons by a        
partition4                              
,fistulana clava4                       
,f4 corniformis4                        
,f4 gregata4                            
,f4 lagenula4  ,f4 corniformis4 ,the    
horn-shaped ,fistulana4  ,answers to the
 above description4  ,f4 gregata4 ,the  
gregarious ,fistulana4  ,sheath or tube 
doubly club-shaped1 congregating2 shell 
angularly arcuated1 with double         
angulated serrated wings4  ,f4 ,clava4  
,the ,club ,fistulana4 ,pl4 #cc1 fig4   
#e4  ,species with one end clavate1 the 
other incurved1 narrower1 obtuse1 and   
perforated in the middle2 shell         
generally flexuous1 of a brownish       

colour2 exterior rough1 interior smooth4
                          #d4 ,septaria4
 ,one species4  ,the tube of this genus 
unquestionably contains a bivalve shell2
 but1 as no perfect specimen has yet    
been found1 nothing decisive is known   
respecting it4  ,tube calcareous1 thick1
 conically elongated1 more or less      
flexuous1 as if composed of pieces      
placed on the ends of each other1 or as 
if articulated1 with a ring or          
projection more or less marked at the   
place of the joints1 but without traces 
of partitions2 terminated on one side by
 an inflation1 oftentimes with some     
interior partitions1 and on the other by
 two tubes1 distinct and                
sub-articulated4  ,s4 arenaria4 ,the    
,sand ,septaria4  ,the type of this     
genus4                       #e4        
,teredina4 ,two fossil species4  ,a     
genus without a living species1 given   
here to preserve the family entire1     
having a shell thick1 oval1 short1 very 
gaping posteriorly1 equivalve1          

inequilateral2 summits well marked2 a   
spoonlike cavity in each valve4  ,tube  
or sheath testaceous1 cylindrical2      
anterior end open2 posterior end closed1
 but exhibiting the two valves of the   
shell4                   #f4 ,teredo4   
,the ,ship ,worm4 ,three species4  ,this
 genus derived its name from the faculty
 it possesses of boring wood4 ,the ,t4  
navalis can penetrate the stoutest oaken
 planks of a ship's sides by means of   
two valves affixed to the head of the   
animal4 ,the effects produced would be  
much more destructive but from the fact 
of their generally perforating the wood 
in the direction of the grain4 ,sir ,e4 
,home wrote a very scientific and       
interesting description of a species not
 mentioned by ,lamarck1 called the ,t4  
gigantea1 found imbedded in indurated   
mud in the ,island of ,sumatra4 ,it is  
the largest species known1 some having  
been seen four or five feet long4       
,shell thick1 solid1 very short or      
annular1 open at both extremities2      

equivalve1 equilateral1 angular and     
sharp anteriorly1 only slightly touching
 by the opposite edges2 hinge obsolete2 
a considerable internal spoonlike       
cavity2 one slightly sensible muscular  
impression4  ,tube more or less distinct
 from the substance in which the animal 
lives1 cylindrical1 straight or         
flexuous1 closed with age at the oral   
extremity so as to envelop the animal   
and its shell2 always open at the other 
end1 and divided interiorly into two    
syphons by a middle partition4          
,teredo navalis4                        
,t4 palmulata4                          
,t4 gigantea4  ,t4 navalis4 ,the common 
,ship ,worm4  ,species very thin1       
cylindrical1 and smooth2 slightly       
twisted1 white1 finely striated         
longitudinally4                         
,,family ,,ii4                          
,,pholadaria4 ,two genera4              
#a4 ,pholas4 ,the ,stone ,piercer4 ,nine
 species4  ,this genus is without any   
tubular sheath2 it derives its name from

 the ,greek word 1 to hide1 alluding to 
the custom of its inhabitant in forming 
cells in rocks1 wood1 c4  ,in form the  
,pholas is generally oblong1 having two 
large valves opposite to each other1    
with a number of smaller ones attached  
to the back as a substitute for a hinge4
 ,the two large valves never shut close2
 they are open at one end1 and sometimes
 at both4  ,the exterior of the shell is
 usually of a pure or dusky white1 but  
sometimes of a brownish cast4 ,in some  
species the shell is adorned with       
beautiful delicate reticulations1 like  
the finest lace2 in others the texture  
is coarser1 like small basket-work4     
,they are found in the ,american1       
,indian1 and ,european seas1 each shell 
in a separate habitation formed in      
limestone1 sandstone1 wood1 coral1 c42  
often discovered completely imbedded in 
the oak planks of ships traversing those
 seas2 as they advance in growth they   
enlarge the space within1 and leave the 
aperture by which they entered of its   

primitive size4  ,shell thin1           
sub-transparent1 finely striated1       
elongated oval1 bivalve1 equivalve1     
inequilateral2 the valves only touching 
in the middle of their edges2 the       
summits but little marked1 and concealed
 by a callosity produced by the         
expansion of the dorsal lobes of the    
mantle2 near the hinge are often        
developed one or more accessory         
calcareous pieces2 an incurved tooth    
interior beneath the hinge4             
,pholas dactylus4                       
,p4 orientalis4                         
,p4 candida4                            
,p4 dactyloides4                        
,p4 silicula4                           
,p4 costata4                            
,p4 crispata4                           
,p4 callosa4                            
,p4 clavata4  ,p4 dactylus4 ,the prickly
 ,pholas4 ,pl4 #c1 fig4 #c4  ,answers to
 the general description1 but is beset  
with small calcareous spiny nodules on  
the ribs1 which run widening and        

enlarging from the summit to the margin2
 colour white or very light brown4  ,p4 
striata4 ,the striated ,pholas4 ,pl4 #c1
 fig4 #e4  ,oval1 the dorsal callosity  
leaving the summit free1 and extending  
towards the anterior and inferior       
extremity in such a manner that each    
valve seems to be formed of three parts1
 because of an oblique furrow from the  
summit to the margin2 a tooth running   
down in the inside from the summit2 one 
pair of accessory pieces at the         
posterior extremity of the shell4  ,p4  
candida4 ,the white ,pholas4 ,pl4 #c1   
fig4 #b4  ,elongated1 wedge-shaped2     
muscular impression almost medial2 a    
kind of oblique tooth parting from the  
summit2 no accessory pieces4  ,p4       
costata4 ,the ribbed ,pholas4 ,pl4 #c1  
fig4 #d4  ,elongated1 wedge-shaped1     
covered with regular elevated jagged or 
scalloped ribs1 elegantly disposed2     
three dorsal accessory pieces2 muscular 
impression almost medial4  ,p4 crispata4
 ,the curled ,pholas4  ,somewhat oval1  

truncated behind1 and as if divided into
 two parts by an oblique furrow from the
 summit to the base2 anterior part      
reticulated1 the other parts plain2     
muscular impression marginal4  ,p4      
clavata4 ,the clubbed ,pholas4  ,short1 
wedge-form1 little gaping1 with many    
accessory pieces4                       
#b4 ,gastrochna4 ,three species4        
,always without accessory pieces1 and1  
therefore1 easily distinguished from the
 ,pholas4  ,shell equivalve1 somewhat   
wedge-shaped1 with a very large1 oval1  
oblique1 anterior opening between the   
valves2 the posterior extremity nearly  
close2 hinge linear1 marginal1 without  
teeth2 two distant muscular impressions2
 sometimes with a kind of tube or       
calcareous general envelope4            
,gastrochna cuneiformis4                
,g4 mytiloides4                         
,g4 modiolina4  ,g4 modiolina4 ,the     
,modioliform ,gastrochna4  ,oval1 thin1 
brittle1 gaping at the side2 light      
reddish brown1 with a bluish white      

interior4  ,g4 cuneiformis4 ,the        
wedgelike ,gastrochna4 ,pl4 #c1 fig4 #a4
  ,species with a smooth shell1 and     
without distinct tube4 7,represented as 
imbedded in wood47                      
,,family ,,iii4                         
,,solenides4 ,four genera4              
#a4 ,solen4 ,eighteen species4  ,there  
are many species belonging to this genus
 differing considerably in form and     
appearance4 ,its name is derived from a 
,greek word signifying a pipe or tube4  
,it is a bivalve whose breadth sometimes
 exceeds its length2 some species have a
 resemblance to the sheath of a razor or
 a knife handle2 others are curved like 
the scabbard of a cimeter4  ,the ,solen 
is found in the sand of the seashore1   
which it sometimes penetrates to the    
depth of one or two feet4 ,most of the  
species are covered with an epidermis1  
which renders their colours more or less
 obscure4 ,in general they present but  
little beauty1 though some are of a     
bright pink colour1 and some are        

beautifully and delicately radiated with
 purple and white4  ,the principal      
characteristic of this genus is the     
hinge1 which generally has one subulate 
tooth1 though sometimes two or three4   
,shell equivalve1 extremely             
inequilateral1 transversely elongated1  
open at both ends2 the apices very      
small1 and entirely at the commencement 
of the dorsal line2 one or two teeth in 
the hinge2 ligament external2 two       
distant muscular impressions2 the       
anterior one very long and narrow1 the  
posterior one sub-angular4              
,solen vagina                           
,s4 corneus4                            
,s4 ensis4                              
,s4 pygmus4                             
,s4 ambiguus4                           
,s4 ,dombeii4                           
,s4 ,javanicus4                         
,s4 ,caribus4                           
,s4 antiquatus4                         
,s4 vaginoides4                         
,s4 siliqua4                            

,s4 cultellus4                          
,s4 planus4                             
,s4 minutus4                            
,s4 constrictus4                        
,s4 coarctatus4                         
,s4 rostratus4                          
,s4 violaceus4  ,s4 vagina4 ,the ,razor 
,sheath4 ,pl4 #ca1 fig4 #e4  ,valves    
equal1 truncated at both ends2 straight 
or slightly curved2 summit terminal4    
,s4 cultellus4 ,the kidney-shaped       
,solen4  ,species a little curved       
lengthwise2 summit not terminal4  ,s4   
rostratus4 ,the violet-beaked ,solen4   
,species with longer and narrower       
valves1 flatter at the extremities2     
callosity at the hinge very visible2    
cardinal teeth or hinge nearer the      
middle than the anterior side4  ,s4     
ensis4 ,the ,sabre ,solen4  ,species    
linear1 sabre-shaped2 a single          
compressed tooth in each valve2 olive   
brown at the base1 and of a purple hue  
near the apex4  ,s4 siliqua4 ,the       
podlike ,solen4  ,species linear1       

straight2 two teeth in one valve and one
 in the other2 covered with a glossy    
brown epidermis2 striated transversely4 
,s4 antiquatus4 ,the ,antiquated ,solen4
  ,species thin1 white1 and almost      
transparent2 striated concentrically2   
ends rounded2 hinge near the centre2 a  
tooth in one valve locking into two in  
the other2 the teeth erect and          
projecting beyond the margin2 covered   
with a dark-coloured epidermis4         
#b4 ,panopa4 ,one species4              
,distinguished from the ,mya by the     
prominency of the apex and the situation
 of the ligament4  ,shell regular1      
elongated oval1 gaping at the two       
extremities1 equivalve1 inequilateral2  
summit but little marked1 and           
anterodorsal2 hinge very complete1      
similar1 formed by a conical primary    
tooth before a short1 compressed1       
ascending callosity2 ligament exterior1 
attached to the callosity2 two muscular 
impressions4  ,p4 ,aldrovandi4 ,the     
,panopa of ,aldrovandus4 ,pl4 #e1 fig4  

#b4  ,the type of this genus1           
transversely elongated1 undulated2      
concentrically wrinkled2 of dark green  
colour1 almost black4                   
#c4 ,solecurtus4 ,three species4  ,shell
 oval1 elongated1 equivalve1            
sub-equilateral1 edges almost straight  
and parallel2 the extremities equally   
rounded1 and as if truncated2 summits   
but little marked2 hinge toothless1 or  
formed by some rudimentary primary      
teeth2 ligament projecting1 affixed to  
the thick nymphal callosities2 two      
distant1 rounded muscular impressions4  
,solecurtus radiatus4                   
,s4 strigilatus4                        
,s4 legumen4  ,s4 radiatus4 ,the        
radiated ,solecurtus4  ,species flat1   
small1 with an interior ridge running   
down obliquely from the summit to the   
abdominal margin4  ,s4 strigilatus4 ,the
 strigilated ,solecurtus4  ,species more
 cylindrical1 without interior ridge4   
,s4 legumen4 ,the ,pease-pod            
,solecurtus4 ,pl4 #ca1 fig4 #f4         

,species still more elongated and       
sub-cylindrical4                        
#d4 ,glycimeris4 ,two species4          
,distinguished from the ,solen by being 
without teeth at the hinge4  ,shell     
covered with epidermis1 slightly        
irregular1 elongated1 gaping at the two 
extremities1 equivalve1 inequilateral2  
the summits but little marked2 hinge    
toothless2 a longitudinal callosity2    
ligament exterior1 affixed to very      
projecting callosities on the shortest  
side of the shell2 two distinct muscular
 impressions4                           
,glycimeris margaritacea4               
,glycimeris siliqua4  ,g4 siliqua4 ,the 
podlike ,glycimeris4  ,transversely     
oblong1 covered with a black epidermis2 
umbones decorticated2 internal disc of  
the valves white1 thick1 and callous4   
,,family ,,iv4                          
,,myaria4 ,two genera4              #a4 
,mya4 ,the ,trough ,shell1 or ,gaper4   
,four species4  ,this term is derived   
from the ,greek word 1 to close1        

alluding to the animal's custom of      
closing the valves4 ,the principal      
characteristic of the ,mya is its gaping
 at one end2 it is likewise             
distinguished by having a large         
spoonlike tooth proceeding from beneath 
the beak4 ,its form is greatly varied1  
but generally covered with a greenish   
epidermis1 which may be removed2 and the
 shell1 when polished1 will display     
beautiful prismatic colours4 ,the ,mya  
is found on the seashore or on the banks
 of large rivers1 partially concealed in
 the sand and mud4  ,shell transverse1  
inequilateral1 surrounded with a thick  
epidermis2 rather solid2 edges thin and 
sharp2 summits but little marked2 hinge 
dissimilar2 one or two large1           
compressed1 spoon-shaped teeth rising   
perpendicularly from the plane of the   
left valve1 and fitting into the        
entrance of a primary cavity in the     
right valve2 ligament interior1         
attaching the tooth and cavity2 two     
distant muscular impressions2 the       

anterior long and narrow1 the posterior 
rounded2 the mantle impression narrow1  
with a large sinus or hollow4           
,mya truncata4                          
,m4 arenaria4                           
,m4 erodona4                            
,m4 solenimyalis4  ,m4 arenaria4 ,the   
,sand ,mya4 ,pl4 #e1 fig4 #a4  ,regular 
species4  ,m4 erodona4 ,the ,erodona    
,mya4  ,irregular species1 in which the 
cavity of the right valve is bordered by
 strong projections4  ,m4 truncata4 ,the
 truncated ,mya4 ,pl4 #e1 fig4 #c4      
,sub-oval1 truncated2 small end gaping2 
large end rounded2 covered with a dark  
yellowish epidermis2 inside white2      
wrinkled transversely4                  
#b4 ,anatina4 ,the ,duck's ,bill4 ,ten  
species4  ,shell elongated oval1 very   
thin1 fragile1 semipellucid2 much       
inflated at one end like a duck's bill1 
whence it derives its common name2      
equivalve1 very inequilateral2 hinge    
toothless2 the anterior side rounded and
 much longer than the posterior2        

ligament interior affixed to a bony     
spoonlike process in each valve1 and    
sustained by a lateral plate running    
obliquely into the interior of the      
shell4                                  
,anatina laterna4                       
,a4 truncata4                           
,a4 subrostrata4                        
,a4 longirostris4                       
,a4 globulosa4                          
,a4 trapezoides4                        
,a4 rugosa4                             
,a4 imperfecta4                         
,a4 myalis4                             
,a4 rupicola4  ,a4 subrostrata4 ,the    
beaklike ,anatina4  ,species equivalve  
and regular4  ,a4 myalis4 ,the ,mya-like
 ,anatina4  ,species inequivalve4  ,a4  
trapezoides4 ,the trapezium-shaped      
,anatina4 ,pl4 #ab1 fig4 #e4  ,species  
with a moveable tooth or calcareous     
piece upon the right valve1 lodged in   
the angle formed by the spoonlike       
process4                                
,,family ,v4                            

,,mactracea4 ,seven genera4             
#a4 ,lutraria4 ,eleven species4  ,this  
genus was taken from the ,mactra1 and is
 perfectly distinct1 as it wants the    
lateral teeth4 ,it is called ,lutricola 
by ,de ,blainville1 from its lurking in 
sand or mud at the mouths of large      
rivers4  ,shell inequilateral1          
orbicular1 sub-triangular or            
transversely oval1 gaping at the        
extremities2 hinge with one cardinal    
tooth folded in two1 or two teeth1 one  
of which is plain1 with an opposite     
hollow to receive it2 no lateral teeth2 
ligament interior and fixed in the      
hollow cavity of the primary tooth4     
,lutraria solenoides4                   
,l4 rugosa4                             
,l4 compressa4                          
,l4 piperata4                           
,l4 tellinoides4                        
,l4 elliptica4                          
,l4 papyracea4                          
,l4 plicatella4                         
,l4 crassiplica4                        

,l4 complanata4                         
,l4 candida4  ,l4 solenoides4 ,the      
,solen-like ,lutraria4  ,species oblong1
 sub-cylindrical1 very gaping1 two very 
strong cardinal teeth2 the spoonlike    
cavity of the ligament vertical4  ,l4   
compressa4 ,the compressed ,lutraria4   
,species oval or orbicular1 almost      
equilateral1 very compressed1 little    
gaping2 hinge similar2 internal ligament
 inserted in the pit of a vertical      
spoonlike cavity2 two distinct tubes1   
without longitudinal stri4  ,l4 rugosa4 
,the rugged ,lutraria4  ,species ovate1 
closed at both ends2 stri from the      
summit to the base4  ,l4 elliptica4 ,the
 oval ,lutraria4  ,oblong oval1 nearly  
smooth1 having a few concentric stri1   
and some diagonal stri at the ends of   
the valves2 colour yellow or greenish   
brown2 inside white4            #b4     
,mactra4 ,the ,kneading-trough4         
,thirty-three species4  ,the name given 
to this genus was derived from the      
,greek word 1 from its resemblance to a 

trough used for kneading bread4  ,in all
 species of this genus a similarity of  
colouring and form pervades the whole4  
,in shape they are sub-triangular or    
oblong1 with a smooth1 striated1 or     
transversely-ribbed exterior4 ,in some  
species the valves gape at both ends1   
and in others at the anterior only4 ,the
 most general colour is lilac1 or white 
tinged with blue or yellow2 some have   
purple rays on a brown ground4  ,a      
singularity in the form of the hinge of 
the ,mactra distinguishes it from all   
other genera4 ,it is of a triangular    
form1 has a bent or angular compressed  
tooth on each valve1 with a small       
oblique cavity on each side to which the
 ligament is attached4 ,there are also  
two lateral teeth1 one near the ligament
 and the other near the primary tooth4  
,these teeth are thin and fragile2 the  
primary tooth is sometimes indistinct1  
but the lateral teeth always exist4     
,the ,mactra is found buried in the sand
 at a little distance from the seashore4

 ,shell generally thin and brittle1     
covered with epidermis1 of a triangular 
form1 transverse1 equivalve1            
inequilateral2 beaks prominent2 one     
compressed1 folded1 cardinal tooth1 with
 an adjoining pit in each valve1        
projecting inward2 lateral teeth thin1  
lamellous1 entering1 placed near the    
hinge2 exterior ligament small2 an      
interior ligament inserted in the       
cardinal pits2 two muscular impressions1
 united by a narrow marginal tongue4    
,mactra gigantea4                       
,m4 ,spengleri4                         
,m4 striatella4                         
,m4 carinata4                           
,m4 straminea4                          
,m4 ,australis4                         
,m4 violacea4                           
,m4 fasciata4                           
,m4 turgida4                            
,m4 plicataria4                         
,m4 rufescens4                          
,m4 maculata4                           
,m4 subplicata4                         

,m4 triangularis4                       
,m4 lactea4                             
,m4 abbreviata4                         
,m4 ,helvacea4                          
,m4 grandis4                            
,m4 stultorum4                          
,m4 maculosa4                           
,m4 ovalina4                            
,m4 alba4                               
,m4 solida4                             
,m4 castanea4                           
,m4 rufa4                               
,m4 squalida4                           
,m4 ,brasiliana4                        
,m4 donacina4                           
,m4 depressa4                           
,m4 lilacea4                            
,m4 trigonella4                         
,m4 deltoides4                          
,m4 crassatella4  ,m4 gigantea4 ,the    
gigantic ,mactra4  ,species in which the
 cardinal teeth are almost obsolete1 in 
consequence of the enlargement of the   
pit of the ligament4  ,m4 stultorum4    
,the fool's ,mactra4 ,pl4 #i1 fig4 #f4  

,species in which all the teeth are very
 large1 lamellous1 striated             
longitudinally2 colour reddish brown4   
,m4 solida4 ,the solid ,mactra4         
,species thick1 solid1 without          
epidermis2 lateral teeth finely         
striated4  ,m4 trigonella4 ,the         
three-cornered ,mactra4  ,species in    
which the lateral teeth are almost      
obsolete2 exterior surface smooth4  ,m4 
triangularis4 ,the triangular ,mactra4  
,species very small1 strong1 opaque1    
white2 inside white2 margin strongly    
crenated4  ,m4 crassa4 ,the thick       
,mactra4  ,species very thick1 solid1   
striated longitudinally2 the cardinal   
teeth obsolete1 or almost so2 the       
lateral very thick1 very close1 and     
reflected2 an external ligament as well 
as an internal one4                     
#c4 ,crassatella4 ,eleven species4  ,may
 be easily known from the ,mactra and   
,lutraria1 as the valves1 when closed1  
fit exactly1 and do not gape4 ,it is    
remarkable that all the living species  

contained in this genus only exist in   
the seas of ,australasia1 while at least
 seven species in a fossil state are    
found in ,france4  ,shell inequilateral1
 sub-orbicular1 close1 equivalve1       
sometimes attenuated at one end2 two    
divergent primary teeth1 with a cavity  
at the side2 lateral teeth obsolete2    
ligament internal1 inserted in the      
cavity of the hinge4                    
,crassatella ,kingicola4                
,c4 donacina4                           
,c4 sulcata4                            
,c4 subradiata4                         
,c4 contraria4                          
,c4 cuneata4                            
,c4 rostrata4                           
,c4 glabrata4                           
,c4 erycina4                            
,c4 cycladea4                           
,c4 striata4  ,c4 sulcata4 ,the furrowed
 ,crassatella4 ,pl4 #f1 fig #d4  ,shell 
ordinarily thick1 striated transversely1
 denticulated1 sub-triangular1          
equivalve1 inequilateral1 summits well  

marked and evidently turned forward2    
hinge very large1 subsimilar1 formed by 
two diverging cardinal teeth1 separated 
by a large pit2 ligament almost entirely
 interior1 and inserted in the pit4  ,c4
 ,kingicola4 ,the ,king's ,island       
,crassatella4  ,ovate1 orbicular2       
yellowish white1 with obsolete rays2    
very minutely striated transversely2 the
 umbones somewhat plicated4             
#d4 ,erycina4 ,one species4  ,the only  
living species of this genus is found on
 the sand in ,new-,holland1 but there   
are many fossils in ,france4 ,it is so  
equivocal in character that it is       
difficult to judge of their hinge4  ,e4 
cardioides4 ,the cardium-shaped         
,erycina4 ,pl4 #f1 fig4 #e4  ,shell     
rather longer than high1 sub-triangular1
 regular1 equivalve1 inequilateral1     
rarely gaping2 the summits well marked  
and a little anteriorly inclined2 hinge 
subsimilar2 two unequal cardinal teeth1 
converging at the summit1 and leaving a 
pit between them2 two lateral teeth1 not

 distant1 lamellous1 inserted2 ligament 
interior1 fixed in the cavity between   
the primary teeth4                      
#e4 ,ungulina4 ,two species4  ,this     
genus is very remarkable for having the 
pit or cavity divided into two parts1   
the one at the end of the other2 the    
ligament is partially seen from the     
outside4                                
,ungulina oblonga4                      
,ungulina transversa4  ,u4 transversa4  
,the transverse ,ungulina4  ,shell      
vertical or longitudinal1 rather        
irregular1 not gaping1 equivalve1       
inequilateral1 with summits little      
marked and decorticated2 hinge dorsal1  
formed by one short1 primary cleft      
tooth1 before an oblong pit1 divided by 
a small ligament1 in which is inserted a
 sub-interior ligament2 colour yellowish
 brown4                          #f4    
,solenimya4 ,two species4  ,this genus1 
which at first sight is confounded with 
the ,solens1 differs from them          
particularly by the singular disposition

 of the ligament placed at the short    
side of the shell4                      
,solenimya ,australis4                  
,solenimya ,mediterranea4  ,s4          
,australis4 ,the ,australian ,solenimya4
 ,pl4 #f1 fig4 #b4  ,shell covered with 
a thick brownish epidermis1 regular1    
thick1 elongated oval1 edges straight   
and parallel1 equally rounded at both   
extremities2 valves equal1 very         
inequilateral4  ,s4 ,mediterranea4 ,the 
,mediterranean ,solenimya4              
,transversely oblong2 dark brown1 ribbed
 longitudinally1 with imbricated        
projecting foliations2 inside white4    
#g4 ,amphidesma4 ,sixteen species4      
,this genus was constituted by ,lamarck 
on account of the peculiar characters   
which distinguished it from those genera
 which it most resembles2 particularly  
in having the valves connected by two   
ligaments4  ,shell generally small1     
transverse1 sub-oval or rounded1        
occasionally a little gaping at the     
sides2 hinge with one or two cardinal   

teeth1 and a narrow cavity for the      
interior ligament2 exterior ligament    
short4                                  
,amphidesma variegata4                  
,a4 donacilla4                          
,a4 lactea4                          ,a4
 cornea4                          ,a4   
albella4                          ,a4   
flexuosa4                          ,a4  
prismatica4                          ,a4
 phaseolina4                            
,a4 corbuloides4                        
,a4 glabrella4                          
,a4 lucinalis4                          
,a4 ,boysii4                            
,a4 tenuis4                          ,a4
 purpurascens4                          
,a4 nucleola4                           
,a4 physioides4  ,a4 glabrella4 ,the    
smooth ,amphidesma4 ,pl4 #f1 fig4 #i4   
,species lenticular or oval1 with or    
without a lunated depression4  ,a4      
lactea4 ,the milky ,amphidesma4         
,sub-orbicular1 sub-pellucid1           
compressed1 reticulated2 yellowish      

white4                                  
,,family ,,vi4                          
,,corbulacea4 ,two genera4              
#a4 ,corbula4 ,nine species4  ,this     
genus approximates the ,crassatella and 
,ungulina1 but is distinguished from    
them by the inequality of the valves and
 the strong primary tooth4  ,shell      
rather solid1 a little irregular and    
triangular1 inequivalve1 more or less   
inequilateral1 rounded and enlarged     
before1 attenuated and prolonged behind2
 summits well marked1 one projecting    
behind the other2 hinge anomalous1      
formed by a large1 conical1 recurved    
cardinal tooth1 with a cavity at its    
base for the reception of the tooth of  
the other valve2 ligament very small2   
two muscular impressions little distant4
                             ,corbula   
,australis4                             
,c4 sulcata4                            
,c4 erythrodon4                         
,c4 ovalina4                            
,c4 ,taitensis4                         

,c4 nucleus4                            
,c4 impressa4                           
,c4 porcina4                            
,c4 semen4  ,c4 nucleus4 ,the kernel    
,corbula4  ,strong1 sub-triangular1     
under valve larger than the upper one2  
transversely striated2 covered with a   
thick brownish epidermis4  ,c4 ovalina4 
,the ovate ,corbula4 ,pl4 #f1 fig4 #f4  
,regular species4  ,c4 ,australis4 ,the 
,australian ,corbula4  ,irregular       
species1 living in stone4               
#b4 ,pandora4 ,two species4  ,closely   
allied to the ,corbula4                 
,pandora rostrata4                      
,pandora obtusa4  ,p4 rostrata4 ,the    
beaked ,pandora4 ,pl4 #f1 fig4 #c4      
,shell white1 regular1 elongated1       
inequivalve1 inequilateral2 right or    
upper valve entirely flat1 with a plait 
or fold2 much produced towards the beak2
 hinge anomalous1 formed by a transverse
 cardinal tooth on the right valve1     
entering into a corresponding cavity on 
the left2 ligament internal1 oblique1   

triangular1 inserted in a pit rather    
deep1 with edges a little projecting on 
each valve2 two rounded muscular        
impressions4                            
,,family ,,vii4                         
,,lithophagi4 ,three genera4            
#a4 ,saxicava4 ,five species4  ,this    
genus is taken from the ,mytilus1 and1  
like the ,pholas1 possesses the faculty 
of penetrating calcareous rocks1 from   
which it cannot be extracted without    
breaking the substance in which it is   
imbedded4  ,shell bivalve1 thick1       
covered with epidermis1 rather          
irregular1 elongated1 sub-cylindrical1  
obtuse at the two extremities2 summits  
little marked2 hinge toothless1 or with 
a very small rudimentary tooth2 ligament
 external1 a little inflated4           
,saxicava rugosa4                       
,s4 ,gallicana4                         
,s4 pholadis4                           
,s4 ,australis4                         
,s4 veneriformis4  ,s4 ,australis4 ,the 
,australian ,saxicava4 ,pl4 #g1 fig4 #f4

  ,answers to the above description4    
,s4 ,gallicana4 ,the ,gallic ,saxicava4 
,oblong1 wrinkled1 truncated at the     
posterior extremity1 one valve larger   
than the other2 pale horn colour4       
#b4 ,petricola4 ,thirteen species4      
,this genus possesses the same faculty  
of boring rocks as the ,saxicava2 it is 
distinguished from the latter genus by  
the hinge having one or two teeth in    
each valve4  ,shell sub-trigonal1       
transverse1 inequilateral2 upper side   
narrowed and a little gaping2 lower side
 rounded4                               
,petricola lamellosa4                   
,p4 ochroleuca4                         
,p4 semilamellata4                      
,p4 lucinalis                           
,p4 striata4                            
,p4 costellata4                         
,p4 rocelaria4                          
,p4 exilis4                             
,p4 ruperella4                          
,p4 chamoides4                          
,p4 pholadiformis4                      

,p4 labagella4                          
,p4 linguatula4  ,p4 lamellosa4 ,the    
lamellous ,petricola4 ,pl4 #g1 fig4 #c4 
,species oval1 trigonal1 radiated2 two  
teeth on one valve1 and one on the      
other4  ,p4 pholadiformis4 ,the         
,pholas-shaped ,petricola4  ,species    
transversely elongated4                 
#c4 ,venerirupis4 ,seven species4       
,another lithophagous shell1 taken from 
the genus ,venus1 from which it is      
distinguished by the different          
disposition of the teeth1 having three  
primary in one of the valves at least4  
,shell more or less irregular1          
sub-trigonal1 striated or radiated1     
equivalve1 inequilateral1 the anterior  
side shorter and rounded1 the posterior 
sub-truncated2 summits well marked2     
hinge sub-regular1 more or less         
dissimilar1 formed by slender1 narrow1  
cardinal teeth1 variable in number on   
each valve1 sometimes two on the right  
and three on the left1 and sometimes    
three on both2 these teeth are small1   

contiguous1 parallel1 and but little1 if
 at all1 divergent exterior2 very weak4 
,venerirupis perforans4                 
,v4 nucleus4                            
,v4 irus4                          ,v4  
exotica4                          ,v4   
distans4                          ,v4   
crenata4                          ,v4   
carditoides4  ,v4 perforans4 ,the       
perforating ,venerirupis4  ,sub-rhombic1
 transversely striated1 wrinkled on the 
anterior side2 exterior brown1 interior 
white1 sometimes tinged with purple4    
,v4 irus4 ,the foliated ,venerirupis4   
,pl4 #g1 fig4 #b4  ,species             
longitudinally striated2 cardinal teeth 
two1 sometimes three on the right and   
three on the left4                      
,,family ,,viii4                        
,,nymphacea4 ,ten genera4  ,this family 
is divided into ,n4 ,solenaria and ,n4  
,tellinaria1 from their resemblance to  
the ,solen and the ,tellina4            
,n4 ,,solenaria4 ,three genera4         
#a4 ,sanguinolaria4 ,four species4      

,this genus may be distinguished from   
the ,solen by never having the          
transverse oblong shape1 or the edge of 
the valves parallel to the base4        
,sanguinolaria occidens4                
,s4 rosea4                         ,s4  
livida4                         ,s4     
rugosa4  ,s4 rosea4 ,the rosy           
,sanguinolaria4  ,semi-orbicular1       
smooth1 shining and convex2 near the    
umbones of a beautiful rose colour1     
which becomes paler as it descends2     
acute transverse stri4  ,s4 occidens4   
,the setting-sun ,sanguinolaria4 ,pl4   
#g1 fig4 #d4  ,oval1 a little elongated1
 very compressed1 slightly gaping1      
valves elliptical1 equally rounded at   
the two extremities1 without mark of    
posterior keel2 summits slightly        
indicated2 hinge formed by one or two   
contiguous cardinal teeth on each valve2
 ligament projecting1 convex2 margins   
not parallel4                       #b4 
,psammobia4 ,eighteen species4  ,taken  
from the ,tellina1 which it much        

resembles in form1 but from which it    
differs by not having the irregular     
plait on the anterior part4  ,shell     
ovate1 transverse1 slightly gaping2     
summits projecting2 hinge formed by two 
teeth on one valve1 and only one        
inserted on the other4                  
,psammobia virgata4                     
,p4 ,ferroensis4                        
,p4 vespertina4                         
,p4 florida4                            
,p4 muculosa4                           
,p4 crulescens4                         
,p4 elongata4                           
,p4 flavicans4                          
,p4 squamosa4                           
,p4 alba4                            ,p4
 ,cayennensis4                          
,p4 lvigata4                            
,p4 tellinella4                         
,p4 pulchella4                          
,p4 aurantia4                           
,p4 fragilis4                           
,p4 livida4                             
,p4 ,galathea4  ,p4 virgata4 ,the       

striped ,psammobia4 ,pl4 #g1 fig4 #a4   
,species rather gaping1 striated        
longitudinally1 the teeth of the hinge  
considerably effaced4  ,p4 ,ferroensis4 
,the ,ferro ,psammobia4  ,oblong oval2  
white1 radiated with crimson2 finely    
striated transversely2 valves obliquely 
truncated4                         #c4  
,psammota4 ,seven species4  ,of the same
 form as the ,psammobia1 but differing  
in the number of teeth1 as the left     
valve of the ,psammota has only one     
tooth2 sometimes one valve is toothless1
 while the other has two teeth4  ,shell 
transverse oval or oblong2 gaping a     
little at the sides2 one primary tooth  
on each valve1 though sometimes on only 
one of them2 ligament exterior1 attached
 to callosities at the hinge1 and       
without an irregular plait4             
,psammota violacea4                     
,p4 zonalis4                            
,p4 pellucida4                          
,p4 serotina4                           
,p4 candida4                            

,p4 ,tarentina4                         
,p4 donacina4  ,p4 violacea4 ,the violet
 ,psammota4 ,pl4 #g1 fig4 #e4           
,transversely ovate-oblong1             
sub-ventricose2 transversely striated2  
purple radiations4                      
,,tellinaria4 ,seven genera4  ,the first
 five of these genera have one or two   
lateral teeth1 the remaining two have   
none4                 #d4 ,tellina4 ,the
 ,tellen4 ,fifty-four species4  ,this   
genus differs but little from the       
,donax2 its species are numerous1       
especially in the seas of hot countries2
 they are found sunk deep in the sand4  
,there are but few genera that can vie  
with the ,tellina in beauty1 variety1 or
 number2 some are smooth and polished1  
some are remarkable for their beautiful 
radiations1 and others are covered with 
minute stri and undulations2            
occasionally the whole surface is       
covered with imbrications or scales4    
,they are produced abundantly in almost 
every sea and in many rivers1 but the   

finest species are found in the         
pearl-fisheries of ,ceylon4  ,the usual 
form of the ,tellina is broad at one end
 and gradually tapering towards the     
other4 ,it derives its name from the    
,greek word 1 to bring to a termination4
  ,shell of variable form1 generally    
striated longitudinally and very        
compressed2 equivalve1 more or less     
inequilateral2 anterior side longer and 
more rounded than the posterior2 offers 
a flexuous plait or twist at the        
inferior margin2 summits little marked2 
hinge similar2 one or two cardinal      
teeth2 two distant lateral teeth1 with a
 pit at their base in each valve2       
ligament external4                      
,tellina radiata4                       
,t4 unimaculata4                        
,t4 semizonalis4                        
,t4 maculosa4                           
,t4 virgata4                            
,t4 staurella4                          
,t4 crucigera4                          
,t4 ,spengleri4                         

,t4 rostrata4                           
,t4 lutirostra4                         
,t4 elliptica4                          
,t4 albinella4                          
,t4 margaritina4                        
,t4 strigosa4                           
,t4 planata4                            
,t4 punicea4                            
,t4 depressa4                           
,t4 pulchella4                          
,t4 fabula4                             
,t4 tenuis4                             
,t4 sulphurea4                          
,t4 foliacea4                           
,t4 operculata4                         
,t4 rosea4                              
,t4 chloroleuca4                        
,t4 remies4                             
,t4 sulcata4                            
,t4 crassa4                             
,t4 lvigata4                            
,t4 linguafelis4                        
,t4 rugosa4                             
,t4 lacunosa4                           
,t4 gargadia4                           

,t4 pristis4                            
,t4 multangula4                         
,t4 polygona4                           
,t4 capsoides4                          
,t4 exilis4                             
,t4 donacina4                           
,t4 nitida4                             
,t4 scalaris4                           
,t4 psammotella4                        
,t4 striatula4                          
,t4 scobinata4                          
,t4 decussata4                          
,t4 ,brasiliana4                        
,t4 obliqua4                            
,t4 umbonella4                          
,t4 deltoidalis4                        
,t4 nymphalis4                          
,t4 solidula4                           
,t4 bimaculata4                         
,t4 sexradiata4                         
,t4 ostracea4  ,t4 radiata4 ,the        
radiated ,tellen4 ,pl4 #h1 fig4 #e4     
,shell elongated2 posterior side shorter
 and more narrow than the anterior4  ,t4
 foliacea4 ,the foliaceous ,tellen4     

,species transversely oblong2 upon the  
edge of the front side of either valve  
are rows of serrated teeth1 running from
 the apex to the margin4  ,t4           
bimaculata4 ,the double-spotted ,tellen4
  ,species orbicular1 easily known by   
answering to its common name4  ,t4      
fabula4 ,the false ,tellen4  ,shell very
 thin1 pellucid1 and oval2 yellowish    
colour1 darker towards the umbo1 which  
is nearly central1 pointed and turned a 
little to one side2 anterior side slopes
 to an obtuse point2 posterior side     
large and rounded2 hinge with three     
teeth in one valve and two in the other4
  ,t4 scobinata4 ,the rasp ,tellen4     
,species oval or sub-orbicular1         
sub-equilateral4  ,t4 donacina4 ,the    
,donax-like ,tellen4 ,pl4 #i1 fig4 #e4  
,sub-oval1 flattish1 semi-striated and  
semipellucid2 hinge with two teeth in   
one valve and one in the other2 pale    
yellow1 radiated longitudinally with    
pink4  ,t4 depressa4 ,the depressed     
,tellen4  ,oval1 flat1 pointed at the   

smaller end and slightly reflected2 pale
 yellowish colour1 faintly striated     
concentrically2 covered with a pale     
brown epidermis4                        
#e4 ,tellinides4 ,one species4  ,though 
this genus bears a great affinity to    
many others1 it cannot be united with   
any2 having lateral teeth1 it differs   
from the ,psammobia2 by not having the  
valves twisted1 it differs from the     
,tellina2 the valves closing1 and having
 muscular impressions in the interior1  
render it distinct from the ,lucina4    
,shell equilateral1 rather elongated1   
almost without the flexuous plait2 two  
cardinal teeth diverging1 and two remote
 lateral teeth1 of which the anterior is
 but little distant from the summit4    
,t4 ,timorensis4 ,the ,tellinides of    
,timor4 ,pl4 #h1 fig4 #c4  ,the only    
type and species of this genus4         
#f4 ,corbis4 ,one species4  ,this genus 
was at first classed by ,lamarck with   
the ,lucina2 but ,cuvier1 having        
discovered that the organization of the 

animals differed1 made this a distinct  
genus1 which was adopted by ,lamarck4   
,shell transverse1 equivalve1 no        
flexuosity2 apices curved inward1       
opposed to each other2 two primary and  
two lateral teeth1 the posterior one    
nearest to the hinge2 muscular          
impression simple1 valves sometimes     
convex1 strongly ribbed transversely1   
striated longitudinally1 margins        
serrated and closely interlocking4  ,c4 
fimbriata4 ,the fringed ,corbis4 ,pl4   
#h1 fig4 #a4  ,species white1 rather    
thick1 oval1 a little elongated1 almost 
equilateral2 the cardinal and the       
lateral teeth well marked2 the muscular 
impression anterior1 rounded4           
#g4 ,lucina4 ,twenty species4  ,in the  
hinge and lateral teeth it much         
resembles the ,tellina1 but differs from
 it in never being flexuous4 ,this genus
 is more easily characterized by the    
orbicular1 compressed1 general form of  
the shell1 than by the dental system1   
which is sometimes entirely effaced4    

,shell compressed1 regular1 orbicular1  
sub-equilateral2 summits small and      
pointed1 inclined anteriorly2 hinge     
similar1 but variable2 two divergent    
cardinal teeth1 little marked1 and      
sometimes entirely effaced2 two remote  
lateral teeth1 with a pit at the base1  
sometimes obsolete2 posterior ligament  
more or less sunk2 two widely-separated 
muscular impressions1 of which the      
anterior is narrow and long4            
,lucina ,jamaicensis4                   
,l4 ,pennsylvanica4                     
,l4 edentula4                           
,l4 mutabilis4                          
,l4 radula4                             
,l4 squamosa4                           
,l4 lactea4                             
,l4 undata4                             
,l4 circinaria4                         
,l4 columbella4                         
,l4 concentrica4                        
,l4 divaricata4                         
,l4 carnaria4                           
,l4 scabra4                             

,l4 reticulata4                         
,l4 sinuata4                            
,l4 pecten4                             
,l4 lutea4                           ,l4
 digitalis4                             
,l4 globularis4  ,l4 ,jamaicensis4 ,the 
,jamaica ,lucina4 ,pl4 #h1 fig4 #h4     
,species lenticular1 striated           
concentrically2 the teeth of the hinge  
variable1 and sometimes obsolete4  ,l4  
undata4 ,the waved ,lucina4  ,orbicular1
 thin1 convex1 undulated with fine      
irregular stri2 exterior pale yellow1   
interior white2 margin glossy and plain4
               #h4 ,donax4 ,the ,wedge  
,shell4 ,twenty-seven species4  ,the    
singularity of form that gave rise to   
its common name renders it easily       
distinguished4 ,it very much resembles a
 wedge1 being very broad and thick at   
one extremity1 and gradually tapering   
towards the other4 ,they vary in colour1
 but the most general is purple radiated
 on a white ground1 diverging from the  
beak to the margin2 many have an orange 

tinge1 and others a pink hue2 the       
interior generally partakes of the      
colour of the exterior4 ,there are not1 
perhaps1 two species that have          
absolutely the same hinge4  ,the ,donax 
is found buried deep in the sand of the 
seashore1 with the short side uppermost4
  ,shell sub-trigonal1 greater in length
 than in height1 equivalve1 very        
inequilateral2 posterior side much      
shorter than the anterior2 summits      
almost vertical2 hinge complex1 similar2
 two cardinal teeth in one or both      
valves2 one or two remote lateral teeth 
on each valve2 ligament posterior1      
short1 and inflated2 two rounded        
muscular impressions4                   
,donax scortum4                         
,d4 pubescens4                          
,d4 compressa4                          
,d4 cuneata4                            
,d4 deltoides4                          
,d4 radians4                            
,d4 abbreviata4                         
,d4 triquetra4                          

,d4 ringens4                            
,d4 rugosa4                             
,d4 ,cayennensis4                       
,d4 elongata4                           
,d4 denticulata4                        
,d4 granosa4                            
,d4 columbella4                         
,d4 veneriformis4                       
,d4 ,australis4                         
,d4 epidermia4                          
,d4 bicolor4                            
,d4 vittata4                            
,d4 meroe4                              
,d4 scripta4                            
,d4 trunculus4                          
,d4 flabagella4                         
,d4 cinatinum4                          
,d4 ,martinicensis4                     
,d4 cardioides4  ,d4 scortum4 ,the      
beaked ,donax4 ,pl4 #h1 fig4 #d4        
,species oval1 of which the posterior   
side is sub-truncated2 with decussated  
and muricated stri4  ,d4 trunculus4 ,the
 common ,donax4  ,oblong1 glossy1 finely
 striated longitudinally1 transversely  

banded and radiated with purple2 white1 
clouded with purple within2 internal    
margin of the valves distinctly dentated
 or crenulated4  ,d4 denticulata4 ,the  
denticulated ,donax4  ,species of which 
the posterior side is truncated2        
furrowed from the summit to the base4   
#i4 ,capsa4 ,two species4  ,this genus  
was separated by ,lamarck from the      
,donax on account of the peculiarity of 
the hinge4                              
,capsa lvigata4                         
,capsa ,braziliensis4  ,c4 lvigata4 ,the
 smooth ,capsa4  ,triangular1           
sub-equilateral1 obsoletely striated    
transversely2 covered with a greenish   
yellow epidermis2 inside violet towards 
the umbones4  ,c4 ,braziliensis4 ,the   
,brazilian ,capsa4 ,pl4 #h1 fig4 #g4    
,shell elongated1 covered with          
epidermis2 equivalve1 close2 the        
cardinal teeth reduced to one large     
sub-bifid tooth on the right valve1     
placing itself between two very thin    
ones on the left2 ligament external1 on 

the short side4                         
#aj4 ,crassina4 ,one species4           
,distinguished from the ,crassatella by 
the position of the ligament1 and from  
the ,venus by having only two teeth on  
each valve2 one of them on the left     
valve projects very slightly4  ,c4      
,danmoniensis4 ,the ,devonshire         
,crassina4 ,pl4 #f1 fig4 #a4  ,solid1   
thick1 sub-orbicular1 sub-equilateral2  
two very large divergent teeth on one   
valve1 and two very unequal ones on the 
other2 regular parallel grooves and     
ribs2 covered with a yellowish          
epidermis2 inside white2 margin broad   
and plain4                              
,,family ,,ix4                          
,,conchacea4 ,seven genera4  ,this      
family is divided into ,conch           
fluviatiles1 fresh-water shells1 and    
,conch marin1 sea shells4               
,c4 ,,fluviatiles4 ,three genera4       
#a4 ,cyclas4 ,eleven species4  ,the     
shells of this genus are very small1 and
 are found buried in the mud of fresh   

waters2 the apices or summits are never 
eroded1 and some species are so thin as 
to be transparent4  ,shell covered with 
a brown epidermis1 oval or              
sub-orbicular1 regular1 equivalve1      
inequilateral2 summits blunt1           
contiguous1 or turned anteriorly2 hinge 
similar1 complex1 formed by a variable  
number of cardinal teeth1 and by two    
remote lateral teeth with a cavity at   
the base2 ligament exterior1 posterior1 
and convex2 two distant muscular        
impressions1 without posterior sinus4   
,cyclas rivicola4                       
,c4 cornea4                             
,c4 lacustris4                          
,c4 obliqua4                            
,c4 calyculata4                         
,c4 obtusalis4                          
,c4 fontinalis4                         
,c4 ,australis4                         
,c4 sulcata4                            
,c4 striatina4                          
,c4 ,sarratogea4  ,c4 cornea4 ,the horny
 ,cyclas4 ,pl4 #i1 fig4 #g4  ,species   

sub-orbicular1 convex1 thin1 pellucid1  
with fine concentric stri2 cardinal     
teeth a little variable1 always very    
small1 and sometimes obsolete2 summits  
not eroded1 covered with a horn-coloured
 epidermis2 interior bluish white4      
#b4 ,cyrena4 ,ten species4  ,this genus 
of shells is found in rapid rivers and  
streams2 it was formerly classed with   
the ,cyclas1 from which1 however1 it    
greatly differs in having three cardinal
 teeth on each valve1 and also lateral  
teeth4 ,they are thick1 solid shells1   
sometimes of a large size2 the apices   
always eroded or carious4  ,shell       
rounded and trigonal1 ventricose1       
inequilateral2 hinge with three teeth on
 each valve2 two lateral teeth1 one of  
which is near the primary ones2 ligament
 exterior1 placed on the largest side2  
in some species the lateral teeth are   
crenulated1 in others they are entire4  
,cyrena trigonella4                     
,c4 orientalis4                         
,c4 cor4                            ,c4 

depressa4                            ,c4
 ,caroliniensis4                        
,c4 fuscata4                            
,c4 fluminea4                           
,c4 violacea4                           
,c4 ,bengalensis4                       
,c4 ,ceylanico4  ,c4 fluminea4 ,the     
river ,cyrena4 ,pl4 #f1 fig4 #g4        
,species sub-trigonal or elongated oval2
 summits decorticated1 more anterior2   
three cardinal teeth1 of which the two  
posterior are forked2 exterior greenish 
brown1 interior variegated with white   
and violet2 sulcated transversely4      
#c4 ,galathea4 ,one species4  ,this     
beautiful shell is found in fresh       
waters1 and is distinguished from the   
,cyrena by the divergent form of the    
primary tooth4  ,g4 radiata4 ,the       
radiated ,galathea4 ,pl4 #f1 fig4 #h4   
,shell equivalve1 sub-trigonal1 covered 
with a greenish epidermis1 beneath which
 the surface is of a milky white1 highly
 polished1 with several violet or pale  
chestnut rays diverging from the apex to

 the margin2 primary teeth furrowed1 two
 on the right valve joined at the base1 
three on the other valve placed         
triangularly1 the intermediate one being
 advanced1 separate1 thick1 and callous2
 the muscular impressions are lateral1  
and appear double on each side4         
,c4 ,,marin4 ,four genera4              
#d4 ,cyprina4 ,two species4  ,this shell
 is generally large1 resembling the     
,venus1 from which it may be            
distinguished by having on the front    
side one impressed lateral tooth1 which 
is sometimes obsolete2 the nymph or     
callosities of the hinge large1 arched1 
and terminated near the apices by a     
cavity1 sometimes very deep4  ,de       
,blainville says that this genus is     
intermediary to the ,cyclas and the     
,venus1 and contains but one living     
species2 ,lamarck makes two1 though at  
first he characterized eight4           
,cyprina tennistria4                    
,cyprina ,islandica4  ,c4 ,islandica4   
,the ,icelandic ,cyprina4 ,pl4 #i1 fig4 

#b4  ,shell thick1 regular1             
heart-shaped1 covered with dark brown   
epidermis2 white interior2 sub-striated 
longitudinally2 apices very strongly    
recurved anteriorly1 and often          
contiguous2 hinge thick1 sub-similar1   
formed by three cardinal teeth but      
little convergent1 and by one remote    
posterior lateral tooth1 sometimes      
obsolete2 ligament very thick1 convex1  
fixed to large1 arched1 nymphal         
callosities1 preceded by a cavity more  
or less deep1 hollowed immediately      
behind the summits2 muscular impressions
 subcircular and very distant4          
#e4 ,cytherea4 ,seventy-eight species4  
,this genus was taken from the ,venus1  
and is easily defined as distinct from  
it by having four primary teeth on one  
valve1 and only three united on the     
other1 with an isolated cavity1 oval and
 parallel to the margin2 the lateral    
teeth divergent to the summit4 ,in some 
species the internal margin is entire1  
having the anterior cardinal tooth with 

a striated canal or uneven sides2 in    
others the anterior cardinal tooth is   
entire1 without a striated canal2       
sometimes the internal margin is        
crenulated or dentated4  ,shell solid1  
regular1 equivalve1 inequilateral2      
apices equal1 recurved1 and slightly    
projecting2 four primary teeth on one   
valve1 of which three are divergent and 
approximating at the base1 and one      
remote2 three primary divergent teeth on
 the other valve1 with a distant cavity 
parallel to the edge4                   
,cytherea lusoria4                      
,c4 petechialis4                        
,c4 impudica4                           
,c4 castanea4                           
,c4 zonaria4                            
,c4 graphica4                           
,c4 morphina4                           
,c4 purpurata4                          
,c4 casta4                              
,c4 corbicula4                          
,c4 meretrix4                           
,c4 gigantea4                           

,c4 erycina4                            
,c4 lilacina4                           
,c4 impar4                              
,c4 erycinella4                         
,c4 pectoralis4                         
,c4 planatella4                         
,c4 florida4                            
,c4 nitidula4                           
,c4 ,chione4                            
,c4 maculata4                           
,c4 citrina4                            
,c4 albina4                             
,c4 lata4                            ,c4
 mactroides4                            
,c4 trigonella4                         
,c4 sulcatina4                          
,c4 ,hebra4                             
,c4 castrensis4                         
,c4 ornata4                             
,c4 picta4                              
,c4 tigrina4                            
,c4 scripta4                            
,c4 numulina4                           
,c4 muscaria4                           
,c4 pectinata4                          

,c4 gibbia4                             
,c4 ranella4                            
,c4 testudinalis4                       
,c4 divaricata4                         
,c4 cuneata4                            
,c4 placunella4                         
,c4 rugifera4                           
,c4 tripla4                             
,c4 ,venetiana4                         
,c4 juvenilis4                          
,c4 rufa4                            ,c4
 ,guiniensis4                           
,c4 ,dione4                             
,c4 ,arabica4                           
,c4 trimaculata4                        
,c4 immaculata4                         
,c4 pellucida4                          
,c4 hepatica4                           
,c4 lucinalis4                          
,c4 lactea4                             
,c4 exoleta4                            
,c4 lincta4                             
,c4 concentrica4                        
,c4 prostrata4                          
,c4 interrupta4                         

,c4 tigerina4                           
,c4 punctata4                           
,c4 umbonella4                          
,c4 undatina4                           
,c4 pulicaris4                          
,c4 mixta4                              
,c4 abbreviata4                         
,c4 plicatina4                          
,c4 flexuosa4                           
,c4 macrodon4                           
,c4 lunularis4                          
,c4 squamosa4                           
,c4 lunaris4                            
,c4 cardilla4                           
,c4 cygnus4                             
,c4 dentaria4  ,c4 ,chione4 ,the ,chione
 ,cytherea4  ,thick1 solid1             
heart-shaped1 covered with a smooth     
brown epidermis1 beneath which the shell
 is of a beautiful purple2 radiated     
longitudinally1 faintly wrinkled        
transversely1 anterior cardinal tooth   
entire1 and without a striated canal2   
apex turned sideways1 with a cordiform  
depression4  ,c4 mactroides4 ,the       

,mactra-like ,cytherea4 ,pl4 #i1 fig4   
#d4  ,species thin1 convex1 triangular2 
summits very marked2 margins sharp2     
anterior cardinal tooth entire4  ,c4    
pectinata4 ,the pectinated ,cytherea4   
,species oval1 thick1 solid1 more or    
less compressed1 costated1 pectinated   
upon the edges4                         
#f4 ,venus4 ,eighty-eight species4      
,this genus of shells is numerous and   
varied4 ,it surpasses all bivalve shells
 in beauty1 and is in form very like the
 ,cytherea1 but easily distinguished by 
the hinge1 which almost invariably      
contains three approximate teeth1 and a 
lateral tooth diverging to the summit4  
,the internal margin of the valves is   
crenated or dentated1 with or without   
lamellar stri4  ,the shells are of the  
most beautiful and lively tints2 the    
exterior as well as the interior        
colouring is of almost every possible   
shade and hue4 ,they are found buried a 
little below the surface on the sandy   
shores of most parts of the world1      

particularly in warm climates4  ,shell  
solid1 thick1 regular1 perfectly        
equivalve and close1 more or less       
inequilateral2 summits well marked1     
inclined anteriorly2 hinge sub-similar2 
the middle cardinal tooth forked1 or    
three cardinal teeth more or less       
contiguous and convergent towards the   
summit2 ligament thick1 often arched1   
convex1 and exterior2 two distant       
muscular impressions2 cordiform         
depressions beneath the beaks4          
,venus puerpera4                        
,v4 reticulata4                         
,v4 pygma4                              
,v4 corbis4                             
,v4 verrucosa4                          
,v4 rugosa4                             
,v4 casina4                             
,v4 crebiscula4                         
,v4 crenulata4                          
,v4 discina4                            
,v4 granulata4                          
,v4 marica4                             
,v4 cingulata4                          

,v4 cardivides4                         
,v4 grisea4                             
,v4 elliptica4                          
,v4 ,dombeii4                           
,v4 mercenaria4                         
,v4 lagopus4                            
,v4 gallina4                            
,v4 gallinula4                          
,v4 pectinula4                          
,v4 sulcata4                            
,v4 lamellata4                          
,v4 exalbida4                           
,v4 rufa4                            ,v4
 dorsata4                            ,v4
 hiantina4                              
,v4 crassisulca4                        
,v4 corrugata4                          
,v4 ,malabarica4                        
,v4 papilionacea4                       
,v4 adspersa4                           
,v4 punctifera4                         
,v4 turgida4                            
,v4 literata4                           
,v4 florida4                            
,v4 petalina4                           

,v4 bicolor4                            
,v4 floridella4                         
,v4 catenifera4                         
,v4 pulchella4                          
,v4 sinuosa4                            
,v4 tristis4                            
,v4 plicata4                            
,v4 cancellata4                         
,v4 pectorina4                          
,v4 sulcaria4                           
,v4 textilis4                           
,v4 texturata4                          
,v4 geographica4                        
,v4 rariflamma4                         
,v4 decussata4                          
,v4 pullastra4                          
,v4 glandina4                           
,v4 truncata4                           
,v4 retifera4                           
,v4 anomala4                            
,v4 galactites4                         
,v4 exilis4                             
,v4 scalarina4                          
,v4 ,scotica4                           
,v4 aurea4                              

,v4 virginea4                           
,v4 marmorata4                          
,v4 ovula4                              
,v4 laterisulca4                        
,v4 callipyga4                          
,v4 opima4                              
,v4 nebulosa4                           
,v4 phaseolina4                         
,v4 carneola4                           
,v4 flammiculata4                       
,v4 conularis4                          
,v4 strigosa4                           
,v4 aphrodina4                          
,v4 ,perronii4                          
,v4 aphrodinoides4                      
,v4 elegantina4                         
,v4 flammea4                            
,v4 rimularis4                          
,v4 vulvina4                            
,v4 vermiculosa4                        
,v4 subrostrata4                        
,v4 undulosa4                           
,v4 pumila4                             
,v4 ovata4                              
,v4 inquinata4  ,v4 ,casina4 ,the       

,casina1 or broad-ribbed ,venus4 ,pl4   
#h1 fig4 #b4  ,sub-orbicular1 with      
transversely acute recurved ridges2     
lamellar stri2 crenulated on the hind   
margin2 slightly channelled behind the  
depression4  ,v4 decussata4 ,the        
intersected ,venus4 ,pl4 #i1 fig4 #c4   
,species sub-rhomboidal1 with decussated
 stri2 margin not denticulated2 umbo    
placed near one end2 the three teeth of 
the hinge very contiguous and very weak2
 exterior brownish and marked with      
purple lines4  ,v4 aurea4 ,the golden   
,venus4  ,sub-orbicular1 inequilateral1 
transversely and concentrically         
striated2 yellow golden colour4  ,v4    
corbis4 ,the basket ,venus4  ,species   
sub-rhomboidal1 deeply latticed2 teeth  
very thick1 ligament entirely concealed1
 margin dentated4  ,v4 puerpera4 ,the   
convex or spotted ,venus4  ,species     
thick1 solid1 orbicular or              
sub-orbicular1 with concentric stri1 or1
 rather1 lamin2 teeth very thick2 margin
 dentated4  ,v4 granulata4 ,the         

granulated ,venus4  ,species thick1     
solid1 cardium-shaped1 radiated from the
 summit to the base4                    
#g4 ,venericardia4 ,one species4  ,this 
genus resembles the ,venus1 but has only
 two oblique cardinal teeth on each     
valve4  ,shell equivalve1 inequilateral1
 sub-orbicular1 sides generally with    
longitudinal rayed ribs2 hinge with two 
oblique cardinal teeth in each valve1   
turned in the same direction4  ,v4      
imbricata4 ,the imbricated              
,venericardia4 ,pl4 #i1 fig4 #a4        
,species almost round1 having convex    
longitudinal ribs1 covered with         
imbricated rough scales2 inferior margin
 rounded and dentated2 more and more    
equilateral2 the two teeth short and    
oblique4                                
,,family ,x4                            
,,cardiacea4 ,five genera4           #a4
 ,cardium4 ,cockle1 or ,heart ,shell4   
,forty-eight species4  ,this genus      
received its name from its resemblance  
to a heart 774 ,it is so well defined by

 ,linnus that no alteration was made by 
,lamarck1 except in making two divisions
 of them2 the first distinguished by    
having the anterior side as large or    
larger than the posterior1 and no       
distinct angle at the apex2 the second  
by possessing carinated or angular      
umbones1 and the posterior side often   
much larger than the anterior4 ,these   
shells are found at a small depth in the
 sand on almost every seashore4  ,shell 
inflated1 equivalve1 sub-cordiform 7when
 seen anteriorly71 generally costated   
from the summit to the circumference2   
summits very evident2 slightly recurved 
forward2 hinge complex1 similar1 formed 
by two oblique cardinal teeth1          
articulating with the corresponding     
teeth on the other valve2 two distant   
lateral teeth on each valve2 ligament   
dorsal1 posterior1 and very short4      
,cardium costatum4                      
,c4 ,indicum4                           
,c4 ringens4                            
,c4 ,asiaticum4                         

,c4 tennicostatum4                      
,c4 fimbriatum4                         
,c4 pseudolima4                         
,c4 aculeatum4                          
,c4 erinaceum4                          
,c4 tuberculatum4                       
,c4 ,brasilianum4                       
,c4 apertum4                            
,c4 papyraceum4                         
,c4 bullatum4                           
,c4 ciliare4                            
,c4 echinatum4                          
,c4 lvigatum4                           
,c4 biradiatum4                         
,c4 eolicum4                            
,c4 pectinatum4                         
,c4 isocardia4                          
,c4 muricatum4                          
,c4 angulatum4                          
,c4 marmoreum4                          
,c4 elongatum4                          
,c4 ventricosum4                        
,c4 rugosum4                            
,c4 sulcatum4                           
,c4 serratum4                           

,c4 unedo4                              
,c4 medium4                             
,c4 fragum4                             
,c4 retusum4                            
,c4 tumoriferum4                        
,c4 rusticum4                           
,c4 edule4                              
,c4 ,groenlandicum4                     
,c4 latum4                              
,c4 crenulatum4                         
,c4 exiguum4                            
,c4 minutum4                            
,c4 roseum4                             
,c4 scobinatum4                         
,c4 hemicardium4                        
,c4 cardissa4                           
,c4 inversum4                           
,c4 ,junoni4                            
,c4 lineatum4  ,c4 edule4 ,the edible   
,cardium1 or common ,cockle4 ,pl4 #aj1  
fig4 #b4  ,species not gaping1 with     
about twenty-six depressed ribs and     
transverse obsolete scales2 of a cream  
colour2 beaks protuberant4  ,c4         
cardissa4 ,venus's ,heart4  ,species    

heart-shaped1 valves angularly          
flattened1 umbones alternating4  ,c4    
lvigatum4 ,the smooth ,cardium4         
,species smooth or nearly so1 anterior  
side as large as the posterior4  ,c4    
hemicardium4 ,the half-heart ,cardium4  
,species ribbed1 with elevated rough    
stri2 the anterior side is very short   
and almost flat4  ,c4 costatum4 ,the    
high-ribbed ,cardium4  ,no angle at the 
umbones2 anterior side at least as large
 as the posterior2 rows of white1       
hollow1 elevated ribs1 situated at      
regular distances1 proceeding from the  
umbones to the margin1 with the spaces  
between them of a reddish brown colour4 
,c4 unedo4 ,the ,strawberry ,heart4     
,species with ribs armed with small     
crescent-shaped scales4  ,c4            
tuberculatum4 ,the tuberculated         
,cardium4  ,species not gaping1 with    
large ribs armed with nodules4          
#b4 ,cardita4 ,twenty-one species4      
,lamarck took this genus from the ,chama
 on account of several peculiarities in 

the shell as well as in the animal4 ,it 
is not affixed to other bodies by its   
lower valve1 but1 according to ,de      
,blainville1 lies exposed on the rocks4 
,there is some difficulty in            
distinguishing this genus from the      
,venericardia1 without carefully        
examining the position of the two teeth4
  ,shell regular1 thick1 solid1         
equivalve1 more or less inequilateral2  
summit dorsal1 always very recurved     
anteriorly2 hinge similar1 formed by two
 oblique teeth2 one short cardinal      
placed beneath the umbo1 the other      
oblique1 arched1 marginal1 and          
prolonged2 ligament elongated1          
sub-exterior1 and inserted2 two very    
distinct muscular impressions4          
,cardita sulcata4                       
,c4 ajar4                            ,c4
 turgida4                            ,c4
 squamosa4                              
,c4 phrenetica4                         
,c4 crassicosta4                        
,c4 rufescens4                          

,c4 calyculata4                         
,c4 subaspera4                          
,c4 nodulosa4                           
,c4 intermedia4                         
,c4 trepezia4                           
,c4 bicolor4                            
,c4 depressa4                           
,c4 concamerata4                        
,c4 sinuata4                            
,c4 aviculina4                          
,c4 citrina4                            
,c4 sublvigata4                         
,c4 corbularis4                         
,c4 lithophagella4  ,c4 crassicosta4    
,the thick-ribbed ,cardita4  ,species   
elongated1 a little gaping at the       
inferior margin2 ligament concealed4    
,c4 sulcata4 ,the furrowed ,cardita4    
,pl4 #aj1 fig4 #c4  ,sub-cordiform or   
oval1 more transverse than longitudinal2
 colour white1 tesselated with brown2   
posterior depression heart-shaped2      
longitudinal1 convex1                   
transversely-striated ribs4             
#c4 ,cypricardia4 ,four species4        

,distinguished from the ,cardita by     
having three teeth beneath the apices1  
and a callous lengthened tooth or ridge4
  ,shell obliquely elongated1 equivalve1
 inequilateral2 valves striated1 but    
never ribbed2 hinge with three teeth    
beneath the umbo1 and one lateral       
elongated tooth4                        
,cypricardia ,guinaica4                 
,c4 angulata4                           
,c4 rostrata4                           
,c4 coralliophaga4  ,c4 ,guinaica4 ,the 
,guinea ,cypricardia4 ,pl4 #aj1 fig4 #f4
  ,species elongated1 very              
inequilateral2 summit rounded and       
recurved anteriorly2 two short divergent
 cardinal teeth1 besides a lamellous    
tooth2 ligament very long1 projecting or
 not2 yellowish white1 covered with     
decussated stri4                        
#d4 ,hiatella4 ,two species4            
,established by ,daudin2 classed by     
,linnus with the ,solen1 but ,lamarck is
 of opinion that it more nearly         
approximates the ,cardita4  ,shell thin1

 sub-rhomboidal1 equivalve1 very        
inequilateral1 gaping at its inferior   
margin and posterior extremity2 the     
summit very anterior and recurved in    
front2 dorsal hinge formed by a single  
tooth on one valve corresponding to a   
semicircular slope on the opposite      
valve1 or by a small tooth with a       
cardinal cavity in each valve2 ligament 
probably exterior and dorsal2 muscular  
impressions unknown4                    
,hiatella ,arctica4                     
,hiatella biaperta4  ,h4 ,arctica4 ,the 
,arctic ,hiatella4  ,shell small1       
transversely oblong2 apices truncated1  
with two divergent spring ridges2 a     
small tooth on each valve2 cream colour1
 with decussated stri2 inside pearly4   
,h4 biaperta4 ,the double-clefted       
,hiatella4 ,pl4 #aj1 fig4 #d4  ,species 
that has only a single tooth on one     
valve2 yellowish white4                 
#e4 ,isocardia4 ,three species4  ,taken 
from the ,chama of ,linnus on account of
 a peculiarity in the shape of the      

cardinal teeth1 and the singular        
curvature of the umbones4               
,isocardia cor4                         
,i4 semisulcata4                        
,i4 ,moltkiana4  ,i4 cor4 ,the heart    
,isocardia4 ,pl4 #ab1 fig4 #d4  ,shell  
free1 regular1 heart-shaped1 equivalve1 
very inequilateral2 summits diverging1  
strongly recurved spirally1 forward1 and
 outward2 hinge dorsal1 long1 similar1  
formed by two flat cardinal teeth1 with 
an elongated lateral one behind the     
ligament1 which is dorsal and exterior1 
diverging towards the summits2 muscular 
impressions very distinct and rather    
small2 slightly wrinkled longitudinally2
 exterior reddish chestnut colour1      
interior white4  ,the ,isocardia        
,moltkiana is a very rare shell1 and the
 most elegant species of this genus4    
,,family ,,xi4                          
,,arcacea4 ,four genera4                
#a4 ,cuculla4 ,one species4             
,distinguished from the ,arca by the    
muscular impression within1 to one side 

of which is an ear-shaped testaceous    
appendage2 the shell is more            
trapeziform1 and the hinge by age       
becomes obsolete1 giving the teeth a    
more horizontal appearance4  ,shell     
equivalve1 inequilateral1 trapeziform1  
heart-shaped2 beaks distant1 and        
separated by the angular groove of the  
ligament1 which is altogether external2 
hinge linear1 straight1 with small      
transverse teeth1 having at its         
extremity from two to five parallel     
ribs2 valves marked with minute and     
strong longitudinal stri1 and sometimes 
one valve overlaps2 margins crenulated4 
,c4 auriculifera4 ,the eared ,cuculla4  
,pl4 #aj1 fig4 #a4  ,species navicular  
or obliquely heart-shaped1 with         
decussated stri2 hinge completely       
straight1 with two parallel ribs at each
 end1 the terminal teeth longer and more
 oblique than the others2 exterior      
chestnut colour1 interior white1 tinged 
with violet4                   #b4      
,arca4 ,the ,ark4 ,thirty-seven species4

  ,this genus is easily known by its    
resemblance to the hull of a ship2 the  
hinge is peculiar1 being composed of    
numerous sharp teeth alternately        
inserted between each other4 ,the ,arca 
of ,linnus was divided by ,lamarck into 
the four genera that compose this       
family1 each possessing a strong        
distinctive character4 ,all the shells  
of this family are found in the sea at a
 little distance from the shore2 they   
are covered with a dark greenish        
lamellar or velvet-like epidermis1      
frequently ending in a deep fringe at   
the margin4  ,shell a little varied in  
form1 but most generally elongated1 and 
more or less oblique at the posterior   
extremity2 sometimes very inequilateral2
 summits more or less distant1 and a    
little recurved forward2 hinge          
anomalous1 straight1 or a little curved2
 long1 and formed by a line of short    
vertical teeth decreasing from the      
extremities to the centre2 ligament     
exterior1 broad2 sometimes the margin is

 crenated4                              
,arca tortuosa4                         
,a4 semitorta4                          
,a4 ,no4                             ,a4
 tetragona4                             
,a4 umbonata4                           
,a4 sinuata4                            
,a4 avellana4                           
,a4 cardissa4                           
,a4 ventricosa4                         
,a4 retusa4                             
,a4 sulcata4                            
,a4 ovata4                              
,a4 ,helbingii4                         
,a4 scapha4                             
,a4 barbata4                            
,a4 fusca4                              
,a4 ,magellanica4                       
,a4 ,domingensis4                       
,a4 lactea4                             
,a4 trapezina4                          
,a4 pistachia4                          
,a4 pisolina4                           
,a4 cancellaria4                        
,a4 callifera4                          

,a4 irudina4                            
,a4 bisulcata4                          
,a4 ,indica4                            
,a4 senilis4                            
,a4 antiquata4                          
,a4 rhombea4                            
,a4 granosa4                            
,a4 auriculata4                         
,a4 ,brasiliana4                        
,a4 corbicula4                          
,a4 squamosa4                           
,a4 ,cayennensis4                       
,a4 inequivalvis4  ,a4 ,no4 ,noah's     
,ark4 ,pl4 #aj1 fig4 #e4  ,species      
boat-shaped1 oblong1 striated           
transversely and ribbed longitudinally2 
umbones remote and incurvated2 margins  
entire and gaping2 hinge straight2      
whitish1 with divergent zigzag chestnut 
stripes2 inside bluish white4  ,a4      
tortuosa4 ,the twisted ,ark4  ,a rare   
species2 shell elongated1 close1        
twisted2 hinge completely straight4  ,a4
 barbata4 ,the bearded ,ark4  ,species  
with the hinge straight1 not hollowed or

 not gaping inferiorly1 and of which the
 muscle is not adherent4                
#c4 ,pectunculus4 ,nineteen species4    
,this genus has the ligament partially  
inserted internally1 and has no exterior
 angular groove4 ,the valves never gape1
 often have rayed longitudinal ribs1 are
 compressed1 and the shell by age       
becomes thick and ponderous1 sometimes  
attaining a large size4 ,the teeth in   
the hinge are not so numerous as in the 
,arca and ,cuculla2 the centre teeth    
appear worn down4  ,shell close1        
orbicular1 doubly convex1 equivalve1    
sub-equilateral2 summits almost         
vertical1 and more or less distant2     
hinge formed on each valve by a rather  
numerous series of small teeth1 disposed
 in a curved line1 sometimes broken     
under the summit2 ligament external and 
large4                                  
,pectunculus glycimeris4                
,p4 pilosus4                         ,p4
 undulatus4                         ,p4 
marmoratus4                         ,p4 

scriptus4                         ,p4   
angulatus                         ,p4   
stellatus4                         ,p4  
pallens4                         ,p4    
violacescens4                           
,p4 zonalis4                         ,p4
 pennaceus4                         ,p4 
rubens4                         ,p4     
castaneus4                         ,p4  
pectiniformis4                          
,p4 striatularis4                       
,p4 nummarius4                          
,p4 pectinatus4                         
,p4 radians4                         ,p4
 vitreus4  ,p4 glycimeris4 ,the         
delicious ,pectunculus4  ,sub-orbicular1
 umbones produced2 finely striated      
transversely and longitudinally2 covered
 with epidermis1 under which it is      
marked with reddish chestnut spots or   
bands2 inside white2 margins crenulated4
  ,p4 pilosus4 ,the hairy ,pectunculus4 
,species convex1 more or less smooth and
 hairy4  ,p4 pectiniformis4 ,the        
,pecten-shaped ,pectunculus4 ,pl4 #aa1  

fig4 #f4  ,species lenticular1 more     
compressed1 pectinated1 and more or less
 rough4                           #d4   
,nucula4 ,six species4  ,shell small1   
more or less thick1 sub-triangular1     
equivalve1 inequilateral2 summits       
contiguous and turned forward2 hinge    
similar1 formed by a numerous series of 
very pointed teeth1 pectinated and      
disposed in a line interrupted under the
 summit2 ligament internal1 short1      
inserted in a small oblique cavity in   
each valve2 two muscular impressions2   
valves more or less pearly within4      
,nucula lanceolata4                     
,n4 rostrata4                           
,n4 pella4                              
,n4 ,nicobarica4                        
,n4 obliqua4                            
,n4 margaritacea4  ,n4 rostrata4 ,the   
beaked ,nucula4  ,species of which the  
margin is entire4  ,n4 margaritacea4    
,the pearly ,nucula4 ,pl4 #aa1 fig4 #g4 
,species of which the margin is         
crenated2 numerous regular pectinated   

teeth2 obliquely ovate1 trigonal2 stri  
minute and almost obsolete2 covered with
 a greenish epidermis2 inside silvery1  
pearl-like4                             
,,family ,,xii4                         
,,trigonacea4 ,two genera4              
#a4 ,trigonia4 ,one species4  ,supposed 
to be in very deep places in the sea2 it
 is a strong1 beautiful1 pearly shell1  
sub-trigonal or sub-orbicular2 thick1   
regular1 equivalve1 inequilateral2      
summits slightly prominent1 recurved1   
anterodorsal2 hinge complex1 dorsal1    
dissimilar2 two large oblong teeth      
laterally compressed1 joined angularly  
under the summit1 strongly furrowed on  
the right valve1 penetrating into two   
excavations of the same form1 equally   
furrowed on the left valve2 ligament    
exterior and marginal2 two distinct     
muscular impressions4  ,t4 pectinata4   
,the pectinated ,trigonia4 ,pl4 #aa1    
fig4 #d4  ,species sub-orbicular1 with  
radiated or divergent1 prominent1 and   
somewhat scaly ribs2 inside pearly2     

margin crenellated4                     
#b4 ,castalia4 ,one species4  ,this     
genus is found in fresh waters1 and     
differs from the ,trigonia in the number
 and position of the lamellar teeth4    
,the substance of the shell is pearly4  
,shell sub-trigonal1 equivalve1         
inequilateral2 umbones eroded1 covered  
with epidermis1 and inflected           
anteriorly2 hinge with two lamellar     
teeth1 transversely striated1 one of    
them posterior1 distant1 and shortened1 
the other anterior1 lengthened1 and     
lateral2 ligament exterior4  ,c4        
ambigua4 ,the ambiguous ,castalia4 ,pl4 
#aa1 fig4 #e4  ,short1 sub-trigonal2    
umbones truncated2 longitudinally       
ribbed1 with distant transverse stri2   
covered with epidermis1 under which the 
shell is of a pale chestnut brown1      
inside pearly2 the lamellar and         
pr-apicial teeth are well marked1 more  
regular1 and all striated perpendicular 
to their length4                        
,,family ,,xiii4                        

,,naiades4 ,four genera4                
#a4 ,unio4 ,forty-eight species4  ,the  
species of this genus become every day  
more numerous2 they are found in all    
countries1 but particularly in ,north   
,america4 ,the ,unio is a fresh-water   
shell1 and therefore1 with great        
propriety1 removed from the ,mya1 which 
consists entirely of marine shells4 ,the
 substance is pearly2 the exterior      
covered with a brown or green epidermis2
 the apices eroded4 ,they are found in  
the mud of rivers1 with their apices    
downward2 some are slightly gaping1 and 
some species produce fine pearls4       
,shell generally very thick1 pearly     
within1 covered with epidermis2 summits 
eroded1 dorsal1 and sub-interior2       
besides a long lamellous tooth under the
 ligament1 the hinge is formed by a     
double precardinal tooth1 more or less  
compressed1 and dentated irregularly on 
the left valve1 simple on the right     
valve2 ligament external1 dorsal1 and   
post-apicial2 muscular impressions well 

marked4                                 
,unio sinuata4                          
,u4 elongata4                           
,u4 crassidens4                         
,u4 ,peruviana4                         
,u4 rariplicata4                        
,u4 pupurata4                           
,u4 ligamentina4                        
,u4 obliqua4                            
,u4 retusa4                             
,u4 rarisulcata4                        
,u4 coarctata4                          
,u4 purpurascens4                       
,u4 radiata4                            
,u4 brevialis4                          
,u4 rhombula4                           
,u4 carinifera4                         
,u4 ,georgina4                          
,u4 clava4                              
,u4 recta4                              
,u4 naviformis4                         
,u4 glabrata4                           
,u4 nasuta4                             
,u4 ovata4                              
,u4 rotundata4                          

,u4 littoralis4                         
,u4 semirugata4                         
,u4 nana4                            ,u4
 alata4                            ,u4  
deladonta4                              
,u4 sulcidens4                          
,u4 rostrata4                           
,u4 pictorum4                           
,u4 ,batava4                            
,u4 corrugata4                          
,u4 nodulosa4                           
,u4 varicosa4                           
,u4 granosa4                            
,u4 depressa4                           
,u4 ,virginianum4                       
,u4 luteola4                            
,u4 marginalis4                         
,u4 angusta4                            
,u4 manca4                              
,u4 cariosa4                            
,u4 spuria4                             
,u4 ,australis4                         
,u4 anodontina4                         
,u4 sub-orbiculata4  ,u4 pictorum4 ,the 
,painter's ,unio4 ,pl4 #h1 fig4 #f4     

,species oval1 not auriculated1 strong1 
anterior side rhomboid and attenuated2  
the opposite side obtusely acute2 the   
umbones somewhat warted2 concentrically 
wrinkled2 covered with a dusky green    
epidermis4  ,u4 sinuata4 ,the crooked   
,unio4  ,species oval1 sub-auriculated2 
cardinal tooth short1 not lamellar or   
sub-striated4  ,u4 sub-orbiculata4 ,the 
sub-orbicular ,unio4  ,species round or 
almost round2 cardinal tooth compressed1
 elongated1 and often lamellar4         
#b4 ,hyria4 ,two species4  ,easily      
distinguished from the ,unio by a       
compound cardinal tooth1 which slopes in
 an inclined position towards the       
posterior side4 ,they are more found in 
lakes than in rivers4  ,shell solid1    
pearly1 equivalve1 obliquely triangular1
 auriculated2 base truncated and        
straight2 hinge with two projecting     
teeth2 the cardinal divided into        
numerous divergent parts2 anterior ones 
smaller1 the others long and lamellar4  
,hyria avicularis4                      

,hyria corrugata4  ,h4 avicularis4 ,the 
little bird ,hyria4 ,pl4 #e1 fig4 #d4   
,umbones smooth and polished2 ears      
large1 with pointed terminations2 finely
 striated2 interior pearly1 exterior of 
a rich reddish golden-yellow colour2    
covered with a greenish brown epidermis4
                        #c4 ,anodonta4  
,fifteen species4  ,a fresh-water shell1
 found in ponds and lakes1 difficult to 
be distinguished from the ,unio but by  
the hinge1 which wants the cardinal and 
lateral tooth1 and merely presents a    
smooth internal rim round the edge      
terminated by a sinus or notch1 in which
 the anterior extremity of the ligament 
is sunk2 the substance is pearly1       
covered with a false epidermis4  ,shell 
ordinarily rather thin1 regular1 close1 
equivalve1 inequilateral2 summit        
anterodorsal2 hinge linear1 without     
teeth2 ligament external1 dorsal1 and   
post-apicial2 two well-marked muscular  
impressions4                            
,anodonta cygna4                        

,a4 anatina4                            
,a4 sulcata4                            
,a4 fragilis4                           
,a4 cataracta4                          
,a4 trapezialis4                        
,a4 exotica4                            
,a4 rubens4                             
,a4 crispata4                           
,a4 uniopsis4                           
,a4 ,pennsylvanica4                     
,a4 intermedia4                         
,a4 glauca4                             
,a4 sinuosa4                            
,a4 ,patagonica4  ,a4 cygna4 ,the ,swan 
,anodonta4 ,pl4 #aa1 fig4 #b4  ,species 
oval1 thin1 elongated1 hinge straight1  
and only auriculated anteriorly2 beaks  
small and ventricose2 concentrically    
wrinkled2 covered with a greenish       
epidermis1 which is frequently of a     
brown tinge towards the umbo4  ,a4      
rubens4 ,the ruddy ,anodonta4  ,species 
oval1 hinge arched1 without trace of    
auricula or ear4  ,a4 trapezialis4 ,the 
trapezium ,anodonta4 ,pl4 #aa1 fig4 #c4 

,species oval or rounded1 auriculated on
 both sides the summit4                 
#d4 ,iridina4 ,one species4  ,a very    
rare shell1 separated from the ,anodonta
 on account of the hinge being          
attenuated in the middle1 and having    
small tubercles distributed along its   
length4 ,the substance is thicker and   
more solid than the ,anodonta1 and of a 
brilliant rose-coloured pearly hue2 it  
is found in the rivers of warm          
countries4  ,shell equivalve1           
inequilateral1 transverse1 with small   
apices2 recurved1 but nearly erect2 not 
auriculated2 hinge very long1 linear1   
crenulated through all its length2      
ligament external and marginal2 two     
well-marked muscular impressions4  ,i4  
exotica4 ,the exotic ,iridina4  ,the    
only species of this genus answering to 
the above description4                  
,,family ,,xiv4                         
,,chamacea4 ,three genera4              
#a4 ,diceras4 ,one fossil species4      
,only found in a fossil state2          

distinguished from the ,chama by the    
hinge1 which is dissimilar1 formed by a 
large thick tooth1 concave in the       
greater valve2 summits very projecting2 
almost regular spiral contortions4  ,d4 
arietina4 ,the ram's-horn ,diceras4     
,shell irregular1 inequivalve1          
inequilateral1 somewhat heart-shaped1   
with divergent beaks4               #b4 
,chama4 ,the ,clam or ,gaper4 ,seventeen
 species4  ,in this genus are now       
comprehended only such as have a thick  
oblique transverse tooth1 resembling a  
lengthened callosity1 generally         
crenulated or grooved1 fitting into a   
corresponding cavity in the lower valve4
 ,the animals inhabiting these shells   
have the faculty of affixing themselves 
to other bodies by the lower valve4     
,the ,chama received its name from its  
gaping2 it is found in most seas1       
particularly in the ,southern2 sometimes
 its colours are elegantly blended4     
,shell irregular1 adherent1 inequivalve1
 inequilateral2 summits more or less    

twisted spirally1 especially in the     
lower valve2 some from left to right1   
others from right to left2 hinge        
dissimilar1 large1 formed by one        
lamellous1 arched1 sub-crenulated1      
post-cardinal tooth1 articulating into a
 furrow of the same form2 exterior1     
post-apicial1 slightly inserted2 two    
large and rather distant muscular       
impressions4                            
,chama ,lazarus4                        
,c4 damcornis4                          
,c4 gryphoides4                         
,c4 crenulata4                          
,c4 unicornis1                          
,c4 arcinella4                          
,c4 radians4                            
,c4 cristella4                          
,c4 florida4                            
,c4 limbula4                            
,c4 ruginosa4                           
,c4 asperella4                          
,c4 decussata4                          
,c4 albida4                             
,c4 ruderalis4                          

,c4 croceata4                           
,c4 ,japonica4  ,c4 ,lazarus4 ,lazarus's
 ,chama4 ,pl4 #ab1 fig4 #b4  ,species of
 which the summits twist from left to   
right2 imbricated1 dilated1 waved       
foliations2 striated obsoletely2        
exterior white1 orange1 red1 or yellow2 
interior white4  ,c4 arcinella4 ,the    
hedgehog ,chama4  ,species of which the 
summits twist from right to left2 the   
pink-coloured ones of this species are  
the most prized4                        
#c4 ,etheria4 ,four species4            
,distinguished from the ,chama by the   
want of teeth in the hinge1 and being of
 a pearly substance4 ,it is a rare      
shell1 only found in deep water1 where  
it is attached to the rocks by the lower
 valve4 ,its irregular form is perhaps  
occasioned by the lower valve adapting  
itself to the form of the body to which 
it is affixed4 ,two species are         
fluviatile and two marine4  ,shell      
adhering1 irregular1 thick1 pearly1     
inequivalve1 inequilateral2 summits     

thick1 little evident2 hinge toothless1 
callous1 thick1 irregular2 longitudinal1
 sub-dorsal ligament1 partly exterior   
and partly penetrating into the shell2  
two oblong muscular impressions1 one    
inferior and anterior1 the other        
superior and sub-posterior2 with or     
without an oblong incrusted callosity on
 the base of the valve4                 
,etheria elliptica4                     
,e4 semilunata4                         
,e4 trigonula4                          
,e4 transversa4  ,e4 elliptica4 ,the    
oval ,etheria4 ,pl4 #aa1 fig4 #a4       
,species with an oblong callosity on the
 anterior part of the shell2 oval1      
depressed1 dilated towards the umbones2 
summits distant4  ,e4 semilunata4 ,the  
semilunar ,etheria4  ,species without   
callosity at the base4                  
,,family ,,xv4                          
,,tridacnites4 ,two genera4             
#a4 ,tridacna4 ,the ,clam ,shell4 ,six  
species4  ,the most ponderous shell     
known1 sometimes measuring several feet 

in length1 and sometimes weighing five  
hundred pounds4  ,by ,linnus this genus 
was classed with the ,chama1 but the    
characteristic distinctions are so great
 that they are easily known4 ,the ,chama
 is irregular1 has but one tooth1 and is
 fastened to other substances by the    
lower valve2 the ,tridacna is equivalve1
 has but two teeth1 and is affixed to   
other bodies by a byssus consisting of  
filiform tendons4  ,the animal          
inhabiting this shell is said to produce
 very fine pearls1 but there is no      
pearly appearance on the valves4  ,shell
 thick1 solid1 varying in size2 some are
 very small and some very large2        
regular1 triangular1 more or less       
inequilateral2 the summits inclined     
backward2 hinge dissimilar1 entirely    
anterior to the summits2 one lamellous  
precardinal tooth1 and two distant      
lateral teeth on the left valve1        
corresponding to two lamellous          
precardinal teeth and one remote lateral
 tooth in the right valve2 ligament     

anterior1 elongated2 one forked         
sub-median muscular impression1 almost  
marginal and oftentimes nearly obsolete2
 valves with broad1 rounded longitudinal
 ribs1 armed with vaulted scales1 more  
or less elevated2 posterior slope       
heart-shaped1 and widely gaping4        
,tridacna gigas4                        
,t4 elongata4                           
,t4 squamosa4                           
,t4 crocea4                             
,t4 mutica4                             
,t4 serrifera4  ,t4 gigas4 ,the giant   
,tridacna4 ,pl4 #ab1 fig4 #c4  ,species 
of which the shell is sometimes very    
large1 white1 transversely ovate or     
elongated2 the anterior side longer than
 the posterior2 broad ribs covered with 
vaulted scales2 when of a pink or orange
 colour1 greatly valued4                
#b4 ,hippopus4 ,one species4  ,similar  
to the ,tridacna1 but distinguished from
 it by having its posterior slope closed
 with a dentated margin2 its ribs are   
never arched or vaulted1 and its        

anterior side is shorter than the       
posterior side4  ,h4 maculatus4 ,the    
spotted ,hippopus4 ,pl4 #ab1 fig4 #a4   
,shell transversely ovate1 ventricose1  
with scaly ribs2 lunule1 heart-shaped1  
and oblique2 margins deeply crenulated2 
reddish purple spots4                   
,,family ,,xvi4                         
,,mytilacea4 ,three genera4             
#a4 ,mytilus4 ,the ,muscle4 ,thirty-five
 species4  ,as arranged by ,lamarck1 now
 comprises only such shells as are      
regular1 equivalve1 and longitudinal2   
solid in substance1 and attached to     
other bodies by a short thick byssus4   
,in colour and appearance they greatly  
vary1 some being smooth and beautifully 
variegated with delicate colours1 or    
radiated with purple and white2 some are
 coarsely ribbed or granulated1 and have
 only one colour1 as black1 blue1       
yellow1 brown1 or green2 all are covered
 with an epidermis1 to which oftentimes 
the colour is confined4  ,shell of a    
close texture1 elongated1 more or less  

oval1 sometimes sub-triangular1         
equivalve1 summits anterior1 more or    
less curved1 a little sloping           
inferiorly2 hinge generally without     
teeth1 or with two very small           
rudimentary teeth2 ligament dorsal1     
linear1 sub-interior1 inserted in a long
 and narrow furrow2 two muscular        
impressions1 of which the anterior is   
very small1 with or without longitudinal
 grooves or furrows4                    
,mytilus ,magellanicus4                 
,m4 erosus4                          ,m4
 crenatus4                          ,m4 
decussatus4                          ,m4
 hirsutus4                          ,m4 
elongatus4                          ,m4 
latus4                          ,m4     
zonarius4                          ,m4  
ungulatus4                          ,m4 
violaceus4                          ,m4 
opalus4                          ,m4    
smaragdinus4                            
,m4 corneus4                            
,m4 edulis4                          ,m4

 retusus4                          ,m4  
,hesperianus4                           
,m4 perna4                          ,m4 
exustus4                          ,m4   
bilocularis4                            
,m4 ovalis4                          ,m4
 ustulatus4                          ,m4
 ,domingensis4                          
,m4 ,senegalensis4                      
,m4 ,afer4                          ,m4 
achatinus4                          ,m4 
ungularis4                          ,m4 
planulatus4                          ,m4
 borealis4                          ,m4 
,galloprovincialis4                     
,m4 angustanus4                         
,m4 lineatus4                           
,m4 lacunatus4                          
,m4 canalis4                            
,m4 incurvatus4                         
,m4 abbreviatus4  ,m4 incurvatus4 ,the  
incurvated ,mytilus4  ,nearly smooth1   
elongated oval1 valves inflated and     
curved near the ligament2 apex acute4   
,m4 ,afer4 ,the ,african ,mytilus4      

,more or less compressed and            
sub-triangular1 without grooves2 byssus 
very large and much developed2 summit   
entirely terminal and anterior2 smooth  
and radiated with blue or purple1       
covered with a dark brown epidermis2    
inside margin blue1 shade decreasing to 
the centre4  ,m4 crenatus4 ,the crenated
 ,mytilus4  ,species longitudinally     
grooved1 radiated1 or striated4  ,m4    
hirsutus4 ,the bearded ,mytilus4        
,species with grooves2 covered with a   
shaggy or bearded epidermis4            
#b4 ,modiola4 ,twenty-three species4    
,taken by ,lamarck from the ,mytilus1 as
 it differs by being more transverse    
than longitudinal1 and the beaks1       
instead of being terminal1 are placed   
beneath the apex4  ,shell smooth1       
sub-transverse1 equivalve1 regular1     
sub-triangular1 the posterior side      
short2 summits almost lateral2 hinge    
lateral and linear1 without teeth2      
ligament partly interior1 placed in a   
marginal furrow2 one sub-lateral        

elongated muscular impression in each   
valve4                                  
,modiola ,papuana4                      
,m4 tulipa4                             
,m4 albicosta4                          
,m4 vagina4                             
,m4 picta4                              
,m4 sulcata4                            
,m4 plicatula4                          
,m4 semifusca4                          
,m4 securis4                            
,m4 purpurata4                          
,m4 barbata4                            
,m4 ,guyanensis4                        
,m4 ,adriatica4                         
,m4 pulex4                              
,m4 discrepans4                         
,m4 discors4                            
,m4 trapezina4                          
,m4 cinnamomea4                         
,m4 silicula4                           
,m4 plicata4                            
,m4 semen4                              
,m4 lithophaga4                         
,m4 caudigera4  ,m4 discors4 ,the       

discordant ,modiola4  ,shell elongated  
oval1 very convex1 narrowest at the     
anterior end2 striated at the two       
extremities2 summit oblique2 exterior   
greenish2 interior white1 with sometimes
 a pink-tinge1 and somewhat pearly2     
crenulated margin4  ,m4 ,papuana4 ,the  
,papuan ,modiola4 ,pl4 #ab1 fig4 #f4    
,species smooth1 more or less           
triangular2 summit near the anterior    
extremity2 byssus obsolete in adults4   
,m4 sulcata4 ,the furrowed ,modiola4    
,species striated longitudinally4       
#c4 ,pinna4 ,the ,wing ,shell4 ,fifteen 
species4  ,this genus is the same as    
constituted by ,linnus2 the shell is    
marine1 generally very brittle and      
fragile1 in form resembling an acute    
angled triangle2 usually covered with   
longitudinal ribs and elevated          
transverse stri2 generally horn         
coloured4  ,this genus is remarkable for
 the production of an abundant byssus of
 a fine brown silky texture1 which the  
,italians frequently fabricate into     

articles of dress1 equal in appearance  
to the finest silk4  ,the ,pinn often   
grow to a large size2 they are sometimes
 found standing erect in the            
smooth-water bays1 with the base of the 
shell uppermost1 but generally affixed  
by the byssus to rocks and other        
sub-marine bodies4 ,the filaments that  
compose the byssus are so tough and     
strong that the shells are not easily   
detached4  ,shell fibrous1 fragile1     
regular1 equivalve1 longitudinal1       
triangular1 base gaping and as if       
truncated2 summit pointed and straight2 
hinge dorsal1 longitudinal1 linear1 and 
without teeth2 marginal ligament        
occupying almost the whole of the dorsal
 edge of the shell2 one very broad      
muscular impression behind a trace of   
the anterior in the summit4             
,pinna rudis4                           
,p4 flabellum4                          
,p4 seminuda4                           
,p4 angustina4                          
,p4 nobilis4                            

,p4 squamosa4                           
,p4 marginata4                          
,p4 muricata4                           
,p4 pectinata4                          
,p4 saccata4                            
,p4 varicosa4                           
,p4 dolabrata4                          
,p4 ingens4                             
,p4 vexillum4                           
,p4 nigrina4  ,p4 squamosa4 ,the scaly  
,pinna4  ,species very close and rounded
 at the posterior extremity2 valves     
convex1 covered with vaulted imbricated 
scales4  ,p4 flabellum4 ,the fan ,pinna4
 ,pl4 #ac1 fig4 #b4  ,species gaping at 
the posterior extremity1 which is as if 
truncated2 valves rather rounded at the 
upper end1 and in the shape of an       
expanded fan2 light fawn colour4  ,p4   
pectinata4 ,the pectinated ,pinna4 ,pl4 
#ac1 fig4 #a4  ,thin1 pellucid2         
longitudinally ribbed and spinous for   
half its width1 obliquely striated      
transversely on the other half4         
,,family ,,xvii4                        

,,malleacea4 ,five genera4              
#a4 ,crenatula4 ,seven species4  ,there 
is one peculiar distinction between this
 genus and the ,perna2 the hinge of the 
,crenatula is composed of slightly      
concave callous crenulations1 which     
receive the ligament2 while in the      
,perna it consists of parallel truncated
 linear teeth 7or1 rather1 riblike      
joints71 corresponding and opposed to   
the opposite ones1 the ligament being   
inserted only in their interstices4     
,shell thin1 very delicate1 irregular1  
valves flattened1 foliaceous1           
sub-rhomboidal1 sub-equivalve2 hinge    
longitudinal1 dorsal1 without teeth2    
ligament sub-multiple1 and inserted in a
 series of rounded cavities             
corresponding with the dorsal margin2   
one sub-central muscular impression4    
,crenatula avicularis4                  
,c4 modiolaris4                         
,c4 nigrina4                            
,c4 bicostalis4                         
,c4 viridis4                            

,c4 mytiloides4                         
,c4 phasianoptera4  ,c4 avicularis4 ,the
 avicular ,crenatula4 ,pl4 #ad1 fig4 #b4
  ,answers to the above description4    
,c4 mytiloides4 ,the muscle-shaped      
,crenatula4  ,oblong1 ovate1 oblique2   
base acute2 violet coloured1 with       
obscure radiations4                     
#b4 ,perna4 ,ten species4  ,in speaking 
of the ,crenatula1 we gave the          
characteristic distinction1 which       
regarded it natural and expedient to    
make the ,perna form a different genus4 
,shell irregular1 very compressed1      
foliaceous1 sub-equivalve1 rather       
variable form1 gaping at the anterior   
part of the lower extremity2 summit very
 small1 hinge straight1 vertical1       
without teeth2 ligament multiple1 and   
inserted in a series of longitudinal    
parallel furrows4                       
,perna ephippium4                       
,p4 obliqua4                            
,p4 isognomon4                          
,p4 avicularis4                         

,p4 femoralis4                          
,p4 canina4                             
,p4 marsupiom4                          
,p4 sulcata4                            
,p4 vulsella4                           
,p4 nucleus4  ,p4 femoralis4 ,the       
femoral ,perna4 ,pl4 #ad1 fig4 #a4      
,species elongated1 and with appendages 
like ears4  ,p4 vulsella4 ,the tweezer  
,perna4  ,species elongated1 without    
earlike appendages1 or having very small
 ones4  ,p4 ephippium4 ,the saddle      
,perna4  ,species round1 compressed1    
very pearly in the interior2 very       
slightly1 if at all1 auricled2 margin   
acute2 exterior purplish brown4         
#c4 ,malleus4 ,the ,hammer4 ,six        
species4  ,a shell of a singular form1  
resembling a pickaxe1 found only in the 
,indian and ,australian ,seas2 there are
 two species1 the white and the black1  
both of which1 when in fine             
preservation1 are highly esteemed1 but  
the white is more rare and valuable4    
,shell sub-nacreous1 irregular1 rugged1 

sub-equivalve1 inequilateral1 generally 
auricled before and prolonged behind1 so
 as to be in form like a hammer2 summit 
entirely anterior2 between them and the 
inferior auricle1 an oblique cut or     
slope for the passage of the byssus2    
hinge linear1 elongated1 without teeth2 
ligament simple1 triangular1 inserted in
 a conical oblique cavity1 partly       
exterior2 one rather large sub-central  
muscular impression4                    
,malleus albus4                         
,m4 vulgaris4                           
,m4 normalis4                           
,m4 vulsellatus4                        
,m4 anatinus4                           
,m4 decurtatus4  ,m4 vulgaris4 ,the     
common ,malleus4 ,pl4 #ad1 fig4 #d4     
,species with two earlike appendages2   
trilobate1 colour blackish brown4  ,m4  
albus4 ,the white ,malleus4  ,species   
trilobate2 base of the lateral lobe     
prolonged1 without a sinus2 the base and
 the pit of the ligament not distinct2  
colour white1 with transverse           

undulations4  ,m4 vulsellatus4 ,the     
tweezer ,malleus4  ,species slightly    
auricled4  ,m4 normalis4 ,the square    
,malleus4  ,species without earlike     
appendages4                        #d4  
,avicula4 ,thirteen species4            
,remarkable for the form of its shell1  
which resembles1 when partially         
expanded1 a bird flying4  ,shell        
foliaceous or not1 thin and very        
fragile1 always pearly1 sub-equivalve2  
form sub-regular1 but rather variable2  
summit anterior2 valves oblique1 the    
left one with a little notch1 through   
which the byssus passes2 sometimes      
unequally and obliquely auricled2 hinge 
linear1 toothless1 or with two small    
rudimentary teeth2 ligament more or less
 exterior1 placed in a narrow groove1   
sometimes enlarged towards the summit2  
one very large posterior muscular       
impression2 and one very small anterior4
                            ,avicula    
macroptera4                             
,a4 lotorium4                           

,a4 semi-sagitta4                       
,a4 heteroptera4                        
,a4 falcata4                            
,a4 crocea4                             
,a4 ,tarentina4                         
,a4 ,atlantica4                         
,a4 squamulosa4                         
,a4 papilionacea4                       
,a4 costellata4                         
,a4 physoides4                          
,a4 virens4  ,a4 macroptera4 ,the       
rounded ,avicula4 ,pl4 #ad1 fig4 #c4    
,species oval1 oblique1 the earlike     
appendages very developed1 especially   
the superior2 one tooth at the hinge4   
,a4 ,atlantica4 ,the ,atlantic ,avicula4
  ,obliquely curved1 yellowish fawn     
colour1 with dark reddish-brown stains2 
interior pearly4                        
#e4 ,meleagrina4 ,two species4  ,the    
form of the shell is orbicular and      
equivalve1 without the elongated        
transverse base on the cardinal tooth1  
and the sloping sides of the opening for
 the passage of the byssus are          

perceptible on both valves2 these       
peculiarities distinguish it from the   
,avicula4  ,shell sub-equivalve1        
rotundate1 nearly square1 externally    
squamose2 the inferior cardinal margin  
straight1 not caudate anteriorly2 a     
sinus at the posterior base of the      
valves for the passage of the byssus2   
the left valve being at this place      
narrow and channelled2 hinge linear1    
without teeth4                          
,meleagrina margaritifera4              
,meleagrina albina4  ,m4 margaritifera4 
,the pearl-bearing ,meleagrina1         
sometimes called the mother-of-pearl    
oyster4  ,species slightly oblique1     
somewhat square1 pearly1 very thick1    
compressed2 undulated and transversely  
striated1 with a series of lamellated   
longitudinal scales2 exterior greenish1 
interior pearly4 ,this shell is         
celebrated for its irridescent colours1 
and is valued for the beautiful and     
costly pearls it produces4 ,these pearls
 are formed from a deposition of the    

substance destined to line the shell    
upon sand or other bodies1 casually or  
purposely introduced within the mantle  
of the animal2 the shell itself is the  
mother-of-pearl used for inlaying1 or   
making various elegant trinkets4        
,,family ,,xviii4                       
,,pectinides4 ,seven genera4            
#a4 ,pedum4 ,the ,shepherd's ,crook4    
,one species4  ,the common name was     
given to this genus from the resemblance
 to a ,french shepherd's crook4 ,the    
shell is of a regular form2 its lower   
valve1 in which is a sinus for the      
byssus1 is turned up at the edges1 and  
the upper valve falls within it4  ,shell
 inequivalve1 a little eared2 apices    
unequal1 distant1 rounded1 little       
evident2 hinge without teeth2 ligament  
inserted in an oblique groove1 prolonged
 to the summit1 and carried within in a 
kind of spoonlike cavity4  ,p4          
spondyloideum4 ,the spondylus-shaped    
,pedum4 ,pl4 #ae1 fig4 #e4  ,ovate1     
wedge shaped1 flat2 superior valve with 

longitudinal stri2 white1 granulated1   
and rough2 slightly tinged with purple  
near the beak4                    #b4   
,lima4 ,the ,file ,shell4 ,six species4 
,no sinus or notch2 the valves1 thick   
and gaping1 form a lateral opening2 the 
ears are small1 but distinct4  ,shell   
oval1 more or less oblique1 almost      
equivalve1 with small ears1 regularly   
gaping at the anterior part of the lower
 edge2 summits anterior and distant2    
hinge longitudinal1 without teeth2      
ligament rounded1 almost exterior1      
inserted in a cavity of each valve2     
central muscular impression divided into
 three very distinct parts4             
,lima inflata4                          
,l4 squamosa4                           
,l4 glacialis4                          
,l4 annulata4                           
,l4 fragilis4                           
,l4 linguatula4  ,l4 squamosa4 ,the     
scaly ,lima4 ,pl4 #ae1 fig4 #c4         
,answers to the above description1 with 
valves ventricose1 armed with vaulted   

scales4  ,l4 fragilis4 ,the fragile     
,lima4  ,oblong ovate1 very pellucid1   
delicately white1 with longitudinal     
distinct stri2 lower margin             
denticulated1 closely interlocking when 
the valves are closed4                  
#c4 ,pecten4 ,the ,scallop4 ,fifty-nine 
species4  ,the shells constituting this 
genus are found in all seas2 they are   
well known1 and many of them are very   
beautiful4  ,the form is usually        
regular2 their surface is adorned with  
elevated divergent ribs1 varying in     
number from five to thirty1 proceeding  
from the beaks and terminating at the   
margins in a scalloped outline4  ,some  
are equivalve1 others have one valve    
flat and the other convex2 the colours  
of the upper valve are brighter than    
those of the lower4  ,there is          
considerable variation in the size and  
form of the ears1 which in some species 
are equal or nearly so1 but in others   
are unequal2 some are so small as to be 
nearly indistinct4 ,the ribs are        

variously diversified with beautiful    
colours and delicate checker-work2 the  
margins are mostly crenated1 and        
oftentimes beautifully coloured4  ,these
 shells were formerly worn by ,pilgrims 
on their hat or coat1 as a mark of      
having been to the holy shrine in       
,palestine4  ,shell free1 regular1 thin1
 solid1 auricled1 equivalve1            
equilateral2 summits contiguous2 hinge  
without teeth2 a ligamental membrane    
through all the length of the hinge1    
besides a short1 thick ligament1 almost 
entirely internal1 which fills a        
triangular cavity under the summits2 one
 sub-central muscular impression4       
,pecten maximus4                        
,p4 medius4                             
,p4 ,jacobus4                           
,p4 bifrons4                            
,p4 ziczac4                             
,p4 ,latirentii4                        
,p4 rastellum4                          
,p4 turgidus4                           
,p4 flagellatus4                        

,p4 aspersus4                           
,p4 flavidulus4                         
,p4 plica4                              
,p4 pleuronectes4                       
,p4 obliteratus4                        
,p4 ,japonicus4                         
,p4 ,magellanicus4                      
,p4 purpuratus4                         
,p4 lineolaris4                         
,p4 radula4                             
,p4 nodosus4                            
,p4 pallium4                            
,p4 pes-felis4                          
,p4 tigris4                             
,p4 imbricatus4                         
,p4 histrionicus4                       
,p4 sauciatus4                          
,p4 opercularis4                        
,p4 asperrimus4                         
,p4 senatorius4                         
,p4 aurantius4                          
,p4 florens4                            
,p4 varius4                             
,p4 sanguineus4                         
,p4 sinuosus4                           

,p4 ornatus4                            
,p4 glaber4                             
,p4 sulcatus4                           
,p4 virgo4                              
,p4 unicolor4                           
,p4 griseus4                            
,p4 distans4                            
,p4 ,isabella4                          
,p4 lineatus4                           
,p4 flabellatus4                        
,p4 irradians4                          
,p4 flexuosa4                           
,p4 dispar4                             
,p4 quadriradiatus4                     
,p4 ,islandicus4                        
,p4 inflexus4                           
,p4 pellucidus4                         
,p4 ,tranquebaricus4                    
,p4 gibbus4                             
,p4 miniaceus4                          
,p4 pusio4                              
,p4 hybridus4                           
,p4 sulphureus4                         
,p4 lividus4  ,p4 glaber4 ,the glabrous 
,scallop4 ,pl4 #ae1 fig4 #d4  ,species  

of which the two valves are ribbed and  
almost equally convex1 the right a      
little less1 and having its inferior ear
 less broad than the left1 so as to     
produce a kind of groove for the passage
 of the byssus4  ,p4 ,jacobus4 ,the     
scallop of ,st4 ,james4  ,species very  
inequivalve2 the left valve being very  
flat1 the right convex2 ears equal4  ,p4
 pleuronectes4 ,the sole ,scallop4      
,species equivalve1 not closing2 surface
 smooth and ribbed within2 one valve    
perfectly white1 the other of a brownish
 or reddish colour4                     
#d4 ,plagiostoma4 ,ten fossil species4  
,only known as fossils2 probably        
introduced here by ,lamarck to serve as 
a connecting link for the genera ,lima1 
,pecten1 ,spondylus1 and ,podopsis4     
,shell rather thick1 regular1 free1     
sub-equivalve1 sub-auriculated2 the two 
valves almost equally convex1 both      
provided with a distinct summit1        
recurved in the middle of a level       
surface1 with a great triangular slope  

in the middle2 the cardinal base        
transverse1 straight2 hinge without     
teeth2 a conical cardinal pit situated  
below the beak1 partly internal1 opening
 outward1 and receiving the ligament4   
,p4 spinosa4 ,the thorny ,plagiostoma4  
,subarcuated1 the umbo of one shell     
higher than that of the other1 with     
longitudinal ribs and remote concentric 
rings4                         #e4      
,plicatula4 ,five species4  ,separated  
from the ,spondylus of ,linnus on       
account of its distinct structure4 ,the 
ligament is altogether internal2 it is  
without ears1 and the prolonged beak so 
conspicuous in that genus4 ,the         
,plicatula has the faculty of affixing  
itself to another body1 so that many are
 found grouped together in clusters4    
,the valves are strongly plaited within 
and without1 closely interlocking with  
each other4  ,shell solid1 adhering1    
sub-irregular1 without ears1            
inequivalve1 pointed at the summit1     
rounded and plaited behind2 hinge with  

two strong teeth in each valve1 with a  
cavity between them1 in which the       
ligament is internally inserted4        
,plicatula ramosa4                      
,p4 depressa4                           
,p4 cristata4                           
,p4 reniformis4                         
,p4 ,australis4  ,p4 ramosa4 ,the       
branched ,plicatula4 ,pl4 #ae1 fig4 #b4 
,oblong1 trigonal1 very thick2 strong   
longitudinal plaits2 exterior brown1    
with a yellow tinge1 with reddish       
arrow-shaped markings2 interior white4  
#f4 ,spondylus4 ,the thorny ,oyster4    
,twenty-one species4  ,the valves of    
this genus greatly resemble those of the
 common oyster1 but have ears1 and are  
covered with long recurved or           
straight-pointed spines4  ,the lower    
valve is much larger than the upper1 and
 has foliaceous lamin1 by which it is   
attached to the other substances4 ,they 
are found in all seas of hot countries1 
but particularly in the ,indian2 they   
adhere to rocks1 coral1 c41 oftentimes  

in large groups4  ,the usual colours are
 red1 purple1 white1 brown1 or orange1  
several of which are sometimes blended  
in the same shell4  ,shell solid1       
adhering1 sub-regular1 more or less     
spined1 sub-auriculated1 inequivalve2   
the right or inferior valve fixed1 much 
more excavated than the other1 and      
having behind1 at the summit1 a         
triangular face1 which enlarges and     
elongates with age2 hinge longitudinal1 
provided in each valve with two strong  
teeth entering into corresponding       
cavities2 ligament short1 almost medial1
 partly exterior2 one sub-dorsal1       
muscular impression4                    
,spondylus gdaropus4                    
,s4 ,americanus4                        
,s4 arachnoides4                        
,s4 candidus4                           
,s4 multilamellatus4                    
,s4 coccineus4                          
,s4 crassisquama4                       
,s4 spathuliferus4                      
,s4 ducalis4                            

,s4 longitudinalis4                     
,s4 costatus4                           
,s4 variegatus4                         
,s4 longispineus4                       
,s4 regius4                             
,s4 avicularis4                         
,s4 microlepos4                         
,s4 croceus4                            
,s4 aurantius4                          
,s4 radians4                            
,s4 zonalis4                            
,s4 violacescens4  ,s4 gdaropus4 ,the   
thorny red ,spondylus4 ,pl4 #ae1 fig4   
#a4  ,upper valve red1 under one white1 
with longitudinal stri or ribs2 rough   
granulations1 and somewhat              
tongue-shaped2 rather short truncated   
spines4  ,s4 longispineus4 ,the         
long-spined ,spondylus4  ,thickly       
spined1 longitudinally sulcated and     
ribbed2 alternate spines arcuated and   
tongue-shaped2 valves of a reddish      
colour2 umbones orange4                 
#g4 ,podopsis4 ,two fossil species4     
,only introduced here to fill up the    

family and keep up the chain of         
connexion4 ,it approximates the genus   
,gryphea4  ,shell rather thick1         
sub-regular1 symmetrical1 equilateral1  
inequivalve1 adhering by the extremity  
of the shorter valve2 the other         
terminated by a summit pointed1 a little
 recurved and medial2 articulation very 
angular1 by means of two very distant   
condyles4                               
,,family ,,xix4                         
,,ostracea4 ,six genera4                
#a4 ,grypha4 ,one species4  ,this genus 
resembles the ,ostrea1 with which it was
 formerly classed1 but from which it is 
distinguished by the peculiar character 
of the lower valve4 ,it is very deep and
 carinated1 with a summit terminating in
 a long spirally recurved beak1 slightly
 turned to one side2 the edge sharp and 
angular4  ,it is seldom1 if ever1       
attached to other bodies4 ,shell more   
finely lamellated than that of the      
oyster1 free or slightly adherent1      
sub-equilateral1 very inequivalve2 the  

lower valve very concave1 with a summit 
more or less recurved like a hook2 the  
upper valve much smaller1 and formed    
like a lid2 hinge without teeth2        
ligament inserted in an oblong arched   
cavity2 one single muscular impression  
on each valve4  ,g4 angulata4 ,the      
angulated ,grypha4 ,pl4 #af1 fig4 #b4   
,oblong ovate1 with three long          
longitudinal carinated ribs below2      
summit of the inferior valve is         
subvolute4 ,this is a rare shell4       
#b4 ,ostrea4 ,the ,oyster4 ,forty-eight 
species4  ,as given by ,lamarck1 is a   
natural and well-defined family4 ,it is 
too well known to require description4  
,it fixes itself to other bodies by the 
lamin of the whole surface of one valve1
 and generally remains immoveable1      
exhibiting no other signs of life other 
than that of opening its valves to      
receive nutriment4  ,shell irregular1   
inequivalve1 inequilateral1 exterior    
roughly foliaceous1 interior somewhat   
pearly2 the left or inferior valve      

larger1 deeper1 and adhesive1 its summit
 prolonging with age in a sort of heel1 
the right or superior valve smaller1    
more or less in the form of a lid2 hinge
 without teeth2 ligament short1         
sub-interior1 inserted in an oblong     
cardinal cavity1 increasing with the    
summit2 muscular impression single and  
sub-central4                            
,ostrea edulis4                         
,o4 hippopus4                           
,o4 borealis4                           
,o4 ,adriatica4                         
,o4 cochlear4                           
,o4 cristata4                           
,o4 gallina4                            
,o4 numisma4                            
,o4 lingua4                             
,o4 tulipa4                             
,o4 ,brisiliana4                        
,o4 scabra4                             
,o4 rostralis4                          
,o4 parasitica4                         
,o4 denticulata4                        
,o4 spathulata4                         

,o4 cornucopi4                          
,o4 cucullata4                          
,o4 doridella4                          
,o4 rubella4                            
,o4 limacella4                          
,o4 ruscuriana4                         
,o4 ,virginica4                         
,o4 ,canadensis4                        
,o4 excavata4                           
,o4 mytiloides4                         
,o4 sinuata4                            
,o4 trapezina4                          
,o4 tuberculata4                        
,o4 rufa4                               
,o4 margaritacea4                       
,o4 gibbosa4                            
,o4 ,australis4                         
,o4 elliptica4                          
,o4 haliotida4                          
,o4 deformis4                           
,o4 fucorum4                            
,o4 plicatula4                          
,o4 glaucina4                           
,o4 fusca4                              
,o4 turbinata4                          

,o4 crista-galli4                       
,o4 erucella4                           
,o4 folium4                             
,o4 labrella4                           
,o4 imbricata4                          
,o4 hyotis4                             
,o4 radiata4  ,o4 edulis4 ,the eatable  
,oyster4 ,pl4 #af1 fig4 #e4  ,species   
orbicular1 and not plaited2 rugged1 with
 undulated1 imbricated scales2 one valve
 flat and the other convex2 variable in 
size2 outside greenish brown1 inside    
pearly white1 sometimes with a bluish   
tinge4  ,o4 ,virginica4 ,the ,virginian 
,oyster4  ,species longitudinal and not 
plaited4  ,o4 imbricata4 ,the imbricated
 ,oyster4  ,species orbicular and       
plaited4  ,o4 crista-galli4 ,the        
,cock's-comb ,oyster4  ,species strongly
 plaited longitudinally4                
#c4 ,vulsella4 ,the ,tweezers4 ,six     
species4  ,this genus has several       
characteristics which distinguish it    
from the ,ostrea2 they are free2 the    
valves and the apices are nearly equal1 

with a projecting callosity on each     
valve1 depressed underneath1 and        
obliquely arched for the reception of   
the ligament4  ,shell sub-nacreous1     
sub-regular1 sub-equivalve1             
inequilateral2 upper valve finely       
granulated1 or striated longitudinally  
from the apex to the margin2 summits    
anterior1 distant1 recurved below2 hinge
 without teeth2 ligament undivided1     
thick1 inserted in a rounded cavity1    
made in a slightly projecting callosity 
on each valve2 muscular impression      
sub-central1 rather large1 and two very 
small ones entirely anterior4  ,v4      
lingulata4 ,the tongue-like ,vulsella4  
,pl4 #ae1 fig4 #f4  ,elongated1         
depressed1 transversely striated2 pale  
yellowish brown1 with longitudinal      
darker stripes4             #d4         
,placuna4 ,the ,chinese ,window ,shell4 
,three species4  ,this genus received   
its common name from the thin1          
transparent nature of the valves of the 
shell1 particularly of the species      

placenta1 which by the ingenious        
,chinese are often polished and used as 
a substitute for window-glass4  ,the    
hinge of the shells of this genus is so 
peculiar as to make it perfectly        
distinct2 entirely interior1 fastened by
 a ligament shaped like a ,v on one of  
the valves4  ,shell free1 sub-irregular1
 very thin1 almost entirely transparent1
 flat1 sub-equivalve1 sub-equilateral1  
slightly auricled2 hinge entirely       
internal1 formed on the superior less   
valve by two elongated1 unequal1 oblique
 ribs converging at the summit1 to the  
interior side of which a ligament like  
the letter ,v is inserted in two equally
 converging1 rather deep cavities of the
 lower valve1 which is more convex2 one 
rather small1 sub-central muscular      
impression4  ,p4 placenta4 ,the glassy  
,placuna4 ,pl4 #af1 fig4 #c4            
,sub-orbicular1 flat1 white1 and        
transparent2 finely striated            
longitudinally1 slightly decussated4    
#e4 ,anomia4 ,the ,antique ,lamp4 ,six  

species4  ,when ,linnus formed this     
genus and named it ,anomia1 he probably 
did so from its having no determinate   
character4 ,its common name was given it
 by the fancied resemblance of some of  
its species to an antique lamp4 ,like   
the oyster1 they seldom leave their     
place2 they are always affixed to marine
 bodies by an osseous operculum1 formed 
by the thick extremity of the animal's  
muscle4 ,the lower valve is perforated  
and smaller1 conforming to the shape of 
the substance to which it is affixed4   
,shell adhering1 irregular1 inequivalve1
 inequilateral1 ostraceous2 inferior    
valve rather more flat than the         
superior1 divided at the summit into two
 sloping branches1 whose approaching    
together forms a large oval hole1       
through which protrudes a muscle1 the   
extremity of which becomes ossified and 
adheres to extraneous bodies2 one       
sub-central muscular impression divided 
into three4                             
,anomia ephippium4                      

,a4 patellaris4                         
,a4 cepa4                            ,a4
 electrica4                             
,a4 pyriformis4                         
,a4 fornicata4                          
,a4 membranacea4                        
,a4 squamula4                           
,a4 lens4  ,a4 ephippium4 ,the ,saddle  
,anomia4 ,pl4 #af1 fig4 #a4  ,shell     
sub-orbicular1 irregularly wrinkled and 
waved2 upper valve convex1 under flat   
and perforated at the hinge1 through    
which passes the ligament by which it is
 affixed to other bodies2 inside pearly1
 and of various changing colours1 such  
as green1 purple1 violet1 and yellow4   
#f4 ,crania4 ,the ,scull4 ,one species4 
,so called from the appearance caused by
 three holes or cavities on the surface 
of the lower valve4  ,shell irregular1  
orbicular1 inequivalve2 the inferior    
valve almost flat1 and marked on the    
interior with four muscular impressions1
 sometimes very deep1 and of which the  
two sub-central are sufficiently        

connected to form but one2 the superior 
valve like a ,patella1 more or less     
convex1 with four very distinct muscular
 impressions1 rather distant4  ,c4      
personata4 ,the masked ,crania4 ,pl4    
#af1 fig4 #d4  ,orbicular2 upper valve  
gibbous and conical1 lower valve flat1  
with three perforations4                
,,family ,,xx4                          
,,brachiopoda4 ,three genera4           
#a4 ,orbicula4 ,one species4  ,greatly  
resembling a ,patella1 for which it is  
often mistaken on account of the lower  
valve being very thin1 flat1 and        
adhering4  ,shell sub-orbicular1 very   
compressed1 inequilateral1 very         
inequivalve2 the inferior valve very    
thin1 adherent1 and imperforated2 the   
superior valve like a ,patella1 with a  
summit more or less inclined towards the
 posterior side4  ,o4 ,norwegica4 ,the  
,norwegian ,orbicula4 ,pl4 #ag1 fig4 #d4
  ,upper valve in the form of a         
depressed cone1 with a summit produced  
and pointed4                       #b4  

,terebratula4 ,twelve species4  ,taken  
from the ,anomia1 and with great        
propriety1 as its characteristic        
differences are very great2 the         
perforation of the ,anomia is always in 
the smaller valve1 which is attached to 
the larger by a cardinal ligament1 while
 in the ,terebratula the perforation is 
always in the larger valve1 which is    
connected to the smaller by teeth at the
 hinge4 ,in some the valves are smooth1 
and in others grooved longitudinally4   
,shell thin1 equilateral1               
sub-triangular1 inequivalve2 one of the 
valves larger and more convex than the  
other1 prolonged behind by a sort of    
heel1 sometimes recurved1 and pierced by
 a round hole at its extremity2         
frequently sloped more or less by a     
cleft of variable form2 the opposite    
valve smaller1 more flat1 sometimes     
formed like a lid1 having in the        
interior a system of support variable in
 form and complication in every true    
species2 hinge limited1 prominent1 and  

formed by two articulating surfaces of  
one valve placed between corresponding  
projections of the other2 a kind of     
tendinous ligament issuing from the     
sloping cleft of the shell1 by which it 
is attached to marine bodies4           
,terebratula vitrea4                    
,t4 dilatata4                           
,t4 rotunda4                            
,t4 flavescens4                         
,t4 dentata4                            
,t4 dorsata4                            
,t4 pisum4                           ,t4
 globosa4                           ,t4 
sanguinea4                           ,t4
 caput-serpentis4                       
,t4 truncata4                           
,t4 psittacea4  ,t4 dorsalis4 ,the      
dorsal ,terebratula4 ,pl4 #ag1 fig4 #a4 
,the summit of the large valve pierced  
with a round hole1 very circumscribed2  
grooved longitudinally2 valves as if cut
 sloping in the middle line4  ,t4       
globosa4 ,the globose ,terebratula4     
,species smooth1 with the valves rounded

 at their anterior edge4  ,t4 caput     
serpentis4 ,the ,serpent's-head         
,terebratula4  ,species grooved1 with   
the summit or heel of the large valve   
deeply hollowed even to the edge of the 
articulation2 the slope rounded2 the    
valves sub-bilobate by the apparent     
slope of the anterior edge4             
#c4 ,lingula4 ,one species4  ,the valves
 of this genus are united by means of a 
tubular1 fleshy1 or membranous peduncle 
surrounding the narrow part of them1 and
 of which the base is affixed to marine 
substances4  ,shell covered with        
epidermis1 sub-equivalve1 equilateral1  
depressed1 elongated1 truncated         
anteriorly1 summit middle and posterior1
 without trace of ligament1 but         
supported at the extremity of a long    
fibro-gelatinous peduncle1 which        
attaches it vertically to sub-marine    
bodies2 multiple muscular impression4   
,l4 anatina4 ,the ,duck's-bill ,lingula4
 ,pl4 #ag1 fig4 #b4  ,covered with a    
green1 shining epidermis1 shaped like a 

duck's bill1 and having a cylindrical   
peduncle4                               
,,class ,,iv4                           
,,mollusca4                             
,,twenty-,,two ,,families4              
,,family ,i4                            
,,pteropoda4 ,six genera  ,some genera  
of this family are without a testaceous 
covering1 and are mentioned only for the
 sake of preserving the family entire4  
#a4 ,hyala4 ,venus's ,chariot4 ,two     
species4  ,this genus derives its common
 name from a fancied resemblance to a   
miniature triumphal car4  ,shell very   
thin1 transparent1 symmetrical1 convex  
below1 flat above1 valves unequal1 form 
tricuspidated1 cleft at the sides1 open 
like a cleft anteriorly1 and tridentated
 posteriorly2 summit truncated4         
,hyala tridentata4                      
,hyala cuspidata4  ,h4 tridentata4 ,the 
three-toothed ,hyala4  ,transparent1    
horn-coloured1 globular2 tridentated    
posteriorly2 summit and two posterior   
sides open2 finely striated             

transversely4                     #b4   
,clio4 ,has no ,shell4 ,two species4    
,clio ,borealis4                        
,clio ,australis4                       
#c4 ,cleodora4 ,two species4  ,shell    
gelatinous1 cartilaginous1 transparent1 
in shape of a reversed pyramid or       
lanceolate truncated1 only open at the  
summit4                                 
,cleodora pyramidata4                   
,cleodora caudata4  ,c4 pyramidata4 ,the
 pyramidal ,cleodora4  ,like a pyramid1 
triangular1 thin1 transparent2 aperture 
obliquely truncated4                    
#d4 ,limacina4 ,one species4  ,shell    
papyraceous1 very fragile1 planorbis    
form1 sub-carinated1 involuted rather   
obliquely1 in such a manner as to be    
deeply and largely umbilicated on one   
side1 and the spine slightly projecting 
and pointed on the other2 aperture      
large1 entire4  ,l4 helicialis4 ,the    
,helix-like ,limacina4  ,thin1 fragile1 
spiral2 the volutions united in a       
discoid form4                    #e4    

,cymbulia4 ,the ,slipper4 ,one species4 
,shell or case cartilaginous1           
transparent1 conical posteriorly where  
the animal adheres1 and prolonged above 
like a long hollow semi-cylinder1 under 
which the animal can take shelter4  ,c4 
,peronii4 ,peron's ,cymbulia4  ,shell   
shaped like a shoe1 somewhat gelatinous 
or cartilaginous1 very transparent      
crystalline1 oblong pointed at the      
vertex1 truncated at the base4          
#f4 ,pneumodermon4 ,has no shell4 ,one  
species4                                
,p4 ,peronii4                           
,,family ,,ii4                          
,,phyllidiacea4 ,four genera4           
#a4 ,phyllidia4 ,three species4  ,the   
animals of this genus are covered with a
 coriaceous skin1 but without a shell4  
,phyllidia varicosa4                    
,p4 pustulosa4                          
,p4 ocellata4                           
#b4 ,chitonellus4 ,two species4         
,formerly classed with the ,chiton2 but 
as the testaceous plates of this genus  

are never joined1 the two may be easily 
distinguished4  ,shell elongated1       
multivalve2 alternate pieces generally  
longitudinal2 sides naked4              
,chitonellus striatus4                  
,chitonellus larvformis4  ,c4 striatus4 
,the striated ,chitonellus4  ,stri      
radiating from the apex of each valve2  
margin serrated2 base of the last valve 
obtuse4  ,c4 larvformis4 ,the           
,caterpillar ,chitonellus4  ,more or    
less cylindrical1 almost naked2 the     
valves of the shell very small1 and     
almost entirely concealed under the     
skin2 tufts hairy or silky between the  
parts of the valves near the margin4    
#c4 ,chiton4 ,six species4  ,this genus 
was so called from the resemblance of   
its testaceous covering to a coat of    
mail4 ,the form of the ,chiton is very  
similar to a well-known insect called   
the woodlouse1 found in decayed timber2 
it generally adheres to rocks1 or lies  
rolled up like a ball among seaweed and 
stones4 ,in length it seldom exceeds an 

inch1 except in tropical climates1 where
 they are sometimes three or four inches
 long4 ,in general there are eight      
valves1 the termination of which is     
surrounded by a scaly or rough ligament1
 which enables the animal to expand or  
contract its shell freely4 ,it presents 
a great variety of colour2 in general it
 is dark brown1 overcast with a shade of
 green1 but some are beautifully        
variegated with pink1 yellow1 blue1 or  
red2 interior green or whitish4  ,shell 
more or less elongated1 consisting of a 
longitudinal series of eight very       
symmetrical calcareous pieces1 more or  
less curved1 and round at both          
extremities2 summit more or less marked1
 and when imbricated1 always from front 
to rear4                                
,chiton gigas4                          
,c4 squamosus4                          
,c4 ,peruvianus4                        
,c4 spinosus4                           
,c4 fascicularis4                       
,c4 marginatus4  ,c4 squamosus4 ,the    

scaly ,chiton4 ,pl4 #a1 fig4 #a4        
,depressed1 valves large1 carinated1    
well imbricated2 the interstices        
offering well-marked lateral spaces2 the
 border of the mantle regularly scaly4  
,c4 marginatus4 ,the marginated ,chiton4
 ,pl4 #a1 fig4 #b4  ,valves carinated   
and projecting over each other2 finely  
shagreened1 with a dusky reddish-brown  
margin4  ,c4 fascicularis4 ,the         
fasciculated ,chiton4 ,pl4 #a1 fig4 #c4 
,valves more narrow1 imbricated1 without
 distinct spaces2 lateral parts of the  
skin naked or hairy1 but always provided
 with silky or hairy tufts disposed in  
pairs between the junctions of the      
valve4  ,c4 spinosus4 ,the spiny        
,chiton4 ,pl4 #a1 fig4 #d4  ,shell beset
 with long1 thin1 curved1 tubular1      
hairy1 blackish spines4        #d4      
,patella4 ,the ,limpet or ,dishlike     
,shell4 ,forty-five species4  ,the      
,patella of ,linnus was divided by      
,lamarck into several distinct genera1  
and now comprehends only such shells as 

are of a conical form1 with an          
imperforated summit4 ,the anterior is   
that part to which the summit inclines1 
and is always more narrow than the      
posterior part4  ,it derives its name   
from its resemblance to a little dish2  
the colour and structure are various2   
some are smooth1 others granulated1 and 
many are covered with elevated          
tuberculated ribs4 ,the exterior is     
sometimes of a pale fawn colour1 and the
 interior of a bright pink2 some have a 
silvery hue1 but the more general colour
 is bluish white or light brown4  ,this 
genus of shells is very numerous in all 
seas1 but chiefly in hot countries1     
where they are found of a larger size2  
they generally adhere by their base to  
rocks1 stones1 and marine substances1   
from which it is difficult to detach    
them4  ,shell oval or circular1         
sub-conic2 summit right or more or less 
recurved anteriorly2 the cavity simple1 
entire1 more or less deep2 the margin   
complete and entirely horizontal2 a     

narrow muscular impression4             
,patella apicina4                       
,p4 granatina4                          
,p4 oculus4                             
,p4 barbara4                            
,p4 plicata4                            
,p4 laciniosa4                          
,p4 saccharina4                         
,p4 angulosa4                           
,p4 barbata4                            
,p4 longicosta4                         
,p4 spinifera4                          
,p4 aspera4                             
,p4 luteola4                            
,p4 pyramidata4                         
,p4 umbrella4                           
,p4 plumbea4                            
,p4 crulea4                             
,p4 radians4                            
,p4 scutellaris4                        
,p4 viridula4                           
,p4 pectinata4                          
,p4 ,galathea4                          
,p4 ,safiana4                           
,p4 testudinaria4                       

,p4 cochlear4                           
,p4 compressa4                          
,p4 granularis4                         
,p4 decaurata4                          
,p4 ,magellanica4                       
,p4 stellifera4                         
,p4 vulgata4                            
,p4 mammillaris4                        
,p4 lineata4                            
,p4 leucopleura4                        
,p4 notata4                             
,p4 ,tarentina4                         
,p4 punctata4                           
,p4 puncturata4                         
,p4 ,javanica4                          
,p4 tuberculifera4                      
,p4 miniata4                            
,p4 pellucida4                          
,p4 tricostata4                         
,p4 ,australis4                         
,p4 cymbularia4  ,p4 vulgata4 ,the      
common ,patella4 ,pl4 #b1 fig4 #a4      
,conic1 summit obtuse and vertical2     
sometimes ribbed from the vertex to the 
margin with divergent stri1 sometimes   

striated without ribs2 exterior dark    
brown or greenish1 internal blue or     
purple radiations4  ,p4 compressa4 ,the 
compressed or flat-sided ,patella4 ,pl4 
#b1 fig4 #b4  ,oval1 elongated1         
compressed on the sides1 having the     
summit sub-anterior1 well marked1 and   
curved2 exterior fawn colour1 interior  
of a silvery hue4  ,p4 deaurata4 ,the   
golden red ,patella4 ,pl4 #b1 fig4 #c4  
,sub-conic1 summit more anterior1 with a
 slight forward inclination2 colour     
yellowish red4  ,p4 cochlear4 ,the      
spoonlike ,patella4 ,pl4 #b1 fig4 #d4   
,depressed1 the summit hardly marked1   
and much more narrow in front than      
behind2 exterior brownish1 interior     
light blue4  ,p4 scutellaris4 ,the      
buckler ,patella4 ,pl4 #b1 fig4 #e4     
,depressed1 summit sub-anterior1        
radiated from the summit to the margin2 
brown colour1 with a yellowish band     
parallel to the margin4  ,p4 pectinata4 
,the pectinated ,patella4 ,pl4 #b1 fig4 
#f4  ,oval1 summit well marked and      

anteriorly inclined2 ribbed from the    
summit to the margin1 which is slightly 
convex in the middle4  ,p4 cymbularia4  
,the cymbular ,patella4 ,pl4 #b1 fig4   
#g4  ,oval1 thin1 pearly1 with a        
festooned margin2 summit nearly         
marginal2 colour white1 shaded with very
 light brown4                           
,,family ,,iii4                         
,,calyptracea4 ,seven genera4  ,the     
genera that constitute this family were 
separated by ,lamarck from the ,patella 
of ,linnus4            #a4 ,parmaphora4 
,the ,duck's-bill ,limpet4 ,three       
species4  ,the characteristic           
distinctions of this shell were first   
pointed out by ,de ,blainville4  ,shell 
elongated1 very depressed2 the summit   
greatly post-medial1 and evidently      
inclined behind2 aperture as large as   
the shell2 the lateral edges straight   
and parallel1 the posterior rounded1 the
 anterior sharp and notched in the      
middle2 muscular impression large1      
elongated oval1 slightly open in front4 

,parmophora ,australis4                 
,p4 brevicula4                          
,p4 granulata4  ,p4 ,australis4 ,the    
,australian ,parmophorus4  ,shell       
oblong1 depressed2 vertex slightly      
recurved2 striated concentrically2 one  
margin rounded1 and the other truncated4
                #b4 ,emarginula4 ,the   
,slit ,limpet4 ,four species4  ,most of 
the shells of this genus are small2 some
 are elevated1 and others of a          
widely-depressed conical form4  ,shell  
conical1 recurved2 summit entire2 slit1 
or more or less hollowed on the anterior
 side2 a muscular impression in form of 
a horseshoe1 open behind and thicker at 
the beginning4                          
,emarginula ,blainvillii4               
,e4 marginata4                          
,e4 fissura4                         ,e4
 rubra4  ,e4 ,blainvillii4 ,blainville's
 ,emarginula4  ,shell with the notch or 
slit in the middle of the back1 and not 
extending to the margin4  ,e4 fissura4  
,the slit ,emarginula4 ,pl4 #cb1 fig4   

#e4  ,oval1 compressed1 summit well     
marked1 with reticulated stri and ribs2 
fissure extending half way from the     
margin to the summit2 exterior light    
brown1 interior white4  ,e4 marginata4  
,the marginated ,emarginula4  ,more     
compressed than the preceding2 summit   
distinct1 anterior margin formed like a 
gutter4             #c4 ,fissurella4    
,the ,keyhole ,limpet4 ,nineteen        
species4  ,the perforation not being    
perfectly round1 but generally ovate    
oblong1 procured for this genus its     
common name1 by which it is easily      
distinguished4  ,shell simple1 conical1 
depressed1 recurved2 summit perforated a
 little anterior in an oblong or oval   
manner1 like a keyhole2 the exterior    
surface ribbed longitudinally1 slightly 
striated transversely4                  
,fissurella picta4                      
,f4 nimbosa4                            
,f4 crassa4                             
,f4 ,grca4                              
,f4 nodosa4                             

,f4 ,cayennensis4                       
,f4 lilacina4                           
,f4 rosea4                              
,f4 ,barbadensis4                       
,f4 radiata4                            
,f4 viridula4                           
,f4 hiantula4                           
,f4 pustula4                            
,f4 fascicularis4                       
,f4 ,javanicensis4                      
,f4 depressa4                           
,f4 ,peruviana4                         
,f4 gibberula4                          
,f4 minuta4  ,f4 nimbosa4 ,the          
scaly-ribbed ,fissurella4  ,species of  
which the middle part of the edges of   
the aperture is hollowed in such a      
manner that1 when placed on a level     
surface1 they touch only at the         
extremities4  ,f4 rosea4 ,the rosy      
,fissurella4  ,species more depressed1  
edges bent up lengthwise1 forming a kind
 of canal4  ,f4 ,grca4 ,the ,greek      
,fissurella4 ,pl4 #cb1 fig4 #a4         
,conical1 ovate oblong2 stri cancellated

 and elevated2 sections tuberculated2   
exterior yellowish brown or clouded1    
interior white or light blue4           
#d4 ,pileopsis4 ,the ,caplike ,limpet4  
,four species4  ,easily distinguished by
 its form1 which gave rise to the common
 name4  ,shell oblique1 sharp pointed2  
cone bent forward1 with a recurved1     
almost spiral summit1 finely striated   
longitudinally and slightly wrinkled    
transversely2 aperture a round oval2 the
 margin at the base nearly round1 more  
or less regularly crenated and indented1
 interior with a lengthened1 arched1    
transverse muscular impression4         
,pileopsis ungarica4                    
,p4 mitrula4                            
,p4 intorta4                            
,p4 subrufa4  ,p4 ungarica4 ,the ,fool's
 ,cap4  ,conical1 vertex slightly       
spiral1 pointed1 and recurved2 exterior 
pale fawn colour1 and the outer margin  
bordered with a fringed epidermis2      
interior sometimes of a very bright pink
 or rose colour4            #e4         

,calyptra4 ,the ,cup and ,saucer        
,limpet4 ,four species4  ,this genus of 
shells is remarkable for having in the  
interior cavity a transverse funnel or  
tongue-shaped testaceous appendage1 from
 which originated its common name4      
,shell conic1 base orbicular2 summit    
vertical and imperforated2 cavity deep1 
having at its interior summit a         
tongue-like appendage4 ,this appendage  
is sometimes vertical and sometimes like
 a horseshoe1 having on it a muscular   
impression of variable form4            
,calyptra extinctorium4                 
,c4 lvigata4                         ,c4
 equestris4                         ,c4 
tectum-sinense4  ,c4 extinctorium4 ,the 
extinguisher ,calyptra4  ,species in    
which the internal appendage is         
horn-shaped2 colour brownish4  ,c4      
equestris4 ,the equestrian ,calyptra4   
,pl4 #cb1 fig4 #d4  ,species in which   
the internal appendage is like a        
horseshoe1 open in front4  ,c4          
tectum-sinense4 ,the ,chinese roof      

,calyptra4  ,shell formed of separate1  
transverse1 irregular round lamin of    
uniform size1 attached to each other by 
the summit on the exterior of each1     
presenting the appearance of a number of
 small flat ,patell piled one on the    
other2 colour yellowish1 margin entire1 
very glossy within4                #f4  
,crepidula4 ,the ,slipper ,limpet4 ,six 
species4  ,very similar to the          
,navicella1 but distinguished from it by
 not having an operculum4  ,shell       
irregular1 form very variable1 depressed
 or compressed2 spire obliquely inclined
 to one side2 margin entire2 cavity     
large1 divided by a horizontal          
partition1 which gives it the form of a 
half-decked boat4                       
,crepidula fornicata4                   
,c4 porcellana4                         
,c4 aculeata4                           
,c4 unguiformis4                        
,c4 dilatata4                           
,c4 ,peruviana4  ,c4 porcellana4 ,the   
brown-spotted ,crepidula4  ,shell thick1

 flat1 summit not spiral4  ,c4 aculeata4
 ,the prickly ,crepidula4  ,oval1 brown1
 roughly striated1 vertex recurved1     
interior blue or purple4  ,c4           
sub-spirata4 ,the sub-spiral ,crepidula4
 ,pl4 #cb1 fig4 #b4  ,species almost    
round1 summit sub-spiral2 colour        
yellowish white1 with a bluish tinge    
towards the summit4                  #g4
 ,ancylus4 ,the ,lake ,limpet4 ,two     
species4  ,this is a fresh-water shell1 
found in the lakes of ,europe4  ,shell  
thin and brittle1 obliquely conical2    
summit pointed and recurved2 margins    
simple1 base oval and smooth4           
,ancylus oblongus4                      
,ancylus fluviatilis4  ,a4 oblongus4    
,the oblong ,ancylus4  ,aperture        
elongated1 vertex turned to one side1   
striated concentrically2 exterior pale  
yellowish colour1 interior light blue4  
,a4 fluviatilis4 ,the river ,ancylus4   
,pl4 #cb1 fig4 #c4  ,simple1 oval1      
almost symmetrical2 summit pointed1     
compressed1 very distinct2 bent back a  

little to the right1 but not marginal2  
the edges of the aperture entire and    
effuse4                                 
,,family ,,iv4                          
,,bullacea4 ,three genera4              
#a4 ,acera4 ,has no shell4 ,one species4
                               ,acera   
,carnosa4                           #b4 
,bulla4 ,one species4  ,formerly classed
 with the ,bulla1 but separated from it 
on account of the shell being entirely  
covered by the animal1 and never        
externally visible4  ,shell oval1 thin1 
fragile1 more or less involuted on one  
side1 rendering the aperture more or    
less wide4  ,b4 aperta4 ,the open       
,bulla4 ,pl4 #ag1 fig4 #e4  ,shell      
interior and very incompletely          
involuted1 without spire or columella2  
sub-orbicular1 white1 transparent1      
faintly striated1 and slightly wrinkled2
 almost entirely open4                  
#c4 ,bulla4 ,the ,bubble4 ,eleven       
species4  ,the great confusion that     
existed in this genus1 as classed by    

,linnus1 has been elucidated by the     
division and classification of ,lamarck4
 ,this genus derived its name from the  
resemblance which some of the smaller   
species have to a bubble of water4 ,its 
shells are found in almost all parts of 
the world4  ,shell external1 oval1      
involuted2 aperture very large1 open the
 whole length of the shell1 and         
generally wider at the base2 outer edge 
sharp and smooth2 summit umbilicated4   
,bulla lignaria4                        
,b4 ampulla4                            
,b4 striata4                            
,b4 naucum4                             
,b4 physis4                             
,b4 fasciata4                           
,b4 aplustre4                           
,b4 hydatis4                            
,b4 cornea4                             
,b4 fragilis4                           
,b4 solida4  ,b4 aplustre4 ,the         
streamer-like ,bulla4 ,pl4 #ag1 fig4 #g4
  ,species completely involute2 the     
spire very distinct1 visible1 but not   

projecting1 with a kind of thickening at
 the anterior part of the columellar    
edge4  ,b4 lignaria4 ,the woodlike      
,bulla4  ,species sub-involute1 no      
visible spire either within or without1 
but narrowed towards the top when it is 
slightly umbilicated2 yellowish brown   
colour1 with transverse pale stri4  ,b4 
hydatis4 ,the watery ,bulla4  ,species  
more solid1 thicker1 almost entirely    
involute2 whorls of the spire slightly  
visible in an umbilicus projecting      
interiorly from the summit4  ,b4 naucum4
 ,the sea-nut ,bulla4  ,species thin2   
the whorls of the spire visible         
externally1 but without projection1 and 
with a suture as if caniculated without 
thickening at the anterior part of the  
columellar edge4  ,b4 fragilis4 ,the    
fragile ,bulla4  ,species very thin1    
rather involute2 the whorls of the spire
 distinct within as without2 the suture 
deep1 angular1 and cleft in a greater or
 less part of its length4               
,,family ,v4                            

,,aplysiacea4 ,two genera4              
#a4 ,aplysia4 ,three species4  ,this    
genus may almost be said to have no     
testaceous covering1 as it appears more 
like the element of a shell4            
,aplysia depilans4                      
,a4 fasciata4                           
,a4 punctata4  ,a4 depilans4 ,the bald  
,aplysia4  ,shell dorsal1 semicircular1 
of a thin yellow cartilaginous          
substance4                          #b4 
,dolabella4 ,two species4  ,closely     
allied to the ,aplysia2 it is a         
singularly formed shell1 difficult to   
describe1 as it contains few of the     
characteristics which distinguish other 
shells4  ,shell rudimentary1 entirely   
flat1 sub-spiral1 with a summit thick   
and very callous4                       
,dolabella ,rumphii4                    
,dolabella fragilis4  ,d4 ,rumphii4     
,rumphius's ,dolabella4  ,base thick1   
callous1 and sub-spiral2 dilated above1 
thin1 and wedge-shaped4                 
,,family ,,vi4                          

,,limacinea4 ,five genera4              
#a4 ,onchidium4 ,has no shell4 ,two     
species4                                
,onchidium ,typh4                       
,onchidium ,peronii4                    
#b4 ,parmacella4 ,one species4  ,lamarck
 has given a description of the animal  
of this genus1 but only mentions that   
the scutcheon contains a shell or solid 
crustaceous body4                       
,parmacella ,olivieri4                  
#c4 ,limax4 ,four species4  ,the animal 
belonging to this genus is furnished    
with a coriaceous shield1 wrinkled4     
,limax rufus4                           
,l4 albus4                              
,l4 cinerus4                            
,l4 agrestis4                           
#d4 ,testacella4 ,one species4  ,shell  
external1 very small1 ear-shaped2 very  
depressed1 summit inclined posteriorly1 
not spiral2 aperture oval1 very large2  
the left edge sharp1 a little rolled    
inward1 especially behind4  ,t4         
,haliotidea4 ,the ,haliotis-shaped      

,testacella4 ,pl4 #ag1 fig4 #f4         
,answering to the above description2    
very thin1 transparent1 and yellowish4  
#e4 ,vitrina4 ,one species4  ,shell     
proportionally very small1 extremely    
thin1 pellucid1 almost membranous1 oval 
or sub-globular2 spire very short1 of   
which the last whorl is very large2     
aperture large1 semilunar2 the edges    
sharp2 the left edge arched1 and        
extending itself interiorly to the      
summit4  ,v4 pellucida4 ,the pellucid   
,vitrina4 ,pl4 #ag1 fig4 #c4  ,extremely
 thin1 pellucid1 and glossy2 depressed1 
spire very short2 aperture large and    
oval2 colour pale yellowish green4      
,,family ,,vii4                         
,,colimacea4 ,eleven genera4            
#a4 ,helix4 ,the ,snail4 ,one hundred   
and seven species4  ,according to the   
systematic arrangement of ,lamarck1 this
 genus now consists of shells with      
peculiar characteristic distinctions4   
,by ,linnus1 marine1 land1 and          
fresh-water shells were united in this  

genus1 and so confounded that the       
naturalist would often look in vain for 
the distinguishing characters which     
would enable him to class and determine 
the genus of the object under           
examination4  ,notwithstanding the      
divisions of ,lamarck1 its species are  
numerous2 the shells are terrestrial1   
and found in all parts of the globe2    
some are rare and beautiful4  ,the term 
,helix was given to this genus from the 
spiral form of the shell4  ,shell       
extremely variable in form1 generally   
globular1 sometimes ventricose1 conoid1 
never turriculated2 summit constantly   
obtuse and rounded2 aperture generally  
of a medium size1 but sometimes very    
large or very small1 always modified by 
the turn of the spire2 oval1 semilunar1 
more wide than long1 edges disunited1   
entering but very little into the       
formation of the interior2 the right lip
 or margin thickened or reflected4      
,helix vesicalis4                       
,h4 algira4                             

,h4 pomatia4                            
,h4 aspersa4                            
,h4 vermiculata4                        
,h4 alonensis4                          
,h4 lineolata4                          
,h4 picta4                           ,h4
 mutata4                           ,h4  
gigantea4                           ,h4 
polyzonalis4                            
,h4 monozonalis4                        
,h4 pulla4                           ,h4
 versicolor4                            
,h4 ,naticoides4                        
,h4 ,madagascariensis4                  
,h4 galactites4                         
,h4 hmastoma4                           
,h4 melanotragus4                       
,h4 extensa4                            
,h4 lucana4                             
,h4 globulus4                           
,h4 melanostoma4                        
,h4 clatura4                            
,h4 microstoma4                         
,h4 maculosa4                           
,h4 ,richardi4                          

,h4 ,bonplandii4                        
,h4 planulata4                          
,h4 labrella4                           
,h4 ungulina4                           
,h4 pellis-serpentis4                   
,h4 ,senegalensis4                      
,h4 unidentata4                         
,h4 cepa4                           ,h4 
heteroclites4                           
,h4 discolor4                           
,h4 lactea4                             
,h4 zonaria4                            
,h4 serpentina4                         
,h4 ,niciensis4                         
,h4 variabilis4                         
,h4 fruticum4                           
,h4 neglecta4                           
,h4 cespitum4                           
,h4 ericetorum4                         
,h4 intersecta4                         
,h4 ,carthusianella4                    
,h4 ,carthusiana4                       
,h4 diaphana4                           
,h4 concolor4                           
,h4 velutina4                           

,h4 ,javanica4                          
,h4 ,peruviana4                         
,h4 simplex4                            
,h4 cidaris4                            
,h4 citrina4                            
,h4 guttata4                            
,h4 verticillus4                        
,h4 olivetorum4                         
,h4 planospira4                         
,h4 ,barbadensis4                       
,h4 sinuata4                            
,h4 hippocastanum4                      
,h4 bidentalis4                         
,h4 argilacea4                          
,h4 vittata4                            
,h4 alanda4                             
,h4 arbustorum4                         
,h4 candidissima4                       
,h4 nemoralis4                          
,h4 hortensis4                          
,h4 sylvatica4                          
,h4 pisana4                             
,h4 splendida4                          
,h4 crenulata4                          
,h4 planorbula4                         

,h4 macularia4                          
,h4 maritima4                           
,h4 strigata4                           
,h4 muralis4                            
,h4 rugosa4                             
,h4 cornea4                             
,h4 linguifera4                         
,h4 incarnata4                          
,h4 cinctella4                          
,h4 cellaria4                           
,h4 nitida4                             
,h4 obvoluta4                           
,h4 ,cookiana4                          
,h4 pileus4                             
,h4 papilla4                            
,h4 punctifera4                         
,h4 plicatula4                          
,h4 planorbella4                        
,h4 scabra4                             
,h4 cariosa4                            
,h4 plebeium4                           
,h4 personata4                          
,h4 hispida4                            
,h4 rotundata4                          
,h4 apicina4                            

,h4 striata4                            
,h4 conspurcata4                        
,h4 conica4                             
,h4 conoidea4                           
,h4 pulchella4  ,h4 algira4 ,the yellow 
,snail4 ,pl4 #ah1 fig4 #h4  ,species    
shaped like a ,planorbis1 rough or      
hairy1 more or less largely umbilicated1
 margin sharp4  ,h4 ,naticoides4 ,the   
,natica-shaped ,snail4 ,pl4 #ah1 fig4   
#g4  ,species ventricose4  ,h4 obvoluta4
 ,the small white-lipped ,snail4 ,pl4   
#ah1 fig4 #i4  ,species more or less    
depressed1 umbilicated1                 
,planorbis-shaped1 the edges of the     
aperture thickened1 callous1 and even   
toothed4  ,h4 conoides4 ,the cone-shaped
 ,snail4 ,pl4 #ah1 fig4 #d4  ,species   
conoidal2 the turns of the spire        
rounded4  ,h4 pomatia4 ,the edible      
,snail4  ,species sub-globular1 not     
umbilicated2 the margin of the aperture 
thickened2 aperture covered with a      
calcareous lid resembling an operculum4 
,h4 nitida4 ,the pellucid ,snail4       

,species depressed1 more or less largely
 umbilicated2 the edges sharp1 but      
always thin and shining4  ,h4 nemoralis4
 ,the grove ,snail4  ,species           
imperforated1 semi-globular1 thin1 and  
sub-pellucid2 not umbilicated1 with a   
light inflexion at the place of the     
junction of the columella with the      
margin of the aperture2 colour various1 
inner margin white or reddish brown2    
volutions five1 with several dark brown 
bands4  ,h4 ,carthusiana4 ,the          
,carthusian ,snail4  ,species           
sub-depressed1 sub-umbilicated1 with a  
sharp edge1 thickened within by a roll4 
,h4 arbustorum4 ,the orchard ,snail4    
,sub-globular1 sub-pellucid1            
sub-umbilicated1 five volutions1 finely 
striated longitudinally2 mottled with   
greenish yellow1 streaked with deep     
chestnut1 a broad brown band commonly at
 the edge of the outer lip1 and running 
round through the volutions to the apex4
                       #b4 ,carocolla4  
,eighteen species4  ,all terrestrial    

shells in this genus1 taken from the    
,linnan ,helix on account of the        
peculiarity of the shell1 which is      
orbicular1 more or less flat on the     
upper part2 the circumference of the    
shells constantly carinated or          
sub-carinated2 aperture ovate1          
transverse1 contiguous to the axis of   
the shells2 outer lip sub-angular1      
sometimes toothed within4               
,carocolla acutissima4                  
,c4 albilabris4                         
,c4 angistoma4                          
,c4 labyrinthus4                        
,c4 lucerna4                            
,c4 inflata4                            
,c4 ,gualteriana4                       
,c4 bicolor4                            
,c4 ,mauritiana4                        
,c4 ,madagascariensis4                  
,c4 marginata4                          
,c4 lychnuchus4                         
,c4 planata4                            
,c4 planaria4                           
,c4 hispidula4                          

,c4 lapicida4                           
,c4 albella4                            
,c4 elegans4  ,c4 lapicida4 ,the stone  
,carocolla4 ,pl4 #ai1 fig4 #a4  ,species
 discoid1 very umbilicated2 edges thick1
 but not toothed2 beautiful bands4  ,c4 
elegans4 ,the elegant ,carocolla4       
,species with a conical spire a little  
elevated1 the base flat1 the aperture   
square1 with sharp edges4  ,c4          
labyrinthus4 ,the winding ,carocolla4   
,species discoid1 umbilicated1 with the 
aperture toothed4                       
#c4 ,anostoma4 ,two species4  ,an       
extraordinary shell1 sometimes called   
the antique lamp from its form4  ,shell 
orbicular1 the spire convex and obtuse2 
aperture round1 toothed within1         
grinning1 turned upward to the spire2   
margin reflected4                       
,anostoma depressa4                     
,anostoma globulosa4  ,a4 depressa4 ,the
 depressed ,anostoma4  ,sub-globular1   
depressed and sub-carinated in its      
circumference1 not umbilicated2 aperture

 round1 the margin continued by a       
callosity1 toothed1 thickened1 and      
turned towards the back of the shell4   
,a4 globulosa4 ,the globular ,anostoma4 
,globose1 with two small punctures1 one 
on each side of the lip2 slightly       
carinated1 smooth1 and white2 margin    
reflected4                          #d4 
,helicina4 ,four species4  ,a           
terrestrial shell1 distinguished from   
the ,helix by its transverse callous    
columella2 depressed and diminished in  
thickness at the lower part4  ,shell    
sub-globular or conoid1 spire low1 a    
little depressed2 aperture semi-ovate1  
modified by the last turn of the spire2 
the edge of the aperture sharp or a     
little reflected in a roll1 the left    
edge enlarged at its base in a large    
callosity1 which entirely covers the    
umbilicus and joins obliquely with the  
columella1 which is twisted and a little
 projecting2 the operculum horny1       
complete1 sometimes calcareous          
externally4                             

,helicina ,neritella4                   
,h4 striata4                            
,h4 fasciata4                           
,h4 viridis4  ,h4 ,neritella4 ,the      
,nerite-shaped ,helicina4 ,pl4 #ai1 fig4
 #d4  ,species yellowish white1 finely  
striated1 the edge reflected in a roll4 
,h4 striata4 ,the striated ,helicina4   
,globular1 striated1 the right edge     
sharp1 but reflected2 the umbilical     
callosity rather thick1 the operculum   
calcareous and solidified by a marginal 
roll and a vertical crosspiece4         
#e4 ,pupa4 ,twenty-seven species4       
,these shells are generally very small1 
some not more than an eighth of an inch 
in length2 chiefly terrestrial4  ,shell 
cylindrical1 elongated1 or sub-globular1
 ordinarily ventricose3 summit obtuse2  
the turns of the spire numerous1 almost 
equal2 aperture round or oval1 with     
margins almost equal1 expanded1         
reflected2 one or two plaits on the     
columellar edge1 and several teeth1     
varying in number on the right margin4  

,pupa mumia4                            
,p4 uva4                             ,p4
 sulcata4                               
,p4 candida4                            
,p4 labrosa4                            
,p4 fusus4                              
,p4 tridentata4                         
,p4 fasciolata4                         
,p4 quadridens4                         
,p4 polyodon4                           
,p4 variabilis4                         
,p4 frumentum4                          
,p4 secalis4                            
,p4 zebra4                              
,p4 unicarinata4                        
,p4 maculosa4                           
,p4 clavulata4                          
,p4 ovularis4                           
,p4 ,germanica4                         
,p4 cinerea4                            
,p4 tridens4                            
,p4 avena4                              
,p4 granum4                             
,p4 fragilis4                           
,p4 dolium4                             

,p4 umbilicata4                         
,p4 muscorum4  ,p4 ,lyonetiana4         
,lyonet's ,pupa4 ,pl4 #ah1 fig4 #e4     
,species cylindrical1 obtuse1 aperture  
compressed and distorted by the last    
whorl in its adult state making suddenly
 a gibbous inflection to the left4  ,p4 
muscorum4 ,the moss ,pupa4  ,species    
very small1 oval or more or less        
spherical1 obtuse1 light brownish       
colour2 aperture large1 with one tooth2 
volutions convex2 outer lip white and   
reflected4  ,p4 mumia4 ,the             
double-toothed ,pupa4 ,pl4 #ai1 fig4 #b4
  ,species cylindrical1 obtuse at both  
ends1 aperture semi-ovate1 with two     
teeth4                        #f4       
,clausilia4 ,twelve species4            
,remarkable for having the termination  
of the lower whorl quite detached from  
the base of the shell4  ,shell          
cylindrical1 elongated1 a little        
ventricose in the middle1 generally     
fusiform1 summit obtuse1 the last turn  
smaller than the preceding2 aperture    

small1 irregular1 oval2 at least one    
plait1 posterior to the columella1      
increasing with age so as to be         
separated1 and forming at the posterior 
angle of the aperture a rounded sinus4  
,clausilia torticollis4                 
,c4 truncatula4                         
,c4 retusa4                          ,c4
 costulata4                          ,c4
 corrugata4                          ,c4
 inflata4                          ,c4  
teres4                          ,c4     
denticulata4                            
,c4 collaris4                           
,c4 papillaris4                         
,c4 plicatula4                          
,c4 rugosa4  ,c4 lvis4 ,the smooth      
,clausilia4 ,pl4 #ai1 fig4 #c4  ,a      
regular type of this genus4  ,c4        
papillaris4 ,the pimpled ,clausilia4    
,pellucid1 finely striped               
longitudinally1 the margins of the      
volutions papillose2 aperture with two  
plaits2 brownish colour4                
#g4 ,bulimus4 ,thirty-four species4     

,the shells of this beautiful genus are 
all terrestrial1 and differ from the    
,helix and ,bulla of ,linnus in never   
being of an orbicular shape4 ,the       
animals inhabiting them are said to be  
oviparous1 and have eggs nearly as large
 as those of a pigeon4  ,shell oval1    
oblong1 sometimes sub-turriculated2 the 
summit of the spire obtuse1 and the last
 turn much greater than all the others  
taken together2 aperture oblong oval1   
the edge disunited2 the right reflected 
outward in adults2 the columella smooth1
 with an inflection in the middle1 at   
the point of junction of the columella  
with the mouth of the aperture which it 
forms4                                  
,bulimus ovatus4                        
,b4 hmastomus4                          
,b4 gallina sultana4                    
,b4 zigzag4                             
,b4 undatus4                            
,b4 ovoideus4                           
,b4 interruptus4                        
,b4 ,peruvianus4                        

,b4 ,favannii4                          
,b4 ,kambeul4                           
,b4 calcareus4                          
,b4 decollatus4                         
,b4 ,lyonetianus4                       
,b4 inflatus4                           
,b4 radiatus4                           
,b4 fragilis4                           
,b4 ,guadaloupensis4                    
,b4 ,richii4                            
,b4 inversus4                           
,b4 citrinus4                           
,b4 sultanus4                           
,b4 ,pythogaster4                       
,b4 ,mexicanus4                         
,b4 multifasciatus4                     
,b4 ,bengalensis4                       
,b4 ,cariborum4                         
,b4 octonus4                            
,b4 terebraster4                        
,b4 articulatus4                        
,b4 acutus4                             
,b4 ventricosus4                        
,b4 montanus4                           
,b4 hordeaceus4                         

,b4 lubricus4  ,b4 montanus4 ,the       
mountain ,bulimus4  ,ovate oblong1      
umbilicated1 slightly striated          
longitudinally1 with several convex     
volutions2 aperture semi-oval2 brownish 
colour2 outer lip white and reflected4  
,b4 hmastomus4 ,the rose-lipped         
,bulimus4  ,species oval or of ordinary 
form4  ,b4 ventricosus4 ,the ventricose 
,bulimus4  ,species ventricose1 from    
which circumstance it derived its name4 
,b4 radiatus4 ,the radiated ,bulimus4   
,pl4 #ai1 fig4 #g4  ,species            
turriculated4  ,b4 citrinus4 ,the citron
 ,bulimus4  ,species sinistral4  ,b4    
multifasciatus4 ,the many-banded        
,bulimus4  ,species slightly            
umbilicated4                         #h4
 ,achatina4 ,twenty species4  ,this     
likewise is an elegant genus of shells1 
classed by ,linnus with the ,bulla4     
,they are the largest land-shells known1
 and greatly resemble the ,bulimus1 but 
never have their lips reflected or      
thickened4 ,sometimes the last whorl is 

compressed and attenuated at the base1  
and sometimes ventricose and not        
compressed4  ,shell in form very        
variable1 but generally                 
sub-turriculated1 ventricose1 striated  
longitudinally2 the summit papillose2   
aperture a little variable1 but never   
thickened or reflected2 the right edge  
always acute1 the columellar margin     
rather strongly hollowed1 entirely      
formed by the columella1 of which the   
anterior extremity is constantly open   
and truncated4                          
,achatina perdix4                       
,a4 zebra4                              
,a4 acuta4                              
,a4 bicarinata4                         
,a4 ,mauritiana4                        
,a4 castanea4                           
,a4 glans4                              
,a4 ,peruviana4                         
,a4 albo-lineata4                       
,a4 fusco-lineata4                      
,a4 immaculata4                         
,a4 purpurea4                           

,a4 ustulata4                           
,a4 vexillum4                           
,a4 ,virginea4                          
,a4 ,priamus4                           
,a4 fulminea4                           
,a4 columnaria4                         
,a4 folliculus4                         
,a4 acicula4  ,a4 ,virginea4 ,the       
,virginian ,achatina4  ,smooth1 conoid1 
with aperture almost round2 very short1 
grayish white1 with red and black       
transverse bands2 columella             
rose-coloured1 with one plait2 volutions
 ventricose2 inside of the lips bluish2 
a transverse callosity in the interior4 
,a4 zebra4 ,the zebra ,achatina4 ,pl4   
#ah1 fig4 #a4  ,species thin1 oval1     
sub-ventricose1 spire prominent1 striped
 like a zebra4  ,a4 glans4 ,the acorn   
,achatina4 ,pl4 #ah1 fig4 #b4  ,species 
sub-turriculated1 of which the last     
whorl is attenuated anteriorly4  ,a4    
columnaris4 ,the columnar ,achatina4    
,pl4 #ah1 fig4 #c4  ,species evidently  
turriculated4                           

#i4 ,succinea4 ,three species4  ,a      
terrestrial shell1 though the animal    
that inhabits it is almost amphibious2  
it greatly resembles the ,bulimus1 but  
is easily distinguished by never having 
the lip reflected or thickened4  ,shell 
very thin1 translucid1 ovate-oblong1    
with a conical-pointed spire formed of a
 small number of whorls2 aperture very  
large1 oval1 oblique2 the edges         
disunited2 the right always acute1 the  
left acute and arched1 formed by the    
columella4                              
,succinea cucullata4                    
,s4 amphibia4                           
,s4 oblonga4  ,s4 amphibia4 ,the        
amphibious ,succinea4 ,pl4 #bd1 fig4 #d4
  ,species elongated1 very thin and     
pellucid2 spire short2 aperture         
expanding2 amber colour4                
#aj4 ,auricula4 ,fourteen species4      
,this genus was so called from the      
resemblance which the aperture bears to 
the shape of an ear2 many of the species
 are named from their resemblance to the

 ears of particular quadrupeds4 ,it is a
 land-shell1 found chiefly in the ,east 
and ,west ,india ,islands4  ,shell      
thick1 solid1 more or less smooth1 oval1
 oblong1 spire short and obtuse2        
aperture entire1 oblong1 enlarged1      
ear-shaped1 much contracted behind2     
edges disunited2 right lip sometimes    
thick and outwardly reflected2 the left 
or columella with one or more teeth or  
thick callous plaits4                   
,auricula ,mid4                         
,a4 ,jud4                               
,a4 ,sileni4                            
,a4 leporis4                            
,a4 felis4                              
,a4 ,dombeiana4                         
,a4 coniformis4                         
,a4 scarabus4                           
,a4 bovina4                             
,a4 caprella4                           
,a4 myosotis4                           
,a4 minima4                             
,a4 nitens4                             
,a4 monile4  ,a4 ,jud4 ,judas's ,ear4   

,pl4 #ai1 fig4 #f4  ,species thick1     
oblong1 conical1 with minute decussated 
stri and granulations2 light brown2 two 
plaits on the columella2 right outwardly
 reflected4  ,a4 scarabus4 ,the         
,beetle's ,ear4  ,species of which the  
columella has three plaits1 and the     
whole internal side of the right edge   
denticulated4  ,a4 myosotis4 ,the dwarf 
,auricula4  ,species minute1 with two   
plaits on the columella1 and one tooth  
behind4  ,a4 ,sileni4 ,silenus's ,ear4  
,species very small1 without plaits or  
teeth4                    #aa4          
,cyclostoma4 ,twenty-eight species4  ,a 
terrestrial shell1 varying considerably 
in form1 but distinguished by a round   
aperture1 reflected lip1 and horny      
operculum4  ,shell more or less         
elevated1 volutions rounded1 summit     
papillose2 aperture round1 the edges    
united circularly and reflected2 the    
left having its origin very detached    
from the spire4  ,operculum calcareous1 
complete1 not spiral2 summit            

sub-central4                            
,cyclostoma planorbula4                 
,c4 volvulus4                           
,c4 carinata4                           
,c4 sulcata4                            
,c4 unicarinata4                        
,c4 tricarinata4                        
,c4 obsoleta4                           
,c4 rugosa4                          ,c4
 labeo4                          ,c4    
interrupta4                          ,c4
 ambigua4                          ,c4  
semilabris4                          ,c4
 flavula4                          ,c4  
patulum4                          ,c4   
fasciata4                          ,c4  
mumia4                          ,c4     
quaternata4                          ,c4
 ferruginea4                            
,c4 decussata4                          
,c4 lineolata4                          
,c4 mamillaris4                         
,c4 ligata4                          ,c4
 lincinella4                            
,c4 orbella4                            

,c4 fimbriata4                          
,c4 multilabris4                        
,c4 elegans4                            
,c4 truncatulum4  ,c4 elegans4 ,the     
elegant ,cyclostoma4 ,pl4 #ai1 fig4 #e4 
,species with spire slightly elevated1  
ovate1 conical1 umbilicated2 volutions  
convex2 finely striated transversely4   
,c4 fasciata4 ,the banded ,cyclostoma4  
,species with spire very elevated4  ,c4 
,planorbula4 ,the ,planorbis-shaped     
,cyclostoma4  ,species with spire very  
depressed4                              
,,family ,,viii4                        
,,lymn,,cea4 ,three genera4             
#a4 ,planorbis4 ,twelve species4  ,taken
 from the ,helix of ,linnus to          
distinguish the aquatic from the        
terrestrial shells4 ,this genus is found
 in fresh water1 and has no operculum4  
,shell thin1 often sinistral1 discoid1  
or involuted almost in the same vertical
 plane2 the spire not projecting and    
entirely lateral1 so that the shell is  
hollowed or depressed on each side2     

aperture small1 transverse1 with edges  
sharp1 not reflected1 disunited by the  
last whorl of the spire which modifies  
it2 sometimes carinated4                
,planorbis cornu-arietis4               
,p4 corneus4                         ,p4
 carinatus4                         ,p4 
lutescens4                         ,p4  
orientalis4                         ,p4 
spirorbis4                         ,p4  
vortex4                         ,p4     
deformis4                         ,p4   
contortus4                         ,p4  
hispidus4                         ,p4   
nitidus4                         ,p4    
imbricatus4  ,p4 carinatus4 ,the keeled 
,planorbis4  ,species with a keel2      
depressed1 upper side concave4  ,p4     
corneus4 ,the horny ,planorbis4 ,pl4    
#bj1 fig4 #d4  ,species without a keel4 
#b4 ,physa4 ,four species4  ,this genus 
is generally heterostrophe 7that is1    
with whorls turned to the left hand72   
found in fresh water2 it greatly        
resembles the ,lymna1 but has not a     

widened aperture4  ,shell often         
sinistral1 oval1 oblong1 or globular1   
perfectly smooth2 aperture oval1        
contracted posteriorly2 the right edge  
sharp1 advanced above the plane of the  
left edge2 columella twisting obliquely1
 and enlarging to join itself to the    
anterior part of the columellar margin4 
,physa castanea4                        
,p4 fontinalis4                         
,p4 hypnorum4                           
,p4 subopaca4  ,p4 fontinalis4 ,the     
fountain ,physa4 ,pl4 #bj1 fig4 #b4     
,volutions reversed1 oval1 ventricose1  
pellucid1 horn-coloured2 spire short and
 acute4                          #c4    
,lymna4 ,eleven species4  ,shell        
aquatic1 oval1 turreted or conical1     
thin1 smooth1 spire pointed2 aperture   
oval1 entire2 edges disunited1 the left 
with a very oblique plait at the point  
of junction of the columella with the   
rest of the margin4                     
,lymna stagnalis4                       
,l4 palustris4                          

,l4 ,virginiana4                        
,l4 luteola4                            
,l4 acuminata4                          
,l4 auricularia4                        
,l4 ovata4                              
,l4 peregra4                            
,l4 intermedia4                         
,l4 leucostoma4                         
,l4 minuta4  ,l4 stagnalis4 ,the pond   
,lymna4 ,pl4 #bj1 fig4 #a4  ,ovate1     
ventricose2 spire subulate and very     
acute2 aperture large and ovate2 horn   
coloured4  ,l4 leucostoma4 ,the shining 
,lymna4  ,species sub-turreted1 with the
 right edge thickened4                  
,,family ,,ix4                          
,,melanides4 ,three genera4             
#a4 ,melania4 ,sixteen species4         
,likewise taken from the ,helix of      
,linnus4  ,shell fluviatile1 covered    
with epidermis1 oval1 oblong2 spire     
slightly pointed1 more or less turreted2
 the margin of the whorls often         
surmounted by spires2 aperture oval1    
entire2 columella smooth and arched2    

closed by a thin1 horny1 complete       
operculum4                              
,melania asperata4                      
,m4 truncata4                           
,m4 coarctata4                          
,m4 punctata4                           
,m4 corrugata4                          
,m4 subulata4                           
,m4 lvigata4                            
,m4 clavus4                             
,m4 decollata4                          
,m4 amarula4                            
,m4 thiarella4                          
,m4 spinulosa4                          
,m4 granifera4                          
,m4 carinifera4                         
,m4 truncatula4                         
,m4 fasciolata4  ,m4 amarula4 ,the      
crowned ,melania4 ,pl4 #bj1 fig4 #c4    
,covered with a black epidermis1 under  
which the colour is deep chestnut2 ovate
 oblong1 with the whorls transversely   
keeled and coronated with triangular    
tubercles1 from which emanate ciliated  
spines4                        #b4      

,melanopsis4 ,three species4  ,the      
shells of this genus are fluviatile1 and
 distinguished from the ,melania by     
having the upper part of the columella  
callous4  ,shell oval or slightly       
sub-turriculated2 aperture oval1 without
 trace of tube1 but hollowed anteriorly1
 without a posterior sinus2 the         
columellar edge callous and rather      
deeply excavated2 operculum horny1      
sub-spiral1 rather complete4            
,melanopsis ,buccinoides4               
,m4 costata4                         ,m4
 lvigata4  ,m4 ,buccinoides4 ,the       
,buccinum-shaped ,melanopsis4 ,pl4 #bj1 
fig4 #f4  ,species turriculated2 colour 
bluish white1 clouded with purple2      
spiral whorls dentated4  ,m4 costata4   
,the ribbed ,melanopsis4  ,species      
sub-turriculated and ribbed4  ,m4       
lvigata4 ,the polished ,melanopsis4     
,species ovate1 smooth1 chestnut colour4
                           #c4 ,pirena4 
,four species4  ,this shell resembles   
the ,melania1 but is easily             

distinguished by having a sinus at the  
base and another at the summit4  ,shell 
turreted1 aperture oblong1 closed by a  
horny operculum2 right lip sharp1 with a
 distinct sinus at the base and another 
at the summit2 base of the columella    
inclined towards the right4             
,pirena terebralis4                     
,p4 spinosa4                            
,p4 aurita4                             
,p4 granulosa4  ,p4 terebralis4 ,the    
wimble ,pirena4  ,subulate1             
longitudinally striated1 covered with a 
dark-brown epidermis2 aperture white1   
outer lip expanded4                     
,,family ,x4                            
,,peristomides4 ,three genera4          
#a4 ,valvata4 ,one species4  ,this genus
 contains shells found in fresh water4  
,shell sub-discoid or conoid1           
umbilicated1 spiral whorls rounded2     
summit papillose2 aperture round1 not   
modified by the last whorl2 the edges   
completely united1 sharp2 operculum     
complete1 horny1 and orbicular4  ,v4    

piscinalis4 ,the ,pond ,valvata4 ,pl4   
#bj1 fig4 #e4  ,small1 globular1 conoid1
 deeply umbilicated2 summit obtuse2     
wrinkled longitudinally1 covered with a 
yellowish epidermis4                    
#b4 ,paludina4 ,seven species4          
,generally inhabits fresh water1 though 
some have been found where it is quite  
saline4  ,shell conoid1 covered with    
epidermis1 spiral whorls rounded2 rather
 longer than broad1 edges united1 always
 sharp2 the commencement of the left    
edge immediately attached to the last   
whorl of the spire2 operculum horny1    
complete1 or marginal1 not spiral1 with 
concentral elements4                    
,paludina vivipara4                     
,p4 achatina4                           
,p4 ,bengalensis4                       
,p4 unicolor4                           
,p4 impura4                             
,p4 muriatica4                          
,p4 viridis4  ,p4 vivipara4 ,the        
viviparous ,paludina4 ,pl4 #ba1 fig4 #a4
  ,thin1 ovate1 ventricose1 wrinkled    

longitudinally2 body with three brown   
bands3 covered with a greenish          
epidermis2 aperture almost round4       
#c4 ,ampullaria4 ,eleven species4  ,this
 genus is evidently intermediary to the 
,paludina and the ,natica4 ,its species 
are probably all fluviatile2 some attain
 a great size4  ,shell thin1 globular1  
ventricose2 umbilicus small1 forming a  
compressed funnel-shaped aperture1      
without interior callosity2 spire very  
short1 the last whorl much larger than  
all the others together2 aperture ovate1
 longer than broad1 with margins united2
 right margin smooth and sharp2         
columellar lip thickened1 projecting1   
and reflected over the umbilicus2       
operculum horny1 rarely calcareous1     
thin1 oval1 not spiral1 with concentric 
elements2 summit sub-marginal1 inferior1
 passing obliquely by the right edge of 
the aperture1 but attached to the left4 
,ampullaria ,guyanensis4                
,a4 rugosa4                          ,a4
 fasciata4                          ,a4 

canaliculata4                           
,a4 effusa4                          ,a4
 ,guinaica4                          ,a4
 virens4                          ,a4   
carinata4                          ,a4  
avellana4                          ,a4  
intorta4                          ,a4   
fragilis4  ,a4 ,guyanensis4 ,the ,guiana
 ,ampullaria4  ,globular1 thick1 with   
unequal longitudinal stri2 covered with 
brown epidermis2 inside golden colour4  
,a4 rugosa4 ,the rough ,ampullaria4 ,pl4
 #ba1 fig4 #c4  ,species dextral4  ,a4  
,guinaica4 ,the ,guinea ,ampullaria4    
,species sinistral4  ,a4 carinata4 ,the 
carinated ,ampullaria4  ,species        
sinistral1 with a very large umbilicus1 
spirally carinated4                     
,,family ,,xi4                          
,,neritacea4 ,five genera4              
#a4 ,neritina4 ,twenty-one species4     
,formerly classed with the ,nerita1 but 
separated from it because the ,nerita is
 a marine shell1 and those of this genus
 are fluviatile4  ,they are generally   

thin1 smooth1 or very finely striated2  
the right side of the aperture is not   
crenulated or dentated1 and the animal  
dissolves the interior of the spire4    
,shell thin1 ovate1 not umbilicated2    
aperture semilunar2 inner lip reflected 
on the columella1 and sometimes         
crenated2 outer lip without teeth       
internally2 operculum with a lateral    
tooth4                                  
,neritina perversa4                     
,n4 pulligera4                          
,n4 dubia4                              
,n4 zebra4                              
,n4 zigzag4                             
,n4 gagates4                            
,n4 lugubris4                           
,n4 corona4                             
,n4 brevispina4                         
,n4 crepidularia4                       
,n4 auriculata4                         
,n4 ,domingensis4                       
,n4 fasciata4                           
,n4 lineolata4                          
,n4 semi-conica4                        

,n4 strigilata4                         
,n4 meleagris4                          
,n4 ,virginea4                          
,n4 fluviatilis4                        
,n4 viridis4                            
,n4 ,btica4  ,n4 fluviatilis4 ,the      
fresh-water ,neritina4  ,shell very     
small1 oval2 back convex1 smooth1 white1
 with black or brown spots2 spire       
inclined1 lateral lip slightly          
denticulated2 right edge sharp1         
operculum very oblique4  ,n4 zebra4 ,the
 zebra or striped ,neritina4 ,pl4 #ba1  
fig4 #b4  ,same as ,n4 fluviatilis1 but 
striped instead of spotted4  ,n4 corona4
 ,the crown ,neritina4 ,pl4 #ba1 fig4   
#d4  ,species provided with long spines1
 and with the columellar edge           
denticulated4  ,n4 auriculata4 ,the     
eared ,neritina4  ,species with the     
columellar edge denticulated2 the two   
extremities of the right edge extending 
beyond the aperture1 and forming with   
the callosity1 which is reflected over  
the columella1 a kind or ear1 produced  

by the tentacular lobe of the animal4   
,n4 perversa4 ,the perverse ,neritina4  
,species shaped like a ,calyptra1 with  
the superior summit vertical1 spiral2   
the last whorl forming all the base of  
the shell4                         #b4  
,navicella4 ,three species4  ,a         
fresh-water shell1 closely allied to the
 ,neritina2 it generally has the        
appearance of porcelain4  ,shell ovate  
oblong1 covered with epidermis1 shaped  
like a ,patella1 summit not spiral1 but 
straight1 turned quite to the base1 and 
concave beneath2 no columella2 the      
columellar edge replaced by a kind of   
sharp partition1 which covers part of   
the aperture1 with a sinus at its left  
extremity2 muscular impression shaped   
like a horseshoe1 open in front and     
interrupted behind2 thin1 calcareous    
operculum1 with a subulate1 lateral     
tooth adhering to the posterior margin2 
the other edges sharp4                  
,navicella elliptica4                   
,n4 lineata4                            

,n4 tessellata4  ,n4 elliptica4 ,the    
oval ,navicella4  ,shell covered with   
olive epidermis1 under which it is      
smooth1 shining1 spotted and streaked   
with purple1 blue1 or brown2 spire      
curved1 prominent1 extending beyond the 
margin4                #c4 ,nerita4 ,the
 ,hoof ,shell4 ,seventeen species4  ,a  
marine shell1 never spined1 but         
variously striated4 ,some species of    
this genus are very beautiful2 they are 
frequently worn as ornaments by the     
,indians4  ,shell solid1 thick1 more or 
less globular1 flat beneath1 spire but  
little1 if at all1 projecting1 not      
umbilicated2 aperture large1 semilunar1 
very entire2 the external margin very   
much hollowed2 the internal or          
columellar straight1 sharp1 and shaped  
like a partition1 often dentated2       
operculum horny or calcareous1          
sub-spiral2 the summit entirely marginal
 at its extremity1 implanted by teeth   
more or less marked1 and sunk in the    
columellar margin1 on which it seems    

articulated4                            
,nerita exuvia4                         
,n4 textilis4                           
,n4 undata4                             
,n4 peloronta4                          
,n4 chlorostoma4                        
,n4 atrata4                             
,n4 polita4                             
,n4 albicilla4                          
,n4 chamleon4                           
,n4 versicolor4                         
,n4 ,ascensionis4                       
,n4 ,malaccensis4                       
,n4 lineata4                            
,n4 scabricosta4                        
,n4 plicata4                            
,n4 tessellata4                         
,n4 signata4  ,n4 peloronta4 ,the       
bleeding-tooth ,nerita4 ,pl4 #ba1 fig4  
#e4  ,thick1 transversely sulcated2     
inner lip with two crenulations1 with a 
bloody mark at their base2 under lip    
with two notches near its internal upper
 edge2 colour yellowish1 tinged with    
red1 with variously coloured bands4  ,n4

 exuvia4 ,the exuvia ,nerita4  ,species 
with the inner lip toothed and          
tuberculated4  ,n4 polita4 ,the smooth  
,nerita4  ,species with both lips       
toothed2 beautifully distinguished by   
having three or four bright crimson     
bands1 on a dark mottled ground1 running
 in a parallel direction with the       
convolutions of the shell4 ,a favourite 
,indian ornament4                       
#d4 ,natica4 ,thirty-one species4  ,a   
marine shell1 formerly classed with the 
,nerita1 but distinguished by being     
without teeth1 and having an umbilicus  
modified by the callosity4  ,shell      
smooth1 rather thin1 and not covered    
with epidermis2 the spire evident1      
though low1 umbilicated2 the columellar 
edge not toothed1 more or less callous1 
modifying the umbilicus2 the right edge 
thin and not toothed interiorly2        
operculum calcareous or horny and       
smooth1 semi-spiral1 with concentric    
ribs fitting into a slight groove on the
 columella4                             

,natica glaucina4                       
,n4 albumen4                            
,n4 mamillaris4                         
,n4 mamilla4                            
,n4 ampullaria4                         
,n4 canrena4                            
,n4 cruentata4                          
,n4 millepunctata4                      
,n4 vitellus4                           
,n4 helvacea4                           
,n4 collaria4                           
,n4 monilifera4                         
,n4 labrella4                           
,n4 rufa4                            ,n4
 uni-fasciata4                          
,n4 melanostoma4                        
,n4 aurantia4                           
,n4 conica4                             
,n4 plumbea4                            
,n4 lineata4                            
,n4 fulminea4                           
,n4 maculosa4                           
,n4 vittata4                            
,n4 castanea4                           
,n4 ,marochiensis4                      

,n4 arachnoidea4                        
,n4 zebra4                              
,n4 zonaria4                            
,n4 ,chinensis4                         
,n4 ,javanica4                          
,n4 cancellata4  ,n4 canrena4 ,the      
,canrena ,natica4  ,sub-globular1       
smooth1 umbilicus deep1 bordered        
anteriorly by a kind of callous column2 
spire a little prominent2 exterior fawn 
coloured1 with bands and rays of reddish
 brown2 interior white2 operculum       
calcareous4  ,n4 castanea4 ,the chestnut
 ,natica4 ,pl4 #ba1 fig4 #f4  ,species  
with the umbilicus uncovered1 and the   
operculum horny4  ,n4 mamilla4 ,the     
nipple ,natica4  ,species with the      
umbilicus entirely covered over by a    
large callosity2 the spire papillose1   
and the operculum horny4                
#e4 ,janthina4 ,two species4  ,formerly 
classed with the ,helix1 which it       
somewhat resembles in form1 but properly
 separated1 as it differs in every other
 respect4  ,it is a singular marine     

shell1 often found in great numbers     
floating on the surface of the sea1     
suspended by a vesicular appendage1     
which stains the hand of a purple       
colour4  ,shell sub-globular1           
ventricose1 extremely thin and fragile2 
transparent1 of a beautiful violet      
colour2 the spire low1 lateral1 pointed1
 with sub-carinated whorls2 aperture    
large1 sub-angular1 greatly modified by 
the last whorl of the spire2 edges      
disunited1 the left entirely formed by  
the columella1 which is straight and    
continued beyond the base1 the right    
edge sharp1 often with a sinus in the   
middle4                                 
,janthina communis4                     
,janthina exigua4  ,j4 communis4 ,the   
common ,janthina4 ,pl4 #ah1 fig4 #f4    
,very fragile1 aperture triangular1 with
 a small notch on the margin of the     
outer lip2 beautiful violet colour4     
,,family ,,xii4                         
,,macrostomides4 ,four genera4          
#a4 ,sigaretus4 ,four species4          

,distinguished from the ,natica by the  
great width of the aperture1 and its    
short spiral columella4  ,shell oval1   
more or less thick1 very depressed1     
spiral short1 little elevated1 lateral2 
aperture very extended1 entire1 the left
 edge reflected and sharp2 two lateral  
muscular impressions very disunited4    
,sigaretus ,haliotoideus4               
,s4 convexus4                           
,s4 lvigatus4                           
,s4 cancellatus4  ,s4 convexus4 ,the    
convex ,sigaretus4 ,pl4 #bb1 fig4 #b4   
,very thin1 smooth1 back convex1 spire  
white1 rather prominent2 aperture very  
expanded2 umbilicus rather deep2 yellow1
 with a reddish tinge1 transversely     
striated4  ,s4 ,haliotoideus4 ,the      
,haliotis-shaped ,sigaretus4  ,species  
thick1 solid1 depressed2 spire flattish1
 aperture exposing the whole of the     
interior4                         #b4   
,stomatella4 ,five species4  ,to be     
easily distinguished from the ,stomatia 
by not having a transversal rib4  ,shell

 very depressed1 orbicular or oblong2   
imperforate2 interior pearly2 aperture  
very large1 oval1 longer than wide2 the 
right edge effuse1 dilated1 and open2   
summit pointed and incurved4            
,stomatella imbricata4                  
,s4 rubra4                          ,s4 
sulcifera4                          ,s4 
auricula4                          ,s4  
planulata4  ,s4 imbricata4 ,the         
imbricated ,stomatella4 ,pl4 #bb1 fig4  
#a4  ,sub-orbicular1 convex1            
sub-depressed1 rough1 covered with      
imbricated scales2 colour grayish brown4
  ,s4 auricula4 ,the ear-shaped         
,stomatella4  ,species oval1 elongated4 
#c4 ,stomatia4 ,two species4  ,bearing a
 very great resemblance to the          
,haliotis1 but is never perforated4     
,shell ear-shaped1 imperforate2 oblong1 
spire elevated and recurved to one side2
 aperture entire1 oblong2 interior      
pearly2 tuberculated1 and with a        
transverse sub-carinated rib4  ,s4      
phymotis4 ,the tumoured ,stomatia4 ,pl4 

#bb1 fig4 #f4  ,elongated oval1         
striated1 tuberculated2 spire small1    
contorted2 lip thin and sharp1 colour   
white1 interior pearly4                 
#d4 ,haliotis4 ,the ,ear ,shell4        
,fifteen species4  ,this genus is very  
beautiful1 and derived its common name  
from its resemblance to the human ear4  
,the exterior is generally tuberculated 
and loaded with marine substances1 which
 gives it a rough and uncouth           
appearance1 but the interior forms a    
splendid contrast by its natural        
iridescence4 ,each shell is furnished   
with a row of orifices near the margin1 
varying in number from eight upward2 of 
these from three to seven are generally 
open1 and the others close4 ,these holes
 are made by the animal as it increases 
the size of the shell1 to admit the     
passage of a short syphon4  ,they are   
found adhering to rocks like the        
,patella1 and are detached with great   
difficulty4  ,shell ear-shaped1 pearly1 
recurving1 very depressed1 more or less 

oval1 with spire very small1 very low1  
almost posterior and lateral2 aperture  
as large as the shell1 with margins     
continued2 the right thin and sharp1 the
 left flat1 enlarged1 and sharp2 a      
series of holes1 complete or incomplete1
 parallel to the left margin2 one large 
oval muscular impression4               
,haliotis ,mid4                         
,h4 iris4                               
,h4 tubifera4                           
,h4 excavata4                           
,h4 ,australis4                         
,h4 tuberculata4                        
,h4 striata4                            
,h4 asinina4                            
,h4 glabra4                             
,h4 lamellosa4                          
,h4 unilateralis4                       
,h4 rugosa4                             
,h4 canaliculata4                       
,h4 tricostalis4                        
,h4 dubia4  ,h4 asinina4 ,the asinine   
,haliotis4  ,internal margin very broad1
 inside pearly1 smooth1 shining1        

iridescent1 reflecting green1 pink1 and 
orange2 back clouded with brown and     
green2 striated longitudinally4  ,h4    
costata4 ,the ribbed ,haliotis4 ,pl4    
#bb1 fig4 #d1 interior4 ,pl4 #cb1 fig4  
#f1 exterior4  ,species with disk       
rounded anteriorly4  ,h4 canaliculata4  
,the channelled ,haliotis4  ,species    
with disk elevated by a large parallel  
rib1 hollowed interiorly1 and with the  
anterior margin more or less irregular4 
,h4 tuberculata4 ,the tuberculated      
,haliotis4  ,aperture open the whole    
length of the shell2 outer lip          
irregular1 exterior reddish brown1      
striated longitudinally and wrinkled    
transversely1 with a few raised         
tubercles2 interior pearly1 reflecting  
the most beautiful shades of pink1 blue1
 green1 and yellow4                     
,,family ,,xiii4                        
,,plicacea4 ,two genera4                
#a4 ,tornatella4 ,six species4  ,shell  
thick1 oval1 convolute1 the spire very  
short2 the last whorl much larger than  

all the others united2 the external     
thin1 sharp1 dentated interiorly2 one or
 two large plaits on the columella1 of  
which one serves to separate the two    
parts of the foot4                      
,tornatella flammea4                    
,t4 solidula4                           
,t4 fasciata4                           
,t4 auricula4                           
,t4 nitidula4                           
,t4 pedipes4  ,t4 fasciata4 ,the banded 
,tornatella4  ,spire produced1 apex     
acute1 aperture straightened1 with one  
plait on the columella2 finely striated 
transversely1 with two white transverse 
bands2 colour purplish red4  ,t4        
coniformis4 ,the cone-shaped            
,tornatella4 ,pl4 #bb1 fig4 #c4         
,species like a cone2 the spire entirely
 flat4                        #b4       
,pyramidella4 ,five species4  ,shell    
smooth1 not covered with epidermis1     
conical1 elongated or sub-turriculated2 
aperture semi-oval1 entire2 the outer   
lip sharp1 dentated interiorly1 plaited1

 enlarged over the umbilicus1 which it  
leaves more or less exposed4            
,pyramidella terebellum4                
,p4 dolabrata4                          
,p4 plicata4                         ,p4
 corrugata4                         ,p4 
maculosa4  ,p4 dolabrata4 ,the dentated 
,pyramidella4 ,pl4 #bb1 fig4 #e4        
,answers to the above description2 when 
placed on its base1 it falls on one     
side4  ,p4 terebellum4 ,the wimble      
,pyramidella4  ,smooth1 glossy1 white1  
with reddish-brown bands2 columella     
recurved2 inside of the lip smooth4     
,,family ,,xiv4                         
,,scalarides4 ,three genera4            
#a4 ,vermetus4 ,one species4            
,resembling in appearance the shell of a
 ,serpula2 but the organization of the  
animal caused this to be made a distinct
 genus4  ,its shells are usually found  
grouped together or intertwined with    
each other1 and are very remarkable for 
being attached to marine bodies by the  
attenuated and pointed extremity of the 

spire4  ,shell conical1 tubular1 thin1  
involute spirally1 more or less close1  
with whorls almost completely disunited2
 free or adherent by intertwining2      
aperture straight1 circular1 with edges 
sharp and complete2 several partitions  
not perforated towards the summit2      
operculum horny and complete4  ,v4      
lumbricales4 ,the wormlike ,vermetus4   
,pl4 #bc1 fig4 #c4  ,a flexuous shell1  
with a spiral1 acute tip1 very much     
resembling a corkscrew2 colour reddish  
brown1 sometimes clouded with a darker  
shade4                         #b4      
,scalaria4 ,seven species4  ,a marine   
shell1 with a circular aperture like the
 ,cyclostoma1 but easily distinguished  
by its turreted form2 longitudinal1     
elevated ribs1 never connected together1
 rather oblique1 and sharp2 the shape of
 the shell is elegant1 being a spiral   
cone1 formed by gibbous whorls1         
unconnected by a columella1 gradually   
increasing from the apex to the base4   
,the colour is generally yellowish or   

brownish white4 ,when perfect and of    
good size1 they are of great value and  
highly prized4  ,shell sub-turreted1 the
 whorls of the spire more or less       
pressed and garnished with interrupted  
longitudinal ribs1 formed by the        
successive preservation of the reflected
 margin of the aperture1 which is small1
 perfectly round1 with edges united1    
thickened1 and outwardly reflected2     
operculum horny and thin4               
,scalaria pretiosa4                     
,s4 lamellosa4                          
,s4 coronata4                           
,s4 varicosa4                           
,s4 communis4                           
,s4 ,australis4                         
,s4 raricosta4  ,s4 pretiosa4 ,the      
precious ,scalaria1 more commonly called
 the ,wentle ,trap1 or ,winding         
,staircase4 ,pl4 #bc1 fig4 #a4  ,this   
shell has its spiral whorls separate1   
and appears like an attenuated tube     
evolved round a cone2 spire detached1   
with a deep umbilicus2 volutions        

connected by longitudinal ribs2 body    
extremely ventricose2 colour cream      
yellow4  ,s4 communis4 ,the common      
,scalaria1 or false ,wentle ,trap4      
,more taper and elongated than the ,s4  
pretiosa4 ,it has no umbilicus1 and the 
whorls are closely united4              
#c4 ,delphinula4 ,three species4  ,a    
marine shell1 which1 like the ,scalaria1
 has a round aperture1 but its solidity 
and pearly substance distinguishes it   
from the ,cyclostoma1 which is          
terrestrial4  ,shell thick1 pearly in   
the interior1 sub-discoid or conical2   
the spiral whorls sometimes detached1   
rounded1 spiny1 with a large umbilicus2 
aperture round or multrigonal1 not      
modified2 edges perfectly united with a 
small spire1 tuberculated exteriorly4   
,delphinula laciniata4                  
,d4 distorta4                           
,d4 turbinopsis4  ,d4 laciniata4 ,the   
fringed ,delphinula4 ,pl4 #bc1 fig4 #e4 
,shell depressed1 umbilicus large1      
surrounded by large vaulted scales in   

spiral rows2 strong waved spiral stri2  
colour reddish purple1 variegated with  
white4                                  
,,family ,,xv4                          
,,turbinacea4 ,seven genera4            
#a4 ,solarium4 ,seven species4  ,some   
shells of this genus are highly valued  
for their beauty and rarity4  ,shell    
orbicular1 involuted almost in the same 
plane2 ,planorbis-shaped2 the spire of  
the right side very depressed2 umbilicus
 large and conical1 with edges          
denticulated or not at the entrance2    
aperture not modified by the last whorl 
of the spire1 which is entirely flat2 no
 columella4                             
,solarium perspectivum4                 
,s4 granulatum4                         
,s4 lvigatum4                           
,s4 stramineum4                         
,s4 hybridum4                           
,s4 variegatum4                         
,s4 luteum4  ,s4 perspectivum4 ,the     
perspective ,solarium4 ,pl4 #bc1 fig4   
#d4  ,species very carinated in their   

circumference2 the aperture square2     
umbilicus large and crenated2 colour    
yellowish1 with brown and white bands on
 the sutures of the volutions4  ,s4     
variegatum4 ,the variegated ,solarium4  
,species sub-carinated1 aperture        
sub-orbicular4                #b4       
,trochus4 ,the ,top ,shell4 ,sixty-nine 
species4  ,this genus derived its name  
from its resemblance to a top4  ,the    
shells are marine1 found in almost all  
parts of the world2 some are smooth1 but
 the greater number are covered1 with   
knobs1 spines1 tuberculations1 or       
undulations4  ,the long spines on the   
margin of the ,t4 ,solaris are placed at
 regular distances1 and resemble the    
rays of the sun4 ,many1 when            
decorticated1 look like mother-of-pearl2
 others have a splendid metallic lustre4
 ,the ,t4 agglutinans possesses the     
faculty of covering itself with         
extraneous substances1 such as stones1  
corals1 fragments of shells1 c4 ,of this
 species there are two kinds1 which1    

though conchologically known only by one
 name1 are familiarly known by two2 the 
,conchologist and the ,mineralogist2 the
 former so called from being loaded with
 shells1 and the latter with stones1 c4 
,sometimes the ,conchologist is loaded  
with corals only1 and then is called the
 ,zoologist4  ,shell thick1 generally   
pearly1 shaped like a top1 spire        
sometimes depressed1 sometimes elevated 
and pointed at the summit1 sharp or     
carinated at its circumference1         
umbilicated or not2 aperture depressed1 
angular or sub-angular1 sometimes       
heart-shaped1 with edges disunited2 the 
right sharp2 the columella arched1      
twisted1 and often projecting forward2  
operculum horny1 thin1 with numerous    
spiral whorls1 narrow1 and increasing a 
little from the centre to the           
circumference4                          
,trochus imperialis4                    
,t4 longispina4                         
,t4 solaris4                            
,t4 ,indicus4                           

,t4 radians4                            
,t4 pileus4                             
,t4 calyptrformis4                      
,t4 fimbriatus4                         
,t4 brevispina4                         
,t4 rotularius4                         
,t4 stella4                             
,t4 stellaris4                          
,t4 niloticus4                          
,t4 pyramidalis4                        
,t4 noduliferus4                        
,t4 crulescens4                         
,t4 obeliscus4                          
,t4 virgatus4                           
,t4 asperatus4                          
,t4 rhodostomus4                        
,t4 spinulosus4                         
,t4 costulatus4                         
,t4 inermis4                            
,t4 agglutinans4                        
,t4 clatus4                             
,t4 tuber4                           ,t4
 magus4                           ,t4   
merula4                           ,t4   
argyrostomus4                           

,t4 ,cookii4                            
,t4 conuloides4                         
,t4 conulus4                            
,t4 jujubinus4                          
,t4 ,javanicus4                         
,t4 annulatus4                          
,t4 doliarius4                          
,t4 maculatus4                          
,t4 granosus4                           
,t4 squarrosus4                         
,t4 incrassatus4                        
,t4 flammulatus4                        
,t4 elatus4                             
,t4 marmoratus4                         
,t4 ,mauritianus4                       
,t4 imbricatus4                         
,t4 triserialis4                        
,t4 crenulatus4                         
,t4 asperulus4                          
,t4 acutus4                             
,t4 concavus4                           
,t4 lineatus4                           
,t4 zizyphinus4                         
,t4 granulatus4                         
,t4 granatum4                           

,t4 moniliferus4                        
,t4 iris4                           ,t4 
ornatus4                           ,t4  
bicingulatus4                           
,t4 calliferus4                         
,t4 umbilicaris4                        
,t4 undatus4                            
,t4 ,pharaonis4                         
,t4 sagittiferus4                       
,t4 carneolus4                          
,t4 cinerarius4                         
,t4 excavatus4                          
,t4 nanus4                           ,t4
 pyramidatus4                           
,t4 erythroleucos4  ,t4 imperialis4 ,the
 imperial ,trochus4 ,pl4 #bc1 fig4 #f4  
,species umbilicated1 spire very        
depressed1 sharp and radiated at their  
circumference by the preservation of an 
angular canal from the middle of the    
right margin4 ,this species is rare and 
beautiful1 found in ,new-,zealand4  ,t4 
zizyphinus4 ,the livid ,trochus4        
,species with strong transverse stri2   
colour livid1 with undulated streaks of 

red or brownish carnation4  ,t4         
agglutinans4 ,the agglutinating or      
,carrier ,trochus4  ,species            
umbilicated1 with spire very depressed2 
the base much enlarged1 and as if       
excavated by the large projection of the
 angle of the right edge1 which advances
 much beyond the rounded columellar     
edge2 generally covered with shells1    
stones1 or coral4  ,t4 niloticus4 ,the  
large marble ,trochus4  ,species not    
umbilicated1 conical1 with base flat and
 circular2 the columella twisted2 the   
aperture very angular4  ,t4 obeliscus4  
,the obelisk ,trochus4  ,species not    
umbilicated1 conic1 elevated1 flat and  
circular base2 the termination of the   
columella strongly twisted1 but passing 
down by the margin1 appearing sloped by 
the advance of an internal longitudinal 
plait4  ,t4 iris4 ,the iris ,trochus4   
,species not umbilicated1 conic1 base   
oblique2 aperture large1 slightly       
angular2 the columella twisted1 and     
forming a kind of tooth at its          

termination4  ,t4 granulatus4 ,the      
granulated ,trochus4  ,conic1           
imperforate at the base1 spirally       
granulated and not marginated at the    
edges of the volutions2 body swelling   
out2 spire tapering abruptly2 apex      
acute1 flesh-coloured4  ,t4 umbilicaris4
 ,the umbilicated ,trochus4  ,shell     
conico-convex1 rather flat1 rounded at  
the top2 apex depressed1 volutions      
sub-marginate2 striated spirally2       
aperture compressed and angular2        
umbilicus large1 extending to the apex2 
colour whitish4                     #c4 
,monodonta4 ,twenty-three species4      
,this genus occupies an intermediate    
space between the ,trochus and the      
,turbo2 distinguished from the former by
 the aperture being more round and      
slightly depressed1 and from the latter 
by the toothlike projecting angle which 
the truncated columella occasions at the
 base of the aperture4  ,shell ovate or 
conoid1 aperture round and entire1 with 
an operculum2 outer lip disunited from  

the body at the top2 columella arched   
and truncated at the base4              
,monodonta bicolor4                     
,m4 pagodus4                            
,m4 tectum ,persicum4                   
,m4 papillosa4                          
,m4 coronaria4                          
,m4 ,egyptiaca4                         
,m4 carchedonius4                       
,m4 tectum4                             
,m4 labio4                           ,m4
 ,australis4                            
,m4 canalifera4                         
,m4 viridis4                            
,m4 fragarioides4                       
,m4 constricta4                         
,m4 modulus4                            
,m4 articulata4                         
,m4 lugubris4                           
,m4 punctulata4                         
,m4 tricarinata4                        
,m4 canaliculata4                       
,m4 ,seminigra4                         
,m4 rosea4                           ,m4
 lineata4  ,m4 coronaria4 ,the crowned  

,monodonta4  ,species in which the      
columella greatly projects1 and the     
spire is entirely flat2 covered with    
numerous small tubercles2 colour white2 
the columella tinged with red4  ,m4     
labio4 ,the double-lipped ,monodonta4   
,pl4 #bc1 fig4 #b4  ,species            
sub-globular1 umbilicated1 spiral whorls
 rounded2 the columella terminated by a 
tooth4  ,m4 fragarioides4 ,the          
strawberry-shaped ,monodonta4  ,species 
more or less globular1 of which the     
columella1 almost straight1 offers but a
 little obstacle to its junction with   
the margin4               #d4 ,turbo4   
,the ,turban ,shell4 ,thirty-four       
species4  ,distinguished from the       
,monodonta by never having the columella
 truncated at the base2 and from the    
,trochus by being solid1 with the whorls
 constantly convex and never flattened4 
,like the ,trochus1 when decorticated1  
the ,turbo exhibits splendid pearly1    
gold1 or silver irridescent colours4    
,shell thick1 pearly in the interior2   

depressed1 conical1 or sub-turreted2    
umbilicated or not1 little or not       
carinated at its circumference2 aperture
 round or little depressed2 the middle  
of the external edge not bent1 but      
sometimes hollowed or sloped in some    
part2 the edges rarely joined by a      
callosity2 the columella arched1 rarely 
twisted1 and not truncated at the base2 
operculum calcareous or horny2 the spire
 visible externally in the latter and   
interiorly in the former2 the exterior  
often thickened and curved4             
,turbo marmoratus4                      
,t4 imperialis4                         
,t4 torquatus4                          
,t4 diaphanus4                          
,t4 rugosus4                            
,t4 coronatus4                          
,t4 sarmaticus4                         
,t4 cornutus4                           
,t4 argyrastomus4                       
,t4 ,chrysostomus4                      
,t4 radiatus4                           
,t4 margaritaceus4                      

,t4 setosus4                            
,t4 ,spenglerianus4                     
,t4 petholatus4                         
,t4 undulatus4                          
,t4 pica4                            ,t4
 versicolor4                            
,t4 smaragdus4                          
,t4 cidaris4                            
,t4 crenulatus4                         
,t4 hippocastanum4                      
,t4 muricatus4                          
,t4 littoreus4                          
,t4 ustulatus4                          
,t4 ,nicobaricus4                       
,t4 neritoides4                         
,t4 retusus4                            
,t4 rudis4                              
,t4 obtusatus4                          
,t4 pullus4                             
,t4 crulescens4                         
,t4 cancellatus4                        
,t4 costatus4  ,t4 pica4 ,the ,magpie   
,turbo4 ,pl4 #bd1 fig4 #f4  ,species in 
which the aperture is oblique2 the      
columella losing itself entirely in its 

continuation with the margin1 the       
umbilicus always uncovered2 colour black
 and white4  ,t4 setosus4 ,the bristly  
,turbo4  ,thick1 transversely and deeply
 sulcated1 longitudinally striated2     
spire short1 volutions rounded1 lip     
crenulated2 inside pearly1 variegated   
with white1 green1 and brown4  ,t4      
rugosus4 ,the rough ,turbo4  ,species of
 which the aperture is perfectly round  
in the direction of the axis2 the       
operculum horny4                        
#e4 ,planaxis4 ,two species4  ,shell    
marine1 generally small1 solid1 of an   
oval conical form1 oblong1 a little     
sloping in front2 columella flattened   
and truncated anteriorly2 right margin  
furrowed or radiated within1 and        
thickened by a callosity running to its 
origin2 operculum oval1 thin1 horny1 and
 sub-spiral4                            
,planaxis sulcata4                      
,planaxis undulata4  ,p4 sulcata4 ,the  
furrowed ,planaxis4 ,pl4 #bg1 fig4 #d4  
,imperforate1 furrowed transversely2    

outer lip crenulated and striated       
internally2 colour grayish white1       
spotted with black1 forming oblique     
longitudinal bands4               #f4   
,phasianella4 ,the ,pheasant ,snail4    
,ten species4  ,this genus of shells is 
celebrated for the beauty and variety of
 the colouring1 disposed in such a      
manner as to resemble the plumage of a  
pheasant4  ,they are marine shells1 many
 of which are rare and valuable2 they   
possess a very distinctive character1   
that of a slightly projecting angle     
running along the columella4  ,shell    
rather thick1 oval1 smooth1 without     
epidermis1 spire pointed2 aperture oval1
 larger in front1 with disunited edges2 
the right sharp2 the columella uniting  
itself a little with the left edge1 and 
offering interiorly a longitudinal      
callosity2 operculum calcareous1 oval1  
oblong1 sub-spiral1 the summit at one of
 its extremities4                       
,phasianella bulimoides4                
,p4 rubens4                         ,p4 

variegata4                         ,p4  
elegans4                         ,p4    
,peruviana4                         ,p4 
lineata4                         ,p4    
nebulosa4                         ,p4   
sulcata4                         ,p4    
,mauritiana4                         ,p4
 angulifera4  ,p4 picta4 ,the painted   
,phasianella4 ,pl4 #bd1 fig4 #b4        
,species smooth1 oval1 glossy1 volutions
 inflated2 reddish white1 with crimson  
or reddish brown spots2 aperture        
sub-ovate4              #g4 ,turritella4
 ,the ,screw ,shell4 ,thirteen species4 
,this genus is easily distinguished from
 all screwlike shells by a sinus on the 
right margin of the aperture1 not       
existing in any other shell of similar  
form4  ,shell marine1 turreted1 not     
pearly1 rather thin1 striated according 
to the turning of the spire1 which is   
very pointed1 and has numerous whorls2  
aperture rounded2 the edges disunited   
posteriorly2 the right extremity thin1  
and1 when perfect1 having a light sinus 

about the middle2 operculum horny4      
,turritella duplicata4                  
,t4 terebra4                            
,t4 imbricata4                          
,t4 replicata4                          
,t4 fuscata4                            
,t4 cornea4                          ,t4
 brevialis4                          ,t4
 bicingulata4                           
,t4 trisulcata4                         
,t4 exoleta4                            
,t4 carinifera4                         
,t4 ,australis4                         
,t4 ,virginiana4  ,t4 bicingulata4 ,the 
twice-girdled ,turritella4 ,pl4 #bd1    
fig4 #e4  ,species that answers to the  
above description4  ,t4 terebra4 ,the   
auger ,turritella4  ,taper1 pointed1    
acute transverse stri1 the intermediate 
spaces prominent and acute2 white1      
reddish1 or cream coloured4             
,,family ,,xvi4                         
,,canalifera4 ,eleven genera4           
#a4 ,cerithium4 ,thirty-six species4  ,a
 beautiful and numerous genus of        

turreted shells1 with an expanded outer 
lip and short beak2 the greater part are
 marine2 many are found at the mouths of
 rivers1 and a few in lakes1 though none
 can properly be called river shells4   
,in appearance they are like an         
elongated pyramidal cone1 and the spire 
is at least two thirds the length of the
 shell4 ,the exterior is seldom smooth1 
but striated1 tuberculated1 granulated1 
or spinous4  ,shell more or less        
turreted1 generally tuberculated2       
aperture small1 oval1 oblique2 the      
columellar edge hollowed1 callous2 the  
right edge sharp1 and dilating a little 
with age2 operculum horny1 oval1        
rounded1 sub-spiral1 and striated4      
,cerithium giganteum4                   
,c4 palustre4                           
,c4 sulcatum4                           
,c4 telescopium4                        
,c4 ebeninum4                           
,c4 erythronense4                       
,c4 muricatum4                          
,c4 radula4                             

,c4 crassum4                            
,c4 decollatum4                         
,c4 nodulosum4                          
,c4 vulgatum4                           
,c4 obeliscus4                          
,c4 granulatum4                         
,c4 aluco4                           ,c4
 echinatum4                             
,c4 subulatum4                          
,c4 heteroclites4                       
,c4 zonale4                             
,c4 semiferrugineum4                    
,c4 torulosum4                          
,c4 tuberculatum4                       
,c4 morus4                           ,c4
 obtusum4                           ,c4 
semigranosum4                           
,c4 asperum4                            
,c4 lineatum4                           
,c4 vertagus4                           
,c4 fasciatum4                          
,c4 ocellatum4                          
,c4 literatum4                          
,c4 atratum4                            
,c4 eburneum4                           

,c4 punctatum4                          
,c4 lima4                           ,c4 
perversum4  ,c4 vertagus4 ,the curved   
beak ,cerithium4 ,pl4 #bd1 fig4 #c4     
,species with evidently a small canal1  
very short1 and recurved obliquely      
towards the back4  ,c4 aluco4 ,the      
caterpillar ,cerithium4  ,species with a
 canal much smaller1 but entirely       
straight1 and a sinus well formed at the
 posterior union of the two edges4  ,c4 
semigranosum4 ,the semi-granulated      
,cerithium4  ,fusiform1 turreted2 apex  
acute2 the suture with double spiral    
rows of large granules2 minutely        
striated transversely1 with sulcated    
granulations2 colour reddish brown4     
#b4 ,pleurotoma4 ,twenty-three species4 
,distinguished from the ,cerithium by   
having a notch or slit in the right     
margin4  ,shell fusiform1 rather rugged1
 spire turreted2 aperture ovate1 small1 
terminated by a canal variable in       
length2 the right edge sharp1 more or   
less notched2 operculum horny4          

,pleurotoma imperialis4                 
,p4 auriculifera4                       
,p4 muricata4                           
,p4 echinata4                           
,p4 fascialis4                          
,p4 bimarginata4                        
,p4 buccinoides4                        
,p4 cingulifera4                        
,p4 flavidula4                          
,p4 interrupta4                         
,p4 crenularis4                         
,p4 cincta4                          ,p4
 unizonalis4                            
,p4 lineata4                            
,p4 spirata4                            
,p4 virgo4                          ,p4 
,babylonia4                          ,p4
 undosa4                          ,p4   
marmorata4                          ,p4 
tigrina4                          ,p4   
crispa4                          ,p4    
albina4                          ,p4    
nodifera4  ,p4 ,babylonia4 ,the ,tower  
of ,babel ,pleurotoma4 ,pl4 #bd1 fig4   
#a4  ,species in which the tube is      

rather long1 and the notch is a little  
posterior to the middle of the edge4    
,p4 auriculifera4 ,the eared            
,pleurotoma4  ,species in which the tube
 is short1 and the notch entirely       
against the spire4  ,p4 nodifera4 ,the  
knotty or ,javanese ,pleurotoma4        
,species with outer lip largely notched 
and deeply crenulated2 upper volution   
smooth2 under volution and body striated
 transversely1 with angulated oblique   
nodules at the suture2 colour reddish   
yellow4                     #c4         
,turbinella4 ,twenty-three species4  ,by
 ,linnus this genus was classed with the
 ,voluta1 though they are more closely  
allied to the ,murex2 differing1        
however1 from them by having no varices4
  ,shell generally turbinated1 but      
sometimes turreted1 rugged1 and thick2  
spire variable in form2 aperture        
elongated1 terminated by a straight     
canal1 often rather short2 the left edge
 almost straight1 and formed by a       
callosity which hides the columella2 the

 right edge entire and sharp2 the       
columella with two or three unequal1    
almost transverse plaits4               
,turbinella scolymus4                   
,t4 rapa4                           ,t4 
napus4                           ,t4    
pyrum4                           ,t4    
pugillaris                           ,t4
 leucozonalis4                          
,t4 rustica4                            
,t4 cingulifera4                        
,t4 polygonia4                          
,t4 carinifera4                         
,t4 rhinoceros                          
,t4 cornigera4                          
,t4 ceramica4                           
,t4 capitellam4                         
,t4 mitis4                           ,t4
 globulus4                           ,t4
 infundibulum4                          
,t4 craticulata4                        
,t4 lineata4                            
,t4 nassatula4                          
,t4 triserialis4                        
,t4 variolaris4                         

,t4 ocellata4  ,t4 rapa4 ,the turnip    
,turbinella4  ,species fusiform and     
almost smooth4  ,t4 scolymus4 ,the      
artichoke ,turbinella4  ,species        
turbinated and spinous4  ,t4            
infundibulum4 ,the funnel-shaped        
,turbinella4  ,species turreted and     
fusiform4  ,t4 pyrum4 ,the pear-shaped  
,turbinella4  ,species with spire short1
 mucronate2 apex mammiliform1 beak long2
 columella with four plaits2 colour     
yellowish white1 with irregular reddish 
brown spots4                       #d4  
,cancellaria4 ,twelve species4  ,this   
genus is not given by ,de ,blainville   
precisely like ,lamarck1 as he has      
removed those that are greatly          
canaliculated either to the ,murex or   
,turbinella4 ,they are all marine       
shells1 and greatly approximate the     
last-mentioned genus4  ,shell oval1     
globular1 ventricose1 rugged2 the spire 
middling1 pointed2 aperture ovate1      
enlarged1 grooved1 and sometimes        
sub-canaliculated anteriorly2 the right 

edge effuse1 concave1 sharp2 the left or
 columellar edge almost straight1 and   
marked in the middle by two or three    
plaits2 operculum horny4                
,cancellaria reticulata4                
,c4 asperella4                          
,c4 scalaria4                           
,c4 scalariformis4                      
,c4 nodulosa4                           
,c4 cancellata4                         
,c4 senticosa4                          
,c4 citharella4                         
,c4 spirata4                         ,c4
 obliquata4                         ,c4 
rugosa4                         ,c4     
,ziervogeliana4  ,c4 reticulata4 ,the   
reticulated ,cancellaria4 ,pl4 #be1 fig4
 #e4  ,oval1 strong1 ventricose2        
columella with three plaits2 distant1   
coarse1 reticulated stri2 sometimes with
 yellow or orange bands2 aperture white4
                        #e4             
,fasciolaria4 ,eight species4  ,this    
genus was separated by ,lamarck from the
 ,murex of ,linnus on account of having 

no varices4  ,shell fusiform or         
sub-fusiform2 aperture middling1        
elongated1 almost symmetrical1          
terminated by a rather long straight    
tube2 external edge sharp2 the          
columellar edge with two or three       
oblique plaits4                         
,fasciolaria tulipa4                    
,f4 distans4                            
,f4 trapezium4                          
,f4 aurantiaca4                         
,f4 coronata4                           
,f4 filamentosa4                        
,f4 ferruginea4                         
,f4 tarentina4  ,f4 tulipa4 ,the tulip  
,fasciolaria4 ,pl4 #be1 fig4 #d4        
,species fusiform1 not tuberculated4    
,f4 trapezium4 ,the striped tower       
,fasciolaria4  ,species fusiform1       
volutions tuberculated1 ventricose2     
reddish fawn coloured1 with transverse  
double1 slightly undulated lines2 inside
 of aperture with reddish stri4  ,f4    
filamentosa4 ,the threaded ,fasciolaria4
  ,species turreted and tuberculated4   

#f4 ,fusus4 ,thirty-six species4        
,likewise taken from the ,murex2 they   
are marine shells1 of an elongated      
fusiform shape1 with whorls ventricose  
in the middle or at the lower extremity4
  ,shell covered with epidermis1 rough1 
fusiform1 or ventricose in the middle2  
prolonged behind by the spire1 but      
particularly forward by the canal2      
aperture oval2 the columellar edge      
straight or nearly so2 the exterior edge
 sharp2 operculum oval1 horny1 with     
sub-concentric elements1 and summit     
lateral4                                
,fusus colosseus4                       
,f4 longissimus4                        
,f4 colus4                           ,f4
 tuberculatus4                          
,f4 ,nicobaricus4                       
,f4 distans4                            
,f4 torulosus4                          
,f4 incrassatus4                        
,f4 multicarinatus4                     
,f4 sulcatus4                           
,f4 antiquus4                           

,f4 despectus4                          
,f4 carinatus4                          
,f4 proboscidiferus4                    
,f4 ,islandicus4                        
,f4 morio4                           ,f4
 coronatus4                             
,f4 cochlidium4                         
,f4 corona4                             
,f4 raphanus4                           
,f4 filosus4                            
,f4 polygonoides4                       
,f4 verruculatus4                       
,f4 lignarius4                          
,f4 ,syracusanus4                       
,f4 strigosus4                          
,f4 varius4                             
,f4 crebricostatus4                     
,f4 ,afer4                           ,f4
 rubens4                           ,f4  
sinistralis4                            
,f4 ,nifat4                             
,f4 articulatus4                        
,f4 buccinatus4                         
,f4 aculeiformis4                       
,f4 scalarinus4  ,f4 colus4 ,the spindle

 ,fusus4 ,pl4 #be1 fig4 #c4  ,species   
turreted or sub-turreted1 not           
umbilicated2 outer lip entire1 columella
 smooth4  ,f4 filosus4 ,the threaded    
,fusus4  ,species sub-turreted and      
umbilicated4                       #g4  
,pyrula4 ,twenty-eight species4         
,distinguished from the ,fusus by having
 a short depressed spire1 and the last  
whorl very large and ventricose1 giving 
this shell the shape of a pear4  ,shell 
pyriform by the depression of the spire1
 the canal conical1 very long or        
middling1 sometimes a little sloped2    
aperture oval1 very large2 columella    
smooth4                                 
,pyrula canaliculata4                   
,p4 carica4                             
,p4 perversa4                           
,p4 candelabrum4                        
,p4 ternatana4                          
,p4 bezoar4                             
,p4 rapa4                           ,p4 
papyracea4                           ,p4
 tuba4                           ,p4    

bucephala4                           ,p4
 vespertilio4                           
,p4 melongena4                          
,p4 reticulata4                         
,p4 ficus4                           ,p4
 ficoides4                           ,p4
 spirata4                           ,p4 
spirillus4                           ,p4
 elongata4                           ,p4
 galcodes4                           ,p4
 angulata4                           ,p4
 squamosa4                           ,p4
 nodosa4                           ,p4  
citrina4                           ,p4  
abbreviata4                             
,p4 neritoidea4                         
,p4 deformis4                           
,p4 lineata4                            
,p4 plicata4  ,p4 melongena4 ,the       
open-mouth ,pyrula4 ,pl4 #be1 fig4 #f4  
,species ventricose1 tube or canal      
short2 aperture very large and effuse2  
tuberculated1 striated longitudinally4  
,p4 ficus4 ,the fig ,pyrula4  ,spire    
very short2 volutions rounded above2    

very thin and ventricose2 colour        
yellowish brown1 with dark brown spots2 
covered with decussated stri4           
#h4 ,struthiolaria4 ,two species4  ,the 
shells of this genus are marine1        
inhabited by mollusca1 that1 by         
frequently moving in and out of the     
shell while wandering on the shore in   
search of food1 produce singular        
callosities on the two edges of the     
aperture4 ,they generally resemble the  
,murex and ,buccinum1 but are           
distinguished by a thickened marginal   
lip on the right side4  ,shell ovate1   
spire produced2 aperture sinuous1       
terminated at the base by a very short  
canal2 straight1 and without a notch2   
columellar edge callous and effuse2     
right edge with a thickened varix4      
,struthiolaria nodulosa4                
,struthiolaria crenulata4  ,s4 nodulosa4
 ,the nodulous ,struthiolaria4 ,pl4 #be1
 fig #a4  ,ovate1 grooved and striated  
transversely2 top of volutions flattened
 and nodulous2 cream-coloured1 with     

undulated1 brownish-yellow longitudinal 
lines2 interior of lip yellowish4       
#i4 ,ranella4 ,fourteen species4  ,this 
genus of shells has two rows of varices 
or thickened bands1 arranged on either  
side in rows1 so that it forms a        
distinct division between the           
,struthiolaria and the ,murex4  ,shell  
oval1 as if depressed by the            
preservation of each side of a          
longitudinal thickened band2 aperture   
oval1 almost symmetrical by the         
excavation of the columellar edge1      
terminating anteriorly by a short canal1
 often a little sloping2 a sinus at the 
posterior junction of the two edges4    
,ranella gigantea4                      
,r4 leucostoma4                         
,r4 candisata4                          
,r4 ,argus4                             
,r4 ranina4                             
,r4 spinosa4                            
,r4 bufonia4                            
,r4 granulata4                          
,r4 granifera4                          

,r4 semigranosa4                        
,r4 bitubercularis4                     
,r4 crumena4                            
,r4 anceps4                             
,r4 pygma4  ,r4 ranina4 ,the froglike   
,ranella4 ,pl4 #be1 fig4 #b4  ,species  
not umbilicated4  ,r4 granulata4 ,the   
granulated ,ranella4  ,species not      
umbilicated4  ,r4 spinosa4 ,the prickly 
,ranella4  ,species of which the varices
 have elongated spines2 beak sulcated2  
outer lip internally crenated2 acute1   
short1 distinct muricated tubercles2    
fawn coloured4               #aj4       
,murex4 ,the ,trumpet ,shell4 ,sixty-six
 species4  ,though so greatly divided by
 ,lamarck1 this is a beautiful and      
numerous genus1 comprehending only such 
shells as have three or more varices on 
each whorl4  ,these varices show the    
number of times the animal has increased
 the size of its shell1 and what        
proportion is added at each increase4   
,the shells are generally irregular in  
form1 arising from their surfaces being 

usually armed with spines1 knobs1 stri1 
or foliations4  ,shell generally oval2  
the spire always but little elevated1   
armed with longitudinal transverse      
varices or thickened bands2 aperture    
small2 very oval and symmetrical by the 
excavation of the left edge1 formed by a
 plate applied on the columella1        
terminated anteriorly by a middling     
sized canal1 sometimes very long and    
close2 the right edge more or less      
adorned with varices2 operculum horny1  
oval1 complete1 almost circular1 with   
sub-concentric partitions2 summit       
terminal4                               
,murex crassispina4                     
,m4 ,haustellum4                        
,m4 acanthopterus4                      
,m4 tenuispina4                         
,m4 rarispina4                          
,m4 inflatus4                           
,m4 elongatus4                          
,m4 palmaros4                           
,m4 brevifrons4                         
,m4 calcitrapa4                         

,m4 adustus4                            
,m4 rufus4                              
,m4 axicornis4                          
,m4 cervicornis4                        
,m4 aculeatus4                          
,m4 microphyllus4                       
,m4 brassica4                           
,m4 saxatilis4                          
,m4 endivia4                            
,m4 radix4                              
,m4 melanomathos4                       
,m4 hexagonus4                          
,m4 scorpio4                            
,m4 secundus4                           
,m4 ,tarentinus4                        
,m4 scaber4                             
,m4 costularis4                         
,m4 cornutus4                           
,m4 brandaris4                          
,m4 ternispina4                         
,m4 brevispina4                         
,m4 tenuirostrum4                       
,m4 motacilla4                          
,m4 asperrimus4                         
,m4 phyllopterus4                       

,m4 capucinus4                          
,m4 tripterus4                          
,m4 trigonularis4                       
,m4 uncinarius4                         
,m4 hemitripterus4                      
,m4 gibbosus4                           
,m4 triqueter4                          
,m4 trigonulus4                         
,m4 quadrifrons4                        
,m4 turbinatus4                         
,m4 trunculus4                          
,m4 anguliferus4                        
,m4 melonulus4                          
,m4 ,magellanicus4                      
,m4 lamellosus4                         
,m4 erinaceus4                          
,m4 cinguliferus4                       
,m4 subcarinatus4                       
,m4 torosus4                            
,m4 polygonulus4                        
,m4 vitulinus4                          
,m4 angularis4                          
,m4 crispatus4                          
,m4 fenestratus4                        
,m4 cingulatus4                         

,m4 lyratus4                            
,m4 concatenatus4                       
,m4 granarius4                          
,m4 fimbriatus4                         
,m4 pulchellus4                         
,m4 aciculatus4  ,m4 crassispina4 ,the  
thick-spined ,murex4 ,pl4 #bf1 fig4 #c4 
,species with tube very long and spiny4 
,m4 adustus4 ,the burnt ,murex4 ,pl4    
#bf1 fig4 #a4  ,species with three      
ramified varices4  ,m4 ,haustellum4 ,the
 ,snipe ,murex4 ,pl4 #bf1 fig4 #d4      
,species with tube very long1 and       
without spines4  ,m4 acanthopterus4 ,the
 prickly ,murex4  ,species with three   
varices on each whorl4  ,m4             
melanomathos4 ,the black-spined ,murex4 
,species which have whorls with more    
than three varices2 the tube almost     
close4  ,m4 lyratus4 ,the lyre-shaped   
,murex4  ,species sub-turreted4  ,m4    
vitulinus4 ,the young ,murex4  ,species 
sub-globular2 the spire and the canal   
rather short1 very open2 the aperture   
sub-effuse4                       #aa4  

,triton4 ,thirty-one species4  ,in this 
genus the varices are in longitudinal   
rows or series1 but alternating1 few in 
number1 sometimes only one on each      
whorl4 ,they are never spinous or       
foliated1 though frequently plaited or  
tuberculated4  ,the ,triton variegatus  
type of this genus is one of the largest
 spiral shells4  ,shell oval1 with spire
 and canal straight1 middling1 generally
 rough1 garnished with varices1 rare1   
scattered1 and preserved in longitudinal
 rows2 aperture sub-oval1 elongated1    
terminated by a short1 open canal2 the  
columellar edge less hollowed than the  
right1 and covered with a callosity2    
operculum horny1 oval1 rounded1 and     
rather large4                           
,triton variegatus4                     
,t4 nodiferus4                          
,t4 ,australis4                         
,t4 lampas4                             
,t4 scrobiculator4                      
,t4 ,spengleri4                         
,t4 corrugatus4                         

,t4 succinctus4                         
,t4 pilearis4                           
,t4 lotorium4                           
,t4 femoralis4                          
,t4 subdistortus4                       
,t4 cancellatus4                        
,t4 maculosus4                          
,t4 clandestinus4                       
,t4 pyrum4                              
,t4 cynocephalum4                       
,t4 tripus4                             
,t4 canaliferus4                        
,t4 retusus4                            
,t4 clavator4                           
,t4 tuberosus4                          
,t4 vespaceus4                          
,t4 chlorostomus4                       
,t4 anus4                            ,t4
 clathratus4                            
,t4 rubecula4                           
,t4 cutaceus4                           
,t4 dolarius4                           
,t4 ,tranquebaricus4                    
,t4 undosus4  ,t4 variegatus4 ,the      
trumpet ,triton4 ,pl4 #bf1 fig4 #e4     

,the smoothest species1 oblong1         
ventricose1 tubiform2 aperture dilated2 
suture of the spire crenulated2 pillar  
lip grooved obliquely2 colour pale      
purple1 clouded and spotted with brown4 
,t4 cutaceus4 ,the rough-skin ,triton4  
,species with spire rather short1 always
 very tuberculated1 often umbilicated2 a
 sinus at the posterior junction of the 
two edges4  ,t4 anus4 ,the grinning     
,triton4  ,species similar to the ,t4   
cutaceus1 but having the aperture       
surrounded by a thin dilated membrane   
and irregular teeth4                    
,,family ,,xvii4                        
,,alata4 ,three genera4                 
#a4 ,rostellaria4 ,three species4       
,lamarck formed this genus from the     
,strombus of ,linnus on account of      
having a sinus in the lower part of the 
right margin contiguous to the canal4   
,the beak is generally curved1 and short
 in comparison to the length of the     
spire1 but sometimes it is straight1 and
 equal in length to the other part of   

the shell4  ,the ,r4 rectirostris is one
 of the most rare shells known4  ,shell 
sub-depressed1 turreted1 with spire     
produced and pointed2 aperture oval by  
the excavation of the columellar edge2  
the right margin dilating by age1 and   
having a sinus contiguous to the pointed
 canal which terminates the shell4      
,rostellaria curvirostris4              
,r4 rectirostris4                       
,r4 pes-,pelicani4  ,r4 curvirostris4   
,the curved beak ,rostellaria4 ,pl4 #bg1
 fig4 #b4  ,species with the right edge 
digitated4  ,r4 pes-,pelicani4 ,the     
,pelican's foot ,rostellaria4  ,species 
turreted1 with four digitations on the  
right edge2 body and volutions ribbed   
longitudinally and crowned with papill2 
flesh-coloured or white4                
#b4 ,pteroceras4 ,seven species4        
,formed from the ,strombus1 being       
distinct from it by not having the canal
 at the base shortened or truncated4 ,it
 greatly resembles the ,rostellaria1 but
 the sinus of the right margin is       

distant from the body4 ,from its        
digitation or long recurved claws it has
 often been called the ,spider ,shell4  
,shell oblong-ovate1 ventricose1 canal  
elongated1 attenuated1 and often closed2
 right margin dilating by age into an   
expanded1 digitated wing1 attached to   
and covering a short spire1 with a sinus
 in the lower part not contiguous to the
 body4                                  
,pteroceras truncata4                   
,p4 lambis4                             
,p4 millepeda4                          
,p4 pseudoscorpio4                      
,p4 scorpio4                            
,p4 aurantia4                           
,p4 chiragra4  ,p4 chiragra4 ,the       
,devil's ,claw4 ,pl4 #bh1 fig4 #c4      
,tuberculated1 with six digitated1      
canaliculated rays1 closed in the adult 
shell2 outer lip internally striated4   
,p4 scorpio4 ,the ,scorpion ,pteroceras4
  ,species with digitations on the      
external edge1 varying in number from   
six to ten4               #c4 ,strombus4

 ,the ,wing ,shell4 ,thirty-two species4
  ,as now defined and characterized by  
,lamarck1 is easily distinguished by not
 having the winged aperture on the right
 side dentated or digitated1 and the    
sinus therein always separated from the 
canal4  ,in some species the exterior is
 variously striated1 smooth1 wrinkled   
longitudinally1 or tuberculated2 the    
interior presents vivid and beautiful   
colours4  ,these shells frequently      
attain a large size and great solidity4 
,shell thick1 sub-involute1 diconic1 or 
ventricose1 terminated like a cone      
before and behind2 aperture very long1  
narrow1 terminated anteriorly by a canal
 more or less elongated1 recurved2 the  
edges parallel2 the external dilating   
with age1 offering behind a gutter at   
its attachment to the spire1 and before 
a sinus more posterior than the canal1  
through which passes the head of the    
animal2 operculum horny1 long1 and      
narrow1 with elements as if imbricated2 
the summit terminal4                    

,strombus gigas4                        
,s4 accipitrinus4                       
,s4 latissimus4                         
,s4 tricornis4                          
,s4 ,canarium4                          
,s4 ,isabella4                          
,s4 vittatus4                           
,s4 epidromis4                          
,s4 gallus4                             
,s4 bituberculatus4                     
,s4 cristatus4                          
,s4 dilatatus4                          
,s4 bubonius4                           
,s4 lentiginosus4                       
,s4 auris-,dian4                        
,s4 pugilis4                            
,s4 pyrulatus4                          
,s4 gibberulus4                         
,s4 ,luhuanus4                          
,s4 ,mauritianus4                       
,s4 colomba4                            
,s4 succinctus4                         
,s4 troglodytes4                        
,s4 tridentatus4                        
,s4 urceus4                             

,s4 plicatus4                           
,s4 ,floridus4                          
,s4 papilio4                            
,s4 lineatus4                           
,s4 marginatus4                         
,s4 turritus4                           
,s4 cancellatus4  ,s4 polyfasciatus4    
,the many-banded ,strombus4 ,pl4 #bh1   
fig4 #b4  ,species distinguished by its 
bands1 and by having the margin of the  
outer lip thickened4  ,s4 auris-,dian4  
,diana's ,ear ,strombus4  ,oblong-ovate2
 spire acute1 tuberculated1 and         
transversely striated2 base recurved1   
outer lip thick1 anterior lobe with a   
finger-like termination4  ,s4 pugilis4  
,the fighting1 or thick-spined          
,strombus4  ,anterior lip prominent1    
rounded1 smooth2 spire crowned with     
spines1 the outermost whorl cancellate2 
columella much reflected2 beak          
three-lobed1 obtuse1 flesh-coloured1 and
 polished within4                       
,,family ,,xviii4                       
,,purpurifera4 ,eleven genera4          

#a4 ,cassidaria4 ,five species4  ,marine
 shell1 sometimes confounded with the   
,cassis1 but distinguished by the canal 
which terminates the aperture being     
ascendant1 very little arched1 and not  
suddenly recurved4  ,shell sub-globular1
 ventricose1 tuberculated1 or fluted2   
spire short and pointed2 aperture long1 
oval1 sub-canaliculated anteriorly2 the 
right edge effuse and folded back2 the  
columella covered over with a broad1    
smooth callosity1 uniting behind to the 
right edge2 operculum horny4            
,cassidaria echinophora4                
,c4 ,tyrrhena4                          
,c4 cingulata4                          
,c4 striata4                         ,c4
 oniscus4  ,c4 echinophora4 ,the        
tuberculated ,cassidaria4 ,pl4 #bg1 fig4
 #e4  ,species oval1 sub-globular1 canal
 sub-ascendant1 with tuberculated belts 
or ribs4  ,c4 ,tyrrhena4 ,the           
,tyrrhenian ,cassidaria4  ,species      
ovate1 grooved transversely1 volutions  
convex2 apex with one tubercle2 tawny   

colour4              #b4 ,cassis4 ,the  
,helmet ,shell4 ,twenty-five species4   
,this genus was formed from the         
,buccinum1 from which it is easily      
distinguished2 the latter having only a 
notch at the base1 and the ,cassis with 
a canal abruptly turned towards the back
 of the shell4  ,shell inflated oval1   
sub-involute1 spire very little         
projecting2 aperture long1 oval1        
sometimes very narrow1 terminated       
anteriorly by a very short canal1 sloped
 and recurved obliquely towards the     
back2 the right edge more or less       
concave1 reflected backward1 and often  
dentated within2 the columella covered  
with a large callosity1 denticulated or 
wrinkled in all its length2 operculum   
horny4                                  
,cassis cornuta4                        
,c4 tuberosa4                           
,c4 ,madagascariensis4                  
,c4 flammea4                            
,c4 fascinata4                          
,c4 glauca4                             

,c4 rufa4                           ,c4 
pennata4                           ,c4  
testiculus4                             
,c4 achatina4                           
,c4 crumena4                            
,c4 plicaria4                           
,c4 areola4                             
,c4 zebra4                           ,c4
 decussata4                             
,c4 abbreviata4                         
,c4 sulcosa4                            
,c4 granulosa4                          
,c4 saburon4                            
,c4 canaliculata4                       
,c4 pyrum4                           ,c4
 ,ceylanica4                            
,c4 semigranosa4                        
,c4 vibex4                           ,c4
 erinaceus4  ,c4 tuberosa4 ,the tuberous
 ,cassis4 ,pl4 #bh1 fig4 #e4  ,species  
in which the aperture is long1 the      
external edge almost straight1 and the  
spire with thickened bands4  ,c4        
flammea4 ,the flaming ,cassis4  ,species
 in which the aperture is sub-oval1 and 

the external edge excavated2 spire      
short1 base triangular2 columella       
rugose2 outer lip thickened4  ,c4       
areola4 ,the draught-board ,cassis4     
,smooth1 shiny1 white1 with square      
orange tesselated spots2 spire short and
 conical1 with decussated stri2 lower   
part of columella rugose4               
#c4 ,ricinula4 ,nine species4  ,shell   
oval or sub-globular1 thick1 armed with 
points or tubercles1 with a depressed   
spire2 aperture narrow1 elongated1      
notched1 sometimes canaliculated        
anteriorly1 and digitated externally2   
the left edge more or less callous1     
sometimes denticulated2 operculum horny1
 oval1 transverse1 with elements        
slightly imbricated4                    
,ricinula horrida4                      
,r4 clathrata4                          
,r4 arachnoidea4                        
,r4 miticula4                           
,r4 digitata4                           
,r4 pisolina4                           
,r4 aspera4                             

,r4 morus4                              
,r4 mutica4  ,r4 horrida4 ,the horrid   
,ricinula4 ,pl4 #bf1 fig4 #b4  ,species 
without a canal2 exterior covered with  
strong1 obtuse black tubercles1 with the
 interstices white1 striated            
transversely2 interior rich purple      
colour2 outer lip with five triangular  
grooved radii1 between which at their   
base the margin is crenulated4  ,r4     
digitata4 ,the digitated ,ricinula4     
,species canaliculated2 two long        
palmated digits at the side of the      
aperture4                          #d4  
,purpura4 ,fifty species4  ,this genus  
has its name from the purple liquid     
produced by the animal1 from which the  
ancients extracted the ,tyrian purple   
dye4 ,this is the last genus that       
presents the appearance of a canal at   
the base of the aperture1 and therefore 
rightly precedes the remaining genera of
 this family1 all of which are without a
 canal4  ,shell oval1 thick1 generally  
tuberculated2 spire short2 the last     

whorl much greater than all the others  
united2 aperture oval1 greatly dilated1 
terminated anteriorly by a canal short1 
oblique1 and notched at the extremity2  
the columellar edge almost straight1    
covered with a callosity pointed        
anteriorly2 operculum horny1 flat1      
almost semicircular1 with transverse    
stri slightly marked2 the summit behind4
                             ,purpura   
,persica4                            ,p4
 ,rudolphi4                             
,p4 patula4                             
,p4 collumellaris4                      
,p4 succincta4                          
,p4 consul4                             
,p4 armigera4                           
,p4 bitubercularis4                     
,p4 hippocastanum4                      
,p4 undata4                             
,p4 hmastoma4                           
,p4 manicella4                          
,p4 bufo4                            ,p4
 callosa4                            ,p4
 neritoides4                            

,p4 planospira4                         
,p4 callifera4                          
,p4 coronata4                           
,p4 sacellum4                           
,p4 squamosa4                           
,p4 rugosa4                             
,p4 textilosa4                          
,p4 sertum4                             
,p4 ,francolinus4                       
,p4 limbosa4                            
,p4 ligata4                             
,p4 cruentata4                          
,p4 lapillus4                           
,p4 imbricata4                          
,p4 lagenaria4                          
,p4 cateracta4                          
,p4 bicostalis4                         
,p4 plicata4                            
,p4 fiscella4                           
,p4 thiarella4                          
,p4 rustica4                            
,p4 carinifera4                         
,p4 scalariformis4                      
,p4 hystrix4                            
,p4 deltoidea4                          

,p4 unifascialis4                       
,p4 retusa4                             
,p4 trochlea4                           
,p4 semi-imbricata4                     
,p4 echinulata4                         
,p4 clavus4                             
,p4 fasciolaris4                        
,p4 vexillum4                           
,p4 bizonalis4                          
,p4 nucleus4  ,p4 ,persica4 ,the        
,persian ,purpura4 ,pl4 #bh1 fig4 #d4   
,transversely sulcated and striated     
between the ridges2 colour burnt-umber1 
ridges yellowish1 with dark brown spots2
 upper ridge and the superior edges of  
the volutions mucronate2 interior       
sulcated and striated4  ,p4 lapillus4   
,the common ,purpura4  ,species small1  
white1 sometimes banded with yellow or  
brown1 with a scaly surface4            
#e4 ,monoceros4 ,the ,unicorn4 ,five    
species4  ,derived its name from the    
long1 conical-pointed1 somewhat recurved
 tooth in the outer lip1 by which alone 
it can well be distinguished from the   

,purpura2 and with this characteristic  
difference the description of the shell 
of the ,purpura will answer for this    
genus4                                  
,monoceros cingulatum4                  
,m4 imbricatum4                         
,m4 striatum4                           
,m4 glabratum4                          
,m4 crassilabrum4  ,m4 cingulatum4 ,the 
belted ,monoceras4  ,cylindrical1       
columella not smooth1 but irregularly   
plaited or wrinkled1 and the tooth does 
not extend within the interior of the   
whorls as in the other species1 but     
appears affixed only to the edge of the 
lip2 volutions flattened in their upper 
edges2 transverse spiral brown bands4   
#f4 ,concholepas4 ,one species4         
,formerly considered a ,patella1 but    
distinct from it on account of having an
 operculum4 ,it is particularly         
distinguished by having two teeth at the
 base of the right side4  ,shell wide1  
rough1 oval1 spire very short1 not      
projecting2 aperture very large1 oval1  

effuse1 sloped anteriorly2 the edges    
united2 the right or external very      
thick1 dentated2 the two teeth which    
limit the slope are a little larger than
 the others2 muscular impression        
visible1 and almost in form of a        
horseshoe2 operculum horny and          
rudimentary4  ,c4 ,peruvianus4 ,the     
,peruvian ,concholepas4 ,pl4 #bh1 fig4  
#a4  ,the type of this genus2 exterior  
dark brown1 interior white4             
#g4 ,harpa4 ,the ,harp ,shell4 ,eight   
species4  ,this genus of shells is truly
 beautiful2 it was classed by ,linnus   
with the ,buccinum1 but ,lamarck        
considered that they were1 for their    
beauty1 worthy of forming a genus by    
themselves4  ,shell oval1 inflated1     
rather thin1 with longitudinal parallel 
ribs1 formed by the preservation of the 
thickening of the right margin2 the     
spire very short1 pointed1 the last     
whorl much longer than all the others   
together2 aperture large1 ovate1 widely 
notched anteriorly2 the right edge much 

excavated and thickened outwardly2 the  
columella smooth1 and terminated in a   
point anteriorly4                       
,harpa imperialis4                      
,h4 ventricosa4                         
,h4 conoidalis4                         
,h4 nobilis4                            
,h4 articularis4                        
,h4 rosea4                              
,h4 minor4                              
,h4 striata4  ,h4 imperialis4 ,the      
imperial ,harp4  ,species in which the  
number of ribs far exceeds that of any  
other1 and occasions it often to be     
called the many-ridged harp2 a small    
spiral keel round the summit4 ,a rare   
and valuable species4  ,h4 nobilis4 ,the
 noble ,harp4 ,pl4 #bi1 fig4 #b4  ,a    
regular species4  ,h4 rosea4 ,the       
roseate ,harp4  ,oblong-ovate2 flesh    
coloured1 with roseate interrupted      
bands2 ribs remote2 columella of a fine 
rosy hue4                   #h4 ,dolium4
 ,the ,tun ,shell4 ,seven species4  ,the
 shells of this genus are generally     

large1 thin1 and globose1 with a wide   
aperture1 and toothed or crenated outer 
lip2 they have a brittle and light      
structure1 and although some of them    
grow to a very large size1 they retain  
their characteristic fragility and      
thinness4  ,shell sub-globular1 very    
ventricose1 thin1 encircled by decurrent
 flutings2 the spire very short2 the    
last turn much larger than all the      
others together2 aperture oblong1 very  
large1 by the great excavation of the   
right edge1 which is crenated through   
all its length2 columella twisted2      
operculum unknown4                      
,dolium galea4                          
,d4 olearium4                           
,d4 maculatum4                          
,d4 fasciatum4                          
,d4 pomum4                              
,d4 variegatum4                         
,d4 perdix4  ,d4 perdix4 ,the ,partridge
 ,dolium4 ,pl4 #bi1 fig4 #d4  ,species  
sub-umbilicated1 ovate-oblong1 thin1    
thickly ribbed1 and convex2 colour      

reddish brown1 clouded and spotted with 
white4  ,d4 galea4 ,the brown ,tun4     
,species not umbilicated2 sometimes     
exceeds ten inches in diameter4         
#i4 ,buccinum4 ,the ,whelk4 ,fifty-eight
 species4  ,notwithstanding the         
divisions of the ,linnan ,buccinum into 
so many different genera1 it still      
presents a great variety and diversity  
of species4  ,shell slightly covered    
with epidermis1 oval1 elongated2 the    
spire middling elevated2 aperture       
oblong1 oval1 notched1 and sometimes    
sub-canaliculated anteriorly2 the right 
edge thick1 not reflected2 columella    
simple and swelled at the upper part2   
operculum horny1 complete1 oval1 with   
sub-concentric elements2 the summit     
slightly marked and marginal4           
,buccinum undatum4                      
,b4 glaciale4                           
,b4 ,anglicanum4                        
,b4 papyraceum4                         
,b4 annulatum4                          
,b4 lvissimum4                          

,b4 crenulatum4                         
,b4 reticulatum4                        
,b4 ,tranquebaricum4                    
,b4 lineatum4                           
,b4 fuscatum4                           
,b4 lineolatum4                         
,b4 maculosum4                          
,b4 politum4                            
,b4 suturale4                           
,b4 mutabile4                           
,b4 inflatum4                           
,b4 retusum4                            
,b4 ventricosum4                        
,b4 gemmulatum4                         
,b4 ,coromandelianum4                   
,b4 fasciatum4                          
,b4 miga4                           ,b4 
lyratum4                           ,b4  
arcularia4                           ,b4
 coronatum4                             
,b4 ,thersites4                         
,b4 pauperatum4                         
,b4 neriteum4                           
,b4 testudineum4                        
,b4 achatinum4                          

,b4 glans4                           ,b4
 papillosum4                            
,b4 olivaceum4                          
,b4 canaliculatum4                      
,b4 tricarinatum4                       
,b4 ,brasilianum4                       
,b4 semiconvexum4                       
,b4 fasciolatum4                        
,b4 vinosum4                            
,b4 tenuiplicatum4                      
,b4 sub-spinosum4                       
,b4 ,ascanias4                          
,b4 lvigatum4                           
,b4 flexuosum4                          
,b4 aciculatum4                         
,b4 corniculatum4                       
,b4 cribrarium4                         
,b4 grana4                           ,b4
 coccinella4                            
,b4 zebra4                           ,b4
 dermestoideum4                         
,b4 aurantium4                          
,b4 pedicular4                          
,b4 gibbolusum4                         
,b4 pullus4                             

,b4 marginulatum4                       
,b4 polygonatum4  ,b4 undatum4 ,the     
common ,whelk1 or waved ,buccinum4      
,species oval1 slightly ventricose1 and 
sub-carinated on the whorls of the      
spire2 sulcated obliquely2 striated     
transversely and longitudinally2        
volutions convex2 aperture white or     
yellow2 covered with a yellowish        
epidermis4  ,b4 papillosum4 ,the        
prickly-lip ,buccinum4 ,pl4 #bi1 fig4   
#a4  ,species with the spire elevated1  
more or less tuberculated1 the edges of 
the aperture separated posteriorly by a 
narrow1 rather deep sinus2 the right    
dentated anteriorly4  ,b4 reticulatum4  
,the reticulated ,buccinum4  ,species   
short1 ventricose1 sub-globular4  ,b4   
achatinum4 ,the ,agathine ,buccinum4    
,species smooth1 the spire rather       
elevated2 the aperture wider anteriorly4
                          #aj4 ,eburna4 
,five species4  ,shell oval or          
elongated1 smooth2 the spire pointed1   
its whorls as if rounded2 aperture      

ovate1 elongated1 effuse1 and widely    
notched anteriorly2 the right margin    
entire2 the columella callous           
posteriorly1 umbilicated1               
sub-canaliculated at its external or    
right side4                             
,eburna glabrata4                       
,e4 ,ceylanica4                         
,e4 spirata4                            
,e4 areolata4                           
,e4 lutosa4  ,e4 ,ceylanica4 ,the       
,ceylon ,eburna4 ,pl4 #bi1 fig4 #c4     
,species smooth1 white1 with irregular  
large purplish spots2 apex acute1 tipped
 with blue2 sutures with an elevated    
line2 umbilicus filled with spines4     
#aa4 ,terebra4 ,the ,needle ,shell4     
,twenty-four species4  ,this genus of   
shells is remarkable for their sharp1   
lengthened1 and spiral form1 which      
obtained for them the common name of    
,needles4  ,shell elongated oval1 spire 
pointed1 slightly elevated1 or          
sub-turreted2 aperture wide1 oval1      
strongly notched anteriorly2 lower end  

of the columella twisted or oblique4    
,terebra maculata4                      
,t4 flammea4                            
,t4 crenulata4                          
,t4 dimidiata4                          
,t4 striatula4                          
,t4 chlorata4                           
,t4 cerithina4                          
,t4 raphanula4                          
,t4 muscaria4                           
,t4 subulata4                           
,t4 oculata4                            
,t4 duplicata4                          
,t4 ,babylonia4                         
,t4 corrugata4                          
,t4 ,senegalensis4                      
,t4 crulescens4                         
,t4 cingulifera4                        
,t4 myuros4                             
,t4 scabrella4                          
,t4 strigilata4                         
,t4 lanceata4                           
,t4 aciculina4                          
,t4 granulosa4                          
,t4 vittata4  ,t4 ,buccinoides4 ,the    

,buccinum-shaped ,terebra4 ,pl4 #bg1    
fig4 #c4  ,answers to the above         
description4  ,t4 vittata4 ,the filleted
 ,terebra4  ,species smooth1 pale fawn  
coloured2 transversely striated1 with   
transverse purplish fillets4  ,t4       
maculata4 ,the spotted ,terebra4 ,pl4   
#bg1 fig4 #a4  ,species very long1 spire
 pointed2 aperture oval1 small1 widely  
notched anteriorly2 the external edge   
thin and sharp1 the left with an oblique
 thickening at its extremity4           
,,family ,,xix4                         
,,columellaria4 ,five genera4           
#a4 ,columbella4 ,eighteen species4     
,the shells of this genus are short1    
small1 and rather thick2 found in the   
seas of hot countries4  ,the ,c4        
mercatoria is very common on the shores 
of the ,atlantic in warm latitudes1 and 
was formerly used as money4  ,shell     
thick1 turbinated2 spire short1 obtuse2 
aperture narrow1 elongated1 terminated  
by a very short canal or notch1 rendered
 narrow by an inflation at the inner    

side of the right edge1 and by some     
plaits on the columella2 a very small   
horny operculum4                        
,columbella strombiformis4              
,c4 rustica4                        ,c4 
mercatoria4                        ,c4  
,hebra4                        ,c4      
flavida4                        ,c4     
semipunctata4                        ,c4
 bizonalis4                        ,c4  
reticulata4                        ,c4  
pardalina4                        ,c4   
scripta4                        ,c4     
ovulata4                        ,c4     
nitida4                        ,c4      
zonalis4                        ,c4     
fulgurans4                        ,c4   
mendicaria4                        ,c4  
turturina4                        ,c4   
punctata4                        ,c4    
unifascialis4  ,c4 strombiformis4 ,the  
,strombus-shaped ,columbella4 ,pl4 #bi1 
fig4 #f4  ,the type of this genus1      
partly characterized by its name4  ,c4  
mercatoria4 ,the merchant ,columbella4  

,ovate1 white1 sulcated1 transversely   
clouded with brown or yellow2 outer lip 
dentated internally4                    
#b4 ,mitra4 ,the ,mitre ,shell4 ,eighty 
species4  ,a numerous and elegant genus 
of shells1 separated by ,lamarck from   
the ,voluta on account of possessing    
several strong distinctive characters4  
,the spire is always pointed1 and the   
columellar plaits1 diminishing in size1 
are always transverse and parallel to   
each other4  ,the exterior is sometimes 
most beautifully marked with transverse 
grooves1 stri1 punctures1 or            
granulations2 the colour of almost every
 hue4  ,shell turreted1 sub-fusiform1   
and oval2 the spire always pointed at   
the summit2 the aperture small1         
triangular1 wider and strongly notched  
anteriorly2 the external edge sharp1    
almost straight1 always longer than the 
columella1 which is formed by a very    
thin callosity1 and marked with oblique 
parallel plaits1 of which those anterior
 are the shortest4                      

,mitra episcopalis4                     
,m4 papalis4                            
,m4 pontificalis4                       
,m4 puncticulata4                       
,m4 millepora4                          
,m4 cardinalis4                         
,m4 archiepiscopalis4                   
,m4 versicolor4                         
,m4 sanguinolenta4                      
,m4 pediculus4                          
,m4 lactea4                             
,m4 cornicularis4                       
,m4 lutescens4                          
,m4 striatula4                          
,m4 subulata4                           
,m4 cornea4                             
,m4 tringa4                             
,m4 melaniana4                          
,m4 ferruginea4                         
,m4 terebralis4                         
,m4 adusta4                             
,m4 granulosa4                          
,m4 crocata4                            
,m4 casta4                           ,m4
 nexilis4                           ,m4 

olivaria4                           ,m4 
scabriuscula4                           
,m4 granatina4                          
,m4 crenifera4                          
,m4 serpentina4                         
,m4 tniata4                             
,m4 plicaria4                           
,m4 corrugata4                          
,m4 costellaris4                        
,m4 lyrata4                             
,m4 melongena4                          
,m4 cinctella4                          
,m4 vulpecula4                          
,m4 ,caffra4                            
,m4 sanguisuga4                         
,m4 stigmataria4                        
,m4 filosa4                             
,m4 fissurata4                          
,m4 arenosa4                            
,m4 clavulus4                           
,m4 literata4                           
,m4 ,peronii4                           
,m4 obliquata4                          
,m4 oniscina4                           
,m4 scutulata4                          

,m4 dactylus4                           
,m4 fenestrata4                         
,m4 crenulata4                          
,m4 texturata4                          
,m4 conulus4                            
,m4 limbifera4                          
,m4 aurantiaca4                         
,m4 amphorella4                         
,m4 coronata4                           
,m4 paupercula4                         
,m4 cucumerina4                         
,m4 patriarchalis4                      
,m4 muriculata4                         
,m4 torulosa4                           
,m4 ebenus4                             
,m4 harpformis4                         
,m4 semifasciata4                       
,m4 retusa4                             
,m4 microzonias4                        
,m4 ficulina4                           
,m4 nucleola4                           
,m4 unifascialis4                       
,m4 bacillum4                           
,m4 conularis4                          
,m4 plumbea4                            

,m4 larva4                           ,m4
 pisolina4                           ,m4
 dermestina4                            
,m4 granulifera4                        
,m4 tabanula4  ,m4 episcopalis4 ,the    
episcopal ,mitre4 ,pl4 #ca1 fig4 #g4    
,species turreted1 with spiral whorls   
very wide and entire2 the aperture      
effuse anteriorly4  ,m4 papalis4 ,the   
papal ,mitre4  ,species with coronated  
whorls4  ,m4 pontificalis4 ,the         
pontifical ,mitre4  ,species covered    
with a yellowish epidermis1 beneath     
which are interrupted fillets of orange 
coloured spots2 spire crowned with      
tubercles4  ,m4 micozonias4 ,the small  
white-banded ,mitre4  ,species          
sub-ovate1 spire very short1 generally  
tubercled4  ,m4 dactylus4 ,the          
six-plaited ,mitre4  ,species oval1     
spire very short1 and generally         
latticed4  ,m4 tniata4 ,the riband      
,mitre4  ,species flaring1 turreted1    
ribbed2 spire more than half the length 
of the shell2 aperture very narrow1     

long1 sub-canaliculated1 with one plait4
                 #c4 ,voluta4 ,the      
,volute or ,wreath4 #dd species4  ,this 
genus1 as established by ,linnus1       
included shells of different families1  
promiscuously blended together1         
rendering it difficult to determine     
satisfactorily respecting shells under  
examination4 ,as arranged and classified
 by ,lamarck1 it is still a numerous and
 beautiful genus1 containing some of the
 most rare and costly shells1           
particularly ,v4 ,junonia or ,peacock   
,volute1 of which very few are known4   
,they vary considerably in size2 some   
are very minute1 and others large2 they 
are found chiefly in the seas of the    
torrid zone or southern hemisphere4     
,shell oval1 more or less ventricose2   
the first whorls of the spire mamillose2
 aperture in general much more long than
 wide1 strongly and obliquely notched   
anteriorly2 the right edge a little     
reflected1 entire2 the columellar edge  
excavated1 and adorned with great       

plaits1 more or less oblique1 and a     
little variable in number with age4     
,voluta nautica4                        
,v4 diadema4                            
,v4 armata4                             
,v4 ducalis4                            
,v4 tesselata4                          
,v4 ,neptuni4                           
,v4 cymbium4                            
,v4 olla4                           ,v4 
proboscidalis4                          
,v4 porcina4                            
,v4 thiopica4                           
,v4 melo4                           ,v4 
imperialis4                             
,v4 pellis-serpentis4                   
,v4 vespertilio4                        
,v4 ,hebra4                             
,v4 musica4                             
,v4 chlorosina4                         
,v4 lvigata4                            
,v4 polyzonalis4                        
,v4 nodulosa4                           
,v4 magnifica4                          
,v4 ancilla4                            

,v4 ,magellanica4                       
,v4 ,pacifica4                          
,v4 fulminata4                          
,v4 ,junonia4                           
,v4 scapha4                             
,v4 ,brasiliana4                        
,v4 mitis4                           ,v4
 nivosa4                           ,v4  
serpentina4                             
,v4 thiarella4                          
,v4 carneolata4                         
,v4 ,guinaica4                          
,v4 fulva4                           ,v4
 sulcata4                           ,v4 
nucleus4                           ,v4  
undulata4                           ,v4 
lapponica4                           ,v4
 vexillum4                           ,v4
 volvacea4                           ,v4
 festiva4                           ,v4 
mitrformis4  ,v4 thiopica4 ,the thiopian
 ,volute4 ,pl4 #cj1 fig4 #b4  ,species  
large1 oval1 convex1 ventricose2 spire  
papillary1 with whorls coronated with   
elevated hollow spines4  ,v4 musica4    

,the music ,volute4  ,species oval1     
marked like musical notes set in scores 
on its surface2 spire sub-tuberculated4 
,v4 ,magellanica4 ,the ,magellan        
,volute4  ,species sub-fusiform1        
elongated1 and sub-turreted2 no spines  
or tubercles on the whorls4             
#d4 ,marginella4 ,twenty-four species4  
,distinguished from the ,voluta1 from   
which it was taken1 by having the outer 
lip thickened4  ,shell smooth1 polished1
 ovate1 oblong1 sub-conic1 spire short  
and papillary2 aperture narrow1         
sub-ovate1 by a light curve of the right
 edge1 which is inflated or reflected1  
slightly notched anteriorly2 the        
columellar edge marked with three       
distinct oblique plaits4                
,marginella glabrella4                  
,m4 radiata4                            
,m4 quinqueplicata4                     
,m4 limbata4                            
,m4 rosea4                          ,m4 
lifasciata4                          ,m4
 faba4                          ,m4     

dentifera4                          ,m4 
dactylus4                          ,m4  
bullata4                          ,m4   
cornea4                          ,m4    
avellana4                          ,m4  
nubeculata4                          ,m4
 crulescens4                            
,m4 aurantia4                           
,m4 bivaricosa4                         
,m4 longivaricosa4                      
,m4 muscaria4                           
,m4 eburnea4                            
,m4 formicula4                          
,m4 persicula4                          
,m4 lineata4                            
,m4 tessellata4                         
,m4 interrupta4  ,m4 lineata4 ,the      
lineated ,marginella4 ,pl4 #cj1 fig4 #c4
  ,species with aperture as long as the 
shell2 spire not projecting1 sometimes  
sunk or umbilicated4  ,m4 faba4 ,the    
,bean ,marginella4  ,species with       
aperture shorter than the shell1 and the
 spire projecting4  ,m4 crulescens4 ,the
 cerulean ,marginella4  ,species with   

surface bluish white2 spire short and   
acute2 four plaits on the columella2    
interior lip brownish purple4           
#e4 ,volvaria4 ,five species4  ,the     
connecting genus between those shells   
that have a columella and those that are
 evolved upon their own axis4           
,distinguished from the ,marginella by  
not having a thickened outer lip4 ,the  
shells are marine1 and generally very   
small4  ,shell cylindrical1 convolute2  
spire obsolete or concealed2 aperture   
narrow1 the whole length of the shell1  
with one or more plaits on the columella
 at the lower part4                     
,volvaria monilis4                      
,v4 pallida4                            
,v4 triticea4                           
,v4 oryza4                              
,v4 miliacea4  ,v4 monilis4 ,the        
,necklace ,volvaria4 ,pl4 #bi1 fig4 #e4 
,species greatly involuted2 aperture    
very narrow and very long2 plaits on the
 anterior part of the columellar edge2  
the exterior edge thin4                 

,,family ,,xx4                          
,,convoluta4 ,six genera4               
#a4 ,ovula4 ,the ,egg4 #ab species4     
,this is the first genus of ,lamarck's  
arrangement of convoluted shells2 it is 
nearly allied to the ,cypra1 but easily 
distinguished from it by the want of    
spire1 and by not having teeth on the   
columellar lip2 the right lip is        
reflected inwardly1 sometimes wrinkled  
and sometimes smooth4  ,shell oblong1   
convex1 resembling the ,cypra in form1  
with the two extremities of the aperture
 notched1 and more or less prolonged    
like a tube2 the left margin dentated4  
,ovula oviformis4                       
,o4 angulosa4                           
,o4 verrucosa4                          
,o4 hordacea4                           
,o4 spelta4                             
,o4 birostris4                          
,o4 lactea4                             
,o4 carnea4                             
,o4 triticea4                           
,o4 gibbosa4                            

,o4 acicularis4                         
,o4 volva4  ,o4 volva4 ,the ,weaver's   
,shuttle4 ,pl4 #cd1 fig4 #d4  ,species  
in which the right edge is not thickened
 or dentated1 and with each extremity   
elongated1 producing a long1 straight   
tube1 which increases with age4 ,one of 
the most rare shells of this genus4  ,o4
 oviformis4 ,the egg-shaped ,ovula4 ,pl4
 #cd1 fig4 #a4  ,species ovate1 much    
inflated1 ventricose in the centre1 very
 glossy and white2 right edge dentated1 
the tube of each extremity very         
prominent2 interior of aperture reddish 
purple4  ,o4 gibbosa4 ,the belted       
,ovula4 ,pl4 #cd1 fig4 #b4  ,species    
gibbous1 neither end dentated2 tubes    
little marked1 and with the body of the 
shell encircled by a blunt keel4  ,o4   
verrucosa4 ,the warty ,ovula4 ,pl4 #cd1 
fig4 #c4  ,species in which the right   
end is dentated1 with a notch and a knob
 above at each extremity4               
#b4 ,cypra4 ,the ,cowrie4 #fh species4  
,this genus derived its name from the   

,cyprian goddess1 on account of the     
beauty of its polished shells4 ,they are
 generally smooth1 of great brilliancy  
of colour1 and elegantly marked with    
dots1 zigzag lines1 undulations1 or     
stripes1 and covered with an enamel-like
 glaze4 ,they are found buried in the   
sand at the bottom of the sea1 and are  
covered by the animal with a thin       
membrane1 which preserves the polish and
 prevents other testaceous bodies from  
adhering to them4 ,this membrane        
consists of two parts1 and arises on    
both sides of the shell in the form of  
wings1 furnishing the testaceous and    
colouring matter2 in some species they  
do not quite meet on the back of the    
shell1 and the uncovered space is marked
 by a coloured dorsal line2 when these  
membranous wings overlap each other1    
this line is nearly obsolete4  ,these   
shells often differ much with age2 at   
first in thickness1 then because the    
edges are thin1 sharp1 hardly dentated1 
unless internally2 and1 lastly1         

sometimes in the outline2 this is       
because the two lobes of the mantle1 by 
turning over the primitive shell during 
the creeping of the animal1 deposite new
 calcareous matter4 ,de ,blainville     
cannot admit the hypothesis of          
,bruguiere1 that these animals can      
completely abandon their shell to form a
 new one4  ,shell1 when full grown and  
mature1 is solid1 oval1 convex1 very    
smooth1 involute2 the spire entirely    
posterior1 very small1 often concealed  
by a calcareous layer deposited by the  
lobes of the mantle1 leaving in some    
species a small cavity like an          
umbilicus2 aperture longitudinal1 very  
narrow1 slightly curved1 as long as the 
shell1 with edges internally dentated1  
and notched at each extremity4  ,shell1 
when young and immature1 is very thin1  
the edges of the aperture not dentated2 
the right margin sharp and not          
reflected4                              
,cypra cerina4                          
,c4 exanthema4                          

,c4 tigris4                             
,c4 tigrina4                            
,c4 ,argus4                             
,c4 testudinaria4                       
,c4 ,mauritiana4                        
,c4 mappa4                           ,c4
 ,arabica4                           ,c4
 histrio4                           ,c4 
scurra4                           ,c4   
rattus4                           ,c4   
stercoraria4                            
,c4 mus4                           ,c4  
ventriculus4                            
,c4 ,aurora4                            
,c4 lynx4                           ,c4 
adusta4                           ,c4   
erosa4                           ,c4    
caurica4                           ,c4  
,isabella4                           ,c4
 ocellata4                           ,c4
 cribraria4                             
,c4 turdus4                             
,c4 olivacea4                           
,c4 stolida4                            
,c4 hirundo4                            

,c4 undata4                             
,c4 zigzag4                             
,c4 flaveola4                           
,c4 sanguinolenta4                      
,c4 poraria4                            
,c4 ursellus4                           
,c4 asellus4                            
,c4 moniliaris4                         
,c4 stercus-muscarum4                   
,c4 talpa4                           ,c4
 carneola4                           ,c4
 lurida4                           ,c4  
vitellus4                           ,c4 
caput-serpentis4                        
,c4 cinerea4                            
,c4 zonata4                             
,c4 sordida4                            
,c4 icterina4                           
,c4 miliaris4                           
,c4 variolaria4                         
,c4 rufa4                           ,c4 
cicercula4                           ,c4
 lota4                           ,c4    
globulus4                           ,c4 
ovulata4                           ,c4  

helvola4                           ,c4  
,arabicula4                             
,c4 staphyla4                           
,c4 pustulata4                          
,c4 nucleus4                            
,c4 limacina4                           
,c4 moneta4                             
,c4 obvelata4                           
,c4 annulus4                            
,c4 radians4                            
,c4 oniscus4                            
,c4 pediculus4                          
,c4 oryza4                           ,c4
 coccinella4                            
,c4 ,australis4                         
,c4 albella4  ,c4 exanthema4 ,the measly
 ,cypra4  ,species oblong-ovate1 brown1 
with round white spots2 dorsal line     
grayish2 marginal teeth brown2 spire not
 quite concealed4  ,c4 ,pantherina4 ,the
 ,panther ,cypra4 ,pl4 #ca1 fig4 #d4    
,species regular1 beautifully spotted   
like a panther4                         
#c4 ,terebellum4 ,one species4  ,shell  
convolute1 thin1 shining1               

sub-cylindrical1 pointed behind1        
truncated before2 aperture longitudinal1
 edges entire1 columella truncated4  ,t4
 subulatum4 ,the awl-shaped ,terebellum4
 ,pl4 #ca1 fig4 #c4  ,answers to the    
above description1 being the only living
 species known4                         
#d4 ,ancillaria4 ,four species4  ,an    
intermediate genus between the          
,terebellum and the ,oliva2             
distinguished from the former by a      
callous oblique band at the base of the 
columella2 and from the latter by not   
having the spiral whorls separated by a 
groove4  ,shell smooth1 oval1 oblong1   
pointed behind1 enlarged and truncated  
before2 the columella covered anteriorly
 by a callous oblique band2 the right   
lip obtuse4                             
,ancillaria cinnamomea4                 
,a4 ventricosa4                         
,a4 marginata4                          
,a4 candida4  ,a4 cinnamomea4 ,the      
cinnamon ,ancillaria4 ,pl4 #cj1 fig4 #e4
  ,species with spire nearly obsolete2  

shell chestnut colour1 with white bands2
 varix of the columella reddish and     
somewhat striated4                   #e4
 ,oliva4 ,the ,olive4 ,sixty-two        
species4  ,an oval1 involuted1 internal 
shell1 distinguished from the           
,ancillaria by a narrow canal continued 
from its upper angle around the sutures 
of the spiral whorls4 ,it was formerly  
classed with the ,voluta1 which genus   
has not the canal1 so that they cannot  
be mistaken for each other4 ,there is a 
callosity uniting with the spiral canal1
 and another at the base of the         
columella4  ,shell thick1 solid1 smooth1
 oval1 elongated1 sub-cylindrical2 the  
spiral whorls very small1 separated by a
 canal2 aperture long1 narrow2 the      
columellar edge reflected anteriorly by 
a callosity1 and striated obliquely     
through all its length4 ,the shells are 
generally clouded or covered with waved 
lines of a brownish colour1 more or less
 dark4                                  
,oliva porphyria4                       

,o4 textilina4                          
,o4 erythrostoma4                       
,o4 pica4                            ,o4
 tremulina4                             
,o4 angulata4                           
,o4 maura4                              
,o4 sepulturalis4                       
,o4 fulminans4                          
,o4 irisans4                            
,o4 elegans4                            
,o4 episcopalis4                        
,o4 venulata4                           
,o4 guttata4                            
,o4 leucopha4                           
,o4 undata4                             
,o4 inflata4                            
,o4 bicincta4                           
,o4 harpularia4                         
,o4 hepatica4                           
,o4 ustulata4                           
,o4 avellana4                           
,o4 tessellata4                         
,o4 carneola4                           
,o4 espidula4                           
,o4 oriola4                             

,o4 candida4                            
,o4 volutella4                          
,o4 tigrina4                            
,o4 ,brasiliana4                        
,o4 utriculus4                          
,o4 reticularis4                        
,o4 flammulata4                         
,o4 granitella4                         
,o4 araneosa4                           
,o4 literata4                           
,o4 scripta4                            
,o4 tricolor4                           
,o4 sanguinolenta4                      
,o4 mustelina4                          
,o4 lugubris4                           
,o4 funebralis4                         
,o4 glandiformis4                       
,o4 ,peruviana4                         
,o4 ,senegalensis4                      
,o4 fusiformis4                         
,o4 auricularis4                        
,o4 acuminata4                          
,o4 subulata4                           
,o4 luteola4                            
,o4 testacea4                           

,o4 hiatula4                            
,o4 obtusaria4                          
,o4 ,ceylanica4                         
,o4 nebulosa4                           
,o4 fabagina4                           
,o4 conoidalis4                         
,o4 undatella4                          
,o4 eburnea4                            
,o4 nana4                            ,o4
 zonalis4                            ,o4
 oryza4  ,o4 subulata4 ,the awl-shaped  
,olive4 ,pl4 #cj1 fig #a4  ,species     
elongated1 with very projecting spire4  
,o4 undata4 ,the waved ,olive4 ,pl4 #cj1
 fig4 #d4  ,species oval1 spire hardly  
projecting4  ,o4 cruenta4 ,the bloody   
,olive4  ,species cylindrical1 suture   
canal deep2 fawn colour1 with triangular
 spots of purple1 and two dark brown    
spots on the edge of the outer lip4     
#f4 ,conus4 ,the ,cone4 ,one hundred and
 eighty-one species4  ,a genus valued on
 account of the beauty1 symmetry1 and   
variety of its species2 some of its     
shells are very rare and remarkable for 

their richness of colouring2 some are   
coronated1 and others have a plain      
spire4 ,they are all covered with an    
epidermis1 beneath which is generally a 
smooth surface1 with sometimes a high   
polish2 a few are granulated and        
tuberculated4 ,they are found in great  
abundance in the seas of warm climates4 
,shell conic1 covered with a membranous 
periosteum1 thick1 solid1 involuted2 the
 summit of the cone anterior2 the spire 
little or not at all projecting2        
aperture longitudinal1 very narrow1     
turning towards its anterior extremity2 
the external edge straight1 with oblique
 plaits in its anterior part2 operculum 
very small and horny1 sub-spiral1 with  
summit terminal4                        
,conus marmoreus4                       
,c4 ,bandanus4                          
,c4 nocturnus4                          
,c4 ,nicobaricus4                       
,c4 araneosus4                          
,c4 zonatus4                            
,c4 imperialis4                         

,c4 fuscatus4                           
,c4 viridulus4                          
,c4 regius4                             
,c4 tulipa4                             
,c4 geographicus4                       
,c4 punctatus4                          
,c4 tniatus4                            
,c4 musicus4                            
,c4 miliaris4                           
,c4 mus4                           ,c4  
lividus4                           ,c4  
,barbadensis4                           
,c4 roseus4                             
,c4 cedo-nulli4                         
,c4 aurantius4                          
,c4 nebulosus4                          
,c4 minimus4                            
,c4 sulcatus4                           
,c4 ,hebrus4                            
,c4 vermiculatus4                       
,c4 arenatus4                           
,c4 pulicarius4                         
,c4 fustigatus4                         
,c4 obesus4                             
,c4 varius4                             

,c4 millepunctatus4                     
,c4 literatus4                          
,c4 eburneus4                           
,c4 tesselatus4                         
,c4 generalis4                          
,c4 ,maldivus4                          
,c4 ,malacanus4                         
,c4 lineatus4                           
,c4 monile4                             
,c4 centurio4                           
,c4 vitulinus4                          
,c4 vulpinus4                           
,c4 flavidus4                           
,c4 virgo4                           ,c4
 daucus4                           ,c4  
pastinaca4                           ,c4
 capitaneus4                            
,c4 classiarius4                        
,c4 vittatus4                           
,c4 mustelinus4                         
,c4 vexillum4                           
,c4 ,sumatrensis4                       
,c4 figulinus4                          
,c4 quercinus4                          
,c4 cardinalis4                         

,c4 ,magellanicus4                      
,c4 distans4                            
,c4 pontificalis4                       
,c4 ,caledonicus4                       
,c4 sponsalis4                          
,c4 puncturatus4                        
,c4 ,ceylanensis4                       
,c4 lamellosus4                         
,c4 pusillus4                           
,c4 exiguus4                            
,c4 asper4                           ,c4
 hyna4                           ,c4    
miles4                           ,c4    
ammiralis4                           ,c4
 genuanus4                           ,c4
 papilionaceus4                         
,c4 ,siamensis4                         
,c4 ,prometheus4                        
,c4 glaucus4                            
,c4 ,suratensis4                        
,c4 monachus4                           
,c4 ranunculus4                         
,c4 anemone4                            
,c4 achatinus4                          
,c4 cinereus4                           

,c4 stramineus4                         
,c4 zebra4                           ,c4
 lacteus4                           ,c4 
cingulatus4                             
,c4 vicarius4                           
,c4 mercator4                           
,c4 ochraceus4                          
,c4 betulinus4                          
,c4 ,mediterraneus4                     
,c4 puncticulatus4                      
,c4 ,proteus4                           
,c4 leoninus4                           
,c4 augur4                           ,c4
 pertusus4                           ,c4
 nivosus4                           ,c4 
fulgurans4                           ,c4
 acuminatus4                            
,c4 amadis4                             
,c4 ,janus4                             
,c4 flammeus4                           
,c4 lithoglyphus4                       
,c4 testudinarius4                      
,c4 venulatus4                          
,c4 qustor4                             
,c4 muscosus4                           

,c4 ,narcissus4                         
,c4 ,mozambicus4                        
,c4 ,guinaicus4                         
,c4 ,franciscanus4                      
,c4 informis4                           
,c4 rattus4                             
,c4 ,jamaicensis4                       
,c4 amabilis4                           
,c4 ,omaicus4                           
,c4 nobilis4                            
,c4 aurisiacus4                         
,c4 terminus4                           
,c4 striatus4                           
,c4 gubernator4                         
,c4 granulatus4                         
,c4 terebra4                            
,c4 verulosus4                          
,c4 raphanus4                           
,c4 magus4                           ,c4
 spectrum4                           ,c4
 bullatus4                           ,c4
 ,mauritianus4                          
,c4 fumigatus4                          
,c4 eques4                           ,c4
 luzonicus4                             

,c4 catus4                           ,c4
 verrucosus4                            
,c4 acutangulus4                        
,c4 mindanus4                           
,c4 ,japonicus4                         
,c4 pusio4                           ,c4
 columba4                           ,c4 
madurensis4                             
,c4 nemocanus4                          
,c4 cancellatus4                        
,c4 fusiformis4                         
,c4 crulescens4                         
,c4 ,aurora4                            
,c4 ,taitensis4                         
,c4 ,adansonii4                         
,c4 tinianus4                           
,c4 ,portoricanus4                      
,c4 crocatus4                           
,c4 strigatus4                          
,c4 glans4                           ,c4
 mitratus4                           ,c4
 nussatella4                            
,c4 aulicus4                            
,c4 auratus4                            
,c4 colubrinus4                         

,c4 clavus4                             
,c4 auricomus4                          
,c4 omaria4                             
,c4 rubiginosus4                        
,c4 pennaceus4                          
,c4 prlatus4                            
,c4 panniculus4                         
,c4 cervus4                             
,c4 stercus-muscarum4                   
,c4 ,timorensis4                        
,c4 nimbosus4                           
,c4 dux4                           ,c4  
tendineus4                           ,c4
 prfectus4                           ,c4
 melancholicus4                         
,c4 archiepiscopus4                     
,c4 canonicus4                          
,c4 episcopus4                          
,c4 abbas4                           ,c4
 legatus4                           ,c4 
textilis4                           ,c4 
pyramidalis4                            
,c4 gloria-maris4                       
,c4 ,australis4  ,c4 textilis4 ,the     
embroidered ,cone4 ,pl4 #ca1 fig4 #b4   

,species ovate1 slightly elongated2 the 
spire rather projecting1 pointed1 not   
coronated4  ,c4 imperialis4 ,the        
imperial ,cone4  ,species conic1 spire  
coronated1 projecting1 or flat4  ,c4    
striatus4 ,the striated ,cone4  ,species
 oblong-ovate1 gibbous1 not coronated1  
clouded and strongly striated           
transversely4  ,c4 generalis4 ,the      
general ,cone4  ,species conic1 spire   
projecting1 not crowned with tubercles2 
colour reddish brown1 or clouded with   
orange and interrupted fillets4  ,c4    
mustelinus4 ,the ,weasel ,cone4 ,pl4    
#ca1 fig4 #a4  ,species with base       
sub-truncated2 spire channelled and     
banded with orange spots2 body whitish1 
encircled in the middle by              
orange-spotted bands4                   
,,family ,,xxi4                         
,,nautilacea4 ,two genera4              
#a4 ,spirula4 ,one species4  ,an        
involute1 symmetrical1 discoid shell1   
whose whorls do not touch each other2   
the septa or partitions are brilliant   

pearl1 concave externally1 pierced by a 
tube called the siphon or siphuncle1    
placed close to the inner edge of the   
aperture2 covered with a thin epidermis4
  ,s4 ,peronii4 ,peron's ,spirula4 ,pl4 
#cf1 fig4 #b4  ,answers to the above    
description2 colour yellowish white4    
#b4 ,nautilus4 ,two species4  ,an       
elegant1 well-known shell1 more or less 
ventricose1 discoid1 slightly           
compressed1 umbilicated or not1 but     
never papillose2 the septa simple1      
transverse1 not visible externally1 the 
last deeply sunk and perforated by a    
siphon running through them all2 edges  
entire4  ,the ,n4 ,pompilius1 when      
dissected1 displays its beautiful pearly
 chambers2 fine specimens are often     
converted into drinking-cups by the     
,orientals1 who sometimes remove the    
outer coating1 so that its whole        
appearance is pearly4  ,the ,nautilis   
varies in size2 some are microscopic2   
and although they have received         
different names1 and on account of the  

animal have been made to form different 
genera1 it was deemed unnecessary to    
treat of them here4                     
,nautilus ,pompilius4                   
,nautilus umbilicatus4  ,n4 ,pompilius4 
,the ,pompilius ,nautilus4 ,pl4 #cf1    
fig4 #c4  ,species not umbilicated2 the 
back rounded2 aperture round and pearly2
 siphon sub-central2 pale yellow1 with  
chestnut streaks and undulations4  ,n4  
umbilicatus4 ,the umbilicated           
,pompilius4 ,pl4 #cf1 fig4 #a4  ,species
 umbilicated1 sub-orbicular2 pale fawn  
colour1 with chestnut undated transverse
 clouds4                                
,,family ,,xxii4                        
,,heteropoda4 ,two genera4              
#a4 ,argonauta4 ,the ,paper ,sailor4    
,three species4  ,the shells of this    
genus are remarkable for their          
fragility1 delicacy1 and elegance2 they 
resemble a scroll1 ornamented with      
various canaliculated grooves from the  
summit to the margin1 which is          
bicarinated4 ,the colour is usually     

bluish1 but the keel is of a darker hue2
 they vary greatly in size4  ,shell     
navicular1 symmetrical1 very thin1      
compressed1 bicarinated1 sub-involuted  
longitudinally in the same plane2       
aperture very large1 entire1            
symmetrical1 square in front1 slightly  
modified by the turn of the summit1 and 
provided on each side with an earlike   
appendage1 with thick and smooth edges2 
lips sharp4                             
,argonauta argo4                        
,a4 tuberculosa4                        
,a4 nitida4  ,a4 argo4 ,the ,portuguese 
man-of-war4 ,pl4 #ce1 fig4 #a4          
,characterized above2 shell whitish1    
fragile1 keel rather narrow1 with       
sharp-pointed tuberculations2 sides     
striated transversely1 wrinkled         
longitudinally4  ,a4 tuberculosa4 ,the  
tuberculated ,argonaut4 ,pl4 #ce1 fig4  
#b4  ,species more convex at the sides1 
with nodulous elevations2 keel broader1 
points more obtuse4              #b4    
,carinaria4 ,the glassy ,nautilus4      

,three species4  ,in form and texture   
greatly resembling the ,argonauta1 but  
distinguished by only having one keel on
 the whole length of the back4  ,shell  
symmetrical1 carinated or not1 very     
thin1 slightly compressed1 without      
spire1 but with the summit slightly     
recurved posteriorly2 aperture oval and 
very entire4                            
,carinaria vitrea4                      
,c4 fragilis4                           
,c4 cymbium4  ,c4 vitrea4 ,the glassy   
,carinaria4  ,species very rare and     
beautiful1 thin1 papyraceous1 very      
fragile and semitransparent2 a serrated 
keel rises up its front1 and the sides  
are decorated with ribs parallel to the 
base4  ,c4 fragilis4 ,the fragile       
,carinaria4  ,species smaller1 very     
thin1 striated longitudinally1 diverging
 from the summit to the margin2 no keel4
  ,c4 cymbium4 ,the minute ,carinaria4  
,species not larger than a grain of     
sand4                                   
,,glossary                       ,,of   

,,terms ,,used ,,in ,,conchology4       
,a4    ,abbreviated1 shortened1 cut     
short4    ,abdomen1 the belly4          
,aculeated1 furnished with1 or ending   
in1 prickles4    ,acuminated1 ending in 
a sharp point sharp pointed4    ,adnate1
 adhering or growing together1          
adjoining4    ,alated1 winged1 applied  
to the expanded lip of the ,strombus    
genus1 c4    ,ambitus1 the circumference
 or outline of the valves4              
,annulated1 formed or divided into      
distinct rings4    ,annulations1 rings4 
,antiquated1 longitudinally furrowed1   
but interrupted by transverse           
furrows1 as if the shell had acquired   
new growth at each furrow4    ,aperture1
 the mouth or opening of the shell4     
,apex1 the tip or point of the spire4   
,apophysis1 an excrescence4             
,approximating1 approaching near to1 or 
near together4    ,arcuated1 bent in the
 form of an arch4    ,arcuations1       
bendings1 curvings4    ,area1 the       
surface contained between lines or      

boundaries4    ,arenose1 sandy4         
,areola1 a small area or circle4        
,articulations1 junctures1 or joinings4 
,ascititious1 supplemental1 additional4 
,attenuated1 thin1 slender4    ,aurated1
 eared1 having ears as in the scallops4 
,auricled1 having appendages like ears4 
,auriform1 ear-shaped4                  
,b4    ,barb1 anything that grows in    
place of a beard4    ,base1 in          
univalves1 that part of the shell by    
which it is affixed to     rocks1 c41   
and in multivalves the opposite         
extremity to the apex4     ,in          
univalves1 the opposite end to the apex4
    ,beak1 the continuation of the body 
of univalves in which the canal is      
situated4    ,beard1 the process by     
which some bivalves adhere to rocks1 c4 
,bellying1 distended in the middle4     
,bi1 prefixed to any word1 signifies    
two4    ,biangulated1 having two corners
 or angles4    ,bicuspid1 having two    
points4    ,bidentate1 having two teeth4
    ,bifid1 opening with a cleft4       

,bifarious1 parting in opposite         
directions4    ,bilabiate1 furnished    
both with an outer and inner lip4       
,bilobate1 divided into two lobes4      
,bimarginate1 furnished with a double   
margin as far as the lip4    ,biradiate1
 having two rays4    ,bivalve1          
consisting of two valves or divisions4  
,blotched1 spotted in an irregular way4 
,blunt1 obtuse1 opposed to acute4       
,borer1 a piercer4    ,brinded1         
streaked4    ,bulging1 gibbous1 swollen 
out4    ,bullate1 of a blistered        
appearance4    ,byssus1 a beard1 common 
in the ,mytilus and ,pinna4             
,c4    ,calcareous1 relating to lime1 of
 a limy nature4    ,callosity1 a        
protuberance4    ,callus1 is composed of
 two short ribs1 united at the base1 and
     converging at the apex towards the 
hinder part of the shell4               
,campanulate1 bell-shaped4              
,canaliculated1 made like a pipe or     
gutter4    ,cancellated1 longitudinally 
and transversely ribbed4    ,carinate1  

having a longitudinal prominence like   
the keel of a vessel4    ,carinated1    
keeled4    ,cartilage1 a flexible       
fibrous substance by which the valves   
are     united1 situated near the beak4 
,cauda1 the elongated base of the       
venter1 lip1 and columella4             
,cicatrix1 the glossy impression in the 
inside of the valves1 to which     the  
muscles of the animal are affixed4      
,ciliate1 edged with parallel hairs1    
bristles1 or appendages1 like the       
eyelids4    ,cinereous1 of ash colour1  
of the colour of wood ashes4            
,clavate1 club-shaped1 thicker towards  
the top1 elongated towards the     base4
    ,cochle1 shells of one piece1       
univalves4    ,cochleate1 twisted like a
 screw or the shell of a snail4         
,columella1 the upright pillar in the   
centre of most of the univalve          
shells4    ,commissure1 a joint or seam4
    ,complicated1 doubled together4     
,compressed1 perpendicularly squeezed   
together1 in opposition to              

depressed1 which is horizontally        
flattened4    ,concamerated1 arched     
over1 vaulted4    ,concamerations1      
divided into compartments1 as in the    
,nautili4    ,concave1 hollowed out like
 a bowl4    ,concentric1 running to a   
centre4    ,conch1 shells consisting of 
two or more pieces or valves1 bivalves1 
or multivalves4    ,cone1 the form of a 
sugar-loaf4    ,confluent1 running      
together4    ,conoid1 a figure like a   
cone1 sugar-loaf-shaped4    ,contorted1 
twisted1 or incumbent on each other1 in 
an oblique     direction4               
,contracted1 shortened1 shrunk up4      
,convoluted1 rolled upon itself1 twisted
 spirally1 like a piece of     paper    
rolled between the finger and thumb4    
,cordate1 heart-shaped4    ,cordiform1  
resembling the form of a heart4         
,coriaceous1 of a leather-like          
consistence4    ,corneous1 of a horn    
colour1 resembling a horn4    ,coronal1 
relating to the crown or top4           
,coronated1 crowned1 or girt towards the

 apex4    ,costated1 ribbed1 having     
large ribs4    ,corpus1 the body of the 
shell1 the last or great wreath in which
 the     aperture is situated4          
,cortex1 the anterior skin or epidermis4
    ,crenulated1 notched at the margin1 
scalloped4    ,crispated1 rough with    
waving lines4    ,cuneiform1 shaped like
 a wedge4    ,cylindrical1 round like a 
cylinder or a roller4    ,cymbiform1    
boat-shaped4                            
,d4    ,decorticated1 worn1 divested of 
epidermis or skin4    ,decussated1      
generally applied to stri or lines which
 are crossed1 or     which intersect    
each other perpendicularly or           
horizontally4    ,deflexed1 bent aside4 
,dentary1 of or belonging to the teeth4 
,dentile1 a small tooth1 such as the    
tooth of a saw4    ,denticulated1 set   
with small teeth1 as in the ,arca4      
,depressed1 pressed down horizontally1  
low1 shallow1 flat4    ,dexter valve1 is
 the right valve4    ,diaphanous1       
transparent1 clear1 pellucid4           

,digitated1 fingered or clawed1 as in   
the lobes of the outer lip of the       
,strombi1 c4    ,disk1 the middle part  
of the valves1 or that which lies       
between the     umbo and the margin4    
,divaricated1 straddling1 spreading out 
widely4    ,divergent1 tending to       
various parts or directions from one    
point4    ,dorsum1 the back2 it         
generally means the upper surface of the
 body of     the shell1 when laid upon  
the aperture or opening4 ,in the genera 
of     ,patella and ,haliotis1 the back 
means the upper convex surface4         
,dotted1 punctured like a thimble4      
,duplicated1 divided into plaits or     
folds4    ,duplicature1 a fold1 anything
 doubled4                               
,e4    ,echinated1 bristled like a hog1 
set with spines4    ,effuse1 spread out4
    ,elliptical1 having the form of an  
ellipsis1 oval4    ,elongated1          
lengthened1 drawn out4    ,emarginate1  
with the edge or margin notched4        
,emarginated1     ,ensiform1            

sabre-shaped4    ,entire1 whole1        
uninterrupted1 not divided4             
,epidermis1 the outer coating or        
scarfskin of the shell4    ,equidistant1
 being at the same distance4            
,equilateral1 having all sides alike4   
,equivalve1 having both valves of equal 
dimensions4    ,exolete1 worn or faded4 
,exserted1 standing out1 protruding4    
,extraneous1 not belonging to a         
particular thing4                       
,f4    ,falcated1 bent or hooked like a 
scythe4    ,fasciated1 filleted1 or     
covered with bands4    ,fascicled1      
clustered together as in a bundle4      
,fasciculated1 consisting of little     
bundles4    ,fastigate1 flat and even at
 top4    ,faux1 what can be seen of the 
cavity of the first chamber of the      
shell1 by looking in at the aperture4   
,ferruginous1 of an iron colour1 or rust
 coloured4    ,filament1 a slender      
threadlike process4    ,filiform1       
thread-shaped1 slender1 and of equal    
thickness4    ,fimbriated1 fringed4     

,fissure1 a cleft1 a little slit1 or    
narrow chasm4    ,flexuous1 zigzag1 with
 angles gently winding4    ,flexure1 a  
bending4    ,fluviatic1 of or belonging 
to a river4    ,fluviatile1 belonging to
 fresh water4    ,foliaceous1 consisting
 of lamin or leaves4    ,foliated1 bent 
into lamin or leaves4    ,fornix1 the   
excavated part under the umbo4 ,it      
likewise signifies the     upper1 or    
convex shell in the ,ostrea4            
,fragile1 brittle1 easily broken4       
,front1 in univalves1 when the aperture 
is turned towards the observer4         
,furcated1 forked4    ,furrow1 a small  
trench or hollow4    ,fuscated1         
darkened1 obscured4    ,fusiform1       
spindle-shaped1 intermediate between the
 conical and oval4                      
,g4    ,gap1 an opening in bivalves when
 the valves are shut as in the          
,pholades1 ,my1 c4    ,geminated1 marked
 with a double elevated stri connecting 
the wreaths4    ,geniculate1 keeled4    
,genus1 an assemblage of species        

possessing certain characters in        
common1 by which they are distinguished 
from all others4    ,genera1 the plural 
of genus4    ,gibbous1 bulged or        
bulging4    ,glabrous1 smooth1 having a 
smooth surface4    ,globose1 globular4  
,granulated1 beaded1 in small grains or 
beads4    ,groove1 a hollow channel4    
,h4    ,hemispherical1 in the shape of a
 half globe4    ,hirsute1 rough1 beset  
with strong hairs4    ,heteroclitical1  
synonymous with heterostrophe4          
,heterostrophe1 reversed1 applied to    
shells whose spires turn in a           
contrary direction to the usual way4    
,hispid1 hairy4                         
,i  ,j4    ,jagged1 denticulated1       
uneven1 toothed like a saw4             
,imbricate1 placed like the tiles of a  
house4    ,imperforated1 not pierced    
with a hole1 wanting an umbilicus4      
,inequilateral1 when the anterior and   
posterior sides make different          
angles with the hinge4    ,inequivalve1 
where one valve is more convex than the 

other1 or     dissimilar in other       
respects1 as in the common oyster4      
,inarticulate1 indistinct1 not properly 
formed4    ,incumbent1 one lying over   
the other4    ,incurved1    bent inward1
 crooked4   ,incurvated1     ,indented1 
unequally marked1 hollowed4             
,inflated1 tumid1 swollen1 as if blown  
out4    ,inflected1 bent inward4        
,indexed1 bent towards each other4      
,intercostal1 placed between the ribs4  
,internode1 the space between one knot  
or joint and another4    ,interrupted1  
divided1 separated4    ,interstice1     
space between one part and another1 a   
crevice4    ,intortion1 the turning or  
twisting in any particular direction4   
,involucre1 a covering4    ,involution1 
that part which involves or inwraps     
another4    ,involute1 where the        
exterior lip is turned inward at the    
margin1 as in     the ,cypra4           
,isabella-colour1 a brownish yellow with
 a shade of brownish red4    ,juncture1 
the joining of the whorl in univalve    

shells4                                 
,k4    ,keel1 the longitudinal          
prominence in the ,argonauta4    ,knob1 
a protuberance1 any part bluntly arising
 above the rest4                        
,l4    ,labra1 the lips4    ,laciniate1 
jagged or cut into irregular segments4  
,lacunose1 having the surface covered   
with pits4    ,lamellar1 consisting of  
films on plates4    ,lamellated1 divided
 into distinct plaits or foliations4    
,lamin1 thin plates1 laid one coat above
 another4    ,lanceolate1 oblong1 and   
gradually tapering like the head of a   
lance4    ,lateral1 extending to one    
side from the centre4    ,latticed1     
having longitudinal lines or furrows1   
decussate by     transverse ones4       
,lenticulate1 doubly convex1 of the form
 of a lens4    ,ligament1 a solid body1 
softer than a cartilage1 but harder than
 a     membrane1 which connects the     
valves in bivalves4    ,limb1 the margin
 of bivalve shells4    ,linear1 composed
 of lines4    ,lineate1 marked with     

lines4    ,lip1 the outer edge of the   
aperture of univalves4    ,littoral1 of 
or belonging to the shore4    ,lobated1 
rounded at the edges4    ,longitudinal1 
the length of the shell from the apex to
 the base4    ,lubricity1 slipperiness1 
smoothness of surface4    ,lunated1     
formed like a half moon4    ,lunulated1 
crescent-shaped4    ,lunule1 a          
crescent-like mark or spot1 situated    
near the anterior and     posterior     
slopes in bivalve shells4    ,luniform1 
in the shape of a crescent4             
,m4    ,margin1 the whole circumference 
or outline of the shell in bivalves4    
,marginated1 having a prominent margin  
or border4    ,membrane1 a web of       
several sorts of fibres4                
,membranaceous1 consisting of membranes4
    ,mottled1 clouded or spotted with   
various colours4    ,mucronate1 ending  
in a sharp rigid point4                 
,multilocular1 many-chambered1          
consisting of several divisions4        
,muricated1 clothed with sharp spines4  

,n4    ,nacred1 pearly1 pearlaceous4    
,nemoral1 of or belonging to a wood4    
,nited1 glossy4    ,nodose1 knotty4     
,nucleus1 a kernel4                     
,o4    ,ob1 prefixed to words1 is used  
for inversely or inverted2 as           
obconic1 inversely conic2 obcordate1    
inversely heart-shaped4                 
,oblong-ovate1 egg-shaped or oval4      
,obsolete1 indistinct1 not well defined4
    ,ocellated1 applied to eyelike      
spots4    ,ochreous1 of the colour of   
yellow ochre4    ,offuscated1 darkened1 
clouded1 dimmed4    ,olivaceous1 being  
of a greenish olive colour4             
,operculum1 a lid which closes the      
aperture of some turbinated             
univalves2 and also some of the tops of 
multivalves4    ,orbicular1 spherical1  
circular1 round4    ,order1 the second  
division of the animal kingdom4 ,orders 
are made up     of a plurality of       
genera4    ,orifice1 an opening or      
perforation4    ,ovate1 shaped like the 
longitudinal section of an egg4         

,ovoid1 oval4                           
,p4    ,palmated1 webbed1 as in the feet
 of some water-birds4    ,papill1 small 
dots or pimples4    ,papillary1  having 
the surface covered with dots or        
pimples4   ,papillous1     ,papillose1  
pimpled1 dotted4    ,papyraceous1 thin  
as paper4    ,parasitical1 living on    
some other body4    ,patulous1 with a   
gap or opening4    ,pearlaceous1 of or  
like mother-of-pearl4    ,partitions1   
calcareous processes1 dividing the      
shells of the genus     ,nautilus1      
,serpula1 c4    ,pectinated1 resembling 
the teeth of a comb4    ,pedicle1 the   
support of the ,lepas ,anatifera1 and   
its corresponding     species1 by which 
they are attached to wood1 c4           
,peduncle1 a foot-stalk or tube on which
 anything is seated4    ,pediform1      
foot-shaped4    ,pelagic1 belonging to  
the deep sea4    ,pellicle1 the skin or 
film4    ,pellucid1 transparent1 clear1 
bright4    ,pentagonal1 having five     
angles4    ,perforated1 pierced with    

holes4    ,pervious1 admitting passage4 
,phosphorescent1 emitting light in the  
dark4    ,pillar1 in univalves is the   
internal continuation of the columella  
or     inner lips1 and extends from the 
base to the apex4    ,pinnated1 winged4 
,plaited1 folded4    ,plaits1 folds4    
,plicated1 folded or plaited1 as in the 
pillar of the volute tribe4    ,plumose1
 having a feathery appearance4          
,polythalmous1 divided into several     
chambers4    ,porcate1 marked with      
raised longitudinal lines4              
,porrected1 projecting4    ,prismatic1  
generally applied to the colours of     
shells1 being like     those of the     
prism2 iridescent4    ,produced1        
lengthened out4    ,protrude1 to thrust 
forward4    ,protuberances1 plaits      
higher or more elevated than the parts  
adjoining4    ,punctuated1 with small   
hollows like the punctures of a thimble4
    ,pyriform1 pear-shaped4             
,q4    ,quadrangular1 having four right 
angles4    ,quadruplicated1 having four 

plaits4                                 
,r4    ,radiated1 furnished with rays4  
,radicated1 is when the shell is fixed  
by the base to another body4            
,rectangular1 having right angles4      
,recurvated1 turned backward4           
,recurved1 bowed back4    ,reflected1   
thrown backward1 or bent back4          
,reflex1    the same as recurvated4     
,reflexed1     ,refracted1 abruptly     
bent1 as if broken4    ,reniform1       
kidney-shaped4    ,repand1 with a       
serpentine margin4    ,replicated1      
folded or plaited1 so as to form a      
groove or channel4    ,reticulated1     
formed like a piece of network4         
,retroflected1 bent backward4           
,retrousse1 cocked up1 turned up4       
,retroverted1 turned back4    ,retuse1  
ending in an obtuse sinus4              
,rotundated1 blunted1 or turned at the  
edge4    ,reversed spire1 is when the   
volutions turn the reverse way of a     
common     corkscrew1 or to the sun's   
apparent motion4    ,revolute1 rolled   

backward4    ,ribbed1 having            
longitudinal or transverse ridges4      
,ridge1 the upper part of a slope4      
,rima1 the interstice between the valves
 when the hymen is removed4    ,rostrum1
 the beak2 the extension of the shell1  
in which the canal is     situated4     
,rotund1 round1 circular1 spherical4    
,rudimentary1 the commencement or first 
elements of anything2 generally         
applied to the indistinct teeth of      
shells4    ,rufous1 of a reddish colour4
    ,rugose1 rugged1 full of wrinkles4  
,s4    ,sanguinaceous1 of a blood       
colour1 or resembling blood4            
,scabrous1 rough1 rugged1 harsh1 or like
 a file4    ,scalloped1 indented at the 
edges4    ,scrobiculate1 pitted1 having 
the surface covered with hollows4       
,scorbiculous1 a depression or cavity4  
,scutellated1   shield-shaped4          
,scutelliform1     ,seam1 the line      
formed by the union of the valves4      
,semi1 is used in composition in the    
sense of half4    ,semi-cordate1 half   

heart-shaped4    ,semi-cylindrical1 half
 cylindrical1 cut through lengthways4   
,semi-orbicular1 the shape of a half    
globe4    ,semi-lunar1 the shape of a   
half moon4    ,semi-pellucid1 somewhat  
pellucid or shining4    ,septiform1 in  
the shape of a partition4    ,serrated1 
like the teeth of a saw4    ,serrulated1
 very minutely serrated4    ,sessile1   
sitting or seated4    ,seta1 a bristle4 
,setaceous1 bristly1 covered with       
bristles4    ,setiferous1 bearing       
bristles4    ,setose1 covered with      
bristles4    ,sinister valve1 is the    
left valve4    ,sinus1 a groove or      
cavity4    ,siphunculus1 a cylindrical  
canal perforating the partitions in     
polythalmous shells2 for instance1 as in
 the ,nautilus ,spirula4    ,solitary1  
generally applied to a single tooth in  
bivalves4    ,spatulate1 rounded and    
broad at the top1 and becoming narrow   
like a     spatula or battledore4       
,species1 the division of a family or   
genus1 containing such as agree     with

 it in general characters1 or such as   
are derived from one     common         
parentage4    ,spiny1 thorny1 covered   
with thornlike processes4    ,spinous1  
having spines like a hedgehog4          
,spire1 all the whorls of univalve      
shells1 excepting the one in which      
the aperture is situated1 which is      
termed the body4    ,spiral1 twisted    
like a corkscrew4    ,squamose1 scaly4  
,stellated1 starred1 consisting of      
star-like figures4    ,striated1 scored1
 or covered with fine threadlike lines4 
,sub1 in composition1 means almost1 or  
approaching to2 as sub-globose1         
somewhat globular4    ,subarcuated1     
somewhat arched4    ,sub-conic1 somewhat
 conical4    ,sub-diaphanous1 somewhat  
transparent or clear4    ,sub-rotund1   
nearly globular4    ,subulate1          
awl-shaped4    ,sulcated1 furrowed4     
,sulci1 furrows or ridges4    ,summit1  
the tip or apex4    ,sature1 a hollow   
line of division in univalve shells1 the
 spiral line     of which separates the 

wreaths4                                
,t4    ,tentacula1 the feelers of snails
 which inhabit shells4    ,tesselated1  
checkered like a chessboard4            
,testacea1 the third order of worms1    
including those which are covered       
with a testaceous shell4    ,testaceous1
 consisting of carbonate of lime and    
animal matter4    ,tetragonal1 four     
cornered4    ,torose1 swelling into     
knobs or protuberances4    ,tortuosity1 
wreath1 flexure4    ,tortuous1 twisted1 
wreathed1 winding4    ,transverse1      
placed across or crossways4 ,when the   
breadth of a shell is     greater than  
its length1 it is called transverse4    
,trapeziform1 shaped like a trapezium4  
,trigonal1 having three angles4         
,truncated1 stunted1 cut short or       
abruptly off at the end4    ,tubercle1 a
 little knot or pimple4                 
,tuberculated1 knotted1 pimpled4        
,tuberosities1 prominent knots or       
excrescences4    ,tubular1 in the shape 
of a hollow tube4    ,tubulate1 tubulous

 or hollow4    ,tunicated1 coated4      
,turbinated1 shaped like a top or pear4 
,turgid1 swollen4                       
,u  ,v4    ,valve1 the whole of univalve
 shells1 of shells in one piece2 and the
     half of bivalves1 or shells in two 
divisions1 c4    ,varices1 longitudinal 
ribs in univalve shells4    ,variety1 is
 when one species differs some little   
degree from that of     another4        
,vaulted1 like the roof of one's mouth4 
,venter1 the belly1 situated in the body
 of the shell2 being the most           
prominent part when the aperture is     
turned to the observer4    ,ventral1    
belonging to the belly4    ,ventricose1 
inflated1 swelled in the middle4        
,vermiform1 worm-shaped4    ,vertex1 in 
the ,patella the top or most prominent  
part1 situated in     general nearly in 
the middle4 ,in the genus ,bulla it is  
used for the     apex4    ,verrucose1   
warted4    ,verticulated1 whorled4      
,umbilicated1 having a depression in the
 centre like a navel4    ,umbo1 in      

bivalve shells1 the round part which    
turns over the hinge4    ,umbonate1     
bossed1 having a raised knob in the     
centre    ,undulated1 waved1 having a   
waved surface4    ,ungulate1 shaped like
 a horse's hoof4    ,unilocular1 with a 
single chamber or compartment4          
,univalve1 shells consisting of one     
valve or piece4    ,volutions1 the      
wreaths or turnings of the shells of    
univalves4    ,urceolate1 swelling in   
the middle like a pitcher4    ,vulva1 a 
spatulated mark in several bivalve      
shells2 formed when the     valves are  
united on the posterior and anterior    
slopes4                                 
,w4    ,whorl1 one of the wreaths or    
turnings of the spire of univalves4     
,z4    ,zigzag1 having contrary turnings
 and windings4    ,zoned1 surrounded    
with one or more girdles4               
,,index                                 
,,to ,,the                  ,,classes1  
,,families1 ,,genera1 ,,and ,,plates4   
,n4,b4--,the ,classes are printed in    

,small ,capitals1 the ,families in      
,italics1 and the ,genera in the        
,ordinary ,type4          ,a4           
,class4   ,fam4    ,gen4   ,plate4      
,fig4   ,page4    ,acasta               
#b       #a       #d                    
#bj  ,acera                  #d       #d
       #a                     #aja      
,achatina               #d       #g     
#h      #ah     #a-c     #aac  ,alata   
#d      #ag       #c                    
#adi  ,amphidesma             #c        
#e       #g       #f       #i      #ci  
,amphitrita          #a       #c        
#d                      #ac  ,amphitrite
             #a       #c       #d       
#ad  ,ampullaria             #d      #aj
       #c      #ba       #c     #abj    
,anostoma               #d       #g     
#c                     #aji  ,anatifera 
#b       #a       #g       #d       #e  
#ba  ,anatina                #c       #d
       #b      #ab       #e      #cc    
,ancillaria             #d      #bj     
#d      #cj       #e     #afi  ,ancylus 

#d       #c       #g      #cb       #c  
#aja  ,,annelides              #a       
#d                              #aa     
,anodonta               #c      #ac     
#c      #aa    #b1 #c      #fh  ,anomia 
#c      #ai       #e      #af       #a  
#hi  ,aplysiacea           #d       #e  
#b                     #ajc  ,aplysia   
#d       #e       #a                    
#ajc  ,arca                   #c        
#aa       #b      #aj       #e      #fc 
,arenicola              #a       #a     
#a                      #aa  ,arcacea   
#c      #aa       #d                    
#fa  ,argonauta              #d      #bb
       #a      #ce    #a1 #b     #agf   
,aspergillum            #c       #a     
#a      #cc       #c      #bc  ,auricula
               #d       #g      #aj     
#ai       #f     #aae  ,avicula         
#c      #ag       #d      #ad       #c  
#gi                                     
,b4                                     
,balanus                #b       #a     
#c       #d       #a      #ai           

,brachiopoda          #c      #bj       
#c                      #hi  ,buccinum  
#d      #ah       #i      #bi       #a  
#aei  ,bulimus                #d        
#g       #g      #ai       #g     #aab  
,bulla                  #d       #d     
#c      #ag       #g     #ajb  ,bullacea
             #d       #d       #c       
#aja  ,bulla                 #d       #d
       #b      #ag       #e     #ajb    
,c4                                     
,calyptracea          #d       #c       
#g                      #ig  ,calyptra  
#d       #c       #e      #cb       #d  
#ajj  ,canalifera           #d      #af 
#aa                     #ach            
,cancellaria            #d      #af     
#d      #be       #e     #adb  ,capsa   
#c       #h       #i       #h       #g  
#di  ,cardiacea            #c      #aj  
#e                      #eg  ,cardita   
#c      #aj       #b      #aj       #c  
#ei  ,cardium                #c      #aj
       #a      #aj       #b      #eh    
,carinaria              #d      #bb     

#b                     #agf  ,carocolla 
#d       #g       #b      #ai       #a  
#ajh  ,cassidaria             #d        
#aj       #a      #bg       #e     #aeb 
,cassis                 #d      #ah     
#b      #bh       #e     #aec  ,castalia
               #c      #ab       #b     
#aa       #e      #fe  ,chama           
#c      #ad       #a      #ab       #b  
#fi  ,cerithium              #d      #af
       #a      #bd       #c     #aci    
,chamacea             #c      #ad       
#c                      #fi  ,chiton    
#d       #b       #c       #a     #a-d  
#ie  ,chitonellus            #d       #b
       #b                      #ic      
,cineras                #b       #a     
#i                      #bb             
,,cirrhipedes            #b       #a    
#ag  ,cirrhipedes          #b       #a  
#aj                      #ag  ,clausilia
              #d       #g       #f      
#ai       #c     #aaa  ,clavagella      
#c       #a       #b                    
#bc  ,cleodora               #d       #a

       #c                      #ib      
,clio                   #d       #a     
#b                      #ib  ,clymene   
#a       #b       #a                    
#ab  ,colimacea            #d       #g  
#aa                     #aje            
,columbella             #d      #ai     
#a      #bi       #f     #afa           
,columellaria           #d      #ai     
#e                     #afj  ,conchacea 
#c       #i       #g                    
#di  ,,conchifera             #c        
#bj                              #bc    
,convoluta            #d      #bj       
#f                     #aff  ,conus     
#d      #bj       #f      #ca    #a1 #b 
#agd  ,corbis                 #c        
#h       #f       #h       #a      #df  
,corbula                #c       #f     
#a       #f       #f      #ci           
,corbulacea           #c       #f       
#b                      #ci             
,concholepas            #d      #ah     
#f      #bh       #a     #aef  ,coronula
               #b       #a       #b     

#d       #c      #ai  ,crania           
#c      #ai       #f      #af       #d  
#hi  ,crassatella            #c       #e
       #c       #f       #d      #cg    
,crassina               #c       #h     
#aj       #f       #a      #di          
,crenatula              #c      #ag     
#a      #ad       #b      #gf           
,crepidula              #d       #c     
#f      #cb       #b     #aja  ,creusia 
#b       #a       #e       #d       #b  
#bj  ,cuculla               #c      #aa 
#a      #aj       #a      #fa  ,cyclas  
#c       #i       #a       #i       #g  
#ej  ,cyclostoma             #d       #g
      #aa      #ai       #e     #aaf    
,cymbulia               #d       #a     
#e                      #ic  ,cyrena    
#c       #i       #b       #f       #g  
#ea  ,cypra                 #d      #bj 
#a      #cd       #d     #afi           
,cypricardia            #c      #aj     
#c      #aj       #f      #fj  ,cyprina 
#c       #i       #d       #i       #b  
#eb  ,cytherea               #c       #i

       #e       #i       #d      #ed    
,d4                                     
,delphinula             #d      #ad     
#c      #bc       #e     #aca           
,dentalium              #a       #b     
#b      #cc       #a      #ab           
,dolabella              #d       #e     
#b                     #ajc  ,dolium    
#d      #ah       #h      #bi       #d  
#aeg  ,donax                  #c        
#h       #h       #h       #d      #dh  
,dorsali             #a       #a        
#b                      #aa             
,e4                                     
,eburna                 #d      #ah     
#aj      #bi       #c     #aei          
,emarginula             #d       #c     
#b      #cb       #e      #ih  ,erycina 
#c       #e       #d       #f       #e  
#cg  ,etheria                #c      #ad
       #b      #aa       #a      #ga    
,f4                                     
,fasciolaria            #d      #af     
#e      #be       #d     #adb           
,fissurella             #d       #c     

#c      #cb       #a      #ii           
,fistulana              #c       #a     
#c      #cc       #e      #bd  ,fusus   
#d      #af       #f      #be       #c  
#adc                                    
,g4                                     
,galathea               #c       #i     
#c       #f       #h      #ea           
,galeolaria             #a       #d     
#d                      #af  ,gastrochna
            #c       #b       #b        
#c       #a      #bh  ,glycimeris       
#c       #c       #d                    
#ca  ,gryphea                #c      #ai
       #a      #af       #b      #he    
,h4                                     
,haliotis               #d      #ab     
#d      #bb    #d1 #f     #abg  ,harpa  
#d      #ah       #g      #bi       #b  
#aef  ,helicina               #d        
#g       #d      #ai       #d     #aji  
,helix                  #d       #g     
#a      #ah     #d-i     #ajg           
,heteropoda           #d      #bb       
#b                     #age  ,hiatella  

#c      #aj       #d      #aj       #d  
#fj  ,hippopus               #c      #ae
       #b      #ab       #a      #gb    
,hyala                 #d       #a      
#a                      #ib  ,hyria     
#c      #ac       #b       #e       #d  
#fg                                     
,i4                                     
,iridina                #c      #ac     
#d                      #fi  ,isocardia 
#c      #aj       #e      #ab       #d  
#fa                                     
,j4                                     
,janthina               #d      #aa     
#e      #ah       #f     #abe           
,l4                                     
,lima                   #c      #ah     
#b      #ae       #c      #hj           
,limacinea            #d       #f       
#e                     #ajd  ,limacina  
#d       #a       #d                    
#ic  ,limax                  #d       #f
       #c                     #ajd      
,lingula                #c      #bj     
#c      #ag       #b      #ia           

,l4                                     
,lithophagi           #c       #g       
#c                      #dj  ,lucina    
#c       #h       #g       #h       #h  
#dg  ,lutraria               #c       #e
       #a                      #cc      
,lymncea             #d       #h        
#c                     #aaf  ,lymna     
#d       #h       #c      #ba       #a  
#aag                                    
,m4                                     
,mactracea            #c       #e       
#g                      #cc  ,mactra    
#c       #e       #b       #i       #f  
#cf  ,macrostomides        #d      #ab  
#d                     #abe  ,magilus   
#a       #d       #e                    
#af  ,malleacea            #c      #ag  
#e                      #gf  ,malleus   
#c      #ag       #c      #ad       #d  
#gh  ,maldani             #a       #b   
#b                      #ab  ,marginella
             #d      #ai       #d       
#cj       #c     #afe  ,melanides       
#d       #i       #c                    

#aag  ,melania                #d        
#i       #a      #bj       #c     #aah  
,melanopsis             #d       #i     
#b      #bj       #f     #aah           
,meleagrina             #c      #ag     
#e                      #gi  ,mitra     
#d      #ai       #b      #ca       #g  
#afb  ,modiola                #c        
#af       #b      #ab       #f      #gd 
,,mollusca               #d      #bb    
#ib  ,monoceros              #d      #ah
       #e                     #aee      
,monodonta              #d      #ae     
#c      #bc       #b     #ace  ,murex   
#d      #af      #aj      #bf #a1 #c1 #d
     #adg  ,myaria               #c     
#d       #b                      #cb    
,mya                    #c       #d     
#a       #e    #a1 #c      #cb  ,mytilus
                #c      #af       #a    
#gc  ,mytilacea            #c      #af  
#c                      #gh             
,n4                                     
,naiades              #c      #ac       
#d                      #ff  ,natica    

#d      #aa       #d      #ba       #f  
#abd  ,nautilacea           #d      #ba 
#b                     #agd  ,nautilus  
#d      #ba       #b      #cf    #a1 #c 
#age  ,navicella              #d        
#aa       #b                     #abb   
,nerita                 #d      #aa     
#c      #ba       #e     #abc  ,neritina
               #d      #aa       #a     
#ba    #b1 #d     #aba  ,neritacea      
#d      #aa       #e                    
#aba  ,nucula                 #c        
#aa       #d      #aa       #g      #fd 
,nymphacea            #c       #h       
#aj                      #db            
,o4                                     
,oliva                  #d      #bj     
#e      #cj    #a1 #d     #aga          
,onchidium              #d       #f     
#a                     #ajd  ,orbicula  
#c      #bj       #a      #ag       #d  
#ij  ,ostrea                 #c      #ai
       #b      #af       #e      #hg    
,ostracea             #c      #ai       
#f                      #he  ,otion     

#b       #a      #aj                    
#bb  ,ovula                  #d      #bj
       #a      #cd     #a-d     #aff    
,p4                                     
,paludina                               
,parmacella             #d       #f     
#b                     #ajd  ,parmophora
             #d       #c       #a       
#ig  ,patella                #d       #b
       #d       #b     #a-g      #ie    
,pandora                #c       #f     
#b       #f       #c      #dj  ,panopa  
#c       #c       #b       #e       #b  
#ca  ,pecten                 #c      #ah
       #c      #ae       #d      #hb    
,pectinaria             #a       #c     
#a                      #ac             
,pectunculus            #c      #aa     
#c      #aa       #f      #fd  ,pedum   
#c      #ah       #a      #ae       #e  
#hj  ,pectinides           #c      #ah  
#g                      #hj             
,peristomides         #d      #aj       
#c                     #aai  ,perna     
#c      #ag       #b      #ad       #a  

#gg  ,petricola              #c       #g
       #b       #g       #c      #da    
,phasianella            #d      #ae     
#f      #bd       #b     #acg  ,pholas  
#c       #b       #a       #c     #b-e  
#bg  ,pholadaria           #c       #b  
#b                      #bf  ,physa     
#d       #h       #b      #bj       #b  
#aag  ,phyllidia              #d        
#b       #a                      #ic    
,phyllidiacea         #d       #b       
#d                      #ic  ,pirena    
#d       #i       #c                    
#aai  ,pinna                  #c        
#af       #c      #ac    #a1 #b      #ge
  ,pileopsis              #d       #c   
#d                      #ii  ,planorbis 
#d       #h       #a      #bj       #d  
#aaf  ,plicacea             #d      #ac 
#b                     #abh  ,planaxis  
#d      #ae       #e      #bg       #d  
#acf  ,placuna                #c        
#ai       #d      #af       #c      #hh 
,pleurotoma             #d      #af     
#b      #bd       #a     #adj           

,plicatula              #c      #ah     
#e      #ae       #b      #hc           
,plagiostoma            #c      #ah     
#d                      #hc             
,pneumodermon           #d       #a     
#f                      #ic  ,pollicipes
             #b       #a       #h       
#d    #d1 #f      #bb  ,podopsis        
#c      #ah       #g                    
#he  ,psammobia              #c       #h
       #b       #g       #a      #dc    
,psammota              #c       #h      
#c       #g       #e      #dc           
,pteroceras             #d      #ag     
#b      #bh       #c     #aej           
,pteropoda            #d       #a       
#f                      #ib  ,pupa      
#d       #g       #e      #ah       #e  
#aaj  ,pupa                   #d        
#g      #ae      #ai       #b     #aaa  
,purpura                #d      #ah     
#d      #bh       #d     #aee           
,purpurifera          #d      #ah       
#a                     #aea             
,pyramidella            #d      #ac     

#b      #bb       #e     #abi  ,pyrula  
#d      #af       #g      #be       #f  
#add  ,pyrgoma                #b        
#a       #f                      #ba    
,r4                                     
,ranella                #d      #af     
#i      #be       #b     #ade  ,ricinula
               #d      #ah       #c     
#bf       #b     #aec  ,rostellaria     
#d      #ag       #a      #bg       #b  
#adi                                    
,s4                                     
,sabellaria             #a       #c     
#b      #cc       #b      #ac           
,sanguinolaria          #c       #h     
#a       #g       #d      #db  ,saxicava
               #c       #g       #a     
#g       #f      #dj  ,scalaria         
#d      #ad       #d      #bc       #a  
#acj  ,scalarides           #d      #ad 
#c                     #abi  ,septaria  
#c       #a       #d                    
#be  ,serpula                #a       #d
       #b                      #ad      
,serpulacea           #a       #d       

#e                      #ad  ,sigaretus 
#d      #ab       #a      #bb       #b  
#abf  ,siliquaria             #a        
#a       #b      #cc       #d      #aa  
,solarium               #d      #ae     
#a      #bc       #d     #aca           
,solecurtus             #c       #c     
#c      #ca       #f      #ca  ,solen   
#c       #c       #a      #ca       #e  
#bi  ,solenides            #c       #c  
#d                      #bi  ,solenimya 
#c       #e       #f       #f       #b  
#ch  ,spirorbis              #a       #d
       #a                      #ad      
,spirula                #d      #ba     
#a      #cf       #b     #age           
,spondylus              #c      #ah     
#f      #ae       #a      #hd           
,stomatella             #d      #ab     
#b      #bb       #a     #aea  ,stomatia
               #d      #ab       #c     
#bb       #f     #add  ,strombus        
#d      #ag       #c      #bh       #b  
#abf  ,struthiolaria          #d        
#af       #h      #be       #a     #abf 

,succinea               #d       #g     
#i      #bd       #d     #aad           
,t4                                     
,tellina                #c       #h     
#d       #h       #e      #de           
,tellinides             #c       #h     
#e       #h       #c      #df           
,terebella              #a       #c     
#c                      #ad  ,terebellum
             #d      #bj       #c       
#ca       #c     #afi  ,terebra         
#d      #ah      #aa      #bg    #a1 #c 
#afj  ,terebratula            #c        
#bj       #b      #ag       #a      #ij 
,teredo                 #c       #a     
#f                      #be  ,teredina  
#c       #a       #e                    
#be  ,testacella             #d       #f
       #d      #ag       #f     #ajd    
,tornatella             #d      #ac     
#a      #bb       #c     #abh  ,trochus 
#d      #ae       #b      #bc       #f  
#acc  ,tridacna               #c        
#ae       #a      #ab       #c      #ga 
,tridacnites          #c      #ae       

#b                      #ga  ,trigonia  
#c      #ab       #a      #aa       #d  
#fe  ,trigonacea           #c      #ab  
#b                      #fe  ,triton    
#d      #af      #aa      #bf       #e  
#adh  ,tubicola             #c       #a 
#f                      #bc             
,tubicinella            #b       #a     
#a                      #ah  ,turbo     
#d      #ae       #d      #bd       #f  
#acf  ,turbinacea           #d      #ae 
#g                     #aca  ,turbinella
             #d      #af       #c       
#adj  ,turritella             #d        
#ae       #g      #bd       #c     #aci 
,u4 ,v4                                 
,ungulina               #c       #e     
#e                      #cg  ,unio      
#c      #ac       #a       #h       #f  
#fg  ,valvata                #d      #aj
       #a      #bj       #e     #aai    
,venericardia           #c       #i     
#g       #i       #a      #eg           
,venerirupis            #c       #g     
#c       #g       #b      #db  ,venus   

#c       #i       #f       #h    #b1 #c 
#ef  ,vermilia               #a       #d
       #c                      #ae      
,vermetus               #d      #ad     
#a      #bc       #c     #abi  ,vitrina 
#d       #f       #e      #ag       #c  
#ajd  ,voluta                 #d        
#ai       #c      #cj       #b     #afd 
,volvaria               #d      #ai     
#e      #bi       #e     #afe  ,vulsella
               #c      #ai       #c     
#ae       #f      #hg  ,illustration3   
,pl4 #a4--,lith4 of ,d4 ,w4 ,kellogg    
,co4 ,hartford1 ,ct4  ,illustration3    
,pl4 #b4--,lith4 of ,d4 ,w4 ,kellogg    
,co4 ,hartford1 ,ct4  ,illustration3    
,pl4 #c4--,lith4 of ,d4 ,w4 ,kellogg    
,co4 ,hartford1 ,ct4  ,illustration3    
,pl4 #d4--,lith4 of ,d4 ,w4 ,kellogg    
,co4 ,hartford1 ,ct4  ,illustration3    
,pl4 #e4--,lith4 of ,d4 ,w4 ,kellogg    
,co4 ,hartford4  ,illustration3 ,pl4    
#f4--,lith4 of ,d4 ,w4 ,kellogg  ,co4   
,hartford1 ,ct4  ,illustration3 ,pl4    
#g4--,lith4 of ,d4 ,w4 ,kellogg  ,co4   

,hartford1 ,ct4  ,illustration3 ,pl4    
#h4--,lith4 of ,d4 ,w4 ,kellogg  ,co4   
,hartford1 ,ct4  ,illustration3 ,pl4    
#i4--,lith4 of ,d4 ,w4 ,kellogg  ,co4   
,hartford1 ,ct4  ,illustration3 ,pl4    
#aj4--,lith4 of ,d4 ,w4 ,kellogg  ,co4  
,hartford1 ,ct4  ,illustration3 ,pl4    
#aa4--,lith4 of ,d4 ,w4 ,kellogg  ,co4  
,hartford1 ,ct4  ,illustration3 ,pl4    
#ab4--,lith4 of ,d4 ,w4 ,kellogg  ,co4  
,hartford1 ,ct4  ,illustration3 ,pl4    
#ac4--,lith4 of ,d4 ,w4 ,kellogg  ,co4  
,hartford1 ,ct4  ,illustration3 ,pl4    
#ad4--,lith4 of ,d4 ,w4 ,kellogg  ,co4  
,hartford1 ,ct4  ,illustration3 ,pl4    
#ae4--,lith4 of ,d4 ,w4 ,kellogg  ,co4  
,hartford1 ,ct4  ,illustration3 ,pl4    
#af4--,lith4 of ,d4 ,w4 ,kellogg  ,co4  
,hartford1 ,ct4  ,illustration3 ,pl4    
#ag4--,lith4 of ,d4 ,w4 ,kellogg  ,co4  
,hartford1 ,ct4  ,illustration3 ,pl4    
#ah4--,lith4 of ,d4 ,w4 ,kellogg  ,co4  
,hartford1 ,ct4  ,illustration3 ,pl4    
#ai4--,lith4 of ,d4 ,w4 ,kellogg  ,co4  
,hartford1 ,ct4  ,illustration3 ,pl4    

#bj4--,lith4 of ,d4 ,w4 ,kellogg  ,co4  
,hartford1 ,ct4  ,illustration3 ,pl4    
#ba4--,lith4 of ,d4 ,w4 ,kellogg  ,co4  
,hartford1 ,ct4  ,illustration3 ,pl4    
#bb4--,lith4 of ,d4 ,w4 ,kellogg  ,co4  
,hartford1 ,ct4  ,illustration3 ,pl4    
#bc4--,lith4 of ,d4 ,w4 ,kellogg  ,co4  
,hartford1 ,ct4  ,illustration3 ,pl4    
#bd4--,lith4 of ,d4 ,w4 ,kellogg  ,co4  
,hartford1 ,ct4  ,illustration3 ,pl4    
#be4--,lith4 of ,d4 ,w4 ,kellogg  ,co4  
,hartford1 ,ct4  ,illustration3 ,pl4    
#bf4--,lith4 of ,d4 ,w4 ,kellogg  ,co4  
,hartford1 ,ct4  ,illustration3 ,pl4    
#bg4--,lith4 of ,d4 ,w4 ,kellogg  ,co4  
,hartford1 ,ct4  ,illustration3 ,pl4    
#bh4--,lith4 of ,d4 ,w4 ,kellogg  ,co4  
,hartford1 ,ct4  ,illustration3 ,pl4    
#bi4--,lith4 of ,d4 ,w4 ,kellogg  ,co4  
,hartford1 ,ct4  ,illustration3 ,pl4    
#cj4--,lith4 of ,d4 ,w4 ,kellogg  ,co4  
,hartford1 ,ct4  ,illustration3 ,pl4    
#ca4--,lith4 of ,d4 ,w4 ,kellogg  ,co4  
,hartford1 ,ct4  ,illustration3 ,pl4    
#cb4--,lith4 of ,d4 ,w4 ,kellogg  ,co4  

,hartford1 ,ct4  ,illustration3 ,pl4    
#cc4--,lith4 of ,d4 ,w4 ,kellogg  ,co4  
,hartford1 ,ct4  ,illustration3 ,pl4    
#cd4--,lith4 of ,d4 ,w4 ,kellogg  ,co4  
,hartford1 ,ct4  ,illustration3 ,pl4    
#ce4--,lith4 of ,d4 ,w4 ,kellogg  ,co4  
,hartford1 ,ct4  ,illustration3 ,pl4    
#cf4--,lith4 of ,d4 ,w4 ,kellogg  ,co4  
,hartford1 ,ct4                         
----------------------------------------
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,,transcriber',s ,,notes    #a4 ,p4 iv1 
changed 8muscles0 to 8mussels0 and 8die0
 to 8dye04  #b4 ,p4 #ga1 changed        
8,clamp0 to 8,clam04  #c4 ,p4 #aed1     
changed 8die0 to 8dye04  #d4 ,p4 #agd1  
changed 8,o4 legatus40 to 8,c4          
legatus404  #e4 ,silently corrected     
typographical errors4  #f4 ,retained    
anachronistic and non-standard spellings
 as printed4  #g4 ,enclosed italics font
 in underscores4