,,! ,,ess5tials ,,( ,,good ,,skirmi%+   
,,! ,,ess5tials ,,( ,,good ,,skirmi%+3  
,,second ,,edition4                     
,,to ,,:i* ,,are ,,n[ ,,add$1           
,a ,,brief ,,sy/em ,,(                  
,,common ,,light ,,infantry ,,drill2    
,a ,,me?od ,,( ,,practice ,,=       ,,! 
,,spe$y ,,acquirem5t ,,( ,,pr(ici5cy ,,9
 ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,! ,,rifle2       ,,&   
,,%ort ,,obs]vations ,,on ,,s]viceable  
,,appo9tm5ts ,,& ,,dress4               
,,by                          ,,colonel 
,g4 ,,gawl]1 ,k4,h4                     
,late ( ! #ebnd ,light ,infantry4       
,,london3                      ,,p>k]1  
,,furnivall1 ,,& ,,p>k]1                
,,milit>y ,,libr>y1 ,,:itehall4         
#aheb                                   
,,london3                      ,,savill 
,,& ,,edw>ds1 ,,pr9t]s1                 
,,*&os ,,/reet4                         
,,to                         ,,sir      
,,john ,,macdonald1 ,k4,c4,b4           
,,adjutant-,,g5]al ,,to ,,! ,,=ces1     
,,! ,,foll[+ ,,rem>ks1             ,,9  

,,ref]5ce ,,to ,,"o ,,( ,,! ,,bran*es   
,,( ,,! ,,s]vice                        
,,committ$ ,,to ,,8 ,,especial          
,,sup]9t5d5ce1                          
,,are1 ,,by ,,p]mission1                
,,mo/ ,,respectfully ,,d$icat$1         
,,by ,,8 ,,v ,,ob$i5t                   
,,& ,,fai?ful ,,s]vant1                 
,,! ,,au?or4                            
,augu/1 #ahcg4                          
,,cont5ts4                   ,i4  ,!    
,ess5tials ( ,good           #ac        
,skirmi%+                  ,,ii4  ,a    
sy/em ( ,common ,light        #ce       
,infantry ,drill1 adapt$ to !           
,long ,range ,rifle                     
,,iii4  ,a ,me?od ( ,practice =         
#ea                 ! ,spe$y ,acquirem5t
 (                 ,pr(ici5cy 9 ! ,use (
 !                 ,rifle               
,,iv4  ,%ort ,obs]vations on            
#ei                 ,dress & ,appo9tm5ts
                          ,,preface ,,to
 ,,! ,,second ,,edition4   ,"u ! imm5se 
increase :i* is n[ tak+ place 9 ! l5g? (

 range & accuracy 9 effect ( small arms1
 !re mu/1 ( necessity1 come an increase 
( ! importance ( skill 9 skirmi%+4 ,!   
reconnoissances ( m\nt$ /aff (fic]s1 !  
patroll+1 skirmi%+1 & m5ac+ ( *>ges by  
small bodies ( cavalry1 & ev5 ! action (
 artill]y on t v l>ge proportion ( !    
surface ( ! e>? 9 :i* vision is limit$  
to at mo/ "o ?\s& y>ds1 w be greatly    
controll$ by ! accurate & di/ant        
infantry m>ksman4 ,nay1 ev5 columns &   
l9es ( infantry w n[ only be able to    
repel 8 p[] ( de/ructive annoyance by   
meet+ him ) troops 9 ext5d$ ord]4 ,(    
old1 if he press$ too ne> to a clos$    
body ( infantry1 an impati5t volley     
might sweep him & 8 comrades into       
annihilation1 b n[1 ensconc$ 9 8 di/ant 
cov]1 he may 8be>d ! lion 9 8 d510 a    
battalion ( infantry 9 position1 )      
some?+ l impunity4  ,) ?is di/ant p[] ( 
! individual skirmi%]1 h[ev]1 !re /&    
connect$ increas$ difficulties (        
comb9ation ) 8 surr\nd+ & support+      
comrades4 ,su* g5]al unity ( action is  

mo/ important at times = reasonable     
security1 & always = ! production (     
g5]al & total effects4  ,^! advantages  
mu/ dep5d1 m ?an ev]1 ^u well-impress$  
individual acqua9tance ) ! ess5tial     
pr9ciples ( good skirmi%+4  ,"u ^!      
consid]ations ! foll[+ pages1 :i* 7     
receiv$ at ! "t ( _! fir/ publication ) 
public#a & private te/imonials (        
approbation1 are repr9t$1 ) "s          
corrections & additions to make !m      
suitable to ! pres5t /&>d ( milit>y     
effici5cy1 & ) rem>ks :i* may be useful1
 at ?is p]iod1 ^u light infantry drill1 
rifle practice1 dress1 & appo9tm5ts4    
,footnote #a3    ,blackwood's ,magaz9e1 
,oct4 #ahcg1 page #eba2 ,unit$ ,s]vice  
,j\rnal1   ,nov4 #ahcg1 page #dae2      
,naval & ,milit>y ,gazette1 #ahcg2 c41  
c41 c4  ,febru>y1 #aheb4                
,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,fir/ ,,edition4    
,"s high cont95tal milit>y au?orities h 
( late ye>s proclaim$ t ,briti% soldi]s 
are incapable1 or next to incapable1 (  
act+ z light infantry4 ,?an ?is         

ann\ncem5t !re nev] 0 a cle>]           
illu/ration ( ! gold5 maxim1 8,ass]tions
 are n pro(s40 ,if our c5sors _h tak5 ! 
tr\ble to se>* = evid5ce1 s\!rn & we/]n 
,europe w\ld h told !m1 t 9 ^! portions 
( ! civiliz$ _w !re h n be5 kn[n1 9 !   
middle & mod]n ages1 light troops       
sup]ior to ^? ( ,brita94 ,9 ar*]s1 !    
light infantry ( 8! old5 "t10 by :at    
nation 9 ! _w 0 ,engl& surpass$8 ,h]    
troops ( ?is class1 ! direct =efa!rs ( a
 l>ge proportion ( our pres5t soldi]y1  
ga9$ = !mselves a "n t might1 "o w\ld   
?9k1 h s\nd$ ev5 to ! %ores ( ! ,baltic1
 :i* at lea/ has rung ^u e e> famili> ) 
! tales ( ,poicti]s1 ,cressy1 &         
,ag9c\rt4 ,all ( ^!1 z describ$ by =eign
 p5s1#b 7 won ma9ly by ! skill & conduct
 ( ! ,briti% b[m54 ,at ,cressy #ab1jjj  
,g5oese1 !n ! mo/ r5[n$ light troops (  
cont95tal ,europe1 7 driv5 l *aff be=e  
un]r+ clo?-y>d %afts f ! t\gh old       
,engli% yew4#c    ,_h our critics       
inquir$ conc]n+ m mod]n w>f>e1 _!       
,hessian neighb\rs w\ld h told !m t 9 ! 

,nor? ,am]ican revolution>y conte/1 9 t 
six ye>s' w> ( surprises1 skirmi%es1 &  
ambuscades1 among unequall$ woods &     
wild]nesses1 ! ,briti% soldi] 9 himself 
0 m ?an a mat* = ! skirmi%]-br$ ,am]ican
 woodsman2 &1 to say ! lea/1 z al]t &   
intellig5t at ! outpo/s z 8 well-tra9$  
,g]man fell[-combatants4 ,! /ruggle1    
inde$1 end$ unsuccessfully to ,brita92  
b1 let ! blame re/ :]e x may1 x _c be   
?r[n ^u ! ,briti% soldi]2 he nev] came  
%ort ( 8 duty4  ,9 ! protract$ & a/oni%+
 conque/ ( ,h9doo/an1 :i* _h "s         
,european inimical spectators1 ! flank  
companies ( battalions did ?ree-f\r?s ( 
! "w2 n only conc5trat$ at ! brea* &    
escalade1 b also1 :5 necessity requir$  
x1 ext5d$ 9 ! jungle4  ,& to come to ^? 
conte/s :i* (f] ! faire/ e/imate ( !    
,briti% soldi] z he n[ is1 & ) :i* all  
civiliz$ milit>y critics may be expect$ 
to h become acqua9t$1 ! ,european       
campaigns ( ! ,duke ( ,well+ton2 x is n 
s\nd+ an empty boa/1 b a note ( mo/ sob]
 & hone/ tru? to say1 t1 ?an ! ,briti%  

light troops ( 8 army1 bett] nev] gu>d$ 
a camp or f\ght 9 a skirmi%4 ,9 a       
fluctuat+ w> ( eight campaigns1 ov] _m  
hundr$ miles ( v>y+ c\ntry1 oppos$ to ! 
brave/ & mo/ intellig5t soldi]s ( !     
cont95t1 none 7 ev] m con/antly         
conqu]ors 9 action or m successfully    
vigilant on outpo/ duty4  ,x is true1   
inde$1 t ! ,briti% light infantry man   
has a practical sy/em 9 "s important    
p>ticul>s peculi> to himself2 & 9 none m
 s ?an t1 "u all circum/ances1 he       
cont9ues ! well-discipl9$ soldi]1 nev]  
sy/ematically assum+ ! "* ( ! loose1    
lawless1 free-corps freeboot]4 ,f ?is   
la/ peculi>ity may h aris5 ! incorrect  
impressions ( our =eign contempor>ies4  
,we1 h[ev]1 glory 9 ! diff]5ce1 & affirm
 t /]n discipl9e & high soldi]-l        
pr9ciple mu/ =m ! basis ( ?or\gh milit>y
 effici5cy to ! full z mu* 9 ! light &  
ext5d$ s]vices1 z 9 ^? ( a m conc5trat$ 
description4  ,free corps orig9ate 9    
long int]nal w>s4 ,happily = ,brita91 %e
 ( late has n be5 di/+ui%$ = su*        

nurs]ies ( irregul> milit>y skill2 b :5 
h] t]ritories 7 desolat$ by !m1 !re 7 n 
want+ bodies ( ?is description z active1
 intellig5t1 & ent]pris+ z any t ev]    
grac$ ! cont95t ( ,europe4    ,to assi/ 
9 keep+ up ! remembrance ( ! ess5tials (
 ! practical sy/em ( ! mod]n ,briti%    
light infantry man1 9 t important bran* 
( 8 duty1 skirmi%+2 9 ord] t =eign]s1   
:atev] be _! !ories1 may cont9ue to     
receive1 :5 necessity requires x1       
practical evid5ce t ,briti% soldi]s c   
act z light infantry1 is ! pr9cipal     
object ( ! ,au?or 9 submitt+ to ! army !
 foll[+ obs]vations4  #ahcg4  ,footnote 
#b3    ,see 8,le ,n\veau ,dictionnaire  
des ,siges et ,batailles10 "u ^!        
articles4  ,footnote #c3    ,la premire 
ligne des ,franais etoit compose de d\ze
 mille ar*]s   ,gnois4 ,meurdris et     
dcomfits p> les fl*es que les ar*]s     
,anglais   leur tiroi5t si vivem5t que  
ce sembloit neige1 ils l*]5t le pi$   et
 se r5v]sr5t sur la seconde ligne4444   
,philippe1 croyant qu'il y   avoit de la

 trahison de la "p des ,gnois1 s'ecria3 
,or tt tuez cette   ribaudaille qui n\s 
emp*e la voie sans raison4--,n\veau     
,dictionnaire des ,siges et ,batailles1 
article ,crcy4                       ,,!
 ,,ess5tials ,,( ,,good ,,skirmi%+4     
,skirmi%+ is ! art ( fight+1 ) numb]s   
insuffici5t to occupy1 9 close ord]1 !  
gr\nd conte/$4    ,9 light infantry or  
skirmi%+ drill1 z 9 all o!r in/ruction1 
! pr9cipal art is1 to dwell =cibly on   
?+s really ess5tial2 mod]ately on ?+s   
m]ely important2 & lightly on ?+s ne>ly 
indiff]5t4    ,to good skirmi%+ !re are 
eight ess5tials3--      #a4 ,active     
,intellig5ce4      #b4 ,correct ,fir+4  
#c4 ,d>+ ,c\rage4      #d4 ,mak+ ! be/ (
 ,cov]4      #e4 ,pres5t+ ! smalle/     
possible ,m>ks to ! ,enemy's ,fire4     
#f4 ,ma9ta9+ ,ext5sion f1 & ,dep5d5ce   
on1 a giv5 ,file (     ,direction4      
#g4 ,pres]v+ a suffici5t ,read9ess to   
resi/ ,cavalry4      #h4 ,a judici\s    
,employm5t ( ,supports & ,res]ves4  ,v  
defici5t 9 any ( ^! qualifications1     

skirmi%]s _c be ( ! fir/ ord]4 ,possess+
 !m all 9 reasonable pr(ici5cy1         
skirmi%]s mu/ be v good1 let ! "* ( _!  
o!r atta9m5ts & sy/ems ( drill be :atev]
 x may4                                 
,i4  ,! life & especial m>k ( ! good    
skirmi%] is ,,active ,,intellig5ce4  ,9 
! ranks1 ! clos] m5 atta9 to a /ate (   
unreflect+ me*anism1 ) no?+ ( m9d b     
att5tion1 ! ne>] !y are to true soldi]-l
 p]fection4 ,n a ?\ght %\ld arise1 an   
eye-ball turn1 or a f+] tremble1 b 9    
ob$i5ce1 & t ob$i5ce %\ld be accurate & 
in/antane\s z ! ^w4 ,n s ! skirmi%]2 )9 
c]ta9 limits he is 8 own g5]al1 & mu/   
?9k = himself4 ,f ! mom5t t he 8%akes   
out0 f ! elb[s ( 8 "r & left comrades1  
reflection mu/ awake1 &1 9 due dep5d5ce 
on a broad e/abli%$ sy/em1 be           
en]getically direct$ to ga9 e advantage 
on ! oppos+ foe4  ,! ,fr5* z skirmi%]s  
excel 9 active intellig5ce4 ,e man      
manuvres z if ! fate ( ! day dep5d$ ^u 8
 conceptions4 ,_! ability1 9 ?is        
p>ticul>1 may spr+ 9 a great degree f ! 

loos5ess ( _! in/ruction practice ( all 
field ex]cise4 ,?is1 :ile x is ill      
calculat$ to make /eady soldi]s at close
 ord]1 is well adapt$ to give free scope
 to ! natural intellig5ce ( skirmi%]s4  
,! me*anical /iffness1 =m]ly mu* se5 9  
,briti% light infantry1 arose1 !re c    
sc>cely be a "q1 f ! =mality ( our old  
ord9>y mode ( apply+ ! sy/em ( light    
infantry drill4 ,! automatonism1 prop]  
to ! ranks1 0 ext5d$ to skirmi%]s1 & !y 
also 7 taught to move only z !y 7 w\nd  
up4 ,! indignation ( ! drill in/ructor 0
 p\r$ out1 n ^u m5 :o fail$ 9 !         
fir/-rate ess5tials ( good skirmi%+1 b  
^u ^? :o err$ a foot 9 dress+ or 9      
di/ance--:o did n /ep (f1 halt1 or fire1
 precisely at ! s\nd ( ! :i/le or       
elevation ( ! signal fire-lock--^:      
unmusical e>s refus$ to di/+ui% amid !  
endless v>iety ( bugl$ ord]s--:o c\ld n 
run l rac]s1 or :o ran bewild]$ 9 "s ( !
 intricate evolutions1 :i* 7 suppos$ to 
cr[n ! v p9nacle ( skirmi%+ p]fection4  
,"s corps did n drill accord+ to ?is    

errone\s me?od1 o!rs did n c>ry x to its
 full ext5t2 b1 tak+ ! army z a :ole1   
unreflect+ precision 9 ! details (      
skirmi%+ 0 its sy/em1 & to ?is day t    
sy/em has its vot>ies4  ,x is no small  
pro( ( ! /r5g? ( natural intellig5ce 9  
,briti% soldi]s1 t1 :5 br\ght into      
actual s]vice1 !y broke ?r\gh ! fett]$  
/iffness ( _! in/ruction drill1 let g   
:at 0 indiff]5t 9 x1 clung to t :i* 0   
important1 & soon rivall$ _! intellig5t 
& exp]i5c$ oppon5ts4  ,! true summit (  
p]fection 9 skirmi%+ is1 ! pres]vation (
 ord] 9 disord] & ( sy/em 9 confusion2 =
 ! circum/ances :i* accompany skirmi%es 
( necessity produce1 almo/ always1 m or 
less mixture1 inv]sion1 & g5]al         
irregul>ity4 ,9 hot conte/s ov] l>ge    
ext5ts ( intricate gr\nd1 m5 ( diff]5t  
companies regim5ts1 brigades1 & ev5     
divisions1 m+le ) ea* o!r4 ,soldi]s %\ld
 !re=e be drill$1 n inde$ to fall into  
su* irregul>ities on pr9ciple1 b to be  
ready = !m 9 practice4 ,!y %\ld be made 
at times to skirmi% 9 inv]t$ companies1 

mix$ companies1 & mix$ regim5ts--to =m  
good skirmi%+ l9es out ( confus$        
masses--to conc5trate f simil> mix$     
bodies into squ>es to resi/ cavalry1 or 
into l9es or columns = ! purposes ( *>g+
 or def5d+ /reets ( villages1 or o!r    
defiles--to ext5d aga9 rapidly1 & to    
p]=m e necess>y evolution z if no       
mixture or irregul>ity _h occurr$4  ,su*
 movem5ts1 :5 inculcat$ z necess>y      
exceptions to good ord]1 d n unfit      
soldi]s = m regul> manuvres2 b1 by !    
contra/1 increase ord] & intellig5ce 9  
!m4  ,soldi]s :o h n be5 drill$ on ?is  
pr9ciple1 or :o h n acquir$ x by        
exp]i5ce1 are1 :5 ext5d$ "u fire1       
cont9ually liable to be trans=m$ into   
unmanageable mobs4 ,skirmi%]s :o und]/& 
x1 w always %[ a =midable front1 be     
ready = e *ang+ ev5t1 &1 "u ! wor/      
possible circum/ances1 act toge!r 9 !   
mighty en]gy ( mutual confid5ce4        
,unreflect+ me*anical precision is at   
direct v>iance ) su* practice1 active   
intellig5ce & a wise well-def9$ g5]al   

sy/em are its compon5t elem5ts4 ,active 
intellig5ce1 !re=e1 9 e po9t ( view1 is 
invaluable to ! skirmi%]2 & ! att5tion (
 all drill sup]9t5d5ts & in/ructors %\ld
 be unremitt+ly direct$ to /amp x on 8  
m9d & to mix x ) 8 practice4            
,,ii4  ,! soldi] at close ord] always   
has1 or %\ld h1 a l>ge m>k = 8 fire4    
,no?+ c be m un/eady or unsoldi]like ?an
 = a clos$ body to p\r a volley ^u m]e  
skirmi%]s3 f troops conc5trat$1 no      
object b an oppos+ mass or l9e )9 #bjj  
y>ds %\ld provoke a s+le %ot4#d ,!      
skirmi%] has n ?is advantage1 8 m>k is  
g5]ally small & (t5 indi/9ct2 besides   
:i*1 ! temptation to c>eless aim is mu* 
great] to him1 :o fires away sixty or "o
 hundr$ & tw5ty r\nds ov] h$ge & dit*   
)\t int]mission1 ?an to ! battalion     
soldi]1 :o seldom exp5ds m ?an tw5ty at 
any "o "t4 ,h5ce ! peculi> necessity =  
practis+ light troops to cool /eady aim 
& accurate fir+4  ,! imm5se importance (
 v great att5tion to ! ball practice#e (
 ?is bran* ( ! s]vice1 is too obvi\s to 

require an en=c+ obs]vation2 b x ought  
to be impressively rem>k$1 t good       
practical aim is n to be acquir$ only 9 
front ( ! t>get1 b to ! full z mu* 9 ! e
 day drill fir+s1 ) or )\t blank        
c>tridge4  ,x is n ! case t c>eful fir+ 
is provok$ by ! sight ( an enemy2 on !  
contr>y1 ari?metical calculation has    
repeat$ly prov$1 to ! blu% ( ! good     
soldi]1 t "u no circum/ances are balls s
 wildly & c>elessly ?r[n away z 9 ^?    
mom5ts :5 ! =tunes ( empires are ?r[n   
away along ) !m4 ,9 action1 ! great]    
numb] ( ! musquets are po9t$ g5]ally at 
masses ( du/ & smoke1 & n precisely at !
 d>k active figures :i* !y envelop4  ,= 
^! reasons1 on ! drill field1 in/ead ( !
 loose c>eless practice too common 9 ?is
 p>ticul>1 ! soldi]1 & especially !     
skirmi%]1 %\ld be unsp>+ly compell$ to g
 ?r\gh ! motions ( aim+ & fir+ at a     
precise object1 z accurately z if at    
actual ball practice1 until ! habit be  
engrav5 too deep on 8 m9d to be         
oblit]at$ by any circum/ances (         

confusion4                              
,,iii4  ,d>+ c\rage1 z an ackn[l$g$     
ess5tial to ! ?or\gh soldi] ( e class1 x
 w\ld sc>cely h be5 necess>y to h notic$
 9 ! pres5t enum]ation1 did n an op9ion 
appe> to obta91 mu* on ! cont95t & ) "s 
9 ,great ,brita91 t light troops are    
requir$ to ex]cise x 9 a less desp]ate  
degree ?an m5 at close ord]4  ,=eign]s1 
:5 ext5d$1 (t5 sp5d sy/ematically mu* "t
 9 long %ots & %y fight+1 & give way1 z 
a matt] ( c\rse1 be=e troops 9 weighti] 
=mations4 ,9 ! ,briti% s]vice ?is op9ion
 does n prevail2 !re is no good reason  
:y x %\ld1 & x is ( great importance to 
! ?or\gh effici5cy ( skirmi%]s t x %\ld 
n4  ,! ,briti% soldi] is z mu* a gr5adi]
 at he>t1 ) a gre5 tuft 9 8 cap skirmi%+
 ?r\gh a wood1 ) no close support b 8   
tri$ & tru/y re>-rank man1 z he is 9    
designation1 :5 m\nt+ a brea*1 "u a     
black be>-sk91 ) t5 ?\s& bayonets at 8  
back4  ,9 ext5d$ ord] he is j z ready1 z
 at any o!r "t1 to fix 8 bayonet & da%  
to close qu>t]s1 if ! enemy1 on tol]ably

 equal t]ms1 w /& = him2 & if 8 piquet  
be press$ by a heavy attack+ column1 he 
sees no m reason ?an at any o!r "t1 to  
surr5d] an in* ( gr\nd1 z long z he c /&
 ^u x4 ,v rem>kable in/ances ( ?is k9d  
occurr$ dur+ ! ,p59sul> w>4#f  ,x is    
well t x %\ld be s2 = if x be inde$     
true1 z "s ins9uate1 t ! ,briti% soldi] 
falls some:at bel[ 8 cont95tal bre?r5 9 
! policy ( skirmi%+1 ?is important      
ess5tial1 p]sev]+ unfl9*+ c\rage1 w ev]1
 z x always has done1 make up = m9or    
defici5cies1 & c>ry him triumphantly    
?r\gh4  ,x is useful to obs]ve1 h[ mu* !
 fl9*+ practice ( =eign light infantry  
has influ5c$1 & p]haps be5 influ5c$ by1 
_! sy/ems ( drill4 ,! old me?od1 :i* we 
borr[$ f !m1 ( fir+ advanc+ by alt]nate 
ranks or files1 may be practicable )    
long %ots & cauti\s movem5ts1 b is only 
p>tially applicable to ! s]vice practice
 ( ,briti% light infantry1 :o1 ev5 :5   
close to _! enemy1 c\nt x mo/ unsoldi]-l
 to fire )\t an imm$iately important    
purpose 9 view2 :o seldom fire at all   

until )9 two hundr$ y>ds ( _! object2#g 
& :o1 aft] a few quiet %ots to get )9 ! 
l5g? ( _! brea? & to draw on ! enemy's  
fire1 da% at ! oppos+ l9e ( def5ce ) t  
peculi> ru% :i* may be call$ 8!         
skirmi%]s' *>ge40#h  ,! pres5t e/abli%$ 
mode ( advanc+ fir+ by 8s+le l9e10 is t 
into :i* d>+ skirmi%]s always d1 & (    
necessity always mu/1 fall4 ,on ! drill 
gr\nd1 :5 requir$1 ?is mode may be      
complet$ to a p]fect copy ( 8!          
skirmi%]s' *>ge10 by ! s\nd 8d\ble      
quick0 at ab\t eighty y>ds f ! suppos$  
enemy's l9e ( def5ce4 ,! :ole !n1 /ill  
p>tially fir+1 da% on at an accel]at$   
pace1 until1 ! cov] ga9$1 8! halt0 is   
s\nd$1 to take brea? beh9d x1 & prep>e =
 ano!r =w>d ef=t4                       
,,iv4  ,conduct :i* 9 "s cases1 "u fire1
 is disgraceful1 9 o!rs is m]itori\s4 ,!
 man 9 ! ranks :o %r9ks away f a %ell or
 cannon ball1 or :o goes out ( 8 comm&$ 
c\rse to cov] himself f musquetry1 has  
little claim to ! "n ( a brave soldi]2  
:ile he :o 9 a tr5* or batt]y does n b[ 

l[ at ! cry 8%ot10 or fall pro/rate be=e
 a blaz+ %ell1 or :o 9 a skirmi%        
neglects to make ! be/ ( e foot ( cov]1 
has no "r1 to ! title ( a wise "o4  ,!  
diff]5ce arises f ! l9e ( milit>y       
p]fection be+ /ruck1 n accord+ to :at w 
suit or save ! individual1 b by t :i* w 
b5efit ! g5]al s]vice4  ,betwe5 ! duties
 peculi> to compact fight+ & skirmi%+1 !
 di/9ction %\ld be drawn broad & deep on
 ! drill field2 because on ! battle     
field1 x is natural on ei!r side to be  
=getful4    ,!re are two k9ds (         
cov]--ball pro( cov]1 & m]e conceal+    
cov]4 ,ragg$ rocks1 l>ge trees1 brick & 
/one walls & build+s1 /\t f5ces & ?ick  
mud-banks1 con/itute g5]ally ! fir/     
class2 "y plantations1 gorse & und]wood1
 h$ges1 abattis1 slight f5ces & n>r[ s& 
hills1 ! second4  ,x is = ! fir/ t ! eye
 ( ! good skirmi%] cont9ually seeks4 ,! 
second1 aft] fire completely op5s1 turn$
 ev5 to be/ advantage1 is wor? b little 
m ?an no cov] at all2 & is worse ?an no 
cov] at all1 if ! m51 :i* !y are mu*    

dispos$ to d1 collect 9 gr\ps beh9d x4  
,9 ?is way1 t v frequ5t out-ly+ piquet  
def5ce1 abattis across roads1 is (t5 m  
injuri\s to fri5ds ?an to foes4 ,in/ead 
( be+ plant$1 z an ob/acle to ! enemy1  
#ajj y>ds 9 front ( ! int5d$ l9e (      
def5ce1 x is b too commonly plac$ on t  
l9e1 & :5 ! /ruggle comes1 is ?ickly    
occupi$ z a sort ( ramp>t4 ,on su* /rik+
 objects ! enemy's fire conc5trates1 e  
ball goes ?r\gh1 & ! loss beh9d is      
sev]e4    ,skirmi%]s mu/ n only seek =  
cov]1 b make ! be/ ( x4 ,good cov] loses
 half its advantages if /upidly occupi$1
 & +5uity w (t5 make bad cov] ball-pro(4
    ,h[ev]1 not)/&+ all t may be said 9 
fav\r ( 8mak+ ! be/ ( cov]10 x mu/ be   
?or\ghly rememb]$1 t ?is duty1 at !     
mom5t ( a close attack1 is altoge!r     
second>y to ^? ( c\rage & activity4  ,:5
 x comes to %ort di/ances1 ! quick] !   
affair is settl$ ! less w be ! loss ( ! 
assailants2 & ! m d>+ ! front exhibit$1 
! great] ! probabilities ( success4     
,at e *ange ( situation supports %\ld1  

if possible1 be plac$ "u cov] by _!     
comm&]s2 if expos$1 z l>ge bodies !y =m 
mo/ invit+ m>ks to ! enemy's long %ots4 
,?is precaution1 :5 opportunities (f]1  
%\ld n be =gott5 on ! drill field4#i    
,v4  ,"o man at #bjj y>ds#aj is a v     
small m>k4 ,two abrea/ toge!r1 a        
tol]ably good "o2 ?ree abrea/ toge!r    
%\ld almo/ always be hit1 & f\r nev] be 
miss$4 ,our oppon5ts1 !re=e1 9 skirmi%+1
 _c s]ve u bett] ?an by gr\p+ toge!r2 & 
t :i* we w\ld wi% !m to d1 we ourselves 
mu/ c>efully avoid4 ,skirmi%]s %\ld move
 9 s+le files1#aa except 9 ?ick         
8conceal+ cov]10 :5 two or ?ree toge!r  
may1 )\t exposure1 increase mutual      
confid5ce2 or beh9d pat*es ( 8ball-pro( 
cov]10 on :i* small gr\ps may conc5trate
 z to tempor>y brea/-works2 9 ei!r case 
ext5d+ aga9 at once :5 good cov] ceases4
 ,ev5 9 s+le files1 m5 load+ %\ld       
incessantly cov] ) precision _! file    
lead]s1 s z to (f] m>ks ( b "o 9 front4 
,9 skirmi%+1 m ?an 9 any o!r bran* (    
w>f>e1 m5 may be uselessly ?r[n away2 & 

!re=e 9 ?is1 m ?an 9 any o!r1 economy ( 
life & limb %\ld =m a p>am\nt object (  
att5tion4  ,on ,briti% soldi]s also1    
p]haps m ?an on any o!rs1 x is important
 to impress ^! obs]vances2 = !re is 9 !m
 su* a peculi>ly /rong national         
p]ception ( t great milit>y maxim1      
8conc5tration is /r5g?10 t ov]look+ its 
exceptions1 !y are always p[]fully      
impell$ ! hott] ! fire to gr\p ! clos]  
toge!r4  ,no?+ b deeply impress$        
in/ruction1 or de>ly b\ght exp]i5ce1 c  
break 9 !m ! bonds ( a prop5sity s      
?or\ghly at v>iance ) good skirmi%+4    
,,vi4  ,9 all sy/ems ( movem5t compos$ (
 _m di/9ct bodies1 !re mu/ be a common  
c5tre ( direction1 connexion & ext5sion1
 or unity ( purpose & effect mu/ cease1 
& confusion1 disp]sion or conc5tration  
ensue4 ,su* a c5tre !re is 9 ! m9utely  
regul> mighty mov+ sy/em ( ! univ]se2 & 
f x1 d[n ?r\gh e degree ( importance1 to
 t 9 ! m mob-l progress ( a sw>m ( bees4
  ,p]haps ! greate/ defect 9 mod]n      
skirmi%+ is1 t1 9 ext5sive affairs1 ?is 

pr9ciple ( an e/abli%$ po9t ( direction 
is n well ma9ta9$4 ,h[ev] mu* x may be  
recognis$ 9 m]e !ory1 x is n1 9         
in/ruction1 expla9$ 9 suffici5t fulness1
 or requir$ ) suffici5t rig\r2 & f ^!   
neglects arise1 9 a great degree1 !     
inv]sions1 mixtures1 & o!r irregul>ities
 9 actual s]vice be=e notic$4  ,x is mo/
 injudici\s to encumb] ! m9ds ( m5 &    
(fic]s ) a multitude ( intricate or     
non-ess5tial recollections2 b ! pr9ciple
 9 po9t involves no?+ ( ?is "*2 x is at 
! same "t v simple & highly ess5tial4   
,= all skirmi%]s ( ! same battalion act+
 toge!r1 until !y become ?or\ghly mix$ )
 o!r corps--9 all cases ( movem5t1      
except+ only ^? ( *anges ( front on !   
pr9ciple ( ! :eel on ! fix$ pivot1 & ^? 
( tak+ gr\nd to a flank obliquely or    
directly2 ! c5tre1 or "r c5tre file#ab (
 _! own battalion skirmi%]s is ,,!      
,,po9t ,,( ,,direction1 unless at ! "t  
,,o!rwise ,,especially ,,ord]$4    ,:5  
deta*m5ts f sev]al battalions skirmi%   
toge!r1 ! battalion ( direction = ! l9e 

9 re>1 is t ( direction = ! skirmi%]s 9 
front1 unless at ! "t o!rwise ord]$4 ,if
 no su* battalion has be5 po9t$ out1 !  
(fic] comm&+ ! ext5d$ l9e names to !    
(fic]s 9 comm& ( deta*m5ts ! battalion  
skirmi%]s ( direction1 & takes c>e to   
keep ^! la/ to _! true c\rse & object4  
,e (fic] 9 comm& ( ! skirmi%]s ( a      
battalion has ! option1 9 responsible   
dep5d5ce on ! ma9t5ance ( ! g5]al       
alignem5t & prop] communication1 ( *ang+
 8 po9t ( direction1 by ord] at & = ! "t
 be+1 to ! flank file ne>e/ to !        
battalion skirmi%]s ( direction1 or     
o!rwise z circum/ances may appe> to     
require4    ,9 all *anges ( front on !  
pr9ciple ( ! :eel on a fix$ pivot1 t    
pivot is1 ( necessity1 dur+ ! evolution1
 ! file ( direction4    ,9 tak+ gr\nd to
 a flank obliquely or directly1 ! lead+ 
file always becomes1 dur+ ?is movem5t1 &
 no long]1 unless especially ord]$ at ! 
"t1 ! file ( direction4    ,:5 skirmi%]s
 become mix$ & unmanageable1 & !re is   
nei!r "t nor opportunity = re-=m+ !m at 

close ord] on _! cov]+ s]jeants1 ! (fic]
 9 comm& fixes ^u any man z a po9t (    
direction1 ! o!rs in/antly ext5d away "r
 & left 7unless at ! "t especially ord]$
 to ext5d to ei!r flank 9 p>ticul>71 )\t
 reg>d to _! orig9al prop] places--d\ble
 into files--take up ! g5]al            
alignm5t--(fic]s & non-commission$      
(fic]s ) al]tness take *>ge ( prop]     
portions1 & ! :ole move & act ^u ?is new
 c5tre1 z if no inv]sion or mixture _h  
occurr$4  ,^u su* simple rules1 well    
impress$ & /rictly ma9ta9$1 any numb] ( 
skirmi%]s may fight ov] l>ge ext5ts ( ! 
mo/ intricate gr\nd1 p]fectly 9 h& & )\t
 confusion4 ,or1 %\ld extraord9>y ev5ts 
produce irregul>ity1 (fic]s 9 comm& may 
easily1 9 an in/ant1 "u ! wor/          
circum/ances1 re/ore good fight+ ord]1  
until leisure p]mits a m regul> =mation4
    ,9 ext5sive skirmi%es1 ! eyes &     
feel+s ( m5 retir+ are p[]fully drawn   
t[>ds ! mo/ app>5tly important po9ts (  
def5ce2 & ^u ^!1 )\t direct ord]s1 !y m 
or less conc5trate4 ,assailants foll[ ! 

same impulse1 & direct _! =ce pr9cipally
 aga9/ ^! id5tical /rongly occupi$      
po9ts4  ,h5ce foll[ ( necessity on bo?  
sides a mass+ into l>ge m>ks = ! fire ( 
oppos+ musquetry1 sometimes ev5 (       
artill]y--great unnecess>y blood%$ 9    
viol5t /ruggles1 & a neglect on !       
def5sive side ( gr\nd :i* ought to be   
occupi$1 & on ! assail+ side ( po9ts :i*
 ought to be attack$4 ,no?+ b keep+ m5 9
 h& by ! pr9ciple ( well und]/ood & well
 ma9ta9$ c5tres ( direction c prev5t    
simil> evils4    ,supports1 9 _!        
movem5ts1 %\ld be guid$ by ! same g5]al 
pr9ciple z skirmi%]s--t is1 ! c5tre or  
"r c5tre support ( ea* battalion %\ld   
be1 unless o!rwise ord]$1 ! support (   
direction1 except 9 ! cases ( :eel+ on a
 fix$ pivot1 or ( tak+ gr\nd to a flank4
 ,9 ! fir/ exception1 all con=m to !    
pivot1 & 9 ! la/ to ! lead+ division1   
unless at ! "t o!rwise ord]$4 ,supports1
 n belong+ to ! battalion ( direction1  
except 9 ! two cases j notic$1 con=m "u 
! ord]s ( _! s5ior (fic] to ! movem5ts (

 ^? :i* d belong to x1 ) due reg>d to _!
 prim>y duty--! prop] support ( _! own  
skirmi%]s4                              
,,vii4  ,skirmi%]s1 by ! loos5ess ( _!  
=mation1 are dang]\sly expos$ to *>ges f
 small p>ties ( ! enemy's light cavalry2
 & 9 di/ricts de/itute ( cont9u\s f5ces1
 b ab\nd+ 9 holl[s1 isolat$ pat*es (    
wood1 or o!r features conv5i5t =        
concealm5t1 su* attacks may bur/ =? )   
mo/ confus+ sudd5ness4 ,except 9 gr\nd  
absolutely impracticable = cavalry1     
skirmi%]s mu/ move 9 con/ant expectation
 ( !m4  ,! eye ( ! (fic] %\ld be        
accu/om$ to recognise habitually ^?     
frequ5tly occurr+ po/s ( def5ce aga9/   
cavalry1 copses1 walls1 h$ges1 dit*es1  
c41 :i* are pref]able to small squ>es2 &
 ! m9ds ( m5 %\ld be well prep>$ by     
previ\s in/ruction & explanation1 to    
recollect1 9 an in/ant1 9 :at _! /r5g? 9
 su* cases consi/s1 & to be undaunt$ 9  
x4    ,aga9/ great *>ges ( cavalry1 l>ge
 squ>es are unque/ionably ! safe/ & mo/ 
effici5t2 b1 9 opposition to ! small    

da%es :i* occur 9 skirmi%+1 l>ge squ>es 
are (t5 impracticable1 & small ones m   
advisable1 z be+ m rapidly =m$ & brok5  
up4  ,squ>es h a moral /r5g? 9          
proportion to ! mutual acqua9tance ( !  
m5 & (fic]s :o compose !m4 ,m5 ( ! same 
company /& bett] toge!r ?an ^? ( mix$   
companies1 & m5 ( ! same regim5t bett]  
?an ^? ( diff]5t corps4 ,h[ev]1 z 9 !   
field ?or\gh mixtures d occur1 & z !y1  
if obs]v$1 are likely above all o!r ?+s 
to br+ on *>ges f ! enemy's cavalry1    
squ>es ( mix$ masses %\ld1 9 in/ruction1
 at times be practis$4  ,x is n necess>y
 to describe ! diff]5t modes by :i*1 on 
! drill field1 m5 may be ?r[n into      
confusion4 ,:5 ?is /ate ( ?+s has be5   
br\ght ab\t1 mix$1 irregul>1 rally+     
squ>es c be =m$ by add+ ! 8d\ble quick0 
to ! ord9>y s\nds = squ>es aga9/        
cavalry4#ac  ,! 8d\ble quick0 is requir$
 to m>k ! necessity = in/antane\s       
irregul> masses1 9 contradi/9ction to ! 
m regul> squ>es1 :i* on ! drill field   
skirmi%]s %\ld always endeav\r to =m1   

unless at ! "t o!rwise ord]$4 ,x _c be  
too con/antly upheld z a p]man5t        
pr9ciple t1 ev5 9 skirmi%+1 ord] is !   
rule & irregul>ity ! exception4  ,on !  
signal 8d\ble quick0 9 imm$iate         
succession to ! s\nds e/abli%$ = !      
=mation ( squ>es1#ad (fic]s1 ex]cis+ mo/
 actively _! intellig5ce1 9 prop] numb]s
 & at prop] di/ances1 hold up _! swords 
or caps1 & ! m5 ru% r\nd !m into masses 
( def5ce )\t any reg>d to company or o!r
 di/9ctions4  ,^! mix$ squ>es1 z well z 
all o!rs1 may 8comm5ce fir+0--8cease    
fir+0--8advance0--8retire0--8take gr\nd 
to a flank10--or 8close0 to any p>ticul>
 squ>e1 by ord]1 or by ! simple s\nds = 
^! movem5ts4 ,! 8close0 may be important
 to =m a l>ge squ>e f sev]al small ones1
 ! cavalry /ill hov]+ ne>4  ,to ^! mix$ 
squ>es also1 ! ^w or s\nd to 8ext5d0 may
 be giv54 ,! m5 !n1 )\t reg>d to regul> 
places1 ext5d away to ! "r & left f ea* 
squ>e1 & d\ble into files4  ,:5 ! gr\nd 
is ne>ly occupi$1 ! (fic] 9 comm& fixes 
on a po9t ( direction1 to :i* ! :ole    

con=m4  ,9 ! ev5t ( infantry skirmi%]s  
press+ =w>d to h>ass a squ>e1 or (      
cavalry endeav\r+ to prev5t its movem5ts
 by hov]+ ne> )\t *>g+1 "o or two ranks 
f ! re> face may1 by ord]1 move briskly 
r\nd by ! "r & left--d\ble into         
files--cov] ! front at a %ort di/ance1 &
 ru% r\nd aga9 to _! places :5ev] !re   
appe>s a necessity = ! squ>e itself to  
fire4  ,9 drill 9 g5]al1 & 9 t ( light  
infantry 9 p>ticul>1 in/ructors conf9e  
!mselves by f> too closely to m]e =mal  
directions1 to ! neglect ( pi?y         
practical explanations4 ,9 no?+ is ?is  
la/ addition m requir$ ?an 9 ref]5ce to 
*>ges ( cavalry4  ,a column ( horsem51  
com+ rapidly on ) all its d5s5ess1 its  
height1 its du/1 its %\ts1 & its        
clang\r1 appe>s to ! untra9$ m9d z      
altoge!r irresi/ible4 ,b appe>ances are 
n 9 !mselves realities--let cavalry to !
 utmo/ /ret* ( mortal might1--          
8,come z ! w9ds come :5 =e/s are r5d$20 
,& 8come z ! waves come :5 navies are   
/r&$20  "o ?+ only w be requir$ to      

enable squ>es ( infantry1 l deep-root$  
rocks1 to disp]se ^! wild w9ds & waves1 
"r & left1 9 du/1 fro?1 & confusion--a  
well impress$ k ( _! own /r5g?2         
accompani$ z a natural consequ5ce1 by a 
delib]ate employm5t ( t1 :5 prop]ly us$1
 mo/ de/ructive weapon1 ! musket4#ae    
,nor c m blame atta* to cavalry = su*   
results1 ?an w\ld apply to infantry =   
fail+1 9 cle> day-light1 be=e           
well-b>ricado$ build+s or well-sc>p$    
r$\bts4 ,nei!r 9 simil> cases owe       
success1 :5 !y get x1 to _! own conduct 
or effici5cy1 b to ! ne$less panic ( _! 
enemy4    ,su* conclusions z to !       
relative /r5g? ( cavalry1 are e/abli%$  
by a /r+ ( facts m or less evid5t1      
/ret*+ f ,ilium1 ?r\gh ,ph>salia1 to    
,wat]loo2 & e fact is wor? a ?\s& oppos+
 +5i\s speculations4                    
,,viii4  ,cont5d+ )\t a res]ve is       
desp]ate risk 9 /ruggles ( all k9ds1    
civil & milit>y4 ,9 su* pr$icam5ts1 if  
=tune fr[n1 well nigh all is lo/4  ,9   
skirmi%es1 res]ves1 includ+ 9 ! fir/    

place supports1 are n only ( great      
importance z rally+ po9ts1 9 extraord9>y
 cases ( mis=tune1 b also z necess>y    
aids to ! ord9>y movem5ts ( ! ext5d$    
l9e4  ,9 attacks1 supports are useful = 
fill+ up accid5tal gaps 9 ! front l9e--=
 prolong+ its flanks or cov]+ !m        
obliquely or p]p5dicul>ly--= /r5g!n+ !  
skirmi%]s at any mom5t t ^! may f9d _!  
numb]s unequal to important "w be=e     
!m--= reliev+ !m :5 !y or _! ammunition 
become exhau/$--= com+ up 9 close ord]  
to *>ge bridges1 /reets1 villages1 or   
o!r defiles1 too /rongly occupi$ to be  
=c$ by ! skirmi%]s1 & to s]ve z bases1  
:5 "t all[s x1 = ! =mation ( squ>es     
aga9/ cavalry4  ,9 def5ces1 9 addition  
to ! =ego+ duties rev]s$ z to bodies    
retir+1 supports h ! highly important   
responsibilities ( lead+ ! skirmi%]s 9 !
 true & be/ l9e ( retreat--( op5+ t l9e 
9 all suitable places = _! conv5i5t     
passage1 & ( tak+ c>e t x be n int]cept$
 by ! enemy4    ,res]ves1 p>ticul>ly s  
call$1 supply ! places ( supports :5    

necess>y1 & g to ! front = any object   
requir+ ! int]v5tion ( a p>ticul>ly     
/rong1 /eady1 & conc5trat$ =ce4    ,)\t 
express ord]s1 supports %\ld n move =w>d
 to occupy accid5tal gaps 9 ! ext5d$    
l9e1 except on gr\nd s intricate1 or "u 
circum/ances s em]g5t1 t ! skirmi%]s    
!mselves _c readily rega9 _! lo/        
communications4    ,9 mo/ movem5ts1 set 
unv>y+ s5t5ces ( comm& promote al]tness 
& prev5t mi/akes4  ,= prolong+ 9 ! same 
direction ! flanks ( ! ext5d$ l9e--=    
cov]+ !m p]p5dicul>ly or obliquely--=   
/r5g!n+ ! skirmi%]s by mix+ o!rs ) !m1  
or = reliev+ !m2 ! foll[+ set1 concise  
ord]s to supports obvi\sly pres5t       
!mselves3--      ,,no4 ---- ,,support43 
,,prolong ,,! ---- ,,flank4     ,9 !    
same direction z ! g5]al l9e und]/ood4  
,,d4 ---- ,,d43 ,,cov] ,,! ---- ,,flank1
     p]p5dicul>ly2 ) mod]ate lic5ce1    
accord+ to ! features     ( ! gr\nd1    
und]/ood4      ,,d4 ---- ,,d43 ,,cov]   
,,obliquely ,,! ---- ,,flank4     ,an   
obliquity ( "o-eigh? ( ! circle1 ) !    

same lic5ce1     und]/ood4      ,,d4    
---- ,,d43 ,,/r5g!n ,,no4 ----4     ,to 
prev5t mi/akes1 ! ^w 8/r5g!n0 to be     
repeat$ )     suffici5t di/9ctness by ! 
(fic]s & non-commission$     (fic]s ( ! 
,support to :i* x is giv51 :5 !y arrive 
ne>     to ! skirmi%]s or ! skirmi%]s   
ne> to !m4      ,,d4 ---- ,,d43         
,,relieve ,,no4 ----4     ,! ^w         
8relieve0 to be repeat$ 9 l mann]1 = !  
same     reason4  ,) reg>d to /r5g!n+ ! 
ext5d$ l9e by mix+ its supports ) x1 x  
may be object$ t1 9 su* cases1 :5 !re   
are no res]ves at h&1 ! great rule (    
nev] fight+ )\t !m is reject$4 ,x is    
true1 ! rule is violat$2 ! p>ty if      
actually engag$ is fight+ at a desp]ate 
risk1 b !re are cases 9 :i* desp]ate    
risks are wise & lawful v5tures4 ,^! are
 9 ! n uncommon ev5ts ) skirmi%]s (     
desp]ate extremities2 at su* mom5ts     
me?odical prud5ce is ill-mask$          
imbecility4  ,on ! #aj? ( ,decemb]1     
#ahac1 "s ( ! piquets ( ! light         
division1 9 ?ick wea!r & a close c\ntry1

 7 sudd5ly assail$ by ! heads ( heavy   
columns4 ,! division 9 ! re> 0 scatt]$ 9
 /raggl+ h\ses4 ,"o ( ! companies on    
piquet 0 =c$ back ^u ano!r 9 support1   
ne> ! po9t ( junction ( two important   
roads lead+ directly into ! cantonm5ts4 
,bo? companies 7 in/antly ext5d$1 )\t   
any support1 into a ?ick skirmi%+ l9e2  
no?+ less w\ld h be5 effectual4 ,! gr\nd
 0 held ) little v>iation = at lea/ two 
h\rs--two heavy attacks 7 repuls$1 e    
r\nd ( ammunition 0 exp5d$1 ! brigade   
imm$iately 9 ! re> all[$ to pack & s5d  
(f its baggage1 & /eadily to take up its
 fight+ position1 & ! piquets to fall   
back ^u x )\t fur!r mole/ation4 ,simil> 
circum/ances h no d\bt occurr$1 & may   
(t5 occur aga94 ,! great maxim allud$ to
 !re=e has its exceptions1 & ^!1 if     
c>efully m>k$ z exceptions1 may         
sometimes ) propriety be admitt$ into   
in/ruction skirmi%+4  ,to attack or     
def5d1 ) conc5trat$ supports1 a bridge1 
! /reet ( a village1 or o!r peculi>ly   
important po9t1 ! ^w is simply pass$1   

8,supports1 close on ,no4 ----10 !      
support 9 front (1 or on1 t po9t4 ,ne>  
?is division ( =mation ! (fic] 9 comm&  
places himself2 & z ea* sev]ally arrives
 gives 8 direction--8l9e10 8d\ble       
column10 8op510 8close10 8qu>t]         
di/ance10 8half di/ance column10 or     
o!rwise1 z may be ?\ght necess>y4 ,!    
support ( =mation 9 all cases /&+ fa/ z 
! basis4  ,to break up ! =mation1       
8,supports to y\r prop] places1 ?rees "r
 & left %\ld]s =w>d1 quick m>*10 w      
spe$ily re/ore all to common skirmi%+   
ord]4    ,no duties ( supports are m    
important ?an ^? 9 retrograde movem5ts1 
( lead+ _! skirmi%]s 9 prop] l9es (     
retreat2 & ( op5+ ^? l9es suffici5tly1 b
 n m ?an suffici5tly1 = _! passage4     
,circum/ances h actually occurr$1 &1 9  
intricate c\ntries1 are likely (t5 to be
 repeat$1 ( f9e fell[s1 sl[ly retir+    
be=e an ov]:elm+ enemy1 _! :ole att5tion
 absorb$ ^u _! front1 sudd5ly f9d+ fur!r
 retreat int]cept$ by impassable        
ob/acles1 ) no alt]native rema9+ b to   

surr5d]1 or fight _! way "r & left at ! 
risk ( almo/ utt] de/ruction4  ,!       
pr9ciples advanc$ 9 ! =ego+ rem>ks1 are 
n1 9 ! ma91 ( a "* to be limit$ to !    
details ( p>ticul> movem5ts2 b are r to 
be kept cont9ually on ! m9d1 = ! purpose
 ( be+ ?r[n into effect z circum/ances  
may require4 ,practical diff]s f =mal   
skirmi%+1 ev5 m by ! /yle ?an by ! me?od
 ( its execution4  ,n "o s5t5ce1 x is   
believ$1 w be f\nd to /& 9 opposition to
 ! ,briti% e/abli%$ sy/em4 ,! few po9ts 
9 :i* !y may at fir/ sight appe> to     
diff] f x1 consi/ simply 9 an           
application ( pr9ciples already e/abli%$
 to a practical ext5t some:at beyond t  
usually adopt$4 ,if an (fic] :o did n   
act ^u ?is ext5t ( application1 7 to    
succe$ 9 ! comm& ( a corps to "o :o _h  
adopt$ x1 nei!r he nor ^? "u him w\ld   
exp]i5ce any difficulty f ! previ\s     
practice4  ,x %\ld n be =gott51 t !     
?or\gh _s ( practical skirmi%+ is n to  
be communicat$ or ma9ta9$1 ) only "o or 
two companies at a "t1 on ! level1      

re/rict$1 drill field4 ,soldi]s1 aft]   
hav+ be5 ?or\ghly gr\nd$ 9 elem5t>y     
details & p]man5t pr9ciples1 %\ld be (t5
 tak5 out 9 l>ge bodies to skirmi%1 )   
/rict1 univ]sal & incessant att5tion to 
! duty1 across ext5sive & intricate     
tracts ( c\ntry4  ,su* tracts are (t5 to
 be f\nd )\t re/rictions 9 =eign        
/ations2 & at prop] seasons ( ! ye>1 a  
little managem5t & promises ( repair+   
damages w g5]ally procure access to     
admirable skirmi%+ gr\nd f ,briti% f>m]s
 & l&$ proprietors4  ,! writ] is        
consci\s t he c h advanc$ little1 if    
any?+1 t mu/ n h occurr$ to (fic]s :o h 
_h exp]i5ce 9 ?is bran* ( w>f>e1 or t   
may n h be5 br\ght into in/ruction      
practice by !m4 ,he has n1 h[ev]1 se5 ! 
=ego+ practical application ( ess5tial  
pr9ciples ?r[n broadly into pr9t2 & x   
appe>s to him important t x %\ld be s   
exhibit$1 9 ord] t ! _s ( actual        
skirmi%+ may n be conf9$ to ! regim5tal 
locality1 or cease ) ! regim5tal        
employm5t ( ^? :o witness$ x4  ,footnote

 #d3    ,) long range rifles1 ?is limit 
w probably n[ be eight hundr$           
y>ds4--7,second edition47  ,footnote #e3
    ,9 ?is bran* ( in/ruction1 !re is   
unque/ionably a v wide   field =        
practicable improvem5t4 ,9 addition to  
"s advances ne>]   to p]fection 9 !     
con/ruction ( ! musquet itself1 v mu*   
might be done t[>ds ! art ( us+ x1 9 !  
ways ( sy/ematical   sci5tific          
in/ruction1 & improv$ local conv5i5ces =
 ball   practice4 ,^! ( necessity w\ld  
entail "s public exp5se1 b   e          
reasonable outlay t[>ds ! ma9t5ance (   
national milit>y   effici5cy is true    
economy1 & ! neglect ( x real           
extravagance4--7,fir/ edition47         
,footnote #f3     ,! *>act]i/ic diff]5ce
 betwe5 ,briti% & =eign ideas (   good  
light infantry is quietly portray$ at a 
/roke by ,napi]1 :51   9 answ] to ,/4   
,cyr's rem>k1 t 8! ,migueletes are ! be/
 light   troops 9 ! _w10 he obs]ves1    
8,if1 in/ead ( fifte5 ?\s&              
,migueletes1 ! f\r ?\s& m5 compos+      

,well+ton's light   division _h be5 on !
 heights ( ,c>dadeu1 ,g5]al ,/4 ,cyr's  
sixty   r\nds ( ammunition w\ld sc>cely 
h c>ri$ him to   ,b>celona10--,p59sul>  
,w>1 vol4 ii4 page #ajd4  ,footnote #g3 
,eight hundr$ y>ds1 aga91 mu/ n[ be ab\t
 ! prop] limit4  ,footnote #h3    ,) !  
long range1 8! skirmi%]s' *>ge0 & 8s+le 
l9e0 mu/   become ! exception1 & advanc+
 by 8alt]nate ranks0 !   g5]al practice4
  ,footnote #i3    ,expos$ to ! long    
range1 x w\ld appe> t supports w be (t5 
oblig$ to loos5 into ext5d$ ord]4       
,footnote #aj3    #fjj y>ds may be !    
di/ance n[ prop] = ?is s5t5ce4          
,footnote #aa3    ,n[1 on expos$ gr\nd1 
(t5 9 s+le rank3 at ! ^w 8=m   s+le     
rank10 ! re> rank m5 tak+ gr\nd to !    
left1 &   dress+ up into ! front l9e    
half way betwe5 _! own front rank   man 
& ! man on 8 left4  ,footnote #ab3      
,?is file %\ld be calculat$ by ! flanks 
& c5tres ( divisions1   & n by total    
ari?metical numb]s--also small odd      
portions (   divisions1 :i* may happ5 to

 fall into ! g5]al =mation1 mu/   n be  
tak5 into acc\nt4  ,footnote #ac3       
,or1 ( c\rse1 by ! ^w 8rally+ squ>es0 f 
(fic]s 9   comm&4  ,footnote #ad3       
,s\nds4--8,al>m0 to excite att5tion1    
foll[$ by 8assembly0 =   regul> squ>es  
on ! supports1 or by 8assembly0 & 8d\ble
 quick0   = in/antane\s 8rally+ squ>es40
  ,footnote #ae3    ,if ?is 7 true 9 !  
days ( ! musket1 h[ mu* m mu/ x n[      
apply to cavalry *>ges made = "o ?\s&   
y>ds "u deadly   dis*>ges f ! rifle6    
unless inde$ artill]y be br\ght aga9/   
! squ>es ) greatly increas$ p[]s (      
de/ruction4     ,a ,,brief ,,sy/em ,,(  
,,common ,,light ,,infantry ,,drill1    
,,adapt$ ,,to ,,! ,,long ,,range        
,,rifle4                                
,ord9>y ,rules4  #a4 ,! company or      
division ( ab\t sixty m51 is ! unit (   
ext5d$ ,light ,infantry1 9 ! same mann] 
z ! battalion ( ab\t six hundr$ m51 is !
 unit ( a l>ge milit>y =ce at close     
ord]4 ,e company1 or portion ( a        
company1 act+ z ,light ,infantry1 is    

!re=e kept 9 h& by its imm$iate comm&]4 
#b4 ,ext5sions f close to skirmi%+ ord]1
 are always f ! c5tre ( ! company or    
portion ( ! company1 unless at ! "t     
o!rwise ord]$4  #c4 ,clos+s f skirmi%+  
to compact ord] are always to ! c5tre1  
unless at ! "t o!rwise ord]$4  7,9 bo? (
 ! =ego+ cases ! ^w 8c5tre0 is usually  
utt]$1 b ! rules are necess>y = !       
prev5tion ( unc]ta9ty 9 circum/ances (  
rapidity47  #d4 ,ext5sions are 9 s+le   
files six paces ap>t1 & fir+s are c>ri$ 
on by alt]nate ranks1 front rank        
comm5c+4 ,! front rank & re> rank man   
mu/ nev] be unload$ toge!r4  ,:5 n fir+4
      #e4 ,all movem5ts are 9 8quick    
"t40      #f4 ,skirmi%]s :5 halt$1 /&1 )
 arms ord]$4  ,:5 fir+ has comm5c$4     
#g4 ,all movem5ts ( skirmi%]s are at !  
8d\ble quick40      #h4 ,skirmi%]s :ile 
halt+1 on op5 gr\nd drop on ! "r knee2  
on int]sect$ gr\nd !y make ! be/ ( any  
cov] ne> !m1     *oos+ _! own bodily    
position4       #i4 ,9 advanc+1 m5 ^:   
rifles are load$ always pass by !     "r

 ( ^? :o are load+2 & 9 l mann] 9       
retir+1     m5 :o are n load$ pass to ! 
prop] left ( ^? :o are     ne>ly ready  
to fire4      #aj4 ,9 advanc+1 all load 
8z front rank10 rifles on ! left        
side1 muzzles to ! front2 9 retir+ all  
load 8z re> rank10     rifles on ! "r   
side1 muzzles to ! re>4  #aa4 ,9 all    
movem5ts directly to ! front or re>1 !  
"r c5tre file ( ! company skirmi%]s1 is 
! prop] file ( direction1 to ^: c\rse   
all o!rs con=m1 & f t[>ds :i* !y keep _!
 relative di/ances4  #ab4 ,9 all        
movem5ts directly or obliquely to a     
flank1 ! lead+ file ( t flank is1 = ! "t
 be+1 ! file ( direction4  #ac4 ,9 all  
*anges ( front on a fix$ pivot1 ! file  
:i* is t pivot is1 ( necessity1 = ! "t  
be+1 ! file ( direction4 7,see on ?is   
mo/ important p>ticul> ( 8! file (      
direction10 ,article ,,vi4 ( 8,!        
,ess5tials407  #ad4 ,troops skirmi%+ at 
a great] di/ance ?an ?ree hundr$ y>ds f 
! l9e or column1 %\ld reta9 "o half ( _!
 numb] 9 support4 7,see on ?is subject  

,article ,,viii4 ( 8,! ,ess5tials407    
#ae4 ,skirmi%]s ord]$ to 8=m squ>e10    
close ^u _! supports4  #af4 ,if ! bugle 
be employ$1 ! less ( x ! bett]1 provid$ 
! ord] be di/9ct to all conc]n$ 9 x4    
#ag4 ,! la/ note ( a bugle ord] m>ks !  
mom5t = ! comm5cem5t ( ob$i5ce to x4    
#ah4 ,all v]bal ord]s & bugle comm&s n  
und]/ood by ! skirmi%]s1 %\ld be repeat$
 9 a l[ b di/9ct tone by (fic]s &       
non-commission$ (fic]s 9 *>ge (         
sections4  ,almo/ all ( ^! 8,,ord9>y    
,,rules0 may be alt]$1 at ! "t1 =       
extraord9>y & tempor>y purposes4 ,z =   
in/ance3 ,no4 #a1 portions ( diff]5t    
companies may be plac$ by sup]ior ord]s 
"u "o comm&]1 to control !m z if !y 7 ( 
"o company4 ,nos4 #b & #c1 ext5sion1 may
 be ord]$ 8f ! "r10 8left10 or any      
p>ticul> file1 & clos+1 9 l mann]4 ,no4 
#d1 8d\ble files10 may be ord]$ = mutual
 protection 9 go+ ?r\gh ?ick cov]2 or1  
8s+le rank10 "u heavy fire 9 op5 gr\nd1 
& ! di/ance betwe5 ! files may be       
contract$ or enl>g$1 9 ord] to occupy   

less or m gr\nd4 ,nos4 #e & #f1         
skirmi%]s1 n fir+1 may be ord]$ to      
8d\ble quick10 to 8kneel10 or to 8lie   
d[n40 ,nos4 #g & #h1 skirmi%]s1 fir+1 to
 8common quick0 or to 8/& up40 ,no4 #aj1
 ! file ( direction may be *ang$ to any 
o!r file t may = ! "t be+ suit ! purpose
 ( ! comm&]4 ,no4 #aa1 skirmi%]s runn+  
t[>ds _! supports to =m squ>es1 may     
sudd5ly be arre/$ by ! ord] 8rally+     
squ>es10 = in/antane\s irregul>         
=mations1 c4 c4 ,su* measures be+ 7x is 
repeat$ z v important7 ! tempor>y       
exceptions1 & ! 8ord9>y rules0 ! /&+    
practice4  ,c>eful consid]ation has be5 
giv5 9 reg>d to ! 8ord9>y rule0 ,no4 #g1
 t1 "u fire1 all movem5ts ( skirmi%]s   
%\ld be at ! 8d\ble quick10 inasmu* z x 
is at v>iance ) ! practice hi!rto pursu$
 9 ! ,briti% army1 ( sav+ ! soldi] z mu*
 z possible f ef=ts ( extraord9>y       
ex]tion4 ,! au?or's c>eful pro( ( ! long
 range rifle1 on ! l[ wat] smoo? s&s (  
an ext5sive sea bea*1 9 :i* ! f9al c\rse
 ( e bullet 0 m>k$1 add$ to ! great     

am\nt ( o!r te/imony on ! same subject1 
h conv9c$ him1 t1 = ! future1 )9 ! range
 ( eight hundr$ y>ds1 all movem5ts "u ! 
fire ( a well po/$ enemy mu/ be at !    
8d\ble quick10 to avoid ru9\s           
de/ruction4 ,if ! di/ance requir$ _c be 
surm\nt$ 9 "o ef=t at su* spe$1 x mu/ be
 trav]s$ by successive da%es to int]v5+ 
cov]4                         ,details (
 ,common ,movem5ts4  ,company or        
division1 say ( sixty m51 at close ord] 
9 l9e two deep1 told (f into 8?rees10   
8"r & left files10 two 8sub-divisions0 (
 fifte5 file ea*1 includ+ f\r           
8sections10 two be+ ( eight files & two 
( sev5 files1 ! l>g] numb]s always on ! 
flanks4                                 
,,comm&--8,,f ,,! ,,c5tre ,,ext5d40  ,! 
c5tre file 7! left file ( ! "r          
sub-division7 /&s fa/1 arms ord]$1 !    
rema9d] ( ! "r sub-division turn to !   
"r1 ! :ole ( ! left sub-division to !   
left1 arms at ! long trail 7horizontal 9
 ! "r h&71 /ep (f1 fir/ file on ea* side
 ( ! c5tre at six paces halt$ & front$  

quietly by ! re> rank m51 take up !     
bodily position ( ! c5tre-file1 :atev] x
 may be1--! o!rs successively d ! same z
 _! relative di/ances are ga9$4         
8,,f ,,! ,,"r ,,ext5d40                 
8,,f ,,! ,,left ,,ext5d40        8,,f   
,,! ,,f\r? ,,file ,,f ,,! ,,"r ,,ext5d  
,,eight ,,paces40                  8,,f 
,,john ,,wilson ,,ext5d ,,?ree ,,paces40
  ,on precisely ! same pr9ciple4        
,division ext5d$ 9 s+le files4          
8,,d\ble ,,files40  ,! 8left0 files     
close to _! respective "r files4        
8,,s+le ,,files40  ,! left files return 
to _! =m] places4                       
8,,s+le ,,rank40  ,re> rank m5 divide ! 
di/ance betwe5 _! own front rank m5 & ! 
next front rank m5 t[>ds ! left4        
8,,two ,,deep40  ,re> rank m5 return to 
_! ord9>y places4                       
8,,*ange ,,front ,,to ,,! ,,"r1 ,,on ,,!
 ,,c5tre40  ,! c5tre file faces to ! "r1
 all files to ! "r ( x turn to ! "r     
ab\t2 ! :ole1 except ! c5tre file1 /ep  
(f1 mov+ by ! %orte/ l9es to take up _! 

relative di/ances1 z be=e1 f ! pivot    
file1 on ! new l9e :i* x has giv52 !    
direction ( :i* l9e1 moreov]1 may1 9 all
 simil> cases1 be at ! "t mod]ately v>i$
 by ! (fic] 9 comm&4                    
,,*ange ,,front ,,to ,,! ,,"r1 ,,on ,,! 
,,"r ,,file4               ,,*ange      
,,front ,,to ,,! ,,left1 ,,on ,,! ,,"r  
,,file4               ,,*ange ,,front   
,,to ,,! ,,left1 ,,on ,,! ,,left ,,file4
               ,,*ange ,,front ,,to ,,! 
,,"r1 ,,on ,,! ,,left ,,file4           
,,*ange ,,front ,,to ,,! ,,"r1 ,,on     
7any7 ,,file4                 ,,*ange   
,,front ,,to ,,! ,,left1 ,,on 7any7     
,,file4  ,on ! same pr9ciple ! file nam$
 fac+ 9 ! direction ord]$1 & ! rema9d]  
mov+ to ! front or re>1 ,,by ,,!        
,,%orte/ ,,l9es1 to ga9 _! =m] relative 
places 9 ! new l9e ( =mation4           
8,,advance40  ,move =w>d2 di/ances &    
g5]al l9e f ! file ( direction4         
8,,"r ,,incl9e40#af  ,ea* file makes a  
half turn to ! "r1 ma9ta9+ ! l9e 9 !    
same g5]al direction z be=e1 ?\gh mov+  

obliquely4                              
8,,"r ,,take ,,gr\nd40  ,full turn to ! 
"r1 foll[+ ! "r file4                   
8,,retire40  ,turn to ! re>1 re> rank m5
 lead+4                                 
8,,halt40  ,come to ! prop] front1 & /& 
fa/ ) ord]$ arms4                       
8,,comm5ce ,,fir+40  ,9 op5 gr\nd !     
skirmi%]s drop on ! "r knee2 9 int]sect$
 gr\nd !y make ! be/ ( any ne> cov] 7see
 8! ,ess5tials10 ,article ,,iv47 ,front 
rank m5 fire1 7ev5 on ! drill field     
c>efully cov]+ an object--8,ess5tials0  
,,ii427 & :5 ^! h ne>ly re-load$1 ! re> 
rank m5 give _! fire 9 l mann]1 & s on4 
,front rank load 8z front rank10 muzzles
 to ! front2 re> rank 8z re> rank10     
muzzles to ! re>4                       
8,,advance40  ,! front rank da%es =w>d  
fifty paces at ! 8d\ble quick10 drops on
 ! knee or makes ! be/ ( cov]1 & fires  
7z ! re> rank by t "t w h load$74 ,! re>
 rank !n spr+s =w>d to fifty paces 9    
advance ( ! front rank1 repeat+ ! same  
practice1 & s on1 alt]nately4 ,! c5tre  

file ( direction giv+ 9 a g5]al mann] ! 
"t ( />t+ & ! di/ance4                  
8,,s+le ,,l9e ,,advanc+40 8,,common     
,,quick40  7,! 8cease fir+0 n hav+ be5  
ord]$74  ,! rank :i* is load$ /eps up to
 "o pace 9 front ( ! rank t is load+1   
bo? advance toge!r load+ & fir+ z !y    
move on2 ! man :o has fir$ /epp+ a      
little to ! left1 to all[ 8 comrade to  
pass 9 front ( him4  7,9 ?is mode (     
8fir+0 9 8s+le l9e0 8advanc+10 !re c be 
no runn+ or kneel+4 ,x may be especially
 useful aga9/ small & di/ant bodies (   
cavalry47  ,! skirmi%]s may 8,,take     
,,gr\nd ,,to ,,! ,,"r0 ,,or 8,,left10 9 
8,,s+le ,,l9e ,,fir+0 to ! front1 on !  
same pr9ciple4                          
8,,alt]nate ,,ranks40  ,! front rank    
da%es =w>d fifty paces z be=e1 all      
kneel+ aga9 at ! halts4                 
8,,retire40  ,! rank :i* happ5s to be 9 
front gives its fire1 & retires at !    
8d\ble quick0 to ?irty paces 9 re> ( !  
rank t is load+1 & s on successively2 ) 
! simple diff]5ce ( pr9ciple f fir+     

advanc+1 t1 :]eas1 :ile advances "u     
accurate fire f long ranges _c be too   
rapid1 ) due reg>d to ! pres]vation (   
physical /r5g? & correct fir+1 retreats 
_c be too sl[ & dogg$1 ) due reg>d to ! 
dang] ( be+ press$ too closely by !     
enemy4 ,fifty paces ( int]val are !re=e 
fix$ z ! 8ord9>y rule0 = ! advance1 &   
only ?irty = ! retreat4                 
8,,cease ,,fir+40  ,aft] ?is ord]1 n "o 
%ot4 ,all f9i% load+1 ! rank :i* happ5s 
to be 9 front /&s up1 8arms at ! ord]20 
! rank :i* happ5s to be 9 re> moves =w>d
 & jo9s x1 tak+ up ! same position4     
8,to ! ,c5tre1 ,close40  ,! c5tre file  
/&s fa/1 all to ! "r ( x turn to ! left1
 all to ! left ( x to ! "r1 all b !     
c5tre file /ep (f1 rifles at ! long     
trail1 close ^u ! c5tre1 halt1 front1 & 
take up ! same bodily position z ! c5tre
 file4 ,if x has be5 ord]$ 9 ! mean "t  
to 8fix bayonets10 ! o!rs fix bayonets  
successively z !y come up3 if to %\ld]  
arms1 ! o!rs successively %\ld]1 c41 c4 
8,,to ,,! ,,"r1 ,,close40               

8,,to ,,! ,,left1 ,,close40             
8,,to 7,,any ,,file71 ,,close40  ,on    
precisely ! same pr9ciples4    ,company 
9 l9e two deep4                   8,,"r 
,,subdivision1 ,,cov] ,,! ,,front40  ,! 
(fic] comm&+ ! "r subdivision gives !   
words--     8,"r subdivision10 8trail   
arms10 8quick m>*10 8f !                
c5tre ext5d40  ,at ! la/-m5tion$ ^w1 !  
c5tre file go+ /eadily to ! front1 all  
to ! "r ( x br+ =w>d ! left %\ld]1 & all
 to ! left ( x ! "r %\ld]1 s z to op5   
out1 successively1 to ! prop] ext5d$    
di/ances f ! c5tre2 ea* file turn+ full 
to ! front z x ga9s its di/ance4 ,! left
 subdivision has n[ become 8! support40 
,:5 ! l9e ( skirmi%]s atta9s to a prop] 
di/ance1 x receives ! ord]              
8,halt40  ,?is int]val1 9 a tol]ably op5
 c\ntry1 "u ! long range1 %\ld sc>cely  
be less ?an ?ree hundr$ y>ds2 ?\gh1 on !
 drill field1 to save "t1 ?is & o!r     
simil> di/ances may be1 :5 x is         
desirable1 contract$4  ,any body (      
infantry on ! m>* 9 l9e may 8ext5d0 f   

any nam$ file on ! pr9ciple j describ$2 
&1 on ! same pr9ciple1 skirmi%]s on !   
m>* may 8close10 by br++ up ! %\ld] s z 
to jo9 successively ! file indicat$ :i* 
has kept its /raight=w>d c\rse4  ,= ! v 
important duties ( supports1 see 8,!    
,ess5tials10 ,art4 ,,viii4    ,"r       
subdivision ext5d$1 left subdivision 9  
support4        8,,left ,,subdivision1  
,,relieve40 78,! skirmi%]s0 und]/ood47  
,! left subdivision receives ! words f  
its comm&]--                   8,left   
subdivision10 8trail arms10             
8quick m>*10 8f ! c5tre ext5d40  ,!     
c5tre file ( ! support m>*es /raight ^u 
! c5tre file ( ! skirmi%]s1 ! rema9+    
files ( ! support br+ =w>d _! %\ld]s "r 
or left s z to op5 out successively to  
_! prop] di/ances f ! c5tre z skirmi%]s1
 turn+ aga9 full to ! front :5 ^! are   
atta9$4 ,on rea*+ ! l9e ( ! =m]         
skirmi%]s ^! la/-m5tion$ receive ! ord]1
        8,"r subdivision10 8retire10 8to
 ! c5tre1 close40  ,! c5tre file ( ! new
 support proce$s /raight to ! re>1 re>  

rank lead+1 ! o!r files close ^u ! c5tre
 successively2 ! support is halt$ at its
 prop] di/ance1 ! new skirmi%]s hav+1 9 
! meantime1 tak5 up ! position &        
employm5t 9 all ?+s ( ^? reliev$4  ,if !
 skirmi%]s are advanc+ :5 ! ord] to     
8relieve0 is giv51 !y receive ! ^w      
8halt10 & all[+ ! new l9e ( skirmi%]s to
 pass ?r\gh !m to a suffici5t di/ance to
 ! front1 close to ! c5tre1 & foll[ on 9
 support4  ,if ! skirmi%]s are retir+ :5
 ! ord] to 8relieve0 is giv51 ! support 
8halts10 8fronts10 & 8ext5ds0 ^u its own
 l9e4 ,cont9u+ ! 8retreat0 s soon z !   
new support1 hav+ clos$1 has atta9$ its 
prop] di/ance4  ,if 8comm5ce fir+0 has  
be5 giv5 be=e ! ord] to 8relieve10 !    
relief takes place ^u ! pr9ciples j     
above describ$1 ) ^! additions--t if    
reliev$ at ! halt1 ! old skirmi%]s spr+ 
up z ! new skirmi%]s are rea*+ !m &     
8d\ble quick0 to ! re> "o hundr$ paces  
be=e !y beg9 to close--if 9 advanc+1 !  
new skirmi%]s 8d\ble quick0 "o hundr$   
paces f ! re>1 & ! same di/ance to !    

front ( ! old l9e1 ! latt] ly+ d[n1 & n 
ris+ or clos+ until ! relief has op5$   
its fire2 & if1 9 retir+1 ! old support 
lies d[n s soon z x is ext5d$1 & all[s !
 =m] skirmi%]s to pass ?r\gh x at !     
8d\ble quick0 7cont9u$ = "o hundr$ y>ds7
 be=e x spr+s ^u ! knee & op5s its fire4
  ,! important object ( ! runn+ & ly+   
d[n 9 reliev+ "u fire ( c\rse be+1 t !  
new & old l9es ( skirmi%]s %\ld n be    
expos$ :5 ne> toge!r z l>ge m>ks = !    
enemy's %ot4    ,"o subdivision ext5d$1 
! o!r 9 support4                        
,^w ( ,comm&1 8,,=m ,,squ>e20  or1      
,bugle 4444444 8,,al>m10 8,,assembly40  
,! "r section ( ! support :eels back    
half a qu>t] circle 7#de7 on its left1 !
 left section half a qu>t] circle on its
 "r1 /epp+ back "o or two paces s z to  
let ! left ( ! "r section ov]lap its "r4
 ,! "r section :eels up by ?rees to !   
left1 ! left section by ?rees to ! "r1  
?rees close to ! front & !n face        
outw>ds1 ?us =m+ half a ?ree deep squ>e 
) ! angle to ! front4 8,fix bayonets0 & 

8comm5ce fir+0 7outw>d rank kneel+ 9    
res]ve7 if ! front is cle> & ! enemy    
ne>4 ,skirmi%]s run 9 & =m ! two re>    
faces ( ! squ>e ?ree deep1 keep+ to ! "r
 & left 9 runn+ 9 s z n to h9d] ! fire1 
& n fix+ bayonets until 9 _! places4  ,!
 faces ( ! squ>e are :eel$ back s z to  
/& diamond l 9 ref]5ce to ! g5]al l9e1 9
 ord] t ! fire may be ?r[n cle> ( y\r   
own neighb\r+ squ>es4                   
8,,cease ,,fir+40                       
8,,"r ,,subdivision ,,cov] ,,! ,,front40
  ,! subdivision s ord]$ receives !     
words 7z be=e7 8unfix bayonets10 8trail 
arms10 8quick m>*10 8f ! c5tre ext5d10 &
 proce$s to its ext5d$ l9e1 ! m5 ( ! o!r
 subdivision fall into _! prop] places 9
 l9e two deep z ! support4              
,^w ( ,comm&1 8,,=m ,,squ>e20  or       
,bugle 4444444 8,,al>m10 8,,assembly40  
,! =mation comm5c$ z be=e1 b ! enemy be+
 too ne> to all[ ( its completion1 !    
ord] is giv5--                    ,^w ( 
,comm&1 8,,rally+ ,,squ>es20  or1       
,bugle 4444444 8,,d\ble ,,quick30  ^u   

:i* ! support clubs into a solid mass1  
fac+ outw>ds on all sides2 & ) all      
skirmi%]s ! 8(fic]s1 ex]cis+ mo/        
actively _! intellig5ce1 9 prop] numb]s 
& at prop] di/ances1 hold up _! swords  
or caps1 & ! m5 ru% r\nd !m into masses 
( def5ce40--7,see 8,! ,ess5tials10 art4 
,,vii47  ,,advanc$ ,,& ,,re> ,,gu>ds4   
,an advanc$ gu>d1 on a road on ! l9e (  
m>*1 consi/s ( a l>ge res]ve1 a small   
res]ve1 a support & skirmi%]s4 ,! fir/ (
 ^!1 accord+ to ! 8,field ,ex]cise ( !  
,army10 may be "o subdivision1 ab\t five
 hundr$ y>ds 9 advance ( ! head ( ! ma9 
column2 ! second1 a complete section1   
two hundr$ y>ds fur!r on2 & ! ?ird1 "o  
hundr$ y>ds m 9 advance1 ! rema9+       
section ( ! company1 ?r[+ out "o hundr$ 
y>ds aga9 to its front a d\ble file (   
skirmi%]s on ! road1 & a d\ble file 7if 
! /r5g? ( ! section admits ( s _m7      
obliquely to ea* flank4  ,x is ( c\rse (
 ! highe/ importance t ?is =mation1 9 ! 
:ole ( its progress1 7ma9ta9$ frequ5tly 
?r\gh a long day's m>*1 9 ?ick wea!r1 & 

?r\gh intricate roads17 %\ld be pres]v$ 
9 p]fect unity by l9ks ( ocul>          
connexion4 ,no "o portion ( x %\ld ev]  
be1 = _m m9utes at lea/1 unse5 by "s o!r
 portion4 ,= ?is reason1 ! di/ances (   
sep>ation mu/ v>y ) ! h\r ( ! day1 !    
nature ( ! c\ntry1 & ! /ate ( ! wea!r1 &
 "o or two files ( communication %\ld   
rema9 midway betwe5 ! sev]al deta*m5ts4 
,! ord9>y mode ( =m+ an advanc$ gu>d (  
c\rse is1 = ! body compos+ x to proce$  
along ! int5d$ road1 dropp+ its diff]5t 
portions & files ( communication z !y   
successively atta9 _! relative di/ances4
  ,a re> gu>d is an advanc$ gu>d fac$ to
 its prop] re>4    ,! =ego+ details ( ! 
common rules & practice ( ,light        
,infantry drill are susceptible ( be+   
ext5d$ into a v wide range ( field      
application4 ,^u ?is subject1 mu* has   
already be5 advanc$ 9 ! ,i/1 ,v,ith1    
,v,i,ith & ,v,i,i,ith ,articles ( 8,!   
,ess5tials ( ,good ,skirmi%+40          
,bugle ,s\nds  ,illu/ration3 ,no4 ,i4   
,ext5d4  ,illu/ration3 ,no4 ,,ii4       

,close4  ,illu/ration3 ,no4 ,,ii4       
,advance4  ,illu/ration3 ,no4 ,,iv4     
,halt4  ,illu/ration3 ,no4 ,v4 ,fire4   
,illu/ration3 ,no4 ,,vi4 ,cease ,fir+4  
,illu/ration3 ,no4 ,,vii4 ,retreat4     
,illu/ration3 ,no4 ,,viii4 ,assembly4   
,illu/ration3 ,no4 ,,ix4 ,incl9e to !   
,"r4  ,illu/ration3 ,no4 ,x4 ,incl9e to 
! ,left4  ,illu/ration3 ,no4 ,,xi4 ,!   
,al>m4  ,illu/ration3 ,! ,quick ,"t4    
,illu/ration3 ,! ,d\ble ,"t4  ,footnote 
#af3    ,) ! bugle1 ! 8"r incl9e10 or   
8left incl9e10 s\nd$   once1 is und]/ood
 to mean ! half turn1 twice 7) a        
well-m>k$ int]val7 ! full turn4     ,a  
,,me?od ,,( ,,in/ruction ,,= ,,! ,,spe$y
 ,,acquirem5t ,,( ,,pr(ici5cy ,,9 ,,!   
,,use ,,( ,,! ,,long ,,range ,,rifle4   
,! recruit or pupil mu/ ,,fir/ h 8      
intellig5ce di/9ctly in=m$1 & 8 memory  
/rongly impress$1 ) :at ! ,rifle c be   
made to d at any giv5 di/ance4 ,he w ?us
 be prep>$ = in/ruction1 ,,secondly1 9 !
 art ( mak+ x d :at x c d4  ,! fir/     
p>ticul> may p]haps be accompli%$ to    

full satisfaction by ! foll[+ me?od4 ,! 
trials t n[ induce ! proposal ( x1#ag 71
 ) ! regulation musquet1 v satisfactory4
 ,! v>i\s degrees ( ! p[] ( ! weapon 71 
to ! ext5t ! exp]im5t 0 c>ri$1          
accurately asc]ta9$ & di/9ctly exhibit$4
  ,a piece ( level gr\nd mu/ be set ap>t
 = rifle practice4 ,! l5g?1 ) ! pres5t  
p[] ( range1 %\ld be f #adjj to #aejj   
y>ds4 ,=ty feet w\ld be suffici5t = !   
wid?1 except+ at ! p]man5t butt1 :]e1 = 
security's sake1 x %\ld be at lea/ =ty  
y>ds4 ,x w\ld be v desirable t no b\nd>y
 /raight walls or f5ces %\ld guide ! eye
 to ! t>get4 ,at ! p]man5t butt1 a      
racket c\rt wall %\ld be built1 f ?irty 
to =ty feet high1 & f ?irty to =ty y>ds 
wide1 ) side-w+s1 to /op glanc+ %ot4    
,t5 y>ds 9 front ( ?is c5tre %\ld /& a  
wood5 t>get1 pa9t$ :ite if ! wall be    
pa9t$ black1 or vice v]s2 ) a           
8bull's-eye0 at f\r & a half feet f !   
gr\nd--?is t>get be+ divid$ into squ>e  
feet by l9es1 easily di/+ui%able ?r\gh a
 small telescope f ! fur!/ extremity ( !

 range4  ,f ?is wood5 t>get1 z a        
comm5cem5t1 ! practice gr\nd %\ld be    
m>k$ (f into l5g?s ( fifty y>ds ea*4 ,at
 ea* ( ^! fifty-y>d /ations1 two sockets
 %\ld be sunk into ! gr\nd1 to hold1 :5 
requir$1 ! out] frame ( an int]m$iate   
t>get4  ,! inn] frame %\ld hang by h+es 
on ! out]1 s z to op5 & %ut z a door4   
,x %\ld be cov]$ ) ! mo/ yield+ mat]ial 
7pap] or o!rwise71 t w\ld /& ) an ord9>y
 w9d1 s z to (f] ! lea/ possible        
resi/ance to a pass+ bullet4  ,x %\ld be
 pa9t$ ) a 8bull's-eye0 & l9es1         
correspond+ precisely ) ^? ( ! wood5    
t>get4 ,! wood5 t>get /ation %\ld be    
provid$ ) a ball-pro( s5try-box = !     
m>k]1 on :eels2 & ea* ( ! int]m$iate    
/ations ) a l ball-pro( s5try-box1 a    
long wood5 %$1 ) a lock] 9 x = ! pap]   
t>get1 & a v solid & /eady re/ on :eels1
 ) a groove at ! top = ! /eady fir+ f x 
( ! rifle1 at ! same height f ! gr\nd z 
! 8bull's-eye0 9 ! t>gets4  ,to prev5t  
accid5ts1 f\r or five bells %\ld be hung
 on pill>s at int]vals on ! side ( ! l9e

 ( practice1 ) %ort flag-/affs above !m1
 = ! hoi/+ ( signals4  ,! size ( ! pap] 
t>gets %\ld be calculat$ to include !   
wide/ ord9>y v>iations ( ! bullets4     
,?ree feet might be suffici5t = ! fur!/ 
f ! butt1 ! wid? gradually increas+ to  
twelve feet1 at ! ne>e/ /ation to !     
wood5 t>get4 ,! height mu/ rise & fall1 
z f> z x might be practicable1 ) ! l9e (
 ! ord9>y highe/ flight ( ! bullet4     
,fifty y>ds h be5 giv5 z ! prop] int]val
 betwe5 ! pap] t>gets1 because t di/ance
 suit$ ! r\nd ball & regulation musquet4
 ,! v elongat$ p>abola ( ! c\rse ( !    
conical bullet may admit ( t c\rse be+  
suffici5tly %[n 9 pap] t>gets "o hundr$ 
y>ds ap>t4  ,x did n appe>1 9 !         
exp]im5ts made1 t ! resi/ance ( ! pap]  
_h any effect ( consequ5ce on ! flight (
 ! ball4 ,?is ( c\rse w\ld dep5d mu* ^u 
! texture ( ! cov]+ mat]ial4 ,9 calm    
wea!r1 a little wat] spr9kl$ on ! pap]  
t>gets w\ld really make resi/ance       
nom9al4  ,! =ego+ prep>ations be+       
complet$1 & ! in/ructor hav+1 by means (

 !m1 made himself well acqua9t$ ) ! p[]s
 ( 8 rifle--t rifle1 moreov]1 be+ ( !   
k9d :i* 8 recruits or pupils are to br+ 
) !m--! squad takes po/ at ! longe/     
effectual range /ation1--we w say1 = !  
ord9>y infantry rifle1 at eight hundr$  
y>ds4  ,! pap] t>gets are left op51 & ! 
wood5 t>get ) its 8bull's eye10 se54 ,! 
wood5 re/ is plac$ 9 ! c5tre1 & a rifle 
laid /eadily 9 x1 at ! elevation giv5 by
 ! in/ructor z necess>y = hitt+ ! di/ant
 8bull's eye40  ,to prev5t accid5ts1 ?is
 rifle is n cock$4 ,at a signal giv5 !  
pap] t>gets are %ut1 beg9n+ ) ! ne>e/ to
 ! butt1 ! recruits be+ made to rem>k1 z
 !y are successively clos$1 t ! 8,bulls'
 eyes0 are 9 a p]fect l9e4 ,! ne>e/ bell
 is rung2 two m9utes are all[$ = p]sons 
on ! l9e to run into ! ball-pro(        
s5try-boxes1 & ! %ot is /eadily fir$4   
,! di/ance & elevation ( ! rifle be+    
c>efully ent]$ 9 ! fir+-book1 :i* e     
pupil %\ld possess1 ! squad proce$s to  
trace1 by ! pap] t>gets1 ! c\rse ( !    
ball to its ultimate de/9ation4 ,at e   

t>get1 ! height or depression ( ! %ot 9 
in*es f ! c5tral l9e ( ! 8bull's eye10  
is c>efully obs]v$1 & not$ d[n--! po9t  
blank di/ance is especially ent]$4 ,!   
%ot-holes1 9 ! meantime1 are cov]$ ) !  
smalle/ possible pat*es ( fre% pap]1 or1
 9 ! wood5 t>get1 plugg$4  ,! squad !n  
returns to ! next ne>e/1 or sev5 hundr$ 
y>ds' /ation1 repeats ! same process (  
levell+ a rifle at ! elevation ord]$ by 
! in/ructor1 & ( trac+ & not+ d[n !     
c\rse ( ! ball2 & s on1 dim9i%+ ea* "t a
 hundr$ y>ds1 & at la/ to fifty f !     
t>get4  ,by a sy/ematic c\rse ( ?is k9d1
 = :i* f\r h\rs1 or half a day1 w\ld be 
suffici5t1 ab\t twelve m5 might atta9 a 
p]man5t ocul> k ( ! p[] ( _! rifles on  
level gr\nd at e possible range4 ,x     
w\ld1 ( c\rse1 be necess>y t ! rifles & 
*>ges %\ld be uni=m 9 size1 weight1 &   
quality4 ,! effect ( /rong side w9ds ^u 
! bullet 7:i* is consid]able7 might also
 sometimes be %[n1 & rifles accurately  
prov$ "o aga9/ ano!r4  ,x is v possible 
to make a re/ 9 :i* ! dis*>ge w only    

occasion a direct recoil1 & x w\ld !re=e
 seem t1 ) due att5tion1 ?is mode (     
pro(1 & ?is in/ruction 9 :at ! rifle w  
d1 might be c>ri$ v ne> to p]fection4   
,! next /ep is to make ! soldi] d =     
himself :at he has se5 8 rifle1 if      
prop]ly manag$1 w d4  ,= ?is purpose1 ! 
pap] t>gets & frames mu/ be cle>$ away &
 /[$ 9 ! lock]s1 ! re/s :eel$ (f ! l9e1 
& half ! squad 7six m57 assembl$1 rifles
 n load$1 at ! fifty y>ds f ! wood5     
t>get /ation4  ,! fir/ man is plac$ 9 ! 
l9e ( ! 8bull's eye10 ! re/ ( ! squad   
lodg+ _! arms 9 a rack "u ! %$1 &       
return+ to wat* ! practice att5tively4  
,! man to fire1 hav+ load$ v c>efully1  
is ask$ by ! in/ructor--  ,q4 ,:at is   
y\r di/ance f ! m>k8  ,a4 444 y>ds4  ,q4
 ,:at mu/ be ! elevation1 or depression8
  ,a4 444 in*es above1 or bel[1 ! bull's
 eye4  ,if he %\ld =get1 or be          
incorrect1 he is n to be set "r by !    
in/ructor1 b made to ref] to 8 own      
fir+-book = in=mation4 ,( c\rse1 if !   
rifle be provid$ ) c>efully-prov$       

sights1 he %\ld be taught to make use ( 
!m4  ,he is !n w>n$ to br+ up ! rifle   
quietly f ! hip1 look+1 :ile he does s1 
at ! po9t he wi%es to hit1 to %ut ! left
 eye close1 & to look ) ! "r eye ?r\gh !
 sights !mselves1 & n ov] or b5ea? !m1  
to pull ! trigg] /eadily ! mom5t !      
object is accurately cov]$1 at ?is      
in/ant ?r[+ 8 att5tion to ! c>e ( keep+ 
! l9e ( b>rel direct to ! m>k until !   
bullet has left ! muzzle--p]haps ! mo/  
difficult atta9m5t 9 ball practice1 & t 
:i* con/itutes ! greate/ diff]5ce betwe5
 a good %ot & a bad "o4  ,^! pr9ciples  
be+ cle>ly communicat$1 ! ne>e/ bell is 
rung1 a m9ute's delay giv5 = %ort       
di/ances1 & two m9utes = long ones1 & ! 
%ot is fir$4  ,! m>k] in/antly /eps out 
( 8 ball-pro( box1 ) a light pole1 hav+ 
at its extremity a bright sc>let circle1
 :i* he lays ^u ! %ot-hole 9 ! wood5    
t>get--! numb] ( in*es above or bel[1 & 
"r or left1 ( ! c5tre ( ! 8bull's eye0  
is ent]$ 9 ! fir+ book--! man falls back
 to ! squad1 & ! next = fir+ takes 8    

place4  ,if a man hit v wide ( ! prop]  
m>k1 x might be well to make him fire   
until he _h atta9$ a reasonably good    
%ot1 *>g+ to 8 acc\nt ! surplus         
ammunition s exp5d$4  ,! squad w\ld !n  
fall back to "o hundr$ y>ds f ! wood5   
t>get ) a repetition ( ! same practice1 
!n to two hundr$1 & s on to ! longe/    
range4 ,n m1 probably1 ?an ?ree /ations 
c\ld be got ?r\gh 9 a day1 by any "o    
squad1 ) advantage4  ,at ! end ( ea*    
day's "w1 a c>eful return ( ! details ( 
fir+ %\ld be s5t by ! in/ructor to !    
comm&+ (fic]1 9 con=mity ) :i*1 rew>ds1 
comm5dations1 & c5sures1 might be f9ally
 di/ribut$4  ,! details ( proce$+ h be5 
some:at m9utely describ$1 because ?is   
elem5t>y in/ruction1 to =m a solid &    
effectual basis = subsequ5t g5]al       
practice1 %\ld be a m9utely pati5t &    
c>eful "w4 ,9 ord]1 also1 to prev5t !   
s]i\s accid5ts :i* want ( sy/em might   
occasion1 especially at ! long ranges1 x
 w\ld be important to e/abli% & ma9ta9  
m9ute uni=mity ( proce$+4  ,su* a c\rse 

z t above recomm5d$ w\ld only occupy f\r
 days1 & x w\ld make a man = all 8 life1
 if he _h ! tal5t to pr(it by x1 a good 
m>ksman1 ) rifles ( ! same p[] z t :i*  
he _h ?us c>efully prov$4  ,?is elem5t>y
 in/ruction w\ld n1 ( c\rse1 set aside m
 free & desultory practice at o!r times1
 provid$ x 7 c>ri$ on ) ob$i5ce to !    
g5]al regulations = security aga9/      
accid5ts4  ,x is almo/ sup]flu\s to     
obs]ve1 t ! in/ructors provid$ ) !      
8/adia10 & ) small telescopes head$ )   
simple 8micromet]s10 %\ld po9t out to   
(fic]s & m5 ! readie/ me?ods ( calculat+
 di/ances4    ,tak+ tw5ty-five z !      
av]age numb] ( pupils t c\ld be1 ) full 
advantage1 "u daily practice1 & f\r days
 z ! p]iod = complet+ _! in/ruction1 "o 
hundr$ & fifty might be ?us f9i%$ 9 !   
tw5ty-f\r 7z an av]age7 work+ days ( ea*
 mon?1 a battalion ( ab\t six hundr$ m5 
9 f\r mon?s1 & consequ5tly twelve hundr$
 m5 9 ! eight temp]ate mon?s 7f1 ab\t ! 
#a/ ( ,m>* to ! #a/ ( ,novemb]7 9 ea*   
ye>4  ,to complete1 !re=e1 ! ,briti%    

army on home s]vice 9 "o ye>1 !re w\ld  
be requir$ ab\t =ty su* e/abli%m5ts     
scatt]$ ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 & = !  
volunte] rifle corps & militia ab\t     
fifty m4 ,aft] ! ye> ( !oretical        
in/ruction1 !y w\ld rema9 z mo/ useful =
 fre] practice4  ,! exp5se w\ld be1 !   
co/ ( ! l&1 :i* 7consid]+ t /rips (     
wor?less soil1 or ( gov]nm5t gr\nd1     
might 9 _m in/ances be procur$ gratis7  
%\ld n exce$ five hundr$ p\nds ! /ation2
 & light f5c+1 ! butt1 t>gets1 %$s1     
ball-pro( s5try-boxes1 re/s1 & a small  
h\se = ! m>k] 9 *>ge ( ! gr\nd1 :i*     
might av]age f\r hundr$ p\nds m4 ,9 all 
n9e hundr$ p\nds = ea* e/abli%m5t z a   
p]man5t outlay1 or ab\t ?irty-six ?\s&  
p\nds = ! regul> army1 & =ty-five ?\s&  
p\nds = ! volunte] rifle corps &        
militia4  ,! m>k]s might be milit>y     
p5sion]s1 ) a small addition to _! pay1 
& ! in/ructors retir$ (fic]s or         
non-commission$ (fic]s1 ) a simil>      
all[ance4 ,_m f ^! classes w\ld be well 
calculat$ = su* duties1 & w\ld ent] ) _s

 into !m4  ,to give complete success to 
an appeal to ! nation = ! exp5diture ?us
 requir$1 notori\s facts1 add$ to a     
widely-ackn[l$g$ pr9ciple1 m5tion$ 9 !  
fir/ edition ( ?is treatise1 %\ld be    
suffici5t3 8,e reasonable outlay t[>ds !
 ma9t5ance ( national milit>y effici5cy 
is true economy2 & ! neglect ( x1 real  
extravagance40--78,ess5tials10 ,art4    
#bnd1 ,correct ,fir+47  ,! notori\s     
facts ref]r$ to are1 t ! m>vell\s       
inv5tive _s ( ! age has1 at "o b\nd1    
made milit>y effici5cy dep5d5t1 9 a     
sup]-em95t degree1 on skill 9 rifle     
practice1 & t o!r nations1 s5sitively   
alive to ! circum/ance1 are devot+ to x 
imm5se me?odical att5tion4#ah  ,footnote
 #ag3    ,made c>efully1 ) soldi]s ( !  
#ebnd ,regim5t1 on a retir$   sea-bea* 9
 ,briti% ,nor? ,am]ica1 9 ! ye>s        
#ahbe-f4  ,footnote #ah3    ,see1 among 
o!r pro(s1 8,in/ruction sur le ,tir1 p> 
,ordre du   ,m9i/re de la ,gu]re10      
,p>is1 #ahdh2 & 8,projet d',in/ruction  
sur le   ,tir10 ,p>is1 #ahej4           

,,%ort ,,obs]vations ,,^u ,,dress ,,&   
,,appo9tm5ts4   ,x is s di/9ctly evid5t 
t ! imm5se advance :i* is at ! pres5t   
p]iod 9 op]ation ^u milit>y weapons &   
practice mu/ ext5d its influ5ce to dress
 & appo9tm5ts1 t a treatise ( ?is k9d   
w\ld n n[ be complete 9 its p>ts )\t a  
ref]5ce to !m4  ,dress w be affect$     
pre-em95tly1 9 a mann] :i* has n1 z yet1
 attract$ mu*1 if any1 public att5tion4 
,x w be indescribably m ?an ev]         
important to di/+ui% ! troops ( "o      
nation f ^? ( o!r nations1 by uni=ms t c
 be kn[n af> (f4  ,among ! mo/ p]plex+1 
h9d]+1 & revolt+ incid5ts ( a campaign1 
are ^? ( mi/ak+ foes = fri5ds & fri5ds =
 foes4 ,facts are ! be/ argum5ts2 & a   
few ( ^? :i* occurr$ "u ! au?or's own   
obs]vation1 9 a corps probably z little 
liable to make mi/akes z any t ev] /ood 
on a battle-field1 are (f]$ 9 en=cem5t (
 ?is consid]ation4  ,dur+ ! retreat f   
,madrid1 9 ! grey ( ! morn+1 aft] hav+  
be5 h>ass$ ?r\gh ! great] "p ( ! day    
be=e by impud5t da%es ( ! ,fr5* light   

cavalry1 a ,spani% cavalry patrol 0 fir$
 ^u1 "u ! v natural impression t !y 7   
,fr5*m51 re-comm5c+ _! previ\s practice4
  ,aft] ?is1 :ile engag$ 9 ! pursuit ( a
 beat5 enemy ?r\gh a m\nta9\s &         
intricate c\ntry1 ! battalion 0         
compell$1 z a matt] ( reasonable        
prud5ce1 to scale a rocky hill1 9 ord]  
to take up a position ( def5ce aga9/    
?ree battalions 9 blue1 :i* _h j appe>$ 
z if mov+ to int]cept ! l9e ( retreat4  
,:5 a qu>t] ( an h\r _h be5 wa/$1 !y    
also turn$ out to be ,spani>ds4  ,on a  
subsequ5t occasion1 9 foll[+ up a *>ge 9
 l9e1 f ! ?ick smoke t /ill hung on !   
enemy's infantry a body ( horsem51 ( :i*
 "s evid5tly 7 cuirassi]s1 broke        
furi\sly ^u ! front4 ,x _h all !        
appe>ance ( an ef=t ( ! ,fr5* cavalry to
 cov] ! retreat1 & ! :ole fire 0 = a    
mom5t conc5trat$ ^u x1 until "s ( !     
headmo/ horsem51 fall+ almo/ ^u !       
bayonets1 7 p]ceiv$ to be ,engli% light 
dragoons4  ,^! are a few1 & only a v    
few1 ( ! evils :i* h already aris5 f    

indi/9ctness 9 uni=m4 ,if1 !n1 ! mis*ief
 0 s great 9 connexion ) ! limit$ &     
unc]ta9 p[] ( ! old musquet1 :at w x n  
be ) ! di/ant & accurate fire ( ! long  
range rifle8 ,a gr\p ( y\r own /aff     
(fic]s1 a patrol ( y\r own cavalry1 or a
 battalion 9 blue ( y\r own infantry1   
eight hundr$ y>ds (f1 might be almo/    
de/roy$ be=e x c\ld be possible to      
correct ! mi/ake2 :ile bodies ( ! enemy 
might1 f y\r unc]ta9ty1 pass & repass ) 
correspond+ impunity4  ,:atev] uni=ms1  
!re=e1 we adopt or ma9ta91 x is evid5t  
t1 = cavalry z well z infantry1 broad   
,,national ,,di/9ctiv5ess %\ld be a mo/ 
pr$om9ant consid]ation4  ,!re is ano!r  
imm5se advantage 9 di/9ctive uni=ms =   
troops :o c & w d _! duty--! mighty     
moral effect :i* su* di/9ctiv5ess c>ries
 ) x4 ,l ! m]e                          
8,bla/ ( ,rod]ic's bugle horn10  x 8is  
wor?0 9 itself1 9 a /\t /ruggle1 !      
support (                               
8,a ?\s& m540  ,_m a "t has ! di/9ctive 
r$ coat s\nd$ a retreat to ! enemy1 :i* 

he w\ld h be5 sl[ to adopt if any d\bt  
_h exi/$ ab\t ! real "* ( ! troops he _h
 fall5 9 )4  ,popul> error ought to be  
correct$ 9 reg>d to col\rs suitable =   
light infantry1 by ! pla9 matt] ( fact1 
t skirmi%+ is n 9 g5]al a pr[l+1 wolf-l 
proce$+1 b %e] h>d & op5 fight+2 9 :i*1 
inde$1 ! p>ties engag$ make ! be/ ( any 
cov] t pres5ts itself1 b 9 :i* also !   
fla%es & smoke ( fir+ alone pres5t m>ks 
= reply t no t9t ( uni=m c conceal4 ,9  
conceal+-cov]1 n ! coat1 b ! head dress 
& face are se54 ,x is a reasonable      
subject ( d\bt :e!r on op5 gr\nd1 at a  
di/ance ( six hundr$ or eight hundr$    
y>ds1 r$1 soil$ by du/1 dirt & dr5*+1   
does n mell[ into a greyi%-purple1 z    
little calculat$ to make ! man :o we>s x
 a m>k z blue1 black1 or d>k gre54 ,take
 away :ite epaulettes1 :ite lace1 & :ite
 belts1 & ! r$ jacket itself may /ill   
cont9ue to be1 ) prud5ce & propriety1 ! 
lead+ /> on l& ( ,engl&'s high hon\r &  
prosp]ity4  ,! increas$ rapidity ) :i*1 
to prev5t ru9\s de/ruction1 troops ( all

 k9ds1 :5 "u fire1 mu/ n[ move =        
consid]able di/ances1 gives increas$    
importance to ! v pla9 pr9ciple1 t !    
effici5cy ( a locomotive weapon ( w> is1
 9 ! highe/ degree1 dep5d5t ^u !        
proportion ( its weight to ! /r5g? ( !  
animal t c>ries x4 ,weight ( metal is ( 
imm5se mom5t on a ramp>t2 b lightness ( 
he>t & li!ness ( limb1 produc+ su/a9$ & 
easy movem5t & c>eful fir+1 are         
advantages ( m importance to ! soldi] 9 
! field4  ,^! pr9ciples embrace 8       
appo9tm5ts z well z 8 weapons2 & x may  
be possible1 n[ t public att5tion is    
call$ to ! subject1 to ext5d _!         
application1 dep5d5t z ?is is ^u !      
public purse4  ,! weight ( ! ammunition 
& bayonet has hi!rto1 9 reg>d to !      
infantry 9 g5]al1 be5 support$ ^u !     
%\ld]s1 & t ( ! =m] conc5trat$ on "o    
po9t4 ,x w\ld appe> v possible to divide
 ! support betwe5 ! %\ld]s & ! wai/1 &  
to di/ribute x equally ar\nd4 ,! ?irty  
in*es ( space :i*1 9 g5]al1 surr\nd !   
wai/ ( ! full-gr[n man1 w\ld all[ (     

sixty ball-c>tridges1 plac$ side by side
 p]p5dicul>ly 9 f\r flat well-made      
p\*es1 "o on ea* side be=e1 & ! same    
beh9d4 ,^! might be atta*$ to a         
wai/-belt clasp+ 9 front1 & support$1   
moreov]1 by a few /\t buttons 9 ! coat1 
& by a pair ( v light belts1 9 ! g5]al  
=m ( common braces1 cross+ on ! back1 b 
9 front fall+ /raight d[n f ! %\ld] )\t 
cross+1 & t]m9at+ ea* 9 two po9ts4 ,!   
mat]ial = all ^! belts might he lea!r1 &
 ! col\r1 t v common t9t r$di%-br[n1 to 
assimilate ) ! coat4  ,! advantage ( ?is
 arrangem5t w\ld be1 t1 9 addition to ! 
weight be+ equaliz$1 ! soldi] c\ld1 z he
 pleas$1 ease 8 %\ld]s by tight5+ !     
wai/-belt1 or ease ! wai/ by loos+ !    
clasp4 ,he w\ld be also free to ?r[ wide
 op5 ! coatee 9 oppressive wea!r1 or 9  
fall+ out on ! l9e ( m>*4 ,?an ?is la/1 
!re c\ld n p]haps be a great] relief to 
! practical soldi]4  ,9 a campaign1 a   
man might conv5i5tly c>ry1 9 addition to
 ?is ammunition1 ?irty r\nds ( gunp[d] 9
 a /\t well-made flask1 slung by a r$   

/rap ov] ! %\ld]1 & a bag ) ?irty       
bullets1 9 greas$ pat*es1 on ! "r side (
 8 wai/-belt1 to balance !              
sword-bayonet1 susp5d$ f a frog on !    
left side4 ,= long ranges1 load+ f !    
p[d]-flask might be safe & conv5i5t--!  
c>tridges w\ld s]ve = clos] qu>t]s4  ,! 
pres5t almo/ iron neck-b& might be      
ex*ang$ = ! simple1 neat1 & durable     
pat5t ,alb]t spr+-wire /ock1 cov]$ ) s(t
 lea!r4 ,possibly1 also1 ! soldi]'s     
h\se1 :i* he c>ries on 8 back--& :i*1 9 
a campaign1 mu/ be = weeks toge!r 8 only
 %elt]--8 great coat1 or cloak &        
blanket1 might be made light] by        
sub/itut+ sup]ior mat]ials4 ,9 no o!r   
way c ! weight ( ! knapsack be mu*      
r$uc$4    ,x is c]ta9ly ( imm5se        
importance to ! safety & prosp]ity ( !  
nation t all ! =ego+ subjects %\ld be1  
ev5 n[1 appreciat$ ) practical clos5ess4
 ,o!r civiliz$ /ates are mo/ active 9   
inve/igation & 9 application4 ,,!       
,,briti% ,,soldi] ,,/&s ,,*e]fully      
,,ready ,,& ,,will+ ,,to ,,d ,,8 ,,duty 

,,to ,,! ,,c\ntry--,,x ,,is ,,= ,,engl& 
,,to ,,d ,,h] ,,duty ,,to ,,h]self ,,&  
,,to ,,! ,,soldi]4  ,f ?is designation !
 au?or w\ld by no means exclude any     
portions ( ! arm$ l&-def5d]s ( ! ,briti%
 empire1 s f> z !y might h claim to x by
 "* & atta9m5ts4 ,let ! volunte] rifle  
corps & militia acquire & ma9ta9 7z did 
! c\nty militias dur+ ! la/ great w>1 & 
z h done _m ( ! yeomanry corps s9ce t   
p]iod7 t drill & discipl9e )\t :i*1 9 ! 
h\r ( dang]1 m5-at-arms are je/s to _!  
enemies & pe/s to _! fri5ds1 & !y also  
may ) ju/ice be class$ among ! soldi]-l 
gu>dians ( _! c\ntry4  ,,! ,,end4       
,,london3  ,,milit>y ,,libr>y1          
,,:itehall4  ,,m>*1 #aheb4  ,,p>k]1     
,,furnivall1  ,,p>k]1  ,publi%]s1 by    
,au?ority1 (  ,! ,que5's ,regulations1 &
 o!r ,(ficial ,books = ! ,army4   ,works
 9 ! ,press4  ,hi/orical ,records ( !   
#ga/ ,highl& ,light ,infantry1 #hg?     
,royal ,iri% ,fusili]s1 #ej? ,que5's    
,own1 & #eh? ,regim5ts4 ,compil$ by     
,ri*>d ,cannon1 ,esq41                  

,adjutant-,g5]al's ,(fice4  ,j\rnal ( ! 
,russian ,campaign ( #ahab4 ,f ! ,fr5* (
 ,lieut4-,g5]al de ,fez5sac1 by ,colonel
 ,knollys1 comm&+ ,scots ,fusili]       
,gu>ds4 ,) an ,introduction & ,notes by 
! ,translator4  ,notes on ! ,def5sive   
,res\rces ( ,great ,brita94 ,by ,capta9 
,fy]s1 ,half-pay1 ,royal ,artill]y4     
,manual ( ,in=mation & ,in/ruction =    
,c&idates = ,commissions4 ,by ,alfr$    
,d[nes1 ,esq4  ,milit>y ,draw+4 ,by     
,newton ,field+4 ,royal ,octavo1 )      
num]\s ,plates & ,woodcuts4 ,! ,fir/ ,"p
 w conta9 in/ructions 9 all ! v>i\s k9ds
 ( p51 p5cil1 & bru%-"w 9 "o col\r4 ,!  
,second ,"p w be entirely devot$ to     
,milit>y ,draw+ 9 ,col\rs4  ,con/ruction
 ( ! ,mod]n ,sy/em ( ,=tification4 ,)   
,plates pr9t$ 9 ?ree col\rs4 ,by ,?omas 
,kimb]1 ,b4,a4  ,on ! ,managem5t (      
,%ips' ,boats3 a ,lett] to ! ,"r ,hon4 !
 ,presid5t ( ! ,bo>d ( ,trade4 ,by ,w4  
,s4 ,lacon1 ,esq4  ,explanations ( !    
,manuvres ( a ,brigade ( ,infantry4     
,octavo4 ,) #bi ,col\r$ ,plans1 royal   

qu>to4 ,by ,lieut4-,colonel ! ,hon4 ,h4 
,p]cy1 ,gr5adi] ,gu>ds4 #ads4  ,on      
,national ,def5ce 9 ,engl&4 ,f ! ,fr5* (
 ,b>on ,maurice4 ,by ,capta9 ,j4 ,e4    
,addison1 ,royal ,milit>y ,asylum4 ,) an
 ,introduction by ! ,translator4 #bs4   
#f;d41 ) ,map4  ,regulations = !        
,in/ruction1 ,=mation1 & ,movem5ts ( !  
,cavalry4 ,revis$1 #ahea4  ,cavalry     
,regulations3 ,errata1 ,corrections1 &  
,sub/itutions1 dat$ ,may #bj1 #ahea4    
#f;d4  ,! ,artill]i/'s ,manual4 ,by     
,capta9 ,griffi?s1 ,r4,a4 ,new ,edition4
 #gs4 #f;d4  ,guide to ! ,milit>y       
,exam9ation4 ,by ,capta9 ,m>t91 #d?     
,k+'s ,own4 #ds4 #f;d4  ,vauban's ,fir/ 
,sy/em1 by ,kimb]4 ,) ,plates 9 ?ree    
col\rs4 #es4  ,/&+ ,ord]s = ! #bnd      
,royal ,nor? ,briti% ,dragoons4 #ds4    
#f;d4  ,/&+ ,ord]s = ! ,scots ,fusili]  
,gu>ds2 ) ,"t ,table = ! ,battalion     
,s*ools1 pr9t$ on prep>$ clo?4 #fs4     
,in/ructions = ,recruit+ ,p>ties ( !    
,scots ,fusili] ,gu>ds4 #as4  ,/&+      
,ord]s ( ! #ac? ,pr9ce ,alb]t's ,light  

,infantry4 #es4  ,! ,law ,relat+ to !   
,navy4 ,by ,h>ris ,pr5d]ga/1 ( ,l9coln's
 ,inn1 ,esq41 ,b>ri/]-at-,law1 ,au?or ( 
8,! ,law relat+ to ,(fic]s 9 ! ,army40  
,rem>ks on ! ,means ( ,direct+ ! ,fire (
 ,%ips' ,broadsides4 ,by ,ar?ur ,wm4    
,j]n+ham1 ,capta91 ,royal ,navy4 ,royal 
,octavo4 ,plates4 #gs4 #f;d4  ,! ,que5's
 ,regulations & ,ord]s = ! ,army4 #ahdd4
 #hs4 #f;d4 #ahdg1 #bs4 #ahdi1 #bs4     
,ord]s = ! ,army 9 ,irel&4 #bs4 #f;d4   
,! ,cavalry ,regulations4 #ahea4 #hs4   
,yeomanry ,regulations4 ,by ,"l de ,ros4
 #hs4 #f;d4 ,errata to ! ,edition (     
#ahdd1 #as4  ,field ,ex]cise = !        
,infantry4 #ahcc4 #fs4  ,infantry       
,manual4 ,revis$4 #bs4  ,regulations = !
 ,dress ( ! ,army4 #ahdf4 #ds4 #f;d4    
,w>-,(fice ,regulations4 #ahdh4 #ajs4   
,ex]cise & ,movem5ts ( ! ,royal ,horse  
,artill]y4 #ahdd4 #abs4 #f;d4           
,in/ructions = ! ,s]vice ( ,heavy       
,ordnance4 #ds4  ,field ,batt]y         
,ex]cise4 #ahca4 #ds4  ,home ,b>racks   
,regulations4 #abs4 #f;d4 ,add5da1 #cs4 

,regulations = ,b>racks at ,=eign       
,/ations4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,add5da1 #bs4     
#f;d4  ,w>rant & ,ab/ract ( ! ,b>rack   
,regulations = ,local ,milit>y          
,au?orities & ,b>rack ,ma/]s4 #ahdi4    
#es4  ,! ,sword ,ex]cise3 ,cavalry1 #bs4
 ,infantry1 #bs4  ,! ,c>b9e1 ,pi/ol1 &  
,lance ,ex]cises4 #bs4  ,! ,royal       
,artill]y ,p]cussion ,c>b9e ,ex]cises4  
#as4 #f;d4  ,! ,trumpet ,s\nds =        
,cavalry4 #cs4  ,in/ructions = ! ,bugle4
 #cs4 ,drum1 #ds4 #f;d4 ,fife1 #cs4     
,introductory ,essay to ! ,/udy (       
,=tification1 = ,"y ,(fic]s ( ! ,army4  
,by ,major ,/rai?4 ,) qu>to ,atlas4 ,new
 ,edition4      ,?is ,"w has be5 compil$
 expressly to meet ! requirem5ts set    
=? 9 ! ,adjutant's ,g5]al ,circul>      
,lett]1 dat$ ,may1 #ahej1     = !       
,exam9ation ( ,c&idates = ,commissions &
 ,promotion 9     ,h4,m4 ,army4         
,l&mann's ,pr9ciples ( ,=tification1    
r$uc$ into ,que/ions & ,answ]s = ! ,use 
( ! ,royal ,milit>y ,academy4 #ahca4    
#ds4  ,turn]'s ,analysis ( ,engli% &    

,fr5* ,hi/ory4 ,second ,edition4 #bs4   
,analysis ( ,roman ,hi/ory4 ,by ! ,same4
 #bs4  ,hall's ,elem5ts ( ,algebra4 ,new
 ,edition4 #es4  ,pott's ,euclid1 *iefly
 f ! ,text ( ,simson2 ) ,notes &        
,geometrical ,ex]cises4 #ds4 #f;d4      
,pott's ,brief ,h9ts = ! ,solution ( !  
,problems4 #as4  ,a ,complete ,c\rse (  
,practical ,geometry1 includ+ ,conic    
,sections & ,plan ,draw+1 treat$ on a   
,plan ( peculi> p]spicuity4 ,by         
,lt4-,g5]al ,sir ,*>les ,pasley1        
,k4,c4,b4 ,octavo4 #abs4  ,edw>ds'      
,introduction to ,engli% ,composition4  
,new ,edition4 #bs4  ,dr4 ,major's neid 
( ,virgil2 ) ,an?on's ,notes4 #gs4 #f;d4
  ,v5t\illac's ,rudim5ts ( ! ,fr5*      
,language4 #cs4 #f;d4  ,brasseur's      
,ex]cises 9 ,fr5* ,phraseology1 ) a     
,lexicon ( ,idiomatic ,v]bs4 #cs4 #f;d4 
,wattez's ,fr5* ,idioms4 #bs4 #f;d4     
,b]nay's ,g]man ,gramm>4 #es4  ,infantry
 ,figures1 consi/+ ( ,eight ,companies1 
prep>$ = ! ,illu/ration ( ,infantry     
,drill4 ,9 a ,case1 #ads4  ,figures =   

,cavalry ,manuvres1 9 ,six ,pieces1 to  
repres5t six ,troops 7?ree ,squadrons7 (
 a ,regim5t ( ! pres5t ,e/abli%m5t4 ,9 a
 ,case1 #hs4  ,details ( ,light         
,infantry ,drill2 ) "s ,in/ruction =    
,patrols4 ,by ,bt4-,major ,j4 ,p4       
,sp>ks1 #ch? ,regt4 #as4  ,six ,famili> 
,lectures = ! ,use ( ,"y ,(fic]s4 ,by a 
,field ,(fic]4 #ds4 #f;d4  ,"l de ,ros's
 ,"y ,(fic]'s ,companion4 #hs4  ,!      
,subalt]n's ,*eck ,book2 or1 ,ex]cises &
 ,evolutions = ! ,pres]vation ( ,ca% &  
,"*4 #bs4 #f;d4  ,soldi]ly ,discipl9e2  
or1 ,h9ts to ,(fic]s on ent]+ ! ,army1  
f\nd$ on ! ,regulations ( ! ,r4 ,m4 ,a4 
,by ,capt4 ,f4 ,e>dley-,wilmot1 ,r4,a4  
#as4 #f;d4  ,/ud5t's ,manual ( ,anci5t  
,hi/ory4 ,by ,w4 ,cooke ,taylor1        
,,ll4,d4 ,fif? ,edition4 #ajs4 #f;d4    
,/ud5t's ,manual ( ,mod]n ,hi/ory4 ,by !
 same ,au?or4 ,fif? ,edition1 ) ,new    
,supplem5t>y ,*apt]4 #ajs4 #f;d4  ,a    
,sket* ( ,briti% ,milit>y ,hi/ory4 ,by !
 ,rev4 ,g4 ,r4 ,gleig1 ,m4,a4 #cs4 #f;d4
  ,labaume's ,hi/ory ( ,napoleon's      

,invasion ( ,russia4 #bs4 #f;d4  ,r[an's
 ,hi/ory ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution4 #cs4    
#f;d4  ,zornl9's ,recreations 9         
,physical ,geography4 #fs4  ,recreations
 9 ,geology4 ,by ! ,same4 #ds4 #f;d4    
,mayo's ,philosophy ( ,liv+4 ,?ird      
,edition4 #es4  ,toml9son's ,amusem5ts 9
 ,*ess4 #ds4 #f;d4  ,"u ! ,sanction ( ! 
,committee ( ,privy ,c\ncil on          
,education4  ,mulhaus]'s ,me?od ( ,tea*+
 ,writ+1 adapt$ to ,engli% ,use4 ,manual
 ( ,writ+4 #bs4 #f;d4  ,writ+ ,models2  
,elem5t>y ,set ( ,=ty1 #bs4 #f;d4 #bnd  
,set1 = ! ,m$ium1 or ,half-,text ,h&1 & 
! ,ciph]s1 #as4 #crd ,set1 = ! ,f9e1 or 
,small ,h&1 & = ,punctuation1 #as4 #d?  
,set1 = ! ,f9e1 or ,small ,h&1 & !      
,ciph]s1 #as4  ,writ+ ,books1 7#bs4 p]  
doz51 or #afs4 p] #ajj27 ! ,rul$        
,slates1 7#fs4 p] doz527 ,black ,bo>ds1 
7#bas4 ea*17 ) ,easels1 7#abs47 c41     
requir$ 9 ! practice ( ?is ,me?od (     
,writ+4  ,ex]cises 9 ,ari?metic1 aft] ! 
,me?od ( ,pe/alozzi4 #as4 #f;d4  ,!     
,tables requir$ 9 ,tea*+ ! ,me?od1 on   

,f\r l>ge ,d\ble ,%eets1 on canvas1 &   
v>ni%$4 #bas4    ,ari?metic taught by   
,que/ions4 #aj? ,edition4 #as4 #f;d4    
,outl9es ( ,geography4 #bd? ,edition4   
#aj;d4  ,descriptive ,geography2 )      
,popul> ,/ati/ics ( ! v>i\s ,c\ntries & 
,divisions ( ! ,globe4 #bs4  ,outl9es ( 
,physical ,geography4 #aj;d4  ,outl9es (
 ,engli% ,hi/ory4 #bj? ,edition4 #as4   
,outl9es ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,france4 #as4    
#c;d4  ,elem5ts ( ,anci5t ,hi/ory4 #bs4 
,elem5ts ( ,mod]n ,hi/ory4 #bs4         
,outl9es ( ,sacr$ ,hi/ory4 #ab?         
,edition4 #bs4 #f;d4  ,h&book ( ,bible  
,geography4 ,) #ab ,maps4 #bs4          
,introductory ,lessons on ,*ri/ian      
,evid5ces4 ,by ,ar*bi%op ,:ately4 #aa?  
,ed4 #f;d4 ,que/ions on ! ,same4 #b;d4  
,lessons on ! ,univ]se4 #bs4  ,easy     
,lessons 9 ,me*anics4 #cs4  ,hullah's   
,s*ool ,songs = ,two & ,?ree ,voices4   
,two ,books4 #f;d4 ea*4                 
,simmons3--,rem>ks on ! ,con/itution &  
,practice ( ,c\rts-,m>tial1 ) a ,summ>y 
( ! ,law ( ,evid5ce1 z connect$ ) su*   

,c\rts2 also1 "s ,notice ( ! ,crim9al   
,law ( ,engl&1 ) ref]5ce to ! #acj?     
,article ( ,w>4 ,f\r? revis$ ,edition4  
,hi/orical ,records ( ! ,briti% ,army4  
,by ,ri*>d ,cannon1 ,esq41              
,adjutant-,g5]al's ,(fice4 ,hi/ories ( !
 foll[+ ,regim5ts h be5 already publi%$4
 ,price1 ) few exceptions1 #hs4 ea*4    
,cavalry1 complete 9 #bf vols41 #aj #bs4
 ,infantry1 complete to ! #bcrd         
,regim5t4 ,also1 ,records ( ! #ca/1     
#cd?1 #dbnd1 #df?1 #ecrd1 #ef?1 #fa/1   
#fg?1 #gj?1 #gbnd1 #gcrd1 #gd?1 #hf?1   
#hh?1 & #ibnd ,regim5ts4 ,o!r ,volumes  
are 9 prep>ation4  ,record ( ! ,royal   
,milit>y ,academy f #agda to #ahdj4     
,edit$ by ,capta9 ,f4 ,e>dley-,wilmot1  
,royal ,artill]y4 ,imp]ial ,qu>to4      
,col\r$ ,plates4 #bjs4  ,obs]vations on 
,commiss>iat ,field ,s]vice4 ,by        
,commiss>y-,g54 ,sir ,r&olph ,i4 ,r\?1  
,k4,c4,b4 ,octavo4 #es4  ,a ,selection (
 ,field ,movem5ts = a ,division (       
,cavalry1 9 accordance ) ! ,pr9ciples   
laid d[n 9 ! ,cavalry ,regulations4 ,by 

,"l de ,ros4 ,qu>to4 ,plates 9 two      
col\rs4 #ajs4 #f;d4  ,te*nological      
,milit>y ,diction>y2                    
,g]man--,engli%--,fr5*4 ,by ,capta9     
,george ,floyd ,ducket4 ,octavo4 #bbs4  
#f;d4      8,i "k ?is to be a valuable  
"w1 & to h be5 done ) !     greate/ c>e1
 s t x w be indisp5sable 9 ! ,libr>y (  
e ,milit>y ,in/itution40      ,j4       
,,n>ri51 ,f4,r4,s41 ,pr(essor (         
,ma!matics1 ,royal ,milit>y             
,college4  ,jackson's ,=mation1         
,discipl9e1 & ,economy ( ,armies4 ,a    
,new ,edition1 revis$4 ,) a ,memoir ( ! 
,life & ,s]vices ( ! ,au?or4 ,9 a l>ge  
,octavo ,volume4 #abs4                  
,,cont5ts4--,i4 ,race1 ,climate1        
,locality1 ,age1 ,occupation1 ,p[]s1 c41
     ( ,recruits4 ,,ii4 ,national       
,milit>y ,"*4 ,,iii4 ,rudim5ts (        
,milit>y ,tra9+4 ,,iv4 ,intellectual &  
,moral ,motives ( ,milit>y     ,action4 
,v4 ,discipl9e & ,economy = ,field &    
,qu>t]s4 ,,vi4     ,milit>y ,colonial   
,arrangem5ts4  ,! ,briti% ,gunn]4 ,by   

,capta9 ,j4 ,morton ,spe>man4 ,revis$ & 
enl>g$4 #ahej4 #gs4 #f;d4  ,"l ,fr$]ick 
,fitzcl>5ce's ,manual ( ,out-,po/       
,duties4 #hs4 #f;d4  ,robb9s's ,cavalry 
,cate*ism4 ,d$icat$1 by p]mission1 to   
,h4,r4,h4 ! ,duke ( ,cambridge4 #es4    
,pr9ciples ( ! ,m9or ,op]ations ( ,w>4  
,f ! ,fr5* ( ,lallem&4 ,by ,major       
,tr\bridge1 ,royal ,fusili]s4 #fs4  ,six
 ,famili> ,lectures = ! ,use ( ,"y      
,(fic]s4 ,by a ,field ,(fic]4 #ds4 #f;d4
  ,colonel ,jackson on ,milit>y         
,geography4 #bs4 #f;d4  ,lavalle's      
,milit>y ,topography ( ,cont95tal       
,europe4 ,edit$ by ,colonel ,jackson4   
#hs4  ,deck]'s ,?ree ,arms1 or          
,divisional ,tactics4 ,translat$ by     
,major ,inigo ,jones1 #aa? ,huss>s4 ,new
 ,edition4 #ds4  ,"l ,fr$]ick           
,fitzcl>5ce's ,sugge/ions on ,brigade & 
,light ,infantry4 #bs4 #f;d4  ,major    
,tr\bridge's ,tabul> ,arrangem5t (      
,battalion ,drill4 #es4  ,s9nott's      
,manual ( ,light ,infantry & o!r        
,milit>y ,duties4 ,new ,edition4 #ds4   

,a ,manual ( ,position ,drill1 conta9+  
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,law relat+ to ,(fic]s 9 ! ,army4 ,by   
,h>ris ,pr5d]ga/1 ,esq4 #fs4 #f;d4  ,!  
,subalt]n's ,*eck ,book4 #bs4 #f;d4     
,turn] on ,tra9+ ,"y ,horses4 #bs4 #f;d4
  ,smi?'s ,b>rack ,ready ,reckon]4 #as4 
#f;d4   ,,london3  ,,p>k]1 ,,furnivall1 
,,& ,,p>k]1  ,,milit>y ,,libr>y1        
,,:itehall4     ,transcrib]'s ,notes3   
,miss+ or obscur$ punctuation 0         
correct$4  ,typographical errors 7      
sil5tly correct$4  ,spell+ & hyph5ation 
7 made consi/5t :5 a pr$om9ant =m 0 f\nd
 9 ?is book2 o!rwise x 0 n *ang$4  ,text
 9 italics is enclos$ by und]scores     
7italics74