,the ,explanation of the ,frontispiece4 ,reader thou in this ,frontispiece may'st see ,how mortal ,man seeks ,immortalitie2 ,his beauteous ,frame he sees with speed decline1 ,and soon dissolv'd by ,death1 tho' form'd by ,hands ,divine4 ,sadness in ,widows ,robes deplores his ,state1 ,while the ,young ,brood inspect the ,book of ,fate2 ,pensive they view the ,rise and ,fall of ,man1 ,with ,tears survey his ,transitory ,span4 ,but his great ,soul1 full of ,clestial ,flame1 ,disdaining ,death1 strives to extend his ,name2 ,and conscious of our too too fickle ,state1 ,would fain elude the ,force of ,time and ,fate3 ,the narrow ,boundaries of ,life would pass1 ,by ,statues1 ,pillars1 ,monumental ,brass1 ,aspiring ,pyramids1 that lift on high ,their spiral ,heads to reach his kindred ,skie1 ,which in their dark ,repositories keep ,the ,bodies safe in their ,immortal ,sleep2 ,while healing ,balm and ,aromatic ,spice1 ,death's odious ,dissipation to their ,form denies4 ,death baffl'd thus by wise ,chyrurgic ,art1 ,wounds ,mortals there but with a blunted ,dart2 ,and half the ,terror of the ,griesly ,fiend ,is lost1 when ,mortal ,bodies know no end4 ,the ,bodies thus ,preserv'd1 the thinking ,part ,men strive to keep alive by various ,art1 ,and fine wrought ,medals and ,inscriptions use1 ,but above all the bright recording ,muse2 ,thro' ,time's revolving ,tide the faithful ,page ,conveys their earliest ,rise to the remotest ,age1 ,while ,death and ,time oppose their ,force in vain1 ,superior ,men above their ,force remain2 ,temples and ,fanes they to the ,godhead raise1 ,to bribe the only ,power1 that can destroy1 with ,praise4 ,jove pleas'd1 in ,pity of the pious ,race1 ,two ,messengers sends down the ,airy space1 ,to raise ,man's ,ashes from the silent ,urn1 ,which touch'd by ,hermes wand resume their pristine ,form4 ,jove's ,royal ,bird attends to bear on high ,th' ,immortal ,soul up to its ,native ,skie1 ,while ,fame aloud her ,silver ,trumpet sounds1 ,and with the ,lawrel ,wreath the ,victor ,crowns4 ,and thus ,eternal lives the deathless ,mind1 ,which1 here on ,earth1 no setled ,state could find4 ,illustration3 ,t4 ,murray pinx4 ,thomas ,greenhill ,chirurgus4 ,,honor ,,alit ,,artes ,quo ,fata trahunt retrahuntq sequamur4 ,p4 ,berchet delint4 ,nutting sculpsit4 #agje4 3 ,,or1 ,,the ,art of ,embalming2 ,wherein is shewn ,the ,right of ,burial1 ,,the ,,funeral ,,ceremonies1 ,and the several ,ways of ,preserving ,dead ,bodies ,,in ,most ,nations of the ,,world4 ,with an ,account of ,the particular ,opinions1 ,experiments and ,inventions of modern ,physicians1 ,surgeons1 ,chymists and ,anatomists4 ,,also ,some new ,matter propos'd concerning a better ,method of ,embalming than hath hitherto been discover'd4 ,,and ,a ,pharmacopia ,galeno-,chymica1 ,anatomia sicca sive incruenta1 c4 ,in ,three ,,parts4 ,the whole ,work adorn'd with variety of ,sculptures4 ,by ,,thomas ,,greenhill1 ,surgeon4 ,,london3 ,printed for the ,author4 3 ,,or1 ,,the ,art of ,embalming2 ,wherein is shewn ,the ,right of ,burial1 ,,and ,,funeral ,,ceremonies1 ,especially that of ,preserving ,bodies ,after the ,,egyptian ,method4 ,,together ,,with ,an ,account of the ,egyptian ,mummies1 ,pyramids1 ,subterranean ,vaults and ,lamps1 and their ,opinion of the ,metempsychosis1 the ,cause of their ,embalming4 ,,as ,,also ,a ,geographical ,description of ,egypt1 the ,rise and ,course of the ,nile1 the ,temper1 ,constitution and ,physic of the ,inhabitants1 their ,inventions1 ,arts1 ,sciences1 ,stupendous ,works and ,sepulchres1 and other curious ,observations any ways relating to the ,physiology and ,knowledge of this ,art4 ,,part ,i4 ,illustrated with a ,map and ,fourteen ,sculptures4 ,by ,,thomas ,,greenhill1 ,surgeon4 ,,london3 ,printed for the ,author1 ,m ,,dcc ,v4 ,,contents ,to the ,right ,honourable ,,thomas ,earl of ,pembroke and ,montgomery ,,the ,,preface4 ,a ,list of such ,noblemen and ,gentlemen as have been pleas'd to ,encourage this ,work with ,sculptures4 ,a ,list of such ,noblemen and ,gentlemen as have been pleas'd to ,encourage this ,work by ,subscriptions4 ,amico admodum colendo ,d4 ,,thom ,,greenhill eximiam suam edenti 4 ,viro ,admodm ,erudito ,thom ,greenhill1 ,chirurgo in 1 sive ,artem ,pollinctur1 ab illo editam4 ,,to ,,his ,ingenious ,friend ,mr4 ,thomas ,greenhill4 ,to his ,friend the ,author4 ,,errata4 ,,letter ,i4 ,,letter ,,ii4 ,,letter ,,iii4 ,a ,,catalogue ,,of ,authors quoted in this ,book4 ,,the ,,table ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,to the ,right ,honourable ,,thomas ,earl of ,pembroke and ,montgomery2 ,baron ,herbert of ,caerdiff2 ,lord ,rosse1 ,par1 ,marmion1 ,st4 ,quintin and ,shurland2 ,lord ,lieutenant of the ,county of ,wilts and ,south-,wales2 ,knight of the most ,noble ,order of the ,garter1 and ,president of ,her ,majesties most ,honourable ,privy ,council4 ,my ,lord1 ,i count it no small ,happiness1 in an ,age so ,censorious as this1 to have found a ,patron so universally admir'd1 that ,i am under no apprehension of being thought a ,flatterer1 should ,i make use of and indulge all the ,liberty of a profest ,panegyrist2 but that is what a sense of my own ,inability and ,your ,lordship's ,modesty forbids3 ,it is sufficient for me1 that1 under ,your ,lordship's known ,learning in ,antiquity and ,history1 both ,antient and ,modern1 my weak ,endeavours at restoring a lost ,science may be secure from the ,assaults of the ,envious or the ,ignorant4 ,i have nothing to fear from the ,animosities of ,parties1 since how inveterate soever they may be against each other1 yet they all agree in this one ,point1 to ,esteem and ,honour ,your ,lordship1 who are the ,atticus of the ,times1 by ,your ,virtues endear'd to all sides1 and each believing that not to ,value ,your ,lordship1 would be to discover such an aversion to ,honour and ,virtue as the worst of ,men would abhor4 ,your ,virtues1 my ,lord1 are so conspicuous1 that they give you that ,natural and ,rational ,right to true ,nobility1 which the ,roman ,satyrist so justly exprest3 ----,nobilitas sola est atq2 unica ,virtus4 ,i will not dispute whether or no there be any ,intrinsic ,value in a long ,descent1 or whether that be deriv'd from the necessity of a ,subordination essential to ,government1 or else from the just ,reward of ,virtue1 which ennobles all the ,posterity of the ,possessors of it1 it being here a very useless ,disquisition since ,your ,lordship's ,family is of so very high an ,original that none can boast a greater ,antiquity1 and that ,your ,lordship is possest of all that ,merit which first distinguish'd ,man from ,man1 and gave a ,preeminence to the ,deserving4 ,among all the ,excellencies which thus dignifie ,your ,lordship's ,character1 perhaps there is none more eminent than ,your ,protection and ,encouragement of ,arts and ,sciences1 to which the ,english ,world owe the incomparable ,mr4 ,lock's ,essays on ,human ,understanding1 and other ,works extreamly beneficial to the ,public4 ,neither do ,i in the least question but ,your ,lordship's ,protection of so excellent and useful an ,art as ,surgery1 will render it as flourishing here in ,england as it is in any other part of the ,world4 ',tis true we are not wanting of some extraordinary ,professors of that ,art1 but ,i could also heartily wish we had not a greater number of ,bad1 and yet perhaps the chief occasion of this may be the want of a due ,method of ,encouragement1 by which the modest ,endeavours of young ,proficients are eclips'd1 and which 7to make a ,comparison7 like tender ,plants1 are nipp'd in the ,bud and perish for want of ,watering4 ,now as the want of ,opportunity has been in some respect a prejudice to my ,business1 so also the want of ,encouragement has in a great measure been a hindrance to this ,work3 ,for what regret of ,mind must it needs occasion1 to find none esteem'd but such as speak ,experience in their ,looks1 and that ,youth should be despis'd tho' never so hopeful and industrious1 meerly because of a particular number of ,years1 and what an interruption must it be to our painful ,studies1 to think that even the best ,performances of this kind are contemn'd because they are chiefly a ,collection1 when on the contrary it is receiv'd as an establish'd ,maxim1 that such as ,travel into ,foreign ,countries1 are not only the most capable to describe them1 but also whatsoever they relate is look'd upon as the sole matter of ,fact and ,truth1 when many times ,business is better transacted by ,correspondence1 and those that have been at the trouble1 expence and danger of ,travelling have come home no more improv'd than they went out1 except in the ,fashions and ,levities of the ,age1 yet are we commonly so imprudent as to value ,things meerly for their coming from a far and at a great deal of ,expence2 but whilst we admire those ,novelties1 we are often misled and deceiv'd by meer ,fables and imaginary ,stories of such ,things as neither are1 nor ever have been4 ,this ,i speak not in prejudice to ,travelling it self1 which1 if rightly understood1 is certainly the greatest ,improvement in the ,world1 and ,i could heartily wish ,i had had the opportunity of its ,advantage1 but on the contrary ,i do it chiefly to show that it is not impossible to give a tolerable1 if not the best ,account of the ,ancients without it2 for what can any one1 who now travels into ,egypt1 learn or see but such a ruin'd ,country1 that the very ,place is hardly known where those wonderful ,cities ,thebes and ,memphis stood1 except what is ,traditional or extracted from the ,writings of the ,ancients4 ',tis true1 the learn'd and accurate ,mr4 ,greaves has given us the best ,description of the ,pyramids1 but then this was both because they are at this ,day in being1 and to be view'd by ,travellers1 as also that he carry'd along with him the best contriv'd ,instruments for taking their exact ,altitudes and ,dimensions1 which few besides that see them trouble themselves with1 but are content to say1 they have seen them2 nevertheless ,greaves can neither give us the ,names of the right ,founders of them1 nor any certainty whether there were perpetual burning ,lamps in them1 or a ,colossus or ,statue on the top of the bigger ,pyramid1 or1 in a word1 by whom and to what end the monstrous ,figure of the ,sphinx was built4 ,but however the aforesaid ,reflections are not the only ,discouragements to ,industry and ,study2 to see our ,profession over-run by ,quacks and ,mountebanks1 and that ,valet de ,chambres are suffer'd to ,bleed1 dress ,wounds1 cut ,fontanells1 and perform the like ,operations1 is what has reduc'd ,surgery to so low an ebb4 ,in like manner the noble ,art of ,embalming has been intirely ruin'd by the ,undertakers1 as also the ,court of ,honour much prejudic'd1 of which ,your ,lordship has been twice ,supreme ,judge2 from whence it is the ,balsamic ,art is now-a-days look'd upon as a very insignificant ,thing1 and not a little despis'd1 whereas the ,knowledge and ,practise of that ,art is both useful in ,natural ,phylosophy1 ,physiology1 ,physic1 ,surgery and ,anatomy1 as ,i hope ,i have fully prov'd in the body of my ,book1 over and above that the ,history thereof leads us into the first and best ,antiquities of the ,world4 ,your ,lordship therefore being both a great ,admirer and ,encourager of ,things of this nature1 ,i hope1 thro' ,your generous ,protection1 not only to secure my self against the contempt of all ,critics1 but also to be enabl'd to continue and complete my intended ,work1 and this has also been one ,reason why ,i have thus vindicated ,surgery1 the ,art of ,embalming and my own ,collection2 in which1 altho' ,i am not thoroughly satisfy'd that there is any thing worthy ,your ,lordship's perusal1 yet this ,i am sure of1 that ,your ,candour will appear the greater1 by condescending to accept my mean ,performance4 ,and here1 my ,lord1 ,i have the temptation to loose my self in the ,field of ,your ,praises1 but that ,i know both my ,patron and my self too well to indulge the agreeable ,contemplation4 ,were ,your ,lordship like common ,patrons1 ,i should do like common ,dedicators1 speak of the admirable ,temperance of ,your ,life1 ,your ,moderation1 the ,wonders of ,your ,conduct when ,you were ,lord ,high ,admiral1 which ,office was ,administer'd by ,your ,lordship to the ,universal ,content and ,satisfaction1 both of the ,merchant1 the ,officers and ,sailers2 ,your ,lordship's ,prudence1 ,judgment and ,sincerity in ,your high ,post of ,president of ,her ,majesties most ,honourable ,privy ,council3 ,and ,i might extend my ,considerations even to the great ,happiness such a ,person must possess1 who is so generally valu'd and esteem'd both by his ,queen and ,country2 but what is so well known ,i shall leave as wanting not the help of any ,panegyric to make it more evident1 and content my self with the ,honour and ,satisfaction of being permitted to ,subscribe my self1 ,my ,lord1 ,your ,lordship's most ,humble ,and most ,obedient ,servant1 ,thomas ,greenhill4 ,,the ,,preface4 ,it is not only the ,authority of ,king ,solomon1 the greatest1 richest and wisest of ,men1 that convinces us ,there is nothing new under the ,sun1 but also common ,observation daily shews us the ,truth hereof2 for whether we respect ,kingdoms and ,monarchies1 ,cities or ,villages1 with their ,civil1 ,military and ,rural ,transactions2 whether we consider the ,ambition of ,kings and ,princes1 or the ,captivity and ,subjection of the ,common ,people2 or if we look into the various ,sects1 ,religions1 ,habits1 ,customs1 ,manners1 ,arts and ,sciences that are in the ,world1 we shall in all things find we are but ,imitators of our ,fore-,fathers1 and tread only in their ,footsteps4 ,the same ,thing is acted to ,day which was done a ,thousand ,years ago1 and this1 after a ,vicissitude of fantastic ,alterations1 will in another ,century come into ,fashion again2 so that we move like the ,clestial ,orbs1 in the same ,circumvolutions1 and our whole ,life is but ,actum agere1 ,penelopes telam retexere4 ,it is the same with ,books and ,writings2 for tho' public ,advertisements do daily inform us1 that some ,work or other is continually on the ,stocks1 yet is it but the same ,story inculcated over again1 in another ,language1 different ,volume1 larger ,print1 additional ,sculptures1 and some new ,alterations2 or else it is but a ,translation1 with ,annotations1 ,comments1 and a ,table annex'd1 which serve for new ,amusements and the ,maintenance of the ,booksellers4 ,others which bear a greater ,repute in the ,world1 as being penn'd by the more ,learned and ,ingenious ,persons1 in a very ,concise and ,elegant ,stile1 are generally nothing but some new fine-spun ,virtuosi ,suggestions1 extracted from an almost forgotten and out-of-fashion ,hypothesis1 and each ,improvement in ,modern ,arts1 has undoubtedly ow'd its ,original to somewhat hinted to us by the ,ancients4 ,all this ,i freely acknowledge to be my own ,case1 with this difference only1 that ,i know my self deficient in that solid ,learning and admirable ,stile they were wont to use2 yet for your encouragement to peruse this ,treatise1 ,i can assure you1 you shall hardly find any other ,book which so generally1 particularly and completely handles this ,subject3 ,besides1 ,i can justly aver that ,i devis'd and compil'd the greatest part thereof before ,i met with any ,author that gave me so much ,satisfaction as ,i have since had2 and notwithstanding my ,notions were in a great measure agreeable to theirs1 tho' unknown to me1 yet will ,i modestly submit and attribute the ,invention thereof to them1 ,first1 ,as being my ,seniors1 and who ,wrote before me1 and1 ,secondly1 as infinitely the more ,learn'd and better ,qualify'd ,writers4 ,nor does this ,submission detract the least from my ,labour1 it having been to me the same thing as a lost ,art3 ,and ,i would gladly be inform'd1 by any one at this ,day1 of the true ,method of the antient ,egyptian ,embalming2 nay1 would be content only to know the more ,modern1 tho' more excellent ,way1 that of ,bilsius4 ,we must therefore grant that the ,ancients knew many ,things1 which in process of ,time1 either thro' ,fire1 ,inundations1 hostile ,invasions1 or other ,accidents and ,devastations1 have intirely perish'd1 and still remain so1 as ,pancirollus fully shews2 or if we have any superficial ,knowledge of them1 as is somewhat apparent from our ,modern ,architecture1 ,sculpture1 ,painting1 c4 yet are we even at this present so vastly deficient in the very best of our ,imitations1 that none have ever hitherto arriv'd to any tolerable ,perfection2 nevertheless should any one so perfectly apply himself to the ,study of one of those lost ,arts1 as to make a new ,discovery therein1 ,i hope you would allow him the same ,praise as if he had been the first ,inventor2 and1 for my part1 however ,i should fail in answering your ,expectation1 of what is seemingly promis'd in the ,title-,page2 yet1 thus far ,i am pretty sure1 that ,i have given more light into the ,matter1 than has been done by any of those imperfect ,accounts of ,herodotus1 ,diodorus ,siculus1 c4 ,and tho' some ,things that ,i say may seem to want ,authority1 yet for the most part1 should ,i have made all the ,quotations ,i could have brought to prove my ,assertions1 it would have extended this ,volume to a much larger size than ,i intended2 wherefore ,i have in a great measure designedly omitted them1 to the end ,i might avoid ,prolixity as much as possible1 and in other places ,i have us'd their ,words expresly as my own1 not to detract from them1 but to be more concise1 and have in several places not mention'd their ,names1 for the aforesaid ,reasons3 ,so ,i do here1 once for all1 with submission1 ,apologize for my self1 that the censorious ,world may not repute me an ungrateful ,plagiary4 ,i acknowledge therefore this my ,labour1 in one respect to be a ,collection1 in all to be still deficient of that ,perfection which so noble an ,art deserves2 yet in some ,things ,i have improv'd it1 and in others apply'd it to those ,uses which have scarce before been thought of4 ,but all the ,satisfaction ,i have herein1 is to think that ,i have perform'd my ,duty1 in exerting my small ,talent1 with the utmost ,care and ,diligence1 for the ,benefit of our ,company2 and if my ,work does not perform what is intended and desir'd1 it will nevertheless be ,useful1 ,pleasant1 and serve to ,divert you1 which ,horace says is the ,perfection and ,chief end of all ,writing3 ,omne tulit punctum qui miscuit ,utile ,dulci4 ,a ,list of such ,noblemen and ,gentlemen as have been pleas'd to ,encourage this ,work with ,sculptures4 ,his ,grace ,wriothesly ,duke of ,bedford ,the ,honourable ,james ,saunderson1 ,esq2 ,nathaniel ,long1 ,esq2 ,mr4 ,james ,pettiver1 ,apothecary1 ,f4 ,r4 ,s4 ,charles ,bernard1 ,esq2 ,serjeant ,surgeon ,john ,lawson1 ,m4 ,d4 ,hans ,sloane1 ,m4 ,d4 ,william ,gibbons1 ,m4 ,d4 ,mr4 ,francis ,moult1 ,chymist ,his ,grace ,thomas ,lord ,arch-,bishop of ,canterbury ,john ,thorpe1 ,a4 ,m4 ,mr4 ,joseph ,whiston1 ,druggist ,robert ,nelson1 ,esq2 ,mr4 ,george ,rolfe1 ,surgeon ,a ,list of such ,noblemen and ,gentlemen as have been pleas'd to ,encourage this ,work by ,subscriptions4 ,a4 ,mr4 ,benjamin ,adams ,john ,allen1 ,esq2 ,mr4 ,richard ,alsop ,mr4 ,thomas ,ashly ,william ,ashmole1 ,m4 ,d4 ,philip ,ayres1 ,esq2 ,b4 ,mr4 ,william ,bacon1 ,surgeon ,william ,baddiford1 ,m4 ,d4 ,nicholas ,battersby1 ,esq2 ,mr4 ,nicholas ,batt ,mr4 ,robert ,baylies ,wriothesly ,duke of ,bedford ,mr4 ,william ,bedford ,charles ,bernard1 ,esq2 ,serj4 ,surg4 ,mr4 ,henry ,bernard1 ,apothecary ,mrs4 ,jane ,bernard ,dr4 ,william ,benson ,joseph ,birch1 ,m4 ,b4 ,mr4 ,john ,blomfield ,mr4 ,james ,booth1 ,surgeon ,mr4 ,john ,bound ,mr4 ,john ,bornhold ,george ,bramston1 ,l4 ,l4 ,d4 ,master of ,trinity-,hall in ,cambridge4 ,samuel ,brewster1 ,esq2 ,mr4 ,george ,brewster ,william ,bridge1 ,m4 ,d4 ,mr4 ,samuel ,bridge1 for #f ,books ,mr4 ,jeremiah ,bright ,mr4 ,thomas ,briscoe ,mr4 ,barton ,bromly ,humphry ,brooks1 ,m4 ,d4 ,john ,brown1 ,esq2 ,thomas ,brown1 ,m4 ,d4 ,mr4 ,richard ,brown ,mr4 ,albert ,bryan ,mr4 ,richard ,bull1 ,druggist ,richard ,butler1 ,esq2 ,mr4 ,john ,byard1 ,surgeon ,mr4 ,christopher ,byland ,mr4 ,francis ,bythel ,c4 ,thomas ,lord ,arch-,bishop of ,canterbury1 for #c4 ,mr4 ,thomas ,cawthorpe1 ,apoth4 ,mr4 ,john ,chamberlain ,mr4 ,lawrence de la ,chambre ,thomas ,chambers1 ,esq2 ,hans ,peter ,charriere1 ,m4 ,d4 ,mr4 ,thomas ,child1 for #c4 ,mr4 ,thomas ,cholmley ,mr4 ,john ,chrichloe ,the ,right ,honourable the ,earl of ,clarendon ,mr4 ,joseph ,clench1 ,apothecary ,william ,cockburn1 ,m4 ,d4 ,william ,cole1 ,m4 ,d4 ,mr4 ,william ,cole1 ,surgeon ,mr4 ,george ,collinson ,mr4 ,andrew ,cooper1 ,surgeon ,sir ,godfry ,copley ,thomas ,cotton1 ,esq2 ,mr4 ,william ,cowper1 ,surgeon ,mr4 ,brian ,cozens ,monsieur ,le ,croix1 ,surgeon to the ,sick and ,wounded of ,kingsale in ,ireland ,d4 ,sir ,william ,dawes1 ,bart4 ,d4 ,d4 ,mr4 ,philip ,dewert ,mrs4 ,elizabeth ,dillingham ,mr4 ,francis ,douce1 ,surgeon ,capt4 ,joseph ,drake1 ,clerk of the ,admiralty ,james ,drake1 ,m4 ,d4 ,mr4 ,charles ,draper ,mr4 ,samuel ,dudly ,e4 ,henry ,edmunds1 ,m4 ,a4 ,the ,reverend ,charles ,elstob1 ,d4 ,d4 ,anthony ,erby1 ,esq2 ,f4 ,dr4 ,william ,forward ,sir ,andrew ,fountain ,g4 ,samuel ,garth1 ,m4 ,d4 for #d4 ,mr4 ,christopher ,gately1 ,apoth4 ,mr4 ,robert ,gay1 ,surgeon ,mr4 ,alexander ,geekie1 ,surgeon ,william ,gibbons1 ,m4 ,d4 ,the ,reverend ,edmund ,gibson1 ,d4 ,d4 ,mr4 ,charles ,gildon ,mr4 ,francis ,glascock ,mr4 ,thomas ,granger ,mr4 ,edward ,green ,mr4 ,joseph ,green ,surgeons ,mr4 ,john ,green ,william ,greenhill1 ,esq2 for #c4 ,mr4 ,john ,greenhill ,mr4 ,william ,grigson ,mr4 ,william ,grimes ,h4 ,the ,right ,honourable the ,lord ,halifax ,mr4 ,stephen ,hall1 ,surgeon ,the ,reverend ,william ,hanbury1 ,m4 ,a4 ,john ,hare1 ,esq2 ,mr4 ,charles ,hargrave ,mr4 ,charles ,harman ,mr4 ,john ,harris ,john ,harrison1 ,esq2 ,mr4 ,john ,hartley ,mr4 ,richard ,harvey1 ,surgeon ,mr4 ,joshua ,hatfield ,the ,honourable ,charles ,hatton1 ,esq2 ,mr4 ,henry ,hazzard ,george ,hepburn1 ,m4 ,d4 ,mr4 ,john ,hesket ,thomas ,hesket1 ,a4 ,m4 ,thomas ,hewett1 ,m4 ,a4 and ,fellow of ,clare-,hall in ,cambridge ,the ,reverend ,george ,hicks1 ,d4 ,d4 ,mr4 ,bevill ,higgons ,mr4 ,thomas ,hill ,mr4 ,john ,hill1 ,apothecary ,mr4 ,george ,hinckster1 ,surgeon ,mr4 ,george ,hockenhull ,mr4 ,thomas ,hodgson ,henry ,hoghton1 ,esq2 ,philip ,horneck1 ,l4 ,l4 ,b4 ,mr4 ,benjamin ,howell ,mr4 ,hungerford ,hoskins ,j4 ,mr4 ,stephen ,jermyn ,k4 ,mr4 ,william ,keith ,mr4 ,john ,kersey1 ,sen4 ,capt4 ,john ,kerton ,capt4 ,john ,key ,mr4 ,thomas ,king1 ,apothecary ,l4 ,mrs4 ,catharine ,lacy ,mr4 ,samuel ,lane1 ,apothecary ,john ,lawson1 ,m4 ,d4 ,nathaniel ,long1 ,esq2 ,mr4 ,josias ,long ,mr4 ,mordecai ,lyde1 ,surgeon ,m4 ,mr4 ,john ,mackie1 ,surgeon ,mr4 ,john ,magill1 ,surgeon ,sir ,george ,markham1 ,baronet ,mr4 ,samuel ,marwood ,mr4 ,nathaniel ,mezy1 ,apoth4 ,dr4 ,richard ,middleton ,massey ,mr4 ,charles ,mathar ,mr4 ,charles ,midgley1 ,chymist ,mr4 ,john ,mills1 ,surgeon ,dr4 ,more1 ,lord ,bishop of ,norwich ,mr4 ,peter ,motteux ,mr4 ,george ,moult1 ,chymist ,mr4 ,francis ,moult1 ,chymist ,mr4 ,thomas ,murray ,n4 ,robert ,nelson1 ,esq2 ,dr4 ,william ,nicholson1 ,lord ,bishop of ,carlisle ,denton ,nicholas1 ,m4 ,d4 ,mr4 ,vincent ,st4 ,nicholas1 ,surgeon ,mr4 ,marmaduke ,norcliff1 ,surgeon ,mr4 ,joseph ,nutting1 for #b4 ,o4 ,mr4 ,john ,oldmixon ,p4 ,mr4 ,john ,padmore1 ,apothecary ,richard ,page1 ,esq2 ,mr4 ,john ,partridge1 ,apothecary ,mr4 ,john ,peat ,mr4 ,james ,pettiver1 ,apothecary ,mr4 ,william ,philips ,the ,honourable ,william ,pierpoint1 ,esq2 ,mr4 ,thomas ,pierce1 ,surgeon ,the ,reverend ,mr4 ,george ,plaxton ,mr4 ,william ,plaxton ,mr4 ,jacob ,pullen ,mr4 ,nathan ,putt ,r4 ,mrs4 ,grace ,rackstraugh ,john ,rathborn1 ,m4 ,d4 ,mr4 ,george ,richardson1 ,apoth4 ,mr4 ,jonas ,rolse ,mr4 ,george ,rolfe1 ,surgeon ,mr4 ,abel ,roper ,s4 ,mr4 ,samuel ,sault ,mr4 ,john ,salter1 ,surgeon ,mr4 ,john ,salter1 ,apothecary ,mr4 ,john ,savage ,mr4 ,richard ,savery ,the ,honourable ,james ,saunderson1 ,esq2 for #b4 ,mr4 ,joshua ,sharpe ,john ,shadwell1 ,m4 ,d4 ,hans ,sloane1 ,m4 ,d4 ,mr4 ,william ,sloper1 ,surgeon ,the ,reverend ,thomas ,smith1 ,d4,d4 ,mr4 ,george ,smith ,mr4 ,john ,smith ,mr4 ,nathaniel ,smith1 ,surgeon ,mr4 ,francis ,snape ,mr4 ,joshua ,spencer1 ,chymist ,mr4 ,thomas ,spurway ,samuel ,stebbins1 ,esq2 ,mr4 ,thomas ,stollord1 ,surgeon ,mr4 ,samuel ,storer ,mr4 ,john ,sturmy ,mr4 ,john ,sturt ,t4 ,mr4 ,william ,talman ,mr4 ,christopher ,talman1 ,surgeon ,dr4 ,thomas ,tomlinson ,the ,honourable ,coll4 ,thompson ,john ,thorpe1 ,m4 ,a4 ,edward ,tidcomb1 ,esq2 ,mr4 ,thomas ,tucker1 ,surgeon ,mr4 ,james ,tully ,w4 ,mr4 ,charles ,wadcock1 ,surgeon ,mr4 ,lyonel ,wafer1 ,surgeon ,mr4 ,henry ,walker1 ,surgeon ,robert ,walpool1 ,esq2 ,councellor of the ,admiralty ,mr4 ,samuel ,walton1 ,chymist ,the ,reverend ,richard ,ward1 ,m4,a4 ,capt4 ---- ,watkins ,abraham ,weeks1 ,m4 ,a4 of ,maudlin ,college in ,oxford ,thomas ,west1 ,m4 ,d4 ,mr4 ,john ,west ,mr4 ,joseph ,whiston1 for #f4 ,mr4 ,ayliff ,white ,mr4 ,george ,wilson1 ,chymist ,mr4 ,john ,wilson1 ,surgeon ,mr4 ,james ,wiltshire ,henry ,worsley1 ,esq2 ,mr4 ,john ,wyat1 for #f4 ,y4 ,mr4 ,john ,yates1 ,surgeon ,amico admodum colendo ,d4 ,,thom ,,greenhill eximiam suam edenti 4 ,quodcunq2 ex ,terris volitat medicamen ,eois1 ,et quas commistas ,india prbet ,opes2 ,quotquot ,persiacis glomerantur ,aromata in ,arvis1 ,atq2 ,saborum ,balsama prompta ,solo2 ,quascunq2 auratas ,arabum ,campestria ,merces1 ,pharmaca vel quotquot ,turcica ,mecca1 locant2 ,fervidus exustas peragrans ,mercator ,arenas1 ,qucunq2 asportat ,magmata odorifera2 ,quq2 ,palstinis stillant ,opobalsama ,plantis1 ,et qu ,nilois consita sparsa ,jugis2 ,thaumata ,memphiticis qucunq2 videntur in ,antris1 ,et qu ,pyramidum claustra stupenda tenent2 ,tradidit arcano quodcunq2 ,volumine ,mystes ,ter ,magnus1 vel qu dogmata ,aristoteles2 ,cuncta hc dignatur nobis ,greenhillius ardens ,ecce salutifera suppeditare ,manu4 ,esse quid hoc dicam1 novus hic divinus ,apollo ,quod subito ,arctois ,alpibus exoritur6 ,cedite1 ,romani ,medicastri1 cedite ,graii1 ,abdicet atq2 ,artes #a;,anglica ,turba novas4 ,nullus adest ,squalor1 ,ftorve1 aut dira ,mephitis1 ,sed redolent succis ,atria thuriferis2 ,mirifico incis stipantur ,pulvere ,ven1 ,atq2 ,artus laxos ,unguina mista fovent4 ,volvas1 ,mysta sagax1 ,vita ,ceromate functa ,corpora1 intingas ,bammate perpetuo3 ,prclara socios pergas sanare ,medela1 ,atq2 ,orci rabidis ,faucibus eripere2 ,donec succinea sero sis clausus in ,arca1 ,dumq2 ,animus propere tendat ad ,astra ,viam4 ,joan4 ,kersey1 ,sen4 ,footnote #a3 ,undertakers4 ,viro ,admodm ,erudito ,thom ,greenhill1 ,chirurgo in 1 sive ,artem ,pollinctur1 ab illo editam4 ,miramur ,phariis nutantia ,pondera ,saxis1 ,et mins ,hospitibus firma ,sepulchra suis4 ,quod dare debuerant1 vo ,monumenta carerent1 ,scula ni functis sumeret ipse ,lapis4 ,arguit elapsam1 qu ,mumia duruit1 ,artem1 ,orbatumq2 dolet ,matre superstes ,opus4 ,at tua ,niliaci referent ,arcana ,laboris ,scripta1 nec ignotis jam fluet ,amnis ,aquis4 ,arabi ,flicis ,opes1 ,miracula ,memphis1 ,isiacos ,mores1 ,justa1 ,sepulchra1 ,faces1 ,quicquid ,arabs novit1 ,pharii docuere ,sophist ,indicibus ,chartis pandet amica ,manus4 ,pollinctura tibi reduces debebit ,honores1 ,arteq2 ,apolline ,structa perennis erit4 ,corpora qu nobis servas1 tibi nomen in vum ,servabis2 qu nos ,fama manebit1 ope4 ,quid dissolvendum restat1 ,mors irrita8 ,servat ,corpora ,greenhillus salva1 ,animasq2 ,,deus4 ,g4 ,r4 ,,to ,,his ,ingenious ,friend ,mr4 ,thomas ,greenhill4 ',tis great and worthy of our ,praise to lead ,the ,living thro' the ,dwellings of the ,dead2 ,death's grisly ,terrours by your ,skill to ,charm1 ,and his fell ,furies of their ,stings disarm3 ,the ,mighty ,maker has on you bestow'd ,the wond'rous ,science for a general ,good4 ,the ,labours of your ,studies he has crown'd ,with ,art1 alike ,important and ,profound2 ,with ,death and ,time he's taught you to engage1 ,and save his best ,creation from their ,rage4 ,,man1 the true ,image of his heav'nly ,form1 ,was a rich ,prey to the devouring ,worm2 ,scarce had his ,breath it's ,vital ,seat forsook ,but frozen were his ,limbs1 and frightful was his ,look1 ,livid his ,lips1 his whole ,complexion wan1 ,and ,nature loath'd to view the lifeless ,man2 ,a poor ,precarious ,being he enjoy'd1 ,and soon the ,grave his beauteous ,frame destroy'd1 ,till you had learn'd by equal ,thought and ,care ,to keep him1 as he was created1 ,fair2 ,to heal the ghastly ,wounds that ,death had made1 ,and give new ,beauties which shall never fade3 ,heav'n has to you the ,sacred ,art reveal'd1 ,which had for twice ten ,ages been conceal'd2 ,from common ,ruine you the ,body keep1 ,and turn the filthiness of ,death to ,sleep2 ,fair as the ,slumbers of a ,virgin seem1 ,who dreams of ,joy1 and blushes at her ,dream1 ,youth you preserve1 and by your ,science save ,the living ,graces in the rotting ,grave4 ,sooner the ,egyptian ,king's aspiring ,tomb ,may fall1 the ,marble waste1 the ,brass consume1 ,old ,time may sooner run his destin'd ,race1 ,than the new ,wonders of your ,art deface3 ,the ,balm and ,eastern ,odours you employ1 ,the ,noxious ,vapours of the ,vault destroy2 ,you reconcile us to the ,things we loath1 ,we feel the ,flesh is firm1 the ,features smooth2 ,we see1 we smell1 by e'ry ,sense we try ,your ,skill1 and are no more afraid to ,die4 ,go on----,and may you equal ,favour find1 ,with the vast ,service you have done ,mankind3 ,may the vile ,quacks1 who ,heav'ns high ,form prophane1 ,with ,practices as infamous as vain4 ,the base ,impostors of the ,funeral ,trade1 ,who cheat at once the ,living and the ,dead1 ,be punish'd and expos'd1 and ,art restor'd ,to her old ,honours1 and her due ,reward3 ,so late ,posterity shall sing your ,praise1 ,and ,fame bright ,statues to your ,glory raise4 ,j4 ,oldmixon4 ,to his ,friend the ,author4 ,fragrant ,arabian ,gums1 employ'd with ,art1 ,from ,worms and ,dust preserve our meaner ,part2 ,but ,labours1 such as yours1 enliven ,fame1 ,and with due ,elogies preserve a ,name2 ,they'll make the ,worthies of the ,age to come ,just ,homage pay1 and venerate your ,tomb4 ,greenhill1 proceed in ,learning's ,paths to tread1 ,and make your self ,immortal by the ,dead2 ,be this your ,praise1 with equal ,skill you strive ,to ,embalm the ,dead1 and keep your ,friends alive4 ,b4 ,b4 ,,errata4 ,page #bd4 ,line #bd4 for ,juji read ,injice1 p4 #ca4 l4 #i4 for ,nolanus r4 ,santorellus1 p4 #aaa4 l4 #ca4 for on r4 in1 p4 #abg4 l4 #bi4 for ,marenuna r4 ,maremnia1 p4 #bcj4 l4 #ab4 for ,romans r4 ,grecians1 p4 #ccj4 l4 #bf4 for ,scardonius r4 ,scardeonius4 ,,the ,art of ,embalming4 ,,letter ,i4 ,to ,charles ,bernard1 ,esq2 ,sergeant-,surgeon to ,her ,,majesty1 ,present ,master of the ,surgeons ,company1 and one of the ,surgeons of ,st4 ,bartholomew's ,hospital4 ,,sir1 ,sidenote3 ,surgery the ,chief of ,art ,if the ,excellency of any ,art consist only in its ,usefulness1 or if it derive its ,preeminence from the ,object1 with which it converses1 it necessarily must follow1 ,that the ,profession of ,surgery is the ,chief of ,arts1 since it is employ'd about so noble a ,subject as ,man2 and therefore the ,greeks have thought fit to call such manual ,operations ,the ,art of ,surgery1 which otherwise might as well have been apply'd to any ,mechanick ,trade4 ,sidenote3 ,has two useful ,branches2 ,thence it is ,anatomy and ,embalming are also equally to be esteem'd1 since they are not only ,branches of this ,art1 but likewise absolutely necessary to be known by its ,professors2 the one informing us of the constituent ,parts of the ,body1 and the other preserving it for ever in our ,memories4 ,sidenote3 ,one ,taught in our ,theatre1 and the other to be wish'd there1 yet ,embalming practis'd only by ,undertakers4 ,the first has been ,learnedly ,treated of by our own ,countrymen1 as well as ,foreigners1 and is admirably perform'd even at this ,day in our ,anatomical ,theatre2 whereas the last1 ,i know not by what ,fate1 is surreptitiously cut off from ,surgery1 and chiefly practis'd by ignorant ,undertakers4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,author vindicates the ,right of it4 ,for the ,honour therefore of our ,profession1 ,i have undertaken to vindicate ,the ,art of ,embalming1 and will prove it to be no less antient and noble than ,surgery it self4 ,in order to this1 ,i will first shew both the antient and modern ,methods of ,embalming1 as practis'd by the most learned and expert ,physicians1 ,surgeons and ,anatomists1 and then proceed to detect the ,frauds and ,subtilties of the ,undertakers or ,burial-,men1 to the end the ,world being made sensible of their ,abuses1 may the easier be reconcil'd to a right ,opinion of the legal and skilful ,artist2 but before ,i proceed to acquaint you with any farther particulars1 ,i shall content my self to shew you the ,authority and ,reasonableness of the ,use of ,embalming1 together with the many ,advantages that accrue thereby4 ,sidenote3 ,useful in ,natural ,philosophy and ,physiology4 ,first1 ,i presume1 it may not be a little ,entertaining1 should ,i relate how far the ,knowledge of this ,art may be necessary in our very ,domestic and ,culinary ,affairs1 such as1 ,tanning1 ,painting1 ,dying1 ,brewing1 ,baking1 c4 as also in ,confectionery1 by ,conserving all sorts of ,roots1 ,herbs and ,fruits1 and ,preserving ,wines and ,juices2 for this ,art being grounded as well on ,natural ,philosophy as ,physiology1 it not only teaches us how to ,improve our ,drinks1 but our ,aliments likewise1 and not only to give a grateful ,taste in ,cookery1 and thereby to whet the ,appetite1 but also to ,preserve fresh ,meats1 ,fish1 ,fruits1 c4 beyond their wonted duration4 ,sidenote3 ,particularly in ,anatomy1 ,surgery1 c4 ,these ,things however ,i will pass by for the present1 that ,i may come more immediately to my principal ,intent1 which is to shew how a ,body may be so ,preserv'd1 that by the help of ,anatomy we may trace its minute ,meanders1 and investigate the secret ,passages thereof1 without being hindred by any offensive ,odour or contaminating ,cruor4 ,sidenote3 ,how ,useful to the ,naturalist1 ,by this ,art the ,naturalist may be enabled to ,collect and ,preserve a numberless variety of ,birds1 ,beasts1 ,fishes1 ,reptiles1 ,herbs1 ,shrubs1 ,trees1 with ,things monstrous and preternatural2 as likewise those which are more rare and not appropriate to his own ,climate1 and this for compleating his ,musum or ,repository with all the ,curiosities and ,rarities in the ,animal and ,vegetable ,world4 ,sidenote3 ,to the ,physician1 ,by this ,art the ,physician learns the situation and use of the ,parts of ,man's ,body1 with the several alterations and changes in the ,juices1 as well in their healthful as morbid ,state2 and consequently knows how to preserve and confirm them free from all ,diseases1 as likewise to correct and put a stop to malignant and putrid ,fevers1 which otherwise must inevitably destroy the sick and weak ,patient4 ,sidenote3 ,to the ,surgeon4 ,by this ,art the ,surgeon1 in a rightly prepar'd ,skeleton1 sees the natural ,position of the ,bones1 and proper ,motions of each ,part1 with the true and natural ,schemes of the ,veins1 ,arteries1 ,nerves and other curious ,preparations2 which not only teach him the difference between the ,muscles1 the similar1 dissimilar1 and containing as well as contained ,parts of the ,body2 but likewise how1 in performing each ,operation1 he should skilfully avoid ,cutting what he should not1 and destroying the ,function of that he is to relieve4 ,he is also hereby instructed what ,remedies may be found out against ,gangrenes1 ,sphacelus and other ,distempers that are judg'd ,incurable without being extirpated by ,knife or ,fire3 ,who then can sufficiently admire and value this ,noble ,art of ,embalming since it tends to the ,conservation both of ,life and ,limb8 ,sidenote3 ,anatomy deficient without it4 ,for tho' ,anatomy gives us an ,insight into these ,things in general1 yet is it deficient without the ,balsamic ,art1 in as much as it can neither so particularly nor frequently shew us1 what in conjunction with it1 may without any offence be ,contemplated at any ,time1 and as often as we please4 ,sidenote3 ,how useful in ,divinity4 ,thus may we entirely conquer and accomplish that ,delphian ,oracle1 1 by making most of our ,disquisitions into ,human ,nature by ,dissections3 ,and tho' ,brutes may sometimes be useful in ,comparative ,anatomy1 yet ,man being the ,epitome and ,perfection of the ,macrocosm1 his ,body shews a more wonderful ,mechanism than all other ,creatures can do1 as one thus very elegantly expresses in ,latin3 ,hominem 7says he7 a ,,deo post reliqua factum fuisse2 ut ,,deus in ipso exprimeret1 sub brevi quodam ,compendio1 quicquid diffuse ante fecerat4 ,sidenote3 ,what accounted by this ,age and what by the ,antients4 ,the present ,age therefore accounts the chief ,use of this ,art to be in ,anatomical ,preparations2 but ,i shall shew another more antient and more general1 which is the ,preserving a ,human ,dead ,body entire1 and which is properly term'd ,embalming3 ,more antient1 ,i say1 as having been first devis'd and practis'd by the ,wise and ,learned ,egyptians1 and more general in that it relates to every particular ,person1 yet is it by most despis'd and look'd on meerly as an unnecessary expensive ,trouble2 so that unless ,i can convince these ,people to the contrary1 ,i must not expect to find my ensuing ,labours meet with any ,favour4 ,but before ,i affirm ,the ,art of ,embalming to be a particular part of that ,duty1 which obliges all ,mankind to take care of their ,dead1 ,sidenote3 ,the ,right of ,burial and ,funeral ,ceremonies4 ,i shall give some cogent ,reasons to prove the ,right of ,burial1 what ,things are necessary thereto1 whether ,ceremonies are needless and superstitious1 or ,monuments vain-glorious1 c4 and this shall be as ,nature dictates1 the ,law of ,,god appoints1 and the ,law of ,nations directs and obliges4 ,sidenote3 ,sepulture a ,debt to ,nature4 ,first1 ,sepulture is truly and rightly accounted to be ,jus ,natur1 by reason the very condition of ,human ,nature admonishes us1 that the spiritless ,body should be restor'd to the ,earth1 from whence it was deriv'd2 so that it only pays that ,debt of its own accord1 which otherwise ,nature would require against its ,will4 ,thus1 in the beginning of the ,world1 so soon as ,adam had transgressed1 ,sidenote3 ,ordain'd by ,,god himself4 ,,god said to him1 ,gen4 #c4 #ai4 ,thou shalt return to the ,ground1 from whence thou wert taken2 for ,dust thou art1 and unto ,dust thou shalt return4 ,whence ,ecclesiastes1 #ab4 #g4 says1 ,the ,dust shall return to the ,earth as it was3 and the ,spirit to ,,god who gave it4 ,likewise patient ,job thus expresses himself1 ,job #a4 #ba4 ,naked came ,i out of my ,mothers ,womb 7which ,david also calls the ,lowest part of the ,earth1 ,psalm #aci4 #ae47 and naked shall ,i return thither4 ,upon which ,quenstedt thus ,comments1 p4 #aj4 ,de ,sepult4 vet4 ,he shall not return again into his ,mothers ,womb1 but unto the ,earth which is the ,mother of all ,things4 ,upon which occasion read also ,ecclesiasticus1 #dj4 #a4 ,sidenote3 ,practis'd by the ,heathens4 ,hence it is the ,heathens have generally follow'd the same ,custom of restoring the ,dead to their ,mother ,earth2 since it is but according to the course of ,nature1 for all ,things to return at last to their first ,principles1 and that so soon as ever a ,disunion or ,dissolution of the ,parts of ,man's ,body shall be caused by ,death4 ,that each ,thing has ever immediately requir'd what it gave1 is excellently describ'd by ,euripides1 in one of his ,tragedies call'd the ,supplicants1 where he introduces ,theseus ,talking after this manner3 ' 4 ' ' 1 ' 1 1 ' 4 ,jam sinite ,terr ,mortuos ,gremio tegi3 ,res unde quque sumpserat ,primordium1 ,eo recipitur3 ,spiritus ,clo redit ,corpusque ,terr3 ,jure nec enim mancupi3 ,sed brevis ad vi ,tempus utendum datur3 ,mox ,terra repetit ipsa quod nutriverat4 ,suffer the ,dead within the ,earths cold ,womb ,to be ,interr'd1 nor envy them a ,tomb2 ,for all ,things1 whence they did their ,being draw1 ,thither1 at last1 return by ,natures ,law3 ,the ,soul flies back to ,heav'n from whence it came1 ,our mouldring ,bodies ,mother ,earth does claim2 ,lent us but for a fleeting space to wear1 ,and then they to their first ,abodes repair4 ,sidenote3 ,asserted in the ,scripture4 ,hereby it plainly appears that we really possess nothing of our own1 and what we seem to enjoy1 is but only lent us for a season1 and must be restor'd again when ever we die1 which is agreeable to that ,expression of ,job1 in the latter part of the above-mentioned ,verse and ,chapter4 ,the ,lord gave1 and the ,lord hath taken away2 blessed be the ,name of the ,lord4 ,also ,holy ,david1 ,psalm #adf4 #d4 7speaking of ,man's ,frailty and ,mortality7 says1 ,his ,breath goes forth1 he returns to his ,earth4 ,here he emphatically calls it his ,earth1 both because he was made of it1 ,gen4 #b4 #bg4 and must return to it again1 ,gen4 #c4 #ai4 and by reason he has a ,right to a ,burial-,place in it4 ,sidenote3 ,confirm'd by the ,philosophers and ,poets4 ,the same is likewise ,taught us by ,cicero1 where he says1 ,reddenda ,terra ,terr3 ,that the ,earth 7meaning ,man's ,body7 must be restor'd to its ,earth2 which also gave occasion to the antient ,philosophers to contemplate the ,beginning and ,end1 or the ,life and ,death of ,man1 that thereby they might be the better able to ,teach us what we really are in ,nature1 and how little we have to ,boast of3 ,the very ,thought of which put an old ,poet into a ,passion and ,admiration1 expressing himself thus in gingling ,monkish ,verses3 ,cum ,fx1 cum ,limus1 cum ,res vilissima simus1 ,unde superbimus1 ad ,terram ,terra redimus4 ,man who is made of ,earth1 ,can he be vain ,and know he must return to ,earth again8 ,methinks the very ,consideration of this should cause us to lay aside all ,pride and ,vanity1 and serve for a perpetual ,memorial of ,humility and ,obedience to our ,creator1 who as he was pleas'd to endue us with ,rational ,souls1 and to give us ,dominion over all ,things here below1 yet1 that we might not be thereby puffed up and tempted to forget him1 he wisely formed us of the ,dust1 and1 in his good ,time1 will reduce us to ,dust again4 ,thence ,divine ,plato assures us1 that the ,end and ,scope of his ,philosophy was only ,the ,consideration of ,death4 ,sidenote3 ,its ,rise and ,antiquity4 ,in ,obedience therefore to the ,laws both of ,,god and ,nature1 ,sepulture undoubtedly was at first ,instituted1 and if either ,antiquity or universal ,custom can prove a convincing ,argument1 you may account it as antient as the ,world it self1 and us'd by all ,nations tho' perhaps in different manners2 for you must allow1 so soon as ,death came in by ,man's ,transgression1 it necessarily follow'd that some care must have been taken to ,bury his ,carcass4 ,the first ,instance of this that we read of1 in the ,sacred ,history of the old ,testament1 is how ,abraham1 the ,father of the ,faithful1 ,buried his ,wife ,sarah in the ,cave of the ,field ,machpelah1 which he had bought of the ,sons of ,heth for a ,burying-,place for his ,family1 ,gen4 #bc4 #ai1 #bj4 ,there also ,st4 ,jerome asserts ,adam the first ,man was ,buried2 and ,nicolaus ,lyranus and ,alphonsus ,tostatus are of ,opinion the ,four ,patriarchs were ,buried there likewise with their ,wives1 ,eve1 ,sarah1 ,rebecca and ,lea1 all which you may find explain'd more at large in ,quenstedt1 p4 #b1 #c1 #d4 ,sidenote3 ,first ,cause of it4 ,now this seems to have been one of the first ,causes of ,interment1 to wit1 that it being the course of ,nature1 for ,bodies depriv'd of ,spirit or ,life to corrupt or stink2 and the ,medicinal ,art being little known and less us'd in those early ,days 7without the ,knowledge of which it was impossible to preserve them7 there remained no other way of securing the ,living from the pestiferous ,exhalations of the ,dead1 than by burying their ,carcasses in the ,earth1 and so removing such miserable ,objects out of their sight2 which seems clearly intimated by the aforesaid ,example of ,abraham1 when1 being in much trouble for the ,loss and ,death of ,sarah his ,delight1 he spake thus unto the ,sons of ,heth1 ,gen4 #bc4 #d4 ,give me a ,possession of a ,burial-,place with you1 that ,i may ,bury my ,dead out of my ,sight4 7,,lxx4 1 ' 7 where it is to be observ'd1 that he no longer calls her his ,wife1 but his ,dead2 as knowing that those alterations1 which she must in a few ,days inevitably undergo1 would have deterr'd him from the very ,thoughts of her1 if he had not earnestly sought for and obtain'd a ,burying-,place1 where he might hide her out of his ,sight4 ,sidenote3 ,second ,cause4 ,this is to be look'd upon as the second ,cause or ,end of ,burial1 to wit1 that it being not only disagreeable to the dignity of our ,nature1 but also occasioning great sadness of ,mind1 for the ,living to see what dismal ,accidents and ,calamities befall the ,dead1 that we should free our selves from the ,apprehensions and black ,idea's such ,objects are naturally apt to inspire1 by removing them out of our ,sight and ,mind1 by a timely ,sepulture3 ,for as ,demosthenes said in a ,funeral ,oration1 ,leniatur ita ,luctus ,eorum1 qui ,suis sunt ,orbati2 ,by this means the ,grief of those1 who are depriv'd of their ,friends1 is alleviated4 ,sidenote3 ,thought more ,beneficial to the ,living than the ,dead4 ,so that these two ,reasons seeming to conduce more to the ,benefit of the ,living than the ,dead1 it has given occasion to some to believe1 that ,burial was from thence invented1 and of this ,opinion was ,grotius1 who thus writes3 ,hinc est1 quod ,officium ,sepeliendi1 non tam ,homini1 id est1 ,person1 quam ,humanitati1 id est1 ,natur ,human1 prstari dicitur2 ,for this ,reason it is that the ,office of ,burial is said not to be paid so much to the ,man1 viz4 ,to the particular ,person1 as to ,humanity it self1 that is1 to ,human ,nature in general4 ,and ,st4 ,austin1 ,lib4 #a4 ,de ,civit4 ,,dei1 cap4 #ab4 and ,lib4 ,de ,cura pro ,mortuis1 cap4 #b4 affirms1 ,curationem ,funeris1 ,conditionem ,sepultur1 ,pompas ,exequiarum1 magis esse ,vivorum ,solatia1 quam ,mortuorum ,subsidia2 that ,the regulating and management of the ,funeral1 the manner of ,burial1 the ,magnificence and ,pomp of the ,exequies1 were devised rather as a ,consolation to the ,living than any ,relief to the ,dead4 ,but ,seneca1 ,lib4 #a4 ,de ,remed4 hath more plainly confirm'd both the foregoing ,reasons1 saying1 ,non ,defunctorum ,causa1 sed ,vivorum inventa est ,sepultura1 ut ,corpora ,visu ,odore fda submoverentur2 ,burial was found out not so much for the sake of the ,dead as the ,living1 that by means thereof ,bodies noisom both to ,sight and ,smell might be remov'd3 ,therefore ,andrew ,rivet1 in his #aith ,exercise1 on the #bc ,chap4 of ,genesis1 commends ,sepulture as a laudable ,custom1 pertaining to common ,policy and ,honesty4 ,human ,nature would be asham'd to see ,man1 the ,master-,piece of the ,creation1 left unregarded or lye unburied and naked1 expos'd to the ,insults of all ,creatures1 and become a ,herritage to the most vile ,worms and ,serpents1 or lye ,rotting like ,dung upon the face of the ,earth2 so that if ,pity and ,compassion will not move our obdurate ,hearts to ,bury him1 the very ,stench and ,corruption of the ,dead will compel us to it4 ,hence ,chytrus3 ,corpus inane ,anim1 tandem ,ftore maligno1 ,a se abigit ,cunctos---- ,a breathless ,body1 tho' our ,pity fails ,to make us ,bury it1 its ,stench prevails4 ,by these two fore-going ,causes of ,burial appears yet a farther ,benefit to ,mankind1 that they may live without that continual ,terror of ,death1 ,sidenote3 ,frees from the ,terror of ,death4 which is occasion'd by seeing such miserable ,emblems of ,mortality4 ,if you do but consider1 when ,men at first liv'd dispers'd1 the very ,abhorrence and ,detestation of meeting ,dead ,bodies1 made them to remove such unpleasant ,objects out of their sight3 ,afterwards1 when they assembl'd together and built ,cities to dwell in1 they used ,burial for this ,reason says ,lilius ,gyraldus1 ,lib4 ,de var4 ,sepult4 ,ritu4 pag4 #d4 ,that the ,living might not be infected by the most noisom stench of the ,dead4 ,the before-going ,arguments for ,interment have been deduc'd from ,natural and ,political ,reasons1 but the latter likewise relating to ,physic1 and particularly conducing to the ,health and long ,life of ,man 7since ,the ,art of ,embalming was not known in those ,days7 we will a little more accurately enquire into the pernicious ,effects of ,putrefaction1 and the fatal ,consequences that from thence ensue2 for this being the most potent ,enemy to ,life1 ,sidenote3 ,from ,putrefaction the ,enemy of ,life4 ,nature is very careful to expel it so soon as ever she perceives1 by its odious ,scents1 its invisible ,approaches3 ,nor can she endure the lesser ill ,scents of ,sweat or ,urine1 or those ,excrements of the ,belly1 which are necessarily produc'd from the ,aliments of the ,body1 but the ,body it self as well as ,spirits reject them2 for this is to be observ'd1 that the ,excrements and ,putrefactions of all ,creatures smell worst and are most offensive to their own ,species1 which we may see by ,cats1 which voiding a more than ordinary fetid ,dung1 always take care to bury it4 ,and such cleanliness of ,living renders all ,creatures the more ,healthful1 as we daily find by ,birds1 ,pigeons1 ,horses1 ,dogs1 c4 which thrive best when their ,houses1 ,stables and ,kennels are kept sweetest4 ,there is not only an unhealthy1 but oftentimes a secret poysoning ,quality in the fetid ,odours of a putrid ,air1 which are made so malignant by ,bodies corrupt and exposed therein2 and thus1 in several ,countries1 ,sidenote3 ,from the ,plague4 great ,plagues have been occasion'd only by the ,putrefaction of prodigious swarms of dead ,grasshoppers and ,locusts cast up on heaps4 ,thus1 the ,scripture testifies1 the ,land of ,egypt was corrupted with ,lice1 ,flies1 ,frogs and ,locusts as a ,punishment to ,pharaoh3 ,the ,fish of the ,rivers died1 and the ,waters stank2 also there was a ,murrain among the ,beasts1 and a ,plague of ,boils and ,blains among the ,inhabitants1 ,exod4 chap4 #g1 #h1 #i1 #aj4 ,the infectious ,atoms of a putrid ,air are so very subtile and invisible1 that they meet with an easie reception into the ,brain and ,lungs1 as often as we breath1 and thereby immediately occasion in the ,brain either an ,apoplexy or ,delirium1 a ,syncope to the ,spirits1 a general ,convulsion of the ,nerves1 or else more slowly corrupt the ,blood1 by mixing with it in its passage thro' the ,lungs1 where they either produce ,imposthumes1 ,ulcers1 ,consumptions or ,hectic-,fevers which prey upon the ,spirits and ,vitals1 or bring ,gangrenes to the extreamest ,parts1 or the ,small-,pox1 ,purple ,fevers1 and other malignant ,distempers to the whole ,body2 nay1 they too frequently prove the very principal ,ingredient of the ,plague it self1 that inexorable ,spirit which so swiftly dispatches many thousands of ,souls to the other ,world4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,art of ,poisoning the ,air4 ,thus ,poison'd ,air1 or ,the ,art of ,empoisoning by ,odours1 is more dangerous than ,poison'd ,water1 forasmuch as it is impossible ,man should live without ,breathing1 or subsist in an infectious ,air1 without a proper ,antidote4 ,this ,art has been effectually practis'd by the ,indians in their ,trafficks1 and the ,turks in their ,wars1 and was particularly us'd by ,emanuel ,comnenus towards the ,christians1 when they pass'd thro' his ,country1 in their way to the ,holy-,land4 ,this the ,lord ,bacon relates in the #ajth ,century of his ,natural ,history1 p4 #bja4 where he is of ,opinion1 ,that foul ,smells1 rais'd by ,art for ,poisoning the ,air1 consist chiefly of ,man's ,flesh or ,sweat putrefied1 since those ,stinks1 which the ,nostrils immediately abhor and expel1 are not the most pernicious1 but such as have some similitude with ,man's ,body1 which thereby the easier insinuate themselves and betray the ,spirits4 ,thus in ,agues1 ,spirits coming from ,putrefaction of ,humours bred within the ,body1 extinguish and suffocate the ,natural ,heat1 p4 #gd4 ,the same effect is likewise to be observ'd in ,pestilences1 in that the malignity of the infecting ,vapour1 daunts the principal ,spirits1 and makes them to fly and leave their ,regiment1 whereby the ,humours1 ,flesh and ,secundary ,spirits dissolve and break as it were in an ,anarchy1 ,exper4 #ccc4 p4 #gd4 ,also because the ,canibals1 in the ,west-,indies1 eat ,man's ,flesh1 the same ,author thought it not improbable1 but that the ,lues ,venerea might owe its ,origin to that foul and high ,nourishment1 since those ,people were found full of the ,pox at their first ,discovery1 and at this ,day the most ,mortal ,poisons1 practis'd by them1 ,sidenote3 ,consists partly of ,man's ,flesh1 c4 have a mixture of ,man's ,flesh1 ,fat or ,blood4 ,likewise the ,ointments that ,witches have us'd1 are reported to have been made of the ,fat of ,children dug out of their ,graves2 and diverse ,sorceresses1 as well among the ,heathens as ,christians1 have fed upon ,man's ,flesh1 to help1 as they thought1 their wicked ,imaginations with high and foul ,vapours1 ,exper4 #bf4 and #hei4 ,the most pernicious ,infection1 next the ,plague or ,air ,poison'd by ,art1 is the ,smell of a ,goal where ,prisoners have been long1 close and nastily kept1 whereof1 says the ,lord ,bacon1 we have in our ,time had ,experience twice or thrice1 when both the ,judges that sat on the ,trials1 and numbers of those that assisted1 sickn'd on the spot and ,died1 ,exper4 #iad4 ,the like would frequently befall those that visit ,hospitals1 and other such ,places1 where either the ,leprosie1 ,french ,pox or ,malignant ,fevers rage1 were not the ,attendants dayly accustom'd to it1 or did they not use proper ,antidotes to keep them from it4 ,if therefore the morbid ,state of the ,living only be so pernicious to healthful ,bodies1 ,sidenote3 ,air most ,infected by a putrid ,carcass4 what ,destruction must that ,air produce1 which is replete with the volatile ,steams and ,spirits1 that issue from a dead and putrid ,carcass8 ----,sicut ,grex totus in ,agris ,unius ,scabie cadit ,porrigine ,porci1 ,uvaq2 conspecta ,livorem ducit ab ,uva4 says ,juvenal4 ,from one infected ,hog1 ,experience shows1 ,thro' the whole ,herd the dire ,contagion goes2 ,thus from one tainted ,grape the ,bunch corrupted grows4 ,for every ,thing in ,nature easiest ,corrupts that of its own kind4 ,the ,reason of this is because it is ,homogeneal1 as is commonly seen in ,church-,yards1 where they bury much2 for a ,corps will consume in a far shorter ,time there1 than it would have done in another place where few have been buried4 ,it therefore necessarily follows1 that if the ,dead were not inhum'd1 whole ,cities would ,corrupt and be fill'd with the ,plague2 and after great ,battels1 if the ,dead should lie unbury'd1 whole ,countries would be destroy'd2 ,sidenote3 ,sepulture defends from the ,plague1 all which ,mischiefs are prevented by a timely ,sepulture3 ,for the ,earth by its weight and closeness not only suppresses and dissipates the ,vapours that arise from a putrid ,carcass1 but also imbibes and sucks up the stinking ,gore2 and being a ,medium between that and the ,sun1 prevents the ,beams of that ,planet from suddenly exhaling such fetid ,odours4 ,sidenote3 ,likewise preserves ,bodies4 ,nay the ,lord ,bacon farther assures us1 ,that ,burying in the ,earth1 which is cold and dry1 serves for ,preservation1 ,condensation and ,induration of ,bodies1 as you may find in his #dth ,century of his ,natural ,history1 ,exper4 #cgf1 #cgg4 ,but this needs no farther ,confirmation1 since ,bodies are dug up in every ,age perfect and uncorrupt1 which perhaps had been buried above #dj or #ej ,years1 and some have been found petrified to a perfect ,stone1 of which we shall discourse more hereafter1 therefore will at present proceed to acquaint you with other final ,causes or ,ends of ,burial4 ,sidenote3 ,third ,cause of ,burial4 ,a ,third ,cause of ,burial is1 ,that ,man's ,body may not be torn to pieces and devour'd by savage ,beasts1 and ,birds of ,prey1 which would be a sight wholly unbecoming the ,dignity of ,human ,nature1 as ,seneca observes ,lib4 #f4 ,de ,beneficiis3 ,inter maxima ,rerum suarum1 says he1 nihil habet ,natura1 quo magis glorietur4 ,nature has nothing in the whole ,creation of which she may boast more than of ,man3 ,so that it must needs be a grievous ,trouble and ,concern to her to see the ,master-,piece and ,perfection of all ,creatures become thus a ,prey to the vilest of ,animals2 and that he who whilst living had all of them under ,subjection1 so soon as ever his ,spirit is separated from his ,body1 they should forget all ,allegiance to their late ,sovereign1 and rebelliously ,tear him to ,pieces3 ,therefore we who are his ,fellow-,creatures1 and endu'd with ,humanity1 take care to bury him out of the way of such ,harpies2 and ought to perform all his ,funeral ,obsequies with the same ,respect we were wont to show him whilst alive4 ,hence ,hugo ,grotius is of ,opinion1 ,that ,burial was invented in respect to the ,excellency of ,man's ,body4 ,sidenote3 ,taken from the ,excellency of ,man's ,body4 ,cum ,homo cteris ,animalibus prstet1 indignum visum1 si ejus ,corpore alia ,animantia pascerentur1 quare inventam ,sepulturam1 ut id quantum posset1 caveretur4 ,since ,man excells all other ,creatures1 it was thought unworthy they should feed upon his ,body2 for which reason ,sepulture was found out1 that this ,mischief might be prevented as far as possible4 ,likewise ,lactantius1 ,lib4 #f4 ,institut4 cap4 #ab4 says1 ,non patiemur ,figuram ,figmentum ,,dei1 ,feris ,volucribus in ,prdam jacere1 sed reddamus id ,terr1 unde ortum est4 ,let us not suffer the ,image and ,workmanship of ,,god to lie expos'd as a ,prey to the ,beasts and ,birds1 but let us return it back to the ,earth from whence it had its ,origin4 ,sidenote3 ,accounted by us the ,fourth ,cause4 ,so that we will account the ,fourth ,reason for ,burial1 to be the ,excellency of ,man's ,body1 to which we ought to show the greater ,honour and ,respect1 in that it is the ,receptacle of the ,immortal ,soul4 ,hence ,origen1 ,lib4 #h4 ,contra ,celsum says1 ,rationalem ,animam honorare didicimus1 hujus ,organa ,sepulchro honorifice demandare4 ,we have learn'd to ,honour the ,rational ,soul1 and respectfully to convey its ,organs to the ,grave4 ,and thus ,st4 ,austin very elegantly expresses himself1 ,lib4 #a4 ,de ,civit4 ,,dei1 cap4 #ac4 ,si ,paterna ,vestis ,annulus1 vel si quid hujusmodi1 tanto carius ,posteris1 quanto erga ,parentes ,affectus major1 nullo modo ipsa spernenda sunt ,corpora1 qu utiq2 multo familiarius1 atq2 conjunctius1 quam qulibet ,indumenta gestamus4 ,if we take so much the more care to preserve our ,fathers ,apparel1 ,ring1 and other ,remainders of the like nature1 as we bore an ,affection to them1 'tis plain their ,bodies are by no means to be neglected1 which we wear closer and nearer to us than any ,cloaths whatever4 ,sidenote3 ,fifth ,cause of ,burial4 ,but the ,fifth ,cause and ultimate ,end of ,burial is in order to a future ,resurrection1 and as ,b4 ,gerhard asserts1 agreeable to that ,companion of ,christ and ,st4 ,paul his ,apostle1 ,john #ab4 #bd4 #a ,corinth4 #ae4 #cg1 #ch4 ,that ,bodies are piously to be laid up in the ,earth1 like to ,corn sowed1 to confirm the assured ,hope of the ,resurrection3 ,and therefore the place of ,burial was call'd by ,st4 ,paul1 ,seminatio1 as others term it ,templi ,hortus1 the ,churches ,orchard or ,garden4 ,by the ,greeks it was call'd1 1 ,dormitorium1 a ,sleeping ,place4 ,by the ,hebrews1 1 ,beth-chajim1 i4 e4 ,domus ,viventium1 the ,house of the ,living1 in the same respect as the ,germans call ,church-,yards1 ,gotsacker1 i4 e4 ,,dei ,ager1 aut ,fundus1 ,,god's ,field1 in which the ,bodies of the ,pious are sowed like to ,grain or ,corn1 in expectation of a future ,harvest4 ,by these ,appellations we are admonish'd of the ,resurrection of the ,body1 and of the ,immortality which is given by ,,god to the ,soul4 ,for as they that ,sleep awake again1 and as ,christ who is the ,head arose again1 so shall we who are his ,members arise4 ,hence ,calvin 7,commenting on ,isaiah #ad4 #ah47 says1 ,the ,carcasses of ,beasts are thrown out1 because they were ,born to ,putrefaction2 but our ,bodies are interr'd in the ,earth1 and being there deposited1 expect the last ,day1 that they may arise from thence to lead a ,blessed and ,immortal ,life with the ,soul4 ,also ,aurelius ,prudentius1 a ,christian ,poet1 rightly asserts ,the ,hope of the ,resurrection to be the chief ,cause why the greatest ,care is taken of ,burial1 whereof he has most excellently describ'd every particular ,circumstance in a ,latin ,funeral ,hymn1 which being ,translated by ,sir ,john ,beaumont1 ,baronet1 into #agb ,verses1 ,i will for brevity sake refer you to ,weaver's ,funeral ,monuments1 pag4 #be4 where you will find them inserted1 and worth your ,perusal4 ,sidenote3 ,want of ,burial not prejudicial to the ,soul4 ,nevertheless1 we are not to think1 tho' ,burial was ordain'd by ,,god as a ,work both pleasing and acceptable to him1 and consequently approv'd and practis'd by all ,men1 that therefore the want of it1 or any particular ,ceremony thereof1 can any ways be prejudicial to a ,christian ,soul1 as ,st4 ,austin and ,ludovicus ,vives his ,commentator alledges1 ,lib4 #a4 ,de ,civit4 ,,dei1 cap4 #aa4 ,and that ,complaint which the ,royal ,prophet makes1 ,psalm #gi4 #c4 ,that there was none to bury the dead ,bodies of ,,god's ,servants1 was spoken rather to intimate their ,villany that neglected it1 than any ,misery to them that underwent it4 ',tis true such ,actions may appear heinous and tyranous in the ,eye of ,man1 but precious in the ,sight of the ,lord is the ,death of his ,saints3 ,neither is our ,faith in his assured ,promise so frail1 as to think ravenous ,beasts or ,birds of ,prey can any ways make the ,body want any part at the ,resurrection2 but1 on the contrary1 we are well satisfied that in a ,moment there shall be given such a new ,restitution1 not only out of the ,earth1 but out of the most minute ,particles of all the other ,elements1 wherein any ,bodies can possibly be included1 that not a ,hair of our ,heads shall be missing4 ,we read how the ,bodies of the ,christians 7after great ,battels1 and the ,sacking and ,subverting of ,towns and ,cities7 stood in want of the ,rights and ,ceremonies of ,burial1 which neither is to be accounted any ,omission in the living ,christians1 who could not perform them1 nor any ,hurt to the ,dead1 who could not feel them4 ,we may1 moreover1 find in the ,history of ,martyrs1 and such like ,persecutions1 how barbarous and cruel ,tyrants have raged over the ,bodies of ,christians1 who1 not content with tormenting them to ,death several thousands of ways1 still persever'd with inhumanity to insult over their mangled ,corps1 and at length to shew their utmost ,contempt1 bury'd them in the ,bowels of rapacious ,creatures1 or what other ignominious ways their wickedness could invent4 ,nevertheless1 we have all the reason to believe their ,souls were receiv'd into ,heaven1 and that their ,bodies will at the last ,day be reunited intire to them again2 after which1 ,death will have no more ,power over their ,bodies than their ,souls1 but as ,st4 ,paul says1 #a ,cor4 #ae4 #dd4 ,they will become ,spiritual ,bodies4 ,sidenote3 ,nor any kind thereof hurtful4 ,so that in this respect it matters not after what manner the ,body be destroy'd1 dissolv'd or bury'd1 as ,tatian in his ,book ,contra ,gentes says1 ,quamvis ,caro tota ,incendio absumatur tamen ,materiam evaporatam ,mundus excipit1 quanquam aut in ,fluviis1 aut in ,mari contabescam1 aut ,feriis dilanior1 condor tamen in ,penu locupletis ,domini4 ,altho' the ,flesh be wholly consum'd by ,fire1 yet the ,world receives the evaporated ,matter1 nay1 altho' ,i am wash'd to nothing in ,rivers or ,seas1 or am devour'd by wild ,beasts1 yet shall ,i be reposited in the ,store-,house of a most wealthy ,lord4 ,likewise ,minutius ,flix in ,octavio has these ,words3 ,corpus omne sive arescit in ,pulverem1 sive in ,humorem solvitur1 vel in ,cinerem comprimitur1 vel in ,nidorem tenuatur1 subducitur ,bonis1 sed ,,deo ,elementorum custodio reservatur4 ,the ,body whether it be dry'd into ,powder1 resolv'd into ,moisture1 reduc'd to ,ashes1 or evaporated into ,air1 is indeed taken away from ,good ,men1 but still the custody of the ,elements is reserv'd to ,,god4 ,some have been accounted a rigid sort of ,stoicks1 and void of all ,humanity1 for this ,reason only1 because they averr'd it profited nothing1 whether the ,body corrupted above or beneath the ,earth4 ,thus ,lucan1 ,lib4 #g4 --------,tabesne ,cadavera solvat ,an ,rogus haud refert3 ,placido ,natura receptat ,cuncta ,sinu1 ,finemq2 sui sibi ,corpora debent4 ----,clo tegitur qui non habet ,urnam4 ------------,for 'tis all one ,whether the ,fire or ,putrefaction ,dissolve 'em2 all to ,natures ,bosom go1 ,since to themselves their ,ends the ,bodies owe4 ,the ,skie shall cover him who wants a ,grave4 ,and that ,favorite-,courtier ,mecnas was wont to say3 ,non ,tumulum curo1 sepelit ,natura ,relictos4 ,i value not a ,tomb1 ,nature provides that for me4 ,but this these spoke only in respect to the ,soul1 which could receive no ,hurt nor ,damage from the ,bodies being cast out unbury'd2 therefore they seemingly ridicul'd and despis'd it1 the better to fortifie ,men against any fear of the want of ,burial1 yet they firmly believ'd that all those who were depriv'd thereof1 were the most miserable and wretched of ,creatures1 and that their ,souls continually wander'd1 as ,virgil elegantly expresses1 neid4 #f4 v4 #cbe4 where neas asking the ,cybil why such a number of ,souls stood crowding near the ,stygian ,lake1 and were refus'd a ,passage1 he receiv'd this ,answer3 ,hc ,omnis1 quam cernis1 inops inhumataq2 ,turba est3 ,portitor ille1 ,charon3 ,hi1 quos vehit unda1 ,sepulti4 ,nec ,ripa datur horrendas1 nec rauca ,fluenta ,sidenote3 ,some have fear'd the want of it4 ,transportare prius1 quam ,sedibus ossa quierunt4 ,centum errant ,annos volitantq2 hc ,littora circum1 ,tum demum admissi ,stagna exoptata revisunt4 ,constitit ,anchisa ,satus1 ,vestigia pressit1 ,multa putans1 ,sortemq2 ,animo miseratus iniquam ,cernit ibi mstos1 ,mortis ,honore carentes1 c4 ,these ,ghosts rejected1 are the unhappy ,crew ,depriv'd of ,sepulchers and ,funeral due4 ,the ,boat-,man1 ,charon2 those the buried ,host1 ,he ,ferries over to the farther ,coast4 ,nor dares his ,transport ,vessel cross the ,waves ,with such whose ,bones are not compos'd in ,graves4 ,a ,hundred ,years they wander on the ,shore1 ,at length1 their ,pennance done1 are wafted o'er4 ,the ,trojan ,chief his forward ,pace repress'd1 ,revolving ,anxious ,thoughts within his ,breast2 ,he saw his ,friends1 who whelm'd beneath the ,waves1 ,their ,funeral ,honours claim'd1 and ask'd their quiet ,graves4 ,dryden4 ,some again are induc'd perhaps to think the care of ,burial needless1 because there is no ,sense in a ,dead ,body1 as the ,proverb has it1 ,mortui non dolent2 and others reject it for this ,reason1 ,quia sentienti ,onus est ,terra1 nihil sentienti1 supervacaneum4 ,for the ,earth's a ,burthen to him that is sensible of it1 but none to him that is not4 ,sidenote3 ,others have ,despis'd it4 ,diogenes the ,cynic ,philosopher1 among the rest of his ,whimsies1 despis'd ,sepulture1 and when he was told he must thereby become a ,prey to the ,beasts and ,birds1 he gave them this jocose ,advice1 ,si id metues1 ponite juxta me ,bacillum1 quo abigam eos4 ,if you fear that1 place my ,staff by me that ,i may drive them away4 ,quid poteris nihil sentiens8 ,what can you do if you are sensible of nothing8 ,reply'd his ,friend4 ,to which he answer'd1 ,quid igitur ,ferarum laniatus oberit nihil sentienti8 ,if ,i am not sensible1 how can their ,teeth affect me8 ,at other times he was wont to say on the like ,occasion1 ,si ,canes meum lacerabunt ,cadaver1 ,hyrcanorum nactus fuero ,sepulturam1 ,si ,vultures1 ,iberiorum2 quod si nullum ,animal accederet1 ipsum ,tempus3 ,pulcherimam fore ,sepulturam1 ,corpore pretiosissimis ,rebus1 ,sole1 inquam ,imbribus absumpto4 ,if the ,dogs eat my ,carcass1 ,i shall have the ,sepulture of the ,hyrcanians1 if ,vultures1 of the ,iberians2 but if no ,animal come near me1 then shall ,i be consum'd by ,time1 and1 ,what a fine sort of ,burial must that needs be1 to have my ,body reduc'd to ,dust by two of the most precious ,things in ,nature1 the ,sun and ,showers8 ,likewise ,demonactes being told1 if he were flung out unbury'd1 as he desir'd1 the ,dogs would tear him to pieces1 he wittily answer'd1 ,quid incommodi1 si mortuus alicui sim usui8 ,what hurt can it do me1 if after ,i am ,dead ,i do somebody ,good8 ,sidenote3 ,in what ,sense the ,philosophers slighted it4 ,it may farther be ask'd1 ,why ,plato1 ,aristotle1 and other ,philosophers1 famous for ,learning and ,piety1 despis'd the ,rites and ,ceremonies of ,sepulture8 ,to which ,i answer1 ,they did not really ,despise them1 nor durst they say they were not to be at all3 ,they said only1 if by chance they were neglected1 it could do no hurt4 ,nor lastly did ,lucretius contemn ,sepulture1 he only laughed at those who procur'd it for this ,reason1 because they thought there still remain'd a ,sense in the ,dead1 as you will perceive by these ,lines of his1 ,lib4 #c4 ,proin' cum videas1 ,hominem indignarier ipsum1 ,post ,mortem fore1 ut aut putrescat ,corpore posto2 ,aut ,flammis interfiat1 ,malisve ,ferarum1 c4 ,now when you hear a ,man complain and moan1 ,and mourn his ,fate1 because when ,life is gone ,his ,limbs must waste1 or rot i'th' ,earth1 or feast ,the greedy ,flames1 or some devouring ,beast2 ,all is not well2 ,he1 by strong ,fancy led1 ,imagines ,sense remains amongst the ,dead2 ,nor can ,i think1 tho' ,he ,himself denies1 ,and openly declares the whole ,man ,dies2 ,but that from strong ,conceits he still believes1 ,fond ,fool1 that ,he ,himself1 ,himself survives3 ,for now e'en whilst ,he breaths1 e'en whilst ,he lives1 ,and thinks ,he must be ,torn or ,burnt1 ,he grieves2 ,thinks still the ,carcass must be ,he1 and thence ,his wanton ,fears infer there must be ,sense4 ,and hence ,he grieves that ,he was ,born to ,die1 ,subject to treacherous ,mortality3 ,but never thinks1 fond ,fool1 that when kind ,death ,shall close ,his ,eyes in ,night1 and stop ,his ,breath2 ,then nothing of this thinking ,thing remains ,to mourn ,his ,fate1 and feel sharp ,grief and ,pains4 ,creech4 ,hereby 'tis plain ,lucretius only blames and chides those who are of a doubtful and wavering ,mind1 and that openly confess there can be no future ,sense remaining after ,death1 yet privately hope within themselves that some ,parts will remain1 and therefore mightily dread the want of ,burial1 nay1 violently abhor being a ,prey to wild ,beasts and ,birds4 ,this ,i take to be a natural hint of the ,resurrection of the ,body and ,immortality of the ,soul1 tho' outwardly these ,pagans disown'd both3 ,eripe me his invicte ,malis2 aut tu mihi ,terram ,injice1 sic saltem placidis in ,morte quiescam ,sedibus1 c4 as ,palinurus's ,ghost said to neas1 ne4 #f4 ,from lasting ,miseries my wandring ,soul relieve1 ,that she in pleasant ,shades and perfect ,rest may live4 ,we cannot believe there were ever any ,philosophers in the ,world1 of such obdurate ,hearts1 as strictly to deny ,burial1 tho' out of a seeming ,arrogance they despis'd it2 but that they only pretended so lest their ,antagonists should think the want of ,burial an inflicted ,punishment1 therefore they were the easier mov'd1 as much as in them lay1 to expose them4 ,sidenote3 ,why the ,frenchdeny'd it4 ,thus ,pausanias in ,phocic4 gives an ,instance of some ,french who deny'd ,burial to the slain in ,battel1 alledging it was a ,ceremony nothing to be esteem'd of2 but the true ,reason they did it was1 ,that they might bring the greater ,terror on their ,enemies1 and make them to have the worse ,opinion of their ,cruelty4 ,it must be granted1 the ,dead have no sense of any ,change or ,dissolution they undergo1 and that it is a ridiculous ,opinion of ,tyrants1 to think to punish the ,body by mangling it1 and delivering it to be torn to pieces and devour'd2 neither do ,bodies suffer any ,hurt or ,damage in respect to the ,soul1 after what manner soever they are bury'd3 ,yet you must grant these sufficient ,reasons why the ,dead should be taken care of1 and not be despis'd and cast away2 for as we esteem the ,body the ,temple of ,,god1 and ,receptacle of the ,soul1 so ought we honourably to ,interr it with those ,funeral ,obsequies as are becoming its ,quality and ,dignity4 ,sidenote3 ,right of ,burial grounded on the ,law of ,,god and ,nature4 ,now we must look upon ,burial to be a ,work enjoin'd both by the ,law of ,nature and ,nations1 and not only by the ,human but by the ,divine ,law2 for the most ,barbarous as well as ,civiliz'd ,people of the ,world have ever paid some ,respect and ,observance to their ,dead1 tho' perhaps after different ,manners1 by ,burying them in the ,water1 ,earth1 ,air1 ,fire1 c4 ,the common ,dictates of ,nature have taught them to abhor such dismal ,objects and offensive ,smells as dead ,bodies must necessarily present1 and their ,religion has shown them the ,inhumanity and ,cruelty of neglecting their ,duty to them3 ,nay1 if we look into the ,natural ,history of ,animals1 we shall find some of them excelling ,man in this particular1 by taking a more than ordinary ,care of their ,dead1 as is to be seen not only in ,cranes1 ,elephants and ,dolphins1 c4 ,as lian de ,animalibus1 ,lib4 #b4 cap4 #a4 and ,lib4 #ab4 cap4 #f4 and ,franzius in his ,history of ,animals1 cap4 #d4 ,peter ,faber in his ,semestrium1 ,pliny and others observe1 but likewise in ,ants1 ,bees and other ,insects2 for as ,grotius in his ,treatise1 ,de ,jure ,belli ,pacis1 ,lib4 #aa4 cap4 #ai4 rightly observes1 ,sidenote3 ,observ'd by ,brutes1 c4 as well as ,men4 ,nullum est in ,homine ,factum laudabile1 quin non ,vestigium1 in alio aliquo ,animantium ,genere ,,deus posuerit4 ,there is nothing done by ,man worthy of ,commendation1 but ,,god has imprinted some ,imitation of it even in ,brutes4 ,a ,corps lying unbury'd and ,putrifying1 is not only a dismal ,aspect to our ,eyes1 offensive to our ,nose1 and ungrateful to all our ,external ,senses1 but even horrid in our very private ,apprehensions and secret ,conceptions2 nay to hear it but only nam'd1 is so very unnatural and unpleasant to us1 that we care not to entertain the least ,thought of ,death1 even to the deferr'd ,time of our ,expiration4 ,what presence of ,mind can enable a ,fellow-,creature to behold such a miserable ,object as this1 express'd by its dismal ,aspect1 deform'd ,proportion1 ftid ,smell1 putrid ,carcass1 and the like1 and this perhaps of one who was but just now your ,bosom-,friend or the ,world's ,favorite1 a ,prince worthy of ,immortality for his ,wisdom1 ,piety1 ,valour1 ,conduct1 c4 and justly admir'd for the ,beauty of his ,person1 ,gracefulness of his ,mien1 and ,conformity of all the ,external ,parts of his ,body1 as well as ,internal ,qualifications of his ,mind8 ,certainly common ,humanity and ,self-,preservation would alone persuade us to ,inter him out of our ,sight1 or else preserve him from a ,state of ,corruption and ,deformity by ,embalming4 ,sidenote3 ,by both to prevent infection1 c4 ,i have before observ'd how ,beasts receiv'd the ,infection of the ,murrain from a ,putrefaction of their own ,bodies2 now ,i will shew you how they likewise1 by ,natural ,instinct1 avoid each other in such like ,calamities3 ,the ,sound shun the ,company of the ,infected1 and they reciprocally separate from the rest to ,mourn by themselves4 ,a wounded ,bird leaves the ,flight3 ,a ,stag 7when ,shot7 forsakes the ,herd and flies to the ,desarts3 ,and every ,diseas'd ,creature retires into some solitary ,place1 where its last ,care seems to be1 that of providing for its ,burial4 ,sidenote3 ,every ,creature takes care of its own ,burial4 ,reptiles creep into ,holes1 and ,birds into their ,nests1 or the ,bottoms of thick ,hedges3 ,rabbets die in their ,burrows3 ,foxes1 ,badgers and ,wolves1 c4 in their ,dens1 after which nothing will ,inhabit there4 ,so that they seem to know they shall lie undisturb'd in those ,dormitories1 which they took care in their ,lives ,time to provide and dig in order to their ,interment2 like as some ,hermits1 who1 during their ,lives1 made their ,cave their ,habitation1 but when ,dead their ,tomb4 ,the larger sort of ,domestic and ,tame ,creatures seem likewise to endeavour this1 as much as they can1 as may be observ'd from ,horses1 ,oxen1 ,sheep1 c4 who when they decline and draw near their ,deaths1 seek either the thickest part of a ,wood1 a ,dell or ,gravel-,pit in a ,common1 or deep ,ditch in a ,field1 where they may lay themselves down1 as in a ,grave1 and die3 ,they seem to desire nothing more of their ,master1 whom they have all their ,lives faithfully serv'd1 than to cover their ,bodies with the ,earth4 ,the lesser ,tame ,animals1 as ,dogs1 ,cats1 c4 know they have no occasion to take that ,care of themselves1 for when they die1 their ,master is oblig'd to remove them out of his ,house and bury them3 ,sidenote3 ,how ,insects bury themselves4 ,but as for ,insects1 they 7fearing ,mankind should be regardless of their inconsiderable ,bodies1 and not be so grateful as to take care of their ,funerals1 tho' they had consum'd their ,lives in making ,food and ,raiment for their ,master7 seem with a more extraordinary ,contrivance1 and admirable ,art1 to provide for their own ,burial4 ,the little ,bee works its ,honey-,comb for the ,benefit of ,man while it lives1 and for its own ,sepulture when it dies2 the ,comb serving for its ,tomb1 and the ,wax and remaining ,honey for its ,embalment1 conformable to that ,saying of ,martial1 in his ,fourth ,book and ,thirty ,second ,epigram3 ,et latet1 lucet ,phaetontide condita ,gutta1 ,ut videatur ,apis ,nectare clausa suo3 ,dignum tantorum ,pretium tulit illa ,laborum1 ,credibile est ipsam sic voluisse mori4 ,she lurks1 she shines within her balmy ,nest1 ,that there securely she may take her ,rest2 ,for all her ,labours past she asks but this1 ,that she may lye thus bury'd when she dies4 ,the ,silk-,worm 7which also willingly parts with her ,stock and ,labour for the ,benefit of ,mankind7 makes a small reserve of ,silk1 sufficient for her ,winding-,sheet1 which when she has finish'd1 she dies therein1 and is as nobly ,interr'd1 as all the ,egyptian ,art1 with its fine ,painted ,rowlers of ,cyprus1 ,lawn or ,silk could make her4 ,other ,insects1 as ,flies1 ,ants1 ,gnats1 and the like1 which are not dispos'd with ,organs to perform such ,works1 yet have this in particular1 that they can outdare the most resolute ,indian ,sidenote3 ,some are ,burn'd and others ,embalm'd4 7when1 without any previous ,exhortation1 they suddenly leap into the ,funeral ,pyre of a ,candle or ,torch1 and outvie the costly ,embalming of ,arabia7 when they voluntarily fly into liquid ,amber1 and by that means obtain a more noble and incorruptible ,sepulture than any other ,creature4 ,these have had ,poets to write ,funeral ,orations to their immortal ,praise1 as the two ,epigrams in ,martial of a ,viper and ,pismire in some measure testifie1 ,lib4 #d4 ,ep4 #ei4 and ,lib4 #f4 ,ep4 #ae4 ,witness also ,brassavolus of the ,pismire1 and ,cardanus's ,mausoleum for a ,flie3 ,nor could ,virgil 7the ,prince of ,poets7 omit taking notice of the well order'd ,funerals of the ,bees1 ,georg4 ,lib4 #d4 l4 #bee4 ----,tum ,corpora ,luce carentum ,exportant ,tectis1 tristia ,funera ducunt4 ,and crowds of ,dead1 that never must return ,to their lov'd ,hives1 in decent ,pomp are born2 ,their ,friends attend the ,herse1 and near ,relations mourn4 ,dryden4 lian1 ,lib4 #e4 cap4 #di4 reports1 ,that if one ,elephant finds another dead1 he will not pass by 'till he has got together a great heap of ,earth and flung it over his ,carcass2 so1 in all other ,creatures1 ,nature has provided both ,burial and a ,grave for them4 ,sidenote3 ,brutes ,bury'd with ,pomp and ,magnificence4 ,nay it is yet further remarkable1 that such ,brutes as have either prov'd faithful or loving to their ,masters1 or done any extraordinary ,action1 have been bury'd with wonderful ,magnificence1 and had ,tombs and ,inscriptions made in ,honour of them4 ,cimon the ,athenian bury'd those ,horses he had been thrice a ,victor with in the ,olympick ,games1 with great ,pomp near his own ,sepulchre4 ,also ,alexander the ,great made a magnificent ,funeral for his ,horse ,bucephalus1 building a ,city where he dy'd1 and calling it after that ,beast's ,name in memory of him4 ,after his ,example1 several of the ,roman ,emperors and ,csars1 such as ,augustus1 ,caligula1 ,nero1 ,adrian1 ,antoninus1 ,commodus1 c4 bury'd their favourite ,horses1 and adorn'd their ,tombs with ,epitaphs1 as you may find in ,barthius1 ,lib4 #bc4 cap4 #h4 ,pliny1 ,lib4 #h4 cap4 #bb4 ,affirms such ,horses as had conquer'd at the ,olympick ,games1 were bury'd and had ,tombs and ,pyramids erected to perpetuate their ,fame4 ,sidenote3 ,tombs and ,epitaphs in ,honour of ,brutes4 ,xantippus carefully bury'd his ,dogs1 and1 as ,kornmannus reports1 ,polliacus erected1 in the ,garden of ,cardinal ,urbin at ,rome1 ,columns of the finest ,marble1 of vast ,expence1 in ,memory of his beloved ,bitch1 on which he inscrib'd this ,epitaph3 ,quod potui1 posui tibi1 fida ,catella1 ,sepulcrum2 ,digna magis ,cli ,munere1 quam ,tumuli4 ,candenti ex ,lapide hc tibi convenit ,urna3 fuisti ,candida tota ,fide1 candida tota ,pilo4 ,si ,clum1 ut quondam1 ,canibus patet1 haud tua ,terras ,incendet1 sed ,ver ,stella perenne dabit4 ,my ,faithful ,bitch1 to thee this ,pile is meant2 ,more worthy ,heaven than ,mortal ,monument3 ,of whitest ,stone 'tis fit thy ,tomb ,i rear1 ,since candid were thy ,actions1 white thy ,hair4 ,if ,heav'n1 as formerly1 to ,dogs gives ,place1 #b,thy ,star will never scorch1 but cherish ,human ,race4 ,footnote #b3 ,alluding to the ,dog ,days4 ,also in the ,house of that ,famous ,italian ,poet ,francis ,petrarch1 at ,arqua1 near ,padua1 there is a ,tomb of a ,cat1 adorn'd with an ,elegy1 which ,santorellus in his ,post-,praxis ,medica1 p4 #e4 has ,printed1 with others of a ,mule1 a ,crane1 c4 ,pliny1 ,lib4 #aj4 cap4 #dc4 says1 a ,crow 7which imitated ,human ,voice1 and which was wont every ,morning to salute the ,senators by their ,names7 was bury'd honourably1 being carry'd out on the ,shoulders of two thiopians1 with a ,crown before it1 and a ,trumpet sounding2 the ,person that kill'd it being ston'd to ,death4 lian1 ,lib #f4 ,animal4 cap4 #g4 tells us1 ,marrhes1 ,king of ,egypt1 built a ,sepulchre for a ,raven1 which was wont to carry his ,letters to and fro under its ,wing2 and1 ,lib4 #g4 cap4 #da4 he says1 ,lacydes1 a ,peripatetic ,philosopher1 had a ,goose which us'd to follow him up and down1 both at home and abroad1 and whom for that ,reason he ,bury'd with the same ,honour and ,respect as he would have done a ,brother or ,son4 ,the ,stag which warr'd against the ,trojans1 was also honour'd with a ,tomb2 but it were endless to relate all the ,brutes the ,pagans have given ,burial to1 as ,rhodiginus witnesses in ,antiq4 ,lect4 #eh4 cap4 #ac4 ,the ,parthians were accustom'd to bury their ,horses1 and the ,molossians their ,dogs1 as ,statius the ,poet observes1 ,lib4 #b4 ,sylvar4 in ,epicedio ,pileti4 ----,gemit inter ,bella peremptum ,parthus ,equum1 fidosq2 ,canes flevere ,molossi3 ,et ,volucres habuere ,rogos1 ,cervusq2 ,maronis4 ,the ,parthian mourns his ,horse in ,battel slain2 ,for faithful ,dogs ,molossians weep in vain4 ,ev'n ,birds had ,funeral ,piles1 and ,virgil's ,stag4 ,but the ,egyptians surpass'd them all1 for they ,embalm'd the ,bodies of several ,animals1 as ,cats1 ,crocodiles1 ,hawks and the like1 that so they might keep them the longer to adore and admire3 ,if therefore ,pagans have been thus careful to honour ,brutes with all the ,rights of ,burial1 how much more ought we who are ,christians to afford this last ,duty to one another8 ,we find in the first ,age of the ,world1 says ,cambden1 the ,care of ,burial was so great1 that ,fathers laid a strict ,charge on their ,children1 concerning translating their ,bodies to their ,graves1 every one being desirous to return in ,sepulchra ,majorum1 into the ,sepulchres of his ,ancestors4 ,thus those ,holy ,patriarchs1 ,abraham1 ,isaac1 ,jacob1 ,joseph and the rest1 did not only lay the heaviest ,commands about their being bury'd1 but also about transferring their ,bodies to such ,places as they nam'd3 ,so ,jacob1 at his ,death1 charg'd his ,son ,joseph to carry his ,body into the ,sepulchre of his ,fathers1 ,gen4 #dg4 #cj4 and #di4 #bi4 ,and ,joseph commanded his ,brethren they should remember and tell their ,posterity1 that when they went away into the ,land of ,promise1 they should carry his ,bones along with them1 ,gen4 #ej4 #be4 ,now this ,filial ,care was not only their last and greatest ,duty to their ,parents1 ,sidenote3 ,burial a ,work acceptable to ,,god4 but also a ,work well pleasing and acceptable to ,,god2 an ,example whereof we have in ,tobit1 who being blind1 ,,god sent his ,angel ,raphael to cure him1 as a ,reward for his pious ,care in burying those who had been slain by ,king ,sennacherib in his wrath1 and cast without the ,walls of ,nineveh3 ,but altho' the ,king's ,servants forceably took away his ,goods1 and sought to put him to ,death2 yet when he heard one more had been strangl'd1 and cast out into the ,market-,place1 he was so zealous in his ,care1 that tho' he was just set down to ,meat1 he tasted not of it1 'till he had fetch'd him up into a private ,room1 and when the ,sun was set1 he ventur'd to make a ,grave and bury him4 ,sidenote3 ,to our ,saviour4 ,likewise our ,saviour 7being to rise again the ,third ,day7 commended that good ,work of those ,religious ,women1 who pour'd pretious ,ointments1 with sweet ,odours1 on his ,head and ,body1 which they did in order to his ,burial4 ,moreover1 the ,gospel has crown'd those with immortal ,praise that took down ,christ's ,body from the ,cross1 and gave it honest and honourable ,burial4 ,this signifies1 says ,st4 ,austin1 that the ,providence of ,,god extends even to the ,bodies of the ,dead 7for he is pleas'd with such good ,works7 and builds up a ,belief of the ,resurrection1 by which1 says he1 we may learn this profitable ,lesson1 viz4 ,how great the ,reward of ,alms done to the ,living must be1 since this ,duty and ,kindness shown even to the ,dead is not forgotten of ,,god4 ,burial of the ,dead was accounted by the ,antients a ,work of ,piety and ,religion1 because they esteem'd it both an ,act of ,justice and ,mercy3 ,sidenote3 ,an ,act of ,justice4 ,of ,justice1 in that ,earth should be return'd to ,earth and ,dust to ,dust2 for1 ,what could be more just than to restore to ,mother ,earth her ,children1 that as she had furnish'd them at first with a ,material ,being1 ,food1 ,raiment1 ,sustenance1 and all things necessary1 so she might at last receive them again into her ,bosom1 and afford them lodging 'till the ,resurrection8 ,sidenote3 ,of ,mercy4 ,the ,antients also thought it an ,act of ,mercy to hide the ,dead in the ,earth1 that the ,organs of such ,divine ,souls might not be torn and devour'd by wild ,beasts1 ,birds1 c4 ,cicero in his ,oration for ,quinctius calls ,burial an ,act of ,humanity4 ,sidenote3 ,of ,humanity4 ,valerius ,maximus1 ,lib4 #e4 cap4 #a4 ,humanity and ,mildness4 ,seneca de ,benefic4 ,lib4 #e cap4 #bj4 ,humanity and ,mercy4 ,ammianus ,marcellinus1 ,lib4 #ca4 ,sidenote3 ,of ,piety4 ,a necessary ,office of ,piety2 and ,st4 ,ambrose in the beginning of an ,oration of his on the ,death of the ,emperor ,theodosius1 ,the last and greatest ,office of ,piety4 ,isocrates commending the ,athenians for the great ,care they took to bury their ,dead1 says1 ,it was a mark and token of their ,piety towards the ,gods1 since it was they and not ,men that had establish'd that ,law4 ,also ,servius observes ,virgil call'd neas by the name of ,pious1 because of the ,funeral ,honours1 he1 with so much ,care and ,application1 had always paid to his ,relations and ,friends4 ,plato speaking of the several kinds of ,justice1 has not omitted what belongs to the ,dead2 nay ,aristotle thought it more just to help those that were depriv'd of ,life1 than to assist the ,living4 ,the ,latin ,phrase also intimates how just a thing it is to bury the ,dead1 where it calls ,funeral ,rites1 ,justa ,exequiarum1 or ,justa ,funebria1 quia justum est1 justa facere1 solvere1 peragere4 ,nay it has no other appellation in that ,language than that of ,justice1 and in ,greek of a lawful ,custom1 ,piety and ,godliness1 so that amongst both the ,romans and ,grecians1 who have been the two most potent and civiliz'd ,nations of the ,world1 when they would express one had been ,interr'd1 they said1 they had done him ,right or ,justice1 and such as neglected to do the like they accounted void of all ,piety and ,humanity4 ,sidenote3 ,burial the ,care of the ,gods4 ,and to shew how ,religious an ,act it is to bury the ,dead2 the ,gentiles assign'd the ,care of all ,funerals and ,sepulture to certain ,gods they term'd ,manes1 whose chief was ,pluto1 call'd also ,summanus1 whence all ,tombs and ,monuments came to be dedicated1 ,diis ,manibus4 ,homer1 ,euripedes1 ,aristotle and others have accounted ,sepulture an ,honour and ,reward to ,mens ,actions2 and on the contrary look'd on all such as miserable and unhappy whose ,bodies lying unbury'd1 wanted that last ,happiness4 ,sidenote3 ,an ,honour to the ,dead4 ,decent ,burial1 with suitable ,attendants of ,kindred and ,friends1 according to the ,quality of the ,person 7says ,weever of ,funeral ,monuments1 p4 #be47 is an ,honour to the ,deceas'd4 ,hezekiah1 says the ,text1 slept with his ,fathers1 and they bury'd him in the highest ,sepulchres of the ,sons of ,david1 and all ,judah and the ,inhabitants of ,jerusalem did him ,honour at his ,death1 #b ,chron4 #cb4 #cc4 ,thus in all ,ages ,burial has been accounted an ,happiness and ,quiet to the ,mind1 and a ,favour from ,,god1 whereas the want of it has been look'd on as an ,evil and ,misery1 a ,curse and ,punishment1 a ,disgrace and ,ignominy4 ,sidenote3 ,an ,happiness1 ,favour and ,kindness4 ,first1 ,in the ,holy ,scripture it is call'd an ,happiness1 ,favour and ,kindness3 ,this was foretold by ,ahijah1 and to be shewn to ,abijah1 #a ,kings #ad4 #ac4 ,and all ,israel shall mourn for him1 and bury him2 for he only of ,jeroboam shall come to the ,grave1 because in him there is found some good ,thing towards the ,lord ,,god of ,israel1 c4 ,it was accounted a ,glory to be bury'd in a ,sepulchre1 even to ,kings who were laid up in stately ,tombs and ,monuments1 as in their ,beds1 and thus the ,prophet ,isaiah speaks1 ,chap4 #ad4 ver4 #ah4 ,all the ,kings of the ,nations lye in ,glory1 every one in his own ,house4 ,by the same ,prophet ,,god comforted ,zedekiah ,king of ,judah when he was taken ,captive1 telling him he should never die in ,war or ,battel1 or be deny'd ,burial2 but that the ,king of ,babylon should give his ,people leave to bury him in an honourable manner1 and with such ,solemnities as the burning of sweet ,odours1 c4 at his ,funeral1 as they were wont to use at the ,exequies of their ,kings1 who liv'd belov'd of their ,country1 #b ,chron4 #af4 #ad4 ,but thou shalt die in ,peace 7says ,jeremiah to him1 ,chap4 #cd4 ver4 #e47 and with the ,burnings of thy ,fathers1 the former ,kings which were before thee1 so shall they burn ,odours for thee1 and lament thee1 c4 ,sidenote3 ,especially in the ,family-,sepulchre4 ,to die a natural ,death1 to be lamented and bury'd1 and to lye in the ,sepulchre of their ,fathers1 was ever accounted a great ,honour and ,happiness among the antient ,jews1 for which the ,scripture-,phrase1 throughout the ,old ,testament1 is ,sleeping1 which implies lying at ,rest and undisturb'd as well as ,dying4 ,thus1 in #b ,kings #h4 #bd4 it is said1 ,and ,joram slept with his ,fathers1 and was bury'd with his ,fathers in the ,city of ,david4 ,and #i4 #bh4 ,his ,servants carry'd ,ahaziah in a ,chariot to ,jerusalem1 and bury'd him in a ,sepulchre with his ,fathers in the ,city of ,david4 ,and ,cap4 #ae4 ver4 #g4 ,so ,azariah slept with his ,fathers1 c4 ,also1 ver4 #bb4 and #bh4 of the same ,chapter1 and in many other places1 as #a ,kings #b4 #aj4 ,so ,david slept with his ,fathers1 and was bury'd in the ,city of ,david4 ,by all this it is to be observ'd1 that in this ,city was the usual ,royal ,burying-,place1 where both ,david and all his ,successors1 that were of any ,note or ,renown1 were bury'd4 ,this appears likewise by #a ,kings #aa4 #dc4 #b ,chron4 #ab4 #af4 and #ad4 #a4 and #af4 #ad4 and #ba4 #a4 ,david's ,sepulchre was made of such durable ,materials1 and so well kept and repair'd by his ,posterity1 that it continu'd 'till the ,apostles ,time 7,acts #b4 #bb47 which was the space of almost #bjjj ,years4 ,sidenote3 ,of which ,deprivation is a ,curse4 ,on the contrary1 to die an unnatural ,death1 and in another ,country1 as also to be depriv'd of the ,sepulchre of ones ,fathers or ,ancestors1 was always esteem'd a note of ,infamy and a kind of ,curse4 ,thus1 in #a ,kings #ac4 #bb4 the seduc'd ,prophet1 because he disobey'd the ,word of the ,lord1 was reprov'd by him who was the occasion of his ,error1 as he had it in ,command from ,,god1 and withal told1 ,that his ,carcass should not come into the ,sepulchre of his ,fathers4 ,isaiah speaking in derision of the ,death and ,sepulture of the ,king of ,babylon1 which was not with his ,fathers1 in that his ,tyranny was so much abhorr'd1 thus notes his ,unhappiness1 ,chap4 #ad4 #ai1 #bj4 ,thou art cast out of thy ,grave1 like an abominable ,branch2 and as the ,raiment of those that are slain1 thrust thro' with a ,sword2 and shall go down to the ,stones of the ,pit1 as a ,carcass trodden under ,foot4 ,thou shalt not be join'd with thy ,fathers in ,burial4 ,that is1 he should want all the ,honours of ,sepulture1 and all such ,funeral ,rites as were to have been paid to him as a most potent ,king1 and that he should not be admitted to lye in the ,grave amongst his ,ancestors1 but that his ,corps should remain neglected above ,ground unbury'd1 and be trodden to pieces like vile ,carrion4 ,sidenote3 ,and the ,judgment of ,,god4 ,the want of ,burial proceeds also from a ,judgment of ,,god1 as will appear from the ,example of ,jehoiakim1 the ,son of ,josiah ,king of ,judah1 whom for his great ,wickednesses1 such as ,covetousness1 ,oppression1 shedding innocent ,blood and the like1 ,,god threatned with the want of ,burial 7a severe ,sentence67 and that he should have no solemn ,funeral or honourable ,sepulture1 such as ,kings usually have1 nay1 not so much as an ordinary ,burial among the ,graves of the common ,people1 ,jer4 #bf4 #bc4 but be cast out like ,carrion in some remote ,place3 ,and ,chap4 #bb4 #ai4 ,sidenote3 ,to be bury'd like an ,ass4 ,he shall be bury'd with the ,burial of an ,ass1 drawn and cast forth beyond the ,gates of ,jerusalem1 that is1 as an ,ass is wont to be bury'd1 he being more worthy the ,society of ,beasts than ,men4 ,the ,greeks call the ,burial of an ,ass1 1 according to that ,expression of ,cicero1 ,insepulta ,sepultura2 and ,sanctius expounds it1 that to be bury'd like an ,ass1 is to be cast out into a sordid and open ,place1 which neither covers the horrid and obscene ,parts of the ,body1 nor hinders the ,dogs or ,birds from tearing it to pieces1 but as in ,chap4 #cf4 ver4 #cj4 ,his dead ,body shall be cast out in the ,day-,time to the ,heat1 and in the ,night to the ,frost2 that being so expos'd1 it may the sooner putrefie1 and become the more vile and loathsom2 and that the sight of a ,king's ,body1 in such a condition1 should be an hideous ,spectacle and horrid ,monument of ,,god's heavy ,wrath and ,indignation unto all that should behold it1 ,isaiah #ff4 #bd4 ,wherefore ,ecclesiastes wisely concludes1 ,chap4 #f4 #c4 ,a ,man had better have never been born than to have no ,burial4 ,the ,people of ,israel 7crying unto ,,god against the barbarous ,tyranny of the ,babylonians1 who spoil'd ,,god's ,inheritance1 polluted his ,temple1 destroy'd his ,religion1 and murther'd his ,chosen ,nation7 amongst other ,calamities1 thus complain for the want of ,sepulture1 ,psal4 #gi4 #b1 #c4 ,the dead ,bodies of thy ,servants have they given to be ,meat to the ,fowls of the ,heavens1 the ,flesh of thy ,saints to the ,beasts of the ,earth4 ,their ,blood have they shed like to ,water round about ,jerusalem1 and there was none to bury them4 ,here the ,prophet observes1 that ,,god suffers his ,church sometimes to fall to great ,extremities1 to exercise their ,faith before he delivers them2 as at other times he deprives the ,wicked of ,sepulture1 to bring them to ,repentance by such an ignominious and shameful ,punishment4 ,thus1 for the ,pride and ,wickedness of ,jezebel1 the ,prophet ,elijah pronounces ,,god's ,vengeance against her1 saying1 ,in the ,portion of ,jezreel shall ,dogs eat the ,flesh of ,jezebel1 and her ,carcass shall be as ,dung upon the face of the ,field1 so that they shall not say1 this is ,jezebel1 and there shall be none to bury her1 #b ,kings #i4 #aj1 #cf1 #cg4 ,sidenote3 ,to become like ,dung rotting upon the ,earth4 ,by the ,comparison to ,dung is shown how odious and contemptible a ,thing it is to be cast out unbury'd1 and to be trodden under ,foot1 to lye expos'd to the ,air and ,weather1 to rot and stink or become ,food to ,birds1 ,beasts and ,reptiles4 ,jeremiah foretelling the ,desolation of the ,jews1 acquaints them1 ,chap4 #ai4 #g4 ,thus says the ,lord of ,hosts1 ,i will cause them to fall by the ,sword before their ,enemies1 and their ,carcasses will ,i give to be ,meat to the ,fowls of the ,heavens1 and to the ,beasts of the ,field1 and none shall fright them away1 ,chap4 #g4 #cc4 ,deut4 #bh4 #bf4 ,also speaking of their ,kings1 ,princes1 ,priests and ,prophets1 he tells them that ,their ,bones shall be spread before the ,sun and ,moon1 c4 they shall not be bury'd1 but be for ,dung upon the face of the ,earth1 ,jer4 #h4 #b4 ,in other places of his ,prophesie he tells them1 ,they shall die of grievous ,deaths and ,diseases1 they shall be neither bury'd nor lamented1 but lye rotting like ,dung1 and be ,meat for the ,fowls of the ,heavens and ,beasts of the ,earth1 ,chap4 #af4 #d4 ,chap4 #be4 #cc4 ,chap4 #cd4 #bj4 #a ,kings #ad4 #aa4 ,chap4 #ba4 #bc1 #bd4 #b ,kings #i4 #aj4 and ,ezek4 #bi4 #d4 ,also in the #ci4 ,chapter of the ,prophet ,ezekiel and the #ag1 #ah1 #ai and #bj ,verses1 ,,god to shew his severe ,judgment1 calls the ,fowls of the ,air and ,beasts of the ,field to a ,sacrifice of the ,flesh and ,blood of the ,princes of the ,earth1 to eat their ,fat and drink their ,blood2 abundance more ,examples of the like nature the ,scripture affords us4 ,next we will consider what a miserable thing it was esteem'd1 even by the ,pagans1 to lye cast out unbury'd4 ,that disconsolate ,mother of ,euryalus1 is not so much griev'd for the loss of her ,son1 who was slain in ,battel1 as for that he should be made a ,prey to the ,birds and ,beasts1 whom therefore she thus bewails3 ,heu ,terra ignota1 ,canibus data ,prda ,latinis ,alitibusq2 jaces4 ,virg4 n4 #i4 v4 #dhf4 ,cold on the ,ground1 and pressing foreign ,clay1 ,to ,latian ,dogs and ,fowls he lyes a ,prey4 ,dryden4 ,also the same ,poet represents ,tarquitus thus insulting over his conquer'd ,enemy1 n4 #aj4 v4 #eeg4 ,istic nunc1 metuende1 jace3 non te optima ,mater ,condet ,humi1 ,patriove onerabit ,membra ,sepulchro2 ,alitibus linquere ,feris1 aut ,gurgite ,mersum ,unda feret1 ,piscesq2 impasti ,vulnera lambent4 ,the vengeful ,victor thus upbraids the ,slain3 ,lye there1 ,inglorious1 and without a ,tomb1 ,far from thy ,mother and thy ,native ,home2 ,expos'd to salvage ,beasts and ,birds of ,prey1 ,or thrown for ,food to ,monsters in the ,sea4 ,dryden4 ,so great was the ,honour of ,sepulture amongst the ,pagans1 says ,quenstedt1 ,de ,sepult4 ,vet4 p4 #bd4 ,sidenote3 ,sepulture deny'd ,enemies out of ,revenge4 ,that when they design'd to shew the greatest ,envy and ,reproach to their most inveterate ,enemies1 they depriv'd their ,bodies of ,sepulture1 as is noted in the ,history of the ,heroes in ,homer1 in the ,war between ,polynices and ,eteocles the ,theban1 and other antient ,histories1 as likewise in ,claudian1 ,de ,bello ,gild4 v4 #ci4 ,now ,mezentius fearing this1 does not desire neas to spare his ,life1 but earnestly entreats him to afford him ,burial1 ,virg4 neid1 ,lib4 #aj4 v4 #ija4 ,nullum in ,cde ,nefas1 nec sic ad ,prlia veni2 ,unum hoc1 per1 si qua est ,victis ,venia ,hostibus1 oro ,corpus ,humo patiare tegi1 c4 ,nor ask ,i ,life1 nor fought with that design2 ,for this1 this only ,favour let me sue1 7,if ,pity can to conquer'd ,foes be due27 ,refuse it not2 but let my ,body have ,the last retreat of ,human ,kind1 a ,grave4 ,dryden4 ,turnus also intreats the like ,favour3 ,et me1 seu ,corpus spoliatum ,lumine mavis1 ,redde meis4 neid1 ,lib4 #ab4 v4 #ice4 ,or if thy vow'd ,revenge pursue my ,death1 ,give to my ,friends my ,body void of ,breath8 ,sidenote3 ,sepulture strictly observ'd in ,war4 ,however1 generally speaking1 ,sepulture was observ'd as well in ,time of ,war as ,peace1 to which purpose ,heralds or ,embassadors were wont to be sent to make ,truce 'till they could bury their ,dead2 which if deny'd1 says ,grotius1 the ,antients thought their ,war more lawful and just4 ,thus ,hannibal1 a sworn ,enemy to the very ,name of ,romans1 is said by ,livy1 ,decad4 #c4 ,lib4 #b4 to have sought the ,bodies of ,caius ,flaminius1 ,tiberius ,gracchus and ,marcellus ,roman ,generals1 conquer'd and slain by him1 that he might bury them4 ,likewise ,philip of ,macedon is equally to be commended for his ,humanity1 in performing ,funeral ,rites and ,ceremonies towards his deceas'd ,enemies2 of which see ,peter ,faber1 ,lib4 #c4 ,semestr4 cap4 #ac4 p4 #ahc4 who also gives the like account of his ,son ,alexander1 in that after he had overcome ,darius1 he granted leave to his ,mother to bury him after what manner she pleas'd1 and withal commanded the same ,honour to be afforded the ,persian ,nobles2 as also that all such ,soldiers as were found slain should be bury'd with care1 as is recorded by ,q4 ,curtius1 ,lib4 #c4 ,valerius ,maximus likewise1 ,lib4 #i4 cap4 #h4 tells us the ,athenians so strictly observ'd this ,custom in their ,wars1 ,sidenote3 ,generals put to ,death for neglecting it4 that they punish'd those ,generals with ,death that neglected to bury the ,slain1 tho' otherwise they were ,men of ,valour and had done several extraordinary ,exploits4 ,sidenote3 ,others have perform'd it with great ,care4 ,plutarch in his ,lives1 informs us how careful ,nicias1 an ,athenian ,general1 was in this point1 for he commanded his whole ,army to halt1 while he honour'd two slain ,soldiers with ,burial and a ,tomb4 ,the like pious ,care is mention'd of neas to ,misenus1 by ,virgil in his #fth neid1 v4 #bcb4 ,at pius neas ingenti ,mole ,sepulchrum ,imponit1 suaq2 ,arma ,viro1 ,remumq2 ,tubamq2 ,but good neas order'd on the ,shore ,a stately ,tomb1 whose ,top a ,trumpet bore1 ,a ,soldier's ,faulchion1 and a ,seaman's ,oar4 ,dryden4 ,the ,romans in general as well as the ,grecians carefully bury'd their ,enemies1 nor would they defraud them of any ,funeral ,rites1 says ,suidas4 ,the like ,rhodiginus1 ,lect4 ,antiq4 ,lib4 #ag4 testifies of the ,hebrews1 by whose ,law the ,enemy was not to be left unbury'd4 ,nor must we pass by the ,humanity of the ,northern ,people1 who as ,olaus ,wormius in ,monument4 ,danic4 ,lib4 #a4 cap4 #f4 writes1 thought it deserving the greatest ,praise1 to exercise this ,hospitable ,piety of burying the ,carcasses of their ,enemies1 to whom they bore no farther ,malice after their ,deaths1 but afforded them friendly ,sepulture4 ,amongst others1 an ,example of this nature is fetch'd out of ,saxo1 a most eloquent ,danish ,historian1 who in the ,third ,book of his ,history1 which he wrote about #ejj ,years ago1 introduces ,collerus pronouncing this wise and elegant ,oration to his ,enemy ,horvendillus1 with whom he was going to engage in ,fight3 ,quoniam1 says he1 ,exitus in dubio manet1 invicem ,humanitati deferendum est1 nec adeo ,ingeniis indulgendum1 ut ,extrema negligantur ,officia4 ,odium in ,animis est adsit tamen ,pietas1 qu ,rigori demum opportuna succedat1 nam etsi ,mentium nos ,discrimina separant1 ,natur tamen ,jura conciliant4 ,horum quippe ,consortio jungimur1 quantuscunq2 ,animos ,livor dissociet4 ,hc itaque ,pietatis nobis ,conditio sit1 ut ,victum ,victor ,exequiis prosequatur4 ,his enim suprema ,humanitatis ,officia inesse constat1 qu nemo ,pius abhorruit4 ,utraq2 ,acies id ,munus1 ,rigore deposito concorditer exequatur4 ,facesset post ,fatum ,livor1 ,simultasq2 ,funere sopiatur4 ,absit nobis tant ,crudelitatis ,specimen1 ut quanquam ,vivis ,odium intercesserit1 ,alter alterius ,cineres persequatur4 ,gloriosum ,victori erit1 si ,victi ,funus magnifice duxerit2 nam qui defuncto ,hosti ,justa persolverit1 superstitis sibi ,favorem adsciscit1 vivumq2 ,beneficiis vincit1 quisquis extincto ,studium ,humanitatis impendet4 ,which may be thus ,english'd3 ,by reason the ,event of what we are going about is doubtfull1 let us mutually engage to shew ,humanity to each other1 nor so far indulge our ,passions as to neglect the last ,duties4 ,we have ,malice in our ,hearts1 let there be likewise such a ,piety as may opportunely succeed our ,rigour2 for tho' a difference in our ,minds happens to divide us1 the ,law of ,nature will reunite us4 ,tho' we are never so far seperated by ,envy1 this will bring us together again4 ,let it therefore be the ,condition of our ,piety1 that the ,conqueror follow the ,herse of the ,conquer'd4 ,herein the last ,offices of ,humanity consist1 which no good ,man ever yet refus'd4 ,let both ,armies then suspend their ,hatred to perform this ,duty4 ,after ,death let ,envy be remov'd and secret ,prejudice disarm'd4 ,may every kind of ,cruelty forsake us1 tho' living we hated each other1 let us lovingly accompany one anothers ,ashes4 ',twill be a ,glorious ,thing in the ,victor ,magnificently to ,interr the ,vanquish'd2 for he that performs ,funeral ,rites to a slain ,enemy1 will be sure to have a surviving ,friend1 and whoever employs his ,study in ,humanity towards the ,dead1 cannot thereby fail of obliging the ,living4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,ancients fear'd ,sea-,burial4 ,thus have the ,ancients always provided for their ,funerals1 in case they were slain in ,battel2 but when they dy'd at ,sea1 then were they destitute of all such hopes1 therefore dreaded that ,element for fear they should become a ,prey to ,fish or any ,marine ,monster1 which was a great check and damp to their ,spirits in an ,engagement1 ,storm or the like4 ,both the ,greek and ,roman ,hero's1 who fear'd not ,death in ,land-,fights1 as hoping the same ,place where they fought might afford them a peaceful ,grave1 were yet mightily concern'd and dismay'd at the thoughts of a ,naval-,combat1 or when they were in danger of ,shipwrack1 and this because they then saw themselves on the point of being for ever depriv'd of ,sepulture4 ,thus ,achilles1 who brav'd all manner of ,dangers1 could not1 as ,homer confesses1 keep himself from being daunted at that of ,shipwrack1 when he found himself ready to bulge in the ,river ,xanthus4 ,a like ,fear of ,scipio's1 the greatest ,captain the ,romans ever had1 ,silius ,italicus mentions1 who tells us1 tho' he had so many ,times1 without the least concern or dread1 seen ,rivers of ,blood running down1 yet was he most terribly affrighted in passing the ,river ,trebia1 where he saw himself in danger of drowning4 ,the same account ,statius gives of ,hippomedon1 who1 as he says1 could without any ,trouble have presented his ,body to the dint of a thousand ,swords1 yet was not able to abide the ,thoughts of being cast away in the ,river ,theumesia4 ,also that stout ,general neas1 tho' he fear'd neither ,fire nor ,sword1 yet was so afraid of ,water1 that being like to sink in a ,storm1 he thus exclaims3 ,extemplo ne solvuntur ,frigore ,membra4 ,ingemit1 duplices tendens ad ,sydera ,palmas1 ,talia ,voce refert3 ,o terq2 quaterq2 beati1 ,queis ante ,ora ,patrum1 ,troj sub ,mnibus altis1 ,contigit oppetere4 neid1 ,lib4 #a4 v4 #if4 ,struck with unusual ,fright1 the ,trojan ,chief ,with lifted ,hands and ,eyes1 invokes ,relief3 ,and thrice and four ,times happy those1 he cry'd1 ,that under ,ilian ,walls1 before their ,parents1 dy'd4 ,dryden4 ,in a ,word1 this was the ,death ,ovid could by no means brook1 and that upon this score only1 that it would deprive him of ,burial3 ,non ,lethum timeo1 ,genus aut miserabile ,lethi3 ,demite ,naufragium2 ,mors mihi ,munus erit4 ,est aliquid1 ,fatove suo1 ,ferrove cadentem ,in solida moriens1 ponere ,corpus ,humo3 ,est mandata suis aliquid sperare ,sepulchra1 ,et non quoreis ,piscibus esse ,cibum4 ,i fear not ,death1 nor value how ,i die2 ,free me from ,seas1 no matter where ,i lye4 ',tis somewhat1 howsoe'er one's ,breath depart1 ,in solid ,earth to lay one's meaner ,part2 ',tis somewhat after ,death to gain a ,grave1 ,and not be ,food to ,fish1 or sport to ev'ry ,wave4 ,sidenote3 ,for what ,reason4 ,the ,ancients fear'd to die at ,sea1 because dead ,bodies1 being toss'd to and fro with the ,winds and ,waves1 were often dash'd against ,rocks1 and never lay at rest1 nay1 perhaps were at last devour'd by greedy ,fish1 or torn to pieces by the sharp ,talons and ,beaks of ,sea-,fowls2 whereas to rest in the ,grave was accounted the greatest ,happiness 7whence ,sepulchres came to be call'd1 ,requietoria7 but to be depriv'd of it the greatest ,misery and ,punishment1 nay the vilest ,ignominy and ,disgrace4 ,sidenote3 ,want of ,burial a ,punishment4 ,to want the ,honour of ,burial was held among the ,egyptians one of the greatest ,punishments could be inflicted1 wherefore they deny'd it to executed ,criminals1 whose ,bodies they gave to the ,birds and ,beasts1 as may not obscurely be gather'd from ,joseph's ,interpretation ,gen4 #dj4 #ai4 thus speaking to the chief ,baker1 ,within three ,days shall ,pharaoh lift up thy ,head from off thee1 and shall hang thee on a ,tree1 and the ,birds shall eat thy ,flesh1 c4 ,hence it was the ,greeks1 either refus'd all manner of ,sepulture1 or at least decent ,burial1 to ,infamous ,persons1 or such as had committed any ,notorious ,crime4 ,thus they burned not those1 according to ,custom1 who kill'd themselves1 but bury'd them in an obscure1 ignoble ,place1 without any ,funeral ,ceremonies1 ,tomb or ,inscription4 ,diodorus ,siculus1 ,lib4 #af4 ,bibl4 cap4 #f4 relates1 ,it was enacted by ,law1 that one convicted of ,treason or ,sacriledge should be cast out unbury'd2 which ,persons also by the ,athenian ,laws were prohibited ,burial in ,athens1 as ,xenophon tells us1 ,lib4 #a4 4 ,pausanias likewise says the ,arcadians cast out unbury'd1 without their ,territories1 the ,traytor ,aristocrates1 whom they had ston'd to ,death4 ,among the ,romans1 those that kill'd themselves were prohibited all manner of ,sepulture1 either that others might thereby be deterr'd from so making away with themselves1 or because they thought it unreasonable any ,hands should be employ'd to bury him1 whose own had destroy'd himself4 ,tarquinius ,priscus order'd all such dead ,bodies to be fix'd on a ,cross1 to be view'd by all the ,citizens1 and afterwards to be devour'd by ,birds1 c4 as ,pliny relates in his ,natural ,history1 ,lib4 #cf4 cap4 #ae4 ,albertus ,leoninus in his ,process4 ,criminal4 says1 ,if any one kill'd himself 7as being either weary of a tedious ,life1 or impatient of ,pain or ,trouble1 or else to avoid condign ,punishment1 or for any other ,cause whatsoever7 his ,body was cast out upon a ,dunghill1 to have a common ,sepulture with ,dogs1 c4 but however it was more customary to have his ,goods confiscated1 and his ,body hung on the ,furca4 ,the ,milesian ,virgins were deterr'd from hanging themselves by a ,law of the ,senate1 that ,self-,murderers should be deny'd ,burial1 and have their ,bodies dragg'd naked thro' the ,streets1 in the same ,rope they had hang'd themselves with4 ,all such ,persons as were hung upon this ,furca or ,gibbet1 were by the ,laws deny'd ,sepulture1 and a ,centry1 says ,petronius1 was set to watch them1 lest any ,body should take them down4 ,sidenote3 ,burial deny'd to others4 ,hence also1 according to the common custom of ,germany1 c4 the ,bodies of such as were ,traytors1 ,highwaymen1 ,murderers1 c4 were either fix'd upon ,poles1 set up on ,wheels1 or hung upon ,gibbets1 there to remain a ,prey to ravenous ,birds1 or else to corrupt with the ,sun and ,rain1 and dissolve into a putrid and stinking ,gore1 and all this to the end that others1 by such an horrid and deform'd ,spectacle1 might learn to fear and be deterr'd from such like ,crimes4 ,he that commits ,treason is by our ,laws adjudg'd1 says ,weever in his ,funeral ,monuments1 p4 #bb4 to be hang'd1 drawn and quarter'd1 and his divided ,limbs to be set up on ,poles in some eminent ,place1 within some great ,market-,town or ,city4 ,he likewise that is found guilty of the crying ,sin of ,murder1 is usually hang'd up in ,chains1 there to continue 'till his ,body shall be consum'd1 and this at or near the ,place where the ,fact was committed4 ,likewise we are accustom'd to bury such as lay violent ,hands upon themselves1 in or near the ,highways1 with a ,stake thrust thro' their ,bodies1 and this to terrifie all ,passengers by that so infamous and reproachful ,burial1 not to make away with themselves4 ,those that are found guilty of other criminal ,matters1 after a little hanging1 are cut down and indeed bury'd1 yet seldom in a ,christian manner1 or in the ,sepulchre of their ,fathers1 unless their ,fathers like them happen to have their ,graves near or under the ,gallows4 ,sidenote3 ,difference between ,ecclesiastic and ,criminal ,burial4 ,hence the ,canonists1 says ,quenstedt1 ,de ,sepult4 ,vet4 p4 #di4 distinguish between ,ecclesiastic or ,decent ,burial1 and ,criminal or ,ignominious3 ,they call that ,decent to which ,solemnities1 ,rites and ,ceremonies are allow'd according to the ,custom of the ,country1 but term that ,ignominious which is without ,decency1 and where all manner of ,ceremonies are omitted1 nay they have not so much as the ,tolling of a ,bell1 or a ,prayer or ,psalm us'd for them4 ,sidenote3 ,some sort of ,burial a ,punishment4 ,thus1 as some ,criminals have been deny'd ,christian ,burial1 as an ignominious ,punishment1 so others by reason of more heinous ,offences have been bury'd alive3 ,korah1 ,dathan and ,abiram for murmuring and rebelling against ,moses were swallow'd up alive by the ,earth1 ,numb4 #af4 #cj1 #cc4 ,they and all that appertain'd to them1 went down alive into the ,pit1 and the ,earth clos'd upon them3 ,but they were not only bury'd alive1 and after that manner descended into a ,sepulchre1 but likewise into ,hell1 as some ,commentators observe1 for an eternal as well as temporal ,punishment4 ,the ,vestal ,virgins being defil'd1 suffer'd this ,punishment as the most miserable that could be inflicted2 for the ,romans in case of this ,crime1 bury'd them alive in the ,campus ,sceleratus1 as ,plutarch in ,vita ,num ,pompilij observes1 and we read in ,constitut4 ,crim4 ,caroli1 p4 #aca4 the same was inflicted on such as kill'd their ,children4 ,to be deny'd all manner of ,burial1 or to be bury'd dishonourably or alive1 have ever been thought severe ,punishments2 ,sidenote3 ,to be dug out of the ,grave both a ,curse and ,punishment4 so likewise to be dug up again1 after ,christian ,burial1 is a shameful ,disgrace and equally ,ignominious4 ,thus in contempt of the deceas'd wicked ,priests1 ,king ,josiah took their ,bones out of their ,sepulchres and burn'd them1 #b ,kings #bc4 #af4 ,also the ,prophet ,jeremiah foretold the ,jews how ,,god would bring out of the ,grave the ,bones of their ,kings1 ,princes1 ,priests and ,prophets1 and expose them to the ,sun and ,moon1 c4 ,chap4 #h4 v4 #a1 #b4 ,in prophane ,history it is reported of ,sylla the ,dictator1 that he dug up the ,bones of ,caius ,marius1 and commanded them to be flung into the ,sea2 wherefore when he dy'd himself1 he order'd his own ,carcass to be burn'd1 that his ,bones might not have the like ill ,treatment from his ,enemies1 ,pliny's ,natural ,history1 ,lib4 #g4 cap4 #ed4 ,such disturbing the ,deceas'd in their ,tombs1 ,i look upon to have given the first occasion of burning ,dead ,bodies1 yet ,i think this latter as obnoxious to ill ,usage1 since it would be a less difficult matter to deprive ,urns of their ,ashes1 scatter them before the ,wind1 sow them in the ,sea or barren ,sands1 or in a word1 make a ,paste of them to feed ,fowls with1 or a ,compost1 out of which might be form'd ridiculous ,imagery1 to make sport for ,children1 or diversion for ,men4 ,an ,example of both these kinds of the violation of the ,dead1 has been known to be acted either out of ,malice to ,enemies1 or as a ,punishment to ,oppressors and ,tyrants4 ,the one is conspicuous from what ,saxo ,grammaticus relates in the ,fourth ,book of his ,history1 that the ,body of one ,fengo a ,tyrant1 being judg'd worthy neither of an ,urn nor ,sepulture1 his ,ashes were order'd to be dispers'd by the ,winds1 for it was not thought reasonable that ,country should protect his ,ashes which he had depriv'd of its ,liberty4 ,the other is confirm'd by the ,usage of the ,roman ,emperor ,vitellius1 who as ,suetonius reports1 cap4 #ag4 after various ,mockeries1 was dragg'd to the ,gemoni1 cut into very small pieces1 and afterwards flung into the ,tyber4 ,heliogabalus likewise was first dragg'd about the ,streets of ,rome1 then thrown into a ,common ,shoar1 and soon after into the ,tiber1 as ,sextus ,aurelius ,victor and ,lampridius relate4 ,there was another sort of ,sepulture us'd antiently1 viz4 ,to be cover'd over with a great heap of ,stones1 which was accounted by the ,jews an ignominious kind of ,burial1 ,sidenote3 ,another ignominious ,burial4 and therefore only us'd to ,malefactors1 ,rebels1 c4 ,thus we read when ,joshua had taken ,achan1 he commanded his ,people to stone him to ,death1 and raise over him a great heap of ,stones1 ,chap4 #g4 v4 #be1 #bf4 ,likewise ,joshua commanded his ,servants to take down the ,body of ,king ,ai1 whom he had hang'd on a ,tree1 and cast it without the ,city-,gate1 raising over it a great heap of ,stones1 ,chap4 #h4 v4 #bi4 ,thus were the ,jews wont to bury such as dy'd ignominiously1 that it might serve as a ,monument to warn others from committing the like ,offences4 ,nor was ,absalom thought worthy of common ,sepulture1 much less of the ,honours he had design'd for himself1 by the ,pillar he had rais'd1 but was flung into a ,pit1 and pil'd over with great heaps of ,stones1 that the ,place might be remark'd by the ,name of such a disobedient ,son and notorious ,rebel1 #b ,samuel #ah4 #ag4 also that his ignominious ,death might be suited with a like ,burial2 for altho'1 in his ,life-,time1 he had built a ,pillar 7like one of the ,pyramids or ,obelisks of the ,kings of ,egypt7 in the ,king's ,dale1 ver4 #ah4 a very pleasant and fruitful ,place1 where the ,kings us'd their ,sports and ,recreations1 and a great ,concourse of the ,nobility every ,day resorted2 there1 to shew his ,pride and vain ,glory1 rais'd he this ,pillar1 that after his ,death it might serve as a ,monument to eternize his ,memory1 yet ,,god depriv'd him of so noble a ,sepulture1 and afforded him no other than to be bury'd in a great ,pit1 under a huge heap of ,stones1 as a common ,malefactor4 ,sidenote3 ,and a ,curse4 ,now thus to be bury'd was accounted a ,curse1 as is confirm'd by ,lamentations #c4 #ec4 and ,ezekiel #cb4 #bi1 #cj4 ,from hence we infer1 that if some kinds of ,burial denote a ,curse and ,disgrace1 as well as not being bury'd at all1 ,funeral ,ceremonies and ,expences are necessary to shew what ,burial is ,honourable and what ,ignominious3 ,otherwise1 if we should find a ,carcass unbury'd and expos'd to the ,air1 or see a ,grave in the ,highway or other ,place1 where ,burial was not us'd1 we should be apt to reflect on this disgraceful ,object1 and from thence judge the ,person to have been either some notorious ,criminal1 a ,self-,murderer1 or at least one that had dy'd some ignominious ,death1 and had been accordingly bury'd3 ,therefore1 to avoid all such like ,censure1 it is convenient ,burial should not only be distinguish'd between such as have liv'd piously or prophanely1 between those that have propagated the ,laws and good ,constitutions of a ,country1 and such as have wickedly destroy'd them1 but even amongst honest ,people themselves1 according to their ,qualities1 ,estates and ,professions2 for should a ,cobler and a ,prince be bury'd after the same manner1 such ,extravagancies would bring reflection and contempt on ,burial in general1 and they might say with the ,poet3 ,marmoreo ,licinus ,tumulo jacet1 at ,cato parvo2 ,pompeius nullo3 ,quis putet esse ,deos8 ,worthless ,licinus in a rich ,tomb lies1 ,whilst the great ,cato for a poor one dies2 ,pompey for none3 ,who'd think the ,god's were wise8 ,having thus sufficiently shown and prov'd1 that both according to the ,laws of ,,god and ,man1 the ,bodies of the ,just are not to be despis'd or cast out unbury'd1 ,i will in the next place acquaint you with other ,particulars1 ,sidenote3 ,particular ,ceremonies of ,funerals1 not to be neglected4 which are necessary to ,funerals1 without which a ,prince's ,interment would be as ignoble as a ,malefactor's2 nor are we to think a private burying a ,corps in the ,night-,time without any ,ceremony or ,attendance1 can discharge our ,duty in this last and indispensable ,particular4 ,we must study likewise a ,method for the well ordering a dead ,body1 as ,washing1 ,anointing1 ,embalming1 ,dressing1 and all other ,expences1 ,rites and ,ceremonies relating to ,funerals in general4 ,in these points1 since the ,ancients differ'd very much1 it will be material to consider how far all1 or any of these ,ceremonies are either lawful1 necessary1 or commendable4 ,in order to this1 to the end we may treat of each in its proper place1 and be as succinct as we can1 we will divide these ,funeral ,ceremonies into such as were us'd to ,persons when they were dying1 or else perform'd afterwards to their dead ,corps4 ,sidenote3 ,custom of kissing the ,dead4 ,first1 ,it was a ,custom among the ,hebrews to kiss the ,dead1 as appears from ,gen4 #ej4 #a4 ,joseph fell on his ,father's ,face1 and wept upon him1 and kissed him3 whereby he express'd his sincere ,affection to his deceas'd ,parent1 notwithstanding by his ,death he was for ever to be separated from him1 yet his ,filial ,duty still remain'd ready to perform those ,offices due to the ,dead1 such as ,embalming1 and the like4 ,this ,custom of kissing the ,dead seems likewise to be taking a solemn leave of them at their departure out of this ,world1 till they should have the happiness of meeting them in another4 ,but the ,romans had a different ,sense of this ,matter1 for when the sick ,person was just expiring1 the nearest ,relation or ,friend1 by a ,kiss receiv'd his last gasping ,breath1 whereby they imagin'd the ,soul of the ,deceas'd came out of his ,body thro' the ,mouth1 and was the same way transfus'd into and receiv'd by them2 nor did they only kiss their ,friend and ,relation when just expiring1 but also when his ,body was going to be laid on the ,funeral ,pile4 ,this the ,christians imitate now a days1 when they likewise kiss the ,deceas'd just as he is going to be nail'd up in his ,coffin1 or to be carry'd out to his ,grave2 but as for the other ,ceremony1 they have ever abhorr'd it as a most superstitious and ridiculous ,opinion4 ,both the ,pagans and ,christians without doubt1 look'd on ,death as a ,journey or ,peregrination to another ,world1 therefore by kissing their ,dead1 they took their solemn ,farewel of them1 as we do when we part with a ,friend that is going to ,travel1 c4 ,hereupon we always find written on their ,tombs1 ,abiit non ,obiit1 and as ,grethserius relates1 ,lib4 #a4 ,de ,fun4 ,christian4 when the ,greeks came to a ,burying1 both ,friends and ,relations kiss'd and took leave of the ,dead in these words1 ,vade1 cum ,natura nos vocaverit1 sequemur4 ,go1 when ,nature calls1 we'll follow4 ,but let the ,cause be what it will that induc'd the ,ancients to kiss their ,dead1 it were better totally to forbear it1 since to the ,dead they are of no use1 and to a dying ,man are rather a ,disturbance than any ,relief3 ,moreover1 to the saluting ,friend1 those ill ,scents and ,vapours1 which proceed from the ,mouth and ,nostrils of the sick ,person1 may be an infectious ,breath1 and prove not a little prejudicial to him2 therefore it is in no wise either convenient or useful to kiss a ,person that is just dying1 or one that is already ,dead4 ,sidenote3 ,closing the ,eyes4 ,the next ,thing to be done after the ,person was dead1 was to close his ,eyes1 and this ,ceremony was for the most part perform'd by the nearest ,relation1 as by the ,husband for the ,wife1 ,et vice versa1 by the ,wife for the ,husband2 also by ,parents towards their ,children1 and by ,children towards their ,parents1 and where such were wanting1 one ,friend did it for another4 ,this ,custom was in that esteem among the ,hebrews1 ,greeks and ,romans1 that the very ,thoughts of having it perform'd by their ,kindred1 mitigated1 in some measure1 the ,pains and ,agonies of ,death they underwent1 whereby they dy'd in much greater content of ,mind than they would otherwise have done2 whereas on the contrary1 they look'd on themselves not a little unhappy to die in a ,place where no ,relations or ,friends were present to perform that ,office4 ,this appears by ,gen4 #df4 #d4 where ,jacob fearing he should die in his way to ,egypt1 by reason of his extream old ,age1 or the length of the ,journey1 and be thereby depriv'd of these ,funeral ,ceremonies2 ,,god to remove those fears and comfort him1 told him1 ,he should die in peace with his ,children about him1 and particularly that ,joseph should lay his ,hands on his ,eyes1 as the ,text expresses it1 which was as much as to say1 he should close his ,eyes1 and take all other care of his ,funeral4 ,now why this ,custom of closing the ,eyes of the ,dead was in such ,esteem and ,use among the ,ancients1 there seem to be two ,reasons3 ,first1 ,it being natural to ,men to die with their ,eyes open1 as ,santorellus in his ,post-,praxis ,medic4 p4 #ah4 ,philosophically proves2 and ,death being compar'd to ,sleep1 they desir'd to have their ,eyes shut1 the better to resemble sleeping and taking their ,rest4 ,secondly1 ,they might perhaps desire it1 that the ,by-,standers might not be offended at such an unpleasant sight as a staring ,corps1 with its ,eyes and ,mouth open1 must needs present1 which every one knows looks very ghastly3 ,besides1 the noisom ,smells of the fermenting ,stomach were thereby hinder'd from making too swift a passage into the ,room1 and offending the ,company4 ,that it is therefore convenient to use this ,ceremony none will deny1 yet must it not be practis'd too soon1 lest the ,person it is to be us'd to be not actually dead1 but only in an ,apoplexy1 ,lethargy1 or the like1 and so by keeping his ,mouth shut with a ,muffler1 be suffocated4 ,nor are his ,eyes to be clos'd 'till after he is actually dead1 lest they open again1 as ,santorellus affirms they will2 but this and other ,ceremonies of the like nature1 which can in no wise further ,death1 in case it should prove only an ,apoplexy1 c4 ought to be perform'd before the ,corps be quite cold1 for afterwards they are not easily to be brought to a graceful order1 nor will make a handsom ,corps1 which the ,ancients so much lov'd to see3 ,hereupon1 in a short ,time after the ,person was dead1 they clos'd his ,eyes1 ,sidenote3 ,shutting the ,mouth1 shut his ,mouth with a ,muffler1 plac'd his ,head streight1 brought his ,arms to his ,breast1 his ,legs close to one another1 and then laid the whole ,body1 with its ,members1 in a natural form and posture4 ,but before they proceeded to ,anoint or ,embalm the ,body1 ,sidenote3 ,conclamation1 they were wont to make great noises1 to rowse and awake1 if possible1 his fainted ,spirits1 and thereby fully satisfie themselves whether he were really dead1 or only asleep4 ,to the same purpose they wash'd the ,body with warm ,water1 to the end that if it were only numm'd with ,cold it might thereby be recover'd4 ,it was a ,custom among the ,greeks to make a mighty ,noise with the tinkling or sounding of ,brazen ,vessels1 ,sidenote3 ,sounding of ,brazen ,vessels4 but the ,romans us'd ,conclamation1 or a general ,outcrie1 set up at equal ,intervals before the ,corps1 by ,persons who waited there on ,purpose1 which was done as ,pliny1 ,lib4 #g4 cap4 #eb4 of his ,natural ,history1 and ,cornelius ,celsus1 ,prf4 ,lib4 #a4 ,de ,re ,medica1 tell us1 either because they hop'd by this means1 to stop the ,soul which was now taking its flight1 or else to awaken its ,faculties1 which they thought might only be silent in the ,body without ,action2 for sometimes such as have appear'd to be ,dead1 have come to ,life again as ,kirmannus1 ,de ,f4 ,r4 ,lib4 #a4 p4 #ajd4 affirms1 and several ,physicians have given many ,instances of ,persons1 who being bury'd thro' haste in ,apopletick-,fits1 c4 have afterwards come to themselves1 and many times miserably perish'd for want of ,assistance4 ,for this reason the ,romans1 as ,pancirollus and ,servius observe1 lest they should be bury'd alive1 kept the ,bodies seven or eight ,days1 call'd upon them at ,intervals1 wash'd them with warm ,water1 and lastly us'd ,conclamation before they burn'd them1 which was their manner of ,burial4 ,but ,santorellus in his ,post-,praxis ,medica1 p4 #be4 proves ,conclamation to be a useless and insignificant ,custom4 ,first1 he says1 ,it is ridiculous to use it to such as we are satisfy'd are really ,dead1 from the nature of their ,disease and other ,symptoms4 ,and1 ,secondly1 ,to those that we are doubtful of1 as in case of ,lethargies1 ,apoplexies1 ,hysteric ,passions1 ,syncopes1 c4 ,since therefore this is no certain ,rule to inform us1 these ,persons being many ,times neither sensible of burning nor large ,scarifications1 ,how can we expect to excite them by ,clamours8 ,this also is confirm'd by an ,experiment of ,galen's1 viz4 ,whether a ,woman was really ,dead that lay in an ,hysteric ,passion2 but it was so far from proving effectual1 that when she came to her self1 she declar'd she knew nothing of what had been done to her4 ',tis true in small ,syncopes it may perhaps rowse the ,spirits a little1 but in ,soporous ,diseases1 it is commonly an uncertain and ineffectual ,remedy1 therefore never to be trusted1 so that we may pronounce it to be a ,ceremony neither necessary to be us'd1 nor useful to know whether the sick ,person be dead or alive4 ,sidenote3 ,washing the ,corps4 ,the ,custom of ,washing and ,anointing the ,corps was in no wise peculiar to the ,romans1 but us'd likewise by the ,hebrews1 ,greeks1 ,trojans and ,christians1 nay1 in almost all the civiliz'd ,parts of the ,world1 yet 'tis certain it ows its ,original to the ,invention of the ,egyptians4 ,that it was us'd in the ,primitive ,church1 appears by the ,words of the ,apostle1 ,acts #i4 #cg4 ,and it came to pass in those ,days she 7,tabitha7 was sick and dy'd1 whom when they had wash'd1 they laid in an upper ,chamber4 ,also ,johan4 ,chrysost4 as we find in ,theodoret1 ,homil4 #hd4 ,alphonsus ,salmeron1 ,tom4 #aj4 ,de ,sepultura ,christi2 and others affirm ,christ's ,body was wash'd before it was anointed4 ,we read in ,plutarch1 that ,philippus ,libertus wash'd the ,body of ,pompey with ,salt ,water1 which perhaps might be either because it was more ,abstersive1 or that it help'd to prevent ,putrifaction1 and it is not improbable the ,egyptians might have been accustom'd to wash the ,body with the same ,pickle they us'd in the ,salination1 or with ,phnician ,wine1 which they wash'd the ,entrails and inside of the ,body with1 in order to the ,preserving and ,embalming it3 ,but more commonly the ,ancients us'd warm ,water1 both that they might thereby cherish and comfort the benumb'd and lifeless ,limbs1 and invite the natural ,heat again into the ,body1 by doing which they better satisfy'd themselves whether the ,body were really dead or not1 and also that if it were past recovery1 they might by thus cleansing the ,body from all ,filth and ,purgings at the ,nose1 ,mouth or lower ,belly1 render the ,corps more decorous1 and sightly1 as 'tis a ,custom among many at this ,day1 to comb the ,hair1 shave the ,beard1 and perfume the ,corps with sweet ,odours4 ,two other ,reasons are given for washing a dead ,body1 ,first1 ,that it might be the fitter for anointing4 ,secondly1 ,johannes ,buxtorfius1 in ,synagog4 ,jud4 cap4 #ce4 says1 ,that it might be pure and clean when it came to give an account of its ,sins4 ,these ,ceremonies were carefully practis'd among the ,jews as well as the ,greeks and ,romans1 according to what ,maimonides in ,tract4 de ,luctu1 ,chap4 #d ,sect4 #a4 observes1 ,mos vel ,consuetudo est in ,israel1 circa ,mortuos eorum ,sepulturam1 ut cum quis mortuus est1 ejus ,occulos occludant1 si ,os ipsius fuerit apertum1 ,maxillas ejus ligant1 ne iterum aperiatur4 ,obturatur etiam locus1 per quem ,excrementa ejiciuntur1 sed hoc postquam ,corpus fuerit ,lotum4 ,it was a ,custom among the ,israelites1 says he1 towards the ,dead and their ,burial1 that whenever any one was departed1 they closed his ,eyes and shut his ,mouth 7keeping his ,jaws close with a ,muffler7 that it might not open again4 ,then they stopp'd the vents of the ,body1 and lastly wash'd it4 ,sidenote3 ,anointing the ,body4 ,after the ,body was wash'd1 it was ,anointed1 which strictly speaking1 was ,embalming1 and differ'd in nothing but preserving the ,corps for a longer or shorter space1 pursuant to the manner of performing it1 the nature of the ,drugs1 or composition of the ,ointment4 ,this ,custom of anointing the ,dead was very common among the ,egyptians1 as ,pliny in his ,nat4 ,hist4 ,lib4 #b4 ,cap4 #cg4 writes1 ,egyptiis ,mos est ,cadavera adservare ,medicata4 ,it is a ,custom among the ,egyptians to keep their ,bodies ,embalm'd1 that is1 anointed and preserv'd by ,aromaticks4 ,this anointing was perform'd on the outside of the ,body1 with a composition of bitter and ,aromatick ,ingredients1 after which1 they stuff'd the inside with the same dry ,spices and ,gums as were us'd in the ,ointment2 in doing which1 and rouling or dressing the ,body1 they spent ,forty ,days4 ,diodorus ,siculus1 ,lib4 #a4 ,bibliothec1 ,no4 #ia4 says1 ,after they had wash'd the ,body with ,palm-,wine1 wherein ,aromaticks had been boil'd or steep'd1 they first anointed it with ,ointment of ,cedar1 and then with that of ,myrrh1 ,cinnamon1 and other ,drugs4 ,this not only preserv'd the ,corps1 but also made it fragrant and sweet1 and of this ,ceremony the ,egyptians were the first ,inventors4 ,from them the ,hebrews deriv'd their ,custom of ,embalming1 which was us'd chiefly towards their ,kings or ,great ,men4 ,the first of this kind was when ,joseph commanded the ,physicians of ,egypt to ,embalm his ,father ,jacob1 ,gen4 #ej4 #b1 #c4 from whom the ,jews learn'd it1 and brought it with them into the ,land of ,canaan3 ,sidenote3 ,the ,hebrews ,embalming different from that of the ,egyptians4 ,but this manner of ,anointing or ,embalming among the ,hebrews was very different from that of the ,egyptians1 for their ,method was ,thirty1 ,forty1 and sometimes ,seventy ,days in performing1 and that by ,balsamic ,matters put into the ,cavity of the ,body1 they first taking out the ,bowels and ,entrails2 but the ,hebrew way was one short anointing and applying ,aromatick and ,balsamic ,ointments to the external ,parts1 without any ,embowelling1 and this was done rather out of ,respect to1 and ,veneration of the ,dead1 than to prevent any ,putrifaction4 ,thus we read of ,king ,asa1 #b ,chron4 #af4 #ad4 ,that they bury'd him in his own ,sepulchre1 which he had made for himself in the ,city of ,david1 and laid him in the ,bed which was fill'd with sweet ,odours and divers kinds of ,spices1 prepar'd by the ,apothecaries ,art1 and they made a great ,burning for him4 ,that is1 they laid his dead ,corps on a ,bed fill'd with such ,aromaticks1 prepar'd by the ,apothecary1 as were wont to be us'd in ,embalming1 and afterwards burn'd sweet ,odours and ,perfumes at his ,funeral4 ,now this was accounted very ,honourable to be done at the ,exequies of ,kings1 and was afforded ,king ,zedekiah1 tho' he dy'd in a strange ,land1 ,jerem4 #cd4 #e4 ,hereby it appears1 thro' the length and injuries of ,time1 they might lose that ,art of ,embalming which the ,jews1 their ,ancestors1 had learn'd from the ,egyptians1 or else had their ,tradition so confusedly left to ,posterity1 that they were forc'd to deviate from the antient ,custom2 for the best construction we can put upon ,embalming of the latter ,ages1 was anointing the ,corps with bitter and ,aromatick ,ointments1 compounded by the ,apothecaries1 ,sidenote3 ,jewish ,embalming rather a ,ceremony than ,preserving the ,corps4 which nevertheless was rather a ,ceremony1 and render'd the ,corps sweet and fragrant1 than prevented ,putrifaction4 ,thus the most devout ,nicodemus and ,joseph of ,arimathea ,embalm'd the ,body of ,christ1 both out of the ,respect they bore him1 and according to the ,custom of their ,nation4 ,thus1 says the ,text1 ,they took the ,body of ,jesus1 and wound it in ,linnen-,cloaths1 with the ,spices 7viz4 about an ,hundred weight of ,myrrh and ,aloes7 as the ,manner of the ,jews is to bury1 ,john #ai4 #dj4 ,likewise ,holy ,mary anointed the ,feet of ,jesus1 whilst alive1 with a most costly and rich ,ointment of ,spikenard1 which was done by way of ,anticipation in order to his ,burial1 as the ,words of our ,saviour himself imply1 ,john #ab4 #g4 ,so also without doubt ,lazarus1 who was no mean ,jew1 was ,embalm'd1 nevertheless ,martha fear'd he stunk1 tho' he had been ,dead but four ,days1 ,john #aa4 #ci4 ,thus you see the more ,modern way of ,embalming among the ,jews1 was only anointing the ,body with an ,ointment compounded of sweet ,spices1 whose chief ,ingredients were ,myrrh and ,aloes1 and which was not only very grateful to the ,smell1 but also dry'd up the ,humidity of the ,body1 preventing an immediate ,putrifaction1 and likewise by its bitterness kept the ,worms from eating it4 ,the ,custom of such like anointing the ,dead was moreover very common among the ,greeks1 insomuch1 says ,athenus ,lib4 #ae4 that they studied what ,ointments were most agreeable and fitting for every ,member of the ,body4 ,from them it descended to the ,romans1 and was accounted one of the most commendable ,actions of this ,life1 as being an ,honour which appertain'd to the ,dead1 as ,pliny ,nat4 ,hist4 ,lib4 #ab4 cap4 #a4 relates1 wherefore after they had wash'd the ,corps1 they anointed it1 says he1 with ,odoriferous and ,aromatick ,ointments4 ,the ,babylonians either anointed their ,dead with1 or laid them in ,hony4 ,the ,persians and ,scythians did the same with ,wax4 ,the thiopians with a sort of ,parget2 and others us'd ,compositions either of ,salt1 ,nitre1 ,asphalt1 ,bitumen1 ,cedar1 ,balsam1 ,gypsum1 ,lime1 ,petrole1 ,naptha1 ,turpentine1 ,rosin1 or the like1 of which see ,kirkmannus de ,f4 ,r4 p4 #fb4 ,sidenote3 ,anointing the ,dead to what purpose us'd4 ,now the general ,intention of these ,anointings1 was either that such ,bodies as were to be bury'd might thereby smell sweet and pleasant1 and be kept a long while uncorrupt1 or else that those that were to be burn'd might not only catch ,fire the sooner2 but also to the end the ,air might be perfum'd by the sweet smelling ,ointments and ,balsams1 and thereby the ,stench of the burning ,flesh not be perceiv'd4 ,others give a threefold ,reason for this sort of ,embalming1 as1 ,first1 ,a ,physical1 ,that all ,stench and ,putrifaction might be driven away from the ,body4 ,secondly1 ,a ,civil1 ,that it was a principal ,honour exhibited to ,just ,men4 ,and1 ,thirdly1 ,a ,mystical1 ,it being a ,testification of our ,faith in the ,resurrection of ,bodies1 and a ,symbol of future ,incorruptibility4 ,vide ,quenstedt ,de ,sepult4 ,vet4 p4 #he4 ,sidenote3 ,attiring the ,corps1 ,after the ,body was wash'd and anointed1 they wrapp'd it in fine ,linnen1 and drest it in a proper ,habit4 ,the first is only to be understood a ,winding-,sheet1 either intire1 or in two1 three or more pieces1 fitted to the ,head1 ,trunk and ,limbs of the ,body1 bound on with ,roulers2 but the latter was various according to the sort of ,garment1 or ,quality of the ,deceas'd3 ,the first was usually white1 prepar'd by some ,woman or ,friend in the ,persons ,life-,time1 on purpose for this particular use2 the other was of divers colours1 as ,purple1 ,scarlet1 c4 and of several degrees of ,richness1 according to the ,rank1 ,quality or ,profession of the ,deceas'd1 or as he had perform'd any extraordinary ,exploit in ,war1 or otherwise honourably behav'd himself for the ,honour of his ,country4 ,so that as the one was such as he usually wore in his ,life-,time1 the other was more ,splendid1 and given for a ,reward to his ,virtues4 ,hence it is the ,dead were term'd proud1 as having never wore so rich a ,garment during their ,lives1 says ,sosia apud ,plautum in ,amphitruone4 ,this ,custom is said to have been first us'd by the ,greeks1 but if we enquire more strictly into it1 we shall find this1 as well as other ,ceremonies1 owes its ,origin to the ,egyptians1 tho' the manner of performing it be different2 ,sidenote3 ,with fine ,linnen and a ,vest4 for the ,greeks cover'd their ,dead from ,head to ,foot1 first with fine ,linnen1 and then put over that a white ,vest1 which was a sort of ,pallium or ,cloak they wore commonly when alive4 ,so likewise the ,athenians and ,lacedemonians dress'd their ,dead in a ,garb suitable to every ones ,condition1 and honourably adorn'd such as had behav'd themselves well in ,war with a ,purple or ,crimson ,vest1 as ,alexander ,sardus de ,mor4 ,rit4 ,gent4 ,lib4 #a4 cap4 #be4 relates4 ,as the ,greeks put on their ,dead the ,pallium1 so the ,romans us'd their ,toga or ,gown1 conformable to every ,one's degree4 ,that ordinarily us'd at the ,funerals of vulgar ,citizens was also white1 but the ,richer sort1 as likewise those that had acquir'd ,honour by their ,valour and ,vertue1 were more splendidly ,attir'd and carry'd out in ,state in the view of the ,public1 so that any one might know the ,face and ,sex of the ,deceas'd from the manner of their ,cloaths and ,ornaments4 ,now this was so well observ'd by the ,ancients1 that as ,juvenal1 ,satyr #c4 informs us1 in some parts of ,italy1 tho' the ,inhabitants were so rude as not to wear the ,toga whilst they liv'd1 yet would they not want it at their ,deaths3 ,pars magna ,itali est1 si verum admittimus in qua1 ,nemo ,togam sumit nisi ,mortuus4 ,some distant ,parts of ,italy are known1 ,where none but only dead ,men wear a ,gown4 ,also the ,jews us'd to wrap their ,dead in fine ,linnen1 but differ'd from others in this respect1 ,that they did not hold it lawful to dress the ,body of a ,prince in a more costly ,garment than others had1 and as ,cl4 ,salmasius apud ,tho4 ,bartholinum de ,latere ,christi aperto1 p4 #cgg4 observes1 the ,body of our ,saviour was only wrapp'd in fine ,linnen1 his ,head in a ,sudarium or ,handkerchief1 and the whole swathed up from ,head to ,foot1 with ,rowlers like to the ,swathes of ,children4 ,john ,henry ,heiddegger in ,dissert4 de ,sepult4 ,mort4 ,sect4 #cj4 divides this ,linnen into three sorts3 ,first1 ,a short piece1 which was call'd ,sudarium4 ,secondly1 ,a longer1 nam'd ,syndon4 ,and1 ,thirdly1 ,that which kept both these on1 bound up the ,hands and ,feet1 and cover'd the rest of the ,body1 was term'd ,fascia or a ,swathing-,band4 ,this seems clearly intimated in the ,gospel of ,st4 ,john1 #aa4 #dd4 ,and he that was dead came forth1 bound ,hand and ,foot with ,grave-,cloaths1 and his ,face was bound up with a ,napkin3 ,therefore we are to understand1 as the ,evangelist here speaks of ,lazarus1 that the ,arms were laid close to the ,body1 so that they almost reach'd the ,knees1 and afterwards rowl'd up together with it2 ,sidenote3 ,why the ,body should be ,cloath'd4 but it may perhaps be ask'd why the ,body should be ,cloath'd at all1 and why it might not be as well carry'd out ,naked and uncover'd8 ,to this ,antonius ,santorellus in his ,post-,praxis ,medica1 p4 #ajd4 answers1 ,that all ,nations have taught the ,body ought to be ,cloath'd1 since no ,man has hitherto every been so immodest as not to be asham'd of his own ,nakedness2 for altho' this seems to signifie nothing to the ,dead1 who are without ,sense or ,shame1 yet because the ,eyes of the ,living are offended at the ,nakedness of the ,body1 all have for that ,reason thought fit to ,cloath their ,dead3 ,moreover1 not only ,deformity is thereby remov'd from a ,corps1 but we thus procure as much as possible that it may appear ,comely1 and besides 'tis more decent to see a ,body ,cloath'd than ,naked4 ,on this account the ,greeks ,cloath'd their ,dead in white ,vests or ,garments1 ,sidenote3 ,why with white ,vests4 by reason of the purity of that ,colour1 ,white1 according to ,plutarch in ,problem4 being alone sincere1 pure1 and no ways infected1 so that the ,dead seem to be render'd in a manner simple1 pure and separate from any mixture3 ,but at length a certain ,luxury of ,ostentation crepp'd into these ,habits1 wherefore the ,spartan ,law-,giver ,lycurgus1 order'd that ,persons of the greatest ,valour and ,worth should be bury'd in nothing but a red ,coat1 which was the common ,dress of ,soldiers1 and that the rest should be deny'd even that2 for he thought it wholly absurd and unreasonable the ,dead should be deck'd with superfluous ,ornaments and ,riches1 therefore neither ,ointments nor ,perfumes were us'd in that ,common-,wealth1 being look'd on as conducing nothing to the ,felicity of the ,dead1 and therefore unworthy of the ,lacedemonians ,gravity4 ,thus ,st4 ,jerom inveighs against them3 ,cur ,mortuos vestros auratis obvolvis ,vestibus8 ,cur ,ambitio inter ,luctus1 ,lacrymasq2 non cessat8 ,an ,cadavera ,divitum1 nisi in serico1 putrescere nequeunt8 ,why do ye ,cloath even your ,dead in ,cloth of ,tissue8 ,whence comes ,ambition to continue amidst ,grief and ,sorrow8 ,cannot a ,rich ,carcass1 think ye1 rot out of a ,silk-,covering8 ,st4 ,chrisostom also thus exclaims3 ,o inanem ,gloriam6 ,quantam in ,luctu ,vim1 quantam ,amentiam ostendit6 ,o empty ,glory6 ,how does it exert it self in ,grief1 how discover its ,madness6 ,likewise in ,homil4 #hd4 he thus writes1 ,tu cum audieris ,nudum ,dominum resurrexisse1 cessa1 quso1 ab insana ,funeris impensa4 ,quid sibi hoc superfluum vult inutile ,dispendium1 quod ipsis1 qui faciunt1 plurimum affert ,detrimenti1 ,mortuis nullum ,utilitatem vel ,damnum potius8 ,sumptuosa namq2 ,sepultura nonnunquam ,causa est1 ut ,fures ,cadaver effodiant1 nudum insepultum projiciant4 ,thou when thou shalt hear thy ,lord rise from the ,dead1 naked and unadorn'd1 refrain1 ,i beseech thee1 from thy vain ,funeral-,expences4 ,what signifies all this superfluous and unprofitable ,charge1 which many times prejudices the ,living1 yet never does any ,good to the ,dead1 but rather ,harm8 ,for oftentimes it happens a costly and sumptuous ,interment1 tempts ,thieves to dig up the ,rich ,carcass1 and throw it out ,naked and unbury'd4 ,hence ,st4 ,austin1 speaking of his ,mother1 says1 ,illa iminente ,die1 non curavit ,corpus suum sumptuose contegi4 ,she with her last ,breath did desire her ,body might not be splendidly ,interr'd4 ,notwithstanding this1 the aforesaid ,st4 ,chrisostom approves the use of these ,things in a moderate way2 for after he had so severely inveigh'd against them1 he thus concludes1 ,non ut ,sepulturam tollam1 dico absit1 sed ,luxuriam superfluam ,ambitionem4 ,i am not for taking ,burial wholly away1 far be that ,thought from me1 but ,i would have ,luxury and unnecessary ,ambition retrench'd4 ,antonius ,santorellus thinks the ,body ought to be carry'd out cover'd1 as well in respect to the ,living as the ,dead1 to the ,living1 lest they may be offended by some small ,perspirations of the ,carcass1 and to the ,dead2 lest being uncover'd1 it might be more liable to external ,injuries4 ,for this ,reason the ,egyptians1 who were wont to keep their ,dead publickly in their ,houses1 richly attir'd them in fine ,linnen1 and adorn'd them with ,gold and precious ,stones2 also painted them with ,hieroglyphicks1 thereby setting them forth in the most noble manner4 ,thus by such a kind of ,cloathing as is us'd in ,embalming1 viz4 wrapping in ,cerecloth1 c4 all other ,inconveniencies are prevented1 nor can it be thought so great a ,vanity to ,cloath a preserv'd ,corps as one that is corrupt and putrifying2 but we may allow it reasonable enough to adorn such in a moderate way1 suitable to its ,quality4 ,sidenote3 ,crowning the ,dead4 ,when the ,body was dress'd1 they ,crown'd it1 which ,custom was first us'd by the ,greeks1 ,lacedemonians and ,athenians1 from whom it descended to the ,romans3 ,now if the ,deceas'd had1 thro' ,valour in ,war1 obtain'd but any one of the honourary ,crowns1 it was put on his ,head1 and carry'd out with him to his ,burial2 and this1 to the end the ,reward of ,virtue might in some measure be enjoy'd after ,death4 ,for this reason ,cicero observes1 ,lib4 #b4 ,de ,legibus1 ,that the ,laws commanded that ,crown which was gotten by ,virtue1 should1 without fraud1 be put on him that obtain'd it1 and that such ,ornaments of ,praise belong'd to the ,dead4 ,other ,persons were ,crown'd with ,chaplets of ,flowers and green ,branches1 such as ,lillies1 ,roses and ,violets1 ,olive and ,bay-,leaves1 and the like precious ,flowers and ,plants4 ,with these they likewise adorn'd the ,couch the ,body was to lye on1 as the ,jews did theirs with sweet ,odours and ,spices1 as we have before observ'd of ,king ,asa1 #b ,chron4 #af4 #ad4 ,also in like manner as we at this ,day fill ,coffins with the like ,perfumes1 or for want of them1 with sweet ,herbs and ,flowers1 viz4 ,rosemary1 ,lavender1 ,marjoram1 ,time1 ,flowers of ,jessamin1 ,orange1 ,lillies of the ,valley1 c4 ,sidenote3 ,whence ,deriv'd1 and to what ,end4 ,this ,ceremony of ,crowning the ,dead1 ,suidas thinks was either taken from the ,games1 wherein the ,conquerors were rewarded with ,crowns of ,leaves1 signifying the ,dead had finish'd their ,course1 or was design'd to express the unmix'd and ,everlasting ,pleasures the ,dead were to enjoy upon their ,removal out of this sinful and troublesom ,world1 for ,garlands were ,emblems of ,mirth and ,rejoycing1 therefore usually worn at ,banquets and ,festivals4 ,the same may be observ'd of ,ointments and ,perfumes1 the constant ,concomitants of ,gaiety and ,joy4 ,but whatever was the cause of these ,customs being so generally observ'd by the ,heathens1 it was not approv'd by the ,primitive ,christians1 but look'd on as little less than ,idolatry1 as may be particularly seen in ,minutius ,flix in ,octav4 p4 #aji4 and in ,tertullian de ,corona ,mil4 ,nevertheless1 ,antonius ,santorellus in his ,post-,praxis ,medica1 p4 #aea4 says1 ,if ,crowns were invented as ,ornaments1 and to preserve ,health1 ,pleasure and ,virtue1 why may not the ,dead be ,crown'd8 ,and since those who fought boldly and strenuously1 were among the ,heathens adorn'd with various sorts of ,crowns1 why may not the ,christians1 who fight for ,eternal ,health1 and overcome more powerfull ,enemies 7the ,lusts of the ,flesh7 be thought more worthy of such ,crowns8 ,nor has it displeas'd some ,christians1 tho' perhaps it might the ,primitive1 to carry a ,garland before the ,corps1 or fill the ,coffin1 or strow the ,way or ,grave with ,flowers1 and this without any manner of ,superstition4 ,thus ,prudentius a ,christian ,poet writes3 ,nos tecta fovebimus ,ossa1 ,violis ,fronde frequenti1 ,tumulumq2 frigida ,saxa1 ,liquido spargemus ,odore4 ,we on the cover'd ,bones o'th ,dead1 ,sweet ,violets and ,leaves will strow1 ,whilst the ,tomb1 that cold hard ,bed1 ,shall with our liquid ,odours flow4 ,sidenote3 ,laying out the ,corps4 ,the next ,ceremony that follow'd1 was laying out the ,corps1 which after it was ,wash'd1 ,anointed1 ,cloath'd and ,crown'd1 was brought from the inner part of the ,house into the ,porch or ,entrance1 and laid at the very ,threshold4 ,the poorest ,people were laid on the ,ground or a ,bier in an ordinary ,coffin1 c4 ,but the richer ,sort on a ,bed or ,couch1 adorn'd sometimes with ,jewels1 ,arms1 ,books and other ,things in which they most delighted whilst they liv'd1 but commonly with all kinds of fragrant and precious ,flowers4 ,now the ,reason why they thus plac'd the ,corps in public ,view1 was that all ,persons might satisfie themselves whether the ,deceas'd had any ,wounds1 or other ,marks of an untimely and violent ,death4 ,the like ,custom we have in those we call ,searchers1 who are to examine into the ,cause of the ,persons ,death1 make their ,report accordingly1 and give an ,affidavit thereof3 ,it may be farther observ'd1 the ,feet of the ,deceas'd were always turn'd next the ,door or ,gate1 to shew they were never to return after they were thus carry'd out4 ,this ,custom1 says ,pliny1 is but according to the ,course of ,nature1 for we usually come into the ,world ,head foremost1 but are carry'd out the contrary way1 of which see ,kornmannus de ,mirac4 ,mortuor1 ,cap4 #eh4 ,whilst the ,body lay in this ,place1 'twas customary to give it constant ,attendance1 to defend it from any ,violence or ,affront that might be offer'd4 ,the ,corps being thus decently laid out on the ,couch or ,bier1 is now rightly compos'd for ,sepulture1 and in a readiness to be carry'd out to the ,grave1 so soon as these ,ceremonies shall be ended2 the next ,thing therefore we have to speak of is the carrying it out to be ,interr'd4 ,sidenote3 ,carrying forth the ,corps4 ,thus much was done before the ,funeral1 at it we may take notice of two ,things1 the ,elatio or carrying forth1 and the ,act of ,burial4 ,what concerns the first of these will appear by our observing the ,day1 ,time1 ,persons and ,place2 what ,day after the ,person's decease was appointed for the ,funeral is not well agreed on1 nor does it seem to have been limited1 but was various1 according to the ,custom of the ,country1 or ,circumstance of the ,people4 ,alexander ab ,alexandro in ,lib4 #c4 cap4 #g4 ,gen4 ,dier1 tells us ,bodies were kept seventeen ,days and as many ,nights before they were ,interr'd4 ,also ,servius was of ,opinion1 the ,time of ,burning the ,dead was the ,eighth ,day after ,death1 and the ,time of ,burying the ,ninth2 but this must only be understood of the ,funerals of ,great ,persons1 which could not be duly solemniz'd without extraordinary ,preparations1 whereas ,men of inferior ,rank1 were committed to the ,ground without so much ,ceremony and ,pomp4 ,the antient ,burials seem to have been on the ,third and ,fourth ,day after ,death1 nor was it unusual to perform ,solemnities1 especially of the poorer ,sort1 on the very ,day of their ,death1 yet are there many ,instances to prove no set number of ,days were observ'd2 however1 this ,care ought particularly to be taken1 that the ,dead be not carry'd out too soon1 for thro' too much haste1 it has sometimes happen'd the ,living have been bury'd for the ,dead4 ,the ,time of carrying forth the ,corps was likewise various1 ,sidenote3 ,by some us'd in the ,day and by others in the ,night4 and us'd either in the ,morning1 at ,noon1 or in the ,night1 according to the ,custom of the ,country1 or ,conveniency and ,condition of the ,person deceas'd4 ,thus the ,athenians made their ,funeral ,processions before the ,sun-,rising1 and the ,greeks perform'd the like ,ceremony in the forepart of the ,day1 or about ,noon3 ,so also the ,hebrews bury'd their ,dead in the ,day-,time1 as ,sopranes1 ,david4 dig4 fol4 #dhg4 asserts2 but the ,romans made use only of the ,night1 as the name of ,funeral1 ,servius thinks1 denotes1 being1 as he says1 deriv'd a ,funalibus1 from the ,torches1 in like manner as the ,vespillones 7,bearers7 were so call'd from ,vesper the ,evening2 yet this ,custom was not long observ'd at least in publick ,funerals1 tho' it seems to have continu'd in private ones1 nevertheless1 the carrying of ,torches and ,tapers still remain'd in practice1 even when the ,dead were bury'd in the ,day-,time4 ,this was a greater extravagance than the other1 inasmuch as tho' in burying by ,day they at first intended to suppress the ,charge of ,torches1 c4 yet at last they not only burn'd these in vain to light the ,sun1 but also increas'd all other ,funeral-,expences to that degree1 that ,laws were fain to be made to restrain them2 but1 omitting such superfluous ,ceremonies1 we must grant the ,day-,time to be the fittest for publick ,funerals1 and the ,night for private ones1 both which have been us'd indifferently1 as ,occasion serv'd1 as well by the ,primitive ,christians as others3 ,the first were chiefly chosen whilst they were in a quiet ,state1 but the latter were made use of in ,times of ,persecution4 ,sidenote3 ,how carry'd forth to the ,grave4 ,now as concerning the ,act or manner of carrying forth the dead ,body1 from the ,house wherein it was prepar'd for ,burial1 to the place where it was to be interr'd1 it is said of the antient ,grecians1 that they carry'd such out without any support1 tho' it was a more frequent ,custom in the antient ,church to bear the ,dead on ,mens ,shoulders2 afterwards they plac'd them in a ,coffin1 on a ,bier1 ,bed1 or ,couch of ,state1 and so convey'd them to the ,sepulchre on their ,shoulders4 ,this ,duty was generally perform'd by the next ,heir or nearest ,relations1 and sometimes the ,magistrates1 ,senators or chief of the ,nobility bore the ,bodies of those who had deserv'd highly of the ,common-,wealth1 of which see several ,examples in ,quenstedt1 p4 #aad4 but ,persons of meaner ,rank1 nay1 and sometimes even ,great ,men1 that had been hated by the ,people1 were carry'd forth to their ,burial by the ,vespillones or ,sandapilarii1 that is1 the ,sextons or common ,bearers1 who liv'd by that ,employ1 and in this last way of bearing out the ,dead1 we may suppose them to have us'd the ,sandapila or common ,bier1 as the others did the ,lectic or ,lecti1 that is1 the ,litters or ,beds2 for the ,romans us'd two sorts of ,biers1 the one call'd ,lectica1 which was for the ,rich1 and the other ,sandapila1 for the ,poor4 ,we read of this ,bed in the carrying forth of ,abner1 #b ,sam4 #c4 #ca4 where the ,translation is1 that ,king ,david himself follow'd the ,bier1 which word in ,hebrew signifies a ,bed4 ,how this was wont to be perfum'd with ,spices and deck'd with precious ,flowers has been intimated before1 as also how the ,corps was ,dress'd1 ,crown'd and expos'd to public ,view2 but here we will take notice of the ,pride and ,vanity of the ,romans1 who were accustom'd to ,paint or put a beautifying ,wash on such whose ,faces were deform'd1 that they might thereby appear handsomer while ,dead than ,living1 which ,custom is said to be us'd even in ,france and ,italy at this ,day2 but in case the ,visage were very much distorted by its ,change1 bruis'd by the fall of an ,house1 maim'd by any other ,accident1 or the like1 so that it was not fit to be seen1 then were they wont to throw a ,covering or ,pall over it4 ,sidenote3 ,persons at the ,funeral4 ,the ,persons present at ,funerals were the ,dead ,man's ,friends and ,relations1 who thought themselves under an ,obligation to pay this last ,respect to their deceas'd ,parent or ,friend1 who commonly had ,legacies left in his ,will1 that they might appear in decent ,mourning1 and accompany the ,corps with greater ,solemnity3 ,besides these1 others were frequently invited to encrease the ,funeral-,procession1 but this only where the ,laws did not restrain such ,pomp as they sometimes did in some ,places1 either to prevent the ,disorders that often happen'd at such promiscuous ,meetings1 or to moderate the excessive ,charges of ,funerals4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,mourning-,habit4 ,the ,habit these ,persons wore was not always the same1 for tho' they sometimes put on ,mourning1 and1 in common ,funerals1 retain'd their ordinary ,apparel1 yet were the ,exequies of ,great ,men commonly celebrated among the ,pagans1 with expressions of ,joy for the reception of the ,dead into ,heaven4 ,the ,herse was follow'd by abundance of ,men and ,women cloath'd in white ,garments1 and bedeck'd with ,garlands1 as is usual in ,festival-,solemnities4 ,the ,funeral was solemniz'd with ,pans1 or ,songs of ,triumph1 and ,dances3 ,this ,custom was in use among the ,greeks4 ,the ,chineses1 ,syracusans and ,argives mourn'd in white1 as did also the antient ,romans2 but after their ,empire was settl'd they us'd black4 ,the ,hebrews1 c4 mourn'd in black2 the ,carthaginians hung their ,walls with black1 whence at this ,day1 to show the greater demonstration of ,grief1 ,palaces of ,emperors1 ,kings and ,princes1 as likewise ,churches and ,houses of private ,persons1 are upon like occasions us'd to be hung with black1 which ,custom was anciently practis'd by many ,nations1 by reason this ,colour was accounted the most agreeable to ,mourning and ,sorrow4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,funeral ,procession4 ,next we shall speak of the ,funeral ,procession1 and of such ,persons as went before and usually follow'd the ,funeral-,bed3 ,when the ,herald had marshall'd all in good ,order1 the ,procession began to move1 and we are to take notice it was often made on ,horseback or in ,coaches2 but at the ,funerals of ,persons1 to whom a more than ordinary ,respect was due1 all went on ,foot3 ,first march'd the ,musicians with ,trumpets1 ,flutes1 ,cornets1 ,pipes and other ,musical-,instruments1 sounding most sorrowful and mournful ,notes2 next came the ,prfic or ,women hir'd to mourn and sing doleful ,songs in ,praise of the ,deceas'd3 ,these us'd strange ,shriekings and ,gesticulations1 beating their ,breasts1 tearing their ,hair and the like1 so that by their false ,tears and feign'd ,sorrow1 they mov'd others to cry in good earnest4 ,these foolish ,songs and ridiculous ,incantations ,justinian the ,emperor prohibited1 introducing in their room ,psalms and ,hymns1 which among the ,christians continue to be sung before the ,corps even at this ,day1 and that to cherish their ,hearts and allay their ,grief4 ,if the ,deceas'd had been eminent for his ,warlike ,atchievements1 then the ,arms1 ,standards and other ,trophies taken by him were usually carry'd before him4 ,next follow'd the ,priests and ,religious ,orders1 tho' the ordinary way was for the ,body to go first and the rest to follow1 whereby the ,survivors were put in mind of their ,mortality1 and warn'd to remember they were all to go the same way the ,deceas'd had gone before them3 ,then immediately after the ,corps came the ,relations or true ,mourners1 apparell'd in proper ,habits1 and the ,women with their ,hair dishevell'd and their ,faces cover'd with ,veils2 the rest follow'd at some distance1 and the ,funeral-,pomp was clos'd up by the common ,people4 ,sidenote3 ,manner of ,mourning4 ,but to speak somewhat of the antient ,manner of ,mourning1 you must know that was various according to the several ,customs of ,countries1 yet this may be laid down as a general ,rule amongst most ,nations1 that the better to express their ,sorrow for the loss of a deceas'd ,relation or ,friend1 they on occasion of his ,death differ'd as much as could be from their ordinary ,habit and ,behaviour4 ,hence ,mourners in some ,cities demean'd themselves after the same manner that in other ,countries express'd ,joy1 and what was esteem'd ,rejoycing in some was in others a token of ,sorrow3 ,for ,example1 in some ,places it was customary to wear short ,hair1 where long was a token of ,mourning1 but in others1 where long ,hair was in ,fashion1 ,mourners were accustom'd to shave themselves4 ,the most usual ways1 whereby the ,ancients express'd their ,sorrow1 was by refraining from ,musick1 ,banquets and ,entertainments1 from ,garlands or ,crowning themselves1 from ,wine and strong ,drink1 and in a ,word1 from every thing that occasion'd ,mirth1 or look'd ,gay and ,pleasant3 ,such things were not judg'd fitting to be admitted into so melancholly a ,society as that of ,mourners1 to whom even the ,light was to be odious1 and nothing desirable but ,darkness and lonesom ,retirements4 ,these they thought best suited with their ,misfortunes1 and therefore sequester'd themselves from all ,company and publick ,solemnities1 nay even refrain'd from the very ,comforts and ,conveniences of ,life4 ,they usually confin'd themselves within ,doors1 and abstain'd from all ,luxury1 ,ointments1 ,baths1 ,venery1 c4 and on the contrary fasted and put on black ,habits1 differing not only in ,colour from their ordinary ,apparel1 but also in ,value1 being only of a course and cheap ,stuff4 ,they sprinkl'd ,dust on their ,heads1 nay1 rowl'd in the very ,dirt1 thinking they shew'd the greater ,sorrow and ,dejection by how much they were the more dirty and nasty4 ,these ,customs were likewise practis'd in the ,east1 whence we find so frequent mention of ,penitents lying on the ,ground1 and putting on ,sackcloth and ,ashes3 ,sidenote3 ,with ,sackcloth and ,ashes4 ,they were so far from wearing good ,apparel1 that they frequently burn'd their richest ,goods and ,cloaths1 and rent and tore what they had off their ,backs1 on the first news of any great ,calamity3 ,thus ,reuben did1 ,gen4 #cg4 #bi1 and ,verse #cd4 ,jacob rent his ,cloaths1 and put ,sackcloth on his ,loins1 and mourn'd for his ,son many ,days4 ,so in the #b ,samuel #c4 #ca4 ,david commanded his ,servants to mourn for ,abner2 and thus also mourn'd ,hezekiah1 #b ,kings #ai4 #a4 ,see also ,nehem4 #i4 #a4 ,esther1 #d4 #a4 and ,lamentations #b4 #aj4 ,sidenote3 ,cutting and tearing their ,flesh4 ,they also on such occasions shav'd off their ,hair1 beat their ,breasts1 cut their ,flesh1 and with their ,nails tore holes in their ,faces1 that they might appear the more deform'd and discontented4 ,these frantick ,actions1 tho' practis'd sometimes by ,men1 were more frequent among ,women1 whose ,passions were more violent and ungovernable2 they wore their ,hair long1 dishevel'd and carelessly flowing about1 contrary to the usage of the ,men who shav'd theirs4 ,the ,heathens were so superstitious in these ,ceremonies1 that they extended the ,practice of them to a higher degree than the ,jews1 for they hir'd feign'd ,mourners to make frightful ,howlings and sad ,lamentations for the ,dead1 and were wont to cause even their ,horses1 ,mules1 c4 to share in their ,sorrows1 by shaving their ,manes1 and the like4 ,these cruel and ridiculous ,ceremonies were restrain'd by ,laws made on purpose1 to restrain such ,excesses in ,funerals2 ,sidenote3 ,moderate ,weeping commendable4 nevertheless a moderate ,sorrow and ,mourning was never disallow'd1 but on the contrary commended and promis'd as a ,blessing to the ,godly1 and the want thereof threaten'd as a ,malediction or ,curse1 ,isaiah #eg4 #a4 ,to mourn at the ,interment of our ,friends 7says ,weever1 p4 #af47 is a manifest ,token of our true ,love3 ,by it we express that natural ,affection we had to the departed ,person1 but this ought always to be with a ,christian moderation1 whereby our ,faith towards ,,god is demonstrated4 ,he gave us natural ,affections1 and commanded us to love one another1 and is not pleas'd such ,love should end with our ,friends ,life1 but rather that we should retain all due ,respect to his ,memory4 ,antonio de ,guevara in his #ajth ,letter1 ,english'd by ,mr4 ,savage1 says1 ,the ,heart of ,man is tender1 and not able to part with any ,thing it loves without ,concern4 ,this daily ,experience teaches us even in ,brutes1 who will in like manner mourn for the ,absence or ,death of their ,companions or ,young2 for this ,reason our ,author thus ,expostulates1 ,why should we not1 says he1 be allow'd to shed ,tears and lament over the ,graves of our ,friends1 since we are of a superiour ,nature to ,beasts8 ,some account ,weeping a weakness and effeminacy1 but there are sufficient ,examples to prove the contrary1 ,sidenote3 ,us'd by ,kings and ,patriarchs4 for if such great and wise ,men as ,kings and ,patriarchs wept1 surely a moderate ,mourning for the ,dead is justifiable and pious2 nay1 the ,holy ,scripture shews how those devout ,men were commended who made great ,lamentations over ,stephen's ,burial4 ,we read in the ,old ,testament how ,abraham mourn'd and wept for his ,wife ,sarah1 ,gen4 #bc4 #b4 and in ,chap4 #ej4 ver4 #a1 #aj1 #ag4 we find ,joseph wept over his dead ,father ,jacob1 and mourn'd for him3 ,so ,king ,david follow'd the ,bier of ,abner weeping1 and when he came to the ,grave1 both he and all the ,people wept1 #b ,sam4 #c4 #ca1 #cb4 ,at another ,time1 when he heard the ,news of his ,sons being slain1 ,he arose and tore his ,garments and lay on the ,earth1 and all his ,servants stood by with their ,cloaths rent1 #b ,sam4 #ac4 #ca4 likewise ,verse #cc1 #cf4 when it was told that only ,amnon was dead1 ,the ,king's ,sons lift up their ,voices and wept1 and the ,king also1 and all his ,servants wept very sore4 ,at another ,time he made great ,lamentation for his ,son ,absalom1 #b ,sam4 #ah4 #c4 nevertheless he did not allow of immoderate ,grief and ,mourning1 but reprov'd it himself1 as you may read1 #b ,sam4 #ab4 #bc4 and this because it was vain to do so1 and could never recover the ,dead2 so that when he bewail'd the ,death of ,saul and ,jonathan1 of ,abner and ,absalom1 it was out of ,love to them1 and by reason the ,common-,wealth had a loss by some of their ,deaths1 and because others of them died in their ,sins4 ,these may be sufficient ,reasons moderately to mourn for the ,dead2 but we read of several other good ,men who wept on other ,occasions1 as the ,man of ,god1 #b ,kings #h4 #aa4 ,hezekiah1 #b ,kings #bj4 #c4 ,nehemiah #a4 #d4 and ,christ himself1 ,sidenote3 ,by our ,saviour4 who was never known to laugh1 is recorded to have wept twice1 once over the foreseen ,desolation of ,jerusalem1 ,luke #ai4 #da4 and another ,time over the ,grave of ,lazarus1 ,john #aa4 #ce4 from which last1 the ,jews collected his ,love towards the ,dead3 ,now as ,weeping on the ,death of a ,friend expresses our ,grief for the ,loss of him1 and is done out of ,respect and ,love to him1 so does it likewise moderate our ,passion and allay our ,concern1 ,sidenote3 ,weeping allays ,grief4 as ,ovid in his ,epistles speaks3 ,flere licet certe1 flendo diffudimus ,iram4 ,we certainly may ,weep1 weeping allays our ,grief4 ,and in the ,fourth ,book of his ,de ,tristibus1 ,eleg4 #c4 ----,est qudam flere ,voluptas1 ,expletur ,lacrymis1 egeriturq2 ,dolor4 ,there is a certain ,pleasure springs from ,tears1 ,they ease our ,grief and sooth our coming ,years4 ,also ,st4 ,ambrose1 speaking of the ,death of ,valentine1 says1 ,pascunt frequenter ,lacrym1 ,mentem allevant ,fletus1 refrigerant ,pectus1 ,mstum consolantur3 ,est quoq2 piis ,affectibus qudam ,flendi ,voluptas1 plerumq2 graves ,lacrymas evaporat ,dolor4 ,tears and ,weepings oftentimes refresh the ,mind1 and comfort the afflicted ,soul3 ,there is a kind of ,pleasure in ,godly ,passions1 for frequently by many ,tears ,grief vanishes4 ,likewise ,st4 ,chrisostom makes this ,comparison1 ,quemadmodum1 says he1 per vehementes ,imbres1 mundus ,aer ac purus efficitur2 haud secus post ,lacrymarum ,pluvias1 ,serenitas ,mentis sequitur ,tranquilitas4 ,in like manner as the ,air is purify'd and cleans'd by vehement ,showers1 so from a greater ,effusion of ,tears1 a ,serenity and ,tranquility of ,mind follows4 ,as for the other ,uses of ,weeping1 see ,santorellus in his ,post-,praxis ,medica1 p4 #cj4 who writes ,philosophically of its ,nature and ,cause4 ,sidenote3 ,following the ,corps4 ,besides these ,mourners and ,relations there follow'd a great number of ,friends and ,acquaintance to the ,place of ,burial2 for it was not only look'd on as a ,duty1 but a religious ,friendship to attend a ,corps to its ,grave4 ,thus we read1 ,joseph went up to ,bury his ,father1 and with him all the ,servants of ,pharaoh1 the ,elders of his ,house1 and all the ,elders of ,egypt1 ,gen4 #ej4 #g4 and this even from the ,land of ,egypt to ,canaan4 ,so ,king ,david and all his ,servants follow'd the ,bier of ,abner1 #b ,sam4 #c4 #ca4 and we read in ,luke #g4 #ab4 that much ,people of the ,city of ,naim follow'd the ,widow's ,son4 ,the ,corps being brought forth to the ,place of ,burial1 after the manner already describ'd1 within or without the ,city1 ,sidenote3 ,the ,act of ,burial4 the next ,thing was the ,act of ,burial4 ,this has been perform'd various ways1 but the two most common1 were either ,burying or ,burning1 whether of which be the most eligible we shall next enquire into4 ,burial is the more antient1 as having been us'd in the ,primitive ,ages by the ,hebrews1 ,greeks1 ,romans1 and most other ,nations1 yet the two latter burn'd their ,dead1 as is pretended on the following ,considerations4 ,first1 ,that ,worms and such like vile ,insects might be thereby prevented from corroding the noble ,bodies of the ,dead1 and the ,living be freed from the ,infection and ,stench of ,carcasses rotting in the ,earth4 ,secondly1 ,because ,fire purefy'd the ,dead1 and was the quickest way of ,incineration1 or reducing ,bodies to their first ,elements1 whereby the ,soul being set at ,liberty1 might take its ,flight to the ,heavenly ,mansions4 ,thirdly1 ,being so immediately reduc'd to ,ashes1 it could not be easily inform'd and mov'd about by the ,devil1 to the great ,terror and ,amazement of all ,people4 ,and1 ,lastly1 they likewise thought it secur'd them from the ,exultation of the ,enemy1 in exposing and abusing their ,corps1 which last ,i take to be the true ,occasion of ,burning their ,dead3 ,for as ,pliny says1 ,lib4 #g4 cap4 #ed4 ,sylla having dug up the ,body of ,caius ,marius1 his mortal ,enemy1 and fearing the like ,fate1 engag'd the ,people by an express ,law1 that they should for the future burn both him and others after they were dead1 and this tho' none of the ,cornelii his ,predecessors had ever been burn'd4 ,from hence it was the ,romans brought in the ,custom of ,burning their ,dead1 which was perform'd after the following manner3 ,sidenote3 ,burning the ,dead4 ,having erected a ,pile in form of an ,altar1 made either of ordinary ,wood1 such as ,oak1 ,ash1 ,olive1 ,pine1 ,fir1 and the like resiniferous ,trees1 which caus'd it easily to catch ,fire1 or else of odoriferous1 such as ,cedar1 ,cypress1 ,mirtle1 c4 ,they plac'd the ,corps with the ,couch thereon1 and then set round about the ,arms1 ,sword1 ,belt or ,spoils taken in ,war of the ,deceas'd1 his best ,houshold-,goods and richest ,apparel1 his finest ,horses1 ,dogs or the like1 and in the more barbarous ,ages his ,slaves1 all which1 having first slain the ,beasts1 c4 they burn'd together with him4 ,in some ,places the ,wives flung themselves alive into the ,pile1 and were burn'd with their ,husbands1 and commonly all such ,things as the ,deceas'd most valu'd while they liv'd1 besides abundance of rich ,presents brought by ,relations and ,friends1 all sorts of ,perfumes and sweet ,odours1 such as ,cinamon1 ,cassia1 ,frankinsence1 c4 and odoriferous ,oils and ,ointments were burn'd with them1 as we read the ,israelites us'd to do at the ,burials of their ,kings1 as they did at that of ,asa1 #b ,chron4 #af4 #ad4 and other ,places4 ,when the ,pile was burn'd down1 the nearest ,relations gather'd up the ,ashes and ,bones1 ,sidenote3 ,ossilegium4 and having wash'd them with ,wine1 ,milk or ,water1 put them into ,urns made of different kinds of ,matter1 such as ,gold1 ,silver1 ,brass1 ,marble1 ,glass1 ,earthen-,ware1 ,cedar1 and the like2 then they pour'd out ,tears upon them1 which being catch'd in small ,vessels call'd ,lacrymatori1 were reposited with the ,urn in a ,tomb4 ,sidenote3 ,funeral ,oration4 ,an ,oration or ,funeral-,sermon was likewise solemnly pronounc'd in ,praise of the ,deceas'd1 by a ,person appointed for that purpose by the public ,magistrate4 ,when the ,funeral was over1 other ,ceremonies were perform'd in ,honour of the ,dead as ,festivals1 which may be reduc'd to these three ,heads1 ,sacrifices1 ,feasts and ,games4 ,sidenote3 ,sacrifices4 ,the ,sacrifices consisted of ,liquors1 ,victims and ,garlands2 the ,liquors were ,wine1 ,milk1 ,water1 ,blood1 ,honey and liquid ,balsam4 ,sidenote3 ,feasts4 ,the ,feasts were either ,publick or ,private3 ,the ,private were kept about the ,tomb of the ,deceas'd by the nearest ,relations and ,friends only1 being prepar'd both for the ,dead and ,living4 ,the ,repast design'd for the ,dead consisting commonly of ,beans1 ,lettices1 ,bread and ,eggs1 or the like1 was laid on the ,tomb for the ,deceas'd to come out and ,eat1 as they fancy'd he would4 ,the ,public ,feasts were when the ,heirs or ,friends of some ,rich or ,great ,dead ,person oblig'd the ,people with a general ,treat to his ,honour and ,memory4 ,sidenote3 ,games4 ,the ,funeral ,games consisted of a great number of ,gladiators1 fighting with ,beasts1 c4 the ,ancients thinking the ,dead delighted in such bloody ,sacrifices2 but this ,barbarous ,custom of burning the ,dead continu'd no longer than the ,time of the ,antonines1 who being virtuous ,princes abhorr'd such ,cruelties1 and therefore brought ,burial again into ,practice4 ,thus it plainly appears1 ,burial was not only more antient but more eligible than ,burning1 since one was admitted upon ,choice and the other by ,compulsion2 for so soon as such cruel minded ,persons were remov'd1 ,burial was again introduc'd3 ,besides1 as it appears by ,holy ,writ and the ,canon-,law1 ,burning was a most ignominious way of dealing with the ,dead1 to which none were expos'd but such as had lain with ,beasts or their own ,sex2 and we at this ,day only burn ,female-,traitors1 or such as have kill'd their ,husbands1 c4 thereby to show the ,heinousness of their ,crime2 on the contrary1 ,sepulture was always esteem'd ,honourable among ,,god's ,people4 ,thus the ,patriarchs ,abraham1 ,isaac1 ,jacob and ,joseph1 as also ,moses were bury'd1 and the last particularly by ,,god himself1 ,deut4 #cd4 #g4 ,likewise the ,holy ,fathers1 ,st4 ,austin1 ,st4 ,ambrose1 ,st4 ,gregory1 and most of the ,primitive ,christians were for having their ,bodies bury'd and not burn'd3 ,sidenote3 ,situation of the ,dead in their ,sepulchres4 ,but as for the manner of ,burying or placing them in their ,sepulchres1 that was various1 according to the different ,opinions or ,customs of several ,nations1 a few of which we shall here relate4 ,the ,egyptians set dead ,bodies on their ,feet1 as ,solinus observes3 --------gyptia ,tellus ,claudit odorato post ,funus stantia ,busto ,corpora4-------- ,the ,egyptians1 when the ,funeral-,pomp was made1 ,shut up in odorous ,tombs the standing ,dead4 ,the ,phnicians bury'd the ,dead on their ,backs1 yet turn'd them to the ,west1 in ,imitation of the ,setting-,sun1 as the ,athenians did to the ,east in regard of its ,rising4 ,the ,nasamones1 a ,people of ,africa1 did not only for the greatest part die sitting1 but also bury'd their ,dead in that ,posture1 and the ,inhabitants of ,megara plac'd their ,dead with their ,faces downwards3 ,so ,diogenes desir'd to be bury'd1 his ,reason being1 that as he believ'd the ,world would at last be turn'd topsie-turvy1 he then should lye upright3 ,yet the general way was to lye with the ,face upwards towards the ,fountain of ,life1 and ,abodes of the ,celestial ,gods1 and to be so situated in the ,grave1 as to see the ,rising-,sun4 ,as for the ,christians1 they bury'd their ,dead supine1 as looking towards ,heaven1 where their sole ,hopes were plac'd1 and towards the ,east as waiting for the ,resurrection4 ,next let us consider the ,places where the ,ancients us'd to bury their ,dead1 and how they dug their ,graves1 and erected their ,sepulchres and ,monuments4 ,in order to this you must know1 ,first1 ,that ,sepulchres were not always of a kind1 nor might all ,people be bury'd in the same ,place of ,sepulture1 but proper ones were invented for different ,degrees and ,ranks1 so that some were ,public and some ,private2 some common or belonging to all1 and others peculiar to one ,family1 and these again either built by the ,persons whilst alive1 or order'd by their ,wills how they would have them erected after their ,deaths4 ,sidenote3 ,monuments ,built during ,life4 ,thus ,absalom in his ,life-,time erected a ,pillar to preserve his ,memory in case his ,issue-,male fail'd1 #b ,sam4 #ah4 #ah4 which ,pillar1 hewn out of a ,rock or ,quarry1 he intended for his ,sepulchre1 and which1 according to ,sandys1 is to be seen at this ,day4 ,augustus ,csar1 in the #fth ,year of his ,consulship1 built a ,funeral-,monument for himself and ,successors2 but that ,mausoleum1 as ,xiphilinus writes1 being full in the ,time of ,adrian1 that ,emperor rais'd himself a ,tomb or ,sepulchre near the ,pons lius4 ,nay it was usual for such as were careful of their ,burials1 to provide their own ,tombs in their ,lives ,time1 and this for their better ,satisfactions1 with these or the like ,inscriptions3 ,,vivus ,,fecit4 ,,vivus ,,sibi ,,posuit4 ,,vivus ,,faciendum ,,curavit4 ,for the same ,reason ,king ,henry the ,seventh built a fair and glorious ,chapel at ,westminster as an ,house of ,burial for himself1 his ,children1 and such only of the ,blood-,royal as should descend from his ,loins1 forbidding all others of what ,degree or ,quality soever to be interr'd in that sacred ,mould1 as appears by his last ,will and ,testament1 ,weever p4 #bj4 ,now1 as for such as did not build their ,monuments themselves1 but only order'd them by their last ,wills1 it was held such ,wills could not be violated with a safe ,conscience1 nor might any one change1 alienate or detract from them2 for since ,monuments were invented as well to preserve ,mens ,memories as their ,bodies1 it would be very hard and inhuman to deprive them of them1 yet has there been such base ,heirs1 as appears by the ,inscriptions of some ,tombs1 which give the ,reader a ,caution therein1 whereof ,i have inserted two4 ,fallax spe ,fides1 testataq2 ,vota peribunt2 ,constitues ,tumulum1 si sapis1 ipse tuum4 ,since ,heirs are ,faithless and your ,wills neglect1 ,if ye are wise your own ,tombs you'll erect4 ,on others thus3 ,certa ,dies nulli1 ,mors certa1 incerta sequentum3 ,constitues ,tumulum1 si sapis1 ipse tuum4 ,if ,life's uncertain1 certain ,death1 and dubious what's to come1 ,you would do well to secure all1 by building your own ,tomb4 ,that some ,persons were better pleas'd to build their ,tombs themselves1 we read in #b ,chron4 #af4 #ad4 how ,king ,asa was bury'd in his own ,sepulchre1 which he had made for himself in the ,city of ,david3 ,and how ,shebnah had taken care to have a ,sepulchre hew'd for himself in ,jerusalem4 ,the same is also said of ,joseph of ,arimatha1 ,matth4 #bg4 #fj4 ,sidenote3 ,places of ,sepulture4 ,the ,places of ,sepulture were of two kinds1 ,public and ,private4 ,the ,public were likewise of two sorts1 viz4 ,such as were allotted the ,poor1 and others that were us'd only by the ,rich3 ,sidenote3 ,the ,puticul4 ,the poor ,servants1 and such like mean ,persons1 were bury'd in ,ditches or ,graves call'd ,puticul or ,puticuli1 and so nam'd1 ,a ,puteis fossis1 vel quod ,corpora ibi putrescerent4 ,these were ,holes in the ,earth made like to ,wells1 between ,mount ,esquiline1 the ,walls of the ,city1 and the ,street which leads to the ,gate ,querquetulana2 but these ,wells infecting all the neighbouring parts of the ,city1 ,augustus for removing thereof1 gave that ,place to ,mcenas1 who built a stately ,house1 and made very fine ,gardens there1 as his ,favourite ,horace informs us4 ,there were other public ,places1 in which those that had deserv'd well of the ,common-,wealth had their ,monuments1 which were chiefly allow'd them as a ,reward of their ,virtues4 ,as for the ,roman ,kings they were bury'd in the ,campus ,martius1 ,sidenote3 ,campus ,martius4 where the ,mausolum of ,augustus stood1 together with a vast number of antient ,sepulchres and ,monuments all along the ,river side4 ,sidenote3 ,private4 ,private ,burying-,places were such as any one had in his own ,house1 ,garden or ,fields3 ,thus we read ,samuel was bury'd in his ,house at ,ramah1 ,sam4 #be4 #a4 and ,joab in his ,house in the ,wilderness1 #a ,kings #b4 #cd4 ,the antient ,grecians were also bury'd in ,places prepar'd for that purpose in their own ,houses2 and the ,thebans had once a ,law1 that no ,person should build a ,house without providing in it a ,repository for the ,dead2 but this ,custom was afterwards forbidden1 as appears by that ,passage in ,isiodorus1 ,lib4 #ad4 ,orig4 cap4 #aa4 ,prius autem quisq2 in ,domo sua sepeliebatur1 postea vetitum est ,legibus1 ne ftore ipso ,corpora ,viventium contactu inficerentur4 ,at first every one was bury'd in his own ,house1 but afterwards it was forbidden by the ,laws1 lest the ,living might thereby be infected4 ,tolosanus in ,syntagm4 ,juris universal1 ,lib4 #cc4 cap4 #bc4 gives another ,reason1 ,ne ,licentia illa ,sepeliendi familiares daret delinquendi occisos occultandi ,occasionem4 ,lest such a ,liberty of ,burying the ,family1 should give occasion of committing ,murder and afterwards hiding it4 ,sidenote3 ,in ,gardens4 ,sometimes the ,ancients bury'd in their ,gardens1 as we read ,manasseth was interr'd in the ,garden of his own ,house1 in the ,garden of ,uzza1 #b ,kings #ba4 #ah4 and ,tacitus tells us ,galba's ,body was bury'd by ,argius his ,steward1 with little or no ,ceremony1 in his private ,garden4 ,we read also of a ,sepulchre in the ,garden made by ,joseph of ,arimatha to lay our ,saviour's ,body in1 ,john #ai4 #da4 ,sidenote3 ,in ,fields4 ,they likewise bury'd in ,fields1 and so the ,patriarchs were said to be bury'd in a ,cave in the ,field of ,machpelah1 ,gen4 #bc4 #bj4 also 'tis related that ,uzziah ,king of ,judah slept with his ,fathers1 and was bury'd with them in the ,field of ,burial which pertain'd to the ,kings1 #b ,chron4 #bf4 #bc4 ,tho' they term'd these two last ,private1 because they bury'd in ,fields and ,gardens belonging only to their own ,families1 yet1 if it was possible1 they always interr'd their ,dead in that part of the ,garden or ,field which lay nearest the common ,road or ,highway1 thereby to put ,passengers in mind of their ,mortality4 ,sidenote3 ,in ,highways4 ,for this ,reason they more frequently bury'd in the ,highways and public ,roads1 that by seeing the ,monuments of the ,dead the ,memory of them might not only be excited1 but also the ,living be encourag'd to imitate the ,virtues of such ,great ,men as were represented on those stately ,tombs1 and likewise to admonish them1 that what they were they should also be4 ,this plainly appears by the ,epitaphs and ,inscriptions which always spoke to the ,traveller after this manner3 ,,siste ,,viator4 ,,aspice ,,viator4 ,,cave ,,viator1 and the like4 ,sidenote3 ,in ,mountains and ,hills4 ,the ,ancients likewise bury'd in ,mountains and ,hills4 ,joshua1 ,captain of the ,hebrews1 and ,eleazar1 ,son of ,aaron1 were both bury'd in ,mount ,ephraim1 ,joshua #bd4 #cj1 #cc4 ,judges #b4 #i4 and we read in #b ,kings #bc4 #af4 that as ,josiah turn'd himself1 he spy'd the ,sepulchres that were in the ,mountain4 ,likewise the ,grecians and ,romans bury'd their ,kings and ,great ,men either on the tops of ,mountains1 or at their feet1 as ,isiodorus1 ,lib4 #ae4 ,etimolog4 cap4 #aa4 observes4 ,thus ,aventinus ,sylvius1 ,king of the ,albans1 was interr'd in the ,hill that receiv'd its ,name from him1 as ,titus ,livius and ,aurelius de ,orig4 ,gent4 ,roman4 testifie4 ,virgil reports the same thing of ,king ,dercennus1 n4 #aa4 v4 #hej4 --------,fuit ingens ,monte sub alto1 ,regis ,dercenni terreno ex aggere ,bustum4 ,a ,tomb beneath a mighty ,mount they rear'd ,for ,king ,dercennus4-------- ,hence likewise appears the ,custom of raising a ,mount over the ,graves of great ,persons1 which ,lucan ,lib4 #h4 speaking of the ,egyptians1 has thus express'd3 ,et ,regum ,cineres extructo ,monte quiescunt4 ,beneath a ,mount their ,monarchs ,ashes rest4 ,so also ,weever in his ,funeral-,monuments1 p4 #f4 observes1 they were antiently wont to bury here in ,england either on ridges of ,hills1 or on spacious ,plains fortify'd or fenc'd about with ,obelisks1 pointed ,stones1 ,pyramids1 ,pillars1 or such like ,monuments4 ,for ,example1 ,england's ,wonder on ,salisbury-,plain call'd ,stonehenge1 the ,sepulchre of so many ,britains1 who1 by the ,treachery of the ,saxons1 were slain there at a ,parley3 ,that of ,wada the ,saxon ,duke near ,whitby in ,yorkshire1 and those of ,cartigerne the ,britain1 and ,horsa the ,saxon near ,ailesford in ,kent4 ,it was a thing usual among our ,saxon ,ancestors 7says ,verstegan7 as by ,tacitus it also seems to have been among the other ,germans1 that the dead ,bodies of such as were slain in the ,field1 and bury'd there1 were not laid in ,graves1 but lying on the ,ground were cover'd over with ,turfs or ,clods of ,earth1 ,sidenote3 ,in ,plains cover'd with ,turfs1 c4 and the more ,reputation they had had1 the greater and higher were the ,turfs rais'd over them4 ,this some us'd to term ,byriging1 others ,beorging1 and some ,buriging1 which we now call ,berying or ,burying1 which is properly a shrouding or hiding the dead ,body in the ,earth4 ,of these kinds of ,funeral-,monuments you have many on ,salisbury-,plain1 out of which the ,bones of ,bodies thus inhum'd have oftentimes been dug4 ,these ,places the ,inhabitants thereabouts call ,beries1 ,baroes or ,burroughs1 which agrees with the words ,byrighs1 ,beorghs or ,burghs spoken in the same ,sence4 ,from hence the ,names of divers ,towns and ,cities were originally deriv'd2 ,places first so call'd having been with ,walls of ,turf or ,clods of ,earth1 fenc'd about for ,men to shroud themselves in1 as in ,forts or ,castles3 ,thus far ,weever4 ,we shall next take notice that the ,romans antiently made their ,graves of ,turf1 which they call'd ,injectio ,gleb1 and for the same ,reason the ,latin word ,tumulus1 which in its proper ,sense imports no more than a ,hillock1 came afterwards to signifie a ,grave or ,tomb4 ,these were compos'd of two parts1 one the ,grave or ,tomb1 and the other the ,ground surrounding them1 fenc'd about with ,pales1 ,walls1 or the like4 ,here we may observe that most of the ,ancients ,burials were without their ,town and ,cities1 either for fear the ,air might be corrupted thro the stench of ,putrefy'd ,bodies1 or the ,buildings endanger'd by the frequency of ,funeral-,fires2 wherefore they made choice of more convenient ,places for their ,interments in the ,suburbs or ,country1 such as ,mountains1 ,hills1 ,woods1 ,fields or ,highways1 which were barren ,places2 for as ,plato1 ,lib4 #ab4 ,de ,leg4 says1 ,no ,sepulchre was to be made in a fertile ,soil or fruitful ,field1 but that ,place was only to be us'd which was steril and good for nothing else4 ,now tho' it was forbidden both by the ,greek and ,roman ,laws1 ,sidenote3 ,burial in the ,city4 to bury within the ,walls of ,cities1 yet was there nevertheless a ,reserve made for some particular ,persons1 such as ,emperors1 ,vestal-,virgins1 and those that had merited ,favour by some extraordinary ,action or ,virtue4 ,it seem'd likewise an ,honour due to ,lawyers1 that they who had kept the ,citizens in a healthful ,concord whilst alive1 might when dead remain in the midst of them4 ,likewise we often read of ,monuments erected in the ,forum or middle of the ,city1 but that we must look on as a ,favour chiefly bestow'd on ,men of ,worth1 and public ,benefactors2 nay1 sometimes ,persons of a more than ordinary ,desert and ,excellency were permitted to be bury'd in the ,temples of the ,gods2 and some are of ,opinion1 such ,honours paid the ,dead were the first ,causes of erecting ,temples2 see ,arnobius1 ,lib4 #f4 advers4 ,gentes1 and ,isiodorus1 ,lib4 #ae4 ,origin4 cap4 #aa4 ,nor are later ,times wholly destitute of such ,examples4 ,we read moreover in the ,holy ,scripture1 that ,persons of eminent ,ranks and ,quality were bury'd in the ,city4 ,so ,david was bury'd in the ,city call'd after his own ,name1 where also ,solomon1 ,abijam1 ,asa1 ,jehosaphat1 ,joram1 ,ahaziab1 ,jehoash1 ,amaziah1 ,azariah1 ,jothan1 ,ahaz1 ,rehoboam1 ,jehoiada and ,joash were bury'd1 #a ,kings #b4 #aj4 #aa4 #dc4 #ae4 #h1 #bd4 #bb4 #ej4 #b ,kings #h4 #bd4 #i4 #bh4 #ab4 #ba4 #ad4 #bj4 #ae4 #g1 #ch4 #af4 #bj4 #b ,chron4 #ab4 #af4 #af4 #ad4 #bd4 #af1 #be4 #bg4 #i4 ,ahab1 ,jehu1 ,jehoahaz1 and the ,kings of ,israel were interr'd in the ,city of ,samaria1 and ,amaziah in the ,city of ,judah1 #a ,kings #bb4 #bg4 #b ,kings #aj4 #ce4 #ac4 #i4 #ad4 #af4 #b ,chron4 #be4 #bh4 with abundance of other ,instances1 too many to be related here3 ,besides it has long been the ,custom of most modern ,nations to bury in their ,cities and ,churches their ,kings1 ,princes1 ,nobles1 ,gentry1 ,poets1 and ,men of the greatest ,parts and ,merit4 ,the ,emperors and ,arch-,dukes of ,austria are bury'd at ,vienna1 the ,kings of ,england in ,westminster-,abbey1 the ,kings of ,france in the ,monastery of ,st4 ,dennis1 the ,kings of ,sueden at ,stockholm1 the ,kings of ,poland at ,cracow1 the ,electors of ,saxony at ,fridberg1 the ,counts ,palatine of the ,rhine at ,heydelberg1 and the like1 whereof see more ,examples in ,quenstedt1 p4 #bje4 and ,weever1 p4 #h4 but more especially in ,panvinus de ,rit4 ,sepeliendi1 who gives a whole ,catalogue of such ,kings1 ,princes and ,priests as have been bury'd in ,churches4 ,but to proceed to speak of the ,nature and ,distinction of such ,places of ,sepulture as the ,ancients us'd1 whether within or without the ,city1 they were distinguish'd into ,proper and ,common1 ,family and ,hereditary ,burial-,places or ,sepulchres4 ,sidenote3 ,proper ,sepulchres4 ,proper ,sepulchres were such particular ,places as any one reserv'd for himself1 where none had ever been laid before1 and from whence he could by his ,will exclude any of his ,heirs4 ,to this purpose they inscrib'd on their ,tombs these ,letters3 ,h4 ,m4 ,h4 ,n4 ,s4 that is1 ,hoc ,monumentum ,heredes non sequitur4 ,or these1 ,h4 ,m4 ad ,h4 ,n4 ,,trans4 ,hoc ,monumentum ad ,heredes non transit4 ,which ,inscriptions are still to be met with in abundance of ,places1 and shew the ,heir has no ,right or ,claim to ,burial there4 ,sidenote3 ,common ,sepulchres4 ,common ,sepulchres were such as the ,puticul for the poorer ,sort1 the ,campus ,martius for ,men of ,quality1 ,honour or ,merit1 the ,ceramnicus for such as were slain in ,war1 and other the like ,places to bury ,strangers in1 call'd ,poluandria4 ,so we read the chief ,priests of the ,jews bought the ,potters ,field for this ,purpose1 with ,thirty pieces of ,silver1 which ,judas had taken to betray ,christ1 ,matth4 #bg4 #g4 ,sidenote3 ,family-,sepulchres4 ,family-,sepulchres were such as were only common to ,heirs and ,posterity1 who had a right to be bury'd therein3 ,some again were only for the ,husband and ,wife1 having this ,inscription1 ,sibi ,conjugi2 others for the ,children likewise1 inscrib'd ,sibi1 ,conjugi ,liberis4 ,sidenote3 ,hereditary-,sepulchres4 ,hereditary-,sepulchres were such as the ,testator appointed for himself and his ,heirs1 or acquir'd by ,right of ,inheritance4 ,these sometimes belong'd to the whole ,family1 as to ,children and ,relations3 ,now for the better understanding how these ,sepulchres were made1 which were capable of holding such a number of ,persons1 we must observe they were certain ,caves1 ,grots or ,vaults dug under ,ground1 and divided into several ,partitions1 in which each ,body being put up in a ,coffin of ,stone1 ,lead1 ,wood1 c4 these ,coffins were laid each in its own ,apartment2 for such ,burial-,places were wont to have as many ,divisions as they design'd ,persons to be bury'd in them3 ,thus some became unlimited1 possessing several ,miles of ,ground2 such were the ,crypt ,kiovienses1 which ,herbinius has wrote a ,book of1 and the ,catacombs of ,rome and ,naples1 of which you have an exact ,account in ,bosio's ,roma ,subterranea1 and ,bishop ,burnet's ,travels4 ,the ,greeks call'd such a ,burial-,place1 1 1 sub ,terra1 ,hypogeum1 and the ,latins ,crypta1 deriving the ,word from the ,greek 1 a 1 abdo2 quia abdita est4 ,these serving not only for ,sepultures to the ,primitive ,christians1 but during the ,time of ,persecution1 for hiding ,places1 where they held ,synods and administred the ,sacraments1 as ,panvinus in ,lib4 ,de ,cmiteriis1 cap4 #aa relates4 ,these ,subterranean ,caves were at first dug only out of the ,earth1 but afterwards they were hew'd out of solid ,rocks1 or else curiously wrought and pay'd with ,stone1 being arch'd above1 and adorn'd with no less ,art and ,care than the ,houses of the ,living2 insomuch that it was customary to place ,lamps in these ,subterranean-,vaults1 whither such ,mourners as had a mind to express an extraordinary ,concern for the ,deceas'd1 retir'd1 cloistering themselves up for many ,days and ,nights1 whereof we have an ,example in ,petronius's ,story of the ,ephesian ,matron4 ,thus the ,egyptians and ,persians bury'd in ,caves dug out of solid ,rocks1 or at the bottoms of such stony ,mountains1 as ,diodorus ,siculus and other ,writers inform us4 ,there was also at ,nismes in ,languedoc a ,crypta found1 with a rich inlaid ,pavement and ,niches round about the ,wall1 in each of which gilded ,glass-,urns full of ,ashes were set in order4 ,the ,jews likewise hew'd their ,sepulchres out of ,rocks1 into which they descended thro' a narrow ,passage1 which was shut up with a ,stone1 as appears by that of ,lazarus1 ,john #aa4 #ch4 and that of ,joseph of ,arimatha1 wherein our ,saviour's ,body was laid1 ,matth4 #bg4 #fj4 ,sidenote3 ,cenotaphs4 ,thus far we have treated of ,sepulchres properly so call'd1 now we will speak of such as were erected to preserve the ,memories of those that were bury'd else-where1 whence they came to be call'd 1 i4 e4 1 inanis ,tumulus1 ,tumulus sine ,corpore1 a ,sepulchre rais'd in ,honour of some ,person1 and wherein his ,body had never been laid4 ,of these there were two sorts1 one erected to such as had been honour'd with ,funeral-,rites in another ,place1 and the other for those who had never obtain'd any4 ,first1 ,they built these ,sepulchres for ,religions sake1 by reason they thought the ,souls of those that had been depriv'd of the ,rites and ,honours of ,sepulture wander'd about1 and could never pass the ,stygian ,lake3 ,see page #ba4 ,secondly1 ,they esteem'd it the next ,felicity to ,sepulture to lye in their own ,country1 wherefore when any one died in a forreign ,land1 they thrice invok'd his ,ghost or ,soul1 which thereby1 as they thought1 speedily hastening to them1 they erected a ,tomb or ,monument for it4 ,this without doubt afforded no small ,joy and ,comfort1 by reason they believ'd in doing thus1 their ,bodies were driven under ,ground to their own ,country1 and the ,jews even at this ,day believe1 that immediately after their ,deaths their ,souls pass into the ,land of ,canaan4 ,nicolaius1 ,lib4 ,de ,luctu ,grcorum1 p4 #ag4 ,it was also customary1 among the nearest ,friends and ,relations1 to build various ,tombs for one and the same ,person1 and that in various ,places1 which they did to do the ,deceas'd the more ,honour1 as ,dionysius ,halicarnasseus1 ,lib4 #a4 ,antiqu4 ,roman4 observes4 ,we may also gather from ,prudentius1 ,lib4 that the ,christians built ,cenotaphs in ,honour of their ,martyrs1 and ,gretserius de ,funer4 ,christi1 ,lib4 #c4 cap4 #f4 says1 they were erected in ,commemoration of the ,deceas'd4 ,hence may be likewise gather'd the ,use and ,benefit of ,tombs1 ,sidenote3 ,use and ,benefit of ,tombs4 as ,first1 ,that they were erected in ,honour to the ,deceas'd4 ,secondly1 ,often ,built at the public ,cost1 as a ,reward to ,virtue and ,valour4 ,and1 ,lastly1 they were moreover thought to be a ,comfort to the ,living2 for as ,theodoric gravely said1 ,bodies bury'd in ,coffins and ,tombs were esteem'd no small ,consolation to ,mourners1 inasmuch as the ,souls of the ,deceas'd departed only from the ,conversation of the ,world1 whereas their ,bodies did not for some time leave their surviving ,friends3 ,if therefore such ,things could afford so great satisfaction to the ,living1 how much more would it delight them to see the ,bodies of their dead ,ancestors1 with a long ,lineage of their ,family1 so perfect as to distinguish their ,persons and ,sex by the preserv'd ,features1 and this without any offensive ,smell or deform'd ,aspect1 as we are well assur'd both the ,egyptians and the ,inhabitants of ,teneriff us'd to do1 which is not even impossible to perform at this ,day8 ,the ,ancients were so exceedingly carefull of every particular ,ceremony in ,funeral-,rites1 that they made it the chief ,point of their ,religion to perform them1 as an indispensible ,duty their ,gods requir'd of them1 and their ,laws strictly maintain'd2 so that to neglect them was the greatest ,cruelty1 and to violate them a capital ,crime and ,sacriledge4 ,they added every thing to their ,sepulchres that could make them ,sacred1 ,honourable and ,respected1 or which could transmit their ,names to ,posterity1 their ,fame to ,eternity1 and their ,ashes to ,perpetual ,repose4 ,sidenote3 ,how adorn'd and with what ,inscriptions4 ,besides1 they were wont to carve thereon the ,arms1 ,trophies1 ,coat-,armour and ,effigies of the ,deceas'd1 subjoining moreover such ,elogiums and ,inscriptions as best express'd their ,family1 ,virtues1 ,studies1 ,emploiments1 ,works or noble ,actions2 their ,condition of ,life1 ,age1 ,time and ,cause of ,death1 and in a ,word1 whatever else was ,remarkable in them and worthy ,commemoration4 ,sidenote3 ,how call'd4 ,these ,structures for the ,dead were call'd after several ,names1 from the several ,uses they were put to when erected2 for some contain'd whole ,bodies1 others their ,ashes only1 and some neither one nor the other1 being only built to transmit the ,memory of the ,party deceas'd to succeeding ,ages1 whence they were call'd ,cenotaphs4 ,sidenote3 ,cenotaphs4 ,sepulchres4 ,sepulchres were so nam'd a ,sepeliendo1 which signifies committing to the ,ground1 laying up therein1 or hiding or covering with ,earth1 whence burying came to be call'd ,sepulture1 and ,burial-,places ,sepulchres4 ,scipio ,gentilis1 ,lib4 ,origin4 ,sing4 says1 ,monumentum quasi ,munimentum dicitur1 quod ,causa ,muniendi ejus ,loci factum est4 ,monuments were sometimes very fitly call'd ,muniments1 ,sidenote3 ,muniments4 by reason they fenc'd in and defended the ,corps from being torn out of its ,grave by ,savage ,beasts1 and likewise preserv'd the same from all farther ,violation4 ,they were call'd ,tumuli1 ,sidenote3 ,tombs4 quod coacervata ibi ,terra tumeat1 because ,turf or ,earth was wont to be heap'd over them1 which the higher it was the more ,honourable2 but these being easily scratch'd up by ,hyena's1 ,wolves1 and the like voracious ,animals1 and because the ,ancients bury'd at first far out of ,cities1 in the ,highways1 ,woods1 ,hills and ,mountains1 thence says ,servius on neid4 #aa4 ,factum est aut ,pyramides fierent1 aut ingentes collocarentur ,column4 ,they erected either ,pyramids or ,columns over their ,graves4 ,sidenote3 ,memories1 ,they were also call'd ,memories1 a ,memoria1 and ,monuments1 ,sidenote3 ,monuments4 a monendo1 quia monebant ,mentem1 because as ,st4 ,austin says1 ,lib4 ,de ,cura pro ,mortuis1 we are by them put in ,mind and warn'd to consider our frail ,condition1 they being external ,helps to excite and stir up our inward ,thoughts1 to have the remembrance of ,death before our ,eyes1 that our deceas'd ,brethren may not be out of our ,minds1 tho' they are out of our sight4 ,much the same ,etymology of a ,monument ,varro gives1 ,lib4 #e4 ,de ,lingua ,latina1 and ,weever of ,funeral-,monuments1 p4 #i4 has collected such another out of a ,manuscript in the ,cotton ,library1 entitul'd1 ,the ,register of ,gray-,friars in ,london4 ,sidenote3 ,dormitories4 ,the ,christians us'd to call ,sepulchres ,dormitories or ,sleeping ,places1 where the ,bodies of the ,faithful rested in their ,graves as in their ,beds1 vide p4 #ag4 ,the ,pagans also gave them the like ,synonymous ,names1 such as ,quietorium1 ,requietorium1 c4 ,sidenote3 ,resting-,places4 ,scilicet ubi quiescant condita ,corpora4 ,places of ,rest and ,quiet for the ,dead4 ,sidenote3 ,seats4 ,they were likewise antiently call'd ,seats1 as appears by this old ,inscription1 ,hanc ,sedem sibi ,vivi posuerunt1 and that of ,virgil in his #fth neid4 --------,quam ,sedibus ,ossa quierunt4 ,how they their ,bones in quiet ,seats do rest6 ,see also pag4 #bd4 ,sidenote3 ,houses4 ,sometimes they were call'd ,houses1 in that there is no ,house so much and truly our own as our ,grave1 whence ,job rightly express'd himself1 ,chap4 #cj4 ver4 #bc4 ,i know thou wilt bring me to ,death1 and to the ,house appointed for all ,men ,living4 ,likewise ,chap4 #d4 #i4 he terms them ,houses of ,clay1 but ,isaiah ,chap4 #ad4 #ah4 describes them more elegantly in these ,words1 ,all the ,kings of the ,nations lye in ,glory1 every one in his own ,house4 ,others gave them still more pompous ,titles1 such as ,domus terna1 ,domus ternitatis1 c4 for as ,diodorus ,siculus1 ,lib4 #a4 ,bibl4 ,histor4 relates1 ,the ,egyptians accounted the ,houses they liv'd in but as ,inns1 by reason their stay was so short in them1 whereas they deem'd their ,sepulchres more durable and eternal1 and this because they believ'd the ,dead were always to abide and continue in them1 so that they took more ,care of1 and were at far greater ,charge about them than their ,houses3 ,also that these might be the more lasting and permanent1 the ,ancients spared no ,cost nor ,trouble1 but with prodigious ,labour and ,expence rais'd them out of ,marble1 ,stone1 ,brass or the like4 ,the thiopians made some of their ,monuments of ,glass1 as ,herodotus1 ,lib4 #c4 cap4 #f4 relates in these ,words3 ,deinde ,cippum ei cavum e ,vitro1 quod apud illos multum est1 facile effoditur1 circumdant3 ,in ejus medio ,mortuus interlucet1 ut ab ,hominibus conspici queat1 c4 ,afterwards they enclose him in a ,coffin of ,glass1 which is plentiful with them and easily dug3 ,in the midst of it the dead ,body so shines1 that he may be seen of all4 ,alexander ab ,alexandro1 ,lib4 #f4 ,gen4 ,dier41 cap4 #ad4 says1 ,the ,egyptians had three sorts of ,sepulchres1 one of great ,expence1 which cost a ,talent of ,silver1 another of #bj ,min1 and a third kind of smaller ,cost and ,value2 but the thiopians were more famous for their ,monuments1 those of the richer ,sort being made of ,gold1 the middle kind of ,silver1 and the poorer ones of ,earth4 ,sidenote3 ,funeral-,ceremonies how and when useful4 ,but ,i fear1 ,sir1 you'll think ,i have digress'd too much from my ,subject of ,embalming1 yet what ,i have said1 was in order to shew how far ,funeral-,rites and ,ceremonies are useful and allowable1 when accompany'd with this ,art1 and on the contrary1 how vain and ridiculous they are when us'd without it1 especially if they do but in the least exceed the ,bounds of ,modesty and ,frugality4 ,what tho' other ,ceremonies be perform'd with the greatest ,splendor and ,exactness1 they can give no other ,satisfaction than the ,decency of ,burial1 or performing perhaps the ,will of the ,dead2 for the ,body will nevertheless stink1 corrupt1 and it may be startle the nearest ,friend to see it a while after8 ,then shall his ,bones not be known1 nor his ,ashes be distinguish'd from another ,mans1 nay even from common ,earth1 so that the parcimonious ,heir may well reflect1 how vain and needless it would have been to have bestow'd more than a decent ,expence on his ,funeral4 ,nor does it signifie much which way the ,body be dissolv'd1 in regard it comes to the same ,end without ,embalming1 and that such ,tombs1 how splendid soever1 are but in effect ,cenotaphs or empty ,sepulchres1 except that they are full of ,stench and ,rottenness3 ,sidenote3 ,funeral-,expences insignificant without ,embalming4 ,we must therefore look upon it as the most extravagant ,vanity to erect ,pyramids1 ,obelisks1 ,tombs1 c4 for preserving an empty airy ,name and meer ,shadow1 while we neglect to keep any ,remains of that noble ,workmanship the ,body1 whereby to distinguish ,man from ,earth and ,dust4 ,that these ,practices are not commendable is plainly prov'd in ,st4 ,matthew's ,gospel1 ,chap4 #bc4 #bg1 #bi4 where our ,saviour describing ,hypocrites1 compares them to such ,tombs and ,sepulchres1 in these ,words1 ,wo unto you ,scribes and ,pharisees1 ,hypocrites1 for ye are like unto whited ,sepulchres1 which indeed appear beautiful without1 but within are full of dead ,mens ,bones and all ,uncleanness4 ,that is1 the rigid ,jews affected plaister'd and whited ,sepulchres1 in ,cadaverous and corrupted ,burials1 garnishing their ,tombs only outwardly1 when within they were full of ,stench and ,rottenness3 ,but we shall endeavour to prove1 that of all ,funeral-,ceremonies1 ,embalming is the chief and most useful1 without which1 all the rest are but vain1 expensive and insignificant ,customs4 ,sidenote3 ,why the ,body is to be taken ,care of4 ,we are not ignorant some may object why the ,body should be so much taken ,care of1 since by ,death there is a separation made of the ,soul1 that more noble ,part being fled1 while the baser only is left4 ,to this we must assent1 that the ,body is depriv'd much of its ,dignity and ,worth by such a ,separation1 inasmuch as it is but an ignoble ,lump in respect of the ,soul1 yet are we not to neglect and despise it1 but rather to esteem it the more for the ,souls sake1 in that it has once been in a happy ,state of conjunction with it1 and that it shall again come to be reunited therewith4 ,the ,soul1 says ,sandys1 p4 #aje4 knowing it self by ,divine ,instinct to be ,immortal1 does in a manner desire the ,body1 her belov'd ,companion1 may1 as far as may be1 enjoy the like ,felicity with her1 giving by lofty ,monuments1 and the ,duties of ,funerals1 all possible ,eternity with her4 ,with this ,hen4 ,salmuth1 ,comment4 in ,panciroll4 ,pars #a4 pag4 #ccf4 agrees1 saying1 ,consentaneum est ,veritati ,observanti1 imo indubitatum est ,sapientibus1 qudam nobis cognata esse ,semina ,immortalitatis2 cujus adeo appetentes sumus1 ut etiam ,sepultur prospiciamus1 nolimus ,cadaver nostrum male haberi4 ,humanum ,ingenium quod ,anim nostr vis est1 cum se sciat ,immortale1 optat etiam ut ,corpus ipsum quoq2 ,comes ,domicilium suum quoad fieri potest eadem ,flicitate perfruatur4 ,it is both agreeable to ,truth and ,observation1 and not to be doubted by ,wise ,men1 that there are in us some innate ,seeds of ,immortality1 which we so desirously seek1 as to take ,care both of our ,sepulture1 and that our ,carcass be not ill treated4 ,human ,understanding1 which is the ,force of the ,soul1 knowing it self ,immortal1 desires also the ,body1 which is its ,companion and ,habitation1 may enjoy as much as may be the same ,felicity she her self has4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,soul concern'd at the ,usage of the ,body4 ,for tho' the ,body be not sensible1 yet the ,soul which cannot die1 mourns sadly when its ,companion is either ill treated or neglected2 but on the contrary rejoyces when it is ,honour'd and taken ,care of4 ,this ,lucretius hints at1 where he shews how ,man1 who whilst living1 knows what will happen after ,death1 as that his ,body shall corrupt or be devour'd by ,birds1 ,beasts1 c4 or burn'd by ,fire1 commiserates himself for not having been created ,immortal1 and consequently departs out of this ,world regretfully1 see p4 #bc4 ,this is also farther confirm'd by ,julius ,csar ,scaliger1 ,lib4 #c4 ,poetices1 cap4 #bj4 who says1 ,altho' the dead ,body neither perceives what ,condition it is in1 nor is any longer with the ,soul1 yet ,man when living has a ,sense of all those things his ,body must undergo after his ,dissolution4 ,now if ,death were only ceasing to be1 act or breath1 then were that ,state most desirable1 inasmuch as ,man would then only rest from his ,labours1 and be by this means freed from the ,troubles and ,afflictions of this ,life4 ,whereas on the contrary to be dissolv'd or to become a ,prey to ravenous ,beasts1 ,birds and ,fishes1 or an ,heritage to ,serpents and ,worms1 is ungrateful to our ,thoughts1 miserable to our ,sight1 and unpleasant to all our ,senses2 such a ,state being not only disagreeable to our ,nature1 but also dishonouring and debasing of the ,noble ,image of ,,god1 pag4 #i4 and #aj4 ',tis this occasions great sadness of ,mind to ,man whilst living1 and makes him die the more regretfully3 ,it grieves him exceedingly to think what a miserable ,object of ,mortality he is like to prove after ,death1 how ugly and deform'd1 how offensive to his ,friends1 and only fit for the ,conversation of such new born ,insects and ,reptiles as are bred out of1 and live by ,stench and ,corruption4 ,what a ,metathesis is this6 that he who perhaps was born of ,royal ,blood1 and kept ,company with ,kings and ,princes1 shall now cry out with ,job1 #ag4 #ad4 ,to ,corruption1 thou art my ,father2 ,to the ,worm1 thou art my ,mother and ,sister4 ,whereas on the contrary1 he who is assur'd of being ,embalm'd1 and having all other ,funeral-,rites perform'd to him1 closes his ,eyes in full satisfaction of lying undisturb'd in his ,grave1 as in his ,bed1 and enjoying ,eternal ,rest4 ,sidenote3 ,therefore the ,body is to be taken ,care of4 ,besides1 other ,considerations may induce us to take ,care of the ,body2 for would you not think it a strange ,disgrace for a ,prince to dwell in a ,hutt1 and his ,jewels and other ,riches to be laid up in a ,sink of ,filthiness8 ,surely such as the ,prince is1 such ought to be the ,palace wherein he dwells1 and such as are the ,jewels1 such ought to be the ,cabbinet that contains them4 ,the ,soul is the most precious ,thing in this ,world1 and accordingly ,,god has enclos'd it with a ,cover1 the ,body1 the most beautifully compos'd next to it that can be2 ,shall we despise therefore this ,cover1 because ,death has separated it from the ,soul8 ,no1 let us rather esteem it the more1 and take the more ,care to preserve it1 inasmuch as it has once been the ,casket of that noble ,jewel1 and is the only ,way of representing that ,divine ,form which ,,god ,almighty was pleas'd to impress on it4 ,we may perhaps vainly please our selves with having the ,picture of our deceas'd ,friend1 which nevertheless consists but of a few ,lights and ,shadows1 or it may be we have his ,statue1 which however wants the natural ,complection and ,air of his ,person3 ',tis true ,pictures or ,statues may preserve in our ,minds our ,friends ,memories1 and so in some measure redeem them from the ,injuries of ,oblivion1 yet will they still but very faintly and imperfectly represent that ,body1 to which ,embalming gives a real ,presence1 and which may at any ,time be essay'd by our ,senses4 ,aristotle adds farther1 ,corpore in ,putredinem abeunte1 nec ,anima amare1 nec reminisci potest4 ,that the ,soul neither remembers nor loves the ,body when ,putrify'd2 which is agreeable to the ,opinion of the ,egyptians1 ,sidenote3 ,the ,egyptians ,belief of a dead ,body4 who pleasantly conceited1 that the ,soul only left the ,body when it was ,corrupt and ,putrify'd1 as abhorring so loathsome an ,habitation2 whereas on the contrary1 it never forsook it when it was preserv'd uncorrupt and entire4 ,for this reason they1 with extraordinary ,art and ,care1 ,embalm'd their ,dead1 that so the ,body by the ,cleanliness of its ,mansion1 by its being deliciously perfum'd and dighted with all the ,aromatic and ,odoriferous ,spices and ,gums of ,arabia1 and in a word1 by its being dress'd in fine ,linnen1 might court and incline its best ,companion1 the ,soul1 to cohabit with it 7,prov4 #g4 #af1 #ag47 ,methinks so good an ,example from ,heathens might excite us to take more ,care of our inanimate ,part4 ,we are apt enough to respect the ,outsides of other ,things1 and set a ,value on their ,insides accordingly2 ,why therefore should we not with our utmost ,care support our earthly ,tabernacle from the fatal ,ruins of ,death1 that it may thereby continue in one ,state1 like the ,israelites ,cloaths1 without ,wearing or ,corrupting1 and be ,tenantable at any ,time1 whenever the ,soul shall return to inhabit it again8 ,now as we are all desirous of ,immortality1 so ought we likewise to be of ,eternity4 ,the desire of ,living is as natural as the necessity of ,dying inevitable1 and some have spared no means to render themselves ,immortal1 if ,human ,nature could possibly have arriv'd at that ,state1 but finding ,death inexorable and irresistable1 they alter'd their ,measures by inventing a thousand ways to perpetuate their ,memories after their ,dissolution2 as by erecting ,pyramids1 ,obelisks and ,monuments of surprizing ,magnificence1 on which they engrav'd ,inscriptions capable as they thought to resist ,time1 and to endure to ,eternity4 ,yet of all ,methods us'd to preserve and perpetuate the ,memories of the ,dead1 ,sidenote3 ,embalming the best way of preserving the ,memory of the ,dead4 it may justly be said of ,embalming1 that that ,art has ever been most approv'd by the ,polite ,nations1 as being undeniably the most considerable and efficacious ,means to answer their ,intention4 ,for the utmost ,care in erecting ,monuments1 c4 yields but an obscure and imperfect ,idea of the ,person deceas'd1 whereas by ,embalming1 that very ,person is known to be preserv'd3 ,besides1 if ,i may use the ,words of ,sir ,thomas ,brown in his ,hydriotaphia1 ,who knows the ,fate of his ,bones1 or how often he is to be bury'd8 ,who has the ,oracle of his ,ashes1 or where they are to be scatter'd8 ,to be dug out of our ,graves1 have our ,skulls made ,drinking-,cups1 and our ,bones turn'd into ,pipes or ,dice to delight and sport our ,enemies1 shew ,juglers ,tricks1 or divert ,gamesters3 ,to have ,drums made of our ,skins1 to please ,children or terrifie in ,battel1 c4 ,these are tragical ,abominations to dying ,persons1 the ,consideration whereof methinks should occasion us to take more care of our ,interment4 ,now ,embalming prevents all these ,things1 not the common sort1 for that is equally terrible to some ,people1 but such as is perform'd without cutting1 slashing or ,embowelling1 which ,i shall hereafter shew4 ,there are some indeed who object against all kinds of ,embalming1 and this because they think them contrary to ,scripture and the ,fate pronounc'd to ,man1 ,sidenote3 ,embalming not contrary to the ,scriptures4 ,gen4 #c4 #ai4 but this and all other such like ,scruples we shall fully clear1 by examining what ,man is1 that ,,god should be so mindful of him 7,psalm #h4 #d47 and that notwithstanding his ,transgression1 he should so love him1 as to be careful of preserving him both in ,life and ,death4 ,sidenote3 ,man's ,elogium4 ,man the ,master-,piece of the ,omniscient ,architect1 is but little inferiour to the ,angels themselves1 being made after ,,god's own ,image2 for his ,use all other ,creatures were made and put in ,subjection to him3 ,he alone was endu'd with a ,rational and ,immortal ,soul1 a beautiful ,symmetry of ,body1 an ,angelic ,form1 and a ,countenance erect to ,admire and ,worship his ,creator4 ,the inquisitive ,anatomist can never sufficiently investigate the noble ,contrivance of his ,organs2 the profoundest ,naturalist give ,reasons for1 or the most exquisite ,mathematician pretend to imitate so ,divine a ,mechanism4 ,here's a ,subject of ,contemplation for a ,divine1 or of a ,psalm for the ,royal ,prophet1 to shew how wonderfully ,man is form'd and crown'd with ,glory and ,honour1 to live for ever and not see ,corruption3 ,sidenote3 ,his ,transgression ,but alass6 of how short duration was this happy ,state8 ,he was no sooner plac'd in ,paradise1 than1 being puff'd up with ,pride1 he grew disobedient and transgress'd2 so that his ,happiness was immediately chang'd into a ,curse1 ,that all his ,days should be but ,trouble and ,sorrow1 and he at length return to the ,dust from whence he was taken4 ,thus the latter part of ,adam's ,curse was1 that he should die and moulder away1 whereas1 had he not transgress'd1 his ,body had probably never been destroy'd1 but translated4 ,he would not then have undergon either ,death or ,corruption1 nor would his ,body have suffer'd so long a ,separation from his ,soul2 for in that ,state the ,body was no less pure than the ,soul1 it was every way to be admir'd1 honour'd and esteem'd4 ,it was1 in a word1 nam'd ,the ,temple of ,,god1 but thro' ,sin ,man was curst with ,sickness and ,infirmities whilst alive1 and lastly1 with ,death1 the shamefullest ,reproach1 thereby to suffer the ,corruption of the ,grave1 and be ,food to the vilest ,reptiles of the ,earth4 ,now as the ,body was once pure as well as the ,soul1 so is the ,soul by ,sin contaminated and defil'd as well as the ,body1 both being made liable to ,corrupt and ,putrifie thro' the ,curse of ,death1 and to be like the ,beasts of the ,field which perish ,eternally4 ,sidenote3 ,and ,redemption4 ,but ,,god1 out of his infinite ,love and ,mercy to ,mankind1 sent his blessed ,son as a ,redeemer1 to make ,atonement for ,man's ,original ,sin1 whereby the ,curse of his ,transgression was wip'd away1 and ,victory over ,death and the ,grave obtain'd4 ,again1 ,as ,,god has appointed as a ,blessing1 ,physicians for curing ,diseases1 that ,man might enjoy a tolerable state of ,health1 till remov'd from this ,life1 so has he in ,death likewise given them a ,knowledge to preserve them ,incorruptible1 which is the promis'd ,blessing1 #a ,cor4 #ae4 that tho' our ,flesh be ,corruptible1 yet shall it put on ,incorruption 7by ,embalming7 and tho' we are ,mortal and die1 yet shall we become ,immortal1 and so both ,death and ,sin be conquer'd by ,life ,eternal4 ,now this may as well be understood in a ,literal ,sense1 agreeable to our ,subject1 as in a ,spiritual one2 ,sidenote3 ,embalm'd ,bodies ,sleep 'till the ,resurrection4 for ,bodies ,embalm'd as aforesaid1 seem not to be dead1 but only asleep1 waiting for the ,resurrection4 ,for this ,reason the ,hebrews call'd their ,burying-,places ,houses of the ,living1 and the ,christians nam'd theirs ,dormitories or ,sleeping-,places1 p4 #ag4 where ,bodies rest in their ,tombs as in their ,beds4 ,non ,mortua1 sed data ,somno1 says ,prudentius4 ,their ,bodies are not dead1 but asleep2 for ,death to ,christians is but ,sleeping1 and ,sleeping ,rest1 out of which they hope and expect to be awak'd at the joyful ,day of ,resurrection1 well knowing it is no more difficult with ,,god to raise them from ,death than ,sleep2 so that to them ,death is but as it were a mute ,interludium to the ,resurrection1 a ,cessation of ,labour and ,action1 and differs from ,life only in ,motion and ,speech3 ,sidenote3 ,death compar'd to ,sleep4 ,for this ,reason ,death is rightly compar'd to ,sleep1 as being a ,refreshment during the ,night of this ,world1 till the ,morning of the next4 ,thus ,jesus told the ,by-,standers1 ,matth4 #i4 #bd4 ,the ,maid is not dead1 but sleepeth4 ,and that ,lazarus 7who was ,embalm'd and restor'd to ,life again7 slept1 ,john #aa4 #aa4 which the better to explain he afterwards told them he was dead1 ver4 #ad4 ,it is also written of the ,martyr ,st4 ,stephen that he fell asleep1 ,acts #g4 #fj4 ,see also ,dan4 #ab4 #b4 and #a ,thess4 #d4 #ac4 and this way of speaking was more especially us'd in the ,old ,testament1 as ,i have already observ'd1 p4 #cf4 ,prudentius's ,hymn ,ad ,galli ,cantum1 p4 #cj4 and that ,ante ,somnum1 p4 #df4 excellently well compare ,death to ,sleep1 ,sleep to ,death1 and ,waking to the ,resurrection4 ,sleep1 says ,sir ,thomas ,brown in his ,religio ,medici1 p4 #dc4 is so like ,death1 that ,i dare not trust it without my ,prayers1 and an half ,adieu to the ,world1 taking my ,farewel in this ,colloquy with ,,god3 ,the ,night is come1 like to the ,day1 ,depart not ,thou1 ,great ,,god1 away2 ,let not my ,sins1 black as the ,night1 ,eclipse the ,lustre of thy ,light2 ,keep still my ,horizon1 for to me ,the ,sun makes not the ,day but ,thee4 ,thou1 whose ,nature cannot sleep1 ,on my ,temples ,centry keep2 ,guard me 'gainst those watchful ,foes1 ,whose ,eyes are open while mine close4 ,let no ,dreams my ,head infest1 ,but such as ,jacob's ,temples blest3 ,while ,i rest my ,soul advance1 ,make my ,sleep a ,holy ,trance1 ,that ,i may1 my ,rest being wrought1 ,awake into some ,pious ,thought1 ,and with as active ,vigour run ,my ,course1 as does the nimble ,sun4 ,sleep is ,death1 ,o make me try1 ,by sleeping1 what it is to die2 ,and as gently lay my ,head ,in my ,grave as on my ,bed4 ,howe'er ,i rest1 ,great ,,god1 let me ,awake again at last to ,thee4 ,and thus assur'd behold ,i lye ,securely1 or to wake or die4 ,these are my drowsie ,days1 in vain ,i now do wake to sleep again3 ,o come that ,hour when ,i shall never ,sleep no more1 but wake for ever4 ,this is the ,dormitive ,i take to ,bedward1 says my ,author1 ,i need no better ,hypnotic to make me sleep2 after which ,i close mine ,eyes in ,security1 content to take my leave of the ,sun1 and to sleep 'till the ,resurrection4 ,now what this ,learn'd ,author says of ,sleep1 the same may be said of ,embalming2 for this ,art prevents the ,corruption of the ,grave1 so that the ,body will remain entire1 and as it were asleep in its ,bed1 'till awak'd by the last ,trumpet to a joyful ,resurrection1 where in its ,flesh it shall see ,,god1 ,job #ai4 #bf4 and become ,spiritual and ,immortal4 ,hereby ,death has no more ,power over us than a long ,sleep1 which refreshes us from our ,labours1 and makes us arise in that ,everlasting ,morning unweary'd and undefil'd to enjoy a perfect ,state of ,bliss for ever4 ,besides1 this ,benefit accrues from seeing ,bodies thus preserv'd1 that ,men are thereby put in mind of that most desirable and delectable ,mystery of the ,resurrection4 ,sidenote3 ,embalming an ,emblem of the ,resurrection4 ,so we also that employ our ,time and ,labour in ,embalming1 says ,gabriel ,clauder in ,methodo ,balsamandi1 p4 #aa4 have before our ,eyes1 as it were in a ,looking-,glass1 a ,prludium and ,argument of the ,resurrection1 a ,symbol of our ,future ,integrity1 and ,testimony of our ,faith of the hoped for ,incorruptibility and ,everlasting ,eternity4 ,the ,pagans themselves were not without some ,hopes of this nature1 as appears from the extraordinary ,care they bestow'd on their ,sepulchres and ,embalmings4 ,very remarkable is the civiliz'd ,sepulture of the antient ,inhabitants of ,teneriffe1 who ,embalm'd their ,dead with singular ,art1 and afterwards plac'd them in deep ,caves in several ,postures1 such as standing1 lying1 sitting1 c4 ,these ,burying-,places they look on only as ,dormitories1 and rarely admit any one without leave to go into them1 seeming as tho' they would not have them disturb'd4 ,the ,inhabitants of a ,country call'd ,zeilan1 as ,aria ,montanus relates1 do not bury their ,dead1 but ,embalm them with various ,aromatics1 which done1 they dress them in fine ,cloaths1 and afterwards set them on ,benches1 according to their distinct ,families and ,quality1 whereby they appear as if alive1 and any one may there know his ,father1 ,grandfather1 ,great ,grandfather1 or any other of his ,predecessors or ,family to a long extent of ,time4 ,much the same is reported of some of the ,chineses1 ,laplanders1 ,west-,indians1 ,egyptians and others1 of whom we shall give a full account in their proper ,places4 ,now if the ,heathens1 who either did not believe1 or would not own the ,resurrection of the ,flesh1 were so careful in ,embalming their ,dead1 much less are we to neglect it1 who wait the ,resurrection of our frail ,bodies1 and expect when they shall become ,incorruptible1 ,spiritual and ,immortal1 eternally enjoying the most perfect state of ,bliss and ,happiness3 ,besides1 we ,christians ought to esteem ,embalming a pious ,work1 ,sidenote3 ,acceptable to ,,god4 acceptable to ,,god1 because it frees us from that ,corruption which he so much detests1 and has so often pronounc'd and threatn'd as his severest ,judgment1 p4 #ch1 #ci4 ,,god ,almighty has many ,times permitted ,mankind as well as ,brutes and ,vegetables1 so to petrifie without any ,human ,help or ,assistance1 as to remain for ever free from ,putrefaction or ,corruption1 and sometimes has effected the same preservation of the ,bodies of the ,faithful1 without any manifest alteration1 but only a little attenuation or dryness1 and that without any ill ,savour4 ,thus the ,bodies of several ,martyrs and ,holy ,men have been found in most ,ages1 especially those in the ,kiovian ,crypt or ,vaults1 which ,herbinius describes1 and looks on as an ,instance of ,,god's ,love1 and ,reward of their ,piety and ,virtues2 ,why therefore should we think ,embalming1 or the artificial ,preserving of ,bodies1 either displeasing to ,,god or unbecoming a ,christian1 since we have so many ,instances and ,examples to the contrary8 ,the ,scriptures testifie that ,,god's antient ,people the ,hebrews embalm'd their ,dead1 and that the ,patriarchs ,jacob and ,joseph were both embalm'd2 so also ,joseph of ,arimatha and ,nicodemus1 following the ,footsteps of their ,ancestors1 honour'd the ,body of our ,saviour with ,embalming4 ,this ,,god ,almighty was pleas'd to permit1 because1 as ,david says1 ,he would not suffer his ,holy ,one to see ,corruption1 ,psal4 #af4 #aj4 ,now as ,christ was bury'd to shew he was really dead1 so was he embalm'd in order to his ,resurrection2 and as his ,holy ,body was no ways defil'd with ,original ,sin1 so also thro' the special ,privilege bestow'd on it by ,,god1 was it exempt from the ,laws of ,corruption4 ,now this is moreover remarkable1 that before our ,saviour was born for the ,redemption of ,mankind1 lost by ,adam's ,transgression1 ,,god shew'd a more than ordinary ,instance of his ,love to ,man1 by the preservation of ,holy ,enoch and ,elijah1 both who1 had they been bury'd1 ,sidenote3 ,enoch and ,elijah neither dy'd nor corrupted4 must of consequence corrupted under that ,curse1 ,gen4 #c4 #ai4 wherefore that they might not undergo those ,alterations there threatn'd1 viz4 ,death and ,corruption1 ,,god ,almighty translated them3 ,these two with our ,saviour are the only ,instances of a visible ,ascention1 and who suffer'd no ,corruption4 ,sidenote3 ,embalming approv'd by our ,saviour4 ,to these ,reasons we may add what ,christ himself witnesses1 that he was so far from being displeas'd at the ,embalming his ,body1 that he chid those about him1 when they were angry at the ,womans pouring such precious ,nard ,ointment on his ,head1 which1 as they alledg'd1 might have better been sold for more than ,three ,hundred ,pence 7about #aj l4 of our ,mony7 and given to the ,poor1 ,mark #ad4 #f1 #h1 #i4 ,jesus said1 let her alone1 why trouble ye her8 ,she hath wrought a good ,work on me1 she is come aforehand to anoint my ,body to the ,burial4 ,verily ,i say unto you1 wheresoever this ,gospel shall be preach'd throughout the whole ,world1 this also that she hath done shall be spoken of1 for a ,memorial of her4 ,in a word1 this ,art of ,embalming is sufficiently warranted both by the ,old and ,new ,testament1 and equally celebrated by ,jewish1 ,christian and ,heathen ,writers4 ,having now done with my ,theological ,arguments1 ,i shall next proceed to vindicate the ,art of ,embalming by some ,physical and ,political ,reasons4 ,first then1 ,sidenote3 ,embalming1 in a general ,sense1 very ,extensive4 ,if we take this ,art in a general ,sense of preserving the ,memory of ,man1 as well as his ,body1 we shall find it very ,extensive and ,infinite1 since both the ,industry and ,ingenuity of the ,ancients have not only sought after the surest ,means of effecting this1 but likewise invented and contriv'd whatever else might preserve the ,body1 transmit its ,name to ,posterity1 and ,fame to ,eternity4 ,some have for this end erected ,pyramids1 ,obelisks1 ,columns1 ,temples1 ,statues and a thousand other ,things1 whereby they imagin'd they might secure their ,names from ,oblivion2 whereas others thought ,poems1 ,epigrams1 ,epitaphs and such like ,writings were the best and securest ,monuments4 ,sidenote3 ,writings thought the best ,monuments4 ,of this ,opinion was ,horace1 who1 at the end of his ,third ,book1 thus boasts of his ,works3 ,exegi ,monumentum re perennius1 ,regaliq2 situ ,pyramidum altius3 ,quod non ,imber edax1 non ,aquilo impotens ,possit diruere1 aut innumerabilis ,annorum series1 ,fuga ,temporum4 ,non omnis moriar1 multaq2 ,pars mei ,vitabit ,libitinam4---- ,a ,monument1 more lasting far than ,brass1 ,i've rais'd1 which ,pyramids shan't in height surpass3 ,nor fretting ,showers1 nor blustring ,winds deface1 ,nor flights of ,years and ,hours1 tho' numberless1 shall raze4 ,i shall not die whilst thus my better ,part ,avoids the ,grave4---- ,in like manner ,ovid gives an endless date to himself1 and his ,metamorphosis in these ,words3 ,jamq2 ,opus exegi3 quod nec ,jovis ,ira1 nec ,ignis1 ,nec poterit ,ferrum1 nec edax abolere ,vetustas4 ,cum volet illa ,dies1 qu nil nisi ,corporis hujus ,jus habet1 incerti ,spatium mihi finiat vi3 ,parte tamen meliore mei super alta perennis ,astra ferar2 ,nomenq2 erit indelibile nostrum4 ,quaq2 patet domitis ,romana ,potentia ,terris1 ,ore legar ,populi2 perq2 omnia secula ,fama 7,si quid habent veri ,vatum ,prsagia7 vivam4 ,and now the ,work is finish'd1 which ,jove's ,rage1 ,nor ,fire1 nor ,sword shall hurt1 nor eating ,age4 ,come when it will my ,death's uncertain ,hour1 ,which only o'er my ,body can have ,power2 ,my better ,part shall far transcend the ,skie1 ,and my ,immortal ,name shall never die3 ,for wheresoe'er the ,roman ,eagles spread ,their conquering ,wings1 ,i shall of all be read2 ,and if we ,prophets truly can ,divine1 ,i1 in my deathless ,fame1 shall ever shine4 ,both these ,poetical ,flourishes may be esteem'd a kind of ,embalming their ,authors ,actions and ,names2 for as the aforesaid historical ,structures preserve and record our ,actions1 so are our ,thoughts and ,sayings embalm'd as it were by ,writings4 ,sidenote3 ,fame the ,goddess of ,embalming4 ,in this respect ,fame may not improperly be call'd the ,goddess and ,patroness of ,embalming1 and ,mercury her chief ,minister to proclaim to the ,world the ,heroic ,acts of ,memorable and ,famous ,men3 ,thus all ,things intended to preserve a ,name1 whether ,pictures1 ,statues1 ,medals1 ,buildings or ,writings1 may be comprehended under this general ,sense of ,embalming2 nevertheless1 experience teaches us the preservation of a ,body by the ,balsamic ,art is not only the best way of reviving ,mens ,memories1 and bringing their ,merits fresh in our ,minds1 but also the most durable1 ,sidenote3 ,embalming the most durable ,thing4 for not only ,tombs and ,statues have decay'd in a few ,years1 but also whole ,towns and ,cities have been ruin'd and demolish'd within the ,revolution of an ,age1 and that so1 as hardly to have one ,stone left to witness what they have been2 whereas ,embalm'd ,bodies have been found entire after ,thousands of ,years4 ,neither is ,embalming to be commended only for its ,duration1 ,sidenote3 ,useful in ,philosophy and ,physic4 but likewise for its great ,use in ,phisiology1 ,natural ,philosophy and ,physic1 as we have hinted before1 p4 #b1 #c1 #d4 ,in that we thereby know how to conserve all sorts of ,herbs1 ,juices1 c4 keep all kinds of ,flesh and ,fish1 and preserve all sorts of ,plants1 rare ,exotics1 and such like ,curiosities4 ,sidenote3 ,in ,anatomy4 ,embalming is likewise particularly useful in ,anatomy1 inasmuch as it teaches how ,bodies may be preserv'd1 that the most minute ,parts may be ,dissected1 and such ,preparations made as will remain to ,posterity1 and serve instead of ,books1 ,sculptures or ,pictures1 by which the ,disposition of the ,human ,fabric may be more accurately distinguish'd1 and the ,names and ,uses of the ,parts easier retain'd in our ,memories4 ,sidenote3 ,in ,surgery4 ,it is also particularly useful to ,physicians and ,surgeons1 ,first1 ,in that by opening such ,bodies1 they may presently see the ,nature and ,cause of ,diseases4 ,and1 ,secondly1 by understanding what ,fermentation and ,putrefaction are1 together with the ,virtues and ,qualities of ,embalming-,drugs that prevent and resist them1 they may be better able to cure malignant ,feavers1 ,mortifications1 c4 ,see p4 #c1 #d4 for no sooner is there a ,separation of the ,soul from the ,body1 but an immediate tendency to ,putrefaction follows3 ,the florid colour of the ,face vanishes1 the ,belly swells1 the ,entrails turn green and ftid1 and the extreme ,parts become shrivel'd and contracted2 when we may well cry out1 ,quantum mutatus ab illo6 ,so suddain an ,alteration ensues without a previous ,balsamation4 ,what obdurate ,hearts and pitiless ,eyes can then bear such a miserable ,object1 when ,embalming so easily prevents it1 by rendring the ,body sweet and decorous1 retaining still its natural ,form1 ,feature and ,shape8 ,again1 if we consider the natural and innate ,desire most ,people have of being bury'd in their own ,tombs and ,countries1 ,sidenote3 ,necessary for ,transporting ,bodies4 we shall find there is a necessity of ,embalming such ,bodies1 the better to convey those that die in ,foreign ,parts to their ,native ,soil4 ,thus ,jacob and ,joseph were transported from ,egypt to ,canaan1 whereas1 had their ,bodies not been embalm'd1 they must necessarily have corrupted in their ,journey2 but as for the ,greeks and ,romans1 who were not well acquainted with this ,art1 they were forc'd to burn such ,bodies as dy'd abroad1 and were contented only to bring home their ,ashes1 which ,ovid seems so very desirous of in the following ,verses3 ,ossa tamen facito parva referantur in ,urna1 ,sic ,ego non etiam ,mortuus1 ,exul ero4 ,let but my ,country have my ,funeral-,urn1 ,and after ,death1 tho' exil'd1 ,i'll return4 ,now certainly they would have thought it much better to have brought over the whole ,body than part of it1 had they been but skillful enough to have embalm'd it2 for there is no other difference between ,incineration and ,putrefaction1 than length of ,time1 therefore both are equally to be avoided4 ,nay1 some of the ,heathens themselves have judg'd it an ,impiety towards the ,dead1 either to commit them to the ,fire1 or to ,worms and ,corruption1 therefore they endeavour'd1 as much as in them lay1 to ,embalm and ,preserve them thereby from both4 ,now nothing is more evident1 than that those who intend to preserve a ,body entire1 ought neither to burn nor bury it1 but keep it in a proper ,repository1 contriv'd to resist the ,injuries of ,time and ,weather1 and which is neither expos'd nor obnoxious to ,putrefaction4 ,to ,conclude1 ,embalming not only prevents the ,plague and ,putrefaction1 and consequently frees from the ,terror and ,deformity of ,death1 page #i1 #aa1 #ab4 ,sidenote3 ,secures from the ,insults of ,animals1 c4 but likewise defends and secures dead ,bodies from ,insults of ,brutes and ,insects1 by reason of its bitter ungrateful ,taste3 ,yet considering the antient ,way of the ,egyptians by rowling1 and the modern by wrapping up in ,cerecloaths1 so obscure the ,object1 and also are so imperfect on several other ,accounts2 ,i have endeavour'd to shew a possibility of inventing a ,method1 how to preserve the whole ,compages of the ,body for ever without ,putrefaction1 in such manner1 that its ,texture and ,structure may remain entire1 of the same ,proportion as before1 and of the same ,colour and ,flexibility1 without any visible contraction1 diminution or unconformity of the ,parts whereby the dead ,corps may be handled by the ,anatomists without any offensive ,smell or fastidious ,mador4 ,st4 ,jerome1 in ,epitaph4 ,paul4 ,eustoch4 speaks thus of ,paulina a ,roman ,lady1 ,quodq2 mirum sit nihil ,pallor mutaverit ,faciem1 sed ita ,dignitas qudam omnia compleverat1 ut putares non mortuam sed dormientem4 ,and what is wonderful1 ,paleness had not in the least alter'd her ,countenance1 but ,majesty was so preserv'd 7by ,embalming7 in every ,feature1 that you would not have thought her dead but asleep4 ,thus to preserve any heroic ,prince or great ,general1 any noted ,professor of some ,science or ,faculty1 c4 would sure be a finer sight than their ,effigies in ,wax1 and withal be as durable as their ,tomb in ,marble4 ,i say1 if we can arrive at this ,perfection1 without ,exenteration or ,incision1 so as to preserve a dead ,body after the manner aforesaid1 it were reasonable to believe it would not only less terrifie all scrupulous ,persons1 but likewise be of greater ,use to the ,common ,wealth4 ,yet least ,i should fail herein1 it being an unbeaten ,path1 ,i presume thro' your ,conduct and ,guidance1 that whilst ,i am endeavouring to find it out1 you will neither suffer me to lose my self1 nor lead others out of the ,way4 ,this is my only fear 7well knowing too many ,examples of those that in making new ,discoveries have ,shipwreck'd themselves7 and the principal ,request of1 ,,sir1 ,your most ,obedient ,humble ,servant1 ,thomas ,greenhill4 ,illustration3 ,,to ,,his ,,grace ,,wriothesly ,,duke of ,,bedford ,who has been pleas'd to encourage this ,work1 ,this ,,map ,,of ,,egypt c1 is dutyfully inscrib'd by his ,graces most obliged ,surgeon and humble servant ,tho4 ,greenhill4 ,,the ,art of ,embalming4 ,,letter ,,ii4 ,to ,dr4 ,john ,lawson1 sometime ,president of the ,college of ,phisicians1 ,london4 ,,sir1 ,as your ,knowledge in the ,coptic or antient ,egyptian ,language1 in the ,arabic and ,oriental ,tongues1 as likewise your extraordinary ,skill both in ,phisic and ,philology1 best testifie you to be the fittest ,judge of an ,art of such ,antiquity as ,embalming2 so your favourable ,approbation of my ,notions herein1 has encourag'd me to endeavour finding out the true ,progress and exact ,method of practising that ,art4 ,in order hereunto ,i first think it not amiss to give a short ,geographical ,description of the ,kingdom of ,egypt1 as also to take notice of the ,salubrity of its ,air and ,water1 ,sidenote3 ,what to be consider'd as relating to ,embalming4 ,fertility of its ,soil1 and ,sagacity of its ,inhabitants1 together with several necessary ,remarks on their ,religion1 ,customs1 ,arts1 ,diseases and ,phisic1 nay1 whatever else may tend to the right ,understanding of this ,noble but lost ,art4 ,tho' ,embalming be the chiefly intended ,scope of this ,letter1 yet considering the ,egyptians have been always allow'd the first ,inventors of ,arts and ,sciences1 and that this particular manner of ,embalming was at first us'd by them only1 it may be requisite to consider every particular circumstance of ,time and ,place1 the several ,drugs1 ,plants1 ,minerals and other ,advantages which accru'd to them beyond other ,nations1 and likewise to inquire into the ,reasons which induc'd them to study this ,art1 as also by what means and after what manner they came to find it out4 ,this indeed may seem to some a ,digression from our ,subject1 yet the ,consequence of it will not prove a little advantageous to the ,reader1 besides1 like the ,interlude of a ,tragedy1 may somewhat divert the ,melancholiness of our ,discourse about the ,dead4 ,but before ,i proceed to particulars1 ,i shall speak somewhat of ,egypt in general1 ,sidenote3 ,egypt1 how scituate and bounded4 which the antient ,geographers plac'd partly in ,africa and partly in ,asia1 making the ,river ,nile the ,boundary between those two great parts of the ,world2 but ,egypt1 according to the most common receiv'd ,opinion1 is at present held to be all scituate in ,africa1 and bounded on the ,east by ,iduma1 and the ,arabian ,gulph or ,red ,sea1 on the ,west by the ,desarts of ,barca1 ,lybia and ,numidia1 on the ,north by the ,egyptian ,sea1 being part of the ,mediterranean1 and on the ,south by ,nubia1 the last ,city of ,egypt1 that way being ,assuan4 ,sidenote3 ,its ,denomination4 ,this ,country1 says ,heylin in his ,cosmography1 p4 #hda4 has had several ,names given it by prophane ,authors1 as1 ,first1 ,aeria1 from the ,serenity of its ,air1 which is seldom ,cloudy4 ,secondly1 ,potamia1 from the propinquity of the ,sea1 which washes two sides of it4 ,thirdly1 ,ogygia1 from ,ogyges1 a suppos'd ,king thereof4 ,fourthly1 ,melampodus1 from the black colour of its ,soil4 ,fifthly1 ,osiria1 from the ,god ,osiris1 here in high esteem4 ,sixthly1 and lastly1 it was call'd gyptus1 which in the end prevail'd over all the rest1 either from gyptus ,brother of ,danaus1 once ,king hereof 7in the ,stories of this ,nation better known by the ,name of ,rameses7 or else from gyptus1 the old ,name of the ,river ,nile1 whose annual overflowings bringing ,soil and ,rubbish from the higher ,countries1 gave occasion to some to believe it rais'd into firm ,land1 and gain'd out of the ,sea1 who therefore call'd it ,nili ,donum1 the ,gift of ,nile2 yet some there are who would have it call'd gyptus1 from ,aiguphtus1 deriv'd from ,aicoptus1 which signifies the ,land or ,country of ,coptus1 that being suppos'd to have been antiently its chief ,city1 built by ,coptus1 whose ,genealogy and ,descent is thus describ'd by ,father ,vansleb in his ,relation of ,egypt1 p4 #c4 ,cham1 says he1 one of the three ,sons of ,noah1 had four ,male ,children1 ,cus1 ,misraim1 ,fut and ,canaan2 ,cus was ,father of the ,abyssins1 ,misraim of the ,copties and ,nubians1 ,fut of the ,africans1 and ,canaan of the ,syrians and their ,neighbours4 ,misraim after the ,deluge1 as ,macrizi an ,arabian ,historian says1 pitch'd upon ,egypt1 made there his ,abode1 and left that and the ,country1 as far as the farthest ,part of ,africa1 to his ,posterity3 ,he had likewise four ,sons1 ,ischemun1 ,atrib1 ,s and ,coptus1 among whom he equally divided the ,land of ,egypt4 ,coptus had all that ,tract of ,land from ,assuan or ,isvan to the ,city of ,coptus2 ,ischemun all the ,country from that ,city to ,menuf or ,memphis1 ,atrib had the heart and middle of ,egypt2 now call'd ,delta2 and ,s all the ,continent1 from the ,province of ,beheire as far as ,barbary3 ,they all built ,cities in their several ,dominions1 calling them after their own ,names4 ,after the decease of their ,father1 the four ,brothers were at variance about the ,soveraignty1 neither of them caring to endure a ,partner2 at length they resolv'd to end their ,controversy by ,battel1 which was to give the chief ,command to the ,victor4 ,sidenote3 ,govern'd by ,coptus4 ,coptus the youngest overcame the rest1 and was consequently acknowledg'd chief ,lord by all4 ,he chose the ,city of ,menuf or ,memphis1 where his ,father liv'd1 for his ,residence3 ,from this first ,king all the ,race of the ,egyptians have been since call'd ,copties3 ,from him likewise the ,greeks gave the ,name of to the ,land of ,egypt1 by changing ,k4 into ,g4 which was allowable not only in that ,language1 but also in the ,arabian4 ,the ,moors and ,copties1 natural ,inhabitants of ,egypt1 now call it ,massr1 from ,misraim1 eldest ,son of ,cham1 and ,gran-,child of ,noah1 who first laid the ,foundation of that ,kingdom after the ,deluge3 ,from this ,misraim the ,turks have also nam'd ,egypt ,missir1 which is very near the ,hebrew ,misraim2 and the ,jews to this ,day call it ,eretz ,misraim1 the ,country of ,misraim4 ,this may suffice as to its ,denominations and ,etimology4 ,sidenote3 ,its ,extent4 ,nubiensis ,geographia makes it to extend in length from ,assuan to the ,mediterranean1 #be ,days ,journey1 which is about #fee ,english ,miles1 and in breadth #h ,days ,journey or #bjj ,miles2 but ,sandys and ,vansleb agree 'tis from ,north to ,south only #efj ,miles1 the latter alledging it scarce possible to declare its length precisely1 by reason they are not wont in that ,country to measure by ,miles or ,leagues1 but by ,camels ,journeys only4 ,as to its breadth1 ,leo ,africanus says1 p4 #bif1 it is from ,east to ,west #ej ,miles1 being narrow towards the ,south1 but broader to the ,north towards the ,mediterranean4 ,sandys likewise1 p4 #gb4 says1 ,that by reason of its being so contracted among barren ,mountains1 it is in many ,places hardly #d1 in few above #h ,miles broad1 till not far above ,cairo it begins by degrees to enlarge it self1 and so continues even to the ,sea1 being between ,rosetta and ,damiata1 which stand on the ,west and ,east-,confines of that which is overflow'd by the natural ,course of the ,river1 #adj ,miles1 and from ,rosetta to ,alexandria #cj4 ,sidenote3 ,antient and modern ,division4 ,concerning the ,division of this ,country1 the ,ancients have taken occasion to divide it first into high and low1 and then into high1 middle and low2 the higher they call'd ,thebais1 from a ,place call'd ,thebes1 at present ,saida2 the middle they nam'd ,septanomos1 from the seven ,nomi1 ,provostships or ,governments it contain'd1 at present ,bechira or ,demesor2 the lower and more particular ,egypt they call'd ,delta1 from its likeness to the ,figure of the ,greek ,letter 4 ,egypt1 according to ,sandys1 p4 #he4 is now divided into three ,parts or ,provinces2 that which lies ,south of ,cairo is call'd ,sahid1 that between ,cairo1 ,rosetta and ,alexandria1 ,errif1 that between ,cairo1 ,damiata and ,tenese1 ,maremnia1 ,bechiria3 ,the ,pharaohs and ,egyptian ,nobility resided in ,saida1 the ,ptolomies in ,errif1 and the ,romans and ,greeks along the ,sea-,coasts4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,river ,nile4 ,i must now proceed to speak of the ,river ,nile1 which crossing great part of thiopia1 and then entring ,egypt1 runs the whole length of that ,kingdom1 and after dividing and spreading it self into many ,branches1 ends in the ,mediterranean ,sea4 ,this ,river was thought by the ,ancients not to have its equal1 and is still reputed one of the most considerable of the ,world1 having somewhat wonderful and peculiar to it self1 whether one considers its ,source or ,effects4 ,to this ,river ,egypt ows its ,fertility1 and its ,inhabitants the greatest of ,felicities1 their ,health and ,fortunes1 yet neither could their rich ,princes or wise ,priests ever discover its ,source or ,origin4 ',tis this has baffl'd the greatest ,philosophers1 and withstood the ,attempts of all their ,kings1 ,roman ,emperors1 ,sultans and other ,potentates1 who1 notwithstanding they endeavour'd it with vast ,expenses1 always prov'd unsuccessful3 ,thus ,sesostris1 ,ptolemy and ,cyrus sought for it in vain2 ,alexander the ,great consulted the ,oracle of ,jupiter ,ammon in order to find it out1 and ,cambyses1 as ,strabo witnesses1 spent a whole ,year to the same purpose1 yet both were disappointed3 ,julius ,csar also1 if we may believe ,lucan1 said1 ,he would have given over his pursuit of the ,civil ,war1 could he but have been sure to find out this ,secret1 yet has its ,spring-,head remain'd undiscover'd till of late ,years1 when it was happily pitch'd upon by the ,portugueses1 which makes me of the ,opinion of ,le ,bruyn1 ,that no ,persons are more capable of making these ,searches and ,discoveries than the ,roman ,missionaries2 for on one hand they make it their ,duty and perpetual ,employment to go about everywhere gaining ,proselites1 and subjecting them to the ,see of ,rome1 and on the other1 under pretence of ,devotion1 and by virtue of their poor and simple ,habit1 may easily penetrate the most remote ,countries1 inaccessible to other ,travellers by reason of the ,dangers that are to be met with4 ,now 'tis certain almost all those ,missionaries1 especially the ,jesuites1 are most capable of making these ,searches1 by reason of their insinuating and cunning ,ways1 so that making it their ,business1 as they commonly do1 they must be most likely to succeed therein2 'tis therefore to their ,care and ,pains we are indebted for two considerable ,discoveries1 of the ,source and ,rise of this ,river2 the first made by ,peter ,pais1 and the second by ,father ,telles a ,jesuit1 which last being the shorter ,account1 yet no less ,correct1 ,i shall here insert it as he has given it us in his ,history of thiopia1 printed at ,lisbon4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,rise and ,course of the ,river ,nile4 ,in the ,kingdom of ,gojam1 about #ab ,degrees from the ,equinoctial towards the ,west1 and in the ,province of ,sacahala1 inhabited by the ,agaus1 in a ,field of no great extent1 incompass'd by many high ,mountains1 is a small ,lake1 over which one may cast a ,stone1 full of ,bushes and low ,trees1 whereof the ,roots are so thick and intangl'd1 that in ,summer one may pass over them dry shod4 ,in the middle of this ,lake are two great and deep ,fountains very near each other1 whence issues out a clear ,water that runs under these ,bushes and ,shrubs1 in two several ,channels4 ,towards the ,east1 and about the distance of a ,musket-,shot1 they turn to the ,north4 ,about half a ,mile from thence there appears a great deal of ,water1 and a considerable ,river1 into which run many other ,streams4 ,about #ae ,miles farther it receives another larger ,water call'd ,gema1 which looses then its ,name4 ,a little farther1 turning towards the ,east1 it receives two other considerable ,streams call'd ,kelti and ,branti3 ,near this ,place is the first fall of the ,river2 not much farther running towards the ,east1 it enters the ,lake of the ,abyssins1 nam'd ,bahr ,dembea1 or the ,sea of ,dembea4 ,when it has pass'd through this ,lake1 without mingling with its ,waters1 it receives many other great ,rivers1 and chiefly the ,river ,tekeze near ,egypt4 ,so soon as ,nile is out of the ,lake ,dembea1 it turns to the ,south-,east1 leaving on the left the ,kingdoms of ,beg-amidr1 ,amhara and ,voleca2 afterwards running towards the ,south1 it has on the ,south-,east the ,kingdom of ,sauva1 and then turning again to ,east-,north-,east1 has on the ,south1 ,ganz1 ,gafata and ,bizamo1 passing through the ,countries of ,gonga and ,gafre2 a little farther it passes by ,fascalo1 then enters the ,country of ,funch or ,nubia1 whence it runs into ,egypt1 as ,father ,telles affirms4 ,but how it is there distributed and divided1 ,i shall shew by and by1 after ,i have mention'd two of its ,principal ,cataracts or ,cascades of a surprizing ,nature4 ,sidenote3 ,its ,cataracts4 ,one of these is at ,ilack1 in ,numidia1 and the other above ,siene in ,egypt1 being #ab ,days ,journey from each other4 ,ptolomy calls the most ,southern1 the ,great ,cataract1 and the other1 which he places about ,siene1 now ,assuan1 the ,lesser4 ,this falls about #ej foot1 but the other three times as high1 which last rouling off the ,rocks into a vast ,abyss1 the ,waters1 says ,sandys1 p4 #gc4 make such a roaring ,noise1 that a ,colony1 planted there by the ,persians1 were made almost ,deaf with it1 and glad to abandon their ,habitations1 tho' otherwise plentifully provided with all ,necessaries of ,life4 ,the adjoyning ,people nevertheless are of that incredible boldness1 that daring to commit themselves in little ,boats 7capable of holding only two1 whereof the one ,steers and the other ,rows7 unto the raging ,current1 and impetuous ,eddies1 have been seen to pass the ,streights of the ,rocks by little ,channels1 and at length to rush down with the ,stream1 to the amazement of all ,beholders1 who giving them up for lost1 beheld them a while after as if shot out of an ,engin1 far from the place of their ,fall1 rowing safely in the asswaged ,waters2 but ,danet will not allow the ,noise made by the ,cataracts1 renders the neighbouring ,inhabitants ,deaf1 tho' the same may be heard #c ,days ,journey off1 and the ,waters which rush down appear like ,smoak1 being forc'd with so great a violence1 that they form a kind of ,arch1 and leave so great a space between1 that a ,man may pass it without being wet3 ,there are also ,seats cut under the ,rocks1 where ,travellers may rest themselves4 ,the other ,cascade1 as ,sandys1 p4 #gc4 tells us1 is a little above the place where once stood the ,city ,elephantis3 ,there two pointed ,rocks nam'd ,crophi and ,mophi1 or the ,veins of ,nilus1 lift up their eminent ,heads1 making the lesser ,cataract by falling down with a furious ,cascade into the upper ,egypt2 then running from ,south to ,north very leisurely1 it divides its self into two navigable ,branches4 ,that towards the ,east runs into the ,midland ,sea near ,damiata1 heretofore ,pelusium1 while the other inclining to the ,west1 and formerly call'd ,canopus1 falls into the self same ,sea a little below ,rosetta1 making1 of the richest ,portion of the ,land of ,egypt1 a triangular ,island1 call'd ,delta1 in that being thus inclos'd between these two ,branches and the ,sea1 it bears the form of that ,letter4 ,two other ,branches there are which run between these1 but poor in ,water1 besides divers ,channels cut by the ,labour of ,man1 for better ,conveyance during the ,time of ,inundation4 ,sidenote3 ,its ,ostiaries or ,mouths4 ,herodotus and ,strabo reckon up seven ,mouths of the ,nile1 but ,egypt has been so much chang'd since their ,time1 that there is hardly any appearance or remembrance of the seven ,cities they mention4 ,ptolemy1 in his ,geography1 expresly gives the names of nine2 but surely most of them must have been stop'd up by the ,sands1 since at present there are but three or four at most1 as is affirm'd by ,william ,arch-,bishop of ,tyre1 in his ,,ix4 ,book1 ,de ,bell4 ,sac4 cap4 #cc4 and by ,le ,bruyn in his ,voyage to the ,levant1 p4 #afa4 who went on purpose to make such ,discoveries4 ,but this is however remarkable1 that the fresh ,waters of the ,nile1 keeping themselves united in a ,body1 and falling into the salt ,water or ,sea1 change the ,colour of the ,mediterranean farther than any part thereof can be seen from the ,shore4 ,sidenote3 ,its ,inundation4 ,yet amongst all the ,misteries of ,nature1 none is more wonderful than the ,overflowing of this ,river1 nor any ,thing more ,beneficial2 since to this alone the ,inhabitants owe not only their ,riches but their ,health1 the most malignant ,diseases immediately ceasing at the ,approach of it1 and ,famine and ,dearth are as quickly expell'd4 ,it brings a ,mirth and ,joy to those ,people1 and of a meer ,desart it was before1 for such is ,egypt unwater'd by the ,nile1 makes that ,country the most fruitful of any in the habitable ,world4 ,now the ,earth1 which had been so long scorch'd by the violent heat of the ,sun1 is plentifully refresh'd with abundant ,waters1 and the very ,cattel seem to rejoyce at the approaching verdant ,season3 ,boats are row'd where not long before ,men trod1 and the ,waters fill up the dusty ,channels and long empty'd ,cisterns1 covering in many ,places the whole superficies of the ,land1 making it appear as a troubl'd ,lake4 ,nor is this an unpleasant sight to the ,natives1 who think the less they see of their ,country1 the more their ,comfort will be4 ,during this ,inundation they keep their ,beasts and ,cattel on the tops of such little ,hills1 as either the ,providence of ,nature1 or ,industry of ,man has prepar'd1 where they abide1 waiting patiently for the decrease of the ,waters4 ,on these ,hills also stand most of their ,towns and ,villages1 appearing1 in the time of the ,flood2 like so many ,islands1 the ,people in the mean ,time holding ,commerce and continual ,traffick1 by intercourse of ,boats and ,shallops1 in which they transport their marketable ,commodities from one ,place to another4 ,sidenote3 ,time of its ,increase4 ,this ,increase of ,waters begins about the #afth or #agth of ,june1 when the ,nile swells above its ,banks for the space of #dj ,days1 and in as many more gathers its ,waters again to their proper ,bounds2 so that its greatest height is about the end of ,july1 and decrease about the beginning of ,september4 ,if it begins sooner or later1 the ,people give ,judgment whether there will be more or less ,water1 and consequently are advertis'd to the end they may take ,order for what they have to do4 ,the ,increase is known by certain ,pillars in their ,towns1 and particularly in the ,castle of ,roude1 which stands in a little ,isle opposite to old ,cairo1 where the ,bassa resides1 during the ,solemnity of opening the ,khalis or ,channel1 which passes thro' and fills the ,cisterns of ,grand ,cairo4 ,it is also known in the ,fields by ,asps1 ,tortoises1 ,crawfish1 ,crocodiles1 c4 who remove their ,eggs or ,young from the ,banks of the ,nile1 immediately before the ,inundation1 and lay them up where they may be preserv'd4 ,sidenote3 ,its ,effects4 ,now answerable to the ,increase of this ,river is the ,plenty or ,scarcity of the succeeding ,year4 ,heylin in his ,cosmography writes1 ,if it flow not to the height of #ae ,cubits1 then the ,earth will be deficient in her ,abundance or ,increase for want of ,moisture2 and if it surmount the superficies of the ,earth1 more than #ag ,cubits1 then1 like a drunken ,man1 it cannot produce its natural ,operation1 having its ,stomach cloy'd and surcharg'd as it were with too much ,liquor2 but if a moderate flowing happen1 then can no ,country boast of a like ,fertility1 the ,flood bringing with it both ,earth and ,water into a sandy and thirsty ,soil1 which as well manures as moistens it with the ,fat and pregnant ,slime it leaves behind1 and1 as ,i said before1 produces both ,riches and ,health2 for the ,plague1 which here oftentimes miserably rages1 upon the first ,day of the ,flood instantly ceases1 insomuch1 that whereas #ejj had died at ,cairo the ,day before1 on the ,day following there dies not one ,man4 ,but if it at any ,time happens that the ,river does not thus overflow the ,country1 then is it commonly the fore-runner of a following ,dearth4 ,thus1 when this ,river flows but to #af ,degrees1 they fear a ,famine1 but when it comes to #bc1 'tis a sign of a good ,year1 whereas when 'tis too high the ,inundation is dangerous4 ,thevenot says1 ,if it rises but to #af ,foot1 a ,famine unavoidably follows for want of ,water2 and if it swells to #bd1 there will be a ,dearth1 because the ,seed-,time must be lost4 ,there are besides many other rare ,properties belonging to this ,river1 which to relate would make my ,digression too long1 and my intent was only to mention such ,things as chiefly tend to a ,natural ,history1 among which1 those curious ,observations made by ,father ,vansleb are most to my purpose1 which therefore ,i shall insert as follows3 ,sidenote3 ,remarkable ,observations on the ,nile4 ,this is remarkable of ,nile1 says my ,author1 ,that it begins to increase and decrease on a certain ,day1 and that when it first increases1 it grows green and afterwards appears red3 ,the ,day on which it begins to increase is ,yearly the #abth of ,june1 according to the ,copties ,account1 or the #agth according to ,ours1 when the ,natives observe the ,feast of ,st4 ,michael the ,arch-,angel1 on which ,feast the ,drops begin to fall3 ,now these ,drops1 according to the ,opinion of the ,inhabitants1 are ,tokens of the ,mercies and ,blessings of ,,god4 ,they believe ,,god sends the ,arch-,angel1 ,st4 ,michael1 on that ,day to cause the ,river to be ,fruitful2 this is the common sentiment the ,people have1 but the ,learned say1 these ,drops are a kind of ,dew1 which falls towards the last quarter of the ,night1 near the ,morning1 and causes the ,river to be ,fertile1 ,purifies the ,air from all ,infection of ,camsin1 and gives ,strength and ,virtue to whatever it falls upon4 ,sidenote3 ,cause of its ,fertility4 ,these ,drops are doubtless the sole ,cause of the ,fertility of the ,nile2 for as soon as the ,dew is fallen1 the ,waters begin to corrupt and turn of a greenish ,colour3 ,this ,colour increases more and more till the ,river appears as a ,lake cover'd all over with ,moss2 this ,colour is to be seen not only in its great ,channel1 but also in all the ,bounds and ,branches that come from it1 the ,cisterns only preserving their ,water pure2 some ,years this green ,colour continues about #bj ,days1 and sometimes longer1 but never above #dj4 ,the ,egyptians call this ,time il chadraviat1 for then they suffer much1 the ,water being corrupt and unwholesome1 and because good ,water is very scarce4 ,these ,drops or ,dew purifie the ,air1 for so soon as ever they begin to fall1 the ,plague ceases to be mortal1 none die of it2 the ,air becomes wholesome1 all ,diseases are disarm'd1 and if any ,person happens to be sick of it1 he shall be sure not to die4 ,this ,dew gives ,life to every ,thing1 and when it falls on the ,wheat1 causes it to continue many ,years without ,corruption or ,worms1 nay makes it far more ,nourishing than any ,corn on which it has never come4 ,for this ,reason the ,natives never house the ,grand ,signiors ,corn till this ,dew be fallen1 to the end it may keep the longer free from ,worms4 ,sidenote3 ,its ,increase4 ,the ,increase of this ,river proceeds from several ,causes2 the first and chiefest of which1 is the ,fermentation caused therein by this ,dew1 which falls precisely at the ,time before-mention'd4 ,the continual ,rains of thiopia1 that come in ,july1 ,august and ,september1 which is the ,winter ,quarter of this ,country1 together with the great ,torrents of ,water that rush down from the ,mountains1 into the ,rivers that flow into the ,nile1 may be look'd on as another ,cause of its ,increase2 for ,i cannot conceive the ,fermentation can last #ajj ,days1 and singly cause it to increase so much as it is wont4 ,the third ,cause are the ,westerly ,winds call'd ,maestrals1 and by the ,egyptians ,maltem1 which begin about #ab ,days before the ,dew comes1 and continue about four ,months without ,cessation2 they blow directly into the ,nile1 and hinder the fresh ,water from coming out1 so that it returns back1 which causes the ,river to swell4 ,so soon as the green ,colour is gone1 the ,river begins to turn red and very muddy2 'tis then no doubt the ,fermentation is past1 and the ,waters of thiopia are arriv'd in ,egypt1 which are of that ,colour1 by reason of the red ,earth the furious ,torrents from the ,mountains carry along with them2 for 'tis not probable the ,land of ,egypt1 which is very black1 should give that ,tincture4 ,in the ,year #afgc1 at the beginning of ,july1 the ,water began to turn red1 which continu'd to the end of ,december1 the ,time the ,river ordinarily returns to its usual bigness4 ,the ,egyptians have an ,art to make this muddy ,water as clear as ,cristal2 so soon as the ,water-,bearers have fill'd their ,vessels1 they rub them in the inside with a ,paste made of pounded ,almonds1 which in a short ,time causes the ,water to become very clear4 ,in such ,places where this ,paste is not to be had1 they use instead of it the ,kernels of ,apricocks1 pounded after the same manner1 and some say the ,flower of little ,beans will have the same ,effect4 ,sidenote3 ,operation of its ,waters4 ,the ,waters of this ,river have several ,operations1 for1 ,first1 ,they bring a ,loosness on new ,comers1 in case the ,parties drink them at their first arrival1 and it continues about eight ,days4 ,secondly1 ,they cause an ,itching in the ,skin1 which troubles those that drink them when the ,river increases3 ,this ,itch is very small1 appearing first about the ,arms1 then on the ,stomach1 and afterwards spreading all over the ,body1 which causes grievous ,pain4 ,this ,itch comes not only on such as have drunk of the ,river1 but such as drink out of the ,cisterns fill'd with ,river-,water2 it lasts about six ,weeks4 ,thirdly1 ,about the ,months of ,june1 ,july1 ,august and ,september it turns into ,sweat1 but is not so in any other ,time of the ,year4 ,fourthly1 ,when this ,water covers the ,earth1 it fattens the ,land with the ,slime it leaves behind4 ,monsieur ,thevenot is mistaken in his ,travels into the ,levant1 where he says1 ,this ,slime makes the ,ground so fat1 that if ,sand were not mingl'd with it1 it would ,rot and ,choak whatever is put into it2 and that in ,egypt they take as much ,pains to carry ,sand upon their ,land1 as we do to lay ,dung4 ,this is not generally so1 for they never use ,sand but for ,melons1 ,cucumbers1 and such like ,fruits1 which grow best in sandy ,grounds2 they never use it for other ,fruits and ,grains4 ,thus far ,vansleb4 ,sidenote3 ,their ,virtues and ,goodness4 ,sandys1 speaking in ,commendation of these ,waters1 says1 ,they procure liberal ,urine1 curing ,pains in the ,kidnies1 and are a most sovereign ,remedy against the ,hypocondriacus ,affectus1 or ,wind-,melancholy4 ,they are not unpleasantly cold1 but of all others the most sweet and wholsome1 by reason of their being well concocted by the ,sun1 which at all ,times is1 in some part or other1 directly over them1 and by the length of their ,course1 running from ,south to ,north1 besides ,ambages above #da ,degrees1 so that from this ,river there ascend no ,vapours1 the ,humour being rarifi'd by so long a ,progress1 which tho' exhal'd1 assumes no visible ,body1 but undistinguishably mixes with the pure ,air1 agreeing with the same in tenuity4 ,thevenot speaks much to the same purpose in his ,travels to the ,levant1 fol4 #bde4 where he says1 ,this ,water is so wholsome1 it never does any harm1 tho' drank to never so great a degree1 by reason it comes a great way over ,land1 to wit1 from thiopia1 so that in so long a ,course1 thro' so hot a ,country1 the ,sun has ,time to correct and purifie it from all ,crudities1 and indeed it is sweated out as fast as one drinks it4 ,sidenote3 ,used instead of ,drink4 ,they have no other ,water to drink in ,egypt1 therefore most of their ,cities1 ,towns and ,villages stand on the ,borders of this ,river2 there are also many ,canals and deep ,ponds which have been caus'd to be cut at convenient ,distances1 by the ,care and ,magnificence of their ,kings1 for the ,refreshment and ,use of the ,people1 who indeed need no other ,drink4 ,the ,waters of this ,river are of such excellent ,taste and ,virtue1 that when ,pescennius ,niger heard his ,souldiers murmur for want of ,wine1 he thus reply'd1 ,what6 crave ye ,wine and yet have ,nile to drink of8 ,the first ,kings of ,egypt made such account of them1 that they almost drank nothing else2 and when ,ptolomy ,philadelphus marry'd his ,daughter ,berenice to ,antiochus ,theos1 ,king of ,assyria1 he gave orders that from ,time to ,time the ,waters of ,nile should be carry'd her1 that she might drink no other ,liquor4 ,and indeed all ,authors agree these ,waters are sweet1 healthful and nourishing1 and that they keep a long ,time without corrupting1 for being left to settle but a small ,season1 they become clean1 clear1 and so sweet and pleasant1 that they excel all others for smoothness and flavour4 ,gabriel ,sionata in his ,tract ,de ,moribus ,orientalium1 p4 #bg4 observes1 ,that the ,waters of ,nile1 being only kept in ,pans three ,days1 and during that ,time expos'd to the heat of the ,sun1 turn to a pure white ,salt2 so that the ,land of ,egypt has an inexhaustible supply of that which is so needful for the ,life of ,man1 and that at small ,expence4 ,moreover1 whatever is here valuable proceeds from the ,munificence of this ,river1 whose ,annual overflow is the only ,cause of that wonderful ,fertility of the ,soil of this ,country1 which is so great that it is rather to be admir'd than describ'd4 ,sidenote3 ,fertility of ,egypt4 ,in ,times past it was reputed the ,granary of the whole ,world1 insomuch1 that it was not thought possible for the ,roman ,empire to subsist without its affluence4 ,also1 after ,selimus ,emperor of the ,turks had conquer'd this ,country1 he was heard to say1 ,that now he had taken a ,farm would plentifully feed his ,jemoglans4 ,monsieur ,thevenot says1 ,egypt may well be stil'd an ,earthly ,paradise2 for so great is its increase1 that in many ,places they reap two considerable ,crops a ,year2 ,hay they mow four ,times1 and as for ,pease1 ,beans1 and other ,garden-,ware1 those grow spontaneously all the ,year round4 ,all kinds of ,fruit are exceeding plentiful1 ,grapes only excepted1 which it may be ,nature keeps back as thinking the ,natives of ,egypt can want no ,wine1 since they have so good ,water4 ,in a ,word1 ,lucan thus characterizes this ,country3 ,terra suis contenta ,bonis1 non indiga ,mercis ,aut ,jovis1 in ,solo tanta est fiducia ,nilo4 ,a ,land that needs nor ,trade nor ,rain1 a ,soil ,pleas'd in it self as confident in ,nile4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,red ,sea4 ,next we shall speak of the ,red ,sea1 as having been so very ,famous1 both for the miraculous ,passage of the ,israelites as upon dry ,land1 and the drowning of ,pharaoh ,cenchres1 and all his ,followers1 as likewise for that thro' it the ,spices of ,india and ,arabia were first brought to ,alexandria1 and thence dispers'd by the ,venetians throughout all ,europe1 ,africa and ,america1 as ,heylin1 p4 #heb4 testifies4 ,the ,turks call this ,sea the ,gulf of ,mecca1 and the ,ancients nam'd it the ,arabian ,gulf or ,red ,sea1 the reason of which last1 see in ,sir ,thomas ,brown's ,vulgar ,errors1 p4 #bfa and #bfb4 who also tells us several ,princes have attempted to cut thro' the ,isthmus1 or narrow ,tract of ,land1 that parts the ,arabian and ,mediterranean ,seas1 but whose intent was not immediately to unite those ,waters1 but to make a ,navigable ,channel betwixt the former and the ,nile1 the ,marks whereof remain to this ,day4 ,this was first attempted by ,sesostris ,king of ,egypt1 and afterwards by ,darius ,king of ,persia1 but1 for fear of drowning the ,country1 at length relinquish'd by them both2 yet the same ,thing was long after re-attempted1 and in some measure effected by ,ptolomy ,philadelphus4 ,now the ,grand ,signior1 who is ,lord of all this ,country1 conveys his ,gallies into the ,red ,sea by the ,nile2 for bringing them down to ,grand ,cairo1 they are there taken to pieces1 carry'd upon ,camels ,backs1 and afterwards put together again at ,sues1 his ,port and ,naval ,station for that ,sea1 whereby he in effect puts the ,design of ,cleopatra in execution1 who after the ,battle at ,actium1 in a different manner1 would have convey'd her ,gallies into the ,red ,sea4 ,here1 as the same ,author affirms1 ,coral grows in great abundance4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,lake of ,mris4 ,as concerning the ,lakes of ,egypt1 that of ,king ,mris is not only the most admirable1 but likewise the largest of all1 denominated after his own ,name1 as is testify'd by ,herodotus1 ,diodorus ,siculus and ,pliny2 a ,work the most useful and wonderful1 says ,greaves in his ,pyramidographia1 p4 #aa4 if rightly consider'd1 that ever was attempted by ,man4 ,in the midst of this ,lake that ,king erected two ,pyramids1 one in ,memory of himself1 and the other of his ,wife1 each being #fjj ,feet in height4 ,the ,description of both these and of this ,lake we have in ,herodotus2 the latter we find also in ,strabo1 but no where so fully as in ,diodorus ,siculus1 ,lib4 #a4 therefore ,i shall relate his ,words3 ,ten ,schnes 7#fjj ,furlongs1 tho' ,strabo and ,artemidorus before him observe a difference of ,schnes in ,egypt7 above the ,city ,memphis1 ,mris dug a ,lake of admirable ,use1 the ,greatness of which is incredible1 the ,circumference of it being said to be #cfjj ,furlongs1 and the ,depth in many ,places #ej ,fathom 7#bjj ,cubits or #cjj ,feet47 ,now who that shall seriously consider the vastness of this ,work1 can forbear asking how many ,myriads of ,men were employ'd on it1 and in how many ,years they accomplish'd it8 ,the common ,benefit of this ,undertaking to those that inhabit ,egypt1 as also the ,wisdom of its ,royal ,contriver1 no ,man can sufficiently admire2 for since the increase of ,nile is not always the same1 and that the ,country is ever made more ,fertile by its moderate ,rise1 this ,king contriv'd a ,lake to receive the superfluity of the ,water1 that neither the greatness of the ,inundation unseasonably drowning the ,country1 might occasion ,marshes or ,lakes1 nor the ,rivers flowing less than required1 corrupt the ,fruits for want of ,water4 ,this ,prince therefore caus'd a ,ditch to be cut from the ,river ,nile to this ,lake1 #hj ,furlongs long and #cjj ,feet broad1 by which1 sometimes receiving in1 and sometimes letting out the ,water1 he exhibited a seasonable quantity thereof to the ,husbandmen1 the mouth of this ,ditch being sometimes open'd and sometimes shut1 yet both not without much ,art and great ,expence1 for he that would either open the ,sluces or shut them1 was under a necessity of expending at least #ej ,talents4 ,this ,lake1 thus benefiting the ,egyptians1 has continu'd even to our ,times1 and from its ,author is at this ,day call'd1 ,the ,lake of ,mris4 ,he left a dry place in the midst1 on which he built a ,sepulcher and two ,pyramids1 each a ,furlong high2 one of these he made for himself1 and the other for his ,wife1 placing on each a ,marble ,statue sitting on a ,throne1 imagining that by these ,works he should transmit to ,posterity an indelible ,remembrance of his ,worth4 ,the ,revenue arising from the ,fish of this ,lake he gave to his ,wife for her ,unguents and other ,ornaments1 which is said to have been not less worth to her than a ,talent a ,day2 for according to common report there are #bb sorts of ,fish in it1 which are taken in such huge quantities1 that those who are perpetually employ'd in salting them1 of which there is a very large number1 can hardly dispatch the ,work4 ,thus far ,diodorus ,siculus1 whose ,description of this ,lake1 as it is much fuller than that of ,herodotus1 so ,herodotus1 ,lib4 #b4 has this memorable ,observation which ,diodorus omitted4 ,he says this ,lake was made by ,hand1 as is apparent1 because almost in the midst of it there stand two ,pyramids1 #ej ,fathoms above ,water and as many under3 ,on each of these there is a ,colossus of ,stone1 sitting on a ,throne2 so that by this means1 these ,pyramids must in all be #ajj ,fathoms high4 ,strabo likewise1 ,lib4 #ag4 says1 ,this ,lake is wonderful1 being like a ,sea both for largeness and ,colour4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,dead ,sea or ,lake ,asphaltites4 ,but now ,i am speaking of ,seas and ,lakes ,i will mention one more1 which tho' not in ,egypt but in ,palestine1 is not yet above #b ,italian ,miles off ,damiata1 as ,le ,bruyn1 p4 #ach4 assures us4 ,this ,lake is very beneficial as well to the ,holy ,land1 in that it plentifully furnishes that ,country with ,salt1 as to ,egypt1 by reason of its large store of ,bituminous ,matter1 of great use in ,embalming3 ,by some it is call'd ,mare ,mortuum1 and by others the ,lake ,asphaltites4 ,the ,name of this ,sea is suppos'd to have been given it from its largeness and saltness1 being #gj ,miles long and #af broad1 and so extream salt1 that its ,water burns like ,fire when tasted1 and boils up weighty ,bodies1 insomuch that whatever living ,creature is thrown into it1 sinks not easily4 ,it is call'd the ,dead ,sea1 perhaps from its heavy ,waters hardly to be mov'd by the ,winds1 or else because it has no visible efflux into the ,ocean1 nor is at all increas'd by the ,river ,jordan1 and many other ,waters that flow into it1 or ,thirdly1 ,in that no living ,creature can breath in it1 but is on the contrary suffocated by its ,bituminous ,steams1 the great abundance whereof also occasions it to be call'd ,lacus ,asphaltites4 ,now of this ,asphaltum or ,bitumen there are several ,camel-,loads taken out of it ,dayly1 as ,thevenot assures us1 which raise a very great ,revenue4 ,diodorus ,siculus moreover tells us1 there rise such large pieces of ,bitumen out of the midst this ,lake1 as are #b or #cjj ,feet square2 the greater sort the ,inhabitants term ,bulls1 and the lesser ,calves1 which1 swimming on the surface of the ,water1 appear at a distance like so many ,islands4 ,the ,time of the ,lakes throwing up this ,bitumen1 which is ,yearly1 may be perceiv'd above #bj ,days before it comes2 for everywhere round1 for many ,furlongs1 a ,steam arises with great stench1 which changes the natural ,colour of all ,gold1 ,silver or ,brass near it1 till it be again exhal'd2 and inasmuch as all adjoyning ,parts are thus corrupted with the heat and stench of this ,lake1 the ,inhabitants are commonly infected with ,diseases1 and their ,lives thereby shortn'd4 ,this was once a fruitful ,valley1 compar'd for delightfulness with ,paradise1 and call'd ,pentapolis from its five ,cities2 but which being destroy'd by ,fire from ,heaven1 it was thereupon converted into this filthy ,lake and barren ,desolation which surrounds it1 a fearful ,monument of ,divine ,wrath1 for the ,wickedness of ,sodom and ,gomorrha1 two of these five ,cities1 from the former of which it is also call'd the ,lake of ,sodom4 ,but ,i make mention of this ,lake chiefly for the sake of its ,asphaltum1 so much us'd in the ,embalmings of the ,egyptians1 and not that its stench can any ways incommode or prove unhealthful to ,egypt2 for that ,country has neither ,seas ,lakes nor ,rivers less prejudicial or more beneficial than the ,nile1 a ,river sufficient of it self to water the ,country1 fertilize its ,soil1 and thereby render its ,inhabitants both chearful and healthy4 ,sidenote3 ,climate of ,egypt4 ,another ,thing to be consider'd1 as very useful in the ,natural ,history of ,embalming1 is the ,climate of ,egypt1 whether hot or cold1 dry or moist1 or compriz'd under other general ,heads1 such as those of the ,heavens1 ,air1 ,water1 ,earth1 ,winds1 ,seasons1 c4 which ,qualities1 as they are in great measure occasion'd by the ,nile1 so are they also best explain'd by setting forth those of that ,river1 with their ,effects2 for ,egypt by reason of its ,southerly ,situation is very hot1 and during the whole ,summer almost insupportable1 which being farther increas'd by the reflexion of the ,sun on its sandy ,soil1 renders the ,air so exceedingly warm that one can hardly breath in it1 which is indeed one of the greatest ,inconveniencies ,egypt lies under4 ,this heat unavoidably dries up all the ,rivers for near six ,months together1 so that the ,people must of necessity die with ,famine1 did not the ,nile overflow and fill up their empty ,channels1 thereby relieving them1 thirsty as their ,soil4 ,now the ,property of this ,river is the more remarkable1 in that it differs from those of all others1 which are only full in ,winter2 whereas1 on the contrary1 this overflows in ,summer1 when there is most occasion for it1 as if purposely design'd by ,providence to save a famish'd and scorch'd ,country4 ,moreover this is worth taking notice of1 that the ,soil of ,egypt being naturally ,sandy and ,steril1 and withal very dry and scorch'd1 is by means of the overflowing of ,nile sufficiently water'd1 and by the fat ,mud it leaves behind made very ,fertile and fit for ,tillage4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,air very hot4 ,the ,air also of this ,country1 especially about ,cairo1 and farther towards the ,south1 because so near the ,line1 is extream hot1 for there1 says ,ogilby in his ,description of ,egypt1 p4 #aae4 the ,sun casts its ,beams perpendicularly from ,cancer1 during which ,time of violent ,heat the ,people are wont to dwell in ,caverns2 nay in ,cairo1 in the midst of every ,house1 there are ,wells with ,water in them1 which not only cool the ,mansions but refresh their ,inhabitants3 ,they have likewise contriv'd large ,pipes or ,funnels in the midst of their ,houses1 which standing right up into the ,air1 with broad ,mouths like ,bells1 and lying open to the ,north1 receive the cool ,air1 which is thereby sent down into the lowermost ,rooms4 ,for shade also in the ,streets1 every ,dwelling has a broad ,penthouse2 and for further refreshment the ,inhabitants use ,bathing1 having curious ,bagnio's of fresh and clear ,water from the ,river ,nile1 without any mixture either of ,herbs or medicinal ,ingredients4 ,sidenote3 ,cool'd by the ,nile and ,annual ,winds4 ,the ,heat of this ,country is moreover somewhat moderated by the overflowing of ,nile1 and the continual blowing of cool ,northerly ,winds1 otherwise it would be so vehement1 neither ,man nor ,beast could be able to breath in it4 ,in ,winter the ,air is hot and dry1 tho' sometimes a little cool1 yet generally extream hot1 and more prejudicial to the ,head than any other part of the ,body4 ,sandys says1 p4 #gf4 ,it is as hot with them in the depth of ,winter1 as with us in the midst of ,july4 ,the ,air a ,nights is cool1 which after ,sun-rising becomes a little warm1 at ,noon very hot1 but at ,night returns to be cold again1 so that its inequality breeds many ,diseases2 nevertheless1 in as much as it is exceeding ,serene1 being constantly free both from ,rain1 ,clouds1 ,mists1 ,fogs1 ,hail1 ,snow1 c4 which rarely happen1 it is accounted very healthful2 and in this ,sense we must take ,herodotus ,lib4 #b4 where he says1 ,the ,egyptians are the ,healthiest ,people of the ,world1 by reason of the immutability of their ,air4 ,but that it ,rains1 ,hails and ,snows sometimes in that ,country1 tho' many of the ,ancients deny it1 is plainly confirm'd by several modern ,writers1 wherefore ,sir ,thomas ,brown places that assertion among his ,vulgar ,errors1 and p4 #bfj thus confutes it4 ',tis confirm'd1 says he1 by many1 and believ'd by most1 that it never ,rains in ,egypt1 the ,river ,nile plentifully supplying that ,defect1 and bountifully requiting it by its ,inundation2 yet this must be understood in a qualify'd ,sense1 that is1 that it ,rains there but seldom in ,summer1 and very rarely in ,winter4 ,sidenote3 ,rain in ,egypt4 ,but that great ,showers do sometimes fall on this ,region1 besides the ,assertion of many ,writers1 is confirm'd by the ,honourable and ,occular ,testimony of ,sir ,william ,paston1 ,bart4 who affirms1 ,that not many ,years since it rain'd in ,grand ,cairo for divers ,days together4 ,the same is likewise attested as to other parts of ,egypt by ,prosper ,alpinus1 who liv'd long in that ,country1 and has left us an accurate ,treatise of the ,medicinal ,practice there3 ,cairi1 raro decidunt ,pluvi1 ,alexandri1 ,pelusiiq2 in omnibus ,locis ,mari adjacentibus1 pluit largissime spe4 ,that is1 ,it ,rains seldom at ,cairo1 but at ,alexandria1 ,damiata1 and other ,places near the ,sea1 very often and plentifully4 ,the same likewise is to be inferr'd from this ,author concerning ,snow1 ,rarissime ,nix1 ,grando1 c4 ,it seldom either ,snows or ,hails1 wherefore we cannot deny ,snow or ,hail never to fall because they happen but seldom4 ,the rarity of them however may be the occasion of that ,saying of ,horace1 ,lib1 #c4 ,ode #bf4 ,memphim carentem ,scythonia ,nive4 ,scorch'd ,memphis knows no ,scythian ,snows4 ,to all this may be added the ,testimony of the ,learn'd ,mr4 ,greaves1 whose ,words1 as you may find them1 p4 #gd1 #ge4 of his accurate ,description of the ,pyramids1 ,i will here insert1 by reason they not only prove these ,rains1 but likewise impart some curious ,observations on the ,air of ,egypt and ,nile4 ,i cannot1 says he1 sufficiently wonder at the ,ancients who generally deny'd the fall of ,rains in ,egypt4 ,plato in his ,timus speaking of this ,country1 where he had liv'd many ,years1 writes thus1 1 1 4 i4 e4 ,but in that ,country no ,rain falls on the ,ground at any ,time4 ,pomponius ,mela in express ,terms relates1 ,that ,egypt is ,terra expers ,imbrium1 mir tamen fertilis2 whereas for two ,months1 viz4 ,december and ,january1 ,i have not known it ,rain so constantly1 and with so great impetuosity at ,london1 as ,i found it to do at ,alexandria1 the ,winds continuing ,n4 ,n4 ,w4 which caus'd me to keep a ,diary1 as well of the ,weather as of my ,observations in ,astronomy1 and that not only there1 but also at ,grand ,cairo4 ,my very noble and worthy ,friend1 ,sir ,william ,paston1 observ'd at the same ,time that there fell much ,rain2 so likewise about the end of ,march following1 being at the ,mummies somewhat beyond the ,pyramids towards the ,south1 there fell a gentle shower of ,rain for almost an whole ,day together3 ,but it may be the ,ancients meant the upper part of ,egypt1 beyond ,thebes1 about ,siene1 and near the ,catadup or ,cataracts of ,nile and not the lower ,parts2 for there indeed ,i have been told by the ,egyptians it seldom ,rains1 wherefore ,seneca ,lib4 #d4 ,natur4 ,qust4 may have written true1 where he says1 ,sidenote3 ,snow in ,egypt ,in ea parte qu in thiopiam vergit1 speaking of ,egypt1 aut nulli ,imbres sunt aut rari4 ,but where he says1 ,alexandri ,nives non cadunt1 'tis false2 for at my being there in ,january it snow'd one whole ,night4 ,however1 farther towards the ,south than ,egypt1 between the ,tropicks1 and near the ,line1 in the ,country of ,abyssinia or thiopia1 there falls every ,year1 for many ,weeks together1 store of ,rain1 as the ,abyssins themselves have related at ,grand ,cairo1 which may likewise be confirm'd by ,josephus ,acosta1 ,lib4 #a4 ,de natur ,orbis novi1 where he observes1 that in ,peru and some other ,places1 lying in the same ,paralel with thiopia1 they have abundance of ,rain4 ,sidenote3 ,cause of the ,inundation of ,nile4 ,this then is the true ,cause of the ,inundation of ,nile in the ,summer-,time1 it being then highest when other ,rivers are lowest1 and not those which are alledg'd by ,herodotus1 ,diodorus ,siculus1 ,plutarch1 ,aristides1 ,heliodorus and others1 who are all extreamly troubl'd to give a ,reason for the ,inundation of this ,river1 imputing it either to the peculiar ,nature of its ,water1 the obstruction of it by the ,etesi1 or else to the melting of the ,snows in thiopia1 which however ,i verily believe rarely fall in those hot ,countries1 where the ,natives1 by reason of the extream ,heats1 are all ,black1 and where1 if we credit ,seneca1 ,argentum replumbatur1 ,silver is melted by the scorching ,climate1 or in a word1 to some other such like ,reasons of small weight4 ,in ,diodorus ,siculus ,i find ,agatharcides ,cnidius giving almost the same ,reason ,i have done1 whose ,assertion however those ,times gave but little credit to1 yet does ,diodorus seem to agree with it in these words1 ,lib4 #a4 ,agatharcides ,cnidius has come nearest the ,truth1 he affirming that every ,year1 in the ,mountains about thiopia1 there are continual ,rains from the ,summer ,solstice to the ,autumnal ,equinox1 which cause this ,inundation of ,nile4 ,the ,time of this is so certain1 that ,i have known the ,egyptian ,astronomers put down many ,years before in their ,ephemerides1 ,that such a ,day of such a ,month the ,nile will begin to rise4 ,thus far ,greaves1 to which ,i may add an ,experiment of the ,lord ,bacon's concerning the scarcity of ,rain in ,egypt4 ,sidenote3 ,an ,experiment concerning the scarcity of ,rain in ,egypt4 ',tis strange1 says he1 p4 #afa4 of his ,natural ,history1 the ,river ,nile overflowing as it does the ,country of ,egypt1 there should nevertheless be little or no ,rain known in that ,country4 ,the ,cause must lye either in the ,nature of the ,water1 the ,air1 or of both4 ,as for the ,water1 it may1 ,first1 be ascrib'd to its long ,course2 for swift running ,waters vapour less than those that are standing1 as those that have been sometimes boyling on the ,fire1 do not cast so great a steam as they did at first3 ,now 'tis certain the ,waters of ,nile are sweeter than others in taste1 and excellent good against the ,stone and ,hypocondriacal ,melancholy1 which shews they are ,lenifying4 ,secondly1 ,the ,reason of this ,inundation may be1 that these ,waters running thro' a ,country of a hot ,climate and flat1 without shade either from ,woods or ,hills1 the ,sun must thereby necessarily have greater power to concoct them4 ,as for the ,air1 whence ,i conceive this want of ,showers chiefly comes1 the ,cause must be1 that the ,air of it self is thin and thirsty1 and therefore so soon as ever it gets any moisture from the ,water1 it imbibes and disperses it throughout its whole ,body1 not suffering it to remain in a ,vapour whereby it might breed ,rain4 ,now tho' it is not to be deny'd that ,rains fall sometimes in ,egypt1 yet this may however be averr'd1 that they happen but seldom1 therefore the ,air must consequently be more settl'd than ours and freer from ,vapours1 ,fogs1 or the like1 which renders it not only healthful1 but very beneficial in preserving and ,embalming ,bodies1 they being by nothing so much damnify'd as by uncertain ,weather1 ,sidenote3 ,moist ,air prejudicial to ,embalming4 of which we have too sad ,experience in this our moist ,climate4 ,we are therefore forc'd to supply the want of this1 either by a total exclusion of the ,air by ,air-,pumps1 by immerging our dead ,bodies into ,spirituous or ,balsamic ,liquors1 or else by driving away all ,damps and ,moistures by moderate ,fires4 ,this every one knows who has been us'd either to ,confectionery1 preserving natural ,curiosities1 or the like1 to whom the giving1 relaxing or molding ,things1 serves as a ,thermometer whereby to distinguish the several changes and varieties of the ,weather4 ,egypt has not only an advantage of other ,countries by the goodness of its ,water1 serenity of its ,air1 and warmth of its ,climate1 but also derives a yet farther ,benefit in regard of ,embalming1 ,sidenote3 ,sand how useful in ,embalming4 from the ,nature of its ,sand and ,soil1 the usefulness of which has in this respect been sufficiently experienc'd by ,modern ,artists4 ,thus it is reported curious ,florists preserve both the form and colours of beauteous ,plants1 by laying them in ,sand1 drying them in an ,oven1 or the like2 and thus some modern ,embalmers have1 by hot ,sand laid on prepar'd ,bodies1 dry'd up the superfluous ,moisture1 and reduc'd their ,embalming ,matter to a just ,consistency3 ',tis likewise observable some ,sands will naturally ,embalm without any addition of ,balsamic ,ingredients4 ,moreover1 'tis probable the ,sea-,sands may have the like ,effect1 provided they be not too often wet2 for thus a ,body being first pickl'd or salted1 as it were with the ,sea-,brine1 may afterwards1 when dry'd by the ,wind or ,sun1 remain firm and durable as long as it shall be preserv'd free from ,wet or ,moisture2 and partly of this ,opinion perhaps was ,mr4 ,william ,glanvill of the ,temple1 who having so order'd it in his ,will1 was bury'd in the ,goodwin-,sands1 which tho' they cannot preserve him1 as before alledg'd1 because so often wet1 yet he being inclos'd in a leaden ,coffin1 that must in ,time sink to the bottom1 they may by their coolness help to keep his ,corps entire for many ,years2 or at least by being so secur'd1 he will be defended from the rapine of ,animals1 or disturbances of ,sextons3 ,but the ,sands of ,egypt being much more hot1 from the reflection of the scorching ,sun1 are capable of ,preserving ,bodies without either ,salination or ,embalming1 and that only by exhaling and drying up the ,humidities and adventitious ,moisture1 insomuch that it has occasion'd no small ,contests among some ,authors1 which of the two is the truer ,mummy1 that dry'd in the ,sands1 or that which is ,embalm'd with ,balsams and ,aromatics4 ,le ,fevre in his ,chymistry1 p4 #ach4 is entirely of the first ,opinion2 but ,i shall refer such ,disputes to their proper ,places4 ,sidenote3 ,mummies found in the ,sands4 ,of those sorts of ,mummies there have been many casually found in the ,desarts of ,egypt1 ,lybia1 ,arabia1 c4 suppos'd to have been ,travellers suffocated by great drifts of ,sand1 rais'd by sudden ,tempests2 for it sometimes so happens1 that contrary ,winds arising of a sudden1 agitate the ,sands with such impetuosity1 that they over-whelm ,passengers and ,beasts with their ,burthens1 who perishing thus unawares1 are thro' the power of the hot ,sun and parching ,sand so dry'd1 they become fix'd and for ever undissolvable4 ,sidenote3 ,drying ,quality of the ,earth4 ,next as to the ,medicinal ,virtue of the ,soil of ,egypt1 and how far it may be serviceable in ,embalming and preserving ,bodies1 every one1 who does but consider its great ,stipticity and drying ,nature1 will be very well satisfy'd3 ,besides this ,earth is never much dampt by ,rains or ,springs1 but kept constantly dry by the warmth of the ,sun4 ,aetius and ,galen commend it as good against ,phlegmons1 ,oedematous ,tumors1 and immoderate ,fluxes of the ,hmorhoids2 also that it cures ,dropsies meerly by anointing with it1 of which see more in ,olaus ,borrichius1 p4 #adf4 ,thus having consider'd the ,water1 ,air and ,earth of ,egypt1 ,i will next add some ,observations of ,father ,vansleb on the ,seasons of the ,egyptian ,year1 with their ,computation of ,time1 calculated according to the ,account of the ,copties4 ,sidenote3 ,seasons of the ,year4 ,the ,egyptians reckon their ,autumn from the #aeth of ,september to the #aeth of ,december4 ,winter begins with them the #aeth of ,december1 and ends the #aeth of ,march4 ,spring begins the #aeth of ,march1 and ends the #aeth of ,june4 ,summer begins the #aeth of ,june1 and ends the #aeth of ,september4 ,they allot every ,season just ,three ,months1 and begin their ,year in ,september1 as ,i observ'd before4 ,every ,month has ,thirty ,days1 which in ,twelve ,months make ,three hundred and sixty ,days2 but because there yet want ,five to complete the ,year1 they add those at the end of all1 and call them ,epagomene1 which signifies added4 ,sidenote3 ,temperate ,season4 ,the most temperate ,season1 has still somewhat of ,spring or ,autumn in it1 which two last cannot well be distinguish'd in ,egypt4 ,now the mild ,weather commences in ,september1 then they begin to breath the fresh ,air1 but1 as about this ,time1 the ,fields are all so cover'd with ,water1 one cannot ,walk nor ,travel by ,land2 an ,abode there is not pleasant till the middle of ,november1 for then the ,country's dry1 the ,ways free1 the ,waters run into their ,channels1 the ,air pleasant1 the heat of the ,sun supportable1 the ,fields green and sweet1 and refreshing ,gales blow every-where4 ,in short1 the ,season is then very comfortable1 and so continues 'till the middle of ,april4 ,sidenote3 ,cold ,season4 ,the cold ,season1 answerable to our ,winter1 begins about the middle of ,december4 ,it is a delightful ,time1 unless in those seven ,days which the ,arabians term1 ,berd il agiuz1 7the cold of the old ,hag47 ,they begin about the #gth of ,february1 and continue to the #adth4 ,the ,mornings are then exceeding cold1 the ,sky cloudy1 ,rains fall1 and the ,winds are continually boisterous4 ,now tho' ,winter be in this ,country extream mild1 yet do ,persons of ,quality always wear furr'd ,gowns from the ,month of ,november to that of ,march1 not on account of any great cold1 for there is hardly any at this ,time2 but because the ,weather is then more variable1 and the ,egyptians fear to be incommoded by ,distempers1 which such a changeable ,time occasions4 ,sidenote3 ,intemperate ,season4 ,summer is the worst and most troublesome ,season1 by reason of the excessive heat of the hot ,winds1 and the perilous ,diseases that are rife about this ,time1 which the ,egyptians term ,camsins1 and we ,easter3 ,this dangerous ,season begins about the ,easter-,monday of the ,copties1 and ends with their ,whitson-,monday4 ,about this ,time the ,winds1 the ,arabians term ,merissi1 are boisterous2 they are so hot and troublesome1 ,people are ready to be stifl'd by them1 and raise in the ,air so much ,straw and ,sand1 the ,sky is almost darkned with it3 ,this ,sand is so subtile1 it penetrates every little chink and cranny4 ,about this ,time ,malignant ,fevers1 ,dysenterys1 and many other ,diseases commonly reign1 the least of which is incurable if not resisted by necessary ,remedies timely apply'd2 nay1 when these ,winds blow1 ,bodies that were healthy before1 will sicken and grow out of order4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,winds which blow most in ,egypt4 ,these ,southerly ,winds blow not every ,day in this ,season1 nor every ,year in the same manner1 or with a like impetuosity4 ',tis not possible to express the ,peoples ,joy when they favour them by becoming mild4 ,besides the two chief ,winds which blow in ,egypt1 viz4 ,merissi and ,maltem1 ,i must farther take notice1 that not only the ,southern ,winds are term'd ,merissi1 but also the ,eastern4 ,these blow commonly twice every ,year1 at ,easter1 call'd1 as ,i have already said1 ,camsin1 and from the ,month of ,november to the middle of ,february4 ,the ,winds call'd ,maltem or ,teijah are ,westerly ones2 they begin about ,twelve ,days before the ,rains fall1 and last 'till the ,month of ,november1 during which ,time scarce any other ,wind blows4 ,the ,winds ,merissi are hot and spoil the ,corn1 whereas these nourish and refresh it1 and not only so1 but prove comfortable both to ,man and ,beast1 since they are cooling and afford strength4 ,sidenote3 ,rains or ,mists of ,egypt4 ,the ordinary ,time for ,rains and ,winds1 which might be compar'd to our ,autumn1 begins in the ,month of ,december1 and lasts 'till ,january or ,february1 tho' at ,rosetta and ,alexandria the ,rains fall at other ,times1 by reason of the propinquity of the ,sea1 nay sometimes it happens to be misty and moist at a ,season when none expect it1 which often proves so considerable as to wet ones ,cloaths1 as much as a shower of ,rain3 ,but these moist ,mists are more frequent about ,cairo than any where else4 ,they usually begin about ,november1 before the rising of the ,sun1 and continue all ,winter4 ,some happen in other ,seasons1 and many times in ,summer1 as ,vansleb observ'd in the ,year #afgb4 at the beginning of ,august1 when returning back from ,fium to ,mocanan1 a ,village about ,four ,hours from ,cairo1 he saw over that ,city so thick a ,mist1 he could neither see the ,buildings there1 nor the ,pyramids that are near1 tho' the ,air was clear where he stood4 ,sidenote3 ,dew of ,egypt4 ,throughout all the ,seasons of the ,year1 when the ,nights are serene1 so much ,dew falls it may well be taken for a moderate ,shower1 whereas when ever the ,sky is cloudy no ,dew must be expected4 ,were it not for these ,dews1 there would neither be ,grass nor ,corn in ,egypt2 the ,trees would bear no ,fruit1 nor could the wild ,beasts in the ,desarts live1 here being neither ,fountains nor ,rivers1 and the ,rains falling but seldom4 ,sidenote3 ,thunder seldom heard4 ,thunder is rarely heard1 for in all the ,time ,vansleb liv'd in ,egypt1 he says1 he heard that noise but twice1 viz4 on the ,first of ,january and the ,fourth of ,may1 #afgc4 ,sidenote3 ,seasons why to be observ'd in ,embalming4 ,these ,things are to be regarded the more particularly1 in that the temperature of ,seasons conduces much to the preservation of ,bodies1 which is so far to be consider'd1 as it acquaints us when is the best and most proper ,time for ,pickling1 ,preserving or ,embalming ,bodies2 what ,time of the ,year1 ,day or ,moon is best for gathering ,fruits1 ,flowers1 ,plants1 c4 in order to the well preserving and laying them up1 as also what ,places are fittest for ,repositories for them after they are gather'd and prepar'd2 for there are some1 both ,places and ,airs1 where ,sweet-,meats will give and dissolve1 bak'd ,meats1 ,pyes1 c4 gather mould1 ,liquors mother1 and ,flesh or ,fish corrupt sooner than in others1 wherefore such ,places are to be avoided as exceeding prejudicial to ,embalm'd ,bodies1 in as much as they will dispose what is not preserv'd1 to ,putrifaction1 and what is1 to ,relaxation4 ,for this ,reason my ,lord ,bacon advises us well1 to be very careful in our choice of ,places for this purpose1 and to the end the aptness or propensity either of the ,air or ,water1 to corrupt or putrifie1 may be easier found out1 proposes the following ,experiments3 ,sidenote3 ,experiments of the ,air4 ,first1 ,to lay ,wool1 ,sponge or a piece of ,bread in a ,place one would make ,tryal of1 and then to observe whether it be wetter or more ponderous than the same was when laid in other ,places1 by which one may judge whether the ,place design'd be in a moist or gross ,air4 ,secondly1 ,to expose raw ,flesh or ,fish to the open ,air1 or lay them on the ,earth1 when if they quickly corrupt1 'tis a sign of a disposition in that ,air to ,putrifaction4 ,thirdly1 ,the quick ,putrifaction of ,waters or ,dews may likewise disclose the ,qualities of the ,air and ,vapours of the ,earth more or less corrupt3 ',tis good also to make ,trial not only of the moisture and dryness of the ,air1 but of the ,temper thereof in heat or cold2 for that may concern ,health variously1 and whatever in this respect conduces thereto1 the same is to be observ'd in ,embalming4 ,fourthly1 ,the goodness of ,airs is likewise to be known by placing two ,weather-,glasses in several ,places1 where no shades or inclosures are1 and then remarking their difference1 and the like4 ,now these sorts of ,experiments serve for a natural ,divination of ,seasons1 shewing them much better than any ,astronomers can do by their ,figures4 ,they also inform us of the wholsomness or unwholsomness of ,dwelling-,places1 and where to erect ,granaries for ,corn1 ,store-,houses for ,fruits1 ,green-,houses for ,plants1 ,vaults for ,wine1 and ,conservatories for other ,things which require keeping either hot1 or cold and dry4 ,sidenote3 ,of the ,water4 ,next as to ,waters1 this may serve for one ,trial of their goodness1 viz4 ,to observe which will keep sweet the longest1 for such likewise denote the ,healthfulness of any ,place3 ,now1 how far the goodness of ,waters tend to the preservation of ,bodies and ,things1 may well enough be observ'd from ,brewing1 ,washing1 ,baking1 and the like2 for those that make the strongest ,drink1 are ever the best concocted and most nourishing2 those that bear ,soap well1 fret not out ,cloaths like those that are hungry1 but are fat1 smooth and soft in ,taste1 which is also allow'd to be a general sign of good ,water2 so likewise such as are lightest and most apt quickly to boil away1 are always best4 ,now these are the most useful in making ,bread1 ,pyes1 c4 and will keep them longest without moulding2 but of all ,european-,waters that of the ,river ,thames is the most noted for making ,sea-,beer and ,bisket1 which are carry'd the longest ,voyages1 and into the hottest ,countries of both ,east and ,west-,indies4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,air and ,water of ,egypt very good4 ,by these ,considerations on the ,air and ,water1 we may see the great advantage ,egypt receiv'd from the clearness and dryness of the one1 and sweetness and softness of the other1 to which ,herodotus chiefly attributes the ,health and long ,life of those ,people1 as we1 in some measure1 may the continuance and duration of their ,embalmings2 for1 as inequality of ,air is pernicious to ,health1 so it is also to ,embalming1 therefore we find the ,winter-,seasons are not so proper for this ,art as the ,summer1 as producing much ,rain1 with misty or foggy ,weather1 which disposes all things to ,putrifaction1 in so much that ,flesh is then hardly to be kept from being musty or stinking1 by reason it will not so well take ,salt at that ,time4 ,things preserv'd with ,sugar relax1 and dry'd ,things1 imbibing the moisture1 either rot or mould1 which ,mouldiness is a beginning of ,putrifaction1 that afterwards turns to ,worms or odious ,stinks4 ,sidenote3 ,inequality of ,air bad for ,embalming4 ,now as inequality of ,air produces ,putrifaction1 so does also an interchangeableness of heat and cold1 wet and dry1 as may be observ'd from the mouldring of ,earth in ,frost and the ,sun1 or in the more hasty rotting of ,wood that is sometimes wet and sometimes dry2 so likewise a certain degree of heat or cold preserves and keeps ,bodies from ,putrifaction1 whereas a tepid heat inclines them to it2 for1 tho' such a weak degree of heat may put the ,spirits in a little motion1 yet is it not able to digest the ,parts1 or rarifie them1 as may be seen by ,flesh kept in a ,room that is not cool1 whereas in a cold and wet ,larder 'twill keep much longer1 and we observe that ,vivification1 as the ,lord ,bacon says in his ,nat4 ,hist4 p4 #gd4 7whereof ,putrifaction is the bastard ,brother7 is effected by such soft ,heats1 as the hatching of ,eggs1 commonly practis'd at ,cairo1 the heat of the ,womb1 c4 whereas such a heat as breaths forth adventitious ,moisture best preserves ,bodies2 for as wetting hastens ,corruption1 so convenient drying 7whereby the more radical ,moisture is only kept in7 puts back ,putrifaction3 ,so we may also observe that ,herbs and ,flowers1 when dry'd in the shade or hot ,sun1 for a small space keep best4 ,for these ,reasons the warm ,climate of ,egypt must needs conduce best to the preservation of ,things and ,embalming ,bodies1 provided it be not attempted in the extream heat of the ,summer1 which is between ,easter and ,whitsontide1 at which ,time the hot ,southerly ,winds blow1 which bring malignant ,fevers1 ,plagues and great ,putrifactions4 ,thus much as to the temperature of the ,air shall suffice2 next we must speak of the ,egyptians4 ,sidenote3 ,the antient ,egyptians4 ,the antient and true ,egyptians were the ,copties or ,copts1 so call'd1 as ,i have formerly shown1 p4 #abf4 from ,coptus1 ,son of ,misraim1 who became ,king of ,egypt upon the ,decease of his ,father1 and his ,conquest over his ,brothers2 for those who now inhabit that ,country1 according to ,sandys1 ,heylin and others1 ,sidenote3 ,character of the modern ,egyptians4 are much degenerate from the ,ingenuity and ,worth of their ,ancestors1 being not only ,ignorant but ,barbarous1 devoted to ,luxury and ,venery1 and naturally addicted to detract from what is ,good and ,eminent1 nay1 in a word1 they are both ,cowardly and ,cruel4 ,in their ,dealings they are more ,observant than ,faithful2 of a ,genius much inclin'd to ,craftiness1 and very eager of ,profit4 ,such as inhabit the ,cities apply themselves to ,merchandize1 grow ,rich by ,trading1 are reasonably well ,habited1 and not very differing from the ,turks in ,dress and ,fashion4 ,those in the ,country1 who follow ,husbandry1 are affirm'd to be a brutish and nasty ,people1 crusted over with ,dirt1 and stinking of ,smoak and their abominable ,fuel2 for they burn their own ,dung1 and that of ,cattle1 instead of ,wood1 which is here so scarce it is sold by weight1 and us'd only by ,foreigners and the richer sort4 ,nothing now remains among them of the laudable ,arts of their ,ancestors1 but a ridiculous affectation of ,divination and ,fortune-telling1 in which1 and some other cheating ,tricks1 they are very well vers'd1 great numbers of them wandring from ,place to ,place1 to get their ,livelihoods that way4 ,this occasions ,vagabonds and ,straglers of other ,nations1 who pretend to the same false ,arts to assume their ,names4 ,the whole ,body of the present ,inhabitants is an hotchpotch or medly of many foreign ,nations1 such as ,moors1 ,arabians1 ,turks1 ,greeks1 ,jews1 ,franks1 c4 the natural ,egyptians making the least part of the number4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,make1 ,complexion and ,temper of the ,egyptians4 ,now as concerning the ,make1 ,complexion1 ,temper and ,constitution of the ,egyptians in general1 that varies according to the different ,quality or ,employ of the ,person or ,sex4 ,those that dwell in ,cairo and other ,cities are gross1 corpulent and sanguine1 whereas the wandring ,arabians and ,husbandmen are meagre and slender1 very active and nimble1 yet withal hairy1 sweaty1 and almost scorcht and burnt up with the ,sun4 ,the ,people in general are of a mean ,stature1 tawny ,complexion1 and spare ,bodies1 and this is remarkable of them1 that tho' their ,country be in the same ,climate with ,barbary1 yet are they not black1 but tawny or olive-colour'd4 ,the ,women are of the same ,complexion with the ,men1 yet well shap'd and featur'd1 did not they too much affect a seeming ,corpulency1 which if they cannot get in ,flesh they will be sure to have in ,cloaths4 ,sidenote3 ,their ,women fruitful in ,children4 ,they ,marry at ,ten1 or at farthest at ,twelve ,years of ,age1 being very fruitful1 some bearing ,three or ,four ,children at a ,birth2 and those that are born in the ,eighth ,month live to a good ,age1 and are not in such danger of ,death1 as in other ,countries4 ,sidenote3 ,their ,constitutions and ,habits of ,body4 ,as to the ,constitutions of the ,egyptians1 they are hot and dry1 being by nature very wakeful and little inclin'd to sleep4 ,they are of a chearful ,temper1 yet delight much in an idle and lazy kind of ,life1 being immoderate ,votaries to ,venus4 ,their continual ,bathing1 drinking the ,waters of ,nile1 and using cold ,food1 mightily lessen and alter their heat and drought2 but then this inconveniency ensues1 that they have cold and raw ,stomachs full of ,phlegm1 which not only proceeds from such cold ,dyet1 but also from the extraordinary heat of the ,air1 whereby the natural heat is overcome4 ,sidenote3 ,are very long liv'd4 ,they are nevertheless said to be longer liv'd than those of other ,countries1 it being common to find among them ,people of above a ,hundred ,years of ,age4 ,the reason of this longvity ,phisicians differ greatly about1 yet assign1 as the chiefest ,cause of it1 next to the ,air1 the spare way of living of that ,people1 they eating little ,flesh1 but store of ,roots1 ,fruits and ,herbs1 nor often drinking any ,wine1 but commonly ,water1 and sometimes ,beer1 which ,herodotus ,lib4 #a4 ,sect4 #gg4 assures us the antient ,egyptians made4 ,on the contrary1 all ,europeans1 who drink abundance of ,wine1 and eat much ,flesh1 are for the most part short liv'd4 ,sidenote3 ,a ,problem concerning ,diet4 ,therefore whether it were not better for us to conform to the simple ,diet of our ,forefathers8 ,whether pure and simple ,waters be not more healthful than fermented ,liquors8 ,whether there be not an ample sufficiency in the ,food of ,honey1 ,oil1 and several parts of ,milk2 in the great variety of ,grains1 ,pulses and all sorts of ,fruits1 since either ,bread or ,beverage may be made almost of all of them8 ,whether ,nations have rightly confin'd themselves to peculiar ,meats8 ,whether the common ,food of one ,country be not more agreeable to another8 ,how indistinctly all ,tempers apply to the same1 and how the ,diet of ,youth and old ,age is confounded1 are ,considerations worth our notice1 says ,sir ,thomas ,brown in his ,vulgar ,errors1 p4 #ach4 and might not a little prolong our ,days2 yet must not this ,discourse1 therefore ,i will proceed to speak of some ,diseases the ,egyptians have been always liable to4 ,sidenote3 ,their ,diseases4 ,these are occasion'd either by the intemperate ,air1 the ,summers here being exceeding hot and sultry1 or else by reason the ,poor1 who are very numerous1 are necessitated to eat foul and unwholsome ,food1 such as the flesh of ,camels1 of ,crocodiles1 7by some worshipp'd and consequently held ,irreligious7 rotten salt ,fish1 and mouldy stinking ,cheese1 by them call'd ,gibnehalon4 ,they are also accustom'd to drink muddy and corrupt ,waters1 whereby is ingendred much ,choler1 thick and adust ,blood1 gross and crude ,humours1 which create many ,distempers1 the chief of which1 and most to our purpose1 are ,sore ,eyes and ,blindness1 ,scabs and ,leprosie1 ,dropsie1 ,frenzie1 ,malignant ,fevers1 ,poxes of both kinds1 ,plague and ,pestilence1 c4 which tho' other ,nations are likewise subject to1 yet it being not so constantly or grieviously1 these may properly enough be nam'd1 ,the ,plagues of ,egypt2 wherefore ,i shall a little expatiate upon them1 with a suitable ,application to our ,subject of ,embalming4 ,sidenote3 ,sore ,eyes and ,blindness4 ,first1 ,i shall take notice of the incredible number of blind ,people in ,egypt1 but more-especially in ,cairo1 where sore ,eyes or ,opthalmia are so common1 scarce half the ,inhabitants escape them4 ,nay1 new-born infants are so troubl'd with this ,distemper1 that it is sometimes hardly to be cur'd1 for it seems a ,disease lodg'd in the ,blood1 of which the ,natives give this ,reason1 viz4 ,that the subtile ,particles of the ,lime1 wherewith their ,houses are built1 being carry'd about by the ,wind1 stick so close to the ,eyes1 that they not only cause ,inflammations1 but likewise insensibly mixing with the ,blood1 occasion this ,distemper to be ,hereditary2 to which ,sandys adds1 as other ,causes of this ,disease1 the reflecting heat of the ,sun1 the salt ,dust of the ,soil1 and the ,inhabitants excessive ,venery2 wherefore did they not use frequent ,bathings in this ,country1 the stinking ,sweat of their ,bodies1 mix'd with this ,dust1 which so continually rises and adheres to them1 wou'd1 by stopping their ,pores1 not only render them nasty and frowzy1 but also their ,blood becoming ,pruriginous1 and exalted by the salt and corrupt ,diet1 ,sidenote3 ,scabs and ,leprosie4 wou'd1 as it often does1 produce ,mange1 ,scabs and ,leprosies2 so that to keep themselves sweet1 clean and free from these ,diseases1 they are wont to use constant ,bathings1 and refrain from salt ,meats1 which are very unwholsome to these ,eastern ,nations4 ,herodotus assures us they in his ,time abstain'd from ,swines ,flesh1 as particularly apt to beget ,leprosie in hot ,countries1 if salted1 and if not1 or well roasted1 infallibly brings a ,diarrha1 or else turns to some dangerous ,fever or ,surfet4 ,hippocrates1 ,lib4 ,poss4 p4 #e4 observes1 it throws some ,people into a ,cholera ,morbus1 that is1 ,it works vehemently upon them by ,choleric ,vomits and ,stools4 ,plutarch likewise remarks1 that the very ,milk of this ,beast being drank1 produces the ,scab1 c4 ,sidenote3 ,dropsie4 ,the ,egyptians also from their too frequent use of ,colocasia1 ,bammia1 ,melochia1 ,beets1 and such like ,herbs as occasion thick and tough ,flegm1 are often troubl'd with the ,dropsie1 which swells and puffs up their ,legs1 with abundance of hard and gross ,humours1 like the ,legs of an ,elephant1 tho' indeed they feel no pain1 but are only unweildy to walk4 ,sidenote3 ,apoplexy4 ,at ,cairo rages that most terrible ,disease call'd by the ,arabians1 ,dem el ,muia1 which in few ,hours seizes the ,brain like an ,apoplexy1 and bereaving it of ,sense1 soon dispatches the ,patient4 ,every ,year once the ,egyptians are surpriz'd by this ,disease1 and multitudes die dayly of it4 ,at the same ,time ,children are wont to be greatly afflicted with a malignant kind of ,pox1 ,sidenote3 ,small ,pox4 bred out of venemous ,damps1 arising from the corrupt ,waters of ,caleg1 a ,branch or rather ,trench cut from the ,nile to ,alexandria4 ,every ,year1 when that ,river rises #h or #aj ,cubits1 it falls into this ,trench1 and so runs thro' the whole ,city2 so that1 at the retiring of the ,river1 this ,water1 remaining without motion1 stagnates and corrupts3 ,it first becomes green1 then black1 and at length sends fourth ,pestilential ,vapours1 whereby the ,air is polluted and this ,infection caus'd1 wherefore1 some ,time before it is expected1 all the ,children thereabouts are remov'd to other ,places4 ,sandys also tells us1 ,sidenote3 ,french ,pox4 the ,french ,pox is exceedingly rife among the ,egyptians1 which however is not to be wonder'd at if we consider their hot ,constitution1 excessive ,venery1 c4 ,sidenote3 ,malignant ,agues4 ,in ,alexandria many malignant and mortal ,agues reign about the ,time of their ,harvest1 occasion'd by drinking the tainted and foul ,waters1 which the ,townsmen keep from ,year to ,year in ,wells under their ,houses4 ,but the most destructive of all ,diseases to the ,egyptians is the ,pestilence or ,plague1 ,sidenote3 ,plague4 which very frequently visits them1 and is the more prevalent in that they seek no ,remedy for it1 as believing none can die of it but such as are destin'd by ,,god4 ,for this ,reason they never go about to avoid any infected ,person or ,place1 for that they look upon as ,irreligious4 ,nay the very ,cloaths or ,houshold-,goods of such as die of this ,distemper1 are instantly sold in the open ,market by ,outcry1 which none are afraid to buy1 thro' which mad obstinacy1 in this their foolish ,opinion1 the ,plague has in ,cairo1 during only the space of six or seven ,months1 sometimes swept away above ,five hundred thousand ,people1 as was observ'd in the ,year #aehj4 ,those ,plagues which come out of ,barbary are the most pernicious and of longest continuance1 of which kind was the before mention'd2 whereas such as come from ,greece or ,syria are more mild and of a shorter duration2 for this ,disease is seldom or never occasion'd by ,putrifaction of ,air in ,egypt1 unless the ,nile1 overflowing the ,country too high1 leaves its ,waters a long while on the ,ground1 whereby the whole ,land becoming a corrupt and standing ,lake1 that by the ,southerly ,winds and ,summers heat1 may be ripen'd and made fit to send up infectious ,steams4 ,that ,plague which begins in the first ,months of ,summer is the worst1 whereas that which comes later is milder and ceases sooner4 ,but let the ,plague rage never so fiercely1 when the ,sun enters ,cancer1 which is the ,time of ,nile's overflowing1 it wholly ceases1 insomuch that not one then dies of it1 as has been before shown4 ,the ,reason of this so sudden alteration seems to be the even and constant ,temperature of the ,air1 thro' the blowing of the anniversary ,north ,winds1 which then begin to rise and oppose the moist ,nature of the ,south ,winds1 call'd ,camsin4 ,now these cooling1 as well the ,air as ,mens ,bodies1 and taking away the ,cause 7the infectious ,heat7 the ,effect soon ceases4 ,thus far have ,i shown how the infection of ,air and ,water may occasion many ,diseases1 which therefore are carefully to be avoided as pernicious to ,embalming3 ,i shall now only observe1 that as the even ,temper and good ,humour of ,man tends much to his ,health and long ,life1 so that healthy ,state and ,constitution1 either affords a ,natural ,embalming1 or at least such ,bodies are easiest to be preserv'd4 ,but whether those ,bodies that dy'd of the ,plague1 or other malignant ,distempers1 could with any ,art be preserv'd1 is a ,qure of no small concern in this our ,natural ,history1 and must needs to the ,egyptians bring a great scruple of ,conscience1 who believ'd the ,metempsychosis or ,transmigration of ,souls1 to think what must become of such ,bodies as were not ,embalm'd8 ,since therefore no ,history can give us any satisfaction herein1 we are inclinable to believe they could not any ways be preserv'd1 by reason of the immediate tendency of such tabid ,carcasses to ,putrifaction1 and yet we know not but the ,egyptians might do more in this case than others could1 both thro' the efficacy and goodness of their ,medicines1 and their not being afraid of the infectious ,steams which issue from such ,bodies1 during their hot ,embalming2 which brings me next to enquire into their ,skill in ,physic1 ,anatomy and ,chymistry4 ,in order to this1 ,i shall first begin with the ,rise and ,progress of their ,physic1 according to the ,opinion of the ,learned ,dr4 ,grew2 and then shew its ,effects1 and how it was practis'd1 as affirm'd by ,herodotus1 ,diodorus ,siculus1 ,prosper ,alpinus1 and others4 ,sidenote3 ,egyptians first ,authors of ,medicine4 #8,the ,egyptians1 says ,dr4 ,grew in his ,cosmologia ,sacra1 p4 #bfe4 being from sundry ,causes 7some of which we have already discours'd of7 the most diseas'd of all ,people1 were also the first ,authors of ,medicine4 ,mizraim their first ,king1 otherwise call'd ,menez1 ,osiris1 ,dionisius and ,bacchus1 all being ,names of the same ,person1 together with his ,wife ,isis1 apply'd himself to furnish his ,people with wholsome ,food4 ,he with ,wine1 which he had learn'd to make of his ,grandfather ,noah2 ,sidenote3 ,osiris taught them ,drink and ,food4 and with ,water1 in making the best use of the ,river ,nile2 and ,she1 by teaching them1 among so many various sorts of ,roots and ,fruits1 ,sidenote3 ,isis salubrious ,plants4 wherewith ,egypt abounds1 to distinguish the ,noxious1 many of which1 as ,sulpitius ,severus and ,p4 ,alpinus observe1 are very sweet and tempting1 from those which are wholsome and fit to eat2 from whence she was call'd and ,salus4 #8,their next ,king was ,orus1 by ,herodotus1 ,diodorus ,siculus and ,athenagoras in his ,apology to the ,christians1 said to be ,osiris's ,son4 ,this ,prince seeing ,food already provided for1 bethought himself of some means1 such as they were1 for the cure of ,diseases4 ,the first step he took1 being affrighted with a ,plague1 was to offer ,sacrifice to the ,celestial ,bodies1 which he suppos'd ,gods1 and the only ,arbiters of ,life and ,death4 ,therefore ,anebo the ,egyptian ,priest1 ,sidenote3 ,these ,orus1 ,son of ,osiris1 apply'd for ,physic1 by ,sacrificing them4 personated by ,jamblichus1 in his ,book of the ,egyptian ,mysteries says1 ,that1 even in his ,time1 they knew no other way of curing that ,disease2 and what ,isis had found out for ,food1 he thought best apply'd to this purpose4 ,so ,porphyrius in his ,book of ,sacrifices tells us1 the most ancient ,egyptians1 ,clestibus litabant1 with ,herbs1 ,roots and ,fruits1 which at first ,orus offer'd singly1 but afterwards compounded1 supposing them thereby1 as is intimated by ,proclus1 the more acceptable4 #8,the ,plague and other contagious ,diseases1 being blown away1 as they commonly were and are1 by the ,north ,winds1 ,orus thought it decent to solemnize his ,sacrifices with ,music2 ,sidenote3 ,to which he added ,music4 and that he had excellent ,skill herein1 is witness'd by ,diodorus1 from whence also he is taken to be the ,egyptian ,apollo4 ,now finding ,music acceptable to the ,people1 he apply'd that also1 with the ,sacrifices to which it was annex'd1 towards the cure of ,diseases2 for which ,reason ,music is by ,jamblichus1 in his ,book aforesaid1 enobl'd with the ,title of ,divine4 ,and it seem'd1 for many ,ages after1 so necessary to ,medicine1 as to give occasion to ,thessalus1 ,head of the ,methodic ,sect in the ,reign of ,nero1 to brag1 ,that he could make ,physicians without the help either of ,astrology or ,music4 ,thus all ,music consisting in a proportionate ,measure1 he saw it requisite the ,notes or ,tunes1 and ,words he us'd with them1 should be commensurate one to the other1 and so became the first ,poet or ,maker of ,verses2 ,sidenote3 ,and ,poetry4 which being us'd with ,music1 were suppos'd to have the same ,divine ,virtue1 and came at length to be us'd alone in the cure of ,diseases4 ,and it is by ,sanchuniathon affirm'd1 that ,misora1 that is ,misraim1 ,sidenote3 ,thence thought to be the ,egyptian ,apollo4 was one of those two antient ,gods1 whose ,sons were the ,inventors of ,medicinal ,charms1 which as it seems were all the means ,orus1 or the ,egyptian ,apollo1 invented for the cure of ,diseases1 viz4 ,sacrifices1 ,music and ,charms1 upon which three he began likewise to build the ,art of ,divination2 and as a branch hereof1 his ,magical ,prognostics in relation to ,diseases4 ',next to ,orus succeeded ,athothus2 by ,sanchuniathon nam'd1 ,taautus2 by the less antient ,egyptians1 ,sidenote3 ,athothus the antient ,egyptian ,mercury1 ,thoyth1 and by the ,greeks in ,alexandria1 ,thoth4 ,he was the most antient ,egyptian ,mercury2 said by ,manetho and ,eratosthenes to be ,son of ,menez or ,mizraim1 and was therefore younger ,brother to ,orus1 whom he succeeded by ,noah's ,gift1 as is witness'd by ,sanchuniathon3 ,saturnus1 in ,deum ,taautum a ,misore ,natum1 ,egypti ,regnum contulit4 ,this ,man1 to add to what his ,predecessor had done1 ,sidenote3 ,the ,inventor of ,images1 was the ,inventor of ,images1 dedicated to the ,sun1 ,moon and ,stars1 with their ,figures upon them1 according to their position in the ,heavens1 supposing they would be more effectually mov'd by the ,sacrifices offer'd to them1 if thereby honour'd and represented4 ,and that none might be without what he thought so necessary for the ,peoples ,health1 he caus'd the making not only of ,images of ,gold and ,silver1 but certain ,sculptures or ,paintings upon ,wood or some other ,ground4 ,the ,figures or ,marks1 made upon all these1 ,sidenote3 ,characters1 were properly call'd ,characters1 and were the original of all those us'd by ,magicians in after ,times for the cure of ,diseases3 ,whence it is these ,characters1 which were properly made1 are said by ,jamblichus to be ,diis congrui1 that is1 agreeable to the ,celestial ,bodies1 they were suppos'd to represent2 in which ,sense also the ,author of the ,epistle to the ,hebrews1 speaking of the ,second ,person in the ,sacred ,trinity1 uses the same word4 #8,the same ,athothus1 observing how naturally the ,music of the ,sacrifices put the ,body into many ,motions1 ,sidenote3 and ,dancing4 took thence occasion to reduce the motion of the ,feet1 as ,apollo had done those of ,speech1 to a proportionate ,measure1 that is1 to an artificial ,dance4 ,that he was first ,author hereof1 is agreed from his being describ'd with ,wings1 not only on his ,shoulders1 but ,heels2 and that he had taught the ,people to apply it to ,religion1 is as evident from the ,jews1 who had learn'd of the ,egyptians to dance about the ,golden ,calf4 ,now1 seeing this naturally conduces towards the cure of some ,diseases1 'tis likely he hereupon invented several sorts of ,dances1 not as yet considering their natural but magical ,aptitude to divers kinds of ,diseases1 supposing certain ,numbers and ,measures1 might as well as ,words1 have a ,divine ,power4 ,now that he might make his ,motions with greater ease in so hot a ,country1 'tis probable he danc'd half naked1 as ,david did before the ,ark1 disdaining the ,author of this ,ceremony should shew more ,zeal before an ,idol1 than he did before the true ,,god4 ,therefore as the word ,gymnasium does properly signifie the ,place where ,people exercise themselves when stripp'd2 so upon this ,foundation1 which ,athothus or the first ,egyptian ,mercury laid1 was afterwards rais'd the ,gymnastic ,art4 ,for this ,cause also ,jamblichus1 speaking of the ,powers which flow from the ,gods1 among those which co-operate with ,nature1 mentions only the ,medicinal and ,gymnastic as the two principal1 and of kin to each other2 nor is there ground to imagine1 that in ,medicine1 ,athothus or the first ,mercury1 understood any ,thing more4 ,so that all the means the ,egyptians made use of hitherto in the cure of ,diseases1 viz4 'till about the #cejth ,year after the ,flood1 were to be referr'd intirely to their practical ,theology1 stil'd by ,jamblichus 1 of which their magical ,medicine was a principal part4 ,sidenote3 ,sacrific'd ,animals1 and learn'd ,embalming and ,anatomy4 ,after him they began to ,sacrifice ,animals as well as ,plants1 and learn'd the ,art of ,embalming4 ,the ,priests had hereby an opportunity of observing the structure of the inward ,parts2 and so of making many1 both ,anatomic and ,pathologic ,remarks4 ,in doing this it appears by what ,pliny says1 ,lib4 #ai4 #e4 ,that ,kings themselves did often assist4 ,also frequently perceiving the inefficacy of their ,magic1 they began likewise to enquire into the ,physical power of ,herbs1 and other ,remedies proper for the cure of ,diseases1 and the ,cures suppos'd to be made1 whether by natural or magical ,arts1 were preserv'd by some sort of ,memoirs made of them by the ,priests1 ,sidenote3 ,serapis or ,apis the ,egyptian sculapius4 wherein a more especial care was taken by ,serapis or ,apis one of the ,chief1 and the ,egyptian sculapius4 ,upon these accounts1 the ,priests1 as they were the ,doctors in ,philosophy1 ,sidenote3 ,priests the proper ,physicians4 so were they the only ,physicians1 properly so call'd1 by whom ,directions were given to ,surgeons1 ,embalmers1 and all other ,operators appertaining to ,medicine4 ,they were also of that honourable ,degree1 as ,gyraldus reports from ,plato1 that out of them the ,kings were often chosen4 ,for altho' the ,servants of ,joseph1 who ,embalm'd his ,father1 were term'd ,physicians1 yet are we to understand those ,men1 who were directed by the ,priests1 the true ,physicians1 to be only ,operators in curing the ,infirm or ,embalming the ,dead4 ,wherefore the ,septuagint1 who knew the ,law in this ,case1 do not say1 the ,command was given but 1 a sort of ,men to whom the ,care of ,funerals was committed4 #8,the next and greatest ,improver and ,patron of the ,egyptian ,medicine1 ,sidenote3 ,hermes ,trismegistus4 was ,hermes ,trismegistus1 so call'd says ,diodorus ,siculus1 and others after him1 from 1 by reason he interpreted the ,hieroglyphics and ,sacred ,language3 ,but this tho' he did1 yet the derivation of his ,name from thence is a fiction2 for according to the ,greek manner of deriving a ,noun from a ,verb1 he should not have been call'd but 2 and therefore on the contrary1 as 1 and other like ,words1 are all deriv'd from the ,son of ,deucalion1 who first planted ,greece2 so 1 1 and other ,words of the same nature are all deriv'd from 2 for the ,original whereof1 we are not to look into ,greece but ,egypt1 where we find ,armais1 one of their ,kings1 and somewhat junior to ,moses1 ,sidenote3 ,suppos'd to be ,armais4 as ,hermes is also said to be4 ,the radical ,letters in both are also the same4 ,this ,armais was also call'd ,amersis or ,mersurius1 and so by mistake ,mercurius2 the ,coptic ,letter ,sima being written like the ,roman ,c1 and also ,trismegistus1 or thrice very great1 answerable to a like ,egyptian ,name1 now lost1 given him1 ,sidenote3 ,a great ,philosopher1 ,priest and ,king4 as he was esteem'd a great ,philosopher1 a great ,priest and a great ,king4 ,sidenote3 ,the second ,mercury4 #8,this second ,mercury1 having before him a considerable stock of ,observations provided by the ,priests1 and several others of his own1 compos'd all1 as ,jamblichus from ,sulencus and ,manetho reports1 into many thousands of ,volumes1 that is1 of so many ,leaves roul'd up of ,books1 afterwards made of these ,volumes4 ,clemens ,alexandrinus1 ,strom4 #f4 says1 ,there were ,forty two which were useful2 six of them appertaining to ,medicine1 viz4 of ,anatomy1 ,diseases1 ,surgery1 ,pharmacy1 particular ,medicines for the ,eyes1 infected with many ,diseases in ,egypt1 and lastly for ,women2 which ,books became1 as may be gather'd from ,diodorus ,siculus1 as it were the ,statute-,law in ,egypt1 for the practice in ,physic in after ,times4 ,sidenote3 ,the great establisher of ,magic4 ,yet in all these ,books1 it is certain1 with the physical ,account of ,things1 there was a mixture of ,magic2 the ,author of them being the great ,establisher of this ,art4 ,now if some ,chronologers are not mistaken when they say ,armais was the ,king who was drown'd in the ,red-,sea1 then this same ,armais1 that is1 ,hermes ,trismegistus must be the very ,man1 who by his ,magicians contended with ,moses2 and was therefore rais'd up1 the more remarkably to confound them at his fall4 ,it is manifest the ,books now and antiently extant1 under this ,hermes's ,name1 are all of this ,nature2 which tho' not written by him1 but by certain of the later ,egyptian ,priests1 are believ'd by ,jamblichus1 ,porphirius and others1 faithfully to represent his ,sense4 ,therefore ,celsus1 also quoted by ,origen against him1 ,lib4 #h4 tells us1 as a piece of ,egyptian ,philosophy1 in his ,time current1 ,that the ,body of ,man was divided into ,thirty six ,parts2 each of which was possess'd with a ,god or ,dmon1 which being call'd upon by the ,magi1 cur'd the ,diseases of the parts they possess'd4 ,and as they appropriated several unto one ,man1 so1 says ,herodotus1 did they to every ,beast one2 to all1 says ,justin1 but the ,hog4 ,and by the ,author of the ,book entitul'd1 ,trismegisti ,asclepias1 the same in effect is said of ,plants and ,stones1 viz4 ,that there was 1 something of ,divinity in them all2 nor was the magical ,ceremony laid aside in ,galen's ,time1 as appears by what he reports of one ,pamphilus1 ,qui ad ,prstigiaturas gyptias versus fuit1 junctis ,incantationibus quas obmurmurat1 cum ,herbas colligunt4 ,also the ,author of the ,book1 ,de ,medicamentis ,expertis1 ascrib'd to ,galen1 speaking of the ,egyptian ,priests1 has this passage1 ,laudamus ,medicos ,altarium1 gyptiorum puta1 qui curant cum ,cibis ,sacrificiorum4 ,sidenote3 ,magical ,medicine spread over most ,countries4 #8,nor did magical ,medicine keep within ,egypt only1 but was thence spread abroad into most other ,countries1 partly as they fell under the ,government of some of their conquering ,kings1 and partly as ,egypt was the great ,academy1 to which the ,philosophers of other ,nations made their resort1 and whence ,physicians were often call'd unto ,foreign ,princes1 who1 with their physical1 carry'd abroad their magical ,skill4 ,the younger ,apollo was ,author of ,divination in ,greece1 as the elder was in ,egypt4 ,also in ,epidaurus1 ,cous and other ,places1 his ,temple was always full of sick ,people2 as was likewise that of sculapius4 ,sidenote3 ,medicines1 why call'd ,pharmaca4 #8,medicines were term'd ,pharmaca1 which antiently signify'd ,poysons1 because it was believ'd1 unless they were magically us'd1 they would do more hurt than good2 therefore ,jarchas1 in his ,life of ,apollonius1 tells us also1 ,they who were esteem'd ,sons of sculapius had made but small proficiency in the ,art of ,medicine1 ,nisi sculapius1 juxta ,patris sui ,vaticinia1 ,morbis proficua ,remedia composuisset4 ,nor were the ,oriental ,nations without their ,teraphim1 a sort of constellated ,images1 by them so call'd1 and us'd1 among other purposes1 in the cure of ,diseases2 from whence 1 signifies both to worship and heal4 ,eusebius also in his ,prol4 ad ,lib4 #d4 ,prp4 ,evang4 reduces all to ,theology1 as in ,egypt1 so among the rest of the ,gentiles3 ,in ,gentilium ,theologia ,civili1 continentur ,oracula1 ,responsa1 ,cur ,morborum4 ,so true is that ,saying of ,celsus1 concerning ,hippocrates in his ,prface3 ,primus ,disciplinam hanc1 ,medicinalem puta1 ab studio ,sapienti separavit3 that is1 from magical ,theology1 the reputed ,wisdom of those ,times4' ,that this was the antient state of ,medicine in ,egypt1 and all over the ,world1 is farther apparent from the ,hebrews1 being peremptorily requir'd to expel from among them1 all such as practis'd the same1 ,deut4 #ah4 #aj1 #aa4 ,those who ,sacrifice their ,children1 as the ,phnicians did for a ,remedy against the ,plague1 as also ,diviners1 ,observers of ,times1 ,enchanters1 ,witches1 ,charmers1 ,consulters of ,familiar ,spirits1 ,wizards and ,necromancers2 so many kinds of ,magicians1 who among other ,things1 undertook the ,cure and ,prognostics of ,diseases1 so many several ways1 particularly the ,charmer1 v4 #aa4 term'd by the ,septuagint1 one that us'd ,medicines and ,charms together3 ,sidenote3 ,magic us'd in ,embalming4 ,thus was ,magic so generally mix'd by the ,egyptians with their ,physic1 that the very ,dead that were ,embalm'd were not free from it4 ,this appears from the various ,ornaments of their ,mummies1 being adorn'd with painted ,characters and ,hieroglyphics1 and defended by several little ,idols or ,averruncal ,gods4 ,some of these were plac'd within the ,bodies1 as suppos'd1 perhaps to preserve them from ,corruption2 and others were sow'd to their out-sides1 plac'd upon their ,tombs1 or in their ,burial-,vaults1 there to guard them from external ,injuries1 and by the various ,shapes they represented1 to deter ,men from violating them2 but of these we shall speak more particularly in another place4 ,yet however ,superstitious and ,idolatrous the antient ,egyptians were in ,magical ,physic1 they were soon convinc'd of the inefficacy of such ,practices1 therefore study'd other ,methods and ,physical ,remedies1 which might prove more prevalent2 and altho' they did not immediately leave off the former1 yet was it to the latter only their admirable success in ,physic was owing4 ,in like manner are we to believe the preservation of dead ,bodies was not effected by those ,charms or ,idols1 found about them1 but purely perform'd by an extraordinary ,skill in ,medicine and ,anatomy1 and particularly in that exquisite ,art of ,embalming4 ,in this1 that they might be the better instructed1 and more thoroughly knowing1 they took such infallible ,methods1 as none could hardly be ignorant of that part they were to perform2 for they had these several ,persons belonging to and employ'd in ,embalming1 ,sidenote3 ,persons how qualify'd for ,embalming4 each performing a distinct and separate ,office1 viz4 a ,designer or ,painter1 a ,dissector or ,anatomist1 a ,pollinctor or ,apothecary1 an ,embalmer or ,surgeon1 and a ,physician or ,priest1 which last was a great ,philosopher1 and taught and instructed the others in these ,ceremonies1 as we shall shew in its proper ,place4 ,by this means1 not only the ,art of ,embalming1 but likewise every branch of ,physic1 flourish'd and came to the greatest perfection1 whereas1 in our ,age1 every ,art grows the more imperfect as it incroaches on another1 and the civil ,wars now a ,days between ,physicians1 ,surgeons and ,apothecaries have been the chief occasions of reducing ,physic to so low an ebb2 for whilst these have been fighting for each others ,countries1 the ,monarchy was usurp'd by ,quacks and ,undertakers1 who are the only ,vultures that attend such ,battles1 in order to prey immediately on the vanquish'd ,enemy4 ,now did every one keep to his own ,province1 as they did formerly in ,egypt1 there would be none of these ,divisions among us1 but every ,art would flourish and stand upon its own ,basis1 and yet1 ,i assure you1 it would be found more difficult to understand1 and perform one ,art rightly1 than to acquire a superficial ,knowledge of many ,things1 in other ,businesses1 which relate little to the ,purpose4 ,sidenote3 ,no ,quacks or ,undertakers in ,egypt4 ,to prevent these1 there were in ,egypt no ,pretenders to ,physic in general1 nor any ,artists who medl'd with anothers ,province1 each keeping strictly to his own1 as ,herodotus assures us in his ,euterpe1 where he tells us1 some only profess'd curing ,diseases of the ,head1 others of the ,ears2 some were ,oculists1 others ,tooth-,drawers2 some for particular ,diseases in ,men1 and others for those in ,women4 ,in a word1 there were ,physicians for every ,disease1 but none pretended to more than one4 ,the same thing was observ'd in other ,arts1 for better maintaining of which1 a ,law was enacted1 that if any ,person exercis'd more than one ,profession or ,trade1 he should incur the most grievous of ,punishments2 and ,king ,amasis also made a ,law1 ,that such as had no ,profession or ,trade at all1 or did not yearly make appear1 to the ,governors of the ,provinces how they lawfully got their ,livelihoods1 should be punish'd with ,death4 ,this ,law ,solon borrow'd of the ,egyptians1 and carry'd to ,athens1 where he had it put in practice3 ,is it not therefore a shame for us1 who1 no doubt1 esteem our selves a much more polite ,people than those ,heathens were1 to suffer a sort of ,men call'd ,undertakers1 to monopolize the several ,trades of ,glovers1 ,milliners1 ,drapers1 ,wax-,chandlers1 ,coffin-,makers1 ,herald-,painters1 ,surgeons1 ,apothecaries1 and the like4 ,sidenote3 ,art can never ,flourish where they are4 ,art can never flourish where 'tis assum'd by every ignorant ,pretender1 nor be brought to any perfection1 while practis'd by illiterate ,persons4 ,we may as well expect one1 that has never seen a ,campaign1 should understand ,military ,discipline2 or one that has never been at ,sea1 ,command and ,steer a ,ship rightly1 as that an ,upholsterer1 a ,taylor1 ,joyner1 or the like ,undertaker1 should be well skill'd in the misterious ,art of ,embalming4 ,these are the present ,grievances1 as well in ,sciences as ,trade1 and 'till such ,time as ,quacks and ,undertakers1 ,hawkers1 ,pedlers and ,interlopers1 and all such ,persons1 as were not brought up in the ,emploiment they profess1 be remov'd2 we can think no otherwise but that ,art must sink1 ,trade be ruin'd1 and every public ,office1 as well at ,court as in the ,country1 be ill serv'd3 ,for whence came every ,art and ,science1 nay all kinds of ,learning1 to flourish so mightily in ,egypt8 ,and how came it to pass the ,egyptians so much excell'd1 and perform'd more wonderful ,works1 than all the ,world beside1 but only by strictly confining every ,artist to his particular ,emploiment1 and punishing all that any ways interfer'd with another8 ,but lest we may seem to dwell too long on this ,subject1 which we think also more convenient to be discours'd of in another part of this ,book1 we will next proceed to consider1 besides their ,pharmacy1 the extraordinary ,skill of the ,egyptians in other ,branches of ,physic1 such as ,anatomy1 ,chymistry1 ,surgery1 c4 ,sidenote3 ,egyptians well skill'd in ,anatomy4 ,that the ,egyptians must needs understand the natural ,oeconomy of the ,body1 appears in that they were the first that employ'd their ,industry in searching out the inward ,nature of ,animals by ,anatomy1 and first open'd ,human ,bodies to discover their respective ,diseases4 ,olaus ,borrichius1 ,lib4 de gypt4 ,sap4 p4 #ada4 brings many ,arguments to prove their ,knowledge in ,anatomy2 and among them1 this out of ,aulus ,gellius1 ,lib4 #aj4 c4 #aj4 ,veteres ,grcos1 annulum habuisse in ,digito sinistr ,manus1 qui minimo est proximus3 ,romanos quoque ,homines aiunt sic plerumq2 ,annulis usitatos2 ,causam esse hujus rei ,appion in ,libris gyptiacis hanc dicit2 ,quod insectis apertisq2 ,humanis ,corporibus1 ut mos in gypto fuit1 quas ,grci apellant repertum est ,nervum quendam tenuissimum1 ab eo uno ,digito1 de quo diximus1 ad ,cor ,hominis pergere ac pervenire3 ,propterea non inscitum visum esse1 eum potissimum ,digitum tali ,honore decorandum1 qui continens quasi connexus esse in principatu ,cordis videretur4 ,that the antient ,greeks wore a ,ring on that ,finger of the left ,hand1 which is next to the little one3 ,and it is likewise said of the ,romans1 that they for the most part wore their ,rings in the same manner2 of which ,appion1 in his ,egyptian ,treatises1 gives this ,reason2 ,that the ,egyptians in ,dissecting1 and opening ,human ,bodies1 which was a ,custom among them1 call'd by the ,greeks ,anatomy1 found a certain slender ,nerve1 deriv'd from their ,finger above-mention'd1 which crept along 'till it inserted it self into the ,heart2 wherefore they thought convenient that ,finger should chiefly be adorn'd with such ,honour4 ,macrobius1 as quoted by ,polydor ,virgil1 de ,rerum ,inventione1 p4 #adj4 affirms likewise1 ,quod ille ,digitus annulo ornatur1 quia ab eo ,nervus quidam ad ,cor pertinet4 ,also in ,saturnius1 ,lib4 #g4 c4 #ac4 ,disarius1 in consulting the ,egyptian ,books of ,anatomy1 says1 he found the same4 ,orus adds1 that for this ,reason the ,egyptian ,priests anointed that ,finger with sweet ,odours2 which ,doctrine however1 ,conringius says1 deserves rather to be laugh'd at than confuted2 nevertheless1 ,borrichius thinks there may perhaps be a more secret consent between that ,finger and the ,heart1 than young ,anatomists are aware of1 therefore endeavours to prove the same1 p4 #adc4 ,however1 says he1 we need not wonder if the ,egyptians were sometimes in the dark1 when at this ,day the ,anatomy of the ,greeks is so empty2 and surely 'twas as easie a matter for the ,greeks to have added something more solid1 to the ,egyptian ,anatomy1 as for us ,moderns to have so much improv'd it after them4 ,but nothing was invented and perfected at the same ,time1 therefore we must not imagine the ,anatomy of the ,egyptians to have been so compleat as ours is now4 ,yet he that shall think the wise ,egyptians could be so absurd as to believe the ,heart ,annually increas'd the weight of two ,drams1 for the space of ,fifty ,years1 and afterwards gradually decreas'd for ,fifty more1 must needs be guilty of too great credulity1 since none can doubt but that ,persons of all ,ages were open'd by them1 in order to ,embalming1 and therefore such like ,follies must of necessity have been refuted by ocular ,inspection and ,demonstration4 ,that which ,conringius chiefly builds upon1 is1 that all the ,anatomy of the ,egyptians was only instituted for the use of ,embalming2 yet1 which is likewise confuted by ,pliny1 ,lib4 #ai4 c4 #e4 where speaking of the ,phthiriasis1 he says1 ,the ,cure thereof was found out in ,egypt1 ,kings being accustom'd to ,dissect dead ,bodies1 for that purpose3 ,the words are plain1 ,in gypto ,regibus ,corpora mortuorum ad scrutandos ,morbos insectantibus4 ,this ,i look upon to be the chief intent of their ,anatomy1 and not the use of ,embalming1 since1 if we may believe ,diodorus ,siculus1 those who were the ,dissectors very probably understood no more than what they were directed to perform by the ,priest and ,scribe4 ,the same ,author assures us it was even a very unthankful ,office to perform that2 for no sooner had they finish'd their ,incision1 but they were forc'd to run away1 the ,by-standers most commonly flinging ,stones at them1 as abhorring to see them exercise such seeming ,cruelty on their ,friend or ,relation4 ,yet this does not disprove their ,skill or ,practice of ,anatomy for other ,purposes1 since1 besides the foregoing ,arguments1 we are assur'd they were well acquainted with ,ostiology2 ,sidenote3 ,and ,ostiology4 for ,galen1 ,lib4 #a4 ,de admin4 ,anatom4 advising as well ocular ,inspection as reading good ,authors1 says1 ,it is best to be done at ,alexandria1 where ,physicians1 expose to the sight of their ,auditors1 the ,discipline of the ,bones4 ,on the contrary1 tho' the ,egyptian ,embalmers did not rightly understand ,anatomy1 yet is that ,art nevertheless very requisite to be known1 by those who would be thoroughly acquainted with the more exquisite ,methods of the ,moderns2 for hereby they may be instructed how to keep the ,muscles1 make ,skeletons1 and prepare ,schemes of the ,nerves1 ,arteries and ,veins1 as likewise to preserve the ,brain1 ,lungs1 ,stomach1 ,bowels1 ,uterus1 and other curious ,preparations1 which serve instead of ,books or ,pictures for the ,instruction of young ,pupils1 and refreshing the ,memories of more experienc'd ,practicers4 ,in a word1 ,i may justly say1 to ,anatomy are owing those rare ,inventions of ,steno1 ,swammerdam1 ,ruysh1 ,blanchard1 ,bilsius and others1 for their new ,methods of ,embalming4 ,sidenote3 ,chymistry ,invented by ,hermes4 ,as ,chymistry is said to have had its ,rise in ,egypt1 so is it also generally suppos'd to have been invented by ,hermes4 ,but that this ,art was somewhat different from what we at this ,day understand by that ,denomination1 appears from the ,etymology of the ,word1 which the ,greeks call1 1 1 al4 1 i4 e4 ,fusio ,metallorum2 prfixo artic4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,art of making ,gold and ,silver4 ,arab1 ,al1 ,alchimy1 ,chymistry2 or1 ,the ,art of melting and counterfeiting ,metals4 ,suidas likewise calls ,chymistry1 ,the preparation or making of ,gold and ,silver4 ,this was the true ,philosophers ,stone which so enrich'd that ,kingdom1 and brought all their ,arts to a mighty ,perfection2 and in quest of which1 so many ,persons of all ,nations have since fruitlesly consum'd both their ,lives and ,fortunes4 ,whereas1 on the contrary1 by this ,art the ,wealth of the ,egyptians was increas'd to that immense degree1 that they study'd means how to expend what they had heap'd up4 ,on this occasion ,pliny1 ,lib4 #cf4 c4 #ab4 thus writes3 ,dicuntur1 says he1 obiter ,pyramides in eadem gypto1 ,regum ,pecuni otiosa stulta ,ostentatio4 ,but besides their ,pyramids1 their ,obelisques1 ,colossus's1 ,monuments1 ,pensile ,gardens and ,cities1 their ,labyrinth1 ,lake ,mris1 and the like stupendious ,works1 which cost so many ,millions of ,talents1 are sufficient ,arguments of their ,skill in ,alchymy1 whence they receiv'd so vast a supply of ,riches4 ',tis recorded of ,ptolomy ,philadelphus1 he spent at one pompous ,show at ,alexandria1 and that even when ,egypt was declining1 #bbci ,talents1 as ,athenus reckons up1 ,deipn4 ,lib4 #e4 c4 #h4 ,not to mention their ,statues and ,temples of entire ,gold1 or the ,cedar ,ship1 built by ,sesostris1 which was #bhj ,cubits in length1 the outside cover'd with ,gold1 and the inside with ,silver1 as ,diodorus asserts4 ,we have a sufficient remarkable instance of their great ,riches in the ,tomb of ,osymanduas1 describ'd by the same ,author1 about which there was a ,circle of ,gold #cfe ,cubits in compass1 and one ,cubit thick1 which ,circle was afterwards carry'd away by ,cambyses1 the ,persian ,monarch1 when he conquer'd ,egypt2 besides which1 as ,marcellinus1 ,lib4 #f4 reports1 he took out of ,thebes #cjj ,talens of ,gold1 and at least #bcjj of ,silver4 ,now1 since no ,authors mention any ,gold ,mines in the ,time of ,osiris or ,hermes1 whence can we imagine they should acquire such exceeding great ,wealth1 but from the ,chymic ,art of transmuting ,metals8 ,besides the ,egyptian ,mines1 which perhaps were afterwards discover'd1 could yeild but little ,profit1 because of the vast ,expence and ,labour they must be at in ,digging them4 ,what farther seems to confirm their ,knowledge in this misterious ,art1 is that1 as ,suidas reports1 the ,emperor ,dioclesian upon his taking ,alexandria1 search'd with the utmost diligence for all these ,chymical ,books1 written by the ,ancients1 and burn'd what he found1 both to prevent the ,egyptians growing thereby ,rich and ,rebelling against him4 ,it was nevertheless thought1 the ,art of making ,gold remain'd for some ,time1 among the ,egyptians of the first ,rank1 at ,colchis1 and that by ,jason's ,golden ,fleece1 was meant a ,book of ,chymistry written on ,sheep-skin or ,vellum1 which he fetch'd from thence4 ,however1 at last this ,art was lost1 and perhaps for these following ,reasons3 ,sidenote3 ,how the ,egyptians ,arts came to be lost4 ,first1 ,because the ,egyptian ,priests1 who were ,masters of all ,sciences1 conceal'd their ,chymistry as much as might be1 lest others1 excited by their ,happiness1 might envy their ,treasure1 and consequently hasten their ,ruin4 ,secondly1 ,because these ,priests were so obstinate and resolute1 they would rather chuse to suffer the greatest ,tortures than discover their ,art4 ,thirdly1 ,in that their ,chymical ,books1 c4 being written in secret ,characters1 and consequently understood by few1 were laid up in ,subterranean ,vaults1 or private ,recesses of their ,temples1 for fear of the ,incursions of their ,enemies1 thro' which means some never came to light4 ,and1 ,lastly1 by reason of the hostile ,invasions of the ,persians1 ,ethiopians1 ,romans and others1 who ransack'd the ,temples of ,memphis1 ,thebes and ,alexandria1 where these secret ,arts were kept1 burnt that famous ,library of ,ptolemy ,philadelphus1 which contain'd about #gjjjjj ,volumes1 and destroy'd in like manner the ,serapion4 ,all this consider'd1 we need not wonder if this1 as well as their ,art of ,embalming1 be lost4 ,but 'tis farther to be noted1 as their ,chymistry was very profitable to them in making ,gold and ,silver1 ,sidenote3 ,the ,art of tinging ,glass and making ,artificial ,stones4 so in teaching them how to give beautiful ,tinctures to ,stones and ,glass1 as also ,enamel1 make ,pastes1 and the like1 was equally curious and delightful4 ,they were wont to make ,drinking-,glasses1 call'd #c;,allassontes1 which would change colour like a ,pidgeons ,neck2 one of which1 as ,vopiscus relates1 being presented by an ,alexandrian ,priest to the ,emperor ,adrian1 was esteem'd by him as a great ,gift and rare ,invention4 ,they could likewise tinge the ,lapis ,obsidianus and ,cyanos1 with various beautiful ,colours1 as ,pliny1 ,lib4 #cf4 c4 #bf4 and ,lib4 #cg4 c4 #i4 relates4 ,also ,seneca ,epist4 ,,xc4 tells us ,democritus1 by being well acquainted with the ,egyptians1 discover'd how to soften ,ivory1 and by boiling a ,stone1 learn'd how to convert it into an ,emerald2 for those ,people are said to have made ,gems so artificially1 they imitated the natural both in lustre and hardness4 ,moreover1 ,appion ,plistonices writes1 there was to be seen in the ,labyrinth of ,egypt a ,colossus of ,serapis #i ,cubits high of an entire ,emerald1 which surely must have proceeded from a ,chymical ,operation1 since neither of the ,indies have hitherto been able to produce the like ,rarity4 ,by all this 'tis plain the antient ,egyptians knew the more secret and profitable part of ,chymistry1 but whether that relating to ,physic was practis'd by them1 in the same manner as with us1 is a ,matter of some concern in ,embalming1 but1 by reason of the scarcity of their ,monuments or ,books1 not so easie to determine4 ,yet that they were not wholly ignorant thereof1 appears by their s ustum1 rugo1 ,alumen ustum1 ,diphryges1 ,misy1 ,sory1 ,nitre1 ,sal ,armoniac1 ,salts latent in ,ashes1 ,calcinations1 and the like ,operations which require the help of ,fire2 ,sidenote3 ,the ,art of ,distilling1 ,calcining1 c4 as also in that they were acquainted with the ,art of ,distilling1 whereby ,bodies were made ,incorporeal1 rarify'd into ,fumes1 and afterwards kept from evaporating by help of ,alembics1 ,matrasses and ,retorts well luted to their ,heads and ,receivers4 ,these ,vessels were made of ,glass1 and some of them with their ,figures have been describ'd by ,zosimus1 an antient ,chymist of ,panopolis1 in his ,book 1 from whence ,olaus ,borrichius had his ,plate in his ,book ,de ,hermetis gyptiorum sapientia1 p4 #aef4 ,now certainly1 after all has been said1 no ,body will pretend to dispute the use of ,chymical ,preparations in ,embalming1 ,sidenote3 ,chymical ,medicines useful in ,embalming4 who has heard of the wonderful ,effects of the ,spiritus ,solomonis1 the ,spiritus universalis ,clauderi1 the ,spiritus ,matricalis ,blancardi1 the ,sal enixum ,paracelsi1 ,sal mirabile ,glauberi1 ,succinum liquidum ,kerkringij1 the ,arcanum ,bilsij1 and other ,chymical ,spirits1 ,tinctures and ,balsams1 too many to be enumerated here1 therefore ,i intend to describe them at large in my ,pharmacopia4 ,footnote #c3 1 i4 ,variantes1 ,sc4 ,calices1 quod essent versicolores4 ,sidenote3 ,surgery ,invented and ,improv'd in ,egypt4 ,surgery1 which was another branch of their ,physic1 was1 as ,sanchuniathon asserts1 invented by sculapius the ,egyptian1 first of that ,name1 ,son of ,jupiter1 and ,brother of ,mercury1 who reign'd at ,memphis according to the report of ,clemens ,alexandrinus4 ,after his ,name several others were so call'd1 who1 in succeeding ,ages1 contriv'd any new ,methods of dressing or binding up ,wounds1 or added any thing else which was curious to ,surgery4 ,this ,art increas'd much in ,egypt1 as ,celsus ,lib4 #g4 ,prf4 witnesses2 and ,philoxenus1 a very good ,author1 compos'd many ,books thereof4 ,egypt also was the chief place famous for ,surgery1 insomuch that ,cyrus ,king of the ,persians1 when he found no ,remedy for a ,disease in his ,eyes1 among his own ,physicians and ,surgeons1 friendly besought ,amasis ,king of ,egypt1 that he would send him an ,oculist1 whom he accordingly receiv'd with desir'd ,success1 as ,herodotus in his ,thalia acquaints us4 ,likewise both the ,greeks and ,romans1 in case of necessity1 requir'd and receiv'd the like ,benefit from the ,egyptians2 but that their ,surgery was so complete as ours is now1 none will allow1 nevertheless1 this must be granted1 that they had some ,medicaments which we stand in need of2 for ,dioscorides1 ,lib4 #e4 c4 #aeh4 and ,pliny1 ,lib4 #cf4 c4 #g4 make mention of the ,lapis ,memphitis1 which being powder'd and mix'd with ,vinegar1 they us'd to anoint any part with which they intended to ,burn or ,cut1 and it so stupify'd it without any danger1 that the ,patient underwent the ,operation almost without any ,pain4 ,sidenote3 ,how useful in ,embalming4 ,surgery therefore being of that antiquity1 and so well known by the ,egyptians1 'twill be expected ,i should apply it to our ,subject of ,embalming3 ,wherefore1 as was before mention'd1 p4 #agg4 there being several ,persons employ'd to ,embalm a ,corps1 as they were directed by the ,physician1 so one of those1 to wit the ,embalmer1 we take to be properly a ,surgeon1 inasmuch as by understanding the nature of ,fermentation and ,putrifaction1 both of the ,juices and ,blood1 as also how to cure ,mortifications in the ,living1 he might thereby be better enabl'd to prevent the like ,qualities in the ,dead4 ,this he is likewise more capable of1 by being well acquainted with ,galenical and ,chymical ,medicines1 and ,anatomical ,preparations and ,experiments2 in which ,matters1 seeing ,physicians are generally most knowing1 ,santorellus thought it their ,property1 and consequently wrote a ,book on this ,subject1 entitl'd1 ,post ,praxis ,medica1 which shews what a ,physician has to do after his ,patient is dead1 viz4 ,to prescribe proper ,remedies for ,embalming him1 as the ,egyptian ,priests or ,physicians were wont to direct their ,operators to do4 ,so that 'tis plain1 the true ,office of the ,physician was to prescribe1 the ,apothecaries to compound ,medicines1 anoint the ,body1 c4 and the ,surgeons to ,embalm and roul it up2 ,sidenote3 ,it teaches the ,art of ,bandage4 an ,art which scarce any of our ,moderns can equal1 and perhaps ,i may have been the first that has imitated it1 as ,mr4 ,talman1 one of our ,masters of ,anatomy1 can witness ,i perform'd on the ,body of ,sir ,robert ,jeffrys1 whom we ,embalm'd4 ,sidenote3 ,a ,surgeon the proper ,embalmer4 ,he therefore whom the ,egyptians call'd the ,embalmer1 was strictly speaking the ,surgeon1 for as much as the curing the ,corps was to be perform'd by a manual ,operation1 and local application of ,medicines1 a ,thing which requir'd much care1 skill and dexterity1 and which1 a ,person that is not as well acquainted with this1 as ,balsamic ,medicines1 can never perform as he ought1 or be able to invent any new ,method2 whereas ,frederic ,ruysch1 a good ,physician1 a great ,anatomist and ,reader of ,surgery at ,amsterdam1 was well skill'd in this ,art of ,embalming1 as his several ,preparations of the ,veins1 ,arteries1 ,uterus1 c4 testifie1 all which1 ,doctor ,brown1 ,president of the ,college of ,physicians ,london1 affirms he saw most accurately done at ,ruysch's ,house at ,amsterdam1 and which he particularly mentions in his ,book of ,travels1 viz4 ,the ,lymphatic ,vessels so preserv'd1 that their ,valves were very perspicuous1 and the very minute ,vessels of an excarn'd ,liver clear and shining4 ,he likewise says1 he saw the ,muscles of ,children dissected and kept free from ,corruption2 as also an entire ,body preserv'd1 and the ,face of one without the least spot1 change of colour1 or alteration of the ,lineaments1 from what might be expected after ,death1 and yet ,ruysch had kept them ,two ,years1 and hop'd so to continue them4 ,we have insisted the longer on ,physic and its particular ,branches1 such as ,anatomy1 ,chymistry1 ,surgery1 c4 in as much as they not only teach how to prevent and cure ,diseases1 but likewise to ,embalm dead ,bodies4 ,yet seeing the ,egyptians were famous in other ,arts and ,sciences1 such as ,painting1 ,carving1 ,architecture1 ,astronomy1 ,geometry and the ,mathematics1 some of which conduc'd very much to their ,embalmings1 and others to the erecting and compleating their ,pyramids and ,monuments2 it may not be impertinent to enquire into those ,arts1 by which ,egypt grew into such repute1 that it was generally esteem'd1 in respect to its ,magnificence1 ,sidenote3 ,egypt ,mistress of the ,world1 and ,mother of all ,arts and ,sciences4 ,the ,mistress of the ,world2 to its ,fertility1 ,the ,magazine or ,store-,house of the ,world2 and to its ,antiquity1 ,the ,origin1 or ,mother of all ,arts and ,sciences4 ,this ,digression ,i hope will be the more pardonable1 in that it will be somewhat diverting to the ,lovers of ,art1 and also help to give a true ,notion of the several ,ceremonies and great ,expences us'd about their ,embalm'd ,bodies4 ,sidenote3 ,egyptians their ,antiquity4 ,we will first therefore begin with their ,antiquity1 for from thence we may expect the first ,progress or ,invention1 tho' perhaps not the ,perfection of ,arts2 in which point the ,egyptians would make us believe1 the first ,men were form'd in their ,country1 and give so great a number of their ,kings1 and so long a duration of their ,reigns1 as to deduce their ,origin some ,thousands of ,years before the ,creation of the ,world2 asserting also that they were govern'd by the ,gods about #bejjj ,years1 before their ,kingdom fell into the ,hands of ,men3 ,but however questionable this ,tradition may be1 yet is it not to be doubted but the ,egyptians were of very great ,antiquity1 and perhaps the antientest ,people of the ,world1 from whom ,laws1 ,arts1 ,sciences and ,ceremonies were first deriv'd to other ,countries4 ,sidenote3 ,their ,inventions4 ,now the ,inventions commonly attributed to them are1 ,geometry1 ,arithmetic1 ,music1 ,astrology1 ,physic1 ,necromancy or ,sorcery1 ,carving1 ,painting1 ,enameling1 ,fluxing of ,metals and ,stones1 curious ,works in ,glass1 and making of fine ,linnen1 ,mathematical ,machines and ,automata1 ,pneumatic and ,hydraulic ,engines1 and various other ,mechanical ,curiosities2 in a word1 all kinds of ,learning and ,ingenuity1 but more particularly they were the first ,inventors of the ,art of ,embalming4 ,some of these we have already mention'd1 therefore shall only speak of those not hitherto treated of4 ,first then1 ,the ,thebans boast they were the most antient ,philosophers and ,astrologers1 ,sidenote3 ,astrology4 as having found out the first ,rules for the ,improvement of those ,sciences1 since they most accurately observ'd the ,courses of the ,sun1 ,moon and ,stars1 their ,eclipses1 ,constellations1 ,risings1 ,aspects and ,influences1 dividing thereby their ,years into ,months1 and grounding their ,divinations on their hidden ,properties2 yet did they so manage their ,prognostications1 that they could certainly foretel every particular ,event4 ,sidenote3 ,mathematics4 ,in the ,mathematics and ,mechanical ,powers the ,egyptians were particularly famous1 for they had ,engines whereby they could raise their ,obelisques1 and hoist up vast ,stones to so incredible and prodigious a height as their ,pyramids are4 ,they also devis'd other wonderful ,machines for divers purposes1 as some for dreining ,marshes1 others for watering ,gardens1 of which ,diodorus ,siculus says1 ,in the pensile ,garden of ,semiramis there was an ,engine1 that1 thro' certain ,conduits or ,conveyances from the ,platform of the ,garden1 drew a great quantity of ,water out of the ,river1 yet no ,body was the wiser or knew how it was done4 ,a third sort of ,machines they had for destroying and confounding their ,enemy1 with which last they had once almost reduc'd ,julius ,csar to extream despair1 when he invested ,alexandria with his whole ,army2 for as ,aulus ,hirtius1 ,writer of that ,war1 relates1 ,ganymedes with ,wheels and other ,machines of great force1 pump'd the ,water out of the ,sea1 and threw it from high ,places1 with that great force and violence on ,csar's ,men1 that they thought of raising the ,seige4 ,he farther adds1 ,that by those means he also made all their ,water so salt they could not drink it4 ,but besides these they had a sort of ,water-,works for pleasure1 as their ,organa ,hydraulica or ,water-,organs1 and others for measuring ,time1 as the ,clepsydra or ,water-,hour-,glass4 ,they had likewise other ,machines which mov'd with the ,air or ,wind1 and some ,automata that went by invisible ,springs2 for1 as ,clius ,rhodiginus relates1 the ,egyptians made some ,statues of their ,gods both to walk of themselves1 and also to utter certain ,words articulately4 ,as to their ,motion1 that may be ascrib'd to some ,wheels and ,springs within1 and their ,voice or ,speech1 to some ,air forc'd up thro' ,pipes plac'd in their ,heads and ,mouths4 ,kircher in ,tom4 #b4 ,oed4 gyptiac4 gives many ,examples of ,pneumatical ,engines1 among the ,egyptians1 in their ,temples4 ,yet is there none so remarkable as the ,statue of ,memnon1 which was made by the ,theban ,priests with that ,art and ,contrivance1 that in the ,morning1 on the rising of the ,sun1 and the striking of its ,beams upon it1 it utter'd a kind of ,music4 ,this was so famous a piece of ,work1 that ,men travell'd from far to see it4 ,lucian the ,sophister went to view that ,miracle1 as he terms it1 and as he tells us in his ,philopseudes4 ,the same did the ,emperor ,severus1 as ,spartianus informs us1 and ,germanicus1 as ,tacitus1 and ,strabo1 that judicious ,geographer1 went to see it2 the like did ,apollonius ,tyanus1 as ,philostratus writes1 which ,matter need not seem fabulous1 says ,natalis ,comes1 to any that shall understand the ,power of ,art and ,human ,wit1 nor how expert the ,theban ,priests were in all ,mathematical ,sciences4 ,but ,i need say no more in particular of their ,art of ,building1 ,carving or ,painting1 ,sidenote3 ,their wonderful ,works in ,architecture4 since those will appear much more conspicuous by a ,relation of such stupendious and beautiful ,works as were the ,city of ,thebes1 together with its stately ,sepulchres1 ,obelisks and ,temples1 all built by them4 ,the ,sepulchre of ,king ,osymandua1 the ,cities of ,memphis1 ,cairo1 ,babylon and ,alexandria1 the ,tower of ,pharos1 the long ,wall built by ,sesostris1 the ,labyrinth1 their ,pyramids1 ,obelisks1 ,columns1 ,colossus's1 ,statues1 ,sphinx's1 ,monuments1 ,subterranean ,vaults and ,lamps1 and other like admirable ,works1 testifie their extraordinary ,skill and ,ingenuity in all kinds of ,arts to be such1 as neither the ,greeks1 ,romans1 nor any other ,nation were afterwards capable of4 ,but that you may not1 ,sir1 be put off with a bare enumeration of them1 ,i will give such a particular account of them1 as will1 ,i dare say1 not only surprise and divert the ,reader1 but also lead him into every minute ,circumstance of their ,embalming4 ,sidenote3 ,thebes4 ,first then of ,thebes1 a very rich and glorious ,city1 once the ,regal ,metropolis of all ,egypt1 and built by ,busyris1 who resided in it4 ,it was call'd by the ,egyptians ,heliopolis1 or the ,city of the ,sun1 and by ,strabo1 ,diospolis1 or ,jupiter's ,city1 by reason he was there worshipp'd4 ,it was in circuit about #adj ,furlongs1 or #ag ,miles and an half1 and was adorn'd with so many stately ,monuments both of ,gold1 ,silver and ,ivory1 such multitudes of ,colossus's and ,obelisks1 cut out of entire ,stone1 such exceeding splendid ,temples1 ,palaces and ,tombs of the old ,egyptian ,pharaohs1 and other such like ,ornaments and stupendious ,rarities1 that it was not only look'd upon to be the most beautiful and stately ,city of ,egypt1 but of all others in the ,world2 for it is recorded1 that not only ,king ,busyris1 but all his ,successors also from ,time to ,time beautify'd and adorn'd it1 and 'tis certain it had in it #bjjjj ,chariots of ,war1 and that there were #ajj ,stables all along the ,river1 from ,memphis to ,thebes1 towards ,libya1 each of which was capable of containing #bjj ,horses4 ,pomponius ,mela says1 ,thebes was so exceeding ,populous1 it could draw out of every ,gate #ajjjj armed ,men1 and that the ,greek ,word ,hecatompolis1 which as some think signifies an hundred ,gates1 according to which1 ,thebes was so call'd by ,homer1 is not to be understood literally1 but rather to be explain'd to relate to an hundred ,palaces1 in which so many ,princes had their ,residence4 ,pliny1 ,lib4 #cf4 c #ad4 will have the whole ,city to have stood upon ,arches1 so made on purpose1 that the ,egyptian ,kings might march their ,armies this way and that way under the ,houses1 without being discover'd4 ,in this ,city were also four ,temples1 very wonderful for their beauty and largeness1 of which1 the most antient was #ac ,furlongs1 or above a ,mile and half in circuit1 and #de ,cubits high1 and had a ,wall #bd ,foot thick4 ,the ,ornaments of this ,temple were suitably magnificent both for ,cost and ,workmanship1 and the ,fabric continu'd 'till ,diodorus ,siculus's ,time1 but the ,silver1 ,gold1 and other ,ornaments of ,ivory and precious ,stones1 were carry'd away by the ,persians at such ,time as ,cambyses burn'd the ,temples of ,egypt4 #8,here1 says ,diodorus ,siculus1 ,lib4 #a4 cap4 #d4 were the wonderful ,sepulchres of the antient ,kings of ,egypt1 which for ,state and ,grandeur far exceeded all that ,posterity could attain to even to this ,day4 ,the ,egyptian ,priests say1 ,that in their ,sacred ,records there were register'd #dg of these ,sepulchres1 yet which is not only reported by the ,egyptians1 but by many of the ,grecians likewise1 who travel'd to ,thebes in the ,time of ,ptolemeus ,lagus1 and wrote ,histories of ,egypt4 ,among these1 one was ,hecatus1 who agrees with what ,diodorus relates1 viz4 ,that when he was there1 which was in the #ahjth ,olympiad1 there remain'd only #ag of these ,sepulchres4 ,sidenote3 ,osymandua's ,tomb4 ,of the first of these1 that of ,king ,osymandua was #aj ,furlongs in compass1 and at the entrance1 they say1 there was a ,portico of vari-colour'd ,marble1 #de ,cubits in height and #bjj ,feet long4 ,thence going forward1 you came into a four square ,stone-,gallery1 every ,square being #djj ,feet1 supported by ,beasts instead of ,pillars1 each of which was of an entire ,stone1 #af ,cubits high1 and ,carv'd after the antique manner4 ,the ,roof was also entirely of ,stone1 each ,stone being #h ,cubits broad1 with an azure ,sky all bespangl'd with ,stars4 ,passing out of this1 you enter'd another ,portico like the former1 but more curiously carv'd1 and adorn'd with greater variety4 ,at the entrance stood #c ,statues1 each of one entire ,stone1 being the ,workmanship of ,memnon of ,scienitas4 ,one of these was sitting1 whose ,foot measur'd #g ,cubits1 and in the whole magnitude1 exceeded all other ,statues in ,egypt4 ,the other two were much less1 reaching but to the ,knee1 the one standing on the right ,hand1 and the other on the left1 being the ,mother and ,daughter4 ,this ,piece is not only commendable for its greatness1 but likewise admirable for its ,workmanship1 and the excellency of the ,stone1 that in so great a ,work there was not to be discern'd the least flaw or blemish4 ,upon the ,tomb there was this ,inscription3 #8,i am ,osymandua1 ,king of ,kings2 if any would know how ,great ,i am1 and where ,i lye1 let him excel me in any of my ,works4 #8,there was likewise at the second ,gate another ,statue1 of the ,mother by her self1 of one ,stone1 #bj ,cubits high2 upon her ,head were plac'd ,three ,crowns1 to denote she was both ,daughter1 ,wife and ,mother of a ,king4 ,near this ,portico1 they say1 there was another ,gallery1 more remarkable than the former1 in which were various ,sculptures representing his ,wars with the ,bactrians1 who had revolted from him1 against whom1 'tis said1 he march'd with #djjjjj ,foot and #bjjjj ,horse1 which ,army he divided into four ,bodies1 and appointed his ,sons ,generals of the whole4 #8,in the first ,wall might be seen the ,king assaulting a ,bulwark environ'd with the ,river1 and fighting at the head of his ,men1 against some that made up against him1 assisted by a ,lion in a terrible posture2 which some affirm must be understood to be a real ,lion that the ,king bred up tame1 went along with him in all his ,wars1 and by his great strength ever put the ,enemy to flight4 ,others make this ,construction1 that the ,king being a ,prince of extraordinary ,courage and ,strength1 he was willing to set forth his own ,praises and bravery of ,spirit1 by the representation of a ,lion4 ,in the second ,wall were carv'd the ,captives dragg'd after the ,king1 represented without ,hands and ,privy ,members1 to signifie that they were effeminate ,spirits1 and had no ,hands when they came to fight4 ,the third ,wall represented all sorts of ,sculptures and curious ,images1 in which were set forth the ,king's ,sacrificing of ,oxen1 and his ,triumphs in that ,war4 ,in the middle of the ,perystilion or ,portico1 open to the ,air at top1 was rear'd an ,altar of polish'd ,marble1 being of excellent ,workmanship1 and equally to be admir'd for its ,magnitude4 ,in the last ,wall were two ,statues1 each of entire ,stone1 #bg ,cubits high1 near which three ,passages open'd out of the ,portico into a stately ,room1 supported by ,pillars1 like a ,theatre for ,music4 ,every side of the ,theatre was #bjj ,feet square4 ,here were many ,statues of ,wood1 representing ,pleaders and ,spectators looking upon the ,judges4 ,those which were carv'd on one of the ,walls were #cj in number1 and in the middle sat the ,chief ,justice1 with the ,image of ,truth hanging about his ,neck1 his ,eyes clos'd1 and many ,books lying before him4 ,this signify'd that a ,judge ought not to take any ,bribes1 but only to regard the ,truth and ,merits of the ,cause4 ,next adjoyning was a ,gallery full of diverse ,apartments1 in which were all sorts of delicate ,meats ready serv'd up4 ,near this was represented the ,king himself1 curiously carv'd and painted in glorious ,colours1 offering as much ,gold and ,silver to the ,gods as he yearly receiv'd out of his ,mines4 ,the ,sum was there inscrib'd 7according to the rate of ,silver7 to amount unto #cb ,millions of #d,mina's1 which is about #ajj ,millions of ,pounds ,sterling4 ,next was the ,sacred ,library1 on which were inscrib'd these words1 ,the ,cure of the ,mind4 ,adjoyning to this were the ,images of all the ,gods in ,egypt1 to every one of which the ,king was making ,offerings1 peculiarly belonging to each of them1 that ,osiris and all his ,associates1 who were plac'd at his ,feet1 might understand his ,piety towards the ,gods1 and his ,righteousness towards ,men4 ,next to the ,library was a stately ,room1 wherein were #bj ,beds to set upon1 richly adorn'd1 in which were the ,images of ,jupiter and ,juno together with the ,kings1 and here it's suppos'd the ,king's ,body lay interr'd4 ,round the ,room are many ,apartments1 wherein are to be seen all the ,beasts that are accounted ,sacred in ,egypt1 very curiously painted4 ,thence you ascend to the top of the ,monument or ,sepulchre1 which having mounted1 there appears a ,border of ,gold round the ,tomb of #cfe ,cubits in compass1 and one in thickness2 within the division of every ,cubit were the several ,days of the ,year ingraven1 with the natural ,risings and ,settings of the ,stars1 and their ,significations1 according to the ,observations of the ,egyptian ,astrologers4 ,in this manner they describe the ,sepulchre of ,king ,osymandua1 which seems far to exceed all others both for ,magnificence and curiosity of ,workmanship4' ,now he who shall seriously consider this1 as also several other ,passages in ,herodotus and ,diodorus ,siculus of the stupendious ,works of the ,egyptians1 says ,greaves in his ,pyramidographia1 p4 #i4 must needs acknowledge1 that for ,magnificence1 if not for ,art1 they far exceeded the ,grecians and ,romans1 even when their ,empires were at the highest pitch and most flourishing3 ,wherefore those ,admiranda ,rom1 collected by ,justus ,lipsius1 are hardly admirable1 if compar'd with some of these4 ,at this ,day there is scarce any great ,column or ,obelisk remaining in ,rome worthy of ,note1 which has not antiently been brought hither out of ,egypt4 ,footnote #d3 ,every ,mina is about #cl4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,thebes sunk and fell to decay1 upon removing the ,court to ,memphis1 ,sidenote3 ,memphis4 a great and eminent ,city1 built by ,uchoreus1 as ,diodorus ,siculus1 ,lib4 #a4 relates1 but ,sandys says 'twas built by ,ogdoo1 and call'd ,memphis after the ,name of his ,daughter1 compress'd1 as they feign1 by ,nilus in the likeness of a ,bull4 ,hereupon this became the ,regal ,city1 and ,strength and ,glory of all ,egypt1 being exceeding ,populous1 and adorn'd with a world of ,antiquities4 ,it was particularly famous for the ,temple of ,apis1 the ,subterranean ,vaults or ,burying-,places1 and the ,pyramids or stately ,sepulchres of the ,kings1 erected within a few ,miles of it4 ,illustration3 ,m3 ,vdr ,gucht ,sculp3 ,to the ,honourable ,james ,saunderson ,esq1 who has been pleas'd to encourage this ,work1 this ,plate is humbly dedicated by his most humble ,servant ,thomas ,greenhill4 ,the ,god most esteem'd by the ,egyptians1 and ador'd at ,memphis1 ,sidenote3 ,the ,god ,apis4 was ,apis1 a coal-black ,ox1 with a white ,mark on his ,forehead1 the figure of an ,eagle on his ,back1 and having ,hair on his ,tail of two kinds4 ,when this ,god happen'd to die1 none valu'd their ,hair1 tho'1 as ,lucian says1 they had as good as ,nisus1 but shav'd it all off in token of their ,grief4 ,also ,diodorus ,siculus1 ,lib4 #a4 cap4 #f4 says1 ,they were then as much concern'd1 as at the ,death of their own ,children1 and laid out in the ,burial of this ,god1 as much1 if not more than all their ,goods were worth2 for when ,apis thro' old ,age dy'd at ,memphis1 in the ,reign of ,ptolomeus ,lagus1 his ,keeper not only spent all the ,provision he had heap'd up1 in burying him1 but also borrow'd of ,ptolomy #ej ,talents of ,silver for the same purpose4 ,nay even in our ,time1 says the same ,author1 some of the ,keepers of these ,sacred ,creatures1 have lavish'd away no less than #ajj ,talents1 in maintaining them whilst alive4 ,after the pompous ,funeral of ,apis was over1 those ,priests that had the charge of the ,matter1 sought out another ,calf1 which they substituted in its stead1 with the same ,marks as the former2 and this pass'd for a great ,miracle among them1 but certainly it was not difficult for evil ,spirits1 who might take pleasure in deceiving these ,people1 to represent to a ,cow1 when she went to ,bull1 an ,ox with those ,marks1 as ,jacob made the ,goats and ,sheep of the same colours1 by placing speckl'd ,rods before the ,eyes of the ,dams at the ,time of their ,coition4 ,thus1 having found an ,ox to their ,mind1 an end was immediately put to all further ,mourning and ,lamentation1 and the young ,god was led by the ,priests thro' the ,city of ,nilopolis1 fed #dj ,days1 and afterwards put into a ,barge1 in a golden ,cabbin1 transported to ,memphis1 and plac'd in ,vulcan's ,grove4 ,for the ,adoration of this ,ox1 they give this ,reason1 viz4 ,that the ,soul of ,osiris pass'd into the ,ox ,apis1 and consequently into all the rest that were successively substituted in his stead3 ,sidenote3 ,sepulchre of ,osiris4 ,but some say1 the ,members of ,osiris1 kill'd by ,typhon1 were thrown by ,isis into an ,ox made of ,wood1 and cover'd with ,ox-,hides 7from whence the ,city of ,busiris took its ,name27 and this1 as it is reported1 she did1 because1 as she was in search of her ,husband1 a very handsome ,bull appear'd to her1 which she believ'd to be him1 and whom she afterwards caus'd to be ,honour'd in ,egypt1 under the ,figure of that ,animal4 ,many other ,things are fabulously reported of ,apis1 which would be too tedious to relate in particular2 therefore ,i need only consider whether the ,adoration and ,worship of that ,creature1 came first in use from being the ,sepulchre of ,osiris1 ,sidenote3 ,of ,mycerinus's ,daughter4 or from the ,account ,herodotus in his ,euterpe gives of the ,daughter of ,mycerinus1 bury'd in like manner1 which we shall here relate1 viz4 ,that one of the ,egyptian ,kings1 ,mycerinus by ,name1 seeing himself depriv'd of ,heirs by the ,death of his ,daughter and only ,child1 spar'd nothing whereby he might express how sensibly he was touch'd with this ,loss1 and consequently indeavour'd to immortalize her ,memory1 by the most superb and sumptuous ,structure he could possibly devise4 ,instead therefore of a ,monument he order'd a ,palace to be erected for her1 with a great ,hall in the midst of it1 adorn'd with abundance of ,figures and ,statues1 all glittering with precious ,stones4 ,after this1 he caus'd her ,corps to be deposited in a ,coffin of incorruptible ,wood1 fashion'd after the likeness of an ,ox1 which was cover'd all over with ,plates of ,gold1 and had a purple ,mantle cast over it4 ,the ,figure of this ,ox was kneeling1 having a ,sun of ,massy ,gold between his ,horns1 and being enlightn'd by a ,lamp hanging before him1 whose ,flames were fed with a most odoriferous ,oil4 ,round about the ,hall stood ,perfuming-,pans and ,censers1 which continually threw up clouds of sweet ,scents and ,perfumes4 ,in another ,parlour adjoyning to this1 stood about #bj great ,images1 partly naked and carv'd in ,wood1 which as the ,priests report were the ,concubines of ,mycerinus4 ,but some there are who speak otherwise of this ,ox and those ,figures1 viz4 ,that ,mycerinus falling in ,love with his ,daughter ravish'd her1 who thereupon hanging herself for ,grief1 her ,father bury'd her in this ,ox1 and the ,servants who betray'd the ,daughter1 and slew the ,mother1 were represented by these ,images1 as having been accessary to such ,wickedness4 ,this ,sepulchral ,story1 ,porus has very well delineated in ,porcachius1 after the manner you'll find represented in this first ,plate4 ,but to return to the ,city ,memphis1 said to have been in circuit about #bj ,miles2 ,greaves tells us1 there is not now so much as the ,ruines of any such ,place to be seen1 altho' ,monsieur ,thevenot affirms1 those pretty near the ,mummies1 enclining towards the ,nile1 are doubtless the ,ruines of that ,city1 whose ,inhabitants1 even at this ,day1 in imitation of their ,ancestors1 bury their ,dead without the ,gates1 and consequently make use of the ,plain for a ,burying-,place4 ,yet ,sandys avers1 'tis not likely they should carry their ,dead so far1 when they have as convenient a place belonging to their ,city1 and this is also agreeable to what some of the ,ancients write1 viz4 ,sidenote3 ,subterranean ,caves4 ,that on these ,subterranean ,caves the ,city ,memphis1 and several other ,places thereabouts were built1 as on so many ,vaults or ,arches4 ,without doubt they bury'd in both places1 tho' cheifly in the ,plains of ,egypt and ,libya1 where1 in ,caves and ,grots under ,ground1 are said to be about #dj ,sepulchres of their ,kings4 ,in these they were very curious1 sparing no cost1 but roofing them over like so many great ,halls1 and dividing them into several ,apartments1 with ,passages out of one into the other1 alotting also to each ,family or ,person1 one suitable to his ,quality and ,expense he had been at in making them4 ,these were like those ,hypogea of the ,greeks1 or ,crypt of the ,romans1 p4 #ie1 #if4 and are thus describ'd by ,sandys1 p4 #ajc4 ,not far above ,memphis1 near the brow of the ,libyan ,desarts1 and straitning of the ,mountains1 are the ,sepulchres or ,graves of the antient ,egyptians1 who have been there from the first inhabiting that ,country1 and who coveted that place of ,burial1 as suppos'd to contain the ,body of ,osiris4 ,when discover'd1 they are to be seen after this manner3 ,by the removal of a certain square ,stone 7which is very close fitted1 and cover'd over with ,sand for privacy sake7 a descent appears like the narrow mouth of a ,well1 with holes on each side of the ,wall to descend by1 yet which are so troublesome1 that many1 says ,sandys1 who go thither on purpose to see them1 refuse to go down into them4 ,some of these are near #aj ,fathom deep1 leading into long ,vaults1 hewn out of ,rocks1 with ,pillars of the same1 and which seem to have belong'd to particular ,families3 ,under every ,arch lye the ,bodies that have been ,embalm'd1 c4 ,here also are several ,pyramids and ,obelisks to be seen1 adorn'd with ,hieroglyphical ,inscriptions1 which set forth the ,riches and ,power of those ,kings2 but these we shall more particularly treat of in another place1 and therefore here only represent to you the ,ichnography and ,schenography of the antient ,burial-,places of the ,egyptians1 near the ,pyramids1 out of which the ,mummies are brought1 with a ,prospect of ,memphis1 ,babylon1 ,cairo1 c4 ,the ,scituation and ,disposition of these1 ,i presume1 will appear very plainly describ'd in this second ,plate1 taken out of ,johannes ,nardius1 at the end of his ,lucretius1 with the ,mistakes amended4 ,illustration3 ,j4 ,kip ,sculp4 ,to ,nathaniel ,long ,esq who has been pleas'd to encourage this ,work1 this ,plate is humbly dedicated by ,his most humble ,servant ,thomas ,greenhill4 ,a4 ,the ,ruines of the antient ,city of ,memphis4 ,b4 ,the ,city of ,babylon1 now ,grand ,cairo4 ,c4 ,the ,river ,nile flowing from ,south to ,north4 ,d4 ,a carv'd ,stone the ,cover of the ,well4 ,e4 ,the ,well or ,passage thro' which they descended into the arch'd ,chamber4 ,f4 ,a ,stone-,coffin carv'd with ,hieroglyphicks1 containing another of ,wood mark'd ,g4 which that it may be the better seen1 is shown in another place1 having an ,image standing thereon1 and some ,tutelar ,gods4 ,at the ,well or ,passage ,e4 a ,servant holding by a ,rope1 descends with his ,master upon his ,shoulders1 whom having set down at the bottom of the ,well1 he creeps upon his ,belly through a ,foramen at ,h4 and then enters into a magnificent arch'd ,chamber1 in the middle of which is plac'd a ,marble-,tomb1 ,f4 having a ,mummy in it4 ,out of this1 many ,passages lead into other ,chambers1 which are so numerous and intricate1 the way out is almost as difficult to find1 as that of a ,labyrinth4 ,from ,memphis1 the ,court of the ,egyptian ,kings is said to have remov'd to ,alexandria1 and afterwards to ,cairo2 ,sidenote3 ,babylon4 but in respect that ,babylon1 now ,cairo1 lies opposite to ,memphis1 as is seen at ,letter ,b1 and this second ,plate thereby better describ'd1 ,i will begin with that first4 ,this1 in opposition to the great ,city of ,babylon in ,chalda1 built by ,semiramis1 was also for distinction sake call'd the ,egyptian ,babylon3 ,it is said to have been founded by ,cambyses the ,persian ,monarch1 the first that made this ,kingdom stoop to the ,yoke of a ,foreign ,power1 and was by him peopled with some ,babylonians or ,chaldans transplanted thither4 ,it stood at some distance towards the ,south of ,cairo1 where now appear nothing hardly but great ,mountains of ,ruines1 among which many of the ,christian ,temples and ,monasteries lye in rubbish4 ,the ,castle hereof serv'd long after for a ,garrison of three ,legions1 appointed to defend this ,country in the ,time of the ,romans4 ,adjoyning to this ,castle are ,store-,houses1 ,sidenote3 ,granaries of ,joseph4 suppos'd to be of the ,granaries of ,joseph1 which1 as they say1 he built1 and therein laid up ,corn against the ensuing ,famine4 ,in all they were seven1 but now three only are standing1 which are also employ'd to the same use3 ,from hence1 for the space of #bj ,miles up the ,river1 there are nothing but ,ruines4 ,sidenote3 ,old ,cairo4 ,from the ,ruines of this ,city1 ,babylon1 ,old ,cairo was rais'd1 being heretofore a most stately ,city1 but now in a manner desolate1 having been alter'd several ,times1 as the ,conquerors or ,lords of the ,country thought fit4 ,at length a more convenient and pleasant place of ,abode was pitch'd upon1 when about half a ,league off the ,old1 ,sidenote3 ,new ,cairo4 they built ,new ,cairo1 which for a long ,time has been1 and at present is1 the chief ,city or ,metropolis of all ,egypt4 ,the ,italians call it ,alcairo1 and others1 by way of ,excellency1 ,grand ,cairo4 ,it is scituate on the ,east side of ,nile1 in a very pleasant ,plain1 at the foot of the rocky ,mountain ,muccat1 winding therewith1 and representing the form of a ,crescent4 ,it stretches1 says ,sandys1 p4 #ib4 ,south and ,north1 with the adjoyning ,suburbs1 five ,italian ,miles1 and is in breadth scarce one and a half where it is broadest2 but as to the bigness or circumference of this ,city1 ,authors differ very much1 because some will have it consist of four ,parts1 viz4 ,old ,cairo1 ,new ,cairo1 ,boulac and ,charafat1 which1 if we compare with ,london1 the ,city of ,westminster and ,borough of ,southwark1 we shall find it at least three times bigger4 ,for it is said1 the parts of ,cairo1 together with its ,suburbs1 are #aj or #ab ,leagues in length1 #g or #h in breadth1 and #be or #cj in circuit1 and yet is this ,city so exceeding ,populous1 that the ,people pass to and fro in throngs1 altho' the ,women1 according to the ,custom of that ,country1 seldom or never appear abroad4 ,once in seven ,years 'tis visited with a terrible ,pestilence1 insomuch that #ajjj or #aejj have dy'd in a ,day1 nevertheless1 if not above #cjjjjj die within the ,year1 the ,city is reckon'd to be in good ,health1 and there is hardly any miss of the ,deceas'd4 ,there are said to be in it #ahjjj ,streets1 #bcjjj ,mosques1 and #bjjjjj ,houses1 besides several ,markets1 ,exchanges1 ,hospitals1 and other magnificent ,structures4 ,every ,street is known by its ,name1 and fortify'd with a great ,gate at each end1 which at ,night1 to prevent ,tumults and ,uproars1 are lock'd up with wooden ,locks1 and open'd with a ,key of the same2 for here all the ,locks and ,keys1 even of the ,city ,gates themselves1 which are plated with ,iron1 are made only of ,wood4 ,the number of ,men1 which every ,night guard this ,city1 is #bhjjj4 ,there is a ,canal or ,khalis1 as they call it1 which runs the whole length of the ,city1 and conveys thro' it ,water from the ,nile4 ,at the ,south end it is fortify'd with a stately ,castle 7the ,palace of the ,mamaluke ,sultans7 scituate on the top of a ,mountain1 overlooking the ,city and a great part of the ,country4 ,it is so large it seems a ,city of it self1 environ'd with high ,walls1 divided into ,partitions1 and enter'd by ,doors of ,iron1 and has within it spacious ,courts1 which in ,time past were the places of ,exercise4 ,now the ,ruines of those antient ,buildings only show how sumptuous they have formerly been1 for there are ,pillars of solid ,marble yet standing1 of so immense a ,magnitude1 that how they came thither is not the least to be wonder'd at4 ',tis not therefore without reason that this ,city was nam'd ,grand ,cairo1 which is reported in great measure to be encompass'd with a ,wall1 and in which1 says ,thevenot1 there are so many curious ,things to be seen1 that a very large ,book might be fill'd with the relation of them4 ,among some of the extraordinary ,things to be seen at ,cairo1 ,sidenote3 ,the ,hatching of ,chickens4 is the artificial way of ,hatching ,chickens1 upon which the aforesaid ,author well observes1 it might be thought a ,fable to relate that ,chickens are to be hatch'd without ,hens sitting upon the ,eggs1 and yet a greater to say1 that ,chickens are sold by the ,bushel1 nevertheless they are both true4 ,to effect this1 they put their ,eggs into ,ovens1 and heat them with a temperate warmth1 which imitates so well the natural heat1 that ,chickens are form'd and hatch'd in them2 but for the particular manner of this1 ,i must refer you to ,thevenot in his ,travels1 p4 #add4 where it is to be found more plainly describ'd4 ,to ,cairo are brought1 over ,land by the ,caravan from ,mecca1 all sorts of ,perfumes1 ,aromatics1 precious ,stones and ,gums1 ,sidenote3 ,drugs brought by the ,caravan4 such as ,olibanum1 ,frankinsence1 ,mastic1 ,myrrh1 ,amber and ,opobalsamum1 also ,indian ,stuffs1 ,indico1 and other rich and valuable ,commodities4 ,the ,caravan consists of many ,thousands of ,pilgrims1 that ,travel yearly to ,mecca1 out of ,devotion and for ,traffic4 ,that ,city is distant from ,cairo #dj easie ,days ,journey1 separated by a ,wilderness of ,sand1 that lies in drifts1 and is often dangerous to the ,traveller1 when mov'd by the ,wind1 thro' which he is guided in many places by the ,stars only1 as ,ships are in the ,ocean4 ,the whole ,caravan has above #ajjj ,horses1 ,mules and ,asses1 and #ejj ,camels4 ,these are the ,ships of ,arabia1 and their ,seas are the ,desarts4 ,the ,city of ,mecca1 ,capital of ,arabia ,flix1 lying near the ,red ,sea1 is a ,place of great ,traffic1 not only by reason of the ,indian ,caravans1 that repair thither yearly with their ,commodities1 but also of the ,country adjoyning1 whose precious ,productions have procur'd it the ,name of ,happy4 ,from hence they go to ,medina ,talnabi1 or the ,city of the ,prophet1 where in a little ,chappel1 lighted by #cjjj ,lamps that burn there perpetually1 lye ,mahomet1 ,omer and ,haly1 in plain ,tombs of the antique ,fashion1 cut out like ,lozenges4 ,that of ,mahomet 7not hanging in the ,air as is reported7 is cover'd with green1 having on the side a ,carbuncle as big as an ,egg1 which yields a marvellous ,lustre4 ,these meet again the rest of the ,caravan at the place appointed1 as ,sandys1 p4 #ig4 tells us1 who gives the foregoing ,account4 ,illustration3 ,the ,balsam ,plant ,tho4 ,platt4 sculp4 ,to ,mr4 ,james ,petiver ,apothecary1 ,f4,r4,s4 who has been pleas'd to encourage this ,work1 this ,plate is humbly dedicated by ,his most humble ,servant ,thomas ,greenhill4 ,five ,miles ,north-,east of the ,city ,cairo1 lyes a ,village call'd ,el ,matharia1 ,sidenote3 ,matarea4 where1 in a ,garden1 is preserv'd the ,balsam ,plant as a great ,rarity3 ,sidenote3 ,the ,balsam ,plant4 ,some falsly attribute the natural ,production of it to this ,country1 and some to other ,places1 tho'1 truly speaking1 'tis brought from ,mecca in ,arabia ,flix1 beyond the ,red ,sea1 by the ,turkish ,pilgrims when they go to visit ,mahomet's ,tomb1 and so has been cultivated in several ,places1 and renew'd by the same means whenever it dy'd4 ,thus the ,balsam ,plant grew and prosper'd in ,juda1 as is attested by ,theophrastus1 ,pliny1 ,justin1 and many more2 nay by ,galen also1 who purposely travel'd into ,palstin to see and learn the ,virtues of this ,balsam of ,syria2 likewise from the ,story of ,cleopatra1 who obtain'd some ,plants of ,balsam from ,herod the ,great1 to transplant in ,egypt4 ,yet that this ,plant was not in ,juda before the ,time of ,solomon1 that great ,collector of ,vegetable ,rarities1 appears from the ,account of ,josephus1 who relates how the ,queen of ,sheba1 a part of ,arabia1 brought1 among other ,presents to that ,king1 some ,plants of the ,balsam-,tree1 as one of the most valuable ,things in her ,country2 whereby it appears it was not an original ,native ,plant of ,juda1 and others affirm also that it had not its natural ,growth there1 utterly denying it was peculiar to that ,country1 or only to be seen in two ,gardens about ,jericho4 ,we are to rely chiefly on the ,credit and ,authority of ,joannes ,veslingius and ,prosper ,alpinus1 who rightly conclude the natural and original ,place of this ,plant to be in ,arabia1 about ,mecca and ,medina1 where it still plentifully grows1 and ,mountains abound therewith4 ,from hence it has been carefully transported1 by the ,basha's of ,grand ,cairo1 to the ,garden of ,matarea1 where1 when ever it dies1 it is renew'd from those parts of ,arabia where it grew1 from whence the ,grand ,signior yearly receives a ,present of ,balsam from the ,xeriff of ,mecca1 still call'd by the ,arabians ,balessan1 and whence 'tis suppos'd the ,greek ,apellative ,balsam arose4 ,the ,shrub1 which produces this ,liquor1 is about two ,cubits high1 with few ,leaves1 like to those of ,rue1 always green1 and somewhat inclining to white1 yet which fall not off in ,winter4 ,the ,wood is gummy1 cleaving to the ,fingers1 and outwardly of a reddish colour1 with ,branches of the same that are long1 streight1 slender and odoriferous1 with a few ,leaves disorderly plac'd1 sometimes three1 five or seven together1 after the manner of the ,mastic-,tree3 ,it bears a few small white ,flowers1 like ,acatia or the ,egyptian ,thorn1 which are of a pleasant scent1 but fade in a little ,time4 ,after the ,blossoms follow yellow fine scented ,seeds1 inclos'd in a reddish black ,bladder1 very sweet1 and containing a yellowish ,liquor like ,honey3 ,they are bitterish and a little tart on the ,tongue1 and of the same shape and bigness with the ,fruit of the ,turpentine-,tree1 in the middle thick1 and at the ends pointed4 ,the ,juice call'd ,opobalsamum1 drops in the ,summer-,time from the slit of the insected ,bark1 which no sooner comes into the ,air but it turns whitish1 afterwards green1 then of a gold colour1 and lastly becomes paler4 ,when 'tis first dropp'd 'tis clear1 but instantly turns thick and cloudy1 and when old grows like ,turpentine4 ',tis at first of so strong a ,smell1 that in many it causes the ,head-,ach1 and in some a sudden bleeding at the ,nose2 but this strong and sharp ,savour at length changes into a pleasant ,scent1 which in old ,balsam is so weak that you can hardly discover any ,smell at all4 ,there is another sort of ,balsam brought from ,cairo1 in ,flasks and ,leather-,bottles1 which is very odoriferous1 yet not the pure ,liquor or ,gum issuing from the ,bark of the aforesaid ,tree1 but drawn out of the ,wood and green ,branches by boyling4 ,another sort is press'd out of the ,seeds1 and many times sold for the right1 tho' not so strong scented nor so bitter in ,taste4 ,there is no ,medicine more generally us'd by the ,egyptians than the ,true ,balsam1 which they esteem a kind of ,panacea for all ,diseases1 both external and internal1 curing therewith divers sorts of ,wounds1 as also the bitings of venomous ,creatures4 ,they use it moreover as a ,preservative against the ,plague1 and to drive away ,agues or ,fevers that proceed from ,putrifaction4 ,the ,seeds and green ,branches1 are likewise us'd against all ,distempers that the ,balsam it self is3 ,the same ,virtue is ascrib'd to the ,wood2 but the ,balsam1 term'd by the ,greeks1 ,opobalsamum1 is the strongest1 the ,seed or ,carpobalsamum more gentle1 and the ,wood or ,xylobalsamum the weakest of all4 ,but the chief ,use of the ,balsam for our ,purpose1 is preserving the dead ,bodies of ,kings and ,princes2 from which ,quality1 and on account of its ,analogy with ,embalming1 the ,art it self deriv'd its ,name from it1 as we shall show hereafter1 when we come to speak of its ,etymology3 ,its other ,virtues1 which are very many1 together with a more general ,description of it1 the manner of extracting the ,liquor1 and the true signs of its ,goodness when unsophisticated1 ,i intend to treat of more fully in my ,pharmacopia1 in the ,chapter of ,balsams1 c4 therefore shall here only insert the ,draft of this ,plant1 which is very scarce1 taken out of ,prosper ,alpinus de ,plantis gyptiacis1 and represented in our third ,plate4 ,we come next1 according to the ,method propos'd1 to speak of ,alexandria1 ,sidenote3 ,alexandria4 so call'd from ,alexander the ,great1 who built this ,city upon a ,promontory1 thrusting it self into the ,sea1 by which on the one side1 and the ,lake ,mareotis on the other1 it is exceeding well defended4 ,here ,alexander built himself a large and stately ,palace of admirable ,workmanship1 and all the succeeding ,kings of ,egypt so enlarg'd and beautify'd this ,city1 some with ,ports and ,arsenals1 and others with magnificent ,temples1 and such like rich ,donations1 that it was then judg'd by many to be second1 if not the first ,city of the ,world2 being exceeding ,populous1 and plentifully provided with all sorts of ,provisions and other ,necessaries4 ,diodorus ,siculus tells us1 when he was there1 he was inform'd by those that kept the ,rolls of the ,inhabitants ,names1 that there were above #cjjjjj ,freemen1 and the ,king receiv'd above #fjjj ,talents yearly ,revenue4 ,this ,city ,alexander peopl'd with ,greeks1 immediately upon his ,conquest of ,egypt1 and some of his ,successors had their ,residence here for #ijj ,years4 ,this was the ,metropolis of ,egypt before ,grand ,cairo was built2 but ,alexandria is now so ruinous1 says ,thevenot1 that many ,strangers ask where it is even when they are in the middle of it1 yet are there such fair remains among the ,ruines1 as shew it to have been a wonderful ,place4 ,one of the finest ,things1 now to be seen there1 are the ,walls1 which1 tho' ruin'd1 are so ,magnificent1 one must needs confess they have been matchless4 ,these ,walls are strengthn'd with stately ranks of ,pillars1 and have #aah great square ,towers1 with a little one betwixt every two1 nay1 they are so neatly contriv'd1 that there are stately ,casemates underneath1 which may serve for ,galleries and ,walks3 ,in each ,tower there is a large square ,hall1 the ,vault whereof is supported by great ,pillars of ,thebaic ,stone2 there are a great many ,chambers above1 and over all a large ,platform1 above #bj ,paces square4 ,in short1 all these ,towers are so many ,palaces1 able to contain #bjj ,men each4 ,the ,walls are several ,foot thick1 and have every-where ,port-holes in them1 and formerly encompass'd the antient ,town1 fortify'd by such ,towers4 ,next to the ,walls1 the finest piece of ,antiquity that has withstood the rage of ,time1 is the ,pillar of ,pompey1 ,sidenote3 ,pompey's ,pillar4 scituate about #bjj ,paces from the ,city1 upon an ,eminence or little ,hill1 whereby it is seen at a great distance3 ,this ,pillar stands on a square ,pedestal seven or eight ,foot high1 and each ,face about #ad ,foot over2 the ,pedestal is fix'd on a square ,base about half a ,foot high and #bj broad1 made of several ,stones cemented together4 ,the ,body of the ,pillar consists only of one ,stone1 which some believe to be of ,granit2 but ,thevenot and others affirm1 'tis a sort of ,cement1 which1 in process of ,time1 grew into ,stone1 or else was cast on the spot1 for 'tis aver'd for truth1 the ,ancients had the ,secret of casting ,stones4 ,but others absolutely deny this ,stone was so made1 affirming the antient ,egyptians got these ,pillars and ,obelisks1 that are to be seen at so many places in ,italy1 at ,saide1 where they pretend many have been cut out and brought by ,water down the ,nile3 ,if this be true1 what extraordinary ,barks or ,water ,carriages must they have had1 to bring so great a weight1 and in so large a bulk1 as was that of this ,pillar1 nay1 what ,engins to raise it on its ,pedestal8 ,thevenot says1 ,no ,artificer could be found that would undertake to remove it to another place1 and that it is #abj ,foot high1 but ,le ,bruyn1 who measur'd it1 found it to be but #ij1 yet as much as six ,men could grasp round1 which1 according to his ,calculation is #ch ,feet4 ,on the top is a fine ,chapiter1 proportionable to the bigness of the ,pillar1 but made of a distinct piece of ,stone4 ',tis said ,julius ,csar erected this ,pillar in memory of the ,victory he obtain'd over ,pompey4 ,sidenote3 ,csar's ,palace4 ,at some ,paces distant is ,csar's ,palace1 but all ruin'd1 says ,thevenot1 except some ,pillars of ,porphiry that are now entire and standing1 yet the ,frontispiece is still pretty sound1 being a very lovely piece of ,architecture4 ,about #hj ,paces wide of ,pompey's ,pillar is a ,khalis or ,canal of the ,nile1 dug by the antient ,egyptians to bring ,water to ,alexandria1 which has no other to drink4 ,this1 when the ,nile swells and breaks down a ,bank1 fills the ,cisterns that are purposely made under the ,city1 and which are very magnificent and spacious2 for ,alexandria is all hollow underneath1 being an entire ,cistern1 whose ,vaults are supported by several fair ,marble-,pillars1 and upon these ,arches the ,houses are built4 ,now this ,water of the ,nile1 so convey'd by the ,khalis under the ,town1 is by ,wheels1 with ,earthen ,pitchers or ,buckets1 drawn up into the private ,cisterns of each ,house4 ,there are likewise to be seen at ,alexandria two very stately ,obelisks of ,theban ,marble1 intermix'd or speckl'd with ,veins of various colours3 ,one of these remains entire1 but so sunk into the ,earth1 that it appears without a ,pedestal4 ,the other is quite bury'd in the ,ground1 except the ,pedestal only1 which is about #aj ,foot high2 each of these are of one entire ,stone1 #ajj ,foot in height and eight in breadth1 suppos'd to be larger than those at ,rome1 and mark'd with such like ,hieroglyphical ,figures4 ,sidenote3 ,palace of ,cleopatra4 ,near these ,pillars or ,obelisks are the ,ruins of ,cleopatra's ,palace1 by whose stately ,chambers or ,apartments1 in some part remaining entire1 it may reasonably be conjectur'd1 it was a very superb and magnificent ,building1 as likewise by some remains1 still to be seen on the ,sea-side1 of a ,gallery supported by many fair ,pillars1 and running outwards to the ,mouth of the ,harbour1 so that any one might embark there from the ,palace4 ,thevenot tells us1 in his ,travels to the ,levant1 p4 #abe4 that this ,city abounds with ,marble1 ,porphiry and ,thebaic ,stone or ,granit1 as also that among the ,ruins1 there are several very curious ,stones to be found1 such as ,agats1 ,garnets1 ,emeralds1 c4 like to ,medals1 some engrav'd with ,heads1 others with ,idols1 and some with ,beasts1 all being different from each other1 and serving heretofore for ,talismen or ,charms4 ,these are so excellently well wrought1 that certainly nothing now-a-days can come up to them1 whereby it appears either their ,engravers were wonderful ,artists1 or else they had the ,art of casting1 or at least of softning ,stones2 for tho' some of these are so small one can hardly finger them1 yet are they nevertheless all engrav'd or otherwise wrought to perfection4 ,this ,city of ,alexandria was likewise very famous for its ,academies or ,colleges1 endow'd with large ,revenues1 and planted with such ,persons as were eminent in ,liberal ,sciences1 who were drawn thither by ,rewards1 and cherish'd by ,favours1 thro' which means ,alexandria became the ,parnassus of the ,muses1 and the ,school of all good ,literature4 ,the chiefest and most memorable ,place of all these was the ,serapion1 ,sidenote3 ,the ,serapion4 or ,temple of the ,god ,serapis1 for sumptuous ,workmanship and magnificent ,building inferior to none but the ,roman ,capitol4 ,it had a curious ,portico of a ,mile in length1 whereto adjoyn'd a ,court of ,justice and a ,grove3 ,in this last1 the ,followers of ,aristotle's ,doctrine had a peculiar ,school1 whereof the ,alexandrians1 as ,eusebius and ,nicephorus write1 would needs impose the ,charge on ,bishop ,anatolius1 for his extraordinary ,knowledge in all ,arts4 ,st4 ,mark the ,evangelist was here first ,divinity-,professor1 whose ,successor erected a ,school for ,theology1 wherein1 for the advancement of the ,christian ,religion1 several of the most learn'd ,men were appointed ,readers1 who scholastically handled the main and fundamental ,points only3 ,among these was ,pantnus1 who read both ,divinity and ,philosophy to all such as came to hear him1 which1 as it is conceiv'd1 gave the first hint to the instituting of ,universities throughout the rest of ,christendom1 insomuch that1 from so small a beginning1 the ,schools of ,alexandria became so great and eminent1 that ,nazianzen gave them the ,title of 1 ,the ,shops or ,workhouses of all ,learning4 ,here also ,st ,jerom1 ,st4 ,basil1 ,st4 ,gregory and others were educated1 and ,philo-,judus likewise became eminent1 for in this ,academy the ,jews had a flourishing and populous ,synagogue2 but what greatly encreas'd the glory of this ,assembly1 was that most wonderful ,library of ,ptolemy ,philadelphus1 ,sidenote3 ,library of ,ptolemy4 ,son of ,ptolemeus ,lagus1 the second of that ,name of the ,line of the ,egyptian ,kings1 first establish'd by him1 and afterwards augmented and enrich'd by his ,successors2 for this ,king being an exceeding ,lover of all ,arts and ,sciences1 he1 with great ,labour and much ,expence1 made a ,collection of all manner of ,books1 as well in ,divinity as in all ,arts1 ,sciences1 ,history1 and the like1 some of which he obtain'd from ,greece and other places1 but the ,pentateuch1 and the rest of the ,old ,testament1 he procur'd from ,juda4 ,then wrote this ,king to ,eleazer the ,high ,priest1 to send him six out of every ,tribe to ,translate this ,book for the common ,use4 ,these ,ptolemy receiv'd at ,alexandria with exceeding great civility1 and erected several convenient ,mansions for them1 wherein every one was by himself to ,translate the ,holy ,law1 which they so perform'd1 according to the ,testimonies of ,josephus1 ,clemens ,alexandrinus1 ,eusebius ,nicephorus1 ,st4 ,austin1 and other learned ,writers1 that they not only us'd the same ,sense1 but the very same ,words also1 yet that certainly not without the special ,grace and ,assistance of the ,holy ,spirit4 ,now this is the ,translation which bears the ,name of ,septuagint to this very ,day4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,septuagint4 ,moreover1 this ,king sent to the ,chaldeans1 ,romans and other ,nations for ,books1 all which he likewise commanded to be ,translated into the ,greek ,tongue4 ,one ,phalerius ,demetrius1 a ,learned ,athenian ,exile1 was ,keeper of this ,library1 which amounted1 as ,agellius1 ,ammianus ,marcellinus and ,diodorus ,siculus alledge1 to #gjjjjj ,volumes1 and was afterwards from ,time to ,time very much augmented by the succeeding ,kings1 'till at length this invaluable ,treasure of ,manuscripts 7for then the ,art of ,printing was not so much as thought of7 was burn'd in the ,civil ,wars between ,pompey and ,csar1 in the #ahc ,olympiad1 after it had continu'd about #abd ,years4 ,this ,csar ever after accounted the greatest of his ,misfortunes1 that he1 who was so great a ,lover of ,arts and ,sciences1 should be ,cause of the destruction of so incomparable and unparalel'd a ,library4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,serapion ,library4 ,another ,library was afterwards erected by ,cleopatra in the ,serapion1 a ,building of great ,excellency and wonderful ,art3 ,this was greatly adorn'd and enrich'd by the assistance of ,marc ,anthony1 who acquir'd the ,attalian and ,pergaman ,libraries1 and which continu'd during the ,time of the ,primitive ,christianity2 when1 in the ,days of ,theodosius the ,great1 it was demolish'd1 as a harbour of ,infidelity4 ,among other remarkable ,places in this ,city of ,alexandria1 was the ,seraglio call'd ,somia1 belonging to the ,palace1 famous for its being the ,burial-,place of the ,ptolemys1 and of ,alexander the ,great1 ,sidenote3 ,alexander's ,sepulchre4 whose ,body lay here inclos'd in a ,sepulchre of ,gold2 but ,cybiosactes despoil'd it of that precious ,cover1 after which1 it was cover'd with ,glass1 and so remain'd to the ,time of the ,saracens1 as ,sandys1 p4 #hg4 informs us4 ,now since the ,burial of ,alexander the ,great was manag'd1 in all respects1 suitably to his ,grandeur1 whereby it not only exceeded all others in regard of ,expence1 ,state and ,pomp1 but also in point of curiosity of ,workmanship1 ,diodorus ,siculus1 ,lib4 #ah4 cap4 #c4 thought fit to recommend to ,posterity these remarkable and entertaining ,matters concerning it1 viz4 ,that to ,aridus1 ,bastard ,son of ,philip1 and ,brother of ,alexander1 whom he succeeded1 the care of his ,funeral1 and preparing a ,chariot to convey his ,body to the ,temple of ,jupiter ,ammon1 was commited4 ,first therefore he provided a ,coffin of beaten ,gold1 wrought in form and proportion to his ,body3 ,this he fill'd with ,aromatic ,spices1 as well to delight the ,senses1 as to preserve the ,corps from ,putrifaction1 and then fitted it exactly with a ,cover of ,gold1 which again was over-spread with a purple ,pall1 embroider'd with ,gold1 and near it were plac'd the ,arms of the ,deceas'd1 thereby to represent the ,acts of his ,life4 ,then were these plac'd in a ,chariot under a ,triumphal-,arch of ,gold1 beset with precious ,stones1 and supported by ,pillars and ,chapiters of ,gold also1 made after the ,ionic ,order4 ,on each side the ,arch stood a ,golden ,image of ,victory bearing a ,trophy1 and on the top was a ,gold-,fringe of ,net-,work1 from which hung ,bells so large1 that they might be heard at a great distance4 ,under this ,portico or ,arch was plac'd a four square ,throne of ,gold1 adorn'd with little ,coronets of various beautiful ,colours4 ,on every side of this ,arch1 from a ,net-,work of ,gold1 a ,finger thick1 hung four ,tables or ,pannels1 whereupon were pourtray'd all sorts of ,creatures4 ,in the first ,table was represented ,alexander sitting in a ,chariot1 with a ,royal ,scepter in his ,hand1 his ,armour-,bearer before him1 and his ,life-,guards1 compleatly arm'd1 round about him4 ,in the second follow'd ,elephants1 adorn'd in their proper ,habiliments1 on which sat ,indians before1 and ,macedonians behind1 arm'd according to the ,customs of their respective ,countries4 ,in the third might be seen ,squadrons of ,horse drawn up in ,battalia2 and in the fourth appear'd a ,fleet order'd in a ,line of ,battel4 ,at the entrance into this ,arch were plac'd ,golden ,lions1 looking sternly towards those that should offer to enter4 ,on the out-side of the ,arch1 and middle of the ,roof1 was plac'd on a purple ,carpet1 a ,crown of ,gold1 so large1 that by the reflection of the ,sun-,beams1 it darted such an amazing splendor and brightness1 that at a distance it appear'd like a flash of ,lightning4 ,the whole ,work was set upon two ,axel-,trees1 the ends of which were likewise of ,gold1 representing ,lions ,heads with ,darts in their ,mouths4 ,the whole ,machine was mov'd by four ,wheels1 whose ,spokes and ,naves were also over-laid with ,gold1 and there were four ,poles to draw it by1 to each of which were yok'd #af of the largest and finest ,mules that could be got1 in all #fd4 ,every ,mule was adorn'd with a ,crown of ,gold1 ,bells of ,gold on either side their ,heads1 and rich ,collars about their ,necks1 set off and beautify'd with precious ,stones4 ,after this manner did the ,chariot set forth1 the sight of which was more stately and pompous than can be imagin'd1 so that its ,fame brought together ,multitudes of ,spectators2 for the ,people out of every ,city1 whither it was coming1 met it1 and then ran back again before it1 never satisfy'd with the delight they took in gazing on it2 and1 suitable to so stately a ,show1 attended a vast company of ,workmen and ,pioneers to clear the way for its ,passage4 ,thus ,aridus 7who spent two ,years in ,preparations for it7 brought the ,king's ,body from ,babylon to ,egypt4 ,ptolemy1 in ,honour to this great ,king1 met the ,corps with his ,army as far as ,syria1 where he receiv'd and accompany'd it with great ,respect and ,observance2 for he had resolv'd not to conduct it to the ,temple of ,jupiter ,ammon1 but to keep it in this ,city which ,alexander had built1 being the most famous almost of any in the ,world4 ,for this end he built a ,temple in ,honour of ,alexander1 in greatness and stateliness of ,structure1 becoming the ,glory and ,majesty of so great a ,king2 and in this ,repository laid the ,body1 and honour'd his ,exequies with ,sacrifices and magnificent ,shows1 agreeable to the ,state of a ,demi-,god3 ,thus much for the glorious ,sepulchre and ,burial of the greatest ,monarch perhaps that ever liv'd4 ,next we shall take notice of two ,physiological ,observations on the ,earth and ,water of ,egypt1 made by ,father ,vansleb in his ,voyage thither1 p4 #aji4 #aaa4 where1 speaking of ,alexandria1 he tells us the ,earth thereabouts is full of ,nitre1 which is easily prov'd by the following ,experiment1 viz4 ,that if you take a piece of ,earth and set it in the hot ,sun1 it will become white as ,snow on that side that is towards the ,sun4 ,also in the ,grand ,signior's ,salt-,pits1 that are out of this ,city1 near the ,khalis or ,chanel of ,cleopatra1 he took notice of two things very remarkable3 ,first1 ,that the ,water of ,nile1 the sweetest and freshest in the ,world1 makes a ,salt1 not only whiter than ordinary1 but likewise very excellent4 ,secondly1 ,that this ,salt has the taste of ,violets4 ,the last thing1 but not the least1 that ,i have to say of ,alexandria1 ,sidenote3 ,isle of ,pharos4 is concerning the famous ,isle of ,pharos1 which stands over-against the ,city1 and was formerly a ,mile distant from the ,land1 but joyn'd to the ,continent by ,cleopatra1 on the following occasion1 says ,heylin1 p4 #hdi4 ,the ,rhodians1 then ,lords of the ,sea1 us'd to exact some ,tribute or ,acknowledgement from every ,island within those ,seas1 and consequently from this3 ,their ,embassadors1 upon this ,occasion1 sending to ,cleopatra to demand this ,tribute1 she deferr'd it for seven ,days1 under pretence of celebrating a ,solemn ,festival1 but in the mean ,time1 by raising huge ,dams and ,banks in the ,sea1 both with incredible charge and speed1 she united the ,island to the ,shoar1 which finish'd1 she sent away the ,rhodians empty-handed1 with this witty ,jeer1 ,that they were to take ,toll of the ,islands1 and not of the ,continent4 ,a ,work of great rarity and magnificence this1 both for its extent1 taking up the space of seven ,furlongs1 and thence call'd ,heptastadium1 and the incredible speed wherewith it was finish'd4 ,upon a ,promontory hereof1 on a ,rock1 environ'd by the ,sea1 ,ptolemy ,philadelphus caus'd a ,watch-,tower to be built for the benefit of ,sailors1 7the ,seas upon that ,coast being very unsafe and full of ,flats7 to guide them over the ,bar of ,alexandria4 ,this ,pharos or ,watch-,tower was of wonderful height1 ascended by ,steps1 and having many ,lanthorns at the top1 wherein ,lights burn'd nightly1 as a ,direction to such as sail'd by ,sea2 yet oftentimes the multitude of ,lights appearing a far off as one1 and being mistaken for a ,star1 procur'd contrary effects to the promis'd ,safety4 ,this had the repute of the ,worlds seventh ,wonder1 call'd after the ,name of the ,island1 and is at this ,day a general ,name for such ,towers as serve to that purpose4 ,the ,materials of it were white ,marble1 and the chief ,architect ,sostratus of ,gnidos1 who grav'd upon it this ,inscription3 ,sostratus of ,gnidos1 ,son of ,dixiphanes1 to the ,gods ,protectors for the safeguard of ,sailors4 ,this ,inscription he cover'd over with ,plaister1 and inscrib'd thereon the ,name and ,title of the ,king1 ,founder of this ,tower1 to the end that when the ,king's ,name should be wasted and wash'd away1 his own1 which was cut on ,marble1 might be celebrated to ,eternity4 ,to the ,south side of the ,city of ,alexandria1 near the ,lake ,mareotis1 wherein the ,sepulchres of ,king ,mris and his ,wife were ,pyramidically built1 adjoins the ,labyrinth1 ,sidenote3 ,the ,labyrinth4 not much inferior to that ,structure1 as will appear from that ,description given by ,sandys1 p4 #hh4 where he tells us1 #8,that in the midst of this ,labyrinth were #cg ,palaces1 belonging to the #cg ,jurisdictions of ,egypt2 to which resorted the several ,presidents to celebrate the ,festivals of their ,gods 7who had herein their particular ,temples1 moreover #ae ,chapels1 containing each a ,nemesis7 and also to advise of ,matters of ,importance relating to the ,public ,good4 ,the ,passages thereunto were thro' ,caves of a miraculous length1 full of dark and winding ,paths1 and ,rooms within one another1 having many ,doors to confound the ,memory and distract the ,intention1 and leading into inextricable ,error3 ,now mounting aloft1 and then again re-descending1 not seldom turning about ,walls infolded within each other1 in the form of intricate ,mazes1 not possible to thred or get out of without a ,conductor4 ,the ,building was more under ,ground than above1 being all of massy ,stone1 and laid with that ,art1 that neither ,cement nor ,wood was us'd in any part of the ,fabric4 ,the end at length being attain'd1 a pair of ,stairs of #ij ,steps1 conducted into a stately ,portico1 supported by ,pillars of ,theban ,marble1 and this again gave entrance into a spacious ,hall1 the place of general ,conventions4 ,all this ,hall was of polish'd ,marble1 and adorn'd with ,statues both of ,gods and ,men4 ,the ,chambers were so dispos'd1 that upon their opening1 the ,doors gave ,reports no less terrible than ,thunder4 ,the first ,entrance was of white ,marble within1 adorn'd throughout with ,marble ,columns1 and divers ,figures4' ,dedalus is said to have imitated this1 in that ,labyrinth he built in ,crete1 yet expressing hereof scarce the ,hundredth part2 for1 as ,heylin observes1 it fell as short of the ,glories of this1 as ,minos was inferior to ,psammiticus 7the ,founder7 in ,power and ,riches4 #8,whoso mounted the top1 should see as it were a large ,plan of ,stone1 and withal1 those #cg ,palaces environ'd with solid ,pillars1 and ,walls consisting of ,stone of a mighty size4 ,at the end of this ,labyrinth stood a square ,pyramid of a marvelous breadth and answerable height1 being the ,sepulchre of ,king ,ismandes that built it4' ,sidenote3 ,by whom1 and to what end built4 ,but who built this ,labyrinth1 and to what end1 ,authors differ very much1 and ,pliny1 who writes a great deal of it1 gives no certain ,reason why it was made4 ',tis said it was first built by ,king ,petesucus or ,tithoes1 altho' ,herodotus affirms 'twas the ,work of all the ,kings1 and lastly of ,psammiticus4 ,the cause of building it is as variously reported3 ,demoteles thinks it to have been the ,palace of ,motherudis2 ,lycias1 that it was the ,sepulchre of ,mris 7of which ,opinion is also ,diodorus7 but most believe 'twas built as sacred to the ,sun4 ,bellonius thinks it to have been a ,sepulchre rather than any thing else1 for such like magnificent ,works1 as was also the ,mausoleum1 were commonly rais'd for that end1 and ,herodotus clearly describes this wonderful ,labyrinth to have been built for a ,sepulchre1 telling us1 #8,the ,kings of ,egypt1 where they perform'd their ,sacred ,rites1 resolv'd to leave a common ,monument of themselves1 therefore in that ,place1 which is a little above the ,lake of ,mris1 and near the ,city of ,crocodiles1 they built a ,labyrinth1 which ,herodotus himself saw1 and which he says was much bigger than ,fame had represented it2 for if any one should reason with himself about the ,walls and nature of this ,work1 according to the ,narration of the ,greeks1 he would never conceive the ,labour and ,charge of this ,labyrinth4 ,the ,temple of ,diana at ,ephesus is very well worth mentioning1 yet are the ,pyramids far greater1 the least of which equals the largest ,labour of the ,grecians2 and tho' this ,labyrinth likewise excels them1 yet does the ,lake ,mris1 near which it is built1 and the ,description of which you have at p4 #ada4 afford much greater admiration4' ,the former of these1 viz4 the ,labyrinth1 is said to have been for the ,sepulchre of those ,kings that built it1 and for the ,sacred ,crocodiles2 and the latter to contain the ,sepulchres of ,king ,mris and his ,wife4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,wall built by ,sesostris4 ,not to describe particularly that prodigious ,wall built by ,sesostris1 which defended the ,east side of ,egypt1 against the ,irruptions of the ,syrians and ,arabians1 being #aejj ,furlongs in length1 and extending from ,pelusium by the ,desart as far as ,heliopolis2 we come next to speak of those famous ,walls belonging to the ,city of ,babylon in ,chaldea1 built by ,semiramis the ,wife of ,ninus1 a ,princess1 who being naturally of an high aspiring ,spirit1 was ambitious of excelling all others in glorious ,actions4 ,so soon therefore as she had bury'd her ,husband ,ninus1 ,sidenote3 ,ninus his ,sepulchre4 ,king of ,assyria1 in the ,royal ,palace1 and rais'd over him a ,mound of ,earth of wonderful bigness1 which as ,ctesias reports1 standing at some distance from the ,city that lay in the ,plain1 appear'd like a stately ,cittadel1 being #i ,furlongs high and #aj broad3 ,she provided her self of #bjjjjjj ,artists and ,workmen to build this ,city of ,babylon in one ,year1 ,sidenote3 ,babylon in ,chaldea4 so ordering it that the ,river ,euphrates should flow thro' the midst of it1 as ,diod4 ,siculus1 ,lib4 #b4 cap4 #a4 informs us4 ,she next encompass'd it with a ,wall as many ,furlongs in circuit as there are ,days in the ,year1 viz4 #cfe3 ,this ,wall was #cjj ,foot high and #ge broad1 insomuch that ,coaches might meet and turn upon it2 ,she adorn'd it with #bej ,turrets of suitable proportion3 ,then she made a ,bridge #e ,furlongs in length1 over the narrowest part of the ,river1 and ,floor'd it with great ,joists and ,planks of ,cedar1 ,cypress and ,palm-,tree1 #cj ,foot long3 ,at each end of this ,bridge1 just on the ,brink of the ,river1 she built a ,palace1 whence she might have a ,prospect of the whole ,city3 ,then in a low ,ground she sunk a four square ,pond1 every ,square being #cjj ,furlongs and the depth of the whole #ce ,foot1 lining it with ,bricks1 cemented together with a sort of ,bitumen of a very glutinous ,nature like ,asphalt1 which work'd out of the ,earth so plentifully thereabouts1 that it not only supply'd the ,people with ,fuel1 but serv'd them also instead of ,mortar for their ,buildings1 and with which both the ,palaces and ,walls of this ,city were cemented4 ,afterwards1 by turning the ,river aside1 she made a ,passage in the nature of a ,vault from one ,palace to another1 and then let the ,water again into its former ,channel1 which immediately overflow'd the whole ,work1 by which means she could go under the ,river when she had not a mind to pass over it4 ,she likewise made two brazen ,gates1 one at each end of this ,vault1 as also ,banqueting-,houses of ,brass1 into which passages were open'd by certain ,engins4 ,here might be seen brazen ,statues of ,ninus1 ,semiramis and all the great ,officers1 as likewise ,armies drawn up in ,battalia4 ,these ,palaces were moreover surrounded with ,walls1 #cj ,furlongs in circuit1 with ,turrets on them #adj ,yards high1 on whose ,bricks were pourtray'd1 before they were burn'd1 all kinds of living ,creatures1 with great ,art and curious ,painting1 particularly a general ,hunting of all sorts of wild ,beasts1 each ,beast being four ,cubits high3 ,among these was ,semiramis on ,horseback1 striking a ,leopard thro' with a ,dart1 and near her ,ninus her ,husband peircing a ,lion with his ,lance4 ,in the middle of the ,city she built a ,temple to ,jupiter ,belus of exceeding great height1 ,sidenote3 ,temple of ,belus4 by the advantage of which1 the ,chaldean ,astrologers observ'd the setting and rising of the ,stars4 ,upon the top of it she plac'd three ,statues of ,jupiter1 ,juno and ,rhea1 all of beaten ,gold4 ,that of ,jupiter was about #dj ,foot high1 and ,juno held in her hand a ,scepter adorn'd with precious ,stones4 ,these three ,statues weigh'd #bhcj ,babylonish ,talents1 and for these ,deities1 there were plac'd on an ,altar of beaten ,gold1 #dj ,cubits long and #ae broad1 ,censors1 ,cups and ,drinking-,bowls of ,gold likewise1 weighing at least #cbcj ,talents4 ,besides the richness of this ,city1 it was so vast and great that ,aristotle said1 it ought rather to have been call'd a ,country1 adding withal1 that when the ,town was taken1 it was three ,days before the farthest part had notice of it4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,pensil ,garden4 ,here likewise was the ,pensil ,garden so much fam'd1 being #djj ,foot square1 with an ascent to it like to the top of a ,mountain1 and having ,buildings and ,apartments out of one into another1 like a ,theatre4 ,under the ,steps of the ,ascent were ,arches1 gradually rising one above another1 and supporting the whole ,building1 the highest ,arch upon which the ,platform of the ,garden was laid being #ej ,cubits high1 and the ,garden it self surrounded with ,battlements and ,walls #bb ,foot in thickness4 ,the whole ,fabric was floor'd over with massy ,stones1 #af ,foot long and #d broad1 and these again cover'd with ,reeds run over with ,bitumen1 upon which were laid double ,tiles1 set together with hard ,plaster1 and those cover'd with ,sheet-,lead1 that the wet which should drain thro' the ,earth might not rot the ,foundation4 ,upon all these was laid ,earth of a convenient depth1 which was planted with all sorts of ,trees1 that for largeness and beauty might delight the ,spectators4 ,the ,arches had in them many stately ,rooms of all kinds1 and for all purposes2 one of these had a certain ,engin1 that drew plenty of ,water out of the ,river for watering the ,garden1 after such manner as none above knew how it was done4 ,this ,garden was built in latter ,ages by ,cyrus1 at the request of a ,persian ,courtesan1 who1 coveting ,meadows on the tops of ,mountains1 desir'd the ,king1 by an artificial ,plantation1 to imitate the ,land in ,persia4 ,semiramis built other ,cities on the ,banks of ,euphrates and ,tigris1 and likewise caus'd a great ,stone to be cut out of the ,mountains of ,armenia1 #abe ,foot in length and #e in breadth and thickness1 which she convey'd to the ,river by the help of many yokes of ,oxen and ,asses1 and there putting it on board a ,ship1 brought it to ,babylon1 where she set it up in the most remarkable ,place1 as a wonderful ,spectacle to all ,beholders4 ,sidenote3 ,obelisk of ,semiramis4 ,this from its shape was term'd an ,obelisk1 signifying in ,greek1 a ,spit1 and accounted1 says ,diodorus1 one of the seven ,wonders of the ,world2 from whence we have a very good ,argument1 that the ,egyptian ,obelisks were cut out of ,rocks or ,quarries1 and not cast as some have suppos'd4 ,semiramis having finish'd these ,works1 went to the ,mountain ,bagistan in ,media1 which is #ag ,furlongs from top to bottom1 and there caus'd her own ,image to be carv'd on the side of the ,rock1 and #ajj of her ,guards with ,lances round about her4 ,she also made a ,garden on the middle of an exceeding high ,rock1 and built therein stately ,houses of ,pleasure1 from whence she might have both a delightful ,prospect into her ,garden1 and view her ,army encamp'd below on the ,plain3 ,likewise that she might leave behind her a lasting ,monument of her ,name1 she in a short ,time1 yet at vast expence1 made a shorter ,passage towards ,ecbatana1 for by hewing down the ,rocks1 and filling up the ,valleys1 she laid that ,way open and plain1 which to this ,day is call'd ,semiramis's ,way4 ,she plentifully supply'd ,ecbatana with wholsome ,waters1 by means of a ,canal she dug1 #ae ,foot over and #dj ,foot deep1 beginning from the foot of the ,mountain ,orontes1 and as she went thro' ,persia and ,asia1 she plain'd all along the way before her1 levelling both ,rocks and ,mountains4 ,on the other hand1 in ,champagne ,countries1 she rais'd ,eminences1 whereon she either built ,towns and ,cities1 or else ,sepulchres for her ,officers and great ,commanders4 ,many other wonderful ,things were done by this ,queen1 which seem to exceed common ,belief2 but as for those more admirable ,works of the ,egyptians1 ,herodotus1 ,diodorus ,siculus1 ,strabo1 ,pliny and others are full of ,relations of what they have been1 and the present ,remains of some of them at ,rome are sufficient ,arguments to evince there were such1 so that we should but loose ,time in endeavouring to prove that which we now hope every one is satisfied of4 ,our next business therefore1 must be to enquire how these ,arts came first to be found out1 and by what means they were accomplish'd and brought to so great ,perfection3 ,what these ,arts and ,sciences were1 suppos'd by ,authors to have been found out by the ,egyptians1 ,i have already shown else-where1 so shall here only add1 that ,hermes or ,mercury is reported by ,diodorus ,siculus and other ,writers1 to have been the chief ,inventor of them2 but as no ,art was ever invented and compleated at one ,time1 so neither was it ever invented and perfected by one ,person so far1 but another could add somewhat more commodious or advantagious to it4 ,now1 as to the first ,invention of ,things1 ,i shall consider these three principal ,causes3 ,sidenote3 ,arts how first ,invented4 ,first1 ,necessity is said to have been the ,mother of ,invention1 by reason it puts ,mens ,minds upon thinking how to supply their ,wants1 with such ,things1 and after such manner as they have most occasion for4 ,secondly1 ,unexpected ,experiments1 as when you aim and try to find out one ,thing1 and accidentally light on another3 ,thus 'tis said ,gun-,powder and divers other considerable ,things have been found out by ,chance1 and innumerable others by experimental ,chymistry4 ,thirdly1 ,natural ,philosophy1 or ,observation of the ,instincts of all living ,creatures1 has suggested many noble ,thoughts and ,fancies to ,men1 both for ,imitation and ,invention4 ,now tho' we cannot assert that ,men at first learn'd ,architecture from the ,beaver1 which builds himself a ,house for shelter and security in the ,winter ,time1 yet are we certain they took the several ,ornaments of ,building either from ,birds1 ,beasts and ,fishes1 or from the ,leaves1 ,flowers and ,fruits of ,plants4 ,thus the ,grecians generally us'd the ,leaves of #e;,acanthus1 and the ,jews those of ,palm-,trees and ,pomegranates in their ,buildings4 ,nor is it less probable their ,weaving might be found out from the ,spider or ,silk-,worm1 than that the ,fish call'd ,nautilus1 or the little ,mariner1 was ,navigiorum ,archetipus1 the first ,type or ,pattern of a ,ship1 who when he is to ,swim1 contracts his ,body and ,finns into the form of a ,galley under ,sail4 ,from the sight whereof1 some 7as ,pliny conceives7 took the first hint of framing a ,ship1 as from the sight of a ,kite flying in the ,air1 who turns and steers his ,body with his ,tail 7as ,fishes also do in the ,water7 some have devis'd the ,stern and ,rudder of a ,ship4 ,iidem videntur ,artem gubernandi docuisse ,caud flexibus1 in ,clo monstrante ,natura quod opus esset in profundo1 ,pliny ,lib4 #aj4 cap4 #aj4 ,they seem to have taught ,men the ,art of ,steering a ,ship by the flexures of their ,tails1 ,nature shewing in the ,air what was needful to be done in the ,deep4 ',tis also observ'd by that great ,naturalist ,mr4 ,ray1 that the ,trunk of a ,bird's ,body does somewhat resemble the ,hull of a ,ship1 the ,head the ,prow1 which is for the most part small1 that it may the more easily cut the ,air1 and the ,tail serves to steer1 govern and direct its flight4 ,we read there was a ,beast in ,egypt call'd ,cynocephalus1 of a very strange kind1 kept in the ,temple of ,serapis1 which1 during the ,time of the two ,equinoxes1 made ,water #ab ,times in a ,day1 and as often in the ,night1 regularly and at even ,spaces of ,time2 from the ,observation of which1 they divided the ,natural ,day into #bd ,hours1 that ,beast being as it were their ,clock and ,dial1 both to divide their ,day1 and reckon their ,hours by4 ,this probably gave ,ctesibius of ,alexandria an hint to invent the ,clepsydr or ,water ,glasses1 which distinguish'd the ,hours by the fall or dropping of ,water1 as ,clepsammidi or ,sand-,glasses did by the running of ,sand2 and to shew they ow'd the ,invention of these ,water-,glasses to the ,cynocephalus1 they us'd to carve one on the top of them1 as may be seen in ,kircher in ,mechanica gyptiaca4 ,now ,egypt was both in respect of its ,scituation as well as natural production of curious ,things1 a mighty help to the ,invention and improvement of ,arts and ,sciences2 for as ,casalius de veter4 gypt4 ,ritibus1 p4 #ce4 tells us1 ,arithmetic was first found out by their great ,commerce1 and ,geometry from the ,river ,nile's ,annual over-flowing the ,fields1 and removing their ,bound-,marks1 which occasion'd great ,disputes among them1 so that by the frequent measuring of the ,ground it was deriv'd into this ,art4 ,and as for ,astrology1 the quality of the ,climate and scituation of the ,country was such1 as gave them an advantage above others1 more clearly to discern the rising and setting of the ,stars1 for by reason of the perpetual ,serenity of the ,air1 they found out the ,course of the ,sun1 ,moon and ,stars1 with their ,constellations1 ,aspects and ,influences1 and moreover by their often ,worshipping those ,planets1 beheld and contemplated them more seriously1 and from thence became the most skillful ,astrologers in the ,world1 as ,firmianus ,divin4 instit4 ,lib4 #b4 cap4 #ad4 says3 ,hereby also being made more perspicacious1 and observing of natural ,things1 they invented ,physick1 for1 as ,prosper ,alpinus1 ,sidenote3 ,physic1 how first found out4 ,lib4 de ,medicina gyptiorum reports1 ,they took the hints of curing divers ,diseases from brute ,beasts and ,animals4 ,thus ,phlebotomy or ,bleeding was found out from the ,hippopotomos or ,river-,horse1 which lives in the ,nile1 for when this ,beast is grown over fat with continual ,gluttony and ,gormandizing1 he searches out for a sharp pointed ,reed on the ,banks of the ,river1 and having found one fit for his purpose1 sticks it into his ,thigh1 and wounds a certain ,vein there2 when having sufficiently emty'd his ,plethoric ,body by ,bleeding1 he closes1 and as it were plasters up the ,orifice with ,mud4 ,also that a certain ,bird call'd ,ibis1 about the ,banks of ,nile1 first taught the ,egyptians the way of administring ,clysters2 for this ,bird has been often observ'd1 by means of his crooked ,bill intromitted into the ,anus1 to inject salt ,water1 as with a ,syringe1 into its own ,bowels1 and thereby to exonerate its ,paunch when too much obstructed4 ,dogs are commonly known when ,sick to ,vomit themselves by eating ,grass4 ,swine1 so soon as they perceive themselves ill1 refuse their ,meat1 and so recover by ,abstinence4 ',tis reported the wild ,goat taught the use of the ,dictamnus1 for drawing out of ,darts and healing ,wounds1 and the ,swallow the use of ,celandine for recovering the ,sight2 whence we may as well infer1 that from the diversity of ,bodies1 such as ,flies1 ,spiders1 ,gnats1 ,bees1 ,pismires1 ,grashoppers1 ,locusts1 ,frogs1 c4 inclos'd in ,amber1 the ,egyptians might first learn the ,art of ,embalming2 ,sidenote3 ,how ,embalming4 but since these things appear rather ,fabulous1 and the pleasant ,flights of acute ,wits and inquisitive ,naturalists1 than solid ,truths to be rely'd on1 we must have recourse to the fourth ,cause1 viz4 ,that their ,opinion of the ,metemsychosis or ,transmigration of the ,soul1 and other such like religious ,principles1 first oblig'd them to study this ,art1 and perhaps the known ,virtues of ,opobalsamum1 so good against ,mortifications and ,putrifactions1 might suggest to them the use of it in preserving the ,bodies of ,princes1 as the ,balsamic1 ,sulphurous and ,bituminous ,nature of their ,asphalt1 taught them to use that for the poorer sort of ,people2 besides1 whatever way it was first found out1 it was as easie for them to do it as for us to believe it1 says ,gabriel ,clauderus in ,methodo ,balsamandi1 p4 #da4 because they excell'd all other ,nations in ,learning and ,invention1 so that by applying themselves with the utmost diligence to the study of this ,art1 they could not fail of attaining the perfection of it1 especially since this ,region was1 above all others1 the best accommodated with an extraordinary fruitfulness and plenty of ,aromatic and ,medicinal ,things1 necessary as well for all ,physical ,uses as for the decent performing of their ,embalmings4 ,now ,sandys1 p4 #ch4 tells us abundance of ,practitioners in ,physic are frequently invited to ,cairo by the great store of ,simples there growing4 ,add to this the extraordinary ,diligence of the ,egyptian ,kings and ,priests1 both in rewarding ,arts and being solicitously intent on finding out the ,nature of ,things themselves1 not by indulging ,superstition1 but by a strict search and scrutiny1 not trusting to plausible ,appearances1 but only to ,experiments and ,demonstration4 ,to prove this we shall show such infallible ,methods for the ,invention and ,improvement of all ,arts and ,sciences1 that they could not easily miscarry in their ,designs2 for besides the famous ,library of ,ptolemy ,philadelphus1 and that in the ,temple of ,serapis1 there was at ,cairo1 as ,prosper ,alpinus de ,medicina gyptiorum relates1 a ,university or place of ,study call'd ,gemelhazar1 which paid yearly out of the public ,stock of the ,academy #cjjjjj pieces of ,gold for ,books1 ,food1 ,stipends1 c4 ,footnote #e3 ',tis said the ,ornaments of the ,corinthian ,chapiter were invented from seeing a ,maid rest her ,basket on a ,tomb over-grown with this ,plant2 of which see ,vitruvius4 ,the ,invention of ,arts and ,sciences may be partly imputed to the goodness of their ,laws1 ,sidenote3 ,goodness of their ,laws4 and their strictness in observing them2 the ,egyptians alledging this as an undeniable ,argument1 that the best ,laws were made and instituted among them1 in that the ,native ,kings had ,reign'd in ,egypt for the space of above #dgjj ,years1 and that their ,country during all that ,time had been the most prosperous and flourishing in the ,world1 which could never have been so if the ,inhabitants had not been civiliz'd and brought up under good ,laws1 and a liberal ,education in all kinds of ,arts and ,sciences4 ,to effect this therefore they divided their ,people into three ,orders3 ,first1 ,priests4 ,secondly1 ,artificers and ,husbandmen4 ,and1 ,thirdly1 ,military ,persons or ,souldiers4 ,now each ,person strictly keeping to his own ,province1 ,art flourish'd in a right ,line1 and ,sciences were not attack'd by rustic and ignorant ,pretenders1 but only practis'd by ,priests1 who were the chief of their ,nobility1 and liv'd separate from all others least their ,learning should be any ways divulg'd4 ,nor was it lawful for any but ,priests ,sons to enter the ,colleges where these ,sciences were taught1 whereby the more polite ,knowledge was secur'd to the ,priests1 and mechanic ,arts and ,trades practis'd only by the inferior ,people4 ,now the better to effect and propagate this1 they had three ,laws that mightily encourag'd the ,study and ,invention of ,arts1 on which their chief ,felicity depended1 as ,diodorus ,siculus witnesses4 ,first1 ,in that they honour'd and esteem'd all such as were the first ,inventors and ,promoters of useful ,things4 ,secondly1 ,in that he who pretended to more ,arts than one1 incurr'd a most grievous ,punishment4 ,and1 ,thirdly1 ,in that every one was oblig'd to appear annually before the ,governour of the ,province to show how he got his ,living1 which if he could not prove1 or was found to subsist by unjust means1 he was infallibly punish'd with ,death4 ,thus all ,men were employ'd1 ,sidenote3 ,arts most flourishing in the ,reign of ,amasis4 and every ,art carry'd to the highest perfection in the ,reign of ,amasis1 who enacted the third ,law4 ,now1 as a further ,argument of the ,egyptian ,industry1 hear what ,fl4 ,vopiscus relates of the ,alexandrians3 ,civitas1 says he1 ,alexandria opulenta1 dives1 fcunda1 in qua ,nemo vivit otiosus1 alii ,vitrum conflant1 ab aliis ,charta conficitur1 alii ,linyphiones sunt3 ,omnes certe cujuscunque ,artis videntur habentur2 ,podagrosi quod agant habent1 habent cci quod faciant1 ne ,chiragrici quidem apud eos otiosi vivunt4 ,sidenote3 ,alexandria1 how ,industrious and ,flourishing4 ,alexandria is a plentiful and opulent ,city1 in which none live idle3 ,some blow ,glass1 others make ,paper1 a third sort weave ,linnen1 and in a word1 all have some ,trade or ,work4 ,those that have the ,gout in their ,feet or are ,blind have something to do1 and even such as have the ,gout in their ,hands are not idle4 ,this shows how every ,art was cultivated3 ,likewise their ,industry and number of ,hands as plainly prove the facility of performing those seemingly incredible and stupendious ,works1 which has taken us up so much ,time to relate2 for 'tis said1 throughout the whole ,country of ,egypt1 ,sidenote3 ,egypt1 its number of ,cities and ,inhabitants4 in the ,reign of ,amasis1 there were reckon'd no fewer than #bjjjj ,cities1 and that it was esteem'd the most populous ,country of the ,world4 ,diodorus ,siculus tells us it had in it above #ahjjj ,cities1 as might be seen register'd in their ,sacred ,records2 and in the ,time of ,ptolemeus ,lagus there remain'd above #cjjj4 ,once1 they say1 in a general ,census taken of all the ,inhabitants1 they amounted to ,seven ,millions1 and even at the ,time of ,diodorus1 there were no less than ,three ,millions of ,people1 ,sidenote3 ,how it came to be so numerous4 which wonderful ,encrease some think might be effected by the constant drinking of the ,nile ,water1 which had the ,virtue of making the ,egyptian ,women ,prolific1 so as commonly to bring forth three or four ,children at a ,birth4 ,this may a little abate the wonder1 how the ,children of ,israel could multiply to that degree in so short a space1 that in #dcj ,years1 from #gj ,persons1 which came with ,jacob into ,egypt1 he became a mighty ,nation2 for it is said1 at their departure1 there journey'd1 from ,rameses to ,succoth1 about #fjjjjj ,men1 besides ,women and ,children4 ,now how populous the ,land from whence they came was1 may be collected not only from their commanding such mighty ,powers as were under them1 but also1 as has been before observ'd1 from the several ,accounts of that ,kingdom1 given us by ,herodotus and ,diodorus ,siculus2 for it is reported that ,sesac or ,sesonchis arm'd #djjjjj ,foot1 #fjjjj ,horse and #abjj ,chariots against ,rehoboam1 and that ,king ,cheops or ,chemnis employ'd #cfjjjj ,men in erecting one of the ,pyramids4 ',tis also farther said1 they built other stupendious ,works1 such as the ,labyrinth1 ,obelisks1 ,colossus's1 c4 ,sidenote3 ,by what ,means such wonderful ,works were perform'd1 as not knowing otherwise how to expend their ,treasure or employ their ,people1 thro' which means their ,kings1 by their great ,riches and infinite numbers of ,men1 left behind them such eternal ,monuments of their ,state and ,grandure1 which altho' they bear the name of ,wonders to this very ,day1 as seeming very difficult to have been perform'd1 yet were such ,works render'd easie enough1 if we consider so vast a multitude of ,hands as were employ'd about them1 and this being rightly consider'd1 we may well enough believe what ,herodotus says of ,egypt1 ,that it had more wonderful ,works than all the ,nations of the ,world besides4 ,sidenote3 and to what ,end4 ,thus having shown how the ,egyptians were the first ,inventors and ,propagators of ,arts and ,sciences1 we will next show to what end they built those admirable ,structures with so great ,labour and ,expence1 thinking not as ,aristotle1 ,lib4 #c4 ,polit4 who makes them to have been the ,works of ,tyranny1 or as ,pliny1 ,lib4 #bf4 cap4 #ab4 conjectures1 that they built them partly out of ,ostentation1 and partly out of ,state-,policy1 to divert their ,people from ,mutinies and ,rebellion by keeping them employ'd1 but that they erected them as ,repositories for their ,dead1 which they did from a ,belief they had of the ,immortality of the ,soul1 and an ,opinion they held of the ,metempsychosis or ,transmigration of it from one ,body to another3 ',tis true1 those ,arguments alledg'd by ,pliny might be ,secondary ,motives1 yet says ,greaves in his ,pyramidographia1 p4 #de4 the true ,reason depends upon higher and more weighty ,considerations1 ,sidenote3 ,theology of the ,egyptians1 or ,metempsychosis4 springing from the ,theology of the ,egyptians1 who as ,servius shews in his ,comment on these words of ,virgil1 ,lib4 #c4 neid4 where that ,poet describes the ,funeral of ,polydorus1 ----,animamq2 ,sepulchro ,condimus---- believ'd1 ,that as long as the ,body endur'd so long should the ,soul continue with it1 which also was the ,opinion of the ,stoicks3 ,hence the ,egyptians1 skilful in ,wisdom1 keep their ,dead embalm'd so much the longer1 to the end the ,soul may for a long while continue with the ,body1 lest it should quickly pass into another4 ,the ,romans acted quite contrary1 burning their ,dead1 that the ,soul might suddenly return into the generality of ,things1 that is1 into its own ,nature2 wherefore1 says ,greaves1 that the ,body might not either by ,putrifaction be reduc'd to ,dust1 out of which it was first form'd1 or by ,fire be converted to ,ashes 7as the manner of the ,greeks and ,romans was7 the ,egyptians invented curious ,compositions1 besides intombing their ,dead in stately ,repositories1 thereby to preserve them from ,rottenness1 and render them ,eternal4 ,nec cremare1 aut fodere fas putant1 verum arte ,medicatos intra penetralia collocant1 says ,pomponius ,mela1 ,lib4 #a4 cap4 #i4 ,also ,herodotus in ,thalia gives the ,reason why they neither burn'd nor bury'd their ,dead1 for discoursing in his third ,book of the ,cruelty of ,cambyses1 and his commanding the ,body of ,amasis1 an ,egyptian ,king1 should be taken out of his ,sepulchre1 be whipp'd and us'd with all contumely2 he reports1 after all this he order'd it to be burn'd1 ,commanding that which was not ,holy1 for the ,persians imagin'd the ,fire to be a ,god1 ,sidenote3 ,fire thought by the ,persians a ,god4 and neither the ,egyptians nor they were accustom'd to burn their ,dead3 ,the ,persians1 for the ,reason before alleg'd1 because they conceiv'd it unfit for a ,god to devour the ,carcass of a ,man2 and the ,egyptians1 because they were persuaded the ,fire was a living ,creature1 ,sidenote3 ,by the ,egyptians a living ,creature4 devouring all ,things it receiv'd1 and after it was satisfy'd with ,food1 dy'd with that it had devour'd4 ,nor was it their ,custom to give their dead ,bodies to ,beasts 7as the ,hyrcanians were wont to do7 but to ,embalm or ,salt them1 not only for this ,reason1 but also that they might not be consum'd with ,worms4 ,the term 1 i4 e4 ,salting or ,embalming the ,dead1 us'd by ,herodotus1 is also us'd by ,baruch and ,plato4 ,lucian likewise in his ,discourse de ,luctu1 treating of the several kinds of ,burial practis'd by divers ,nations1 says1 ,the ,grecians burn their ,dead1 the ,persians bury them1 the ,indians anoint them with the ,fat of ,swine1 the ,scythians eat them1 and the ,egyptians 77 ,embalm them3 ,which manner likewise is alluded to by ,m4 ,aurelius ,antoninus1 under the word 3 ,his ,words are these1 ,that which the other ,day was excrementitious ,matter1 shall within few ,days either be 1 an ,embalm'd ,body1 or down right ,ashes2 in the one expressing the ,custom of the ,egyptians1 and in the other that of the ,romans4 ,by ,salting or ,embalming the ,soul1 according to the ,belief of the ,egyptians1 was oblig'd to abide with the ,body1 and the ,body on its part became as durable as ,marble1 insomuch that ,plato1 who liv'd in ,egypt with ,eudoxus no less than #ac ,years1 as ,strabo witnesses1 brings it for an ,argument1 in his ,phdon1 to prove the ,immortality of the ,soul1 thro' the long duration of these ,bodies1 which surely would have been yet more conclusive with him1 could he but have imagin'd they should have continu'd so solid and entire even to this ,day1 as we find many of them are3 ,for this ,reason ,st4 ,austin ,sidenote3 ,egyptians believ'd the ,resurrection4 truly affirms the ,egyptians had a ,belief of the ,resurrection1 in that they carefully preserv'd their ,dead2 for they had a ,custom among them of drying up the ,bodies1 and rendring them as durable as ,brass3 ,these1 in their ,language they call'd ,gabbares1 whence the gloss of ,isidore1 ,gabbares mortuorum in ,vulcanius his ,edition1 or as ,spondanus de ,cmet4 sacris1 ,lib4 #a4 pars #a4 cap4 #e4 reads1 ,gabbares mortuorum condita ,corpora4 ,the manner how the ,egyptians prepar'd and ,embalm'd these ,bodies is very copiously1 and by what ,i observ'd at my being there1 says ,greaves in his ,pyramidographia1 p4 #dh4 faithfully describ'd by ,herodotus and ,diodorus2 in which ,matter1 tho' ,i cannot totally dissent from ,mr4 ,greaves1 for their ,account may be true1 yet is it not so copious as they make it1 but imperfectly related1 or at least so far that some ,passages are hardly to be understood or made out1 which may easily be allow'd without ,reflection on those famous ,men1 since they treated of the ,matter only as ,historians and not as ,physicians3 ,my business therefore shall be1 after relating their own ,words1 to reconcile their ,differences1 explain the ,difficulties1 and compare the ,opinions of ,annotators and ,physicians on this ,art1 and lastly1 to suggest some new ,thoughts1 as plausible1 and perhaps as true as any1 especially since it is all but guesswork1 and the true ,art may have entirely perish'd with the antient ,egyptians1 either by ,inundation1 ,fire1 ,irruptions of ,enemies1 or other hostile ,devastations4 ,i will begin first with ,herodotus1 whose ,words serve as well to shew the several ,ceremonies of ,sepulture as their ,embalmings1 and whom we find in his ,second ,book call'd ,euterpe1 thus speaking of the ,egyptians3 ,sidenote3 ,herodotus's ,account of the ,egyptian ,funerals4 ,their ,mourning1 says he1 and manner of ,burial are after this kind3 ,when any ,man of ,quality dies1 all the ,women of that ,family besmear their ,heads and ,faces with ,dirt2 then leaving the ,body at home1 they go lamenting up and down the ,city with all their ,relations1 their ,apparel being girt about them1 and their ,breasts left naked4 ,on the other hand the ,men1 having likewise their ,cloaths girt about them1 beat themselves4 ,these things being done1 they carry the dead ,body to be ,embalm'd2 for which1 there are certain ,persons appointed who profess this ,art4 ,these1 when the ,body is brought to them1 shew to those that bring it certain ,models of ,wood1 painted like the ,dead ,person that is to be ,embalm'd4 ,one of these they say is accurately made 7which ,i think not lawful to name27 then they shew a second inferior to it and of an easier ,price1 and next a third cheaper than the former1 and of a very small value1 which being seen1 they ask them what ,pattern they will have the dead ,body prepar'd by3 ,when they have agreed on the ,price they depart1 and those with whom the dead ,corps is left proceed to ,embalm it after the following manner3 ,first of all they1 with a crooked ,iron1 draw the ,brain out of the ,head thro' the ,nostrils1 and then fill up the ,cavity with ,medicinal ,ingredients4 ,next1 with a sharp thiopic ,stone1 they cut up that part of the ,abdomen call'd the ,ilia1 and that way draw out all the ,bowels1 which having cleans'd and wash'd with ,palm-,wine1 they again rinse and wash with ,wine perfum'd with pounded ,odours2 then filling up the ,belly with pure ,myrrh and ,cassia grosly powder'd1 and all other ,odours except ,frankincense1 they sow it up again4 ,having so done1 they salt it up close with ,nitre #gj ,days1 for longer they may not salt it4 ,after this number of ,days are over1 they wash the ,corps again1 and then roul it up with fine ,linnen all besmear'd with a sort of ,gum commonly us'd by the ,egyptians instead of ,glue4 ,then is the ,body restor'd to its ,relations1 who prepare a wooden ,coffin for it1 in the shape and likeness of a ,man1 and then put the ,embalm'd ,body into it1 and thus inclos'd place it in a ,repository in the ,house1 setting it upright against the ,wall4 ,after this manner they with great expence preserve their ,dead1 whereas those who to avoid too great a ,charge desire a mediocrity1 thus ,embalm them3 ,they neither cut the ,belly nor pluck out the ,entrails1 but fill it with ,clysters of ,oil of ,cedar injected up the ,anus1 and then salt it the aforesaid number of ,days4 ,on the last of these they press out the ,cedar ,clyster1 by the same way they had injected it1 which has such ,virtue and ,efficacy that it brings out along with it the ,bowels wasted1 and the ,nitre consumes the ,flesh1 leaving only the ,skin and ,bones3 ,having thus done1 they restore the dead ,body to the ,relations1 doing nothing more4 ,the third way of ,embalming is for those of yet meaner ,circumstances3 ,they with ,lotions wash the ,belly1 then dry it with ,salt for #gj ,days1 and afterwards deliver it to be carry'd away4 ,nevertheless1 beautiful ,women and ,ladies of ,quality were not deliver'd to be ,embalm'd till three or four ,days after they had been dead4 ,ea de causa facientes1 ne cum ,fminis isti ,salinarii concumbant4 ,deprehensum enim quendam aiunt coeuntem cum recenti ,cadavere ,muliebri1 delatumq2 ab ejusdem ,artificii ,socio4 ,but if any ,egyptian or ,stranger was either kill'd by a ,crocodile1 or drown'd in the ,river1 the ,city where he was cast up was to ,embalm and bury him honourably in the ,sacred ,monuments1 whom no one1 no1 not a ,relation or ,friend1 but the ,priests of ,nile only might touch1 because they bury'd one who was something more than a dead ,man4 ,sidenote3 ,diodorus ,siculus's ,account of the ,egyptian ,funerals4 ,diodorus ,siculus1 ,lib4 #a4 relates the ,funeral ,ceremonies of the ,egyptians more distinctly and clearly1 and with some very remarkable ,circumstances4 ,when any one among the ,egyptians dies1 says he1 all his ,relations and ,friends1 putting ,dirt upon their ,heads1 go lamenting about the ,city1 till such time as the ,body shall be bury'd4 ,in the mean time they abstain from ,baths and ,wine1 and all kinds of delicate ,meats1 neither do they during that time wear any costly ,apparel4 ,the manner of their ,burials is threefold2 one very costly1 a second sort less chargable1 and a third very mean4 ,in the first1 they say1 there is spent a ,talent of ,silver1 in the second #bj ,min1 but in the last there is very little ,expence4 ,those who have the care of ordering the ,body1 are such as have been taught that ,art by their ,ancestors4 ,these shewing to the ,kindred of the ,deceas'd a ,bill of ,expences of each kind of ,burial1 ask them after what manner they will have the ,body prepar'd2 when they have agreed upon the matter1 they deliver the ,body to such as are usually appointed for this ,office4 ,first he who has the name of ,scribe1 laying it upon the ,ground1 marks about the ,flank on the left side1 how much is to be cut away4 ,then he who is call'd the ,cutter or ,dissector1 with an thiopic ,stone1 cuts away as much of the ,flesh as the ,law commands1 and presently runs away as fast as he can3 ,those who are present persuing him1 cast ,stones at him1 and curse him1 hereby turning all the ,execrations1 which they imagin due to his ,office1 upon him4 ,for whosoever offers violence1 wounds or does any kind of injury to a ,body of the same nature with himself they think him worthy of ,hatred2 but those who are call'd the ,embalmers1 they esteem worthy of ,honour and ,respect3 ,for they are familiar with their ,priests1 and go into the ,temples as ,holy ,men1 without any prohibition4 ,so soon as they come to ,embalm the dissected ,body1 one of them thrusts his ,hand thro' the ,wound into the ,abdomen1 and draws forth all the ,bowels but the ,heart and ,kidnies1 which another washes and cleanses with ,wine made of ,palms and aromatic ,odours4 ,lastly1 having wash'd the ,body1 they anoint it with ,oil of ,cedar and other ,things for above #cj ,days1 and afterwards with ,myrrh1 ,cinamon and other such like ,matters2 which have not only a power to preserve it for a long ,time1 but also give it a sweet ,smell2 after which they deliver it to the ,kindred1 in such manner that every ,member remains whole and entire1 and no part of it chang'd1 but the beauty and shape of the ,face seems just as it was before1 and may be known1 even the ,hairs of the ,eye-,lids and ,eye-,brows remaining as they were at first4 ,by this means many of the ,egyptians1 keeping the dead ,bodies of their ,ancestors in magnificent ,houses1 so perfectly see the true ,visage and ,countenance of those that dy'd many ,ages before they themselves were born1 that in viewing the ,proportions of every one of them1 and the ,lineaments of their ,faces1 they take as much delight as if they were still living among them4 ,moreover1 the ,friends and nearest ,relations of the ,deceas'd1 for the greater ,pomp of the ,solemnity1 acquaint the ,judges and the rest of their ,friends with the ,time prefix'd for the ,funeral or ,day of ,sepulture1 declaring that such a one 7calling the ,dead by his ,name7 is such a ,day to pass the ,lake1 at which ,time above #dj ,judges appear1 and sit together in a ,semicircle1 in a place prepar'd on the hither side of the ,lake1 where a ,ship1 provided before-hand by such as have the care of the ,business1 is hal'd up to the ,shoar1 and steer'd by a ,pilot1 whom the ,egyptians in their ,language call ,charon4 ,hence1 they say1 ,orpheus upon seeing this ,ceremony while he was in ,egypt1 invented the ,fable of ,hell1 partly imitating therein the ,people of ,egypt1 and partly adding somewhat of his own4 ,the ,ship being thus brought to the ,lake-side1 before the ,coffin is put on board1 every one is at liberty by the ,law to accuse the ,dead of what he thinks him guilty4 ,now if any one proves he was an ill ,liver1 the ,judges give ,sentence the ,body shall be depriv'd of ,sepulture2 but in case the ,informer be convicted of false ,accusation1 then is he severely punish'd4 ,if no ,accuser appear1 or the ,information prove false1 then all the ,kindred of the ,deceas'd leave off ,mourning1 and begin to set forth his ,praises1 yet say nothing of his ,birth 7as the ,custom is among the ,greeks7 because the ,egyptians all think themselves equally ,noble3 ,but then they recount how the ,deceas'd was educated from his ,youth1 and brought up to ,man's ,estate1 exalting his ,piety towards the ,gods and ,justice towards ,men1 his ,chastity and other ,virtues1 wherein he excell'd2 and lastly1 pray and call upon the ,infernal ,deities to receive him into the ,society of the ,just4 ,the common ,people take this from the others1 and consequently approve all is said in his ,praise by a loud shout1 setting likewise forth his ,virtues in the highest strains of ,commendation1 as one that is to live for ever with the ,infernal ,gods4 ,then those that have ,tombs of their own1 interr the ,corps in places appointed for that purpose1 and they that have none1 rear up the ,body in its ,coffin against some strong ,wall of their ,house4 ,but such as are deny'd ,sepulture on account of some ,crime or ,debt1 are laid up at home without ,coffins3 ,yet when it shall afterwards happen that any of their ,posterity grows ,rich1 he commonly pays off the deceas'd ,persons ,debts1 and gets his ,crimes absolv'd1 and so buries him honourably1 for the ,egyptians are wont to boast of their ,parents and ,ancestors that were magnificently bury'd4 ',tis a ,custom likewise among them to pawn the dead ,bodies of their ,parents to their ,creditors1 but then those that do not redeem them fall under the greatest ,disgrace imaginable1 and are deny'd ,burial themselves at their ,deaths4 ,sidenote3 ,reflections on the ,egyptian ,embalming4 ,thus far ,herodotus and ,diodorus ,siculus have given the largest and clearest ,accounts of any of the ,ancients of the ,funeral ,ceremonies and ,embalmings of the ,egyptians1 but there are still remaining some dubious and difficult ,points necessary to be known1 for the better understanding this ,art3 ,we shall make some ,quere's and ,reflexions thereon1 and endeavour to reconcile them by the ,opinions of the more refin'd ,artists1 the modern ,physicians4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,mourning of the ,egyptians4 ,first then of the ,mourning of the ,egyptians1 by them very strictly observ'd for a long time1 and perform'd after the following manner3 ,when any of their ,kings dy'd they lamented his ,death with a general ,mourning1 making sad ,lamentations1 putting ,dirt upon their ,heads1 rending their ,cloaths and beating their ,breasts2 they shut up their ,temples and ,markets1 and prohibited all ,festivals and ,rejoycings2 they abstain'd from all delicate ,meats and costly ,apparel1 from ,baths1 ,perfumes and ,ointments1 and neither made their ,beds nor accompany'd with their ,wives1 but express'd all the signs of an extraordinary ,affliction1 that they could have done for their own ,child4 ,this their ,mourning continu'd till the ,body was bury'd1 which was no less than #gb ,days1 during which1 both ,men and ,women1 and those about #b or #cjj in number1 went about the ,city twice a ,day without any thing on but a ,linnen-,cloath girt about their ,bodies1 from beneath their ,breasts downwards1 renewing their ,grief1 and intermixing the ,virtues and ,praises of the deceas'd ,prince with their ,sighs and ,outcries4 ,much the same ,ceremonies were observ'd in their private ,funerals1 some of which we shall insert from the ,writings of the famous ,don ,antonio de ,guevara1 ,historiographer to the ,emperor ,charles ,v4 who in his #ajth ,letter1 ,english'd by ,mr4 ,savage1 thus writes3 #8,of all ,nations1 none we read of made so much adoe about their ,dead as the ,egyptians1 who1 when ever a ,friend dy'd1 always shew'd him far more ,respect than while he liv'd2 insomuch that if a ,father lost a ,son1 a ,son a ,father1 or one ,friend was depriv'd of another1 they us'd to shave off half their ,hair as a ,hieroglyphic to demonstrate they had parted with half of themselves4 ,also the ,egyptian ,women1 when their ,husbands1 ,children or ,relations dy'd1 were wont to tear their ,flesh1 and scratch their ,faces with their ,nails4 ,likewise the lesser ,priests1 at the ,funerals of the greater1 were accustom'd to mark their ,flesh with red hot ,irons1 either on their ,hands1 ,arms or ,breasts1 to the end that when ever they beheld those ,scars they might immediately be dispos'd to lament their loss4 ,in like manner they had a ,custom1 that when ever a ,king or ,prince dy'd1 all his ,officers were instantly oblig'd to slash themselves with ,knives in some visible part of their ,bodies2 insomuch1 that he who was observ'd to have most ,wounds1 was always look'd upon to be the greatest ,mourner4 ,all which ,ceremonies being in themselves superstitious1 and no doubt invented by the ,devil1 forasmuch as the ,egyptians were all naturally ,necromancers1 ,magicians1 ,wizzards and ,astrologers1 and for that they were not only a damage to the ,living1 but also no ,advantage to the ,dead2 ,,god forbad the ,children of ,israel 7who living so long in ,egypt1 had contracted many ill ,customs from those ,people7 both marking and cutting their ,flesh1 as appears from ,leviticus #ai4 #bg1 #bh4 where he ,commands the ,israelites neither to round the ,corners of their ,heads1 nor mar the ,points of their ,beards3 ,to make any ,cuttings in their ,flesh1 or print any ,marks upon it on account of their ,dead4' ,sidenote3 ,how the ,egyptians ,embalm'd ,bodies4 ,thus ,herodotus and ,diodorus ,siculus having first describ'd the manner of ,mourning among the ,egyptians1 they next proceed to give an ,account of their ,embalmings1 telling us1 ,that whilst the ,ceremonies of ,mourning were performing1 they carry'd the ,dead to be ,embalm'd1 as ,i suppose1 to a certain place appointed for that purpose1 where ,persons resided who profess'd that ,art1 being well experienc'd therein1 and taught it by their ,ancestors4 ,these show'd the ,relations or ,persons that brought the ,body1 and had commission for ordering the ,funeral1 certain ,models or ,patterns of ,wood1 painted in the likeness of ,embalm'd ,bodies1 ,sidenote3 ,three different kinds of ,embalming4 being of three several kinds and ,prizes1 suitable to every one's ,condition and ,quality2 some very ,rich and ,costly1 others of a moderate ,price1 and a third sort cheaper and of very little ,value4 ,having agreed upon the ,sort and ,price1 they immediately go about ,embalming the ,body1 and as ,herodotus tells us1 first of all draw out the ,brain1 with a crooked ,iron1 thro' the ,nostrils1 infusing in its place1 by the same way1 several ,medicaments1 which as it is contrary to our ,custom of ,dissection1 that begins with the ,abdomen1 seeing its ,contents soonest putrifie and become offensive even in our cold ,country1 and much more would do in so hot a ,climate as that of ,egypt1 if neglected2 so the extraction of the ,brain1 after the manner propos'd by him1 is a very difficult and tedious piece of ,work1 if possible to be perform'd at all2 but his wrong beginning of this ,work of ,embalming is not so material a ,mistake1 as his amusing us with a ,story of drawing forth the ,brain thro' the ,nostrils with a crooked ,iron1 7by which ,i suppose he means some particular sort of ,instrument7 and not farther explaining himself how or after what manner it was done2 and indeed ,i believe he could not1 the thing being in it self impracticable and ridiculous1 which any one skill'd in ,anatomy will readily agree to4 ,but grant it could be done1 the afore-said extraction of the ,brain thro' the ,nostrils1 must nevertheless so dilacerate the cartilagineous parts of the ,nose1 that the carnous and cutaneous parts would sink1 and thereby render the ,face deform'd4 ,more agreeable therefore to ,reason is what ,gryphius in ,tract4 de ,mum4 ,wratislav4 p4 #de4 asserts1 ,that it might be more commodiously extracted thro' a large ,foramen1 made in the hinder part of the ,head1 near the upper ,vertebr of the ,neck2 but that this was not the right way neither1 ,i am thoroughly convinc'd from the ,skull of an ,embalm'd ,body ,i have by me1 which has no such ,apertion4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,brain how extracted4 ,to reconcile therefore this seeming difficulty1 ,i will shew a ,method how 'tis possible to be perform'd by a convenient ,instrument which ,i have devis'd1 and intend to describe in another ,place1 contenting my self here to tell you1 ,that by injecting ,oil of ,cedar1 or the like corrosive ,medicine thro' the ,nostrils1 or thro' the ,ears1 by a ,passage privately made into the ,skull1 the ,brain may be consum'd and brought away1 and the ,skull1 by injections of spirituous and aromatic ,wines1 be thoroughly wash'd and cleans'd2 and lastly fill'd with melted ,bitumen or sweet ,balsams1 that acquire a solid ,consistence when cold4 ,and altho' ,greaves seems well satisfy'd with ,herodotus's ,account1 yet is his ,observation1 p4 #di4 of his ,pyramidographia1 more agreeable to this ,opinion of mine1 where he tells us1 ,that having caus'd the ,head of one of the richer sort of ,embalm'd ,bodies to be open'd1 he found in the hollow of the ,skull the quantity of two pounds of ,medicament1 which had the consistence1 blackness and smell of a kind of ,bitumen or ,pitch1 and by the heat of the ,sun was become soft4 ,diodorus ,siculus begins more methodically with the ,scribe or ,designer1 ,sidenote3 ,the ,scribe or ,designer4 an ,officer so call'd1 who draws upon a piece of ,paper1 or marks on the ,body it self1 the part that was to be open'd1 viz4 ,the ,flank on the left side4 ,sidenote3 ,dissector4 ,then the ,dissector made the ,incision 7without cutting off any of the ,flesh1 or running away so soon as he had done7 and thrusting his ,hand into the ,belly1 drew out all the ,guts1 which1 as ,plutarch writes1 were cast into the ,river ,nile1 ,tanquam inquinamenta ,corporis1 as defiling the ,body3 ,but ,diodorus tells us1 ,the ,body was embowell'd by one of the ,embalmers1 which altho' it appears to me a more filthy and detestable ,work than making the ,incision1 ,sidenote3 ,embalmers much honour'd4 yet he says the ,embalmers were highly honour'd and respected1 being familiar with the ,priests1 and entring into the ,temples as ,holy ,men1 whereas he excludes the ,dissectors from out of that number1 as performing an odious ,operation hateful to all ,men4 ,in this distinction however ,i am apt to think he's either intirely out1 or has mistaken it for just the contrary2 for1 as we have already shown1 p4 #aha4 ,anatomy was not only generally approv'd1 but likewise often perform'd by ,holy and ,great ,men1 such as the ,egyptian ,priests and ,kings1 who would either have practis'd or taught better1 in case it had been so heinous a ,crime as this ,author makes it2 whence1 without doubt1 those that did this pious and necessary ,office towards preserving the ,dead1 must needs have been equally honour'd with the ,embalmers1 and what seems yet clearly to confirm this1 is that sometimes the ,art of ,embalming has been call'd ,honesta ,anatomia4 ,now the ,instrument with which this ,incision was made was an ,ethiopic ,stone call'd ,basaltes1 ,sidenote3 ,basaltes an ,ethiopic ,stone4 and nam'd from its hardness and colour like to ,iron1 that word in the ,ethiopic ,language signifying ,iron1 and this ,stone being much harder than that ,metal1 it might very probably be whet to a keen edge or point1 and so be ceremonially us'd instead of an ,incision-,knife1 like as the antient ,jews were wont to use ,knives made of ,flints in their ,circumcision1 ,joshua #e4 #b4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,embowelling a ,corps4 ,as to the ,exenteration or ,embowelling the ,body1 we are not to imagine they drew out only the ,brain and ,guts1 but likewise the ,lungs1 ,stomach1 ,liver1 ,spleen1 and other ,viscera1 except the ,heart and ,kidnies1 which being carnous and fleshy might very likely be left1 as being easier to be preserv'd than the moist parts4 ,the former they might probably leave to be ,embalm'd1 as being the principal ,bowel of the whole ,body1 and source of vital ,heat 7wherefore it has been frequently preserv'd apart by several ,people7 but for what ,reason1 or out of what ,superstition they left the latter ,i cannot readily conjecture4 ,then having empty'd the ,head1 ,breast and ,belly of their ,contents1 they first wash'd and cleans'd them with ,phnician or ,palm-,wine1 compounded of aromatic ,spices and sweet ,odours1 ,sidenote3 ,the ,body stuff'd with medicinal ,ingredients4 and afterwards stuff'd them with a mixture of sweet scented ,drugs1 ,spices and ,balsams1 such as ,myrrh1 ,aloes1 ,saffron1 ,cassia or ,cinamon1 ,opobalsamum and the like1 ,frankincense only being excepted1 because that was by them consecrated to their ,gods4 ,these ,ingredients had not only a power to preserve the ,body for a long ,time1 but also gave it a sweet and agreeable ,smell4 ,this done1 they sew'd up the ,incision or ,passage thro' which they drew forth the ,bowels2 but ,antonius ,santorellus in his ,post-,praxis ,medica1 p4 #acf4 not without ,reason observes1 ,that tho' ,aromatics are of a drying quality1 yet as they are likewise heating1 they may occasion a ,fermentation in the ,body2 therefore ,i am apt to think ,myrrh and ,aloes were the basis of the ,composition1 and that ,aromatics were us'd only in small quantities1 and that rather to conciliate a grateful ,odour to the ,body than preserve it from ,putrifaction4 ,yet ,i am not ignorant at the same time of what some alledge of ,aromatics1 that by their innate balsamic ,virtue1 by their bitterness and oleaginous ,sulphur1 or penetrability of their volatil ,salts1 they resist ,putrifaction4 ,neither am ,i ignorant of what ,bellonius affirms1 ,lib4 #b4 ,de ,medicato ,funere1 p4 #bg4 that neither ,myrrh1 ,aloes nor ,saffron have so much ,virtue as to consume the ,humidity of a dead ,body1 nor being hard ,bodies can penetrate so far as to enter the ,bones and replete their ,cavities4 ,furthermore asserting1 ,that if ,aloes were us'd in ,embalming they would give the ,body a bitter taste1 whereas no ,mummies have been ever found to have such a taste2 and this is also taken notice of1 says the aforesaid ,author1 by ,valerius ,cordus1 one who wrote more truly of the ,mummies than all the ,physicians of his ,time had done3 ,but ,i suppose both these ,learned ,men spoke rather from their experience of common ,bodies1 ,embalm'd with ,cedar1 ,asphalt or ,pissasphalt1 than from the ,bodies of ,princes and rich ,men1 which being ,embalm'd after the best manner1 with odoriferous and aromatic ,gums and ,spices1 had in that ,composition a mixture of fine ,aloes1 and this any one will the readier grant1 who considers the manner of the ,sidenote3 ,myrrh1 ,aloes and ,cinnamon4 antient ,jews or ,hebrews ,embalming with ,myrrh1 ,aloes and ,cinamon1 which they learn'd of the ,egyptians by living so long among them1 chiefly differing in this1 ,that the ,hebrews ,anointed or ,embalm'd their ,dead without ,exenteration1 thereby intending only to render the ,body sweet and free from ,putrifaction for a short ,time1 or 'till its ,burial1 whereas the ,egyptians ,embowell'd and ,embalm'd theirs for ,eternity4 ,but here still arises another ,controversie1 viz4 ,what is to be understood by the ,word ,aloes in ,balsamation8 ,whether ,agalochum or ,lignum ,aloes1 a ,wood of a very pleasant smell1 or ,aloes1 an express'd ,juice from the ,leaves of a ,plant1 a ,gum of a strong ,odour8 ,most ,annotators on the word ,aloes1 mention'd in the ,holy ,scripture1 as in ,prov4 #g4 #ag4 ,cant4 #d4 #ad4 ,john #ai4 #ci4 interpret it the ,wood ,aloes1 being an excellent sweet scented and aromatic ,perfume2 and since it is also of a bitterish ,taste1 and indu'd with some balsamic ,qualities1 'tis not absur'd to think it was us'd together with other ,ingredients in ,embalming1 yet according to a physical ,judgment in this ,art1 we nevertheless believe that ,aloes1 the ,gum or inspissate ,juice of a ,plant1 so manifest for its extraordinary and incomparable bitterness and efficacy to resist ,putrifaction1 was one of the chief ,ingredients in their ,composition1 for otherwise the ,scripture would have given a more peculiar signification of the ,word1 to distinguish the ,wood from the ,gum3 ,so that he who determines that both might have been apply'd1 one to correct the ill ,savour of the other1 may commit no great ,mistake1 or at least if he thinks1 that the ,wood was chiefly us'd in their perfuming ,ointments1 and the ,gum in their ,embalmings4 ,the ,body being stuff'd full of aromatic and sweet ,odours1 they sew'd it up again1 and then salted it with ,nitre for the space of #gj ,days1 as ,herodotus relates2 yet ,diodorus ,siculus speaks nothing of this ,salting1 but in its stead substitutes the manner of ,anointing3 ,both which ,terms of ,salting and ,anointing ,authors confound one with another1 and under the same denomination express two different ,operations or ,works1 and yet seem to make them perform'd by the same ,persons3 ,for those who are said to be the ,embalmers1 ,sidenote3 ,the ,salters or ,pollinctors4 are call'd by some ,taricheut or ,salitores1 a verbo 1 ,salire or ,sale durare1 and by others ,pollinctors1 ab unguendis ,cadaveribus quasi polluti1 vel a verbo pollingere1 quod est1 polliendo ungere1 vel ,pellem ungere1 c4 whose ,office and ,business was to exenterate or embowel the ,body1 to wash and cleanse it1 and to salt and anoint it4 ,these again1 some say1 were much honour'd and respected1 and others on the contrary1 ,that they were so abominated that they would not suffer them to live in the ,city2 which latter ,i am most apt to believe1 as performing a very vile and servile ,work1 therefore might well be look'd upon as polluted ,persons4 ,who then were the true ,embalmers1 properly so call'd1 and had in most esteem1 ,i shall anon show2 but must first proceed to speak of their ,salination1 and the ,virtues and ,qualities of ,nitre and other ,salts4 ,sidenote3 ,nitre why us'd in ,embalming4 #8,bellonius1 ,lib4 #c4 cap4 #h4 ,de ,medicato ,funere1 tells us1 the ,egyptians and other ,eastern ,nations1 attributed very great ,virtues to ,nitre for preserving the ,carcasses of the ,dead1 and that notwithstanding other ,salts and ,aromatics1 endu'd with astringent and exsiccating ,qualities1 might have the same ,virtue1 yet since none were more efficacious1 ,embalmers or ,salters were wont chiefly to use ,nitre4 ,those both the ,greek ,historians and ,physicians have sufficiently describ'd1 but since they so disagree about this1 ,i think it not improper to treat more particularly of it4 ,first1 ,herodotus tells us1 ,the ,egyptians salted the dead ,body #gj ,days1 and afterwards adds the use and reason of it1 because1 says he1 ,salt consumes the ,flesh1 and leaves nothing behind it but ,skin and ,bones2 whence it appears ,nitre was in very great esteem among them for preserving the ,dead4 ,but now1 says ,bellonius1 there is so great scarcity of ,nitre in ,europe1 that no ,physician can say he has ever seen the true1 for certainly a ,man may be as well cheated in that ,salt as in any ,drugs now commonly us'd4 ,some there are who promiscuously use many ,things instead of it1 and others that as erroneously assert there are two sorts of it1 one factitious and another natural1 and ,i very much wonder that several excellent ,physicians should not have taken notice1 that the ,saltpetre we now-a-days use is not the true ,nitre3 ,nor have any of the ,ancients distinguish'd ,nitre into artificial and natural1 one made by ,art1 and the other a concrete ,body dug out of the ,earth2 for all ,nitre is certainly made by ,art1 after the manner of other ,salts1 and not conceal'd in the ,earth1 but found above it4 ,nor is there any native ,nitre dug out of the ,earth1 altho' it may be made from ,water2 for ,rain-,water being the purest1 lightest and sweetest of all ,waters1 makes the best ,nitre2 so likewise does the ,nile-,water1 which from the force of its ,mud1 soon condenses the ,nitre4 ,now to know where ,nitre may be found1 read ,theophrastus1 ,lib4 #c4 cap4 #bb4 who gives this as a very plain ,argument1 ,that where ,palm-,trees grow in plenty1 as they do in ,africa1 ,syria1 and the like ,countries1 there the ,soil will always be ,nitrous2 for tho' these ,trees require the circum-ambient ,air to be hot1 that their ,fruits may ripen1 yet they nevertheless covet a salt ,soil to refrigerate their ,roots2 whence we may gather that a ,virtue in ,earth to make ,nitre is more wanting than in ,water3 ,but in ,africa ,nitre was cheaper than ,salt1 for tho' ,salt was both artificially made and dug out of the ,rock1 yet by reason of a ,tax and ,duty upon it1 it was not so easie to be got as ,nitre1 which naturally concreted in the ,vallies1 and might be had without any ,expence2 wherefore the ,arabians1 who liv'd not far from the ,sea1 and the ,egyptians1 who had ,nitre so cheap among them1 us'd it before ,salt1 which they were forc'd to seek for and get in more remote ,places2 nay1 they us'd to eat ,nitre with their ,radishes and ,pot-,herbs1 after the same manner as we now do ,salt4 ,and thus1 so soon as the ,inhabitants had first made ,trial of ,nitre1 using it in their ,bread1 ,pottage1 ,gruels1 with their ,flesh and other ,food1 and finding it wholesom1 sought for no other ,salt1 but us'd ,nitre in its stead1 and taught the neighbouring ,countries to do the like4 ,but the ,macedonians made their ,bread with a sort of ,nitre call'd1 ,sidenote3 ,chalastrum ,nitrum4 ,chalastrum ,nitrum1 a ,chalastra ,civitate1 ,plin4 #ac4 #aj4 a pure sort of ,saltpetre1 which1 for the most part1 they rather chose to make use of than ,salt4 ,nitre took its rise in many parts of ,europe1 ,asia and ,africa1 but ,authors know that of one ,country from another1 by the goodness and badness of it1 tho' ,nitre in general be commended by all1 ,sidenote3 ,nitrum ,berenicum4 and ,galen praises the ,nitre of ,berenice of ,pentapolis in ,egypt4 #8,those ,springs call'd by ,pliny1 ,fontes amari1 on the ,shoar of the ,red-,sea1 would have had but little bitterness1 had not the ,soil been ,nitrous4 ,all the ,fountains likewise of ,arabia are bitterish1 by reason of the nitrous ,earth thro' which they pass1 and that ,lake near the ,city of ,chalastra in ,macedon affords much ,nitre4 ,sidenote3 ,nitri spuma4 ,authors call it ,nitri spuma1 ,aphronitrum1 and by several other ,names4 ,galen orders this stony ,matter first to be burn'd1 and then levigated to a ,powder2 whereby it plainly appears our ,saltpetre is not ,nitre4 ,there is nothing more frequently mention'd by ,absyrtus1 in his ,book of ,farriery1 than ,nitre2 and it was also us'd by ,ganea1 and the ,skilful have observ'd many ,things to grow tender by ,nitre1 especially the ,roots of ,herbs1 which are also made whiter by it1 and ,coleworts and ,pot-,herbs greener4' ,some call the ,flower of the ,lapis ,assius1 ,nitre1 a kind of ,stone of which ,coffins were formerly made1 which wasted dead ,bodies3 #8,but ,i would advise the ,reader1 says ,bellonius1 not to believe that ,nitre1 which we speak of1 to have any affinity with the ,salt commonly so call'd4 ,sidenote3 ,armenian ,nitre4 ,avicenna prefers the ,armenian ,nitre before the ,egyptian1 and ,dioscorides very much praises the ,nitre of ,buna4 ,sidenote3 ,nitre of ,buna4 ,the common ,people daily use the ,nitre of ,turkey1 ,sidenote3 ,nitre of ,turkey4 tho' we are nevertheless ignorant whence it comes1 and there is nothing more common among the ,merchants of ,nitria1 ,memphis1 ,constantinople and ,damascus than what they vulgarly call ,natron4 ,it grows very plentifully in the ,eastern ,countries1 and is much us'd in ,dying ,silk and ,wool4 ,serapio also confounds ,borax1 which the ,goldsmiths use1 with ,nitre2 but ,nitre is truly made by the benefit of the ,soil and the force of the hot ,sun1 wherefore 'tis call'd by some of the ,greeks ,halmirhaga1 ,sidenote3 ,halmirhaga4 deriving its ,name partly from its bitterish ,taste1 and partly from its being got out of the ,earth at ,nitria1 a ,city of ,egypt1 so call'd from ,nitre4 ,at ,naucratis and ,memphis there are places where ,nitre grows1 and where the ,water is pour'd into it like ,sea-,water into ,salt-,pits4 ,between ,memphis and ,jerusalem we saw a ,desart concreted with ,nitre1 from whence so great a quantity might be taken1 that many ,ships might have been easily laden therewith2 which ,desart1 so concreted with ,nitre1 was longer than half a ,mile1 and when ,i past by it in the ,night-,time1 ,i thought it had been cover'd with ,salt2 and when the ,moon shon1 it rebounded up to the ,pupils of my ,eyes1 and dazl'd them with its splendor4 ,in it ,camels1 ,horses and ,mules had left the impression of their ,footsteps1 and when ,i lighted off my ,horse and had cut some of it up1 ,i found it to be of the same kind which ,i had before seen at ,memphis4 ,nitre therefore is not dug out of a ,mountain1 or found in the ,cavity of a ,subterranean ,den1 or any where cover'd with ,earth1 but gather'd up a concrete ,body from the surface of a ,desart or solitary ,place1 and is to be ascrib'd more to the ,earth than ,water1 by reason the ,earth has there a kind of nitrous ,substance4 ,when ,rain1 ,fountain or the ,nile-,water has stood long in a ,valley1 it at length becomes nitrous1 by exhaling up to its self a salt ,matter or ,substance from the bottom1 which afterwards concretes1 with the heat of the ,sun1 and becomes much harder than ,salt4 ,the whole mass of ,nitre is not concreted in one and the same ,day1 but gradually and by degrees increases and becomes dry4 ,the first ,concretion has no great thickness1 but when wet again with other ,water1 it adds by little and little another ,covering4 ,this growing harder and harder1 so long concretes that it at last becomes a ,foot and half thick1 by which it comes to pass that the ,face of the ,nitre keeps a certain likeness to crusted ,cadmia2 for the whole ,mass consists of right courses in equal ,circles1 and is not divided by intricate ,windings1 which ,remark argues1 that ,nitre arises from a level ,superficies or concretes in a certain solitary ,place4 ,moreover the porous ,nitre is dissolv'd in ,water1 but so that you cannot see the least ,settlement in it1 altho' a great deal of an earthy ,substance be found among it2 and as a further ,argument of the ,truth of this1 its very ,ashes show it contains in it a great mixture of earthy ,particles2 for burning once a ,pound of crude ,nitre1 ,i found four ,ounces of ,ashes remain'd1 whereas our ,saltpetre1 if it but touch ,fire1 immediately flames1 and is in an instant resolv'd into ,air2 whence we collect1 that it consists of very subtil ,parts1 for 'tis very pungent on the ,tongue1 has great ,tenuity1 and plentifully provokes ,spitle4 ,sidenote3 ,three kinds of ,nitre4 ,there are three sorts of ,nitre1 but that which is of a ,rose-colour1 or whitish and porous like ,sponge1 such as is brought from the ,islands of ,buna1 ,dioscorides prefers to the rest1 being hard and solid for the most part like that of ,egypt1 and which indurates into heaps like ,stone1 which therefore are call'd by the ,greeks 1 from the resemblance they have to ,hills4 ,the second sort of ,nitre is not so well distinguish'd by ,dioscorides as by ,galen1 who is thought to have us'd the name of ,spuma ,nitri two ways1 first by dividing the words1 1 and secondly1 by compounding them into 1 which distinction ,pliny also seems to have observ'd where he calls the ,spuma ,nitri by the ,latin word ,operimentum1 interpreted by ,avicenna's ,annotator1 ,capistrum ,nitri1 not because the ,nitre ferments or foams up in an old ,valley1 or that it is in it self a light ,froth1 but by reason the ,spume of ,nitre lyes on the top of the ,nitre1 and flowers of it self in ,nitre-,works or ,vallies in the ,day-,time2 for ,nitre flowers with the ,dew which falls in the ,night1 and then increases its ,superficies and is perfected in the ,day-,time1 which ,covering therefore is rightly call'd by ,avicenna's ,interpreter ,capistrum1 but better by ,pliny1 ,operimentum4 ,of this ,dioscorides thus writes3 ,sidenote3 ,spuma ,nitri4 #8,that ,spuma ,nitri is best which is lightest1 friable1 biting and of a purplish ,colour1 such as is brought from ,philadelphia in ,lydia4 ,the second sort is that of ,egypt1 which likewise is to be had in ,magnetia in ,caria4' ,how this ,efflorenscence which ,pliny sometimes calls ,operimentum1 sometimes ,spuma ,nitri1 and at other times ,aphronitrum1 is generated1 we have shewn before1 so shall next show what ,aphronitrum is1 for ,i distinguish between ,aphronitrum and ,spuma ,nitri1 that is1 the ,operimentum or ,covering4 ,but ,pliny confounds ,aphronitrum and ,nitrum together1 so that ,i really believe both ,pliny and ,serapio have taken what they have written of this ,matter from the same ,fountains2 for ,serapio speaking of ,nitre says1 ,there are two sorts of it1 one call'd ,nitre1 which is ,saltpetre1 of a reddish ,colour1 saltish and bitterish ,taste1 soon discovering its burning ,quality1 ,sidenote3 ,borax4 and another sort call'd ,borax1 us'd by the ,inhabitants of ,yaya in working up their ,bread1 to make it look clear after 'tis bak'd4 ,but that sort call'd artificial ,borax is an incisive and abstersive ,saltpetre1 made from a nitrous ,matter1 being a mixture of ,lead and ,kali mingl'd together and put over the ,fire1 and this seems to be nothing else but that which the ,goldsmiths use4 ,rhasis also is in a manner of the same ,opinion with ,serapio1 for he says1 of the two sorts of ,borax1 that which is made artificially1 and is white and froathy1 is much better than that of an earthy colour and dusty4 ,it is from this that ,tincar is made and seal'd4 ,sidenote3 ,tincar4 ,pliny has not omitted to mention this sealing as ,galen and ,dioscorides have likewise done1 therefore ,i will insert his ,words the better to show that his sealing of ,tincar is the same with that of the ,arabians4 ,the next ,age of ,physicians1 says he1 deliver'd that ,aphronitrum was gather'd in ,asia1 distilling into soft ,caves or ,dens1 which they call'd ,colyc1 and afterwards dry'd in the ,sun4 ,the best sort is that of ,lydia1 which is very light and friable1 and almost of a purplish ,colour1 and brought thence in little ,cakes or ,trochisks1 which words seem intirely to answer those of the ,arabian2 for1 ,what can this ,author mean by ,trochisks1 but the same thing which ,serapio calls little seal'd ,pieces8 ,but ,rhasis adds1 ,that the ,egyptian ,nitre was brought in ,vessels pitch'd over1 least it should melt2 and ,pliny shows1 that the next ,age of ,physicians deliver'd it was gather'd in ,asia4 ,perhaps in the ,time of ,dioscorides1 and also before his ,time1 they did not use to ,seal the ,spuma ,nitri and ,aphronitrum4 ,sidenote3 ,lydian ,nitre4 ,pliny gives the ,preference to the ,lydian1 and1 moreover1 when he describes the ,marks of chusing it1 he gives the same to the ,aphronitrum as ,dioscorides does to his 4 ,but that ,i may speak freely what ,i know of those three1 they all proceed from the same ,mass1 altho' from the different ,places and ,earth1 they acquire a different colour1 for some are of a ,rose-colour1 and others white4 ,the ,operimentum or ,covering falls in ,lydia and ,egypt4 ,the greatest use of ,nitre in ,laconia is for scouring ,bodies4 ,but since the ,mass of ,nitre1 when long kept in ,houses1 consumes and wastes away by degrees1 insomuch that that which was before hard1 becomes gradually soft and crumbling1 more-especially if it be kept in a moist place1 nevertheless it does not discontinue being a ,mass or ,lump1 but only becomes softer than ,nitre4 ,physicians1 when they remark or take notice as it were of a certain kind of ,metamorphosis1 of that which was before hard1 so easily to become softer1 think its ,name ought to be chang'd1 and its ,virtues ascrib'd apart4 ,but that which ,i have said concerning the alteration of ,nitre1 ,i have found true by experience1 in some ,i brought with me out of the ,eastern-,countries2 for having given a great part of it to my ,friends1 some of them complain'd it was turn'd to ,powder1 and others1 who had kept it in a moister place1 that it was grown softer1 and had chang'd its ,colour4 ,pliny1 ,lib4 #ca4 cap4 #aj4 says1 ,the ,nature of ,nitre is not to be esteem'd very different from ,salt1 and this he the more diligently asserts1 inasmuch as those ,physicians who have written of it1 were ignorant of its true ,nature1 altho' none has written more carefully of it than ,theophrastus4 ,he says1 moreover1 some ,nitre is made in ,media1 the ,vallies growing white and hoary with dryness4 ,after the ,rain or ,fountain-,water is exhal'd from it1 it is condens'd by the ,soil1 and converted into ,nitre4 ,hence appears1 as ,i said before1 that those are very much deceiv'd1 who report ,nitre to be a certain ,subterranean ,matter like to ,metal4 ,pliny afterwards adds1 ,that the sort of ,nitre call'd ,agrium1 in ,thrace near ,philippi1 is less mix'd with ,earth than any other sort2 but ,i dare affirm ,nitre is now no longer made in ,thrace1 for when ,i travell'd thither1 and to and fro in the ,philippian ,country1 that ,i might see this ,nitre1 ,i could find none either about the ,ruins of the before-mention'd ,city or the adjacent ,region4 ,sidenote3 ,chalastrum ,nitrum4 ,the ,chalastrum ,nitre took its ,name from the ,city ,chalastra4 ,this ,i believe to be that sort which ,alexander call'd ,bucephalum1 from the ,name of his ,horse4 ,nitrous ,waters1 says ,pliny1 are found in many places1 but without any ,power of condensing1 which agrees with what ,i have already said1 that all nitrous ,waters will not make ,nitre2 so likewise all nitrous ,earth1 altho' ,water be pour'd over it1 will not make ,nitre1 for 'tis necessary it should have a ,virtue of thickning by the ,sun1 therefore this ,virtue is believ'd not to be wanting in the ,water1 but in the ,earth1 for 'tis certain ,nitre may be made out of the lightest1 purest and sweetest ,water4 ,nitre is very heavy in it self1 for it sinks in ,water like a ,stone4 ,the best ,nitre1 says ,pliny1 is very plentiful in ,macedonia1 ,sidenote3 ,nitrum ,chalastricum4 and is call'd ,chalastricum1 being white and pure like to ,salt4 ,the ,lake is nitrous1 and out of its middle a sweet ,fountain flows2 there ,nitre swims1 about the rising of the ,dog-,star1 for nine ,days together1 and in as many ceases1 then swims again1 and afterwards ceases again1 by which 'tis apparent the heat of the ,sun condenses the ,nitre1 provided the ,nature of the ,soil be answerable1 as ,pliny witnesses in these words3 ,the ,nature of the ,soil is what breeds ,nitre1 as is apparent1 in that where it is wanting1 neither ,salts nor ,showers avail any thing4 ,this is also very wonderful1 that tho' the ,spring be always seen to flow1 yet neither does it increase the ,lake nor run over2 but if it ,rains in those ,days in which it is bred1 the ,nitre will become more ,salt1 and worse if the ,north-,winds happen to blow1 for they violently stir up the ,mud3 ,in this place indeed 'tis produc'd1 but more plentifully in ,egypt1 ,sidenote3 ,egyptian ,nitre4 tho' a worser sort1 for 'tis of a dark colour and stony4 ,it is made almost in the same manner with ,salt1 only they let the ,sea run into their ,salt-,pits1 but the ,river ,nile into their ,nitre-,works4 ,the ,nile-,water being drawn off they dry it1 and again infuse it in ,nitre-,water #dj ,days successively1 but if it ,rains they add less of the ,river-,water4 ,so soon as it begins to condense1 it is taken away least it should be dissolv'd in their ,nitre-,works1 but if laid up in heaps it will keep4 ,thus much ,pliny speaks of ,nitre1 which abundantly shows it is no where dug in any ,mountain or ,soil1 but as ,i have shown before1 immediately so soon as it has begun to condense1 and it ,rains1 they take it away1 and lay it up in heaps1 that it may last1 for otherwise it would be melted by the ,rain in their ,nitre-,works4 ,what ,pliny says afterwards seems obscure1 viz4 ,that the thinnest part of ,nitre is best1 and consequently the ,efflorenscence is better1 nevertheless the foul sort is useful for some ,things1 as for dying ,purples1 ,scarlets1 c4 by which words 'tis evident he means two sorts of ,nitre1 one very fine call'd ,spuma ,nitri1 ,sidenote3 ,spuma ,nitri4 which he prefers for the best1 and another course1 us'd for dying ,colours4 ,the ,nitre-,works in ,egypt are very famous1 and were wont to be only about ,naucratis and ,memphis3 ,the worst are about ,memphis1 for there it lapifies in heaps1 and from that cause many ,hillocks are stony1 of which they make ,vessels4 ,they also very frequently boil it with ,sulphur upon ,coals till it is melted2 and use it in those things they would have keep a long while4 ,there are ,nitre-,works where it comes out reddish from the colour of the ,earth4 ,thus far of ,nitre2 next ,pliny mightily commends the ,efflorenscence of ,nitre1 yet says1 ,the ,ancients deny'd it could be made1 but only when the ,dew fell and the ,nitre-,places were pregnant1 but not when they brought forth1 therefore could not be done by hastning or stirring up altho' it fell4 ,others think it was bred by ,fermentation1 c4' ,thus far of ,nitre according to ,bellonius1 ,pliny and others4 ,sidenote3 ,pickle made of ,nitre4 ,now this is generally agreed on1 that after the ,body was stuff'd with sweet ,odours1 ,gums and ,spices1 it was macerated in a sort of ,pickle1 the ,composition of which1 tho' unknown to us1 is asserted by most of the ,ancients to be made of ,nitre4 ,nor is it proper for us1 say ,penicher1 ,traite des ,embaumemens1 p4 #hc4 to explain one ,obscurity by another that is greater2 since this ,nitre1 so famous and mightily boasted of by the ,ancients1 is at this ,day a ,mistery1 for the more one endeavours to show its ,origin1 by examining the different ,descriptions given it1 the more reason one has to doubt of its ,existence4 ,in the first place1 they agree not in one point among themselves1 ,sidenote3 ,different ,opinions of ,nitre4 either as to its ,colour1 ,figure or ,quality2 for some say 'tis white1 others that 'tis red1 and others again that 'tis of a ,leaden or ,ash-colour3 ,some there are who will have it of a porous ,substance like a ,sponge1 others that 'tis solid and compact1 and others that 'tis shining and transparent like to ,glass4 ,nor do they less dissagree about its ,virtue than its ,form and ,colour1 for some say 'tis of a cold ,nature1 and others that it has a ,caustic ,quality1 as ,herodotus1 who says1 that it consumes the ,flesh in such manner that it leaves nothing but ,skin and ,bones4 ,wherefore1 after so many ,contradictions and different ,descriptions of the nature of this ,mineral1 what can we believe for certain8 ,have we not just reason to doubt that this ,nitre is but pretended8 ,how should it come to be invisible if it were a ,mineral8 ,and again why should we not have it1 if it be produc'd after the manner of our common ,salt8 ,the ,sun1 ,moon and other ,planets1 as also the ,earth have not ceas'd since their ,creation to obey yearly such ,orders as the ,divine ,providence has prescrib'd them1 and their ,productions have daily been the same from one ,age to another4 ,the ,earth is the same ,matrix for the formation of ,vegetables and ,minerals1 and the ,sun has not refus'd its ,influences for their ,generation4 ,what therefore can be the reason1 or by what accident should we at present be depriv'd of so precious a ,salt8 ,we cannot see why it should be so lost as never to be repair'd2 but it is also reported that the true ,cinnamon1 ,bdellium1 ,costus ,amomum1 ,balsamum verum1 ,malobathrum1 ,sal ,armoniac1 ,myrrha1 and several ,minerals1 ,gums and ,plants are lost1 yet certainly it is not so1 but only the ,knowledge and ,use of them lost to many ,people2 or perhaps they may not be found in those places where they were wont to grow1 yet may be had in others1 which often happens2 so that they do not entirely ,perish1 but only change their ,soil1 by which means it may come to pass they may not commonly be known1 and sometimes it happens they appear with a different ,face1 by reason of the diversity of the ,place and temperature of the ,heavens2 wherefore1 as ,st4 ,chrisostom rightly concludes1 none of those ,substances or kinds of ,things1 which ,,god has created from the beginning of the ,world1 have ever been wanting or will ever perish4 ,et ,benedixit illa ,,deus1 dixit1 ,crescite multiplicamini3 ,verbum enim illud in prsentem usq2 diem illa conservat1 tantum ,tempus prteriit1 neq2 unum horum ,genus imminutum est2 nam ,benedictio ,,dei1 ,verbum quod dixerat1 ut subsisterent durarent1 illis contulit4 ,and ,,god ,blessed them and said1 ,be fruitful and multiply3 ,which ,word has preserv'd them even to this present ,day1 so that the ,time only is pass'd away1 but not the least kind of them has perish'd2 for the ,blessing of ,,god1 and the ,words which he spake1 made them that they should endure for ever4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,nitre of the ,ancients the same with our ,saltpetre4 ,the ,nitre therefore of the ,ancients so renown'd1 may be the same with our ,saltpetre1 as ,schroder and the learned ,etmuller think1 and ,clarke more particularly in his ,natural ,history of ,nitre1 p4 #ab4 asserts1 ,that the ,nitre of the ,ancients is the same with ,ours3 ,in which1 says he1 altho' we dissent from some learned ,philosophers1 as ,matthiolus1 ,bellonius1 c4 yet are there others as learned with whom we agree1 such as ,cardanus1 ,casimirus ,siemienowicz ,eques ,lithuanus1 and more particularly also may be mention'd the ,ingenious ,mr4 ,henshaw1 who has learnedly prov'd this ,assertion to the ,royal ,society4 ,but not to inforce this ,opinion only by ,authority but ,reason1 we affirm this to be the same from its ,nature2 for the ,thing is yet in ,being1 and this bearing its ,name may not unjustly challenge its ,nature3 ,and that this was known to the ,ancients 7as we affirm their ,nitre is to us7 the ,testimony of ,pliny plainly evinces1 as the before-mention'd learned ,author ,casimirus observes1 viz4 ,aperte enim ,salem hunc1 qui in ,cavernis sua sponte in ,rupium ,superficies erumpebat1 ,florem ,spumam ,nitri1 ,salemq2 petrosum vel ,petr nominat4 ,but the ,ancients seem not to observe this or ,efflorenscence of ,nitre on ,walls1 and in ,houses on ,floors1 as we do1 they having had it in open ,fields1 tho' we have not1 neither was it so much in use with them as with us1 and this gave occasion for the new ,name of ,sal-petr to be given to the old ,nitre4 ,now1 tho' by ,pliny's and other antient ,authors descriptions of ,nitre1 when compar'd with ours1 they may seem to differ1 yet may it not be a real difference1 but only in degrees of purity1 the like whereof we may see in ,sugar and ,salt1 which by artificial ,refining are made one and the same2 and as it bears the same ,name1 so has it the same ,qualities and ,virtues1 and was antiently us'd both by ,galenists and ,chymists4 ,sidenote3 ,nitre us'd in ,cookery4 ,now it was this no doubt the ,ancients us'd in their ,aliments instead of common ,salt2 and 'tis by some affirm'd that ,roots grow whiter if boil'd therewith1 and ,herbs greener3 ,moreover1 'tis well known to us ,moderns that ,nitre or its ,salt1 separated in the ,refining1 gives a red colour to ,neats-,tongues1 ,coller'd ,beef1 ,bacon1 c4 adding to it also a more savoury ,taste1 which does thereby both invite and please the ,appetite4 ,thus far of ,nitre according to the several ,opinions of the before-mention'd ,authors2 but what the ,composition was1 wherewith the ,ancients pickl'd the ,body1 whether with ,nitre or ,salt1 is not as yet determin'd4 ,herodotus and divers others affirm it was salted with ,nitre1 yet some think the ,virtue of ,salt more commendable1 finding it of so great use in preserving ,flesh and ,fish2 others again do not think ,bodies become unperishable by ,salting1 but are only preserv'd for some ,months or ,years1 and if fresh ,pickle be not added1 or any part of the ,body happen to be expos'd to the ,air1 it soon corrupts and stinks1 for the ,moisture of the ,air dissolves the imbib'd ,salt1 and this issuing forth the ,body soon perishes4 ,this is farther remarkable from a ,story of ,baronius in his ,annals1 ,sidenote3 ,a ,body found ,preserv'd in a ,salt-,pit4 of a ,body found in a ,subterranean ,cave1 full of salt ,water1 in the ,mountains of ,saltzburg1 which was whole and incorrupt1 the ,skin white1 the ,eyes open and lively1 and the whole remaining1 with all its parts1 firm and hard as a ,stone1 yet in three ,days ,time1 being as it were impatient of the ,air1 it turn'd into ,water and perish'd4 ,from this ,story we may learn that salted ,bodies1 altho' they resist ,corruption for a short ,time1 yet at length perish2 ,sidenote3 ,salt us'd with ,balsamics preserves ,bodies4 nevertheless ,salt1 or such things as are ,analagous to it1 if us'd with other ,balsamics1 afford some help in the ,embalming of ,bodies1 whereby they are not dispos'd to the same ,fluxion1 as both ,reason and ,experience teach1 and perhaps ,nitre being a more solid ,body and not so apt to dissolve in the ,air1 might also on that account be preferr'd by the ,egyptians4 ,however1 whether ,salt or ,nitre be to be understood by this ,work of ,salination needs not much to be disputed1 since both1 by their known balsamic ,virtue and innate ,siccity1 may assist in this ,operation1 even as in the preparing ,english ,hams1 c4 we are wont to use them mix'd together1 the one perhaps being more peircing and the other more durable1 the former to give a grateful ,taste1 and the latter a pleasant ,colour4 ,but1 as we cannot readily grant1 that the ,salting us'd by the ,egyptians1 was effectual enough to preserve ,bodies without ,balsamic ,medicines1 so neither can we1 that any means besides could hinder its ,extraction or ,dissolution1 and therefore ,i am the more inclinable to think1 ,first1 ,that they did not drysalt the ,body1 but macerated it in a liquid ,pickle1 which equally surrounded it every-where1 and peirc'd deeper thro' the ,pores of the ,skin2 and when they had let it infuse for a convenient ,time1 they anointed it with ,oil of ,cedar for #cj ,days together1 as ,diodorus ,siculus relates1 and afterwards with ,myrrh1 ,cinamon and other ,drugs1 which ,salting and ,anointing took up in all #gj ,days1 according to the ,account of ,herodotus4 ,the latter ,ointment was us'd as well to give the ,body a sweet ,smell as to ,preserve it2 but1 tho' the former was held of great efficacy for that purpose1 yet is it a thing as difficult to recover in these our ,times1 says ,penicher1 as it is to find out the ,composition of the ,pickle we have been speaking of1 nevertheless we must make some attempt therein4 ,first then1 we will take notice of the different ,appellations1 by which the ,ancients have us'd to express this ,matter1 calling it by the several names of a ,gum or ,rosin1 a ,liquor or ,juice1 an ,oil or ,ointment1 and lastly a ,pitch2 ,sidenote3 ,cedria what4 but which of all these they meant by the ,word ,cedria will be better understood from a ,description of that ,tree1 together with the several sorts of ,juices extracted from it1 and their ,uses and ,virtues4 ',tis true1 as some ,authors have said1 a ,matter so call'd may be drawn from other ,trees1 such as ,larch1 ,pine1 ,birch1 ,cypress and ,juniper2 but that which we mean is from the great ,cedar1 whose ,leaves never fall1 and which bears ,fruit all the ,year round4 ,its ,wood1 of all others1 is esteem'd the least corruptible1 and consequently1 says ,pierius1 is the ,hieroglyphic of ,eternity4 ,the ,ark of the ,covenant1 the ,temple of ,solomon1 and that of ,diana at ,ephesus1 were all built with it1 and for the same reason the ,egyptians often made their ,coffins of it3 ,the ,ancients also us'd to anoint the ,leaves and ,covers of their ,books with its ,oil1 thereby to defend them from ,moths1 ,worms and the injuries of ,time1 whence it came to be spoken ,proverbially of such a one as had deserv'd to be recorded to ,posterity1 ,cedro digna locutus1 in that his ,writings were thereby preserv'd from perishing4 ,now this ,tree affords three or four different sorts of ,liquors or ,juices3 ,first1 ,a thick1 but clear ,gum1 of a good tho' strong ,odour1 being a ,tear that drops from young ,cedars after their ,barks are pill'd off1 and this is what they properly call'd ,cedria4 ,sidenote3 ,gum of ,cedar4 ,secondly1 ,a sort of ,liquor drawn from the said ,wood1 ,sidenote3 ,liquor of ,cedar4 call'd by the ,syrians ,cedrum1 and which are the first droppings of these ,branches of ,cedar when one burns them1 for that which comes last is the ,pitch of ,cedar1 ,sidenote3 ,pitch of ,cedar4 being prepar'd after the same manner with other ,pitch1 as you may find describ'd in ,bellonius de ,medic4 ,funer4 p4 #dj4 ,lastly1 ,there is an ,oil of ,cedar1 ,sidenote3 ,oil of ,cedar4 express'd from the warm'd ,fruit of this ,tree1 and call'd by ,pliny and ,delachampius1 ,cedrelon1 as it were ,cedri-oleum4 ,these several ,liquors have been so confounded by ,authors1 as to have been taken indifferently for one another1 which perhaps was because they have almost all the same ,virtues2 yet ,i suppose the ,egyptians might adapt the ,use of them according to their several ,consistencies1 and therefore employ'd the ,gum with other ,drugs in stuffing the ,body1 the first distill'd ,liquor in their ,injections1 and the ,oil1 as more valuable1 for their ,anointings2 or else might use the ,tar or ,pitch after the same manner as ,asphalt and ,pissasphalt1 for the inferior sort of ,people4 ,sidenote3 ,virtues of ,cedar4 ,now in respect to the ,virtues of ,cedar1 besides that it heats and drys powerfully1 it has likewise this particular and remarkable ,quality1 that after the nature of ,septic and ,escharotic ,medicines1 it corrodes and consumes the ,flesh in a very short ,time1 if apply'd to a living ,body2 but1 on the contrary1 is a sovereign ,preservative for the same ,body the very moment 'tis depriv'd of ,life2 for consisting of hot1 dry and subtil ,parts1 it consumes all superfluous ,humidity1 the cause of ,putrifaction1 and thereby preserves the dead ,body1 whereas in living ,creatures1 being rarify'd and put in action by the natural ,heat1 it disunites their ,parts and consumes them4 ,those antient ,physicians ,dioscorides1 ,galen1 ,paulus1 ,aetius and ,aegineta have all asserted1 ,that the ,nature of ,cedar was such as to preserve dead ,bodies1 but would consume the ,living1 whereupon1 they not without reason have term'd it1 ,the ,life of the ,dead1 and ,the ,death of the ,living4 ,likewise ,diodorus ,siculus tells us1 the ,egyptians anointed the ,bodies they were to ,embalm with ,oil or ,ointment of ,cedar1 for the space of #cj ,days2 whereas1 ,herodotus gives us a quite different ,account1 how that1 without cutting open the ,belly and pulling out the ,entrails1 ,sidenote3 ,clysters of ,cedar and their ,operation4 they injected up the ,anus ,clysters of ,oil or ,juice of ,cedar1 and then salted the ,body #gj ,days1 at the end of which they squeez'd out the ,clysters1 which had such ,virtue and ,efficacy1 that they brought away with them all the ,guts and ,bowels wasted4 ,but in answer to this1 ,clauder in ,methodo ,balsamandi1 p4 #eh4 says1 he cannot but believe that this ,author had forgot to mention somewhat necessary to be done besides1 and ,nardius laughs at it as a ridiculous ,story1 to imagine how these ,clysters should spare the fleshy ,parts1 but rot the ,bowels4 ,but grant an intire ,efficacy to this ,balsamic ,liquor1 thus ,clysterwise immitted into the ,intestins1 yet since it is well known to ,physicians1 that ,medicines1 this way exhibited to the ,dead1 immediately flow out again1 the nervous and fibrous ,parts1 which before were us'd to retain them1 operate no longer by reason of their ,stupor and defect of ,spirits4 ,i cannot see1 says ,clauder1 how a ,clyster can be contain'd in a dead body so as to perform its ,work1 or if it should be intruded up by force1 it cannot so quickly penetrate to the superior ,parts2 for it must waste the ,mesentery1 ,liver1 ,spleen1 ,stomach and ,guts before it can ascend into the ,cavity of the ,breast1 by which time its ,contents will be putrify'd1 and that more-especially since nothing besides was done to prevent ,corruption1 but an external ,salting4 ,wherefore1 as was said before1 he must needs have mistaken the ,process1 and perhaps if ,bodies were ,embalm'd this way with ,cedar 7which ,nardius utterly denies7 without ,incision and ,exenteration1 it might be perform'd by filling the ,head1 ,breast and ,belly with ,pitch of ,cedar 7the way of doing which ,i shall hereafter show7 and then infusing and macerating the ,body in its liquid ,juice or ,oil3 ,and that the ,egyptians us'd to ,embalm ,bodies with ,cedar1 appears farther from their preserving ,crocodiles1 ,hawks and other ,animals1 ,sidenote3 ,animals ,embalm'd with ,cedar4 which they worshipp'd1 with ,nitre and the ,liquor of ,cedar1 and afterwards anointing them with odoriferous ,unguents1 they bury'd them in ,sacred ,places3 ,diodorus ,siculus1 ,lib4 #e4 cap4 #b4 says1 the ,gauls were wont to deposite the ,heads of their slain ,enemies1 that were of any ,quality1 in ,chests1 having first ,embalm'd them with ,oil of ,cedar1 c4 ,the third sort of ,embalming1 us'd for the poorer sort of ,people1 was perform'd1 as ,herodotus tells us1 by washing the ,belly1 and then drying it with ,salt for #gj ,days1 after which 'twas deliver'd to be carry'd away4 ,now1 as ,clauder says1 if this was done without ,exenteration1 it appears the least probable of all1 as daily experience shows2 therefore we must look on that ,historian as too credulous in the ,relation of some ,things1 and perhaps as one that had forgot other ,operations to be done1 or medicinal ,species to be added3 ,but if the ,belly was open'd and thoroughly wash'd and cleans'd1 the ,bowels flung into the ,river or else bury'd1 and the ,vessels empty'd of their ,blood and ,juices1 and then the ,body salted and dry'd in the ,sun1 it might probably be render'd very hard and durable1 and not liable to dissolve or melt by any ,damps or ,moisture1 ,egypt being a warm ,country1 and enjoying a perpetual ,serenity of ,air1 even as ,flesh and ,fish when salted and dry'd in the ,wind1 ,sun or ,smoak1 c4 may be preserv'd for some ,years1 if kept in a dry and warm place4 ,diodorus ,siculus speaks nothing of this third sort of ,embalming1 and ,gabriel ,clauder1 ,johannes ,nardius1 ,bellonius1 and other ,physicians assert1 there were only two sorts1 ,sidenote3 ,only two sorts of ,embalming4 one for the ,rich and ,noble1 perform'd after a more accurate and costly manner1 and another more vile for the poorer ,sort2 for ,nardius is of ,opinion1 that which was suppos'd to be perform'd with ,cedar1 was only a cheat of the ,libitinarii to pick the ,pockets of the richer ,people2 the first sort being perform'd with odoriferous ,gums and ,spices1 and the latter with a strong scented ,bitumen call'd ,asphalt1 or for want of that with ,pissasphalt1 which things are not mention'd in the ,accounts of ,herodotus and ,diodorus ,siculus relating to ,embalming2 yet from the occular ,demonstration of several eminent ,physicians1 and their ,experiments and ,dissections of such ,bodies as are commonly brought over for ,mummies1 it is plainly prov'd they were prepar'd with this ,bituminous ,matter1 therefore we will next describe what that is4 ,now seeing ,authors so much confound ,asphalt with ,pissasphalt1 and thereby become mistaken even in the word ,mummy1 ,i think it very necessary to show their differences1 they being two sorts of ,bitumen that were commonly us'd by the ,egyptians in their ,embalmings4 ,sidenote3 ,asphalt4 ,first then of ,asphalt1 a natural ,bitumen of a viscous and glutinous ,substance1 which swims on the surface of the ,lake ,asphaltites in ,palestine 7above #ajj ,miles from ,damiata in ,egypt1 whereas ,le ,bruyn is grosly mistaken when he makes it but two ,italian ,miles1 as before quoted1 p4 #adc47 and being driven by the ,winds on the ,shoar1 there condenses by the heat of the ,sun1 and becomes tough and hard like ,pitch4 ,there is also ,bitumen found in several other places1 as ,dioscorides relates1 viz4 in ,phnicia1 ,babylon1 ,sydon1 c4 ,but this which comes from the ,lake ,asphaltites in ,judea1 thence call'd ,bitumen ,judaicum1 is the best of all1 being clean and shining1 of a black or purplish ,colour1 of a strong ,smell1 and that may easily be burn'd and crumbl'd between the ,fingers4 ,with this ,asphalt were ,embalm'd those of a middle sort1 ,sidenote3 ,how us'd in ,embalming4 but by reason it was of too dry a ,substance1 ,naptha and liquid ,bitumen1 or ,oleum ,petroleum were usually added to it by melting over the ,fire1 and then the ,body being boil'd therein1 the ,embalming was finish'd according to the accustom'd manner3 ,to this purpose ,authors give these ,reasons for the use of ,asphalt1 that by its astringent and exsiccating ,nature1 it restrains that moisture which would lead to ,corruption1 and no less by its balsamic ,quality and ,viscosity hinders the fluid ,atoms of the ,air from penetrating the internal parts of the ,body1 thereby opening a way for its ,dissolution4 ,in like manner the poorer ,sort were ,embalm'd with ,pissasphalt1 made fluid by some of the above-mention'd ,oils2 and seeing likewise there were said to be two kinds of this1 one ,natural and another ,artificial1 we will next enquire into them3 ,sidenote3 ,natural ,pissasphalt4 ,the ,natural ,pissasphalt1 according to ,dioscorides1 ,valerius ,cordus his ,commentator1 and others1 is a kind of ,bitumen flowing from certain ,mountains call'd ,ceraunii ,montes in ,apollonia1 near the ,city ,epidaurus1 now ,ragusa1 whence being carry'd by the impetuosity of the ,river1 it is cast on the ,shoar and there condens'd into ,clods1 smelling like to a mixture of ,pitch and ,bitumen1 from whence it came to be term'd by the ,greeks ,pissasphaltos1 a 1 vel pix1 1 ,bitumen1 quasi dicas ,pici ,bitumen1 and had the same ,virtues with ,pitch and ,bitumen or ,asphalt mix'd together4 ',tis brought in great ,plenty from ,valona to ,venice for pitching ,ships1 which it admirably performs if mix'd with the ,pitch of ,pine-,trees4 ',tis also brought from ,dalmatia1 being there dug near ,lesina1 not far from ,narenta1 and is likewise found in ,hungary1 where the ,inhabitants call it ,fossil ,wax2 moreover 'tis to be had in ,transilvania1 and the ,germans name it ,erdtwachs and ,bergwachs1 that is ,wax generated in the ,earth or ,mountains4 ,the ,spaniards likewise call it1 ,cera de minera1 mineral ,wax1 perhaps from its ,consistency2 but the ,arabians term it ,mumia1 whence1 it may be1 ,embalm'd ,bodies came to be call'd ,mummies1 ,sidenote3 ,call'd ,mummy4 from their being preserv'd with this ,pissasphalt1 and this we are the more apt to believe1 since the true ,asphalt or ,bitumen ,judaicum was very scarce1 nor is it now to be had in the ,shops1 as some believe1 but ,pissasphalt is sold in its stead4 ,brasavolus thinks those dry'd ,bodies of the ,arabians and other ,nations1 brought to us from ,syria and ,egypt for ,mummies1 were only fill'd with ,pissasphalt1 inasmuch as being the poorer sort of ,people in those ,countries1 they could not be suppos'd to afford the expence of a better ,embalment1 for the ,rich and ,noble1 whose ,bodies were ,embalm'd more costly with ,myrrh1 ,aloes1 ,cinamon1 ,balsam1 ,saffron1 and the like1 were so carefully inclos'd in their private ,sepulchres1 that it was not only a very difficult matter to get at them1 but also more rare to bring any of them over2 whereas the ,bodies of the ,poor and ,ignoble1 stuff'd only with ,pissasphalt1 of so mean a price and after so slight a manner1 were to be come at with little trouble and less suspicion4 ,thus the ,syrians and ,egyptians were wont to condite their ,bodies1 and the ,arabians also1 from what ,matthiolus could learn from their ,writings1 esteem'd ,mummy to be ,pissasphalt rather than ,asphalt1 for1 as ,avicenna writes1 ,mummy performs the very same thing as ,asphalt does1 when mix'd with ,pitch2 from whence we may easily conjecture1 that the ,bodies were only prepar'd with ,pissasphalt4 ,sidenote3 ,bodies only prepar'd with ,pissasphalt4 ,with this also ,serapio agrees1 who1 discoursing of ,mummy1 according to the ,authority of ,dioscorides1 delivers the very same words as he does of ,pissasphalt1 affirming1 there is ,mummy or ,pissasphalt in the ,land of ,apollonia1 which1 descending from the ,mountains by the course of the ,river1 is cast upon its ,banks1 and there coagulated like ,wax1 having the ,smell of ,pitch mix'd with ,asphalt1 with some ,ftor1 and its ,virtue is like to ,pitch and ,asphalt mix'd together1 whence 'tis also thought our ,mummy is rather ,pissasphalt than ,asphalt2 for altho' ,strabo says1 ,the ,bitumen ,judaicum was us'd for preserving ,bodies1 nevertheless he does not deny but they mix'd ,pitch with ,bitumen1 which makes an artificial ,pissasphalt2 ,sidenote3 ,artificial ,pissasphalt4 but ,serapio and ,avicenna knew these ,mixtures very well1 since not only the ,syrians1 but1 their ,countrymen the ,mauritanians also made use of it4 ,also that which is sold to us for ,mummy1 is only the ,body of an ,egyptian1 ,arabian1 or the like1 ,embalm'd with ,pissasphalt1 neither is it always properly so1 says ,struppius1 for they sometimes us'd to lay the ,bones of a ,human ,body in their proper places1 and pour'd over them melted ,pissasphalt1 ,sidenote3 ,sophisticate ,mummy4 which working into the natural form and shape of the ,body1 they sent over for ,mummy1 and such is that which is brought to us even at this ,day1 having no particle of ,myrrh1 ,aloes1 ,balsam1 c4 mix'd with it1 as manifestly appears from its ,smell1 ,taste and ,colour4 ,thus having shew'd how the ,egyptians preserv'd their ,dead after several ways1 as by ,salination with ,aromatics1 ,salination with ,cedar1 ,asphalt or ,pissasphalt1 and by ,salination with ,salt alone1 according to the ,accounts of ,herodotus1 ,diodorus ,siculus and the ,observations of other ,persons upon them1 ,i will next add some other ,remarks concerning the ,nature of their ,embalmings1 and the respective ,works of the several ,persons employ'd therein2 likewise1 the manner of ,rouling1 ,painting and ,dressing their ,dead1 with the ,ceremonies of ,judging them1 ferrying them over the ,lake1 keeping them in their ,houses1 setting them at their ,tables1 pawning them1 c4 ,first then1 we will suppose the ,egyptians had a certain ,temple or ,office wherein all ,things were kept in order for ,embalming a ,body1 ,sidenote3 ,an ,office of ,embalming4 to which there belong'd1 and where there resided all sorts of ,persons who perform'd any particular part of that ,art1 as ,washing1 ,salting1 ,anointing1 c4 or else prepar'd any kind of ,necessaries for the ,funeral ,pomp4 ,now these were distinguish'd by the several ,names of a ,priest or ,physician1 an ,embalmer or ,surgeon1 a ,pollinctor or ,apothecary1 a ,dissector or ,anatomist1 a ,salinator or ,salter and a ,designer or ,painter1 also 1 a ,dresser of the ,dead1 and 1 one that furnish'd all ,necessaries for the ,funeral1 and bury'd the ,body1 being call'd in ,latin ,libitinarius3 ,that there was such an ,office1 appears not only from these several ,persons1 mention'd by ,herodotus and ,diodorus ,siculus1 who were employ'd therein1 and either profess'd the ,art of ,embalming1 or perform'd some other part belonging to the ,funeral ,pomp1 but is also prov'd from their saying1 ,that the dead ,body was carry'd out to be ,embalm'd1 which plainly implies some certain place allotted for that purpose4 ,first therefore1 we will suppose there belong'd to this ,office a ,clerk1 ,sidenote3 ,the ,clerk4 who shew'd1 the ,friends of the ,deceas'd1 ,patterns of all sorts of things belonging either to the ,libitinarii or ,furnishers of the ,funeral1 or to the ,curatores ,corporis1 the ,embalmers1 who having agreed with them after what manner1 and at what ,price they would have it done1 enter'd it into a ,book1 and took care to see it perform'd accordingly4 ,the ,president or ,head of this ,college1 we take to be one who was both a ,priest and ,physician1 ,sidenote3 ,the ,physician4 and therefore was highly ,honour'd1 and had in the greatest ,esteem and ,respect4 ,as a ,priest he was qualify'd to instruct the several ,officers in all ,funeral ,rites and ,ceremonies1 and confirm the ,people in the ,metempsychosis1 upon which those ,matters were grounded3 ,as a ,physician1 being skill'd in the ,art of ,embalming1 and the ,nature of all ,vegetables and ,minerals1 he prescrib'd balsamic ,medicines and odoriferous ,unguents for the ,apothecary to compound and apply pursuant to his ,directions1 and instructed the ,surgeon how to perform the manual ,operation4 ,that there was a ,physician made use of in ,embalming1 appears very plainly from the ,second ,verse of the #ejth ,chapter of ,genesis1 where ,moses1 speaking of the ,death of ,jacob1 says his ,son ,joseph commanded his ,servants1 the ,physicians1 to ,embalm his ,father1 and the ,physicians ,embalm'd ,israel2 where by his ,servants1 the ,physicians1 seems to be meant either those properly belonging to his ,person1 it being antiently a ,custom for ,princes and ,noble ,men to have such in their ,families to wait upon and take care of them1 or by the ,repetition ,the ,physicians ,embalm'd ,israel1 might be meant those of the ,office1 since ,joseph1 being ,viceroy of ,egypt1 might well command them1 they being all his ,servants and in subjection to him4 ,sidenote3 ,embalming of ,jacob4 ,this leads me to digress a little in order to give a further ,account of the ,embalming ,jacob1 whereby will appear how far those ,heathen ,writers before-mention'd agree with the ,scripture4 ,first then there was a great necessity for ,embalming ,jacob1 by reason his ,body was to be carry'd a great way to his ,sepulchre1 and both ,herodotus and ,diodorus ,siculus tell us1 there were those in ,egypt that profess'd the ,art of preserving ,bodies from ,corruption1 which 'tis plain was part of the ,physicians ,emploiment1 for the word ,ropheim 7which we ,translate ,physicians7 constantly signifies in ,scripture such as cur'd or heal'd sick ,bodies2 but the ,,lxx4 here aptly enough ,translate it 1 7those that prepar'd and fitted ,bodies for their ,interment by ,embalming as we1 says the ,bishop of ,ely1 likewise ,translate it7 because that was their proper ,business2 whence 'tis ,pliny1 ,lib4 #aa4 chap4 #cg4 says1 ,mos est gyptiis ,cadavera asservare ,medicata1 ',tis the ,custom among the ,egyptians to preserve dead ,bodies by the ,physicians ,art4 ,in this ,art they excell'd all the ,world besides1 ,bodies of their ,embalming remaining entire even to this ,day1 and no question but ,joseph1 who spar'd neither ,cost nor ,pains1 had his ,father ,embalm'd after the noblest manner4 ,sidenote3 ,perform'd in ,forty ,days4 ,and ,forty ,days were fulfill'd for him 7for so are fulfill'd the ,days of those that are ,embalm'd7 and the ,egyptians ,mourn'd for him ,threescore and ,ten ,days1 ver4 #c4 ,that is1 ,forty ,days were spent in ,embalming him1 which could not be finish'd in a shorter ,time1 for ,diodorus ,siculus tells us of several ,officers that were employ'd about it one after another1 and that they anointed the dead ,body with ,balsam of ,cedar for above #cj ,days1 and afterwards with ,myrrh1 ,cinamon1 and the like1 which might make up the residue of #dj ,days3 ,but ,herodotus differs from him in this1 by adding #cj ,days more for ,salting the ,body with ,nitre1 which makes in all #gj ,days1 the full ,time of their ,mourning1 ,sidenote3 ,the ,time of their ,mourning4 they being accustom'd to spend all that ,time1 which they were ,embalming the ,body and preparing for the ,funeral1 in ,mourning1 the manner of which we have before describ'd1 p4 #bda1 #bdc1 #bde1 #bdg4 so shall here only farther take notice what some object1 that this ,mourning was immoderate1 having more of ,ambition than ,piety in it2 to which ,jacobus ,capellus answers1 ,that granting it be true1 that ,joseph did not bring in this ,custom1 and had peculiar ,reason to follow what he found in use1 that they might be more condemn'd who vex'd the innocent ,posterity1 on whose ,parent they had bestow'd ,royal ,honours2 there is besides something due to ,kings and great ,men to distinguish them from common ,people4 ,now when the ,days of ,mourning were past1 that is #gj ,days1 ,joseph went up to ,bury his ,father1 and with him went up all the ,servants of ,pharaoh1 the ,elders of his ,house1 and all the ,elders of the ,land of ,egypt1 ,sidenote3 ,funeral ,procession4 ver4 #g4 ,the principal ,persons in ,authority and ,dignity throughout the whole ,country1 as well such as were ,governors of ,provinces and ,cities1 ,counsellors1 c4 as such as were principal ,officers at ,court4 ,and all the ,house of ,joseph1 and his ,brethren1 and his ,fathers ,house1 ver4 #h4 ,and there went up with him both ,chariots and ,horsemen1 v4 #i4 as a ,guard to him1 which 'tis likely always attended him1 as ,viceroy of the ,kingdom1 but now might be necessary for his safety as he pass'd thro' the ,desarts4 ,and it was a very great ,company4 ,that he might appear in great ,state at such a ,solemnity4 ,when they came beyond ,jordan they mourn'd with a great and very sore ,lamentation seven ,days1 the ,time of public ,mourning among the ,jews in succeeding ,ages1 as appears from several ,instances1 particularly1 #a ,sam4 #ca4 #ac4 ,eccl4 #bb4 #ac4 ,judith #af4 #bj4 ,moreover this shows the ,lamentation was so exceeding great1 that the ,place where it was made was afterwards call'd ,abel-,mizraim1 ,sidenote3 ,abel-,mizraim4 that is1 ,the ,mourning of the ,egyptians4 ,but how they bury'd ,jacob when they came into ,canaan1 as also concerning the nature of the ,cave wherein they laid him1 see the ,bishop of ,ely's ,notes on the #ejth ,chapter of ,genesis1 from whom ,i have chiefly extracted this2 and other ,commentators1 for ,i think it high time to return to the ,embalming of the ,egyptians1 according to the propos'd institution of an ,office1 in which having already shown the respective ,emploiments of the ,clerk and ,priest or ,physician1 we shall next proceed to speak of the ,surgeon or ,embalmer1 and of all other inferior ,officers under him1 such as the ,dissector1 ,emboweller1 ,pollinctor1 ,salter1 and other dependant ,servants1 as ,dressers of the ,dead1 ,painters1 ,carvers1 and the like4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,surgeon4 ,the ,surgeon1 who was the chief ,embalmer1 generally directed and took care to see the several ,operations perform'd in due order1 and sometimes did them himself2 for tho' the ,curatores ,corporis1 that were his ,assistants and ,servants1 commonly ,dissected1 ,embowell'd1 ,wash'd1 ,anointed and ,embalm'd the ,bodies of the meaner sort of ,people1 yet when any ,prince or ,nobleman was to be ,embalm'd1 after the richest and most curious manner1 he perform'd the chief part of the ,work himself1 and this he was the more capable of as being both an exquisite ,anatomist1 and well vers'd in the ,nature of all ,balsamic ,medicines1 whether ,galenical or ,chymical1 and tho' he might be something inferior to the ,physician1 yet in conjunction with him1 was he both the better able to consider the ,nature of the deceas'd ,person's ,distemper1 or ,cause of his ,death1 and accordingly to proceed in his ,embalming2 and lastly1 he was very dextrous and knowing in the ,art of ,bandage1 whereby it appears his chief ,business was to ,embalm and ,roul up the ,body1 which1 in respect to its being thus preserv'd by ,balsamic and ,medicinal ,ingredients1 artificially and topically apply'd1 was said to be ,corpus ,medicatum1 ,sidenote3 ,corpus ,medicatum4 a ,body preserv'd from ,putrifaction by ,embalming4 ,now ,i cannot imagine1 as some ,authors affirm1 they did this always in one road or manner1 but that the ,physician vary'd his ,prescriptions1 by adding one thing and subtracting another1 increasing the quantity of one ,ingredient or diminishing that of another1 according to the ,constitution of the ,person1 and ,nature of his ,disease1 agreeable to which was the ,embalming perform'd2 for 'tis certain some ,medicines are more prevalent against ,putrifactions than others1 and that there ought to be a difference1 as well1 in the ,composition of the ,medicine1 as in the ,embalming one that dy'd only thro' a natural ,decay1 one that dy'd of some malignant ,distemper1 or one that dy'd of a ,hectic ,feaver1 which consumes and dries up the radical ,moisture of the ,body1 and one that dy'd of a ,dropsie1 which colliquates the ,body and makes it fluid with its ,waters4 ,in a word1 there ought to be a difference even in an old ,body and a ,young2 therefore1 as the ,doctor's ,prescriptions were vary'd1 according to these ,considerations1 so was there a greater occasion for a skilful ,apothecary1 to take care of and see to the compounding the ,aromatic ,powders1 ,oils1 ,balsams1 ,ointments1 ,cerecloths1 ,tinctures1 ,spirits1 and the like analogous ,things1 and their ,application1 according to the ,directions of the ,doctor2 and as the ,surgeon had under him a ,dissector1 c4 ,sidenote3 ,dissector4 who embowell'd and wash'd the ,body1 and did the like inferior ,businesses1 so had the ,apothecary ,servants under him to make up the ,medicines1 administer ,clysters and ,injections1 and to ,anoint the ,body1 thence call'd ,pollinctors4 ,sidenote3 ,pollinctor4 ,thus was the chief ,concern of the ,embalming a ,body manag'd by the ,advice and ,assistance of the ,physician1 ,surgeon and ,apothecary1 as indeed it ought also to be perform'd at this ,day1 and not to have ignorant ,undertakers direct and act all things at their pleasure4 ,but when ,bodies were to be ,embalm'd without ,gums1 ,spices1 ,cedria1 ,asphalt1 ,pissasphalt or the like1 such as the poorest ,people1 who could not be at the expence of them1 they were chiefly committed to the ,care of the ,taricheut or ,salitores1 ,sidenote3 ,taricheut ,salitores4 who only prepar'd and dry'd them with ,salt1 and then such ,bodies were call'd ,corpora ,condita1 pickl'd or salted ,bodies4 ,sidenote3 ,corpora ,condita4 ,thus having shown the principal ,persons of this ,office1 and who directed and perform'd the ,embalming1 we will next give an account of those that provided all things necessary for the ,funeral4 ,these were such as the ,greeks call'd 1 ,sidenote3 1 he that got the ,body ready and prepar'd all ,necessaries for the ,interment2 ,sidenote3 4 1 he that sold all ,matters appertaining to ,funerals1 and the ,dresser1 ,sidenote3 1 or one that put on the ,ornaments of the ,dead3 ,but all these were term'd by the ,romans in general ,libitinarii1 ,sidenote3 ,libitinarii4 the ,undertakers and ,furnishers of ,funerals1 who had the ,care of preparing1 letting out or selling the ,ornaments and ,dresses for the ,dead1 and of providing ,mourners1 mourning ,habits1 and whatever else was necessary for the ,funeral ,pomp2 nay who eas'd the afflicted ,friends of their ,trouble4 ,they were thus nam'd from ,libitina1 a ,goddess whom the ,ancients believ'd to preside over ,funerals1 and some took to be ,proserpina1 but others ,venus1 thereby to show1 that as she was at the beginning of ,life by ,generation1 so was she likewise at the end or conclusion thereof1 inasmuch as in her ,temple were kept and sold all things necessary for ,funeral-,solemnities4 ,other ,officers were the ,herald1 ,painter1 ,carver1 c4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,herald4 ,the ,herald's ,business was to proclaim and give notice of the approaching ,funeral1 to summon and invite the ,company1 and lastly to marshall them in the ,funeral-,procession1 according to their respective ,dignities and ,quality4 ,sidenote3 ,painter4 ,the ,painter was to gild or paint the ,body and ,coffin1 with ,hieroglyphic ,characters1 c4 ,sidenote3 ,carver4 ,and the ,carver to make the ,models of ,wood that were to be shown to the deceas'd ,person's ,friends1 to denote that they ,embalm'd ,bodies three several ,ways1 and at as many different ,rates2 they likewise wrought the ,coffins into the shape and form of the ,deceas'd4 ,but we shall speak more of these in their order1 after having first given some ,particulars relating to the several ,methods of the ,egyptian ,embalming1 not hitherto so fully describ'd4 ,sidenote3 ,embalming with ,cedar4 ,first then1 we believe the manner of ,embalming with ,cedar might probably be invented to satisfie such whose ,consciences would admit of no ,dissection at all1 and the most likely ,method of performing it was by injecting into the ,brain1 thro' the ,nostrils1 into the ,thorax1 thro' the ,aspera ,arteria1 and into the ,stomach and ,intestines1 thro' the ,oesophagus and ,anus1 ,oil of ,cedar1 by the help of a ,siringe and ,dilator4 ,this being a subtil1 hot1 and rectify'd ,oil of a ,caustic ,nature1 wasted and consum'd the ,bowels like to quick ,lime1 and then the ,body being hung up or plac'd in a declining posture1 they press'd and squeez'd out the said ,oil1 which brought away with it the ,bowels wasted4 ,then the ,corps being wash'd and cleans'd1 they again injected into all the ,cavities and ,venters1 as much as they could of a ,balsam distill'd from the ,pitch of young ,cedars1 which being depriv'd of its corrosive and subtil ,oil1 had nothing of a ,caustic ,quality remaining in it1 but consisted only of drying1 exsiccating and ,balsamic ,parts4 ,then they laid the ,body in ,pickle for #gj ,days2 after which1 having wip'd it1 they anointed it with a sweet and drying ,ointment1 which perhaps from the ,basis of its ,composition might be term'd ,unguentum ,cedrinum1 ,sidenote3 ,unguentum ,cedrinum4 and then dry'd it in the ,sun or otherwise1 by which means all remaining ,moisture1 and the thinner and more subtil parts of the ,balsam being evaporated1 the ,body became hard1 firm and solid1 like to a ,colophony of ,turpentine or ,pitch4 ,sidenote3 ,embalming with ,pissasphalt4 ,the second ,way of ,embalming among the ,egyptians was perform'd with natural or factitious ,pissasphalt1 just in the same manner as ,i shall show with ,asphalt1 but only the natural ,pissasphalt was us'd for the midling sort of ,people1 and the factitious for the poorer and common ,people and ,slaves2 nor was there any ,curiosity in these more than the usual ,exenteration1 ,salination and ,coction in the ,bitumens1 for they neither us'd ,roulers nor bestow'd ,coffins on them4 ,the third sort1 which was for the more substantial ,people1 ,sidenote3 ,embalming with ,asphalt4 was more costly and exact1 and perform'd with ,asphalt after this manner3 ,the ,corps being open'd1 embowell'd1 wash'd1 cleans'd and salted after the usual ,method1 was put into a large ,cauldron fill'd with ,asphalt1 or ,bitumen ,judaicum1 made fluid with ,naptha1 and then boil'd 'till it had melted the ,fat1 and consum'd all the ,humors and ,juices which are the ,principals of ,corruption1 by which means the soft parts of the ,flesh were made firm1 and the whole ,body penetrated1 and as it were pitch'd to the ,marrow of the ,bones1 with this ,bituminous ,liquor4 ,then being taken out of the ,cauldron1 and swath'd up whilst it was yet hot1 it at length became petrify'd and hard like to ,marble4 ,illustration3 ,j4 ,sturt sculp4 ,to ,charles ,bernard ,esqr4 ,serjeant ,surgeon3 ,who has been pleased to encourage this ,work1 ,this ,plate is humbly dedicated by ,his most humble servant ,tho4 ,greenhill4 ,sidenote3 ,embalming with ,aromatics and ,balsams4 ,the fourth and last way is both ,noble and ,expensive1 and was perform'd to the utmost ,perfection1 ,art and ,skill4 ,the ,brain being extracted1 and the ,thorax and ,abdomen releas'd of their ,viscera1 all the ,cavities were thoroughly cleans'd with aromatiz'd ,wine1 and then repleted with a ,composition of ,myrrh1 ,aloes1 ,cinamon1 ,opobalsamum1 ,saffron1 and the like2 after which1 they sew'd up the ,incisions1 and salted the ,body with ,nitre for #gj ,days1 and then wiping and drying it from the ,pickle or ,salt1 they anointed it with an ,ointment made of aromatic1 balsamic and odoriferous ,ingredients1 whence some ,authors have call'd a ,body so prepar'd1 ,funus odoratum4 ,sidenote3 ,funus odoratum4 ,this done1 they swath'd it up with ,roulers made of fine ,linnen1 and dipp'd in some ,balsam1 ,ointment or ,cerecloth1 which being dry1 serv'd like ,glue to stop the ,pores1 and hinder the ,dissipation of the volatil parts of the ,aromatics1 as well as the ,penetration of the ,air4 ,guichard1 cap4 #aj4 p4 #dgi4 des ,funerailles des gyptiens1 thinks this ,gum to have been ,acacia1 of which see ,dioscorides1 ,lib4 #a4 cap4 #acd4 apud ,mathiol4 p4 #aae4 ,but ,bellonius and other ,authors think the ,gum which ,herodotus says the ,egyptians us'd instead of ,glue was ,cedria1 besmear'd on the ,roulers in manner of a ,cerecloth3 ,sidenote3 ,roulers how prepar'd1 c4 ,others say the ,body was first anointed with a ,gum1 and then wrapped up in fine ,linnen1 and ,casalius de veter4 gyptior4 ,ritibus1 p4 #cj4 says1 ,gummi ,oleo inungebant1 which is more agreeable to the ,observations ,i have made1 ,that the ,roulers seem'd either dipp'd in ,oleo seu ,unguento ,cedrino1 or after the ,body was anointed with it1 roul'd up and finish'd1 then that the ,bandages were prepar'd after the manner of a ,cerecloth1 with ,gum or ,rosin of ,cedar1 because this would have made them hard and brittle1 whereas those which ,i have seen1 were pliable and free from any ,gum or ,embalming ,matter adhering to them1 and no ways different from other ,linnen1 but only of a ,cinnamon or ,snuff-,colour2 so that probably they might dip or anoint them with the ,oil or ,ointment of ,cedar1 rather to make them lasting and durable than to stick to the ,body2 for ,greaves tells us in his ,pyramidographia1 p4 #ej4 that he had seen some of these ,roulers so strong and perfect1 as if they had been made but ,yesterday4 ,with these they bound and swath'd the dead ,body1 beginning at the ,head and ending with the ,feet4 ,over these again they wound others1 so often one upon another1 that there could not be less than a #ajjj ells upon one ,body4 ,they interwove these ,roulers so artificially and in such manner1 says ,kircher1 as would puzzle the ,ingenuity and tire the ,industry of our ,modern ,surgeons to find out1 yet1 with submission to him1 it may not be so difficult to perform by any one tollerably skill'd in the ,art of ,bandage as he imagines1 for1 as ,i take it1 they began with the ,feet and ,hands1 and ended with the ,head1 contrary to what ,greaves asserts1 tho' ,i cannot say this of my own ,knowledge1 having never had any opportunity of unrouling such ,bodies1 but only offer the ,consideration thereof1 according to the appearance of the following ,figures1 of which the first shows the interior artificial ,circumvolutions of the ,roulers1 the ,body being first wrapp'd in fine ,linnen1 wherein ,egypt excell'd1 as the ,holy ,scriptures testifie1 ,prov4 #g4 #af4 c4 ,the second ,figure represents the manner of the next ,rouling1 and the fourth shews the external ,ornaments1 painted with ,hierogliphics1 c4 ,sidenote3 ,designer or ,painter4 ,for when the ,body was thus roul'd1 the ,designer or ,painter cover'd the superficies of the ,roulers with a kind of ,paste or ,gum1 on which he gilded and painted ,cyphers1 ,figures1 ,letters1 ,characters and other ,hieroglyphics4 ,the third ,figure shows a ,case to keep the ,body in1 made of ,linnen1 and painted in like manner with ,hieroglyphics in distinct ,colours1 having been found in the ,musum of ,johannes ,nardius4 ,now concerning the nature and signification of these ,hieroglyphics1 ,sidenote3 ,hieroglyphic ,characters4 ,authors variously write2 but none have taken so much ,pains1 or div'd so far into the meaning of them1 as the ,learned ,kircher1 who pretends to explain all the ,hieroglyphic ,characters painted on the ,roulers and ,coffins of the ,mummies1 in his ,oedipi gyptiaci ,theatrum ,hieroglyphicum1 where also1 p4 #dab and #dad4 you may find the particular ,explanations of the third and fourth ,figures4 ,but since there remains no ,alphabet or ,dictionary of these ,characters 7for the entire ,knowledge of ,hieroglyphics perish'd at the ,time the ,egyptian ,ceremonies ceas'd1 and were abolish'd by the ,irruption ,cambyses made into ,egypt7 we believe all those assiduous ,penetrations into these ,mysteries by ,kircher and ,r4 ,p4 ,menestrier1 are but imperfect ,conjectures and meer ,imaginations4 ,however1 having spoken of the ,egyptian ,language in no part of this ,book before1 it may not be amiss to insert here some few ,particulars concerning it4 ,sidenote3 ,two sorts of ,languages and ,characters4 ,first then1 there were two sorts of ,languages and ,characters among the ,egyptians2 one common and us'd by all1 constituted for their ,trade and ,commerce with ,mankind1 and which was that ,tongue or ,idiom call'd the ,coptic or ,pharonic1 and the other us'd only by ,priests1 ,prophets1 ,hierogrammatists or ,holy ,writers1 and the like ,persons in ,sacerdotal ,orders4 ,the first was written from the ,right ,hand to the ,left in ,characters not unlike the old ,greek2 but the latter consisted not of ,letters1 ,syllables or ,words1 but thro' the ,image and ,pictures of ,things1 they endeavour'd to deliver their hidden ,conceits in the ,letters and ,language of ,nature4 ,thus by a representation of the several ,parts and ,actions of ,man1 the shape of ,artificers ,tools and ,instruments1 the form of all sorts of ,animals1 ,beasts1 ,birds and ,fish1 the resemblance of the ,sun1 ,moon1 ,planets and the like1 they exactly read and understood every thing couch'd within those ,hieroglyphics4 ,for ,example1 the ,crocodile was the ,emblem of ,malice2 the ,eye the ,preserver of ,justice and the ,guard of the ,body2 the ,right ,hand1 with its ,fingers open1 signify'd ,plenty1 and the ,left1 with its ,fingers clos'd1 ,preservation and ,custody of ,mens ,goods and ,estates4 ,to express their ,eneph or ,creator of the ,world1 the ,egyptians describ'd an old ,man in a blew ,mantle1 with an ,egg in his ,mouth1 which was the ,emblem of the ,world1 and express'd their ,notion of ,divinity by an ,eye on a ,scepter1 by an ,eagle's ,head1 c4 ,of which see more in ,sir ,thomas ,brown's ,vulgar ,errors1 cap4 #bj4 where he rightly observes1 that of all ,nations that suffer'd by the ,confusion of ,babel1 the ,egyptians found the best ,evasion2 for tho' ,words were confounded1 they invented a ,language of ,things1 and spake to each other by common ,notions in ,nature1 whereby they discours'd in silence1 and were intuitively understood from the ,theory of their ,impressions2 for they assum'd the shapes of ,animals common to all ,eyes1 and by their ,conjunctions and ,compositions were able to communicate their ,conception to any that co-apprehended the ,syntaxis of their ,natures4 ,this many conceive to have been the ,primitive way of ,writing1 and of greater ,antiquity than ,letters2 and this ,language indeed might ,adam well have spoken1 who understanding the ,nature of ,things1 had the advantage of ,natural ,expressions1 c4 ,but to add two or three ,examples more out of ,orus3 ,for ,eternity the ,egyptians painted the ,sun and ,moon1 as ,things which they believ'd to have had no beginning1 nor were likely to have any ending2 for a ,year they painted a ,snake with his ,tail in his ,mouth1 to show how1 one ,year succeeding another1 the ,world was still kept in an endless ,circle2 for a ,month they painted a ,palm-,tree1 by reason at every new ,moon that ,tree sends forth a new ,branch2 for ,,god they painted a ,falcon1 as well in that he soars so exceeding high1 as that he governs the lesser ,birds1 for ,integrity of ,life they painted ,fire and ,water1 both because these ,elements are in themselves most pure1 and by reason all other ,things are purify'd by them2 for any thing that was abominable to the ,gods they painted a ,fish1 because in their ,sacrifices the ,priests never us'd them1 and the like of which you will find innumerable ,instances in ,pierius's ,book of the ,egyptian ,hieroglyphics4 ,now what so great a number of these ,sacred ,characters inscrib'd on their ,obelisks and ,mummies signify'd1 ,authors seem to differ about1 some looking on them as ,charms and ,necromancy1 ,sidenote3 ,hieroglyphics1 their ,signification4 and others thinking they did thereby endeavour not so much to express as hide their ,meanings1 to amuse and awe the ,vulgar2 but ,i am more inclinable to think they always contain'd some ,history of the ,life and ,death1 ,virtues and ,actions of the ,deceas'd1 or else some ,religious ,ceremonies1 and the like2 for ,diodorus ,siculus1 ,lib4 #a4 cap4 #d4 writes of ,sesoosis1 that he erected two ,obelisks of polish'd ,marble #abj ,cubits high1 on which were inscrib'd a ,description of the large extent of his ,empire1 the great ,value of his ,revenue1 and the number of the ,nations by him conquer'd2 and what sort of ,writing this was1 is explain'd a little before1 where1 speaking of the like ,works1 he says1 he erected ,pillars whereon were inscrib'd in ,egyptian ,letters call'd ,hieroglyphics these ,words3 ,sesoosis ,king of ,kings and ,lord of ,lords subdu'd this ,country by his ,arms4 ,also ,lib4 #e4 cap4 #c4 he writes of a ,golden ,pillar whereon were ,letters inscrib'd1 call'd by the ,egyptians ,sacred ,writing1 expressing the famous ,actions of ,uranus1 ,jupiter1 ,diana and ,apollo1 written1 as they say1 by ,mercury himself1 whom most ,authors agree with him to have been the first ,inventor of these ,hieroglyphic ,characters4 ,sidenote3 ,dresses and ,ornaments of the ,mummies4 ,but to return to the manner of dressing and adorning the ,embalm'd ,bodies1 such as is represented in ,figure the #dth1 where you may see the ,image and ,form of a ,woman set off with various ,ornaments1 the signification of whose ,hieroglyphic ,characters you have explain'd by ,kircher1 in the ,book and ,page before-mention'd2 we shall next proceed to give an account of an extraordinary fine ,mummy which ,pietro della ,valle saw and describes in this manner1 viz4 ,that upon it was the ,figure of a young ,man1 dress'd in a long ,gown1 gilded and sprinkl'd over with ,hieroglyphic ,emblems from ,head to ,foot1 set off with precious ,stones1 with the ,hair of his ,head black and curl'd1 and his ,beard of the same colour1 but short2 a ,chain of ,gold hung about his ,neck1 having a ,medal with the ,image of the ,bird ,ibis on it1 with many other ,marks and ,characters1 which give us to understand this young ,man was possess'd of great ,dignities4 ,in his ,right ,hand he held a ,golden ,bason full of red ,liquor1 and in his ,left a ,fruit somewhat resembling an ,apple3 ,he had a ,gold-,ring on his ,thumb1 and another on his little ,finger1 likewise ,sandals which cover'd the ,soles of his ,feet only1 and were ty'd above the ,instep with ,straps or ,latchets4 ,on a ,fillet or ,rouler hanging at his ,girdle1 one might plainly read the word ,eutichi1 which signifies ,good ,time4 ,by his side was a ,woman yet more richly and mysteriously adorn'd1 with an ,ox1 the ,image of ,apis or ,isis1 at her ,feet4 ,in a word1 both these ,figures were painted like to the ,saints of the ,ancients4 ,when the dead ,bodies of the ,egyptians were ,embalm'd1 roul'd1 painted and adorn'd after the manner we have describ'd1 as you may partly see at ,figures the first1 second and fourth1 they put them into ,cases or ,coffins made of ,linnen pasted to a great thickness1 or else of ,wood carv'd in the similitude and likeness of the ,person deceas'd1 as you may see at ,figures the third and fifth2 the first of which shows the back part of a ,linnen-,case for a ,mummy1 painted with several ,colours1 as is to be seen in the ,collection of ,johannes ,nardius2 and the other how a roul'd ,body lies plac'd in a wooden ,coffin1 as may be seen in the ,musum of the ,great ,duke of ,tuscany4 ,illustration3 ,jos4 ,nutting ,sculp4 ,to ,dr4 ,john ,lawson who has been pleas'd to encourage this ,work1 this ,plate is humbly dedicated by his most humble ,servant ,thomas ,greenhill4 ,sidenote3 ,coffins of ,sycamore4 ,these ,coffins were sometimes made of ,cedar1 but most commonly of ,sycamore1 a large ,tree1 very plentifully growing in ,egypt and ,juda1 which bears ,leaves like to the ,mulberry-,tree1 but larger1 and ,fruit like to a ,fig1 not sprouting from the ,branches1 but from the ,stock or ,body of the ,tree4 ',tis call'd by us the ,egyptian ,fig1 by them ,giumez4 ,its ,leaves afford a pleasant shade1 its ,fruit refreshment to such as ,travel in the ,plains of those hot ,countries1 and its ,wood serves not only for ,coffins but ,buildings4 ',tis also a ,tree so lasting and well rooted1 that the ,sycamore which ,zacheus ascended1 is still shown in ,juda to ,travellers1 as is also the hollow ,sycamore at ,matarea in ,egypt1 where the ,blessed ,virgin is said to have remain'd for some ,time1 which tho' it savour of the ,legend1 says ,sir ,thomas ,brown in his ,observations on ,scripture-,plants1 p4 #ab4 yet it plainly shows what ,opinion the ,egyptians had of the lasting ,condition of this ,tree to countenance their ,tradition1 of which likewise they might not be without some ,experience1 since the ,learned ,greaves observes1 p4 #eg4 that the old ,egyptians made ,coffins of this ,wood1 of which there are many frequently found among the ,mummies1 very fair1 entire and free from ,corruption even at this ,day1 nay after the ,revolution perhaps of #cjjj ,years4 ,of these ,coffins ,greaves tells us1 p4 #ej4 he had seen many fashion'd after the likeness of a ,man1 or rather resembling one of those ,embalm'd ,bodies1 which1 as we have describ'd before1 are bound about with ,fillets or ,roulers1 and wrapp'd in a ,shroud of ,linnen2 for as in those there is the shape of a ,head1 with a kind of painted ,vizard or ,mask fastned to them1 but without any appearance of their ,arms or ,legs1 in like manner is it with these ,coffins1 the ,lids of which have the shape of the ,head of a ,man1 with a ,face painted on it resembling a ,woman1 the residue being one continued ,trunk4 ,at the end of this ,trunk is a ,pedestal somewhat broad1 on which it stood upright in the ,reconditory1 as ,herodotus relates4 ,some of these ,coffins are handsomly painted without with several ,hieroglyphics2 opening two of them he found within1 over the ,body1 ,sidenote3 ,scroles painted with ,characters1 c4 divers ,scroles fastned to the ,linnen-,shroud3 ,these were painted with ,sacred ,characters1 in ,colours very lively and fresh1 among which were1 in a larger size1 the ,pictures both of ,men and ,women1 some headed like ,hawks1 others like ,dogs1 c4 ,these ,scroles ran either down the ,belly and ,sides1 or else were plac'd on the ,knees and ,legs4 ,on the ,feet was a ,linnen-,cover 7and so were all the ,scroles before-mention'd of ,linnen1 it being not lawful for them to use ,woollen7 painted with ,hieroglyphics1 and fashion'd like a high ,slipper4 ,on the ,breast was a kind of ,breast-,plate1 made with folds of ,linnen cut ,scallop-wise1 richly painted and gilt4 ,in the midst of the bend at the top1 was the ,face of a ,woman with her ,arms extended1 on each side1 at the two outmost ends1 was the ,head of a ,hawk fairly gilt1 by which they represented the ,divine ,nature4 ,thus far ,greaves4 ,moreover ,thevenot1 ,bellonius1 ,nardius and others observe1 ,sidenote3 ,several things found included in the ,mummies1 that the ,egyptians were wont to put within the ,cavities of the ,breasts and ,bellies of their ,embalm'd ,bodies1 such ,things as they generally lov'd most in their ,life-,time1 viz4 ,books1 ,writings1 ,arms1 ,medals1 ,money and pieces of ,antiquity1 little ,vessels1 or any sort of antient ,houshold-,goods2 also little ,idols and ,images of the ,gods which they ,worshipp'd whilst alive1 c4 ,kircher tells us in his ,oedipus gyptiacus ,theatr4 ,hierogl4 p4 #dbj4 that ,nardius sent him two ,roulers mark'd with ,hieroglyphics1 and roul'd up in the manner of a ,scrole1 taken out of the ,breast or ,belly of a ,mummy2 adding also that the ,egyptians did not only look on such ,hieroglyphics as ,symbols of the greatest ,secrecy1 but also that they had a power to obtain ,protection of those ,gods to whom they were fastned1 and that these ,roulers signify'd nothing else but the ,funeral ,pomp1 which was perform'd as magnificently as possible1 especially if it were of a ,king1 ,priest or the like1 the ,explanation whereof see in the ,page above-mention'd4 ,gulielmus ,rondeletus1 a ,physician of ,montpelier1 kept as a great ,rarity #bj ,leaves of antient ,paper1 ,sidenote3 as ,papers1 taken out of the ,breast of a ,mummy1 which was fill'd with old ,arabic ,letters1 yet none could read it1 tho' the ,jews of ,avignon conjectur'd it contain'd the ,life of the ,deceas'd2 but nothing is so commonly found in these ,mummies1 as ,idols of various sizes1 tho' generally about half a ,foot or a ,span long1 form'd either of ,potters ,earth1 glaz'd or varnish'd and bak'd1 or else of ,stone1 ,metal1 ,wood or the like4 ,some of all these kinds ,mr4 ,greaves brought over1 and particularly mentions one cut out of a ,magnes or ,loadstone1 in the form and bigness of a ,scarabus3 ,see p4 #dh4 of his ,pyramidographia4 ,camerarius1 ,horar4 subcisivar4 ,cent4 #a4 cap4 #ad4 speaks more remarkably of those made of ,brass1 ,sidenote3 ,brass-,images1 affirming they were chiefly us'd in that manner1 by reason they had great ,virtue to preserve dead ,bodies from ,putrifaction1 especially1 since ,pierius in his ,book of ,hieroglyphics witnesses1 that ,brass-,nails were stuck into the ,body for the same purpose2 but this is not to be credited by any one physically skill'd in the ,virtues of ,minerals1 c4 ,we have more reason to believe these ,idols were so plac'd out of ,superstition1 especially seeing many are the ,figures of ,isis1 ,osiris1 and other ,gods2 nor did they only place them in the inside of dead ,bodies1 but also hung them there on the out-side1 sewing them to the ,roulers and ,ornaments1 and likewise plac'd them in their ,sepulchres3 ,these from their ,office or ,use were distinguish'd by several ,names1 ,sidenote3 ,averruncal and such as ,averruncal or ,apotropan ,gods1 so call'd because they were thought to avert ,evil2 ,sidenote3 ,prophylactic ,statues4 others were term'd ,prophylactic ,statues or ,portable ,amulets1 which they carry'd as ,charms about their ,necks1 ,arms and ,girdles2 and a third sort1 in general ,esteem among them1 ,sidenote3 ,serapes4 were the ,serapes1 the same with what the ,hebrews call'd ,teraphim1 the ,latins1 ,penates and ,lares1 being ,tutelar ,gods1 appointed to defend and keep certain ,places1 and some of these they carry'd along with them where-ever they went4 ,of this number were ,osiris1 ,isis1 ,nepthe1 ,horus1 ,harpocrates1 ,arveris1 ,apopis and innumerable others of the like kind1 which altho' they were all in the ,nature of ,genii1 and the same in ,substance1 differing only in their ,effects1 yet1 says ,kircher1 as they were deputed to the ,custody of private ,things1 so they obtain'd the ,name of ,tutelar ,gods1 and were accordingly ,worshipp'd for private ,deities4 ,thus some were ,country-,gods1 others ,defenders of ,cities1 and a third sort ,keepers of private ,houses4 ,there have been great numbers of these brought out of ,egypt1 of various sizes and compos'd of different ,matter1 such as ,earth1 ,stone1 ,wood1 ,metal or the like1 ,sidenote3 ,their ,forms and ,actions4 differing both in ,form and ,actions1 some appearing like ,mummies and roul'd up in the same manner1 others with deform'd and threatning ,countenances thereby to strike an awe and terrifie1 to which purpose they held various ,instruments in their ,hands1 such as ,hooks and ,harping-,irons1 ,sheilds1 ,whips1 and the like2 but all these kinds of ,statues were adorn'd with ,hieroglyphic ,characters both before and behind1 nay1 some all over1 whence they came to be call'd ,polycharacteristic ,statues1 of which you may see above #ej several ,figures1 with their ,descriptions1 in ,kircher's ,book before-mention'd1 ,syntagma #af1 #ag1 #ah and #ai4 ,i shall here therefore only insert two ,plates out of ,johannes ,nardius's ,annotations on ,lucretius1 whereof all the ,statues and ,figures were in his own ,custody and ,musum1 and of which the first ,plate represents the foreside and backside of eight ,wooden ,images1 without either ,arms or ,legs1 adorn'd in a manner with the same ,dresses1 ,ornaments and ,characters as the ,mummies1 about a ,cubit and half long1 which the ,egyptians were wont to place on their ,tombs and ,coffins1 as may be seen at p4 #bjc4 ,the #ith ,figure shews a ,linnen ,ornament for the ,breast1 distinctly painted with divers ,colours1 wherein was express'd the true way of opening ,bodies in order to their ,embalming2 from which also appears1 that they open'd the ,thorax1 tho' neither ,herodotus nor ,diodorus ,siculus make any mention thereof4 ,the #ajth ,figure shews an ,alabaster-,urn or ,pot mark'd with ,hieroglyphics1 and fill'd with ,asphalt1 with which they us'd to ,embalm their ,bodies1 and the #aath is the ,cover of the ,pot with a ,dog's ,head on it4 ,illustration3 ,m3 ,vdr3 ,gucht ,sculp4 ,to ,doctor ,hans ,sloane who has been pleas'd to encourage this ,work1 this ,plate is humbly dedicated by ,his most humble ,servant ,thomas ,greenhill4 ,the second ,plate represents such ,figures as the ,egyptians hung on their ,embalm'd ,bodies1 which were made of glaz'd and colour'd ,earth1 or else of ,brass3 ,the first nine are deform'd1 with horrid ,countenances1 either of ,men or ,animals1 some joyning their ,hands1 others bearing on their ,knees1 or else hanging them down4 ,the #ast and #ith1 which look most terrible with a ,lion's ,countenance1 represent the ,mophti ,genii2 the #b;d has the ,face of the ,dog ,anubis2 the #c;d and #gth have the monstrous ,beards of the ,priests of ,isis2 the #dth and #fth are the ,nepthi2 the #eth represents ,horus1 a ,boy with a monstrous ,head2 the #hth has the ,face of a ,boy likewise1 with a loop-hole on the ,back1 to sew it to the ,mummies1 as have also the #ast1 #b;d1 #dth1 #fth1 #bjth1 #bast and #beth ,figures1 tho' not altogether so conspicuous4 ,the #abth and #adth1 as also the #aith and #beth are the same1 with the #ast and #ith1 signifying the ,genii ,mophti2 the #aath and #aeth are the same with the #dth and #fth2 the #afth1 #bast and #bc;d carry great ,stones on their ,heads and ,shoulders1 as it were threatning to fling them at such as offer'd to disturb them1 or else to bury them under them2 the #ajth is a ,scarabus2 the #acth a ,phallus occulatus1 which they carry'd about with them as one of the greatest ,amulets they could use against ,sterility2 the #agth and #ahth are two ,crocodiles1 likewise carry'd along with them to appease ,typhon2 the #bjth and #bdth with ,hawks ,heads represent ,osiris2 the #bb;d is most monstrous of all1 carrying a ,bushel on its ,head1 all the ,figure being compos'd of ,head and ,belly4 ,it denotes ,serapis1 of whom they say there was a ,statue in ,alexandria of that ,magnitude1 that it touch'd both sides of the ,serapian ,temple2 the #bfth is ,harpocrates holding his ,finger on his ,mouth1 to shew the ,silence religiously observ'd by the ,egyptians in their ,mysteries2 the #bgth is the ,ox ,apis1 before describ'd p4 #bjj1 and the #bhth the ,statue of ,isis1 giving ,suck to her ,son ,horus4 ,illustration3 ,j4 ,nutting ,sculp4 ,to ,doctor ,william ,gibbons who has been pleas'd to encourage this ,work this ,plate is humbly dedicated by ,his most humble ,servant ,thomas ,greenhill4 ,these were the true ,phylacteric and ,averruncal ,statues of the ,egyptians1 some made portable with ,handles1 and others with a square piece of ,wood proceeding from their ,pedestal1 whereby they were the better fix'd on ,tombs4 ,some again were put within the ,bellies of the ,mummies1 and others hung about the outsides of them1 and that as well to preserve the ,bodies from ,putrifaction as the ,sepulchres from ,rapine1 ,sidenote3 ,their ,use and ,virtues4 which they were suppos'd to effect by their ,divine ,power1 or ,magical ,virtue1 or else by their terrible and deform'd ,countenances were thought to strike a ,dread into every approaching ,adversary4 ,thus the ,body being ,embalm'd and adorn'd with ,hieroglyphic ,characters1 magical ,amulets1 ,statues and the like1 and every thing else got ready for the ,funeral1 it was on the last ,day or ,time appointed for the ,burial1 put on board a ,ship call'd ,barris1 and by the ,ferry-,man1 ,charon1 ,sidenote3 ,charon4 wafted o'er the ,lake ,acherusia2 which lies on the ,south side of ,memphis1 where being landed on a ,plain1 the chief ,burial-,place of the ,egyptians1 and which is fabl'd by the ,greeks to be the ,elysian ,fields1 they plac'd the ,corps on a ,bier1 before the ,mouth of the ,sepulchre1 when the ,judges1 ,priests and common ,people surrounding it1 ,sidenote3 ,manner of ,judging the ,dead4 one who was purposely appointed to rehearse impartially the ,funeral-,oration1 openly declar'd the ,virtues1 ,vices and ,actions1 nay whole ,life and ,conversation of the ,deceas'd1 and after all the ,evidences were examin'd 7every one having a free power to accuse the dead ,person7 according to the majority of ,votes and judgment of the ,judges1 the ,corps was dispos'd of4 ,if he had liv'd ,virtuously he was honour'd with the greatest ,praises and ,commendations1 and consequently magnificently ,interr'd2 but if ,viciously1 he was mightily exclaim'd against and depriv'd of ,sepulture4 ,this made even the ,kings themselves to live uprightly1 fearing so much as to anger the common ,people whilst alive1 lest they should thereby incur their eternal ,hatred after their ,death4 ,this ,custom of the ,egyptians examining and trying their ,dead1 ,bossuet in his ,history of the ,world1 p4 #deg1 takes notice of as a very extraordinary kind of ,judgment which none escap'd1 affirming1 #8,it was a ,consolation at the ,time of ,death to leave their ,names in esteem among ,men1 and of all ,human ,blessings1 this was the only one which ,death cannot ravish from us2 but it was not suffer'd in ,egypt to commend all the ,dead indifferently1 that was an ,honour to be had only from a public ,judgment4 ,the public ,accuser was heard1 if he prov'd the ,conduct of the ,deceas'd bad1 then was his ,memory condemn'd and he depriv'd of ,sepulture4 ,the ,people admir'd the power of their ,laws1 which reach'd them even after ,death1 and every one being touch'd by the ,example1 was afraid to dishonour his ,memory and ,family3 ,but if the ,defunct was not convicted of any ,crime1 then had he an honourable ,interment4 ,they made his ,panegyric1 but medled not in the least with his ,birth3 ,all ,egypt was ,noble1 and besides1 they receiv'd no farther ,commendations than what they had got by their ,merits4 ,moreover1 the ,egyptians were very curious in ,preserving dead ,bodies3 ,thus their ,gratitude to their ,kindred became ,immortal4 ,children1 by seeing the ,bodies of their ,ancestors1 call'd to mind their ,virtues1 which the ,public had made such ,acknowledgements to1 and they were incited to love those ,laws which had so recommended them to them4 ,this ,custom of ,judging ,kings after their ,deaths1 says he p4 #deg4 seem'd so holy to the ,people of ,,god1 that they have always practis'd it4 ,we read in the ,scriptures wicked ,kings have been depriv'd of the ,burial of their ,ancestors2 and we learn from ,josephus1 that that ,custom lasted even to the ,time of the ,asmoneans3 ,this gave ,kings to understand1 that tho' their ,majesty put them above ,human ,judgments whilst alive1 yet were they not above them when ,death had equall'd them with other ,men4 ,likewise our ,author further adds1 p4 #ded4 ,that to prevent borrowing1 which was the ,parent of ,idleness1 ,frauds and ,branglings1 the ,decree of ,king ,asychis did not suffer any to borrow1 ,sidenote3 ,pawning the ,dead4 but on condition he pawn'd the ,body of his ,ancestor to him of whom he borrow'd2 and it was reputed both an ,impiety and ,infamy together not to redeem it so soon as ever he could1 so precious a ,pledge was it reckon'd1 and he that dy'd before he had acquitted himself of that ,duty1 was deny'd ,burial4' ,now how the ,bodies1 which are said to have been bury'd1 were laid up1 is somewhat difficult to determine1 since ,authors speak so variously of their ,burial2 for some say they were bury'd either in their private or proper ,sepulchres1 or else in a public ,reconditory1 and others say they kept the ,dead in their ,dwelling-,houses4 ,now which of these was most us'd by such as could indifferently afford the ,expence of either1 ,i will not pretend to determine1 however1 the great variety of ,sepulchres1 found even at this ,day1 plainly proves they bury'd in the ,fields and ,plains1 whereas the other is but traditionally asserted1 yet not altogether improbable to be done by so ,superstitious a ,people1 of whom it is reported that some1 especially the richer ,sort1 put their ,embalm'd ,bodies in ,cases carv'd after their own likeness1 ,sidenote3 ,the ,dead kept in ,houses1 and these they set up in their ,halls or ,parlours in great ,order 7perhaps in ,niches7 being very richly adorn'd1 where they took great delight to see a long ,race of their ,ancestors1 in a manner1 with as great satisfaction as if they were alive1 and they were ,conversing with them4 ,nay1 ,herodotus1 ,pomponius ,mela and ,lucian assert1 ,sidenote3 and plac'd at ,table4 they plac'd them at ,table like ,guests1 and made merry with them by ,eating and ,drinking2 yet1 when they were necessitous1 they scrupl'd not to give them as a ,pledge for ,money they borrow'd1 yet then took particular ,care1 both punctually to pay the one and redeem the other3 ,but as for such as bury'd their ,dead out of their ,houses and ,villages1 in the ,fields and ,plains1 they built ,sepulchres for them as noble as possible1 some after one ,fashion1 and some after another1 every one according to their own ,fancy1 or the ,charges they could best spare2 for they chose rather to have their ,monuments magnificently built than their ,dwelling-,houses1 laughing at the ,greeks and other ,nations1 who caus'd theirs to be rais'd with great expence like to ,palaces1 notwithstanding they were to live but a very little while in them1 and at the same time neglected their ,tombs1 where they were to lye for a much longer ,time4 ,but the ,egyptians acted just contrary2 they despis'd the present ,life1 and took little care in building their ,habitations1 looking upon them only as so many ,inns or ,baiting-,places1 where they were to ,inhabit but for a ,season1 whereas the ,glory of a future ,life1 that was to be procur'd by ,virtue1 they greatly esteem'd1 and consequently spent their whole ,care1 ,study and ,riches about the magnificence of their ,sepulchres1 ,sidenote3 ,sepulchres call'd ,eternal ,houses4 which they call'd ,sempiternal or ,eternal ,houses1 looking upon the ,time they were to dwell here on ,earth as nothing1 in respect of the stay they were to make in the ,grave4 ,and hence it is no ,nation in the ,world has been so curious as the ,egyptians in their ,funeral ,ceremonies1 ,preserving the ,dead1 and magnificence of ,sepulchres1 which1 besides abundance of private ,structures1 those ,obelisks at ,rome and the ,pyramids of ,egypt1 do not only testifie1 but will for ever be numbred among the ,wonders of the ,world4 99 99 99 99 99 ,these1 ,sir1 are my humble ,thoughts and ,opinion concerning the ,funerals of the ,egyptians1 which ,i entirely submit to your better ,judgment1 hoping you will pardon this ,interruption of your precious ,time from more weighty ,concerns1 and candidly accept the mean1 but grateful ,performance of1 ,,sir1 ,your most ,obliged and ,devoted ,humble ,servant1 ,thomas ,greenhill4 ,,the ,art of ,embalming4 ,,letter ,,iii4 ,to ,doctor ,hans ,sloane1 ,secretary to the ,royal ,society1 and ,fellow of the ,college of ,phisicians1 ,london4 ,,sir1 ,in considering the ,nature of the ,egyptian ,pyramids1 ,subterranean ,vaults and ,lamps1 ,i not only found in them much ,magnificence1 but more ,curiosity1 insomuch that tho' the first were justly reputed ,wonders of the ,world1 yet are the last as surprizing and unaccountable1 even to the most inquisitive ,naturalist1 or expert ,chymist4 ,now well knowing your incomparable ,library contains the most curious ,books wrote on this ,subject1 as also that your unparalell'd ,musum is furnish'd with a great variety of ,lamps1 ,lacrimatories1 ,averruncal ,gods1 and the like ,rarities1 taken out of the ,pyramids and ,subterranean ,places of ,egypt1 ,i thought it not only proper to beg your ,patronage of the following ,sheets1 but likewise believ'd my self oblig'd to return such ,acknowledgments for your many ,favours as ,i was best able to make1 in as much as you are both a great ,promoter of ,arts and ,sciences in general1 and have more particularly been pleas'd to encourage this ,work of mine3 ,but as to write a ,panegyric on your ,merit and ,virtues would look too much like ,flattery1 so1 entirely to pass them by without taking any notice of them1 would no less savour of ,ingratitude1 therefore ,i must needs desire leave to say1 ,that the ,judgment of the ,royal ,society1 ,men of the most polite ,learning in the ,world1 in choosing you for their ,secretary1 is a sufficient ,argument of your great ,worth and acute ,discernment2 but your ,candour will appear in nothing so much as in accepting this succinct ,account of the ,pyramids1 ,subterranean ,vaults and ,lamps of the ,egyptians1 whilst you have by you the ,learned ,mr4 ,greaves's ,pyramidographia1 with the several ,accounts of ,licetus1 ,bellori1 and other ,writers about ,lamps1 c4 ,now whereas in the foregoing ,letter was fully shown the manner of preparing dead ,bodies and rendring them durable1 in this ,i chiefly intend to speak of the ,sepulchres or ,repositories wherein they were laid2 for as much as the ,egyptians did not only content themselves with ,embalming their ,dead1 but likewise with equal ,care provided ,conditories that might be lasting as the ,body1 and in which it might continue safe from the ,injuries both of ,time and ,men1 because they religiously believ'd that so long as the ,body indur'd1 so long would the ,soul continue with it1 not as a quickning or animating ,spirit1 but as an ,attendant or ,guardian1 and without going into any other ,body1 as otherwise they thought it would2 so that after they had preserv'd the ,dead from ,putrifaction1 they next entomb'd them in firm and stately ,monuments1 such as were at first those ,mercurial ,sepulchres of hard ,marble of a ,spherical ,figure1 as ,strabo records1 and those wonderful ones of the antient ,kings of ,thebes in ,egypt1 which ,diodorus ,siculus1 ,lib4 #a4 mentions1 and such were also the ,hypoga1 those ,caves or ,dormitories cut out in the ,lybian ,desarts1 by the ,egyptians of lower ,quality1 which are now term'd the ,mummies4 ,of the same ,nature likewise are the stately ,pyramids built by their ,kings1 ,sidenote3 ,pyramids to what end built4 all being design'd to secure the ,dead1 after they were ,embalm'd1 from the ,injuries of the ,nile or ,weather1 the rapine of an ,enemy or any voracious ,animal2 and that so the ,soul might be still oblig'd to attend them3 ,but besides this general ,reason why these ,reconditories were built1 which was to preserve the ,dead from all external ,violence1 ,sidenote3 ,why of a ,pyramidal form4 there were two special ones why they were made in a ,pyramidal form4 ,the first was1 in that this ,figure appears most permanent and durable1 as being neither so liable to be over-press'd by its own weight at top1 nor to be undermin'd by the sinking in of ,rain at the bottom1 as other ,buildings are4 ,the second was1 because these ,structures were intended to represent some of the ,egyptian ,deities2 for1 in the most antient ,times1 ,pyramidal ,columns or ,obelisks were worshipp'd as ,images of the ,gods1 before the exact ,art of ,carving ,statues was found out1 and so as ,isis ,cornigera represented the ,horns of the ,moon1 in like manner might these ,pyramids represent the ,rays of the ,sun1 which the ,egyptians worshipp'd under the name of ,osiris4 ,as to the number of ,pyramids to be seen in ,egypt1 ,sidenote3 ,their number4 ,bellonius very much exceeds the ,account given us by other ,travellers1 for he makes them above #ajj1 whereas ,greaves says there are not #bj1 and ,prince ,radzivil reckon'd but #ag4 ,three of these are the most remarkable1 being built on ,africa side1 ,sidenote3 ,scituation4 on a rocky and barren ,hill1 between the ,city ,memphis and the ,place call'd ,delta1 from the ,nile less than four ,miles1 from ,memphis six1 and near to ,busiris1 a ,village from whence ,people are wont to ascend up to them1 ,pliny ,lib4 #cf4 cap4 #ab4 ,le ,bruyn has given us this ,drawing of them1 together with the ,sphinx which he made on the spot1 whilst the ,french ,consul and some of his ,company were refreshing themselves under its ,shade4 ,these three ,pyramids were not erected by the ,israelites1 under the ,tyranny of the ,pharaohs1 as ,josephus and some modern ,writers affirm2 for the ,scripture says positively1 the ,slavery of the ,jews consisted in making and burning ,brick1 whereas all these ,pyramids were made of ,stone4 ,the first and greatest of them was built1 ,sidenote3 ,who were the ,founders of them4 says ,herodotus1 by ,cheops 7stil'd by ,diodorus ,siculus1 ,chemmis7 who succeeded ,rhampsinitus in the ,kingdom of ,egypt4 ,he adds1 that the ,stones were dug out of the ,quarries of an ,arabian ,mountain1 and from thence carry'd to the ,nile2 that there were employ'd in the ,work ,ten ,miriads or a ,hundred ,thousand ,men1 every ,three ,months a ,myriad2 that the whole ,pyramid was finish'd in #bj ,years1 whereof #aj were spent in conveying the ,stones to the ,place of building4 ,illustration3 ,j4 ,kip ,sculp ,to ,mr4 ,francis ,moult ,chymist who has been ,pleas'd to encourage this ,work1 this ,plate is humbly dedicated by ,his most humble ,servant ,thomas ,greenhill4 ,the second ,pyramid1 like the first in respect to its ,workmanship1 but far inferior in regard of its ,magnitude1 was built by the ,successor to ,cheops1 who was ,cephren his ,brother1 as ,herodotus and ,diodorus ,siculus agree4 ,the third ,pyramid1 less than either of the two former1 was built by ,mycerinus1 ,son of ,cheops or ,chemmis1 says ,herodotus4 ,other ,writers give different ,names to the ,founders of these ,pyramids2 but this is what is most probable among their various ,opinions1 according to ,mr4 ,greaves4 ,besides these three now in being1 ,herodotus mentions a fourth built of ,brick by ,asychis1 who succeeded ,mycerinus1 and another in which ,imandes was bury'd1 at the end of the ,labyrinth built by the #ab ,kings of ,egypt4 ,also long before any of these1 ,mris in his wonderful ,lake1 had erected two ,pyramids1 one for himself and another for his ,wife1 both long since gone to ruine2 but there are many yet standing in the ,lybian ,desart1 whose ,founders none of the antient ,writers have ever nam'd4 ,among these one is no less worthy of ,memory than either of the three former1 it standing about #bj ,miles distant from them1 more within the sandy ,desart1 and appearing to have the same ,dimensions1 the same ,steps without as the first has1 to be of the same ,colour1 and to have an ,entrance like it on the ,north side1 which is barr'd up within1 and so whatever is said of the first in respect to its out-side may be applicable to this last1 therefore one ,description may serve for both4 ,illustration3 ,the outside of the ,first and ,fairest ,pyramid4 ,j4 ,nutting ,sculp4 ,to his ,grace ,thomas ,lord ,arch-,bishop of ,canterbury1 who has been pleas'd to encourage this ,work1 this ,plate is humbly dedicated by ,his ,grace's most obedient humble ,servant ,thomas ,greenhill4 ,sidenote3 ,a ,description of the first and fairest ,pyramid4 ,the first and fairest of the three great ,pyramids is scituate on the top of a rocky ,hill1 in the sandy ,desart of ,lybia1 about a quarter of a ,mile distant ,westward from the ,plains of ,egypt1 the height of the scituation giving ,beauty as the solidity of the ,rock does firmness to the ,superstructure4 ,the ,basis is exactly four square1 and the ,north side of it being measur'd by ,mr4 ,greaves with a ,radius of #aj ,foot1 was found to be #fic ,english ,foot1 and the ,altitude being measur'd by its ,perpendicular1 was found to be #dha ,foot2 but if taken as it ascends inclining1 then is it equal to the ,basis1 which is #fic ,foot4 ,to give a true ,idea of the just ,dimensions of this ,pyramid1 we must imagine on the sides of the ,basis1 which is exactly square1 four equilateral ,triangles mutually propending1 till they all meet at the top as it were in a point2 for so the ,perimeter of each ,triangle comprehending #bjgi ,foot1 and the ,perimeter of the ,basis #bggb ,foot1 the whole ,area of the ,basis will contain #dhjbdi square ,foot1 or about #aa ,english ,acres of ,ground1 which is a ,proportion so monstrous1 that it might seem incredible were it not attested by the ,ancients to be so much1 and by some of them more4 ,the ,ascent to the top of the ,pyramid1 from all the sides without1 is by ,degrees or ,steps2 the lowermost ,degree is near four ,foot in height1 and three in breadth1 which goes about the ,pyramid in a level3 ,the second ,degree is like the first1 only it retires inward near three ,foot2 after the same manner is the third ,row1 and so the rest1 rising like so many ,stairs one above another to the top1 which ends not in a point1 but in a little flat1 and is about #ac ,foot broad1 being cover'd with nine ,stones1 besides two which are wanting at the ,angles4 ,the ,degrees by which we ascend are not of an equal depth1 for some are near four ,foot1 others want of three1 and the higher we ascend1 the depth grows the less1 and so in proportion does the breadth also4 ,these rows of ,stones are much impair'd by the ,weather1 yet every ,step1 which is but one single ,stone1 is at least #cj cubical ,feet2 the number of ,degrees from the bottom to the top is #bjg or #bjh4 ,some of the ,ancients have reported1 that this ,pyramid casts no ,shadow1 which must be meant in the ,summer-,time and at ,mid-,day1 for in the ,winter ,mr4 ,greaves saw it cast a ,shadow at ,noon4 ,thus far concerning the out-side or ,superficies of the greater ,pyramid1 with the ,figure and ,dimensions of it2 next ,mr4 ,greaves gives a particular ,account of what he found within it1 of which1 if the ,ancients have been silent1 he imputes it chiefly to a reverend and awful ,regard mix'd with ,superstition1 in not presuming to enter those ,chambers of ,death1 which ,religion and ,devotion had consecrated to the ,rest and ,quiet of the ,dead4 ,and first he tells us how he ascended on the ,north side #ch ,foot1 on an artificial ,bank of ,earth1 when he and his ,company enter'd1 ,sidenote3 ,the ,entrance4 with ,tapers in their ,hands1 thro' a square narrow ,passage three ,foot broad and #ib long1 the ,declivity of which was gradually so strait1 that they were forc'd1 at the farther end1 to creep on their ,bellies4 ,after this1 having pass'd thro' a place in which they found ugly large ,bats above a ,foot long1 they enter'd the first ,gallery1 ,sidenote3 ,first and second ,gallery4 the ,pavement of which was of white and pollish'd ,marble1 rising with a gentle ,acclivity1 being about five ,foot broad1 as many high1 and #aaj ,foot long3 ,at the end of this begins the second ,gallery1 a very stately piece of ,work1 and not inferiour1 either in respect of the curiosity of ,art or richness of ,materials1 to the most sumptuous and magnificent ,buildings4 ',tis divided from the former by a ,wall1 thro' which they pass'd stooping along a square hole1 much about the same bigness as the entrance of the ,pyramid1 but of no considerable length yet level3 ,at the end of this ,hole on the right ,hand1 ,sidenote3 ,the ,well4 they found the ,well mention'd by ,pliny to be #hf ,cubits in depth1 into which1 he probably imagines1 the ,water of the ,river ,nile was brought by some secret ,aqueduct1 and ,bellonius thinks1 out of this ,well the ,workmen drew the ,water which they drank1 as likewise that it serv'd them to dilute the ,mortar they us'd in the ,masons ,work of the ,building2 but others affirm1 that after having descended #fg ,foot strait downwards1 there is a square ,window which leads into a ,grot or ,cave dug out of a ,hill found there1 not of living or solid ,stone1 but of ,sand condens'd and press'd together2 it extends in length from ,east to ,west #ae ,foot lower1 and consequently #hb from the top4 ,there is a ,way dug in the ,rock two ,foot and half wide1 whose descent downwards is very crooked the length of #abc ,foot1 at the end of which it is fill'd with ,sand and ,bats nastiness3 ,as 'tis said a ,scotch ,gentleman found it out1 of whom the ,sieur ,thevenot makes mention in his ,travels4 ,le ,bruyn thinks it probable1 that this ,well was made to let down the ,corps into1 that were put in the ,cavities that are under the ,pyramids1 but would not venture the ,experiment of going down to see4 ,greaves also thinks this ,well was the ,passage to those secret ,vaults1 mention'd1 but not describ'd by ,herodotus1 which were hewn out of the natural ,rock1 over which this ,pyramid was erected4 ,this ,well1 says the former1 is circular and about three ,foot over2 the sides of it are lin'd with white ,marble1 and the descent into it is by fixing the ,hands and ,feet in little open spaces1 cut into the sides within1 opposite and answerable to one another in a perpendicular4 ,but by his measure1 sounding it with a ,line1 he found it only #bj ,foot deep1 the rest1 as he supposes1 has almost been damm'd up and choak'd with ,rubbage4 ,thence going strait forward the distance of #ae ,foot1 they entred another square ,passage1 opposite to the former and of the same bigness1 the ,stones being very massy and exquisitely joyn'd2 this led1 at the extent of #aaj ,foot1 into an arch'd ,vault or little ,chamber1 standing ,east and ,west1 about #bj ,foot long1 #ag broad and #ae high3 ,the ,walls were plaister'd over with ,lime1 but the ,roof was cover'd with large smooth ,stones1 which lay shelving and met above in a kind of ,arch or rather ,angle4 ,returning back the same way they came1 and being out of this low and square ,passage1 they clim'd over it1 and going strait on in the trace of the second ,gallery1 on a shelving ,pavement 7like that of the first7 rising with an ,angle of #bf ,degrees1 they at length came to another ,partition1 being #aed ,foot distant from the ,well below and the length of the ,gallery4 ,here if we consider the narrow ,entrance or ,mouth of the ,pyramid which descends1 and the length of the first and second ,galleries that ascend1 all of them lying as it were in the same continu'd ,line1 and leading towards the middle of the ,pyramid1 one may easily apprehend the ,reason of that strange ,eccho within of four or five ,voices1 ,sidenote3 ,a strange ,eccho4 mention'd by ,plutarch1 or rather of a long continued ,sound1 as ,mr4 ,greaves found by experience in discharging a ,gun2 for the ,sound being carry'd thro' those ,passages1 and finding no vent outwards reflects on it self1 and causes a confus'd noise1 which by degrees ceases4 ,this ,gallery is built of white ,marble1 cut very exactly into spacious squares and pollish'd2 also the ,roof and sides of the ,wall are of the same ,stone1 so closely joynted as scarce to be discern'd by the most curious ,eye1 and tho' the acclivity or rising of the ,ascent make the ,passage more difficult and slippery1 yet is it nevertheless very beautiful4 ,the height of this ,gallery is #bf ,foot1 the breadth six1 of which three are to be allow'd for the way in the midst1 which is set and bounded on both sides with ,seats 7like ,benches7 of pollish'd ,stone2 each of these is above one ,foot in breadth and no less in depth4 ,on the top of these ,benches near the ,angle1 where they close and joyn with the ,wall1 are little ,spaces cut in right angl'd parallel ,figures1 on each side opposite to one another1 intended1 no doubt1 for some other end than ,ornament4 ,in casting and ranging the ,marble in both the side ,walls1 all the ,courses1 which are but seven1 7so great are those ,stones7 lye and flag over one another about three ,inches1 as is better to be conceiv'd by ,figure #b at p4 #cad4 than by any ,description ,i can give4 ,illustration3 ,the inside of the ,first fairest ,pyramid4 ,if we imagin the whole ,pyramid to be divided in ye midst1 by a ,plan extended from the ,north side to the ,south3 the ,entrance1 ,galleries1 and ,chambers1 with ye several passages to them1 will appear in this manner4 ,j4 ,nutting ,sculp4 ,to ,mr4 ,john ,thorpe1 ,m4,a4 of ,university ,college in ,oxford1 who has been pleas'd to encourage this ,work1 this ,plate is humbly dedicated by ,his most humble ,servant ,thomas ,greenhill4 ,illustration3 ,j4 ,kip ,sculp4 ,to ,mr4 ,joseph ,whiston1 ,drugster1 who has been pleas'd to encourage this ,work1 this ,plate is humbly dedicated by ,his most humble ,servant ,thomas ,greenhill4 ,sidenote3 ,le ,bruyn's ,description of the ,gallery4 ,le ,bruyn in his ,voyage to the ,levant1 p4 #aci4 writes more particularly of this ,gallery1 after the following manner3 #8,being return'd1 says he1 from the ,horizontal ,way1 which is on the right ,hand1 we enter'd the other on the left1 which is six ,foot four ,inches wide1 and rises also the length of #afb ,foot4 ,on each side the ,wall is a ,stone-,bench two ,foot and half high1 and pretty broad1 which serves to take hold by in going up1 to which the ,holes that are made almost every step in the ,wall1 are of no small ,service1 yet are they altogether confus'd and without order4 ,it is not known by whom they were made2 but those that go to see the ,pyramids are extreamly oblig'd to them however1 for without these ,holes it would be impossible to get up1 and a ,man must likewise be very strong and in health that can do so by the help of them1 and the ,stone-,bench by which one holds fast with one ,hand while the other holds the ,candle2 add to this1 that a ,man must make large steps1 because these ,holes are six ,hands breadth distant from each other4 ,this ,ascent1 which cannot be conceiv'd without admiration1 may well pass for what is most considerable in the ,pyramids2 for the ,stones which compose the ,walls are as smooth as ,looking-,glass1 and so well joyn'd together1 that one would be apt to take them for one single ,stone4 ,the same may be said of the ,pavement4 ,the ,roof is here exceeding high and so very sumptuous1 that 'tis better to be represented than describ'd2 ,i therefore made this ,draft of it1 while my ,countryman ,adrian van ,bierbeck rested himself on the ,bench that is on the left ,hand1 and some of our ,company were already got up with their ,lights into the ,chamber where the ,tomb or ,sepulchre is1 which gave me opportunity to take a view of all the ,roof more at large4' ,but to return to ,mr4 ,greaves's ,account1 he says1 ,that after having pass'd this ,gallery1 they enter'd another square ,hole of the same ,dimension with the former1 ,sidenote3 ,two ,anti-,closets4 which brought them into two ,anti-,closets lin'd with a rich and speckl'd sort of ,thebaic ,marble4 ,the first of these had almost the same ,dimensions as the second4 ,the second was thus proportion'd3 ,the ,area was level1 the ,figure of it oblong1 the one side containing seven ,foot1 the other three and a half1 and the height was of #aj ,foot4 ,this inner ,anti-,closet was separated from the former by a ,stone of red speckl'd ,marble1 which hung in two ,mortices 7like the ,leaf of a ,sluce7 between two ,walls1 more than three ,foot above the ,pavement1 and wanting only two of the ,roof4 ,out of this ,closet they enter'd another square ,hole of the same wideness and ,dimensions with the rest1 and near nine ,foot long1 all of ,thebaic ,marble most exquisitely wrought1 which landed them at the ,north end of a very sumptuous ,room4 ,the distance from the end of the second ,gallery to this ,entry is #bd ,foot4 ,sidenote3 ,a spacious ,chamber ,this rich and spacious ,chamber1 in which ,art may seem to have contended with ,nature1 the curious ,workmanship being not inferiour to the rich ,materials1 lies about the ,center of the ,pyramid4 ,the ,floor1 ,roof and ,sides of it are all compos'd of vast ,tables of ,thebaic ,marble1 very gracefully siz'd and plac'd4 ,the nine ,stones which cover the ,roof are of a prodigious length1 like so many huge ,beams traversing the ,room1 and supporting the prodigious mass of the ,pyramid above3 ,the length of this ,chamber is about #cd ,foot1 the breadth #ag1 the height #ai and a half4 ,sidenote3 wherein stands ,cheops's ,tomb4 ,within this glorious ,room stands the ,monument of ,cheops or ,chemmis1 of one piece of ,marble1 hollow within1 uncover'd at the top1 and sounding like a ,bell1 without any ,sculpture or ,embossment4 ,but 'tis the common ,opinion1 after ,diodorus ,siculus1 that neither ,chemmis nor his ,successor ,cephren were bury'd in their ,pyramids1 because1 says he1 the ,people being over work'd by them with hard ,labour1 threatned to tear their dead ,bodies to pieces1 and throw them out of these ,sepulchres1 therefore they on their ,death-,beds commanded their ,servants to bury them in some obscure ,place1 ,diod4 ,lib4 #a4 ,this ,monument is of the same ,thebaic ,marble with the whole ,room1 being speckl'd with black1 white and red ,spots1 and resembling two ,cubes finely set together1 and hollow'd within4 ',tis seven ,foot three ,inches and half long1 in breadth and depth three ,foot three ,inches and three quarters on the out-side1 but within 'tis something less1 which shows that the ,men of this ,age are of the same ,stature with those that liv'd near #cjjj ,years ago1 tho' some famous ,men have thought the contrary4 ,if any ask how this ,monument could be convey'd into this ,chamber1 since 'tis impossible for it to enter by those narrow ,passages in the ,pyramid which lead to it1 ,i answer1 ,it must have been rais'd and convey'd up from without by some ,engine1 before the ,chamber was finish'd and the ,roof clos'd3 ,thus far ,greaves4 ,sandys1 p4 #ii4 says1 ,this ,pyramid which is the greatest of the three1 ,sidenote3 ,how many ,workmen employ'd in the ,building it4 and chief of the ,worlds ,,vii ,wonders1 employ'd #cffjjj ,workmen continually in building it for the space of #bj ,years1 in which ,time they consum'd in ,radishes1 ,garlick and ,onions only1 #ahjj ,talents4 ,nor has ,time1 which devours the proudest ,structures1 humbl'd this lofty ,edifice1 tho' 'tis very probably conjectur'd to have stood #ccjj ,years1 and is now rather old than ruinous1 yet the ,north side is most worn by reason of the humidity of the ,northern ,winds1 which are here the moistest4 ,sidenote3 ,the second ,pyramid4 ,the second ,pyramid is hardly distant the flight of an ,arrow from the first1 and is all built of ,stones of a whitish colour1 nothing so large as those of the first4 ,the sides rise not by ,degrees or ,steps like those of the former1 but are smooth and equal1 and the whole ,fabrick seems very entire1 except on the ,south-side4 ,tho' this ,pyramid is generally thought to be inferiour to the first in ,magnitude1 yet by ,mr4 ,greaves's ,observation1 the height and sides of the ,basis are in both equal4 ,there is no ,entrance into it1 and therefore none can tell what ,chambers it contains2 'tis bounded on the ,north and ,west by two very stately and elaborate ,structures1 being #cj ,foot deep1 and more than #adjj long1 cut out of the hard ,rock1 and squar'd by a ,chizzel1 ,sidenote3 ,lodgings of the ,priests4 which are suppos'd to be the ,lodgings of the ,priests4 ,they run along at a convenient distance1 parallel to the two sides of this ,pyramid1 and meet in a right ,angle4 ,the ,entrance into them is by square ,openings1 hewn out of the ,rock1 and much of the same bigness with those of the first ,pyramid4 ,the hollow space within is somewhat like a square and well proportion'd ,chamber1 cover'd and arch'd above with the natural ,rock3 ,in most of these there was a ,passage opening into some other ,apartment4 ,sidenote3 ,the third ,pyramid4 ,the third ,pyramid is from the second about a ,furlong1 and tho' it appears at a distance to be of an equal height with the two former1 by reason of the advantage of its ,scituation upon a higher rise of the ,hill1 yet is it really much lower1 each side of the ,basis being but #cjj ,foot long1 which wants near #djj of the two others4 ,all the antient and modern ,writers generally agree1 this ,pyramid was made of black ,ethiopic ,marble1 whereas ,mr4 ,greaves assures us1 on his own ,inspection1 the whole ,mass seems of a clear and white ,stone1 somewhat choicer and brighter than that in either of the two other ,pyramids2 but what the ,stone within may be no ,body can tell1 since there never was any ,entrance into it4 ,at some distance ,south-,east of the biggest ,pyramid stands the ,sphinx1 so famous among the ,ancients3 ,sidenote3 ,the ,sphinx4 ',tis a ,statue or ,image cut out of the main ,rock1 representing the ,head of a ,woman with half her ,breast1 but is at present sunk or bury'd in the ,sand to the very ,neck3 ,it is an extraordinary great ,mass1 but withal proportionable1 altho' the ,head of it self be #bf ,foot high1 and from the ,ear to the ,chin #ae ,foot1 according to the ,measure the ,sieur ,thevenot took of it4 ,at a distance it seems five ,stones joyn'd together1 but coming nearer one may discover what was taken for the ,joynings of the ,stones1 was properly nothing but the ,veins in the ,rock4 ,pliny says1 this serv'd for a ,tomb to ,king ,amasis1 which is not improbable1 since it is in a ,part which was formerly a kind of ,burying-,place1 and near the ,pyramids and ,caves1 which were nothing but ,places of ,sepulture2 and that according to his ,calculation it was #ajb ,foot in compass about the ,head1 #fb high and #adc in length1 for the ,body of it is suppos'd to resemble a ,lion or ,dog4 ,some will have it a certain ,egyptian ,king caus'd this ,sphinx to be made in ,memory of ,rhodope of ,corinth1 with whom he was passionately in ,love4 ,they say1 among other ,things1 that when they consulted it at the rising of the ,sun1 it answer'd like an ,oracle2 yet most believe this was done by the cunning of the ,priests1 thro' means of some hidden ,pipes or ,conduits under ,ground1 and that the ,well we describ'd in the great ,pyramid was made use of for the same purpose2 but what makes this appear to be fabulous is1 that there is no perforation or opening either at the ,mouth1 ,nose1 ,eyes or ,ears4 ,many other the like ,stories ,authors have rais'd of this ,statue1 affirming that by the ,figure of a ,sphinx1 was represented the ,goddess ,momphta1 ,sidenote3 ,it represented ,momphta4 who presided over all the ,waters1 and chiefly preserv'd and supply'd the ,causes of the ,over-flowing of the ,river ,nile2 as also that thereby was signify'd the ,state or ,condition of that ,river1 for as the ,over-flowing of the ,nile continues all the ,summer1 and during the ,time of ,harvest1 viz4 in the ,months of ,july and ,august1 and that in those two ,months1 the ,sun commonly runs thro' the two ,signs of ,leo and ,virgo1 it was natural enough for the ,egyptians1 who had a great inclination for ,hieroglyphics and misterious ,representations1 to make a ,monster of a ,virgin and ,lion1 which they call'd ,sphinx1 and consecrated to the ,river ,nile2 the representing of which lying on its ,belly1 was to explain the ,over-flowing of that ,river4 ,but to return again to the ,pyramids1 near which this ,sphinx stands1 ,sidenote3 ,observations on the ,pyramids4 we shall add these few ,observations of ,father ,vansleb concerning them1 viz4 ,that they are not built with ,marble1 but with a white sandy ,stone exceeding hard2 that none of them are perfectly square1 but have all two sides longer than the others1 which is plainly visible in the greater and the lesser ,pyramid3 ,the ,north side is longer than that which stretches from ,east to ,west1 yet are they nevertheless built in very good ,order1 and each of the three largest stand at the head of #aj lesser1 which are not well to be distinguish'd1 by reason of heaps of ,sand that lye before them4 ,they have all an ,entrance that leads to a low ,alley1 which is exceeding long1 and has at the end a ,chamber1 where the antient ,egyptians plac'd the ,bodies of those ,persons for whom the ,pyramid was design'd1 tho' this ,entrance is not to be seen in every one of them1 because the ,wind has stopp'd it up with ,sand4 ,on the top of the largest ,pyramid was antiently a ,statue or ,colossus3 ,this appears in that it is not so sharp as the others1 but rather plain1 and there are yet to be seen great ,holes1 which were to keep the ,colossus from falling2 but at present there is nothing to be seen at top but many ,letters of the ,names of ,persons of all ,nations1 who had left them to witness they had been there4 ,lastly1 ,he makes no question but that this ,place where the ,pyramids are built1 was the ,burying-,place of the old ,city of ,memphis1 by reason all the ,arabian ,histories inform us that this ,city stood where the ,pyramids now are1 over against old ,cairo4 ,he also imagines the ,sphinx to be a ,tomb1 ,first1 ,from its scituation in a ,place which was in former ,ages a ,burying-,place1 and near the ,pyramids and mortuary ,caves4 ,secondly1 ,that it appears to be a ,sepulchre from its ,building2 for in the hinder part is a ,cave under ,ground1 of a bigness answerable to that of the head1 into which he look'd by an ,entrance that led into it1 so that it could serve to no other purpose than to keep a dead ,corps4 ,sidenote3 ,caves near the ,pyramids4 ,from the ,pyramids1 ,vansleb went to take a ,view of the ,caves that are adjoyning1 which formerly serv'd for ,places to bury the ,dead in3 ,of these there are several hollow'd or cut in the side of a ,rock1 in bad ,order and without ,symmetry on the out-side1 but very even and well proportion'd within3 ,all of them have a square ,well cut likewise out of the ,rock1 in which the ,egyptians laid the ,bodies of those for whom the ,cave had been made1 it serving them for a ,tomb4 ,the ,walls of some of these are full of ,hieroglyphic ,figures1 cut also in the ,rock2 in some they are but small1 in others very lively4 ,in one1 says he1 ,i counted #af great ,figures1 eight ,men and as many ,women1 holding each other by the ,hand1 with some other small ,figures on each side4 ,sidenote3 ,subterranean ,caves4 ,but to speak more particularly of the ,subterranean ,caves1 near the ,borough of ,sacara in ,egypt1 we shall observe1 that among the most remarkable ,things that were found1 as well in the ,city of ,memphis1 as some ,miles round about it1 the ,caves or ,tombs under ,ground were the most considerable1 and worthy the search of the ,curious4 ,it is on these ,subterranean ,caves that this ,city and several ,places thereabouts were built1 as on so many ,vaults1 as the ,ancients have written1 and those ,caves do by far surpass the ,catacombs of ,rome both in ,grandeur and ,beauty2 for the antient ,egyptians1 who maintain'd the ,metempsychosis or ,transmigration of ,souls from one ,body to another1 took care not only to preserve their ,dead from ,putrifaction1 but also endeavour'd to lay them up in a secure and quiet ,place of ,burial3 ,that they might therefore take all manner of precaution against any alteration that might happen to them from the ,injuries of ,air1 ,fire1 or the length of ,time1 they did not place their ,dead in ,places where the ,river ,nile might overflow1 nor in the open ,fields1 but either in ,pyramids of a more durable continuance1 or in ,subterranean ,vaults built with great care of ,stones1 or lastly1 in ,caves cut out of the ,rock it self1 for which the ,region of ,memphis and ,places adjoyning were very proper1 because they consist of a ,rock1 which is hid under the thickness of about a ,foot and half of ,sand4 ,sidenote3 ,their ,burying-,places4 ,their ,burying-,places then were ,subterranean ,caves divided into several ,apartments1 roof'd like great ,halls1 and with so many ,windings1 which went from one to the other1 that they resembl'd real ,labyrinths or ,meanders4 ,according to the report of the antient ,egyptians1 there was such a vast number of those ,subterranean ,apartments which butted one against another1 that they extended some ,miles in length1 even to the ,temple of ,jupiter ,ammon1 and the ,oracle of ,serapis1 which was a great conveniency to the ,priests1 who might hold a ,correspondence with each other without being scorch'd by the heat of the ,sun1 or incommoded by the ,sands2 so that all those vast sandy ,plains of ,egypt were hollow underneath1 and divided into numberless ,apartments and ,places for dead ,corps4 ,this seems surprizing and almost incredible1 but they that will consider the other prodigious ,works of the ,egyptians1 and make some ,reflections on what the antient ,historians have wrote of the great and most antient ,city of ,memphis1 and the almost infinite number of that ,people1 will not find this so impossible2 besides what the ,arabian ,authors say1 that there was formerly a ,subterranean ,communication between this ,city of ,memphis and that of ,heliopolis1 being several ,miles assunder1 and which pass'd also under the ,bed of the ,river ,nile4 ,the greatest part of the ,inhabitants of the ,borough of ,sacara1 ,sidenote3 ,how those of ,sacara get their ,livelyhoods4 which is nearest those ,caves of the ,mummies or ,embalm'd ,bodies1 and three good ,hours ,journey from the ,pyramids1 get their ,livelyhoods by digging into those ,caves1 and taking out the ,mummies1 because their ,tillage is not able to maintain them by reason of the sterrility of the ,soil1 wherefore whoever has occasion for their ,service1 may easily hire them for ,money1 to conduct them into ,caves that are already open1 to see them1 or to dig for new ones in the ,sand1 which have not hitherto been remov'd1 for some of these ,caves have not yet been discover'd1 being hid in such manner under the ,sand1 that there is no ,stranger1 nor hardly any ,inhabitant of the ,country1 that can be certain before-hand where any ,mummy may be found3 ,besides1 the ,europeans have from ,time to ,time caus'd so many to be open'd1 that they are become exceeding scarce4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,entrance into these ,caves4 ,they enter these ,caves by an opening at top even with the ,ground1 into which they are let down1 as into a ,well1 by means of a ,rope and the assistance of a ,servant with a ,light in their ,hands1 tho' in some few they can climb up and down1 by setting their ,feet in certain gaps in the ,wall1 as appears by the ,plate at p4 #bjc4 ,letter ,e4 ,this ,well or ,descent into these ,caves is about #af or #ah ,foot deep1 and at bottom1 the ,passage of it is so low1 they are forc'd to stoop and creep thro'1 where they arrive in a four-square ,chamber or ,repository1 ,sidenote3 ,the ,chamber4 #bd ,foot every way1 on each side of which1 next the ,wall1 stand ,bases or ,tables cut out of the ,rock1 about five ,foot long1 two and a half broad1 and one high1 whereon are plac'd the dead ,bodies1 ,embalm'd and adorn'd after the manner before describ'd1 and put into ,coffins of ,wood or ,stone1 carv'd after their own similitude4 ,many times1 besides the number of ,coffins just mention'd1 there lye round about upon the ,floor several other little ones1 which seem to be the ,coffins of ,children4 ,sometimes there are abundance of these ,caves near each other1 as you may imagine by the ,plate before-mention'd2 but that you may have a more clear ,idea of all that is here describ'd1 ,i have added another1 the ,description of which is as follows3 ,sidenote3 ,description of the ,ichnography and ,scenography of these ,caves4 ,a4 ,a4 ,a4 ,a4 shows the ,ichnography of a ,burying-,place1 wherein are nine ,chambers or ,apartments all of an equal bigness1 mark'd with the ,letters1 ,b4 ,b4 ,b4 ,each of these has four ,bases whereon the ,coffins are set1 as appears by the ,figures #a4 #b4 #c4 #d4 ,the ,walls or ,partitions are represented by the ,letters ,c4 ,c4 ,c4 but these are all more exactly seen in the ,scenography1 in which ,d4 and ,e4 shows two ,caves with their ,walls turn'd over with ,arches4 ,adjoyning to the ,walls lye four ,bases in each ,cave1 whereon the ,coffins are set1 mark'd by the ,letters ,f4 ,g4 ,h4 ,i4 ,k4 ,l4 c4 ,at the ,head of the ,coffin1 stands a ,figure like a ,boy in ,swadling-,clouts1 and at the ,feet a ,hawk1 being their ,tutelar ,gods1 by whose ,presence and ,assistance they thought the ,bodies would be defended from all kinds of ,violence1 and over these1 against the ,wall1 were cut in an oval form ,hieroglyphics1 mark'd ,m4 ,n4 ,o4 ,p4 ,illustration3 ,tho4 ,platt ,sculp4 ,to ,robert ,nelson ,esq4 who has been pleas'd to encourage this ,work1 this ,plate is humbly dedicated by ,his most humble ,servant ,thomas ,greenhill4 ,this may suffice for a general ,description of these ,caves1 ,sidenote3 ,observations on the ,subterranean ,caves4 yet it may not be amiss to add a few ,observations made by ,father ,vansleb on this ,subject3 ,he tells us he went on purpose to see these ,caves1 and gives us every particular ,instance that happen'd to him2 but this we must also take notice of1 that ,le ,bruyn attributes the very same ,remarks to one ,milton an ,english ,man1 and he that pleases to give himself the trouble to read both1 will find them much of a piece4 ,they are as follows3 ,after having said that first an ,agreement must be made with the ,arabians of the ,borough of ,sacara1 about the number and quality of ,wells one would have open'd1 as also what was to be given them for their ,trouble1 and that for better security #ab ,arabian ,horsemen ought to be brought along with one2 he adds1 ,that the first ,well he went to see was that of ,embalm'd ,birds1 ,sidenote3 ,wells of ,embalm'd ,birds4 and that having caus'd the ,sand that cover'd the ,mouth of the ,well to be remov'd1 thro' which he was to go down1 and from thence to enter into the ,cave1 he caus'd himself and his ,companions to be let down one after another1 by tying a double ,rope about their ,middles4 ,so soon as they were at the bottom1 and that every one had lighted his ,flambeau1 and several ,matches they had brought along with them1 they crept on their ,bellies into a ,cave1 which was an ,entry cut thro' the ,rock about a ,man's height1 a ,fathom wide1 and extraordinary long4 ,on each side they found other ,entries1 cut also into the ,rock1 where were several ,chambers full of a great number of ,earthen-,pots1 with ,covers of the same4 ,in these were contain'd ,embalm'd ,birds of all kinds1 every ,bird having a ,pot to it self4 ,they found there also several ,hen-,eggs whole1 but which were empty1 and consequently had no ill ,smell4 ,having sufficiently view'd this ,cave1 they were drawn up again in like manner as they were let down4 ,then having commanded their ,arabians to open a ,virgin-,well ,sidenote3 ,a ,virgin-,well4 7for so such are call'd as have never been open'd7 they were immediately let down into it1 in the same manner as before describ'd2 but being come to the bottom1 they found such a horrid ,stench1 and so close an ,air1 that they were not only not able to breath1 but it also put out their ,flambeaus1 as likewise their ,matches every time they endeavour'd to light them1 so that they were thereupon forc'd to cause themselves to be drawn up again with all speed1 without having been able to advance one step4 ,our ,author says1 that all he could say of this ,well was1 ,that it was much deeper than the former4 ,sidenote3 ,a ,cave with two ,mummies4 ,after this he caus'd another ,cave to be open'd1 which was not a ,virgin-,well as the former4 ,being let down into it he found there two ,mummies1 one greater and the other lesser of a ,child1 both in ,coffins3 ,the biggest was of ,marble1 cut after the likeness of him for whom it was made4 ,he caus'd them to be open'd but found nothing extraordinary in them1 therefore took no ,account of them1 but left them where he found them4 ,sidenote3 ,a ,cave call'd the ,church4 ,he went down next into a ,cave call'd the ,church1 which1 he says1 was the shallowest of all he had seen1 it being nothing but a long ,entry under ,ground1 well ,plaister'd and ,painted every-where with ,hierogliphics4 ,he tells us there was so great a quantity of ,sand in this ,cave1 that he and his ,company were forc'd to creep along on their ,knees2 for as soon as any one has seen these ,wells1 the ,arabians are wont to fill them up again with ,sand1 if the ,wind does not do it for them1 that they may get more ,money by them another ,time2 for this is the greatest ,livelihood these miserable ,creatures have1 and the least they take for opening a ,virgin-,well is #cj #f,piasters4 ,the reason of this high ,price is1 that those which cause them to be open'd1 have the liberty to carry away all the ,curiosities and ,mummies they find there4 ,footnote #f3 ,each ,piaster is #e s4 ,sterling or thereabouts1 so the whole may make near #i l4 ,now to give a perfect ,idea of this ,plain of ,mummies1 the antient ,burying-,place of the ,egyptians1 you must represent to your self a vast and boundless ,champion ,country1 cover'd all over with ,sand1 where there are neither ,trees1 ,plants1 ,grass1 ,houses1 nor any thing like them to be seen1 but the whole ,surface is strew'd with dry ,bones of ,arms1 ,legs1 ,feet1 ,heads1 old ,linnen ,rags1 broken ,tombs or ,coffins1 and a great many little ,idols1 some of ,wood1 and others of ,earth glaz'd with a green colour1 and mark'd before and behind with ,hieroglyphics3 ,in some places you may see great ,tomb-,stones1 engrav'd with ,cyphers and nigmatical ,figures1 that represent something of ,chymistry and other ,sciences and ,mysteries of the antient ,egyptians1 as also some strange ,characters that are no ,hieroglyphics4 ,these are the remains of their ,pride and ,vanity1 as likewise sad ,proofs that all ,men are subject to ,death3 ,this causes ,horrour to those that come first into the ,plain1 and if one considers attentively the number of ,bones wherewith it is strew'd1 one would be apt to think that ,place had formerly been a ,field of ,battel4 ,so much for the ,pyramids and ,subterranean ,caves1 now there only remains to speak of the ,sepulchral ,lamps1 which some assert to have burnt perpetually1 and have therefore been the ,subject of much ,discourse among the ,virtuosi of all ,ages4 ,sidenote3 ,authors who have written of ,sepulchral ,lamps4 ,clemens ,alexandrinus1 ,appian1 ,burattinus1 ,hermolaus ,barbarus1 ,costus1 ,citesius1 ,clius1 ,casalius1 ,cedrenus1 ,delrius1 ,ericius1 ,foxius1 ,gesnerus1 ,jacobonus1 ,leander1 ,libavius1 ,lazius1 ,langius1 ,licetus1 ,maiolus1 ,maturantius1 ,baptista ,porta1 ,pancirollus1 ,ruscellius1 ,scardeonius1 ,tassonius1 ,ludovicus ,vives1 ,volateranus and many other learned and ingenious ,authors1 who have written of these ,sepulchral ,lamps1 do most of them believe and strenuously assert1 that they burn'd for several ,hundreds of ,years1 and would have so continu'd1 perhaps for ever1 had they not been broken by the unadvis'd ,irruptions of ,rustics and ,husbandmen1 by diging up the ,ground1 or otherwise extinguish'd by the like ,accidents4 ',tis true1 there are not many that affirm that they themselves saw any of these ,lamps burning1 but then they give you abundance of ,instances of such as did1 and where they were found1 which being too many to be inserted here1 we shall only mention a few1 after having inquir'd to what ,end and ,purpose they were invented and made use of2 of what ,matter and ,fashion they were compos'd1 and whether it were possible for any of them1 when once lighted1 to burn perpetually without any addition or supply of fresh ,aliment4 ,sidenote3 ,perpetual ,lamps to what end invented4 ,first then we are to understand1 that as the ,egyptians 7thro' a firm belief they had of the ,metempsychosis7 affected to procure a ,perennity to the ,body by ,balsamation or ,embalming1 and the security thereof by ,pyramids1 ,subterranean ,vaults1 c4 so they endeavour'd to animate the ,defunct by perpetual ,fire1 which answer'd the ,nature of their ,souls3 ,sidenote3 ,fire an ,emblem of the ,soul4 ,for with them ,fire was the ,symbol of an ,incorruptible1 ,immortal and ,divine ,nature1 and hence some will have it1 they erected ,pyramids 7#gthe ,symbols of ,fire7 of that ,solidity as easily to overcome the ,injuries of ,time1 and by their ,figure to demonstrate the ,immortality of the ,soul4 ,and whereas flaming ,fire was more corruscating and enlightning than any other ,matter1 they invented ,lamps to hang in the ,sepulchres of the ,rich1 which would burn perpetually without any assistance or addition4 ,this as it was a ,symbol of the ,immortality of the ,soul1 so did it likewise serve for a ,symbol of their grateful ,intentions towards the ,manes and ,guardian ,gods1 who protected the ,bodies in their ,sepulchres1 thereby both venerating1 honouring and respecting the ,souls of the ,deceas'd1 and also rendring what was very grateful and acceptable to them4 ,sidenote3 ,and of ,eternal ,life4 ,now whereas the ,egyptians signify'd ,life by a ,lamp1 and also believ'd that their ,immortal ,souls tarry'd in the ,grave with their ,bodies1 so after having ,embalm'd those ,bodies to prevent the ,souls forsaking them1 by reason of their ,corruption and ,dissolution1 they deposited them in ,subterranean ,caves1 where they had provided ,lamps that would burn perpetually1 to the end that their ,souls might not lye miserably imprison'd in darkness1 and thereby any hurt befal them2 but on the contrary1 enjoy eternal light and be free from all evil1 or that when the ,soul should wander1 it might not mistake its ,residence1 but be by the light of the ,lamp guided and conducted to return to its former ,habitation4 ,footnote #g3 ,pyramis1 1 quod ad ignis speciem extenuatur in ,conum4 ,these are the absur'd ,opinions of the ,superstitious ,egyptians1 and the ,reasons why they plac'd burning ,lamps with the ,dead in their ,subterranean ,vaults1 as ,jacobonus1 ,foxius1 ,scaliger and others relate2 therefore the next ,thing which we shall consider1 is1 whether there ever was or can be such a ,thing made as a perpetual burning ,lamp4 ,most of the before-mention'd ,authors believe there were such ,lamps3 ,licetus particularly has writ a whole ,folio to prove it1 and ,kircher produces a ,story out of ,schiangia1 an ,arabian ,author1 which he thinks will solve it2 but however1 whether there have been any perpetual burning ,lamps or not1 since no ,author of good ,credit ever saw one1 it is nevertheless very certain that ,lamps are frequently found in the ,sepulchres and ,subterranean ,caves of the ,dead1 which1 to what end and purpose they were there plac'd1 will still remain a great ,quere1 unless it were for the above-alledg'd ,reasons1 since ,licetus and other ,authors say1 ,these were the proper ,places for them1 asserting they might be extinguish'd by the admission of ,air in the breaking up of such ,places4 ,greaves at the end of his ,description of the first ,pyramid1 p4 #ii4 takes notice of two ,inlets or ,spaces in the ,south and ,north side of the ,chamber1 just opposite to one another1 very evenly cut and running in a straight ,line about six ,foot into the thickness of the ,wall1 ,sidenote3 ,lamps suppos'd to have been in the first ,pyramid4 which1 he says1 by the blackness within1 seem to have been a ,receptacle for the burning of ,lamps4 ,t4 ,livius ,burattinus would gladly have believ'd it had been an ,hearth for one of these perpetual ,lamps which we now are speaking of2 but ,greaves imagines the ,invention not to be so antient as this ,pyramid3 ,however1 ,burattinus in his ,italian1 and ,michael ,schatta in his ,arabic ,letter to ,kircher1 which you may read in ,oedipi gyptiaci ,theatrum ,hierogliphicum1 p4 #edd4 affirm that they found many ,lamps in the ,subterranean ,caves of old ,memphis1 ,sidenote3 ,lamps in the ,subterranean ,caves of ,memphis4 some having three1 four1 eight or #ab ,lights1 and made in the shape of ,dog1 ,man1 ,bull1 ,hawk1 ,serpent and the like4 ,also ,casalius tells us he had some ,lamps of ,brass which represented a ,dog1 ,ox1 ,sphinx1 c4 and some made of ,earth4 ,seeing therefore they are so different in their matter1 shape and number of ,lights1 ,i have given you the ,sculptures of #ae of them1 with their ,description more at large4 ,illustration3 ,sturt sculp4 ,to ,mr ,george ,rolfe ,surgeon3 ,who has been pleas'd to encourage this ,work ,this ,plate is humbly dedicated by ,his most humble ,servant ,tho4 ,greenhill4 ,sidenote3 ,a ,description of some ,lamps ,the first ,figure represents ,serapis sitting in a ,chair1 having a ,basket made of ,rushes on his ,head2 he rests his right ,hand on a ,staff or ,scepter1 and lays his left on a tripple-headed ,monster1 such a one as is joyn'd to the ,statue of ,serapis at ,alexandria3 ,sidenote3 and first of ,serapis4 ,this ,lamp was found between the ,walls1 near one of the ,gates of ,rome call'd ,capena1 and is in the ,custody of ,pietro ,santo ,bartoli1 as ,bellori informs us1 from whom we have taken the three first and the sixth ,figures4 ,sidenote3 ,lamp of a tripple-headed ,monster4 ,the second ,figure shews the tripple-headed monstrous ,representation of ,serapis at ,alexandria3 ,it is an ,image of ,brass with the ,heads of three several kinds of ,animals1 viz4 ,in the middle the ,head of a ,lion1 on the right ,hand that of a fawning ,dog1 and on the left that of a rapacious ,wolf1 which signifie the three ,times1 the present1 past and to come4 ,the ,body is environ'd with two ,serpents in four ,wreaths or ,circumvolutions from the ,legs to the ,neck1 perhaps to denote the four ,seasons1 turn'd about by the ,sun2 for by the ,figure of ,serapis the ,egyptians denoted the ,sun3 ,see a fuller ,description of it in ,macrobii ,saturnalibus4 ,this is kept at present in the ,royal ,collection of the ,king of ,prussia1 together with the whole ,musum of ,bellori1 which that ,prince purchas'd4 ,sidenote3 ,another ,lamp of ,serapis4 ,the third ,figure is the ,head of ,serapis1 with a ,basket and ,crown upon it like the ,rays of the ,sun3 ,these express the ,nature of that ,god1 whom the ,egyptians believ'd to be the same with the ,sun1 viz4 ,the ,beginning and ,ending of all such ,things as proceed from and return back to it4 ,the ,basket on the top of the ,head shows1 says ,macrobius1 the height of this ,planet and the virtue of its ,influence1 in that all earthly ,things return to it1 whilst they are drawn up by the ,heat it immits2 for which ,reason this ,god is thought to be the same with ,pluto1 and was not rarely added to the ,sepulchral ,lamps1 as these two testifie2 the latter of which1 being of excellent ,workmanship1 is in the ,custody of ,raphael ,fabrettus4 ,before we proceed to give any farther ,description of these ,lamps1 it may be necessary to remark1 that some were also kept in the ,egyptian ,temples and other ,places1 as well as in the ,caves of the ,dead2 but then1 says ,kircher1 they were made in the similitude of that ,god who was worshipp'd in that ,temple4 ,thus in the ,temple of ,anubis1 the ,lamp was in the likeness of a ,dog's ,head1 or else in the shape of his whole ,body2 in the ,temple of ,osiris it was in the form of a ,hawk's ,head1 or of the whole ,bird2 in the ,temple of ,isis1 of a ,half ,moon1 and so of the rest4 ,the ,lamps were wrought in the same fashion with those ,numina represented in each particular ,temple or ,place1 as all those testifie which have been brought from ,egypt1 and are at this ,day kept in the ,cabinets of the ,curious4 ,moreover you must observe that the ,egyptians set up ,lamps not only to those ,gods that were beneficial to them1 but likewise to such as were mischievous1 to the end they might more readily have recourse to the one and avoid the other4 ,of this last kind ,johannes ,nardius sent one out of his ,musum to ,kircher1 in the form and shape as is express'd by ,figure the fourth1 viz4 ,sidenote3 ,a ,lamp of ,typhon4 ,under the ,symbol of an ,ass1 ,typhon was represented1 because1 as ,plutarch observes1 his ,voice was like the braying of that ,animal1 and which he likewise resembl'd in colour1 ignorance and stupidity4 ,this ,typhon was thought to bring ,sterility1 ,droughts1 ,contagion1 and the like kind of ,evils upon the ,egyptians1 therefore to prevent his obstructing the fruitful overflowing of the ,nile1 they form'd his ,lamps in the manner you see1 that knowing himself by his ,image1 he might cease from perpetrating of ,evil3 ,silenus likewise1 who is the ,symbol of the ,nile's ,fertility1 and constant ,attendant on ,bacchus or ,osiris1 rides astride on his ,head1 and thereby restrains his power of doing ,mischief3 ,this ,lamp moreover stands on the ,foot of an ,eagle or ,hawk1 thereby1 says ,kircher1 to represent how ,typhon's destructive and flagrating ,power lying hid in the ,sun1 was made more temperate by a ,humour which ,silenus1 the ,page of the aforesaid ,bacchus1 had the ,command of2 for1 as ,plutarch well observes1 ,isis would never have ,typhon quite destroy'd1 but only conquer'd1 because tho' his adust and fiery ,nature1 by reason of its too great ,siccity1 was pernicious1 nevertheless being temper'd with much moisture1 it was sometimes useful4 ,the fifth ,figure represents a ,lamp1 whose bigger ,foramen on the middle of its ,superficies1 where they pour'd in the ,oil1 is cover'd with a large ,heliotrope inverted1 ,sidenote3 ,a ,lamp of a ,heliotrope4 a ,flower so call'd by the ,greeks from its ever inclining towards the ,course of the ,sun2 for in the ,morning it turns to the ,east1 at ,noon is erect1 towards the ,evening faces the ,west1 and at ,night inclines to the ,earth1 enquiring1 as it were1 for the ,sun bury'd under ,ground1 and waiting for its ,resurrection the next ,morning4 ,this may serve to teach us what ,affinity1 ,temper and ,agreement ,things of an inferior ,nature have with those that are ,celestial2 and if ,aristotle confesses that the ,winds1 ,waters and other inanimate ,things follow the heavenly ,circuit1 why should we question the ,heliotrope's subsequency to the ,course of the ,sun1 or the ,seliotrope's to that of the ,moon8 ,surely he who form'd this ,flower turn'd downwards on a ,sepulchral ,lamp1 seems thereby to intimate the ,night of ,death which ,bodies suffer under ,ground1 and withal to show1 according to the ,opinion of the ,ancients1 that the ,souls of the ,deceas'd tarry together with their ,bodies in the ,grave4 ,this ,lamp1 as likewise those at ,figure the #gth1 #ajth1 #abth1 #acth and #aeth were first publish'd by ,casalius1 and explain'd by ,licetus4 ,the next ,lamp1 mark'd with ,figure six1 ,sidenote3 ,lamp of the ,alexandrian ,pharos4 seems to represent the ,pharos of ,alexandria1 into whose ,haven a ,ship is just entring1 the ,seamen being furling up their ,sails1 and for want of a better ,reason1 is suppos'd to have been plac'd in the ,sepulchre of a certain ,merchant of that ,city2 but is now in the ,musum of ,pietro ,santo ,bartoli1 as ,bellori informs us4 ,as concerning the following ,lamp1 with a big ,belly and ,handle1 and standing upon three ,feet1 as you may see at ,figure the seventh1 ,licetus believes ,casalius is under a mistake in reckoning it for a ,lamp1 and that it was rather a certain ,vessel in form of a ,cucumber1 in which the ,ancients were wont to heat ,water2 but ,i cannot be of his ,opinion1 since by its shape it looks very much unlike a ,cucumber1 and from the smallness of its ,mouth at top1 and the appearance of a ,place for the ,wiek1 it seems most probably to have been a ,lamp4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,lamp of an ,ox with a ,boy on his ,back4 ,the eighth ,lamp1 made in the shape of an ,ox couching on the ,ground1 with a ,boy sitting on his ,back1 and holding a ,fig-,leaf in his ,hand1 was sent by the ,great ,duke of ,tuscany out of his ,musum1 to ,kircher3 ,the ,ox being the ,figure of ,apis1 and ,apis signifying the chief ,numen or ,patron of ,agriculture1 wherefore this ,lamp was plac'd in the ,temple of ,apis in ,honour of that ,god1 denoting by the ,vessel1 the pious and religious ,affection the antient ,egyptians had for that ,deity2 and by the ,fire the vital ,heat1 thinking that if he were absent from their ,husbandry1 all would run to the last ,destruction4 ,under that ,symbol therefore they tacitely sollicited this ,numen to grant warmth and vital ,heat to the ,fields and ,meadows1 hoping1 by the religious ,ceremony of ,fire1 that he would be more vigilant and take greater care of ,things committed to his ,trust4 ,by the ,boy and ,fig-,leaf they denoted the vital ,heat and vegetable ,life communicated to this ,deity1 whereby all ,things are fructify'd1 and seem as it were to grow young again4 ,the ninth ,figure or ,lamp represents a very fair and entire ,sphinx with a ,womans ,face1 ,sidenote3 ,lamp of a ,sphinx4 having her ,head bound about with a ,fillet or ,hair-,lace1 the hinder part cover'd with a ,coif1 and two ,horns rising out of her ,forehead2 the ,body and ,legs were like a ,lion's1 and on the top of the ,back was a great ,foramen1 thro' which they pour'd the ,oil3 ,the ,breast was very protuberant and somewhat like a ,scollop-,shell1 at the top of which is seen a lesser ,foramen for the ,wick4 ,this ,kircher positively believes to have been a ,sepulchral ,lamp1 forasmuch as the antient ,egyptians were wont to place ,sphinx's about their ,sepulchres1 and ,pliny moreover witnesses1 that an entire ,pyramid was built in ,egypt of that shape1 whom you may consult more at large1 ,lib4 #cf4 cap4 #ab4 ,the tenth ,lamp has two ,wieks1 ,sidenote3 ,lamp of the ,moon4 and may either be hung up or set upon its ,foot3 ,from the form of a ,crescent at the other extremity or handle1 it is thought to have been dedicated to the ,moon1 or else to have burn'd in the ,sepulchre of some ,person of ,rank1 as a ,symbol of his ,nobility1 of which this was an ,hieroglyphic1 and therefore they antiently wore one in their ,shoes1 c4 to distinguish them from inferior ,persons1 and perhaps might also ,sup by a ,lamp made in that form in token of their ,quality and ,grandure4 ,as this had two1 so the following ,lamp at ,figure eleven had four ,wieks or ,lights1 ,sidenote3 ,lamp with four ,lights4 being1 as ,nardius tells us1 brought out of ,egypt1 with some ,mummies1 to the ,grand ,duke of ,tuscany1 by which1 says ,kircher1 nothing seems more to be meant than the ,worship of those ,deities which went before the four ,seasons of the ,year2 for seeing the ,prosperity of the whole ,republic depended on the ,plenty of those ,things1 to which the abovesaid ,deities were distributed1 in the ,circle of the four ,seasons of the ,year1 they aptly apply'd the ,lamp with four ,lights to complete these mysterious ,ceremonies2 for the ,egyptians erected their ,lamps with so many ,lights as the number of that ,deity1 consecrated to any one1 contain'd of ,unities4 ,sidenote3 ,lamp with an ,ox's ,head4 ,the ,lamp at ,figure the twelfth1 with the ,head of an ,ox1 which as ,valerianus1 ,lib4 #c4 ,hierogl4 plainly demonstrates to be the ,symbol of the ,earth1 was ,sepulchral and depicted ,hieroglyphically1 to show that the ,body of ,man was resolv'd into ,earth from whence it was first form'd4 ,sidenote3 ,lamp of a wing'd ,sphinx4 ,figure the thirteenth is a ,lamp on whose ,superficies a wing'd ,sphinx grav'd or wrought1 which as it was among the ,egyptians the ,symbol of secret ,wisdom1 so it denotes that this ,lamp was plac'd in the ,sepulchre of some ,learned ,man1 whose ,sayings were wont to be nigmatical1 and were represented by the ,image of a ,sphinx2 or perhaps more particularly to denote the ,depositum of some ,noble ,poet2 for it is the property of a ,poet1 under the cover of a ,fable1 to contain the mysterious ,secrets of ,divine ,matters1 and to enlighten the hidden ,senses of honest ,actions1 that they may be imitated4 ,sidenote3 ,lamp with two beaked ,ships4 ,the next ,lamp at ,figure the fourtenth was purchas'd of the ,arabians1 by that excellent ,physician ,john ,baptista ,bonagente ,vicentinus1 who saw them take it out of one of the ,caves of the ,mummies near the ,pyramids1 and after his ,death ,fr4 ,sanctus a ,plebe ,sacci bought it out of his ,collection at ,cairo1 and brought it to ,padua1 where he presented it to the most illustrious ,sertorio ,ursatto1 who afterwards show'd it to ,licetus1 and he gave the following ,figure and ,description of it1 viz4 ,that it had twelve ,lights or ,wieks1 and on it was represented two beaked ,ships with many ,oars1 as it were mutually going into a hostile ,engagement1 which denotes1 says ,licetus1 that this ,lamp was plac'd in the ,sepulchre either of a certain famous ,pirate1 ,commander of #ab ,gallies1 with three ,oars on a side1 and who infested the ,egyptian ,seas1 or1 on the contrary1 of some ,captain who defended their ,coasts from their ,enemies2 to which he adds1 that this ,lamp being but small1 and having #ab large ,wieks1 it must undeniably have consumed away in a very short ,time1 unless it were fill'd with incombustible ,oil4 ,sidenote3 ,lamp with a ,dog's ,head4 ,by the fifteenth and last ,figure of a ,lamp1 on the extremity of whose handle is a ,dog's ,head1 ,pierius and ,ambrosius think is signify'd1 that ,men are faithfully to keep their ,words and ,trust in all ,things committed to their ,charge2 and that a ,dog's ,head had a chief ,place in ,sepulchral ,lamps1 inasmuch as it was the ,hieroglyphic of a ,sexton or ,libitinarius2 for as a ,dog by firm and stedfast looking on1 watches and defends the ,images both of ,gods and ,men1 so the ,libitinarii were to keep and look to the ,embalm'd ,bodies1 and all ,things appertaining thereunto or ,funeral ,ceremonies4 ,thus ,licetus1 ,bellori and ,kircher have given you their ,opinions of the ,hieroglyphical ,signatures and ,significations of some ,egyptian ,lamps1 which we have just now mention'd1 to which we will add two more very well worth the taking notice of1 the one a particular ,ceremony of burning sweet-smelling ,lamps and ,incense to the deceas'd ,daughter of ,king ,mycerinus1 and the other a general lighting of ,lamps throughout all ,egypt1 call'd ,the ,feast of ,lamps4 ,sidenote3 ,lamp of ,mycerinus4 ,the first was instituted by ,mycerinus1 one of the ,kings of ,egypt1 who1 being depriv'd of ,heirs1 by the ,death of his ,daughter and only ,child1 endeavour'd to immortalize her ,memory by the most sumptuous ,structure he could devise3 ,for this end instead of a ,subterranean ,cave or ,sepulchre1 he erected a very fine ,palace1 with a ,hall in the midst of it1 beautifully adorn'd with abundance of ,statues and ,figures4 ,in this ,hall he deposited her ,corps in a ,coffin made after the similitude of an ,ox in a kneeling posture1 and cover'd over with ,plates of ,gold and a ,purple-,mantle3 ,the ,ox had between its ,horns a ,sun of massy ,gold1 and before it there burn'd a ,lamp1 whose ,flames were fed with most odoriferous ,oils4 ,round about the ,hall stood ,perfuming-,pans and ,censers1 which continually threw up ,clouds of sweet-smelling ,odours2 but this being more fully describ'd before1 p4 #bjj4 we will refer you thither for a more particular ,account1 where it is also lively represented by a ,plate or ,figure4 ,sidenote3 ,feast of ,lamps4 ,the second1 viz4 ,the ,feast of ,lamps1 is describ'd by several ,authors1 tho' they differ in their ,opinions concerning its ,origin2 some will have it that the ,egyptians celebrated this ,feast on certain ,days of the ,year1 that ,osiris1 or the ,sun1 might not be wanting to preserve them by his ,plenty and ,benevolence1 therefore they made a ,sacrifice of ,lamps1 or a general ,illumination to him throughout all ,egypt1 by reason they thought ,fire the best ,symbol or representation of the ,sun1 whom they worshipp'd and call'd ,osiris1 but whom the ,greeks term'd ,pluto or ,vulcan1 which last some think the first ,inventor or ,god of ,fire4 ,moreover1 ,macrobius says1 ,osiris was nothing else but the ,sun1 and ,isis the ,earth and ,nature1 made fruitful by him1 and ,mother of all ,productions1 which are form'd in her ,bosom4 ,others say ,osiris and ,isis were ,king and ,queen of ,egypt1 who reign'd with extraordinary mildness1 conferring many great ,benefits on their ,subjects2 also that they hindred ,men from eating one another as they were formerly wont to do1 and taught them ,agriculture and the ,use of ,corn and ,wine2 moreover that they made excellent ,laws1 wherefore ,plutarch says1 from their being such good ,genii1 they became ,gods1 as a just ,reward to their ,virtue1 and that ,osiris was ,pluto and ,isis ,proserpina4 ,herodotus in his ,euterpe speaks thus of the ,feast of ,lamps1 having told us in another place1 as ,casalius observes1 that the ,egyptians were more religious than all others in the care of their ,lamps4 #8,but when they had assembl'd together at ,sais1 the ,city of ,sacrifice1 they took their ,lamps1 prepar'd with good ,wieks1 fill'd with ,oil1 and season'd with ,salt1 and in the ,evening lighted them in the open ,air before their ,houses1 burning them all the ,night1 whence this lighting of ,lamps came to be call'd a ,feast of ,lamps4 ,now tho' all the ,egyptians might not come to this ,convention1 yet did they all observe the ,night of ,sacrifice1 and all lighted their ,lamps1 so that they were not only lighted in ,sais1 but also throughout all ,egypt2 but for what cause this ,night obtain'd so much ,glory and ,honour1 a certain holy ,reason is given2' yet which ,herodotus does not declare4 ,sidenote3 ,to what end the ,feast of ,lamps was instituted4 ,some think the ,egyptians were wont to light up these ,lamps in the ,night1 to find ,osiris out with ,isis1 he being kill'd1 as they say1 by his ,brother ,typhon4 ,moreover1 ,lactantius tells us1 the ,priests beat their ,breasts1 and lamented with great ,howlings1 just as ,isis did when she had lost ,osiris1 but rejoyc'd again when they had found him1 so that from this often loosing and finding him1 ,lucan thus expresses himself on that ,subject3 ,nunquamq2 satis qusitus ,osiris4 ,also by observing this ,worship or ,celebration of the ,feast of ,lamps1 they promis'd themselves great ,plenty of all ,things2 for as ,pausanias relates1 the ,nile's beginning to encrease in those ,days that they celebrated this ,feast to ,isis1 in bewailing ,osiris1 induc'd them to believe1 that the increase of that ,river1 and ,inundation of the ,fields1 was occasion'd only by the ,tears which ,isis shed for the ,death of ,osiris1 and some will have ,osiris to be the ,nile1 and ,isis ,egypt4 ,sidenote3 ,the true and sacred ,reason4 ,but the true and ,sacred ,reason why the ,egyptians celebrated this ,feast of ,lamps with ,tears and ,lamentations1 ,casalius thinks to have been in ,memory of that doleful ,night1 in which ,,god slew all the ,first-,born of ,egypt1 as well ,men as ,beasts 7among whom was ,osiris7 to the end that he might bring the ,children of ,israel out of that ,country2 for then ,king ,pharaoh and all the ,egyptians rose out of their ,beds in the midst of the ,night1 and lighting their ,lamps1 lamented their slain ,sons1 thereby suffering the ,sons of ,israel to go free out of the ,land1 as appears by ,exodus the #abth ,chapter and the #abth1 #bith1 #cjth1 #cast1 #cb;d and #cc;d ,verses1 where it is thus written3 ,i the ,lord will pass thro' the ,land of ,egypt this ,night1 and will smite all the ,first-,born1 both ,man and ,beast2 and against all the ,gods of ,egypt will ,i execute ,judgment4 ,and it came to pass that at ,midnight the ,lord smote all the ,first-,born of ,pharaoh1 that sat on his ,throne1 unto the ,first-,born of the ,captive that was in the ,dungeon1 and all the ,first-,born of ,cattle4 ,and ,pharaoh rose up in the ,night1 he and all his ,servants1 and all the ,egyptians1 and there was a great ,cry in all ,egypt2 for there was not a ,house where there was not one dead4 ,and he call'd for ,moses and ,aaron by ,night1 and said1 ,rise up1 and get you forth from amongst my ,people1 both you and the ,children of ,israel1 and go1 serve the ,lord1 as ye have said4 ,also take your ,flocks and your ,herds1 as ye have said2 and be gone1 and bless me also4 ,and the ,egyptians were urgent upon the ,people1 that they might send them out of the ,land in haste2 for they said1 we be all dead ,men4 ,so that this true ,history of the ,nightly ,bewailings of the ,egyptians1 every one over his ,first-,born that was dead1 and of their ,joy by reason of their being freed from the fear of the ,death of their other ,children1 at ,,god's ,people going out of their ,land1 was the true occasion why the ,egyptians did afterwards celebrate it with the ,feast of ,lamps1 describ'd by ,herodotus1 and which the ,egyptian ,priests1 who conceal'd all their ,mysteries under ,hieroglyphics like to ,fables1 did to shew the wonderful and miserable ,bewailings of ,isis for slain ,osiris1 who some think was the ,first-,born of ,pharaoh4 ,on the contrary1 so soon as this ,night was over1 the ,egyptians worshipp'd the ,rising ,sun1 with rejoycings and leaping about1 and a great number of both ,sexes1 says ,apuleius1 appeas'd the ,celestial ,bodies with ,lamps1 ,torches and other kind of ,lights2 but the ,chief ,priest carry'd a very famous burning ,lamp1 not like those commonly us'd at ,evening-,banquets1 but like to a ,golden ,boat1 out of the middle of which issu'd forth a very large and bright ,flame4 ,but neither of these ,lamps describ'd by ,herodotus1 to wit1 that of ,mycerinus1 or those us'd at the ,feast of ,lamps1 are said to have burn'd perpetually1 without ever going out1 or any addition of new ,matter being made to them3 ,nevertheless1 some affirm1 there have been such ,lamps as endur'd for many ,ages1 and probably might have been perpetual1 had they not been accidentally broken or extinguish'd3 ,sidenote3 ,lamp of ,tulliola4 ,of these1 the most remarkable is that which ,erasmus ,franciscus produces out of ,pflaumerus1 ,pancirollus and others1 viz4 ,that under the ,reign of ,pope ,paul ,,iii4 in the ,appian ,way to ,rome1 where many of the chief ,heathens were formerly bury'd1 a ,tomb was open'd in which there was found the entire ,body of a very fair ,lady1 swimming in a wonderful ,liquor which preserv'd it from ,putrifaction in such manner1 that the ,face was no ways sunk1 but seem'd exceeding beautiful and like to the ,life it self3 ,her ,hair was yellow1 wreath'd about with an artificial ,ligature1 and connected with a ,circle or ,gold-,ring4 ,under her ,feet burn'd a ,lamp1 whose ,flame vanish'd upon opening the ,sepulchre2 from some grav'd ,marks it appear'd the ,body had been there bury'd above #aejj ,years1 but whose it was is not yet known1 tho' many have suppos'd it to have been the ,body of ,tulliola1 ,daughter of ,cicero1 from this short ,inscription said to have been found grav'd on the ,tomb1 viz4 ,,tulliol ,,fili ,,me4 ,some say this ,body1 so soon as it was touch'd1 immediately turn'd to ,ashes and disappear'd2 but the truth of this ,story is very much to be question'd1 ,sidenote3 ,refuted4 and if we enquire strictly into each particular ,circumstance1 it will appear altogether fabulous3 ,for1 ,first1 if it had been kept with any ,balsamic ,liquor1 it could not so soon have turn'd to ,ashes1 and if it had not been ,embalm'd1 then for it to have been kept uncorrupt so many ,hundreds of ,years1 would have been as great a ,miracle as the burning of the ,lamp4 ,secondly1 ,the ,argument from the ,inscription1 that it was the ,body of ,tulliola1 is as doubtful as the matter of ,fact can be true1 for any one never so indifferently vers'd in the ,monuments of the ,antients1 will believe it ought then to have been written in this manner1 and according to their usual ,custom3 ,m4 ,tullius ,cicero1 ,terenti ,uxori1 ,tulliol ,fili1 c4 if either the ,father had been bury'd there1 or had built it for his ,wife and ,children3 ,also the word ,me is needless1 forasmuch as she was the ,daughter1 not of another but of the ,person that built the ,tomb for himself and ,family2 but who it was that either built the ,tomb1 or was ,father to the ,daughter1 the words of the ,inscription do not show1 whereby they appear in all respects to be1 not the ,truth and ,elegancy of those ,times1 but meer ,novelties and ,follies3 ,besides1 it could not be any of ,cicero's ,family 7and therefore the ,assertion and ,title must be false7 because in his ,time and long before1 the ,romans were wont to burn all ,bodies1 and thereby reduce them to ,ashes1 except those of ,infants that had not had their ,teeth cut1 and a few particular ,families2 but of this number we do not read that ,cicero was one who was exempted from the ,flames of the ,funeral ,pyre4 ,some therefore who deservedly suspect the ,title1 will have it to be the ,body of ,priscilla1 ,daughter of ,abascantus2 but whoever it was1 ,judus ,apella thinks it not to have been reduc'd to ,ashes by burning1 but by the immission of the ,air or contact of the ,body1 and that it had without ,embalming1 remain'd incorrupt #aejj ,years1 whereas both ,iron and ,marble are consum'd in much lesser ,time4 ,but ,clius ,rhodiginus1 ,antiq4 ,lect4 ,lib4 #c4 cap4 #bd4 relates it quite otherwise1 viz4 ,that it suffer'd not the ,injuries of ,time1 by reason of its being condited with ,aromatics1 until three ,days after it was brought into the ,city1 when the ,medicament being remov'd or vitiated it putrify'd4 ,lastly1 ,this ,author as well as ,aresius1 ,alexander ab ,alexandro1 and ,raphael ,volateranus1 who liv'd the same ,time at ,rome that this ,tomb is reported to have been found1 do not so much as mention one word of a ,lamp found burning1 whereas that being a ,thing so very wonderful and miraculous1 it could not easily be conceal'd1 seeing that even common and frivolous ,things are so easily listn'd to by such as are desirous of and expect ,novelties3 ,nay ,alexander plainly enough lays down1 that there was no ,inscription2 and ,licetus himself does not affirm1 that there was any ,lamp found burning in that ,sepulchre1 so that as ,ferrarius observes1 it appears to be a meer ,invention of ,pancirollus1 who out of an innate desire of relating wonderful ,things1 and pleas'd with the sweetness of ,fables1 first receiv'd it for a ,truth1 and afterwards communicated it to ,posterity4 ,yet was this not so strange and wonderful a ,lamp as that of ,pallas1 ,sidenote3 ,lamp of ,pallas1 which ,martinus the ,chronologer relates1 and to which ,boccatius1 ,philippus ,bergomas and ,volateranus assent1 viz4 ,that in the ,year #aeja1 when ,henry ,,iii4 was ,emperor1 a ,countryman digging deep in the ,earth1 near the ,city of ,rome1 discover'd a ,tomb of ,stone1 wherein lay a ,body so tall1 that being erected1 it over-top'd the ,walls of that ,city1 and was as entire as if it had been but newly bury'd1 having a very large ,wound on the ,breast1 and a burning ,lamp at its ,head1 which could neither be extinguish'd by ,wind nor ,water1 so that they were forc'd to perforate the bottom of the ,lamp1 and by that means put out the ,flame4 ,this was said to be the ,body of ,pallas slain by ,turnus1 these ,verses being inscrib'd on the ,sepulchre3 ,filius ,evandri ,pallas1 quem ,lancea ,turni ,militis occidit1 more suo jacet hic4 ,others read it3----,mole sua jacet hic4 ,this ,lamp is said to have burn'd #beaa ,years1 and perhaps would have continu'd so to the end of the ,world1 had it not been broke and the ,liquor spilt4 ,sidenote3 ,ridicul'd4 ,now as this ,story appears very fabulous1 so ,ferrarius de ,lucernis ,sepulchralibus1 p4 #ag4 as wittily ridicules it1 thinking it a fitter ,tale for an old ,grannam in a ,chimney-,corner to quiet a peevish and froward ,child with1 than for a ,man of ,sense to give credit to2 nay1 he declares1 that for his part1 he is almost asham'd to reherse it3 ,can any one think1 says he1 that ,pallas was so tall a ,giant as to surmount the ,walls of ,rome1 or that any one should be so foolish to measure the ,body by the ,wall1 and not by a ,foot-,rule1 ,cubit or ,yard8 ,that the ,orifice of the ,wound should be four ,foot wide1 and proportionably big to his ,body1 so that a little ,man might jump in and out at it8 ,surely in this ,case ,turnus's ,lance must have been as big as that of ,polyphemus or the ,philistian ,goliah's4 ,besides1 if ,pallas were but a ,lad when he was slain1 as the ,poet make him1 and yet taller than the ,turrets of the ,roman ,walls1 what would he have come to if he had liv'd8 ,would he not1 think you1 have encreas'd in height 'till he had equall'd the ,obelisk of the ,sun8 ,besides1 it must have been more than an ,egyptian ,embalming that could have preserv'd a ,body of that bulk entire for about #bf ,ages3 ,yet1 grant all this1 the ,poet says expresly1 the ,body of ,pallas was burn'd and not bury'd4 ,no less absurd and barbarous are the ,verses of the ,inscription1 which1 instead of being elegant and sublime1 are mean and poor1 undoubtedly compos'd in some ,cottage or ,ale-,house2 for what can be meant by more suo1 unless he lay in a different posture from what other ,bodies are wont to do1 or by mole sua1 but his being of an unsizeable bulk8 ,however both are as ridiculous and foolish as the ,latin is trivial4 ,nevertheless ,licetus endeavours to defend both1 alledging by more suo is meant1 that there is no other situation of ,bodies more proper than lying1 either when they are asleep1 which is the ,emblem of ,death1 or when they are sick1 which is the way to it1 but what need he then mention that which every ,body knows8 ,the other words mole sua1 he says1 were to describe the bulk of his ,gigantic ,body1 or else by reason the ,ancients thought the ,soul tarry'd with the ,body in the ,sepulchre1 or wander'd about it1 yet could not either stand1 sit or lye1 as being an incorporeal ,substance1 it was said of his ,body1 as separated from the ,soul1 and laid up in a ,sepulchre1 ,mole sua jacet hic2 so that 'tis the ,opinion of this great ,philosopher and ,critic1 that mole sua was added to the ,verse1 lest any one should suspect the ,body and ,soul of ,pallas did lye together in the same ,cave4 ,as to the ,lamp1 which exceeds all ,faith and ,belief1 for it is affirm'd to have burn'd #bfaa ,years1 and that whereas other ,lamps were but small1 and soon extinguish'd by the immission of ,air1 or the blast of ,winds1 this great and contumacious ,flame1 well befitting a ,giant1 defy'd both the light of the ,day or darting of the ,sun-,beams1 and the rushing in of ,air or blasts of ,wind1 and1 as they tell you1 would have continu'd so for ever1 if it had not been broken1 whereas they might have better said1 if the ,liquor had not been spilt1 seeing it might have been easier extinguish'd1 by inverting the ,lamp1 and pouring out that precious ,oil1 which yielded ,aliment to the ,eternal ,fire2 nay every one knows1 who has seen these ,lamps1 that they were wont to have several holes at top1 wherein they pour'd the ,oil3 ,these are foolish and absurd ,stories both committed to ,print and ,posterity1 as if they were only to come into the ,hands of ,boys1 or ,cucumber-headed ,men1 as ,ferrarius expresses himself4 ,there are several other ,relations of this kind1 as the ,golden ,lamp in the ,temple of ,minerva at ,athens1 ,sidenote3 ,lamp of ,minerva1 which1 says ,pausanias1 burn'd a whole ,year1 and was the workmanship of ,callimachus4 ,sidenote3 ,of ,jupiter ,ammon1 ,the ,lamp of ,jupiter ,ammon1 which ,plutarch1 ,lib4 de ,def4 ,oracul4 speaks of1 and which is affirm'd by the ,priests to have burn'd continually1 yet consum'd less ,oil every ,year than the former1 and tho' it burn'd in the open ,air1 neither ,wind nor ,water could extinguish it4 ,a ,lamp in the ,fane of ,venus1 ,sidenote3 ,of ,venus1 which ,st4 ,austin speaks of1 being of the same ,nature with the fore-going1 unextinguishable either by ,wind or ,water4 ,sidenote3 ,a ,lamp found at ,edessa4 ,a ,lamp at ,edessa1 that ,cedrenus mentions1 which being hid at the top of a certain ,gate1 burn'd #ejj ,years4 ,another very wonderfull ,lamp was that of ,olybius ,maximus of ,padua1 ,sidenote3 ,lamp of ,olybius4 found near ,atteste1 which ,scardeonius1 ,lib4 #a4 ,class4 #c4 cap4 ult4 thus describes3 ,in a large ,earthen-,urn was contain'd a lesser1 and in that a burning ,lamp1 which had continu'd so #aejj ,years1 by means of a most pure ,liquor contain'd in two ,bottles1 one of ,gold and the other of ,silver4 ,these are in the ,custody of ,franciscus ,maturantius1 and are by him valu'd at an exceeding ,rate4 ,abundance of other ,lamps of the like ,nature are describ'd by ,licetus1 and confuted by ,ferrarius1 whither we refer you2 for seeing they are but improbable ,stories1 and the ,fictions of ,poets1 we think it not worth while to spend our ,time in repeating them2 but in the next place will proceed to enquire after what manner ,authors do suppose perpetual burning ,lamps to have been made4 ,sidenote3 ,lamps that have burn'd by a ,divine ,power1 ,these1 says ,licetus1 ,kircher and others1 were order'd divers ways1 ,first1 ,miraculously and ,preternaturally1 as was that at ,antioch1 which burn'd #aejj ,years in an open and public ,place1 over the ,door of a ,church1 preserv'd by that ,divine ,power who hath made so infinite a number of ,stars to burn with perpetual ,light4 ,secondly1 ,sidenote3 ,by the wiles of the ,devil1 ,by the wiles of the ,devil1 who1 as ,st4 ,austin tells us1 deceives such a thousand ways1 who1 out of ,curiosity and ,avarice1 consult ,oracles or worship false ,gods1 so that when ,men sought for the ,sepulchres of these ,gods1 nothing was more easie than for the ,devil to represent a flash of ,light or ,flame to them at their first entring into such ,subterranean ,caves4 ,others assign ,natural ,reasons for this1 as that which ,countrymen imagine to be a burning ,lamp1 at their first finding those ,sepulchres1 may be only a kind of ,ignis fatuus1 or pellucid ,matter which shines in the dark2 ,sidenote3 ,or from a ,natural ,cause4 for such glimmering ,coruscations are frequently seen in ,church-,yards and fat marshy ,grounds1 especially at the breaking up of old ,tombs1 where no ,air has been immitted for many ,ages4 ,also ,miners observe1 that at the first opening of a new ,vein of ,ore1 such flames or flashes of ,light break forth2 yet are these not sufficient ,arguments for criticizing ,philosophers1 for some believe a ,lamp may be made with such ,art as to burn perpetually1 and others as absolutely deny it1 alledging that whatever is resolv'd into ,vapour or ,smoak cannot be permanent1 but will consume1 and the oily ,nutriment of a lighted ,lamp is exhal'd into a ,vapour1 therefore the ,fire cannot be perpetual for want of a ,pabulum4 ,on the contrary1 those that defend the possibility of making a perpetual ,lamp1 deny that all the ,nourishment of kindl'd ,fire must of necessity evaporate into a ,damp or ,vapour1 asserting1 that there are things in ,nature1 which not only resist the force of ,fire1 and are inconsumable by it1 but also inextinguishable either by ,wind or ,water3 ,such as these are some peculiar ,preparations of ,gold1 ,silver or ,mercury2 ,naptha1 ,petroleum1 and the like bituminous ,oils2 also ,oil of ,camphir1 ,amber and ,bricks2 the ,lapis ,asbestos seu ,amianthus1 ,lapis ,carystius1 ,cyprius and ,magnesius and ,linum vivum seu ,creticum1 c4 of all which in their ,order4 ,first1 ,they affirm such ,matter might be prepar'd either of ,gold1 ,silver1 or the like ,metal1 ,sidenote3 ,or can be made with ,gold1 ,silver1 made fluid after a particular manner1 and ,gold they thought the fittest ,pabulum for such an inconsumable ,lamp1 because1 of all ,metals1 that wastes the least when either heated or melted1 yet what ,oily ,humidity can that or any other ,metal afford which will catch ,fire and continue its ,flame8 ,but that these perpetual ,lamps1 if ever there were any such1 were not prepar'd of ,metals1 is sufficiently confuted by ,licetus1 p4 #acj and #acb4 and by ,ferrarius1 p4 #af4 tho' ,licetus in another place1 viz4 p4 #dd4 makes mention of a ,preparation of ,quicksilver purged seven ,times1 thro' white ,sand by ,fire1 of which1 he says1 ,lamps were made that would burn perpetually2 and that this ,liquor was variously nam'd by the ,chymists1 ,sidenote3 ,or ,mercury4 as ,aqua ,mercurialis1 ,materia ,metallorum1 perpetua ,dispositio1 ,materia prima ,artis1 ,vitrum perenne incorruptumque1 ,oleum ,vitri1 and the like4 ,nevertheless1 how fabulous soever this may seem1 both ,maturantius and ,citesius aver they firmly believe1 that to make a ,lamp which will burn perpetually1 must of necessity be a ,chymical ,work1 tho' perhaps not made from any ,preparation of ,metal4 ,sidenote3 ,two ,chymical ,experiments for making ,eternal ,fire4 ,this appears from the ,chymical ,experiments of ,tritenhemius and ,bartholomeus ,korndorferus1 who both made ,preparations for ,eternal ,fire after the following manner4 ,sidenote3 ,first ,experiment4 ,the first was thus made3 ,sulphur4 ,alum4 ust4 a iv4 sublime them into ,flowers to ij4 of which add of ,christalline ,venetian ,borax pouder'd j4 upon these affuse high rectify'd ,spirit of ,wine and digest it1 then abstract it and pour on fresh3 ,repeat this so often 'till the ,sulphur melt like ,wax1 without any ,smoak1 upon a hot ,plate of ,brass1 and this is for the ,pabulum1 but the ,wiek is to be prepar'd after this manner3 ,you must gather together the ,threds or ,thrums of the ,lapis ,asbestos1 to the thickness of your middle1 and length of your little ,finger1 which done1 put them into a ,venice ,glass1 and covering them over with the aforesaid depurated ,sulphur or ,aliment1 set the ,glass in ,sand for the space of #bd ,hours1 so hot that the ,sulphur may bubble all the while4 ,the ,wiek being thus besmear'd and anointed1 is to be put into a ,glass like a ,scallop-,shell1 in such manner1 that some part of it may lye above the ,mass of prepar'd ,sulphur2 then setting this ,glass upon hot ,sand1 you must melt the ,sulphur1 so that it may lay hold of the ,wiek1 and when 'tis lighted it will burn with a perpetual ,flame1 and you may set this ,lamp in any ,place where you please4 ,the way of making the other ,eternal ,fire is thus3 ,sidenote3 ,second ,experiment4 4 ,salis tosti1 lb4 j4 affuse over it strong ,wine-,vinegar1 and abstract it to the consistency of ,oil2 then put on fresh ,vinegar and macerate and distill it as before4 ,this repeat four ,times successively1 then put into this ,vinegar ,vitr4 ,antimonii subtiliss4 lvigat1 lb4 j4 set it on ,ashes in a close ,vessel for the space of six ,hours1 to extract its ,tincture1 decant the ,liquor1 and put on fresh1 and then extract it again2 this repeat so often 'till you have got out all the redness4 ,coagulate your ,extractions to the consistency of ,oil1 and then rectifie them in ,balneo ,mari3 ,then take the ,antimony1 from which the ,tincture was extracted1 and reduce it to a very fine ,meal1 and so put it into a glass ,bolthead2 pour upon it the rectify'd ,oil1 which abstract and cohobate seven ,times1 'till such time as the ,pouder has imbib'd all the ,oil1 and is quite dry4 ,this extract again with ,spirit of ,wine1 so often1 'till all the ,essence be got out of it1 which put into a ,venice ,matrass1 well luted with ,paper five-fold1 and then distill it so that the ,spirit being drawn off1 there may remain at bottom an inconsumable ,oil1 to be us'd with a ,wiek after the same manner with the ,sulphur we have describ'd before4 ,these are those ,eternal ,lights of ,tritenhemius1 adds ,libavius's ,commentator1 which indeed tho' they do not agree with the ,pertinacy of ,naptha1 yet these things can illustrate one another4 ,sidenote3 ,lamp made with ,naptha1 ,naptha is not so durable as not to be burn'd1 for it exhales and deflagrates1 but if it be fix'd by adding the ,juice of the ,lapis ,asbestinos1 it can afford ,perpetual ,fuell1 so says that ,learned ,person upon this ,matter4 ,moreover1 ,naptha is a sort of ,bitumen so very hot1 that it presently burns every ,thing it adheres to1 nor is it easily extinguish'd by any moist ,thing2 and ,pliny says it has such ,affinity with ,fire1 that it presently leaps to it wherever it finds it4 ,thus 'tis reported ,glauca was burnt by ,medea1 when she came to ,sacrifice1 for approaching the ,altar the ,fire immediately caught hold of her3 ,this was because ,jason1 being in ,love with ,glauca1 the ,daughter of ,creon ,king of ,corinth1 had forsaken ,medea1 when she to be reveng'd on that ,princess1 wetted her ,vail and ,crown with ,naptha1 by which means she might be the sooner set on ,fire1 as ,plutarch has it in the ,life of ,alexander the ,great4 ,thus as ,naptha is very inflamable and ready to catch ,fire1 so is it not easily extinguish'd either by ,wind or ,water1 but burns more violently if cast into the ,water1 or agitated by the ,wind4 ,of this kind also are some other sorts of ,bitumen1 such as ,petroleum1 ,amber1 ,camphir1 c4 therefore may be proper ,ingredients for these sorts of ,lamps we are speaking of4 ,now in ,egypt there were many ,places full of ,bitumen and ,petroleum1 as ,bellonius1 ,radzivillus1 ,vallus1 ,burattinus1 and other ,searchers into ,egyptian ,antiquities testifie1 which were constituted by the hidden ,counsels of ,nature1 with an inexhaustible store of ,matter2 wherefore the ,learned among them1 who were great ,naturalists1 having discover'd these bituminous ,wells or ,fountains1 ,sidenote3 ,with liquid ,bitumen or ,petroleum4 laid from them secret ,canals or ,pipes to the ,subterranean ,caves and ,sepulchres of the ,dead1 where1 in a convenient ,place1 they set a ,lamp with a ,wiek of ,asbestos1 which was constantly moisten'd and supply'd with ,oil by means of this ,duct from the afore-said ,places3 ,seeing therefore the flowing of the ,oil was perpetual1 and the ,wiek of ,asbestos inconsumable1 it must of necessity follow1 that the ,light also endur'd perpetually4 ,and that this was so1 ,sidenote3 ,confirm'd by ,schiangia4 fully appears from what ,schiangia an ,arabian ,author relates in his ,history of the memorable ,things of ,egypt1 in much the same ,words as follow3 #8,there was a ,field in ,egypt whose ,ditches were full of ,pitch and liquid ,bitumen1 whence the ,philosophers knowing the force of ,nature1 dug some ,canals to their ,subterranean ,crypt1 where they set a ,lamp1 which was joyn'd to the afore-said ,canals1 and which having a ,wiek of incombustible ,flax1 by that means being once lighted1 it burn'd perpetually by reason of the continual afflux of ,bitumen1 and the incombustible ,wiek4' ,the same thing might perhaps be effected with ,naptha1 which flow'd at ,mutina in ,italy1 as also with ,petroleum and ,sicilian ,oil4 ,sidenote3 ,and believ'd by ,kircher1 c4 ,this ,kircher and several others are of ,opinion is the true way of making perpetual ,lamps1 seeing it is a ,thing purely natural1 where such ,bituminous ,oils do abound1 and has no other difficulty in it1 but preparing the ,wiek of ,asbestos1 or the like1 which comes next under our ,consideration4 ,sidenote3 ,lapis ,asbestos4 ,first ,asbestos1 call'd by the ,greeks 1 i4 e4 inextinguibilis1 a kind of ,stone1 which being set on fire1 cannot be quench'd1 as ,pliny and ,solinus write4 ,albertus ,magnus describes it to be a ,stone of an ,iron colour1 found for the most part in ,arabia1 and of such strange ,virtue1 as was manifest in the ,temples of the ,heathen ,gods1 that being once lighted it was never to be extinguish'd1 by reason of some small quantity of oleaginous ,moisture1 which was inseparately mix'd with it1 and which being inflam'd cherish'd the ,fire3 ,now could any expert ,chymist rightly extract this indissoluble ,oil1 we need not question but it would afford a perpetual ,pabulum for these ,eternal ,lamps which the ,ancients boast of2 but many ,experiments of that kind have been made in vain1 some affirming1 ,sidenote3 ,its ,oil4 the ,liquor chymically extracted from that ,stone was more of a watry than oily ,nature1 and withal so fculent1 that it was not capable to receive ,fire and exist4 ,others again have said1 that this ,oil was of so thick and solid a ,substance that it would hardly flow1 and for the most part burn'd not at all or but very indifferently1 emitting no ,flame1 or if it did1 it shone not with a bright splendor1 but cast up thick and dark ,fumes1 whereas on the contrary1 those ,lamps of the ,ancients1 which burn'd so many ,ages1 yielded a clear and bright ,flame without any ,smoak to soil the ,vessel and circum-ambient ,places1 and which in time might both obscure1 stop up and put out the ,light3 ,hence ,kircher is of ,opinion1 that tho' the ,mistery of extracting this ,oil be not impracticable1 yet it is very difficult to be attain'd to by any ,humane ,art1 and as ,ferrarius also observes1 that as the ,stone ,asbestos1 if once lighted is inextinguishable1 so much more must its ,oil be both incombustible and inextinguishable1 wherefore it does not appear that the ,lamps of the ,ancients were made either of one or the other1 seeing for the most part they are said to have gone out immediately on the opening of the ,sepulchre where they were plac'd4 ,sidenote3 ,asbeston seu ,asbestinum4 ,secondly1 ,the very same is said of ,asbeston sive ,asbestinum1 which the ,greeks call 1 i4 e4 inextinguibile1 est genus ,lini quod ,ignibus non absumitur1 a kind of ,flax of which they made ,cloth that was to be cleans'd by burning1 as ,tobacco-,pipes are4 ,pliny calls it ,linum vivum and ,indian ,flax1 and says it was so dear it was esteem'd equal to ,pearl and ,precious ,stones1 for it was hard to be met with1 and then very difficult to be woven1 by reason of the shortness of it4 ,also he tells us the ,bodies of ,kings were wont to be wrapp'd in this sort of ,cloth1 when they were to be burn'd1 to the end the ,ashes might be preserv'd unmix'd from those of the ,funeral ,pile1 in order to the laying them up in ,urns1 as the ,custom then was when they burn'd their dead ,bodies4 ,moreover ,pliny says1 he saw some ,napkins of this sort of ,cloth in his ,time1 and was an ,eye-,witness of the ,experiment of purifying them by ,fire4 ,one ,podocattarus1 a ,cyprian ,knight1 who wrote de ,rebus ,cypriis in the ,year #aeff1 had both ,flax and ,linnen of this kind with him at ,venice1 which ,porcacchius says1 in his ,book of ,antient ,funerals1 he and many others that were with him1 saw at that ,knight's ,house4 ,also ,ludovicus ,vives saw a ,towel of this kind at ,lovain in ,brabant1 and several ,wieks of it at ,paris1 as he himself relates in his ,commentary upon ,st4 ,austin's ,treatise de ,civitate ,dei4 ,likewise ,baptista ,porta1 says he saw the same thing at ,venice in the hands of a ,cyprian ,woman1 and which he terms ,secretum optimum1 perpulchrum perutile1 a very useful1 beautiful and profitable ,secret4 ,several other ,authors testifie they have seen the same1 but ,henricus ,salmuthius1 in his ,commentary upon ,pancirollus1 p4 #af4 will have this sort of ,linnen to be call'd ,asbestinum1 from its likeness to ,chalk1 which he says the ,greeks term'd 1 for as that is wont to be purify'd by ,fire1 so is this ,linnen made clean and white by burning4 ,sidenote3 ,two ,objections against this ,asbeston4 ,now the chief ,objections ,ferrarius makes against ,pliny's ,account of this incombustible and inextinguishable ,flax are1 first1 ,that if ,wieks had been made of it1 they would never have been consum'd or extinguish'd1 or when once the ,funeral ,pile was lighted1 the incombustible ,linnen1 wherein the ,bodies were wrapp'd1 as also the ,napkins and ,towels1 which ,authors mention1 would never have been quench'd1 but have burn'd perpetually1 whereas1 he says1 this kind of ,linnen burn'd only so long as either ,grease1 ,fat1 or the like ,sordes afforded the ,flame a ,pabulum1 wherefore that being consum'd which had occasion'd the ,spots or ,dirt1 the ,linnen appear'd more white and clean than if it had been wash'd with ,water and ,soap4 ,from this it appears also that those ,funeral ,shrouds of ,kings1 often mention'd in ,authors1 burn'd only so long upon the ,pile as the ,fat or ,sanies of the ,body afforded ,aliment1 and when that fail'd1 the ,flame ceas'd likewise2 for otherwise1 if this sort of ,flaxen ,linnen had been inextinguishable1 as ,salmuthius seems to imply by the word 1 how could those ,napkins or ,funeral ,shrouds1 when once burn'd1 be ever handl'd or made use of any more without burning whatever they came near or touch'd8 ,the second ,objection is taken from ,pliny's own ,words1 who tells us1 this sort of ,flax was very scarce and of great ,price1 being preserv'd for the ,kings of that ,country only1 so that 'tis highly probable the ,egyptians might make use of another sort of ,cloth1 ,sidenote3 ,lapis ,amiantus4 made of the ,stone ,amiantus1 for burning their ,bodies1 and which1 ,pliny says1 they had the ,art of ,spinning at that ,time4 ,plutarch also assures us that in his ,time there was a ,quarry of that ,stone in the ,island of ,negropont1 and that the like was to be found in the ,isle of ,cyprus1 ,tines1 and else-where4 ,moreover1 'tis the common ,opinion of the ,learned1 that both ,funeral ,shrouds or ,sheets1 ,table-,cloths1 ,napkins and the ,wieks of the ,perpetual ,lamps of the ,ancients1 were made of this ,lapis ,amiantus1 which ,linnen1 c4 ,porcacchius and ,ludovicus ,vives have particularly spoken of before3 ,besides1 as ,dasamus relates1 the ,emperor ,constantine caus'd ,wieks to be made of this ,flax for those ,lamps which burn'd perpetually in his ,bathing ,place1 and ,agricola affirms1 that both ,napkins1 ,table-,cloths1 c4 were made at ,rome1 and at ,vereberge in ,bohemia1 of this ,lapis ,amiantus1 which instead of washing when dirty1 they were wont to cleanse and purifie by ,fire4 ,the best sort of this ,stone was to be had in ,cyprus and ,india1 from the former of which ,countries it came to be call'd ,lapis ,cyprius and ,linum ,cyprium2 ,sidenote3 ,lapis ,cyprius and ,linum ,cyprium4 but of late there has been very good found in some ,mines of ,italy1 of which see ,philosophical ,transact4 ,no4 #gb4 ,this ,stone being beaten with a ,hammer1 and the ,earth and ,dust shaken out1 appears like to ,flax with its ,filaments1 and then is spun and woven into ,cloth1 which ,art1 says ,dr4 ,grew in his ,description of the ,rarities in ,gresham-,college1 as well as the ,use is thought to be utterly lost1 tho' it be not really so2 for ,septalius in his ,musum has or lately had1 both ,thread1 ,ropes1 ,paper and ,net-work1 all made of this ,flax1 and some of them with his own ,hand4 ,but ,grew seems to make ,asbestinus ,lapis and ,amiantus all one1 and calls them in ,english the ,thrum-,stone2 he says it grows in short ,threads or ,thrums1 from about a quarter of an ,inch to an ,inch in length1 parallel and glossy1 as fine as those small single ,threads the ,silk-,worm spins1 and very flexile like to ,flax or ,tow4 ,there are several pieces of this kind in the aforesaid ,musum1 both white and green1 of which the latter has the longest ,threads and the most flexile4 ,others think the ,funeral ,shrouds1 wherein the dead ,bodies of ,kings were burn'd1 as also the ,wieks of those ,perpetual ,lamps were made of the ,lapis ,carystius1 ,sidenote3 ,lapis ,carystius4 a ,stone so call'd from the ,city ,carystos1 and which signifies1 ,ardens ,tela1 quod ex ,lapide ,carystio texeretur2 ,tela cujus sordes ,igne purgabantur4 ,the ,inhabitants kemb'd1 spun and wove this downy ,stone into ,mantles1 ,table-,linnen and the like1 which when foul they purify'd again with ,fire instead of ,water1 as ,mattheus ,raderus mentions in his ,comment on the #ggth ,epigr4 of the ,,ix4 ,book of ,martial4 ,also ,pausanias in ,atticis1 and ,plutarch ,lib4 ,de ,oraculorum defectu1 deliver that the ,wieks of ,lamps made hereof1 and burn'd with ,oil1 never consum'd1 tho' the latter says the ,stone was not to be found in his ,time4 ,sidenote3 ,linum ,carpasium4 ,others say it was the ,linum ,carpasium which was apply'd to all these ,uses1 so call'd a ,carpaso1 ,cypri ,urbe1 and that ,linnen made thereof was call'd ,carbasa1 which ,solinus says1 would endure ,fire without consuming4 ,sometimes also 'tis call'd ,linum ,cyprium1 ,sidenote3 ,cyprium4 of which kind of ,flax it was made1 and they report the before-mention'd ,podocatterus1 a ,cyprian ,knight1 shew'd a piece of it to the ,venetians1 and which he cleans'd by burning in the ,fire4 ,franciscus ,ruus1 ,albertus ,magnus1 ,clius ,rhodiginus1 ,camillus1 ,leonardus1 ,isiodorus1 and many other famous ,writers alledge1 if a ,wiek be made of this kind of ,flax1 it will not consume with ,fire1 and ,pausanias particularly says1 the ,wiek of the ,golden ,lamp of ,minerva was made hereof4 ,much like this1 if not directly the same1 was the ,flax call'd ,linum ,creticum2 ,sidenote3 ,creticum4 for1 as ,solinus asserts1 those ,carbasa1 that would endure the ,fire1 were made in ,crete4 ,also ,strabo says this ,linum ,creticum was made out of a ,rock1 beaten into ,threads1 and the ,earthy ,matter shaken out1 after which 'twas kemb'd and woven into ,cloth which was not to be consum'd1 but might be cleans'd by burning4 ,other ,authors say inconsumable ,cloth1 and the ,wieks of ,perpetual ,lamps were made of the ,stones ,magnesia1 ,alumen ,sciscile1 and the like2 ,sidenote3 ,magnesia1 ,alumen ,sciscile1 c4 but whether under different ,denominations one thing might be meant1 ,i can by no means pretend to determin1 altho' ,hieronymus ,mercurialis thinks ,linnen made of the ,lapis ,carystius to be the same which ,pliny calls ,linum vivum1 ,pausanias1 ,carpasium1 ,solinus1 ,carbasum1 ,zoroaster1 ,bostrichitem1 others ,corsoidem1 some ,poliam or ,spartopoliam1 and the common ,people ,villam ,salamandr4 ,tho' after all1 the ,ancients might very probably have some other ,invention for burning ,bodies1 such as to set them on the ,fire in a ,coffin of ,stone1 ,brass or ,iron1 from whence it was very easie to gather the ,ashes and ,bones that were not consum'd2 and as for the ,lamps some are of ,opinion they had no ,wieks at all3 ,among these was ,licetus1 who believes the antient ,lamps wanted ,wieks1 because few or none of them have been found1 and ,ludovicus ,vives is the only ,person that affirms he has seen any2 but this is nevertheless a conjectural ,opinion1 since they might have been destroy'd either by ,time1 ,fire or any other ,accident4 ,however1 he at least affirms the ,wiek of a ,lamp not to be absolutely necessary towards its burning1 by reason ,camphir1 ,naptha1 ,oil of ,bricks1 liquid ,bitumen1 and the like1 will for the most part take ,fire without any addition of a ,wiek4 ,ferrarius1 on the contrary1 does not deny but rather confirm the use of ,wieks1 making the ,question dubious1 ,sidenote3 ,whether the ,perpetuity of a ,lamp proceeded from the ,oil or ,wiek4 whether the perpetuity of ,light in ,lamps proceeded mostly from the ,oil or ,wiek8 ,if from the ,oil1 says he1 why did they generally go out upon the admission of ,air into the ,sepulchre at its first opening8 ,for ,air or a gentle gale of ,wind is not commonly found prejudicial to the flame of ,oil1 but only violent ,blasts or ,storms1 which if absent1 the ,flame or ,light will continue so long as the ,aliment lasts4 ,but how then came the ,lamps of ,minerva1 ,pallas and others not to be extinguish'd by the rushing in of ,wind or sprinkling of ,dust1 and only by breaking the ,lamp8 ,surely there must needs have been two kinds of inconsumable ,oil1 one which fear'd any admission of ,air1 and another which defy'd the most violent storms of ,rain or ,wind2 or perhaps one might be the effect of an ,oil-,lamp without any ,wiek1 and the other of a ,lamp which had both ,oil and ,wiek1 which certainly must have been the most permanent4 ,for grant there are some ,oils so spirituous and inflammable1 that they will of themselves catch ,fire at a great distance1 yet must these needs be too volatile to occasion a ,lamp to burn perpetually1 unless they are fix'd with some more permanent ,matter1 ,sidenote3 ,both ,wiek and ,oil in a ,lamp4 and then they cannot be so easily lighted without a ,wiek2 neither can we understand how it should burn so above the ,lamp1 unless the ,flame be supported by a little ,cord or ,wiek1 the ,vehicle of the ,oil3 ,besides1 ,what can that little ,foramen at the ,beak of all the ,lamps mean1 but only to thrust the ,wiek and ,light out at8 ',tis plain therefore they had ,wieks1 but what they were made of1 whether of ,asbestos1 ,amiantus1 or any of the before-mention'd ,things1 is somewhat difficult to decide2 forasmuch as they being reported both to have been inconsumable and inextinguishable1 when once lighted1 they must needs have burn'd perpetually1 and consequently the ,lamps have had no occasion for any ,oil2 but this is certainly false1 for both the ,lamps and ,funeral ,shrouds burn'd only so long as there was any ,oil1 ,fat1 or oleaginous ,moisture remaining1 which being consum'd they likewise ceas'd1 yet might perhaps remain unconsum'd1 but that without any ,flame4 ,however1 we must not deny there were any ,wieks in ,lamps1 because they could not1 as most are of opinion1 continue to burn of themselves without any oily inflammable ,matter1 but rather all believe both the ,oil and ,wiek had a ,virtue to assist each other1 and on the contrary could not burn separately for any duration or considerable ,time4 ,but some have thought quite otherwise of this matter1 viz4 ,that what ,country-,peasants imagine they see at the first breaking up of such ,sepulchres are only the sudden irradiations and reflections of the ,sun in those dark ,caves1 or else some sparks of ,light rais'd by the percussion or attrition of their ,iron-,tools against the ,stones1 a glimmering ,vapour of the ,earth1 or the like ,appearances1 which being heightn'd by the strength of their prepossess'd ,fancy1 they easily take to be one of the ,perpetual ,lamps of the ,ancients1 which had burn'd 'till then1 but was immediately extinguish'd upon the rushing in of the ,air1 or accidental breaking of the ,lamp4 ,but ,gutherius thinks the contrary2 he imagines it was some ,liquor or ,pouder which took fire at the entring in of the ,air3 ,and ,johan4 ,sigism4 ,elholtius1 in his ,observations de ,phosphoris1 p4 #i4 obs4 #b4 ,sect4 #d4 compares his liquid ,phosphorus or ,cold ,fire1 as he terms it1 with the ,lamps of the ,ancients in these ,words3 ,sidenote3 ,perpetual ,burning ,lamp thought to be liquid ,phosphorus4 ,plura circa frigidum hunc ,ignem ,phnomina hactenus non observavimus1 in posterum tamen istis experimentis plus oper sumus impensuri1 postea communicaturi4 ,profecto1 si conjectura quorundam de ,lucernis ,veterum ,sepulchralibus vera est1 quod scilicet non ,mille vel amplius ,annos illa arserint1 sed quod apert demum ardere cperint1 tum utique ab ,oleo illo ,antiquorum1 non multum obfuerit hic ,phosphorus liquidus4 ,qui enim quiescens obturatus haud nitet1 apertus inter aperiendum motus1 corruscare atque flagrare incipit3 restauratq2 hoc pacto forent ,lucern ill1 multis retro ,seculis inter ,deperdita ab omnibus relat4 ,we have not hitherto observ'd more ,phnomena concerning this ,cold ,fire1 nevertheless intend for the future to spend more ,time and ,labour in these ,experiments1 and then will communicate them to the ,public4 ,but surely if a certain ,conjecture concerning the ,lamps of the ,ancients be true1 viz4 ,that they burn'd not a ,thousand or more ,years1 but at length when they came to be discover'd began to burn1 then certainly this liquid ,phosphorus cannot differ much from that ,oil of the ,ancients1 which lying quiet and stopp'd up1 hardly shines2 but being open'd1 in the motion of opening begins to corruscate and burn1 and after this manner those ,lamps would be restor'd1 which are related by all to have been lost for many ,ages4 ,sidenote3 ,licetus's ,opinion that a ,perpetual ,lamp may be made4 ,nevertheless1 ,licetus endeavours to persuade us that a ,pabulum for ,fire may be given with such an equal ,temperament1 as cannot be consum'd but after a long ,series of ,ages1 and so that neither the ,matter shall exhale but strongly resist the ,fire1 nor the ,fire consume the ,matter1 but be restrain'd by it1 as it were with a ,chain1 from flying upward4 ,this1 says ,sir ,thomas ,brown in his ,vulgar ,errors1 p4 #abd4 speaking of ,lamps which have burn'd many ,hundreds of ,years1 included in close ,bodies1 proceeds from the ,purity of the ,oil1 which yeilds no fuliginous ,exhalations to suffocate the ,fire2 for if ,air had nourish'd the ,flame1 then it had not continu'd many ,minutes1 for it would certainly in that case have been spent and wasted by the ,fire4 ,but the ,art of preparing this inconsumable ,oil is lost1 having perish'd long since1 as ,pancirollus assures us1 but neither he nor any other ,learned ,man has given us any convincing ,proof that there ever was such a ,thing1 but only think to amuse us with a wonderful ,art1 and then tell us only it is quite lost4 ,and for my part ,i cannot see hitherto that all that has been wrote or said on this ,subject is sufficient to prove there ever was any such ,thing1 and much more that it ever could be made4 ,licetus1 who has argu'd most on this ,head1 is confuted by ,aresius1 and in a word1 all that can be alledg'd is1 that if this ,art be not impossible to be effected1 it is nevertheless as difficult to be attain'd to1 by any ,human ,invention1 as the ,perpetual ,motion or ,philosophers ,stone1 therefore ,i shall not trouble my ,thoughts any farther about these ,lamps1 but only look on them as so many ,hieroglyphics or ,symbols of the ,immortality of the ,soul1 and heartily pray that we may not want ,oil in our ,lamps when the ,bridegroom shall come1 but be prepar'd to enjoy ,eternal ,light with him1 which is the devout ,prayer of1 ,,sir1 ,your most ,obliged ,humble ,servant1 ,thomas ,greenhill4 ,,finis4 ,a ,,catalogue ,,of ,authors quoted in this ,book4 ,a4 ,absyrtus4 ,cl4 lianus4 ,atius4 ,agellius4 ,albertus ,leoninus4 ,albertus magnus4 ,p4 ,alpinus4 ,d4 ,ambrosius4 ,ammianus ,marcellinus4 ,apella ,judus4 ,petr4 ,appianus4 ,appion4 ,apuleius4 ,aretius4 ,aristoteles4 ,aristides4 ,arnobius4 ,artemidorus4 ,athenagoras4 ,athenus4 ,d4 ,augustinus4 ,avicenna4 ,aurelius4 ,m4 ,aurelius ,antoninus4 ,sext4 ,aurelius ,victor4 ,b4 ,lord ,bacon4 ,rob4 ,baronius1 ,cardinalis4 ,barthius4 ,tho4 ,bartholinus4 ,bartholomus4 ,sir ,john ,beaumont1 ,kt4 ,bellonius4 ,bellori4 ,phil4 ,bergomas4 ,joh4 ,bilsius4 ,steph4 ,blancardus4 ,boccatius4 ,ol4 ,borrichius4 ,bossuet4 ,botio4 ,sir ,tho4 ,brown1 ,kt4 ,dr4 ,edw4 ,brown4 ,m4 ,corneille le ,bruyn4 ,tit4 ,liv4 ,burattinus4 ,gilb4 ,burnet1 ,d4 ,d4 ,joan4 ,buxtorfius4 ,c4 ,clius ,rhodiginus4 ,joh4 ,calvin4 ,camden4 ,camerarius4 ,camillus4 ,jac4 ,capellus4 ,hier4 ,cardanus4 ,joan4 ,bapt4 ,casalius4 ,casimirus4 ,cedrenus4 ,gabr4 ,clauderus4 ,clemens ,alexandrinus4 ,cl4 ,claudianus4 ,william ,clark4 ,herm4 ,conringius4 ,cornelius ,celsus4 ,joan4 ,chrysostomus4 ,chytrus4 ,m4 ,t4 ,cicero4 ,franc4 ,citesius4 ,val4 ,cordus4 ,joan4 ,costus4 ,tho4 ,creech4 ,q4 ,curtius4 ,d4 ,delachampius4 ,mart4 ,delrius4 ,democritus4 ,demosthenes4 ,diodorus ,siculus4 ,dionysius ,halicarnassus4 ,ped4 ,dioscorides4 ,joh4 ,dryden4 ,e4 ,bishop of ,ely4 ,joan4 ,sigism4 ,elholtius4 ,eratosthenes4 ,sebast4 ,ericius4 ,mich4 ,etmullerus4 ,euripides4 ,eusebius4 ,f4 ,pet4 ,faber4 ,firmianus4 ,erasm4 ,franciscus4 ,wolfg4 ,franzius4 ,g4 ,cl4 ,galenus4 ,aulus ,gellius4 ,b4 ,gerhard4 ,conr4 ,gesnerus4 ,sax4 ,grammaticus4 ,joh4 ,greaves4 ,gretserus4 ,hug4 ,grotius4 ,andr4 ,gryphius4 ,antonio de ,guevara4 ,claude ,guichard4 ,melch4 ,guilandius4 ,gutherius4 ,lil4 ,gyraldus4 ,h4 ,joan4 ,henr4 ,heideggerus4 ,heliodorus4 ,henshaw4 ,m4 ,joan4 ,herbinius4 ,herodotus4 ,hermolaus ,barbarus4 ,pet4 ,heylin4 ,hippocrates4 ,aul4 ,hirtius4 ,homer4 ,i4 ,jacobonus4 ,iamblichus4 ,jarchas4 ,st4 ,jerome4 ,josephus4 ,isiodorus4 ,isocrates4 ,justinus4 ,juvenalis4 ,k4 ,athan4 ,kircher4 ,joan4 ,kirkmannus4 ,barth4 ,korndorferus4 ,kornmannus4 ,l4 ,lactantius4 ,langius4 ,wolfg4 ,lazius4 ,lampridius4 ,leander4 ,leo ,africanus4 ,leonardus4 ,andr4 ,libavius4 ,phil4 ,libertus4 ,fortun4 ,licetus4 ,just4 ,lipsius4 ,t4 ,livius4 ,lucanus4 ,lucianus4 ,lucretius4 ,nich4 ,lyranus4 ,m4 ,macrobius4 ,maimonides4 ,sim4 ,maiolus4 ,manetho4 ,martialis4 ,martinus4 ,franc4 ,maturantius4 ,matthiolus4 ,andr4 ,maurocenus4 ,pomp4 ,mela4 ,p4 ,menestrier4 ,minutius ,felix4 ,hieron4 ,mercurialis4 ,joh4 ,milton4 ,bened4 ,ar4 ,montanus4 ,n4 ,joan4 ,nardius4 ,natalis ,comes4 ,greg4 ,nazianzen4 ,nicephorus ,callistus4 ,joan4 ,nicolaius4 ,nubiensis ,geographia4 ,o4 ,origen4 ,p4 ,pet4 ,pais4 ,guid4 ,pancirollus4 ,onuph4 ,panvinus4 ,pausanias4 ,louis ,penicher4 ,petronius ,arbiter4 ,philostratus4 ,philoxenes4 ,pierius4 ,pflaumerus4 ,plato4 ,plautus4 ,plinius4 ,plutarchus4 ,podocatterus4 ,tho4 ,porcacchius4 ,porphyrius4 ,j4 ,bap4 ,porta4 ,proclus4 ,prosper ,alpinus4 ,aur4 ,prudentius4 ,ptolomus4 ,q4 ,joan4 ,andr4 ,quenstedt4 ,r4 ,matth4 ,raderus4 ,jo4 ,raius4 ,radzivillus4 ,rhasis4 ,cl4 ,rhodiginus4 ,andr4 ,rivetus4 ,hier4 ,ruscellius4 ,fran4 ,ruus4 ,frid4 ,ruysh4 ,s4 ,cl4 ,salmasius4 ,alph4 ,salmeron4 ,henr4 ,salmuthius4 ,sanctius4 ,sanchuniathon4 ,sandys4 ,santorellus4 ,saturnius4 ,saxo ,grammaticus4 ,jul4 ,cs4 ,scaliger4 ,bernardin4 ,scardeonius4 ,mich4 ,schatta4 ,schiangia4 ,joan4 ,schroderus4 ,seleucus4 ,seneca4 ,serapion4 ,servius4 ,cabr4 ,sionita4 ,silius ,italicus4 ,solinus4 ,sopranes4 ,p4 ,statius4 ,spartianus4 ,nich4 ,steno4 ,suetonius4 ,suidas4 ,sulpitius ,severus4 ,joh4 ,swammerdam4 ,t4 ,corn4 ,tacitus4 ,alex4 ,tassonius4 ,tatian4 ,father ,telles4 ,william ,arch-bishop of ,tyre4 ,theophrastus4 ,thevenot4 ,tolosanus4 ,alphons4 ,tostatus4 ,joan4 ,trithemius4 ,v4 ,valerianus4 ,valerius ,maximus4 ,vallus4 ,vanslebius4 ,varro4 ,rich4 ,verstegan4 ,joan4 ,veslingius4 ,p4 ,virgilius ,maro4 ,polyd4 ,vergilius4 ,fl4 ,vopiscus4 ,raph4 ,volaterranus4 ,w4 ,weever4 ,ol4 ,wormius4 ,x4 ,xenophon4 ,xiphilinus4 ,z4 ,zoroaster4 ,zosimus4 ,,the ,,table ,a4 ,abel-mizraim1 #bhc4 ,abiit1 non obiit1 why writ on ,tombs1 #ee4 ,abraham's ,burying-place1 #h4 ,absalom1 how buried1 #eb4 ---- his ,pillar1 ibid4 #hf4 ,achan and ,king ,ai buried under a ,heap of ,stones1 #ea4 ,acherusia1 #cja4 ,achilles feared ,sea-burial1 #dh4 ,act of ,burial1 #gb1 #hb4 ,adam1 where buried1 #h4 neas1 why called by the ,name of ,pious1 #cd4 ---- afraid of ,sea burial1 #de4 ---- took care of ,sepulture1 #dc4 ,agues malignant1 #afe4 thiopians1 how they ,embalm1 #fc4 ,air and ,water of ,egypt both very good1 #aeh4 ,air of ,egypt1 very hot1 #adf4 ---- ---- cool'd by the ,nile1 and ,annual ,winds1 ib4 ---- ---- moist1 prejudicial to ,embalming1 #aea4 ---- ---- unequal1 bad for ,embalming1 #aei4 ,air poisoned1 #ac4 ---- moist1 infected by a putrid ,carcass1 #ad4 ,alexander very careful of his ,sepulture1 #db4 ---- his ,burial1 #bag1 #bah1 #bai1 #bbj4 ---- made a magnificent ,funeral for his ,horse ,bucephalus1 #cj4 ,alexandria1 #baa4 ---- eminent for the ,liberal ,sciences1 #bae4 ---- how industrious and flourishing1 #bce4 ---- its ,earth full of ,nitre1 #bbj4 ,aloes1 what meant by that ,word in ,embalming1 #bec4 1 #ahe4 ,amiantus ,lapis1 #cfj4 ,anatomy1 why so called1 #ahj4 ---- its ,encomium1 #ahb4 ---- very useful in ,embalming1 ibid4 ---- anciently performed by great and holy ,men1 #bea4 ,ancients feared ,sea burial1 #de4 ,animals which bury their ,dead1 #bf4 ---- embalmed with ,cedar1 #bgd4 ,anointing the ,dead1 #ei1 #fj1 #fa4 ---- a kind of ,embalming1 ib4 ---- to what purpose used1 #fc4 ,apis1 #aii4 1 #bfj4 ,apoplexy1 #afe4 ,apollo the younger1 #age4 ,apothecary1 #fa1 #fb1 #agg1 #ahh4 ,armais1 #agc1 #agd4 ,arithmetic1 how first invented1 #bca4 ,arts1 how first invented1 #bbi4 ---- most flourishing in the ,reign of ,amasis1 #bce4 ---- can never flourish where ,quacks and ,undertakers are1 #agi4 ,art of making ,gold and ,silver1 #ahc4 ---- of tinging ,glass1 and making artificial ,stones1 #ahe4 ---- of ,distilling1 ,calcining1 c4 #ahf4 ---- of ,bandage1 #ahh4 ---- of ,poisoning the ,air1 #ac4 which chiefly consists of ,man's ,flesh1 #ad4 ,asa's ,burial1 #fa4 ,asphalt1 #bgf4 ---- how us'd in ,embalming1 ib4 #bhh4 ,assius ,lapis1 #beg4 ,astrology of the ,egyptians1 #aia4 ---- how invented1 #bca4 ,athothus1 the ancient ,egyptian ,mercury1 #agj4 ---- ,inventor of ,images1 ,characters1 and ,dancing1 ib4 ---- ,sacrific'd ,animals1 and learned ,embalming and ,anatomy1 #agb4 1 #ch4 ,attiring the ,corps1 #fd4 ---- with white ,vests1 #ff4 ---- why it should be used1 #ff1 #fh4 ---- what sort only exclaim'd against1 #fg4 ,asbestos ,lapis1 #ceg4 ---- its ,oil1 ib4 ,asbeston1 seu ,asbestinum1 #ceh4 ---- two ,objections against it1 #cei4 ,averruncal ,statues1 #bih4 ,authors who have written of ,sepulchral ,lamps1 #ccj4 ,b4 ,babylon1 #bjd4 ---- in ,chaldea1 #bbe4 ,babylonians1 how they embalmed1 #fc4 ,balsam ,plant1 #bjh4 ---- ,its ,description1 #bji4 ---- ,virtues1 #aaj4 ,basaltes1 an ,ethiopic ,stone1 #bea4 ,bechira seu ,bechiria1 #abg4 ,bees1 how they bury and embalm themselves1 #bh4 ,berd il ,agiuz1 #aed4 ,bergwachs1 #bgg4 ,beth-chajim1 #ag4 ,bitumen ,judaicum1 #bgf1 #bhh4 ,body1 why to be taken care of1 #be1 #ajc1 #aje4 ---- the ,temple of ,god1 #be4 ---- stuff'd with ,medicinal ,ingredients1 #beb4 ---- with ,myrrh1 ,aloes1 and ,cinnamon1 #bec4 ---- preserv'd in a ,salt-,pit1 #bfi4 ---- salted with ,nitre1 #bda1 #bed1 #bee1 #bfi4 ---- only prepared with ,pissasphalt1 #bgh4 ---- with artificial ,pissasphalt1 ib4 ---- why burnt1 #ej1 #aai4 ,first-born of ,egypt slain1 #cdc1 #cdd4 ,brain how extracted1 #bda1 #bdh1 #bdi4 ,brutes buried with ,pomp and ,magnificence1 #cj4 ,a great ,burning made for ,king ,asa1 #fa4 ,burning the ,dead1 how order'd1 #hc4 ---- why used1 #hb4 ---- how long continued in use1 #he4 ---- as liable to be ill treated by an ,enemy as ,burial1 #ej4 ---- an ignominious ,way of ,burial1 #he4 ,burial1 its ,rise and ,antiquity1 #h4 ---- #ast ,cause of it1 ib4 ---- #b;d ,cause1 #i4 ---- #c;d ,cause1 #af4 ---- #dth ,cause1 #ag4 ---- #eth ,cause1 ib4 ,burial1 thought more beneficial to the ,living than ,dead1 #i1 #aj4 ---- frees from the ,terror of ,death1 #aa4 ---- preserves ,bodies from ,putrifaction1 #aa1 #ae4 ---- ---- from the ,plague1 #ab1 #ae1 #bg4 ,burial1 a ,work acceptable to ,god1 #cc4 ---- to our ,saviour1 ib4 ---- an ,act of ,justice1 ib4 ---- a ,work of ,piety and ,religion1 ib4 ---- of ,mercy and ,humanity1 ib4 ,burial1 the ,care of the ,gods1 #ce4 ---- an ,honour to the ,dead1 ib4 ---- an ,happiness1 ,favour and ,kindness1 ib4 ---- called by various ,names1 #cc1 #cd4 ---- how called by the ,saxons1 #ib4 ,burial-place1 called by several ,names1 #ag4 ,burial in the ,city1 #ic4 ,vide1 ,places of ,sepulture4 ---- by some used in the ,day1 by others in the ,night1 #gb4 ---- more ancient than ,burning1 #he4 ---- observ'd by ,brutes as well as ,men1 #bf4 ---- decent1 what1 #di4 ---- ignominious1 what1 #di1 #ea4 ,why there ought to be different kinds of ,burial1 #ce1 #eb1 #ec4 ,burial1 why despised by some1 #ba1 #bb4 ---- in what ,sense the ,philosophers slighted it1 #bc4 ---- the ,want of it not prejudicial to the ,soul1 #ah4 ---- yet much feared by the ,heathens1 #ba4 ---- as believing the ,souls of the unburied wandred #ajj ,years1 ib4 ,burial1 the want of it a ,punishment1 #dg4 ---- some kinds of it a ,punishment1 #di1 #ea1 #eb4 ,to be buried like an ,ass1 a ,curse1 #ch4 ,c4 ,csar's ,palace1 #bac4 ,cairo1 ,old and ,new1 #bje4 ,caleg1 #afe4 ,campus ,sceleratus1 or ,burying-place of the ,vestal ,virgins1 #ej4 ,campus ,martius1 #hi4 ,camsins1 #aed1 #aee4 ,canal1 or ,khalis1 #bjf1 #bac4 ,canibals1 eat ,man's ,flesh1 #ad4 ,cardan's ,mausoleum for a ,fly1 #bi4 ,care the ,ancients took of ,sepulture1 #cb4 ,carrying forth the ,corps1 #ga4 ---- ---- how managed1 #gc4 ,carver1 #bhf4 ,castle of ,roude1 #acc4 ,cataracts of ,nile1 #acj4 ---- the greater1 ib4 ---- the lesser1 #aca4 ,caves near the ,pyramids1 #cbc4 ,cave called the ,church1 #cbi4 ---- with two ,mummies in it1 ib4 ,cedar-,ship built by ,sesostris1 #ahc4 ,cedria1 what1 #bga4 ---- its ,liquor1 ,oil1 ,pitch1 ,gum1 c4 #bgb4 ---- its ,virtues1 ib4 ---- ,clysters made of it1 and their ,operations1 #bgc4 ,cenotaphs1 #ig1 #ii4 ---- why built1 ib4 1 #ih4 ,cera di ,minera1 #bgg4 ,ceremonies in ,funerals not to be neglected1 #ec4 ---- how and when useful1 #ajb4 ,charon1 #bde1 #cja4 ,cheop's ,tomb1 #cah4 ---- the spacious ,chamber which contains it1 ib4 ,chimistry invented by ,hermes1 #ahc4 ,chimical ,medicines useful in ,embalming1 #ahf1 #bde4 ,cimon the ,athenian buried his ,horses1 #cj4 ,cleopatra's ,palace1 #bad4 ,clerk1 who1 #bhj4 ,climate of ,egypt1 #ade4 ,closing the ,eyes1 #ee4 ---- ---- why used1 #ef4 ,coffins made of ,sycamore1 #bie4 ,conclamation1 #eg1 #eh4 ---- thought useless by ,santorellus1 #eh4 ,cold ,fire1 a sort of ,phosphorus1 #cfe4 ,cold of the old ,hag1 a ,season so call'd1 #aed4 ,colossus made of ,emerald1 #i ,cubits high1 #ahf4 ,collerus's ,funeral ,oration1 #dc4 ,comparative ,anatomy1 #d4 ,corpora ,condita1 #bhe4 ,corpus ,medicatum1 #bhd4 ,corps1 7,handsome7 well-pleasing to the ,ancients1 #eg4 ---- why it soonest consumes in a ,church-yard1 #ae4 ,creatures1 every one takes care of their own ,funeral1 #bg4 ,crowning the ,dead1 #fi4 ---- a ,reward to ,vertue1 ib4 #gj4 ---- whence deriv'd1 and to what end1 #fi4 ,crypt1 #bjb4 ---- why so call'd1 #if4 ---- ,kiovienses1 #ie4 ---- one found at ,nismes1 #if4 ,curing a ,corps1 what1 #ahh4 ,cynocephalus1 #bca4 ,d4 ,david's ,sepulchre1 #cg4 ,day of ,burial1 when1 #gb4 ---- of ,burning1 ib4 ,delta1 why so called1 #abg1 #aca4 ,dead ,bodies1 why kept #g ,days1 #eh4 ---- kept in their ,houses1 #cjd4 ---- plac'd at the ,table1 ib4 ,dead ,sea1 #adc4 ,death compar'd to ,sleep1 #ef1 #aaj4 ,dei ,ager aut ,fundus1 #ag4 ,delphian ,oracle1 how to be understood1 #d4 ,demonactes1 how he desired to be buried1 #bc4 ,deprivation of ones ,sepulchre1 a ,curse1 #cg4 ,description of the ,ichnography and ,scenography of the ,subterranean ,caves1 #cbg4 ---- of some ,lamps1 #ccc4 ---- of the first and fairest ,pyramid1 #cab4 ---- of the ,gallery1 #caf4 ,dew of ,egypt1 #aef4 ,difference between ,ecclesiastical and ,criminal ,burial1 #di4 ,dioclesian1 why he burnt all ,chimical ,books1 #ahd4 ,diodorus ,siculus's ,account of the ,egyptian ,funerals1 #bdc4 ,diogenes' jocose ,sayings concerning ,sepulture1 #bb4 ,the ,dissector1 #agg1 #ahc1 #bej1 #bhe4 ,designer1 #agg1 #bej1 #bij4 ,dolphins take care of their ,dead1 #bf4 ,domus ,viventium1 #ag4 ,dormitorium1 #ag1 #ajj1 #aaj4 ,dresses and ,ornaments of the ,mummies1 #bid4 ,dropsie1 #afd4 ,drugs brought by the ,caravan1 #bjg4 ,to become like ,dung1 rotting upon the ,earth1 the severe ,judgment and ,punishment of ,god1 #ci1 #dj4 ,e4 ,eccho very remarkable in the great ,pyramid1 #cae4 ,egypt1 how scituate and bounded1 #abd4 ---- its ,denominations1 #abe4 ---- why called gyptus1 ib4 ---- ,govern'd by ,coptus1 #abf4 ---- its ,extent1 ib4 ---- ancient and modern ,division1 ib4 ---- its ,fertility1 #aci4 ---- the drying ,quality of its ,earth1 #aec4 ---- ,mistress of the ,world1 and ,mother of all ,arts and ,sciences1 #aij4 ---- its ,number of ,cities and ,inhabitants1 #bcf4 ---- how it came to be so populous1 ib4 ,egyptian1 sculapius1 #agb4 ---- ,apollo1 #afi4 ---- ,mercury1 #agj4 ---- ,arts1 how they came to be lost1 #ahd4 ,egyptians1 their ,characters1 ancient and modern1 #afj4 ---- their ,make1 ,complexion1 and ,temper1 #afa4 ---- ,women very fruitful in ,children1 ib4 ---- their ,constitution and ,habit of ,body1 #afb4 ---- very long liv'd1 ib4 ---- their ,diseases1 #afc4 ---- first ,authors of ,medicine1 #afh4 ---- well skill'd in ,anatomy1 #agi4 ---- ---- in ,ostiology1 #ahb4 ---- their ,antiquity1 #aij4 ---- ,inventions1 ib4 ---- ,astrology1 #aia4 ---- ,mathematics1 ib4 ---- ,architecture1 #aic4 ---- their ,opinion of the ,metempsychosis1 #bch4 ---- their ,belief of the ,resurrection1 #ajf1 #bdj4 ---- ,famous in ,arts and ,sciences1 #ahi4 ---- the first ,inventors of them1 #aij4 ---- by what ,means they perform'd such wonderful ,works1 #bcg4 ---- and to what end1 ib4 ---- the first ,inventors of ,embalming1 #fa4 ---- why they embalmed ,bodies1 #ajf4 ---- how they embalm'd them1 #bch1 #bdh4 ---- they embalmed ,cats1 ,crocodiles1 ,hawks1 c4 #cb4 ---- they set their ,dead on their ,feet1 #he4 ---- they deny'd ,burial to executed ,persons1 #dg4 ,elatio1 or the carrying forth a ,corps1 #ga4 ,elephants bury their ,dead1 #bi4 ,embalming1 a noble ,art1 #d4 ---- a ,branch of ,surgery1 #b4 ---- very useful in ,natural ,philosophy1 ,physiology1 ,divinity1 ,physic1 c4 #b1 #c1 #d4 ---- chiefly practised by ,undertakers1 #b4 ---- particularly useful in ,anatomy and ,surgery1 #c4 ---- teaches ,medicines against ,gangrenes1 c4 #d4 ---- what accounted by the ,ancients1 and what by the present ,age1 #d1 #e4 ---- its ,antiquity1 #e4 ---- invented by the ,egyptians1 ib4 ---- of general ,use1 ib4 ---- by most despised1 ib4 ---- the chief of all funeral ,ceremonies1 #ajc4 ---- the best ,way of ,preserving the ,memory of the ,dead1 #ajg4 ---- not contrary to the ,scriptures1 #ajh4 ---- acceptable to ,god1 #aab4 ---- approved by our ,saviour1 #aae4 ---- an ,emblem of the ,resurrection1 #aab4 ,embalming1 in a general sense very extensive1 #aae4 ---- the most durable thing1 #aag4 ---- useful in ,phisiology and ,physic1 #ah4 ---- in ,anatomy1 ib4 ---- in ,surgery1 ib4 ---- necessary for transporting ,bodies1 #aai4 ---- secures from the ,insults of ,animals1 #abj4 ---- what intended by it1 #abj1 #aba4 ---- that of the ,hebrews different from that of the old ,egyptians1 #fa4 ,embalming1 how found out1 #bcc4 ---- #b or #c sorts of it1 #bda1 #bdb1 #bge1 viz4 ---- with ,pissasphalt1 #bhg4 ---- with ,cedar1 ib4 ---- with ,asphalt1 #bhh4 ---- with ,aromatics1 ib4 ,embalming of ,jacob1 #bha4 ---- ---- performed in #dj ,days1 #bhb4 ,embalmer1 #agg4 ---- much honoured1 #bej4 ,embowelling a ,corps1 #bea4 ,entrance into the ,caves1 #cbf4 ,enoch and ,elijah1 neither dy'd nor corrupted1 #aae4 ,epitaph on a ,bee1 #bh4 ,epagomene1 #aec4 1 #bhf4 1 ib4 #bhj1 #bhf4 ,erdwachs1 #bgg4 ,erriff1 #abg4 ,euripides's ,opinion of ,sepulture1 #ce4 ,expences of a ,funeral1 insignificant without ,embalming1 #ajb4 ,experiments concerning ,scarcity of ,rain in ,egypt1 #aeg4 ---- of the ,water1 #aeh4 ---- for making eternal ,fire1 #ceb4 ---- the #ast1 ib4 ---- the #b;d1 #ced4 ,f4 ,fame the ,goddess of ,embalming1 #aag4 ,feasts for the ,dead1 #hd4 ---- of ,lamps1 #cda4 ---- to what end instituted1 #cdc4 ---- the true and sacred ,reason1 ib4 ,fengo1 the ,tyrant's ,ashes scattered by the ,winds1 #ea4 ,fire an ,emblem of the ,soul1 #cca4 ---- ---- of ,life eternal1 #ccb4 ---- thought by the ,persians to be a ,god1 #bci4 ---- ---- by the ,egyptians a living creature1 ib4 ,following the ,corps1 #hb4 ,to become ,food to ,birds and ,beasts1 a ,curse1 #ci1 #dj4 ,french1 why they deny'd ,burial1 #be4 ,funeral1 why so called1 #gc4 ---- ,rites1 why called ,justa ,funebria1 #cd4 ---- ,oration spoke before ,battel1 #dc4 ---- ,procession1 #bhb4 ---- ,games1 #hd4 ,funus odoratum1 #bhi4 ,furca1 or a ,gibbet3 ,all such as were hanged thereon1 were by the ,laws deny'd ,burial1 #dh4 ,g4 ,gabbares1 #bdj4 ,gemelhazar1 #bcd4 ,gauls embalmed with ,oil of ,cedar1 #bgd4 ,generals put to ,death for neglecting to ,bury the ,dead1 #db4 ,gentiles1 assign'd the ,care of ,funerals to certain ,gods1 #ce4 ,geometry1 how invented1 #bca4 ,gibnehalon1 #afc4 ,gotsacker1 #ag4 ,granaries of ,joseph1 #bjd4 ,graves in the ,highway1 or under the ,gallows1 #di4 ,to be dug out of one's ,grave1 a ,curse and ,punishment1 #ej4 ,greeks deny'd decent ,burial to infamous ,persons and ,criminals1 #dg4 ,gulph of ,mecca1 or ,arabian ,gulph1 #adj4 ,gymnasium1 what it signifies1 #aga4 ,gymnastic ,art1 ib4 ,h4 ,hannibal took great care of ,burial1 #db4 ,hatching of ,chickens at ,grand ,cairo1 #bjg4 ,halmirhaga1 #beh4 ,heliogabalus's ,body dragg'd about ,streets1 and flung into a ,common-shoar1 #ea4 ,henry the ,seventh's ,chappel1 #hg4 ,herald1 #gf1 #bhf4 ,hermes ,trismegistus1 #agc4 ---- supposed to be ,armais1 ib4 ---- a great ,philosopher1 ,priest and ,king1 ibid4 ---- ---- establisher of ,magic1 #agd4 ,herodotus's ,account of the ,egyptian ,funerals1 #bda4 ,hieroglyphic ,characters1 #bij4 ---- their signification1 #bic4 ,highwaymen deny'd ,burial1 and set up on ,wheels1 c4 #dh4 ,homer's ,opinion of ,sepulture1 #ce4 ,horace's ,monument1 #aaf4 ,hypogeum1 #if1 #bjb4 ,i4 ,ichnography and ,schenography of the ,burial ,places1 #bjc4 ,jews deriv'd their ,manner of ,embalming from the ,egyptians1 #fa4 ,jewish ,embalming rather a ,ceremony than ,preserving a ,corps1 #fb4 ,injectio ,gleb1 #ib4 ,inscriptions on ,tombs1 #hg1 #ij1 #id1 #ie1 #aif4 ,insects1 which take ,care of their ,dead1 #bf4 ---- how they bury themselves1 #bh4 ---- some burn'd and others embalm'd1 #bi4 ,insepulta sepultura1 #ch4 ,interment1 the first ,cause of it1 #h4 ,josiah took ,bones out of their ,sepulchers and burnt them1 #ej4 ,isis taught the ,egyptians salubrious ,plants1 #afh4 ---- the ,inventor of ,images1 #agj4 ,isle of ,pharos1 #bbj4 ,judging the ,dead1 #bdd1 #cjb4 ,k4 1 #ig4 ,khalis of ,cleopatra1 #bbj4 ,kissing the ,dead1 #ed4 ---- to what end used1 ib4 #ee4 ---- rather prejudicial than otherwise1 #ee4 1 #ag4 ,korah1 ,dathan1 and ,abiran1 buried alive1 #di4 ,l4 ,labyrinth1 #bbb4 ---- by whom and to what end built1 #bbc1 #bbd4 ,lake ,mris1 #ada4 ---- ---- why so called1 #adb4 ---- ,asphaltites1 #adc1 #add4 ,lamps perpetual1 to what end invented1 #cca1 #cdc4 ---- supposed to have burnt in the first ,pyramid1 #ccc4 ---- in subterranean ,caves and ,vaults1 #if1 #ccc4 ---- that have burn'd by a ,divine ,power1 #cea4 ---- that have burn'd by the ,wiles of the ,devil1 ib4 ---- ---- or from a natural ,cause1 #ceb4 ---- or can be made with ,gold1 ,silver1 c4 #cec4 ---- or ,mercury1 ib4 ---- with ,naptha1 #cee4 ---- with liquid ,bitumen1 or ,petroleum1 #cef4 ---- confirm'd by ,schiangia1 ib4 ---- and believed by ,kircher1 ib4 ---- whether their ,perpetuity proceeded from the ,oil or ,wick1 #cfc4 ---- thought to be a sort of ,phosphorus1 #cfe4 ---- how made according to ,licetus's ,opinion1 #cff4 ---- ,hieroglyphics1 or ,symbols of the ,immortality of the ,soul1 #cfg4 ,lamp of the ,alexandrian ,pharos1 #ccg4 ---- with a ,dog's ,head1 #cdj4 ---- found at ,edessa1 #cea4 ---- of a ,heliotrope1 #ccf4 ---- of ,jupiter ,ammon1 #cej4 ---- with four ,lights1 #cci4 ---- of ,minerva1 #cej4 ---- of the ,moon1 #cch4 ---- of ,mycerinus1 #cda4 ---- with an ,ox's ,head1 #cdj4 ---- of an ,ox with a ,boy on his ,back1 #ccg4 ---- of ,olybius1 #cea4 ---- of ,pallas1 #cdh4 ---- of ,serapis1 #ccc1 #ccd4 ---- of a ,sphinx1 #cch1 #cci4 ---- with two beaked ,ships1 #cci4 ---- of a tripple-headed ,monster1 #ccd4 ---- of ,tulliola1 #cde1 #cdf4 ---- of ,typhon1 #cce4 ---- of ,venus1 #cea4 ,languages and ,characters of the ,egyptians of two kinds1 #bia4 ,lapis ,asbestos1 #ceg4 ---- ,amiantus1 #cfj4 ---- ,cyprius1 ib4 ---- ,carystius1 #cfa4 ,laws1 their ,goodness1 #bcd4 ---- made to restrain the ,extravagancy of ,funeral ,ceremonies1 #gc1 #gi4 ,laying out a ,corps1 #gj4 ---- why used1 #ga4 ,lazarus embalmed1 #fb4 ,lectic seu ,lecti1 #gd4 ,letter to ,charles ,bernard1 ,esq2 #a4 ---- to ,dr4 ,john ,lawson1 #abc4 ---- to ,dr4 ,hans ,sloan1 #cjg4 ,libitina1 #bhf4 ,libitinarii1 ib4 #cdj4 ,library of ,ptolomy1 #ahe1 #baf4 ,linum vivum1 #ceh4 ---- ,cyprium1 #cjj1 #cfb4 ---- ,carpasium1 #cfa4 ---- ,creticum1 #cfb4 ,lodgings of the ,priests1 #cbj4 ,lucretius1 his ,opinion of ,sepulture1 #bd4 ,lues ,venerea1 its supposed ,origin1 #ad4 ,m4 ,machpelah1 ,abraham's ,burying-place1 #h4 ,magical ,medicine spread over most ,countries1 #age4 ,magic used in ,embalming1 #agf4 ,magnesia1 #cfb4 ,maltem1 #aee4 ,man1 the ,epitome and ,perfection of the ,macrocosm1 #d4 ---- his ,elogium1 #ajh4 ---- his ,transgression1 ib4 ---- has a right to a ,burial-place in the ,earth1 #g4 ,manes1 ,gods of ,funerals1 #ce4 ,mare mortuum1 #adc4 ,caius ,marius's1 ,bones dug up and flung into the ,sea1 #ej4 ,matarea1 #bjh4 ,mathematics1 #aia4 ,medicines1 why call'd ,pharmaca1 #age4 ,memphis1 #aii4 ,memphitis ,lapis1 #ahg4 ,memnon's ,statue1 #aib4 ,mercury ,,ii41 #agc4 ,merissi1 #aed1 #aee4 ,metempsychosis1 #bch4 ,milesian ,virgins1 how deterr'd from hanging themselves1 #dh4 ,mina1 what1 #aig4 ,monuments built during ,life1 #hf1 #hg4 ---- why call'd ,muniments1 #ii4 ---- why ,monuments1 #ajj4 ---- made of ,glass1 #aja4 ,mourning1 #bda1 #bdb1 #bdf1 #bdg1 #bdh4 ---- the ,manner of it1 #gg4 ---- with ,sackcloth and ,ashes1 #gh4 ---- cutting and tearing the ,flesh1 ib4 ---- ,habit1 #ge4 ,mourners feigned1 #gh4 ,mouth of the ,dead1 why shut1 #eg4 ,mummies found in the ,sands1 #aeb4 ---- several things found included in them1 #big4 ---- ,sophisticate1 #bgi4 ,murderers denied ,burial1 #dg1 #dh4 ,n4 ,nature has provided ,burial and a ,grave for all ,creatures1 #cj4 1 #bgi1 #bhf4 ,nicias took great care to bury the slain1 #dc4 ,nicodemus and ,joseph embalm'd our ,saviour1 #fb4 ,nile ,river1 #abg4 ---- its ,rise and ,course1 #abi4 ---- its ,cataracts1 #acj4 ---- its ,ostia1 or ,mouths1 #acb4 ---- its ,inundation1 #acb4 ---- time of its ,increase1 #acc4 ---- its ,effects1 #acd4 ---- ,cause of its ,fertility1 #ace4 ---- of its ,increase1 #acf4 ---- ,operation of its ,waters1 #acg4 ,ninus's ,sepulchre1 #bbe4 ,nitrum ,chalastrum1 #beg1 #bfc4 ---- ,chalastricum1 #bfd4 ---- ,berenicum1 #beg4 ,nitre ,armenian1 #beh4 ---- ,lydian1 #bfb4 ---- ,egyptian1 #bfd4 ---- of ,buna1 #beh4 ---- of ,turkey1 ib4 ---- three kinds1 #bfj4 ---- different ,opinions of it1 #bff4 ---- that of the ,ancients the same with our ,salt ,petre1 #bfh4 ---- used in ,cookery1 #bfi4 ---- ---- in ,embalming1 #bee4 ,nitri ,spuma1 #beg1 #bfj1 #bfe4 ,nomi septem1 #abg4 ,o4 ,obelisk of ,semiramis1 #aia1 #bbh4 ---- two at ,alexandria1 #bad4 ,observations on the ,nile1 #ace4 ---- on the ,pyramids1 #cbb4 ---- on the subterranean ,caves1 #cbg4 ,office of ,embalming1 #bgi4 ,opobalsamum1 #baj4 ,osiris taught the ,egyptians ,food and ,drink1 #afh4 ,orus1 ,son of ,osiris1 apply'd for ,physic1 salubrious ,plants1 by sacrificing them1 #afh4 ---- to which he added ,music1 #afi4 ---- and ,poetry1 ib4 ---- thence thought to be the ,egyptian ,apollo1 ib4 ,ossilegium1 #hd4 ,osymandua's ,tomb1 #aie4 ,ovid afraid of ,sea-,burial1 #df4 ,ointment of ,children's ,fat used by ,witches1 #ad4 ---- of ,spikenard1 #fb4 ,p4 ,pagans not without some hopes of the ,resurrection1 #bd1 #aab4 ,painter1 #bhf1 #bij4 ,painting of the ,dead used in ,france and ,italy1 #gd4 ,pall1 why used1 ib4 ,palace of ,cleopatra1 #bad4 ---- of the ,mamaluke ,sultans1 #bjf4 ,pallium used by the ,greeks to cover their ,dead1 #fe4 ,pantnus1 first ,reader of ,divinity and ,philosophy1 #bae4 ,patriarchs1 where buried1 #h4 ,pawning the ,dead1 #bdf1 #cjc4 ,pensil ,gardens1 #bbg4 ,pentapolis1 #add4 ,persians1 how they ,embalm1 #fc4 ,persons present at ,funerals1 #gd4 ---- how qualify'd for ,embalming1 #agg4 ,pharaoh's ,punishment1 #ab4 ,pharos1 or ,watch-,tower1 #bba4 ,philosophers contemplated on ,life and ,death1 #g4 ---- in what sense they slighted ,burial1 #bc4 ,phosphorus1 #cfe4 ,physic1 how found out1 #bcb4 ,physician1 #bhj4 ,piaster1 what1 #cbi4 ,pickle made of ,nitre1 #bff4 ,pissasphalt natural1 #bgf4 ---- artificial1 #bgh4 ---- natural1 call'd ,mummy1 #bgg4 ,places of ,sepulture1 #hh1 #hi1 #ij1 #ia1 #ib1 #ic1 #id4 ,plague1 #afe4 ---- ceases at the ,inundation of the ,nile1 #acd1 #ace1 #aff4 ,plain of ,mummies1 #cbi1 #ccj4 ,plato defines the ,scope and ,end of his ,philosophy1 to be only the ,consideration of ,death1 #h4 ,pluto1 the chief of the ,funeral ,gods1 #ce4 ,polliacus erected a ,tomb in ,memory of his beloved ,bitch1 #cj4 ,polycharacteristic ,statues1 #bii4 ,pollinctor1 #agg1 #bhe4 ,poisons made of ,man's ,flesh1 #ad4 ,pox1 7,french7 #afe4 ---- ,small1 ib4 ,pompey's ,pillar1 #bab4 ---- by whom built1 #bac4 ,prfic1 hired ,mourners1 #gf4 ,priests1 the proper and only ,physicians1 #agb1 #agg4 ---- their ,business1 #ahh4 ,problem concerning ,diet1 #afb4 ,procession of a ,funeral1 #gf4 ,providence of ,god extends even to the ,bodies of the ,dead1 #cc4 ,prophylactic ,statues1 #bih4 ,psalms and ,hymns when introduc'd1 #gf4 ,ptolomean ,library1 #baf4 ,puticul1 #hh4 ,putrifaction1 its pernicious ,effects1 #aa1 #ab1 #ac4 ,pyramids1 #caa4 ---- why so call'd1 #cca4 ---- to what end built1 #bcg1 #cji4 ---- why of a pyramidal ,form1 ib4 ---- their ,number1 #caj4 ---- ,scituation1 ib4 ---- their ,founders1 ib4 ---- ,description of the first1 #cab4 ---- the ,entrance into it1 #cac4 ---- first and second ,gallery1 ib4 ---- the ,well1 #cad4 ---- strange ,eccho1 #cae4 ---- fine ,gallery1 #caf4 ---- two ,anti-,closets1 #cag4 ---- spacious ,chamber1 #cah4 ---- ,cheop's ,tomb1 ib4 ---- how many ,men employ'd in building it1 #cai4 ,pyramid the second1 #cai4 ---- its ,lodgings for the ,priests1 #cbj4 ---- the third1 ib4 ,q4 ,quacks1 who1 #agg4 ---- none in ,egypt1 #agh4 ,quietorium seu ,requietorium1 #ajj4 ,r4 ,rains in ,egypt1 #adg1 #aee4 ,red-,sea1 #adj4 ,reflections on the ,egyptian ,embalming1 #bdf4 ,resurrection1 the ,hope of it the chief ,cause of ,burial1 #ah4 ,right of ,burial and ,funeral ,ceremonies1 #e4 ---- grounded on the ,law of ,god and ,nature1 #be4 ,roulers1 how prepar'd1 #bhi4 ,rudder of a ,ship1 how first invented1 #bcj4 ,s4 ,sacara1 how the ,inhabitants get their ,livelyhood1 #cbe4 ,sacrifices to the ,dead1 #hd4 ,sacrilegious ,persons deny'd ,burial1 #dg4 ,sand1 how useful in ,embalming1 #aea4 ,sandapilarii1 #gd4 ,salt made of the ,nile ,waters1 #aci1 #bbj4 ---- used with ,balsamics preserves ,bodies1 #bgj4 ,salitores1 ,salters1 or ,pollinctors1 #bed1 #bhe4 ,sarah1 where buried1 #h4 ,scabs and ,leprosie of ,egypt1 #afd4 ,scipio afraid of ,sea-,burial1 #de4 ,scribe1 or ,designer1 #bej4 ,scroles painted with ,characters1 #bif4 ,scythians1 how they ,embalm1 #fc4 ,sea-,burial1 why feared by the ,ancients1 #df4 ,searchers1 their ,office1 #ga4 ,seasons of the ,year1 #aec4 ---- ---- temperate1 ib4 ---- ---- cold1 #aed4 ---- ---- intemperate1 ib4 ---- why to be observ'd in ,embalming1 #aef4 ,seminatio1 #ag4 ,septuagint1 #baf4 ,serapis1 or ,apis1 the ,egyptian sculapius1 #agb4 ,serapes1 #bih4 ---- their ,forms and ,actions1 #bii4 ---- their ,use and ,virtues1 #cja4 ,serapion1 #bae1 #bag4 ,sepulchres1 why call'd ,requietoria1 #dg4 ---- some proper1 #id4 ---- common1 #ie4 ---- belonging to the ,family1 ib4 ---- hereditary1 ib4 ,sepulchre1 call'd by the ,egyptians ,domus terna1 #aja4 ---- why call'd eternal ,houses1 #cje4 ---- of ,osiris1 #bjj4 ---- of ,mycerinus's ,daughter1 ib4 ---- of ,alexander1 #bag4 ---- of ,ninus1 #bbe4 ---- of the ,egyptian ,kings1 #aid4 ,sepulture rightly accounted ,jus ,natur1 #e4 ---- a ,debt to ,nature1 ib4 ---- ordain'd by ,god himself1 #e4 ---- practis'd by the ,heathens1 #f4 ---- asserted in the ,scriptures1 #g4 ---- confirm'd by the ,philosophers and ,poets1 ib4 ---- instituted in obedience to the ,love of ,god and ,nature1 #h4 ---- defends from the ,plague1 #ae4 ---- and preserves ,bodies1 ib4 ---- why invented1 #af4 ---- strictly observed in ,war1 #db4 ---- yet deny'd some out of ,revenge1 #da4 ---- always esteem'd honourable among ,god's ,people1 #he4 ,sesostris's ,cedar ,ship1 #ahc4 ,ships of ,arabia1 #bjg4 ,silk-worm1 spins her own ,winding-sheet1 #bi4 ,situation of the ,dead in their ,sepulchres1 #he1 #hf4 ,smell of a ,goal very pernicious1 #ad4 ,snow in ,egypt1 #adi4 ,somia1 the ,burial-place of the ,ptolomies1 #bag4 ,sorceresses feed on ,man's ,flesh1 #ad4 ,sore ,eyes and ,blindness of the ,egyptians1 #afc4 ,soul concern'd at the ill ,usage of the ,body1 #ajd1 #aje4 ,sounding of ,brazen ,vessels about the ,dead1 #eg4 ,sphinx1 #cba4 ---- represents ,momphta1 #cbb4 ,stoics1 value not the ,corruption of the ,body1 #bj4 ,stonehenge the ,sepulchre of the ,britains1 #ia4 ,stones heap'd over a ,body1 an ignominious sort of ,burial1 #ea1 #eb4 ,summer of ,egypt1 #aed4 ,subterranean ,caves1 #bjb1 #cbd4 ,surgery the chief of ,arts1 #a4 ---- invented and improved in ,egypt1 #ahg4 ---- how useful in ,embalming1 #ahh4 ---- teaches the ,art of ,bandage1 ib4 ,surgeon1 the chief ,embalmer1 #ahh1 #bhc4 ---- his ,business1 #bhd4 ,sylla the ,dictator1 order'd his own ,corps to be burnt1 that he might not be ill treated by his ,enemies1 #ej1 #hc4 ,t4 ,taricheut1 #bed1 #bhe4 1 #bic4 1 #bed4 ,templi ,hortus1 #ag4 ,temple of ,belus1 #bbf4 ,teneriff1 the ,inhabitants ,manner of ,sepulture and ,embalming1 #aac4 ,thebais1 #abg4 ,thebes1 #aic4 1 #aga4 ,theology of the ,egyptians1 #bch4 1 its signification1 #age4 ,thrum-stone1 #cfa4 ,thunder seldom heard in ,egypt1 #aef4 ,time of carrying forth the ,corps1 #gb4 ,tincar1 #bfa4 ,tobit's great ,care in burying the ,dead1 #cc4 ,toga us'd by the ,romans to cloath their ,dead with1 #fe4 ,tombs erected for ,horses1 and honoured with ,epitaphs1 #cj4 ---- why dedicated ,diis ,manibus1 #ce4 ,tomb of a ,dog at ,rome1 #cj4 ---- of ,king ,amasis1 #cba4 ---- of a ,cat1 #ca4 ,tombs1 their ,use and ,benefit1 #ih4 ---- how adorn'd1 and with what ,inscriptions1 #ii4 ---- how called1 #ii1 #ajj4 ---- why call'd ,tumulus1 #ib1 #ii4 ---- inanis1 seu ,tumulus sine ,corpore1 #ig4 ,traitors deny'd ,burial1 #dg1 #dh1 #di4 ,v4 ,vespillones1 why so called1 #gc4 ---- their ,office1 #gd4 ,vestal ,virgins1 how buried1 #ej4 ,vitellius's ,body cut in pieces1 and flung into the ,tyber1 #ea4 ,unguentum ,cedrinum1 #bhg4 ,undertakers1 #b1 #agg1 #agh1 #agi1 #ahe4 1 #if4 ,urns of ,glass found at ,nismes1 ib4 ,w4 ,wall built by ,sesostris1 #bbd4 ,washing a ,corps1 why used1 #fj4 ---- why with warm ,water1 #ei4 ---- why with ,salt1 ib4 ,water of ,nile very prolific1 #bcf4 ,weeping1 if moderate1 commendable1 #gi4 ---- us'd by ,kings and ,patriarchs1 ib4 ---- by our ,saviour1 #hj4 ---- allays ,grief1 #ha4 ,wells of embalmed ,birds1 #cbh4 ,a ,virgin ,well1 #cbi4 ,wiek and ,oil1 both in a ,lamp1 #cfd4 ,winds which blow most in ,egypt1 #aee4 ,winter in ,egypt1 #aed4 ,workmen1 what ,number imploy'd in building the first ,pyramid1 #cai4 ,writings thought the best ,monument1 #aaf4 ,x4 ,xantippus buried his ,dogs1 #cj4 1 #ahc4 ,xylobalsamum1 #baj4 ,z4 ,zeilan1 ,inhabitants their ,manner of ,sepulture1 #aac4 ,,finis4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,transcriber',s ,,notes #a4 ,the ,table of ,contents was added by transcriber4 #b4 ,made corrections listed in the ,,errata4 #c4 ,phnician was consistently used instead of ,phnician4 #d4 ,changed 80 to 80 in the ,amico heading4 #e4 ,changed 8 ' 0 to 8' 01 ' 0 to 8 ' 01 '0 to 8'01 and 8 0 to 80 on p4 #f4 #f4 ,changed 80 to 80 on p4 #i4 #g4 ,changed 8 0 to 8 0 on p4 #ag4 #h4 ,changed 8,mnibus0 to 8,mnibus0 on p4 #df4 #i4 ,changed 8insicerentur0 to 8inficerentur0 on p4 #hi4 #aj4 ,changed 80 to 80 on p4 #if4 #aa4 ,changed 80 to 80 and 80 to 80on p4 #ig4 #ab4 ,changed 8,synonimous0 to 8,synonymous0 on p4 #ajj4 #ac4 ,changed 80 to 80 on p4 #abf4 #ad4 ,changed 8out of the of midst0 to 8out of the midst0 on p4 #add4 #ae4 ,changed 8 1 1 0 to 8 1 1 0 on p4 #adh4 #af4 ,changed 80 to 80 on p4 #aga4 #ag4 ,changed 80 to 80 on p4 #agb4 #ah4 ,changed 80 to 80 on p4 #agc4 #ai4 ,changed 80 to 80 on p4 #agd4 #bj4 ,changed 8 0 to 8 0 on p4 #agf4 #ba4 ,changed 80 to 80 on p4 #ahc4 #bb4 ,changed 8eondem0 to 8eadem0 on p4 #ahc4 #bc4 ,changed 8ostiosa0 to 8otiosa0 on p4 #ahc4 #bd4 ,changed 8 0 to 8 0 on p4 #ahf4 #be4 ,changed 80 to 80 on p4 #ahg4 #bf4 ,changed 80 to 80 on p4 #baf4 #bg4 ,changed 80 to 80 on p4 #bci4 #bh4 ,changed 80 to 80 on p4 #bed4 #bi4 ,changed 8 0 to 8 0 and 80 to 80 on p4 #bfj4 #cj4 ,changed 8 0 to 80 on p4 #bfb4 #ca4 ,changed 80 to 80 on p4 #ceg4 #cb4 ,changed 80 to 80 on p4 #ceh4 #cc4 ,changed 8qnod0 to 8quod0 on p4 #ceh4 #cd4 ,changed 8,bechira feu ,bechiria0 to 8,bechira seu ,bechiria0 on the #bnd page of the ,,table4 #ce4 ,silently corrected typographical errors4 #cf4 ,retained anachronistic and non-standard spellings as printed4 #cg4 ,enclosed italics font in underscores4 #ch4 ,enclosed bold font in equals4 #ci4 ,superscripts are denoted by a caret before a single superscript character or a series of superscripted characters enclosed in curly braces1 e4g4 ,mr4 or ,mister4 #dj4 ,subscripts are denoted by an underscore before a series of subscripted characters enclosed in curly braces1 e4g4 ,h#b,o4