,,s\? ,,k5s+ton ,,museum ,,art ,,h&books4 ,,edit$ ,,by ,,william ,,maskell4 ,no4 #d4--,,maiolica4 ,^! ,h&books are repr9ts ( ! diss]tations prefix$ to ! l>ge catalogues ( ! *ief divisions ( works ( art 9 ! ,museum at ,s\? ,k5s+ton2 arrang$ & s f> abridg$ z to br+ ea* into a portable %ape4 ,! ,lords ( ! ,committee ( ,c\ncil on ,education hav+ det]m9$ on ! publication ( !m1 ! editor tru/s t !y w meet ! purpose int5d$2 namely1 to be useful1 n alone = ! collections at ,s\? ,k5s+ton b = o!r collections1 by enabl+ ! public at a trifl+ co/ to und]/& some?+ ( ! hi/ory & "* ( ! subjects treat$ (4 ,! au?orities ref]r$ to 9 ea* book are giv5 9 ! l>ge catalogues2 :]e w also be f\nd detail$ descriptions ( ! v num]\s examples 9 ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum4 ,w4 ,m4 ,augu/1 #ahge4 ,,maiolica ,,by ,c4 ,,drury ,e4 ,,=tnum1 ,f4,s4,a4 ,,) ,,num]\s ,,woodcuts4 ,illu/ration ,publi%$ = ! ,committee ( ,c\ncil on ,education ,,by ,,scribn]1 ,,wel=d1 ,,& ,,arm/rong1 ,,new ,,york4 #ahgf4 ,,li/ ,,( ,,woodcuts4 ,,page ,p]sian wall tile #g ,damascus plate #ac ,hispano-moresque vase #ae ,rhodian plate #af ,vase ) imitative ,arabic inscription #ag ,fragm5t ( ,damascus vase1 f ,pisa #ai ,siculo-moresque b[l #bj ,tondo by ,luca della ,robbia #be ,betro?al deep plate1 ,gubbio #cj ,plateau1 ) portrait1 ,pes>o 787 #ca ,sgraffiato circul> di% #cc ,vase1 ,gubbio 787 #ch ,di% or plateau1 ,urb9o #dj ,circul> di%1 ,urb9o #da ,plate1 a maiolica pa9t] #dd ,flor5t9e m>k #dh ,vases1 c41 f ! manuscript ( ,piccolpasso #ec ,di%1 ) portrait #fd ,anci5t ,p]sian plate #fh ,rhodian %all[ b[l #gj ,damascus m>ks #ga ,plateau1 ,malaga 787 #gh 8 ,spani% #ha ,di%1 ,val5cia #hb ,hispano-moresque m>ks #hc ,inscription on a vase #hd ,sgraffiato b[l #hg ,plateau1 e>ly ,tuscan 787 #ij ,tazza plate1 ,caffaggiolo #ia ,plate1 ,caffaggiolo #ia ,ew]1 or l>ge pit*] #ic ,vase1 ,caffaggiolo #ie ,drug-vase1 ,si5a #ig ,plate1 ,si5a #ih ,plate1 by ,mae/ro ,b5$etto #ih ,m>k ( ,b5$etto #ii ,m>k on ,mr4 ,h5d]son's di% #ii ,m>k on di% 9 ,htel ,cluny #aja ,bacile on di%1 ) portrait #aje 8 incr$ulity ( ,/4 ,?omas #ajg ,pes>o inscription #aji ,vase1 ,gubbio #aab ,di%1 two horsem5 #aac ,plaque1 ,/4 ,seba/ian #aaf ,b[l #aag ,tazza or b[l #aag ,deep tazza1 ,h]cules & ,antu #abj ,plateau #aba ,m>k 7probably ( ,giorgio7 ) p>aphe #abb ,m>ks on a plate 9 ! ,briti% museum #abc ,small tazza1 8! /ream ( life0 #abd ,fac-simile ( ,giorgio's m>k #abe ,plate1 ,ca/el ,durante #abi ,vase 8 8 #aca ,m>k1 ,ca/el ,durante #acb ,tond9o 8 8 #acc ,frutti]a 8 8 #acc ,%all[ bas9 8 #acd ,di%1 ) portrait ( ,p]ug9o #ace ,m>k & inscription ( ,nicola da ,urb9o #aci ,m>k1 c41 ( ,guido #adb ,pilgrim's bottle1 ,urb9o #adc ,m>k ( ,francesco ,durant9o #aea ,di%1 ) ,cupids1 ,diruta #aef ,fabriano m>k #aeg ,ano!r #aeh ,vit]bo1 "p ( a bord] #aei ,inscription on a ,roman vase #afa ,m>k & date on a ,fa5za plate #afe ,plate1 ,fa5za #afg ,m>k on ! same plate #afg ,plate1 ,fa5za #afh ,inscription1 ,baldas>a ,man>a #afi ,monogram ( ,f4 ,r4 #agj ,tazza1 ,fa5za #aga ,plate1 ,=l #age ,inscription1 ) portrait-heads #agf ,vase1 ,f]r>a #agh ,plateau1 ,v5ice #ahb 8 ,v5ice #ahd ,vase1 unc]ta9 fabrique #ahe ,di%1 ,tuscan 787 #ahf ,,maiolica4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,x is "r1 fir/1 to expla9 t 9 ?is diss]tation we %all make con/ant use ( two or ?ree words borr[$ f =eign languages2 "o is botega or bottega1 imply+ some?+ betwe5 a work%op & an arti/'s /udio1 :i* x w\ld be difficult to express by a s+le ,engli% ^w3 ano!r is fabrique1 mean+ ! private e/abli%m5t ( a ma/] pott] ( t day1 ! idea ( :i* _c be s well convey$ by factory1 pott]y1 or /udio 7itself an import$ ^w71 all ( :i* are !re9 comb9$ & modifi$4 ,! hi/ory ( pott]y & its manufacture is a subject ( great ext5t2 because f a v e>ly p]iod ( human exi/5ce1 kn[n to u only by ! tangible memorials ( primitive inhabitants1 ! pott]'s art appe>s to h be5 practis$4 ,at fir/ ! vessels 7 ( co>se clay1 rude & sun-dri$ or ill-bak$1 & occasionally ornam5t$ ) conc5tric & transv]se scrat*es2 f :i* /ate !y gradually develop$ to ! exquisite =ms & decoration ( ! ,greek pott]y2 b x w\ld seem t h[ev] univ]sal ! production ( vessels ( bak$ clay1 ! art ( apply+ to !m a vitre\s cov]+ or glaze 0 an inv5tion :i* emanat$ f ! ea/1 f ,india or ,egypt1 ,assyria or ,babylon4 ,on ?is po9t ,dr4 ,bir*1 9 ! introduction to 8 erudite "w on anci5t pott]y1 says3 8,! desire ( r5d]+ t]ra-cotta less por\s1 & ( produc+ vessels capable ( reta9+ liquids1 gave rise to ! cov]+ ( x ) a vitre\s enamel or glaze4 ,! inv5tion ( glass has hi!rto be5 g5]ally attribut$ to ! ,phnicians2 b opaque glasses or enamels z old z ! eighte5? dyna/y1 & enamell$ objects z e>ly z ! f\r?1 h be5 f\nd 9 ,egypt4 ,! employm5t ( copp] to produce a brilliant blue col\r$ enamel 0 v e>ly1 bo? 9 ,babylonia & ,assyria2 b ! use ( t9 = a :ite enamel1 z rec5tly discov]$ 9 ! enamell$ bricks & vases ( ,babylonia & ,assyria1 anticipat$1 by _m c5turies1 ! re-discov]y ( t process 9 ,europe 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 & %[s ! e>ly application ( metallic oxides4 ,?is inv5tion app>5tly rema9$ = _m c5turies a secret among ! ea/]n nations only1 enamell$ t]ra-cotta & glass =m+ articles ( comm]cial export f ,egypt & ,phnicia to e "p ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,among ! ,egyptians & ,assyrians enamell+ 0 us$ m frequ5tly ?an glaz+1 & _! works are consequ5tly a k9d ( fay5ce1 consi/+ ( a loose frit or body1 to :i* an enamel adh]es1 aft] only a slight fusion4 ,aft] ! fall ( ! ,roman empire ! art ( enamell+ t]ra-cotta disappe>$ among ! ,arab & ,moori% races1 :o _h reta9$ a traditional k ( ! process4 ,! application ( a transp>5t vitre\s coat+ or glaze ov] ! entire surface1 l ! v>ni% ( a picture1 is also ref]able to a high antiquity1 & 0 univ]sally adopt$1 ei!r to enhance ! beauty ( s+le col\rs or to promote ! comb9ation ( _m4 ,innum]able fragm5ts & rema9s ( glaz$ vases1 fabricat$ by ! ,greeks & ,romans1 n only prove ! e>ly use ( glaz+1 b also exhibit 9 ! pres5t day _m ( ! noble/ ef=ts ( ! pott]'s art40 ,x is true t on ! ,greek1 ,etruscan1 & ,roman pott]y a subdu$ & h>dly app>5t glaz+ 0 appli$ to ! surface ( ! pieces1 b x is s slight z to leave a b>ely appreciable effect ^u ! eye1 beyond t :i* might be produc$ by a me*anical poli%1 & s ?9ly laid on z almo/ to defy attempts at prov+ its nature by *emical inve/igation2 x is1 h[ev]1 suppos$ to h be5 produc$ by a dilute alum9\s soda glass1 )\t any trace ( lead 9 its composition1 ! great] portion ( :i* 0 absorb$ into ! sub/ance ( ! piece1 !reby increas+ its h>dness & leav+ only a fa9t poli% on ! surface ( ! w>e4 ,9 ,egypt & ! ea/ ! use ( a di/9ct glaze 7invetriatura ( ! ,italians71 cov]+ ! o!rwise m por\s sub/ance ( ! vessel1 appe>s to h be5 kn[n & to h arriv$ at great p]fection at a v remote p]iod4 ,x 0 9 fact a sup]ior w>e1 equival5t to ! porcela9 ( our days1 & f ! te*nical excell5ce ( "s ( ! small] pieces has be5 frequ5tly1 b wrongly1 s call$4 ,x w p]haps be z well1 be=e ent]+ fur!r into ! consid]ation ( ! subject1 to def9e & arrange ! objects ( our att5tion "u g5]al heads4 ,pott]y 7,fay5ce1 ,t]raglia71 z di/9ct f porcela91 is =m$ ( pott]'s clay mix$ ) m>l ( argillace\s & calc>e\s nature1 & s&1 v>i\sly proportion$1 & may be class$ "u two divisions3 ,s(t 7,fay5ce pte t5dre71 & ,h>d 7,fay5ce pte dure71 accord+ to ! nature ( ! composition or ! degree ( heat "u :i* x has be5 fir$ 9 ! kiln4 ,:at is kn[n g5]ally 9 ,engl& z e>!nw>e is s(t1 :ile /one w>e1 que5's w>e1 c4 are h>d4 ,! *>act]i/ics ( ! s(t w>es are a pa/e1 or body1 :i* may be scrat*$ ) a knife or file1 & fusibility1 g5]ally1 at ! heat ( a porcela9 furnace4 ,^! s(t w>es may be aga9 divid$ into f\r subdivisions3 unglaz$1 lu/r\s1 glaz$1 & enamell$4 ,among ! ?ree fir/ ( ^! subdivisions may be arrang$ almo/ all ! anci5t pott]y ( ,egypt1 ,greece1 ,etruria1 & ,rome2 z also ! l>g] portion ( t 9 g5]al use among all nations dur+ m$ival & mod]n times4 ,we %all be occupi$ ) ! glaz$ & enamell$ w>es3 ! fir/ ( :i* may be aga9 divid$ into silice\s or glass glaz$1 & plumbe\s or lead glaz$4 ,9 ^! subdivisions ! f\ndation is 9 all cases ! same4 ,! mix$ clay or 8pa/e0 or 8body0 7v>i$ 9 composition accord+ to ! nature ( ! glaze to be sup]impos$7 is =m$ by ! h&1 or on ! :eel1 or impress$ into m\lds2 !n sl[ly dri$ & bak$ 9 a furnace or /ove1 aft] :i*1 on cool+1 x is 9 a /ate to receive ! glaze4 ,?is is prep>$ by fus+ s& or o!r silice\s mat]ial ) pota% or soda to =m a transluc5t glass1 ! composition1 9 ! ma91 ( ! glaze ^u silice\s w>es4 ,! addition ( a v>y+ b consid]able quantity ( ! oxide ( lead1 by :i* x is r5d]$ m easily fusible b /ill transluc5t1 con/itutes ! glaze ( plumbe\s w>es3 & ! fur!r addition ( ! oxide ( t9 produces an enamel ( an opaque :ite ( great purity1 :i* is ! *>act]i/ic glaz+ ( /annif]\s or t9-glaz$ w>es4 ,9 e case ! vitre\s sub/ance is r$uc$ to ! f9e/ p[d] by me*anical & o!r means1 be+ mill$ ) wat] to ! consi/5cy ( cream2 into ?is ! dry & absorb5t bak$ piece is dipp$ & )drawn1 leav+ a coat+ ( ! mat]ial ( ! ba? adh]+ to its surface4 ,a second fir+1 :5 q dry1 fuses ?is coat+ into a glaz$ surface on ! piece1 r5d]+ x lu/r\s & imp]meable to liquids4 ,! two =m] ( ^! glazes may be v>i\sly col\r$ by ! admixture ( metallic oxides1 z copp] = gre51 iron = yell[1 c42 b !y are nev]!less transluc5t1 & %[ ! natural col\r ( ! bak$ clay b5ea?4 ,,vitre\s ,,or ,,glass-,,glaz$ ,,w>es4 ,! vitre\s1 silico-alcal9e or glass-glaz$ w>es1 7 ( v anci5t date & 9 all probability _h _! orig9 9 ! ea/1 9 ,egypt1 or ,india1 or ,phnicia2 inde$ ! discov]y ( glass1 :i* has always be5 attribut$ to ! latt] c\ntry1 w\ld soon direct ! pott]'s att5tion to a mode ( cov]+ 8 por\s vessel ( bak$ e>? ) a coat+ ( ! new mat]ial2 b ! ord9>y bak$ clay w\ld n take or hold ! glaze1 :i* rose 9 bubbles & scal$ (f1 refus+ to adh]e to ! surface1 & x became necess>y to =m ! pieces ( a mix$ mat]ial1 consi/+ ( mu* silice\s s&1 "s alum9\s e>?1 & probably a small portion ( alcali1 ?us r5d]+ x ( a nature approximat+ to t ( ! glaze1 & to :i* ! latt] firmly adh]$4 ,9 "s in/ances1 on ! f9] examples :i* may probably h be5 expos$ to a high] temp]ature 9 ! ov51 ! glaze & ! body ( ! piece h become s incorporat$ z to produce a semi-transluc5t sub/ance1 analog\s to "s artificial porcela9s4 ,9 its nature ?is glaze is transluc5t1 & accord+ly we f9d t :5 ornam5t$ ) designs1 !y are execut$ directly on ! 8biscuit0 or unglaz$ surface ( ! piece1 :i* !n receives its vitre\s cov]+ ?r\gh :i* !y are app>5t4 ,by means ( an oxide ( copp] ! exquisite turquoise blue ( anci5t ,egypt1 8sc>cely rivall$ aft] ?irty c5turies ( human exp]i5ce10 0 produc$4 ,! gre5 col\r 01 p]haps1 giv5 by means ( ano!r oxide ( ! same metal2 violet by manganese or gold1 yell[ by silv] or p]haps by iron1 & ! r>] r$ p]haps by ! protoxide ( copp]4 ,we also f9d t bricks & vases ( simil> glaz+1 br\ght to its greate/ p]fection 9 ,egypt1 7 made by ! ,babylonians & ,assyrians4 ,?r\gh\t ,babylonia ! sites ( anci5t build+s af=d fragm5ts ( glaz$ pott]y4 ,! glaze ( ^? br\ght f ,borsippa by ! abb ,beau*amp1 9 #agij1 0 analys$ & f\nd to conta9 nei!r ! oxides ( lead nor t91 b to be an alcal9e silicate ) alum9a1 col\r$ by metallic oxides4 ,a m rec5t analysis ( ,assyrian examples %[s t ) a base ( silicate ( soda or soda glass & oxide ( t9 ! opaque :ite has be5 produc$1 be+ ! e>lie/ record$ example ( 8enamell$0 w>e4 ,a small quantity ( oxide ( lead 0 also f\nd 9 ! blue glaze on tiles f ,babylonia4 ,at ,w>ka1 probably ! anci5t ,ur ( ! ,*aldees1 ,mr4 ,l(tus discov]$ num]\s c(f9s or s>cophagi1 pil$ "o ^u ano!r to ! height ( =ty-five feet1 ( peculi> =m1 & made ( t]ra-cotta glaz$ ) a silice\s glaze ( blui%-gre5 col\r4 ,!y are =m$ some:at l a %oe1 an op5+ be+ left at ! upp] & wid] end = ! ins]tion ( ! body1 & clos$ by an oval lid :i*1 z well z ! upp] "p ( ! c(f91 is ornam5t$ ) figures & plants 9 relief4 ,!y are suppos$ to be ( ! ,sassanian p]iod4 ,! metallic lu/re 9 decoration 0 appli$1 app>5tly at an e>ly "t1 to pott]y glaz$ ) a silice\s coat+1 & appe>s to h e/abli%$ itself 9 ,p]sia4 ,on specim5s f ,arabia x is also f\nd1 & its use 9 comb9ation ) ?is glaze may possibly h prec$$ ! manufacture ( lu/r$ w>es coat$ ) ! /annif]\s enamel1 by ! ea/]n pott]s ( ! ,bale>ic isl&s1 ,spa91 & ,sicily4 ,9 nor!rn ,india1 at ,s9d1 & 9 ,p]sia1 w>es are made at ! pres5t day ( precisely ! same "* z ! anci5t pott]y "u consid]ation4 ,pieces f ! =m] locality1 :i* 7 exhibit$ at ! ,int]national ,exhibition ( #ahga1 are compos$ ( a s&y argillace\s frit1 ornam5t$ ) patt]n 9 cobalt blue b5ea? a silice\s glaze4 ,inde$ _! agreem5t 9 te*nical "* ) "s ( ! pott]y ( ! anci5t ,egyptians & ,assyrians1 & ) t produc$ 9 ,syria & ,p]sia dur+ ! f\rte5?1 fifte5?1 & sixte5? c5turies1 is mo/ rem>kable4 ,p]sia also n[ produces inf]ior w>es ( ! same class1 specim5s ( :i*1 z well z "s ( ^? f ,india1 are pres]v$ 9 ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton museum3 ! engrav+ on ! opposite page repres5ts a wall tile 7no4 #fbc7 ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,we ?us see h[ widely spread1 & at h[ e>ly a p]iod1 ! use ( ?is mo/ anci5t mode ( glaz+ 0 e/abli%$ & br\ght to p]fection4 ,x 0 ! p>5t ( all ^? w>es n[ kn[n z ,p]sian1 ,damascus1 ,rhodian1 or ,l9dus4 ,,plumbe\s1 ,,or ,,lead ,,glaz$ ,,w>es4 ,! silico-plumbe\s or lead-glaz$ w>es 7 = _m ages & /ill are ! mo/ common1 &1 9 ,europe1 ! mo/ widely spread class ( pott]y3 inde$1 ?r\gh\t ! nor!rn & we/]n c\ntries lead1 9 comb9ation ) glass1 seems to h ,illu/ration be5 ! e>lie/ & until ! fifte5? c5tury ! only means kn[n ( glaz+ s(t pott]y4 ,we h se5 t a c]ta9 am\nt ( lead has be5 f\nd 9 "s ( ! blue col\r$ glazes ( ,babylonia1 & 7says ,dr4 ,p]cy7 8probably employ$ z a flux20 if s1 ?is might h be5 ! spr+ ( its g5]al adoption = ! purpose ( produc+ a m easily fusible & !re=e a m ready & m manageable coat+2 b 9 ! ea/ x does n seem to h supplant$ ! m elegant & pur] silice\s glaze4 ,fragm5ts ( ,grco-,roman pott]y f ,t>sus1 lamps f ! neighb\rhood ( ,naples1 & o!r examples ( a highly glaz$ pott]y f v>i\s antique sites :i* h all ! appe>ance ( a plumbe\s composition1 are pres]v$ 9 _m collections1 z at ! ,l\vre1 ,naples1 ! ,briti% museum1 c4 ,! pa/e ( :i* ^! examples are =m$ is to all appe>ance an ord9>y pott]'s clay1 g5]ally ( a buff col\r1 & 9 no way simil> 9 "* to t ( ! ,egyptian or ,assyrian w>es1 glaz$ ) a true glass4 ,! adhesion ( ! vitre\s coat+ to ! surface1 & its p]fect adaptability to ! irregul>ities ( ! %ap$ & m\ld$ pieces1 prove its aff9ity = ! pa/e ( :i* !y are made1 & indirectly t its composition is n ! same z t ( ! ,egyptian or ,assyrian glaze4 ,x is wor?y ( rem>k t ne>ly all ^! specim5s are f\nd 9 ! s\? ( ,europe1 examples r>ely occurr+ ev5 at ,rome2 &1 inde$1 x is n improbable t ! use ( ?is glaze _h h>dly be5 adopt$ by ! arti/ic pott]s be=e _! art1 toge!r ) all o!rs1 _h deg5]at$ "u ! ,l[] ,empire4 ,! sup]abundance ( ! preci\s metals & o!r ri* mat]ial1 m appreciat$ by ! p[]ful ?an ! priceless treasures :i* art _h =m$ f common clay1 & :i* _h be5 ! delight ( a m ref9$ /ate ( society1 l$ f9ally to a total neglect ( ! high] bran*es ( c]amic manufacture4 ,x is n unlikely t plumbe\s glaze may h be5 introduc$ by ,greek or ori5tal pott]s into s\!rn ,italy4 ,we le>n f ! monk ,!ophilus t ! art ( decorat+ fictile vessels ) vitre\s col\rs 0 practis$ by ! ,byzant9e ,greeks1 :o w\ld h c>ri$ x !re4 ,?is /atem5t1 9 all probability1 ref]s to ! lead glaz$ w>es & n to ! t9 enamel1 ! =m] ( :i*1 z we h se51 0 kn[n e>li] ?an 8 "t to ! pott]s ( ,t>sus1 ,pompeii1 c41 & x is reasonable to believe t ! art may h be5 pres]v$ 9 ,byzantium :5 lo/1 or ne>ly lo/1 9 ,italy4 ,p]haps1 9 comb9ation ) incis$ ornam5t ! use ( ?is glaze nev] ceas$ 9 t c\ntry f ! eigh? & n9? c5turies until ! introduction or discov]y ( ! /annif]\s enamel 9 ! fifte5? c5tury2 & we f9d t ! e>lie/ glaz$ w>es ( t c\ntry1 ! sgraffiati1 ! pa9t$1 & ! mezza maiolica w>es1 are cov]$ ) ?is description ( vitre\s surface4 ,9 ! elev5? c5tury *ur*es built 9 v>i\s places 7 decorat$ ) discs & 8ciotole0 ( glaz$ & pa9t$ t]ra-cotta4 ,! rese>*es ( ! abb ,co*et at ,b\teilles h %[n t glaz$ pott]y 0 9 use 9 ! nor? ( ,france 9 ! ,anglo-norman p]iod ( ! ?irte5? & f\rte5? c5turies1 or p]haps ev5 9 e>li] "t4 ,examples ( glaz$ & pa9t$ tiles ( ! f\rte5? c5tury are pres]v$ 9 ! ,briti% museum4 ,z be=e /at$1 ?is glaze is compos$ ( silica ) v>y+ proportions ( pota% or soda & ( oxide ( lead1 by :i* addition x is r5d]$ m easily fusible b rema9s transp>5t4 ,to obta9 a :ite surface 01 h[ev]1 desirable1 ! col\r ( ! pa/e b5ea? ! glaze be+ g5]ally ( a dull r$ or buff & ill-adapt$ z a gr\nd = ! display ( col\r$ ornam5tation4 ,to supply ?is want1 be=e ! inv5tion ( ! t9 enamel1 an int]v5+ process 0 adopt$4 ,a :ite argillace\s e>? ( ! nature ( pipeclay 0 purifi$ & mill$ ) wat]1 & ?us appli$ ov] ! co>s] surface ( ! piece 9 ! same mann] z ! glaze3 aga9 dri$1 or slightly fix$ by fire1 x 0 ready to receive ! transluc5t coat ?r\gh :i* ! :ite 8slip0 or 8engobe0 became app>5t4 ,x is easy to conceive t by scrat*+ a design or patt]n ?r\gh ?is :ite appli$ surface to ! d>k] clay b5ea?1 be=e fix+ 9 ! fire1 a ready mode ( decoration pres5t$ itself )\t ! use ( col\r1 to be cov]$ ) b visible ?r\gh ! glaze2 h5ce ! e>ly incis$ or 8sgraffiato0 w>e1 "o ( ! primitive modes ( decorat+ glaz$ pott]y4 ,pass]i /ates t pott]y works exi/$ f remote p]iods 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,pes>o1 z prov$ by rema9s ( furnaces & fragm5ts ( ,roman "t & tiles ) ! /amp ( ,!odoric2 t dur+ ! d>k ages ! manufacture 0 neglect$1 b t x reviv$ aft] #acjj1 & t x !n became ! fa%ion 9 t city to adorn ! *ur* t[]s & faades ) discs & 8bac9i0 ( col\r$ & glaz$ e>!nw>e2 a practice :i* _h be5 9 use at ,pisa & o!r cities z e>ly z ! elev5? c5tury4 ,! orig9 ( ?is cu/om has be5 mu* discuss$2 & ! read] w f9d an acc\nt ( x 9 ! introduction to ! detail$ catalogue ( ,maiolica 9 ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton collection4 ,occasionally1 or r frequ5tly1 circul> & squ>e slabs ( porphyry & s]p5t9e 7 us$ on ! same build+1 concurr5tly ) ! glaz$ e>!nw>e1 z on ! t[] ( ,/a4 ,m>ia ,maggiore at ,rome2 &1 inde$1 ?is mode ( enri*m5t atta*$ to ! ar*itecture ( ! #aa?1 #ab?1 & #ac? c5turies is 9 accordance ) t produc$ by ! enamell$ discs & inlaid /ones on processional crosses & *ur* plate ( ! same p]iod4 ,! only in/ance1 obs]v$ by ! writ]1 ( ! occurr5ce ( ^! 8bac9i0 ( glaz$ w>e 9 dome/ic ar*itecture is se5 ov] ! w9d[s ( ! palazzo ,fava 9 ,bologna4 ,?is /yle ( decoration ceas$ entirely dur+ ! c\rse ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,pass]i in/ances ! use ( glaze on tiles ^u a tomb 9 ,bologna1 opposite ! *ur* ( ,s4 ,dom5ico1 dat$ ab\t #aajj2 & he fur!r /ates1 b we "k n ^u :at au?ority1 t x 0 ab\t ! ye> #acjj t ! me?od ( cov]+ ! clay ) a 8slip0 or 8engobe0 ( :ite e>?1 or ! co>s] e>? ( ,v]ona1 0 fir/ adopt$4 ,slightly bak$1 x 0 glaz$ ) 8m>zacotto0 7oxide ( lead & glass71 appli$ wet & aga9 fir$2 & ?is glaze 0 v>i\sly col\r$ yell[1 gre51 black1 & blue1 by iron1 copp]1 manganese1 & cobalt4 ,a simil> me?od ( coat+ ! r\gh & por\s bak$ clay seems to h be5 kn[n also at a v e>ly p]iod 9 ! nor? ( ,europe1 & to h be5 9 use ?r\gh\t ,france1 ,g]many1 & ,engl&4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,enamell$ ,,or ,,/annif]\s ,,glaz$ ,,w>es4 ,x 0 f\nd t by ! addition ( a c]ta9 portion ( ! oxide ( t9 to ! composition ( glass & oxide ( lead ! "* ( ! glaze entirely alt]s4 ,in/ead ( be+ transluc5t x becomes1 on fusion1 an opaque & beautifully :ite enamel1 ! int]v5+ process ( cov]+ ! surface ( ! clay ) a /ratum ( :ite e>? be=e glaz+ be+ unnecess>y4 ,x1 moreov]1 0 f\nd to af=d a bett] gr\nd = ! application ( col\r$ ornam5t4 ,! process ( application 0 ! same z = ! 8slip20 aft] imm]sion 9 ! enamel ba?1 & subsequ5t dry+1 ! pa9t+ is appli$ ^u ! absorb5t surface2 ! piece be+ !n subject$ to ! fire :i*1 at "o application1 fixes ! col\rs & liquifies ! glaze4 ,?is 8enamell$0 pott]y 7maille7 is by f> ! m important gr\p ( ! glaz$ w>es1 be+ susceptible ( decoration by ! lu/re pigm5ts1 z well z by pa9t+ 9 col\rs ( great delicacy2 & x comprises ! ,hispano-moresque1 ! real ,maiolica1 & ! p]fect$ e>!nw>e ( ,italy & o!r c\ntries4 ,x is true t ! fir/ trace ( ! application ( oxide ( t9 to produce a :ite opaque glaz$ surface is to be met ) ^u ,babylonian or ,assyrian bricks1 b we are dispos$ to ?9k t x 0 !n m]ely us$ z a pigm5t to produce a :ite col\r1 & n z an application to pott]y = ! production ( a :ite opaque glaze capable ( receiv+ col\r$ enri*m5t by pa9t+ 9 o!r pigm5ts4 ,a corroboration ( ?is op9ion w\ld seem to exi/ 9 ! fact t ?r\gh\t ,asia ,m9or1 ,syria1 ,p]sia1 & ,egypt1 a purely /annif]\s glaze on pott]y has nev] be5 g5]ally adopt$1 or tak5 ! place ( t simple & beautiful silice\s coat+1 s dext]\sly appli$ & ) su* ri*ness ( effect ^u ! ,p]sian & ,damascus e>!nw>e4 ,engrav$ is an example ( an e>ly ,damascus plate 7no4 #feij71 at ,s\? ,illu/ration ,k5s+ton4 ,p]haps isolat$ & ly+ dormant 9 remote localities = c5turies1 its use may h be5 le>n$ by ! ,arabs1 = its next appe>ance is ^u fragm5ts ( til+ app>5tly ( _! manufacture or fa%ion$ "u _! influ5ce4 ,h[ ! k ( ?is enamel travell$1 :5 & :]e x 0 fir/ us$1 & to :at ext5t appli$1 is /ill d\btful4 ,we meet ) an occasional fragm5t g5]ally ^u mural decoration ( unc]ta9 date on v>i\s ,arab sites1 till at l5g? x becomes palpably appreciable 9 ! ,moori% pott]ies ( ,spa9 & ( ! ,bale>ic isl&s4 ,! b>on ,j4 ,*4 ,davilli]1 9 8 excell5t "w on pott]y1 /ates t he has n be5 able to discov] any piece :i* c\ld reasonably be ascrib$ to a date ant]ior to ! f\rte5? c5tury1 "s two hundr$ ye>s aft] ! expulsion ( ! ,s>ac5s f ,spa94 ,9 ,val5cia1 h[ev]1 ant]ior to its conque/ by ,jayme ,i4 ( ,arragon 9 #abci1 pott]ies _h be5 long e/abli%$1 & 7 ( su* importance t t mon>* felt himself b\nd to protect ! ,moori% pott]s ( ,xativa 7,san ,filippo7 by a special edict4 ,we mu/ be> 9 m9d t !re 7 two p]iods ( ,mahomm$an sway 9 ,spa91 ! fir/ on ! expulsion ( ! ,go?ic mon>*y by ! ,arabs & ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,caliphate at ,cordova1 9 ! eigh? c5tury4 ,( ! c]amic productions ( ?is e>ly p]iod we h no accurate k1 b we %\ld expect to f9d !m ( simil> "* to ! silice\s glaz$ w>es preval5t 9 ! ea/4 ,! second p]iod is aft] an int]val ( five c5turies1 9 #abce1 :5 ! ,moors f\nd$ ! k+dom ( ,granada1 hav+ driv5 out ! ,arabs4 ,!n fir/ appe> ! w>es usually kn[n z ,hispano-moresque1 l ! f9e vase 7engrav$7 no4 #hifh1 at ,s\? ,k5s+ton2 = we f9d ! tiles ( ! ,alhambra dat+ ab\t #acjj1 ! ,alhambra vase ab\t #acbj1 & cont9u\s abundant examples ( t9 glaz$ w>es ( ,moori% orig91 until ! p]iod ( ! conque/ ( ! c\ntry by ,f]d9& & ,isabella2 aft] :i* ! pott]y becomes m purely ,spani% & spe$ily decl9es4 ,mr4 ,m>ryat rem>ks1 9 ref]5ce to ! second or ,moori% p]iod1 t ! art ( ! new invad]s _h ! same orig9 z ! old1 b z we h no specim5s kn[n to h be5 ( ! e>li] or ,arabian p]iod we _c accept ?is v]dict z conclusive4 ,moreov]1 "s confusion has aris5 9 class+ toge!r ! glass glaz$ or silice\s pott]y1 ) or )\t metallic lu/re1 & ! ,moresque w>es produc$ 9 ,spa91 :i* are s di/9ctly *>act]i/ic z be+ enamell$ ) ! oxide ( t94 ,illu/ration ,we p>ticul>ly ref] to ^? some:at r>e examples ( e>ly silice\s pott]y1 l ! deep ,rhodian plate next engrav$1 "s enri*$ ) metallic lu/re1 o!rs )\t1 ! designs ^u all ( :i* are em95tly ,arabian or ,s>ac5ic1 unreadable mock ,arabic inscriptions occurr+ 7z 9 ! textile fabrics ( ! same p]iod7 among ! ornam5ts2 z 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury vase 9 ! woodcut1 p4 #ag4 ,su* are ! tiles ( e>ly date f v>i\s ,illu/ration places 9 ,p]sia & ,arabia4 ,simil> w>es1 ( :i* !re are specim5s at ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 are suppos$ to h be5 made by ori5tal pott]s 9 ,sicily b x is difficult to say at :at "t4 ,t isl& 0 conqu]$ by ! ,s>ac5s 9 #hbg4 ,aga91 !re is ano!r v>iety ( pott]y ( ,moresque "* & ornam5tation ) v]micul> patt]n 9 copp] lu/re on a seem+ly /annif]\s glaze1 :i* is ascrib$ to ,moori% pott]s :o w5t to ,sicily & e/abli%$ works at ,calata ,girone 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,illu/ration ,x is n improbable t ! exi/5ce 9 ,spa9 ( t9 ores 9 consid]able abundance may h accid5tally l$ to ! discov]y or to ! adoption ( ! /annif]\s enamel1 obta9$ by an admixture ( ! oxide ( t metal ) glass & oxide ( lead4 ,we h no positive pro( ( its use on pott]y at an e>li] date 9 any o!r c\ntry1 s9ce ! p]iod ( ! ,babylonian bricks4 ,may !re n be "s tru? 9 ! /ory ( ! ,majorcan di%es built into ! ,pisan t[]s1 & t ! s+le specim5 ( 8,p]sian0 w>e f\nd by ! writ] on ! *ur* ( ,/a4 ,cecilia 9 t city1 :i* 9 all probability 0 plac$ !re e>ly 9 ! twelf? c5tury1 may be "o ( ! di%es br\ght home by ! ,pisans1 at a "t ant]ior to ! use ( ! t9 enamel 9 ,majorca8 ,!re is g5]ally a f\ndation = fabul\s /ories1 & x is n unlikely t "s few ( ^? trophies 7 s appli$2 ! m s z ! ta/e = su* ar*itectural decoration prevail$ at t p]iod4 ,at ! same "t !re c be no d\bt t _m ( ! bac9i adorn+ *ur*es 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,italy1 includ+ ,pisa1 7 ( native ,italian manufacture1 z w\ld seem probable f _! compositions & designs4 ,engrav+s ( ^!1 & ( ! fragm5t ( ori5tal w>e above allud$ to1 are publi%$ 9 ! ,ar*ologia1 vol4 xlii4 ,we are indebt$ to ! c\ncil ( ! ,society ( antiqu>ies = p]mission 7see next page7 to use ! latt] block4 ,! e>lie/ traces ( ! use ( /annif]\s enamel glaze 9 ,europe1 kn[n to u1 is always 9 connection ) a decoration1 produc$ by ! r$uction ( c]ta9 metallic salts 9 ! rev]b]atory furnace1 leav+ a ?9 film ^u ! surface1 :i* gives t beautiful & ri* effect kn[n z reflet mtallique1 nacr1 cangiante1 rub9o1 rev]b]ato1 c41 & 9 ,engl& z lu/r$ w>e4 ,9 ,italy ! use ( a metallic lu/re 0 app>5tly kn[n & practis$ previ\s to ! introduction ( ! t9 enamel1 = we h abundant examples ( e>ly 8mezza-maiolica0 f ! pott]ies ( ,pes>o or ,gubbio1 glaz$ only ) ! oxide ( lead & glass1 & :i* are brilliantly lu/r$ ) ! metallic col\rs4 ,none ( ^! c1 h[ev]1 be ref]r$ to an e>li] date ?an ! latt] half ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,( :om1 !n1 did ! ,italian pott]s le>n ?is art8 ,we h no answ] to ! "q 9 any hi/orical record1 & we are =c$ to inf] t ! "n by :i* ?is lu/r$ w>e 0 kn[n at ! "t & 9 ! c\ntry ( its production1 reflect$ t ( ,illu/ration ! place f :i* x 0 d]iv$4 ,accord+ly we f9d t ! co>s] lead glaz$ lu/r$ w>e 0 kn[n z 8mezza-maiolica10 :ile t m ne>ly resembl+ its orig9al1 by ! use ( ! t9 enamel1 0 kn[n z 8maiolica40 ,t ! ,moori% pott]s ( ,majorca convey$ ?is k1 & t ! ,italians nam$ _! w>e aft] t ( ! isl&1 w\ld seem a reasonable conclusion4 ,m4 ,jacquem>t1 h[ev]1 ?9ks x equally probable t al?\gh ! ,majorcan w>es 7 well kn[n 9 ,italy1 ?is art may really h be5 communicat$ by ,p]sian pott]s1 or _! pupils1 com+ to ! ea/]n ports ( ,italy2 & t ! /yle ( decoration on ! e>ly ,italian lu/r$ w>es is m ,p]sian ?an ,moresque4 ,?is w\ld also 9 "s measure expla9 :y ! lu/r\s col\rs 7 us$ at "s pott]ies ant]ior to ! adoption ( ! /annif]\s enamel4 ,! woodcut repres5ts a b[l at ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 no4 #ejc1 possibly ( ?is manufacture1 & ( great r>ity4 ,9 date x is some:at late2 ab\t #adij4 ,illu/ration ,! g5]al t]m 8,maiolica10 also spelt 8,majolica10 has long be5 & is /ill errone\sly appli$ to all v>ieties ( glaz$ e>!nw>e ( ,italian orig94 ,we h se5 t x 0 n s orig9ally b t ! t]m 0 re/rict$ to ! lu/r$ w>es1 :i* resemble 9 t respect ^? ( ! isl& f :i* !y _h long be5 import$ into ,italy4 ,x is a curi\s fact1 prov+ _! e/imation 9 t c\ntry1 t ne>ly all ! specim5s ( ,hispano-moresque pott]y :i* adorn our cab9ets & enri* our museums h be5 procur$ 9 ,italy2 comp>atively few pieces hav+ be5 f\nd 9 ,spa94 ,scalig] /ates 9 ref]5ce to ! ,italian pott]y z comp>able ) ! porcela9 ( ,*9a1 t ! =m] d]iv$ its "n f ,majorca1 ( :i* ! w>es are mo/ excell5t4 ,fabio ,f]r>i also1 9 8 "w ^u ! orig9 ( ! ,italian language1 /ates 8 belief 8t ! use ( majolica1 z well z ! "n1 came f ,majorca1 :i* ! anci5t ,tuscan writ]s call$ ,maiolica40 ,?us ,dante writes3--8,tra l'isola di ,cipri e ,maiolica20 %[+ ! !n mode ( spell+ ! "n ( ! isl&1 & x w\ld seem b natural to di/+ui% an imitation ( its produce z 8 la ,maiolica40 ,! 8mezza-maiolica0 0 ! co>s] w>e1 =m$ ( pott]'s e>?1 cov]$ ) a :ite 8slip0 ^u :i* ! subject 0 pa9t$2 !n glaz$ ) ! common 8m>za-cotto0 or lead glaze1 ov] :i* ! lu/re pigm5ts 7 appli$4 ,! 8maiolica10 on ! o!r h&1 0 ! t9 enamell$ w>e simil>ly lu/r$4 ,z be=e /at$1 ^! t]ms 7 orig9ally us$ ) ref]5ce only to ! lu/r$ w>es1 b t[>ds ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury !y seem to h be5 g5]ally appli$ to ! glaz$ e>!nw>e ( ,italy4 ,we ?9k ) ,m4 ,jacquem>t1 ,m4 ,d>cel1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,c4 ,rob9son1 & o!rs1 t ! ^w maiolica %\ld be aga9 re/rict$ to ! lu/r$ w>es1 al?\gh 9 ,italy & else:]e x is habitually us$ to designate all ! num]\s v>ieties ( glaz$ e>!nw>e1 ) ! exception ( ! m common 8t]raglia0 & 9 di/9ction f porcela94 ,! ,g]mans ascribe ! discov]y ( ! t9 enamel glaz+ to a pott] ( ,s*ele/adt1 9 ,alsace1 ^: "n is unkn[n b :o di$ 9 ! ye> #abhc2 & 9 ! conv5t ( ,/4 ,paul at ,leipzic is a frieze ( l>ge glaz$ tiles1 ) heads 9 relief1 ! date ( :i* is /at$ to be #abjg4 ,! pott]s' art is said to h develop$ itself 9 t c\ntry at an e>li] p]iod ?an 9 ,italy2 rilievo ar*itectural decorations1 monum5ts ) figures 9 high relief1 & o!r works ( great arti/ic m]it hav+ be5 execut$ 9 #abcj at ,breslau1 :]e !re is a monum5t to ,h5ry ,,iv4 ( ,silesia :o di$ 9 #abij1 an important "w 9 ?is mat]ial4 ,lat]1 at ,nuremb]g1 ! eld] ,veit ,hirs*vgel 0 born 9 #adda1 & by him ! use ( ! t9 glaze 0 kn[n4 ,specim5s ascrib$ to 8 h& & dat+ f #adgj are pres]v$ 9 museums4 ,at ,/rehla a pulpit ( glaz$ t]ra-cotta is ( ! date #aefe1 & at ,saltzburg is ! wond]ful *imney-piece ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 /ill 9 its orig9al position 9 ! ,s*loss4 ,at t "t1 also1 ,hans ,kraut1 ( ,vill5g5 9 ,swabia1 produc$ good works1 b x is probable t _m ( ^! l>g] examples are cov]$ ) an admirably manipulat$ gre5 or br[n glaze :i* is produc$ )\t ! admixture ( t94 ,9 ,italy hi/ory has always aw>d$ ! hon\r ( its discov]y to ,luca della ,robbia1 ^: fir/ great "w 0 execut$ 9 #adch2 & h[ev] rec5t obs]vation may lead to ! assumption t its use 0 kn[n 9 ! ,italian pott]ies be=e 8 "t1 !re c be no d\bt t 8 0 n m]ely an application ( a well-kn[n process to a new purpose1 b t he really did inv5t an enamel ( peculi> :it5ess & excell5ce1 bett] adapt$ to 8 purpose & ( some:at diff]5t composition f t 9 use at any ( ! pott]ies ( 8 "t4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,we h already se5 t 9 ! twelf?1 ?irte5?1 & f\rte5? c5turies native w>es 7 produc$ 9 v>i\s places1 "s ( :i* /ill exi/ 9 ! t[]s & faades ( *ur*es1 & ( a palace at ,bologna4 ,^! are lead glaz$1 rudely pa9t$ or ) s+le col\rs1 & 9 "s in/ances 8sgraffiato0 prov+ t ! use ( a :ite 8slip10 or 8engobe0 0 kn[n 9 ,italy at t p]iod1 z affirm$ by ,pass]i1 :o fur!r ass]ts t 9 #acjj ! art assum$ a m decorative "*1 "u ! !n lords ( ,pes>o1 ! ,malate/as4 ,hav+ ?us atta9$ an ev5 opaque :ite surface ! developm5t ( its arti/ic decoration /eadily advanc$4 ,! col\rs us$ 7 yell[1 gre51 blue1 & black1 to :i* we may add a dull br[ni% r$1 notic$ on "s ( ! ,pisan 8bac9i40 ,pass]i /ates t ! reflection ( ! sun's rays f ! concave surfaces ( ^! 8bac9i0 at ,pes>o 0 mo/ brilliant1 & h5ce x has be5 wrongly inf]r$ t !y 7 enri*$ ) metallic lu/re4 ,we believe t ?is effect may arise f iridesc5ce on ! surface ( ! s(t lead glaze1 easily decompos$ by ! action ( ! atmosph]e 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! sea4 ,pieces exi/1 ( consid]able m]it1 :i* may be ascrib$ to an e>li] p]iod ?an t on :i* we f9d ! e>lie/ date4 ,a votive plaque pres]v$ 9 ! museum ( ! htel ,cluny1 at ,p>is1 has ! sacr$ monogram surr\nd$ by ! leg5d ,nicolaus de ,ragnolis ad honorem dei et ,sancti ,mi*aelis fecit fi]i ano #adge4 ,we h always consid]$ ?is plaque z ( ,fa5za1 b x w\ld seem t ,,mm4 ,jacquem>t & ,d>cel are dispos$ to ascribe x to ,caffaggiolo4 ,! next example1 two ye>s lat] 9 sequ5ce ( date1 is 9 ! possession ( ,mr4 ,cook2 x repres5ts ! ,virg9 seat$ on a ?rone 9 an ar*itectural fram+1 & hold+ ! ,*ild2 x has all ! *>act]i/ics ( a ,tuscan orig9 & ! glaze appe>s to be /annif]\s4 ,we next h ! ,fa5za plate 9 ! ,corr] museum at ,v5ice1 dat$ #adhb1 foll[$ by ! plaque ascrib$ to ,=l1 #adhi1 & "o ( ,fa5za1 #adia4 ,o!r pieces1 dat$ #adhf & #adhg1 are 9 o!r collections4 ,b we h no record or dat$ example ( ,italian pott]y1 coat$ ) ! /annif]\s enamel1 previ\s to ! fir/ important production by ,luca della ,robbia 9 #adch4 ,m4 ,jacquem>t is ( op9ion t ! use ( ! t9 enamel 0 kn[n on pott]y 9 ,italy previ\s to its application to sculpture by t arti/1 & 9 ?is op9ion ,mr4 ,rob9son agrees2 yet x is rem>kable t no record ( su* k has desc5d$ to u4 ,no enamell$ product ( ! e>ly fabriques ( ,fa5za or ,caffaggiolo be>s an e>li] date1 nor ( t ( ,pes>o :]e decoration by means ( ! lu/re pigm5ts is believ$ to h prec$$ _! application on enamell$ w>es2 :]eas ! use ( ! t9 enamel by ,luca on flat pa9t$ surfaces is prov$ by ! tondo on ! *ur* ( ,or ,san ,mi*ele1 ! lunette ov] a door at ! ,op]a del ,duomo1 & ! tiles on ! tomb ( ,b5ozzo ,f$]ighi1 bi%op ( ,fiesole1 n[ 9 ! *ur* ( ,s4 ,francesco de ,paolo bel[ ,bellosgu>do1 z ,flor5t9e evid5ces2 & ! twelve circul> discs1 on :i* are pa9t$ allegorical figures ( ! twelve mon?s1 are also to be ref]r$ to at ,s\? ,k5s+ton4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,c4 ,rob9son1 9 8 catalogue ( ,italian sculpture1 has giv5 a notice ( ! life & works ( ,luca della ,robbia & 8 family1 & a description ( ! specim5s ascrib$ to !m & possess$ by ! museum at ,s\? ,k5s+ton2 ! majority ( ^! rank z works ( sculpture1 b among ! re/ are ! tondi1 "h m5tion$1 a wood-cut f "o ( :i* we introduce4 ,!y are1 9 fact1 circul> plaques ( enamell$ pott]y pa9t$ on ! pla9 surface ) allegorical repres5tations ( ! mon?s1 9 all probability by ! h& ( ,luca della ,robbia himself4 ,we quote ,mr4 ,rob9son's description ( !m f page #ei ( t catalogue3-- ,illu/ration 8,nos4 #gfcb-gfdc4 ,luca della ,robbia4 ,a s]ies ( twelve circul> m$allions1 9 enamell$ t]ra-cotta1 pa9t$ 9 *i>'oscuro1 ) imp]sonations ( ! twelve mon?s4 ,diamet] ( ea*1 #a foot #aj in*es4 ,vas>i tells u t #8,luca s\ght to inv5t a me?od ( pa9t+ figures & hi/orical repres5tations on flat surfaces ( t]ra-cotta1 :i*1 be+ execut$ 9 vitrifi$ enamels1 w\ld secure !m an endless duration2 ( ?is he made an exp]im5t on a m$allion1 :i* is above ! tab]nacle ( ! f\r sa9ts on ! ext]ior ( ,or ,san ,mi*ele1 on ! plane surface ( :i* he del9eat$ ! in/rum5ts & emblems ( ! build]'s arts1 accompani$ ) beautiful ornam5ts4 ,= ! bi%op ( ,fiesole1 9 ! *ur* ( ,san ,brancazio1 he also made a m>ble tomb on :i* are ! recumb5t effigy ( ! bi%op & ?ree o!r half-l5g? figures besides1 & 9 ! pila/]s ( t "w he pa9t$1 on ! flat1 c]ta9 fe/oons & clu/]s ( fruit & foliage s skilfully & naturally1 t1 7 !y ev5 pa9t$ 9 oil on panel1 !y c\ld n be m beautifully or =cibly r5d]$4' ,we h "h a record ( ! fact t ,luca1 simultane\sly ) 8 enamell$ t]ra-cotta sculptures1 also practis$ pa9t+ 9 ! same vehicle on ! flat1 or1 9 o!r words1 ! art ( majolica pa9t+4 ,! monum5tal works be=e m5tion$ are n[ extant to atte/ ! tru? ( ?is acc\nt4 8,f a c>eful & repeat$ /udy ( ! above-nam$ works on ! spot1 & likewise f ! int]nal evid5ce ( ! te*nical qualities ( ! vehicle1 t]ra-cotta1 enamel pigm5ts1 c41 ! writ] has n[ to add to ! li/ ( ,luca's productions1 9 ?is especially int]e/+ bran*1 ! pres5t s]ies ( m$allions1 d\btless unit$ orig9ally 9 a gr& decorative "w4 ,ea* r\ndel is a massive disc ( t]ra-cotta1 ( a s+le piece1 evid5tly prep>$ to be built into a wall 7or vault$ ceil+7 ( "s edifice4 ,r\nd ! m>g9 ( ea* is a decorat$ m\ld+1 9 relief1 ( a *>act]i/ic ,della ,robbia type4 ,! surface )9 ! n>r[ bord] is flat or plane1 & ! designs are pa9t$ 9 two or ?ree grisaille t9ts on a blue gr\nd1 ( ! usual quiet sob] t9t affect$ 9 all ! backgr\nds & plane surfaces ( ! relievo subjects4 ,^! consi/ ( s+le figures ( contad9i or husb&m51 imp]sonat+ ! agricultural op]ations ( ! ,flor5t9e c\ntry1 *>act]i/ic ( ea* mon? ( ! ye>2 & al?\gh inve/$ ) a c]ta9 arti/ic *>m ( expression1 ! v>i\s figures1 ea* ( :i* exhibits a diff]5t individual "*1 may be tak5 z life portraits ( ! /urdy ,tuscan peasants ( ! day4 ,a b& or fascia =m+ an inn] bord] r\nd ea* subject1 is +5i\sly & fancifully divid$ into two unequal halves1 "o be+ ( a light] t9t ?an ! g5]al gr\nd ( ! composition1 & ! o!r half d>k]1 ?us indicat+ ! night & ! day2 ! mean duration ( ea* = e mon?1 be+ accurately comput$1 set (f on ! b& accord+ly1 & not$ 9 writt5 *>act]s on ! upp] or daylight "p1 :il/ ! "n ( ! mon? is writt5 9 l>ge capital lett]s at ! bottom 9 :ite1 on ! d>k gr\nd ( ! nocturnal portion4 ,! sun p\r+ d[n a cone ( yell[ rays1 accompani$ by ! sign ( ! zodiac prop] to ea* mon?1 is also se5 on ! left ( ! upp] "p ( ea* m>g91 & ! moon on ! l[] half opposite to him40 ,! au?or gives fur!r pro( t ^! m$allions are ! "w ( ,luca della ,robbia1 believ+ ! fact to be z c]ta9 z any?+ n absolutely au!nticat$ c be4 ,luca della ,robbia 0 born ab\t ! ye> #adjj1 & 8 "n mu/ ev] be associat$ ) ! discov]y or adaptation on a l>ge scale1 & improvem5t 9 composition1 ( /annif]\s enamel4 ,t ! nature ( ?is enamel is diff]5t f :at 0 us$ ^u o!r pott]y ( ! "t may be se5 by a comp>ison ( ! two surfaces4 ,! great] degree ( opacity & solidity 9 ! =m] is a m>k$ v>iation f t 9 g5]al use2 s ) ! surface ( 8 pa9t$ tiles4 ,p]haps ! e>li] productions ( ! ,caffaggiolo furnaces approa* ! ne>e/ to x4 ,!re is no piece1 seem+ly1 ( ! production ( a ,flor5t9e or ,tuscan pott]y ) a date be=e #adgg1 & ?is example w\ld appe> to be t9-glaz$4 ,) t exception1 ! fir/ pieces surfac$ ) ! /annif]\s enamel are ascrib$ to ! ,caffaggiolo pott]y & are dat$ #aejg & #aeji1 "s sev5ty ye>s subsequ5t to its fir/ record$ use by ,luca della ,robbia2 & we h no specim5s :i* c ) any probability be ascrib$ to a p]iod )9 a qu>t] ( a c5tury ( its habitual application by him4 ,we _c1 !re=e1 f9d ! slighte/ evid5ce to disprove ! ass]tion ( ,vas>i & o!rs t ,luca 0 ! discov]]1 = ,italy1 ( ?is important improvem5t 9 ! glaz+ ( e>!nw>e vessels4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 unreasonable to suppose t its composition may h be5 communicat$ to him by "o ( ! ,moori% pott]s f ,spa91 & t1 act+ ^u ?is communication1 he made a s]ies ( exp]im5ts result+ 9 ! p]fection to :i* he atta9$1 & :i* result 0 gu>d$ z a family secret by two succe$+ g5]ations4 ,a modification ( ?is composition1 p]haps also le>nt f ,hispano-moori% pott]s1 became gradually kn[n & adopt$ at v>i\s fabriques1 spread+ ?r\gh\t ! pott]ies ( ,italy1 ,france1 c4 ,we are incl9$ to ,m4 ,jacquem>t's op9ion t x fir/ came into use at ,caffaggiolo1 ! fabrique e/abli%$ "u ! influ5ce ( ! ,m$ici family1 b _c cons5t to 8 sugge/ion t ,luca le>nt !re ! composition ( ! enamel4 ,we agree ) ,mr4 ,rob9son 9 giv+ ! prec$5ce1 or at any rate an equality 9 po9t ( age1 to ,fa5za1 & 9 ascrib+ to t place c]ta9 figures & gr\ps 9 alto-rilievo1 be>+ inscriptions 9 ,go?ic lett]s1 ! modell+ & design ( :i* are m *>act]i/ic ( ! nor? ( ! ,ap5n9es ?an ( ! ,tuscan valley4 ,&rea della ,robbia1 to :om 8 uncle's mantle desc5d$1 also pa9t$ occasionally on plane surfaces1 z may be se5 on tiles :i* cov] ! flat surface ( a 8lavabo0 9 ! sacri/y ( ! *ur* ( ,/a4 ,m>ia ,novella1 9 ,flor5ce4 ,we w\ld m]ely fur!r note ! fact t 9 #aebj ! art 0 9 decad5ce "u ! h& ( ,giovanni ! son ( ,&rea1 ,luca's nephew1 & t dur+ ! fir/ qu>t] ( t c5tury v>i\s imitators produc$ inf]ior works 9 ! same /yle1 copy+ ! models ( ! ,della ,robbia & ! works ( "s o!r sculptors4 ,by ,giovanni's bro!r ,girolamo x 0 introduc$ into ,france1 :]e ! *teau de ,madrid 0 decorat$ by him "u ! patronage ( ,francis ! fir/4 ,9 ,italy1 ,ago/9o di ,antonio di ,duccio1 said to be a pupil ( ,luca1 work$ at ,p]ugia 9 #adei-fa1 :]e he execut$ enamell$ bas-reliefs on ! faade ( ! *ur* ( ,s4 ,b]n>d9o1 & 9 ,s4 ,dom5ico4 ,pi] ,paolo di ,agapito da ,sass(]rato is said to h erect$ an alt> 9 ?is mann] 9 ! *ur* ( ! ,cappuc9i 9 ,arc]ia1 9 ! diocese ( ,s9igaglia1 9 ! ye> #aeac4 ,he 0 also a pa9t]4 ,an able modell] z well z arti/ pott] ,mae/ro ,giorgio ,&reoli1 ( ,gubbio1 also appe>s to h execut$ works 9 ! mann] ( ! ,della ,robbia4 ,! practice ( enamell+ l>ge works modell$ 9 t]ra-cotta w\ld seem to h gone out ( repute be=e ! end ( ! fir/ half ( ! sixte5? c5tury2 n p]haps s mu* f ! secret ( ! glaze be+ kn[n only1 z we are told1 to ! desc5dants ( ! ,della ,robbia family1 z f ! want ( dem& = works 9 t mat]ial4 ,f ! increas$ use ( decorative tiles & ! enc\ragem5t af=d$ to ! production ( arti/ic pott]y1 furnaces & boteghe _h be5 e/abli%$ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( nor!rn & c5tral ,italy1 p>ticul>ly 9 ,romagna1 9 ,tuscany1 & 9 ! lord%ip ( ,urb9o1 :]e ! manufacture 0 patroniz$ at an e>ly "t by ! rul+ family1 z also by ! ,s=za at ,pes>o4 ,"h ! fir/ use ( ! metallic lu/re w\ld appe> to h be5 develop$2 b we h ev5 less hi/orical evid5ce ( ! date ( its e>lie/ introduction ?an 9 ! case ( ! t9 enamel4 ,be=e t great improvem5t 0 adopt$ by any ( ! pott]ies 9 ,italy1 ! pe>ly1 ! gold51 & ! ruby lu/re col\rs 7 produc$ at ,pes>o1 & p]haps at ,gubbio :]e x subsequ5tly atta9$ its greate/ p]fection4 ,pes>o be+ a coa/ t[n ( ! ,adriatic1 & "o :]e furnaces _h long exi/$1 w\ld =m a ready asylum = ori5tal workm5 flee+ f p]secution 9 _! own c\ntry4 ,x is reasonable to suppose t f !m ! use ( ^! metallic pigm5ts 0 acquir$1 & accord+ly we f9d e>ly pieces presumably ( ?is fabrique1 ! decorative 8motif0 on :i* is ea/]n to a m>k$ degree4 ,pa9t$ w>es _h be5 produc$ ant]ior to ! use ( ! metallic pigm5ts1 & among !m specim5s are occasionally f\nd betray+ ,p]sian influ5ce 9 _! design4 ,illu/ration ,! outl9es on ! 8mezza maiolica0 ( ?is p]iod 7 trac$ 9 manganese black or zaffre blue1 ) :i* la/ ! %ad+s are also indicat$2 ! fle% is left :ite4 ,a c]ta9 rigidity b tru?fulness is obs]vable 9 ! design1 crude & want+ 9 relief1 b precise & free f timidity4 ,a moresque bord] frequ5tly surr\nds a coat-(-arms1 portrait bu/s 9 pr(ile ( contempor>y pr9ces1 or t ( a sa9t or hea!n goddess2 or ! sacr$ monogram2 or1 aga9 7betro?al gifts7 a he>t ) jo9$ h&s1 z 9 ! woodcut2 or portraits ( ladies ) a ribbon or b&]ole1 on :i* ! "n is inscrib$ ) a complim5t>y adjective z 8bella10 8diva10 & ! l2 su* are ! pr9cipal subjects ( ^! e>ly bacili4 ,! admirable 8madrep]la0 lu/re ( ^! pieces1 *ang+ 9 col\r & effect ) e angle at :i* ! light is reflect$ f _! brilliant surface1 is ! lead+ *>act]i/ic & special beauty ( ?is class ( w>es1 :i* mu/ h be5 9 great reque/ & produc$ 9 consid]able quantity4 ,pes>o & ,diruta lay claim to _! production1 & ea* fabrique has its *ampions4 ,illu/ration ,we are incl9$ to ascribe ! e>li] & m important productions to ,pes>o1 & are dispos$ to consid] ! ,diruta fabrique z a subsequ5t & less important s\rce ( supply 9 respect to ! quality ( ! w>es4 ,^! bacili are ne>ly all ( ! same size & =m2 l>ge heavy di%es ( fle%-col\r$ clay ) deep sunk c5tres & a project+ circul> 8giretto0 beh9d1 =m+ a foot or base2 ?is is inv>iably pi]c$ ) two lat]al holes1 = ! purpose ( introduc+ a cord by :i* to susp5d !m to ! wall1 ?us prov+ t !y 7 look$ ^u m z decorative pieces 7piatti di pompa7 ?an = g5]al use ^u ! table2 ! back is cov]$ by a co>se yell[ glaze1 ! front hav+ a surface :it5$ by slip & pa9t$ z above-m5tion$4 ,! rim is sometimes ornam5t$ 9 comp>tm5ts 7a qu>ti]e71 or ) *equ]$1 8*evron0 or imbricat$ patt]ns1 or conv5tional fl[]s4 ,engrav$ 7p4 #ca7 is a f9e plateau ( e>ly date3 no4 #djgh at ,s\? ,k5s+ton4 ,! l>g] pieces ( ! p]iod made at v>i\s places h a c]ta9 g5]al resemblance 9 ! clumsy fa%ion1 ! dry ar*aic /yle ( draw+ execut$ 9 blue outl9e1 & 9 ! diap] patt]ns ( ! bord]4 ,glaz$ w>es ( poly*rome & subject decoration 7 no d\bt produc$ be=e ! introduction ( ! lu/re col\rs &1 judg+ f examples :i* h come d[n to u1 ! =ms seem to h be5 p>tially d]iv$ f ,p]sian1 ,hispano-moresque1 & o!r ori5tal orig9als2 deep di%es ) angul> sides & n>r[ rims2 o!rs ) a wide bord] or side slop+ at a gradual angle f ! small circul> c5tre4 ,! go?ic elem5t is1 h[ev]1 traceable on "s e>ly pieces ( nor? ,italian orig94 ,a m c>eful inve/igation ( ! records ( ,italian families1 & ! ar*ives ( ! _m t[ns at :i* pott]ies =m]ly exi/$1 might ?r[ consid]able light on ! hi/ory & e/abli%m5t ( ! v>i\s fabriques & ! m>ks & *>act]i/ics ( _! productions2 b at pres5t we c only =m an approximate op9ion by comp>ison ( ! examples exi/+ 9 collections ) sign$ examples by ! same h&4 ,we agree 9 believ+ ) ,pass]i t ! pott]ies ( ,pes>o 7 ( v e>ly date1 probably ant]ior to ,gubbio1 & ?9k t full weight %\ld be giv5 to 8 /atem5t t ! use ( ! lu/re pigm5ts 0 introduc$ f ! =m] to ! latt] fabrique1 :]e x atta9$ to unsurpass$ excell5ce "u ! able managem5t & improvem5t ( ,m4 ,giorgio b :e!r ! furnaces ( ,fa5za & ,=l 7 ( e>li] or subsequ5t e/abli%m5t to t ( ,pes>o is /ill a matt] ( conjecture1 & ( ,caffaggiolo & o!rs we h no record4 ,( ! antiquity ( ^! la/ !re c be no d\bt4 ,b al?\gh produc+ at ! latt] end ( ! fifte5? ,illu/ration & e>ly 9 ! sixte5? c5turies "s ( ! mo/ exquisite examples ( arti/ic decoration & ( ! p]fection ( manufacture 9 ?is class ( c]amics1 we are unable to f9d a s+le pro( ( ! use ( ! lu/r\s metallic t9ts1 or a s+le example ( pott]y s enri*$1 :i* c ) probability be ascrib$ to ! ,fa5za furnaces4 ,! same rem>k applies to o!r pott]ies on ! nor!rn side ( ! ,ap5n9es4 ,! ,pi$montese & ,lomb>d cities d n appe> to h enc\rag$ ! pott]'s art to an equal ext5t 9 ! #ae? & #af? c5turies1 nei!r c we le>n ( any excell5ce atta9$ 9 ,v5ice till ! e/abli%m5t ( ,durant9e & ,pes>ese arti/s at t city 9 ! middle ( ! latt] p]iod4 ,possibly1 ! f9e di% 7engrav$ p4 #cc7 may be ( t manufacture3 ! co/umes h a ,v5etian "*4 ,p]haps comm]ce did = ! ,que5 ( ! ,adriatic by ! importation ( ,rhodian1 ,damascus1 & o!r ea/]n w>es1 :at native indu/ry suppli$ to ! pomp & luxury ( ! hill cities ( ,umbria2 = x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ! f9] sorts ( enamell$ or glaz$ pott]y1 decorat$ by arti/ic h&s1 7 only atta9able by ! ri*] class ( pur*as]s2 m mode/ w>es or wood5 tr5*]s1 & ance/ral copp] vessels1 cont5t+ ! middle class4 ,! nor!rn du*ies1 ,f]r>a1 ,rim9i1 & ,rav5na1 also enc\rag$ ! art1 b to a small] ext5t ?an t ( ,urb9o4 ,x w\ld seem t ! use ( ! :ite /annif]\s enamel did n become g5]al 9 ,italy until "s ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ,luca della ,robbia1 9 #adha2 & 0 n adopt$ by ! pott]s ( ,umbria be=e ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,! hi/ory ( ! developm5t1 p]fection1 & decl9e ( ! c]amic art ( ! r5aissance 9 ,italy is s intimately connect$ ) & c5tr$ r\nd t ( ! duk$om ( ,urb9o1 t 9 trac+ its progress we mu/ also briefly call to memory ! =tunes & ! failures ( t noble h\se4 ,9 #addc :at _h be5 b an unimportant m\nta9 fief 0 erect$ into a du*y1 & ! h\se ( ,montefeltro rul$ a fair t]ritory 9 ! p]son ( ! infam\s ,oddantonio1 ! fir/ duke ( ,urb9o4 ,on 8 viol5t dea? 9 #addd ,f$]igo1 8 illegitimate bro!r1 succe$$ to ! duk$om4 ,( enlight5$ m9d1 z well z ( m>tial capacity1 he develop$ ! native capabilities ( ! c\ntry & ga!r$ ab\t him at ! c\rt ( ,urb9o ! sci5ce & le>n+ ( ! p]iod4 ,he built a noble ca/ellat$ palace at ,urb9o1 = ! embelli%m5t ( :i* he invit$ ! lead+ arti/s ( ! day4 ,a patron ( all art1 & a great collector1 he enc\rag$ ! manufacture ( ! maiolica w>es :i* fl\ri%$ "u 8 reign4 ,on 8 dea? 9 #adhb 8 son ,guidobaldo ,i4 cont9u$ 8 fa!r's patronage to ! c]amic arti/s ( ! du*y1 al?\gh mu* occupi$ 9 ! ,italian w>s consequ5t on ! ,fr5* invasion by ,*>les ,,viii4 ,pass]i /ates t f9e maiolica 7by :i* he means t cov]$ ) ! t9 enamel7 0 introduc$ into ,pes>o 9 #aejj2 & !re is "s reason to believe t ! new process came f ,tuscany4 ,x diff]$ mat]ially 9 composition & manufacture f ! 8mezza majolica0 w>es to :i* x 0 v sup]ior1 & 0 kn[n z 8,porcellana10 a "n appli$ at t p]iod 9 ,italy to ! *oic] description ( enamell$ e>!nw>e4 ,pass]i also /ates t 9 ! inv5tory ( ! ducal palaces a l>ge quantity ( pa9t$ 8majolica0 vases 7 includ$ "u ?is "n4 ,! sup]ior :it5ess ( ! enamel1 m ne>ly approa*+ to t ( ori5tal porcela91 0 probably ! reason = its adoption2 b we mu/ n conf\nd ! t]m z us$ 9 ?is s5se ) its te*nical mean+ 9 ref]5ce to a decorative design kn[n z 8a porcellana40 ,! introduction ( ! new enamel1 :i* af=d$ a bett] gr\nd = pa9t+1 did n cause ! use ( ! bright metallic col\rs & prismatic glaze to be rel9qui%$ at ^? pott]ies :]e x _h become e/abli%$1 b x appe>s to h /imulat$ a developm5t 9 ! arti/ic productions ( o!r places1 ! w>es ( :i* be=e t p]iod 7 less attractive4 ,! botega ( ,mae/ro ,giorgio at ,gubbio seems to h be5 at ?is "t ! great c5tre ( ! process ( embelli%m5t ) ! gold5 & ruby metallic lu/res2 &1 inde$1 we h little or no k ( arti/ic pott]y produc$ at t fabrique :i* is n s enri*$4 ,f "s te*nicality 9 ! process ( ! manufacture1 "s local advantage1 or "s secret 9 ! composition1 almo/ a monopoly ( its use 0 e/abli%$ at ,gubbio1 = we h ! evid5ce ( well-kn[n examples t f ! end ( ! fir/ to ! comm5cem5t ( ! la/ qu>t] ( ! #ae? c5tury _m pieces pa9t$ by ! arti/s ( ,pes>o1 ,urb9o1 & ,ca/el ,durante1 7 s5t !re to receive ! additional enri*m5t ( ! lu/re col\rs4 ,pieces may be se5 9 collections sign$ 9 blue by ! arti/ ,francesco ,xanto & o!rs :i* h be5 subsequ5tly lu/r$ at ,gubbio1 & aga9 sign$ 9 ! metallic pigm5t by ! 8mae/ro0 ( t botega4 ,at ,diruta also its use appe>s to h be5 ext5sive ?\gh n to s exclusive a degree nor on w>es ( su* high "* z at ,gubbio1 nei!r are we enabl$ by ! possession ( examples to conclude t ! works or o!r fabriques 7 s5t to ,diruta = ! additional embelli%m5t4 ,! crude draw+ ( ! e>li] w>e improv$ v sl[ly2 9 #aejb tiles execut$ = ! palace at ,pes>o 7 /ill ( sorry design2 b x develop$ by ! introduction ( half t9ts1 ! col\r+ ( ! drap]y1 & 9 ! composition ( ! gr\ps ( figures1 inspir$ by ! works ( ,timoteo della ,vite & o!r arti/s ( ! ,umbrian s*ool4 ,at ,pes>o ! art appe>s to h atta9$ its highe/ p]fection at ! botega ( ! ,lanfranco family1 ab\t #aedj-de4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( ! ducal ,c\rt at ,urb9o naturally drew m fav\r to ! pott]ies ( t city1 & ( its ne> neighb\r ,ca/el ,durante4 ,! latt] ( ^! appe>s also to h be5 a seat ( ?is indu/ry f v remote times1 & n only to h furni%$ l>ge quantities ( glaz$ e>!nw>e b also arti/ic works ( ! highe/ m]it4 ,ca/el ,durante n only produc$ f9e w>es at home b arti/s ( great ability emigrat$ f h]1 e/abli%+ !mselves at v>i\s places4 ,h5ce orig9ally came ! ,fontana family1 ! mo/ important produc]s ( ! high] class ( decorative pott]y at ,urb9o4 ,at ,v5ice ,francesco ,pi]agnolo 9 #aede1 accompani$ by 8 fa!r ,gian-,antonio da ,pes>o1 =m$ a botega2 b 8 w>es are n among ! e>lie/ dat$ pieces made 9 t city1 :]e we "k t ,m ,ludovico 0 produc+ admirable works five ye>s previ\sly1 & ,m ,jacomo da ,pes>o 9 #aedb4 ,a memb] ( ! ,fontana family1 ,camillo1 y\ng] bro!r ( ! celebrat$ ,orazio1 w5t to ,flor5ce1 & ano!r ,m ,camillo to ,f]r>a 9 #aefg1 by ! reque/ ( ! !n reign+ duke1 ,alfonso ,,ii42 9 #afjj we f9d t ,mae/ro ,diom$e ,durante _h a pott]y at ,rome1 produc+ pieces pa9t$ by ,gio4 ,paulo ,sav9o1 9 ! /yle ( ! ,urb9o grotesques on :ite gr\nd1 :i* _h be5 br\ght to su* p]fection by ! ,fontana family4 ,ano!r arti/ ( ?is family1 ,guido di ,sav9o1 is /at$ to h previ\sly e/abli%$ himself at ,antw]p4 ,illu/ration ,at ,urb9o & ,gubbio ! %ap$ pieces1 ! vases1 ci/]ns1 c4 7 ( l>ge size admirably modell$1 z1 = in/ance1 ! f9e vase at ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 no4 #eae1 9 ! woodcut2 !y 7 also ri*ly 8i/oriata0 ) subjects f sacr$ & pr(ane hi/ory1 poetry1 c43 ! produce ( ! celebrat$ ,fontana botega be+1 p]haps1 ! mo/ important ( !m4 ,"h also work$ ! able arti/ ,francesco ,xanto1 f #aecj to #aeda 7latt]ly 9 ! pott]y ( ,francesco ,silvano71 s _m ( ^: pa9t$ pieces 7 subsequ5tly decorat$ ) ruby & gold lu/re at ,gubbio4 ,f #aebj to #aedj ! art con/antly advanc$ 9 ?is du*y1 & _h reta9$ great p]fection till #aefj4 ,x is probable t ! pott]ies at ,ca/el ,durante 7 ( e>li] f\ndation ?an ^? at ,urb9o &1 f _! fir/ e/abli%m5t to ! decad5ce ( ! art 7 "s ( ! mo/ important & productive furnaces ( ! du*y4 ,"h sev]al boteghe exi/$1 "o ( :i* 0 "u ! direction ( ! cavali]e ,cipriano ,piccolpasso :o1 himself an arti/ & a pr(essor ( m$ic9e1 0 d\btless well advanc$ 9 ! *emical k ( 8 day4 ,he work$ ab\t #aeej1 & has left ! important & int]e/+ manuscript1 entitl$ 8,li tre libri dell' arte dell' ,vasajo10 n[ 9 ! libr>y ( ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton museum4 ,?is manuscript 0 pr9t$ & publi%$ at ,rome 9 #aheg1 & a translation 9 ,fr5* at ,p>is 9 #ahda1 bo? editions ) engrav$ copies ( ! num]\s designs4 ,guidobaldo ,i4 0 succe$$ 9 ! duk$om by 8 nephew ,francesco ,m>ia ,della ,rov]e1 9 #aejh1 :o1 incurr+ ! res5tm5t ( pope ,leo ! t5?1 0 oblig$ to retire into ,lomb>dy b 0 re9/at$ 9 #aeag4 ,rome 0 sack$ 9 #aebg1 & hi/ory accuses ,guidobaldo ( hav+ p]mitt$ ! horrible act )\t int]f]+ to prev5t x4 ,he di$ f poison 9 #aech at ,pes>o1 :i!r he _h retir$ aft] a rev]seful life & reign4 ,8 du*ess 0 ! excell5t ,leonora ,gonzaga4 ,%e built a palace ne> ,pes>o1 kn[n z ! 8,imp]iale10 ri*ly decorat$ by able arti/s among :om 0 ,raffaelle dal ,colle1 ^: designs 7 also adopt$ = ! maiolica w>e4 ,! frequ5tly repeat$ error ( ascrib+ ! actual pa9t+1 z also ! mak+ designs = ?is w>e1 to ! great ,raffaelle ,sanzio may probably h aris5 f ! simil>ity 9 ! ,*ri/ian names ( ^! arti/s4 ,! developm5t ( ! manufacture 9 ! du*y ( ,urb9o may be consid]$ to h atta9$ its culm9at+ po9t ab\t #aedj1 aft] :i*1 = "s tw5ty ye>s1 x cont9u$ 9 great excell5ce n only z reg>ds ! 8i/oriati10 b m p>ticul>ly 9 ! %ap$ pieces & di%es 7( :i* we engrave an example p4 #dj7 decorat$ ) ! s-call$ 8,urb9o arabesques0 on a cle> :ite gr\nd2 ! subjects pa9t$ 9 m$allions1 surr\nd$ by grotesques ( admirable inv5tion & execution1 aft] ! /yle kn[n z 8,raffaellesque40 ,b excell5t & highly decorative z are ! f9] products ( ?is p]iod f ! furnaces ( ! ,fontana ( ,urb9o1 or ( ! ,lanfran*i ( ,illu/ration ,pes>o1 !y want to ! eye ( ! true connoisseur ! s5tim5t & expressive draw+1 ! exquisite f9i% & delicacy1 ! ri* col\r1 & ! admirable design ( ! e>li] works produc$ at ! ,casa ,pirota 9 ,fa5za1 at ,=l1 ,ca/el ,durante1 ,si5a1 & ,caffaggiolo1 9 ! latt] ye>s ( ! fifte5? & ! fir/ qu>t] ( ! sixte5? c5turies1 & by ,m ,giorgio at ,gubbio1 _m ( :i* rival 9 beauty ! exquisite m9iature illum9ations ( t palmy p]iod ( ,italian art4 ,! s]vice 9 ! ,corr] museum 9 ,v5ice1 suppos$ to h be5 pa9t$ by an unkn[n arti/ ( ,fa5za & dat$ #adhb1 is ( high quality2 ,illu/ration & we possess at ,s\? ,k5s+ton works by 8 h&1 p>ticul>ly a plaque or tile 7,no4 #fi7 on :i* is a repres5tation ( ! ,resurrection ( our ,"l1 wor?y ( be+ rank$ ) ! highe/ productions ( pictorial art4 ,! bord]s ( grotesques on ! plates ( ?is e>li] p]iod diff] greatly f ^? ( ! ,urb9o factories ( ! middle "t1 be+ g5]ally gr\nd$ on d>k blue or yell[1 & execut$ ) great delicacy ( t\* & p[] ( col\r+2 ! c5tres ( ! small] pieces are usually occupi$ by s+le figures1 small m$allion subjects1 portrait heads1 amor9i1 %ields-(-arms1 c42 frequ5tly !y 7 int5d$ = 8amatorii0 or love tok5s4 ,"s ( ! mo/ c>eful & highly f9i%$ productions ( ,m ,giorgio are ( ?is e>ly "t1 be=e he 0 9 ! habit ( sign+ ) ! well-kn[n initials ,m ,g2 ! e>lie/ s sign$ be+ ! admirable ,/4 ,francis tazza at ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 dat$ #aeag4 ,we may !re=e affirm t ! *oice/ works 9 ,italian pott]y 7 produc$ dur+ a p]iod :i* ext5d$ f #adhj to #aebj or #aecj2 !nce till #aefj 0 its m]idian1 al?\gh "s f9e works 7 produc$ at ,urb9o by ! ,fontana till #aegj2 be=e t "t ! ruby lu/re _h be5 lo/1 & soon aft] a rapid decl9e ( design & execution r$uces all to pa9ful inf]iority4 ,! woodcut 7p4 #da7 is f a spl5did di%1 dat$ #aecc1 no4 #agdh1 at ,s\? ,k5s+ton4 ,guidobaldo ,,ii41 :o _h succe$$ to ,francesco ,m>ia 9 #aech1 want$ ! =ce ( "* & nice appreciation ( ! high] lit]ature & art :i* _h di/+ui%$ 8 fa!r2 b he 0 a great patron ( ! c]amic productions ( 8 du*y1 & s\ght to improve ! designs us$ by pa9t]s on pott]y by ! introduction ( subjects ( high] "* & composition4 ,) ?is view1 lavi% ( exp5se1 he b\ght orig9al draw+s by ,raffaelle & ! engrav+s ( ,m>c ,antonio f t ma/]'s designs4 ,he also made pres5ts ( s]vices to contempor>y pr9ces & fri5ds4 ,"o1 giv5 to ! emp]or ,*>les ,v41 a d\ble s]vice1 is m5tion$ by ,vas>i1 ! vases ( :i* _h be5 pa9t$ f ! designs ( ,batti/a ,franco1 a ,v5etian1 :om he _h invit$ to ,urb9o4 ,ano!r s]vice ( :i* pieces are extant 0 giv5 by ! duke to ,&rea da ,volt]ra1 8 confessor4 ,= ! ,spezi]ia or m$ical disp5s>y1 atta*$ to 8 own palace1 he ord]$ a complete set ( vases & drug pots2 designs 7 prep>$ = ^! by ,b4 ,franco & ,raffaelle dal ,colle & execut$ at ! botega ( ,orazio ,fontana1 by :om "s ( ! pieces 7 pa9t$4 ,!y 7 subsequ5tly pres5t$ by duke ,francesco ,m>ia ,,ii4 to ! ,santa ,casa at ,loreto1 :]e ! great] "p ( !m are /ill pres]v$4 ,"s ( !m 7 engrav$ by ,b>toli4 ,! /ory tells u t s highly 7 !y e/eem$ by ,*ri/9a ( ,sw$5 t %e (f]$ to buy !m = _! weight ( gold1 aft] a gr& duke ( ,flor5ce _h m prud5tly propos$ an equal numb] ( silv] vessels ( l weight4 ,orazio ,fontana1 ! great arti/ pott] & pa9t] ( ,urb9o1 work$ = ! duke f #aedj to #aefj & c>ri$ ! art to ! highe/ p]fection4 ,pass]i /ates t ,orazio _h no equal 9 ! execution ( 8 pa9t+s1 ! di/ribution ( 8 col\rs1 & 9 ! calculation ( ! effect ( ! fire ^u !m 9 ! production ( 8 w>es4 ,he also quotes v>i\s contempor>y au?ors :o speak ( ! excell5ce ( ! maiolica ( ?is p]iod4 ,aft] ! dea? ( ,orazio ,fontana & ,batti/a ,franco works ( an inf]ior class only 7 produc$ f ! designs ( ! ,flemi% engrav]s4 ,f #aehj ! decl9e ( ! art 0 rapid4 ,x met b small enc\ragem5t f duke ,francesco ,m>ia ,,ii41 :o succe$$ 9 #aegd1 except dur+ 8 resid5ce at ,ca/el ,durante :]e x /ill1 ?\gh feebly1 surviv$4 ,he abdicat$ 9 fav\r ( ! ,holy ,see1 & di$ 9 #afca4 ,! ri* collections ( art !n rema9+ at ,urb9o became ! prop]ty ( ,f]d9& de' ,m$ici1 :o _h m>ri$ ! duke's gr&daught]1 & 7 remov$ to ,flor5ce4 ,arti/ic manufactories _h1 9 addition to ^? ( ! ,umbrian du*y1 greatly increas$ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,italy "u ! enc\ragem5t ( p[]ful local families2 b none appe> to h atta9$ to high] excell5ce ?an ^? ( ,tuscany4 ,at ,caffaggiolo "u ! p[]ful patronage ( ! ,m$ici1 & at ,si5a1 "s ( ! mo/ excell5t pieces ( ?is beautiful pott]y 7 produc$1 rivall+ b n surpass+ ! f9e examples ( ,fa5za4 ,! ,tuscan pieces are rem>kable = _! ri* enamel1 = ! =ce & brilliancy ( ! col\rs1 & = ! execution & design ( ! grotesque bord]s & o!r decoration2 a deep ri* blue1 a peculi> opaque b bright r$1 & a brilliant yell[1 are *>act]i/ic pigm5ts4 ,! exi/5ce ( ! =m] fabrique has be5 made kn[n to u only by ! inscription ( ! "n on "s few pieces pres]v$ 9 cab9ets4 ,f _! /yle & ! m>k accompany+ ! inscription we are enabl$ to detect _m examples1 "s ( :i* be> concurr5t te/imony 9 ! subjects connect$ ) ! hi/ory ( ! ,m$ici family ) ,illu/ration :i* !y are pa9t$4 ,! well-kn[n plate 79 ! woodcut7 on :i* a pa9t] is repres5t$ engag$ 9 execut+ ! portraits ( a noble p]sonage & 8 lady1 :o are seat$ ne>1 & :i* 7 suppos$ to be int5d$ = ,raffaelle & ! ,=n>9a1 is a f9e specim5 ( ! "w ( p]haps ! mo/ able arti/ engag$ at ?is pott]y4 ,?is beautiful example is n[ 9 ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton museum1 acquir$ f ! ,b]nal collection4 ,at ,si5a also admirable works 7 produc$ b we are dispos$ to ?9k t _! inspiration 0 d]iv$ f ,caffaggiolo1 :5ce also h] pott]s probably receiv$ in/ruction 9 ! application ( ! /annif]\s enamel4 ,"s pieces ( ! latt] end ( ! fifte5? c5tury are ) probability ascrib$ to ,si5a1 & dat$ pieces z e>ly z #aeja4 ,tiles also f ! same fabrique are rem>kable = ! excell5ce ( _! grotesque bord]s on an orange yell[ gr\nd1 hav+ c5tres pa9t$ ) great delicacy3 "s unusual examples hav+ a black gr\nd to _! decorative bord]s4 ,rome & ! s\? ( ,italy d n appe> to h produc$ m]itori\s works 9 ?is field1 dur+ ! p]iod ( its greate/ excell5ce 9 ! nor!rn & ,tuscan /ates2 & x is n till ! disp]sion ( ! arti/s1 consequ5t ^u ! absorption ( ! ,umbrian du*y into ! ,pontifical /ates1 t we f9d a ,durant9e e/abli%+ a pott]y at ,rome1 & produc+ 9 #afjj an inf]ior repetition ( ! grotesque /yle s admirable 9 ! h&s ( ! ,fontana1 half a c5tury e>li] at ,urb9o4 ,! decad5ce 0 rapid2 an increas$ numb] ( inf]ior pott]ies produc$ w>es ( a l[] price & quality2 ! fall ( ! ducal h\ses :i* _h s greatly enc\rag$ its high] excell5ce z a bran* ( f9e art1 toge!r ) ! g5]al det]ioration 9 arti/ic ta/e1 alike t5d$ to its end4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,a revival 9 ! production ( native decorative e>!nw>e took place 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,italy1 z also 9 ! re/ ( ,europe4 ,! ef=ts made to imitate true porcela9 7 reflect$ by improvem5ts 9 ! quality & decoration ( enamell$ e>!nw>e1 & 9 ! la/ c5tury we f9d pott]ies 9 v>i\s pacts ( ,pi$mont & ,lomb>dy1 ,v5ice1 ,g5oa & ,savona1 ,urb9o & ,pes>o1 ,si5a1 ,ca/elli1 ,flor5ce & ,rome1 produc+ w>es ( great] or less arti/ic excell5ce4 ,b al?\gh c>eful draw+ is occasionally f\nd1 z on "s ( ! pieces pa9t$ by ,f]d9&o ,m>ia ,campana at ,si5a1 f ! pr9ts ( ,m>c ,antonio1 & "s *>m+ designs ) bord]s ( amor9i among foliage1 & subject pieces ( great m]it f ! ,ca/elli fabrique2 & al?\gh ! 8te*nique0 ( ! manufacture is also ( great excell5ce2 ! ornam5tation wants t mascul9e p[] ( col\r+ & vig\r ( ! r5aissance1 s /rik+ly app>5t ^u ! bett] productions ( ! old] furnaces1 & ! admirable delicacy & ri*ness ( effect to be se5 ^u ! e>li] works4 ,! endeav\rs made ?r\gh\t ,europe to discov] a me?od ( mak+ porcela91 simil> 9 its qualities or approa*+ to t import$ f ,*9a1 _h begun 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,9 ?is direction also royal enc\ragem5t 0 ( ! greate/ value1 & we f9d t fir/ 9 ! field ( discov]y 01 z naturally might be expect$1 t c\ntry 9 :i* ! enamell$ e>!nw>e _h previ\sly rea*$ its highe/ p]fection4 ,"u ! patronage ( ! ,gr& ,duke ,francis ,i4 ab\t #aehj1 exp]im5ts 7 made :i* at l5g? result$ 9 ! production ( an artificial porcela9 ( close body & ev5 glaze4 ,! exi/5ce ( su* a production & ! hi/ory ( its orig9 h be5 reveal$ to u only )9 ! la/ few ye>s1 & we are indebt$ to ,dr4 ,=esi ( ,flor5ce = hav+ made ?is discov]y1 s int]e/+ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! c]amic arts4 ,he _h notic$ & collect$ "s pieces ( a porcela9 ( heavy nature & indiff]5t :it5ess1 decorat$ 9 blue ) fl[] & leafage patt]n ( some:at ori5tal /yle b at ! same "t unmi/akably ,european1 on "s ( :i* a m>k occurs consi/+ ( ! capital lett] ,f1 surm\nt$ by a dome4 ,! e>lie/ record$ ,european porcela9 _h h]et(ore be5 t produc$ by ,dr4 ,dwight1 at ,fulham1 9 #afga1 & at ,/4 ,cl\d 9 ,france1 ab\t #afie1 b ! specim5s f\nd by ,dr4 ,=esi 7 manife/ly n attributable to ei!r ( ^! or any o!r kn[n s\rces4 ,fur!r rese>*es br\ght to light a piece ( ! same w>e on :i* ! pellets ( ! ,m$ici coat 7 sub/itut$ = ! m useful m>k1 & l$ to a se>* among ! records ( t h\se4 ,dr4 ,=esi 0 rew>d$ = 8 tr\ble by ! discov]y t ! above-nam$ duke _h actually caus$ exp]im5ts to be made1 & _h e/abli%$ a private fabrique 9 connection ) 8 laboratory 9 ! ,boboli g>d5s4 ,! ,magliabec*ian libr>y yield$ an important manuscript compilation by "s p]son employ$ by ! duke1 giv+ ! nature ( ! composition & details ( ! production ( ?is w>e4 ,! m>ks on ! pieces expla9$ ! re/4 ,! ,m$ici arms & ! initials ,f4 ,m4 ,m4 ,e4 ,d4 ,i4 ,i41 read+ 8,franciscus ,m$ici ,magnus ,etruri ,dux ,secundus10 on "o important piece n[ 9 ! collection ( ! b>on ,gu/ave de ,ro?s*ild ( ,p>is1 cle>ly atta*$ x to 8 reign1 :ile ! lett] ,f1 ! initial ( ! city1 & ! dome ( h] ca!dral ( :i* %e 0 s pr\d1 equally po9t$ to ! place ( its production4 ,ano!r exceptionally f9e & int]e/+ piece has rec5tly be5 acquir$ 9 ,italy by signor ,aless&ro ,ca/ellani4 ,x is a %all[ bas9 9 ! c5tre ( :i* ! figure ( ,/4 ,m>k1 ) ! lion1 is pa9t$ 9 ! usual blue pigm5t1 & 9 a mann] :i* /amps x z ! "w ( a ma/]'s p5cil4 ,:at makes ?is specim5 p>ticul>ly int]e/+ is ! exi/5ce ( a monogram compos$ ( ! lett]s ,g4 & ,p4 :i* is pa9t$ on ! volume held b5ea? ! lion's paw1 :ile on ! rev]se ( ! piece ! usual m>k occurs1 z giv5 9 ! accompany+ facsimile4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t ?is monogram may be t ( ,raffaelle's great pupil1 ,giulio ,pippi detto ,romano1 & t1 z x has be5 /at$ t he occasionally pa9t$ ^u enamell$ e>!nw>e1 ?is piece may be consid]$ z 8 "w4 ,t ! design 0 f ! h& ( t ma/] is probable1 & t its execution 0 by able c]amic pa9t]s is equally s3 b ,giulio ,romano di$ 9 #aedf1 :]eas ! ,m$ici porcela9 does n appe> to h be5 p]fect$ be=e #aehj4 ,illu/ration ,?is ,flor5t9e porcela9 is especially r>e2 sc>cely ?irty examples be+ kn[n to exi/4 ,?ree ( ^! are at ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 & "o is 9 ! possession ( ! pres5t writ]4 ,x is ( value to our subject1 n m]ely z an important episode 9 ! n>rative ( ! rise & progress ( c]amic indu/ry 9 ,italy b f its exceptional nature1 z "o at lea/ ( ! specim5s 0 decorat$ by an arti/ ^: h&iwork is to be recognis$ ^u pieces ( ! ,urb9o enamell$ e>!nw>e4 ,! f9e 8,brocca0 #ae in*es high1 belong+ to ! b>on ,gu/ave ,ro?s*ild1 is surm\nt$ by an elegantly =m$ h&le spr++ f grotesque w+$ masks1 modell$ 9 relief4 ,! body is decorat$ ) two belts ( grotesques1 divid$ by a n>r[] "o1 on :i* are masks & scroll ornam5ts2 b5ea? ^! is a b& divid$ into ar*$ panels or comp>tm5ts1 9 ea* ( :i* is a fl[] 9 some:at ,p]sian ta/e4 ,^! grotesques are execut$ ) great fre$om & =ce & at ! same "t ) a c>eful f9i% & delicacy1 & 9 ! mann] ( an unkn[n pa9t] :o work$ at ! botega ( ,camillo ,fontana4 ,x rema9s to u only to notice ! productions ( ! pres5t day1 _m ( ! m m]itori\s ( :i* are only imitations 79 "s in/ances1 we regret to say1 produc$ = fraudul5t purposes7 ( ! m excell5t works ( an orig9al p]iod ( art3 & to give "s acc\nt ( ! mode ( manufacture1 ! =ms & uses ( ! pieces1 & ! mann] ( _! decoration4 ,! fir/ successful attempt at re-produc+ ! ,italian enamell$ pott]y ( ! r5aissance f orig9al models 01 we believe1 made at ,doccia 7! manufactory belong+ to ! ,m>quis ,g9ori7 ne> ,flor5ce4 ,! great] numb] ( ^! pieces 7 ord]$ by an unpr9cipl$ deal] ( t city :o suppli$ ! models1 & by :om & 8 ag5ts !y 7 m or less scrat*$1 *ipp$ & o!rwise 8doctor$0 to look old1 & s impos$ ^u unw>y pur*as]s at high prices4 ,! writ] recollects "s ( ^! specim5s :i* 71 ye>s s9ce1 (f]$ to him at ,leghorn by an ,engli% tradesman ( position 7himself possibly deceiv$71 to :i* a family hi/ory _h be5 atta*$1 _! reput$ own] 7x 0 said7 be+ "u ! necessity ( p>t+ ) !m4 ,s9ce t p]iod ! productions ( ,doccia h improv$1 ! lu/re pigm5t has be5 re-produc$1 & ^! revivals h be5 ju/ly admir$ at v>i\s int]national exhibitions ( art & indu/ry z legitimate works ( ! manufactory4 ,b a /ill bett] imitation ( ! metallic lu/re ( ,gubbio has be5 produc$ by an arti/ ( t city2 & at ,si5a "s excell5t copies ( tiles & o!r pieces h be5 made2 s also at ,fa5za4 ,bologna1 too1 has made copies ( ! rilievos ( ,della ,robbia :i*1 l ^? produc$ at ,doccia1 may be pur*as$ new ( ! mak]s1 or f\nd1 scrat*$ & dirty1 9 v>i\s curiosity %ops ?r\gh\t ,europe1 ready to pass = old1 "s ( ! wor/ be+ occasionally sign$ z by ,luca to enhance _! int]e/4 ,x is to be regrett$ t a few ( ^! =g]ies1 z well z admirably execut$ t]ra-cottas1 h f\nd _! way into public museums "u a false passport4 ,at ,naples reproductions ( ! w>es ( ,ca/elli are well execut$4 ,9 ,france ! excell5t reproductions ( ,p]sian & ,rhodian w>es by ,deck1 & "s good imitations ( ! ,italian enamell$ & lu/r$ pott]y by v>i\s arti/s2 & 9 ,engl& ! pieces produc$ by ,m9ton1 ,w$gwood1 & o!r manufactur]s1 h l$ to modifications & adaptations1 result+ 9 an important developm5t ( ?is bran* ( arti/ic pott]y4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,we are =tunate 9 possess+ a manual ( ! ,italian pott]s' art ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 9 ! manuscript by ! 8,cavali]e ,cipriano ,piccolpassi ,durant9o10 z he signs 8 "n on ! title page ( 8 "w4 ,ne>ly all ! in=mation on ?is bran* ( ! subject1 convey$ to u by ,pass]i & subsequ5tly by ,sig4 ,giuseppe ,raffaelli & o!r writ]s1 has be5 ga!r$ f t manuscript writt5 9 #aedh4 ,we ?9k we _c d bett] ?an g at once to ?is f\nta9 head1 & epitomize ! in=mation x conveys1 ^u ! mann] & mat]ials1 ^u ! =ms & decoration1 ( maiolica4 ,aft] a 8prologo0 9 :i* ! au?or def5ds himself f ! invidi\s rem>ks ( o!rs1 he tells u h[ ! e>? or clay br\ght d[n by ! riv] ,metauro 0 ga!r$ f its b$ dur+ ! summ] :5 ! /ream 0 l[1 & by "s 0 made into l>ge balls1 :i* 7 /[$ 9 holes 7t]rai7 purposely dug 9 ! gr\nd2 by o!rs x 0 previ\sly dri$ 9 ! sun2 "h x rema9$ to mell[ & purge itself f impurities1 :i* o!rwise w\ld be injuri\s4 ,?is same me?od ( ga!r+ ! mat]ial = ! f\ndation ( ! w>es 0 adopt$ at _m o!r places4 ,at ,v5ice ! e>? ( ,rav5na & ,rim9i is work$1 al?\gh !y frequ5tly use t dug at ,battaglia1 ne> ,padua1 b = ! bett] sort t ( ,pes>o4 ,our au?or ent]s into fur!r details ( ! me?od ( ga!r+ ! pott]s' clay :]e !re are no riv]s1 by digg+ a succession ( squ>e pits connect$ by a *annel 9 ! depressions betwe5 hills1 into :i* ! e>?1 wa%$ by %[]s ( ra91 is ref9$ 9 its passage f pit to pit4 ,= inf]ior w>es ! e>? is !n collect$ on a table & well beat5 ) an iron in/rum5t1 weigh+ twelve p\nds1 ?ree or f\r times1 be+ knead$ ) ! f+]s z a woman w\ld 9 mak+ bread1 & all impurities c>efully remov$4 ,aft]w>ds x is =m$ into masses1 f :i* a piece is tak5 to "w ^u ! :eel or press into m\lds4 ,if ! e>? is too 8morbida0 x is plac$ ^u ! wall or h\se top1 on sieves1 ?r\gh :i* x is wa%$ by ! ra91 & ga!r$ 9 old brok5 vases1 c41 plac$ b5ea?4 ,= mak+ w>es 8all' urb9ate0 7mean+ probably ) a :ite gr\nd7 ! dug clay ought to be :ite1 = if ( a blue col\r x w n take ! t9 glaze2 ?is1 h[ev]1 is n objectionable if x is to be cov]$ ) a slip ( 8t]ra di ,vic5za0 7a :ite clay71 a me?od :i* he t]ms 8alla ca/ellana40 ,b x is ! rev]se ) ! clay ga!r$ f ! b$s ( riv]s1 ! blue 9 ?is case be+ ( ! bett] quality4 ,x is difficult = u n[ accurately to apply ! names :i* he gives to ! v>i\sly %ap$ pieces1 & ! m s1 z we are in=m$ t 9 our au?or's "t v>i\s names 7 atta*$ by diff]5t arti/s & at diff]5t pott]ies to ! same =m4 ,?us ! 8,vaso a p]a0 0 also kn[n z 8,vaso da due mani*e0 & 8,vaso ,dorico20 & ! body ( su* a vase 0 by "s made 9 "o piece1 by o!rs 9 two or ?ree1 mak+ jo9ts at ! l[] "p & at ! ins]tion ( ! neck1 & unit+ !m by means ( lute 7b>bat9a74 ,vases & jugs ) pyri=m bodies1 m\ld$ h&les1 & %ap$ sp\ts1 or lips1 7 kn[n z 8a bronzo antico0 7fig4 #a71 _! =ms1 d\btless1 be+ d]iv$ f ! antique bronze vessels discov]$ 9 excavations4 ,"s ( ^! pieces h a /opp] fitt+ into ! neck by a screw1 ! worm ( :i* is work$ ^u x by means ( a piece ( wood 7/ecca7 =m$ ) project+ tee?1 ! int]ior ( ! neck be+ furni%$ ) a correspond+ sunk5 worm4 ,! details ( all ^! me?ods are illu/rat$ on ! ?ird table ( ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 8 atlas ( plates4 ,aft] tell+ u t ! alb>ello 7fig4 #b71 or drug pot1 univ]sally kn[n "u t "n1 is made ( diff]5t sizes & always ( "o piece1 our au?or describes ! mann] ( ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 =m+ ! ,vaso s5za bocca 7fig4 #c71 a sort ( puzzle jug ) h]metically fix$ cov] on ! top & an op5+ b5ea? ! foot1 f :i* an inv]t$ funnel rises inside ! body ( ! vase4 ,to fill x1 ! piece mu/ be turn$ upside d[n & ! liquid p\r$ into ! funnel bel[1 & may be aga9 p\r$ out at ! sp\t :5 requir$1 9 ! ord9>y way1 ! vase hav+ be5 plac$ upright4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to give a li/ ( diff]5t =ms1 b we may foll[ our au?or 9 8 description ( t set ( five1 or sometimes n9e sep>ate pieces1 :i*1 fitt+ toge!r1 =m a s+le vase 7fig4 #d74 ,^! sets1 kn[n z 8scudella da donna di p>to0 or 8vasi pu]p]ali10 7 made = ! use ( ladies 9 _! conf9em5ts1 & consi/ ( ! foll[+ pieces3--7#a47 ,! bro? bas9 or ,scodella1 on rais$ foot4 ,ov] ?is fits ! lid 7#b71 :i* also does duty z a plate 7,tagli]e7 = ! roll or slice ( bread2 inv]t$ ov] ?is is ! dr9k+ cup4 7#c71 ,ong>esca1 ^u ! foot ( :i* fits ! salt cell>1 ,sali]a 7#d71 surm\nt$ by its cov] 7#e74 ,! p>ticul>s ( ! arrangem5t ( ! n9e pieces are n giv54 ,s+le portions ( ^! are to be f\nd 9 collections1 b ! pres5t writ] is n aw>e ( any "o complete set hav+ be5 pres]v$4 ,us+ ei!r ! mugiuolo or ! scudella1 ! mass ( clay plac$ ^u ! disk is revolv$ by ! :eel & fa%ion$ into =m ) ! h&s1 assi/$ by v>i\sly %ap$ pieces ( flat wood 7/ec*e7 & m\ld+ tools ( iron 7s]ri7 all ( :i* are figur$ 9 ,piccolpasso's designs4 ,! =ms ( ! segg]s1 case 7t is1 cases made ( fire-clay & pi]c$ ) holes1 9 :i* ! f9] w>es are bak$1 be+ ?us protect$ f dirt or accid5t 9 ! furnace71 & ! composition ( ! clay ( :i* !y 7 made1 z also ( ! tagli1 punte1 sm>elle1 pironi1 c4 v>i\sly =m$ tripods & supports = hold+ ! pieces to be fir$1 are giv5 u 9 detail4 ,! clay consi/s ( a mixture ( ! r$ e>? us$ = co>s] w>es & ! :ite1 :i* is res]v$ = vases & f9] pieces4 ,%ap$ pieces ) ornam5ts 9 relief1 masks1 sp\ts1 h&les1 c4 are =m$ 9 m\lds made ( pla/] ( ,p>is 7gesso7 ^u ! orig9al models4 ,! m\ld be+ ready1 ! pott]'s clay is =m$ into a *eese-%ap$ mass ( a diamet] suitable to ! size ( ! m\ld2 f ?is slices are cut by means ( a wire work$ ov] two pieces ( wood ( ! ?ickness ( ! requir$ slice1 & plac$ at ei!r side ( ! *eese ( clay4 ,a slice ( ev5 ?ickness be+ ?us obta9$ x is press$ by ! h& into ! holl[s ( ! m\ld2 t = ! o!r side ( ! piece is !n /eadily press$ ov] ! clay :i* occupies ! correspond+ m\ld1 & ! excess exud+ f ! edge betwe5 is neatly cut away4 ,! foot w\ld be simil>ly =m$ 9 ano!r m\ld1 & subsequ5tly atta*$ to ! b[l by means ( lute 7b>bat9a74 ,?is lute is made ( ! f9] quality ( clay1 mu* work$ & all[$ to dry1 !n mix$ ) a c]ta9 quantity ( ! %e>+s ( f9e wooll5 clo?1 knead$ ) wat] & dilut$ to ! consi/5ce ( ?ick cream4 ,to make %ap$ vases or ew]s 7bronzi anti*e7 a m\ld is =m$ to ea* side ( ! piece1 unit+ longitud9ally at ! h&le & sp\t2 ! clay press$ into ea* ( ^! is neatly cut f ! edge by means ( ! ar*etto1 a wire /ra9$ across a =k$ /ick1 & jo9$ to ! correspond+ side ) b>bat9a by :i* also ! h&le1 =m$ 9 ano!r m\ld1 is atta*$ to ! piece1 ! inside be+ smoo!d at ! jo9t by means ( a knobb$ /ick 7ba/one74 ,! pieces kn[n z 8abbor*iati10 su* z salt-cell>s ) ornam5ts 9 rilievo1 are made 9 ! same mann]1 z are also ! 8sm>tellati0 or tazze1 c4 =m$ aft] ! mann] ( pieces 9 beat5 metal 7rep\ss7 ) bosses & radiat+ comp>tm5ts 9 relief4 ,! basket-l pieces 7cane/rella7 7 simil>ly m\ld$4 ,9 8 second book ,piccolpasso gives ! receipts & me?ods ( prep>+ ! glaze & col\rs1 comm5c+ ) ! 8m>zacotto10 ! silicate ( potass or glass1 :i* is ! f\ndation ( all glaze4 ,we are !n told ! mann] ( con/ruct+ a rev]b]atory furnace 9 :i* ! t9 & lead c be oxydiz$1 & :i* is built ( brick ) an e>? call$ 8sciabione10 probably a sort ( fire-clay4 ,x consi/s ( an elongat$ squ>e /ructure divid$ longitud9ally into two comp>tm5ts1 9 "o ( :i* is plac$ ! fire1 :ile ! o!r is occupi$1 on a high] level1 by a %all[ tray or tr\gh made ( tufo1 a volcanic /one1 or ( brickwork1 to conta9 ! metals1 ^u & ov] :i* ! flame ( ! burn+ wood is made to play 9 its passage to ! draft hole at ! end4 ,! con/ruction ( o!r furnaces is 8 next subject4 ,!y 7 built ( brick & ( an elongat$ quadrilat]al plan1 divid$ into two /ories by an ar*$ floor1 pi]c$ to all[ ( a free circulation to ! heat2 ! upp] *amb]1 :i* is high] ?an ! l[]1 is furni%$ ) f\r small op5+s on ! upp] "p ( ei!r side 7v$ette7 & n9e simil> ones 9 ! vault$ ro(2 ! l[] *amb] has a well or depression sunk ab\t "o foot b5ea? ! surface to receive ! a%es f ! fire1 & bo? x & ! upp] "o h an ar*$ op5+ or fe$+ door 7bocca7 at "o end4 ,! dim5sions usual at ,ca/el ,durante 7 six feet long by five wide1 & six high1 b 9 ,v5ice !y 7 l>g]1 =1 says ,piccolpasso1 8,i h se5 "o at ! h\se ( ,m ,francesco di ,pi] t5 feet wide by twelve long1 outside1 hav+ ?ree op5+s to fe$ ! fire40 ,9 ! upp] *amb] ! w>es are plac$ = bak+1 ! f9] sorts be+ enclos$ 9 ! segg]s 7case7 pil$ "o above ano!r1 & ! co>s] arrang$ betwe51 support$ by pieces ( tile1 c4 & s pack$ z to fill ! *amb] z mu* z possible )\t imp$+ ! free curr5t ( ! fire4 ,?is is ! fir/ bak+1 & at ! same "t ! pigm5ts1 prep>$ z previ\sly describ$1 are submitt$ to ! action ( ! fire 9 ! upp] "p ( ! furnace4 ,! op5+ to ! upp] *amb] is !n r\ghly brick$ & lut$ up1 leav+ only a small orifice 7boc*etta7 9 ! upp] "p4 ,! small lat]al op5+s 7v$ette7 are also clos$1 & ^? 9 ! ro( loosely cov]$ ) pieces ( tile4 ,! vases conta9+ ! mixture ( s& & feccia = mak+ ! m>zacotto are !n plac$ ^u ea* o!r "u ! furnace at ! fur!r end 7probably 9 ! l[] or fire *amb]74 ,all be+ prep>$1 & invok+ ! "n ( ,god1 8uso ,*ri/iano10 ) ! sign ( ! cross1 take a h&ful ( /raw & light ! fire made ( well-dri$ wood plac$ 9 ! l[] *amb]1 & :i* mu/ be gradually increas$ = f\r h\rs1 tak+ c>e t x is nev] pu%$ too mu*1 le/ ! pieces run or become too h>d to receive ! glaze4 ,! furnace %\ld be ( a cle> heat all ?r\gh\t & s cont9u$ = ab\t twelve h\rs1 draw+ away ! a%es f bel[ ) ! 8cacciabragie0 or rake4 ,:5 suffici5tly bak$ let ! fire burn out1 & remove ! c9d]s t all may become cool4 ,we mu/ ref] to ! ,introduction to ! l>ge catalogue ( ! maiolica collection at ,s\? ,k5s+ton = fur!r extracts1 quot+ "h "o s5t5ce only :]e ! au?or says1 8,& n[ ,i w give y ! #8sbian*eggiati' t is made 9 ,lomb>dy1 be>+ 9 m9d t ! e>? ( ,vic5za is us$1 mak+ ! design on ! :ite e>?2 ,i w\ld say ) a /yle ( iron ( ?is k9d 7gives design71 & ?is draw+ is call$ #8sgraffio4'0 ,?is is an int]e/+ passage connect+ z x does ^! incis$ w>es ) ! fabriques ( ,lomb>dy1 to :i*1 f ! "* ( ! designs ^u ! e>li] pieces1 we h always assign$ !m4 ,9 8 ?ird book ,piccolpasso goes into fur!r details ( ! glaze & col\rs1 mann] ( pa9t+1 fir+1 c4 ,! 8bian*etto0 :i* is only once bak$1 & ! o!r col\rs1 be+ remov$ f ! furnace1 are triturat$ ) wat] on a 8piletta0 or h& col\r mill1 or by means ( a pe/le & mort>1 to r$uce !m to a f9e p[d]1 & pass$ ?r\gh a horse-hair sieve4 ,"s gr9d !m on a slab ( porphyry :i* is ev5 bett]4 ,! gre5 pigm5t may be bak$ two or ?ree times4 ,! 8zallo0 & ! 8zallul9o10 aft] once or twice bak+1 are cov]$ ) e>? & aga9 bak$ 9 ! hotte/ "p ( ! furnace4 ,! :ite enamel glaze1 hav+ be5 prop]ly mill$ & f9$ ?r\gh a sieve1 is made into a ba? ) wat] to ! consi/5cy ( milk4 ,! pott]y bak$ 9 biscuit is tak5 out ( ! furnace1 & aft] be+ c>efully du/$ ) a fox's tail is dipp$ into ?is ba? ( glaze & imm$iately )drawn1 or "s ( ! pieces may be held 9 ! left h& :ile ! liquor is p\r$ ov] !m f a b[l4 ,a trial piece %\ld %[ ! ?ickness ( glove lea!r 9 ! adh]+ coat4 ,! 8invetriatura0 hav+ be5 ?us appli$ & ! pieces all[$ to dry are n[ ready to receive ! pa9t+4 ,?is is execut$ ) co>s] & f9] bru%es or p5elli1 made ( goats' & asses' hair1 & ! f9e/ ( ! :isk]s ( rats or mice2 ! ord9>y w>es be+ held 9 ! left h& or on ! left knee & ! f9] 9 wood5 cases1 l9$ ) t[1 to prev5t rubb+4 ,a diff]5t bru% mu/ be us$ = ea* col\r4 ,! pa9t]s g5]ally sit r\nd a circul> table susp5d$ f ! ceil+ s t x may turn r\nd1 & ^u ?is ! diff]5t pigm5ts are plac$4 ,! pa9t$ pieces aft] be+ dri$ 9 a clean place1 tak+ c>e t ! 8bianco0 is n *ipp$ or rubb$ (f1 are pa9t$ ) zallul9o on ! out] edge & are !n ready to receive ! 8cop]ta0 or out] glaze4 ,! liquid ( ! ba? mu/ be ?91 z a transluc5t coat+ only is requir$ ov] ! col\rs2 into ?is ! pieces are dipp$1 & be+ aga9 dri$ are ready = ! f9al fir+4 ,9 a supplem5t ,piccolpasso gives u an acc\nt ( ! mann] ( mak+ maiolica1 & x w be obs]v$ t ?r\gh\t 8 n>rative he has nev] appli$ t t]m to ! pa9t$ & glaz$ w>es produc$ at 8 own botega1 or at any ( ! o!rs to :i* he ref]s4 ,he tells u t he feels he ought n to omit ! acc\nt ( x :i* he has receiv$ f o!rs1 al?\gh he has nev] made or ev5 witness$ ! mak+ ( x himself4 8,i "k well0 he says 8t x is pa9t$ ov] f9i%$ works2 ?is ,i h se5 9 ,ugubio1 at ! h\se ( "o ,mae/ro ,c5cio40 ,! portion ( ! design :i* is to receive ! lu/re col\r is left :ite at ! fir/ pa9t+2 ?us1 a figure 9 a grotesque ^: extremities are to be lu/r$ w only h ^? p>ts pa9t$ :i* are to be col\r$1 leav+ ! extremities m]ely sket*$ 9 outl9e ^u ! :ite gr\nd2 ^!1 aft] ! col\rs h be5 set by fir+1 are subsequ5tly t\*$ ) ! lu/re pigm5t4 ,! process ( fir+ diff]s f ! =m] "o1 because ! pieces are n enclos$ 9 segg>s b are expos$ to ! direct action ( ! flames4 ,! furnace also is diff]5tly con/ruct$1 ! fire *amb] squ>e 9 =m1 hav+ no ar*$ ro( pi]c$ ) holes b only two int]sect+ ar*es ( brick to support ! *amb] above1 ! f\r corn]s be+ left z op5+s = ! free curr5t ( ! flames4 ,^u ^! ar*es is plac$ a l>ge circul> *amb] or vessel1 =m$ ( fire-clay1 :i* fits into ! squ>e brick /ructure1 t\*+ at ! f\r sides & support$ on ! int]sect+ ar*es b5ea?1 b leav+ ! angles free4 ,?is inn] *amb] is pi]c$ 9 all directions ) circul> holes1 to all[ ! flames free passage among ! w>es4 ,! me?od ( build+ ^! furnaces is kept gu>d$1 & x is pret5d$ t 9 x & ! mann] ( fir+ consi/ ! great secrets ( ! art4 ,! scudelli are pack$ ) ! edge ( "o aga9/ ! foot ( ano!r1 ! fir/ be+ support$ on an unglaz$ cup4 ,! furnaces are small1 only f ?ree to f\r feet squ>e1 because ?is art is unc]ta9 9 its success1 frequ5tly only six pieces be+ good out ( "o hundr$2 8true ! art is beautiful & +5i\s1 & :5 ! pieces are good !y pay 9 gold40 ,! fire is increas$ gradually1 & is made ( palli or dry will[ bran*es2 ) ^! ?ree h\rs fir+ is giv51 !n1 :5 ! furnace %[s a c]ta9 cle>ness1 hav+ 9 read9ess a quantity ( dry broom cease us+ ! will[ wood1 & give an h\r's fir+ ) ?is2 aft]1 ) a pair ( tongs remove a sample f above4 ,o!rs leave an op5+ 9 "o ( ! sides by :i* a sample or trial1 pa9t$ on a piece ( brok5 w>e1 c be remov$ = exam9ation1 & if x appe>s suffici5tly bak$ decrease ! fire4 ,?is done1 all[ all to cool1 !n take out ! w>es & all[ !m to soak 9 a lessive ( soap-suds1 wa% & rub !m dry ) a piece ( flannel1 !n ) ano!r dry piece & "s a%es 7( wood7 give !m a g5tle rubb+1 :i* w develope all _! beauty4 8,?is is all1 z x appe>s to me1 t c be said ab\t ! maiolica1 z also ab\t ! o!r col\rs & mixtures t are requir$ 9 ?is art40 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,we h giv5 9 ! la/ *apt] a v brief ab/ract or epitome ( ! int]e/+ manuscript ( ,piccolpasso1 :i* (f]s u a p]fect idea ( ! mann] & comp>atively simple appliances "u :i* ! beautiful examples ( ! pott]'s art 7 produc$ 9 ,italy dur+ ! fifte5? & sixte5? c5turies4 ,! rationale ( ^! processes is cle> en\gh & requires no comm5t2 b we may p]haps rem>k t :]eas ! fix+ ( ! glaze & col\rs 9 ! ord9>y process is m]ely produc$ by a degree ( heat suffici5t to liquefy & bl5d !m1 9 ! case ( ! metallic reflection a diff]5t effect is requisite1 & diff]5t means adopt$4 ,! pigm5ts consi/ p>tly ( metallic salts1 :i* be+ pa9t$ on ! w>es1 aft] exposure to a simple heat = "s "t1 h !n direct$ ^u _! gl[+ surface ! heat$ smoke giv5 (f by ! fagots ( broom2 ?is smoke be+ 9 fact c>bon 9 a f9ely divid$ /ate has great p[]1 at a high temp]ature1 ( r$uc+ metals f _! salts2 pa9t$ on ! w>es ^! are !reby decompos$1 leav+ a ?9 coat ( mix$ metal1 v>y+ 9 col\r & iridesc5ce f admixture ) ! glaze & o!r causes1 & produc+ ! beautiful effects s well kn[n4 ,! v>i\s names by :i* ! ,italian pott]y ( ! r5aissance has be5 kn[n h 9 "s in/ances aris5 f1 z !y h also l$ to1 error4 8,fa5za w>e10 d\btless1 _h its orig9 f ! t[n ( t "n1 al?\gh its ,fr5* equival5t 8faence0 may ei!r be a translation ( ! ,italian1 or may be d]iv$ f a t[n 9 ,prov5ce1 call$ 8,faiance0 or 8,fay5ce10 a few miles f ,cannes & ,frjus1 :]e pott]ies are /at$ to h exi/$ f an e>ly p]iod4 8,urb9o w>e0 & 8,umbrian w>e0 expla9 !mselves z connect$ ) ^? important sites ( ! manufacture1 :ile ! "n ( 8,raffaelle w>e0 0 d\btless d]iv$ f ! subjects aft] 8 designs1 ) :i* s _m pieces 7 pa9t$1 & f ! grotesques aft] 8 mann]4 ,a v beautiful draw+ ( 8 s*ool1 & :i* has be5 ascrib$ to ,raffaelle's own p5cil1 is 9 ! royal collection at ,w9dsor4 ,x is = ! bord] ( a plate1 & consi/s ( a cont9u\s circul> gr\p ( amor9i1 danc+ 9 ! mo/ graceful attitudes4 ,scripture subjects are p]haps m g5]al ^u ! pieces ( e>ly date1 p>ticul>ly ^? ( ,fa5za1 on :i* designs f ,alb]t ,dr]1 ,m>t9 ,s*n1 & o!r ,g]man pa9t]s are f\nd1 execut$ ) ! greate/ c>e2 su* subjects 7 also us$ at ,caffaggiolo4 ,! _s ( ! r5aissance awak5+ a passion = ! antique decl>$ itself 9 ! num]\s repres5tations f ,greek & ,roman hi/ory & my?ology1 sc5es f ,hom]1 ! metamorphoses ( ,ovid1 & ! l1 :i* =m$ ! ma9 /ock subjects = ! w>es ( ! ,umbrian fabriques1 except+ always ! sacr$ hi/ories del9eat$ s admirably by ,orazio ,fontana & o!rs1 f ! designs ( ,raffaelle & 8 s*ol>s4 ,x 0 among ! arti/s ( ?is du*y t ! habit ( writ+ ! subject on ! back ( ! piece *iefly prevail$1 ) specim5s ( curi\s spell+ & /range lat9ity4 ,transmutation ( subject is n r>e1 z ! burn+ ( ! 8,borgo0 = ! siege ( ,troy1 & o!rs4 ,! =ms appe> to h v>i$ consid]ably at diff]5t localities ( ! craft1 p>tak+ ( a classic orig91 mix$ ) "s ori5talism 9 ! e>li] & go?ic =ms 9 ! m nor!rn pieces2 b ^u all ! exub]ance ( fancy & ri* ornam5tation *>act]i/ic ( ! ,italian 8c9que-c5to0 is made evid5t1 z x is ^u ! furniture1 ! bronzes1 & ! jewell]y ( t arti/ic p]iod4 ,illu/ration ,!re c be little d\bt t ! maiolica & f9] pa9t$ w>es 7 look$ ^u at ! "t !y 7 produc$ z objects ( ornam5t or z s]vices 8de luxe40 ,! m ord9>y w>es or dozz9ale 7 d\btless us$ = g5]al dome/ic purposes 9 ! h\ses ( ! high] classes1 b ! f9] pieces decorat$ by bett] arti/s 7 highly priz$4 ,?us we f9d t s]vices 7 only made = royal or pr9cely p]sonages1 frequ5tly z pres5ts4 ,"s ( ! *oice/ specim5s 9 our cab9ets 7 s+le gift pieces2 small plates & scodelle :i* x 0 !n ! fa%ion = gallants to pres5t1 fill$ ) pres]ves or confetti to ladies4 ,_m ( ^! are ( ! =m kn[n z tond9o1 small1 ) a wide flat brim & sunk c5tre2 9 ?is ! c5tral m$allion is g5]ally occupi$ by a figure ( ,cupid1 he>ts ti$ by ribbon1 or pi]c$ by arr[s2 or by jo9$ h&s & simil> amatory devices1 or ) a %ield ( arms & initial lett]s4 ,! bord]s are pa9t$ ) grotesques & trophies1 among :i* sonnets & music sometimes occur1 & m$allions ) love emblems1 portraits1 & armorial be>+s4 ,^! amatorii pieces also occur z l>ge plates & deep sauc]s1 ! surface ( ea* entirely cov]$ ) a portrait ( ! belov$ 7z 9 ! engrav+ p4 #fc7 accompani$ by a ribbon or b&]ole1 on :i* h] "n or a motto is inscrib$1 (t5 ) ! complim5t>y accompanim5t ( 8bella10 8diva10 8p>agon di tutti10 c4 ,jugs1 vases1 & o!r %ap$ pieces 7 also decorat$ 9 a simil> /yle4 ,we f9d 9 maiolica all objects = table use3 ink/&s1 ornam5tal vases1 & qua9t surprises2 salt-cell>s ( curi\s =ms2 jugs ( diff]5t size & model2 _m k9ds ( drug pots & flasks2 pilgrims' bottles1 vasques1 & ci/]ns2 c&elabra & c&le/icks1 rilievos & figures 9 ! r\nd2 9 %ort1 e object capable ( be+ produc$ 9 v>i$ fancy by ! pott]'s art3 ev5 beads = necklaces1 "s ( :i* are 9 ! writ]'s possession1 decorat$ ) knot "w & conc5tric patt]ns & inscrib$ sev]ally ,,&rea ,,bella ,,m>g>ita ,,bela ,,mem5to ,,mei 2 ^! la/1 ! only examples kn[n1 are f9i%$ ) consid]able c>e & are probably ( ! e>li] ye>s ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,!re is little d\bt t _m ( ! pieces o/5sibly = table use 7 only int5d$ & appli$ = decorative purposes 7l ! vase 9 ! woodcut p4 #aca71 to enri* ! %elves ( ! 8cr$5za10 8dressoir10 or high-back$ sidebo>d1 int]m+l$ ) gold & silv] plate1 ,v5etian glass1 c4 ,su* pieces 7 kn[n z 8piatti di pompa0 or %[ plates1 & among !m are "s ( ! mo/ important & beautiful ( ! l>g] di%es & bacili1 z well z ! m elaborate & elegant ( ! %ap$ pieces4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,p]sian1 ,,damascus1 ,,& ,,rhodian ,,w>es4 ,9 a previ\s *apt] we h trac$ ! orig9 or p>5tage ( ?is section ( w>es to ! glaz$ pott]y & artificial semi-porcela9 ( ,egypt1 & we h se5 t 9 ,assyria & at ,babylon silice\s glaz$ tiles 7 us$ = wall decoration4 ,:e!r 9 ,p]sia & 9 ,india a simil> manufacture exi/$ at t e>ly p]iod we h at pres5t no exact k1 b we are told by ! ,c\nt ,juli5 de ,ro**\>t 9 8 int]e/+ 8,s\v5irs d'un voyage en ,p]se0 t he possesses a brick glaz$ ( d>k blue col\r1 ) cunei=m *>act]s 9 :ite1 :i* 0 f\nd among ! ru9s ( ! anci5t city ( ,kirman4 ,! mosques ( ! #ab? c5tury 9 t c\ntry1 p>ticul>ly t at ,nat9z1 are cov]$ ) glaz$ tiles ( ! mo/ p]fect workman%ip & arti/ic excell5ce1 ) col\r$ & lu/r$ decoration4 ,lat] examples--( ! e>li] ye>s ( ! #ag? c5tury--specim5s ( :i* are 9 ! ,k5s+ton museum are also beautiful1 & ! fa%ion1 ?\gh 9 a deg5]ate =m1 is reviv$ 9 t c\ntry at ! pres5t day4 ,! piece ( glaz$ pott]y suppos$ to h be5 ( anci5t ,hebrew orig9 & n[ pres]v$ 9 ! ,l\vre is also ( ?is nature1 & x is sugge/$ by ,m4 ,jacquem>t t ! ,israelites may h acquir$ ! art 9 ,egypt4 ,! v>ieties ( pott]y kn[n "u ! names ( ,p]sian1 ,damascus1 ,rhodian1 & ,l9dus w>es1 compos+ a l>ge family1 may be classifi$ z silice\s or glass-glaz$ w>es4 ,! lead+ *>act]i/ics are-- #a4 ,a pa/e compos$ ( a s&y & a :ite argillace\s e>?1 & "s alkali or flux1 greatly v>y+ 9 _! relative proportions1 & produc+ degrees ( f95ess & h>dness f a co>se s&y e>!nw>e to a semi-vitrifi$ transluc5t body1 ! latt] be+ 9 fact a k9d ( porcela9 ( artificial pa/e4 #b4 ,a glaze =m$ z a true glass1 ( silice\s s& & an alkali 7pota% or soda71 ) ! addition 9 "s cases ( a small quantity ( oxide ( lead or o!r flux4 ,su* is ! g5]al1 b by no means ! con/ant1 def9ition ( ! compon5t +r$i5ts ( all ! v>ieties rightly class$ toge!r z memb]s ( ?is gr\p1 = !re c be no d\bt t great v>iations occurr$ 9 _! composition at diff]5t p]iods & places1 & "s examples ( ! f9] k9ds ( ,p]sian1 ,arabian1 & p]haps ( ,damascus w>es are met ) 91 or "u1 ! glaze ( :i* ! oxide ( t9 has be5 us$ to produce a :ite & m ev5 surface4 ,a l>ge am\nt ( in=mation ab\t ,p]sian w>e is convey$ to u 9 ! "w ( ! comte de ,ro**\>t :o1 dur+ a resid5ce ( "s ye>s 9 ,p]sia1 gave great att5tion to its c]amic productions ( =m] & ( pres5t times4 ,aft] e/abli%+ ! fact ( ! =m] production ( at lea/ f\r di/9ct k9ds ( ,kaol9ic porcela91 he m9utely describes anci5t v>ieties ( fai5ce ( :i* ! poly*rome pieces are ! m r>e1 ! blue & :ite less s2 he m5tions "o uncommon v>iety1 believ$ to h be5 made at ,ca*an1 z hav+ a pa/e ( r$ e>? cov]$ ) a /annif]\s enamel ( great beauty1 & pa9t$ 9 cobalt "u a glaze highly bak$2 !y r+ l metal4 ,we d n recollect hav+ se5 an example ( ?is v>iety4 ,m>ks imitat+ ^? on ,*9ese porcela9 occur on pieces pa9t$ 9 cobalt blue on :ite4 ,he fur!r tells u t ! anci5t fai5ce ( ,p]sia is z admirable z ! mod]n is dete/able1 not)/&+ x reta9s a degree ( ori5tal elegance4 ,! indu/ry at pres5t is c>ri$ on at ,nah9na2 at ,nat9z1 :]e pott]y has be5 made = "s hundr$ ye>s1 & :]e "s ( ! f9e/ 0 produc$ b n[ inf]ior2 at ,ca*an1 turquoise blue1 & _m-col\r$2 :ile ,hamadan1 ,kasw9e & ,teh]an make inf]ior w>es1 ! latt] be+ ! wor/4 ,we d n d]ive any in=mation f ,m4 de ,ro**\>t on ! subject ( ! lu/r$ w>es1 except 9 8 description ( ! tiles ( ! mosque ( ,nat9z ( ! #ab? c5tury2 nor d we le>n any?+ ( t v>iety ( creamy :ite pott]y hav+ ! sides pi]c$ ?r\gh ! pa/e b fill$ ) ! transluc5t glaze1 & :i* is believ$ to be ! ,gombrn w>e ( ,horace ,walpole's day4 ,b he gives int]e/+ in=mation on ! subject ( ! tiles us$ = decoration1 ( :i* ! f9e/ are ^? m5tion$ above2 ^? ( ,ispahan & ( ! p]iod ( ,%ah ,abbas 7#aehe-afbi7 be+ also admirable = _! exquisite design4 ,! ,p]sian glaz$ pott]y kn[n to u may be divid$ into3 ,a4 ,w>es1 g5]ally highly bak$1 & sometimes semi-transluc5t4 ,pa/e1 f9e & r ?91 decorat$ ) ruby1 br[n1 & copp]y lu/re1 on d>k blue & creamy :ite gr\nd4 ,engrav$ p4 #fh is a v curi\s & *>act]i/ic example3 un=tunately imp]fect4 ,x is 9 ! ,k5s+ton collection4 ,b4 ,w>es1 ( f9e pa/e1 highly bak$1 semi-transluc5t1 ( creamy col\r & ri* cle> glaze1 runn+ into te>s b5ea? ! piece ( a pale sea-gre5 t9t4 ,its *>act]i/ic decoration consi/+ ( holes pi]c$ ?r\gh ! pa/e1 & fill$ 9 ) ! transp>5t glaze3 ! rais$ c5tres1 c4 are bord]$ ) a *ocolate br[n or blue leafage1 slightly us$4 ,?is is suppos$ to be ! ,gombrn w>e4 ,c4 ,w>es1 frequ5tly ( f9e pa/e1 & highly bak$ to semi-transp>5cy3 ! gr\nd :ite2 decoration ( plants & animals1 sometimes aft] ! ,*9ese1 9 bright cobalt blue1 ! outl9es frequ5tly drawn 9 manganese2 "s ,illu/ration pieces ) reliefs & imitation ,*9ese m>ks also occur2 ?is v>iety is p]haps m rec5t ?an ! o!rs4 ,we assign ! "n ,,damascus z ! *ief c5tre ( a l>ge class ( w>es :i* 7 also made1 9 all probability1 9 ,egypt1 ,turkey1 ,syria1 ,asia ,m9or1 c41 & among :i* pieces ( ,p]sian manufacture may be includ$ f our want ( exact k ( _! te*nical diff]5ces2 a c]ta9 g5]al "* p]ta9+ to ! :ole class4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ,damascus 0 an important produc] ( ?is pott]y1 :i* 0 kn[n to ! comm]ce ( ! #af? c5tury z 8,damas0 w>e1 & we h examples1 9 silv] m\nt+s1 ( ! p]iod ( que5 ,elizabe?4 ,x w\ld be well1 !re=e1 to revive ! t]m 8,damas0 or 8,damascus w>e0 = ?is family1 ( :i* ! true ,damascus & ,rhodian are only local v>ieties1 9 pref]5ce to ! misappli$ g5]al "n ( 8,p]sian10 by :i* !y h be5 kn[n4 ,! pa/e v>ies 9 quality m ?an 9 k9d1 be+ ( a grey :ite col\r & s&y consi/5ce1 analog\s to t ( ! ,p]sian w>es4 ,! decoration is m g5]ally ri* 9 col\r1 ! gr\nd :ite1 blue1 turquoise1 tobacco col\r1 & lilac1 sometimes cov]$ ) scale "w1 ) panels ( ori5tal =m or leafage1 l>ge sprays ( fl[]s1 p>ticul>ly roses1 tulips1 hyac9?s1 c>nations1 c41 ! col\rs us$ be+ a ri* blue1 turquoise1 gre51 purple1 yell[1 r$1 black4 ,! =ms are elegant2 l>ge b[ls on rais$ feet1 flasks or bottles bulb-%ap$ ) elongat$ necks2 pe>-%ap$ jugs ) cyl9drical necks & loop-h&le2 circul> di%es or plates ) deep c5tres1 c4 ,an int]e/+ example ( ! highe/ quality ( ?is w>e is 9 ! writ]'s possession1 & is describ$ & figur$ 9 col\r 9 vol4 xlii4 ( ! 8,ar*ologia40 ,x is a hang+ lamp made = & obta9$ f ! mosque ( ,om> at ,j]usalem1 sign$ & dat$ ,june #aedi4 ,two lead+ v>ieties are kn[n 9 collections3 namely1 ,damascus prop]2 kn[n by its ev5ness ( surface & ri* glaze ) subdu$ b h>moni\s col\r+1 c]ta9 tones ( :i* are peculi> to ?is v>iety2 = example1 a dull lilac or purple1 replac+ ! emboss$ r$ s conspicu\s on ! ,rhodian1 & us$ aga9/ blue1 :i* is ( two or ?ree %ades1 ! turquoise be+ frequ5tly plac$ aga9/ ! d>k] tone2 a sage gre5 is also *>act]i/ic4 ,! di%es ( ?is v>iety usually h ! out] edge %ap$ 9 alt]nat+ ogee4 ,?is k9d is mu* m uncommon ?an ! o!r1 ,,rhodian or ,,l9dus1 to :i* ! great] numb] ( pieces kn[n 9 collections z 8,p]sian w>e0 belong4 ,x is to ,mr4 ,salzmann t we owe ! discov]y ( ! rema9s ( anci5t furnaces at ,l9dus1 9 ! isl& ( ,rhodes1 f ! old palaces ( :i* he collect$ num]\s examples4 ,?is v>iety1 al?\gh extremely beautiful1 is g5]ally co>s] ?an ! =m]1 & ! decoration ,illu/ration m m>k$ & brilliant4 ,a bright r$ pigm5t1 s ?ickly laid on z to /& out 9 relief ^u ! surface ( ! piece1 is v *>act]i/ic & 9 _m cases is a col\r ( great beauty2 ! pr$om9ant decoration ( ! plates consi/s ( two or ?ree sprays ( roses1 p9ks1 hyac9?s1 & tulips1 & leaves1 sometimes ti$ toge!r 7z 9 ! woodcut7 at ! /em & spread+ ov] ! entire surface ( ! piece 9 graceful l9es2 ! bord] frequ5tly ( black & blue scroll "w4 ,%ips1 birds1 & animals1 are also depict$2 & a %ield ( arms occurs on "s pieces4 ,illu/ration ,ano!r v di/9ct & p]haps m rec5t class1 ! ,,anatolian1 consi/s ( ^? w>es frequ5tly f\nd 9 collections1 z cups & sauc]s1 spr9kl]s1 p]fume vases1 cov]$ b[ls1 & ! l1 g5]ally pieces ( small size4 ,! gr\nd is usually :ite1 sometimes incis$ ) cross l9es by means ( a piece ( wood scrat*+ ! s(t pa/e1 ) a gay decoration ( _m col\rs1 among :i* a brilliant yell[ is conspicu\s 9 scale "w1 lattice & diap] patt]ns1 fl[]s1 c4 ,its glaze is frequ5tly n brilliant1 b r r\gh on ! surface2 b ! pieces are well bak$4 ,?is v>iety is ascrib$ to ! fabrique ( ,kutahia 9 ,anatolia4 ,!re is yet ano!r v>iety ( ?is section :i* is some:at exceptional1 approa*+ z x does 9 composition to ! fir/ division ( ! ,p]sian w>es1 & on ! o!r h& to ! decoration ( ! e>li] pieces ( ! ,hispano-moresque4 ,x is compos$ ( a s&y pa/e ( ! k9d g5]al to ?is section1 & is decorat$ ei!r 9 black outl9e reliev$ or fill$ 9 ) blue pa9t$ directly on ! pa/e1 & cov]$ by a ?ick transluc5t glaze ( a creamy tone1 runn+ into te>s at ! bottom ( ! piece2 or glaz$ entirely ) a transluc5t d>k blue glass1 ov] :i* ! decoration is pa9t$ 9 a ri* lu/re col\r1 v>y+ betwe5 ! gold5 & ruby t9ts ( ! ,italian ,majolica1 & diff]+ consid]ably f ^? ^u ! ,hispano-moresque w>es4 ,we give on ! prec$+ page ?ree or f\r m>ks f v>i\s pieces ( ,p]sian or r 8,damascus0 w>e4 ,be=e we pass to ano!r class1 x may be well aga9 to direct ! read]'s att5tion to t important application ( glaz$ ori5tal pott]y1 already ref]r$ to1 & :i* has be5 9 use m or less ?r\gh\t ! ea/ f a p]iod ( remote antiquity4 ,inde$1 !re is p]haps no in/ance 9 :i* ! sup]iority ( ori5tal ta/e 9 surface decoration is m di/9ctly %[n ?an 9 ! use ( enamell$1 or m prop]ly speak+1 silice\s glaz$ tiles1 z a cov]+ = ext]nal & int]nal wall space4 ,we h already se5 h[ fragm5ts ( su* embelli%m5ts h be5 yield$ by ! ru9s ( ,assyria & ,babylon1 by ,arabia 9 ! sev5?1 & ,p]sia 9 ! twelf? c5tury2 & ,damascus1 ,j]usalem1 ,cairo1 & ,con/ant9ople /ill h brilliant examples ( ?is ex]cise ( ! pott]'s art4 ,! di/ress+ /ate ( ru9 or neglect into :i* _m ( ! tombs & mosques1 s beautifi$1 h be5 r$uc$ or p]mitt$ to fall greatly detracts f _! effect1 al?\gh n )\t its *>m to ! pa9t]'s eye & x is refre%+ to see !m1 z at ,con/ant9ople1 9 a some:at bett] /ate ( pres]vation4 ,9 t city !re is excell5t "w ( ?is k9d 9 ! old palace ( ! ,s]aglio1 :]e ! writ] notic$ tiles rem>kable = _! size & = ! p]fection ( _! manufacture4 ,"s ( ^!1 ne>ly two feet squ>e1 are cov]$ ) ! mo/ elegant arabesque diap]+ ( foliage & fl[]s int]tw9$1 among :i* birds & insects are depict$4 ,^! may probably h be5 ! "w ( a ,p]sian pott]4 ,b x is 9 ! tomb ( ,soliman ! great1 built 9 #aedd1 t ! effect ( ?is mode ( decoration c be /udi$ to bett] advantage4 ,"h ! entire walls ( ! int]ior are fac$ ) tiles ( admirable diap] patt]ns1 )9 bord]s ( equal elegance1 adapt$ to ! =m ( ! wall :i* !y panel & foll[+ ! subtle outl9es ( ! w9d[ op5+s1 :i*1 fill$ 9 ) gem-l col\r$ glass betwe5 _! intricate trac]y1 produce an effect ( ! greate/ ri*ness & h>mony4 ,! application ( glaz$ pott]y = decorat+ wall surface seems nev] to h tak5 root 9 ,greece or ,italy 7al?\gh slabs ( glass ( v>i\s col\rs 7 us$ by ! ,romans = t purpose71 :]e ,mosaic _h e/abli%$ itself long ant]ior to ! advance ( ori5tal influ5ce2 & ev5 9 ! mo/ palmy days ( ! production ( ,italian majolica & pa9t$ pott]y1 no?+ ( ?is k9d 0 attempt$ by h] arti/s beyond an occasional floor+--) ! exception ( ,luca della ,robbia1 :o n only cov]$ ceil+s ) tiles betwe5 ! relievo subjects on ! sp&rils & ! c5tre1 z se5 at ,san ,m9iato & ! ,pazzi *apel at ,santa ,croce 9 ,flor5ce1 b execut$ r\ndels & ar* fill+s ( tiles1 pa9t$ ) subjects on ! flat surface4 ,g]many made great use ( tiles = fac+ /oves & o!r purposes 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 b _! inspiration 0 n ori5tal2 &1 aga91 ! ,dut* tiles1 mu* us$ 9 ,engl& dur+ ! la/ c5tury1 are well kn[n b ornam5t$ on a false pr9ciple ( decorative art4 ,9 ! ,indian c\rt ( ! int]national exhibition ( #ahga 7 examples ( ,z5ana w9d[s & wall tiles f ,s9de1 ( rec5t manufacture1 & ( precisely simil> "* 9 body & glaze to ! class ( w>es n[ "u consid]ation4 ,!y1 moreov]1 %[ ano!r mode ( decoration1 kn[n z 8pte sur pte10 9 :i* ! design is pa9t$ on ! surface ( ! clay 9 a slip or 8engobe0 ( light] col\r und]nea? ! glaze2 a mann] ( ornam5tation f\nd ^u e>ly ,*9ese porcela91 & ^u t ascrib$ by ,m4 ,jacquem>t to ,p]sia4 ,^! tiles1 toge!r ) %ap$ pieces ( ! same ,indian w>e1 are v int]e/+1 be+ )\t d\bt ! mod]n repres5tatives ( a remote manufacture & hav+ ! close/ aff9ity ) ! anci5t ,egyptian glaz$ pott]y4 ,:5ce !y 7 d]iv$ or :i* ! p>5t /ock is a "q ! answ] to :i* we are n at pres5t 9 a position to d m ?an guess at4 ,9 ,france & ,engl& reproductions h appe>$1 _m ( :i* are excell5t f ! tal5t ( _! pa9t]s or f ! te*nical qualities ( _! manufacture3 ^? produc$ by ! ,messrs4 ,m9ton1 copi$ or d]iv$ f ori5tal orig9als1 are p>ticul>ly beautiful4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,hispano-,,moresque ,,pott]y4 ,?is num]\s & n[ well-def9$ class ( w>es 0 a few ye>s s9ce indiscrim9ately gr\p$ ) ! lu/r$ ,maiolica ( ,italy1 9 :i* c\ntry ! l>g] numb] ( specim5s n[ 9 our collections _h be5 pres]v$1 & :5ce !y h be5 procur$4 ,_m hesitat$ to believe 9 _! ,spani% orig91 ?9k+ x m probable t !y 7 ! "w ( ,moori% pott]s e/abli%$ 9 ! si/] p59sula4 ,! correspond5ce1 h[ev]1 ( te*nical "* ) ! 8azulejos10 ! well-kn[n tiles :i* adorn ! palace ( ! ,alhambra at ,seville1 & ) ! celebrat$ 8j>ra0 or ,alhambra vase1 z also a m>k$ diff]5ce betwe5 ^! & any w>es ( kn[n ,italian manufacture1 l$ to ! conviction t !y mu/ be ( ,spani% orig91 & ! "w ( ! ,moori% pott]s & _! desc5dants :o _h be5 e/abli%$ 9 t c\ntry4 ,"u ?is belief !y 7 class$ toge!r z ,hispano-arabian enamell$ & lu/r$ w>es1 b ?is appellation w\ld connect !m ) ! s-call$ ,s>ac5s :o conqu]$ t c\ntry 9 ,a4,d4 #gab4 ,! fir/ ,arab invad]s 7 !mselves expell$ 9 #gef by ,abd-el-,rhama1 :o caus$ himself to be proclaim$ caliph at ,cordova4 ,?is city ?us became ! great c5tre ( 8 p[]1 & "h 0 erect$ ! mosque ( :i* ! decoration atte/s ! exquisite ori5tal ta/e ( its f\nd]s4 ,! ornam5tal wall tiles on ?is build+ are ( truly ,hispano-arabian manufacture4 ,! rule ( ! successors ( ,abd-el-,rhama end$ & ! l9e became ext9ct 9 #ajch1 soon aft] :i* "t ! ,moori% conque/ 0 complet$4 ,9 #abce ,granada became ! *ief seat ( ! ,moori% rul]s1 & !re !y erect$ ! =tress-palace ( ! ,alhambra ab\t #abgc4 ,aft] an occupation ( ! c\ntry = f\r c5turies ! ,moors 7 conqu]$ 9 #adib4 ,! ,*ri/ian elem5t w\ld !n pr$om9ate 9 ! decoration ( ! pott]y2 & 9 #aeff ! la/ bl[ 0 /ruck at ,moori% art by ! promulgation ( a decree prohibit+ ! speak+ or writ+ ( _! language1 & =bidd+ ! use to m5 & wom5 ( _! national dress & veil1 & ! execution ( decorative works 9 ! ,moresque /yle4 ,:5 fir/ recogniz$ z a di/9ct family ^! w>es 7 f\nd to be difficult ( classification1 f ! entire abs5ce ( dates or names ( manufactories4 ,lab>te & o!rs consid]$ ! copp]-lu/r$ pieces to be ! e>li]1 b ,mr4 ,rob9son1 ) 8 usual acut5ess1 saw 9 ! ornam5tation ( v>i\s examples reasons = rev]s+ ?is arrangem5t1 & sugge/$ "o :i* subsequ5t obs]vation has only t5d$ to confirm4 ,he plac$ ^? pieces hav+ a decoration 9 a pal] lu/re ) int]lac+s & o!r ornam5ts 9 manganese & blue1 coats ( arms1 c41 9 ! e>li] p]iod2 ^? hav+ ! ornam5t 9 ! pal] lu/re only1 )\t col\r1 ( ne>ly equal date1 z also "s ( ! d>k] copp]y examples ) %ields ( arms2 & ( a lat] p]iod ^? s gl>+ 9 copp]-col\r$ lu/re z to be m pa9ful ?an pleas+ to ! eye4 ,m4 ,davilli] 7to ^: rese>*es into ! hi/ory ( ^! w>es we are greatly indebt$7 consid]s t 9 all probability ,,malaga 0 ! e>lie/ site ( ! manufacture1 & argues t its m>itime situation & trade ) ! ea/ & its proximity to ,granada w\ld w>rant t op9ion1 :i* is /r5g!n$ by ! e>lie/ docum5t>y evid5ce yet br\ght to light4 ,"o ,ibn-,bat\tah a native ( ,tangi]1 writ+ 9 #acej aft] j\rney+ ?r\gh ! ea/1 /ates t 8at ,malaga1 ! beautiful gilt pott]y or porcela9 is made1 :i* is export$ to ! mo/ di/ant c\ntries40 ,he makes no m5tion ( a fabrique at ,granada 9 describ+ t city1 & we may !re=e reasonably conclude t ,malaga 0 ! c5tre ( ?is indu/ry 9 ! ,moori% k+dom1 & if s !re is great probability t ! celebrat$ ,alhambra vase 0 made !re4 ,f ! /yle ( its ornam5tation1 ! =m ( ! *>act]s 9 ! inscriptions1 & o!r inf]5ces1 ! date ( ?is piece may be fairly assign$ to ! middle ( ! #ad? c5tury1 :i* w\ld be ab\t ! same p]iod z t travell]'s visit to ! city4 ,x has nev]!less be5 ascrib$ by o!rs to an e>li] "t1 ab\t #acbj4 ,?is vase is s g5]ally & well kn[n t we ne$ only allude to its *>act]i/ic =m & ri*ly decorat$ surface4 ,x is said to h be5 f\nd 9 ! #af? c5tury "u ! pavem5t ( ! ,alhambra toge!r ) sev]al o!rs1 all ( :i* 7 fill$ ) gold2 a tradition :i* may1 p]haps1 h "s f\ndation 9 fact4 ,! ,alhambra vase 0 copi$ at ,svres 9 #ahdb1 & s9ce by ! ,messrs4 ,deck 9 fai5ce1 ( ! orig9al size aft] a ca/ & photographs procur$ by ,m4 ,davilli]4 ,?is la/ is n[ 9 ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton museum4 ,! fabrique ( ,malaga exi/$ 9 ! sixte5? c5tury2 & ! plateau engrav$ p4 #gh 0 probably made !re4 ,we le>n f ,lucio ,m>9eo writ+ ( ! memorable ?+s ( ,spa9 9 #aeag1 t 8at ,malaga are made also v beautiful vases ( fai5ce40 ,aft] ?is date no fur!r record is f\nd1 & ,m4 ,davilli] ?9ks x probable t ! works gradually decl9$ z ^? ( ,val5cia increas$ 9 importance1 & t by ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury !y _h entirely ceas$4 ,he attributes to ^! pott]ies ?ree l>ge deep bas9s & two vases 9 ! htel ,cluny at ,p>is1 :i* are cov]$ ) designs 9 gold5 reflet & blue ( great simil>ity to ^? ( ! ,alhambra vase1 & also ! f9e vase f ! ,s\lages collection at ,s\? ,k5s+ton4 ,aft] ! fabrique ( ,malaga t ( ,,majorca is ?\ght to be ! mo/ anci5t1 & ! ext5sion ( its manufactures by comm]ce is indirectly prov$ by ! adoption ( ! t]m 8,majolica0 by ! pott]s ( ,italy = su* ( _! w>es z 7 decorat$ ) ! metallic lu/re4 ,scalig]1 writ+ 9 ! fir/ half ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 speaks highly ( ! w>es ( ! ,illu/ration ,bale>ic isl&s3 b n be+ an 8exp]t0 9 c]amic productions1 aft] prais+ ! porcela9 rec5tly br\ght f ,*9a1 admires :at he calls _! imitations made at ,majorca4 8,we call !m 7he says7 #8majolica1' *ang+ "o lett] 9 ! "n ( ! isl& :]e we are assur$ t ! mo/ beautiful are made30 an int]e/+ te/imony to ! importation ( ^! w>es into ,italy & ! k ( _! orig91 z also to ! d]ivation ( ! t]m appli$ to ! home manufacture ( ,pes>o & ,gubbio4 ,al?\gh presumably ( mu* e>li] date no record ( ?is pott]y occurs till t ( ,giovanni di ,b]n>di da ,uzzano1 ! son ( a ri* ,pisan m]*ant1 :o 9 #addb wrote a treaty on comm]ce & navigation1 publi%$ by ,paqu9i1 9 :i* he speaks ( ! manufactures ( ,majorca & ,m9orca1 p>ticul>ly m5tion+ fai5ce :i* 8_h !n a v l>ge sale 9 ,italy40 ,we h evid5ce t ! pr9cipal seat ( ! manufacture 0 at ,ynca1 9 ! int]ior ( ! isl&2 & 9 confirmation ( ?is discov]y "s plates h be5 obs]v$ by ,m4 ,davilli] 9 collections on :i* ! arms ( t isl& are repres5t$4 ,"o is 9 ! htel ,cluny1 & is probably ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,x is ,moresque 9 /yle ) illegible inscriptions 9 an odd mixture ( ! ,arabic & ,go?ic *>act]s2 ! lu/re ( a r$ col\r & ! arms 9 ! c5tre4 ,^! arms are1 paly gules & or1 on a fess arg5t a dog 9 ! act ( b\nd+1 sable4 ,!re w\ld seem also to h be5 a fabrique at ,ivia = ,v>gas1 9 8 description ( ! ,bale>ic isl&s1 says1 8,x is mu* to be regrett$ t ,ivia has ceas$ to make h] fam\s vases ( fai5ce1 de/9$ = exportation z well z = local consumption40 ,b ( _! precise nature he gives u no in=mation & we h no k4 ,! k+dom ( ,,val5cia 9 ! "t ( ! ,romans 0 not$ = its works 9 pott]y2 ^? produc$ at ,saguntum1 ! pres5t ,murvi$ro1 hav+ a great reputation at t p]iod accord+ to ,pl9y1 :o m5tions ! jasp] r$ pott]y ( ,saguntum :]e #a1bjj workm5 7 employ$4 ,to ^!1 aft] ! occupation ( ! ,go?s1 succe$$ ! ,arab workm5 :o accompani$ ! ,mussulman conque/ 9 #gaa4 ,aga91 :5 ! ,moors 7 9 #abci subject$ to ,*ri/ian dom9ation ! pott]s' art 0 consid]$ ( suffici5t importance to claim a special *>t] f ! k+1 :o grant$ x to ! ,s>ac5s ( ,xativa1 a small t[n n[ call$ ,san-,felipe4 ,?is *>t] provides t e ma/] pott] mak+ vases1 dome/ic vessels1 tiles1 8rajolas0 7an ,arabic "n = wall-tiles1 synonym\s ) 8azulejos071 %\ld pay a 8besant0 annually & freely pursue 8 call+4 ,sir ,wm4 ,drake 9 8 notes on ,v5etian c]amics cites an ord9ance ( ! ,v5etian s5ate 9 #adee1 decl>+ t no e>!nw>e works ( any k9d %\ld be introduc$ into ! dom9ions ( ! ,signory except crucibles 78correzzoli07 & ,majolica ( ,val5cia2 an important fact prov+ ! value t 0 atta*$ to ! ,spani% lu/re w>es 9 ,italy 9 ! middle ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,! woodcut p4 #ha repres5ts a f9e plateau at ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 gold5 lu/r$2 ( ab\t ! ye> #aejj4 ,m>9eo ,siculo1 writ+ 9 #aeag1 devotes a *apt] to ! ut5sils & o!r objects ( fai5ce made 9 ,spa91 9 :i* he /ates t 8! mo/ e/eem$ are ^? ( ,val5cia1 :i* are s well work$ & s well gild$20 & ,capmany records a decree ( ! municipal c\ncil ( ,b>celona 9 #aebh relative to ! exportation ( fai5ce to ,sicily & else:]e1 9 :i* 8la loza de ,val5cia0 is nam$4 ,aga9 ,b>reyros a ,portuguese1 9 8 8,*orographia10 prais+ ! pott]y ( ,b>celona says t x is 8ev5 sup]ior0 to t ( ,val5cia4 ,! expulsion ( ! ,moors 9 #afaj by ,philip ,,iii4 gave ! fatal bl[ to ?is indu/ry1 z we le>n f contempor>y au?ors t _m ( ! bani%$ artizans 7 pott]s 78oll]os074 ,f "t immemorial ,/4 ,john ! evangeli/ has be5 p>ticul>ly v5]at$ at ,val5cia1 & 9 ! gr& processions ( ,corpus ,*ri/i ! emblematic eagle is c>ri$1 hold+ 9 8 beak a b&]ole on :i* is inscrib$ ! fir/ s5t5ce ( 8 gospel3 8,9 pr9cipio erat ,v]bum et ,v]bum erat apud ,deum40 ,on "s pieces ( ,hispano-moresque w>e ?is s5t5ce is inscrib$1 & ! eagle sometimes cov]s ! front1 sometimes ! back4 ,!re is !re=e reason to inf] t ^! 7 made 9 "o ( ! fabriques ( ,val5cia1 & if s _! /yle w\ld be to a consid]able ext5t typical ( ! ,val5cian pott]y4 ,! decoration 0 probably inspir$ by ! w>es ( ,malaga1 & x is likely t _m ( ! pieces ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 be>+ inscriptions 9 ,go?ic *>act]s ) animals1 c4 9 blue1 may be ( ?is fabrique4 ,illu/ration ,9 ! ,briti% museum is a plate pa9t$ ) an antelope & ,moresque ornam5t 9 blue1 & ) ! inscription 8,s5ta ,catal9a ,gu>da ,nos30 o!rs occur1 ?\gh v r>ely1 ) ,spani% inscriptions4 ,at ! comm5cem5t ( ! #ag? c5tury ! ,val5cian w>es _h lo/ ne>ly all _! ,moresque "*1 & ! employm5t ( ! copp] lu/re only 0 reta9$3 ! designs hav+ figures 9 ! co/umes ( t p]iod & co>se leafage or birds ) 8rococo0 ornam5ts4 ,illu/ration ,x w\ld ?us appe> t ! fabrique ( ,malaga 0 ! mo/ anci5t1 & t ( ,val5cia ! mo/ important 9 ,spa92 b o!r pott]ies exi/$1 & _! productions 7 widely di/ribut$4 ,! woodcut repres5ts a ,val5cian di% ) gold5 lu/re1 ( ! #ae? c5tury4 ,t ^! w>es 7 import$ into ,engl& is prov$ by fragm5ts f\nd 9 ,london1 on "o ( :i*1 9 ! ,briti% museum1 is repres5t$ a man 9 ! co/ume ( ! p]iod ( ,h5ry ! f\r?1 ab\t #adjj4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,mak]s' names h nev] be5 obs]v$ ^u pieces ( ?is pott]y1 & m>ks are v r>ely met )4 ,! above m>ks are on ! back ( two small plates ) deep c5tres1 9 :i* is pa9t$ a %ield ( arms be>+ a cr[n$ eagle ) op5 w+s 9 blue1 ! re/ ( ! surface be+ diap]$ ) small v9e or briony leaves & int]lac$ t5drils 9 conc5tric ord]1 ( gold5 lu/re on ! creamy :ite gr\nd4 ,^! pieces are p]haps ( ! same s]vice1 probably ( ,malaga or ,val5cia1 & may be ( ! e>li] half ( ! #ae? c5tury2 !y are 9 ! writ]'s possession4 ,9 ,mr4 ,h5d]son's ri* collection is a vase on "o side ( :i* is ! inscription1 ( :i* we give a facsimile3 ,illu/ration ,x reads 8,illu/rissimo ,signore ,c>d9ale ,d',e/e 9 ,urbe ,rom40 ,specim5s ( a lu/r$ w>e h be5 br\ght f ,sicily1 diff]+ mat]ially f t ( ,spa91 & p]haps =m+ a connect+ l9k betwe5 t & ! e>li] ,p]sian pott]y4 ,!y are =m$ ( an ord9>y clay cov]$ ) an e>?y or /annif]\s 787 wa%1 :i* is aga9 coat$ ) a ri* transluc5t blue glaze on :i* a diap]+ ( v]micul> ornam5t 9 copp]y lu/re cov]s ! :ole piece1 except t ! edges & h&les are also pa9t$ 9 lu/re4 ,?is w>e is by no means common2 x occurs 9 ! =m ( plates1 cov]$ b[ls1 & 8alb>elli30 & is suppos$ to be ! workman%ip ( ,moori% pott]s at ,calata-,girone4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,italian ,,pott]y2 ,,sgraffiati1 ,,& ,,caffaggiolo4 ,com+ n[ to ,italian pott]y1 we mu/ speak fir/ ( sgraffiati1 graffiti1 or incis$ w>es4 ,?is mode ( ornam5tation is "o ( ! mo/ primitive & univ]sal 9 a rud] =m1 al?\gh x appe>s b little on ! e>ly glaz$ w>es ( our own c\ntry2 ( ^? ( ,france a f9e example1 attribut$ to ! #ad? c5tury1 is pres]v$ at ,svres4 ,9 ,italy1 z 0 ! case 9 all o!r v>ieties ( pictorial art1 x 0 br\ght to a high degree ( p]fection1 n m]ely z a mann] ( ornam5t+ pott]y b appli$ on a l>ge scale to mural decoration4 ,x appe>s to h be5 9 use f an e>ly p]iod1 examples ( a co>se k9d occurr+ among ! plates incru/$ 9 ! t[]s ( *ur*es ( ! #ab? & #ac? c5turies at ,pisa & else:]e1 & x 0 probably 9 use be=e or coeval ) ! e>lie/ pa9t$ w>es4 ,its me?od z appli$ to pott]y is describ$ by ,piccolpasso 9 8 manuscript1 & consi/s 9 cov]+ ! previ\sly bak$ 8biscuit0 ( ord9>y pott]'s clay ) a 8slip0 or 8engobe0 ( ! :ite m>l ( ,vic5za1 by dipp+ x into a ba? ( t e>? mill$ ) wat] to ! consi/5ce ( cream2 :5 dry1 ?is :ite cov]+1 fix$ by a slight bak+1 is scrat*$ ?r\gh ) an iron in/rum5t %ew+ ! design 9 ! r$ col\r ( ! clay aga9/ ! sup]impos$ :ite gr\nd4 ,x is !n cov]$ ) an ord9>y transluc5t lead glaze1 & cl\d$ ) yell[ & gre5 by slight application ( ! oxides ( iron & copp]4 ,!re appe>s to be a consid]able range 9 ! dates ( v>i\s specim5s 9 collections1 "s ( :i* are probably among ! e>lie/ examples ( ,italian decorative pott]y t h come d[n to u2 o!rs may be ( ! middle or la/ qu>t] ( ! #ae? c5tury &1 l ! f9e example :i* we engrave1 are highly *>act]i/ic2 great skill is %[n ^u !m 9 ! comb9ation ( figures & foliage 9 relievo ) ! incis$ ornam5tation4 ,ne>ly all ! pieces ( ?is class are probably ! "w ( "o botega1 & are di/+ui%$ by ! "* ( _! designs2 a bord] ( mulb]ry leaves is v g5]al1 or %ields ( ! 8pavoise0 or kite =m4 ,judg+ also f ! sort ( florid ,go?ic "* to be se5 9 "s ( ! leafage m\ld+s1 f ! co/umes ( ! nor? ( ,italy 9 ! #ae? c5tury1 & f ! lion support]s & o!r details :i* connect !m ) nor? ,italian art1 we h little hesitation 9 believ+ t !y 7 produc$ 9 ,lomb>dy or ! ,v5etian ma9l&4 ,illu/ration ,( ! m important examples1 ! ,l\vre possesses a f9e cup on a rais$ /em & support$ by ?ree lions2 9 ! int]ior1 a man habit$ 9 ! co/ume ( ! #ae? c5tury /&s play+ a m&ol9 betwe5 two females1 "o ( :om s+s :ile ! o!r plays ! tamb\r9e2 ! rais$ & incis$ m\ld+s on ?is piece are v *>act]i/ic4 ,9 ! ,briti% museum are "s f9e di%es1 "o ( :i* is rem>kable = ! admirable execution ( ! "w1 on :i* are repres5t$ figures 9 ! co/ume ( ! #ae? c5tury1 fe/oons ( fruit & o!r ornam5ts4 ,on ano!r are ! figures ( a g5tleman & a lady :o plays ! viol1 9 ! co/ume ( ! #ae? or e>ly #af? c5tury /&+ 8dos dos20 on h] side is a 8pavoise0 %ield be>+ ! 8biscia0 or s]p5t ( ! ,visconti1 :ile ! man supports himself on "o be>+ ! flam+ bomb-%ell1 ! impresa ( ,alfonso d',e/e1 borne by him at ! battle ( ,rav5na 9 #aeab4 ,9 ! writ]'s collection are two e>ly di%es1 "o ( :i* is rem>kable = a rais$ fl[] 9 ! c5tre & incis$ decoration on front & back4 ,he also possesses a l>ge di%1 #ai in*es 9 diamet]1 hav+ a m$allion c5tral subject ( ! ,virg9 & ,*ild3 ! re/ ( ! piece be+ cov]$ ) int]lac+ bran*es ( :at may be mulb]ry be>+ leaves & fruit1 a s]p5t9e wrea? ( ! same encircl+ ! bord]4 ,x is probable t 7 ! ar*ives ( ,flor5ce ?or\ghly se>*$ "s record might be f\nd ( ! e/abli%m5t or exi/5ce at ,,caffaggiolo ( an arti/ic pott]y enc\rag$ & patroniz$ by ! ,m$ici family1 b at pres5t we h no su* record$ hi/ory4 ,"h aga9 ! objects !mselves h be5 _! be/ & only hi/orians4 ,x 0 b a few ye>s s9ce t ! ill indit$ "n ( ?is botega1 notic$ ^u ! back ( a plate1 0 read z t ( ! arti/ :o _h pa9t$ x2 b ! discov]y ( o!r m legible signatures prov$ t at ?is spot important & highly arti/ic works _h be5 produc$4 ,! occurr5ce ( a monogram ^u sev]al1 ) ! comp>ison ( _! te*nical details1 has l$ to ! recognition ( _m pieces1 & reveal$ ! fact t ?is fabrique _h exi/$ f an e>ly p]iod1 & 0 productive ( a l>ge numb] ( pieces ( v>y+ quality4 ,m4 ,jacquem>t surmises t at ,caffaggiolo ,luca della ,robbia le>nt ! nature ( ! enamel glaze1 :i* he appli$ to 8 relievos 9 t]ra cotta4 ,we "k t ,luca pa9t$ subjects on pla9 surfaces1 enamell$ ) ! /annif]\s glaze z e>ly z ! ye> #adef1 :5 he execut$ ! pa9t$ tiles :i* =m a k9d ( fram+ to ! tomb ( ,b5ozzo ,f$]ighi 9 ! *ur* ( ,san ,francesco de ,paolo1 "u ! hill ( ,bellosgu>do4 ,! mo/ important "w by him ( ?is nature is ! lunette ov] "o ( ! doors 9 ! entrance-hall ( ! 8,op]a del ,duomo0 9 ,flor5ce4 ,:e!r1 le>nt f him1 ?is enamel 0 adopt$ at ! ,gr& ,ducal fabrique at an e>ly p]iod1 or :e!r he !re obta9$ ! k :i* he appli$ & modifi$ to 8 own uses1 rema9s a "q1 ! answ] to :i* w\ld be facilitat$ by ! prov$ date ( ! e/abli%m5t ( t pott]y1 or ! occurr5ce ( pieces ant]ior to ! tiles enamell$ & pa9t$ by ,luca2 b ^u ^! po9ts we un=tunately h n z yet discov]$ any record$ memorial4 ,x is wor?y ( rem>k t al?\gh _m are ( v e>ly date no piece ( a ,mezza w>e1 confid5tly assignable to ?is e/abli%m5t1 is kn[n to ! writ]2 all t h come "u 8 notice are enamell$ ) ! :ite /annif]\s glaze1 no in/ance ( ! use ( an engobe or slip hav+ be5 obs]v$4 ,! woodcut p4 #ij is f an e>ly & probably ,tuscan plateau4 ,! lead+ *>act]i/ics ( ! ,caffaggiolo w>es are a glaze ( ri* & ev5 quality1 & purely :ite2 & ! use ( a v d>k cobalt blue ( great int5sity b brilliant z t ( lapis lazuli1 frequ5tly 9 masses z a gr\nd+ to ! subject3 & x w\ld seem laid on purposely ) a co>se bru%1 ! /rokes ( :i* are v app>5t4 ,we give an engrav+ p4 #ia ( a curi\sly decorat$ tazza ( e>ly date4 ,! col\rs are gre51 purple & blue4 ,a bright yell[1 an orange ( brilliant b opaque quality1 a peculi>ly liquid & semi-transp>5t copp] gre5 are also f\nd1 & ano!r *>act]i/ic pigm5t is an opaque bright ,indian r$4 ,?is pott]y has a ne>] aff9ity to t ( ,si5a ?an to any o!r fabrique1 & x is n unreasonable to suppose t !y _h a l orig9 or t ! e/abli%m5t at ,si5a emanat$ f ,caffaggiolo4 ,bo? resemble 9 g5]al /yle ! pieces produc$ at ,fa5za & ,=l m ?an ^? ( o!r fabriques ( ! nor!rn du*ies1 or ( ! ,umbrian c5tres ( ! art2 & x becomes a "q z to :i* c claim ! e>lie/ orig91 z also ! e>lie/ use ( ! /annif]\s enamel glaze4 ,! dates inscrib$ ^u pieces beg9 9 #aejg-i1 b undat$ examples1 assignable to ?is locality & ( an e>li] p]iod1 exi/ 9 collections4 ,illu/ration ,! use ( ! metallic lu/re seems to h be5 tri$ at ,caffaggiolo1 b f ! extreme r>ity ( examples be>+ ! m>k ( or fairly ascribable to t e/abli%m5t1 we may ,illu/ration p]haps inf] t only a few exp]im5tal pieces 7 made1 & t ?is me?od ( enri*m5t 0 b little us$4 ,a small ,illu/ration plateau at ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 no4 #gaed1 repres5t$ 9 ! woodcut is an important example1 hav+ ! m>k4 ,z might be expect$1 ! arms1 emblems1 & mottoes ( ! ,m$ici family frequ5tly occur1 & occasionally ! lett]s ,s4 ,p4 ,q4 ,f4 are introduc$ on labels = 8,s5atus populusque ,flor5t9us40 ,m4 ,jacquem>t consid]s t "s ( ! e>ly gr\ps1 c4 9 relievo & 9 ! r\nd & e>ly plaques ) ! sacr$ emblem1 ! majority ( :i* are g5]ally ascrib$ to ,fa5za1 may be ( ?is botega4 ,we q concur ) him 9 ?is op9ion4 ,! ,s\? ,k5s+ton museum is ri* 9 f9e specim5s ( ?is w>e ( v>i\s date & great v>iety1 "s ( :i* are among ! mo/ admirable examples ( ! pott]'s art4 ,x is rem>kable t we h no record$ names ( ! arti/s :o pa9t$ ^! beautiful pieces1 & x is only at ! latt] end ( ! sixte5? c5tury t we f9d m5tion ( ,giacomo & ,loys ,ridolfi ( ,caffaggiolo1 :o emigrat$ ) o!r pott]s f ! !n less enc\rag$ manufactories ( ,italy to try _! =tune 9 ,france4 ,m4 ,jacquem>t tells u t ^! pott]s or pa9t]s f\nd$ a 8faenc]ie0 9 #aeij at ,m>*ec\l1 9 ,bretagne4 ,"s confusion has aris5 among connoisseurs 9 ,france & else:]e z to ! w>es ( ,caffaggiolo & ^? ( ,fa5za1 & inde$ x is frequ5tly difficult to draw ! l9e ( di/9ction2 b we c h>dly foll[ ,m4 ,jacquem>t 9 8 hi/orical classification1 believ+ t "s ( ! pieces assign$ by him to ?is fabrique d n really support _! claim4 ,a simil> rem>k may apply to _m ( ^? 9 ! ,l\vre ascrib$ to ?is pott]y by ,mons4 ,d>cel4 ,two l>ge & f9ely pa9t$ e>ly di%es 7pres5t$ by ,mr4 ,franks7 are 9 ! ,briti% museum2 !y 7 probably made ab\t #adhj-aejj4 ,on "o is a gr\p ( sa9ts1 aft] an engrav+ by ,b5$etto ,montana1 on r$ gr\nd1 ) a bord] ( leafage m\ld+ & peacock's fea!r ornam5t4 ,on ! o!r is ! subject ( ! ,judgm5t ( ,solomon4 ,! col\rs on ^! pieces are v ri*1 ) mu* ( ! *>act]i/ic r$ pigm5t2 ! bold & firm draw+ has an ar*aic t5d5cy :i* po9ts to an e>ly p]iod4 ,! e>lie/ dat$ piece hav+ a m>k & ) reason believ$ to be ( ?is fabrique1 is a plate 9 ! /yle ,illu/ration ( ,fa5za ) bord] ( grotesques & c5tral %ields ( arms1 9 ! pa9t+ ( :i* ! *>act]i/ic r$ is us$ & on :i* is ! date #aejg ) ! m>k2 t curi\s comb9ation ( lett]s ,p4,l & ,o4 ,ano!r is dat$ #aeji4 ,! lett]s ,s4 ,p4 ,q4 ,f4 occur among ! ornam5ts4 ,m4 ,jacquem>t consid]s z ( ! fir/ p]iod1 ^? pieces hav+ lett]s allusive to ! ,flor5t9e republic1 or ! ,m$ici arms & emblems2 or ! motto ( ,giuliano di ,m$ici4 8,glovis0 also occurs1 :i* has be5 +5i\sly deciph]$ z mean+ 8,si volg10 8x 7=tune7 turns10 if read backw>ds3 ref]r+ to ! fav\r %[n to ,giuliano :5 appo9t$ ,gonfaloni] to ! ,*ur*4 ,a noble pit*] at ,s\? ,k5s+ton no4 #agae 7p4 #ic7 has ! ,m$ici arms2 &1 b5ea?1 also ! motto ,glovis4 ,a l>ge c>elessly pa9t$ di%1 9 ! ,briti% museum1 ! subject ,abel's sacrifice1 has ! ^w 8,,glovis0 & ! lett]s ,s4 ,p4 ,q4 ,r4 on ! alt>1 & on ! rev]se ! "n1 curi\sly spelt1 8,9 ,*afaggilolo0 betwe5 ! ord9>y m>k twice repeat$4 ,! "n seems to h be5 spelt 9 v>i\s ways1 z 8,cffagiulo10 8,cafagiol10 8,caffaggiolo10 8,*affaggiolo10 8,*afaggilolo10 8,gafagizotto10 c4 ,"s ( ! specim5s at ,s\? ,k5s+ton are ( extraord9>y beauty4 ,( ! m int]e/+ may be in/anc$ no4 #gaed1 lu/r$1 hav+ ! ,caffaggiolo m>k pa9t$ on ! rev]se 9 ! yell[ pigm5t4 ,! l>ge circul> di% no4 #hibh on :i* is repres5t$ a procession ( ,leo ,x4 is curi\s z a contempor>y "w & = ! co/ume4 ,! ,/4 ,george aft] ! /atue by ,donatello1 no4 #agbf1 is ( great excell5ce1 z is ! int]e/+ plate engrav$ above1 p4 #dd1 on :i* a c]amic pa9t] is repres5t$ at "w 9 ! pres5ce ( a g5tleman & lady1 probably portraits ( p]sonages ( high /&+1 z also ( ! pa9t] himself4 ,x is to be regrett$ t he refra9$ f record+ _! names & 0 cont5t ) affix+ only ! monogram ( ! fabrique at ! back ( ! piece4 ,! beautiful plate ) c5tral subject ( ,vulcan =g+ a w+ & elegant bord] ( grotesques1 masks1 cupids1 c41 no4 #biij1 is probably by ! same h& z ! two la/ ref]r$ to & is a f9e example4 ,! l>ge jug already ref]r$ to hav+ ! ,m$ici arms on ! front & o!r devices ( t family1 no4 #agae1 is rem>kable = its excell5ce ( glaze & col\r1 z well z = ,illu/ration its hi/orical associations4 ,s1 aga91 is ! vase no4 #cba made = ! ,m$ici at a some:at lat] date2 & :i* we also engrave4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,si5a ,,& ,,pes>o4 ,well-nigh all ! hi/ory we h ( ! e>ly arti/ic pott]y ( ,,si5a may be read ^u ! specim5s ( h] produce1 pres]v$ 9 our museums & private collections4 ,a consid]able numb] ( pieces1 evid5tly ! "w ( "o able h&1 has be5 v>i\sly assign$ to ! furnaces ( ,fa5za1 ( ,caffaggiolo1 & ( ,pes>o2 to ! fir/ two f a g5]al simil>ity 9 ! "* ( _! design4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! initials ,i4 ,p4 occurr+ 9 l>ge *>act]s on ! rev]se ( "s ( ! pieces 7 presum$ to be ^? ( ! words 8,9 ,pes>o10 & l$ to a confusion ( !m ) o!rs really pa9t$ at ! ,lanfran*i works at ,pes>o & m>k$ ) ! same initials b 9 a small] =m2 /&+ = ! signature ( ! arti/1 8jiacomo p9sit40 ,^! la/1 !n unkn[n to collectors1 7 cit$ by ,pass]i :o 0 suppos$ to ref] to ! f> m beautiful works n[ "u consid]ation4 ,! acquisition1 h[ev]1 ( a pavem5t ( tiles f ! ,petrucci palace at ,si5a1 dat$ #aeji1 & ! k ( ! exi/5ce ( o!rs ( a simil> /amp 9 ! *ur* ( ,san ,francesco 9 t city1 ! /yle ( h&l+ z well z ! design & col\r+ ^u :i* agre$ closely ) ^! works2 a f9e di% 9 ! ,briti% museum 9 ! same mann]1 & on :i* occurs "o ( ! same coats ( arms z ^? ^u ! pavem5t ( ! ,petrucci2 & ! fur!r acquisition ( a small plate1 ! pa9t+ ( :i* 9 blue camaeu is assur$ly 9 ! mann] ( ! f9] examples above ref]r$ to1 & :i* is sign$ on ! rev]se 8fata i ,si5a da m b5$etto20 =m toge!r a *a9 ( evid5ce conclusive z to ! exi/5ce ( ?is fabrique1 & ! orig9 ( ! v>i\s pieces 9 "q4 ,! ,s\? ,k5s+ton museum possesses v important specim5s ( ?is ma/]'s "w2 & ! connexion ( ! ,illu/ration sev]al examples is v m9utely trac$ 9 ! l>ge catalogue ( ,maiolica4 ,we ne$ only1 !re=e1 g5]ally obs]ve t !y are wor?y ( be+ rank$ among ! mo/ excell5t productions ( ! pott]'s skill 9 ,italy dur+ ! e>li] ye>s ( ! #af? c5tury2 & t 9 respect ( _! te*nical *>act]i/ics1 & ! tone & mann] ( _! col\r+ & design1 !y are m ne>ly alli$ to ! productions ( ! ,caffaggiolo furnaces1 f :i* 9 all probability ! inspiration ( !m 0 d]iv$4 ,we give woodcuts ( ?ree ( ^! beautiful pieces3 nos4 #aefi1 #agib1 & #ddhg4 ,! la/ ( ^! is v int]e/+ on acc\nt ( ! m>k & inscription ^u ! rev]se 7also engrav$ p4 #ii71 %[+ t ! pa9t] 0 probably ,b5$etto himself1 :o 0 !n ! head ( ! e/abli%m5t4 ,! draw+ ( ! c5tral figure is ma/]ly & f9i%$ ) ! utmo/ c>e4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,"o ( ! f9e/ specim5s ( ?is ma/] belongs to ,mr4 ,h5d]son2 ! c5tral subject is t ( ,mutius ,scvola be=e ,pors5na2 x is pa9t$ ) great c>e & is surr\nd$ by a bord] ( grotesques on orange gr\nd4 ,on ! rev]se is ! m>k 9 ! accompany+ woodcut4 ,! grotesques ^u ! bord] ( a l>ge di% 9 ! ,briti% museum are pa9t$ ^u a black gr\nd1 an unusual /yle :i* also occurs on "s ( ! tiles ( ! ,petrucci pavem5t1 & is we believe almo/ peculi> to ?is botega4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,we lose sight ( ! ,si5ese pott]y = two c5turies1 :5 x aga9 appe>s "u ! !n be/ c]amic pa9t] 9 ,italy1 ,f]d9&o ,m>ia ,campani :o is said1 b we d n "k on :at exact au?ority1 to h work$ also at ,ca/elli & at ,san ,quirico4 ,a piece sign$ by him is at ,s\? ,k5s+ton4 ,8 subjects1 z 9 ?is in/ance1 7 frequ5tly tak5 f ! ,bible s]ies ( ,raffaelle z r5d]$ by ,m>c ,antonio's engrav+s1 & f ! works ( ! ,c>acci4 ,"s extremely well execut$ tiles1 plates1 c4 copi$ & adapt$ f ! old1 h also be5 produc$ )9 ! la/ few ye>s at ,si5a "u ! sup]9t5d5ce ( signor ,pepi1 a druggi/1 opposite ! ,prefecture4 ,we h occasionally met ) "s ( ^!1 scrat*$ & *ipp$ by o!r arti/s to suit ! mod]n-antique m>ket4 ,! small t[n ( ,,monte ,,lupo1 ne/l+ "u its 8rocca0 on ! s\!rn bank ( ! riv] at ! op5+ ( ! ,val d' ,arno inf]iore1 is on ! road f ,flor5ce & ne> to ,empoli4 ,its pott]y is di/+ui%$ 7or we %\ld r say notori\s7 = hav+ produc$ ! uglie/ & mo/ inf]ior pa9t$ pieces t be> ! signature ( _! mak] & ! place :]e !y 7 made4 ,b a w>e ( a diff]5t k9d =m$ ( a r$ clay & glaz$ ) a ri* treacle-br[n or black glaze1 ! =ms ( ! pieces be+ sometimes extremely elegant1 has be5 also assign$ to ?is locality4 ,"s ( !m are enri*$ ) gild+ & ) subjects pa9t$ 9 oil col\rs1 n by a c]amic arti/4 ,we are in=m$1 h[ev]1 by signor ,giuseppe ,raffaelli t w>es ( ?is description 7 made at ,ca/el ,durante1 & t a f9e example ( !m1 ) portraits ( a c\nt ,mald9i & 8 wife1 is pres]v$ 9 ! libr>y at ,urbania4 ,he describes !m z made ( a r$ e>? cov]$ ) an int5sely black glaze1 on :i* ! oil pa9t+ & gild+ 7 execut$4 ,x is nev]!less probable t ,monte ,lupo produc$ a simil> w>e1 & pieces occur ornam5t$ ) reliefs & ) rais$ "w1 engob1 ) a :ite or yell[ clay on ! br[n gr\nd1 by ! process kn[n z pte sur pte4 ,c]ta9 pieces m>bl$ on ! surface to imitate tortoise%ell1 agate1 c4 are ascrib$ to ?is pott]y4 ,at ,svres is a tazza ) ill pa9t$ subject on :ite gr\nd & inscrib$1-- 8,dip9ta1 ,giov9ale ,t]5i 8da ,montelupo40 & a di% 9 ! htel ,cluny at ,p>is1 pa9t$ ) ! subject ( ! rape ( ,hel5 some:at 9 ! mann] ( ! ,urb9o w>es1 has at ! back1 8,vrate dl9a 8fate 9 ,monte40 ,illu/ration ,?is1 we ?9k1 m likely to h be5 ! production ( ,monte ,lupo ?an ( ,monte ,feltro1 to :i* x has be5 ascrib$4 ,!re c be little d\bt t pott]ies exi/$ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! important comm]cial city ( ,,pisa1 & x is m ?an probable t ! pa9t$ & incis$ bac9i1 :i* are encru/$ into h] *ur* t[]s & faades1 are mo/ly ( local manufacture dur+ ! #ab?1 #ac?1 & #ad? c5turies4 ,on ?is subject we mu/ ref] ! read] to ! rem>ks 9 ! *apt] on ,p]sian & ,hispano-moresque w>es4 ,among ! latt]1 ref]5ces w be f\nd to two writ]s :o /at$ t a comm]ce exi/$ betwe5 ,val5cia & ,pisa1 f :5ce faence 0 import$ into ,spa9 9 ex*ange = ! w>es ( t c\ntry4 ,x does n h[ev] foll[ t ?is faence 0 entirely ( ,pisan production1 al?\gh export$ !nce2 b x is n improbable t a consid]able quantity 0 made !re = exportation4 ,antonio ,beut]1 prais+ ! w>es ( ,spa91 says t !y are equal 9 beauty to ^? ( ,pisa & o!r places4 ,?is 0 ab\t #aeej4 ,e>ly 9 ! next c5tury ,escolano says1 speak+ ( ! w>es ( ,manises1 8t 9 ex*ange = ! faences t ,italy s5ds u f ,pisa1 we export to t c\ntry c>goes ( t ( ,manises40 ,9 ! collection ( b>on ,alphonse de ,ro?s*ild1 ( ,p>is1 is a l>ge & well =m$ vase ) s]p5t h&les1 "u :i* ! "n ,,pisa is inscrib$ on tablets4 ,x is mu* 9 ! mann] ( ! lat] ,urb9o w>es1 hav+ grotesques on a :ite gr\nd1 b m ne>ly approa*+ ^? examples at ,s\? ,k5s+ton 7nos4 #cba & #cbc7 hav+ ! arms ( ! ,m$ici1 :i* we h ascrib$ 9 ! l>ge catalogue to ,caffaggiolo or ,flor5ce4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t ?is vase may be ( ! ,pes>o fabrique1 & t ! ^w ^u x 0 m]ely a v>iation 9 spell+ ! fir/ half ( ! "n ,pisaro2 b we see no reason = accept+ su* an explanation or t ,pisa %\ld be d5i$ ! small hon\r ( hav+ produc$ ?is example1 ! only "o inscrib$ ) h] "n4 ,!re c be v little d\bt t a manufactory ( glaz$ e>!nw>e exi/$ at ,,pes>o or 9 its imm$iate outskirts f a v e>ly p]iod1 & t x probably succe$$ to ! works e/abli%$ !re 9 ,roman times1 ! rema9s ( :i* h occasionally be5 br\ght to light2 b ) ! exception ( ! record$ names ( c]ta9 pott]s1 occurr+ 9 de$s & records :i* are pres]v$ among ! public ar*ives ( ! city1 we are un9=m$1 & unable to recognize ! produce ( ^! pott]ies or to "k _! *>act]i/ics4 ,ant]ior to #aedj we h no sign$ & dat$ example1 & %\ld !re=e be r$uc$ to ! position ( entire ignorance z to _! previ\s productions b = ! "w ( ! indefatigable ar*ologi/ ,giambatti/a ,pass]i4 ,born 9 #afid at ,f>nese 9 ! ,campagna di ,roma 7:]e 8 fa!r1 ( a patrician family ( ,pes>o1 practis$ z a physician7 & educat$ at ,rome1 he subsequ5tly settl$ 9 8 p>5tal city & publi%$ ! 8,i/oria delle pitture 9 ,maiolica fatte 9 ,pes>o e 9 luoghi circonvic9i10 9 #ageh4 ,to him we are indebt$ = ! notice ( ! pott]s above allud$ to1 & 9 8 "w he gives u an acc\nt ( ! mode pursu$ 9 ! manufacture1 mu* ( :i* h[ev] he appe>s to h d]iv$ f ! e>li] manuscript ( ,piccolpasso4 ,he tells u t ! l>ge e>ly bacili enri*$ ) a madrep]la lu/re 7 ! produce ( ,pes>o2 & 9 corroboration /ates t _m ( !m are pa9t$ ) ! coats ( arms & portraits ( ! memb]s ( noble ,pes>ese families1 in/anc+ "o ) ! arms ( ! 8,b]gnana0 family !n pres]v$ 9 ! ,casa ,olivi]i4 ,x has be5 object$ t ,pass]i 0 influ5c$ by local p>tiality 9 fav\r ( ! native city ( 8 family1 & t he ascrib$ to h] furnaces :at may 9 equal likelihood h be5 produc$ at ,gubbio or ,diruta2 & ! discov]y ( a few pieces ( lu/r$ w>e1 m>k$ z ! produce ( ! latt] ,ca/ello 9 ! middle ( ! #af? c5tury1 0 hail$ by sev]al critics z conclusive evid5ce aga9/ 8 ass]tion4 ,x appe>s to ! writ] t su* evid5ce is equally unsatisfactory1 inasmu* z ! works 9 "q 7 produc$ "s c5tury & a half ant]ior to ! e>lie/ dat$ piece ( ,diruta w>e4 ,pass]i wrote 9 ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury1 :5 ! art 0 no long] 9 exi/5ce & its specim5s only pres]v$ 9 ! cab9ets ( ! curi\s2 b he 0 a man ( erudition & rese>* & probably _h means ( obta9+ in=mation ) :i* we are unacqua9t$2 we ?9k !re=e t z 8 /atem5ts h n yet be5 met by pro(s ( _! incorrectness1 or by c\nt]-/atem5ts ( great] weight1 we are b\nd to accept !m until additional light be ?r[n ^u ! subject4 ,he tells u t rema9s ( antique furnaces & ru9s ( a vase %op ( classic times1 ) fragm5ts ( r$ & black w>es & lamps m>k$ ) ! lett] ,g1 7 f\nd 9 ! locality kn[n z ! 8,gabbice0 :]e ! ,lanfran*i works 7 aft]w>ds e/abli%$ 9 ! #af? c5tury1 & :]e ! e>? is ( f9e quality4 ,he traces ! use ( ?is e>? 9 ! "t ( ! ,go?s1 & /ates t x aga9 reviv$ "u ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,malate/a2 & t soon aft]w>ds a mode ( adorn+ *ur*es 0 adopt$ by ! ins]tion ( discs ( e>!nw>e at fir/ simply glaz$ ) ! oxide ( lead1 b t col\r$ ones 7 subsequ5tly us$4 ,! w>es 7 made by cov]+ ! crude bak$ clay ) a slip or engobe ( :ite e>?1 ! 8t]ra di ,san ,giovanni0 f ,si5a1 or ) t ( ,v]ona1 & glaz+ x ) 8m>zacotto10 a mixture ( oxide ( lead1 s& & pota%4 ,! col\rs1 us$ 7 yell[1 gre51 manganese black1 & cobalt blue 7f ! 8zaff>a0 ( ! ,levant74 ,dur+ ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,s=za ! manufacture greatly develop$ & 0 protect$1 = on #a/ ,april #adhf a decree 0 made prohibit+ ! introduction ( e>!nw>es = sale f o!r p>ts1 except ! j>s = oil & wat]4 ,?is 0 confirm$ 9 #aejh4 ,9 #aeaj a docum5t enum]ates 8,maiolica0 z "o ( ! trades ( ,pes>o1 nam+ also 8figoli10 8vasai10 & 8boccal>i20 & we mu/ be> 9 m9d t !re is good reason = believ+ t at t p]iod 8,maiolica0 0 a "n te*nically und]/ood z apply+ only to ! lu/r$ w>es4 ,pass]i /ates t ab\t #adej ! 8invetriatura0 or glaz+ _h already begun to p]fect itself "u ! ,s=za1 :5 ^? e>ly pieces 7 produc$ decorat$ ) 8arabesque0 bord]s encircl+ coats ( arms1 portraits1 & ideal heads outl9$ ) manganese & col\r$ ) ! 8madrep]la0 lu/re1 leav+ ! fle% :ite4 ,he ascribes ! improvem5t 9 ! manufacture by ! use ( ! /annif]\s glaze to ! discov]y ( ! ,della ,robbia1 & adds t1 al?\gh ! art ( mak+ x 0 kn[n ,illu/ration e>li] at ,flor5ce1 ! f9e w>e 0 only introduc$ at ,pes>o ab\t #aejj3 ne> :i* p]iod ! beautiful portrait di% :i* we engrave 7no4 #djgh at ,k5s+ton7 0 probably made4 ,"h he aga9 says t ! lu/r$ w>e d]iv$ its "n f ! pott]y ( ,maiolica1 & t ! e>li] & co>s] v>ieties 7 kn[n z 8,mezza-maiolica40 ,guid' ,ubaldo ,,ii4 greatly enc\rag$ ! art1 & 9 #aeeb grant$ to ,b]n>d9 ,gagli>d9o1 ,girolamo ,lanfran*i1 ,ranaldo & o!rs an edict prohibit+ ! importation ( o!r w>es = sale1 ?us confirm+ ! =m] acts1 :i* w\ld appe> to h fall5 into neglect3 & 9 ! ye> #aefb1 on ! #a/ ( ,june1 he grant$ ano!r1 confirm+ to ,giacomo ,lanfranco a protection ( 8 art or pat5t = apply+ real gold to 8 w>es4 ,pass]i !n 7aft] "s fur!r hi/orical details7 describes examples ( ! glaz$ & enamell$ pott]y ( ,pes>o :i* he _h se51 & ! e>lie/ he ref]s to are floor+s ( tiles exi/+ 9 8 "t1 ^u "o ( :i*1 br\ght to him by a workman1 0 inscrib$ ---------------- adi #d de ,g5> o4 9 ,pes>o4 ---------------- & on ! o!r ------- #aejb4 ------- ,a consid]able p]iod elapses betwe5 ?is & ! next dat$ example1 a plate1 ) ! subject ( ,horatius ,codes1 inscrib$1-- ,orazio solo contro ,toscana tutta4 ,fatto 9 ,pes>o4 #aeda4 ,on ano!r 7a companion ( a plate pres]v$ 9 ! ,l\vre71 l ,pianetto di ,m>te fatto 9 ,pes>o #aedb 9 bottega da ,ma/ro ,gironimo ,vas>o4 ,i4,p4 ,he fur!r m5tions a plate hav+ a m>k consi/+ ( ! initials ,o ,a connect$ by a cross1 & a bas-relief ) ! same initials :i* aga9 occur sculptur$ ov] a door1 :i* he sugge/s may h be5 t ( ! pott]'s h\se2 we %\ld1 h[ev]1 be m dispos$ to reg>d x z a conv5tual or ca!dral monogram4 ,we w n[ leave ! "w ( ,pass]i & quote ano!r record ( ! pott]y made at ,pes>o a %ort "t be=e ! #af? c5tury1 return+ to him = in=mation on ! revival ( ! art at t locality 9 ! la/4 ,d5ni/\n 9 8 hi/ory ( ! dukes ( ,urb9o 7vol4 #c1 p4 #chh7 ref]s to a lett] among ! diplomatic ar*ives ( ! du*y pres]v$ at ,flor5ce dat$ #adgd1 f pope ,sextus ,,iv4 9 :i* he ?anks ,co/anzo ,s=za1 "l ( ,pes>o1 = a pres5t ( ,illu/ration mo/ elegantly wr\ght e>!n vases :i* = ! donor's sake are priz$ z mu* z gold or silv] in/ead ( e>!nw>e4 ,ano!r lett] f ,lor5zo ! magnific5t to ,rob]to ,malate/a ( ,pes>o1 ?ank+ him = a simil> pres5t1 says1 8!y please me entirely by _! p]fection & r>ity1 be+ q novelties 9 ^! p>ts1 & are valu$ m ?an if ( silv]1 ! donor's arms s]v+ daily to recall _! orig940 ,!re is e reason = assum+ t bo? ^! pres5ts consi/$ ( w>es produc$ at ! ,pes>o furnaces4 ,^! w>es mu/ h be5 look$ ^u z 8novelties0 at ,flor5ce1 n simply because !y 7 pa9t$ on flat surfaces cov]$ ) /annif]\s glaze 7= ,luca della ,robbia _h done ?is _m ye>s be=e7 b because1 be+ decorat$ ) ri* metallic glaze & madrep]la lu/re1 !y probably 7 novelties to ! ,flor5t9es z productions ( an ,italian pott]y4 ,if ?is inf]5ce be correct1 may n ano!r be drawn f x8 ,t ^! pres5ts be+ ! produce ( ,pes>o1 & enri*$ ) ! metallic lu/re1 we may d]ive f ! :ole matt] an additional pro( t ! e>ly lu/r$ pieces1 ^: orig9 has be5 disput$1 7 really made at t city2 & t we may agree ) ,pass]i 9 ascrib+ ! well-kn[n 8bacili0 to t place4 ,engrav$ p4 #ajg is a f9e lu/r$ bacile at ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 probably ( ,pes>o w>e1 & ab\t ! ye> #aeaj4 ,! e>lie/ dat$ ,pes>o piece is 9 ! possession ( ! writ]4 ,x is a 8frutti]a0 :i* is pa9t$ ! creation ( animals by ! ,almighty1 ,:o1 mov+ 9 ! mid/1 is surr\nd$ by animals ris+ out ( ! gr\nd2 a di/ant l&scape1 ) a t[n 767 on ! side ( a /eep m\nta91 =ms ! backgr\nd4 ,on ! rev]se is inscrib$ z 9 ! woodcut on ! next page1 #aedj4 ,*rianite anim allis ,*ri/tus fatto 9 ,pes>o4 ,we h se5 "s l>ge di%es decorat$ ) rais$ masks1 /rapwork1 c4 & pa9t$ ) grotesques on a :ite gr\nd1 & subject panels1 & o!r gr&iose pieces :i* are ascrib$ to ! ,urb9o arti/s1 b :i* may 9 equal likelihood be attribut$ to ! ,lanfran*i ( ,pes>o4 ,a triangul> plateau 9 ! possession ( ,mrs4 ,hope has ! "* ( _! f9e/ productions4 ,illu/ration ,! art at ,pes>o rapidly decl9$ aft] #aefj1 want+ ! enc\ragem5t ( a reign+ ducal c\rt2 & ,pass]i ascribes mu* evil influ5ce to :at he consid]s ! bad ta/e ( pref]r+ ! unmean+ designs ( ! ori5tal porcela91 :i* 0 greatly priz$ by ! weal?y1 & ! pa9t+ aft] ! pr9ts ( ! lat] ,g]man s*ool ( ,sadel]1 c4 to ! gr&] works ( ! old ma/]s2 ! l&scapes 71 h[ev]1 well execut$4 ,he gives u also a hi/ory ( ! revival ( ! manufacture 9 8 own "t1 "u ! influ5ce & enc\ragem5t ( ! c>d9al prelate ,ludovico ,m]l9i4 ,9 #agah !re 0 only "o pott] at ,pes>o1 ,alfonzo ,m>zi1 :o produc$ ! mo/ ord9>y w>es4 ,9 #ageg signor ,giuseppe ,b]tolucci1 an accompli%$ c]ami/ ( ,urbania1 9 conjunction ) signor ,francesco di ,fattori1 engag$ workm5 & arti/s & comm5c$ a fabrique1 b x 0 soon ab&on$4 ,aga9 9 #agfc signors ,antonio ,casali & ,filippo ,antonio ,calig>i1 bo? ( ,lodi1 came to ,pes>o & 7 jo9$ by ,pietro ,lei da ,sassuolo ( ,mod5a1 an able pa9t] on ,maiolica2 !y e/abli%$ a fabrique produc+ w>es ( great excell5ce h>dly to be di/+ui%$ f ! ,*9ese4 ,9 ! ,debruge-,lab>te collection 0 a "o-h&l$ jug or pot1 pa9t$ ) fl[]s 9 :ite m$allions on a blue gr\nd1 & on ! foot engrav5 9 ! pa/e-- 8,pes>o #agga40 ,a manufacture at pres5t exi/s ( pa9t$ tiles = pavem5t1 remov$ to ,pes>o f ,urbania1 & :i* at "o "t produc$ vases & plates 9 ! mann] ( ! ,urb9o i/oriati pieces z also lu/r$ w>es aft] ! /yle ( ,m4 ,giorgio4 ,x has1 we are in=m$1 ceas$ mak+ ^! imitations & n[ conf9es itself to ! fir/-nam$ class ( goods4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,gubbio ,,& ,,ca/el ,,durante4 ,al?\gh probably n among ! e>lie/ manufactories or boteghe ( ,italian enamell$ & pa9t$ w>es1 ,,gubbio und\bt$ly holds "o ( ! mo/ prom95t positions 9 ! hi/ory & developm5t ( ! pott]'s art 9 ! #af? c5tury4 ,?is small t[n1 seat$ on ! ea/]n slope ( ! ,ap5n9es1 0 !n incorporat$ 9 ! t]ritory ( ! dukes ( ,urb9o "u ^: influ5ce & enlight5$ patronage ! arti/ pott]s ( ! du*y receiv$ ! greate/ enc\ragem5t2 & 7 ?us enabl$ to produce ! beautiful works ( :i* s _m examples h desc5d$ to u4 ,*iefly "u ! direction ( "o man1 x w\ld seem t ! produce ( ! ,gubbio furnaces 0 = ! mo/ "p ( a special nature2 namely1 a decoration ( ! pieces ) ! lu/re pigm5ts1 produc+ ^? brilliant metallic ruby1 gold51 & opalesc5t t9ts :i* v>y 9 e piece1 & :i* assume almo/ e col\r ( ! ra9b[ z !y reflect ! light direct$ at v>y+ angles ^u _! surface4 ,! woodcut 7p4 #aab7 repres5ts a vase ( great int]e/ & beauty2 no4 #ejj 9 ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton collection4 ,x is e>ly 9 date2 probably ab\t #aejj4 ,! admirable way 9 :i* ! m\ld$ ornam5t is arrang$ to %[ ! full effect ( ! lu/re1 & ! bold yet h>moni\s design are wor?y ( obs]vation4 ,t ! ,gubbio w>e 0 ( a special nature1 & produc$ only at a few fabriques almo/ exclusively devot$ to t class ( decoration1 is to be reasonably inf]r$ f ,piccolpasso's /atem5t2 :o speak+ ( ! application ( ! maiolica pigm5ts says1 8,non *'io ne abbia mai fatto ne m5 v$uto f>e40 ,he 0 ! mae/ro ( an important botega at ,ca/el ,durante1 "o ( ! l>ge/ & mo/ productive ( ! ,umbrian manufactories1 )9 a few miles also ,illu/ration ( ^? ( ,urb9o1 ) :i* he mu/ h be5 intimately acqua9t$ & 9 frequ5t correspond5ce4 ,t he1 9 ! middle ( ! #af? c5tury1 :5 all ^! works 7 at ! highe/ p]iod ( _! developm5t1 %\ld be able to /ate t he _h n only nev] appli$ or ev5 witness$ ! process ( application ( ^! lu/r\s enri*m5ts is1 we ?9k1 a conv9c+ pro( t !y 7 nev] adopt$ at ei!r ( ^? seats ( ! manufacture ( enamell$ pott]y4 ,al?\gh mu* modifi$ & improv$1 lu/re col\rs 7 n inv5t$ by ,italian arti/s1 b 7 d]iv$ f ! pott]s ( ! ea/1 probably f ! ,moors ( ,sicily1 ( ,spa91 or ( ,majorca4 ,h5ce 7we once m repeat7 ! "n 8,majolica0 0 orig9ally appli$ only to w>es hav+ ! lu/re enri*m5t2 b s9ce ! decl9e ( ! manufacture1 ! t]m has be5 m g5]ally giv53 all v>ieties ( ,italian enamell$ pott]y be+ usually1 ?\gh wrongly1 kn[n z 8,maiolica40 ,illu/ration ,! ,gubbio fabrique 0 9 full "w previ\s to #aeah2 & ! brilliantly lu/r$ di%1 :i* we engrave1 n[ at ,s\? ,k5s+ton is be=e t date4 ,t "s ( ^! e>ly bacili s well kn[n & app>5tly ! "w ( "o arti/ 7 made at ,pes>o1 :5ce ! secret & probably ! arti/ pass$ to ,gubbio1 is f> f improbable4 ,! reason = ?is emigration is n kn[n1 b x may be surmis$ t ! l>ge quantity ( broom & o!r bru%-wood1 necess>y = ! r$uc+ process ( ! rev]b]atory furnace 9 :i* ?is lu/re 0 produc$1 might h be5 m abundantly suppli$ by ! hills ( ,gubbio ?an 9 ! vic9ity ( ! l>g] city on ! coa/4 ,t ! process ( produc+ ^! metallic effects 0 co/ly1 we ga!r f ,piccolpasso's /atem5t t sometimes n m ?an six pieces out ( a hundr$ succe$$ 9 ! fir+4 ,! fame ( ! ,gubbio w>es is associat$ almo/ entirely ) "o "n1 t ( ,giorgio ,&reoli4 ,we le>n f ! m>*ese ,brancaleoni t ?is arti/ 0 ! son ( ,pietro1 ( a 8,ca/ello0 call$ 8,judeo10 9 ! diocese ( ,pavia2 & t1 accompani$ by 8 bro!r ,salimb5e1 he w5t to ,gubbio 9 ! second half ( ! #ae? c5tury4 ,he appe>s to h left & aga9 return$ ?i!r 9 #adib1 accompani$ by 8 y\ng] bro!r ,giovanni4 ,!y 7 enroll$ z citiz5s on ! #bcrd ,may #adih1 on pa9 ( =feit+ #ejj ducats if !y left ! city 9 :i* !y engag$ to cont9ue practis+ _! c]amic art4 ,patronis$ by ! dukes ( ,urb9o1 ,giorgio 0 made 8ca/ellano0 ( ,gubbio4 ,pass]i /ates t ! family 0 noble 9 ,pavia4 ,x is n kn[n :y or :5 he 0 creat$ a 8,mae/ro10 a title priz$ ev5 m ?an nobility1 b x is to be presum$ t x took place at ! "t ( 8 enrolm5t z a citiz52 8 "n ) ! title 8,mae/ro0 fir/ appe>+ on a docum5t dat$ t same ye>1 #adih4 ,piccolpasso /ates t ,maiolica pa9t]s 7 consid]$ noble by pr(ession4 ,! family ( ,&reoli & ! 8,casa0 /ill exi/ 9 ,gubbio1 & x 0 ass]t$ by 8 desc5dant ,girolamo ,&reoli1 :o di$ "s #dj ye>s s9ce1 t political motives induc$ _! emigration f ,pavia4 ,mae/ro ,giorgio 0 an arti/ by pr(ession1 n only z a draughtsman b z a modell]1 & be+ famili> ) ! enamell$ t]ra cottas ( ,luca della ,robbia is said to h execut$ ) 8 own h&s & 9 _! mann] l>ge alt>-pieces4 ,we 7 once dispos$ to ?9k t great confusion exi/$ 9 respect to ^! alt>-pieces 9 rilievo1 & 7 incl9$ to ! belief t al?\gh "s ( ! small] lu/r$ works may h be5 modell$ by ,giorgio ! l>g] alt>-pieces 7 really only import$ by him4 ,judg+ f ! mo/ important :i* we h be5 able to exam9e1 ! 8,madonna del ,ros>io0 portions ( :i* are 9 ! museum at ,frank=t-on-!-,ma9e1 x seem$ to approa* m ne>ly to ! "w ( "s memb] ( ! ,della ,robbia family4 ,?is f9e "w is 9 "p glaz$1 & 9 "p col\r$ 9 di/emp] on ! unglaz$ t]ra cotta1 9 :i* respect x precisely agrees ) works kn[n to h be5 execut$ by ,&rea della ,robbia assi/$ by 8 sons4 ,!re are no signs ( ! application ( ! lu/re col\rs to any portion ( ! "w1 b ?is might be acc\nt$ = by ! great risk ( failure 9 ! fir+1 p>ticul>ly to pieces ( su* l>ge size & 9 high relief4 ,be ?is z x may1 f a fur!r consid]ation ( ! /yle ( ?is "w & ! record ( o!rs1 "s ( :i* are height5$ ) ! lu/re col\rs1 & ! fact /at$ by ! m>*ese ,brancaleoni t a receipt = an alt>-piece is /ill pres]v$ 9 ! ar*ives ( ,gubbio1 we are incl9$ to ?9k t hi/ory mu/ be correct 9 attribut+ ^! important works 9 c]amic sculpture to ,m ,giorgio ,&reoli4 ,if !y 7 8 unassi/$ "w1 he des]ves z high a place among ! modell]s ( 8 p]iod z he is ackn[l$g$ to h among arti/ic pott]s4 ,to g back twelve ye>s 9 ! hi/ory ( ! products ( ?is fabrique1 we h 9 ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton museum a v int]e/+ example ( a "w 9 rilievo1 no4 #bfja1 a figure ( ,s4 ,seba/ian1 lu/r$ ) ! gold & ruby pigm5ts1 & dat$ #aeja4 ,not)/&+ its inf]iority ( modell+ :5 comp>$ ) lat] works1 we are 9 little d\bt t ?is is by ,m ,giorgio's own h&1 agree+ z x does 9 ! mann] ( its pa9t$ outl9e & %ad+ ) ! treatm5t ( subjects on ! e>li] di%es1 believ$ to be by him4 ,we mu/ also be> 9 m9d t an int]val ( twelve ye>s _h elaps$ betwe5 ?is comp>atively crude "w1 & t beautiful alt>-piece ^: ,illu/ration excell5ce causes u "s d\bt 9 ascrib+ x to 8 unaid$ h&2 & we may obs]ve at ! same "t an equal diff]5ce 9 ! m]it ( 8 own pa9t$ pieces4 ,! small b[l "h engrav$ is ( ab\t ?is p]iod1 & is *>act]i/ic ( a /yle ( ornam5t commonly f\nd ^u ,gubbio w>e4 ,?is is n[ at ,illu/ration ,s\? ,k5s+ton4 ,we add also ano!r piece1 no4 #hijf2 well wor? ! att5tion ( a /ud5t1 z exhibit+ ! full p[] ,illu/ration atta9able by ! introduction ( ! lu/re t9ts4 ,! yell[ has a full ri* gold5 tone1 & ! ruby a pure vivid r$4 ,pass]i /ates t ,giorgio br\ght ! secret ( ! ruby lu/re ) him f ,pavia1 & ,m4 ,jacquem>t inf]s t he mu/ h produc$ works at ,pavia be=e go+ to ,gubbio2 b we are incl9$ to ?9k ) ,mr4 ,rob9son t x 0 f an arti/ previ\sly work+ at ,gubbio t he acquir$ ! art & ! monopoly ( ! ruby t9t2 & x is by no means improbable t ?is arti/1 or 8 pr$ecessor1 may h emigrat$ f ,pes>o z /at$ above4 ,! foll[+ conclusions arriv$ at by ,mr4 ,rob9son aft] ! c>eful /udy ( a va/ numb] ( examples ( ! ,gubbio & o!r works are endors$ by ! writ]1 :o1 hav+ contribut$ "s few ( ! facts ^u :i* ^? conclusions 7 bas$1 has himself exam9$ ! cont5ts ( ! pr9cipal ,european collections4 ,^? conclusions are3-- #a/4 ,t mae/ro ,giorgio did n inv5t ! ruby lu/re1 b succe$$ to & monopoliz$ ! use ( a pigm5t1 us$ by an e>li] arti/ ( ,gubbio4 #b;d4 ,t ! sign$ works 7 really pa9t$ by sev]al di/9ct h&s4 #c;d4 ,t 8 own "w may be di/+ui%$ ) approximate c]ta9ty4 #d?4 ,t probably ne>ly all ! 8i/oriati0 pieces 7#aecj-ej7 ( ,urb9o1 ,ca/el ,durante1 or o!r fabriques1 enri*$ ) lu/re1 7 s decorat$ by a subsequ5t op]ation at ! ,giorgio botega2 &1 #e?4 ,consequ5tly1 ! use ( lu/re col\rs 0 ma9ly conf9$ to ,gubbio1 :]e pa9t$ w>es by ,xanto & o!r arti/s work+ at ,urb9o & o!r places1 7 s5t to be lu/r$4 ,be=e ent]+ ^u ! subject ( mae/ro ,giorgio's own works x w be necess>y to glance at ! e>li] productions ( 8 pr$ecessors & probable in/ructors4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( m positive evid5ce ( ! manufacture ( e>ly lu/r$ w>es at ,pes>o1 & ) a view to keep+ all ! lu/r$ w>es toge!r z mu* z possible1 we h ?\ght x m conv5i5t to include 9 ! l>ge catalogue ^? pieces :i* may probably h be5 made at t city among ! lu/r$ w>es ( ,gubbio1 always affix+ to ea* su* piece ! "n ( ,pes>o & ( ,gubbio ) a 7871 & arrang+ !m z a sep>ate class4 ,& 9 ord] to facilitate ! me?odical /udy ( ! rise & developm5t ( ! art at ,gubbio we h classifi$ ! lu/r$ w>es 9 ! foll[+ mann]1 & 9 probable sequ5ce ( date3-- ,a4 ,works ascrib$ to ,pes>o 7or ,gubbio871 ! typical 8bacili0 ref]r$ to by ,pass]i1 c4 ,b4 ,works believ$ ( ! e>ly ma/] :o prec$$ ,m ,giorgio at ,gubbio4 ,c4 ,works ascrib$ to mae/ro ,giorgio's own h&4 ,d4 ,works ( ! fabrique1 & pieces pa9t$ by unkn[n arti/s1 ?\gh be>+ ! initials ( ! ma/]4 ,e4 ,works by ! arti/ sign+ ,n4 & by 8 assi/ants4 ,f4 ,works pa9t$ by o!r arti/s at o!r fabriques1 & subsequ5tly lu/r$ at ,gubbio4 ,g4 ,works ( ,m ,pre/9o1 & ( ! lat] p]iod4 ,( ! fir/ class ,a4 are ^? e>ly 8mezza-maiolica0 di%es hav+ a lu/re ( a peculi> pe>ly effect3 ^! are frequ5tly pa9t$ ) portraits & armorial be>+s1 & h by _m writ]s be5 ascrib$ to ! ,diruta pott]ies4 ,at ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 no4 #gafj is a *>act]i/ic example ( ! usual type1 :ile 9 no4 #afjf we h an e>ly specim5 ( ! ruby lu/re4 ,on ! back ( no4 #cjce is f\nd ! only m>k ) :i* ,i am acqua9t$ on pieces ( ?is class2 ! well-kn[n ,gubbio scroll execut$ 9 manganese col\r on ! c\rse yell[ glaze4 ,class ,b4 is important z connect+ ! =m] ) ! works ( ! ,gubbio furnaces4 ,no4 #gfhb is a typical piece1 be>+ ano!r v>iety ( ! ,gubbio scroll m>k 9 d>k col\r4 ,class ,c4 conta9s ( c\rse ! cream ( ! manufacture1 be+ ! works assign$ to ,m ,giorgio's own h&4 ,! museum s]ies is v complete1 conta9+ specim5s f ! e>lie/ p]iod ( 8 unsign$ "w4 ,! deep tazza & l>ge plateau1 bo? ( :i* we engrave1 are admirable examples ( ?is p]iod4 ,! fir/ dat$ piece 9 any collection :i* we h e reason to believe a "w ( mae/ro ,giorgio1 is ! ,illu/ration rilievo ( ,s4 ,seba/ian 7%[n 9 ! woodcut1 p4 #aaf74 ,o!r b undat$ works 9 rilievo exi/1 :i*1 z 9 ?is in/ance1 are height5$ ) ! gold & ruby pigm5ts4 ,! e>lie/ example hav+ a m>k :i* may p]haps be t ( ,giorgio1 & pa9t$ by him1 is a small plate 9 ! possession ( ,monsignore ,cajani2 a c5tral m$allion ) half figure ( ,s4 ,petronio1 surr\nd$ by a bord] ( ! /yle ( ! e>ly w>es1 beautifully & c>efully drawn & lu/r$ ) ruby & gold2 x is m>k$ at ! back ) a sort ( ,g1 int]sect$ by a cross & a p>aphe1 or fl\ri%3 see p4 #abb4 ,we n[ come to ! p]iod ( ,giorgio's sign$ pieces1 "s ( ! fir/ ( :i* %[ to :at p]fection he _h br\ght 8 art4 ,illu/ration ,! e>lie/ kn[n sign$ & dat$ piece is 9 ! collection ( ,mr4 ,rob]t ,napi]2 ! bord] is decorat$ ) trophies1 c4 among :i* occurs ! date #aeag writt5 9 blue1 :ile at ! back #aeah is p5cill$ 9 lu/re col\rs4 ,ano!r plate ( ! same s]vice & hav+ ! same initials ( ! own]1 a piece ( exce$+ beauty = ! quality ( ! lu/re col\rs1 is 9 ! ,briti% museum2 we give 7p4 #abc7 a facsimile ( ! c5tral initials & ( ! date on ! back3 & also a woodcut 7p4 #abd71 f a small tazza at ,s\? ,k5s+ton ( ab\t ! same p]iod4 ,mr4 ,rob9son speaks ( ?is specim5 z 8be+ ( ! mo/ p]fect te*nique ( ! ma/]2 & t1 al?\gh he 0 n a p[]ful draughtsman1 yet ?is s+le piece w\ld suffice to e/abli% 8 claims z a col\ri/40 ,illu/ration ,m ,giorgio's mann] ( decoration consi/s ( foliat$ scrolls & o!r ornam5ts t]m9at+ 9 dolph9s1 eagles1 & human heads1 trophies1 masks1 c42 9 ! draw+ ( :i* he exhibit$ consid]able p[] ) great facility ( inv5tion4 ,^! 8grotes*e0 diff] mat]ially f ^? ( ,urb9o & ,fa5za1 approa*+ m to ! /yle ( "s ( ! ,ca/el ,durante designs4 ,9 ! draw+ ( figures1 & ( ! nude1 ,giorgio _c be rank$ z an arti/ ( ! fir/ class4 ,f #aeai 8 signature1 greatly v>i$1 occurs ?r\gh succe$+ ye>s4 ,x w\ld be useless to repeat ! _m v>ieties1 sev]al ( :i* w be se5 9 ! l>ge catalogue & among ! m>ks on specim5s 9 o!r collections4 ,we believe t to :im or accid5t may be ascrib$ ^? *anges t h task$ ! +5uity ( connoisseurs to read z o!r names4 ,8 f9] & m important pieces 7 g5]ally sign$ 9 full 8,mae/ro ,giorgio da ,ugubio0 ) ! ye>1 & sometimes ! day ( ! mon?4 ,ab\t ! ye> #aebe he execut$ "s ( 8 mo/ beautiful works2 p]haps ! f9e/ l>ge di%1 & ( ! highe/ quality :i* has be5 pres]v$ to u1 0 lately 9 ! possession ( ! b>onne de ,p>p>t2 we und]/& t x has be5 sold = #hhj4 ,9 t piece a ri* grotesque bord] surr\nds ! subject ( ,diana & h] nymphs1 surpris$ by ,acton2 on p4 #abe is a fac-simile1 half size1 ( ! signature at ! back4 ,illu/ration ,9 ! next division ,d4 are ! works ( ! fabrique "u ,giorgio's direction1 & pieces :i* ?\gh manife/ly pa9t$ by o!r h&s are sign$ 9 lu/re ) 8 initials or full signature4 ,we h no means ( le>n+ :at "p 8 bro!rs und]took 9 ! manufactory4 ,a sep>ate division has also be5 =m$ ( ! works ascrib$ to or sign$ by ! arti/ :o us$ ! lett] ,n1 v>i\sly =m$1 z 8 monogram4 ,mr4 ,rob9son has +5i\sly sugge/$ t ?is lett]1 conta9+ z x does ! ,illu/ration ?ree1 ,v ,i & ,n1 may really h be5 adopt$ by 8,v9c5zio10 ! only "o ( 8 sons kn[n to h assi/$4 ,he succe$$ ,m ,giorgio 9 ! fabrique1 :]e he 0 g5]ally kn[n z ,m ,c5cio4 ,brancaleoni /ates t he work$ ) 8 fa!r till #aecf1 :5 he m>ri$ & set up = himself4 ,!re is little d\bt t al?\gh ,m ,giorgio may himself h occasionally appli$ ! lu/re pigm5ts ) 8 own bru% to ! pieces pa9t$ by o!r arti/s at o!r places1 ! majority ( ^? s enri*$ 7 execut$ by 8 son or assi/ants4 ,m4 ,d>cel ?9ks t ?is practice did n beg9 e>li] ?an #aebe1 9 :i* view we are incl9$ to agree4 ,illu/ration ,"u division ,f4 w be f\nd works ( ?is k9d1 among :i* ! m int]e/+ at ,s\? ,k5s+ton are no4 #hhhf1 a f9e portrait plate2 #dgbf hav+ ! pa9t]'s date & m>k1 & t ( him :o lu/r$ x2 ! v rem>kable plaque #ebj1 ! "w ( ,orazio ,fontana1 ) ! monogram ( ,giorgio2 & ! small plate #hijg1 dat$ 9 lu/re col\r z late z #aedi4 ,! la/ division ,g4 conta9s works ascrib$ to him1 & examples ( ! decad5ce ( ! lu/r$ w>es4 ,be=e clos+ our obs]vations on ! spl5did products ( ?is abundant pott]y1 we w ref] to sev]al m>ks :i* occur on pieces 9 all probability made & pa9t$ !re b "s ( :i* we are unable to expla94 ,a plate ) bu/ portrait ( a w>rior1 9 ! collection ( ,m4 ,meurni]1 ( ,p>is1 hav+ f\r coats ( arms on ! bord] & ! lett]s ,y4 ,a4 ,e41 is inscrib$ on ! face ) ! "n 8,gabriel4 da4 ,gubbio40 ,?is d\btless is a portrait plate1 & ! lett]s may allude to ! families or individuals ^: arms are blazon$4 8,gualdo0 is said to be inscrib$ on a brilliantly lu/r$ specim5 :i* we h fail$ to trace1 & pieces 9 ! ,l\vre h be5 d\bt+ly class$ "u t "n by ,m4 ,d>cel4 ,a man's head1 rudely sket*$ 9 lu/re col\rs1 occurs on ! back ( a plate 9 ! ,briti% museum1 m probably an arti/'s :im ?an an int5tional m>k4 ,! lett]s ,,mr comb9$ occur on a lu/r$ piece1 p]haps a monogram ( ,m4 ,pre/9o4 ,! lett] ,p1 v>i\sly =m$1 may also probably be 8 initial4 ,ab\t #aefj-gj ! use ( ! lu/re pigm5ts w\ld seem to h be5 almo/ discont9u$2 ! secret ( _! prop] composition & manipulation 0 lo/ dur+ ! g5]al decl9e ( ,italian arti/ic pott]y1 & ! dea? ( ,guid' ,ubaldo ,,ii4 9 #aegd 0 ! 8c\p-de-grce0 to ! already mu* det]iorat$ w>es ( ! du*y4 ,^? beautiful col\rs1 kn[n to ! ,italians z 8rub9o10 8cangiante10 8madrep]la10 8a rev]b]o10 & to ! ,fr5* z 8reflet mtallique10 8nacr10 c4 h be5 to a c]ta9 ext5t reproduc$4 ,un=tunately _m pieces made 9 ! manufactory at ,doccia h1 aft] *ipp+ & scrat*+1 be5 palm$ ^u unw>y amateurs z anci5t specim5s by unpr9cipl$ deal]s at ,flor5ce & else:]e4 ,"s ( ^! mod]n examples are 9 ! c]amic gall]y at ,s\? ,k5s+ton4 ,! mo/ successful reproduction ( ! fam\s lu/re has h[ev] be5 made at ,gubbio itself by an able "y *emi/ & arti/1 ,luigi ,c>occi4 ,"s ( 8 productions are excell5t1 ?\gh f> f hav+ ^? arti/ic qualities s app>5t 9 ! f9] specim5s ( mae/ro ,giorgio's "w4 ,al?\gh !re c be little d\bt t ,,ca/el ,,durante 0 "o ( ! e>lie/ sites ( ! manufacture ( enamell$ pott]y 9 ,italy1 z well z "o ( ! mo/ fruitful n only ( produce b ( ^? pott]s :o 9 _! own city1 & at o!r e/abli%m5ts f\nd$ by !m 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,italy1 spread ! fame ( ! ,durant9e w>es & ! ,durant9e arti/s ?r\gh\t ,europe1 x is rem>kable t s few pieces h desc5d$ to u1 ^u :i* ! names ( _! au?ors are record$1 or ( ! 8boteghe0 9 :i* !y 7 produc$4 ,long li/s are giv5 by ,raffaelli & o!r writ]s1 b to id5tify ! works ( _! h&s is g5]ally d5i$ u1 f ! abs5ce ( sign$ examples by :i* _! /yle c be kn[n4 ,f ,ca/el ,durante came ! ,pellip>ii :o on e/abli%+ !mselves at ! capital city ( ! du*y took ! "n ( ,fontana1 to :i* is atta*$ "s ( ! greate/ triumphs ( _! art4 8,francesco10 ! able pa9t] :o probably work$ at ,urb9o & aft]w>ds at ,monte ,bagnolo ne> ,p]ugia1 0 z he /yl$ himself 8,durant9o40 ,a new life seems to h be5 giv5 to arti/ic pott]y 9 ,v5ice by ! immigration ( a ,durant9e arti/ ,francesco del ,vas>o 9 #aede2 & ev5 lat] 9 ! hi/ory1 :5 ! indep5d5ce ( ! du*y 0 oppress$ & local patronage _h wan$1 ano!r pott]1 ,m ,diom$e ,durante1 tri$ 8 =tune at ,rome4 ,o!rs w5t to ,france1 ,fl&]s1 & ,corfu1 spread+ ! art :i* atta9$ important developm5t at ,nev]s1 at ,lyons1 & o!r ,fr5* c5tres4 ,ca/el ,durante1 :i* rose f ! ru9s ( ,ca/el ,rip5se 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 took ! appellation ( ,urbania "u ! reign & 9 complim5t to h] native ,pope1 ,urban ,,viii4 ,x is n[ a small dull t[n on ! banks ( ! ,metauro1 on ! po/-road f ,urb9o to ,borgo ,san ,sepolcro1 & ab\t ?irte5 ,italian miles di/ant f ! =m] city4 ,! alluvial banks & deposits ( ! riv] furni%$ ! mat]ial = h] pott]y4 ,signor ,raffaelli1 9 8 valuable 8,memorie10 surmises t ! manufacture ( glaz$ pott]y1 z an art1 0 introduc$ at ! "t :5 monsignor ,durante built a 8,ca/ello0 at ! badia ( ,/4 ,cri/(oro at ,c]reto on ! ,metauro1 9 #abhd1 z a place ( security = ! ,guelphs4 ,sev5ty ye>s aft]w>ds 9 #acfa ! !n deceas$ mae/ro ,giovanni dai ,bi/ugi ( ,ca/el ,durante is ref]r$ to1 :o probably 0 s nam$ to di/+ui% him f ! work]s 9 glaz$ w>e4 ,?is glaz$ w>e 0 d\btless ! ord9>y lead glaz$ pott]y or 8mezza0 w>e1 :i* prec$$ ! use ( t ) /annif]\s enamel & does n1 z ,m4 ,d>cel w\ld sugge/1 af=d any pro( t ! use ( ?is enamel 0 kn[n "h be=e its application or /at$ discov]y by ,luca della ,robbia4 ,at t "t ev5 ^! lead glaz$ w>es 7 little kn[n1 & x 0 n till #acjj t !y seem to h become m g5]ally adopt$4 ,!nce=w>d _! manufacture cont9u$1 = 9 #acfd a "w is m5tion$ on ! bank ( ! torr5t ,maltempo at 8,pozz>elli10 p]haps s nam$ f ! pits dug = extract+ ! loam4 ,! e>ly w>es 7 co>se1 pa9t$ ) coats ( arms & half figures1 ! fle% be+ left :ite & ! dress 9 gay col\rs4 ,9 #aejj bo? ! 8mezza0 & ! enamell$ w>es1 z well z ! 8sgraffio0 "w1 7 made4 ,! beautiful 8amatoria0 plate :i* we engrave 0 ab\t ?is date1 & %[s ! beg9n+ ( a /yle ( decoration :i* aft]w>ds prevail$ 9 a m develop$ =m at ?is fabrique4 ,! manufacture 0 at its p]fection ab\t #aebe & #aecj1 & cont9u$ to produce good w>es ev5 till #aehj4 ,x w\ld appe> t ! great arti/s only pa9t$ ! m important subject ( ! piece1 leav+ ! ornam5tation to be f9i%$ by ! pupils & assi/ants4 ,piccolpasso in=ms u t ! e>? or loam ga!r$ on ! banks ( ! ,metauro1 ne> ,ca/el ,durante1 is ( sup]ior quality = ! manufacture ( pott]y4 ,a v>iety call$ 8cele/r9a0 0 us$ = mak+ ! segg]s1 8a/ucci10 :5 mix$ ) ! 8t]ra rossa20 b = ! f9] class ( "w ! loam deposit$ by ! riv] :i* :5 wa%$ 0 call$ 8bianco allattato10 & :5 ( a blue %ade ( col\r1 0 res]v$ = ! m important pieces4 ,! turn+s ( ?is v>iety mix$ ) ! %av+s ( wooll5 clo? 7 us$ to atta* ! h&les & o!r m\ld$ ornam5ts1 & 0 kn[n z 8b>bat9a40 ,! r$ pigm5t ( ,fa5za1 call$ 8v]giliotto0 0 n us$ at ,ca/el ,durante4 ,we presume ?is col\r to be t o*re\s r$ employ$ = height5+ & %ad+ ! drap]ies1 c4 by ! pa9t]s ( ! ,fontana fabrique at ,urb9o1 & t ( ,lanfranco at ,pes>o1 & "s o!rs2 if s1 ! abs5ce or pres5ce ( x w\ld be useful z evid5ce 9 det]m9+ ! orig9 ( a piece4 ,illu/ration ,signor ,raffaelli ?9ks t _m ( ! w>es g5]ally kn[n z ( ,urb9o 7 s call$ f ! prov9ce1 & frequ5tly includ$ ^? :i* 7 really ! produce ( ,ca/el ,durante4 ,pass]i also speaks 9 high comm5dation ( ! ,durant9e w>es1 & ,pozzi /ates t x 0 ! rival ( & only second to ,fa5za 9 ! quality ( its productions4 ,! fatal bl[ to ?is bran* ( indu/ry 0 ! dea? ( ! la/ duke1 ,francesco ,m>ia ,,ii4 9 #afca1 :5 !re be+ no long] a c\rt ! trade decl9$1 money became sc>ce1 & ! arti/s emigrat$4 ,( sign$ examples ( ! w>es ( ,ca/el ,durante1 ! e>lie/ piece kn[n is ! beautiful b[l belong+ to ,mrs4 ,h4 ,t4 ,hope :i* 0 exhibit$ 9 ! ,loan collection4 ,! gr\nd ( ?is piece is ( an int5se d>k & ri* blue1 entirely cov]$ ) a decoration ( grotesques1 among :i* occurs a %ield ( arms ( ! ,delia ,rov]e family surm\nt$ by ! papal ti>a & ! keys1 prov+ x to h be5 made = pope ,julius ,,ii42 trophies ( books1 fe/oons ( drap]y &1 above1 a boy angel hold+ a 8v]onica0 or napk9 impress$ ) ! face ( ! ,savi\r4 ,at ! sides o!r trophies1 satyrs1 cupids1 & int]lac$ foliage are ri*ly & h>moni\sly dispos$1 among :i* are two labels inscrib$ respectively 8,iv4 ,,ii4 ,pon4 ,max40 & 8,tu4 es4 sac]dos4 i et]40 8,9 ! design & execution ( ! pa9t+10 says ,mr4 ,rob9son1 9 8 catalogue ( t fam\s collection1 8spl5d\r ( col\r1 & p]fection ( enamel glaze1 ?is magnific5t piece is a triumph ( ! art40 ,on ! same occasion ,mr4 ,morl& exhibit$ a piece by ! same h&1 & we ?9k we recognize v>iations ( ! same mann] 9 two examples n[ 9 ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton museum1 nos4 #agbh & #agce4 ,9 ! ri* & ev5 quality ( ! glaze1 ! t5d5cy to t =m ( decoration kn[n z 8a c&eli]e0 7z 9 ! vase engrav$71 mix$ grotesques1 trophies ( musical in/rum5ts1 & cupids1 9 a /yle ( pa9t+ :i* is free & at ! same "t firm & sure1 & 9 ! full yet s(t col\r+1 we see 9 ,mrs4 ,hope's b[l a comm5cem5t ( :at became a v g5]al mann] 9 ! decoration ( ! ,durant9e w>es4 ,( elev5 ye>s lat] we h ! ph>macy j>s :i* mu/ h =m$ portions ( a l>ge & important s]vice1 "o ( :i* is 9 ! ,briti% museum & ano!r 9 ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton4 ,! signature on ! ,briti% museum j> /ates1 8,ne la botega d' ,seba/iano d' ,m>=ia10 & 8,a di xi de ,octobre fece #aeai10 & aga9 at ! base1 8,9 ,ca/el dur40 ,on p4 #acb is a woodcut ( a m>k 9 yell[1 on a plate 9 ! same museum1 on :i* is ! subject ( ,dido & ,ascanius4 ,illu/ration ,x w\ld seem t ?is fabrique cont9u$ to fl\ri% :5 ^? ( ,urb9o & ,pes>o _h comp>atively decay$2 ?is may p>tly h be5 ow+ to ! enc\ragem5t giv5 by ! duke ,francesco ,m>ia ,,ii4 7#aegd to #afca71 :o frequ5tly resid$ at ,ca/el ,durante & took "s int]e/ 9 ! manufacture4 ,x h[ev] only produc$ at ?is p]iod works ( m g5]al utility1 arti/ic & ornam5tal pieces be+ ! exception4 ,illu/ration ,! w>es ( ,ca/el ,durante are g5]ally to be recognis$ by a pale buff col\r$ pa/e1 & great ri*ness & purity ( ! glaze4 ,! plates 7( :i* we give ?ree woodcuts1 f examples at ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 nos4 #hidg1 #hifj1 & #dac7 are r>ely decorat$ at ! back1 b l ^? ( ,urb9o & ,pes>o are g5]ally edg$ ) yell[ on ! subject pieces1 & ) grey :ite on ^? hav+ grotesques1 :i* are 9 l[ olive t9t on a blue gr\nd4 ,! col\rs are sometimes r pale b h>moni\s & ! c>nations are ( an olive t9t1 ?\ght by "s a di/+ui%+ m>k ( ! fabrique2 :ile ! abs5ce ( ! o*re\s r$ pigm5t s noticeable on ! ,urb9o & ,pes>o 8i/oriati0 pieces is rem>kable4 ,9 ! drap]ies pa9t$ ^u ^! w>es blue & o*re\s yell[ pr$om9ate4 ,broadly treat$ grotesques & trophies ( arms1 musical in/rum5ts1 books1 c4 frequ5tly pa9t$ 9 camaeu ( gre5i% grey on a blue gr\nd1 are fav\rite subjects ( ornam5t2 ^! also ,illu/ration occur pa9t$ 9 ri* col\rs1 among :i* a deep cle> br[n ,illu/ration may be not$1 & surr\nd+ m$allions hav+ portrait or fanciful heads on a yell[ gr\nd4 ,subject pieces d n appe> to h be5 s abundantly pa9t$ at ,ca/el ,durante z at ! neighb\r+ fabriques1 & su* pieces to :i* ! lu/re enri*m5t has be5 add$ are /ill less frequ5t4 ,illu/ration ,_m ( ! tazze ! :ole surfaces ( :i* are cov]$ ) a portrait head may probably be assign$ to ?is place1 :]e !re w\ld appe> to h be5 "o or two arti/s :o made almo/ a specialty ( ?is /yle ( decoration4 ,! ,s\? ,k5s+ton museum is ri* 9 ^! portrait plates2 among !m is a rem>kable example on :i* a lik5ess ( ,pietro ,p]ug9o 9 full face is portray$ 7p4 #ace7 & :i* we are dispos$ to assign to ?is fabrique1 b always ) "s hesitation4 ,ano!r class ( pieces :i* we believe to h be5 = ! mo/ "p made at ,ca/el ,durante is t ornam5t$ ) oak bran*es pa9t$ yell[ on a blue gr\nd1 & sometimes 9 relief1 surr\nd+ a small m$allion c5tral portrait or imag9>y head4 ,ca/el ,durante seems to h suppli$ a l>g] numb] ( ph>macy j>s1 vases & bottles1 ?an any o!r fabrique p]haps ) ! exception ( ,fa5za4 ,! blue & yell[ drap]ies ( ! e>li] p]iod 7 also a lead+ feature 9 ! revival aft] #agcj1 & a wa%y gre5 0 also us$2 ! draw+ 0 good & "s ( ! l&scape pieces excell5t1 ( c>eful f9i%1 s(t col\r+ & good arial p]spective4 ,x is v probable1 h[ev]1 t _m pieces ( ?is p]iod 7 really ! produce ( ,ca/elli or ,naples4 ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,urb9o4 ,al?\gh n to be rank$ ) ! e>lie/ seats ( ! manufacture ( arti/ic pott]y 9 ,italy1 !re is no place s mu* associat$ ) ^! beautiful productions ( ! pott]'s art z ! small city ( ,urb9o1 :5ce1 inde$1 0 d]iv$ "o ( ! names by :i* x is di/+ui%$4 ,cr[n+ a /eep among ! _m hills ( ,umbria1 rem>kable 9 ! l&scape f h] picturesque position & ! t[]+ palace ( h] dukes1 ,urb9o is "o ( ^? v curi\s cities ) :i* ,italy ab\nds1 & :i* c5tre r\nd !mselves an individual hi/ory ( ! greate/ int]e/4 ,:at giants ( art & ( lit]ature 7 born or nurtur$ 9 t little t[n6 n[ s neglect$ & unkn[n4 ,he :o1 climb+ ! /eep asc5t & tortu\s n>r[ /reets1 has visit$ ! des]t$ halls & ri*ly decorat$ cab9ets ( h] palace1 & has travell$ ?r\gh ! beaute\s sc5]y ( h] neighb\rhood1 to :]e ! delici\s valley ( ! ,tib] bur/s ^u ! sight1 w nev] =get ! impressions t !y leave4 ,9 pro( ( ! antiquity ( c]amic indu/ry ( a m ord9>y k9d 9 ! vic9ity ( ?is city1 ,pungileoni tells u t an antique amphora 0 n long s9ce discov]$ 9 ! gr\nds ( ! ,villa ,gaisa1 h>d by ! riv] ,isauro1 & t ne> to x 7 also f\nd rema9s ( a pott]'s furnace4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 does n prove ! e>ly e/abli%m5t ( a fabrique ( glaz$ or enamell$ decorative w>es4 ,m>ryat /ates t 9 a regi/] ( ,urb9o dat$ #adgg "o ,giovanni di ,don9o ,g>ducci is m5tion$ z a pott] ( t place1 b x is n till #aeja t any fur!r record occurs4 ,9 t ye> an assortm5t ( vases1 di%es1 c4 7 ord]$ to be made = ! use ( ! c>d9al di ,c>paccio1 & among !m are m5tion$ 8bacili0 hav+ ! arms ( ! c>d9al 9 ! c5tre1 & wat] 8boccali0 or jugs ) little lions on ! cov]s4 ,! e>lie/ pieces n[ kn[n to u1 :i* c ) any c]ta9ty be ascrib$ to ! pott]ies ( ,urb9o1 are probably ^? ( ! ,gonzaga-,e/e s]vice1 :i* are und\bt$ly ! "w ( ,nicola da ,urb9o2 ^! mu/ h be5 pa9t$ betwe5 ! p]iod ( ! m>riage ( ! m>quis ) ,isabella d' ,e/e1 9 #adij1 & be=e h] dea? 9 #aeci4 ,we h no acc\nt ( ! precise date at :i* ! ,pellip>io1 aft]w>ds ,fontana1 family came f ,ca/el ,durante & settl$ at ,urb9o1 b we h docum5t>y pro( t 8,guido ,niccolai ,pellip>io figulo da ,durante10 or 8,guido1 son ( ,nicola ,pellip>io1 pott] ( ,durante10 0 e/abli%$ at ,urb9o 9 #aebj4 ,f ?is p]iod ?r\gh ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies a numb] ( pieces are dat$ & sign$ by v>i\s arti/s1 or z hav+ be5 made 9 ! boteghe ( v>i\s mae/ri ( ,urb9o4 ,we are oblig$ to ref] ! read] to ! l>ge catalogue1 9 detail1 ( ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton collection ( maiolica1 = an acc\nt ( ! works ( ! m important ( ^! arti/s "u _! respective names1 beg9n+ ) ,nicola z ! e>lie/ ( :om we h kn[n examples2 ! ,fontana family1 & ( ,guido ,durant9o2 ! works ( ,fra ,xanto2 ( ,francesco ,durant9o2 ( ! ,patanazzi2 n omitt+ ^? ( o!r arti/s ( ! fabrique1 ( :om we h small] record 9 rema9+ examples or docum5t>y hi/ory4 ,!re seems little d\bt t ! revival or p]haps ! fir/ introduction ( arti/ic c]amic manufacture to ,urb9o 0 "u ! influ5ce ( ,guidobaldo ,i41 & t _m ( ! pott]s & ne>ly all ! m important arti/s immigrat$ f ,ca/el ,durante4 ,long li/s ( names h be5 publi%$ by ,raffaelli1 b x is difficult to di/+ui% betwe5 ! m ord9>y pott]s & ! arti/s1 ^: works we are unable to recognise f ! abs5ce ( sign$ specim5s4 ,our space "h w all[ u to d little m ?an m5tion _! names4 ,consid]able unc]ta9ty exi/s & "s confusion has aris5 among connoisseurs 9 respect to ! works ( ! v able arti/ ,nicola da ,urb9o1 & z to 8 connection ) ! ,fontana family & fabrique at ,urb9o1 ! latt] /ill a disput$ & undecid$ "q2 z also to ! m>ks on v>i\s pieces attributable to 8 h& only1 b :i* h be5 assign$ by ,m4 ,jacquem>t to ! fabrique ( ,f]r>a1 & by o!r writ]s to v>i\s pa9t]s & localities4 ,!re are no pieces m>k$ or sign$ by ?is arti/ 9 ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton museum1 b x possesses "s examples ( 8 "w4 ,a c]ta9 simil>ity 9 "s ( 8 less c>eful pieces has caus$ !m1 n unfrequ5tly1 to be attribut$ to ,xanto1 b a clos] /udy ( 8 mann] w %[ x to be really v di/9ct4 ,! fir/ sign$ piece is 9 ! ,briti% museum1 a plate1 repres5t+ a sacrifice to ,diana1 & inscrib$ on ! rev]se z 9 ! opposite woodcut4 ,comp>+ ?is m>k ) ^? ( ! ,gonzaga-,e/e s]vice1 ,mr4 ,franks arriv$ at ! conclusion t !y also 7 pa9t$ by ,nicola 9 8 mo/ c>eful mann]2 ! clue ?us f\nd1 he +5i\sly deciph]$ ! monogram on ! beautiful fragm5t 9 ! ,sauvageot collection pa9t$ ) a gr\p f ! ,p>nassus ( ,raffaelle1 z cle>ly & unmi/akably by ! same h&4 ,! mann] ( ,nicola is rem>kable = a %>p & c>eful outl9e ( ! figures1 ! features cle>ly def9$ b ) mu* delicacy ( t\*1 ! eyes1 m\?1 & no/rils d5ot$ by a cle> black spot1 ! faces oval1 d]iv$ f ! ,greek model1 a free use ( yell[ & a pale yell[ gre51 a tight5+ ( ! ankle & a peculi> r\nd+ ( ! knee1 ! hair & be>d ( ! old] heads height5$ ) :ite2 ! ar*itecture bright & di/9ct2 ! l&scape backgr\nd some:at c>efully r5d]$ 9 d>k blue aga9/ a gold5 sky2 & la/ly1 ! /ems ( ! trees1 /rangely tortu\s1 are col\r$ br[n1 /rongly m>k$ ) black l9es1 z also are ! roll$ up cl\ds2 ^! are treat$ 9 a mann] n v true to nature4 ,illu/ration ,few ,maiolica pa9t]s h produc$ works ( great] beauty ?an ! plates ( ! ,gonzaga-,e/e s]vice1 :i* are equally excell5t 9 ! quality ( glaze & ! brilliancy ( col\r4 ,) reg>d to ! ,fontana family1 *iefs among ,italian c]amic arti/s1 we quote f ! notice by ,mr4 ,rob9son app5d$ to ! ,s\lages catalogue4 ,he tells u t 8,! celebrity ( "o memb] ( ?is family has be5 long e/abli%$ by common cons5t4 ,orazio ,fontana has always occupi$ ! highe/ place 9 ! scanty li/ ( ,maiolica arti/s1 al?\gh at ! same "t no?+ 0 def9itely kn[n ( 8 works4 ,unlike _! contempor>y1 ,xanto1 ! ,fontana seem b r>ely to h sign$ _! productions1 & consequ5tly _! reputation z yet re/s almo/ entirely on tradition1 on incid5tal notices 9 writ+s :i* date back to ! age 9 :i* !y fl\ri%$1 & on facts extract$ at a rec5t p]iod f local records4 ,no connect$ acc\nt ( ?is family has z yet be5 attempt$1 al?\gh ! mat]ials are some:at less scanty ?an usual4 ,!re c be no d\bt t a consid]able proportion ( ! products ( ! ,fontana #8boteghe' is /ill extant1 & t future obs]vations w ?r[ light on mu* t is n[ obscure 9 ! hi/ory ( ?is notable race ( indu/rial arti/s4 ,orazio ,fontana1 ^: r5[n seems to h completely eclips$ t ( ! o!r memb]s ( 8 family & 9 fact ( all ! o!r ,urb9ese arti/s1 is fir/ m5tion$ by ,baldi1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 9 8 eulogy ( ! /ate ( ,urb9o pron\nc$ be=e duke ,francesco ,m>ia ,,ii40 8,f docum5ts cit$ by ,raffaelli1 x is e/abli%$ beyond d\bt t ! orig9al family "n 0 ,pellip>io1 ( ,ca/el ,durante1 ,fontana be+ an adopt$ surname2 & x is n immat]ial to obs]ve t d[n to ! late/ m5tion ( any "o ( ! family 79 #afje7 !y are inv>iably describ$ z ( ,ca/el ,durante40 8,! ,fontana 7 und\bt$ly manufactur]s z well z arti/s1 i4e41 !y 7 ! proprietors ( #8vas]ie4' ,( ! fir/ ,nicola1 z we h only a brief incid5tal notice1 no?+ positive c be affirm$3 b ) respect to 8 son ,guido1 we h ! te/imony bo? ( works /ill extant1 & ( contempor>y docum5ts4 ,we "k also t ,guido's son ,orazio also _h a manufactory ( 8 own1 & ! fact is e/abli%$1 t betwe5 #aefe & #aega !re 7 two di/9ct ,fontana manufactories1--^? ( fa!r & son4 ,:at became ( ,orazio's e/abli%m5t aft] 8 dea?1 :e!r cont9u$ by 8 bro!r ,camillo1 or reunit$ to t ( ! fa!r1 !re is no evid5ce to %[4 ,) respect to ! rema9+ memb]s ( ! family1 our in=mation is ( ! scantie/ k9d4 ,camillo1 :o 0 inf]ior 9 reputation z a pa9t] only to 8 eld] bro!r1 appe>s to h be5 invit$ to ,f]r>a by duke ,alfonso ,,ii41 & to h introduc$ ! ,maiolica manufacture into t city4 ,( ,nicola1 ! ?ird 787 son1 we h only incid5tal m5tion 9 a legal docum5t1 %[+ t he 0 alive 9 ! ye> #aegj4 ,guido1 son ( ,camillo1 liv$ till #afje2 & ( ,flam9io1 :o may ei!r h be5 son ( ,camillo or ( ,nicola1 ,d5ni/\n's vague notice ass]t+ 8 settlem5t 9 ,flor5ce is all ,i h be5 able to collect4 ,no sign$ pieces ( ,camillo1 ,flam9io1 ,nicola ! second1 or ,guido ! second1 h z yet be5 obs]v$4 8,a consid]able proportion ( ! ,fontana maiolica is d\btless /ill extant2 & x is desirable to endeav\r to id5tify ! works ( ! individual memb]s ( ! family1 )\t :i* ! m]e k ( _! exi/5ce is ( v little mom5t2 b ?is is no easy task2 al?\gh specim5s f ! h&s ( "o or o!r ( !m are to be und\bt$ly f\nd 9 almo/ e collection1 ! "w ( comp>ison & collation has z yet be5 sc>cely attempt$4 ,! simil>ity ( /yle & te*nical *>act]i/ics ( ! sev]al arti/s moreov]1 work+ z !y did ) ! same col\rs on ! same quality ( enamel gr\nd1 & d\btless 9 intimate communication ) ea* o!r1 resolves itself into su* a /rong family resemblance1 t x w require ! mo/ m9ute & c>eful obs]vation1 unremitt+ly cont9u$1 ere ! au?or%ip ( ! sev]al specim5s c be det]m9$ ) any?+ l c]ta9ty4 ,! evid5ce ( sign$ specim5s is ( c\rse ! mo/ to be reli$ on1 & is inde$ indisp5sable 9 giv+ ! clue to complete id5tification 9 ! fir/ in/ance2 b 9 ! case ( ! ,fontana family a difficulty pres5ts itself :i* %\ld be notic$ 9 ! outset4 ,?is difficulty arises 9 det]m9+ ! au?or%ip ( ! pieces sign$ #8,fatto 9 botega1' c4 c42 a mode ( signature1 9 fact1 :i* proves v little 9 det]m9+ individual *>act]i/ics1 inasmu* z app>5tly ne>ly all ! works s inscrib$ are pa9t$ by o!r h&s ?an t ( ! proprietor ( ! ,vas]ia4 ,9 cases1 h[ev]1 9 :i* ! arti/ has actually sign$ or initial$ pieces ) 8 own "n1 ( c\rse no su* difficulty exi/s1 b ! c]ta9ty acquir$ by ?is positive evid5ce is z yet conf9$ 9 ! case ( ! ,fontana family to _! greate/ "n1 ,orazio40 ,we regret t our limits prev5t fur!r quotation f ,mr4 ,rob9son's valuable rem>ks4 ,x is a matt] ( unc]ta9ty :e!r ,guido ,fontana & ,guido ,durant9o 7 ! same p]son or rival mae/ri2 & we are dispos$ to ! =m] op9ion1 f ! fact t 9 ! docum5ts quot$ by ,pungileoni no o!r 8,vasaio0 nam$ ,guido1 & ( ,ca/el ,durante1 is nam$4 ,! pieces inscrib$ z hav+ be5 made 9 _! boteghe al?\gh pa9t$ by diff]5t h&s may1 by ! word+ ( _! inscriptions af=d "s explanation2 ?us1 on ! ,/a4 ,cecilia plate pa9t$ by ,nicola1 he ,illu/ration writes 9 #aebh1 8fata 9 botega di ,guido da ,ca/ello d',urante 9 ,urb9o10 f :i* we argue a connexion ) ! ,fontana4 ,un=tunately1 we "k no piece sign$ z actually pa9t$ by ! h& ( ,guido ,fontana1 b z he took t cognom5 aft] settl+ 9 ,urb9o x w\ld be m probable t he w\ld himself apply x on 8 own "w2 :]eas ,nicola 7presumably 8 fa!r71 on a piece ( e>li] date1 reta9$ ! "n ( _! native ca/ello4 ,by o!rs ! botega w\ld long be kn[n z t ( ! 8durant9i10 & t x reta9$ t appellation ,illu/ration ev5 9 ! foll[+ g5]ation is prov$ by ! occasional ref]5ce to ,orazio ,fontana z ( ,ca/el ,durante4 ,we give a woodcut ( an example ( ! highe/ quality2 a pilgrim's bottle1 at ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 no4 #hdjh4 ,! mann] ( ! pa9t] ( ^! pieces approa*es v mu* to t ( ,orazio b is less ref9$ & ri* 9 col\r+ want+ t h>mony & p[] ( expression = :i* he 0 rem>kable2 ! draw+ is m correct & c>eful ?an on "s ( ,orazio's "w1 b is m dry & on ! surface2 !re is great =ce & movem5t 9 ! figures & ! l&scape backgr\nds are f9i%$ ) mu* c>e & effect1 sometimes cov]+ ! :ole piece2 ! foliage ( ! trees is also well r5d]$4 ,! celebrat$ vases made = ! spezi]ia ( ! duke 7 produc$ at ! ,fontana fabrique1 & subsequ5tly pres5t$ to ! ,santa ,casa at ,loreto :]e _m ( !m are /ill pres]v$4 ,^? %[n to ! writ] on 8 visit to t celebrat$ %r9e "s few ye>s s9ce did n /rike him z be+ ( su* extraord9>y beauty & great arti/ic excell5ce1 z ! high-fl[n eulogy be/[$ ^u !m by "s writ]s w\ld h l$ him to expect4 ,! majority ( ! pieces are drug pots ( a n unusual =m1 b all or ne>ly all ( !m are 8i/oriati10 in/ead ( be+1 z is g5]ally ! case1 simply decorat$ ) 8tr(ei10 8foglie10 8grotes*e10 ! m usual & less co/ly ornam5tation4 ,"s ( ! pieces h s]p5t h&les1 mask sp\ts1 c4 b he va9ly look$ = ! magnific5t vases ( unsurpass$ beauty1 nor inde$ did he see any?+ equal to ! %ap$ pieces pres]v$ 9 ! ,b>gello at ,flor5ce4 ,! "w ( ! well-kn[n h&s ( ! ,fontana fabrique is cle>ly recognisable1 & sev]al pieces are probably by ,orazio4 ,"s1 m important1 pres]v$ 9 a l[ press 7 f9] examples4 ,we h said t ! pieces individually are n s /rik+ b tak5 z a :ole x is a v rem>kable s]vice1 said to h orig9ally numb]$ #chj vases1 all pa9t$ ) subjects aft] ! designs ( ,batti/a ,franco1 ,giulio ,romano1 ,angelo1 & ,raffaelle2 & z ! "w ( "o private arti/ic pott]y 9 ! comp>atively remote capital ( a small du*y1 x be>s no slight te/imony to ! extraord9>y developm5t ( e bran* ( art-indu/ry 9 ! v>i\s di/ricts ( ,italy dur+ ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,!y 7 made by ord] ( ,guidobaldo ,,ii41 b on ! accession ( ,francesco ,m>ia ,,ii4 9 #aegd he f\nd ! f9ancial condition ( ! du*y 9 a /ate s emb>rass$ t he 0 oblig$ to devote less att5tion to ! enc\ragem5t ( art4 ,he abdicat$ 9 fav\r ( ! ,holy ,see & di$ 9 #afca4 ,! vases ( ! ,spezi]ia 7 pres5t$ to our ,lady ( ,loreto1 :ile 8 valuable art collections 7 remov$ to ,flor5ce4 ,on ! vases ( ,loreto1 says ,mr4 ,m>ryat1 8! subjects are ! f\r evangeli/s1 ! twelve apo/les1 ,/4 ,john1 ,/4 ,paul1 ,susannah & ,job4 ,! o!rs repres5t incid5ts 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 actions ( ! ,romans1 _! naval battles & ! metamorphoses ( ,ovid4 ,on eighty-five ( ! vases are p\rtray$ ! games ( *ildr51 ea* diff]+ f ! o!r4 ,^! vases are highly priz$ = _! beauty z well z = _! v>iety4 ,!y h be5 engrav$ by ,b>toli4 ,a ,gr& ,duke ( ,flor5ce 0 s desir\s ( pur*as+ !m1 t he propos$ giv+ 9 ex*ange a l numb] ( silv] vessels ( equal weight2 :ile ,*ri/9a ( ,sw$5 0 kn[n to say1 t ( all ! treasures ( ! ,santa ,casa %e e/eem$ ^! ! mo/4 ,l\is ,,xiv4 is report$ to h (f]$ = ! f\r evangeli/s & ,/4 ,paul an equal numb] ( gold /atues40 ,) 8 o!r art treasures ! ornam5tal vases & vessels ( ! cr$5za1 among :i* 7 d\btless "s ( ! *oice/ productions ( ! ,urb9o furnaces made = ,guidobaldo1 mu/ h be5 9 great "p remov$ to ,flor5ce2 & !re accord+ly we f9d "s rem>kable specim5s4 ,= _m ye>s neglect$1 ^! noble pieces 7 plac$ almo/ out ( obs]vation on ! top ( cases :i* conta9$ ! ,etruscan & o!r antique vases 9 ! gall]y ( ! ,uffizi4 ,:5 m g5]al int]e/ 0 excit$ on ! subject ( ! r5aissance pott]y ^! examples 7 remov$ to ano!r room4 ,!y n[ occupy c5tral cases 9 "o ( ! rooms ( ! ,b>gello1 us$ z a museum ( art objects1 & =m a magnific5t assemblage ( vases1 ew]s1 vasques1 pilgrim's bottles1 & o!r %ap$ pieces1 di%es1 & salv]s1 p]haps ! ri*e/ t has desc5d$ collectively to our days1 & among :i* may be recognis$ ! works ( all ! m important c]amic arti/s ( ,urb9o4 ,portions ( a magnific5t s]vice ( ! be/ p]iod ( ,orazio ,fontana's botega are disp]s$ 9 v>i\s collections1 z also "s pieces ( equally ri* quality made aft] ! same models1 b :i* 7 probably ( ano!r 8cr$5za40 ,two ( ! =m] 7 exhibit$ at ! loan exhibition 9 #ahfb1 by b>on ,an?ony de ,ro?s*ild4 ,!y are l>ge oval di%es ) rais$ m$allion c5tres1 & hav+ ! surface1 bo? int]nally & outside1 divid$ into panels by rais$ /rap "w spr++ f masks1 ) ornam5tal m\ld$ bord]s1 c4 ,^! panels1 edg$ ) c>t\*e ornam5t1 are pa9t$ ) subjects f ! ,spani% romance ( ,amadis de ,gaul1 & on ! rev]se are inscriptions 9 t language correspond+ ) ! panel illu/rations4 ,! c5tral subject is n ( ! same s]ies1 b repres5ts boys %oot+ at a t>get1 on "o di%1 & w>riors fight+1 ^u ! o!r4 ,! bord] is pa9t$ ) admirable ,urb9o grotesques on a brilliant :ite gr\nd4 ,! size ( ^! pieces is #b ft4 #b 94 by #a4h 94 ,x appe>s t ! ,fontana botega 0 nei!r f\nd$ nor ma9ta9$ al?\gh greatly enc\rag$ & patronis$ by ! duke ,guidobaldo1 b 0 solely creat$ by ! ent]prise & su/a9$ by ! unit$ indu/ry ( ! family4 ,orazio di$ on ! #crd ,augu/ #aega4 ,by 8 w he left 8 wife #djj scudi1 c4 & p[] to rema9 9 p>tn]%ip ) 8 nephew ,flam9io1 ) a view to ! b5efit ( 8 only daught]1 ,virg9ia1 :o _h m>ri$ into ! ,giunta family :5 "y4 ,we ?9k !re is e probability t ! fabrique 0 s cont9u$1 & t a num]\s class1 hav+ ! "* ( ! w>es ( ! botega b ( inf]ior arti/ic m]it & %[+ ! g5]al decad5ce ( ! p]iod1 may ) probability be attribut$ to x4 ,on _m ( ! gr& pieces ( ! ,fontana fabrique ! "w ( ano!r h& is se51 :i* diff]s f ! ackn[l$g$ mann] ( ,orazio4 ,!y are among ! mo/ decorative productions ( ! factory1 l>ge r\nd di%es ) grotesque bord]s on a :ite gr\nd1 %ap$ pieces simil>ly decorat$1 & hav+ panels ( subject execut$ by ! arti/ 9 "q2 o!rs also :]e ! subject cov]s ! :ole surface ( ! di%4 ,we h no clue to ! "n ( ?is able pa9t]1 b we w\ld v5ture to sugge/ ! great probability t ^! 7 ! "w ( ,camillo1 :o is said to h be5 an arti/ only inf]ior 9 m]it to ,orazio himself4 ,9 mann] !y approa* ne>ly to1 & are difficult to di/+ui% f1 ! f9] examples ( ! ,lanfran*i fabrique at ,pes>o2 less p[]ful & broad ?an ! "w ( ,orazio1 & less c>eful 9 draw+ ?an ^? ascrib$ to ,guido1 !y approa* ! =m] 9 ! bl5d+ ( ! col\rs & ri* s(t effect ( surface1 :ile a simil> mode ( r5d]+ v>i\s objects1 z /ones1 wat]1 trees1 c4 p]vades all ?ree1 ) slight individual v>iations4 ,a peculi> elongation ( ! figures1 & n>r[+ ( ! knee & ankle jo9ts are *>act]i/ics ( ?is h&1 z also a transp>5t gold5 hue to ! fle%4 ,we are almo/ :olly 9 ! d>k z to ! clev] pa9t]s ( ! grotesques on a pure :ite gr\nd :i* s *>m+ly decorate _m ( ! noble/ productions ( ,orazio's furnace4 ,! "w ( two or m h&s is manife/ on v>i\s pieces ( ! be/ p]iod2 "o1 p]haps ! mo/ able1 is con/antly se5 on pieces1 ! i/oriati panels or int]iors ( :i* are pa9t$ by ,orazio himself or by ! arti/ ^: works we h j consid]$1 & may1 p]haps1 also h be5 by ! h& ( ! latt]1 a simil> me?od ( height5+ ) small /rokes ( r$ col\r be+ obs]vable on bo?4 ,gironimo1 by :om we h a sign$ piece 9 ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton museum1 no4 #dced1 may h be5 ano!r1 b 8 mann] is ( a some:at lat] "*4 ,( ,nicola1 jun41 we "k no?+2 he is m5tion$ 9 8 fa!r's wills made 9 #aegj & #aegf2 & t he 0 un=tunate or improvid5t w\ld seem probable f ! fact t 9 ! de$ ( contract betwe5 ,orazio & 8 fa!r on ! occasion ( 8 sett+ up = himself 9 #aefe he agrees to keep & provide = ,domitilla & ,flam9io1 *ildr5 ( 8 bro!r ,nicola1 = ! space ( ?ree ye>s4 ,flam9io ! nephew1 son ( ,nicola1 cont9u$ ! works & 0 a fav\rite ( ! dukes ,guidobaldo & ,francesco ,m>ia2 x is said t ! latt] took him to ,flor5ce to tea* & aid pupils /udy+ "u ,b>tolomeo degli ,ammanati1 :]e he rema9$ = "s ye>s4 ,"u ! fabrique ( ,caffaggiolo we f9d pieces :i* may p]haps h be5 produc$ "u ! influ5ce ( ?is memb] ( ! family4 ,9 =m & decoration ) grotesques !y are a poor rem9isc5ce ( ! sup]ior works ( an e>li] p]iod4 ,! "w ( ano!r1 a lat] & inf]ior h&1 probably ( ! ,fontana fabrique1 is abundant 9 collections2 8 mann] is betwe5 t ( ! ,fontana & ( ! ,patanazzi2 free & effective1 b loose & c>eless2 ! ,fontana pigm5ts are us$1 & occasionally pieces occur pa9t$ ) great] pa9s4 ,_m vases ) s]p5t h&les & o!r %ap$ pieces 7 pa9t$ by ?is h&1 ( ^: "n we h no record1 & x w\ld be only guess+ to sugge/ t ,guido ,fontana1 junior1 ! son ( ,camillo1 :o di$ 9 #afje1 may h be5 _! au?or4 ,ano!r important arti/ ( ! ,urb9o fabrique 0 ,,francesco ,,xanto1 :o1 l ,giorgio1 adopt$ ! unusual habit ( sign+ 9 v>i\s =ms ! great] numb] ( ! pieces :i* he pa9t$4 ,al?\gh we _c b appreciate ! mode/y1 ! 8,lamp ( ,sacrifice10 :i* induc$ s _m ( ! e>li] & contempor>y arti/s ( ! highe/ excell5ce to refra9 f atta*+ _! names to ! works ( _! h&s1 or at ! mo/ to sign a few ( _! admirable productions 9 monogram1 we mu/ regret _! hav+ us$ s mu* res]ve1 & t 9 consequ5ce conjecture mu/ take s l>ge a place 9 ! hi/ory ( ?is bran* ( arti/ic h&icraft4 ,we h little o!r in=mation ( ?is pa9t] beyond :at is convey$ by ! inscriptions on pieces by 8 h&4 ,8 "n is m5tion$ by ,rog4 ,v9c5zo ,vanni1 on ! #bi? ,m>* #aeci1 z 8,franciscus ,xatis fictil9us vasorum pictor egregius40 ,a native ( ,rovigo1 he seems to h settl$ at ,urb9o & !re produc$ all 8 works4 ,8 true "n1 ga!r$ f 8 v>i$ signatures1 w\ld appe> to be ,francesco ,xanto ,avelli da ,rovigo1 & ! dates ( 8 sign$ works ext5d f #aecj to #aedb1 al?\gh x is highly probable t _m exi/+ undat$ pieces 7 execut$ be=e1 & p]haps aft] ^? dates4 ,8 e>li] works are g5]ally m fully sign$1 :ile _m ( ! latt] h only "o or two initial lett]s4 ,works by ,xanto are to be f\nd 9 almo/ e collection ( any note1 & among !m are examples ( high arti/ic excell5ce1 al?\gh v _m betray want ( c>e & ha/y execution4 ,x appe>s t _m ( 8 pieces 7 subsequ5tly enri*$ ) ! gold5 & ruby lu/re col\r at ! botega ( ,m ,giorgio1 & ,m ,n at ,gubbio2 &1 inde$1 x 0 ma9ly by ! obs]vation ( ^!1 s di/9ctly pa9t$ & sign$ by ,xanto at ,urb9o1 & to :i* ! metallic reflet _h be5 add$ evid5tly by a subsequ5t process1 t x 0 inf]r$ t ! lu/re 0 a special enri*m5t appli$ at ano!r fabrique to works pa9t$ else:]e4 ,( ,xanto's /yle & m]its z an arti/ ,mr4 ,rob9son writes3 8,xanto's works may be consid]$ to repres5t p]fectly ! #8,majoli*e i/oriate1' & he c]ta9ly _h a tal5t = ! arrangem5t ( 8 works 9 composition1 ne>ly all 8 subjects be+ #8pa/icci'2 ! v>i\s figures or gr\ps introduc$ be+ ! inv5tion ( o!r arti/s copi$ ) adroit v>iations ov] & ov] aga91 & made to d duty 9 ! mo/ widely diff]5t *>act]s4 ,z an orig9al arti/1 if inde$ he c be s consid]$1 he may be class$ ) ! m mann]$ ( ! s*ol>s ( ,raffaelle4 ,8 designs are g5]ally f classical or my?ological subjects4 ,xanto's execution1 al?\gh dext]\s1 is monoton\s & me*anical2 8 scale ( col\r+ is crude & positive1 full ( viol5t oppositions2 ! only m]it1 if m]it x be1 be+ t ( a c]ta9 =ce & brightness ( aspect2 9 e o!r respect 8 col\r+ is commonplace1 n to say disagreeable ev52 blue1 crude opaque yell[1 & orange t9ts1 & bright v]digris gre5 are ! dom9ant hues1 & are scatt]$ ov] ! pieces 9 full unbrok5 masses1 ! yell[ especially meet+ ! eye at ! fir/ glance4 ,9 ! unsign$ pieces1 be=e #aeca1 ! glaze is bett] & m transp>5t1 ! execution m delicate1 & ! outl9e m h>d & black ?an 9 ! lat] specim5s4 ,"s ( ,xanto's w>es are pr(usely enri*$ ) metallic lu/res1 includ+ ! beautiful ruby t9t2 ^! specim5s1 h[ev]1 =m b a small p]-c5tage ( ! entire numb] ( 8 works extant4 ,?is class ( piece is1 moreov]1 int]e/+ f ! fact t ! iridesc5t col\rs 7 obvi\sly n ( ,xanto's own production1 b t on ! contr>y1 !y 7 appli$ to 8 w>es by ,m ,giorgio1 & ! suppos$ cont9u]s ( ,giorgio's #8fabrique' 9 ,gubbio4 ,_m pieces are extant1 :i*1 9 addition to ,xanto's own signature1 ne>ly always writt5 9 d>k blue or olive t9t1 are likewise sign$ ) ! monagram ,n ( ! ,giorgio s*ool 9 ! lu/re t9t2 & "o specim5 at lea/ has be5 obs]v$ :i*1 ?\gh pa9t$ by ,xanto1 has be5 sign$ 9 ! lu/re t9t by ,mae/ro ,giorgio himself40 ,we _c entirely agree ) ?is some:at sev]e judgm5t ^u 8 arti/ic m]its4 ,we h no evid5ce to confirm ,pass]i's supposition t ,,batti/a ,,franco pa9t$ pieces & initiall$ !m ) ! lett]s ,b4 ,f4 ,v4 ,f4 ,t arti/ 0 call$ to ,urb9o 9 #aedj1 by ,guidobaldo ,,ii41 to make designs = v>i\s pieces1 & ^! initials are on "s ( ! vases 9 ! ,spezi]ia at ,loreto4 ,he return$ to ,v5ice :]e he di$ 9 #aefa2 "o ( 8 c>toons = a plate is 9 ! ,briti% museum1 & o!rs are pres]v$4 ,( ,,francesco ,,durant9o1 ( ,urb9o1 we "k no?+ m ?an 8 sign$ works1 & "o ( ^! gives rise to ! "q :e!r he ought to be rank$ among ! pott]s ( ,urb9o1 or z hav+ a small e/abli%m5t ( 8 own at ,bagnolo1 or ,bagn>a1 ne> ,p]ugia4 ,a plate 9 ! ,briti% museum repres5t+ ! meet+ ( ,coriolanus & 8 "m is sign$ 8frcesco durant9o #aedd10 z 9 ! woodcut4 ,illu/ration ,a yell[ tone ( fle%1 fl[+ drap]y1 animals 7p>ticul>ly horses7 drawn ) great vig\r ( action1 a f9e & delicate outl9e1 ) c>eful execution b occasional weakness ( effect & a peculi> s(tness on "s ( ! small] & m di/ant figures1 are *>act]i/ic ( ?is arti/'s /yle3 ! l&scapes are execut$ ) c>e & good effect4 ,an example 9 ! ,briti% museum has1 h[ev]1 all ! ri*ness ( col\r & =ce ( ! works ( ! ,fontana4 ,,guido ,,m]l+o or ,,m]l9i or ,,n]gl9o seems to h be5 a proprietor ( a botega 9 ,urb9o1 al?\gh 8 "n does n occur z ! actual pa9t]4 ,9 ! ,brunswick museum a di% repres5t+ ,m>k ,antony is sign$1 8fate 9 botega di ,guido de ,n]gl9o40 ,9 ! ,l\vre is a plate1 subject ,judi? & ,holoph]nes1 sign$ at ! back1 8ne #aeea fato 9 ,botega de ,guido ,m]l9o40 ,c,,s>e ,,da ,,fa5za work$ 9 8 fabrique ab\t #aecf1 z prov$ by an agreem5t dat$ #a/ ,janu>y 9 t ye>1 9 :i* he is /yl$ 8,cs>e ,c>e ,c>ii ,fav5t9us40 ,among o!r record$ names are ^? (-- ,f$]igo di ,giannantonio1 ,nicolo di ,gabriele1 :o work$ ab\t #aecj4 ,gian ,m>ia ,m>iana1 ,simone di ,antonio ,m>iani1 ab\t #aedb4 ,rafaelle ,ci>la1 ,luca del fu ,b>tolomeo1 ab\t #aedd1 & ,guy1 f ,ca/el ,durante4 ,,francesco ,,silvano _h a botega 9 ,urb9o1 at :i* ,xanto work$ 9 #aeda1 z prov$ by ! signature on a plate repres5t+ ! /orm+ ( ,goleta4 ,,georgio ,,pic*i or ,,picci ! y\ng]1 ( ! ,durant9e family1 pa9t$ at ,urb9o4 ,pieces sign$ by him are extant4 ,bord]s ( ,cupids among cl\ds or cov]+ ! surface is a fav\rite decoration4 ,9 ! decl9e ( ! ,urb9o pott]ies mu/ be plac$ ! productions ( ! memb]s ( ! ,,patanati or ,,patanazzi family4 ,!y d n appe> to h succe$$ to any ( ! =m] em95t arti/s z ma/]s ( a fabrique1 b pa9t$ at ! e/abli%m5t ( ,joseph ,bati/a ,boccione1 z we are in=m$ by a sign$ example4 ,pass]i only m5tions !m z be+ ( a noble family & z f9d+ _! names inscrib$ on specim5s :i* he in/ances4 ,"o ( ^! is at ,s\? ,k5s+ton2 a l>ge di%1 no4 #bfab1 sign$ ,,alf4 ,p4 ,f4 ,,vrb9i4 #afjf4 ,! "y ,v9c5zio is ! la/ ^: "n occurs4 ,pass]i cites a piece by him1 8,v9c5zio ,patanazzi da ,urb9o di eta d'anni tr$ici1 #afbj40 ,ano!r piece by ?is y\?ful ph5om5on is 9 ! collection ( monsignore ,cajani at ,rome1 repres5t+ ! expulsion f p>adise4 ,x is a mo/ inf]ior production & n m]itori\s ev5 = s "y an arti/4 ,) ! exception ( "s l>ge di%es & a few o!rs ! w>es ( ,urb9o1 z a rule1 are n ornam5t$ on ! rev]se4 ,! m usual pieces are edg$ ) a yell[ l9e :i* is repeat$ r\nd ! foot or c5tral holl[1 9 ! middle ( :i* ! titul> inscription or date is writt5 9 manganese black1 d>k olive1 or blue col\r4 ,! pa/e is sometimes ( a p9k hue1 produc$ by ! col\r ( ! clay %9+ ?r\gh ! glaze1 b 9 o!r cases ( a pur] :ite4 ,9 ! 8sopra bianco0 grotesques ! gr\nd is r5d]$ unusually :ite by an additional surface ( t]ra di ,vic5za or bianco di ,f]r>a2 ! glaze is ( f9e quality & ev5 surface4 ,x may be "h notic$ t ! w>es kn[n ( ! ,lanfranco fabrique at ,pes>o h simil> *>act]i/ics1 & x is n possible to di/+ui% betwe5 !m4 ,t w>es ( a bett] class 7 occasionally produc$ at ,urb9o dur+ ! la/ c5tury is prov$ by a lamp 9 ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton collection1 no4 #fhef2 made1 z ! inscription tells u1 at ! ,fabrica di ,majolica f9a1 :i* seems to h be5 e/abli%$ or conduct$ 9 t city 9 #aggc by a ,fr5* arti/ nam$ ,rolet4 ,we he> ( him previ\sly at ,borgo ,san ,sepolcro 9 #agga1 b all fur!r record ( 8 productions or 8 success is unkn[n4 ,we are n aw>e t ,urb9o at pres5t produces any arti/ic pott]y4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,borgo ,,san-,,sepolcro1 ,,diruta1 ,c4 ,!re is an example ( ! ,,borgo ,,san-,,sepolcro w>e at ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 a lamp1 =m$ ( fai5ce ( a blui% :ite %ade1 pa9t$ ) g>l&s ( fl[]s1 c4 9 col\r1 on :i* is writt5 "u ! foot1 8,citta ,borgo ,s4 ,sepolcro a #f ,febraio #agga4 ,m>t4 ,roletus fecit40 ,at ,,san ,,quirico c>d9al ,*igi e/abli%$ a "w ab\t #agad1 inspir$ ) ! idea ( reviv+ ! art ( pa9t+ on fai5ce4 ,x 0 direct$ by ,piezz5tili1 a pa9t] :o _h giv5 "s /udy to ! celebrat$ vases by ,orazio ,fontana4 ,on 8 dea? ,b>tolomeo ,t]*i1 ,fes*i1 or ,f]*i1 seems to h work$ at or direct$ ! e/abli%m5t1 = 9 ! ,l\vre is a plaque repres5t+ ,moses /rik+ ! rock1 & sign$ 8,b> ,t]*i ,romano 9 ,s4 ,quirico40 ,we %all meet ) ?is w&]+ arti/ also at ,bassano4 ,) o!r memb]s ( 8 family he seems to h work$ at v>i\s pott]ies ?r\gh\t ,italy1 & examples occur on :i* 8 or _! signatures appe>1 accompani$ only by ! patronymic 8,romano10 & :i* are ( c\rse difficult to assign to any "o ( ! fabriques at :i* we "k !m to h work$4 ,f]d9&o ,m>ia ,campani be=e go+ to ,si5a work$ also at ?is fabrique2 its productions 7 n sold1 b giv5 z pres5ts by ! c>d9al4 ,we h v little positive in=mation 9 respect to ! fabrique ( ,,diruta 9 ! ,papal ,/ates4 ,allud$ to by ,pass]i z a pott]y ne> ,foligno :]e pieces 7 produc$ rem>kable = ! :it5ess ( ! pa/e1 we are l$ to ! supposition t he may h conf\nd$ ! w>es produc$ at o!r neighb\r+ localities ) ^? made at ,diruta3 & he does n in=m u :e!r x produc$ lu/r$ w>es or only ^? ( poly*rome decoration4 ,a few ye>s s9ce c]ta9 plates came "u ! notice ( collectors inscrib$ 8,9 ,d]uta10 ! subjects pa9t$ 9 blue outl9e1 & lu/r$ ) a brassy gold5 col\r4 ,d\bt & unc]ta9ty _h long exi/$ z to ! spot :]e ! l>ge 8bacili0 & o!r pieces ( a well-kn[n & abundant w>e1 lu/r$ ) a gold5 pigm5t ( peculi>ly pe>ly effect 9 c]ta9 lights1 _h be5 produc$1 & ! discov]y ( ^! sign$ examples1 hav+ a some:at simil> metallic enri*m5t1 caus$ connoisseurs to grasp at !1 p]haps ha/y1 conclusion1 t to ,diruta mu/ be assign$ ^? w>es ( e>li] date & hi!rto unkn[n locality1 & t ,diruta mu/ h possess$ a pott]y ( v e>ly "t & important "*4 ,b aft] an exam9ation & comp>ison ( sign$ specim5s1 & o!rs :i* are ) reasonable probability consid]$ to be ( ?is fabrique1 we are compell$ to conclude t ! productions ( ,diruta 7 g5]ally inf]ior to1 & 9 _m in/ances copi$ or d]iv$ f1 ^? ( ! ,gubbio or e>li] ,pes>o types4 ,ca/el di ,diruta or ,d]uta is a 8borgo0 or dep5d5cy ( ,p]ugia1 on ! road f t city to ,orvieto by ,todi4 ,x is b a few miles f ,p]ugia1 )9 an easy day's j\rney ( ,gubbio1 & al?\gh x may be reasonable to presume t pott]ies exi/$ !re f an e>ly p]iod1 we ?9k x m probable t !y d]iv$ ! use ( ! lu/re pigm5ts f ,gubbio4 ,x is extremely difficult 9 _m in/ances to decide ) any degree ( c]ta9ty z to :e!r "s individual e>ly specim5s ( ! lu/r$ w>e allud$ to above1 be ( ,pes>o1 ( ,gubbio1 or ( ,diruta workman%ip4 ,we h little hesitation 9 assign+ ! di% 9 ! next woodcut to ,diruta2 ! dance ( ,cupids is aft] ,m>c ,antonio4 ,! simil>ity ( ! process necess>y to su* productions entails a correspond+ simil>ity ( result1 b we notice a some:at co>s] gr\nd+1 a gold5 reflet ( a brassy "*1 a ruby1 :5 x 7r>ely7 occurs1 ( pale dull quality1 ,illu/ration loos] outl9es ( a cold] & heavi] blue1 & 9 ! pieces n lu/r$ ! same tones ( col\r1 a d>k blue approa*+ to t ( ,caffaggiolo 9 dep? b want+ its brilliancy1 ! use ( a bright yell[ to height5 ! figures 9 grotesques1 c4 9 imitation ( ! gold5 lu/re1 & a ?9 gre54 ,! draw+ is g5]ally ( an inf]ior /amp1 & a c]ta9 t\t ensemble p]vades ! pieces difficult to def9e b :i* m or less prevails4 ,! discov]y )9 ! la/ few ye>s ( a f9e "w1 sign$ ) ! arti/'s monogram1 ! date #aebg1 & ! place at :i* ,illu/ration x 0 pa9t$1 is all we "k ( ! exi/5ce ( a botega at ,,fabriano4 ,!re c be little d\bt t _m su* local & individual furnaces exi/$ dur+ ! sixte5? c5tury "u ! direction ( c]amic arti/s1 9 _m in/ances an emigrant f "o ( ! m important c5tres1 & enc\rag$ to set up = himself at ano!r city by ! patronage ( ! lead+ families4 ,?is plate1 :i* has = subject ! 8,madonna della ,scala0 aft] ,m>c ,antonio's engrav+ f ,raffaelle1 is clev]ly pa9t$1 & on ! rev]se is ! inscription ( :i* we h giv5 a facsimile4 ,x 0 exhibit$ by ,m4 ,spitz]1 ( ,p>is1 at ! 8,exposition ,univ]selle10 0 pur*as$ f him by signor ,alff4 ,ca/ellani1 & subsequ5tly sold at ,*ri/ie's = #aad4 ,ano!r example by ! same h&1 & ) ! same subject b )\t signature1 0 sold at ! same sale4 ,9 ! museum ( ,economic geology is a plate ( ! same botega1 hav+ = subject ! rape ( ,pros]p9e surr\nd+ a cupid c5tre4 ,x is pa9t$ 9 grisaille1 ! sky w>m$ ) t\*es ( yell[1 & ably execut$4 ,?is fabrique n be+ !n kn[n x 0 ascrib$ to ,urb9o1 b ! monogram on ! rev]se1 exactly correspond+ ) t on ! sign$ ,fabriano piece1 proves x to be ( ! same orig94 ,we also give ?is m>k 9 fac-simile4 ,illu/ration ,! pott]y ( ,,vit]bo is n record$ by any writ]1 b an inf]ior "w at ,s\? ,k5s+ton is inscrib$ ) ! "n ( ! city & ) t ( ,diomeo1 :o 0 p]haps ! pa9t] ( ! piece 9 #aedd4 ,x is a r\gh piece1 rudely col\r$ & ill-drawn1 b int]e/+ f ! "n ( place & ! date4 ,we give an engrav+ ( a portion ( ! bord]1 ! h& ( a y\? hold+ a scroll4 ,two o!r examples are ) "s d\bt ref]r$ to ! same locality4 ,illu/ration ,,loreto is nam$ 9 connexion ) ! set ( ,spezi]ia vases1 ( ! fabrique ( ,orazio ,fontana1 :i* 7 pres5t$ to ! %r9e ( our ,lady ( ,loreto by ! la/ duke ( ,urb9o1 on 8 abdication 9 fav\r ( ! ,holy ,see4 ,x 0 ! habit to collect ! du/ ga!r$ f ! walls ( ! ,santa ,casa & ! dress ( ! ,virg91 f :i*1 mix$ 9 small quantities ) ! pott]'s clay1 cups or b[ls 7 =m$ & pa9t$ ) figures ( ! ,virg9 & ,*ild1 g5]ally on a yell[ gr\nd4 ,^! cups 7 inscrib$ outside ,,con ,,pol ,,di ,s ,,casa 7) ! du/ ( ! ,holy ,h\se74 ,occasionally1 b less frequ5tly1 "s ( ! holy wat] f ! %r9e 0 spr9kl$ on ! du/1 !reby to imp>t a /ill great] sanctity4 ,a cup s made is 9 ! writ]'s collection1 & is inscrib$ ,,con ,,pol ,,et ,,aqva ,,di ,s ,,casa 7) du/ & wat] ( ! ,holy ,h\se74 ,^! cups 7 probably pres5t$ z m>ks ( fav\r to pilgrims :o _h visit$ & probably enri*$ ! sanctu>y4 ,signor ,raffaelli believes t !y 7 made at ,ca/el ,durante1 = ! e/abli%m5t at ,loreto4 ,! seal ( ! conv5t 0 affix$ to !m 9 r$ wax4 ,hi!rto we h no publi%$ record ( ! =m] exi/5ce ( a manufactory ( arti/ic enamell$ pott]y at ,,rome1 t great c5tre to :i* by h] afflu5ce & p[] at v>i\s p]iods ( hi/ory arti/s & objects ( art h be5 drawn f _! native c\ntries4 ,we h no assurance t purely native ,roman art ev] atta9$ to any v high degree ( excell5ce4 ,! ,etruscans & ! ,greeks 9 ,pagan times1 ! ,byzant9e s*ool ( ! middle ages1 & at ! p]iod ( ! r5aissance ! great ,tuscan & ,v5etian arti/s work$ 9 ,rome ^u ^? monum5ts ( g5ius ( :i* %e is s ju/ly pr\d2 b !y are possessions r ?an native productions2 & x w\ld appe> t ev5 9 s comp>atively small a bran* ( arti/ic manufacture %e 0 indebt$ to a native ( ,ca/el ,durante = ! e/abli%m5t ( a fabrique ( maiolica4 ,_h !re be5 pre-exi/+ furnaces1 produc+ w>es ( arti/ic m]it1 x w\ld h>dly h be5 wor? :ile = ,m ,diom$e on ! fall ( ! duk$om ( ,urb9o to br+ 8 art to ,rome4 ,!re is no notice ( any pieces ( ?is w>e inscrib$ z hav+ be5 made at ,rome until ! ye> #afjj1 :5 we f9d on two ovi=m ph>macy vases ( good outl9e1 hav+ ea* a pair ( d\ble s]p5t h&les & a dom$ cov] surm\nt$ by a knob1 ! foll[+ inscriptions writt5 on oval labels4 ,on "o vase 8,fatto 9 botega de ,m4 ,diom$e ,durante 9 ,roma10 & on ! o!r1 ( :i* we give a woodcut1 8,fatto 9 ,roma da ,gio4 ,pavlo ,sav9o ,m4,d4,c40 ,^! vases are decorat$ on "o side ) grotesques ably sket*$ 9 yell[1 greyi% blue1 & orange col\rs on a :ite enamel gr\nd ( consid]able purity2 on ! o!r1 a leafage diap] 9 ! same tone ( blue cov]s ! l gr\nd4 ,on "o only1 imm$iately above ! inscrib$ oval1 ! head ( a buffalo is pa9t$ 9 d>k blue1 approa*+ to black1 & may ref] to ! locality ( ! botega1 possibly 9 ! vic9ity ( ! ,via or ,palazzo del ,bufalo4 ,^! vases 7 = _m ye>s 9 ! possession ( ! ,gaetani family1 & 7 pur*as$ by ! writ] dur+ 8 soj\rn at ,rome 9 ! e>ly "p ( #ahgj4 ,! /yle ( execution is 9 ! mann] ( ! ,urb9o grotesque decoration ( ! ,fontana fabrique1 b has n t delicacy1 comb9$ ) arti/ic fre$om & navet1 s rem>kable 9 ! productions attribut$ to ,camillo ,fontana & o!r contempor>y arti/s work+ "s fifty ye>s be=e2 9 c]ta9 respects !y h aff9ity to ! "w ( ,m4 ,gironimo ( ,urb9o4 ,num]\s examples ( simil> g5]al "*1 b lat] 9 date & ( inf]ior execution1 are frequ5tly to be met ) 9 ! %ops at ,rome & prove ! production to h be5 abundant2 specim5s are 9 ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton museum4 ,illu/ration ,a manufacture ( :ite glaz$ e>!nw>e1 z also ( 8biscuit0 porcela91 0 introduc$ by ! fam\s engrav] ,giovanni ,volpato1 ( ,v5ice1 9 ! ye> #agij4 ,he exp5d$ a l>ge sum ( money 9 mak+ exp]im5ts & 9 ! f\nd+ ( ! works1 z also 9 procur+ num]\s models :i* 7 execut$ ) ! greate/ c>e f ! antique1 & f o!r objects 9 museums1 c4 z also f ! works ( ,canova4 ,at "o "t no less ?an tw5ty exp]i5c$ arti/s 7 employ$ 9 modell+ ! 8biscuit0 porcela9 to supply ! great dem&4 ,l>ge furnaces 7 con/ruct$1 b ! great exp5se & risk 9 ! production ( pieces = table use necessitat$ _! sale at a price :i* c\ld n compete ) ! ,fr5* w>es1 al?\gh sup]ior 9 ! qualities ( /r5g? & resi/ance4 ,! e/abli%m5t cont9u$ until ab\t #ahcb1 :5 ! works ceas$4 ,! figures & gr\ps 9 8biscuit0 porcela91 ( pure :ite & /one col\r 7v>iations aris+ f ! diff]5t degrees ( heat to :i* !y 7 expos$ 9 ! ov57 7 und\bt$ly ! m important arti/ic productions ( ! ,roman fabrique2 b glaz$ pott]y1 v simil> 9 "* to t ( ,le$s or ! 8,que5's w>e0 ( ! ,w$gwoods & kn[n z 8t]raglia v]niciata10 0 also made1 & 9 ?is mat]ial /atuettes1 figures ( animals1 c&elabra1 vases1 & portrait bu/s 7 modell$4 ,!re c be little d\bt t ! f9] examples 7 produc$ at ! p]iod :5 ! eld] ,volpato p]fect$ ! e/abli%m5t1 & :5 8 critical & arti/ic eye direct$ 8 modell]s1 & _m ( ! figures & gr\ps are admirable = _! grace & c>eful execution4 ,few be> any m>k1 b occasionally pieces1 bo? ( ! 8biscuit0 & glaz$ w>e1 be> ! "n ,g ,,volpata ,,roma impress$ 9 ! clay4 ,a manufacture ( co>se glaz$ pott]y rudely ornam5t$ ) figures1 fl[]s1 fruit1 c4 9 col\r1 /ill exi/s 9 ! ,tra/ev]e1 :i* supplies ! contad9i & ! humbl] classes ( ! city ) pots & pans ( v>i\s =m & />tl+ decoration4 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,fa5za4 ,t long & r monoton\s old po/ road ! ,via milia 7n[ run sidelong by ! rail7 :i* =ms almo/ a /raight l9e f ,piac5za to ,ancona1 ?r\gh "o ( ! ri*e/ c\ntries 9 ! _w1 aft] pass+ ! f9e cities ( ,p>ma1 ,reggio1 ,mod5a1 & ,bologna1 rea*es ,fa5za & ,=l1 important & e>ly c5tres ( ! pott]'s art4 ,fa5za is a small dull t[n on ! site ( ! ,roman ,fav5tia1 & ( ! antiquity ( ! c]amic indu/ry at ?is site !re c be no d\bt1 al?\gh p]haps ,pes>o1 ,caffaggiolo1 & ,ca/el ,durante may h ne>ly equal claims 9 t respect4 ,( its ext5t & importance !re is equal c]ta9ty1 & !re is moreov] great reason to believe t ! ,fr5* ^w faence appli$ to ?is class ( pott]y 0 d]iv$ f ! "n ( ! place2 al?\gh !re is ano!r claimant 9 ! small t[n1 "u ! ,e/relle m\nta9s1 a %ort way f ,cannes & ,grasse1 call$ by ! v "n1 ,faiance 7,fav5tia71 & n[ *ef-lieu ( a canton 9 ,draguignan ( ! ,v>4 ,mez]ai1 9 8 ,gr&e ,hi/oire1 tells u t ?is place 0 *iefly r5[n$ = its ,vaisselles de t]re1 & !re w\ld seem to be good evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( its pott]ies f a v e>ly p]iod to ! pres5t day2 b ( :at degree ( arti/ic m]it we are unable to decide2 nei!r c we feel assur$ t ! "n1 z appli$ to enamell$ e>!nw>e1 0 d]iv$ f ! ,fr5* t[n & n f ! ,italian city4 ,9 ,mr4 ,m>ryat's hi/ory ( pott]y & porcela9 is an int]e/+ notice on ?is subject1 f :i* we quote a few words4 8,faence1 ,fay5ce1 or ,fayance1 is ! old ,fr5* t]m1 "u :i* 7 compris$ all descriptions ( glaz$ e>!nw>e1 ev5 inclusive ( porcela91 &1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 cont9ues s1 correspond+ 9 its g5]al use to ! ,engli% ^w crock]y4 ,! "n is commonly suppos$ to be d]iv$ f ,fa5za2 b x may well be d\bt$ :e!r ^u any au?ority mu* to be reli$ ^u1 s9ce nei!r hi/orians nor topograph]s seem to h consid]$ ! matt] wor?y ( _! att5tion or exam9ation4 ,x might be useful to trace ! orig9 ( a "n s frequ5tly giv5 by ! ,romans to _! settlem5ts4 ,besides ,fa5za !re 0 a di/rict 9 _! colony ( ,b>c9um 7n[ ,b>celona71 & ano!r 9 ,&alusia1 :i* is suppos$ to h be5 situat$ some:]e betwe5 ,alcala1 ,real1 & ,antequ]a4 ,! old ^w ,fay5ce1 f ! ,lat9 #8fagus1' a bee* tree1 has become almo/ obsolete 9 ,france4 ,9 ,g5eva1 h[ev]1 to ! pres5t day1 bee*wood is /ill sold 9 ! timb] m>kets z #8de la fay5ce4'0 ,! fabrique ( ,fa5za has be5 a k9d ( refuge1 among amateurs1 = pieces de/itute ( suffici5t outw>d sign to m>k !m z ( o!r localities2 & e gaunt & e>ly piece1 /rong 9 blue & yell[ col\r1 has be5 set d[n z ,fa5t9e4 ,we agree ) ,,mm4 ,jacquem>t & ,d>cel 9 ! belief t _m works ( ,caffaggiolo h be5 class$ z ( ,fa5za4 ,we are1 h[ev]1 n conv9c$ t ! plaque 9 ! htel ,cluny1 ! piece be>+ ! mo/ anci5t date hi!rto discov]$ 7if we except t at ,svres1 inscrib$ xxxxiiiiiiii41 & suppos$ to read #addh71 inscrib$ 9 e>ly *>act]s ar\nd ! sacr$ monogram1 8,,nicolaus ,,de ,,ragnolis ,,ad ,,honorem ,,dei ,,et ,,sancti ,,mi*aelis ,,fecit ,,fi]i ,,ano #adge0 is rightly attribut$ to ,caffaggiolo in/ead ( to ,fa5za4 ,ano!r plaque 9 ! ,svres collection is dat$ #adgg1 ) ! "n & arms ( ,,nicolavs ,,ors9i4 ,we next arrive at ! exquisite s]vice1 ( :i* sev5te5 pieces are pres]v$ 9 ! ,corr] museum at ,v5ice1 "o 9 ! writ]'s 7f ,p\rtals71 & "o 9 ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton collection2 we give a woodcut ( ! m>k1 ) ! date #adhb4 ,illu/ration ,! fir/ publi%$ matt] be>+ ^u ! w>es ( ,fa5za is ! passage by ,g>zoni 9 ! ,piazza ,univ]sale1 a publication ( #adhe1 9 :i* he speaks ( ! pott]y ( ?is place z excell5t = its :it5ess1 c4 *e fa le majoli*e cos bian*e e polite1 a rem>k borne out by ! quality ( ! s]vice j ref]r$ to4 ,9 ! *ur* ( ,/4 ,petronio at ,bologna is a pavem5t ( tiles cov]+ ! gr\nd ( ! *apel ( ,/4 ,seba/ian1 & )\t d\bt laid d[n at ! exp5se ( ,donato ,vaselli1 a canon ( t ,basilica1 :o ab\t #adhg decorat$ t *apel at 8 own co/4 ,! date ^u "o ( ^! tiles is #adhg1 & ^u o!rs are inscriptions1 9 p>ts un=tunately imp]fect f ! injury or misplacem5t ( "s ( ! squ>es1 b :i* z put toge!r by signor ,frati ( t city1 w\ld read ,,boloqniesvs ,,bet9i ,,fecit3 :ile ^u o!r tiles occur3-- ----------------- 4 ,c 4 4 ,,elia ,,be ,f 4 4 4 ,,ticie ----------------- --------------- 4 ,,zetila ,,be 4 ,,favetcie --------------- ------------- ,,xabeta ,,be ,,fav5tcie ------------- & aga9 ^u ano!r a small label inscrib$ ,,petrvs ,,&re ,,defave4 ,:atev] d\bt may atta* to ! ,fa5t9e orig9 ( ! plaque 9 ! htel ,cluny1 dat$ #adge1 !re c be none 9 respect to ! pavem5t ( ,san ,petronio3 ! fact ( ! "n ,petrus ,&re-de-,fave occurr+1 indep5d5t ( ! o!rs1 ^u a piccolo c>tello seems to u an indisputable pro( to t effect4 ,x is pa9t$ ) great skill1 9 a /yle ( col\r+ & ) ornam5ts :i* we are accu/om$ to attribute to ,fa5za2 trophies1 animals1 heads1 ! arms ( ,bologna & h] motto1 ! keys ( ,/4 ,pet]1 & v>i\s devices are repres5t$2 among !m ! silv] case ( lancets on a gre5 field1 & ! w\nd$ ve91 imprese ( ! ,manfr$i family ( ,fa5za4 ,ref]r+ ! read] to ! full explanation giv5 9 ! introduction to ! l>ge catalogue ( ,maiolica1 we c give "h only a few brief rem>ks ^u ! w>es attribut$ to ,fa5za "u ! foll[+ heads3-- ,a4 ,! produce ( ! ,casa ,pirota4 ,b4 ,by ,baldas>a ,man>a4 ,c4 ,pieces by ! pa9t] ( ! ,corr] s]vice1 & ( 8 botega4 ,d4 ,by o!r arti/s presumably ( ,fa5za4 ,e4 ,w>es ( ! la/ c5tury & mod]n4 ,a4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important if n ! lead+ e/abli%m5t at ,fa5za 0 kn[n "u ! "n ( ! ,casa ,pirota1 & probably exi/$ f an e>ly p]iod1 b :5 & by :om f\nd$1 & ! "n ( its mae/ro1 we h yet to le>n4 ,a h\se on ! nor? side ( ! pr9cipal /reet 7:]e a pott]y 0 work+ "s few ye>s s9ce1 at :i* we h se5 well-execut$ reproductions ( ! old w>es7 0 /at$ by ! proprietors to be on ! site ( t anci5t botega1 b :e!r !re is suffici5t f\ndation = ?is /atem5t we are unable to say4 ,! great] "p or ne>ly all ! pieces kn[n to u z be+ m>k$ ) ! cross$ circle1 sign$ ) ! "n ( ! h\se1 or execut$ by ! same h&s z su* pieces1 are ( a m>k$ "* ( decoration2 ! wide bord]s are g5]ally ornam5t$ ) grotesques1 res]v$ 9 :ite & %ad$ ) a br[ni% yell[2 or res]v$ 9 a pal] greyi% tone height5$ ) :ite1 on a d>k blue gr\nd4 ,a b]ett9o & sopra azzuro are ! t]ms appli$ to ?is mode ( decoration1 & among examples ( ! =m] & p]haps e>li] ( ! /yles1 are works ( ! highe/ quality ( enamell$ pott]y & ( admirable decoration & arti/ic pa9t+4 ,! woodcut is f a good plate ( ab\t #aebj2 at ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 no4 #agcd3 & we give also a copy ( ! m>k on ! rev]se4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,! "w ( at lea/ ?ree pa9t]s is disc]nible ^u ! w>es ( ?is e/abli%m5t4 ,fir/ & =emo/ are ^? *>m+ pieces ( ! greate/ te*nical excell5ce by ! pa9t] ( ! %all[ b[l at ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 no4 #ced1 :i* is m>k$ at ! back ) ! cross$ circle1 hav+ a pellet 9 "o ( ! qu>t]s1 & has = subject1 ,mutius ,scvola4 ,by him are o!r pieces simil>ly %ap$ & decorat$ ) bord]s ( grotesques res]v$ 9 :ite1 %ad$ 9 br[ni% yell[ on ! blue gr\nd1 & c5tral subjects pa9t$ 9 a simil> tone4 ,illu/ration ,we next h ! au?or ( ! f9e plateau1 no4 #gaeh1 & ( ! bett] examples ( ^? abundant pieces hav+ c5tral subjects pa9t$ 9 a gre5i% yell[ tone on ! b]ett9o1 or coats ( arms emblazon$1 & wide bord]s cov]$ ) grotesques 9 a light] tone height5$ ) :ite on ! d>k blue gr\nd4 ,?is arti/ also v5tur$ into bold] subjects ^u plaques ( consid]able size1 two ( :i*1 "o repres5t+ ! ,adoration ( ! ,magi1 are 9 ! ,briti% museum2 ov] a portico :i* =ms a backgr\nd to ! composition1 ! cross$ circle & pellet1 m>k ( ! fabrique1 & ! date #aebg are inscrib$1 :ile on ! rev]se is a yell[ r\ndel betwe5 ! lett]s ,b4 ,b4 ,f4 ,f4 & ! same date4 ,r e>li]1 is ! plate 79 ! woodcut p4 #afh7 :i* al?\gh by "s attribut$ to ,caffaggiolo1 is probably ( ,fa5za4 ,! ri*ly decorat$ back leads to ?is conclusion4 ,n to be conf\nd$ ) ^! ma/]s1 ! la/ ( :om by way ( di/9ction is kn[n among amateurs z ! 8gre5 man10 are works by a m able arti/ :o pa9t$ 9 col\rs ( ! ri*e/ tone ) admirable disposition & vigor\s design1 & :o also sign$ ) ! same initials4 ,! f9ely treat$ subject ( ! ,ga!r+ ( ! ,manna1 on ! plate no4 #gfhj1 is by ?is h&1 ^: works are nei!r ornam5t$ at ! back1 nor sign$ ) ! m>k ( ! fabrique4 ,illu/ration ,b4 ,! fir/ notice we h ( ,baldas>a ,man>a occurs 9 ,zani's 8,enciclop$ia ,metodica10 9 :i* "w1 "u ! "n ( ,mann>a1 he ref]s to ! signature ( ! arti/ ^u a sotto coppa ) ! accompany+ m>k4 ,?is tazza1 n[ 9 ! possession ( ! writ]1 is p]haps ! mo/ important sign$ example kn[n1 & repres5ts ! triumph ( ,"t2 x is "o ( a s]vice decorat$ ) orange scale-"w on ! yell[ gr\nd ( ! rev]se1 & ( :i* o!r pieces /ill exi/4 ,c4 ,want+ ! inscrib$ "n ( ! locality at :i* !y 7 pa9t$1 we are q prep>$ to acquiesce 9 ! maturely consid]$ op9ion ( signor ,laz>i1 t ! beautiful s]vice1 #ag pieces ( :i* are 9 ! ,museo ,corr] at ,v5ice1 & o!r works pa9t$ by ! same admirable e>ly arti/ 7 produc$ at ,fa5za4 ,!y p]fectly agree ) ! qualities laud$ by ,g>zoni at ! approximate p]iod ( _! production1 "o ( !m be+ dat$ #adhb2 & no w>es ( t p]iod c\ld 9 _! qualities ( enamel be m wor?y ( ! expression bian*e polite ?an ! pieces ( ?is s]vice4 ,we h no clue to ! "n ( ! pa9t]4 ,t !y 7 ! production ( a botega di/9ct f ! ,casa ,pirota seems assur$1 f _! dissimil>ity 9 te*nical quality & /yle ( ornam5tation to ! w>es ( t productive h\se1 & ! abs5ce ( its di/9ctive m>k2 b !re is great simil>ity 9 _! glaze & o!r details to ! pieces pa9t$ by ano!r excell5t h& :o signs ) ! lett]s ,f4 ,r4 ,illu/ration ,d4 ,a multitude ( homeless casuals h be5 attribut$ to ! work%ops ( ,fa5za1 f te*nical *>act]i/ics & mann] ( decoration1 :ile z _m m ( some:at diff]5t complexion h be5 promiscu\sly *>g$ ^u ,urb9o4 ,our ignorance ( ! exact localities ( _! production f want ( evid5ce leads to ?is d\btful g5]alization1 & until ! discov]y ( sign$ specim5s by ! same h&s1 or docum5tal record1 we mu/ /ill 9 num]\s cases re/ cont5t ) our assumption4 ,illu/ration ,_m e>ly pieces1 modell$ 9 high relief & 9 ! r\nd1 are probably ( ?is orig94 ,! v f9e tazza1 repres5t$ 9 ! woodcut1 is a good example4 ,!y diff] f p>allel pieces ascrib$ to ,caffaggiolo 9 a c]ta9 rigidity ( modell+1 ! use ( a %ad+ & outl9e ( a d>k] or m indigo-l blue1 & a free application ( yell[ & orange pigm5ts2 a m go?ic s5tim5t also prevails f ! influ5ce ( ! ,g]man s*ool1 & we f9d subjects copi$ or d]iv$ f ! works ( ,dr]1 ,m>t9 ,s*n1 c41 m frequ5tly ^u ! high] class ( ,fa5t9e w>es ?an on ^? ( pa9t]s work+ at ! m s\!rn c5tres ( ! art4 ,! contempor>y pieces ( ,caffaggiolo are m ,italian 9 s5tim5t1 ! blue pigm5t ( great] brilliancy1 a purple also us$1 & a ?ick] glaze ( great ri*ness & m t5dre effect4 ,f an e>ly p]iod ,fa5za seems to h produc$ a l>ge numb] ( electu>y pots & ph>macy bottles2 a pair are 9 ! htel ,cluny1 "o be>+ ! "n ,,fa5za1 ! o!r #aejj4 ,_m ( ^! vases are decorat$ 9 ! /yle kn[n z a qu>ti]e1 be+ divid$ into comp>tm5ts1 pa9t$ 9 bright yell[1 c41 on d>k blue1 ) foliat$ & o!r ornam5t1 & usually hav+ a m$allion ) pr(ile head or subject on "o side1 "u :i* ! "n ( ! drug 9 go?ic lett]+ is inscrib$ on a ribbon4 ,a curi\s example is 9 ! ,briti% museum2 a l>ge flask-%ap$ bottle ( d>k blue gr\nd ) yell[ leafage & ) twi/$ h&les1 ^u ! m$allion ( :i* is repres5t$ a be> clasp+ a column1 ) ! inscription 8et s>rimo boni amici10 allusive1 9 all probability1 to ! reconciliation ( ! rival h\ses ( ,ors9i & ,colonna 9 #aeag4 ,we w\ld "h ref] to ! frequ5t occurr5ce on ^! vases1 z occasionally ^u o!r pieces1 ( ph>maceutical & ecclesia/ical signs1 lett]s1 c4 surm\nt$ by ! ar*iepiscopal cross & o!r emblems :i* we believe h ref]5ce to ! uses ( mona/ic & private ph>macies = :i* ! s]vices 7 made1 & n to be conf\nd$1 z has be5 too frequ5tly ! case1 ) ! m>ks ( boteghe or ( ! pa9t]s ( ! piece4 ,^! emblems h no o!r value to u ?an ! clue :i* !y might af=d to pati5t inve/igation ( ! locality & bro!rhood ( ! conv5tual e/abli%m5t to :i* !y may h belong$1 & among ! ar*ives ( :i* may be record$ ! date & ! fabrique by :i* !y 7 furni%$4 ,b :at are ( f> great] int]e/ are ^? admirable e>ly pieces1 pa9t$ by c]amic arti/s ( ! fir/ rank1 :o1 beyond a r>e monogram or date1 h left no record ( _! place or "n2 & ^: highly-priz$ works1 = _! au?ors are sev]al1 are jeal\sly gu>d$ 9 our public & private museums4 ,"s ( ^!1 ) reasonable probability1 are believ$ to h be5 execut$ at ,fa5za4 ,sev]al examples are pres]v$1 ( an e>ly "*1 p]haps ! "w ( "o h&1 :o m>k$ !m on ! back ) a l>ge ,m cross$ by a p>aphe4 ,!y are usually plateaux ) rais$ c5tre1 on :i* is a portrait head1 or %all[ di%es ) flat bord]4 ,v>iations ( ! lett] ,f are f\nd on pieces1 "s ( :i* are fairly ascribable to ?is fabrique1 b we ne$ n po9t out ! fact t _m o!r localities ( ! manufacture c claim ! same = _! initial lett]1 & t ! *>act]i/ics & te*nical qualities ( ! pieces !mselves are a necess>y te/4 ,lat] 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 :5 subject pa9t+ cov]+ ! :ole surface ( ! piece 0 9 g5]al fa%ion 7i/oriata71 ! unsign$ works produc$ at ,fa5za are difficult to di/+ui% f ^? ( o!r fabriques4 ,"s examples exi/ 9 collections1 z "o 9 ! ,l\vre ) ! subject ( a cavalry skirmi% & inscrib$ #aefa 9 ,fa5ca1 b we h no k ( _! pa9t]s1 & ev5 ! occurr5ce ( ! "n ( t city is b r>ely met )4 ,h] w>es are usually ri*ly ornam5t$ on ! back ) imbrication1 z 0 ! mann] ( ,man>a1 or ) conc5tric l9es ( blue1 yell[1 orange4 ,e4 ,( ! pott]y produc$ at ,fa5za dur+ ! sev5te5? & ! la/ c5tury we h b little record4 ,"s ph>macy vases are m5tion$ by ,m4 ,jacquem>t sign$ 8,&rea ,pantales ,p+it1 #afaf10 b ! signature does n appe> to be accompani$ by ! "n ( t city4 ,9 #afci ,francesco ,vic*ij 0 ! proprietor ( ! mo/ important fabrique4 ,a mod]n e/abli%m5t pr(esses to occupy ! premises ( ! anci5t ,casa ,pirota1 :]e we h se5 fairly good reproductions ( ! ord9>y sopra azzuro plates ( ! old botega1 b ^! are b weak imitations1 & ! glory ( ,fa5t9e c]amic art mu/ be look$ = 9 museums4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,=l1 ,,f]r>a1 ,,etc4 ,! fir/ notice we h ( ! pott]y ( ,,=l is m]ely indirect1 occurr+ 9 a docum5t ref]r$ to by ,pass]i & dat$ z e>ly z #acif1 a passage 9 :i* speaks ( ,john ,p$r9us 8=m]ly ( ! pott]ies ( ,=l & n[ an inhabitant ( ,pes>o20 ?us prov+ t su* a manufactory did exi/ at ! =m] t[n previ\s to t date2 b x does n in=m u :e!r x 0 m ?an a furnace = ! production ( ord9>y w>es4 ,piccolpasso ref]s to ! pa9t$ majolica ( ,=l1 & !re c be no d\bt f ! examples we /ill possess t at ! "t he wrote1 9 ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 x 0 well kn[n z "o ( ! important fabriques ( nor!rn ,italy4 ,our next evid5ce is m direct1 & consi/s ( a s]ies ( examples 9 ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton museum1 ! c>eful comp>ison ( :i* has l$ to ! conclusion t ! w>es produc$ at ! botega ( ,mae/ro ,j]onimo 787 at ! latt] end ( ! fifte5? & e>ly "p ( ! sixte5? c5tury 7 ( a v high ord]4 ,t numb]$ #gdaj is ! f9e/ piece ) :i* ! writ] is acqua9t$1 "p ( an hi/orical s]vice made = ,mat?ias ,corv9us1 k+ ( ,hung>y1 ^: arms are emblazon$ on ! rim4 ,x has hi!rto be5 a "q z to :i* ( ! e>ly manufactories ! production ( ?is s]vice c\ld be attribut$1 b we ?9k t !re c be no hesitation1 aft] a comp>ison ) o!r pieces1 9 classify+ x z a production ( ,=l4 ,! pretty plate no4 #ahjc 7engrav$7 approa*es ne>] to ! mann] ( ! f9] w>es ( ,=l ?an to any o!r fabrique ) :i* we c connect x1 & ! pavem5t ( tiles no4 #cj1 on :i* occurs ! date #aeac1 is rem>kable1 z %[n 9 ! next engrav+1 = ! portrait heads introduc$1 "o ( :i* is t ( ! celebrat$ ,melozzo2 ! o!r may p]haps be t ( ! arti/ :o execut$ ! "w1 & :o is unque/ionably ! same z ! pa9t] ( ! ,m i]o plate2 f an inscription ( d\btful read+ x may be und]/ood t he signs ?is "w z 8,petrus10 :ile ! lett] ,r1 ! initial ( 8 patronymic1 occurs ) ,p at ! side ( :at may be int5d$ = 8 portrait4 ,illu/ration ,mr4 ,b>k] _h a plate1 f ! ,delsette collection1 subject ! /ory ( ,alex&] & ,roxana1 on :i* is inscrib$ 8,leo*adius ,solobr9us picsit =olivia mece #aeee20 & 9 ! museum at ,bologna is a bas9 on :i* is pa9t$ a repres5tation ( ! supp] at :i* ,m>y ,magdal5e wa%es ,jesus' feet2 on ! back x is sign$ by ! same arti/1 ) ! date #aefd4 ,?is is ! late/ sign$ & dat$ piece ( ! fabrique ) :i* we are acqua9t$4 ,illu/ration ,pott]ies are said to h be5 e/abli%$ at ,,bologna & ,,imola1 & pieces h be5 ascrib$ to !m4 ,a plate is 9 a ,fr5* collection1 well pa9t$ & ( ab\t ! ye> #aejj1 :i* has ! "n ( ,,rav5na on ! rev]se4 ,pass+ to ! nor!rn du*ies ( ,italy we f9d t ,alfonso ,i41 duke ( ,f]r>a1 f\nd means1 not)/&+ 8 tr\bl$ & w>like rule1 to e/abli% a fabrique ( ,maiolica at 8 ca/le 9 ,,f]r>a4 ,al?\gh ! precise p]iod ( ! introduction ( ! art is unkn[n1 z e>ly z #adcf ! "n ( 8,mae/ro ,b5$etto bocal>o 9 ,ca/ello0 is record$2 9 #adgb "o ,enrico1 & 9 #adhi ,gio4 da ,mod5a1 are nam$2 :ile 9 a memoriale ( exp5ses 9 #addc occurs ! fir/ m5tion ( pa9t$ & glaz$ w>es4 ,a curi\s docum5t 9 ! ar*ives ( ,mantua1 dat$ #adid1 tells u t ,isabella 7d',e/e71 wife ( ! m>quis ( ,mantua 7,gonzaga71 _h s5t a plate :i* _h be5 brok5 into ?ree pieces to be repair$ at ,f]r>a by ! ,mae/ri work+ at ! ca/le2 ?is 0 done1 & ! m5d$ plate return$ at ! desire ( ! du*ess ( ,f]r>a ) ano!r z a pres5t4 ,f #aejf to #aebb ! arti/ic works seem to h be5 discont9u$1 probably on acc\nt ( ! w>s 9 :i* ! duke 0 engag$3 & f #aecd to #aeei1 dur+ ! reign ( ,ercole ,,ii41 ! "w does n seem to h be5 enc\rag$4 ,pietro-,paolo ,/anghi ( ,fa5za is ! only arti/ record$1 hav+ made ! ornam5ts to a /ove 9 ! ca/le2 b ,alfonso ,,ii4 took m int]e/ 9 ! manufacture1 & ,vas>i speaks ( ! f9e productions ( 8 furnaces4 ,ne>ly half a c5tury !n pass$ away be=e we he> ( fre% exp]im5ts 9 ! production ( porcela9 direct$ by ,m4 ,camillo1 ( ,urb9o1 assi/$ by 8 bro!r ,batti/a1 & :i* seem to h result$ 9 success4 ,:5 injur$ by ! accid5tal explosion ( a cannon1 :i* ultimately caus$ 8 dea? & t ( ?ree g5tlem5 9 #aefg1 he kept ! secret1 refus+ to divulge x4 ,?is ev5t is m5tion$ by ,b]n>do ,canigiani1 ! ambassador ( ! ,flor5t9e c\rt1 :o speaks ( ,camillo da ,urb9o z a mak] ( vases1 pa9t]1 & *emi/1 & ! true mod]n discov]] ( porcela91 8,ritrovatore mod]no alla porcellana40 ,x w\ld seem1 h[ev]1 t 8 bro!r1 ,batti/a1 mu/ h kn[n some?+ ( ! process1 :i* he may h be5 able to p]fect by exp]im5ts1 = x appe>s t betwe5 #aefh & #aefi ! "w 0 cont9u$1 z on ! #ag? ,decemb] ( ! latt] ye> an entry is made ( an unusual all[ance ( w9e = a workman engag$ 9 prep>+ ! +r$i5ts 8p] f> porcellani40 ,! cruet or vase1 "h engrav$1 is ( ab\t ?is p]iod2 x is at ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 no4 #eje4 ,illu/ration ,x is greatly to be regrett$ t we h at pres5t no clue by :i* we c1 ev5 ) probability1 attribute any ( ! examples ( maiolica 9 our collections to ! e>li] works ( ! ,fa5t9e arti/s produc$ "u ,alfonso ,i4 at ,f]r>a2 ! m s z bo? "u 8 reign & "u t ( ,alfonso ,,ii4 ! fabrique 0 conduct$1 n ) a view to pr(it or comm]cial ent]prise1 b simply f pr9cely magnific5ce & a love ( art4 ,! produce 0 = _! own use1 & = pres5ts among fri5ds1 b n = sale2 we may !re=e conclude t x 0 ( highly arti/ic & great te*nical excell5ce4 ,?is 0 exceptional among ! pott]ies ( t p]iod 9 ,italy1 mo/ ( :i* 7 comm]cial und]tak+s1 m or less patroniz$ & enc\rag$ by ! rul+ families ( _! sev]al localities4 ,"s ,f]r>ese pieces h d\btless be5 pres]v$1 & are probably n[ class$ among ^? ( ,fa5za ) :i* !y mu/ h a great aff9ity4 ,x is n till #aegi1 :5 ! art 0 9 decl9e & :5 ! ,urb9o /yle ( ornam5tation prevail$1 t1 on ! occasion ( ! m>riage ( ,alfonso ,,ii41 x is believ$ t a cr$5za 0 made1 ! pieces ( :i* are to be recogniz$ by be>+ ! device ( a burn+ pyre ) ! motto 8,ardet t]num40 ,! pieces ( ?is s]vice h a di/9ctive "* ( _! own1 & al?\gh _! connection ) ,f]r>a may be m]ely "o ( own]%ip & n ( orig91 we ?9k x well to class !m "u t head because we h no o!r /&>d to :i* we c atta* all t is kn[n ( ! hi/ory ( t pr9cely botega1 & because ^! pieces h1 9 default ( positive evid5ce to ! contr>y1 be5 accept$ z ,f]r>ese4 ,!y are rem>kable = ! purity ( ! :ite enamel gr\nd2 ! grotesques are by ano!r h& ?an ^? on pieces univ]sally believ$ to be ( ! lat] p]iod ( ,urb9o or ( ,pes>o1 b !y are n easily di/+ui%$ )\t exam9ation ( ! specim5s side by side4 ,two pieces are 9 ! ,l\vre1 two o!rs are at ,s\? ,k5s+ton4 ,alfonso ,,ii4 di$ 9 #aeig1 aft] :i* ! duk$om 0 absorb$ into ! ,/ates ( ! ,*ur*4 ,! ,e/e remov$ to ,mod5a1 to :i* place ! cont5ts ( ! palace at ,f]r>a 7 c>ri$1 includ+ ! old maiolica1 "s ( :i* is m5tion$ 9 inv5tories ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,a few pieces :i* escap$ de/ruction dur+ ! ,fr5* invasion ( ,italy 7 ga!r$ f neglect$ corn]s ( ! palace1 & plac$ 9 ! public gall]y ( ,mod5a 9 #ahei4 ,al?\gh ! antique pott]y ( ,,mod5a is ref]r$ to by ,pl9y & by ,livy1 we h no exact record or m>k$ example ( w>es produc$ !re dur+ ! p]iod ( ! r5aissance4 ,mod5ese arti/s 9 t]ra-cotta work$ at ,f]r>a1 & ,cri/(oro da ,mod5a 0 boccal>o to ! duke ( t t]ritory 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,piccolpasso names ,mod5a z a place :]e maiolica 0 produc$1 b :e!r ( a sup]ior or ( a m ord9>y k9d we are n in=m$4 ,9 ! la/ c5tury ,gem9iano ,cozzi1 ( t city1 0 ! lead+ mak] ( porcela9 at ,v5ice ab\t #agfe1 b ! monopoly grant$ to ! fabrique ( ,sassuolo imp$$ ! manufacture ( enamell$ w>es else:]e 9 ! du*y4 ,at ,,sassuolo1 a t[n prettily situat$ t5 miles to ! s\? ( ,mod5a1 an e/abli%m5t = ! manufacture ( enamell$ e>!nw>e 0 introduc$ by ,gio4 ,&rea ,f]r>i 9 #agda4 ,x w\ld seem t he obta9$ f ! duke ,francesco ,,iii4 ! "r ( mak+ ord9>y :ite & pa9t$ maiolica1 z ! /annif]\s enamell$ w>es 7 !n univ]sally d5om9at$1 to ! exclusion ( all rivals 9 ! du*y & all importation f o!r p>ts1 except dur+ ! fair held at ,reggio4 ,! "w comm5c$ 9 #agdb1 & 9 a few ye>s he 0 jo9$ by ,gio4 ,m>ia ,dall>i4 ,_! rights 7 f "t to "t r5ew$1 & 9 #agef confirm$ to ! ext5t ( grant+ ! monopoly to ! family = ?ree g5]ations2 ! mat]ials 7 n to be *>g$ ) import duty1 & ! advantages secur$ to ! fabrique 7 fur!r ext5d$ 9 #agfa by ev5 exclud+ ! =eign w>es f ! fair at ,reggio2 ! manufactur]s on _! "p be+ b\nd to supply ! du*y ) an abundance ( good w>es at mod]ate prices4 ,^! w>es produc$ 7 v>i\s1 among o!rs f9] pieces pa9t$ 9 ! ,japanese /yle & ) fl[]s & gild+2 gr\ps ( figures 7 also made1 & a l>ge export bus9ess c>ri$ on4 ,f a docum5t 9 ! ,ar*ivio della cam]a di comm]cio1 x w\ld appe> t ! art 0 introduc$ at ,,mantua ab\t #adej1 & t its work]s _h _! /atutes :i* 7 alt]$ & am5d$ f "t to "t2 b we are q unable to judge ( ! "* ( ! w>es produc$4 ,!y 7 presumably ( an inf]ior quality1 = we h already se5 t ,isabella ,d',e/e 9 #adid procur$ maiolica = h] own use f ,f]r>a1 ,urb9o1 c41 :i* w\ld argue t ! pott]y ( ,mantua 0 inf]ior4 ,9 ! second half ( t c5tury ,s*iv5oglia m5tions a bottega di ,maioli1 conduct$ by "o ,zonan ,antonio ,majol>o1 & rema9s ( a furnace ) fragm5ts ( w>es 7 discov]$ 9 #ahfd on ! riva al ,lago inf]iore1 f :5ce a small plate 0 procur$1 pa9t$ ) a female bu/1 arabesques1 c4 ,campori sugge/s t ! impresa adopt$ by ,francesco ,gonzaga aft] ! battle ( ,t>o1 namely a crucible 9 a fire & conta9+ +ots ( gold1 may be a di/+ui%+ m>k ( ! ,mantuan faence ev5 ( a lat] p]iod4 ,our k ( ! production ( ,maiolica1 or r ( arti/ic enamell$ pott]y1 9 ,,v5ice may be said to beg9 ) ! ye> #aedj4 ,previ\s to t date !re c be little d\bt t ! ,v5etian ov5s produc$ enamell$ w>es ( great] or less m]it1 b we h no suffici5t record ( _! "*4 ,m4 ,jacquem>t believes t works exi/$ at ,v5ice z e>ly z ! second half ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 argu+ t if ! qualities ( ! ,v5etian pott]y 7 ( s high an ord] at t p]iod z to induce ! inv5tor ( ! celebrat$ bianco di ,f]r>a to ord] vases = 8 own ph>macy1 x mu/ h be5 develop$ & p]fect$ f an e>li] date4 ,b signor ,laz>i consid]$ t ! examples ( glaz$ tiles exi/5t 9 ! sacri/y ( ! *ur* ( ,/a4 ,el5a at ,v5ice1 hav+ ! arms ( ! ,giu/9iani family & dat+ ab\t #adej-hj2 z also ^? 9 ! ,l&o *apel ( ,s4 ,seba/iano1 hav+ a monogram & ! date #aeaj1 & o!r examples ant]ior to ab\t #aede1 7 importations f ,fa5za or f ,ca/el ,durante2 an op9ion %>$ by ! writ] aft] a c>eful exam9ation ( ^? pavem5ts4 ,! woodcut1 h[ev]1 p4 #ahb repres5ts a v f9e di% :i* we may reasonably ascribe to ,v5ice2 ( ab\t ! ye> #aedj3 n[ at ,k5s+ton1 no4 #ddch4 ,sir ,william ,drake quotes a petition1 dat$ #affd1 f ! guild ( ! 8,boccal]i0 ( ,v5ice1 9 :i* ref]5ce is made to previ\s decrees 9 _! fav\r issu$ 9 ! ye>s #adee1 #adgb1 & #aeah1 prohibit+ ! importation ( =eign e>!nw>e2 & a decree ( ! s5ate 9 #affe prohibit+ ! importation or sale 9 ,v5ice ( any sort ( =eign e>!nw>e by any p]son ,illu/ration n be+ a memb] ( ! guild1 b ^u ! condition t t body %\ld keep ! city well suppli$ ) 8lates9i10 & t %ops %\ld be kept op5 = its sale4 ,f ! g5]al t5or ( ?is petition we may reasonably inf] t at ! p]iod ( its pres5tation ! pott]'s art 9 ,v5ice 0 r$uc$ to ! production ( v ord9>y w>es4 ,x is curi\s also1 & p]haps confirmatory ( ! inf]iority ( ,v5etian arti/ic pott]y1 t an exception 9 ! decree aga9/ importation %\ld be made 9 fav\r ( ! maiolica ( ,val5cia1 :i* we "k also to h be5 import$ into ,g5oa4 ,?is w>e1 :i* _h once be5 excell5t1 _h greatly det]iorat$ 9 #affd4 ,! culm9at+ p]iod ( ! excell5ce ( ,v5etian pott]y 9 respect to pa9t+ & design 0 probably ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,! e>lie/ dat$ example is a deep circul> di% 9 ! writ]'s collection1 ! c5tre ( :i* is occupi$ by ! figure ( a m]maid float+ on ! sea1 a horn 9 h] "r h&1 & reg>d+ h]self 9 a mirror :i* %e holds 9 h] left2 ! wide bord] is cov]$ ) intricate & v elegant arabesque sprays ( foliage ) fruits & fl[]s1 among :i* are birds4 ,! :ole is pa9t$ 9 dull pale blue on a grey enamel & height5$ ) :ite1 & on ! rev]se is ! inscription 8#aedj ,,adi #af ,,del ,,mexe ,,deotvbre40 ,9 ! ,brunswick museum !re is a l>ge di%1 hav+ ! subject ( ,moses & ,a>on entreat+ ,ph>aoh1 ) a ri* bord] ( m$allions figurative ( ! mon?s1 c41 & ! inscription 8#aefh4 ,z5] ,dom5igo da ,v5ecia ,feci 9 la botega al ponte sito del ,&> a ,san ,paolo40 ,pieces are 9 v>i\s collections hav+ = m>k a ,c-=m$ fi% hook1 ) loop at "o extremity & b>b$ po9t at ! o!r4 ,! only "n :i* occurs 9 connexion ) ^! examples is t ( "o ,dionigi ,m>9i1 :o signs a plate hav+ ?is m>k twice repeat$1 & ! date #afcf4 ,9 #agec ! ,b]tol9i obta9$ a decree ( ! s5ate p]mitt+ !m to op5 a %op 9 ,v5ice = ! sale ( _! maiolica1 free = t5 ye>s ( all import & export duties4 ,not)/&+1 ! manufactory _h ceas$ be=e ! expiration ( ! t]m ( ! decree 9 #agfc1 :5 x 0 annull$4 ,! lead+ *>act]i/ic ( ! enamell$ pott]y produc$ at ,v5ice 9 ! sixte5? c5tury is a close buff-col\r$ body1 cov]$ by an ev5 glaze ( grey col\r1 produc$ by ! ad mixture ( a small portion ( zaffre1 & kn[n z 8smalt9o40 ,^u ?is ! design 0 outl9$ & %ad$ 9 blue1 ( a r l[ tone1 ! high lights be+ t\*$ 9 ) :ite4 ,engrav$ ,illu/ration is a l>ge di%1 v elegantly ornam5t$1 probably made ab\t #aedj4 ,! rev]se ( ! di%es g5]ally h a belt ( foliat$ sprays r\nd ! rim1 & radiat+ flut+s or alt]nat+ ?9 & ?ick] l9es r\nd ! 8cavetto40 ,x is wor?y ( rem>k t "s ( ! ,paduan w>es are simil>ly ornam5t$1 & we may !nce inf] "s connexion betwe5 ! e/abli%m5ts or an attempt at imitation2 ! fact t a cross 0 adopt$ z a m>k at bo? places is also notewor?y4 ,illu/ration ,! ,v5etian w>es ( ! la/ c5tury :i*1 )\t positive pro(1 are g5]ally believ$ to h be5 produc$ by ! ,b]tol9i h also di/9ctive qualities4 ,!y are rem>kable = _! ?9ness & lightness2 bak$ at a high temp]ature1 !y are almo/ z sonor\s z metal2 ! ornam5tation r\nd ! rim is frequ5tly execut$ 9 rilievo1 & !y h be5 mi/ak5 = enamell$ copp] ) rep\ss fl[]s1 c4 ,! col\rs us$ 7 g5]ally blue & br[n1 ) yell[ occasionally1 on a pale blue or dull :ite gr\nd4 ,illu/ration ,we mu/ ref] to ! l>ge catalogue ( ! collection ( ,maiolica at ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 = notices ( ! less important e/abli%m5ts at ,,treviso1 ,,bassano1 ,,padua1 ,,v]ona1 & "s o!r t[ns3 z also at ,,milan1 ,,tur91 & ,,naples4 ,9 ! la/ city1 at ! royal fabrique ( ,capo di ,monte e/abli%$ 9 #agcf1 sev]al v>ieties ( f9e w>e 7 made1 f a beautiful artificial porcela9 to a faence ( high quality1 ( :i*1 h[ev]1 little seems to h be5 produc$4 ,9 e l>ge collection pieces w be f\nd = :i* x is n easy to assign any place z ! fabrique at :i* !y 7 produc$4 ,! v int]e/+ piece 79 ! woodcut p4 #ahe7 at ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 no4 #befb1 is an example3 x is ( e>ly date1 & a c]ta9 ori5tal "* ab\t ! design w\ld sugge/ ! influ5ce ( ,moori% pott]s4 ,ano!r su* example is ! di%1 no4 #beic1 ( ! fifte5? c5tury & probably ( ,tuscan orig92 we give also a woodcut ( ?is4 ,,! ,,end4 ,,index4 ,alhambra1 tiles & vase1 #ad1 #ge 8 vase1 copy1 #gg ,alt> pieces1 ascrib$ to ,giorgio1 #aad ,amatorii pieces1 #fd ,anatolian w>es1 #ga ,&reoli1 mae/ro ,giorgio1 #bi1 #cf1 #db1 #aad 8 8 use ( ! ruby t9t1 #aah 8 di/9ctions ( 8 works1 #aah1 #aai 8 fir/ dat$ piece1 #abj 8 8 & sign$1 #aba 8 *>act]i/ics1 #abb ,arabic inscriptions1 #af ,babylonian pott]y1 #e ,bac9i1 at ,pes>o1 c41 #aj1 #ah1 #bb ,b>bat9a1 expla9$1 #abi ,b>tolomeo1 #aeb ,bassano1 #ahf ,beads1 maiolica1 #fd ,b5$etto1 mae/ro1 #agg ,betro?al di%es1 #cj ,boccol]i1 ( ,v5ice1 _! petition1 #aha ,bologna1 #agf ,borgo san ,sepol]o1 #aed ,botega1 ! mean+1 #a ,ca*an w>e1 #ff ,cs>e da ,fa5za1 #aea ,caffaggiolo1 #bg 8 "u ! ,m$ici1 #dc 8 usual subjects1 #fb 8 pott]ies1 #hh 8 *>act]i/ics1 #hi 8 examples at ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 #ib 8 "n v>i\sly spelt1 #id ,calata-,girone pott]ies1 #he ,camillo da ,urb9o1 #agg ,campani1 ,f]d9&o1 #aed ,capo di monte1 #ahf ,ca/el ,durante1 #cg1 #abg1 #abh 8 e>lie/ sign$ piece1 #acj1 #acb 8 g5]al decoration1 #acj ,c5cio1 mae/ro1 #abd ,*igi1 c>d9al1 at ,san ,quirico1 #aed ,*9ese porcela91 imitations1 #df ,ci>la1 #aeb ,c(f9s1 made ( w>e1 #e ,damascus plate1 #ac 8 w>e1 #fh 8 ! "n %\ld be reviv$1 #fi 8 lamp1 #fi 8 two v>ieties1 #fi ,diruta1 madrep]la1 #cj 8 pott]ies1 #aed ,discs1 on walls at ,bologna1 c41 #aj ,discs1 at ,pisa1 #ah ,duccio1 ,ago/9o1 #bh ,egyptians1 anci5tly us$ glaze1 #c 8 turquoise blue1 #e ,elizabe?an 8,damascus0 w>e1 #fi ,enamell$ w>es1 #ab ,engli% reproductions1 #ej1 #gd ,enrico da ,mod5a1 #agg ,f4 ,r4 monogram1 #agj ,fabriano1 pott]ies1 #aeg 8 m>k & date1 #aeg1 #aeh ,fabrique1 ! mean+1 #a ,fa5za1 examples #bc1 c41 #dj 8 orig9 ( "n1 #fa1 #afc 8 pott]ies1 #afc 8 e>lie/ dates1 #afd 8 five divisions1 #aff 8 e>ly *>act]i/ics1 #aga 8 late examples1 #agc ,fay5ce1 h[ made1 #c ,f]r>a pott]ies1 #cd1 #agg 8 examples1 #agi ,flor5t9e porcela91 #dg ,fontana1 ,camillo1 #cg1 #adg 8 ,flam9io1 #adh 8 ,francesco1 #abg 8 ,orazio1 #dc1 #aci1 #adf 8 orig9ally ,pellip>ii1 #abg1 #acg 8 ,guido1 #adb 8 ,gironimo1 #adg ,=g]ies1 #di1 #abf ,=l1 #age ,=n>9a1 #de ,francesco ,durant9o1 #aej ,franco1 ,batti/a1 #dc1 #aej ,fr5* reproductions1 #ej1 #gd ,furnaces1 z expla9$ by ,piccolpasso1 #ef ,gabriele1 #aeb ,g]man1 e>ly enamel glaz+1 #ba ,giannantonio1 #aeb ,giorgio4 ,see ,&reoli4 ,giovanni da ,mod5a1 #agg ,glaze1 vitre\s1 inv5t$ 9 ! ,ea/1 #a1 #b 8 ^u tiles1 #i ,gombrn w>e1 #fg ,grco-,roman pott]y1 #h ,gubbio1 vases1 c41 #ch 8 w>es1 #aaa 8 e>ly date1 #aac ,guy1 f ,ca/el ,durante1 #aeb ,hispano-moresque vase1 #ae 8 pott]y1 r>e 9 ,spa91 #bj 8 a d\btful v>iety1 #ga 8 =m]ly undi/+ui%$1 #ge 8 v>ieties1 #gf ,h\se ( ,loretto1 du/ collect$ to make cups1 c41 #afj ,imola1 #agf ,isabella d',e/e1 #agg ,ispahan tiles1 #fg ,italian pott]y1 v>i\s names11 #fa ,ivia pott]ies1 #gi ,lanfran*i family1 #dj 8 w>es1 #ajd ,lead-glaz$ w>es1 #f ,l9dus w>es1 #fe1 #fi ,lomb>d pott]ies1 #cd ,loreto drug pots & vases1 #dc1 #add1 #ade 8 pott]ies1 #aei ,lu/re1 appli$ 9 ,p]sia1 c41 #f 8 e>lie/ trace 9 ,europe1 #ah 8 madrep]la1 #cj ,lu/re pigm5ts1 ! secret lo/1 #abf 8 mod]n imitations1 #abf ,madrep]la lu/re1 #cj ,mae/ro1 ! title1 #aad ,maiolica1 ! t]m1 #bj1 #gh1 #aab 8 prop] re/riction1 #ba 8 vases or drug pots at ,loreto1 #dc 8 beads1 #fd ,majorca w>e1 #gg ,malaga w>e1 #gf ,man>a 7,baldas>a71 #afi ,mantua1 pott]ies1 #ahj ,m>iana 7,gian71 #aeb ,m>iani1 #aeb ,m]l9o1 ,guido1 #aea ,metallic lu/re1 #ah ,metauro loam1 #abh ,mezza-maiolica1 #ba 8 outl9es & designs1 #cj ,milan1 #ahf ,mod5a1 pott]ies1 #agi ,monte ,lupo pott]y1 #ajj 8 inscription1 #aja ,moori% p]iods 9 ,spa91 #ad 8 9 ,sicily1 #ag 8 art1 prohibit$ 9 ,spa91 #gf ,mosque lamp1 #fi ,nah9na w>e1 #fg ,naples1 reproductions1 #ej 8 pott]ies1 #ahf ,nat9z w>e1 #fg ,nicola da ,urb9o1 #ach 8 fir/ sign$ piece1 #ach ,orazio 7,fontana7 examples1 #adf ,padua1 #ahf ,patanati1 _! productions1 #aeb ,patanati1 ,v9c5zio1 8 *ildi% attempts1 #aeb ,pellip>ii1 aft]w>ds ,fontana1 #abg ,p]sian wall tiles1 #g1 #fe 8 w>e at ,pisa1 #ah 8 8 orig91 #fe 8 8 h[ to be divid$1 #fg ,p]ug9o1 portrait1 #ace ,pes>o1 anci5t pott]ies1 #aj1 #bi1 #cb1 #ajc 8 madrep]la1 #cj1 #ajc 8 r5aissance pott]ies1 #ajc1 #ajf 8 8 inscriptions1 #ajf 8 8 e>lie/ dat$1 #ajh 8 mod]n1 #aaj ,piccolpasso1 8 book1 #ea 8 8 botega1 #aab ,pic*i1 ,georgio1 #aeb ,pirota 7casa71 #aff ,pisa1 pott]ies1 #aja ,plumbe\s glaze1 #h ,pott]y1 or ,fay5ce1 h[ made1 #c 8 ,grco-,roman1 #h 8 be/ p]iod ( ,italian1 #db ,raffaelle1 8 designs1 #db-de 8 w>e1 s-call$1 #fb ,rav5na1 pott]ies1 #cd ,rhodian w>es1 #fi 8 *>act]i/ics1 #gj ,robbia1 ,luca della1 #bb1 #be1 #bg1 #hi 8 ,notice ( 8 life1 by ,mr4 ,rob9son1 #bd 8 ,&rea1 #bh 8 ,giovanni1 #bh 8 ,girolamo1 #bh ,roman pott]ies1 #de 8 9 sixte5? c5tury1 #afj 8 /yle ( decoration1 #afa 8 biscuit porcela91 #afb ,romano1 ,giulio1 #dh ,/4 ,seba/ian1 rilievo1 ascrib$ to ,giorgio1 #abj ,saltzburg1 *imney piece1 #ba ,san ,quirico1 pott]ies1 #aed ,sassuolo1 pott]ies1 #ahj ,sav9o1 ,guido1 #ch ,scodelle1 #fc ,segg]s1 z expla9$ by ,piccolpasso1 #ed ,sgraffiati1 w>es1 #hf 8 8 ! me?od1 #hf ,sicilian lu/r$ w>e1 #hd ,si5a1 pott]ies1 #if 8 m>ks1 #ii ,silvano1 ,francesco1 #aeb ,/annif]\s1 enamel1 e>lie/ date1 #bg ,/rehla1 t]ra-cotta pulpit1 #ba ,teh]an w>e1 #fg ,t]ra-cotta discs1 on walls1 #i1 #aj 8 pulpit1 #ba ,tiles1 on walls1 c41 #aj1 #bb1 #gb 8 ( ! ,alhambra1 #ad 8 at ,leipsic1 #ba 8 9 mosques1 #fe 8 ( ,ispahan1 #fg 8 9 ! ,s]aglio1 #gb 8 mod]n ,indian1 #gc 8 at ,cordova1 #ge 8 at ,si5a1 #if 8 ,fa5za1 #afe ,tondi1 ( ,luca della ,robbia1 #bd ,tond9o1 ! =m1 #fc ,treviso1 #ahf ,tur91 #ahf ,unkn[n fabriques1 examples1 #ahf ,urb9o1 sket* ( ! ducal hi/ory1 #ce 8 vases1 c41 #ch 8 w>e1 ! "n1 #fb 8 anci5t w>es1 #acf 8 decorations1 #aeb 8 no mod]n arti/ic pott]y1 #aec ,val5cia1 pott]ies1 #ad1 #gi1 #hb 8 emblem ( ! ,eagle1 #hj 8 w>e1 br\ght to ,engl& 9 #adjj1 #hc ,vases1 diff]5t %apes z giv5 by ,piccolpasso1 #eb ,v5etian pott]ies1 #cd1 #cg1 #aha 8 e>lie/ dat$1 #ahc ,v]ona1 #ahf ,v4,i4,n41 monogram4 ,see ,c5cio1 #abd ,v9c5zio ,patanati1 #aeb ,vit]bo1 example ( w>e1 #aeh ,vitre\s1 or glass-glaz$ w>es1 #d ,w>e1 s(t & h>d1 #c ,xativa pott]ies1 #hj ,zanto1 ,francesco1 #adh 8 ,mr4 ,rob9son's judgm5t on 8 works1 #adh 8 too sev]e1 #adi ,zonan1 ,antonio1 #aha ,,london3 ,,bradbury1 ,,agnew1 ,,co41 ,,pr9t]s1 ,,:itefri>s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,s\? ,,k5s+ton ,,museum ,,art ,,h&books4 ,,edit$ ,,by ,,william ,,maskell4 #a4 ,,textile ,,fabrics4 ,by ! ,v ,rev4 ,,daniel ,,rock1 ,d4,d4 ,) num]\s ,woodcuts4 #b4 ,,ivories3 ,,anci5t ,,& ,,m$i,,val4 ,by ,,william ,,maskell4 ,) num]\s ,woodcuts4 #c4 ,,anci5t ,,& ,,mod]n ,,furniture ,,& ,,woodwork4 ,by ,,john ,,hung]=d ,,poll54 ,) num]\s ,woodcuts4 #d4 ,,maiolica4 ,by ,c4 ,,drury ,e4 ,,=tnum1 ,f4,s4,a4 ,) num]\s ,woodcuts4 #e4 ,,musical ,,in/rum5ts4 ,by ,,c>l ,,engel4 ,) num]\s ,woodcuts4