,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #a4 ,! ,connecticut ,valley z x is se5 f ,m\nt ,sug>loaf4 ,! we/]n highl& %[s ?r\gh ! p9e b\ghs at ! extreme "r4 ,! ea/]n highl& balances x on ! f> left4 ,! ,holyoke ,range hems ! bas9 on ! s\? except at ! gap :]e ! riv] escapes to ! ,spr+field area4 ,! ,fl[ ( ,"t ,,9 ,,! ,,connecticut ,,valley ,geological ,impr9ts by ,,george ,w4 ,,ba9 & ,,h[>d ,a4 ,,mey]h(f ,! ,hamp%ire ,book%op ,,booksell]s ,,& ,,publi%]s ,,nor?ampton1 ,,mass4 #aidb ,,copyright1 #aidb1 ,,by ,,! ,,hamp%ire ,,book%op ,cont5ts ,introduction ix ,today & ,ye/]day #a ,! ,riv] ,works #a ,! ,l&scape ,*anges #d ,glaci]s ,came #h ,j ,be=e ! ,ice ,age #i ,riv]s ,c>ri$ (f ! ,ev]la/+ ,hills #aa ,be=e ! ,riv]s ,cut ! ,valleys #ad ,! ,mosaic ( ,c5tral ,massa*usetts #ah ,! ,r$ ,rock ,bas9 #ah ,a ,d9osaur ,di>y #ba ,volcanoes #bc ,! ,orig9al ,valley #bh ,hot ,spr+s 9 ,c5tral ,massa*usetts #cj ,! ,m>g9al ,upl&s #cj ,! ,ea/]n ,upl& #cb ,coal ,swamps 9 ,massa*usetts & ,rhode ,isl& #cc ,! ,we/]n ,upl& #cd ,! ,/ory ( ,c5tral ,massa*usetts #ch ,int]e/+ ,places #ea ,m\nt ,l9coln 9 ,pelham #ea ,m\nt ,toby #eb ,! ,sund]l& ,caves #ee ,m\nt ,sug>loaf #ef ,turn]s ,falls #eh ,! ,fr5* ,k+ ,bridge #ei ,titan's ,piazza & ,titan's ,pi] #fj ,we/field ,m>ble ,qu>ry #fa ,! ,old ,lead ,m9es #fc ,! ,d9osaur ,tracks ne> ,holyoke #ff ,fossil ,fi%+ #fh ,cal5d> ,b$s #fi ,! ,holyoke ,range #gj ,trips f ,nor?ampton #gh ,nor?ampton1 ,amh]/1 ,pelham #gh ,bel*]t[n1 ,amh]/ & ,nor?ampton #hb ,s\? ,hadley1 ,amh]/1 ,nor?ampton #hc ,holyoke1 ,ea/hampton1 ,nor?ampton #he ,nor?ampton1 ,hadley1 ,sund]l&1 ,hatfield #hf ,nor?ampton1 ,cumm+ton1 ,pla9field & ,s\? ,de]field #hh ,trips f ,gre5field #ia ,mohawk ,trail1 ,adams1 ,pla9field & ,s\? ,de]field #ia ,gre5field1 ,orange1 ,pelham1 ,amh]/ & ,de]field #if ,gre5field1 ,turn]s ,falls1 ,montague1 ,nor? ,amh]/ #ii ,gre5field1 ,turn]s ,falls1 ,montague1 ,sund]l& #ajj ,trips f ,spr+field #ajb ,spr+field1 ,holyoke1 ,ea/hampton & ,we/field #ajb ,we/field to ! ,we/field ,m>ble ,qu>ry #ajd ,optional ,trips #aje ,m9]al & ,rock ,collections #ajf ,! ,m9]als #ajg ,! ,ve9 ,m9]als #ajg ,m9]als ( ,pegmatites & ,igne\s ,rocks #aji ,m9]als ( ,metamorphic ,rocks #aaa ,! ,m9]als ( ,soils & ,rock ,decay #aaa ,! ,m9]als ( ,s$im5t>y ,rocks #aaa ,! ,rocks #aab ,! ,s$im5t>y ,rocks #aac ,! ,igne\s ,rocks #aad ,! ,d>k ,rocks #aae ,! ,m$ium-,color$ ,rocks #aaf ,! ,light-,color$ ,rocks #aaf ,! ,metamorphic ,rocks #aag ,conclusion #abj ,indexes #aba ,plates #a4 ,! ,connecticut ,valley z x is se5 f ,mt4 ,sug>loaf ,front4 #b;a4 ,air view ( ! ox-b[ lake betwe5 ,nor?ampton & ,mt4 ,tom #d #b;b4 ,ro*es m\tonnes ( ! ,pelham ,hills se5 f ,hadley #d #c;a4 ,mt4 ,sug>loaf1 a remnant ( ,triassic rocks disappe>+ gra9 by gra9 d[n ! ,connecticut ,riv] #ab #c;b4 ,mt4 ,monadnock1 a hill surm\nt+ ! ,new ,engl& p5epla91 se5 f ,mt4 ,l9coln #ab #d;a4 ,a d9osaur walk$ f ! ra9drop m>k$ surface at ! "r to a %all[ pond at ! left #bb #d;b4 ,volcanoes eject$ mu* a% & _m bombs to =m ! ,granby tuff #bb #e;a4 ,column> lava re/s ^u r$ s&/one 9 ! cliffs at ,gre5field #cb #e;b4 ,fissures 7 fill$ ) liquid rock t became solid & bond$ wall to wall at ! ,w9dsor ,dam #cb #f4 ,view ( ! ,holyoke ,range f ,mt4 ,l9coln #eb #g;a4 ,view ( ! ,de]field ,riv] gorge em]g+ on valley l[l& z se5 f ,mt4 ,sug>loaf #eh #g;b4 ,view ( ! ,fr5* ,k+ gorge z se5 f ! bridge #eh #h;a4 ,view ( ,titan's ,piazza at ,hockanum %[+ ! columns re/+ ^u ! g5tly incl9$ s&/one #fj #h;b4 ,view ( ! ,spr+field l[l& f ! ,we/field ,m>ble qu>ry #fj #i;a4 ,! d9osaur track pres]ve at ,smi?'s ,f]ry ne> ,holyoke #ff #i;b4 ,v>v$ clays or cal5d> b$s on riv] bank s\? ( ,hadley #ff #aj4 ,view ( ! ,de]field gorge f ! ea/ summit ( ! ,mohawk ,trail #ib ,figures #a4 ,! ,connecticut ,riv] und]cuts ! ,hadley bank #b #b4 ,natural levees s\? ( ! ,sund]l& ,bridge #b #c4 ,block diagram %[+ ma9 features ( c5tral ,massa*usetts at ! pres5t "t #e #d4 ,block diagram %[+ ma9 features ( c5tral ,massa*usetts dur+ recession ( ! ,ice ,%eet #e #e4 ,block diagram %[+ ma9 features ( c5tral ,massa*usetts dur+ excavation ( ! l[l& #ac #f4 ,block diagram %[+ ma9 features ( c5tral ,massa*usetts aft] ,triassic bas9s 7 fill$ #ac #g4 ,map ( ,m\nt ,toby %[+ gorges fill$ ) conglom]ate #bj #h4 ,map %[+ agglom]ate bury+ a fault sc>p on ,not* p[] l9e #bd #i4 ,block diagram %[+ ma9 features ( c5tral ,massa*usetts dur+ volcanic /age #bg #aj4 ,block diagram %[+ ! ,triassic bas9s ( c5tral ,massa*usetts #bg #aa4 ,map ( old volcanic region ne> ,m\nt ,hit*cock & we/ ( ! ,not* #bi #ab4 ,block diagram %[+ topography dur+ =mation ( ! lead ve9s #ca #ac4 ,block diagram ( region dur+ ,middle ,ordovician "t #ci #ad4 ,block diagram ( region at end ( ,ordovician "t #ci #ae4 ,block diagram ( region dur+ ,devonian p]iod #ci #af4 ,block diagram ( region dur+ ,c>bonif]\s p]iod #da #ag4 ,block diagram ( region 9 e>ly ,triassic "t #da #ah4 ,block diagram ( region 9 late ,triassic "t #da #ai4 ,block diagram ( region at op5+ ( ,c5ozoic era #de #bj4 ,block diagram ( region at ! pres5t "t #de #ba4 ,map %[+ location ( int]e/+ places #ec #bb4 ,me&] sc>ps at edge ( flood pla91 ,sund]l& #eg #bc4 ,map ( ! ,lev]ett lead ve9s #fe #bd4 ,diagrams %[+ developm5t ( ,not* & ,not* ,m\nta9 #gd ,introduction ,9 e region !re is an ev5+ drive :i* lures ! city dwell] f ! cramp$ vi/as ( ! (fice1 ! home1 & ! d+y /reets to ! limitless expanse ( hills & valleys1 :]e m5tal t5sion relaxes & vision broad5s z ! physical horizon exp&s & acquires dep?4 ,9 less favor$ localities1 ! drive may be long & ! relaxation %ort1 b n s 9 ! ,connecticut ,valley4 ,half an h\r ( travel1 ei!r to ! ea/ or to ! we/ f any l>ge community1 provides an escape to ! hills1 :]e p1 c>s1 h\ses1 & all ! m9utiae ( urban civilization are blurr$ on ! canvas ( upl& & l[l&4 ,local pride & p]sonal prejudice may proclaim "o view sup]ior to ano!r2 b ! praise s lib]ally be/[$ ^u ! heights beyond ,we/field1 ! ,m\nt ,tom ,res]vation1 ! l& call$ ,go%51 ,%elburne ,summit1 & _m ano!r site1 m]ely bespeaks ! rivalry ( equally favor$ vantage po9ts4 ,p]haps ! trail to ,pelham w\ld n be s+l$ out = special m5tion by ! undiscrim9at+ en?usia/1 b ! connoisseur ( ,new ,engl&'s sc5ic beauty returns & foll[s x aga9 & aga94 ,a good road may take "s cr$it = its popul>ity1 b !re is a deep] cause ?an ?is :i* br+s him back2 =1 if !re is drama 9 sc5]y1 he f9ds x "h4 ,! road leads out ( ,nor?ampton1 & f ! graceful ar* ( ! ,coolidge ,memorial ,bridge he views ! flood-sc>r$ l[l&s t bord] ! riv]1 & across ! flat pla9 into ,hadley he sees visible rem9d]s t riv] & f>m] p]iodically /ruggle ov] own]%ip ( ! l&4 ,!n a rise 9 ! road con/ricts ! view b (f]s a promise ( some?+ diff]5t4 ,ahead1 roll+ fields /ret* to ! beckon+ hills beyond ,amh]/1 b ! hills appe> & disappe> 9 tantaliz+ cad5ce z ! c> tops ea* rise & drops into ! ensu+ holl[4 ,soon ,we/ ,pelham comes into view1 & ! rise to ! highl& beg9s4 ,beside ! road a brook tumbles into ! valley2 & z ! c> climbs ! heights to ,pelham1 & miles ( wood$ l& are sudd5ly spread be=e ! eye1 ! wayf>] realizes t "h is ! dramatic climax to 8 trip & to ! murmur$ /ory ( ! brook4 ,b ! long ridges rea*+ out to ! nor? & to ! s\?1 ! deep valleys betwe5 !m1 & ! sky :i* meets ! f>!/ ridge d n enclose ! panorama4 ,x has a f\r? dim5sion--"t--a dim5sion z limitless z ! horizon4 ,) j a da% ( imag9ation1 ! wayf>] may j\rney backw>d ?r\gh "t2 ?r\gh sc5es ( inf9ite v>iety2 ?r\gh c\ntless ye>s ( unceas+ *ange2 ?r\gh situations s diff]5t t he w\ld sc>cely h recogniz$ 8 ,new ,engl&4 ,! sc>r$ pla9 ( ! riv]1 ! brook1 ! soil1 ! rocks1 ! upl& & ! valley1--all tell a fasc9at+ & a logical1 if surpris+1 geological tale4 ,a det\r d[n ?is f\r? dim5sion promises z mu* int]e/ z a j\rney ?r\gh ! o!r ?ree4 ,today & ,ye/]day ,f ! ,coolidge ,memorial ,bridge ! broad l[l& seems to rea* out 9 all directions t[>ds ! encircl+ hills4 ,f> d[n ! riv]1 ! di/ant bank rises a %e] ?irty feet f ! wat] & is high en\gh to surm\nt ev5 ! wor/ ( floods4 ,yet ea* ye> ?is bank rec$es z ! unconsolidat$ s$im5t at its base is sapp$ by ! /ream & is c>ri$ away4 ,?ree times ! riv] road has be5 mov$ back f ! insatiable ,connecticut1 & today ! ma9 ,hockanum highway takes ! long r\te f> f ! wat]'s edge4 ,! ,riv] ,works ,ne>] ! bridge ! l& is l[]1 & x %[s ! effects ( frequ5t inundation1 b n ( sc\r4 ,a great s& b> lies 9 ! curve ( ! /ream1 & ! l[ p>allel ridges sugge/ t !y1 too1 7 awa% 9 ! ,connecticut be=e its ea/]n bank encroa*$ s f> ^u ! t[n ( ,hadley4 ,! tongue ( l& :i* s]ves z ,nor?ampton's airport is a succession ( b>s & ab&on$ *annels :i* record ! migration ( ! riv] away f its old bank along ,bridge ,/reet4 ,! ,connecticut is robb+ ,hadley to pay ,nor?ampton1 b !re 0 a "t :5 ,nor?ampton 0 pilf]$1 too4 ,swales l9e ! l&scape z f> z ,hadley2 & ea* ye>1 at ! "t ( high wat]1 !y mu/ n[ be cont5t ) ! meag] ov]fl[1 :]e once !y sp$ ! entire /ream ^u its s\?w>d c\rse4 ,b ev5 n[1 9 flood1 _! orig9al function may be re/or$4 ,= ! swale j we/ ( ,hadley 0 a ro>+ torr5t 9 #aich1 #aicf1 & #ahif4 ,inde$1 x ?reat5$ to appropriate ! entire /ream1 & ea* ( ! great curv+ holl[s t furr[ ! l[l& are sc\r-*annels :i* 7 made at o!r times4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,! ,connecticut ,riv] und]cuts ! ,hadley bank at ,hockanum4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,natural levees bord] ! ,connecticut ,riv] s\? ( ! ,sund]l& ,bridge4 ,! riv] has mov$ at w f "o side ( its alluvial pla9 to ! o!r1 & its ?reats to *ange its c\rse are n to be tak5 lightly4 ,until #ahcj x fl[$ pa/ ,nor?ampton1 ar\nd ! great ox-b[ to ,ea/hampton & !n back to ! wat]gap betwe5 ,m\nt ,tom & ,m\nt ,holyoke4 ,x s]v$ z ! ma9 l9e ( communication to ! ,atlantic seabo>d & 0 a mu* travell$ r\te4 ,9 ! spr+ ( t ye> high wat] brea*$ ! n>r[ neck ( l& betwe5 ! two ends ( ! me&] loop1 & practically ov]night ! r\te to ,new ,london 0 %ort5$ by ?ree miles4 ,al?\gh ! ev5t 0 n a s\rce ( rejoic+ to ! l&[n]s1 ,nor?ampton decl>$ a day ( ?anksgiv+ because !y 7 n[1 ?anks be to ,provid5ce1 ?ree miles ne>] ! sea4 ,h[ (t5 ! riv] has *ang$ its c\rse may nev] be det]m9$1 b ! floodpla9 is groov$ ) swampy or silt-fill$ ox-b[ lakes1 n only ne> ,nor?ampton1 b all ! way f ,brattleboro1 ,v]mont1 to ,middlet[n1 ,connecticut4 ,!y tell ( old] %ifts 9 ! c\rse ( a riv] :i* /ill displays its brute p[] )9 ! limits ( its alluvial pla94 ,! inundation ( #aicf did m ?an sc\r ! riv]'s floodpla92 x left ?ick deposits ( s& & silt ^u _m ( ! fields4 ,ea* prec$+ flood has done ! same sort ( ?+1 dropp+ co>se s& 9 greate/ abundance on ! banks :]e ! riv] fl[$ /raighte/4 ,flood by flood1 ! deposit has ris5 high] on ^! favor$ sites1 :]e ! swift ma9 curr5t slack5s z x spreads ov] ! broad1 flat pla94 ,today ! banks =m natural levees slop+ away f ! riv] at _m po9ts s\?w>d f ! ,sund]l& ,bridge4 ,j :5 ! riv] />t$ to %ift back & =? across its alluvial pla9 is n reveal$1 b x 0 long be=e ! :ite man p5etrat$ ! c\ntry4 ,indian graves & campsites h be5 laid b>e z ! high wat] ( ea* new flood has remov$ ! silt left dur+ e>li] inundations4 ,! sites r>ely yield any implem5t br\ght by ! ,europeans2 !y record long ye>s ( ,indian occupation 9 ! l& call$ ,norwottock1 a l& 9 :i* ! r$ man f\nd a riv] :i* temp]am5tally %ift$ its c\rse 9 response to p]iodic floods4 ,! floodpla9 ends at a rise 9 ! road n f> ea/ ( ,hadley4 ,! rise is a scallop$ embankm5t1 rem9isc5t ( ! high bank on ! riv] b5d d[n/ream f ,hadley2 ev5 ! long n>r[ swamp at ! base looks l a fill$ ox-b[1 & ! scallops look l bites :i* ! hungry riv] took f its banks4 ,?is embankm5t cont9ues nor?w>d pa/ ,m\nt ,w>n]1 foll[+ ! pres5t *annel closely ?r\gh ,nor? ,hadley1 & x passes j ea/ ( ,sund]l& village4 ,correspond+ banks are pres5t on ! we/ side ( ! /ream 9 ,s\? ,de]field & ,hatfield4 ,)9 ! conf9es ( ^? t]races ! ,connecticut has _h free play1 b its c\rse has nev] /ray$ ea/ or we/ ( ^! well def9$ b\nd>ies4 ,wave-l hills ( s& cap ! embankm5ts 9 sev]al localities nor? ( ,hatfield & ,nor? ,hadley4 ,"s1 p]*$ on ! t]race edge1 7 p>tly cut away :5 ! riv] 0 e/abli%+ ! limits ( its floodpla94 ,:]ev] ! p9e trees are cut d[n1 or ! grass pl[$ "u1 ! s& )9 ^! hills beg9s to drift4 ,!y look & act l ^? hills ( ! des]t1 ! s& dunes1 & !y record ! drift ( w9d-:ipp$ s& across a nak$ l&1 be=e ! riv] _h e/abli%$ a floodpla9 )9 its pres5t conf9es4 ,! ,l&scape ,*anges ,f9e s&1 silt1 or clay is f\nd b5ea? ! w9dbl[n s& :]ev] ! riv] banks und]cut ! dunes4 ,! clays are especially widespread1 = ea* ( ! num]\s local bricky>ds has its clay pit1 & !re are _m m clay banks :i* h no bricky>d4 ,! clays are rhy?mically b&$4 ,"o b&1 compos$ ( v f9e mat]ial :i* settles f susp5sion only aft] weeks ( absolute quiet1 reta9s moi/ure t5aci\sly2 adjac5t b&s dry m rapidly1 are some:at s&y1 & settle f susp5sion 9 less ?an a week4 ,a l>ge body ( quiet wat] 9 :i* s mu* f9e clay c\ld settle mu/ h occupi$ ! valley be=e ! riv] 0 !re1 & ! only type ( wat] body :i* c\ld h provid$ ! prop] environm5t is a fre%-wat] lake1 free f agitation dur+ ! long w9t] mon?s :5 its surface 0 froz5 ov]4 ,^! ?9 clay b&s are deposits ( a w9t] season1 :5 /reams are l[ & _! load light4 ,!n1 ev5 ! f9e/ p>ticles c settle1 dur+ ! _m weeks ( quiet wat]1 z a pap]-?9 lay] ^u ! lake bottom4 ,! co>s] s&y lay] j above ! f9e/ clay records ! spr+ break-up1 ! melt+ ( ! ice1 & resuscitat$ /reams fl[+ f ! hills ) a vigor t c be acquir$ only :5 ! melt-wat] f ! w9t] sn[ comb9es ) ! normal run-(f4 ,! s& :i* ^! fre%ets br+ to ! lake dim9i%es z ! spr+ floods subside1 & ! s$im5t becomes progressively f9] until next spr+ comes ar\nd4 ,pl4 #b4 ,features ( ! l&scape :i* orig9at$ dur+ comp>atively rec5t "t4 ,illu/ration3 a4 ,air view ( ! ox-b[ lake betwe5 ,nor?ampton & ,mt4 ,tom4 ,illu/ration3 b4 ,ro*es m\tonnes ( ! ,pelham ,hills se5 f ,hadley4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,block diagram %[+ ! ma9 features ( c5tral ,massa*usetts at ! pres5t "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,block diagram %[+ ! ma9 features ( c5tral ,massa*usetts dur+ ! recession ( ! ,ice ,%eet4 ,ea* s&y lay] is a spr+2 ea* clay b&1 a w9t]2 & ! two toge!r m>k ! passage ( a ye>4 ,high spr+ floods are r>ely local2 floods on ! ,connecticut are usually mat*$ by floods 9 ! ,m]rimack wat]%$ to ! ea/ & along ,h\satonic to ! we/4 ,floods ( ! pa/ 7 mu* ! same1 & _m ( !m c be id5tifi$ readily 9 ! b&$ clays ( ! ,connecticut ,valley4 ,ea* "o c be trac$ 9 contemporane\s deposits :i* 7 =m$ 9 o!r p>ts ( ! l[l& & 9 neighbor+ lake bas9s4 ,"s ( ! w9t] b&s1 toge!r ) ! lay]s bel[ !m1 are torn & fold$1 & ! tops ( ! folds h be5 %e>$ (f4 ,cov]+ !m inv>iably is ! s& lay] ( ! spr+ break-up4 ,pla9 f ^! features is a w9t] episode ( freez+ to ! lake bottom1 & ( ice contort+ ! clays z x exp&$ & contract$ 9 response to fluctuations 9 ! surface temp]atures4 ,! normal cyclic repetition ( s& & clay 0 resum$ :5 ^! p>ticul>ly h>d w9t]s came to an end4 ,at ,s\? ,hadley ,falls ! lake clays re/ ^u a gravel b$1 & ! bottom lay] records ! lake's fir/ ye> ( life 9 t locality4 ,! ov]ly+ b&s provide ! evid5ce ( a *>act]i/ic climatic sequ5ce :i* c also be recogniz$ 9 ! clays at ,*icopee & at o!r po9ts /ill f>!r s\? 9 ! l[l&4 ,b at ,*icopee !re are _m lay]s :i* are old] ?an ! bottom lay] at ,s\? ,hadley ,falls2 & at ,spr+field _m lay]s appe> t are old] ?an ! basal b& at ,*icopee4 ,f ! s$im5t deposit$ 9 its wat]s1 ! /ory ( ! lake is n difficult to deciph]4 ,x exi/$ at ,spr+field ye>s be=e x appe>$ at ,s\? ,hadley ,falls2 9 fact1 x flood$ ! mead[s ne> ,middlet[n1 ,connecticut1 = ne>ly #f1jjj ye>s be=e its wat]s exi/$ ne> ,nor?ampton4 ,^! b$s ( clay hold ! moi/ure close to ! surface ?r\gh\t ! l[l&1 mak+ x available to ! fields ( vegetables & tobacco4 ,t[>ds ! valley m>g9s ^! crops disappe> because ! f9e s$im5ts end aga9/ ! rocky %ores ( ! adjac5t hills :i* pass into & b5ea? slop+ t]races ( s& & gravel4 ,9 ! num]\s t]races :i* fr+e ! hills1 ! horizontal b$s ( gravel lie above lakew>d-dipp+ b$s ( co>se s&2 !y und]lie broad flats furr[$ by *annel-l depressions :i* radiate f ! valleys at ! apex ( ea* flat4 ,on ^! t]races "o c easily picture s&-lad5 wat]s c\rs+ ?r\gh ! *annels & build+ deltas outw>d into ! lake4 ,deltas 7 built :]ev] /reams f ! highl&s ent]$ ! valley1 & !y m>k ! anci5t level ( ! lake4 ,/rangely1 _! elevation drops f #cae feet at ,montague to #cjj feet at ,amh]/1 & is only #bfh feet at ,s\? ,hadley4 ,! *ang+ elevation %[s ei!r t ! lake surface slop$ s\?w>d--& inde$ ?is w\ld be unique--or t ! %orel9e 0 rais$ 9 ! nor? & t ! lake dra9$ s\?w>d4 ,! latt] surmise is pla9ly ! m plausible4 ,mo/ deltas on ! ea/ side ( ! valley are pitt$ by num]\s conical depressions4 ,9 a depression on a delta pla9 ne> ,montague1 an excavation1 made to obta9 road fill1 disclos$ a mass ( disord]$ gravel :i* mu/ orig9ally h be5 deposit$ 9 ! horizontal top-set b$s ( ! delta1 b :i* n[ lies 9 ! bottom ( a depression m+l$ ) ! f9e s& ( ! und]ly+ =e-set b$s4 ,! top-set b$s seem to h be5 support$ = "s "t & !n collaps$ z if ! und]p9n+s 7 remov$4 ,! crudely circul> or elliptical outl9es ( ! depressions sugge/ t /ray iceb]gs drift$ ^u ! delta slopes1 :]e !y 7 an*or$ or buri$ by ! s&y outwa%4 ,! buri$ ice-cakes surviv$ until ! lake 0 dra9$1 & ! baselevel ( ! /reams 0 l[]$1 = ! depressions h no outwa% )9 !m4 ,!y collaps$ soon aft] ! lake vani%$1 because wat] soak+ ?r\gh ! delta s&s melt$ ! ice1 mu* z x ?aws ! gr\nd = dr$g+ 9 ! ,yukon4 ,ev5 today ?is gravelly gr\nd1 p>ticul>ly ! bea* ( ! anci5t lake1 is well dra9$1 & x =ms ! be/ l& = ! apple or*>ds ( ! valley4 ,glaci]s ,came ,! delta deposits & ! clays =m a ?9 v5e] ov] a b\ld]y soil t comes to light along ! delta-top m>g9s & 9 gul*es cut d[n ?r\gh ! gravel & s&4 ,"s ( ! b\ld]s are huge1 atta9+ diamet]s ( tw5ty feet2 & all are /rang]s to _! pres5t re/+ places4 ,"s are set ^u a b>e rock floor1 scrat*$ z ?\gh by s&pap]1 & !y teet] to ! weight ( a *ild2 mo/ are emb$d$ 9 soil4 ,^! erratics seem to h be5 left l unwant$ objects1 pick$ up & c>ri$ = a "t1 & !n dropp$ :5 ! be>] we>i$ ( _! weight4 ,! scrat*es on ! rock floor are p>allel grooves1 all ( :i* tr5d s\?w>d4 ,!y are unmi/akable tracks left by glaci]s1 & ! b\ld]s are l ! /ones p]*$ on glacial ice = a ride to ! t]m9al mora9e4 ,! l& above ! old lake %ore is b>e scrat*$ rock or rocky soil call$ b\ld] till4 ,e hill f>m has be5 cle>$ ( m /ones ?an trees1 & x is only ) ! vogue ( ! rock g>d5 t ^! erratics h f\nd any m]it 9 man's e/imation4 ,x has be5 said ) a consid]able elem5t ( tru? t ! lake m>g9 c be id5tifi$ by ! /one f5ces heap$ up by exasp]at$ f>m]s at ! l9e :]e ! wat] once lapp$ ! slopes ( ! glaciat$ hills4 ,/riations & erratics decorate ! tops ( ,m\nt ,tom & ,m\nt ,holyoke1 & ^? :o visit ,m\nt ,monadnock or ,m\nt ,wa%+ton w f9d !y mu/ inscribe _! initials ov] ! signature ( ! great ice %eet4 ,! /rang] rocks or erratics1 /r&$ promiscu\sly ov] ! c\ntryside1 c be trac$ to hills f>!r nor?4 ,cle>ly ! ice %eet 0 mov+ s\?w>d1 pick+ up debris & abrad+ ! c\ntryside l a great s&+ ma*9e4 ,nor!rn slopes 7 worn to long g5tle incl9es & ! s\!rn slopes kept _! orig9al =ms or 7 /eep5$ z ! ice pluck$ fractur$ blocks f _! moor+s4 ,"o imag9ative writ] lik5$ ! glaciat$ rock hills to ! wigs ( %eep's wool worn by ! juri/s ( 8 day2 ! "n /uck1 & !y are /ill kn[n z ro*es m\tonnes4 ,look at ! ,pelham ,hills f ! ,coolidge ,memorial ,bridge & y w see ! top ( ,jeffrey ,"l ,amh]/'s wig fac+ t[>ds ,canada4 ,)9 ! ,connecticut ,l[l& ! mov+ ice (t5 pick$ up a load ( debris m cumb]some ?an x c\ld drag along4 ,x h&l$ ! situation mo/ satisfactorily by dropp+ ! load & /reaml9+ x1 & ^! piles ( glacial debris ) blunt nor? slopes & g5tle s\!rly sides are druml9s4 ,:5 next y pass ! apple or*>ds ( ,s\? ,amh]/1 recall t ! smoo? elliptical hill ea/ ( ! road to ,s\? ,hadley is a druml91 a relic ( an ov]load$ glaci]4 ,j ,be=e ! ,ice ,age ,! glaci] advanc$ z f> z ,long ,isl& & ,m>?a's ,v9ey>d1 & ! lakes ( ! ,connecticut ,valley =m$ along ! ice m>g9 & spread nor?w>d z ! ice front rec$$4 ,! di/9ct lay]s1 or v>ves1 ( clay m>k (f #be1jjj ye>s s9ce ! recession began1 b = a million ye>s be=e its f9al retreat1 ! ice cov]$ all ,new ,engl& int]mitt5tly4 ,?is l5g? ( "t transc5ds human compreh5sion unless "o consid]s ye>s 9 t]ms ( :at has be5 done4 ,a million ye>s is n too long = a s&-lad5 ice %eet1 mov+ only a few feet ea* ye>1 to gr9d t5s ( feet ( solid rock (f ! nor? sides ( ! ev]la/+ hills4 ,to ^? :o /udy ! e>?1 ,be=e ! ,ice ,age has ab\t ! same significance z ,be=e ! ,hurricane has to ! av]age citiz5 ( ,new ,engl&4 ,x is 9 su* t]ms t geologic "t mu/ be consid]$4 ,! ice %eet simply modifi$ ! pre-glacial topography2 x *ang$ symmetrical hills to asymmetric ro*es m\tonnes & left b\ld] till spread ov] mu* ( ! b$rock floor4 ,! greate/ *anges 7 effect$ 9 ! ,:ite ,m\nta9s1 :]e ! /eep-wall$ riv] valleys 7 *ang$ to tr\ghs ) a ,u cross-section1 z 9 ! sc5ic not*es2 or ) /eep headwalls l t 9 ,tuck]man ,rav9e1 a typical alp9e cirque4 ,)9 ! l[l&s b\ld] till 0 left z a blanket1 conceal+ ! irregul>ities :i* 7 made 9 ! rock floor at an e>li] geologic date4 ,^! irregul>ities may pass unnotic$ unless "s con/ruction project happ5s to reveal !m4 ,b$rock is r>ely ov] sev5ty feet d[n at any po9t 9 ! l[l&1 b "w at ! ,sund]l& ,bridge & ! ,coolidge ,memorial ,bridge enc\nt]$ masses ( glacial debris 9 a deep fluvial *annel m ?an ?ree hundr$ feet bel[ ! riv] surface & at lea/ two hundr$ feet bel[ ! pres5t level ( ! sea4 ,?is deep tr\gh is n ov] "o hundr$ y>ds wide1 & if x 7 fully expos$ to view1 x w\ld look l a m9iature ,sagu5ay gorge4 ,simil> tr5*es 9 e "p ( ea/]n ,nor? ,am]ica1 f ,hudson ,bay to ,cape ,hatt]as1 %[ t ! l& once /ood high] ?an x does n[1 & t ! ma9 riv]s fl[$ 9 deep1 n>r[ canyons1 al?\gh ! upl& surface betwe5 ! riv]s _h its pres5t *>act]i/ics4 ,?us1 9 ,plioc5e "t1 :ile primitive memb]s ( ! human race 7 ent]+ old ,engl&1 ,new ,engl& rose high above sea level1 & its l[l&s 7 tr5*$ by quick5$ /reams4 ,! n>r[ gorges are an eloqu5t1 if mute1 record ( riv]s sudd5ly rejuv5at$1 _! curr5t accel]at$ & ! exub]ant wat]s cutt+ into fre%ly elevat$ rock4 ,massa*usetts & ! neighbor+ /ates along ! ,atlantic seabo>d =m$ a plateau-l upl&1 p]haps "o ?\s& feet high] ?an today1 & ! coa/l9e lay fifty to "o hundr$ miles out "u ! pres5t wat]s ( ! ,atlantic4 ,! ,plioc5e episode ( /ream incision 0 ( %ort duration4 ,! gorges are n wide1 & only ne> ! sea d !y cut deep into ! coh]5t cry/all9e rock :i* gives ,new ,engl& its solid f\ndation4 ,n[h]e did ! l& rema9 elevat$ long en\gh to p]mit ! riv]s to wid5 _! canyons ?r\gh ! plateau-l c\ntry & to modify ! ess5tial features ( ! l&scape4 ,! latt] 7 acquir$ 9 an e>li] geologic epo* call$ ! ,mioc5e1 & ! sc5ic patt]n c>v$ by runn+ wat] 9 t relatively remote division ( "t /ill dom9ates ! region's topographic =m4 ,riv]s ,c>ri$ ,(f ! ,ev]la/+ ,hills ,e /ream has its load ( s$im5t1 z ! silt- & s&-fill$ res]voirs along ! edges ( ! valley s effectively te/ify4 ,ea* s&y riv] b$ is an aggregate ( roll+ gra9s1 mov+ ) ! curr5t1 sl[ :]e x is sl[ & fa/] :]e ! curr5t is accel]at$1 b travell+ always t[>ds ! sea4 ,e gra9 is a piece ( ! c\ntryside lo/ to ! l& & soon to become a "p ( ! ocean floor4 ,v little ( ?is s& comes f ! l[l& itself1 = ! ,connecticut may cut ! bank bel[ ,hadley1 b x leaves almo/ z mu* s& z x acquires on ! opposite %ore4 ,! riv]'s burd5 is br\ght to x by swift tribut>ies--! brook at ,we/ ,pelham & hundr$s m l x4 ,_! sides are cut-banks1 b no ext5sive s& b>s are built to balance _! erosive "w2 :at !y pick up !y c>ry to ! l[l&1 & :at !y br+ to ! l[l& is soon transport$ to ! sea4 ,! contribution :i* ! tribut>ies make to ! l[l& riv]s 0 demon/rat$ only too conspicu\sly by ! great fans ( co>se debris spread across ! valley ( ! ,de]field ,riv] & ! ,we/ ,riv] dur+ ! floods t accompani$ ! torr5tial ra9s ( ! hurricane4 ,p>ts ( ! village ( ,t[n%5d1 ,v]mont1 ne/l+ 9 ! flat floor ( ! ,we/ ,riv] valley1 7 buri$ 9 gravel wa%1 & ! hillside roads above 7 gulli$ t5 feet deep4 ,"o h>ass$ travel] aptly rem>k$ t ! orig9al road level c\ld be recogniz$ f ! few concordant remnants ( pavem5t beside ! tr\t brook4 ,! hill slopes at ,t[n%5d rise & end ne> ,jamaica1 ab\t "o ?\s& feet high] 9 elevation4 ,"h ! roads are 9 good condition4 ,!re are no signs ( erosion1 & ! roll+ upl&s ext5d = miles ) no signs ( gully+ or wa% by ! heavy ra9s4 ,! debris h&l$ by ! ,we/ ,riv] n[ & = ages pa/ has come f ! /eep hill slopes along ! ma9 valley4 ,ea* load ( s& has cut ^! slopes back f ! ma9 /ream & has wid5$ ! l[l& floor4 ,s1 = millions ( ye>s1 ! tribut>ies ( ! ,connecticut h pu%$ ! valley walls f>!r f ! ma9 riv]1 & _! tribut>ies 9 turn h pu%$ _! hill slopes back1 :ile ! valley floors h /eadily wid5$4 ,! ,connecticut ,l[l& 0 broad5$ 9 ?is way1 & ! tribut>y ,de]field has develop$ its valley 9 simil> fa%ion b to a less] degree4 ,today /reams ne> ! headwat]s acquire s$im5t1 n f ! upl& across :i* !y fl[ to rea* ! deeply entr5*$ valleys1 b f ! /eep slopes 9 ! mo/ remote recesses ( ! upl& on :i* !y rise4 ,flat valley floors are broad5$ 9 coh]5t rocks z well z 9 unconsolidat$ s&--less rapidly1 inde$1 b j z surely2 & e region is worn d[n to ! grade ( ! /reams :i* dra9 x1 except = ^? r>e masses ( resi/ant rock :i* defy decay & yield reluctantly to _! inevitable fate4 ,! rocks ( ! ,m\nt ,holyoke & ,m\nt ,tom ranges1 ,m\nt ,w>n]1 ! ,pocumtuck ,hills & ! highl&s on bo? sides ( ! ,connecticut ,valley are made ( t\gh] +r$i5ts ?an ! l[l&1 & ev5 millions ( ye>s ( incessant onslaught by runn+ wat] did n suffice to level !m by ,mioc5e "t1 :5 ! l[l& 0 excavat$4 ,pl4 #c4 ,erosion remnants or monadnocks surm\nt+ base levell$ surfaces4 ,illu/ration3 a4 ,mt4 ,sug>loaf1 a remnant ( ,triassic rocks disappe>+ gra9 by gra9 d[n ! ,connecticut ,riv]4 ,illu/ration3 b4 ,mt4 ,monadnock1 a hill surm\nt+ ! ,new ,engl& p5epla91 se5 f ,mt4 ,l9coln4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,block diagram %[+ ! ma9 features ( c5tral ,massa*usetts dur+ ! excavation ( ! l[l&4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,block diagram %[+ ma9 features ( c5tral ,massa*usetts aft] ! ,triassic bas9s 7 fill$4 ,! l[l& ext5ds beyond our imm$iate region4 ,x cont9ues s\?w>d ) dim9i%+ elevation to ,new ,hav51 :]e x jo9s ano!r broad depression1 n[ flood$ by ! wat]s ( ,long ,isl& ,s\nd4 ,be=e ! ,riv]s ,cut ! ,valleys ,^? :o w\ld see ! l& z x 0 be=e ! riv]s c>v$ ! l[l&s mu/ put back e gra9 ( s& ! wat]s c>ri$ away2 !y mu/ fill 9 ^! valleys to ! level ( ! ,jamaica upl&4 ,!n only w ! c\ntry be z x 0 be=e ! /reams 7 rejuv5at$ & />t$ to cut deep tr5*es & to wid5 !m z ! ,de]field has done at ,*>lemont4 ,broad1 op5 valley flats or /ra?s surm\nt ! /eep ,v-%ap$ not*es ( bo? ! ,de]field & ,we/field ,riv]s4 ,surely1 ev]yone :o has paus$ at ! look\t on ! ea/ summit ( ! ,mohawk ,trail has se5 ! upl& slop+ g5tly t[>ds ! ,de]field & !n break+ %>ply at ! top ( ! pres5t canyon4 ,! same view confronts ! motori/ :o drives f ,adams to ,cumm+ton1 j aft] he leaves ! village ( ,pla9field4 ,"h ! %all[ b[l 9 front ( him holds no h9t ( ! deep not* 9 :i* ! ,we/field fl[s4 ,! g5tle cont\r ( ! l& sugge/s only ! sl[ b me?odical sort ( *ange :i* comes ) maturity4 ,^? :o favor air travel w see1 z !y fly ov] ,m\nt ,tom1 a simil> b m dissect$ /ra? rea*+ into ! hills nor?we/w>d f ,nor?ampton4 ,a]oplanes fly+ ! ,bo/on-,new ,york r\te pass ov] /ra?s :i* h be5 tr5*$ by ! ,connecticut along its c\rse f ,middlet[n to ,new ,london4 ,! /ra?s are "p ( a mature1 b anci5t dra9age sy/em1 :i* 0 grad$ a ?\s& feet above ! level ( ! pres5t /reams & only a few hundr$ feet bel[ ! ma9 upl&4 ,c]ta9 broad depressions ?r\gh ! highl&s ea/ ( ! ,connecticut ,l[l& sugge/ t ?is dra9age pursu$ a s\!a/w>d c\rse to ! ,atlantic1 & t ! riv] did n e/abli% its mod]n c\rse until ! /ra?s 7 elevat$ & not*$4 ,! l& level above ! /ra?-m>g9s is a /ill old] surface f :i* ! rock-b5*es 7 cut4 ,! high] surface /ret*es to ! horizon at ,pelham1 b ,m\nt ,monadnock & ,wa*usett /& conspicu\sly above x4 ,& on ! ,mohawk ,trail "o mu/ asc5d ! t[] at ! ea/]n summit be=e any high] l& comes into view4 ,greylock's summit & ! long *a9 ( ! ,gre5 ,m\nta9s atta9 great] elevations4 ,! ,we/ ,riv] & ,de]field bas9s are grad$ to ! level ( ?is high] & old] erosion surface1 b f>!r nor? a *a9 ( peaks includ+ ,/ratton & ,okemo sw+ ea/w>d t[>ds ,ascutney4 ,!y appe> to h =m$ a divide on ?is anci5t l&1 z !y d today2 & beyond _! cre/s riv]s h run to ! ,sa9t ,lawr5ce & ,hudson bas9s f a "t :i* ant$at$ any ( ! famili> features ( ! ,new ,engl& l&scape4 ,al?\gh ?is flat upl& surface is m complex ?an x appe>s to ! eye1 x dom9ates all ( s\!rn ,new ,engl&1 & ramify+ arms ( x p5etrate nor?w>d into ! ,:ite ,m\nta9s ( ,new ,hamp%ire & ,ma9e4 ,ano!r great arm passes we/ ( ,m\nt ,greylock & spreads out betwe5 ! ,catskill ,m\nta9s & ! ,adirondacks4 ,dur+ ! long p]iod ( erosion :5 x 0 =m$1 ,new ,engl& 0 r$uc$ ne>] to ! grade ( ! ma9 riv]s ?an at any o!r "t ei!r be=e or s9ce1 & only rocks :i* h effectively resi/$ all lat] assaults by ! geologic processes ( de/ruction surm\nt ! surface4 ,to ! eye1 ! region appe>s s ne>ly plan$ t x has be5 call$ ! ,new ,engl& p5eplane4 ,! upl& cont9ues s\?w>d ?r\gh ! ,b]k%ire & ,lit*field ,hills1 desc5d+ 9 a s]ies ( almo/ imp]ceptible /eps t[>ds ,long ,isl& ,s\nd & ! ,atlantic4 ,a few miles s\? ( ,lit*field1 ,connecticut1 its l[ angle ( declivity increases abruptly1 & ! m /eeply incl9$ surface passes b5ea? ! wat]s ( ,long ,isl& ,s\nd4 ,! sudd5 *ange 9 dip sugge/s t two erosional planes are pres5t & t ea* 0 =m$ "u some:at diff]5t circum/ances & 9 diff]5t p]iods ( geologic "t4 ,! s\ndness ( ?is surmise c be demon/rat$ 9 ,long ,isl& :]e s$im5ts laid 9 a ,cretace\s sea re/ ^u ! old] & m %>ply incl9$ erosional plane & rise approximately to ! level ( ! ,new ,engl& upl&4 ,! deposits =m a w$ge betwe5 ! two planes1 & _! ,cretace\s age supplies a s]ies ( dates t w\ld o!rwise be difficult to e/abli% 9 ,new ,engl&'s geological hi/ory4 ,erosion fa%ion$ ! ,new ,engl& upl& 9 ! e>ly & middle epo*s ( ! ,t]ti>y p]iod1 imm$iately foll[+ ! deposition ( s$im5ts 9 ! ,cretace\s sea4 ,& ! s\?w>d slop+ plane ^u :i* ^? s$im5ts re/ records an ev5 e>li] episode ( d5udation--an episode lo/ 9 ! %uffle ( lat] ev5ts 9 ,massa*usetts b pres]v$ 9 fragm5t>y =m 9 ,connecticut1 ?anks to ! protection af=d$ by ! s$im5t>y cov]4 ,_h we liv$ 9 c5tral ,new ,engl& :5 erosion ( ! upl& & ( ! y\ng] /ra?s 0 9 progress1 we w\ld h not$ t ! valley =ms 7 well def9$ 9 ! headwat]s & l[] rea*es ( ! /reams1 :i* made _! way ?r\gh a c\ntry ( light-color$ or gray clayey soil4 ,9 ! middle rea*es ! valley b\nd>ies 7 blurr$ & indi/9ct1 & ! c\ntry ?r\gh :i* !y fl[$ 0 surfac$ by r$ & s&y soil4 ,! middle region is n[ ! l[l&1 b ev5 !n x =m$ a depression a?w>t ! topographic & hydrographic features ( ! c\ntry2 & its di/9ctive r$ soil resembl$ alluvial wa% or fill 9 a long bas94 ,its l[ relief w\ld h be5 z impressive 9 e>ly ,t]ti>y "t z its high] relief is today1 = !n x _h little topographic competition any:]e betwe5 ! pres5t sites ( ,new ,hav51 ,connecticut1 & ,nor?field1 ,massa*usetts4 ,! l& _h "o dom9ant *>act]i/ic--a relatively flat or fa9tly t]rac$ surface4 ,b ?is surface conceal$ a mosaic made ( an inf9ite v>iety ( rocks1 ea* respond+ to ! attack ( wea!r 9 its own p>ticul> way4 ,erosion has br\ght out ! patt]n ( ! mosaic1 & we h retrac$ ! /eps 9 its developm5t4 ,view+ ! evolution ( ! c\ntryside 9 retrospect1 we see its features take =m mu* z a work] on an inlaid bronze might wat* ! design come out :5 x is et*$4 ,! creation ( ! mosaic or inlay is ano!r "p ( ! hi/ory1 & ! relief ( ! l& n[ p]mits clos] scrut9y ( ! patt]n ?an w\ld h be5 possible 9 ,cretace\s "t4 ,! ,mosaic ( ,c5tral ,massa*usetts ,! great artisan incorporat$ ?ree ma9 features 9 ! mosaic b5ea? ! ,new ,engl& upl&1 & f !m erosion develop$ ! major patt]n ( ! pres5t l&scape4 ,! ?ree units ( ! patt]n comprise a some:at het]og5e\s b durable =egr\nd 9 ! ea/1 a weak inlaid design 9 ! c5t]1 & a mod]ately homog5e\s & durable backgr\nd 9 ! we/4 ,! =egr\nd & backgr\nd are simply a suitable base = ! y\ng]1 c5tral feature ( ! design--an inlay :i* 0 complet$ 9 ,triassic "t1 :ile ! mighty d9osaurs 7 beg9n+ to ga9 confid5ce z ! new rul]s ( ! e>?4 ,skillful arti/ry & complicat$ te*nique 7 exp5d$ on ! ,triassic inlay1 = 9 "p x 0 roll$ 91 p>tly melt$ 91 & "s ( x 0 cut 9 amid ! t\gh] mat]ials n[ f\nd on ei!r side4 ,! ,r$ ,rock ,bas9 ,! y\nge/ +r$i5ts :i* 7 incorporat$ 9 ! inlay are a s]ies ( f9e-gra9$ r$ s&/ones & consolidat$ clays or %ales4 ,!y are horizontal lay]s1 turn$ up slightly at ! edges ( ! l[l&1 b else:]e !y lie 9 almo/ horizontal b$s t ext5d f ,s\? ,hadley ?r\gh ,*icopee 7,*icopee %ale71 ,spr+field1 & ,longmead[ 7,longmead[ s&/one7 to a po9t j s\? ( ,h>t=d4 ,ne> ! hills :i* =m ! ea/]n b\nd>y ( ! l[l& ^! f9e-gra9$ s$im5ts locally give way to co>se tabul> deposits ( angul> gravel1 :i* appe> along ! base ( ! ,wilbraham ,m\nta9s & aga9 9 ,m\nt ,toby & nor?w>d4 ,! deposits are isolat$ or deta*$ masses :i* resemble fans em]g+ f m\nta9s1 n unlike ! m mod]n s&s & gravels :i* ! ,we/field ,riv] left :]e x em]g$ f ! we/]n hills4 ,b ! ,triassic gravels are r$1 & !y are firmly cem5t$ into conglom]ate2 yet x is pla9 t ?is "p ( ! inlay 0 made by wa%+ & roll+ ! r$ muds1 s&s1 & cobbles into a depress$ bas9 wait+ to receive !m4 ,! s\!rn "p ( ! bas9 0 deep5$1 & ! highl&s 7 rejuv5at$ spasmodically f ,spr+field to ,new ,hav54 ,! s9k+ ( ! l[l& on ! we/ & ! ris+ ( ! highl&s on ! ea/ took place along a fracture plane1 commonly call$ ! ea/]n bord] fault1 ne> ! ea/]n limits ( ! r$ s$im5ts ?r\gh\t t "p ( ! valley4 ,! rocks compos+ ! alluvial fans are flex$ %>ply d[nw>d ea/ ( ,portl&1 ,connecticut1 l compress$ pages 9 a book1 :]e ! great ea/]n m\nta9 block pu%$ obliquely aga9/ !m4 ,9 ?is way ! m\nta9 range 0 r5ew$ z erosion wore x away1 & ! bas9 0 deep5$ p]iodically z ! wa% f ! highl&s fill$ x4 ,! int]mitt5t uplift su/a9$ ! gr[? ( ! fans along ! edge ( ! l[l&1 b ! frequ5t recurr5ce ( movem5t nev] p]mitt$ ^! grad$ accumulations ( wa/e to ext5d f> out f _! m\nta9 s\rces4 ,! great fracture1 :i* %>ply delimits rocks ( diff]5t orig9s1 & ! de=mation 9 ! /rata ne> ,portl& record1 z surely z ! writ+s ( any human hi/orian1 a tale ( p]iodic rock compression & p>oxysmal release t mu/ h be5 accompani$ by viol5t tremors4 ,connecticut & ,massa*usetts _h _! e>?quakes & _h !m z viol5t z any n[ orig9at+ 9 ! we/]n ranges ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,mexico2 b happily !y %ook a l& :i* 0 ov]run by ! d9osaurs1 & :i* 0 n yet ready = human habitation4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,map ( ,m\nt ,toby %[+ gorges fill$ ) conglom]ate4 ,ne> ! nor!rn t]m9us ( ! ,triassic bas9 ! ea/]n b\nd>y 0 n subject to int]mitt5t & viol5t movem5ts dur+ ! lat] /ages ( s$im5tation1 z x 0 9 ! s\?4 ,in/ead1 ! y\nge/ "p ( ! r$-rock inlay consi/s1 9 "s places1 ( unfractur$ b\ld] b$s :i* 7 wa%$ f> out t[>ds ! c5t] ( ! l[l&2 else:]e1 l&slides br\ght masses ( rock debris ^u s(t r$ & gray %ales1 :i* may h accumulat$ 9 %all[ lakes2 9 /ill o!r localities1 long /r+]s ( r$ s$im5t rea* f> back into ! ea/]n highl&s4 ,_m b\ld]s 9 ! conglom]ate at ! s\? end ( ,m\nt ,toby are eight feet 9 diamet]1 & torr5tial m\nta9 /reams br\ght !m to _! re/+ place4 ,a few are scrat*$ & groov$1 mu* l ! b\ld]s 9 ! till left by ! ice %eet2 p]haps !y signify ! pres5ce ( sn[ fields & glaci]s 9 ! m\nta9 range1 b ! scrat*es may h be5 acquir$ by avalan*+4 ,! l&slide masses buri$ 9 ! %ales at ! ,sund]l& caves %[ t ! m\nta9 front 0 /eep1 & ! anci5t talus or slide rock ne> ! ,c5tral ,v]mont ,railroad s\? ( ,ro>+ ,brook %[s pla9ly t ! m\nta9 front 0 a precipit\s cliff ( granite4 ,! /r+]s ( conglom]ate ext5d+ ea/w>d into ! granite upl& s\? ( ,montague1 nor? ( ,lev]ett /ation1 at ,amh]/1 & aga9 ne> ,granby1 are alluvial fill 9 anci5t m\nta9 gorges4 ,?is old m\nta9 mass /ood out z a long1 /raight range ext5d+ f a po9t ea/ ( ,new ,hav5 nor?w>d into ,new ,hamp%ire4 ,x 0 ( mod]ate height 9 ,connecticut1 b x became high] & m rugg$ to ! nor?2 glaci]s may h ne/l$ ar\nd its cre/ ea/ ( ,de]field1 & its front 0 an impressive slope ( slide rock4 ,granite gorges ) tap]+ gravel pla9s1 dry "o day & rag+ torr5ts ! next1 f+]$ ea/w>d into ! m\nta9 block4 ,at t "t ! ,connecticut ,valley 0 mu* l ! l& ea/ ( ! ,si]ra ,nevada 9 ,cali=nia1 :]e great] contra/s 9 heights & dep?s are to be f\nd ?an 9 any o!r "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,a ,d9osaur ,di>y ,l ! valley ea/ ( ! ,si]ras1 ! depression 9 c5tral ,massa*usetts conta9$ playa lakes & int]mitt5t /reams4 ,s& br\ght by ! m\nta9 torr5ts clogg$ ! *annels & spread into broad alluvial pla9s1 :ile silt accumulat$ 9 muddy lake bas9s4 ,black s&y %ales n[ m>k ! sites ( ! lake b$s1 & _! black color comes f ! coaly remnants ( ,triassic plants4 ,"s swampy lake m>g9s support$ peat bogs1 :i* h be5 pres]v$ 9 coal seams two to ?ree in*es ?ick betwe5 ,granby & ,s\? ,hadley4 ,_m ( ! lakes la/$ long en\gh to become /ock$ ) half a doz5 species ( fi%4 ,b ! fi% l$ a prec>i\s exi/5ce1 & _! skeletons 7 buri$ 9 great numb]s 9 ! upp] lacu/r9e lay]s :5 ! lakes dri$ up1 & du/ & s& drift$ ov] ! p>*$ bas9s at ,durham1 ,connecticut1 & at ,sund]l&1 ,massa*usetts4 ,! rema9s 7 int]r$ ev5 m effectively :5 cl\dbur/s 9 ! hills br\ght ?ick lay]s ( gravel out ov] ! anci5t lake b$s4 ,mo/ ( ! lakes & ponds 7 ephem]al1 b ! fact t _! pres5ce 0 m ?an a mirage 9 a ,triassic des]t is cle> f ! ripple-m>ks reta9$ on _! sun-h>d5$ surfaces1 & f ! impressions ( objects :i* t\*$ !m :ile !y 7 /ill s(t4 ,/ray s]ies ( p>allel furr[s record ! pass+ ( drift+ %rubs1 & ! abrupt disappe>ance ( ra9-drop impr9ts at a well def9$ l9e 9 ! h>d5$ mud m>ks ! exact position ( ! wat] level 9 a few ( ^! ,triassic wat] bodies4 ,footpr9ts regi/] ! activities c>ri$ on by a biz>re animal population4 ,beside ! road to ! ,fr5* ,k+ ,bridge & 9 ! riv] b$ at ,turn]s ,falls ! ripple-m>k$ surfaces conta9 ! impressions ( _m feet1 & ! d9osaur tracks at ! ,riffles beside ! ,nor?ampton-,holyoke highway are kn[n ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,9 ,connecticut1 ,middlet[n & ,durham are fam$ = _! tracks1 & ! impressions left 9 ! playa b$s by muddy feet are s widely di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! l[l& t x mu/ h tak5 a lot ( walk+ by _m g5]ations ( d9osaurs to leave su* an ample record4 ,pl4 #d4 ,rocks ( ! ,triassic bas9 & _! record4 ,illu/ration3 a4 ,a d9osaur walk$ f ! ra9drop m>k$ surface at ! "r to a %all[ pond at ! left4 ,illu/ration3 b4 ,volcanoes eject$ mu* a% & _m bombs to =m ! ,granby tuff4 ,"s ( ^! ?ree-to$ animals 7 l ! mod]n liz>ds & walk$ on all f\r feet2 b ! great majority walk$ on two feet &1 l ! kang>oos1 us$ _! tails to balance _! bodies1 & _! %ort =e limbs to support !m :5 !y cr\*$4 ,9 any s+le playa deposit1 v>iations 9 ! sizes & k9ds ( footpr9ts reveal t _m individuals made !m2 yet /rangely1 mo/ ( ! tracks at any "o place are head$ 9 a s+le direction4 ,app>5tly ! h]d in/9ct mu/ h be5 /rong 9 ^! reptiles1 z x is 9 kang>oos or 9 a flock ( turkeys1 all foll[+ a lead]1 ) only an occasional individual go+ (f to "o side or back-track+ 9 a display ( indep5d5ce4 ,& s ! d9osaurs dom9at$ ! life 9 ! e>ly ,connecticut bas91 z x sank & trembl$1 & z m\nta9s rose to ! ea/2 on dry days & days ( cl\dbur/1 on hot days & days :5 fro/ cry/als =m$ 9 ! mud1 !y roam$ ! pla91 z ! l[l& settl$ ne>ly two miles & fill$ to ! brim ) r$ s&s1 muds1 & m>g9al gravels4 ,volcanoes ,r$ is ! pr$om9ant color 9 ! c5tral inlay ( ! ,new ,engl& design1 b gre5s & blue-black l9es h be5 work$ into ! patt]n4 ,! d9osaur-ridd5 bas9 has a rim s\? ( ,middlet[n 9 ,connecticut1 & ano!r nor? ( ,holyoke 9 ,massa*usetts2 x lies j we/ ( ! d9osaur-track l$ge ne> ,holyoke1 & ! tracks !mselves are only ?irty feet above ! bottom ( ! bas94 ,! rim is an odd ensemble--n[ r$ & n[ gre52 "h solid & h>d & black1 !re s(t & fragm5tal & crumbly4 ,! fragm5ts may be angul> or r\nd2 s&y or glassy2 d5se & solid1 or full ( bubble holes l molasses taffy4 ,! :ole looks l ! spread-out a% dump f a giant p[] plant4 ,& n only does x resemble an a% heap--x is ! a% heap ( a volcano2 & ! h>d black lay]s )9 x are lava fl[s int]sp]s$ ) ! heavy falls ( a%4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,map %[+ agglom]ate bury+ a fault sc>p on ! p[] l9e ?r\gh ! ea/ gap ( ! ,not*4 ,! anci5t a% heap gr[s ?ick] ea/ ( ! ,connecticut ,riv]1 & x is m ?an #c1jjj feet f top to bottom ar\nd a s]ies ( massive blue-black rock-columns s\!a/ ( ! ,m\nt ,holyoke ,hotel4 ,^! are ! lava-fill$ necks ( crat]s :i* became quiesc5t ) ! dawn ( ! d9osaur days4 ,! a% deposit1 call$ ! ,granby tuff1 gr[s ?9n] ea/w>d away f ! crat]s & disappe>s completely nor!a/ ( ,granby1 :]e a /ream deploy+ f a valley 9 ! ea/]n m\nta9s wa%$ x away z fa/ z x fell & left co>se gravel 9 ! =m ( a huge fan4 ,! floor on :i* ! a% came to re/ 0 n ev]y:]e ! same4 ,:]e n[ x crosses ! ,nor?ampton-,holyoke highway & ! ,amh]/-,s\? ,hadley road x 0 a lava fl[2 b nor? ( ,granby & at num]\s places betwe5 ! ,hockanum & ,amh]/-,s\? ,hadley roads ! a% lies on conglom]ate4 ,along ! ,amh]/-,spr+field p[] l9e1 a block ( ! conglom]ate floor 0 pu%$ up five hundr$ feet above ! same b$s f>!r we/1 =m+ a small block m\nta9 :i* 0 entirely buri$ b5ea? ! a%4 ,simil> block m\nta9s c be obs]v$ "u ! blanket ( a%1 especially on ! s\? side ( ! ,holyoke ,range2 & r5ew$ movem5t subsequ5tly affect$ _m ( ! blocks nor? ( ,granby1 :]e ! a% deposit & ev5 "s ( ! s$im5ts laid d[n 9 ! e>li] days ( ! d9osaurs 7 fractur$ & displac$4 ,z a rule1 along any "o fault1 ! block on ! ea/ 0 pu%$ up & mov$ s\?w>d2 & ! block on ! we/ 0 press$ d[n3 z a gr\p1 ! fractures may =m ! beg9n+ ( ! great ea/]n bord] fault :i* b\nds ! bas9 f>!r s\?4 ,! volcanoes :i* made ! ,granby tuff or a% b$ erupt$ int]mitt5tly = a long p]iod ( "t4 ,usually1 ! riv] :i* em]g$ f ! ea/]n m\nta9 range br\ght s mu* fluvial debris t a% is n 9 evid5ce except 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ! crat]s locat$ betwe5 ! ,not* & ! summit ( ,m\nt ,holyoke4 ,ev5 ?\gh alluvial s&s & gravels supplant ! tuff "h & !re1 ! riv] did n succe$ 9 clos+ or qu5*+ ^? fi]y v5ts4 ,! rocks n[ pres5t rec\nt a /ruggle 9 :i*1 at times1 ! riv] encroa*$ ^u ! c9d] cones2 at o!rs1 ! a%es *ok$ ! /ream & buri$ its alluvial wa%4 ,:ile ! volcanoes rumbl$ & erupt$1 e>? =ces int]mitt5tly ?ru/ ! ea/]n m\nta9 range s\?w>d & upw>d1 dragg+ ! ea/]n m>g9 ( ! l[l& ) x & upturn+ ! s$im5t>y fill1 mu* z a pl[ might up5d a lay] ( sn[ at ! roadside be=e %e>+ x (f & pu%+ x out ( ! way4 ,! rel5tless movem5t caus$ ! entire ea/]n floor ( ! bas9 to be brok5 into blocks2 ! ea/]ly ones 7 pil$ aga9/ ! we/]ly1 & _! ea/]n edges 7 pu%$ d[n into ! bas9 floor & ! we/]n bord]s rode up on _! neighbors4 ,?r\gh all ?is trem5d\s di/urbance ! great /ream p\r+ out ( ! m\nta9 pass kept ! elevat$ blocks cut d[n & ! small bas9s fill$ 94 ,e>?quakes1 erupt+ volcanoes1 & %ift+ riv]s made life = ! d9osaurs tr\bl$ & a bit unc]ta94 ,only once did ! volcanoes dom9ate ! situation 9 ! valley1 & t 0 v e>ly 9 _! hi/ory4 ,a gr\p ( v5ts1 localiz$ along a s\?w>d tr5d+ zone ab\t a mile we/ ( ! ,not*1 & ano!r gr\p along ! pres5t c\rse ( ! ,connecticut ,riv] f ,turn]s ,falls to ,sund]l& p\r$ out billions ( cubic feet ( black basaltic lava into ! c5t] ( ! l[l&4 ,eruptions foll[$ 9 su* rapid succession t ! riv]s nev] sc\r$ ! surface ( ! e>li] fl[s4 ,lava pil$ up #djj feet ?ick 9 ! c5t] ( ! bas9 ea/ ( ! ,m\nt ,tom ,range2 x mov$ ea/w>d 9 a fl[ :i* ?9n$ aga9/ ! fans ( riv]s issu+ f ! ea/]n m\nta91 & x end$ 9 a =midable wall ( scoria confront+ ! m\nta9 /reams4 ,lava buri$ ! nor!rn bas9 f ,sund]l& to ,turn]s ,falls & beyond1 :ile ! s\!rn bas9 fill$ f ,nor?ampton to ,new ,hav54 ,b lava dom9ance 0 %ort-liv$1 & ev5 be=e its bubbly surface r$d5$ to ! wea!r1 /reams _h cov]$ x ) gravel4 ,! lava fl[s are ! mo/ resi/ant mat]ials us$ 9 ! l[l& design4 ,!y =m ! ridge ea/ ( ,gre5field 9 ! nor!rn bas94 ,! ,holyoke & ,m\nt ,tom ,ranges are remnants ( ^! fl[s1 tilt$ at mod]ate b v>y+ angles by ! recurr5t movem5ts :i* enliv5$ ! epo* ( d9osaurs & volcanoes4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,block diagram %[+ ! ma9 features ( c5tral ,massa*usetts dur+ volcanic /age4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,block diagram %[+ ! ,triassic bas9s ( c5tral ,massa*usetts4 ,! mo/ spectacul> episode ( lava extrusion 0 localiz$ 9 a small volcanic c5t] situat$ ab\t "o mile we/ ( ! ,not* 9 ! ,holyoke ,range4 ,all fl[s 9 ! range mov$ away f ?is c5t]1 & be=e ! great outp\r+ took place1 m9or explosive outbur/s _h built cones ( a% ) bases up to a mile 9 diamet]4 ,small lava tongues are int]sp]s$ ) ! a% b$s1 & mixtures ( s& & lava tell ( breaks ?r\gh ! #a1ejj feet ( s&y fill :i* 0 rapidly accumulat+ 9 ! bas94 ,?r\gh\t ?is e>ly p]iod ( volcanic activity ! /reams br\ght out s mu* wa% f ! ea/]n m\nta9s t !y soon dom9at$ ! sc5e 9 ,massa*usetts1 & 9 ,connecticut volcanoes ga9$ asc5dancy = "o brief mom5t ( geologic "t1 :5 an e>ly fl[ cov]$ mu* ( ! valley f ,h>t=d s\?4 ,! ,orig9al ,valley ,! fir/ & olde/ +r$i5ts 9 ! c5tral design are entirely r$4 ,! mat]ials are fragm5ts ( old] rocks--granite & gneiss1 s*i/ & pegmatite1 feldsp> & qu>tz4 ,!y are inv>iably co>se1 = e lay] ( inwa%$ s$im5t has pieces ov] an eigh? ( an in* 9 diamet]1 & only ! co>s] p>ticles 7 smoo!d4 ,! f9] p>ticles 7 n mov$ ab\t en\gh to h _! %>p corn]s worn away4 ,! pebbles & clay 9 ! ?ick lay]s ( conglom]ate at ! ,fr5* ,k+ ,bridge 7 dropp$ by ru%+1 ov]load$ torr5ts deploy+ on a l[l&--a situation n unlike ! "o at ,t[n%5d1 ,v]mont1 dur+ ! hurricane deluge4 ,only f9e debris 0 transport$ across ! fans to ! f> side ( ! bas94 ,! we/]n hills made small contributions ( s$im5t2 b _! /reams br\ght p>ticles :i* nev] exce$$ an in* 9 diamet]1 & 9 quantities s mod]ate t ! fragm5ts und]w5t "s sort+ & siz+ z !y 7 spread ov] ! l[l&4 ,f ! v />t ! valley 0 deep] ne> ! ea/ wall ?an ! we/2 & ! ea/]n m\nta9 block 0 greatly elevat$1 :]eas ! we/]n block 0 simply a hilly upl&4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4 ,map ( ! old volcanic region ne> ,m\nt ,hit*cock & we/ ( ! ,not*4 ,! edge ( ! ea/]n m\nta9 mass is locat$ at ! ,fr5* ,k+ ,bridge & passes half a mile we/ ( ,montague4 ,its location b5ea? ! y\ng] fill is kn[n less p]fectly f>!r s\?1 b x seems to ext5d ?r\gh ,amh]/1 c]ta9ly we/ ( ,s\? ,amh]/ & ,granby & probably ea/ ( ! ,not*4 ,at lea/ two m\nta9s rose above ! anci5t l[l& floor2 ! nor!rn "o is a long ridge ( s*i/ betwe5 ,b]n>d/on & ,m\nt ,h]mon1 & ! o!r is ,m\nt ,w>n]4 ,m\nt ,w>n] is an isl& ( highl& rocks 9 a sea ( r$ s&/one fill4 ,! ,b]n>d/on ridge resembles a p59sula 9 some:at analog\s s$im5t>y surr\nd+s4 ,! two em95ces reveal ! =m ( ! valley floor & ! we/]n hills at ! dawn ( ! ,triassic p]iod1 = !y 7 sp>$ f de/ruction by burial1 until deep erosion expos$ !m aga9 9 ,mioc5e "t4 ,hot ,spr+s 9 ,c5tral ,massa*usetts ,hot spr+s ! _w ov] regi/] _! pres5ce by leav+ deposits ( unusual m9]als1 & !y h left ?is sort ( record at ,l\dville4 ,"h ! co>se s&/ones ( ! l[l& re/ ^u gneiss1 & at ! s\? end ( ! ,l\dville lead ve9 b>ium sulphate cry/als1 call$ b>ite1 =m$ 9 ! s& be=e x 0 cem5t$ into solid rock4 ,! cry/als are ! product ( highly *>g$ m9]al wat]1 ris+ ?r\gh ! s&s f a subjac5t fissure4 ,! fissure itself is also fill$ ) b>ite1 & ) gal5a & qu>tz z well4 ,x is ! ve9 :i* 0 work$ 9 ! old ,l\dville lead m9e4 ,!re are o!r ve9s 9 ! we/]n & ea/]n highl&s at ,hatfield1 at ! ,nor?ampton res]voir ne> ,:ately1 & at ,lev]ett4 ,all are 9 fractures :i* 7 /ill p>tly op5 :5 ! valley fir/ took =m4 ,! ,m>g9al ,upl&s ,! rocks :i* =m$ ! high ea/]n m\nta9 range ( ,triassic "t & ! rocks :i* made ! old we/]n hills & und]lay ! bas9 floor comprise ess5tially a s+le gr\p *>act]iz$ by its complexity4 ,at "o place ! rock resembles s&/one1 b ! lay]s /& on end2 at ano!r1 x looks l %ale1 b ! /one breaks across ! color b&+ in/ead ( p>allel to x2 & at a ?ird place a fissure seems to h op5$ & _h a cry/alliz+ melt p\r$ into x4 ,^! tabul>1 fill$ fissures c be f\nd ne>ly ev]y:]e1 c\rs+ 9 e direction & at all conceivable incl9ations to =m a network t b9ds ! old] rocks into a firmly knit :ole4 ,! fill+s1 or dikes1 are l re9=c+ rods1 hold+ ! rocks toge!r & )/&+ ! ag5ts ( de/ruction4 ,?us1 ! /ory ( ! highl&s has ?ree di/9ctive phases1--a relatively "y phase :5 ! int]lac+ re9=cem5ts 7 p\r$ into fractures2 a some:at m remote /age1 :5 ! b$d$ rocks 7 crumpl$ into _! incl9$ positions2 & an e>li] /age1 :5 ! b$d$ rocks 7 deposit$4 ,! geologic dates ( ^! ?ree ev5ts may v>y f "o locality to ano!r1 & !y c]ta9ly are diff]5t 9 ! ,ea/]n ,upl& z comp>$ ) ! ,we/]n ,upl&2 b ! ev5ts always occurr$ 9 ?is sequ5ce & con/itute ! broad] aspects ( ! /ory at all places4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4 ,block diagram %[+ topography dur+ =mation ( ! lead ve9s4 ,! ,ea/]n ,upl& ,! ,ea/]n ,upl& includes ! l& betwe5 ! ,connecticut ,valley & ! ,atlantic ,ocean4 ,at pres5t1 x has ! g5]al =m ( a broad roll+ highl& ) ridges & valleys t h a nor?-s\? tr5d4 ,close inspection %[s t ! rocks 9 ! ridges are diff]5t f ^? 9 ! long valleys4 ,also ! lay]+ ( ! mat]ials ranges f a v]tical attitude1 z at ,w>e & ,brimfield1 to undulat+ & almo/ horizontal positions1 z at ,sp5c] & ,worce/]4 ,?r\gh v]tical & horizontal b$s alike run ^? re9=c+ %eets--"s tabul> & v]tical1 call$ dikes2 o!rs also tabul> b horizontal1 call$ sills2 & "s are j huge1 irregul> masses )\t visible bottoms1 call$ /ocks & ba?oli?s4 ,"s ( !m1 compos$ ( uni=m1 small1 light-color$ m9]als1 are granite2 o!rs are made entirely ( l>ge m9]als ov] an in* across & are call$ pegmatite2 a few1 ) cunei=m int]gr[?s ( a d>k m9]al 9 a light "o1 arrang$ l ,arabic writ+1 are kn[n z graphic granite4 ,pl4 #e4 ,intrusive & extrusive igne\s rocks4 ,illu/ration3 a4 ,column> lava re/s ^u r$ s&/one 9 ! cliffs at ,gre5field4 ,illu/ration3 b4 ,fissures 7 fill$ ) liquid rock t became solid & bond$ wall to wall at ! ,w9dsor ,dam4 ,e "o ( ^! masses fl[$ into ! rocks along fractures & o!r zones ( weakness1 cry/alliz+ z !y lo/ _! heat & solv5ts to ! hot spr+s ( t anci5t "t4 ,!y are all invad]s1 or intrusives1 :i* ins]t$ !mselves into ! old] b$s4 ,:e!r !y 7 squeez$ into ! fissures by ! pressures t crumpl$ ! orig9al b$s into _! upturn$ positions1 or :e!r !y1 l ! liquid 9 a hydraulic press1 transf]r$ pressure f a deep res]voir to ! walls ( ! fissures & s pu%$ ! b$s into _! di/ort$ =ms1 is unkn[n4 ,two features are cle>2 ! di/ortion ( ! b$s & intrusion ( ! liquid bodies 7 almo/ simultane\s1 & ! hot spr+s associat$ ) !m 7 /ill active at ! dawn ( ,triassic "t4 ,^! pr(\nd di/urbances trans=m$ ! l& into a s]ies ( elevat$1 wave-l folds1 & ra9s promptly began to te> away at ! summits ( ! newly rais$ m\nta9s4 ,f !m 0 c>v$ a s]rate & rugg$ l&scape1 "p ( :i* 0 lat] buri$ b5ea? ! ,triassic fill4 ,coal ,swamps 9 ,massa*usetts & ,rhode ,isl& ,among ! /rata ( ! ,ea/]n ,upl& :i* 7 fold$1 intrud$1 bak$ h>d1 & /ew$ 9 hot spr+ wat]1 "o gr\p /&s pre-em95t4 ,x =ms a broad b& />t+ nor? ( ,worce/] & rea*+ to ,provid5ce & beyond4 ,ne>ly ev]y:]e x c>ries coaly mat]ial or impressions ( plants :i* are n[ ext9ct1 b :i* fl\ri%$ 9 ! ,coal ,age or ,c>bonif]\s p]iod4 ,"s ( ! coal seams 7 m9$ 9 ! ,provid5ce bas91 b !y _h be5 s heat$ by intrusive granite t !y are p>tly graphitic & prov$ difficult to burn4 ,! great ext5t ( "s ( ! coal seams sugge/s a panorama ( imm5se swamps1 & ( l& s flat t1 = long p]iods1 /reams br\ght no s$im5t1 & ! trees & wat]-lov+ plants furni%$ ! only fill4 ,at o!r times sluggi% riv]s1 fl[+ f ! nor?we/1 laid ?ick lay]s ( s&y mud ov] ! surface ( ! bogs4 ,! alt]nat+ muds & coal seams are ?\s&s ( feet ?ick1 & !y record ! /ory ( a bas9 :i* sank z fa/ z x fill$--a depression :i* 0 nev] built high en\gh to be a well dra9$ pla91 yet nev] subsid$ suffici5tly to be inundat$ by ! sea4 ,! ,c>bonif]\s peat bogs & mud flats may h ext5d$ we/w>d almo/ to ! ,connecticut ,valley2 & f>!r to ! nor?we/ !y 7 b\nd$ by a *a9 ( roll+ hills4 ,! rock floor ( ! coal bas9 conta9s a v>iety ( anci5t mat]ials4 ,"s rocks 7 riv] deposits1 "s 7 m>9e lime/ones1 a few 7 lava & volcanic a%1 & _m 7 granite & gneiss :i* cry/alliz$ at great dep?s & became expos$ only aft] /reams _h /ripp$ away ! ?ick ov]burd54 ,! bas9 floor ?us holds a complex /ory1 9 :i* l& & sea1 vulcanism & quiet1 erosion & deposition1 all play$ _! respective roles4 ,only 9 ! we/1 along ! m>g9 ( ! ,connecticut ,valley1 is ! involv$ /ory at all cle>4 ,& 9 ! ,we/]n ,upl& across ! r$-rock inlay1 x is possible to see "s ( ! l& z x 0 be=e trees took root 9 ! swamps1 & riv]s br\ght s&s & muds f ! vegetat$ hills t hemm$ 9 ! coal bas94 ,! ,we/]n ,upl& ,_m ye>s ago1 :5 transportation facilities 7 n :at !y are n[1 ,new ,engl& settl]s m9$ iron ore f ! hill nor? ( ,b]n>d/on & smelt$ x 9 local *>coal furnaces4 ,! rocks conta9+ ! iron are creas$ into %>p1 close folds1 & !y came into su* close contact ) a hot granite intrusive t _! m9]als 7 *ang$ by its action4 ,?is granite1 h[ev]1 is old] ?an ! "o :i* is associat$ ) ! di/urb$ ,c>bonif]\s b$s1 = x 0 intrud$ :5 ! ,devonian s$im5ts f ,gasp to ,connecticut 7 de=m$4 ,x 0 ?is pr(\nd di/urbance t turn$ ! r$ rocks ( ,ro*e ,p]c f a horizontal to a v]tical position & rais$ a m\nta9 range :i* /ret*$ ?r\gh all ( nor!rn ,new ,brunswick1 ,ma9e1 ! l[l& section ( ,new ,hamp%ire1 & a belt ext5d+ = "s miles ea/ & we/ ( ! ,connecticut ,valley4 ,! erod$ remnants ( ^! ,%ick%ock ,m\nta9s =m$ ! backdrop = ! great ,c>bonif]\s coal swamps 9 ,rhode ,isl&1 ,massa*usetts1 & ,acadia4 ,! iron ore 0 a hot spr+ replacem5t ( a lime/one conta9+ %ells ( sea organisms :i* liv$ :5 *ordate animals fir/ became abundant4 ,?is 0 ! ,devonian p]iod 9 geologic hi/ory--! "t :5 a backbone appe>$ ess5tial 9 e really high-grade animal4 ,! lime/one re/s ^u a bea* gravel1 n[ consolidat$ into a qu>tzite conglom]ate4 ,! gravel consi/$ ( small :ite qu>tz pebbles :i* came f ! _m ve9s 9 ! /eeply incl9$ slates ( ! adjac5t coa/4 ,m>9e deposits ( ,devonian age are f\nd z f> s\? z ,lev]ett1 & scatt]$ outcrops indicate t ! old seaway rea*$ nor?w>d up ! ,connecticut1 ent]+ ,canada ea/ ( ,lake ,memphremagog4 ,!nce x spread ea/w>d to ,gasp & we/w>d to ,montreal1 & ar\nd ! nor? & we/ side ( ! ,adirondack ,m\nta9s into ,new ,york ,/ate4 ,a l[ roll+ l& :]e ! ,gre5 ,m\nta9s /& today =m$ ! we/]n %ore ( ! ,devonian sea = _m miles nor?w>d into ,quebec4 ,! ,adirondack & ,taconic ,m\nta9s 7 a fus$ aggregate ( undulat+ upl&s :i* limit$ ! seaway on ! s\? along ! ,int]national ,b\nd>y4 ,its ea/]n %ore lay f> beyond ! horizon ( ! region describ$ 9 ?is brief acc\nt4 ,! rocks ( ! old ,devonian coa/ 9 ,massa*usetts 7 *iefly slates1 cut by _m qu>tz ve9s4 ,!y are expos$ along ! ,mohawk ,trail 9 ! asc5t f ,gre5field to ,%elburne ,summit1 & !y cont9ue nor?w>d 9 an almo/ unbrok5 b& ?r\gh ,b]n>d/on1 ,brattleboro1 & ,nor?field 7,v]mont7 to ,lake ,memphremagog4 ,!y conta9 ca/s ( planktonic life :i* inhabit$ ! ,ordovician seas 9 ^! nor!rn latitudes1 & ! ,ordovician /rata1 toge!r ) /ill old] ,cambrian s$im5ts f\nd bel[ !m1 meet ! ,devonian bea* deposits at a %>p angle1 j z ! slates along ! coa/ ( ,ma9e meet ! mod]n bea* s&s & gravels4 ,l ! slates ( ,ma9e1 !y 7 erod$ deeply be=e ! bea* exi/$1 & _! slaty /ructure & _! /eeply incl9$ attitudes 7 acquir$ 9 a /ill m anci5t epo* ( de=mation4 ,! fold$ rocks ( ,ordovician age flank$ ! highl& area :i* n[ con/itutes ! axis ( ! ,gre5 ,m\nta9s4 ,we/ ( ! ,gre5 ,m\nta9s !y make ! ,taconic ,range1 & to ! ea/ !y appe> 9 ranges t g "u a v>iety ( names1 includ+ ! ,nor?field & ! ,l[ell ,m\nta9s4 ,9 ! ,taconics ! folds h ! %ape ( waves advanc+ we/w>d f ! c5t] ( di/urbance 9 ! ,gre5 ,m\nta9 axis2 )9 ! ,connecticut bas9 ! ,ordovician folds h wave-fronts :i* advance f ! same axis ea/w>d across ! ,memphremagog sea4 ,along ! ea/]n m>g9 ( ! old l& a s]ies ( d>k gre5 intrusives call$ p]idotite well$ up f ! dep?s ( ! e>?1 & !y n[ cut ?r\gh ! rocks ext5d+ f ,*e/]1 ,massa*usetts1 to ,!t=d ,m9es1 ,quebec2 !y are l giant b\nd>y po/s m>k+ ! anci5t l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 sea & l& 9 ,cambro-,ordovician "t4 ,orig9ally ! fold$ /rata 9 ! ,taconic region 7 deposit$ 9 cle> m>9e wat]s1 :]e calcium c>bonate accumulat$ rapidly4 ,b ! s$im5ts ( ! same age ea/ ( ! ,gre5 ,m\nta9 l& repres5t an unbrok5 succession ( h>d5$ muds1 :i* re/ on s&y muds1 & on f9e & co>se products ( viol5t volcanic eruptions--tuffs & agglom]ates--& lava fl[s4 ,no lime-secret+ animals c\ld ?rive 9 ?is sea1 al?\gh !y numb]$ billions 9 ! we/]n wat]s2 = only float+ plankton c\ld escape ! int]m9able mud1 & !y drift$ up & d[n ! coa/ f ,quebec to ,connecticut4 ,"o or two /raits may h connect$ ! cle> wat]s ( ! we/ ) ! muddy wat]s ( ! ea/1 = "s ( ! planktonic organisms h be5 f\nd 9 ! muddi] s$im5ts ( ! we/]ly wat]body4 ,! ,cambro-,ordovician sea lapp$ ev5 old] rocks1 contort$ & cut by intrusives :i* bond$ !m precisely z mu* y\ng] invad+ liquid rock bond$ ! y\ng] s$im5ts ( ! ,ea/]n & ,we/]n ,upl&s4 ,! old] rocks 7 also laid 9 a sea--a sea s mu* m anci5t ?an ! ,cambrian & ,ordovician seaways t its %orel9e & ev5 its =m & ext5t are at be/ conjectural4 ,& :5 we /udy ^! olde/ m>9e b$s1 we f9d t _! +r$i5ts 7 9 "p d]iv$ f /ill m anci5t s$im5t>y rocks1 :i* accumulat$ 9 ! sea1 & t ^! old b$s 7 elevat$ into ! l& t suppli$ ! wa/e n[ f\nd 9 ! olde/ coh]5t section ( rocks 9 we/]n ,new ,engl&4 ,inde$1 ! dawn ( ! ,cambrian p]iod1 :5 life fir/ became abundant1 0 m]ely a half-way m>k ?r\gh geologic "t4 ,al?\gh half a billion ye>s h elaps$ f ! ,cambrian to ! pres5t1 ano!r half a billion ye>s rea* /ill f>!r back t[>ds ! beg9n+s ( e>? hi/ory1 beyond :i* sci5ce has n yet pe]$ successfully4 ,^! billion ye>s are b a f9ite segm5t ( hi/ory1 b\nd$ by ! inf9ite pa/ & ! inf9ity ( ! future4 ,x seems appropriate1 !re=e1 to end our j\rney d[n ! f\r? dim5sion at ?is po9t1 & z we retrace our /eps1 we c pr(itably survey ! *ronologic succession ( ev5ts & sc5es :i* foll[$ ea* o!r f ,cambrian "t to ! ,tw5tie? ,c5tury ,a4,d4 ,! ,/ory ( ,c5tral ,massa*usetts ,! protract$ /ory ( c5tral ,massa*usetts might be t ( _m ano!r section ( ea/]n ,nor? ,am]ica1 except = m9or details4 ,9 ,cambrian "t an inl& sea1 well /ock$ ) simple m>9e organisms1 wa%$ ! %ores ( an ar*ipelago :i* ext5d$ nor? & s\? ?r\gh ! ,b]k%ire ,hills1 ! ,gre5 ,m\nta9s1 & ! ,notre ,dame ,m\nta9s4 ,compos$ ( rocks :i* !mselves _h _h a long & involv$ geological pa/1 ! isl&s rose int]mitt5tly z /reams & waves wore !m away4 ,cle> wat] & s&y bea*es /ret*$ along _! we/]n %ore1 & ! orig9al ,adirondack ,m\nta9s 7 j visible f ! summits ( ! high] isl&s4 ,swift /reams rac$ d[n _! ea/]n slopes1 c>ry+ gravels1 s&s1 & silts into ! ea/]n arm ( ! sea1 & only free-swimm+ animals c\ld survive 9 its turbid wat]s4 ,= a "t1 volcanoes erupt$ & fum$ along ! entire ea/]n coa/ f ,!t=d ,m9es1 ,quebec1 to ,pla9field1 ,massa*usetts1 b _! activity 0 %ort-liv$4 ,only ! /reams :i* dra9$ ! broad isl&s endur$1 & !y nev] ceas$ to p\r mud into ! ea/]n ocean4 ,gaps 9 ! isl& *a9 p]mitt$ "s ( ! free-swimm+ organisms to migrate to ! we/]n sea1 :]e bottom-liv+ plants & animals 7 actively secret+ ! limy %ells & skeletons :i* help$ build ?ick deposits ( ,cambrian lime/one4 ,^! conditions cont9u$ into ! ensu+ ,ordovician p]iod ( geologic "t1 b gradually ! situation *ang$4 ,aga9 ! volcanoes r5ew$ _! activity1 & masses ( d>k p]idotite 7 intrud$ along ! ea/]n %ore2 ! isl& *a9 rose rapidly1 & ! /raits clos$4 ,! elevat$ l& began to exp& outw>d1 & folds spread ea/w>d on ! ea/ & we/w>d on ! we/1 l waves f a c5t] ( di/urbance4 ,s great 0 ! pressure t portions ( ! old l& 7 %e>$ outw>d ov] ! fold$ s$im5ts4 ,! ,taconic di/urbance 0 on f ! city ( ,quebec to ! city ( ,wa%+ton2 & ! /reams1 l ants1 kept at _! endless task ( c>ry+ s& & gravel into any & e depression !y c\ld f9d4 ,!y pil$ up great ?icknesses ( ,silurian s&/one 9 ,ma9e & ,new ,york1 & s effectively did !y te> d[n ! ,taconic ,m\nta9s t ! ,silurian sea 0 ultimately able to p5etrate ! region f ,!t=d ,m9es1 ,quebec1 almo/ to ,:ite ,riv] ,junction on ! ,connecticut ,riv]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4 ,block diagram %[+ ma9 features ( c5tral ,new ,engl& dur+ middle ,ordovician "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,block diagram %[+ ma9 features ( c5tral ,new ,engl& at ! end ( ,ordovician "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4 ,block diagram %[+ ma9 features ( c5tral ,new ,engl& dur+ ! ,devonian p]iod4 ,"o p]iod lat] a ,devonian sea foll[$ 9 ! wake ( ! ,silurian sea1 b its wat]s p5etrat$ ev5 f>!r s\? to ,lev]ett1 ,massa*usetts4 ,! qu>tz gravels ( its advanc+ bea* cov]$ ! worn flanks ( ! ,taconic folds4 ,sea animals left _! %ells to =m a b$ ( lime/one :i* may be se5 today at ,b]n>d/on4 ,b aga9 ! sea 0 %\ld]$ aside by ! re/ive l&1 :i* rose f ,gasp to ,virg9ia4 ,mu* ( ! region affect$ by ! ,taconic di/urbance 0 elevat$ aga91 & a broad b& ( ,devonian s$im5ts 0 fold$ closely ?r\gh nor!rn ,new ,brunswick1 s\!rn ,quebec1 nor!rn ,ma9e1 nor!rn & c5tral ,new ,hamp%ire1 & c5tral ,massa*usetts4 ,granites well$ up into ! s$im5ts1 & dikes fill$ all ! fissures4 ,! bak+1 /ew+1 & re9=c+ !y gave to ! old] s$im5ts made !m s firm t !y are /ill "o ( ! mo/ coh]5t & resi/ant s]ies ( rocks 9 ,new ,engl& & m>itime ,canada4 ,?is 0 ! ,%ick%ock or ,acadian di/urbance4 ,mean:ile ! fir/ =e/s took root on ! long pi$mont pla9s t spread f ! ris+ m\nta9s we/w>d into ! ,catskill ,plateau ( ,new ,york ,/ate 7,catskill s&/one7 & ea/w>d to ! coa/ ( ,ma9e 7,p]ry =mation74 ,! m>g9s ( ! pi$mont pla9 sank4 ,va/1 luxuriant swamps succe$$ ! old =e/s 9 ,p5nsylvania on ! we/]n pi$mont1 & 9 ,rhode ,isl&1 ,massa*usetts1 & ,acadia on ! ea/]n pi$mont4 ,! swamp vegetation lat] became ! coal seams ( ea/]n ,nor? ,am]ica1 & well does ?is "t m]it its "n--! ,c>bonif]\s p]iod4 ,! ,%ick%ock ,m\nta9s rema9$ 9 ! h9t]l& =m+ highl&s f ,sp5c]1 ,massa*usetts1 we/w>d into ,new ,york ,/ate2 b !y 7 %orn ( _! crags1 & only on r>e occasions 7 ! /reams swift en\gh to c>ry silt into ! swamps & to bury ! accumulat$ peat4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4 ,block diagram %[+ ! ma9 features ( c5tral ,new ,engl& dur+ ! ,c>bonif]\s p]iod4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4 ,block diagram %[+ ! ma9 features ( c5tral ,new ,engl& 9 e>ly ,triassic "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4 ,block diagram %[+ ! ma9 features ( c5tral ,new ,engl& dur+ late ,triassic "t4 ,torn & twi/$ z ,new ,engl& _h be5 by ! two previ\s di/urbances1 x 0 to suff] yet aga94 ,! entire nor!rn section ( ! ea/]n coal swamps began to rise1 & ! movem5t spread s\?w>d ?r\gh ,new ,j]sey1 ea/]n ,p5nsylvania1 ,m>yl&1 ,virg9ia1 ! ,c>ol9as1 & ,georgia4 ,granites ins9uat$ !mselves once m into fissures 9 ! elevat$ l&mass2 ! rocks 7 pu%$ outw>d f ! rais$ block2 & ! s$im5ts ( ! coal fields 7 ?r[n into folds :i* dim9i%$ 9 magnitude t[>ds ,ohio on "o side & ,cape ,breton ,isl& on ! o!r4 ,?is 0 ! ,appala*ian ,revolution4 ,:5 x 0 ov]1 ev5 ! y\nge/ s$im5ts 7 int]lac$ ) granite %eets & dikes2 !y 7 cook$ h>d 9 hot spr+ wat]s2 & !y 7 crumpl$ into close1 long nor?-s\? folds4 ,! l&scape 0 *ang$ completely3 m\nta9s _h replac$ ! peat swamps2 & f _! summits alp9e glaci]s 7 pluck+ rock fragm5ts :i* !y dump$ into ! ,bo/on bas94 ,/reams1 too1 cut deeply into ! m\nta9\s upl&1 b !re 7 no o!r local bas9s 9 :i* ! fluvial debris c\ld come to re/4 ,?is 01 9 brief1 ! c\rse ( ev5ts :i* transpir$ 9 t era ( geologic "t call$ ! ,paleozoic4 ,twice z long z all ensu+ "t1 ! era 0 "o ( kaleidoscopic *ange1 ) placid seas1 eruptive volcanoes1 swift /reams1 & t[]+ m\nta9s compet+ = ! lead roles 9 ?ree r simil> hi/orical cycles4 ,:5 ! ,paleozoic era 0 ov]1 ! matrix ( t\gh1 resi/ant rocks 0 ready = ! delicate inlaid design :i* 0 impos$ ^u x 9 ! ,triassic p]iod4 ,!re 0 no?+ tranquil ab\t ,triassic "t4 ,:ile hot spr+s1 born 9 ! cool+ granites1 /ill ooz$ f r5ts 9 ! m\nta9sides1 a trem5d\s #ajj-mile-long rift tore ?r\gh ! ea/ m>g9 ( ! old ,%ick%ock ,m\nta9 f\ndation4 ,! rift 0 a clean break at "s places1 b else:]e x 0 spl9t]$ & (fset4 ,ea* nor!rn sector ( ! break inv>iably end$ we/ ( ! beg9n+ ( a s\!rn "o1 & ! int]v5+ rock is *>act]iz$ by multiple fissures ) m or less displacem5t ( _! walls4 ,! block ea/ ( ! rift mov$ s\? & rose1 :ile t to ! we/ 0 depress$ into a tilt$ & asymmetric bas94 ,m\nta9 /reams fl[+ ea/w>d to ! ,atlantic 7 caught at ! base ( ! rift1 & a new set ( torr5ts da%$ d[n ! we/-fac+ sc>p ( ! elevat$ block4 ,aft] e cl\dbur/ ^! new /reams left _! contributions ( b\ld]s 9 screes along ! ea/ side ( ! bas94 ,! gravels /eadily increas$ 9 ?ickness1 cov]+ ! hills & valleys t furr[$ ! l[l& floor4 ,mu* ( ! anci5t relief /ill lies buri$ b5ea? ! fill1 b "s ( ! em95ces 7 exhum$ "o hundr$ & fifty million ye>s lat] & h receiv$ man-giv5 names l ,m\nt ,w>n] & ,b]n>d/on ,ridge4 ,z ! bas9 subsid$ v]tically = m ?an a mile1 ! m\nta9 /reams spread fans we/w>d across mo/ ( its floor1 re/rict+ ! contributions ( ! we/]n riv]s to a zone :i* is n[ less ?an two miles wide4 ,! l>ge/ ( ! ea/]n riv]s wore a valley ?ree miles wide :]e x ent]$ ! l[l& nor!a/ ( ,granby4 ,!n volcanoes broke loose 9 ! bas9 floor4 ,lava ooz$ ?r\gh ! s& we/ ( ! ,not* 9 ! ,holyoke ,range1 & x fro!d out ( ! op5+s or 0 bl[n viol5tly f !m4 ,b by %e] p]si/5ce ! riv]s /ill dom9at$ ! sc5e z volcanic activity wax$ & wan$1 & #a1ejj feet ( alluvial wa% pil$ up ar\nd ! volcanic cones4 ,! en]gy ( ! volcanoes 0 ultimately sp5t1 b = "s "t lava p\r$ out ( crat]s along a l9e ext5d+ s\?w>d f ! ma9 eruptive c5t]1 & f a second c5t] :i* approximates ! c\rse ( ! ,connecticut ,riv] f ,sund]l& to ,turn]s ,falls4 ,x fl[$ we/w>d into ! middle ( ! bas9 9 a s]ies ( %eets until x 0 #djj feet deep2 x press$ upw>d aga9/ ! s& pla9s along ! we/]n hills2 x surg$ ea/ up ! fan slopes :]e x end$ 9 a fro?y wall2 & x spread s\?w>d f ^! two c5t]s & f o!rs to ,new ,hav54 ,! lava1 n[ tilt$1 gives sub/ance to ! ,gre5field ,ridge1 ! ,m\nt ,holyoke & ,m\nt ,tom ,ranges1 & ! long l9e ( hills t pass ?r\gh ,h>t=d & ,m]id54 ,spectacul> 0 ?is outbur/ 9 its "t1 & pr(\nd 0 its influ5ce ^u lat] sc5]y1 b %ort 0 its duration4 ,be=e wea!r c\ld r$d5 ! lava surface1 /reams wa%$ gravel ov] x2 & only at ! ma9 c5t]s betwe5 ! ,m\nt ,holyoke ,hotel & ! ,amh]/-,s\? ,hadley road 7 ! volcanoes able to hold out aga9/ ! rel5tless activity ( runn+ wat]4 ,! block ea/ ( ! rift cont9u$ to move s\?w>d & to rise1 :ile ! /reams dra9+ x entr5*$ !mselves 9 an ef=t to rema9 at grade ) ! bas9 floor4 ,! mov+ m\nta9 mass pu%$ ! lava fl[ up on end & twi/$ its ea/]n edge ar\nd1 dragg+ x along to ! s\?4 ,! rock spl9t]s :i* 7 =m$ 9 ! process slic$ ! bas9 s$im5ts into small blocks1 "s ( :i* c be se5 nor? ( ,turn]s ,falls & also at ! ,holyoke ,range4 ,ultimately ! upw>d & s\?we/w>d movem5t along ! rift pil$ ! ea/]n blocks aga9/ ! m we/]ly ones1 pu%+ ! we/ side ( ea* ea/]n block up on ! ea/ side ( ! adjac5t we/]n "o1 & depress+ its ea/]n side m deeply into ! bas9 floor4 ,! _m fractures :i* 7 made weak5$ ! basalt lava %eet along c]ta9 zones :]e1 9 rec5t "t1 ! elem5ts h worn ! not*es 9 ! ,holyoke ,range4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4 ,block diagram %[+ ! ma9 features ( c5tral ,new ,engl& at ! op5+ ( ! ,c5ozoic era4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4 ,block diagram %[+ ! ma9 features ( c5tral ,new ,engl& at ! pres5t "t4 ,/reams f ! ea/]n highl& /ubbornly fill$ up ! holes & plan$ (f ! rais$ blocks dur+ ! entire p]iod ( int]mitt5t movem5t4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ! tussle betwe5 e>? =ces & fluvial ag5ts ! volcanoes aga9 broke into explosive eruptions1 & volcanic a% fill$ _m ( ! block-l depressions all ! way f ,granby to localities s\? ( ,holyoke4 ,!n ! fi]y v5ts cool$1 & ! e>? movem5ts dim9i%$ 9 _! vigor4 ,b !y left a m\nta9 front s /eep t talus & l&slide deposits accumulat$ at its base ne> ,m\nt ,toby2 & ! block m\nta9 range 0 s high t glaci]s may h wrea!d its summit4 ,! m\nta9 mass desc5d$ s\?w>d1 & x 0 p5etrat$ by at lea/ "o l[ pass nor!a/ ( ,granby4 ,9 ! bas9 itself1 alluvial fans encroa*$ f ! ea/]n m\nta9 front1 b out 9 ! middle ( ! valley ephem]al playas & %ift+ lakes 7 num]\s4 ,ru%es fr+$ ! lake %ores2 fi% /ock$ _! wat]s2 & d9osaurs lumb]$ ov] ! adjac5t flats4 ,! region 0 "o ( viol5t ra9s & seasonal dr\ghts1 ( hot days & fro/y nights--a semi-des]t c\ntry ly+ 9 ! lee ( ! ,appala*ian ranges1 some:at z ! int]montane valleys ( ! ,we/ lie 9 ! ra9 %ad[ ( bord]+ m\nta9s4 ,eight ?\s& feet ( s$im5ts p\r$ into ! ,triassic tr\gh :ile ^! conditions la/$1 b ! situation alt]$ sl[ly z ! ,jurassic p]iod dawn$4 ,?r\gh\t e>? hi/ory1 vulcanism & m\nta9-mak+ h be5 spasmodic ev5ts2 b s long z ra9 has fall5 & wat] has run d[nhill to ! sea1 ! unspectacul> riv]s h nev] rel9qui%$ _! task ( r$uc+ ! l&s to ! l[e/ grade on :i* wat] w fl[4 ,dur+ all ( ! ,jurassic & ,cretace\s p]iods1 & ev5 into ! ,eoc5e epo* ( ! ,t]ti>y1 ,new ,engl&'s riv]s work$ t[>ds ?is end1 & !y came z close to atta9+ _! goal z ! re/less e>? has ev] p]mitt$ !m to d4 ,! region f ! ,atlantic to ! bases ( ! ,gre5 ,m\nta9s & ! ,:ite ,m\nta9s 0 r$uc$ to a broad1 fa9tly t]rac$ erosional pla94 ,n all ( x 0 level$1 = ,m\nt ,wa*usett1 ,m\nt ,monadnock1 ! summits ( ,m\nt ,greylock & ,m\nt ,ascutney resi/$ ! we> & te> ( ! wea!r & ( runn+ wat]1 & reta9$ "s ( _! orig9al /ature4 ,at ! headwat]s ( ! /reams ! ,gre5 ,m\nta9 *a9 & ! ,:ite ,m\nta9s also )/ood r$uction to ! common level1 =m+ ! divide betwe5 ,/4 ,lawr5ce & ,atlantic dra9age4 ,su* riv]s z ! ,m]rimack1 ! ,we/1 ! ,de]field1 & ! ,f>m+ton foll[$ some:at diff]5t c\rses ?an !y d today1 = "s ( ! dra9age head+ 9 ! ,we/]n ,upl& ( ,new ,engl& fl[$ /raight across ! r$-rock valley to ! sea4 ,dur+ ,t]ti>y "t ! entire region rose v]tically z a unit4 ,! rise 0 int]mitt5t1 punctuat$ by long /ill/&s ( ! upl& ) respect to ! sea4 ,"o ( ! e>li] uplifts c>ri$ ! l& "s #bjj feet high]2 & al?\gh ! riv]s ma9ta9$ _! c\rses1 !y deep5$ _! valleys & ultimately wid5$ !m into broad1 op5 pla9s f> back t[>ds _! headwat] rea*es4 ,9 ! resi/ant rocks on ei!r side ( ! r$-rock bas9 ! valleys 7 %>p & well def9$1 b 9 ! s(t ,triassic s$im5ts ! riv]s cut wide swa?s1 ne>ly elim9at+ ! l[ divides :i* kept !m 9 _! indep5d5t c\rses4 ,9 ,middle ,t]ti>y "t r5ew$ uplifts occurr$1 & ultimately ! /ra!d surface 0 elevat$ #a1hjj feet inl& at ! ,gre5 ,m\nta9 divide4 ,once m ! riv]s />t$ busily cutt+ d[n2 b 9 a protract$ /ill/&1 :ile ! ,new ,engl& upl& /ill lack$ #gjj feet ( its pres5t elevation1 ! ,atlantic ,ocean plan$ (f ! hills 9 s\!rn ,connecticut z f> nor? z ,middlet[n1 & ! ,f>m+ton ,riv] adopt$ a m direct r\te across ! m>9e pla9 to ! sea4 ,be=e ! ,we/1 ,de]field1 & ,we/field ,riv]s c\ld l[] _! *annels to grade 9 ! re9=c$ rocks ( ! ,ea/]n ,upl&1 a tribut>y ( ! ,f>m+ton work$ headw>d along ! poorly consolidat$ r$ rocks ( ! bas9 & div]t$ ! wat]s ( ! nor!rn /reams into its own *annel4 ,?is 0 ! bir? ( ! ,connecticut ,riv]1 & 9 late ,t]ti>y "t1 ! en]gies ( ! new-born /ream 7 effectively exp5d$ wid5+ ! :ole ( ! ,triassic bas94 ,ev5 "s ( its l>g] tribut>ies develop$ wide valley floors ) /eep walls 9 ! h>d cry/all9e rocks ( ! upl&s4 ,only ! lava fl[s & ! buri$ old-rock m\nta9s )/ood planation 9 ! r$-rock bas94 ,! fl[s =m su* trap ridges z ,gre5field ,ridge1 ! ,m\nt ,holyoke ,range1 ! ,m\nt ,tom ,range1 ! ,hang+ ,hills ( ,m]id54 ,exhum$ m\nta9s are typifi$ by ,m\nt ,w>n]4 ,all ( nor!a/]n ,nor? ,am]ica 0 rais$ to great heights 9 late ,plioc5e "t1 & ! ,atlantic ,ocean )drew at lea/ fifty miles s\!a/w>d f ! pres5t %orel9e4 ,! rejuv5at$ riv]s deep5$ _! valleys1 =m+ n>r[1 %>ply incis$ canyons l ! gorges ( ! ,hudson & ! ,sagu5ay2 & ! ,connecticut made a deep groove 9 ! l[l& floor1 cutt+ to dep?s :i* h be5 p>tly disclos$ by drill+ at ! ,calv9 ,coolidge ,memorial ,bridge & ! ,sund]l& ,bridge4 ,:ile ! l& /ood 9 ?is high position1 "o w9t]'s sn[ 9 ! ,:ite ,m\nta9s fail$ to melt be=e ! next began to fall4 ,sn[fall accumulat$ ^u sn[fall1 cov]+ n only ! ,:ite ,m\nta9s1 b all ( ,canada & ,new ,engl&2 & ! ,ice ,age 0 "h to /ay m or less cont9u\sly = a million ye>s4 ,! ice pil$ up aga9/ ! highe/ m\nta9s & ultimately rose s f> above !m t x slid ov] _! tops )\t attempt+ to det\r ar\nd !m4 ,its surface may h be5 #ac1jjj feet above sea level 9 nor!rn ,new ,hamp%ire1 & its surface slope1 :i* is e/imat$ at #aej feet p] mile1 w\ld give a ?ickness ( #aj1jjj feet at ,nor?ampton4 ,! cont95t yield$ sl[ly "u ?is great load1 & x sank until all ( ! elevation ga9$ 9 ! ,plioc5e movem5t 0 wip$ out1 & m besides4 ,! ice radiat$ f ! c5t]s ( maximum accumulation--at fir/ f ! ,:ite ,m\nta9s1 & !n f nor!rn ,ont>io1 & f9ally f ,labrador4 ,! cont95tal glaci] crept s\?w>d to ,long ,isl& & ,m>?a's ,v9ey>d1 :]e its front melt$ 9 ! wat]s ( ! ,atlantic z fa/ z new ice came up beh9d4 ,x dragg$ & pu%$ & c>ri$ debris1 only to dump x 9 a hummocky ridge1 l a ramp>t1 to m>k its f>!/ advance4 ,at la/ ! glaci]s />t$ to melt ev5 fa/] ?an new masses mov$ d[n f ! nor?1 & ! ice front began to rec$e #djj to #gjj feet p] ye>4 ,! sea foll[$ x1 up ! ,hudson1 up ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce1 9 ov] ! coa/al l[l&s = a %ort di/ance2 & ev]y:]e p\nd+ waves made bea*es at ! wat] l9e4 ,& 9 ! pa? ( its sl[1 delib]ate retreat1 ! glaci] left rock debris--b\ld]s on ! hills & 9 ! valleys1 b\ld]s ev]y:]e2 all ! l&scape 0 m>r$ & desolate4 ,! ice _h weigh$ ! pre-glacial valleys d[n m deeply 9 ! nor? ?an 9 ! s\?4 ,"o su* valley 0 ! ,connecticut ,l[l&1 9 :i* wat] ga!r$ to ov]fl[-height at ,middlet[n4 ,?us ,lake ,spr+field came into be+1 & x spread nor?w>d z ! ice front rec$$4 ,nor? ( ! ,holyoke ,range ano!r lake =m$1 & ?is nor!rn body ( wat] has be5 nam$ ,lake ,hadley4 ,/reams fl[$ (f ! ice1 (f ! hills--fl[$ ) unimp$$ vigor1 = !re 7 no trees or grass to ret>d ! run-(f4 ,deltas grew out f ! %ores1 & annual lay]s ( clay settl$ on ! lake b$4 ,! ice grew ?9n]1 its area small]1 & its load light]2 & z ,"m ,e>? lo/ h] heavy burd51 ! l& rose1 m 9 ! nor? ?an 9 ! s\?4 ,! diff]5tial rise decant$ ! wat] s\?w>d out ( ! lake bas9s1 & ! seas retir$ f ! coa/al l[l&s4 ,old %ores & sea bea*es rema9$ z flat t]races slop+ g5tly s\?w>d4 ,! riv]s rac$ d[n ! /eep bea* slopes to ! old lake floors & sea bottom4 ,!y cut _! *annels deeply into ! unconsolidat$ deltas & me&]$ back & =? ov] ! flat1 ungrad$ lacu/r9e pla9s1 z if unc]ta9 :]e to fl[4 ,!y flood$ ! l&s 9 ! spr+1 leav+ loose s& & silt = ! w9ds to bl[ :5 ! wat] 0 l[4 ,s& dunes rose ne> ! riv] banks at ,nor? ,hadley1 ,sund]l&1 ,hatfield1 & ,s\? ,de]field2 b ! m>* ( ! dunes 0 arre/$ z po/-glacial vegetation repossess$ ! l&4 ,x 0 at ?is po9t 9 ! /ory t man f\nd & settl$ ! ,connecticut ,valley1 becom+ a witness to ! geologic "w ( ! riv] & an aid to ! "w ( ! w9d z 8 pl[ b>$ ! f]tile soil to ! elem5ts4 ,int]e/+ ,places ,books & p]iodicals supply d9n] m5us = ! ho/ess & li/ !atrical (f]+s = ! habitu4 ,surely sugge/ions ( places = a picnic or an ev5+ drive are equally 9 ord]4 ,exp]i5ce1 "s ( x pa9ful1 soon r$uces ! numb] ( pleasant picnic sites3 poison ivy or a deceptive bog may l+] 9 ! memory & automatically elim9ate "s o!rwise delightful spot4 ,b places suitable to e ta/e lie )9 ! ,connecticut ,valley or along its fr++ upl&s4 ,"s are ne> ! highways & o!rs are on woodl& trails2 a few are int]e/+ = _! imm$iate surr\nd+s & _m because ( _! expansive view4 ,"h is a l&scape :i* c be appreciat$ )\t leav+ or /opp+ ! c>2 b !re is a sight :i* c be reli%$ only f a trail1 or f a p9nacle accessible to ! agile climb]4 ,drives satisfy "s ta/es2 b places to /op1 m$itate1 & conjure up ! pa/ appeal to o!rs4 ,! ,valley & its environs h some?+ = e temp]am5t & e mood4 ,m\nt ,l9coln 9 ,pelham ,m\nt ,l9coln is remote en\gh f highways to (f] "s measure ( retreat1 yet x is n disc\rag+ly inaccessible4 ,! summit rises ab\t #cjj feet above ! ne>e/ road1 :i* lies a mile away by woodl& trail4 ,x is ,pelham's highe/ em95ce1 & its height is enhanc$ by a fire t[] :i* af=ds a magnific5t view 9 e compass direction4 ,! g5tly undulat+ ,new ,engl& upl& /ret*es (f to ! nor? & ea/ = miles4 ,! innum]able hills :i* compose x integrate to =m a horizontal skyl9e1 :i* sugge/s a flat erosional plane1 orig9ally =m$ at1 or ne>1 ! level ( ! sea4 ,to ! nor!a/ ,m\nt ,monadnock 9 ,new ,hamp%ire rises prom95tly above ! g5]al level1 = its extremely resi/ant rock )/ood r$uction by wea!r & wat] m effectively ?an ! weak] b$rock on e side4 ,! valley l[l& beg9s b ?ree miles to ! s\?we/4 ,! range ( hills /ret*+ away l beads on a /r+ is ! ,holyoke ,range4 ,m\nt ,toby1 ,m\nt ,sug>loaf1 & ! ,pocumtuck ,hills are ! prom95ces 9 ! l[l& to ! nor?we/4 ,! l[l& 0 erod$ out ( ! ,new ,engl& upl& aft] ! l& 0 elevat$ f> back 9 ,t]ti>y "t1 & ! dis9tegrat+ rock 0 c>ri$ to ! sea by ! riv]s4 ,! hills 9 ! l[l& 7 left :]e ! rocks resi/$ de/ruction m successfully ?an else:]e1 b !y only approximate ! level ( ! upl& ( :i* !y 7 once a "p4 ,m\nt ,l9coln & ! surr\nd+ hills are /rewn ) b\ld]s4 ,e slope is dott$ ) l>ge irregul>ly %ap$ rocks1 _m ( :i* h smoo!d facets m>r$ by m9ute scrat*es4 ,! b\ld]s 7 left by ! ,great ,ice ,%eet :5 x melt$ (f ,new ,engl&1 & ! scrat*es 7 made :5 ! ice dragg$ ! b\ld]s ov] h>d rock surfaces4 ,^! /ones came d[n f ! nor?1 & among !m y may recognize types :i* y h se5 9 ! l$ges ar\nd ,orange & ,nor?field4 ,e>ly ,pelham settl]s f\nd ! b\ld]s z mu* 9 _! way z ! trees2 s !y burn$ or us$ ! trees1 & !y pil$ ! /ones 9 long r[s to f5ce _! fields4 ,/one f5ces *>act]ize all glaciat$ regions1 & "h !y foll[ ! roadsides = miles1 rea*+ to ! edge ( ! deposits 9 glacial ,lake ,hadley4 ,m\nt ,toby ,let's g to ,m\nt ,toby usually means to g to ! camp gr\nd along ,ro>+ ,brook at ! ea/ base ( ! m\nta91 or to "o ( ! sug> camps on ! we/ slope1 or to ! ,sund]l& ,caves at ! nor? end4 ,all ( ^! places are wor? kn[+1 b ! view f ! m\nta9 top des]ves at lea/ "o trip1 & ! wood road f ,ro>+ ,brook is replete ) int]e/+ sights4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #f4 ,view ( ! ,holyoke ,range f ,mt4 ,l9coln4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4 ,map %[+ location ( int]e/+ places4 #a4 ,davis pyrite m9e #b4 ,pla9field manganese m9e #c4 ,li?ia spodum5e pegmatite #d4 ,*e/]field t\rmal9e locality #e4 ,we/field m>ble qu>ry #f4 ,williamsburg gal5a ve9 #g4 ,hatfield lead m9e #h4 ,we/ ,f>ms lead m9e #i4 ,l\dville lead m9e #aj4 ,we/field trap qu>ry #aa4 ,b]n>d/on magnetite m9e #ab4 ,gill d9osaur track qu>ry #ac4 ,m\nt ,toby #ad4 ,sund]l& ,caves #ae4 ,ro>+ brook #af4 ,:ittemore's ,f]ry fi% qu>ry #ag4 ,mt4 ,sug>loaf #ah4 ,lev]ett lead ve9 #ai4 ,not* qu>ry #bj4 ,nor?ampton granite qu>ry #ba4 ,titan's ,piazza #bb4 ,titan's ,pi] #bc4 ,ox-b[ lake #bd4 ,smi?'s f]ry d9osaur tracks #be4 ,v>v$ clay pits #bf4 ,mt4 ,grace #bg4 ,fr5* ,k+ bridge #bh4 ,mt4 ,l9coln #bi4 ,pelham asbe/os m9e ,! side road to ,ro>+ ,brook leaves ! highway ea/ ( ,m\nt ,toby j nor? ( ! old cemet]y1 & ! camp site is on ! we/ side ( ! ,c5tral ,v]mont ,railway tracks4 ,! gray rocks ea/ ( ! tracks are "p ( ! anci5t m\nta9s ( ,triassic "t4 ,_! l(ty summits h be5 worn away by ! unceas+ activity ( wea!r & runn+ wat]1 & !y are n[ l[] ?an ! fans ( wa/e :i* 0 dis*>g$ f ! anci5t valleys4 ,ro>+ ,brook is cont9u+ ! "w ( erosion z x tumbles d[n f ,m\nt ,toby1 & fro/ has loos5$ ! great b\ld]s t lie on ! m\nta9side4 ,! rock along ,ro>+ ,brook is v diff]5t f t ea/ ( ! railroad4 ,x looks a great deal l concrete1 ) a l>ge assortm5t ( aggregate mat]ials mix$ 9 ) ! cem5t4 ,! rock is conglom]ate1 a mass ( co>se /ones wa%$ out ( ! anci5t ,triassic m\nta9s1 deposit$ at _! base & 9 contempor>y /ream valleys1 & !n cem5t$ dur+ ! ensu+ ages4 ,_m ( ! pebbles 9 ! conglom]ate _c be f\nd 9 ! old rocks ea/ ( ! railroad tracks4 ,actually ^! rocks *ange 9 "* at diff]5t levels 9 ! upl&s ( today1 & /ill high] *anges :i* 7 pres5t 9 ?is m\nta9 gr\p dur+ ,triassic "t h be5 de/roy$1 ?\gh ! record ( _! pres5ce has be5 reta9$ 9 ! fragm5ts :i* compose ! conglom]ate4 ,! woodl& trail />ts up ! m\nta9 ab\t #ajj y>ds nor? ( ! picnic gr\nds4 ,! rock beside x is r$ granite1 & ! /reams ( ,triassic "t fl[$ ov] x z !y c>ri$ ! gravel :i* n[ makes ! ,m\nt ,toby conglom]ate4 ,! latt] fir/ appe>s ab\t #ajj feet uphill1 & x is virtually ! only rock expos$ f ?is po9t to ! summit4 ,int]sp]s$ s&/one b$s dis9tegrate easily & =m quiet pools & bas9s 9 ! adjac5t brook2 ! pools end a few feet up/ream :]e ! wat] cascades ov] ! edge ( ! next high] conglom]ate /ratum4 ,m\nt ,toby's summit rises above any o!r em95ce 9 c5tral ,massa*usetts ea/ ( ,a%field & s\? ( ,m\nt ,grace ne> ,nor?field4 ,f x ! entire c\ntry to ! s\? appe>s l[ & flat1 except = ! tee? ( ! ,m\nt ,holyoke ,range & ! long ridge ext5d+ s\?w>d f ,m\nt ,tom4 ,a slope rises we/w>d f ! l[l& to meet ! edge ( ! flat ,new ,engl& upl& along a l9e t passes ?r\gh ,%elburne1 ,conway1 ,go%51 & ,granville4 ,ea/ ( ,toby ?is same upl& comes s close t x seems b a /ep across to x4 ,_m peaks may be se5 ris+ above ! ,new ,engl& upl&4 ,! "o f> to ! ea/ is ,wa*usett4 ,up !re to ! nor?-nor!a/ are ,monadnock & ,m\nt ,grace4 ,ov] 9 ! nor?we/ are ,/ratton & ,gla/5bury 9 ,v]mont1 & mu* ne>] & l[] is ,bald ,m\nta9 at ,%elburne ,falls4 ,m\nt ,greylock1 ! highe/ po9t 9 ,massa*usetts1 is almo/ due we/4 ,! l[l& 0 excavat$ aft] ! ,new ,engl& upl& 0 elevat$1 & ! ma9 features :i* di/+ui% ! pres5t l&scape 7 c>v$ out be=e ! end ( ! ,mioc5e epo* ( ,t]ti>y "t4 ,! high po9ts :i* surm\nt ! upl& are monadnocks :i*1 l _! prototype ,m\nt ,monadnock1 successfully resi/$ ! ravages ( "t & ,new ,engl&'s *ang+ b rigor\s climate4 ,! ,sund]l& ,caves ,! ,sund]l& ,caves are on ! nor?we/ side ( ,m\nt ,toby1 j a %ort walk & an easy climb f ,/ate ,highway #fc4 ,!y p5etrate a cliff made ( conglom]ate ov]ly+ a %ale :i* accumulat$ 9 a ,triassic lake4 ,! %ale makes ! floor ( ! cave4 ,jo9ts1 =m+ a "r angle ) ! cliff1 break ! conglom]ate into giant blocks4 ,fro/1 smoo? %ale surfaces1 & gravity h caus$ ! two end pieces to creep away f ! o!r conglom]ate blocks4 ,! second block f ! end has fall5 aga9/ ! end block1 =m+ a high-ro($ cave ab\t #ajj feet long4 ,directly s\?we/ ( ! l[] entrance to ! cave1 ! %ale b$s are highly di/ort$ along ! bord]s ( a tr\gh-l mass ( angul> conglom]ate or breccia1 9 :i* b\ld]s up to six feet 9 diamet] are num]\s4 ,x is believ$ to be ! record ( a ,triassic l&slide1 :i* avalan*$ d[n ! m\nta9 front imm$iately to ! ea/1 & into ! old lake at ! m\nta9 base4 ,x pl[$ up ! clays 9 ! lake b$1 c>ri$ "s ( !m away1 & furr[$ ! o!rs into ! crumpl$ =ms t are cle>ly visible along ! pa? to ! caves4 ,m\nt ,sug>loaf ,m\nt ,sug>loaf does n (f] ,m\nt ,l9coln's retreat f cr[ds nor ,m\nt ,toby's expansive l&scape1 b x is accessible1 & x provides an unrival$ view ( ! valley betwe5 ,s\? ,de]field & ! ,holyoke ,range4 ,its r$ s&/ones & conglom]ates rise almo/ %e] = #ejj feet above ! ,sund]l&-,s\? ,de]field road4 ,on ! nor?we/ & s\!a/ sides ! cliffs are det]m9$ by ne>ly v]tical jo9t planes4 ,dur+ ! ,ice ,age1 ! s\?w>d-mov+ glaci] pluck$ away ! loosely atta*$ blocks fac+ ! ,s\? ,de]field & ,sund]l& sections ( ! l[l&1 leav+ ,sug>loaf z a remnant betwe5 ! jo9t surfaces4 ,! great bites :i* ! me&]+ ,connecticut ,riv] has tak5 out ( ! l[l& are visible ea/ ( ,sund]l& village & s\? t[>ds ,hatfield4 ,ea* arc 9 ! edge ( ! scallop$ flood pla9 is ! extremity ( a me&] loop :i* ! w&]+ riv] c>v$ 9 its bank & !n ab&on$ by break+ ?r\gh ! n>r[ base or tongue1 z x did at ! ,nor?ampton ox-b[4 ,an area ( l[1 roll+1 s&y hills ext5ds ?r\gh ! p9e woods = a mile s\?w>d f ,s\? ,de]field4 ,! hills are dunes :i* =m$ :5 ! ,connecticut 0 pick+ its *annel across ! newly expos$ & b>r5 b$ ( glacial ,lake ,hadley4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4 ,me&] sc>ps =m a m>g9 to ! ,connecticut ,riv] flood pla9 at ,sund]l&4 ,! panorama f ! we/ side ( ,m\nt ,sug>loaf c5t]s ab\t ! deep gorge ( ! ,de]field ,riv]4 ,! top ( ! gorge wid5s out into a broad /ra? & af=ds a glimpse ( ! m remote upl&4 ,! riv]1 em]g+ f ?is canyon dur+ po/-glacial "t1 built a huge delta into glacial ,lake ,hadley1 & mu* ( ! delta /ill rema9s 9 ! t]race :i* is utiliz$ by ! ,bo/on & ,ma9e ,railroad z x desc5ds into ,gre5field4 ,turn]s ,falls ,ru%+ wat] has a fasc9ation :i* 0 frankly recogniz$ by ! highway eng9e]s :o made ! p>k+ place fac+ ! ,connecticut :]e ,r\te #b passes along ! nor? side ( ,turn]s ,falls4 ,"h ! riv] drops ov] a s]ies ( s&/one l$ges into a deep & n>r[ *annel at ! ea/ base ( ! trap ridge4 ,wat]falls are n common 9 riv]s fl[+ ?r\gh l[l&s2 !y indicate di/urbances ( normal /ream developm5t & sometimes *ange 9 c\rse4 ,! ,connecticut ,l[l& is old1 b its anci5t dra9age l9es 7 buri$ by ! deposits left 9 glacial ,lake ,hadley4 ,! riv]'s pres5t c\rse 0 e/abli%$ ^u ^! lacu/r9e s$im5ts1 & ! inn] valley pla9 is excavat$ 9 !m4 ,be=e entr5*m5t took place1 ! s\?-fl[+ rea* ( ! riv] above ,mill]s ,falls 0 deflect$ we/w>d across ! lake pla9 by ! delta ( ,mill]s ,riv]4 ,x 0 turn$ s\?w>d once aga9 by ! trap ridge ne> ,turn]s ,falls4 ,! riv] soon cut ?r\gh ! unconsolidat$ lake b$s & f\nd t x 0 out ( its pre-glacial *annel4 ,! delta ( ,mill]s ,riv] _h div]t$ ! wat] f ! old rock valley b5ea? ! ,montague s& pla91 across a rock divide1 & into ! pre-glacial valley ( ,falls ,riv]4 ,! lake-fill 9 ,falls ,riv] has be5 almo/ completely remov$1 & ,turn]s ,falls n[ m>k ! spot :]e ! ,connecticut p\rs ov] ! bank & into ! *annel ( its pre-glacial tribut>y4 ,! falls h rec$$ up/ream sev]al hundr$ feet & h cut a deep ga% 9 ! ,triassic rocks4 ,pl4 #g4 ,gorges1 9 highl& & l[l& alike1 7 =m$ :5 ! riv]s 7 sup]impos$ on coh]5t rock4 ,illu/ration3 a4 ,view ( ! ,de]field ,riv] gorge em]g+ on valley l[l& z se5 f ,mt4 ,sug>loaf4 ,illu/ration3 b4 ,view ( ! ,fr5* ,k+ gorge z se5 f ! bridge4 ,turn]s ,falls are ! product ( a s]ies ( co9cid5ces4 ,fir/1 ! ice %eet & ,lake ,hadley buri$ all e/abli%$ dra9age l9es & =c$ ! /reams to adopt new r\tes ov] ! b>$ lake bottom4 ,:ile ! lake exi/$1 ,mill]s ,riv] ?rew a weak ob/ruction 9 ! pa? ( ! ,connecticut1 div]t+ x to t "p ( ! l[l& :]e "o ( its pre-glacial tribut>ies _h excavat$ a sl5d] rock gorge along a fault plane4 ,! riv] wa%$ ! lake deposits out ( ! gorge1 expos$ ! old bank ( ,falls ,riv]1 & 0 busily cutt+ a new gorge back into ?is bank :5 ! dam 0 con/ruct$ & its erosive activities 7 sudd5ly arre/$4 ,! ,fr5* ,k+ ,bridge ,! highway f ,gre5field to ,a?ol & ,fit*burg passes ,turn]s ,falls & crosses ! ,connecticut ,riv] ne> ,mill]s ,falls by way ( ! ,fr5* ,k+ ,bridge4 ,"h ! roadway is m ?an #acj feet above ! wat] level4 ,a picnic gr\nd & p>k+ place at ! we/ end ( ! bridge make x a p>ticul>ly attractive place to /op & enjoy ! view up/ream t[>ds ,nor?field4 ,! riv] occupies a n>r[ rock gorge = a mile nor? ( ! bridge1 b at t po9t ! valley wid5s out4 ,?is entire section ( ! riv]'s c\rse 0 e/abli%$ on ! old b$ ( glacial ,lake ,hadley2 b aft] ! unconsolidat$ deposits 7 wa%$ away1 ! /ream f\nd itself fl[+ along ! weak contact betwe5 ! ,triassic conglom]ate on ! we/ bank & ! metamorphic rocks ( ! highl&s on ! ea/ bank4 ,! riv] deep5$ its *annel on ! weak contact zone & made ! sc5ic cut ov] :i* ! bridge 0 built4 ,! pre-glacial valley lies b5ea? ! s& pla9 ea/ ( ! riv]4 ,mill]s ,riv] crosses ?is old valley betwe5 ,mill]s ,falls & its conflu5ce ) ! ,connecticut1 at ! ea/ end ( ! bridge4 ,! rapids at ! junction c be trac$ to ! ridge ( cry/all9e rock betwe5 ! ea/ bank ( ! pres5t ,connecticut & ! we/ bank ( ! pre-glacial ,connecticut4 ,! resi/ant l$ge =ms a b>ri] :i* ,mill]s ,riv] has n yet erod$ to its grade4 ,! conglom]ate b$s on ! we/ wall ( ! gorge dip /eeply ea/w>d t[>ds ! riv] & end aga9/ ! cry/all9es4 ,! b$s 7 orig9ally laid d[n ) a g5tle we/w>d incl9ation4 ,!y 7 tilt$ /eeply 9 ! opposite direction aga9/ ! cry/all9es by fault+1 :i* elevat$ ! ranges & press$ d[n ! adjac5t bas9 dur+ ,triassic "t4 ,titan's ,piazza & ,titan's ,pi] ,n s long ago1 giants & ! devil receiv$ ! cr$it or ! blame = su* oddities 9 nature z rock-masses brok5 into six-sid$ columns4 ,irel& has its ,giant's ,causeway1 & ,yell[/one ,national ,p>k its ,devil's ,po/-pile4 ,titan's ,piazza & ,titan's ,pi] 7 likewise attribut$ to activities ( ! lead] ( fall5 angels & 7 giv5 names appropriate to su* an orig9 by ! e>ly settl]s4 ,dr4 ,hit*cock1 9 *>act]i/ic fa%ion1 und]took ! task ( correct+ ! errors ( puritanical psy*ology by r5am+ ^! places dur+ "o ( ! e>ly ,m\nta9 ,day trips f ,amh]/ ,college4 ,! entire college body soj\rn$ to ! we/ end ( ! ,holyoke ,range to he> ! cliffs r5am$ & _! true nature expla9$4 ,devil or no devil1 ^? huge columns _h a hot orig94 ,! d>k rock 9 !m is "p ( ! ma9 lava %eet :i* /ret*es across ! valley 9 ! ,holyoke ,range & sw+s s\?w>d 9 ! ,nonotuck--,m\nt ,tom ,range4 ,! lava p\r$ out ( a s]ies ( volcanoes :i* 7 /rung out along a fissure ab\t ?ree miles to ! ea/1 & ! molt5 mass _h a temp]ature ( #abjj to #acjj ,c4 ,! hot lava radiat$ its heat to ! s&/one bel[ & to ! air above2 &1 z x cool$1 x contract$ l any o!r sub/ance4 ,! %r9kage 0 s great t s]ies ( cracks =m$ 9 regul> patt]n1 ) ea* crack p]p5dicul> to ! cool+ surface4 ,! /resses produc+ ! fissures 7 equal 9 all directions & w\ld h made circul> cracks & cyl9drical columns2 b cyl9d]s h non-cyl9drical spaces betwe5 !m1 & ! patt]n 9 :i* ! columns are mo/ ne>ly cyl9drical & yet completely occupy all space is hexagonal4 ,s contraction broke ! lava into hexagonal columns p]p5dicul> to ! cool+ surface4 ,! columns are p>allel :]e ! lava floor is regul> b are curv$ or radial :]e ! floor is roll+4 ,pl4 #h4 ,trap ridges1 ne> & f>4 ,illu/ration3 a4 ,view ( ,titan's ,piazza at ,hockanum %[+ ! columns re/+ ^u ! g5tly incl9$ s&/one4 ,illu/ration3 b4 ,view ( ! ,spr+field l[l& f ! ,we/field m>ble qu>ry4 ,! ,wilbraham ,mts4 appe> 9 ! di/ance4 ,! trap ridge ext5ds ?r\gh ! middle & is brea*$ by ! ,we/field ,riv]4 ,! columns on ,titan's ,pi] lie across ! riv] f ! ,nor?ampton-,holyoke road 9 ! n>r[ gap at ,m\nt ,tom /ation4 ,! basalt fl[ is incl9$ #ae s\!a/w>d1 & ! columns /& p]p5dicul> to ! surface--h5ce !y are incl9$ ) respect to ! wat] level4 ,d\btless ! devil dock$ 8 boat on ! g5tly incl9$ rock surface ( ! cove on ! d[n/ream side ( ! pi]4 ,titan's ,piazza is situat$ ea/ ( ! road to ! ,m\nt ,holyoke ,h\se4 ,x is an extremely n>r[ l$ge back$ by a /ockade ( columns4 ,! front ( ! piazza is lit]ally /rewn ) wreckage f ! h\se1 = a slope ov] #ajj feet high is cov]$ ) angul> pieces ( basalt :i* h fall5 f ! back wall4 ,! l[] ends ( ! columns break (f into %all[ hexagonal sauc]s ) ! concave sides up4 ,_m h slid d[n ! slope1 to ! delight ( ! birds t ba! 9 !m4 ,high] up ! cliff1 ! sauc]s become deep]1 & t[>ds ! top ! columns scale on into bullet %ap$ masses4 ,we/field ,m>ble ,qu>ry ,anyone :o drives we/w>d on ! ,jacob's ,ladd] r\te f ,spr+field passes fir/ ?r\gh ! op51 roll+ c\ntry ( ! ,connecticut ,l[l&4 ,hills are 9 sight1 b !y seem remote until he leaves ,we/field1 & !re ! upl& rises be=e him l a #ijj-;foot wall4 ,! road uses ! gateway cut 9 ! wall by ! ,we/field ,riv]1 & ! drive we/w>d t[>ds ! headwat]s ( ! riv] is "o ( ! be/ kn[n sc5ic attractions 9 we/]n ,massa*usetts4 ,b a great] treat awaits ! p]son :o w v5ture s\?w>d on ! road along ! ,little ,we/field ,riv]4 ,x foll[s ! canyon br9k ab\t #ejj feet above ! /ream4 ,ne> ! hilltop1 a side road turns nor? to ! ,we/field ,m>ble qu>ry1 :i* provides a vantage po9t ov]look+ fifty miles ( c\ntry to ! nor?1 ea/ & s\?4 ,! ,we/field ,riv] me&]s ea/w>d across ! flat l[l&4 ,its banks are t]rac$1 ea* level cut 9 ! lake b$s or 9 ! delta :i* ! riv] built 9 glacial ,lake ,spr+field4 ,! scallop$ m>g9s ( ! t]races are ! extremities ( me&] loops :i* develop$ :5 ! riv] 0 n entr5*$ z deeply 9 ! unconsolidat$ deposits z x is today4 ,! flatness ( ! tw5ty-mile /rip ( l[l& is impressive1 = x ends only at ! ,wilbraham ,m\nta9s1 eight miles ea/ ( ,spr+field4 ,b5ea? ! l[l& lie s(t & g5tly dipp+ s&/ones & s&y %ales1 capp$ by a ?9 v5e] ( lake clays & riv] s&s4 ,! %ales are ! y\nge/ ,triassic b$s rema9+ 9 ! region1 & !y outcrop betwe5 ,?ompsonville & ,w9dsor ,locks1 ,connecticut4 ,y\ng] %ales above !m succumb$ to ,t]ti>y erosion4 ,! ,wilbraham ,m\nta9s are granite & gneiss :i* =m$ ! roots ( ! anci5t ,triassic ranges4 ,_! pres5t accordant summits are a tribute to ! level+ activities :i* runn+ wat] p]=m$ on a quiesc5t l&1 :]eas ! deep ,v-%ap$ valleys incis$ 9 ! level summits record uplift & quick5$ erosion 9 ,t]ti>y & glacial "t4 ,inde$1 ! l[l& itself owes its exi/5ce to ! p[] ( rejuv5at$ /reams work+ on non-resi/+ rocks4 ,! ,holyoke & ,m\nt ,tom ranges are visible f> to ! nor!a/1 & a *a9 ( l[ hills connects ,tom ) ! ridges betwe5 ,h>t=d & ,avon1 ,connecticut4 ,^! l9e> hills surm\nt ! l[l& because !y are made ( basaltic lava1 :i* is bett] able to resi/ ! ra9 & ! wea!r ?an ! s&/ones & %ales above & bel[4 ,scatt]$ flat-topp$ hills betwe5 ,s\?wick & ,granby are %eets ( basalt-l rock call$ diabase1 :i* 0 ins]t$ betwe5 a s&/one ro( & floor4 ,n[h]e c "o bett] appreciate ! highly individualiz$ impr9t :i* ea* geological elem5t has made ^u ! c5tral ,new ,engl& l&scape4 ,! ,old ,lead ,m9es ,! colonial p]iod 9 our nation's hi/ory 0 *>act]iz$ by an ignorance ( its m9]al weal? & a dep5d5ce ^u ,europe = mo/ raw mat]ials1 especially ess5tial metals4 ,dur+ ! ,w> = ,indep5d5ce1 ,european supplies 7 cut (f1 & ,yankee +5uity _h to make ! mo/ ( local deposits ( metallic m9]als4 ,x 0 n long be=e m9es 7 9 op]ation on sev]al lead ve9s 9 ! ,connecticut ,valley1 yield+ a supply ( lead = ! duration ( ! w>4 ,b ! m9es 7 small1 & mo/ ( !m 7 soon ab&on$1 rema9+ only z hi/orical sites1 or z collect+ localities = ! m9]alogi/4 ,five ( ^! old deposits are /ill accessible3 f\r lie we/ ( ! valley at ,l\dville1 ,we/ ,f>ms1 ,hatfield1 & ,williamsburg2 an important "o is situat$ ea/ ( ! valley at ,lev]ett4 ,all are v simil> 9 geology & m9]alogy1 yet ea* possesses its own individuality4 ,! ,l\dville ve9 0 work$ int]mitt5tly z late z #ahfa4 ,x foll[s a fault fracture betwe5 walls ( gneiss1 b at ! s\?we/ end ( ! ve9 "s ( ! m9]als are dissem9at$ ?r\gh ! ,triassic s&/one & conglom]ate4 ,?is feature indicates t ! s$im5ts 7 unconsolidat$ at ! "t ( m9]alization4 ,! fault zone resembles _m analog\s fissures :i* give =? hot m9]al-be>+ wat]s 9 ! ,bas9 & ,range region ( ,nevada1 = ! *>g$ wat]s h impregnat$ ! s&s :i* cov] ! fissures4 ,! ,l\dville ve9 conta9s num]\s well-=m$ cry/als4 ,b>ite 0 ! fir/ m9]al deposit$1 & x is readily recogniz$ z a heavy1 easily scrat*$ sub/ance ) "o set ( cleavage planes at "r angles to two o!rs4 ,gray metallic gal5a & res9\s cleavable sphal]ite or z9c bl5de occupy mu* ( ! space betwe5 ! b>ite plates4 ,h>d hexagonal cry/als or :ite masses ( qu>tz coat & ev5 replace ! b>ite plates4 ,spike-%ap$ cry/als ( calcite & sid]ite l9e _m ( ! cavities & coat ! qu>tz4 ,a pati5t se>* w be rew>d$ by ! f9d+ ( o!r m9]als1 includ+ pyrite1 *alcopyrite1 pyromorphite1 wulf5ite1 mala*ite & azurite4 ,! old %aft has be5 clos$ & ! tunnel at ! riv] level has collaps$1 h5ce ! only exposures are 9 ! op5 cuts4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ is ! "o at ! s\? end1 :]e ! b>ite plates are dissem9at$ ?r\gh ! s&/one4 ,ano!r s]ies ( pits c be f\nd easily ab\t #ajj y>ds we/ ( ! road to ,we/ ,f>ms & ab\t "o mile nor? ( ! ,l\dville deposit4 ,! ve9 atta9s a maximum wid? ( ?ree feet betwe5 walls ( gneiss1 & x occupies a fault fracture :i* seems to be cont9u\s ) ! ,l\dville zone4 ,includ$ 9 ! ve9 are _m fragm5ts ( a black phyllite resembl+ ! ,leyd5 argillite1 z well z pieces ( gneiss4 ,! m9]als are id5tical ) ^? f\nd 9 ! ,l\dville deposit1 b ! specim5s ( qu>tz1 gal5a & sphal]ite are m spectacul>4 ,! ,hatfield ve9 occurs 9 a rock ( igne\s orig91 kn[n z ! ,williamsburg granodiorite4 ,x is expos$ at ! we/ edge ( ! valley1 ab\t #bjj feet f ,f$]al ,highway #e1 at ! nor!rn limit ( ! settlem5t call$ ,we/ ,hatfield4 ,! work+s are full ( wat]1 & ! v ?or\gh m9+ activities c>ri$ on by m9]al collectors & by ,smi? ,college & ,amh]/ classes h r$uc$ ! wa/e pile to negligible proportions4 ,e>ly collections & records reveal t ! ve9 is ess5tially l ^? f>!r s\?4 ,at ,hatfield1 ,we/ ,f>ms & ,l\dville ! fractures d n p>allel ! sy/ems 9 ! ,triassic s$im5ts & lavas4 ,a gal5a-be>+ ve9 outcrops ne> ! ,:ately-,williamsburg t[n l9e at ! nor? end ( ! ,nor?ampton res]voir4 ,leyd5 argillite =ms ! walls ( a fault fissure4 ,b>ite is abs5t f ?is ve91 b f9e qu>tz1 pyrite & *alcopyrite coat ! walls4 ,co>se comb qu>tz encru/s ! old] m9]als1 toge!r ) breccia fragm5ts & cubes ( gal5a4 ,! ve9 is remote f ! valley & diff]s 9 m9]alogy & texture f ^? )9 ! valley4 ,o!r deposits l x h be5 f\nd 9 ! ne>by hills4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4 ,geologic map ( ! region 9 ! vic9ity ( ! lead ve9s ne> ,lev]ett4 #a4 ,only b>ite 9 ^! ve9s #b4 ,be/ m9]al locality #c4 ,be/ place to see fault #d4 ,slick5sides & t5sion cracks %[ direction ( movem5t on fracture mak+ op5+ = ve9 #e4 ,be/ place to see qu>tz replac+ b>ite along cru% zones 9 ve9 ,! ,lev]ett lead ve9 is ! mo/ int]e/+ ( ! gr\p because x is s well expos$ t ! nature ( ! ve9 sy/em is admirably display$4 ,! deposit lies 9 a s]ies ( ov]lapp+1 ne>ly v]tical fault fissures 9 gneiss4 ,slick5sides & t5sion cracks on ! walls ( ! ve9s indicate t ! movem5t 0 ne>ly horizontal f nor!a/ to s\?we/4 ,:]ev] a fracture beg9s to n>r[ & close up1 ano!r beg9s to wid5 & become conspicu\s a few feet to ! nor?we/ ( x4 ,sev]al diff]5t fissures appe> along ! l5g? ( ! m9]al zone4 ,! same m9]als are pres5t z are f\nd 9 ! ,l\dville1 ,we/ ,f>ms & ,hatfield ve9s1 b b>ite is m abundant & qu>tz less s4 ,num]\s cavities l9$ ) cry/als indicate t ! ve9 =m$ close to ! e>?'s surface4 ,app>5tly ! m9]als ent]$ fractures situat$ ne> ! front ( a range t bord]$ ! bas9 9 ,triassic "t4 ,a fault zone s locat$ w\ld lack ! great ?ickness ( rock t once lay ov] ! gneiss & w\ld be free f any appreciable ov]burd5 ( outwa% )9 ! ,triassic bas9s4 ,! ,d9osaur ,tracks ,ne> ,holyoke ,p /ill write f z f> away z ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s to ask if ! d9osaur footpr9ts beside ! ,connecticut ,riv] are /ill 9 place4 ,!y are4 ,anyone may see !m 9 t triangul> area betwe5 ! ,bo/on & ,ma9e tracks & ,f$]al ,highway #e ab\t "o-qu>t] mile nor? ( ! entrance to ,m\nta9 ,p>k4 ,m>vel\s z _! pres]vation f ! assaults ( man may seem1 x is ev5 m amaz+ t !y %\ld h be5 pres]v$ 9 rock at all4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #i;a4 ,! d9osaur track pres]ve at ,smi?'s ,f]ry ne> ,holyoke4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #i;b4 ,v>v$ clays or cal5d> b$s on riv] bank s\? ( ,hadley4 ,! footpr9t b$s are %aly s&/ones ab\t ?irty feet above ! ,granby tuff--a b$ ( volcanic a% =m$ 9 late ,triassic "t4 ,!y are incl9$ #ae t[>ds ! riv]1 & ev5 ! high] /rata :i* =m ! ,riffles are footpr9t-be>+4 ,! s&/ones are ripple-m>k$1 & !y conta9 worm trails & a few ca/s ( salt cry/als4 ,"s b$s h impressions ( re$s4 ,! footpr9ts range f half an in* to t5 in*es 9 l5g?1 & ! /ride ( ! l>g] animals 0 f five to eight feet4 ,mo/ ( ! tracks are head$ up ! pres5t slope1 b a few are go+ 9 ! opposite direction4 ,! s&/ones 7 laid d[n z almo/ horizontal b$s ( s& :i* 7 occasionally cov]$ & rippl$ by mov+ b r %all[ wat]4 ,ru%es & re$s1 :i* h left /ray impressions 9 ! rock1 grew seasonally 9 ! %all[ wat]s1 b 9 betwe5 ! p]iodic ra9s & floods1 ! local climate seems to h be5 q dry--& probably v w>m4 ,! s$im5t>y record sugge/s a l[l& mu* l "s ( ! tropical valleys 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 ly+ 9 ! ra9 %ad[ ( adjac5t m\nta9s4 ,! l>ge tracks inv>iably h impressions ( ?ree toes4 ,ev5 a c>eful se>* does n disclose ! d\ble tracks :i* w\ld h be5 left by quadrup$s1 & = ye>s ! bip$al impressions 7 call$ bird tracks4 ,b birds h spurs :i* leave a m>k beh9d ! middle toe2 ^! animals _h no spurs & 7 n birds1 b reptiles4 ,greg>i\s animals g5]ally foll[ a lead]1 & only an occasional individual /rays f ! beat5 pa?4 ,! tracks at ,holyoke sugge/ t ^! ,triassic reptiles travel$ 9 small h]ds4 ,! mod]n silts ( ! ,connecticut ,valley are n a good m$ium = ! pres]vation ( tracks because !y lack coh]5ce1 & !y drift ) ! w9d z soon z !y dry4 ,clays 9 a region ( seasonal aridity are diff]5t4 ,!y are bak$ h>d 9 ! hot sun1 & ! wat] conta9s dissolv$ m9]al matt] :i* cry/allizes 9 ! clay & s& z ! wat] evaporates1 cem5t+ ! p>ticles into a rock-l aggregate4 ,impressions 9 ?is sort ( mud are pres]v$4 ,! ,connecticut ,valley _h ! "r k9d ( s$im5t & climate 9 ,triassic "t2 impressions ( salt cry/als c be f\nd 9 ! %ales :]e ! tracks are cle>e/1 n only 9 ?is locality b else:]e 9 ! neighborhood ( ,holyoke & ,we/ ,spr+field4 ,^! precipitat$ salts help$ hold ! clays toge!r until !y 7 effectively buri$1 & aft]w>ds a firm] cem5t 0 deposit$ ar\nd ! p>ticles4 ,footpr9ts are kn[n ne> ,s\? ,hadley1 at ,turn]s ,falls1 at ,gill1 & along ! highway to ! ,fr5* ,k+ ,bridge2 b !y d n portray ! "* ( ! animals1 _! habits & ! mode ( pres]vation ( _! tracks z effectively z ! tracks nor? ( ,holyoke4 ,c]ta9ly no occurr5ce ( tracks 9 situ is z accessible1 & no geological exhibit 9 ,new ,engl& has receiv$ s _m visitors4 ,fossil ,fi%+ ,_m ye>s ago m5 7 excavat+ to lay a f\ndation = a wat]:eel at :at 0 ,:ittemore's ,f]ry1 ?ree miles nor? ( ,sund]l&4 ,!y made a cat* ( "s ( ! mo/ anci5t fi% ev] tak5 9 ,new ,engl&1 b ! fi% 7 petrifi$ & did n put up a fight4 ,!y 7 f\nd 9 lay]s ( black %ale1 9 :i* skeletons & c>boniz$ tissues 7 well pres]v$4 ,( ! five g5]a id5tifi$1 all b "o 7 ganoids4 ,! %ale accumulat$ z mud on a ,triassic lake bottom1 & x 0 cov]$ by a co>se /ream-laid gravel :i* has s9ce be5 cem5t$ into rock4 ,! mud 0 n erod$ by ! /ream :i* wa%$ d[n ! gravel1 & ! pebbles are n ev5 impress$ into ! und]ly+ %ale4 ,app>5tly ! fi% p]i%$ z ! wat]s evaporat$ & ! lake became a playa flat4 ,! limit$ v>iety ( fi% sugge/s t ! connections ) outside regions 7 re/rict$1 & t liv+ conditions )9 ! bas9 7 rigor\s4 ,! situation may h be5 l t f\nd 9 ! fre% wat] lakes along ! we/]n m>g9 ( ! ,great ,bas9 9 ,nevada & ea/]n ,cali=nia4 ,o!r lake deposits ) fi% rema9s appe> at diff]5t levels f ,:ittemore's ,f]ry up to ! ,sund]l& ,caves4 ,ea* is cov]$ by a conglom]ate lay]1 & at ea* place ! lake clays _h be5 p>tially h>d5$ be=e ! pebbles 7 wa%$ ov] !m4 ,seem+ly dry alluvial pla9s foll[$ transi5t lakes 9 kaleidoscopic b cyclic succession4 ,cal5d> ,b$s ,! lakes 9 :i* ! fi% liv$ & di$ date back to late ,triassic "t4 ,mu* y\ng] 7 ! lakes t foll[$ ! cont95tal ice %eets1 & 9 _m valley localities ^! y\ng] wat] bodies h regi/]$ _! brief span ( geologic life4 ,= !y1 too1 7 settl+ bas9s = clays1 :i* are *>act]iz$ by annual depositional b&s l ! gr[? r+s 9 a tree4 ,^! clays may be exam9$ be/ 9 ! clay pits at any ( ! bricky>ds1 p>ticul>ly at ,s\? ,hadley ,falls1 or beside ! high riv] banks ris+ above ! ,connecticut flood pla9 j s\? ( ,hadley4 ,! clays consi/ ( alt]nat+ ?91 d>k1 f9e b&s & ?ick1 light1 co>s] ones4 ,! co>s] b&s are s&y1 & "s ( !m h ripple-m>ks4 ,! total numb] ( pairs ( b$s is ! numb] ( ye>s t glacial ,lakes ,spr+field & ,hadley inundat$ ! valley1 b x is n a simple matt] to c\nt !m4 ,actually ! lake bottom deposits are b a small fraction ( ! total volume ( mat]ial br\ght to ! lake4 ,lake %ore deposits & deltas grew outw>d & buri$ ! bottom deposits aft] a few hundr$ ye>s _h pass$4 ,?us 9 ! pits at ,s\? ,hadley ,falls1 ! clays re/ ^u glacial gravels1 & a scant hundr$ lay]s int]v5e betwe5 !m & ! s&s above4 ,%ore encroa*m5t is n enc\nt]$ at ,hadley1 b ! %all[ dep? ( ! pres5t wat] table h9d]s deep exploration1 & ! ,=t ,riv] has remov$ _m ( ! upp] b$s4 ,long w9t]s result 9 ?ick w9t] deposits1 & heavy spr+ floods cause ?ick s& lay]s4 ,if ! w9t] ( any ye> is long at ,nor?ampton1 x is usually long ev]y:]e 9 ,new ,engl&2 & if ! ,connecticut has floods1 mo/ neighbor+ dra9age sy/ems h !m1 too4 ,9 ?is way1 simil> lay]s1 or simil> successions ( lay]s1 are =m$ at diff]5t places at ! same "t2 & ! lake deposits at ,:ite ,riv] ,junction1 ,de]field1 ,hadley1 ,s\? ,hadley ,falls1 ,*icopee & ,spr+field may be mat*$ & dat$ ) respect to ea* o!r4 ,! complete record 9 ! valley %[s t1 9 ! vic9ity ( ! ,holyoke ,range1 ! lake came into exi/5ce ab\t #ah1jjj ye>s ago4 ,9 ea* ( ! clay pits e set ( l9es expos$ on ! work+ faces repres5ts a ye>1 & ! deposit z a :ole is a cal5d>--9 fact1 x is also a !rmograph = "p ( ! region's po/-glacial hi/ory4 ,"s b&s at ,s\? ,hadley ,falls & along ! ,hadley riv] bank are highly di/ort$1 & ! di/ort$ lay]s are plan$ (f smoo?4 ,spr+ s& cov]s ! di/ort$ b$s4 ,! di/urbance c be attribut$ to ice :i* froze to ! lake bottom & dragg$ ! clay lay]s z x exp&$ & contract$ ) *anges 9 temp]ature4 ,locally ! clays are exceptionally h>d ab\t c]ta9 c5t]s1 =m+ clay /ones or concretions4 ,a will[ twig or %ell or "s organic sub/ance is commonly pres5t at _! cores4 ,gr\ndwat] has deposit$ calcium & iron c>bonate ab\t ! adjac5t clay p>ticles & cem5t$ !m into rock4 ,! ,holyoke ,range ,= ye>s x has be5 a popul> outdoor pa/ime to walk ! ,range4 ,! di/ance is nei!r s great nor ! r\te s rugg$ t x _c be cov]$ 9 ! c\rse ( an aft]noon1 ev5 if ample "t is allott$ = /ops at ! _m look\ts4 ,! latt] provide ev] *ang+ views ( ! valley f ,gre5field & beyond1 to ,m]id51 ,connecticut4 ,! build+s 9 ,h>t=d are easily visible on a cle> day4 ,! trail foll[s ! cre/ ( ! ,range closely & only r>ely leaves ! basalt lava fl[4 ,! trip is some:at less ardu\s f we/ to ea/ ?an x is 9 ! opposite direction1 & ! view f ,b>e ,m\nta9 is a pleasant climax = ^? end+ _! hike at ! ,not*4 ,at ! toll boo? ! trail leaves ! road :i* asc5ds to ! ,m\nt ,holyoke ,hotel & angles upw>d along ! m\nta9 slope4 ,ov]head ! d>k basaltic lava columns re/ ^u r$ & :ite ,triassic s&/one1 & ! pa? soon crosses ! contact betwe5 ! two types ( rocks4 ,a %ort di/ance above ! contact ! trail takes advantage ( a col & climbs to ! top ( ! ridge4 ,d[n ! /eep s\!a/]ly slope ,m\nt ,holyoke ,college appe>s 9 ! di/ance ?r\gh a scre5 ( oak trees4 ,! rema9d] ( ! climb is g5tle1 & soon ! pa? ent]s ! cle>+ ar\nd ! hotel4 ,! view is arre/+4 ,! ,connecticut em]ges f beh9d ,m\nt ,sug>loaf1 w&]s ?r\gh ! ,hadley fields1 fl[s ?r\gh ! wat]gap j we/ ( ,m\nt ,holyoke1 & disappe>s f> to ! s\? beyond ,spr+field4 ,nor?ampton is spread out bel[4 ,automobiles on ! ,hockanum ,road look l s _m mov+ dots4 ,! hills betwe5 ! ,range & ,s\? ,hadley are made ( volcanic a% & lava2 _m h pipe-l cores :i* 7 ! necks ( anci5t volcanoes4 ,(f to ! ea/ are high] po9ts on ! ,range :i* lie on ! r\te to be foll[$4 ,! pa? cont9ues along ! cre/ ( ! range & desc5ds gradually to ! toll road level at ,taylor's ,not*4 ,"h x is on s&/one1 & ! lava-s&/one contact is expos$ on bo? sides ( ! gap4 ,s&/one cliffs rise fifty feet high a few y>ds d[n ! road2 & ! f9e ar5ace\s "* ( ! rock & its b$d+ are visible at "s di/ance4 ,! trail climbs /eeply f ?is col & soon skirts ! edge ( an abrupt cliff1 9 :i* are c>v$ ! initials ( _m hik]s :o paus$ on ! l$ge to re/ & to enjoy ! panorama4 ,ea/w>d ! pa? might well s]ve z ! model = a roll] coa/] 9 an amusem5t p>k4 ,! ,si/]s are a s]ies ( hills sep>at$ by %>p1 deep valleys2 & no soon] has "o atta9$ a summit ?an a drop d[n ! o!r side is 9 ord]4 ,abrupt #cj-;foot cliffs tr5d+ nor? & s\? =m _m ( ! valley m>g9s2 !y are smoo? jo9t surfaces :]e ! rock is weak1 & :]e blocks 7 pluck$ out by ! great ,ice ,%eet4 ,ea* ( ! ,si/]s has a cle>$ look\t :i* af=ds a new picture ( ! ,hadley-,de]field l[l& to ! nor?4 ,! la/ look\t is "s di/ance bel[ ! succession ( summits1 & x af=ds a view to ! ea/4 ,a cliff drops #bjj feet v]tically1 & ab\t "o-qu>t] ( a mile f>!r ea/ o!r cliffs ( r$-wea!r+ basalt face t[>ds x4 ,almo/ all ( ! broad1 l[ gap betwe5 ! cliffs is und]la9 by a complicat$ mixture ( volcanic a%1 agglom]ate & irregul> lava fl[s4 ,! cliff itself is ?ick column> basalt1 & at its base is a co>se s&/one4 ,b ! s&/one is ?9 & disappe>s 9 ! depression1 :]eas ! agglom]ate & lava become v ?ick & ext5d nor?w>d to ! top ( ,little ,t9k] & ! ,t9k]4 ,!y are "p ( an anci5t volcanic cone1 buri$ 9 s&/one bo? to ! ea/ & to ! we/4 ,fl[ /ructures 9 ! ma9 %eet move away f ?is c5t]1 :i* is believ$ to h be5 "o ( ! volcanoes on ! l9e :i* suppli$ ! basalt = ! great lava field4 ,9 ! depression1 ! trail w9ds betwe5 hills ( twi/$ lava & consolidat$ agglom]ate4 ,:5 ! trees are leaf$ out & ! surr\nd+ hills conceal$1 x is easy to imag9e oneself on ! slope ( a ,pacific volcano4 ,! trail divides at ! l[e/ po9t 9 ! depression1 & ! less us$ =k goes nor? to ! ,bay ,road at ! nor!rn base ( ! ,range4 ,! o!r =k asc5ds ,m\nt ,hit*cock1 & at a slight elevation above ! l[ flat x crosses f ! agglom]ate to ! ,holyoke basalt %eet4 ,! be/ look\t on ! ,range betwe5 ! ,m\nt ,holyoke ,hotel & ,b>e ,m\nta9 is on top ( ,m\nt ,hit*cock4 ,a side trail leads out to a promontory1 f :i* "o may pe] along ! face ( ! ,range1 look d[n ^u ! ,t9k] & ,little ,t9k]1 & gaze ov] ! l[l& :i* ! ,connecticut has excavat$ 9 ! ,new ,engl& upl& ?r\gh ! long c\rse ( geologic "t4 ,! ea/ slope ( ,m\nt ,hit*cock desc5ds /eeply1 & _m a ha/y hik] has made ! trip 9 less "t ?an he int5d$4 ,! pa? drops to a flat :i* measures ab\t #a1jjj feet across1 & 9 :i* ! s&/one ly+ bel[ ! lava %eet is sporadically expos$4 ,"h ! ?ick basaltic lava has be5 worn away2 & erosion ceases bo? ea/ & we/ at conspicu\s fracture surfaces :i* locally become fault planes4 ,beyond ?is l[ not* ! trail leads irregul>ly upw>d & ev5tually comes out on ,b>e ,m\nta94 ,! top is b>e inde$2 ev5 scrub oak is abs5t f ! summit4 ,! long s\? slope ( ! ,range is cle>ly visible1 & to ! we/ is ! ,m\nt ,holyoke ,hotel :]e ! hike />t$4 ,! ,m\nt ,tom ,range1 ) ! ,connecticut ,riv] at its foot1 is j to ! left4 ,due s\? are ! t[]s ( ,m\nt ,holyoke ,college & ! cities ( ,holyoke & ,spr+field4 ,if ! day is cle>1 ! tall build+s ( ,h>t=d appe> 9 ! f> di/ance4 ,six hundr$ feet directly bel[1 ! highway goes ?r\gh ! ,not*1 & across ! road is ! trap qu>ry 9 ,not* ,m\nta91 :i* supplies ! cru%$ /one = ! local highways4 ,! face ( ,not* ,m\nta9 lies nor? ( ! ma9 l9e ( ! ,range because ! basalt %eet has be5 displac$ nor?w>d betwe5 fault planes t b\nd ! em95ces on ei!r side4 ,! not*es utiliz$ by ! highway & by ! p[] l9e are due to facile erosion ( ! cru%$ rock along ! fault planes4 ,f>!r to ! ea/1 ,m\nt ,norwottock rises to ! greate/ height 9 ! ,range1 & ! view f its summit is at lea/ ! equal ( t f ,b>e ,m\nta94 ,! ,hadley l[l& /ret*es nor?w>d betwe5 ! ,pelham ,hills on ! ea/ & ! ,b]k%ire ,hills on ! we/1 & protrud+ above its relatively flat surface are ,m\nt ,w>n]1 ,m\nt ,sug>loaf & ,m\nt ,toby4 ,! ,de]field gorge tr5*es ! we/]n upl& j we/ ( ,sug>loaf1 & on ! skyl9e is ,gla/5bury f> (f 9 ,v]mont4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4 ,diagrams %[+ ! /ages 9 developm5t ( topography 9 ! vic9ity ( ! ,not*4 ,illu/ration3 a4 ,! ,new ,engl& p5epla9 /age at ! ,not*4 ,illu/ration3 b4 ,! incoh]5t rocks are remov$ f ! lava fl[4 ,illu/ration3 c4 ,! cont\rs ( ! cliffs are smoo!d out4 ,! d[nw>d trail foll[s ! cliff above ! highway4 ,! drop is rapid b n precipit\s1 & soon ! we/]n half ( ! trail is beh9d4 ,! ea/ end ( ! ,range1 especially beyond ,m\nt ,norwottock1 is less commonly visit$1 b x (f]s mu* m ( ! valley's /ory4 ,"h ! ,range is m brok5 ?an x is 9 ! we/]n half1 & ! trail w9ds ?r\gh valleys = mu* ( ! di/ance4 ,long g5tle slopes f ! we/ lead to m\nta9 summits1 & /eep ea/]n desc5ts take ! hik] into ! valleys4 ,pla9ly ! walk is mu* easi] f we/ to ea/ ?an 9 ! opposite direction4 ,! trail leads f ! cru%] scales ar\nd ! nor? base ( ,not* ,m\nta9 & !nce up ! p[] l9e to ! cre/ ( ! ridge4 ,! pa? lies on conglom]ate bel[ ! lava %eet ?r\gh mo/ ( ! di/ance & returns to ! lava only :]e x b5ds ea/w>d along ! cre/ l9e4 ,fault+ ea/ ( ,not* ,m\nta9 has mov$ ! base ( ! lava s\?w>d until x abuts on ! s&/one above ! lava occurr+ we/ ( ! fracture4 ,?us1 ! entire backslope ( ! ,range along ! p[] l9e is co>se s&/one1 :]eas 9 ! woods to ! ea/ x is vesicul> basaltic lava4 ,_m small b abrupt desc5ts occur along ! pa? z x foll[s ! ridge ea/w>d4 ,ea* ( !m m>ks ! position ( a m9or fault1 along :i* ! ea/]n side has be5 pu%$ d[n & s\?w>d "u ! we/]n side4 ,h[ev]1 ! elevation ( ! trail increases gradually to ! summit ( ,m\nt ,norwottock1 :i* is almo/ z high z ! upl&s bord]+ ! valley4 ,if "o c mom5t>ily ov]look ! l[l& excavat$ on ! incoh]5t ,triassic s&/ones1 ! regional surface seems to slope g5tly upw>d to ! ea/1 ! nor? & ! we/4 ,f> to ! ea/ ,m\nt ,wa*usett rises above ! g5]al level1 & !re 9 ! nor!a/ is ,monadnock's %>p cone4 ,on ! we/]n skyl9e ,m\nt ,greylock's summit1 ) ! fire t[] at ! nor? end1 atta9s prom95ce z ,massa*usett's highe/ peak4 ,! long ridge ( ,gla/5bury & ! po9t ( ,bald ,m\nta9 are cle>ly visible 9 ! nor?we/4 ,f> to ! s\? /ret*es ! l[l&1 & on a cle> day ,h>t=d's t[]s /& %>p & cle> aga9/ ! sky4 ,! nor? face ( ! ,range is a %e] #bej-;foot cliff4 ,! s\? side is a half-mile-long1 #bj-;degree slope4 ,ea/w>d ! cre/ t]m9ates 9 a precipit\s drop1 & ! trail w9ds d[n ! corn] betwe5 ! nor? face & ! cliffs at ! ea/ end4 ,x crosses ! contact betwe5 ! lava fl[ & ! r$ ,triassic conglom]ate ab\t #aej feet bel[ ! summit4 ,! conglom]ate b$s are sep>at$ by %aly s&/ones1 _m ( :i* h wea!r$ out to make rock %elt]s2 ^! are ! s-call$ ,horse ,%$s & are said to h be5 us$ dur+ ,%ays' ,rebellion4 ,! great cliff at ! ea/ end ( ,norwottock 0 caus$ by ! rapid erosion ( ! s&/ones bel[ ! lava %eet1 :i* has rec$$ /eadily we/w>d z x 0 und]m9$4 ,recession />t$ at a fault plane ab\t halfway betwe5 ,norwottock & ,hilli>d ,knob1 = "h displacem5t pu%$ ! lava d[n & s\?w>d on ! ea/ side until ! subjac5t s&/one 0 expos$ we/ ( ! fault4 ,exposure l$ to erosion & to recession ( ! lava cap4 ,! trail passes ?r\gh ! ,horse ,%$s to ! s\? base ( ! ,range1 foll[+ ! contact ( ! lava ) ! ov]ly+ s&/one = ab\t "o-half mile on ! way t[>ds ,hilli>d ,knob4 ,?is em95ce lies ov] half a mile nor? ( ! cre/ ( ! ,range1 = x has be5 (fset by fault+1 mu* l ! displacem5ts ne> ,m\nt ,norwottock & ,not* ,m\nta91 & ! trail passes sudd5ly f ! conglom]ate above ! lava fl[ to ! conglom]ate bel[ x4 ,trail m>k]s mu/ be obs]v$ closely ?r\gh ?is section because _m wood roads cross ! pa?4 ,ea/w>d ! way aga9 leads upw>d to ! lava & foll[s ! cre/ ( a l[ section ( ! ,range1 b soon ano!r fault breaks ! cont9uity ( ! ridge1 & ! high top ( ,flat ,m\nta9 /&s out on ! f> side ( a deep holl[4 ,! holl[ is und]la9 by s&/one bel[ ! lava %eet1 & ! trail foll[s d[n ! /eep dip slope ( ! b$s1 only to asc5d aga9 t[>ds ! r$di% basalt cliffs ( ! m\nta94 ,at ! base ( ! fl[1 ! b$ ( a dry brook exposes a mass ( fro?y lava4 ,! be/ views f ! top ( ,flat ,m\nta9 are ^? along ! s\? slope ( ! ,range t[>ds ,m\nt ,tom1 & nor?w>d across ! ,hadley l[l&4 ,! pa? !n turns d[n ! nor? face ( ! m\nta9 "s #bjj y>ds along ! cre/ f ! we/ end &1 pass+ ov] a s]ies ( conglom]ate l$ges und]ly+ ! lava1 x cont9ues along a wood road beside a /eep-sid$ brook until x comes to ! ,bay ,road at ! =k to ,dwight & ,bel*]t[n4 ,any nature lov] w f9d ! trail v int]e/+4 ,! views f ! we/]n half are unexcell$4 ,wild fl[]s & birds ab\nd along ! less frequ5t$ ea/]n section4 ,anyone wi%+ to see h[ molt5 lavas & e>? movem5ts 9 ! di/ant pa/ h influ5c$ ! topography ( ! pres5t w f9d ! f> ea/]n walk a v]itable revelation4 ,trips f ,nor?ampton ,nor?ampton makes an excell5t base = _m drives t w gratify ! lov] ( sc5]y1 ( rocks1 or ( m9]als4 ,! drives range f t5 to "o hundr$ miles 9 l5g?1 & any "o ( !m may be ext5d$ or %ort5$ at ! :im ( ! driv]4 ,to ! ea/ ! h>d surface ( ,r\te #i leads ?r\gh ,amh]/1 ,pelham1 & ,bel*]t[n2 & to ! we/1 z ! ,b]k%ire ,trail1 x rises to ! we/]n upl& via ,williamsburg & ,go%54 ,side roads g to ,a%field & ,conway1 & p]mit a return by way ( ,s\? ,de]field2 or1 via ,cumm+ton & ,we/ ,*e/]field1 "o may come back by way ( ,hunt+ton & ,we/hampton4 ,f$]al ,highway #e foll[s ! ,valley nor? to ,gre5field1 :5ce optional return r\tes are available ?r\gh ,%elburne ,falls1 ,conway & ,s\? ,de]field 9 ! we/]n upl&2 or ?r\gh ,orange1 ,pelham & ,amh]/ 9 ! ea/]n upl&4 ,ea* ( ^! r\tes (f]s arre/+ views ( ! broad ,connecticut ,valley1 ! picturesque gorges along its m>g9s1 & ! ev5-cre/$ highl&s ) di/ant peaks ( great] elevation4 ,inde$1 ! *oice ( attractive drives is bewild]+1 ev5 = ^? :o are hesitant ab\t w&]+ (f ! surfac$ highways4 ,9 ! foll[+ pages only a few ( ! possibilities :i* are available to ! motori/ are describ$4 ,& = ea* "o *os51 ! /rik+ views & ! significant geological features are indicat$1 9 ! hope & belief t ! travel] may turn explor] &1 9 foll[+ o!r byways1 may recon/ruct = himself _m additional details ( ! region's geologic pa/4 ,nor?ampton1 ,amh]/1 ,pelham ,! r\te leaves f ! ,c\rt ,h\se corn] on ,highway #e & ! excursion foll[s ,r\te #i ea/w>d across ! ,coolidge ,memorial ,bridge 7#a4c71a :]e a panorama ( ! floodpla9 ) its _m *annel sc>s & t]race levels is spread out bel[ 7see pp4 #a-c74 ,beyond ,hadley 7#c4j7 ! road tops ! highe/ riv] floodpla9 at a conspicu\s t]race 7#d4i7 & rolls g5tly ov] ! anci5t b$ ( ,lake ,hadley4 ,! %ore l9e ( ?is glacial lake appe>s z a broad flat betwe5 ,or*>d ,/reet & ,l9coln ,av5ue 9 ,amh]/ 7#f-i74 7,see pp4 #e-g47 ,! r\te turns left at ! traffic int]section 7#g4b7 & cont9ues to ! nor? end ( ! common 7#g4d71 :]e x turns "r on ! ,pelham road4 ,?is road crosses ! lake bottom f ! ,c5tral ,v]mont ,railroad tracks 7#g4i7 to ! ,ori5t 7#i4i71 :]e ! delta ( glacial ,ori5t ,brook made a conspicu\s gravel t]race at ! f>!/ limit ( ! lake4 ,/one f5ces make _! appe>ance 7see pp4 #h-i72 rocky l$ges & erratics ab\nd at high] elevations1 b p]*$ %ore l9es ( ice-m>g9 lakes occur at _m levels up ,pelham ,hill4 ,! road to ,m\nt ,l9coln 7see pp4 #ea-eb7 turns "r 7#aa4b7 j we/ ( ! ,amh]/ res]voir 7#aa4d74 ,z ! road approa*es ! hilltop 7#ab4i71 an op5+ we/w>d ?r\gh ! trees reveals an unusual view ( ! ,holyoke ,range2 & ! broad l[l& valley f ,m\nt ,tom 9 ! s\? to ,m\nt ,sug>loaf 9 ! nor? spreads out bel[4 ,on ! hilltop 7#ac4c7 ! road ent]s ! ,daniel ,%ays ,highway 7#ac4i74 ,m\nt ,wa*usett 7see p4 #ae7 lies /raight ahead & projects above ! great expanse ( ! ,new ,engl& upl& 7see p4 #df72 ,m\nt ,monadnock rises ev5 high] 9 ! nor!a/1 & ev]y:]e1 deep valleys furr[ ! highl& & break its o!rwise monoton\s surface4 ,! ,daniel ,%ays ,highway runs nor? to ,a?ol1 :]e x jo9s ! ,mohawk ,trail2 b on ?is trip we %all turn to ! "r1 or s\?1 at ,pelham & foll[ ,f$]al ,highway #bjb along ! valleys 9 ! ,quabb9 res]voir wat]%$4 ,pelham gneiss is ! mo/ abundant rock along ! highway1 outcropp+ we/ ( ! road 7#ad4a7 9 a s]ies ( ea/w>d-dipp+ lay]s t resemble s&/one4 ,m\nt ,l9coln's fire t[] /&s high above ! skyl9e directly we/ f ! p[] l9e cross+ 7#af4a74 ,! c\ntry has a g5tly roll+ =m1 :i* 0 impos$ ^u x by ! ice %eet 7see p4 #i71 & ! miles ( /one f5ces repres5t glacial debris pil$ up by ! e>ly settl]s 9 an ef=t to br+ agricultural ord] out ( geological *aos4 ,blossoms on ! wild *]ry trees along ^! f5ces & ! fl[]+ dogwood make ?is a p>ticul>ly attractive drive 9 ! spr+4 ,a l$ge ( gneiss ) l>ge eye-%ap$ cry/als ( r$di% feldsp> lies ea/ ( ! highway at #af4c miles4 ,z ! road beg9s to desc5d 7#ah4a71 a panorama ( ! broad l[l& betwe5 ,bel*]t[n & ,palm] spreads out bel[4 ,view succe$s view z ! road drops to l[] levels3 ,at "o place x is ,holyoke & ,spr+field2 at ano!r x is ,bel*]t[n2 & f9ally ! highway comes to ! corn]s 7#ba4a7 :]e r\tes lead "r to ,amh]/1 left to ,worce/]1 & /raight ahead ?r\gh ,bel*]t[n to ,palm]1 ,spr+field & ,holyoke4 ,! ,granby-,holyoke road 7,f$]al ,highway #bjb7 turns "r at ! s\? end ( ! ,bel*]t[n common 7#bb4j74 ,aft] cross+ ! railroad 7#bb4d71 x passes out ^u ! pla9 ( glacial ,lake ,spr+field 7#be4c7 :]e ! /one f5ces cease to l9e ! roads1 because ! lake deposits cov] ! glacial b\ld]s4 ,rocky isl&s 9 glacial ,lake ,spr+field surm\nt ! flat lacu/r9e pla9 7#bf4i74 ,granby is situat$ on a long roll+ po9t 7#bh to #ca4f7 t is und]la9 pr9cipally by flat-ly+ arkosic conglom]ate1 b m anci5t cry/all9e rocks appe> j a little f>!r ea/4 ,9 ?is section ! lake pla9 is v n>r[1 & ! drop to ! ,connecticut ,riv] ,valley beg9s at #cb4c miles & cont9ues to ! junction ) ! ,s\? ,hadley road 7#cc4b71 :]e v>v$ clay 7see pp4 #d-g7 makes its appe>ance 9 ! pits to ! "r ( ! highway4 ,! it9]>y ( ?is excursion cont9ues on ,f$]al ,highway #bjb ?r\gh ,holyoke 9 pref]5ce to ! alt]nate r\tes ?r\gh ,s\? ,hadley & !nce ei!r by way ( ,hockanum 7p4 #he7 or via ,amh]/ 7pp4 #hc-hd7 to ,nor?ampton4 ,! ,holyoke road crosses ! ,connecticut ,riv] 7#cc4h to #cd4a7 :]e ! ,longmead[ or y\nge/ ,triassic s&/one appe>s 9 a s]ies ( s]rate l$ges betwe5 ! bridge & ! dam at ! "r4 ,mud-cracks on "s lay]s & ripple m>ks on o!rs tell ( wet & dry seasons at ! "t !y 7 =m$4 ,! r\te turns "r j s\? ( ! ,holyoke po/ (fice 7#cd4f7 & "r aga9 into ,f$]al ,highway #e 7#cf4b71 :i* p>allels ! riv]4 ,! road has be5 built on a t]race :i* 0 once ! flat bottom ( glacial ,lake ,spr+field 7#cg4h71 b at ! nor? end ( ! city x desc5ds t[>ds ! ,connecticut ,riv]1 utiliz+ ! contact betwe5 ! r$ lay]s ( ,longmead[ s&/one & ! massive1 d>k gre5 ,granby tuff ) l>ge volcanic bombs t are visible f ! road4 ,! tw9 entrances to ,m\nta9 ,p>k 7#ch & #ch4b7 may tempt ! motori/ to indulge 9 an attractive side trip1 b !re is en\gh to occupy him on ! ma9 highway4 ,ne>] ! riv] 7#ch4e71 a l$ge slopes f ! roadway to ! railroad tracks & to a s]ies ( riffles 9 ! /ream4 ,?is is ! ,smi?'s ,f]ry footpr9t locality 7pp4 #ff-fg71 & ! wid5$ highway & ! entrance to ! l$ges (f] an invitation :i* _c be decl9$ 7#ch4f74 ,nor? ( ! d9osaur tracks1 road1 railroad & riv] run p>allel4 ,lat]al roads are few1 b !re is a gateway 7#dj4b7 into ! ,m\nt ,tom ,res]vation4 ,! ,granby tuff1 :i* has outcropp$ p]si/5tly on ! we/ side ( ! road1 rises to a high bluff & !n passes ea/w>d b5ea? ! riv] 7#dj4f74 ,! und]ly+ second lava replaces x 9 ! road cuts & is especially conspicu\s along ! railroad 7#dj4i74 ,! next d>k gray bluff we/ ( ! road 7#da4d to #da4f7 is "p ( ! ,holyoke fl[ :i* caps ! ,m\nt ,tom & ,m\nt ,holyoke ranges 7see pp4 #bf-bg74 ,soon x1 too1 crosses ! riv] to ,titan's ,pi] 7pp4 #fj-fa71 & old resid5ts say t a l$ge ( x outcropp$ 9 ! riv] b$ at l[ wat] be=e ! ,holyoke dam rais$ ! wat] level4 ,directly ahead1 s\?w>d-dipp+ b$s ( conglom]ate outcrop on ei!r side ( ! road 7#da4j72 ^! b$s und]lie ! lava =m+ ! g5tle s\!rn slopes ( ! ranges1 & _! position b5ea? ! trap c be se5 pla9ly on ! /eep nor!rn slopes4 ,! road ?r\gh ! ,m\nt ,tom ,res]vation rejo9s ! highway 7#db4b7 j s\? ( ! outlet f ! ,oxb[ ,lake 7#db4c71 ! upp] end ( :i* also loops 'r\nd & abuts aga9/ ! highway 7#db4g74 7,see p4 #c47 ,annual floods inundate mo/ ( ?is section1 & ev5 ! bank$-up road & railroad p]iodically g "u ! swirl+ wat]s ( ! swoll5 riv]4 ,a sign 7#dc4e7 ann\nces t ! roadway 0 #ac4e feet bel[ wat] at ! height ( ! #aicf flood1 b x is hop$ t ! new dike at ! s\!rn limit ( ,nor?ampton w h]eaft] turn ! floods away f ! l[] sections ( ! city4 ,f$]al ,highway #e be>s "r 7#dd4j71 & ! road ahead cont9ues into ! ,b]k%ire ,trail4 ,( pass+ int]e/ is ! fact t a well drill$ ne> ?is junction p5etrat$ #c1gjj feet ( ,triassic arkose )\t rea*+ ! cry/all9e rock floor4 ,! road crosses ! unus$ b$ ( ,mill ,riv] 7#dd4b7 & comes once aga9 to ! ,c\rt ,h\se corn] 9 ,nor?ampton 7#dd4f74 ,bel*]t[n1 ,amh]/1 & ,nor?ampton ,9 our fir/ t\r we not$ t a road 7,r\te #i7 turns "r to ,amh]/ at ! s\? end ( ! ,daniel ,%ays ,highway 7#ba4a71 & if we w return to ?is junction1 x w be wor? our :ile to make ! ,amh]/ run4 ,j beyond ! int]section ! highway trav]ses ! level gravel pla9 ( a nice m>g9 lake 7see p4 #g7 be=e x desc5ds 7#bb4j7 t[>d ! ,lake ,hadley pla94 ,erratic b\ld]s & /one f5ces are abundant on ! slope1 & ! b$rock is "p ( ! pre-,triassic complex4 ,"o v int]e/+ pegmatite conta9s inclusions ( contort$ s*i/ 7#bc4b74 ,! road soon leaves ! rocky slopes = ! gravel pla9 ( ,lake ,hadley1 b only a %ort di/ance nor?w>d & we/w>d lie ! ,bel*]t[n ,ponds1 :i* seem to occupy a l>ge & deep kettle hole area 7see pp4 #g-h74 ,! road w9ds ?r\gh p9e-clad kame t]races1 left on ! m>g9 ( ! ice :i* fill$ ! ,lake ,hadley bas92 & :]e x em]ges f ! woods 7#bd4d71 ! l9e ( hills mak+ ! ,holyoke ,range may be se5 /ret*+ we/w>d 9 a s]ies ( %>p po9ts4 ,^! are ! project+ edges ( ! ,holyoke lava fl[ :i* resi/$ erosion aft] all ! s(t] s$im5t & volcanic debris flank+ x 7 remov$4 ,! road to ,m\nt ,l9coln turns "r at ,pansy ,p>k 7#bd4i71 & nor? ( ?is po9t ! ,amh]/ road foll[s a kame t]race betwe5 ! ,pelham ,hills on ! "r1 & ! =m] ice-fill$ b$ ( glacial ,lake ,hadley on ! left4 ,ultimately 7#bg4a7 ! highway leaves ! t]race & drops to a delta :i* 0 deposit$ 9 ,lake ,hadley4 ,! view nor?w>d %[s ,m\nt ,toby & ,m\nt ,sug>loaf outl9$ %>ply1 & to ! ea/ ne> ! ,ori5t1 ! %>p ,v-%ap$ not* ( ! nor? =k ( ,=t ,riv] cuts "o ( ! kame t]races4 ,! delta deposit 7#bg4e to #bg4g7 %[s excell5t =e-set b$s 9 ! gravel pit 7#bg4g71 & its entire surface is dott$ ) ponds :i* occupy irregul> kettle holes 7see pp4 #g-h74 ,! highway cont9ues d[n ! delta slope & crosses ! ,=t ,riv] 7#bh4d74 ,?is riv] e/abli%$ a me&]+ c\rse ^u ! b$ ( ,lake ,hadley1 b its floodpla9 is n[ excavat$ bel[ ! level ( ! lake deposits1 :i* =m a t]race above ! /ream4 ,! road passes ?r\gh ,amh]/ 7#cj4b7 & returns to ,nor?ampton 7#cg4d7 by ! outb\nd r\te4 ,s\? ,hadley1 ,amh]/1 ,nor?ampton ,! r\te #aaf nor? f ! road junction at ,s\? ,hadley ,falls 7#cc4b7 also has its po9ts ( int]e/4 ,aft] x passes ov] ! deeply dissect$ deposits 9 ,lake ,spr+field1 x rises above ! old lake level at ! ,m\nt ,holyoke campus 7#ce4a7 & cont9ues at ?is high] elevation beyond ! ,hockanum-,amh]/ =k 7#ce4i7 9 ! c5t] ( ,s\? ,hadley4 ,along ! "r =k 7,/ate ,highway #aaf71 :i* leads to ,amh]/1 horizontal ,longmead[ s&/one outcrops we/ ( ! road 7#cg4a7 :]e ! slope to ! valley ( ,ba*elor ,brook beg9s4 ,! flat lake pla9 ext5ds f ,moody's ,corn] 7#cg4d7 to ! base ( ! ,holyoke ,range4 ,a gravel road turns "r f ! highway 7#ch4b7 & crosses ! brook "o mile ea/1 & f ?is locality 7 excavat$ _m ( ! excell5t d9osaur footpr9ts 9 ! ,amh]/ ,college collection4 ,! lake pla9 ends at l$ges ( ,granby tuff & agglom]ate 7#ch4e74 ,! outcrops ea/ ( ! road are groov$ ) glacial /riations1 & ! fragm5tal nature ( ! rock is cle>ly reveal$ 9 ! smoo? surface4 ,lava lies on ! tuff we/ ( ! road 7#ch4g7 & also at ! bottom ( ! volcanic s]ies at ! ,aldri* ,lake road 7#ci4j74 ,co>se conglom]ates make recurr5t ridges z f> z ! base ( ! ,range 7#ci4e71 :]e ! road foll[s a %elf cut into ! ,holyoke lava fl[ j we/ ( ! ,not* fault4 ,! conglom]ate ea/ ( ?is fault 0 displac$ d[nw>d2 & z x dis9tegrates easily1 a depression has be5 cut into ! ,range ea/ ( ! road4 ,! qu>ry situat$ at ! top ( ! ,range 7#ci4h7 j nor? ( ! ,amh]/ t[n l9e1 has br\ght to light _m fault fractures t h s]v$ ! m9]al collector well = almo/ a c5tury4 ,! ,range trail 7see pp4 #gc-ge7 we/w>d leaves ! highway at ! t[n l9e m>k]1 & ! pa? ea/w>d foll[s ! old trolley l9e nor!a/w>d f ! scales h\se4 ,! r\te beg9s its desc5t 7#dj4b7 ?r\gh a cut 9 conglom]ate1 & ! entire nor!rn valley is spread out bel[3 ,sug>loaf & ,toby close ! ea/]n side ( ! view1 & hills f> up 9 ,v]mont =m ! backgr\nd 9 ! nor?we/4 ,! road quickly rea*es ! flat pla9 ( ,lake ,hadley 7#dj4g71 ) apple or*>ds /ret*+ along its gravel %ore l9e4 ,! ,bay ,road crosses ! highway 7#da4a7 & p>allels ! ,range f end to end4 ,! lake deposits fail to conceal _m e>li] features4 ,two druml9s 7see p4 #i7 rise to ! ea/ ( ! road 7#da4h7 ne> ,s\? ,amh]/4 ,s\? ,amh]/ 7#db4g7 is on an isl& 9 ! old lake2 erratic b\ld]s cov] ! hilltop1 & b>e rocks m>k ! old wave-wa%$ %ore4 ,! highway crosses ,=t 7or ,fre%man7 ,riv] 7#dc4h71 & at ! railroad tracks 7#dd4f7 x rises to ! old lake bea*1 :i* is cont9u$ 9 ! flat l& on ! s\? side ( ! ,amh]/ ,college campus4 ,! r\te turns left at ,nor?ampton ,road 7,r\te #i7 & cont9ues to ,nor?ampton 7#eb4b74 ,! ,hockanum ,road 7,/ate ,highway #fc71 :i* foll[s ! left =k at ,s\? ,hadley 7#cc4b71 crosses ! ,lake ,spr+field s& pla9 7#cd4a7 & rises above ! lake level beyond ,ba*elor ,brook 7#cd4c71 /ay+ at ?is high] altitude beyond ! junction ) ! ,moody's ,corn] road 7#ce4c74 ,! hills directly ahead are tuff1 agglom]ate & lava1 & are products ( ! la/ volcanic episode 9 ?is region4 ,dry ,brook 7#ce4f7 fl[s on ! s&/one ov]ly+ ! ,holyoke lava %eet1 & ! latt] outcrops 9 ! road cuts 7#ce4h7 & to ! left 9 ,titan's ,pi] 7see pp4 #fj-fa74 ,! road to ! ,m\nt ,holyoke ,h\se & ,titan's ,piazza 7see p4 #fa7 turns "r 7#cf4j7 :]e ! highway breaks ?r\gh ! la/ ( ! lava mass4 ,! #aicf flood inundat$ ?is highway 7#cf4e to #cg4b71 & ! old wat]m>k may /ill be id5tifi$ by debris caught 9 ! bu%es & left on pa/ure l&4 ,! view up/ream f ! floodpla9 7#cg4j7 %[s :]e ! ,connecticut is cutt+ into its ea/]n bank & caus+ x to rec$e 7see pp4 #a-b74 ,soon x w p5etrate ! valley ( ,=t ,riv]4 ,! road passes ?r\gh a woodl& on ! dissect$ lake-%ore deposits1 b x soon em]ges ^u ! lake bottom & e>ly riv] silts 7#ch4f74 ,! ,bay ,road 7#ci4h7 ent]s f ! ea/ j s\? ( ! bridge ov] ,=t ,riv] 7#ci4i74 ,! road jo9s ! outb\nd r\te at ,hadley 7#da7 & returns to ,nor?ampton 7#dd74 ,holyoke1 ,ea/hampton1 ,nor?ampton ,! return f ,holyoke 7#cf4b7 by way ( ,ea/hampton leaves ,f$]al ,highway #e & rises we/w>d across a ridge ( ,granby tuff4 ,sev]al small lakes 7#cf4g7 occupy bas9s on ! friable second s&/one betwe5 ! second lava & ,granby tuff1 :i* lie imm$iately to ! ea/1 & ! ,holyoke lava1 :i* lies bel[ & to ! we/4 ,! s&/one is v ?91 & ! road %ortly beg9s to climb up ! dip slope ( ! ,holyoke lava %eet4 ,s&/one crops out bel[ ! %eet at ! we/ base ( a l[ cliff 7#ch4a7 :i* cont9ues nor?w>d to ! s\? face ( ,m\nt ,tom4 ,! ,*ri/oph] ,cl>k road ?r\gh ! ,m\nt ,tom ,res]vation ent]s f ! nor? at ! summit 7#ch4e72 x foll[s a sc5ic r\te "u ! we/ cliffs ( ! ,range to its nor? end at ,m\nt ,nonotuck1 :]e x drops abruptly 9 a s]ies ( hairp9 curves to ,m\nt ,tom ,junction on ,f$]al ,highway #e4 ,at ! junction ( ! ,ea/hampton & ,*ri/oph] ,cl>k roads1 a turn-out (f]s an opportunity to view ! ,we/]n ,upl&1 )9 :i*1 z x makes its way f ,go%5 & ,williamsburg to ,nor?ampton1 ! ,mill ,riv] has cut an impressive valley4 ,on ! long desc5t to ! base ( ! m\nta9 7#ci4e71 ! ,ea/hampton road is cut out ( co>se arkosic s&/ones1 b !n x levels (f abruptly on ! flat pla9 ( glacial ,lake ,hadley4 ,! lake s$im5ts cont9ue into ! c5t] ( ,ea/hampton 7#da4c71 brok5 only by ! %all[ valley ( ! ,manhan ,riv]4 ,f ,ea/hampton ! r\te utilizes ! ,college ,highway 7,/ate ,highway #aj7 to ,nor?ampton2 & its position on ! lake b$s af=ds good views ( ! ,range & ( ! abnormally broad floodpla9 ( ! me&]+ ,connecticut ,riv] 9 ! vic9ity ( ! ,oxb[4 ,j nor? & ea/ ( ! ,new ,hav5 ,railroad's und]pass1 ! riv] has cut away ! t]race foll[$ by ! road1 & ?is l[ /ret*1 l ! re/ ( ! floodpla91 is subject to frequ5t inundations4 ,! road ent]s ,nor?ampton ea/ ( ! ,smi? ,college campus 7#de4e7 & jo9s ! ,b]k%ire ,trail4 ,a "r turn at ! traffic light leads to ! ,c\rt ,h\se corn] 7#de4g74 ,nor?ampton1 ,hadley1 ,sund]l&1 ,hatfield ,?is t\r also leaves ,nor?ampton by ! ,coolidge ,memorial ,bridge1 b at ,hadley 7#c4j7 x turns nor? on ,/ate ,highway #fc & foll[s ! riv] to ,sund]l&4 ,"h ! r\te recrosses ! riv]1 jo9+ ,f$]al ,highway #e at ,s\? ,de]field1 & f ?is po9t s\? to ,nor?ampton ! road lies almo/ lit]ally 9 ! %ad[ ( ! we/]n upl&4 ,9 ,hadley 7#c4j7 ! road turns nor? along ,c5t] ,/reet & !n sw+s "r at ! curve 9 ! ,connecticut 7#c4e74 ,! riv] bank is l9$ ) riprap to resi/ ! curr5t & to prev5t ! riv] f wa%+ away a sub/antial section ( ! t[n4 ,across ! /ream 9 ,hatfield ! ,connecticut v ne>ly a*iev$ ! type ( de/ruction :i* ! resid5ts ( ,hadley are try+ to escape1 & ! flood-*annel1 or wa%\t1 :i* 0 g\g$ by ! swoll5 /ream 9 ! spr+ ( #aicf1 may be se5 7#d4c7 on ! way to ,nor? ,hadley4 ,! road approa*es ,m\nt ,w>n]1 ^: cry/all9e rocks appe> at ! s\? end ( a long1 l[ spur 7#d4h7 on ! edge ( ! riv] floodpla94 ,else:]e along ! base ( ! em95ce1 :i* sc>cely m]its ! "n ,m\nt1 ! cry/all9e rocks are hidd5 by a t]race1 b !y crop out on ! high] slopes4 ,! y\ng] r$ ,triassic s&/ones are pres5t1 too1 & !y may be se5 dipp+ /eeply we/w>d 9 ! brook b$ betwe5 ! bridge 7#e4i7 & ! dam 7#f4a7 at ,nor? ,hadley4 ,s& dunes appe> ne> ! riv] on ! outskirts ( ,nor? ,hadley 7#f4c7 & ext5d nor? beyond ,m\nt ,w>n] 7#g4j7 to ! po9t :]e ! road drops f ! t]race to ! floodpla9 7#h4b74 ,"h ! =m] b$ ( ! riv] is occupi$ by a puny brook1 :i* ent]s ! ma9/ream on ! left4 ,! t]race m>k+ ! edge ( ! floodpla9 lies close to ! ea/ side ( ! road = a long di/ance 7#h4b to #i4h7 & !n sw+s a half mile ea/w>d4 ,! road foll[s a high area betwe5 two ab&on$ *annels =m]ly us$ by ! riv] 7#aa4c71 until x jo9s ! ,amh]/-,sund]l& road 7#aa4h7 at ! s\!rn edge ( ,sund]l&4 ,! r\te turns left 9 ! c5t] ( t[n 7#ab4d71 cross+ ! riv] b5ea? ,m\nt ,sug>loaf1 & x cont9ues on to ,f$]al ,highway #e at ! traffic light 9 ,s\? ,de]field 7#ad4b74 ,on ! trip s\? f ! junction1 s& dunes appe> ea/ ( ! railroad betwe5 ! ,bo/on ,ma9e 7#ad4f7 & ! ,new ,hav5 cross+s 7#ad4i74 ,! highway is situat$ on ! flat b$ ( ,lake ,hadley f ?is po9t to ,hatfield4 ,! road to ,:ately1 :i* turns we/ at #af4g1 (f]s "s attractions4 ,x =ks two miles beyond ,:ately1 & ! "r bran* leads to ! ,nor?ampton res]voir & to ,hayd5ville 7see p4 #hi74 ,! left bran* foll[s ,we/ ,=k ,brook & comes back to ,f$]al ,highway #e at ,nor? ,hatfield 7#ai4a74 ,ei!r r\te provides a sc5ic drive ov] little-frequ5t$ gravel roads4 ,f ! ma9 highway ! delta built by ,we/ ,=k ,brook into glacial ,lake ,hadley appe>s z a flat t]race along ! we/]n highl& 7#ah4b74 ,! roll+ fields 7#ai4g7 ea/ ( ! railroad are dunes :i* 7 once rais$ by ! w9d along ! old ,connecticut *annel4 ,mill ,riv]1 :i* rises ne> ,conway1 p>allels ! highway = #f4a miles & crosses x "h to ent] ! ,connecticut 7#bj4c74 ,! road approa*es ! massive gray rocks ( ! we/]n upl& 7#bj4e71 & ! ,hatfield lead ve9 7see p4 #fd7 outcrops 9 a bluff on ! "r 7#bj4i74 ,! view s\? 7#bb4c7 %[s ! wat] gap betwe5 ! ,m\nt ,holyoke & ,m\nt ,tom ranges4 ,at ! ,/ate ,police b>racks 7#bc4d7 ! ,hatfield road turns left1 & a %ort di/ance beyond 7#bc4i71 on ! we/ side ( ! road1 is ! ab&on$ ,city ,qu>ry4 ,! granite expos$ 9 ! qu>ry conta9s a black1 radio-active m9]al call$ allanite1 & ea* gli/5+ black cry/al is surr\nd$ by a r$di% halo caus$ by bomb>dm5t ( ! feldsp> by alpha p>ticles4 ,a road to ,flor5ce bran*es "r 7#bd4e7 ne> ! railroad cross+1 & "o to ! ,coolidge ,bridge turns left across ! ,bo/on ,ma9e tracks 7#bd4g74 ,a by-pass to ! ,b]k%ire ,trail 7#be4f7 goes we/1 & ! t\r returns to ! ,c\rt ,h\se corn] 7#bf4a74 ,nor?ampton1 ,cumm+ton1 ,pla9field1 & ,s\? ,de]field ,?is t\r includes a repres5tative section ( ! ,connecticut ,l[l&1 trav]ses rugg$ valleys on ! we/]n m>g9 ( ! l[l&1 & crosses a wide remnant ( ! ,new ,engl& upl&4 ,! trip is #eh4f miles long1 & all ( x except ! la/ twelve miles moves ?r\gh rapidly *ang+ sc5]y4 ,! r\te leaves ! ,c\rt ,h\se corn] on ,/ate ,highway #i1 ! ,b]k%ire ,trail1 foll[+ ,ma9 & ,elm ,/reets pa/ ,smi? ,college4 ,at ! ,cooley ,dick9son ,hospital ! road rises f ! b$ ( glacial ,lake ,hadley to ! ,mill ,riv] delta1 :i*1 despite "s dissection1 ma9ta9s ! same g5]al level ?r\gh ,flor5ce 7#b4f7 to ,look ,p>k 7#c4d71 :]e a ridge dott$ ) glacial erratics rises ?r\gh x4 ,! road foll[s ! delta m>g9 pa/ ! ,vet]an's ,hospital & %ortly 7#d4c7 climbs to ! l& ( erratics & /one f5ces4 ,! road f ,:ately 7see p4 #hh7 ent]s f ! "r 9 ,hayd5ville 7#g4a71 & ! ,trail cont9ues up ,mill ,riv] to ,williamsburg 7#h4a74 ,n f> beyond ! c5t] ( ,williamsburg ! road =ks left = ,*e/]field & "r = ,cumm+ton4 ,! "r h& r\te climbs a long wood$ hill ) a deep valley on ! "r & occasional cliffs ( s*i/ intrud$ by re9=c+ granite dikes on ! left4 ,! view back ne> ! hilltop 7#ab4e7 (f]s1 ?r\gh a frame ( trees1 a panorama ( ! ,m\nt ,holyoke & ,m\nt ,tom ,ranges surm\nt+ ! ,connecticut ,l[l&4 ,! ,new ,engl& upl& beg9s at ! hilltop 7#ac4a7 9 ,go%54 ,j pa/ ,go%5 ,pond 7#ac4f71 a road cont9ues /raight ahead to ,a%field1 & ! h>d surface ( ! ,b]k%ire ,trail curves left4 ,l$ges ( flaggy ,go%5 s*i/ outcrop f ,go%5 to ,swift ,riv] 7#ah4d72 ! b&+ ( ! l$ges is almo/ horizontal at "o place 7#ad4f7 & makes excell5t flagg+ = g>d5 walks4 ,! we/-fl[+ ,swift ,riv] tumbles into ! deeply entr5*$1 ea/-fl[+ ,we/field ,riv] at ,swift ,riv] village1 & ! comb9$ /reams fl[ due s\? ?r\gh a door 9 a v]tical wall ( ,go%5 s*i/ s n>r[ & inconspicu\s t ! wat] appe>s to run d[nhill & !n up aga94 ,! ,b]k%ire ,trail foll[s up ! nor? bank ( ! ,we/field ,riv] z f> z ! l[] bridge 7#ai4e71 at ,cumm+ton1 :]e a road to ,*e/]field turns left 7#ai4f74 ,! ,pla9field road bran*es (f to ! "r across ! riv] at ! c5t] ( ,cumm+ton 7#bj4e71 & x climbs almo/ cont9u\sly f ! ,we/field valley to ! summit ( ! ,new ,engl& upl& at ! ,pla9field corn] 7#bd4e74 ,"h ! broad1 g5tly roll+ expanse ( c\ntry (f]s no sugge/ion ( ! deep valley only ?ree miles away4 ,! t\r takes ! road "r 7,r\te #aaf7 to ,a%field 7#cc4j71 ,conway 7#dj4b71 & ,s\? ,de]field 7#df4f71 :]e x turns s\? on ,f$]al ,highway #e1 return+ to ,nor?ampton 7#eh4f7 ov] gr\nd t is cov]$ 9 ano!r t\r 7see pp4 #hg-hh74 ,! tw5ty-two miles ( c\ntry betwe5 ,pla9field & ,s\? ,de]field conta9 a succession ( highl& views1 glimpses into y\?fully incis$ valleys1 & a f9al sweep ( ,connecticut l[l& t defy description4 ,ne>ly ev]y:]e ! glaci]s ( ! ,ice ,age h scrap$ away ! soil & h expos$ ! und]ly+ metamorphos$ s$im5ts4 ,_! high /ructures & _! metamorphism %[ t !y are m]ely ! roots ( an anci5t range t once rose maje/ically to summits :i*1 7 !y re/or$1 w\ld dw>f ! plan$ upl& ( today4 ,rugg$ z "s ( ! topography may seem1 prolong$ erosion has greatly s(t5$ & tam$ x4 7,= m details ( ! features :i* c be se5 along ?is r\te1 see pp4 #id -#ie47 ,trips f ,gre5field ,! mo/ popul> drive f ,gre5field is we/w>d ov] ! ,mohawk ,trail1 b ! ea/w>d cont9uation ( ?is highway to ,orange1 comb9$ ) ! ,daniel ,%ays ,highway to ,pelham1 (f]s almo/ equal attractions & %\ld n be miss$4 ,mohawk ,trail1 ,adams1 ,pla9field1 & ,s\? ,de]field ,! ,mohawk ,trail 7,/ate ,highway #b7 heads we/ f ! c5t] ( ,gre5field & crosses ! ,gre5 ,riv] 7#j4f7 be=e climb+ out ( ! valley4 ,a look\t 7#b4a7 af=ds an excell5t view ( ! nor? end ( ! ,connecticut ,l[l&1 & ! obs]vation t[] on ,%elburne ,summit 7#c4b71 situat$ on a %elf cut out ( black ,ordovician slate 7see pp4 #ce -#cg71 provides a broad] sweep ( c5tral ,new ,engl& sc5]y4 ,beyond1 ! upl& is g5tly roll+1 tr5*$ by "o deep valley at ,%elburne ,c5t] 7#f4h74 ,! desc5t into ?is valley 7#e4f7 (f]s a glimpse to ! s\? across ! ,de]field ,riv] gorge1 b ! road soon rises aga91 hov]+ #cjj feet above ! %>ply incis$ /ream4 ,! ,swee!>t ,teah\se 7#i4i7 makes use ( "o ( ! ideal sites ov]look+ ! gorge & riv]4 ,! highway to ,colra9 7#aj4b7 cont9ues /raight ahead1 b ! ,trail turns left across ! ,de]field ,riv] 7#aj4f7 & !n "r 9 ,%elburne ,falls4 ,! road left leads to ,conway & ,s\? ,de]field4 ,?ick1 almo/ horizontal b&s ( gray granite gneiss are expos$ 9 ! road cuts 7#aa4f7 along ! s\? bank ( ! ,de]field ,riv]1 b ! entr5*$ /ream has left s little room = ! highway t ! latt] soon crosses to ! relatively l[ & m hospitable nor? bank 7#aa4i74 ,= _m miles ! road foll[s ! /ream s closely t spr+ floods occasionally cov] its surface ) ice cakes4 ,! drive along ?is /ret* to ! next bridge 7#ba4j7 conta9s ! mo/ re/ful sc5]y on ! trip1 ?\gh ! flat op5 valley is hemm$ 9 by abrupt slopes :i* rise = #hjj feet4 ,nor does ! flatness ( ! valley h>monize ) ! m\nta9-/ructure ( ! platy ,go%5 s*i/1 :i* /&s on edge all along ! roadside4 ,davis ,brook 7#ah4g7 crosses ! r\te1 & ! road beside x leads up to ! ,davis ,m9e1 :i* once did a ?riv+ bus9ess extract+ iron pyrites = ! manufacture ( sulphuric acid4 ,once m ! highway crosses ! ,de]field ,riv] 7#ba4j7 & ent]s ,mohawk ,p>k1 :i* invites ! motori/ to l+]4 ,a mile f>!r on 7#bb4j7 ! road leaves ! ,de]field ,riv] 7#bb4j7 & foll[s ! n>r[ gorge ( ,cold ,riv]1 :i* seems sc>cely wide en\gh to accommodate x4 ,a %ady picnic gr\nd & auto camp 7#bc4f7 lie j bel[ ! n>r[e/ & deepe/ "p ( ! gorge 7#bd4e71 :]e ! cr[d+ summits seem to t[] high above ! puny c>s4 ,! road crosses to ! nor? bank ( ,cold ,riv] 7#be4h7 & climbs a %elf cut into gre5 volcanic s*i/s 7#be4h to #bg4f74 ,leav+ ! gorge 7#bf4f71 x asc5ds to ! upl& 7#bi4j71 :ile 9 view bel[ is ! labori\s r\te ( ! ,bo/on & ,ma9e ,railroad along ! ,de]field & !nce ?r\gh ! ea/ portal ( ! ,hoosac ,tunnel ne> ,zo>4 ,a look\t 7#bi4d7 af=ds a memorable view ( ! %>p ,v-%ap$ gorge ( ! ,de]field ,riv] cut deep into ! highl& surface1 :i* /ret*es unbrok5 to ! horizon1 ) only a few divides ris+ to great] elevations 9 ! we/ & nor!a/4 ,a set ( broad rock b5*es1 ab\t #bjj feet l[] ?an ! upl&1 =ms a /ra? t]race 7see pp4 #df-dg7 :i* closely foll[s ! riv]'s c\rse4 ,great l&slide sc>s1 caus$ by ! heavy ra9s accompany+ ! #aich hurricane1 m> ! valley walls f> to ! nor? & aga9 ea/w>d f ,zo>4 ,! road to ,zo> 7#cj4b7 turns "r a %ort di/ance ea/ ( ! ,:itcomb ,summit 7#cj4f71 :]e look\t t[]s at an elevation ( #b1bdj feet enhance ! excell5ce ( ! view we/w>d across o!r /ra?s to ,m\nt ,greylock1 ! highe/ po9t 9 ,massa*usetts4 ,f ^! same vantage po9ts1 "o may survey ! deceptively smoo? slope ( ! ,new ,engl& upl& ea/w>d d[n ! c\rse ( ! ,de]field t[>ds ! ,atlantic coa/4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #aj4 ,view ( ! ,de]field gorge f ! ea/ summit ( ! ,mohawk ,trail4 ,! high level flat to ! extreme "r & extreme left is ! ,new ,engl& p5epla94 ,! t]race bord]+ ! /eep walls ( ! gorge is a /ra?4 ,! road crosses a s]ies ( /ra? heads1 :i* dra9 into ! ,cold ,riv]1 & asc5ds to ! we/ summit 7#cc4b74 ,at fir/ x seems possible to ?r[ a /one into ,nor? ,adams1 s abrupt is ! we/]n slope4 ,! city lies deep 9 a lime/one valley1 & beyond x ! ,taconic ranges rise /eeply we/ ( ,william/[n1 ov] six miles away4 ,on ! long desc5t into ! valley1 ! roadway is cut into albite-biotite s*i/s ) horizontal cleavage4 ,above & bel[ ! %>p hairp9 turn 7#ce4b71 !re is a beautiful view to ! s\? along ! /rike ( ! lime/one tr5* & along ! r\te 7,/ate ,highway #h7 :i* is to be foll[$ f ,nor? ,adams 7#cg4h7 to ,adams4 ,n f> s\? ( ,nor? ,adams ! road passes ! we/ portal ( ! ,hoosac ,tunnel 7#ci4d74 ,b\ld]s on ! m\nta9side ea/ ( ! highway are glacial erratics :i* 7 left above ! level ( ! valley tra9s & above ! surface ( glacial ,lake ,bascom4 ,! lime/one :i* outcrops on ! slopes ( ,m\nt ,greylock we/ ( ! road is us$ = lime 7#da4f71 & ! qu>ries provide ideal exposures = a /udy ( ! rock4 ,! burn+ plant 7#db4b7 is at ! roadside4 ,! road bran*es 9 ! c5t] ( ,adams 7#dc4f71 "o r\te 7,/ate ,highway #aaf7 cont9u+ ahead to ,savoy & ,pla9field1 ! o!r ve]+ "r to ,m\nt ,greylock1 ,dalton1 & ,pittsfield4 ,! ,savoy road foll[s a broad valley ea/w>d into ! hills4 ,a p]ceptible /eep5+ ( ! slope occurs :]e x crosses f ! dolomitic lime/one bel[1 to ! albite-biotite s*i/ above1 at a ?ru/ fault 7#dg4e74 ,h>d :ite ,*e%ire qu>tzite 7#dh4b7 & ar5ace\s lime/one 7#di4j to #di4f7 ov]lie ! s*i/ & outcrop by ! roadside1 & 9 places ! ar5ace\s lime/one has wea!r$ to a :ite gli/5+ s&4 ,! road soon drops into a wide & op5 valley 7#ej4a7 :i* seems to slope int]m9ably s\!a/w>d2 ?is is ! head ( ! ,we/field dra9age1 & x has occupi$ ?is position 9 ! ,we/field sy/em f> back 9 geologic "t 7see p4 #ad74 ,! little village ( ,savoy 7#ea4h7 ne/les ne> ! ea/]n edge ( ! valley1 & once beyond ! settlem5t1 ! highway tops a divide 7#eb4g7 compris$ ( roll+ hills4 ,x skirts ,pla9field ,pond 7#ef4j to #ef4d7 & !n comes out ^u a panorama ( ! upl& :i* embraces ! entire ,we/field bas9 7#eg4e74 ,?is section is und]la9 by ! ,savoy s*i/1 :i* is *>act]iz$ by its _m l>ge r$ g>nets4 ,at ! hilltop 7#ei4g7 9 ,pla9field ! road =ks1 ! r\te to ! "r desc5d+ to ! ,b]k%ire ,trail & ! road ahead proce$+ to ,a%field4 ,?is portion ( ! ,new ,engl& upl& lies s f> back f ! ma9 /reams t ! small tribut>ies h n yet cut deeply into its g5tly roll+ surface1 & no h9t ( hidd5 valleys c be detect$ 9 ! peaceful l&scape4 ,! ,a%field road trav]ses woodl& c\ntry t is almo/ flat4 ,! /ream valleys are broad & are r>ely m ?an a hundr$ feet bel[ divides4 ,ev5 ,swift ,riv] 7#fc4i71 :i* crosses ! road ab\t two miles above ! end ( its entr5*$ gorge1 has n deep5$ its valley1 despite ! long span ( ye>s s9ce ,new ,engl& 0 rais$ to its pres5t elevation 7see p4 #dg74 ,pa/ ! alt]nate road to ,cumm+ton 7#fd4j71 ! r\te cont9ues across ! flat c\ntry above ,a%field2 b :]e ! road to ,go%5 turns s\? 7#ff4d71 deep dissection ( ! ,new ,engl& upl& beg9s4 ,an op5+ 9 ! trees 7#ff4f to #fg4a7 discloses ! valleys along ! ,s\? ,riv] 9 ! vic9ity ( ,s\? ,a%field1 z well z ! level skyl9e 9 ! highl&s ea/ ( ! ,connecticut ,valley4 ,! road drops into ! ,s\? ,riv] valley at ,a%field 7#fh4b71 :]e a *oice ( r\tes to ,gre5field is pres5t$4 ,! road t foll[s ! ,s\? ,riv] to ,conway 7#ge4d7 is ! m int]e/+4 ,! riv] is jo9$ by a tribut>y f ! nor? at ,s\? ,a%field 7#fi4i71 & ! /reams occupy deep b op5 valleys4 ,kame t]races flank ! riv]s & are a s\rce ( gravel = road balla/4 ,! old dam 7#gc4i7 ne> ,conway is a picturesque spot1 & ! deep1 %ady pool bel[ is n neglect$ by angl]s4 ,glacial erratics 7see pp4 #h-i7 dot ! hill slopes1 b l$ges are r>e & consi/ ( ! locally nam$ ,conway s*i/ :]e ! rock does appe> at ! surface4 ,! road bran*es aga9 at ,conway3 ! left =k goes nor? along ! dissect$ br9k ( ! ,de]field gorge to ,%elburne ,falls1 b our *oice falls ^u ! ea/w>d r\te to ,s\? ,de]field4 ,! highway climbs ?r\gh a cut 7#ge4h7 9 contort$1 gneissic ,conway s*i/1 :i* seems to be l9$ ) twi/$ :ite qu>tz ve9s f ?is po9t to ! m>g9 ( ! ,connecticut ,valley4 ,! road levels (f j be=e x rea*es ! ,new ,engl& upl&1 & !n x drops ?r\gh roll+ hill c\ntry to ! %ad$ valley ( ,mill ,brook 7#gg4d71 :i* x foll[s to ! edge ( ! l[l& 7#hj4a74 ,rocky l$ges are common along ?is swiftly fl[+ /ream4 ,a good view ( ! ,pocumtuck ,hills appe>s on ! left 7#gi4g71 ) ! flat pla9 ( ! old ,de]field delta /ret*+ to _! base4 ,! road crosses ?is pla9 & ent]s ,s\? ,de]field 7#ha4h74 ,! t\r turns nor? on ,f$]al ,highway #e1 :i* is built on ! deposits spread 9 glacial ,lake ,hadley by ! ,de]field ,riv] f its m\? ea/w>d to ! foot ( ! ,pocumtuck ,hills ( ,triassic conglom]ate4 ,bloody ,brook 7#hb4b7 dra9s ?is "p ( ! pla94 ,nor? ( ! road :i* goes ?r\gh ! not* betwe5 ! ,sug>loafs 7#hb4f71 ! delta deposits cont9ue z a t]race along ! base ( ! ,pocumtuck ,hills z f> z ,*eapside4 ,b ! ,de]field has excavat$ its po/-glacial delta1 & ! roadway desc5ds to ! me&]-cut floodpla9 7#hd4d to #hh4a71 ?\gh x rises ov] "o ( ! me&] sc>ps 7#he4a74 ,remnants ( ! ,de]field delta =m a t]race due we/ across ! valley & on ! m>g9 ( ! hills4 ,! entire l[l& nor? ( ! me&]-cut t]race 0 inundat$ 9 #aicf1 & ! wat] level may /ill be id5tifi$ by debris on ! railroad embankm5t on ! "r4 ,old ,de]field 7#hf4a7 itself is on a me&]-sc>p t]race1 & ! #aicf flood l9e is well m>k$ along x4 ,aft] ! road crosses ! ,de]field ,riv] 7#hh4c71 x leaves ! floodpla9 z x climbs to ! c5t] ( ,gre5field 7#hi4h74 ,gre5field1 ,orange1 ,pelham1 ,amh]/1 & ,de]field ,r\te #b also leads ea/w>d f ,gre5field to ! ,fr5* ,k+ ,bridge & ,mill]s ,falls4 ,! highway out f ,gre5field turns nor? 7#j4c7 along ! we/ front ( ! trap ridge1 ne> ! summit ( :i* sev]al individual lava fl[s are repres5t$ by sep>ate sets ( columns sup]impos$ "o ^u ! o!r 7see p4 #bf74 ,! und]ly+ b$d$ s&/ones outcrop 9 ! l[] wood$ slopes4 ,a road bran*es "r 7#a4g7 to ,turn]s ,falls & crosses ! lava ridge1 b ! ma9 highway cont9ues /raight to a %>p curve ne> ,falls ,riv] 7#c4d74 ,pill[-%ap$ masses ( lava *>act]ize ! bottom ( ! lava fl[ & lie above conglom]ate 9 ! bluff to ! "r4 ,! valley ( ,falls ,riv] is a fault zone slic+ across ! lava %eet1 :i* reappe>s at ! look\t-p>k+ place at ,turn]s ,falls 7#c4e74 ,! ext5t to :i* ! wat]fall has rec$$ 7see pp4 #eh-ei7 may be judg$ f ! l5g? ( ! gorge4 ,! r\te cont9ues left pa/ ! bridge entrance 7#c4f74 ,ripple-m>k$ r$ %ales--once ,triassic muds 9 :i* /ray d9osaurs left _! tracks--outcrop by ! roadside 7#d4f to #e4g71 & co>se conglom]ate b$s 7#e4i7 ov]lie ! %ales & dip /eeply t[>ds ! riv]4 ,some:at f>!r ea/ a broad s& pla9 7#f4j to #f4h7 ( glacial outwa% 7see p4 #ei71 :i* ends at ! ,fr5* ,k+ gorge1 buries ! ,triassic b$rock1 b once aga9 conglom]ate appe>s & =ms ! we/ wall ( ! gorge4 ,pre-,triassic cry/all9e rocks 7#f4i7 likewise outcrop on ! we/]n cliffs1 & =m a n>r[ ridge betwe5 ! pres5t c\rse ( ! riv] & ! pre-glacial *annel1 :i* lies bel[ ! glacial delta 7#g4j to #g4i7 ( ,mill]s ,riv]4 ,! road to ,nor?field turns left 7#g4i7 & ano!r 7#h4g7 leads "r to ,mill]s ,falls1 b ,r\te #b cont9ues ea/1 climb+ high above ! riv] 7#i4i71 :i* fl[s ?r\gh a n>r[ gorge4 ,gneiss ) horizontal b&+ outcrops 7#aa4b7 9 mesa-l hills nor? ( ! highway1 :i* desc5ds to a po9t 7#ab4e7 t 0 #e4e feet "u wat] dur+ ! #aicf flood4 ,! road cont9ues ne> ! wat]'s edge = almo/ half a mile1 & ! n>r[ gorge ?r\gh gneiss ends at ,erv+ 7#ac4h74 ,"h ! valley wid5s out into a hilly l[l& :i* has be5 develop$ on s*i/ ) occasional b&s ( gneiss4 ,! road foll[s ! nor? bank ( ! riv] across ?is l[l& to ,orange 7#ag4i74 ,r\te #b cont9ues to ,a?ol :]e ! ,daniel ,%ays highway ent]s f ! s\?1 b an alt]nate r\te1 :i* turns "r 9 ! c5t] ( ,orange & crosses ,mill]s ,riv] 7#ah4j71 provides a pref]able %ort-cut to ! ,daniel ,%ays ,highway 7#ba4h74 ,?is section ( road is l9$ ) /one f5ces :i* memorialize ! comb9$ labors ( ! great ,ice ,%eet & ! e>ly settl]s4 ,r\te #cb f ,pet]%am & ,worce/] ent]s f ! left 7#bb4g7 j be=e ! highway dips into ! creek bottom at ! edge ( ! ,quabb9 bas94 ,!nce x asc5ds to ! ,new ,engl& upl& level1 :]e a look\t 7#be4e7 af=ds an expansive view to ! ea/ & nor?1 ) ,m\nt ,monadnock ris+ prom95tly on ! di/ant skyl9e4 ,new ,salem 7#be4h7 is on ! hilltop4 ,hornbl5de s*i/ outcrops at int]vals across ! broad ridge1 & especially ne> ! desc5t 7#bh4d7 s\?we/w>d to ano!r /ream 7#cj4c7 :i* empties into ! ,quabb9 ,res]voir4 ,once aga9 ! highway climbs r /eadily = ?ree & "o-half miles1 pass+ ! ,%utesbury road 7#ca4j7 on ! "r1 until x rea*es ano!r look\t 7#cd4f7 f :i* ! tr5*$ ,new ,engl& upl& spreads out to ! ea/4 ,pelham gneiss is ! ma9 rock on ! broad ridge we/ ( ! ,quabb9 bas91 especially 9 ! vic9ity ( ,pelham 7#ce4b71 :i* gave ! rock its "n4 ,! t\r turns ea/ to ,amh]/ 7#da4g71 foll[+ a section :i* has be5 describ$ else:]e 7see pp4 #gh-gi74 ,! pr9cipal sights include ! panorama ( ! ,connecticut ,l[l& & ! ice-m>g9 lake deposits4 ,! drive f ,amh]/ to ,nor?ampton 7see pp4 #gh-gi7 & f ,nor?ampton to ,s\? ,de]field 7see pp4 #hg-hh7 on ,f$]al ,highway #e has likewise be5 cov]$ 9 o!r t\rs1 b "s new features may be se5 along ! %ort] r\te f ,amh]/ to ,sund]l&4 ,! ,sund]l& road turns "r at ! nor? end ( ! ,amh]/ common4 ,x desc5ds1 fir/1 f ,amh]/ ,isl&1 9 glacial ,lake ,hadley1 to ! old bea* at ,massa*usetts ,/ate ,college 7#db4f71 & !n f ! bea* to ! lake bottom 7#dc4b7 nor? ( ! campus4 ,! r\te takes ! left =k 9 ,nor? ,amh]/ 7#dd4b71 trav]ses "p ( ! old lake b$1 sw+s we/ ar\nd ! ,long ,pla9 delta 7#de4e71 & crosses its entr5*$ brook 7#df4a74 ,mo/ ( ! /ream's wat] seeps ?r\gh ! delta s&s & gravels1 & em]ges 9 spr+s at ! ,fi% ,hat*]y 7#df4c74 ,gravel pits across ! road furni% an excell5t section ( ! =e-set & top-set b$s ( ! delta4 ,! road "r 7#df4h7 goes to ! delta top ea/ ( ,m\nt ,toby1 ,montague & ,turn]s ,falls1 b ! ma9 highway cont9ues nor?4 ,! road turns left & !n "r 7#dg4b71 cutt+ ?r\gh a bea* b> 9 glacial ,lake ,hadley1 & pass+ a s& dune area 7#dg4f7 :i* develop$ f ! s&y braids 9 ! *annel ( ! ,connecticut :5 x fir/ e/abli%$ its c\rse on ! lake b$ 7see pp4 #d-f74 ,! r\te drops d[n f a t]race 7#dg4i7 to ! highe/ floodpla9 level ( ! ,connecticut4 ,swales 7#dh4c & #dh4e7 on ?is flat repres5t =m] riv] *annels1 & ! scallop$ embankm5t to ! ea/ records ! lat]al sw+ & und]cutt+ ( ! me&]+ riv]4 ,! ,nor? ,hadley road 7#dh4g7 ent]s f ! s\? along a l[ ridge betwe5 two swales1 & aft] ! %>p "r turn into ,sund]l& 7#di4b71 ! road divides1 "o =k go+ nor? to ,montague1 ! o!r we/ across ! ,sund]l& ,bridge to ,s\? ,de]field4 ,! ,sund]l& ,bridge 7#di4d to #di4f7 (f]s a good view d[n/ream along ! natural levees 7see p4 #b7 & we/w>d to ! cliffs ( ,m\nt ,sug>loaf 7see pp4 #ef-eh74 ,! road rises above ! floodpla9 7#di4i7 & passes ! ,sug>loaf trail 7#ej4j7 on ! "r4 ,a "r turn into ,f$]al ,highway #e at ,s\? ,de]field 7#ea4j7 br+s ! motori/ back to a section ( c\ntry already describ$ 9 connection ) ! ,mohawk ,trail t\r 7see pp4 #ie-if71 & ano!r eight miles ( driv+ br+s him to ,gre5field 7#ei4a74 ,gre5field1 ,turn]s ,falls1 ,montague1 ,nor? ,amh]/ ,a v>iant ( ! drive ea/ f ,gre5field is available 9 ! r\te t turns "r across ! ,turn]s ,falls ,bridge 7#c4f to #c4h7 & foll[s ! ea/ side ( ! ,connecticut ,valley s\?w>d4 ,! road turns left 9 ! c5t] ( ,turn]s ,falls 7#d4b7 & climbs ! embankm5t :i* ! riv] excavat$ 9 ! old lake b$s4 ,on ! s& pla9 above 7#d4i71 ! left =k goes to ,mill]s ,falls & ! "r1 to ,montague4 ,! ,montague road skirts ! we/ side ( a l[ l9e ( hills :i* t]m9ate at a depression 7#h4f7 on ! pre-glacial c\rse ( ! ,connecticut4 ,! road goes ov] ,saw ,mill ,riv] 7#i4d71 9 ! b$ ( :i* ,triassic conglom]ate is expos$4 ,conglom]ate also appe>s 9 ! hills directly s\?1 b ! old] cry/all9e rocks crop out 9 an exhum$ ridge to ! s\?we/ & 9 ! highl&s ea/w>d4 ,! conglom]ates =m ! s\? end ( a ,triassic bas9 ext5d+ f ,m\nt ,h]mon & ,nor?field f>!r up ! valley 7see p4 #bf74 ,beyond ,montague 7#i4g7 ,triassic conglom]ate appe>s along ! roadside 7#aj4a7 z f> z ! =ks to ,sund]l& & ,mill]s ,falls 7#aj4h74 ,! ,mill]s ,falls road foll[s ! foot ( a t]race :i* rises to ! old delta level1 & at ! next =k 7#aa4j71 ! r\te keeps "r & cont9ues s\?w>d to ,nor? ,amh]/4 ,! delta ( ! glacial /ream buri$ _m ice cakes :i* left num]\s kettle holes 7#aa4j to #aa4e7 :5 !y melt$4 ,! /ratification ( ! deposits is display$ 9 ! _m road cuts4 ,! r\te crosses ! ,c5tral ,v]mont ,railroad 7#aa4e7 & foll[s an old outwa% pla9 s\?w>d pa/ ! road to ,ro>+ ,brook 7#ac4a7 7see p4 #ed74 ,! t\r cont9ues ?r\gh a n>r[ /ret* 9 :i* cry/all9e rocks pr$om9ate1 z f> z ! ,long ,pla9 delta 7#ae4f74 ,m\nt ,toby rises /eeply on ! we/ side ( ! railroad4 ,a ?ird ( ! way up ! m\nta9side c be se5 7#ac4i7 a conspicu\s b5*1 :i* consi/s ( an exhum$ remnant ( ! anci5t1 slop+ granite m\nta9 front on :i* ! ,triassic s$im5ts 7 laid 7see pp4 #bj-ba74 ,! b5* level drops nor?w>d to ! railroad at ,ro>+ ,brook1 & s\?w>d x crosses ! road 7#ad4i74 ,! conglom]ate ea/ ( ! road 7#ad4i to #ae4c7 fills an old m\nta9 valley4 ,a road ea/ 7#ae4c7 goes to ,lev]ett1 & ! lead ve9 is locat$ j s\? ( x at ! hilltop4 ,! r\te skirts ! m>g9 ( ! cry/all9e rocks & crosses ! railroad aga9 7#ae4f74 ,j beyond ! road to ,lev]ett /ation 7#af4a7 ! motori/ may ex]cise ! option ( return+ to ! ,sund]l& road 7#ag4c7 by go+ "r across ! ,long ,pla9 delta & !nce to ,gre5field 7#bi4f7 via ,s\? ,de]field 7see p4 #ie74 ,or he may ext5d 8 trip by tak+ ! left =k ( ! ,m\nt ,toby road1 :i* foll[s ! b\nd>y betwe5 ! ,long ,pla9 delta & ! glaciat$ ea/]n highl&s4 ,b\ld]s & b>e l$ges feature 9 ! l&scape to ! ea/1 :]eas ! flat delta & ! level bea* m>g9 7#ag4i7 lie to ! we/4 ,beyond ! limits ( ! delta lies a s]ies ( b>e l$ges ( gneiss4 ,aft] cross+ ,factory ,holl[ ,brook 7#ai4a71 ! r\te jo9s ! ,sund]l& road 7#ai4b7 at ! c5t] ( ,nor? ,amh]/1 return+ to ,gre5field 7#cd4a7 by way ( ,sund]l& & ,s\? ,de]field1 z be=e 7see p4 #ih74 ,gre5field1 ,turn]s ,falls1 ,montague1 ,sund]l& ,! ,sund]l& road 7#aj4h7 j beyond ,montague turns "r & climbs ! t]race along ! floodpla9 ( ,saw ,mill ,riv]4 ,! pla9 is ! delta :i* ?is /ream built into ,lake ,hadley4 ,a few rock ridges project above x2 buri$ ice has melt$ to =m kettle holes 7#aa4d7 7see pp4 #g-h72 & po/-glacial /reams h cut valleys 9 x2 yet x pres]ves its deltaic =m to ! old lake m>g9 7#aa4f74 ,l[ %$-l cliffs occur ea/ ( ! road 7#aa4i72 ! ov]hang+ rock is ,toby conglom]ate1 & ! excavat$ %elt] is a gray %ale :i* 0 laid 9 a ,triassic lake b$ 7see pp4 #bb & #fh74 ,^! cliffs rec$e f ! highway & end 7#ab4c7 at ! ,sund]l& ,caves 7see p4 #ee74 ,! r\te cont9ues d[nhill & jo9s ! riv] road on ! floodpla9 ( ! ,connecticut 7#ad74 ,! road rises ov] a promontory 7#ad4a7 =m$ by ! resi/ant ,de]field lava %eet 7see p4 #bf7 & !n desc5ds to ! riv] floodpla9 & me&]-cut t]races 7see p4 #bb71 :i* cross to ! ea/ side ( ! highway & cont9ue s\? beyond ,sund]l& 7#ae4e74 ,9 ,sund]l& junction is made ) ! long] t\r ?r\gh ,amh]/ 7see p4 #ih71 & ! return to ,gre5field may be made by t r\te 7#be4d74 ,trips f ,spr+field ,9 ! vic9ity ( ,spr+field ! mo/ int]e/+ drives are to be f\nd on ! we/ side ( ! ,connecticut ,riv]1 = ! comp>atively flat l& ea/ ( ! riv] is ?ickly settl$ & heavily indu/rializ$1 & geological ph5om5a are effectively mask$4 ,! c\ntry to ! we/ (f]s a display ( features :i* may be trac$ to ! activities ( ! riv]1 to ! =m] pres5ce ( glacial ,lake ,spr+field1 to ! prolong$ erosion ( ! ,triassic b$rock1 & to ! resi/ance ( ! pre-,triassic rocks 9 ! we/]n highl&4 ,almo/ any trip w include ?is entire suite ( geological ph5om5a4 ,! di/ances :i* are giv5 9 ! foll[+ t\rs h be5 tak5 f ! we/ side ( ! ,nor? ,end ,bridge4 ,spr+field1 ,holyoke1 ,ea/hampton1 & ,we/field ,?is r\te foll[s nor? on ! floodpla9 along ! riv] bank via ,f$]al ,highway #e1 & ! heavy reta9+ wall is design$ to keep ! riv] out4 ,! s& promontory :i* comes to ! left side ( ! road 7#j4f7 is a remnant ( ! old lake--bottom deposits4 ,pa/ ! junction ) ! road ?r\gh ,we/ ,spr+field 7#j4h71 ! highway utilizes ! old lake b$s1 :i* =m a t]race above ! pres5t floodpla92 b ultimately 7#a4f7 x drops aga9 to ! floodpla9 level1 ) its _m ab&on$ *annels1 al?\gh x discreetly /ays on "o ( ! high]1 & old]1 me&]-cut t]races4 ,a cut-(f to ,*icopee turns "r 7#b4d71 b ,f$]al ,highway #e cont9ues nor? across ! me&] t]races to ! =ks 7#d4f7 :i* lead to ! resid5tial 7left7 & bus9ess 7"r7 sections ( ,holyoke4 ,"h ! ma9 highway climbs /eeply f ! floodpla9 to ! top ( ! lake deposits4 ,! view nor? %[s ! ,holyoke ,range ris+ above ! ro(s & *imneys ( ,holyoke4 ,lake deposits =m a broad flat betwe5 ! ,triassic volcanic ridges :i* lie to ! we/ & ! tr5* cut by ! ,connecticut ,riv]4 ,! road f ,we/field & ! airport 7,f$]al ,highway #bjb7 f ! left1 & ! road to ,ea/hampton 7#g4f7 turns left f ! ma9 highway1 :i* cont9ues nor?4 ,! nor? r\te1 describ$ "u ! t\rs f ,nor?ampton 7see pp4 #hj-hb71 features ! d9osaur tracks & ! succession ( ,triassic rocks4 ,! ,ea/hampton road goes pa/ ! s\? end ( ! ,m\nt ,tom ,range1 & its sc5ic attractions h be5 dealt ) else:]e 7see p4 #he74 ,its mo/ int]e/+ sights are ! l9e ( lakes betwe5 ! two volcanic s]ies & ! view f ! summit ( ! ridge4 ,ea/hampton 7#ab4g7 lies on ! old lake bottom1 f :i* an impressive view ( ! palisade ( massive columns compris+ ! tilt$ lava fl[ ( ,m\nt ,tom c be obta9$4 ,at ,ea/hampton ! t\r turns s\? on ! ,college ,highway 7,/ate #aj7 t[>ds ,s\?ampton & ,we/field4 ,! road foll[s ! gravel pla9 :i* 0 spread into ,lake ,hadley by /reams fl[+ out ( ! we/]n highl&4 ,! pla9 is dissect$ locally by ! ,manhan ,riv] 7#ae4b & #ah4j7 :i* crosses ! road twice1 & "o small valley ne> ,s\?ampton 7#ag4a7 discloses ,triassic arkose buri$ by ! s&4 ,! road rises above ! lake deposits 7#ag4d7 ne> ! ,manhan ,riv]1 & at once glacial erratics become num]\s4 ,! l& ( /one f5ces =ms a n>r[ divide betwe5 ! ,lake ,hadley bas9 & ! ,lake ,spr+field s& pla9 7#ba4a71 :i* ext5ds s\? to ! valley ( ! ,we/field ,riv]4 ,! ,holyoke road 7#bb4e71 :i* ent]s f ! left1 came ov] ! trap ridge & across ! lake pla94 ,z ! ,college ,highway approa*es ! edge ( ! ,we/field valley 7#bc4f71 x slopes /eeply d[n to ! level floor cut by ! riv]4 ,x crosses ! ,we/field 7#bd4e7 & comes to ! junction 7#bd4i7 ) ! ,jacob's ,ladd] r\te 7,f$]al ,highway #bj71 :i* (f]s ano!r int]e/+ sidetrip into ! ,we/]n ,upl&4 ,! r\te cont9ues s\? to ! c5t] ( ,we/field 7#be4b71 leav+ ! ,college ,highway at ! s\? end ( ! common4 ,! ,spr+field road goes ar\nd ! c5tral squ>e & />ts ea/ 9 ! valley :i* ! me&]+ ,we/field ,riv] c>v$ out ( ! ,lake ,spr+field s$im5ts4 ,! t]race levels & ! scallop$ patt]n ( ! me&] sc>ps are conspicu\s along ! l[l&4 ,! highway crosses ! ,little ,we/field ,riv] 7#bf4a7 & !n ! ,we/field itself 7#bg4j7 j beyond ! entrance to ,rob9son ,/ate ,p>k4 ,mo/ m9]al collectors w in/antly recognize a road turn+ (f to ! left 7#bg4h7 z ! way to ! ,we/field trap qu>ry4 ,= ye>s ?is locality has be5 z important a s\rce ( specim5s to collectors z x has be5 ( cru%$ rock to road-build]s4 ,beyond ! qu>ry road ! valley n>r[s1 & ! t]races close 9 z ! riv] ent]s ! gap 9 ! trap ridge4 ,! black lava fl[ crosses ! riv] 7#bh4c7 at ! ,we/field-,we/ ,spr+field t[n l9e1 & %ortly ! upp] fl[ appe>s1 re/+ on r$ %ales 9 bo? railroad & road cuts 7#bi4a74 ,actually !re are two fl[s sep>at$ by an amygdaloidal b& 9 ! upp] lava s]ies at ?is place4 ,! highway crosses ! ,bo/on & ,albany tracks 7#bi4c7 & leaves ! riv]4 ,aft] pass+ ! junction ) ! ,holyoke road 7#ca4j71 ! highway drops to ! upp] t]race level on ! b$ ( glacial ,lake ,spr+field 7#ca4d74 ,! upp] t]race is n>r[ "h1 & ! road soon desc5ds to ! me&]-cut t]races ( ! floodpla9 7#cb4a74 ,! road to ,memorial ,bridge turns "r 7#cb4c7 & our r\te returns to ! ,nor? ,end ,bridge 7#cb4h74 ,we/field to ! ,we/field ,m>ble ,qu>ry ,?is is a %ort drive ( #e4g miles ea* way f ,we/field1 ) a mile walk f ! ,little ,we/field road to ! m>ble qu>ry4 ,! view ( ! ,little ,we/field gorge & ! entire ,connecticut ,l[l& f ,m]id5 to ,amh]/ makes ?is trip well wor? tak+4 ,! t\r leaves ,we/field on ! ,jacob's ,ladd] road & soon rea*es ! t]rac$ m>g9 7#a4f7 ( ! ,we/field valley4 ,! num]\s b5*es along ! /ream banks repres5t tempor>y flood-pla9 levels ( ! ,we/field4 ,! r\te turns left f ! ,jacob's ,ladd] highway 7#d4j7 & p>allels ! base ( ! we/]n highl& to ! ,little ,we/field road 7#d4i74 ,?r\gh\t ?is di/ance ! m>ble qu>ry d]rick appe>s on ! highl& skyl9e4 ,our road turns "r at ! next cross+ & w9ds along ! edge ( ! ,little ,we/field gorge 7see pp4 #fa-fb74 ,! n>r[ hill road to ! m>ble qu>ry turns "r 7#e4g71 b x is inadvisable to drive4 ,! walk is an easy "o1 & ! view at ! top is wor? ! mod]ate physical ex]tion4 ,optional ,trips ,x mu/ be pla91 ev5 to ! casual read]1 t ! =ego+ pages h be5 writt5 ) self-re/ra9t4 ,_m ( ! lur+ side roads 7 pass$ )\t s mu* z a pause2 trips to ! ,cobble ,m\nta9 ,res]voir we/ ( ,we/field1 & to ! ,quabb9 ,res]voir ea/ ( ,bel*]t[n h n ev5 be5 sugge/$2 "s ( ! ma9 highways 7 slight$4 ,= anyone :o kn[s ! byways & ! hidd5 beauties t c be f\nd 9 reasonably accessible places1 ?is *apt] w seem inadequate & incomplete4 ,b x w\ld take a volume f> beyond ! scope ( ?is brief guide to d ju/ice to ! sc5]y1 ! geography1 & ! geologic detail ( ! ,connecticut ,valley & its bord]+ upl&s4 ,! au?ors c m]ely ask ! indulg5ce ( ^? :o w\ld l to "k m4 ,m9]al & ,rock ,collections ,travel]s are invet]ate collectors ( mem5tos1 & ^? :o travel up & d[n & across ! ,connecticut ,valley & :o delve into its geologic hi/ory may well be int]e/$ 9 ga!r+ records ( its pa/4 ,! be/ records are n 9 notes or pr9t$ pamphlets--n ev5 9 ?is volume on ! subject2 !y are to be f\nd impr9t$ 9 ! rocks & m9]als !mselves4 ,b ! value ( records is measur$ solely by _! utility1 & utility is a*iev$ by sy/ematic arrangem5t4 ,s ! au?ors w v5ture a few sugge/ions on collect+ & arrang+ ! m9]als & rocks :i* are pres5t 9 ! valley & 9 ! bord]+ upl&s4 ,"o m9]al may come f a ve91 :i* is ! record ( a fissure b5ea? a hot spr+2 ano!r comes f a dike1 :i* 0 a molt5 igne\s rock4 ,?is specim5 is a conglom]ate or consolidat$ gravel wa%$ into place by an anci5t /ream2 t is a slate :i* 0 trans=m$ f clay by int5se squeez+ & %e>+4 ,& if ^! f\r specim5s 7 to con/itute ! nucleus ( a collection1 ! ne$ = classification is app>5t4 ,! fir/ two are m9]als1 :i* are sub/ances ( limit$ *emical composition & well def9$ physical prop]ties4 ,! la/ two are rocks1 :i* are aggregates ( m9]als or ( m9]al gra9s4 ,& ! m9]als may be fur!r classifi$ accord+ to _! sep>ate modes ( orig94 ,s1 too1 ) ! rocks4 ,_! m9]al composition indicates "s ( ! conditions :i* exi/$ :]e ! m9]als orig9at$2 ! %apes ( ! m9]al gra9s reveal ! process :i* mov$ !m to _! pres5t site2 & ! arrangem5t ( gra9s discloses ! conditions exi/+ dur+ aggregation at ?is new locality4 ,m9]al make-up1 size1 %ape1 & arrangem5t ( ! gra9s provide means ( recogniz+ major rock v>ieties--namely1 s$im5t>y1 igne\s & metamorphic types1--& also ( read+ ea* rock's hi/ory4 ,,! ,,m9]als ,! ve9 m9]als1 :i* are deposit$ 9 conduits = hot spr+ wat]1 commonly possess attractive cry/al =ms2 !y include b>ite1 qu>tz & ame?y/1 fluorite1 calcite1 datolite1 gal5a1 sphal]ite1 pyrite & o!rs almo/ too num]\s to li/4 ,almo/ equally attractive cry/als may be obta9$ f "s metamorphic rocks1 9 :i* !y h =m$ z heat & pressure abett$ ! gr[? ( c]ta9 m9]als at ! exp5se ( _! less favor$ fell[s2 ?is gr\p conta9s g>net1 kyanite1 *lorite1 amphibole1 epidote & _m o!rs4 ,less spectacul> are ! m9]als result+ f ! decay ( rocks by p]colat+ surface wat]1 su* z kaol91 limonite1 "s calcite1 & ! bright-color$ copp] c>bonates4 ,two additional types ( m9]als are =m$ z ! result ( normal s$im5t>y & igne\s processes1 :i* w be describ$ at l5g? 9 connection ) ^! two k9ds ( rocks4 ,s1 aft] ! rock specim5s are sort$ f ! m9]als1 ! latt] may pr(itably be arrang$ into five gr\ps3 #a4 ,! ,ve9 ,m9]als4 #b4 ,! ,m9]als ( ,pegmatites & ,igne\s ,rocks4 #c4 ,! ,m9]als ( ,metamorphic ,rocks4 #d4 ,! ,m9]als ( ,soils & ,rock ,decay4 #e4 ,! ,m9]als ( ,s$im5t>y ,rocks4 ,! ,ve9 ,m9]als ,! m9]al li/ :i* foll[s is f> f complete2 x conta9s only ^? m9]als :i* are mo/ commonly f\nd 9 casual visits to ! localities discuss$ 9 connection ) ! local t\rs ( ! ,connecticut ,valley4 ,additional species are li/$ & describ$ 9 any textbook on m9]alogy4 ,,qu>tz is a h>d1 :ite or colorless m9]al :i* w scrat* glass easily4 ,9 ! te*nical language ( ! cry/allograph]1 cry/als are hexagonal or six-sid$ prisms1 t]m9at$ by hexagonal pyramids2 & ! six flat faces :i* make ! sides1 toge!r ) ! six triangul> faces :i* =m ! apex1 are readily recogniz$4 ,massive =ms break ) a curv$ or con*oidal fracture & 7 us$ by ! ,indians to make arr[-heads4 ,! m9]al is v abundant 9 all ! lead ve9s & trap qu>ries2 & 9 "s ( ! latt]1 specim5s ( ! purple v>iety ( qu>tz1 ame?y/1 are common4 ,a black1 smoky v>iety has be5 discov]$ 9 ! pegmatite dikes ( ! highl&s4 ,*emically qu>tz is ! dioxide ( silicon 7,si,o#b74 ,,calcite breaks along ?ree smoo? surfaces or cleavage planes4 ,ea* surface is rhomb-%ap$1 & ! six rhombic faces fit toge!r into a *>act]i/ic rhomboh$ral =m4 ,a knife w scrat* ! m9]al easily4 ,calcite is abundant 9 ! :ite ve9s ( ! trap qu>ries & is ! pr9cipal con/itu5t ( ! cry/all9e lime/ones 9 ! ,hoosac ,valley betwe5 ,nor? ,adams & ,pittsfield4 ,calcite is a c>bonate ( lime 7,ca,c,o#c74 ,,b>ite resembles calcite because x c be scrat*$ ) a knife & has ?ree smoo? cleavage planes4 ,x diff]s 9 hav+ "o cleavage p]p5dicul> to ! o!r two1 :i* int]sect at angles ( #gh4 ,! m9]al is m ?an f\r times ! weight ( an equal volume ( wat]1 & x feels heavy4 ,x is f\nd 9 ! lead ve9s at ,we/ ,f>ms1 ,hatfield & ,lev]ett4 ,9 l>ge quantities x has comm]cial value z a s\rce ( ! elem5t b>ium1 = x is ! sulphate ( b>ium 7,ba,s,o#d74 ,,gal5a is ! *ief metallic m9]al 9 ! ve9s at ,lev]ett1 ,hatfield & ,l\dville4 ,x is v heavy & has a metallic gray color2 x breaks into p]fect cubes4 ,a knife scrat*es x easily & crumbles x to a black p[d]4 ,! m9]al is a lead sulphide 7,pb,s74 ,,sphal]ite is a lu/r\s1 res9\s br[n m9]al 9 ^! same ve9s4 ,x cleaves into multi-fac$ fragm5ts & is s(t] ?an a knife4 ,*emically x is ! sulphide ( z9c 7,zn,s74 ,,pyrite is ! deceptive gold5-color$1 metal-l m9]al :i* has e>n$ ! "n ( fool's gold4 ,x w scrat* glass1 & x cru%es to a black p[d]4 ,! mat]ials 9 x are iron & sulphur 7,fe,s#b74 ,,*alcopyrite resembles pyrite b w n scrat* glass & has a gre5i% yell[ color4 ,x is a comp\nd ( copp]1 iron & sulphur 7,cu,fe,s#b74 ,! ve9s 9 ! ,connecticut ,valley region conta9 _m o!r m9]als1 among :i* mu/ be m5tion$ datolite1 natrolite1 apophyllite1 ?omsonite1 fluorite & babb+tonite 9 ! lavas2 & sid]ite1 rhodo*rosite1 rhodonite1 wulf5ite & pyromorphite 9 ! old] ve9s ( ! highl&s4 ,m9]als ( ,pegmatites & ,igne\s ,rocks ,! m9]als f\nd 9 pegmatites are legion4 ,m ?an ?irty c be collect$ on any trip to ,coll9s ,hill ne> ,portl&1 ,connecticut1 or to ! ,ruggles ,m9e ne> ,grafton ,c5t]1 ,new ,hamp%ire4 ,only ! m9]als appe>+ mo/ commonly 9 pegmatites are describ$1 b a li/ ( o!rs is app5d$ z an aid 9 consult+ a textbook4 ,igne\s rocks conta9 practically ! same suite ( m9]als z pegmatites1 b 9 small] gra9s4 ,,microcl9e is a :ite to fle%-color$ feldsp> ) two almo/ p]p5dicul> cleavages4 ,x w scrat* glass or a knife4 ,"o cleavage face %[s a grid ( transluc5t & transp>5t l9es int]sect+ at #ij4 ,,albite is ! second mo/ abundant feldsp>4 ,x is :ite & may g5]ally be recogniz$ by its two cleavage surfaces at #hf4 ,its gr[? may be lik5$ to pil+ a s]ies ( plates ) _! surfaces p>allel to "o ( ! cleavages2 dur+ gr[? ! plates are laid alt]nately face up & face d[n1 s t ! #hf cleavage edges zigzag 9 & out1 =m+ a surface :i*1 on ! av]age1 is p]p5dicul> to ! gr[? cleavage surface4 ,! sep>ate plates c usually be detect$ z f9e b&s or /riations4 ,! m9]al scrat*es ei!r glass or a knife4 ,,muscovite is ! :ite mica f\nd 9 tabul> cry/als t c be cleav$ into flexible & ela/ic %eets4 ,x c be scrat*$ & cut easily ) a knife or %e>s4 ,,biotite is an amb]-color$ to black mica4 ,l muscovite x is flexible & ela/ic1 b x is slightly m brittle4 ,,t\rmal9e cry/als occur 9 triangul> prisms ) ! corn]s bevell$ s z to give !m a r\nd$ appe>ance4 ,!y lack cleavage1 are v brittle1 & w scrat* glass4 ,black is _! usual color1 b r$ & gre5 v>ieties are pres5t 9 _m pegmatites4 ,,spodum5e cry/als are :ite to pale rose 9 color1 & !y occur z flatt5$ prisms ) bevell$ corn]s4 ,!y cleave p>allel to ! surfaces bevell+ ! corn]s4 ,! m9]al is mu* h>d] ?an a knife1 & ! cleavage surfaces h a lu/r\s1 slightly sat9y appe>ance4 ,,radioactive ,,m9]als occur 9 _m pegmatites & metamorphic rocks ( ?is region4 ,! species :i* h be5 =m$ z a result ( rec5t alt]ation are brilliant gold5 or gre5 encru/ations 9 cracks or on a pit*y-black nucleus4 ,! mo/ abundant ones are uranite1 autunite & torb]nite4 ,old] prim>y or s\rce m9]als are pit*y-black & are surr\nd$ by a n>r[ ru/y r$ zone or halo1 #a_/af to #a_/h in* wide2 an elongate species resembl+ a ru/y h&-made nail is allanite2 ! m pit*y1 irregul>-%ap$ m9]al is usually uran9ite or pit*bl5de4 ,o!r m9]als f\nd 9 pegmatites 9 ! ,connecticut ,valley region include b]yl1 apatite1 zircon1 g>net1 fluorite & lepidolite4 ,mo/ ( ! m9]als 9 normal igne\s rocks are too m9ute to be recogniz$ easily1 b a few h di/9ctive *>act]i/ics :i* s]ve to id5tify !m4 ,,qu>tz is a h>d1 d>k1 glassy-look+ m9]al )\t cleavage4 ,,or?oclase & ,,microcl9e feldsp> are h>d1 fle%-color$ 7occasionally :ite7 m9]als ) flat cleavage surfaces4 ,! m9]als mak+ ! :ite la?like mosaic on ! wea!r$ surface ( ! ,range at ! ,m\nt ,holyoke ,h\se are ,,labradorite feldsp>4 ,!y are ab\t in* long & #a_/ej in* ?ick--too small to p]mit te/+ by ord9>y physical me?ods1 al?\gh unwea!r$ pieces h ess5tially ! same physical prop]ties z or?oclase & microcl9e4 ,! ,,micas are flaky & reflect light l m9ute pieces ( t9foil2 muscovite is :ite1 & biotite is amb]-color$ to black4 ,,*lorite resembles mica b is less lu/r\s & is d>k gre54 ,"s m9]als ( igne\s rocks d n appe> 9 pegmatites4 ,among !m is ,,oliv9e1 :i* has almo/ ! same color z *lorite b is h>d] ?an a knife & is massive or granul>4 ,x is commonly associat$ ) massive gre5 ,,s]p5t9e1 :i* is s(t] ?an a knife4 ,^! ?ree m9]als are especially abundant 9 rocks f\nd 9 ! vic9ity ( ,bl&=d1 ,massa*usetts1 & ,dov] & ,*e/]1 ,v]mont4 ,,augite is a d>k br[n to black pyrox5e :i* occurs betwe5 ! mosaic ( :iti% labradorite feldsp> prisms 9 ! wea!r$ diabase ne> ! ,m\nt ,holyoke ,h\se4 ,,amphibole cry/als are d>k gre5 to black1 mat*-%ap$ cry/als4 ,!y h almo/ ! same h>dness z a knife & are *>act]iz$ by two cleavages p>allel to _! l5g? & int]sect+ at #ef4 ,! m9]al is also abundant 9 metamorphic rocks & is frequ5tly report$ z a fossil f]n f l$ges at ,*>lemont & ,%elburne ,falls4 ,m9]als ( ,metamorphic ,rocks ,! pr9cipal m9]als ( metamorphic rocks include _m :i* are likewise pres5t 9 pegmatites & igne\s rocks1 su* z microcl9e1 albite1 qu>tz1 muscovite1 biotite1 amphibole1 s]p5t9e & t\rmal9e4 ,b !re are o!rs :i* are m exclusively metamorphic3 ,,g>net occurs 9 twelve- or tw5ty-f\r-sid$ r$ cry/als4 ,x is mu* h>d] ?an a knife4 ,! geometric =m is diagno/ic1 & cry/als up to an in* ?ick are obta9able 9 ,pla9field1 ,massa*usetts1 & at ,grafton1 ,*e/]1 & ,gassetts 9 ,v]mont4 ,!y occur 9 a muscovite s*i/1 9 :i* ! muscovite flakes are wrapp$ ar\nd ! individual cry/als4 ,,talc is a :ite to pale-gre5 m9]al f\nd ar\nd ! m>g9s ( intrusive rocks t are ri* 9 oliv9e & s]p5t9e4 ,x is foliat$ & is s s(t t ev5 solid masses w rub (f on clo?4 ,x is pres5t 9 ! gre5 m>ble qu>ry ne> ,we/field4 ,,kyanite is a sky-blue1 blad$ m9]al1 ) two excell5t cleavages at ne>ly #ij1 & a good smoo? fracture at almo/ #ij to bo?4 ,"o face is h>d] ?an a knife & ! o!r two are s(t]4 ,x is v abundant 9 ! c\ntry rock s\!a/ ( ! ,we/field m>ble qu>ry4 ,! ,m9]als ( ,soils & ,rock ,decay ,alum9\s m9]als decay to ,,kaol9ite1 & ^? ) a high iron cont5t alt] to ,,limonite4 ,bo? ^! products ( decomposition =m a /icky pa/e 9 _! orig9al =ms4 ,kaol9ite is :ite to yell[1 & limonite or o*re is yell[ to orange4 ,limonite also appe>s 9 orange-color$ or br[n balls1 9 icicle-l masses1 & 9 ?9 b$s4 ,specim5s h approximately ! h>dness ( a knife4 ,qu>tz does n decay easily & rema9s beh9d 9 solid granules4 ,! ,m9]als ( ,s$im5t>y ,rocks ,mo/ s$im5t>y rocks are =m$ by ! cem5tation ( deposits ( transport$ wa/e1 d]iv$ f old] mat]ials4 ,!y may conta9 any?+4 ,! m9]als :i* und]go rapid decay break d[n to limonite1 kaol9ite & qu>tz1 leav+ only ! m resi/ant v>ieties1 :i* include1 9 ord] ( decreas+ resi/ance1 qu>tz1 microcl9e1 or?oclase1 albite & muscovite4 ,less abundant con/itu5ts are g>net1 t\rmal9e1 zircon & magnetite4 ,c]ta9 k9ds ( s$im5t>y rocks may be =m$ ?r\gh o!r ag5cies--= example1 lime/one1 :i* is compos$ ( calcite1 initially precipitat$ by lime-secret+ organisms or by ! evaporation ( lime-*>g$ wat]s4 ,! effects ( organic activity may be se5 9 ! lime/one ne> ,b]n>d/on1 b mo/ ( ! calcite n[ pres5t 9 ! rocks ( we/]n ,massa*usetts is ( ve9 or metamorphic d]ivation4 ,salt 7halite7 & gypsum are =m$ by ! evaporation ( sal9e wat]s1 b only ! vacat$ ca/s ( salt cry/als h be5 detect$ 9 ! ,triassic s$im5ts ( ! valley4 ,,! ,,rocks ,rocks record ?ree di/9ct me?ods :i* nature employs 9 ! aggregation ( m9]als4 ,! s$im5t>y rocks regi/] ! "w ( w9d1 wat] & ice4 ,deposits left by w9d & wat] are g5]ally /ratifi$ or b$d$1 & !y1 toge!r ) glacial deposits1 are compos$ ( fragm5ts :i* t\* "o ano!r & are cem5t$ at ! po9ts ( contact4 ,igne\s rocks record ! solidification ( hot liquids :i* inject$ !mselves into old] rocks or fill$ crevices1 & :i*1 ^u cool+1 =m$ masses ( closely fitt+ cry/als4 ,! ?ird gr\p includes types :i* are cry/all9e l ! igne\s rocks1 & :i* may be lam9at$ some:at l ! s$im5ts2 !y %[ effects ( heat+ & squeez+ until _! orig9al =ms & ev5 _! m9]als 7 *ang$4 ,^! are ! metamorphic rocks4 ,anyone :o wants an ord]ly record ( geologic hi/ory w arrange 8 rocks into ^! ?ree gr\ps--! s$im5t>y1 ! igne\s1 & ! metamorphic4 ,9 ! ,connecticut ,valley ! metamorphic rocks reveal ! anci5t phases ( e>? hi/ory1 & ! s$im5ts conta9 ! details ( y\ng] or lat] geological episodes4 ,! igne\s rocks h a wid] hi/orical range2 &1 l ! o!r types1 !y record a long p]iod ( viol5ce & upheaval :i* seems out ( h>mony ) ! placid c\ntryside = :i* !y n[ provide a solid f\ndation4 ,! ,s$im5t>y ,rocks ,! s$im5t>y rocks are built f ! dis9tegrat$ wreckage ( old] ones4 ,! products ( rock decay are pick$ up & dragg$1 or c>ri$ 9 susp5sion or solution1 by w9d1 runn+ wat]1 or mov+ ice4 ,!y are deposit$ :5 & :]e ! transport+ ag5t c no long] function4 ,su* rocks are usually lay]$ because ! transport+ p[] ( ! c>ry+ ag5t fluctuates4 ,b&s ( "o k9d ( mat]ial1 sep>at$ by dissimil> mat]ials above & bel[1 are call$ b$s4 ,! b$d$ or /ratifi$ rocks ( ! ,connecticut ,valley v>y greatly1 f ! co>se b\ld]y deposits 9 ,m\nt ,toby to ! f9e-textur$1 r$ & black lam9at$ b$s at ,:ittemore's ,f]ry4 ,conglom]ate1 arkose1 graywacke1 %ale & ev5 lime/one are repres5t$1 b !re is little true s&/one4 ,s&/one is an ev5-textur$1 granul> rock1 mo/ commonly compos$ ( cem5t$ qu>tz gra9s4 ,its uni=mity ( gra9-size & composition reflects prolong$ wea!r+ ( ! orig9al rock & good sort+ ( ! fragm5ts z !y 7 transport$ to _! new re/+ place4 ,! sequ5ce ( exposure1 transportation & deposition 0 too rapid 9 ! anci5t ,connecticut ,valley to p]mit appreciable decay & sort+2 h5ce s&/ones are abs5t4 ,lime/ones & salt b$s are likewise r>e1 b ! metamorphos$ lime/ones :i* are f\nd 9 ! we/]n highl&s & 9 ! ,b]k%ire valley demon/rate t lime/one-=m+ processes play$ a significant1 if int]mitt5t1 "p 9 ! hi/ory ( ! region4 ,,conglom]ate is consolidat$ gravel4 ,pebbles & b\ld]s ( all sizes are pack$ toge!r by ! /ream :i* 0 mov+ !m1 & ! spaces betwe5 ! l>g] fragm5ts are fill$ ) ! s& t settl$ 9 f ! /ream b$4 ,! entire mass is cem5t$ by silica1 limonite1 c>bonates or "s o!r sub/ance deposit$ by p]colat+ gr\nd-wat]4 ,! ,devil's football ne> ! ,m\nt ,holyoke ,h\se is a fam\s piece :i* 0 dislodg$ f ! hillside above2 & excell5t specim5s may be collect$ on ,m\nt ,toby1 on ,m\nt ,sug>loaf1 & 9 ! cut at ,m\nt ,tom ,junction4 ,,arkose resembles conglom]ate1 b ! individual gra9s consi/ ( m9]al fragm5ts1 among :i* r$di% feldsp> is prom95t4 ,qu>tz & mica may be pres5t1 too2 & all ! pieces are *>act]i/ically angul>1 commonly rang+ f #a_/af to #a_/h in* 9 size4 ,! rock is r$ & crumbles easily4 ,b$s ( arkose alt]nate ) conglom]ate on ! /eep sides ( ,m\nt ,sug>loaf4 ,,graywacke is light to d>k gray 9 color1 & ! fragm5ts compos+ x are s& size pieces ( old] rocks4 ,a few m9]al gra9s1 su* z qu>tz1 may be pres5t1 b mica is r>e4 ,graywacke occurs int]b$d$ ) arkose 9 "s p>ts ( ! valley4 ,,%ale is a ?9ly lam9at$ s$im5t compos$ ( microscopic qu>tz1 feldsp>1 mica & kaol9ite gra9s4 ,mo/ %ales 9 ! ,connecticut valley 7 deposit$ z muds 9 old lake b$s4 ,"s are r$ & record ephem]al pools1 b o!rs %[ f _! black color1 _! coal lay]s1 & _! fi% skeletons1 t ! wat] bodies 9 :i* !y accumulat$ rema9$ 9 exi/5ce = a comp>atively long "t4 ,,lime/one is a rock compos$ ( calcium c>bonate1 & x consi/s ess5tially ( an aggregate ( calcite cry/als or calcite fragm5ts4 ,x w give (f gas bubbles 9 a v dilute solution ( hydro*loric acid1 & x exhibits o!r prop]ties peculi> to ! m9]al calcite4 ,a ?91 s&y lime/one b$ has be5 id5tifi$ 9 sev]al sections ( ,holyoke4 ,! ,igne\s ,rocks ,igne\s rocks 7 once molt51 & 9 ?is hot fluid /ate "s 7 extrud$ at ! surface z lava fl[s4 ,congeal$ fl[s reveal ! motion1 :i* br\ght !m to _! pres5t re/+ places1 9 ! b&+ & /reaks t are s evid5t 9 ! patt]ns ( /eam holes & m9]als2 b _! massive /ructure be>s witness to /agnation z !y h>d5$4 ,o!r molt5 masses ins9uat$ !mselves into und]gr\nd op5+s1 :]e !y solidifi$ z intrusives1 v>y+ 9 size f small dikes less ?an an in* wide1 to huge masses t c be measur$ 9 miles 9 any direction4 ,mo/ ( ! igne\s rocks 9 ! highl&s ( we/]n & c5tral ,massa*usetts are massive intrusive types2 light-color$ v>ieties pr$om9ate1 b "s d>k-color$ dikes cut ! old] rocks bo? ea/ & we/ ( ! valley4 ,d>k-color$1 massive & b&$ lavas are conspicu\s 9 ! ranges )9 ! valley4 ,igne\s rocks may be divid$ into ?ree g5]al gr\ps = practical classification1 & ea* major gr\p may be fur!r subdivid$4 ,r conv5i5tly ea* ( ! major gr\ps may be recogniz$ by ! preval5t color ( its rocks--:e!r d>k1 m$ium-color$1 or light4 ,& )9 ea* major classification !re may be fl[s1 *>act]iz$ by b&$ /ructures & f9e textures2 small intrusives compos$ ( well =m$ cry/als 9 a f9e-gra9$ gr\ndmass2 & l>ge intrusives consi/+ ( goodsiz$1 equi-granul> cry/als4 ,n all ( ^! types c be f\nd 9 c5tral ,massa*usetts1 b ! v>iety ( igne\s rocks is surpris+ & (f]s "s excell5t possibilities = ! collector4 ,! ,d>k ,rocks ,! d>k rocks owe _! color to iron-be>+ m9]als l oliv9e1 pyrox5e 7augite71 amphibole & biotite4 ,all ( ^! m9]als wea!r to a ru/y r$ surface1 :i* is typical ( _! outcrops at _m places4 ,,basalt is a black rock1 d5se 9 "s places b p]=at$ ) bubble holes or vesicles1 at o!rs4 ,x occurs ?r\gh\t ! l5g? ( ! ,holyoke1 ,tom & ,pocumtuck ,ranges2 & fragm5ts ( basalt are abundant 9 ! ,granby tuff & agglom]ate4 ,,diabase resembles basalt b is di/+ui%$ by ! ?91 %ort cry/als emb$d$ 9 x4 ,^! cry/als ( labradorite feldsp> resemble pieces ( clipp$ ?read1 & !y sp>kle 9 reflect$ light4 ,almo/ all d>k-color$ dikes & ! sl[ly cool$ c5tral portions ( ?ick lava fl[s consi/ ( diabase4 ,,p]idotite is a d>k gre51 co>se1 granul> rock compos$ ( oliv9e & subord9ate am\nts ( pyrox5e4 ,x occurs ne> ,we/field & ,bl&=d1 & at _m places 9 ,v]mont4 ,! ,m$ium-,color$ ,rocks ,! m$ium-color$ rocks conta9 approximately ! same proportions ( light- & d>k-color$ m9]als4 ,! d>k iron-be>+ m9]als are relatively /able1 b ! light-gray feldsp>s decompose to kaol9 & give ! wea!r$ rock a *alky :ite surface4 ,surface fl[s ( ?is gr\p are unkn[n 9 c5tral ,massa*usetts1 b ! co>sely granul> intrusives are well repres5t$4 ,,granodiorite ,,porphyry is a gre5i%-gray rock occurr+ 9 _m dikes 9 ! we/]n highl&s4 ,x has rectangul> cry/als ( &es9e feldsp> up to #a_/h in* across1 & ^! h a dull porcellane\s lu/]4 ,a few d>k-gre5 amphibole cry/als are only slightly small]4 ,bo? feldsp>s & amphiboles are emb$d$ 9 a v f9e-textur$1 pale gre5i% gr\ndmass4 ,,granodiorite is a gray equigranul> rock conta9+ fle%-color$ microcl9e feldsp>1 :ite &es9e feldsp>1 gre5i% flakes ( *lorite1 ne$les ( amphibole & sp>se gra9s ( br[n biotite4 ,all cry/als are ab\t #a_/cb in* ?ick & commonly display a p>allel arrangem5t4 ,?is rock =ms huge irregul> masses at ,williamsburg1 ,:ately & ,bel*]t[n4 ,! ,light-,color$ ,rocks ,! light-color$ rocks are well repres5t$ by dikes & l>ge masses b n by recognizable surface fl[s 9 c5tral ,massa*usetts4 ,_! exposures h r>ely wea!r$ mu*1 because ! pr$om9ant m9]als are qu>tz1 microcl9e1 or?oclase & albite1 :i* resi/ decay4 ,,qu>tz ,,porphyry is a light gray rock t is f\nd 9 dikes4 ,x has porcela9-:ite cleavable feldsp>s up to #a_/h in* ?ick1 & d>k glassy qu>tz ( equal size 9 a granul> mass ( v f9e-gra9$ cry/als4 ,intrusives ( ?is type are num]\s 9 ! vic9ity ( ,:ately4 ,,gray ,,albite ,,granite occurs 9 _m dikes & small irregul> masses ?r\gh\t ! highl&s4 ,all cry/als h approximately ! same size & r>ely exce$ #a_/cb in* 9 ?ickness4 ,!y consi/ ( :ite or?oclase & albite1 d>k sug>y qu>tz1 & br[n to black biotite4 ,,r$ ,,microcl9e ,,granite is f\nd 9 v l>ge1 irregul> intrusives 9 ! highl&s4 ,! cry/als are #a_/af in* or m 9 ?ickness4 ,! r$ color is due to ! fle%-color$ microcl9e4 ,qu>tz is d>k & glassy1 & muscovite is ! typical mica4 ,! ,metamorphic ,rocks ,metamorphic rocks 7 once s$im5t>y or igne\s rocks :i* h be5 *ang$ by int5se pressure1 by heat1 or by solutions mov+ ?r\gh !m4 ,pressure usually produces a %eet$ or foliat$ /ructure along :i* ! rock exhibits a t5d5cy to "p--some:at l ! pages 9 a book t 0 b\nd be=e ! ink 0 dry4 ,p]colat+ solutions may produce *emical alt]ations 9 ! orig9al mat]ials & ev5 cry/allize new sub/ances along ! foliat$ surfaces )9 ! rock1 mu* z wat] circulat+ ?r\gh cool$ soil may solidify to ice & cause heav+4 ,_m ( ! rocks 9 ! highl&s bord]+ ! ,connecticut ,valley are highly foliat$ or b&$ 9 consequ5ce ( ! me*anical de=mation !y suff]$ :5 ! anci5t upl& m\nta9 sy/em 0 creat$4 ,!y include ! slates1 s*i/s & gneisses4 ,a few massive types1 l m>ble1 s]p5t9e & soap/one1 owe _! orig9s *iefly to ! effects ( heat or ( ! hot1 *emically *>g$ solutions :i* p]meat$ !m4 ,,slates are f9e-gra9$ rocks *>act]iz$ by flat1 p>allel cleavage surfaces :i* usually cross ! orig9al s$im5t>y /ructure4 ,!y 7 =m$ f %ales1 by %e>+ & compression dur+ anci5t m\nta9-mak+ movem5ts4 ,slates crop out beside ! /ation plat=m at ,brattleboro1 ,v]mont1 & at _m places s\?w>d along ,f$]al ,highway #e to ,gre5field4 ,,s*i/ is foliat$1 too1 b x is compos$ l>gely ( cleavable m9]als1 su* z *lorite1 muscovite1 biotite & amphibole1 :i* are di/ribut$ along ! cleavage surfaces4 ,^! m9]als result f ! *emical activity ( hot solutions circulat+ along a slaty cleavage1 re-cry/alliz+ old mat]ials1 & br++ 9 new to make ^! co>se m9]al flakes4 ,! s*i/ receives its specific "n 7biotite s*i/1 *lorite s*i/1 etc47 f ! m9]al :i* acc5tuates its cleavage /ructure4 ,a few s*i/s conta9 l>ge cry/als :i* bulge ! s*i/ose surfaces outw>d ar\nd !m4 ,g>net is *>act]i/ic 9 ?is role1 & a muscovite s*i/ ) g>nets 9 x is call$ a ,,g>netif]\s 7or g>net-be>+7 ,,muscovite ,,s*i/4 ,o!r m9]als ) occurr5ces simil> to ! g>net are microcl9e1 albite1 /aurolite1 amphibole1 t\rmal9e1 pyrite & magnetite4 ,,gneiss is a b&$ rock conta9+ cleavable m9]als1 b x lacks ! cleavage /ructure ( s*i/4 ,! cleavable m9]als 7biotite1 muscovite1 amphibole1 etc47 may give ! gneiss its specific "n1 b z (t5 z n1 ! "n is d]iv$ f ! :ole m9]al assemblage1 or f an assum$ orig91 z 9 ! case ( granite gneiss4 ,z 9 ! igne\s rocks1 ! m9]al ensemble is held toge!r by int]lock$ qu>tz & feldsp> gra9s4 ,black-b&$ biotite gneiss & hornbl5de gneiss are ! mo/ abundant v>ieties 9 ! neighborhood ( ! metropolitan res]voir ea/ ( ,pelham4 ,,m>ble is a granul> rock compos$ ( calcite cry/als4 ,x is =m$ :5 heat volatilizes ! bitum9\s color+ ag5ts ( ord9>y lime/one & simultane\sly causes enl>gem5t ( ! calcite gra9s4 ,x is ! pr9cipal rock 9 ! ,b]k%ire ,valley 9 :i* ,nor? ,adams1 ,adams & ,pittsfield are locat$4 ,,ophicalcite is a lime-silicate rock4 ,x is =m$ by ! *emical reactions ( hot solutions on lime/one or m>ble at consid]able dep? )9 ! e>?4 ,! orig9al calcite is conv]t$ into diopside1 g>net1 vesuvianite & tremolite1 =m+ a rock t may be massive1 or :i* may pres]ve "s ( ! orig9al b$d$ /ructure4 ,x is f\nd 9 association ) ! cry/all9e lime/one & magnetite at ! old iron m9e1 locat$ "o mile nor? ( ,b]n>d/on4 ,,s]p5t9e is a d>k-gre5 rock made almo/ exclusively ( ! m9]al s]p5t9e4 ,x results f ! reaction ( hot solutions on oliv9e & pyrox5e rocks 7p]idotites74 ,s]p5t9ite is pres5t 9 ! ,we/field m>ble qu>ry & at ,zo> on ! s\? side ( ! ,de]field ,riv]4 ,,soap/one is compos$ pr9cipally ( talc4 ,x1 too1 results f ! *emical activity ( hot solutions asc5d+ ?r\gh s]p5t9e & caus+ ! m9]al trans=mation4 ,bodies ( ?is mat]ial are associat$ ) ! s]p5t9ite at ,we/field & ,zo>1 & nor?w>d 9 sections ( ,v]mont4 ,x is m9$ = talc1 b 9 colonial days x f\nd _m uses4 ,! coloni/s us$ cross-cut saws to make blocks = foot w>m]s 9 _! sleighs1 to control ! heat 9 ! old wood-fir$ ov5s & to make wat] pipes be=e iron & lead 7 available 9 adequate quantities4 ,_m soap/one articles may be se5--& pur*as$--9 ,wigg9s ,c\ntry ,/ore & 9 o!r good antique %ops ?r\gh ! valley4 ,"o ( ! mo/ primitive ,indian cultures 9 ?is region utiliz$ soap/one pots1 & exhibits are on display at bo? ! ,spr+field ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory & ! ,amh]/ ,college ,museum4 ,conclusion ,to anyone :o has _h ! pati5ce to read ?r\gh ! prec$+ pages & to rea* ^! conclud+ rem>ks1 x mu/ be obvi\s t geology is n m]ely a pa/ime = speciali/s4 ,x does n take half a doz5 college & univ]sity degrees to collect rocks & m9]als1 & to und]/& :at !y mean2 or to appreciate n alone ! beauty1 b also ! long & involv$1 yet logical1 orig9 ( sc5]y2 or to compreh5d f a rock-cut or cliff ! va/ *anges :i* h occurr$ 9 ! c\rse ( geologic "t2 or to grasp ! curr5t significance1 z well z ! hi/orical importance1 ( su* rock & m9]al products z ! trap1 ! lime/one1 ! pyrite1 ! lead ve9s1 ! soap/one1 ! v>v$ clay1 ! gravel banks4 ,:e!r "o's int]e/s are practical1 hi/orical1 acquisitive1 e/hetic1 philosophical or sci5tific1 ! geological features ( ! ,connecticut ,valley possess ! v>iety to gratify !m all4 ,"o mu/ inde$ be bl9d if he _c f9d some?+ ( int]e/--a hobby--ev5 a pr(ession 9 ! geological display spread be=e him 9 c5tral ,massa*usetts4 ,let x n be ?\ght t ?is little volume tells ! :ole /ory4 ,on ! contr>y1 its au?ors expect to h a difficult "t ju/ify+ _! s9s ( omission1 m p>ticul>ly because _m ( ! omissions h be5 consci\s & delib]ate4 ,b !y tru/ !y h left = ! read] a weal? ( features :i* he c make 8 own by "r ( discov]y4 ,= x w n take him v long to p5etrate ! f\r? dim5sion ( geologic "t m deeply & intimately ?an is possible 9 ! pages ( a book4 ,footnotes #a,! figures d5ote ! di/ance 9 miles f ! />t+ po9t to ! feature m5tion$4 ,g5]al ,index ,p indicates plate foll[+ page numb] indicat$ ,a ,agglom]ate1 #bb ,p1 #bd1 #cf1 #gb1 #hd ,albite1 #aji ,albite granite1 #aaf ,allanite1 #hh1 #aaj ,alluvial fans1 ,triassic1 #ai1 #bh1 #dc1 #df ,alluvial pla91 #c1 #ba ,alluvial wa%1 #be1 #dc ,amphibole1 #aaj ,appala*ian di/urbance1 #db ,argillite1 ,leyd51 #fd ,arkose1 #aad ,arkose1 fir/ s&/one1 #hf ,a%1 volcanic1 #bh1 #ff1 #ga ,augite1 #aaj ,autunite1 #aaj ,azurite1 #fd ,b ,bank1 und]cut1 #b ,b>ite1 #cj1 #fc1 #ajh ,basalt1 #gb1 #aae ,basalt1 columns1 #ga ,bas91 ,triassic1 #bg1 #dc ,ba?oli?1 #cb ,bea*es1 slop+ s\?1 #di ,b$rock1 dep?1 #aj ,biotite1 #aji ,block m\nta9s1 #be ,b\ld]s1 /riat$1 #ba ,bricky>ds1 #d1 #fi ,c ,calcite1 #fd1 #ajh ,cal5d> b$s1 #fi ,cambrian1 #cg1 #ch ,canyon1 ,little ,we/field ,riv]1 #fa ,c>bonif]\s p]iod1 #cc1 #db ,c>bonif]\s swamps1 #cd1 #db ,caves1 ,sund]l&1 #ee ,*alcopyrite1 #fd1 #ajh ,*annel sc>s1 #gi ,*icopee %ale1 #ah ,*lorite1 #aaj ,c9d] cone1 #be ,cirque1 #aj ,clay1 #d ,clay b$s1 #fi ,clay1 di/ort$1 #f1 #ff ,p1 #gj ,clay /ones1 concretions1 #gj ,clays1 b&$1 #d1 #f ,clays1 record climate1 #fi ,climate1 ,triassic1 #bc ,coal1 #cc ,coal bas91 #cd1 #db ,coal swamps1 ,c>bonif]\s1 #cc1 #dj ,coal1 ,triassic1 #bb ,coh]5t rock1 effect1 #ab ,columns1 basaltic1 #fj ,concretions1 #gj ,conglom]ate1 #bj1 #be1 #bh1 #ed1 #ef1 #ii1 #aac ,conglom]ate1 b\ld]1 #ba ,conglom]ate1 ,devonian1 #ce ,conglom]ate1 ,mt4 ,toby1 #ed ,conglom]ate1 ,triassic1 #ai1 #ba ,contact1 conglom]ate ) cry/all9es1 #ei ,crat]1 #be ,cretace\s p]iod1 #ag1 #df ,cretace\s s$im5ts1 #af ,crops1 #g ,cut-banks1 #aa ,d ,delta1 #g1 #h1 #di ,delta1 ,de]field ,riv]1 #eh1 #ie ,delta1 ,flor5ce1 #hi ,delta1 glacial lakes1 #di1 #fi ,delta1 ,long ,pla9 ,brook1 #ih ,delta1 ,mill]s ,riv]1 #eh ,delta1 ,sawmill ,riv]1 #ii ,delta1 ,we/field ,riv]1 #fb ,des]t climate1 ,triassic1 #df ,devonian1 #ci ,diabase1 #fb1 #aae ,dike1 #cb1 #cb ,p1 #db ,d9osaur habits1 #fg ,d9osaur tracks1 #bb1 #bb ,p1 #ff1 #ff ,p1 #ha1 #if ,d9osaurs1 #ah1 #df ,d9osaurs1 bip$al1 #fg ,di/urbance1 ,appala*ian1 #db ,di/urbance1 ,%ick%ock1 #dj ,di/urbance1 ,taconic1 #dj ,dra9age1 ,atlantic1 #ae1 #dg ,druml91 ,s\? ,amh]/1 #i1 #hd ,dunes1 #d1 #di1 #ef1 #hg1 #ih ,e ,e>?quakes1 anci5t1 #ai1 #bf ,ea/]n ,upl&1 #cb1 #cc1 #cg ,entr5*$ valleys1 #ab ,eoc5e p]iod1 #df ,erratics1 #h1 #hb1 #hi ,ev]la/+ hills1 #aa ,f ,fans1 alluvial1 #ai ,fault1 buri$1 #bd ,fault1 ea/]n bord]1 #ai1 #be ,fault fissure1 #ff ,fault+1 at ,not*1 #gc1 #ge ,fault movem5t1 #be1 #bf1 #fj ,faults1 ,turn]s ,falls1 #dd ,fi%1 ext9ction ( ,triassic1 #fh ,fi% fossils1 ,durham1 ,conn41 #bb ,fi% fossils1 ,sund]l&1 ,mass41 #bb1 #fh ,fi%1 liv+ conditions1 #fh ,fi%1 ,triassic1 #bb ,fi%1 ,:ittemore's ,f]ry1 #fi ,flood level1 #aicf1 #hb1 #if1 #ig 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