,the ,catholic ,world1 ,vol4 ,,xxv ,the ,catholic ,world4 ,a ,monthly ,magazine ,of ,general ,literature ,and ,science ,vol4 ,,xxv4 ,april1 #ahgg1 ,to ,september1 #ahgg4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society ,company1 #i ,barclay ,street4 #ahgg4 ,,contents ,alba's ,dream1 #ddc1 #fba1 #gce ,along the ,foot of the ,pyrenees1 #fea ,among the ,translators1 #gba ,ancient ,music1 ,prose and ,poetry of1 #cie ,anglicanism in #ahgg1 #aca ,catacombs1 ,testimony of the1 #bje ,christendom1 ,the ,iron ,age of1 #dei ,cluny1 ,the ,congregation of1 #fia ,college ,education1 #had ,colonization and ,future ,emigration1 #fgg ,congregation of ,cluny1 ,the1 #fia ,copernican ,theory1 ,evolution and the1 #ij ,count ,frederick ,leopold ,stolberg1 #ece ,destiny of ,man1 ,doubts of a ,contemporary on the1 #did ,de ,vere's 8,mary ,tudor10 #bfa ,divorce and ,divorce ,laws1 #cdj ,doubts of a ,contemporary on the ,destiny of ,man1 #did ,echternach1 ,the ,dancing ,procession of1 #hbf ,emigration1 ,colonization and ,future1 #fgg ,english ,rule in ,ireland1 #ajc ,eros1 ,the ,unknown1 #gjb ,european ,exodus1 ,the1 #dcc ,evolution and the ,copernican ,theory1 #ij ,france1 ,the ,political ,crisis in1 and its ,bearings1 #egg ,french ,clergy during the late ,war in ,france1 ,the1 #bdg ,gothic ,revival1 ,the ,story of the1 #fci ,how ,percy ,bingham ,caught his ,trout1 #gg ,ireland1 ,english ,rule in1 #ajc ,irish ,revolution1 ,the ,true1 #eea ,iron ,age of ,christendom1 ,the1 #dei ,jane's ,vocation1 #ebe ,job and ,egypt1 #gfd ,judaism in ,america1 ,the ,present ,state of1 #cfe ,juliette1 #ffg ,lavedan1 ,the ,seven ,valleys of the1 #gdh ,lepers of ,tracadie1 ,the1 #aia ,letters of a ,young ,irishwoman to her ,sister1 #ef1 #bah1 #cgg ,madonna-and-,child1 ,the1 a ,test-,symbol1 #hjd ,marshal ,mac,mahon and the ,french ,revolutionists1 #eeh 8,mary ,tudor10 ,de ,vere's1 #bfa ,millicent1 #ggg ,nagualism1 ,voodooism1 etc41 in the ,united ,states1 #a ,nanette1 #bgj ,natalie ,narischkin1 #cb ,nile1 ,up the1 #de1 #bcf ,pan-,presbyterians1 ,the1 #hdc ,phil ,redmond of ,ballymacreedy1 #eia ,political ,crisis in ,france and its ,bearings1 ,the1 #egg ,pope ,pius the ,ninth1 #bia ,pope's ,temporal ,principality1 ,the ,beginning of the1 #fji ,presbyterian ,infidelity in ,scotland1 #fi ,present ,state of ,judaism in ,america1 ,the1 #cfe ,prose and ,poetry of ,ancient ,music1 #cie ,prussian ,chancellor1 ,the1 #ade ,pyrenees1 ,along the ,foot of the1 #fea ,revolutionists1 ,marshal ,mac,mahon and the ,french1 #eeh ,romance of a ,portmanteau1 ,the1 #djc ,sannazzaro1 #eaa ,scotland1 ,presbyterian ,infidelity in1 #fi ,seven ,valleys of the ,lavedan1 ,the1 #gdh ,shakspere1 from an ,american ,point of ,view1 #dbb ,six ,sunny ,months1 #ae1 #age1 #ced1 #dgh ,stolberg1 ,count ,frederick ,leopold1 #ece ,story of the ,gothic ,revival1 ,the1 #fci ,tennyson as a ,dramatist1 #aah ,testimony of the ,catacombs1 #bje ,the ,beginning of the ,pope's ,temporal ,principality1 #fji ,the ,dancing ,procession of ,echternach1 #hbf ,the ,doom of the ,bell1 #cbd ,the ,european ,exodus1 #dcc ,the ,romance of a ,portmanteau1 #djc ,the ,true ,irish ,revolution1 #eea ,the ,unknown ,eros1 #gjb ,tracadie1 ,the ,lepers of1 #aia ,up the ,nile1 #de1 #bcf ,veronica1 #afa ,voodooism1 ,nagualism1 etc1 in the ,united ,states1 #a ,,poetry4 ,a ,thrush's ,song1 #fhi ,a ,vision of the ,colosseum1 #cah ,a ,waif from the ,great ,exhibition1 #aja ,ashes of the ,palms1 ,the1 #adb ,aubrey de ,vere1 ,to1 #fgf ,birthday ,song1 ,a1 #ebc ,brides of ,christ1 ,the1 #dbj1 #eef1 #gja ,cathedral ,woods1 #ffe ,colosseum1 ,a ,vision of the1 #cah ,dante's ,purgatorio1 #aga ,from the ,hecuba of ,euripides1 #cec1 #eej ,from the ,medea of ,euripides1 #fch ,higher1 #def ,italy1 #gde ,magdalen at the ,tomb1 #fcg ,may1 #bdf ,may ,carols1 ,two1 #bag ,may ,flowers1 #ahi ,papal ,jubilee1 ,the1 #bhi ,pope ,pius ,,ix41 ,to1 #cfc ,purgatorio1 ,dante's1 #aga ,st4 ,francis of ,assisi1 #aa ,the ,ashes of the ,palms1 #adb ,to ,aubrey de ,vere1 #fgf ,translation from ,horace1 #hed ,wild ,roses by the ,sea1 #cch ,,new ,,publications4 ,a ,question of ,honor1 #gaf ,an ,old ,world as seen through ,young ,eyes1 #adc ,beside the ,western ,sea1 #gah ,bessy1 #gbj ,biographical ,sketches1 #gag ,biographical ,sketches of ,distinguished ,marylanders1 #egc ,carte ,ecclsiastique des ,etats-,unis de l',amrique1 #bhh ,childhood of the ,english ,nation1 ,the1 #bhd ,christ1 ,the ,cradle of the1 #bha ,christopher ,columbus1 ,the ,life of1 #egb ,classic ,literature1 #bhj ,code ,poetical ,reader1 ,the1 #bhg ,complete ,office of ,holy ,week1 ,the1 #add ,comprehensive ,geography1 ,the1 #add ,consolation of the ,devout ,soul1 ,the1 #bhf ,cradle of the ,christ1 ,the1 #bha ,discipline of ,drink1 ,the1 #ege ,dora1 ,bessie1 ,silvia1 #gbj ,dr4 ,joseph ,salzmann's ,leben und ,wirken1 #bhe ,ecclesiastical ,law1 ,elements of1 #hfj ,edmondo1 #gbj ,english ,nation1 ,childhood of the1 #bhd ,essays and ,reviews1 #dbi ,geometry1 ,elements of1 #hfj ,god the ,teacher of ,mankind1 #gbj ,golden ,sands1 #dcj ,heroic ,women of the ,bible and the ,church1 #bhh ,hofbauer1 ,ven4 ,clement ,mary1 ,life of1 #dcb1 #egb ,known ,too ,late1 #egf ,lady of ,neville ,court1 ,the1 #dcb ,legends of the ,b4 ,sacrament1 #egd ,libraries1 ,public1 in the ,united ,states of ,america1 #hee ,life of the ,ven4 ,clement ,mary ,hofbauer1 #dcb1 #egb ,magister ,choralis1 #dcj ,marylanders1 ,distinguished1 ,biographical ,sketches of1 #egc ,musica ,ecclesiastica1 #add ,paradise of the ,christian ,soul1 ,the1 #egf ,philip ,nolan's ,friends1 #gai ,priesthood in the ,light of the ,new ,testament1 #gac ,problem of ,problems1 ,the1 #bhb ,reply to the ,hon4 ,r4 ,w4 ,thompson1 #gai ,report of the ,board of ,education of the ,city and ,county of ,new ,york1 #gae ,roman ,legends1 #gah ,salzmann's ,leben und ,wirken1 #bhe ,sidonie1 #egd ,songs of the ,land and ,sea1 #gbj ,spirit ,invocations1 #egf ,summa ,summ1 #bhh ,the ,catholic ,keepsake1 #gbj ,the ,little ,pearls1 #gah ,the ,pearl among the ,virtues1 #gbj ,the ,story of ,felice1 #gbj ,the ,wonders of ,prayer1 #gah ,why are ,we ,roman ,catholics8 #bhh ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,,vol4 ,,xxv41 ,no4 #ade4--;,,april1 #ahgg4 ,,nagualism1 ,,voodooism1 ,,and ,,other ,,forms ,,of ,,crypto-,,paganism ,,in ,,the ,,united ,,states4 ,when the ,almighty introduced the children of ,israel into the ,promised ,land he enjoined the utter extirpation of the heathen races1 and the destruction of all belonging to them4 ,but the tribes grew weary of war2 they spared1 and their subsequent history shows us the result4 ,the ,chanaanites became in time the conquerors and made the ,hebrews their subjects politically and in religion4 ,the paganism learned on the banks of the ,nile had become but a faint reminiscence in the minds of the descendants of those who marched out under ,moses and ,aaron2 but the worship of ,baal and of ,moloch and of ,astaroth overran the land4 ,a long series of disasters ending with the overthrow of their national existence1 and a seventy years' captivity1 were required to purge the ,hebrew mind of the poison imbibed from the heathen remnant4 ,then all the power of the ,alexandrian sovereigns failed to compel them to worship the gods of ,greece4 ,omnes dii gentium dmonia is a statement1 clear1 plain1 and definite1 that we ,catholics cannot refuse to accept4 ,modern indifferentism may regard all the pagan worships as expressions of truth1 and the worship of their deities as something merely symbolical of the operations of nature1 not the actual rendering of divine honors4 ,but to us there can be no such theory4 ,the worship was real and the objects were demons1 blinding and misleading men through their passions and ignorance4 ,the very vitality of paganism in regaining lost ground1 and in rising against the truth1 shows its satanic character4 ,the experience of the ,jewish people is reproduced elsewhere4 ,when ,christianity1 beginning the conquest of ,europe with ,greece and ,italy1 closed its victorious career by reducing to the cross the ,scandinavians and the ,german tribes of ,prussia1 later even than the conversion of the ,tartaric ,russians1 there was left in all lands a pagan element1 on which the arch-enemy based his new schemes of revolt and war upon the truth4 ,we of the ,gentiles1 whether from the sunny south or the colder north1 bear to this day1 in our terms for the divisions of the week and year1 the names of the deities whom our heathen ancestors worshipped--the demons who blinded them to the truth4 ,the ,italian1 ,frenchman1 and ,spaniard thus keep alive the memory of ,jupiter1 ,mercury1 ,mars1 ,venus1 and ,saturn2 the ,german and ,scandinavian tribes of ,tuisco1 ,woden1 ,thor1 ,freya1 and ,sator4 ,janus opens the year1 followed by ,februata1 ,juno1 and ,mars2 ,maia claims a month we dedicate to ,mary1 and which the ,irish in his own language still calls the ,fire of ,baal--,baal-tinne4 ,earth and time even seem not enough2 we go1 so to speak1 to the very footstool of ,god1 and name the glorious orbs that move in celestial harmony through the realms of space1 from the very demons who for ages received from men the honors due to ,god--from ,jupiter and ,saturn1 ,venus and ,mars1 ,juno and ,ceres1 ,castor and ,pollux1 and the whole array of gods and demi-gods4 ,and it is a strange fact that the only attempt made to do away with these pagan relics was that of the infidel and bloodthirsty ,revolutionists of ,france1 pagan in all but this4 ,we bear1 as it were1 badges of our heathen origin--tokens1 perhaps1 of the general apostasy which1 as some interpreters hold1 will one day behold the ,gentile nations renounce ,christianity1 when the number of the elect is to be completed from the remnant of the ,jews4 ,in the heresies1 schisms1 and revolts against the church the pagan element appears as an uprising1 an attempt to retrieve a defeat by causing an overthrow of the victorious church even where a restoration of the old demonic gods seems in itself hopeless4 ,the ,german tribes and those of ,scandinavia1 receiving the faith later than the ,latin and ,celtic races1 revolted from the church while the remembrance of pagan rites and license was still fresh4 ,the so-called ,reformation was essentially gross and sensual1 and none the less so because the ,christian influence made the absolute rejection of ,god for a time impossible1 and compelled it to borrow tone1 and expression1 and the outer garb of ,christianity4 ,vice1 in its open and undisguised form1 would have shocked communities that had tasted of ,christian truth4 ,the arch-enemy was subtle enough to meet the wants of the case1 and to present what would appear to the sixteenth century as true1 as shrewdly as he presented the grosser forms to earlier minds gross enough to accept them4 ,but1 it may be said1 it is going too far to make all heresies diabolical2 yet the church so speaks4 ,if1 in the prayer for the ,jews on ,good ,friday1 it asks that ,god would remove the veil from their hearts1 that light might shine in upon the darkness1 we cannot but observe that when the petitions arise for those misled by heresy1 the church speaks of them as souls deceived by the fraud of the devil4 ,the ,new ,testament is full of allusions to this war of the arch-enemy3 he is held up as one who will come to some as a roaring lion1 terrifying and alarming2 while to others he comes as an angel of light1 plausible and ,heaven-sent1 as it were1 raising up false teachers whose reasonings would1 were that possible1 deceive even the elect4 ,and ,st4 ,paul tells us that our struggle is not with flesh and blood--not with the men who are but instruments--but with the spirits of darkness who are the prime movers4 ,the war waged took different forms4 ,in the north sensualism and the grosser forms of self-indulgence were the revolt against the spirit of mortification1 of self-conquest and control4 ,it required and had no aid from the imagination1 art1 poetry1 music4 ,but at the south the old pagan classics1 imbued with the religion of ,greece and ,rome1 became the literature of the new ,christian world and exercised a steadily-increasing pagan influence4 ,in the ,french ,revolution1 and in the modern less bloody but as deadly ,masonic war1 we see the old pagan ideas and thoughts come as if spontaneously to the surface4 ,from the reverence for all connected with the old pagan worship down to pagan cremation we see the revival1 less gross1 less sensual than in the north1 idealized by the conception of beauty in form and color1 with all the allurement of symmetry to win the eye1 the ear1 the imagination4 ,that ancient art and the ancient classics have been a potent instrument in weakening the ,christian spirit1 and in paganizing the learned and the young whom they train1 is admitted1 and attempts are made to counteract the influence4 ,our country was settled by communities more or less imbued with all the ,old-,world paganisms1 some of which shot out into new and strange forms1 generally of the northern type1 hiding sensualism under a cloak of religion1 as in the ,oneida community and the ,mormons1 the latter going directly into the ancient pagan channel in their anthropomorphic conception of ,god4 ,but besides this pagan element--the more insidious because scarcely suspected by most1 and which many even now would treat as absolutely null for evil--the country was1 in its aboriginal inhabitants1 utterly pagan2 and within our limits the remnant of those nations and tribes which now represent the original occupants are to a very great extent as pagan as they were three centuries ago4 ,even where tribes have been converted to ,christianity1 and been for a long series of years under ,christian teachers1 a pagan element often remains1 nurtured in secret1 and heathen rites are practised with the utmost fidelity by many who keep up the semblance of being faithful worshippers of the true ,god4 ,this crypto-paganism is termed by the ,spanish writers in ,mexico nagualism1 and1 from its secret character1 formed one of the greatest afflictions of the missionaries1 eating out the very heart of the apparently flourishing tree planted by the toil and watered by the blood of the earlier heralds of the ,gospel4 ,another pagan element came with the negro slaves--barbarous men torn from ,africa1 without culture1 imbued with the most degrading superstitions of fetichism1 and believers in the power of intercourse with the evil spirits whom they dreaded and invoked4 ,in the utter disregard of their moral welfare which prevailed in the ,english colonies1 no attempt was made in colonial days to eradicate their pagan ideas and to instil ,christian principles2 on the contrary1 efforts were actually made to prevent their instruction and baptism1 from an idea that ,christianity was incompatible with a condition of slavery4 ,in time the negro slaves and their descendants imitated externally the religious manner of their white masters1 but their old fetichism was maintained1 with the invocation of evil spirits and attempted intercourse with them4 ,the more ,christianity in any form penetrated among these people1 the more this pagan element assumed a secret character1 until it became1 as it is in our day in the ,west ,indies and the ,south1 under the name of vaudoux or voodoo worship1 the secret pagan religion of the negro and mixed races4 ,another pagan element--which cannot be called cryptic1 because it meets the full meridian blaze of day1 as though it were a thing entitled to existence and protection without limit or check--is the ,buddhic worship of the ,chinese1 with perhaps the less debasing ancient paganism of that nation4 ,temples arise and pagan worship is carried on before hundreds of altars1 chiefly on the ,pacific slope4 ,this1 with the degraded morals of the heathenism it represents1 forms a question difficult to solve1 and exciting grave attention not only in ,california1 but in other parts of the country4 ,the facility with which ,mormonism has gained hundreds of thousands of votaries to its monstrous doctrines1 and the difficulty under our system of laws of counteracting its influence1 leaving its suppression simply to the general condemnation it receives from the public opinion of the country1 convince all thinking men that it is a great and serious danger to the well-being of our country in the future4 ,it lies between the unchecked1 uncensured paganism of the ,chinese in ,california and the heathenism of the wild ,indian tribes1 the nagualism of the ,new ,mexican ,pueblos1 and1 still further east1 the voodooism of the negro4 ,who can foresee the fearful creation of evil that the ,prince of ,darkness may form out of this material ready to his hand8 ,buddhism overran nations of various origin1 civilization1 and mode of life--the lettered ,chinese1 the nobler ,japanese1 the wild ,tartar2 it has adaptability1 as seen in its assuming external ,christian dress and ideas1 taken from early envoys of the faith4 ,mormonism shows a vitality and a power of extension that none who remember its origin could1 at the time it arose1 have believed within the limits of possibility4 ,the voodoo mysteries permeate through a population numbered by millions4 ,if nagualism and ,indian paganism exist only among tribes rapidly hurrying to extinction1 these tribes have shown in some cases recuperative power1 and1 fostered by the stronger heathen elements1 may revive sufficiently to be a source of mischief4 ,it may be said that1 except in the case of the ,mormons1 this element is confined to inferior races--the ,mongolian1 negro1 and ,indian--and cannot affect the mass of the ,american people2 but this is really not the fact1 as in almost every case whites living near the inferior races do actually imbibe some of these pagan superstitions and become believers in them and in their power1 while the spread of the so-called spiritualism through all classes in this country shows at once a vehicle for the propagation of any form of diabolism that may rise up with dazzling powers of attraction4 ,the influence of crypto-paganism on the whites can be seen in our history4 ,the ,new ,england settlers made comparatively short work of the native tribes1 who were in their eyes ,chanaanites not to be spared4 ,but though they slaughtered the men1 women were saved1 and not always from motives that will stand too close a scrutiny4 ,indian women became slaves in the houses of the ,new ,england colonists4 ,if there was any outward conformity to ,christian usage1 most of them remained at heart as heathen as ever4 ,the ,indians of almost every known tribe avowedly worshipped the ,spirit of ,evil4 ,north and ,south missionaries found the natives acknowledge and justify this practice4 ,as a rule they admitted a ,spirit of ,good1 but1 as they argued1 being inherently good1 he could do only good to them1 and need not be propitiated2 whereas the ,spirit of ,evil continually sought to injure men1 and must necessarily be propitiated to ward off the intended scourge4 ,this adoration of the ,evil ,one1 and the attempt to propitiate him1 win his favor1 and do his will1 the ,indian slaves bore with them in their bondage4 ,what ,new ,england witchcraft really was--diabolic1 delusion1 or imposture--has never been settled4 ,no sound ,catholic divine versed in mystic theology has ever1 to our knowledge1 marshalled and sifted the facts1 and the evidence cited to support them1 in order to come to any reasonable theory in the matter4 ,new ,england of the seventeenth century firmly believed it diabolical2 ,new ,england of the nineteenth century as dogmatically decides that it was delusion or imposture2 but1 unfortunately1 neither seventeenth-century nor nineteenth-century ,new ,englandism can be deemed a very safe guide1 and each is condemned by the other and admits its liability to err1 although both had the same energy for forcing their opinions for the time being on all mankind4 ,but1 whatever the real character of ,new ,england witchcraft was1 one thing is certain3 ,indian crypto-paganism was at the root of it4 ,tituba1 the ,indian servant of ,samuel ,parris1 the minister of ,salem1 practised wild incantations and imbued the daughter and niece of her master with her whole system of diabolism4 ,the strange actions of the children excited alarm4 ,tituba was arraigned as a witch and confessed her incantations2 but the devil protects his own4 ,witchcraft trials began1 and ,tituba and her fellow ,indian slaves1 who must have quaked for the moment1 saw themselves1 not punished1 but used as witnesses1 until more than a hundred women were apprehended and most of them committed to prison4 ,it did not end there4 ,the gallows was to play its part4 ,nineteen were hanged1 and one ,giles ,corey was pressed to death4 ,if ,tituba invoked her demon to avenge his fallen votaries in her tribe1 she was gratified by beholding the victorious whites murder each other at her instance4 ,neither ,tituba nor any other of the ,indians1 though they avowed their intercourse with the fallen spirits1 was tried or condemned for witchcraft4 ,what took place in the ,parris household took place in hundreds of others where ,indian slaves were kept1 as in our time in the ,south4 ,thousands of children have there been imbued by their negro nurses with the pagan obeah and voodoo superstitions1 as doubtless on the ,pacific slope many a mother is horrified to find her child's mind filled with the grossest heathenism by the ,chinese servant1 and fondly hopes she has disabused her little one1 when1 in reality1 the faith and the terror then implanted in the child's susceptible mind will last through life1 burned into the very soul by the vivid impression produced4 ,a ,catholic may say that the grace of baptism will protect many from this evil2 but1 alas6 to how many thousands of families in this land is baptism a stranger6 ,in them there is nothing to check the insidious progress of evil4 ,the ,huron nation was converted to ,christianity by the early ,catholic missionaries1 and the ,iroquois were induced by them to abandon the worship of their evil spirit ,tharonhyawagon1 or ,agreskoue1 whose name even seems to be unknown to the present so-called pagan bands1 who worship the ,god of the ,christians1 but with strange heathenish rites4 ,the vices prevalent among the ,hurons of ,ohio1 nominal ,catholics in the last century1 show that secret worship of evil spirits still prevailed4 ,all know how the medicine-men have maintained their ground among the ,chippewas1 ,ottawas1 and other ,algonquin tribes on the borders of the great lakes1 although ,catholic missionaries began their labors among them two centuries ago4 ,whenever for a time ,catholicity has seemed to gain a tribe1 any interruption of the mission for a brief period seems to revive the old diabolism4 ,there are medicine-men now with votaries as earnest as any whom ,dablon1 ,marquette1 and ,allouez tried to convert in the seventeenth century4 ,but data are wanting for a full consideration of the subject as to these and other northern tribes4 ,of the nagualism in the ,texas tribes after their conversion by the ,franciscan missionaries we have evidence in the life of ,father ,margil1 a holy and illustrious laborer in that field4 ,the tribes among whom he and his compeers labored have vanished1 but the ,pueblo ,indians of ,new ,mexico still remain4 ,the succession of missionaries became irregular2 no bishop visited those parts to confirm the converts2 the revolutions following that which separated ,mexico from ,spain almost utterly destroyed the ,indian missions of ,new ,mexico4 ,then the nagualism which had been evidently maintained from the first by a few adepts and in great secrecy became bolder2 and these tribes1 whose conversion dates back nearly three centuries1 revived the old paganism of their ancestry1 mingled with dreams of ,montezuma's future coming1 taught them by the ,mexican ,indians who accompanied the first ,spanish settlers4 ,father ,margil once asked some ,indians3 8,how is it that you are so heathenish after having been ,christians so long80 ,the answer was3 8,what would you do1 father1 if enemies of your faith entered your land8 ,would you not take all your books and vestments and signs of religion1 and retire to the most secret caves and mountains8 ,this is just what our priests1 and prophets1 and sooth-sayers1 and nagualists have done to this time and are still doing40 ,experience showed1 too1 that this worship of the evil spirit assumed the form of various sects1 some imitating the ,catholic ,church in having bishops1 priests1 and sacraments1 which they secretly administered to consecrate their victims to ,satan before they received the real ones from the hands of the missionaries4 ,all those who have studied at all the pueblos of ,new ,mexico describe to some extent the nagual rites1 some of which are indeed hidden under the veil of secrecy in their estufas1 but others are more open and avowed4 ,colonel ,meline1 after noting the execution of two men accused of witchcraft and sacrificing children1 says of the ,pueblos generally 8that they are more than suspected of clinging to and practising many of their ancient heathen rites4 ,the estufa is frequently spoken of as their heathen temple40#a ,footnote #a3 ,meline1 ,two ,thousand ,miles on ,horseback1 pp4 #bbe-bbf4 ,a report addressed to the ,cortes in ,spain by ,don ,pedro ,bautista ,pino in #ahab says3 8,all the pueblos have their estufas--so the natives call subterranean rooms with only a single door1 where they assemble to perform their dances1 to celebrate feasts1 and hold meetings2 these are impenetrable temples where they gather to discuss mysteriously their good or evil fortunes1 and the doors are always closed on the ,spaniards4 8,all these pueblos1 in spite of the sway which religion has had over them1 cannot forget a part of the beliefs which have been transmitted to them1 and which they are careful to transmit to their descendants4 ,hence come the adoration they render the sun and moon1 and other heavenly bodies1 the respect they entertain for fire1 etc40#b ,footnote #b3 ,noticias41 pp4 #ae1 #af4 8,the ,pueblo chiefs seem to be at the same time priests2 they perform various simple rites by which the power of the sun and of ,montezuma is recognized1 as well as the power 7according to some accounts7 of the ,great ,snake1 to whom1 by order of ,montezuma1 they are to look for life4 ,they also officiate in certain ceremonies with which they pray for rain4 ,there are painted representations of the ,great ,snake1 together with that of a misshapen1 red-haired man declared to stand for ,montezuma4 ,of this last there was also in the year #ahde1 in the pueblo of ,laguna1 a rude effigy or idol1 intended1 apparently1 to represent only the head of the deity40#c ,footnote #c3 ,bancroft1 ,native ,races1 iii4 #agc1 #agd4 ,others portray their setting up of idols or mementos of their national deities1 and surrounding them with circles of stones1 repairing to the spot regularly to pray4 ,the ,pueblos thus show1 after nearly three centuries of ,catholic instruction1 almost ineradicable elements of heathenism4 ,of the real interior life of other tribes we know comparatively little3 but by the example of so-called prophets who arise from time to time in one part or another1 giving new life to the old heathenism1 borrowing some idea from ,christianity1 and using their new creed as a means to excite a great national feeling1 we see clearly that in the ,indian mind the old worship1 though dormant and concealed1 has still a power and mastery4 ,to this deep-rooted feeling the ,mormons have appealed1 and succeeded in drawing large numbers within the circle of their influence4 ,almost all the ,indian wars are stimulated by some prophet promising victory and the triumph of the old ,indian beliefs4 ,the ,cherokees have embraced many usages of civilization1 and the ,choctaws approach them4 ,the ,chickasaws1 the other great tribe in ,indian ,territory1 retain more of their old manners4 ,in all these tribes ,protestantism has gained a hearing and has a few church members2 but there are strong pagan parties1 and even among the ,christian part there is undoubtedly a strong old heathen element beneath an outward conformity to ,christianity4 ,it was strongly urged on ,congress a few years since to erect this tract into a recognized territory of ,oklahoma1 with a government like that of other ,territories1 preparatory to its admission as a ,state4 ,the outbursts of savage fury between factions in the tribes1 however1 made men hesitate to give autonomy to them4 ,investigation will1 we think1 show that crypto-paganism largely controls this mass of native ,indians1 and is the great obstacle to their improvement4 ,it is1 however1 confined to themselves1 and we do not find that even in ,new ,mexico the whites of ,spanish origin have1 during their long residence near the pueblos1 adopted to any extent the heathenish usages of those tribes4 ,the isolation of the nations in ,indian ,territory has also prevented any great external influence4 ,thus this ,indian crypto-paganism1 though wide-spread and unbroken1 seems doomed1 unless taken in hand by some master-spirit4 ,the voodoo worship of the negroes shows greater vitality and diffusiveness4 ,the slaves taken in early times to ,st4 ,domingo came from all parts of ,africa1 some from the fiercest tribes addicted to human sacrifices and cannibalism4 ,they brought over their demonic worship1 and by their force of character propagated it among the negroes generally4 ,it became the great religion of the slaves1 was secretly practised1 and exercised a very powerful influence4 ,as a secret society1 with terrible forms of initiation and bloody rites1 it became a power in ,hayti1 and has caused more than one revolution4 ,cases of the offering up of infants in sacrifice1 and devouring the victims1 were exposed a few years since1 and numbers were arrested4 ,some were put to death1 but the power of the organization was unbroken1 and ,soulouque1 if we are not mistaken1 was said to have owed his power to the voudoux4 ,st4 ,domingo was part ,french and part ,spanish1 and in time voodooism spread from the ,french portion of the island1 where it seems to have originated1 to the ,spanish division1 and thence to ,cuba4 ,in this latter island it exists to this day1 and has found votaries among the whites4 ,a recent ,french traveller--,piron--describes a fearful scene which he witnessed in the house of a lady whom he never would have suspected of any connection with so monstrous a sect4 ,a naked white girl acted as a voodoo priestess1 wrought up to frenzy by dances and incantations that followed the sacrifice of a white and a black hen4 ,a serpent1 trained to its part1 and acted on by the music1 coiled round the limbs of the girl1 its motions studied by the votaries dancing around or standing to watch its contortions4 ,the spectator fled at last in horror when the poor girl fell writhing in an epileptic fit4#d ,footnote #d3 ,piron1 ,l',ile de ,cuba1 pp4 #dh-eb4 ,while ,france held ,st4 ,domingo and ,louisiana the intercourse between the two colonies was constant1 and voodooism took root on the banks of the ,mississippi soon after its settlement4 ,the early historian of ,louisiana1 ,le ,page du ,pratz1 says3 8,the negroes are very superstitious and attached to their prejudices and to charms which they call grisgris4 ,these should not be taken from them or spoken about2 for they would think themselves ruined1 were they deprived of them4 ,the old negro slaves soon disabuse them40#e ,these old negroes were scarcely1 it will be confessed1 apostles to convert idolaters4 ,in fact1 their influence extended only to inducing the new-comers to practise their rites and use the symbols in secrecy4 ,footnote #e3 ,hist4 de la ,louisiane1 i4 p4 #cce4 ,le ,page du ,pratz himself1 in defeating a negro plot to massacre the colonists at ,new ,orleans as the ,indians had done at ,natchez1 found that they attributed their defeat to his being a devil--that is1 possessing one more powerful than their own4 ,the voodoo rites have been kept up in ,louisiana from the commencement1 and the power exercised by the priests and priestesses of this horrible creed is very great4 ,working in secret1 with all the terrors of mystery and threats of bodily harm1 it is just suited to the negro mind1 and has spread over much of the ,south4 ,as in ,cuba and ,st4 ,domingo1 the white children in many cases learn of it from their negro nurses1 and the weak1 as they grow up1 never shake off its hold on their imagination4 ,human sacrifices are certainly offered in their infamous rites1 and the escape of an old negro doomed to the sacrificial altar drew down upon the voodoos the police of ,new ,orleans only a few years ago4 ,the ,abb ,domenech#f--whom we should hesitate to cite1 were not his accounts here in conformity with numerous others--represents voodooism as having not only spread through ,texas1 but into ,mexico where1 in a depraved border community1 its horrid rites and secret poisonings are carried on4 ,his details as to the mode of worship in ,new ,orleans--the nudity1 the use of serpents1 the dances--correspond with the accounts given from ,cuba4 ,reports from ,mobile attest its existence there with similar features4 ,footnote #f3 ,missionary ,adventures in ,texas and ,mexico4 ,where voodooism prevails it has not only its adepts and votaries1 but a large class who1 full of terror1 buy at exorbitant prices from voodoo priests charms against its spells4 ,the late war has given the negroes opportunities for education and a future1 but the new prosperity has not broken the power of voodooism4 ,of a thing kept secret and hidden1 which many will deny and more be ashamed of1 it is not easy to get precise data or details4 ,yet from time to time revelations are made attesting its vitality4 ,a negro member of the ,louisiana ,legislature1 and a minister in one of the ,protestant denominations1 was reported within a few years as undergoing certain rites to free himself from the spell of a voodoo priestess4 ,we may therefore easily infer that the negroes1 being not only self-governing1 but governing the whites in many parts by force of numbers1 are not likely to be influenced so much by whites as by the crafty and aspiring among themselves4 ,they will concentrate1 and in their concentration this voodoo power cannot but increase and all vestiges of ,christianity disappear4 ,the field upon which it can work--the vast colored population of the ,south--is ready for it4 ,some may think the whole matter a shallow imposture that will soon die out before the effulgence of newspapers2 but it really shows no signs of decline1 and1 if no cases have been unearthed which show such frightful enormities as those in ,hayti1 it is certainly attended with ceremonies which1 for their very indecency and pampering of the worst vices1 should cause it to be rooted out1 even by those who would regard the direct worship of the devil as something with which the state cannot interfere4 ,open the map of the ,united ,states1 and see how a band of country from the ,atlantic to the ,pacific is thus permeated by heathenism4 ,in the ,southern ,states the voodoo worship2 ,new ,mexico and ,indian ,territory with nagualism2 ,utah with ,mormonism2 ,california with ,buddhism4 ,throughout this tract the church planted there from one to three centuries is still weak1 and1 except in ,california1 is not gaining ground with any rapidity4 ,everywhere ,catholic influence is less potent than others4 ,the very climate1 enervating and disposing to ease and indulgence1 seems to lend power to systems that gratify the passions which the church teaches her children to mortify and control4 ,it looks as though the ,prince of ,evil were seeking to form a kingdom for himself1 combining all the elements for his evil spirits to carry on the war of conquest4 ,st4 ,jude represents ,satan as endeavoring to secure the body of ,moses1 doubtless to lead the ,jews into idolatry and make them worship him4 ,if he tried to induce even our ,lord to fall down and worship him1 we cannot wonder that he should try to induce weak men to do so4 ,st4 ,paul constantly represents to us our struggle in life as a war against the evil spirits4 ,st4 ,ignatius1 in the 8,exercise of the ,two ,standards10 pictures ,satan as arrayed against our ,lord with all his hosts4 ,the battle seems to take actual form1 and we should be prepared for it4 ,in this battle we have powerful auxiliaries placed at our command1 in the persons of the angelic powers1 and though the church1 through her whole liturgy and offices1 reminds us of their ministry and invokes their aid1#g we seem to be forgetful of their existence1 and go into the fight unaided by forces at our command--forces never defeated1 and ready to meet our call4 ,what wonder that we are often worsted8 ,our books of devotion give a single prayer to our guardian angel4 ,few think beyond this4 ,the angel guardians of the country1 of our city1 of our church1 our home1 of our family1 of those committed to our charge1 are all fighting for us1 earnestly if we seek their aid4 ,st4 ,michael1 the guardian angel of the ,jewish nation1 defeated ,satan's attempt to use the body of ,moses for his wicked designs4 ,so in our day the greater manifestation of diabolical agencies should lead us to ask ,god to send his angels to our aid4 ,the parents1 in training and protecting from evil the children given to them1 have mighty coadjutors in the angels of these very children1 the teacher in those of his scholars1 the pastor in those of his flock4 ,there may be saints to whom we have a special devotion2 but in the angels we have powerful spirits directly deputed by ,god to aid us1 and whose duty it is1 as it were1 to combat by our side against the enemies of salvation4 ,footnote #g3 ,thus in the ,mass she asks that the offerings be carried on high by the angels2 in the ,asperges1 and ,complin she begs ,god to send down his angels to cherish1 guard1 and protect all within the building2 in the ,itinerary she calls ,st4 ,raphael especially to protect all who travel2 in the baptismal service she asks ,god to send an angel to guard the catechumen and lead him to the grace of baptism2 in ,extreme ,unction1 to give all dwelling1 in the house a good angel guardian2 the ,commendation of the ,departing ,soul is a constant appeal to the holy angels2 and the prayer after death asks that the departed soul may be received by the holy angels and brought to ,paradise1 her real country4 ,she even asks that an angel be deputed to guard the grave4 ,but we are not giving a devotional treatise3 or attempting to propose any new form4 ,our country is dear to us1 and1 although it were too sanguine to hope that in the days of any now living the true faith will reach such a point that its influence will be marked on the public mind and heart1 we cannot be insensible to the apparently formidable gathering of heathen elements in a section of country where the very climate seems to lend them new force in building up a great empire of paganism4 ,a new impulse has been given to our ,indian missions1 which1 owing1 doubtless1 to causes easy of explanation1 have never received from the ,catholic body at large in the ,united ,states the moral and temporal aid they so richly deserved4 ,in fact1 the missionaries labored on1 almost ignored and forgotten1 so that an attempt was made through the instrumentality of the federal government to crush them out altogether4 ,this has roused ,catholics to an interest in them1 and this interest should be kept up4 ,by prayer1 by alms1 by direct aid1 we must help the missionaries and their coadjutors1 the devoted religious women in the missions1 to fight the good fight1 and root out1 so far as lies in us1 the paganism of the ,indian tribes1 where still avowed or cloaked under an external show of ,christianity4 ,on another paganism1 that of the ,chinese1 and on that of the ,mormons1 we cannot apparently act yet directly1 but we can meet them by prayer1 and in the regions infected ,catholics should exercise the utmost vigilance that this pagan influence should never enter their households1 lest their children1 if not themselves1 may at last imitate the wisest of kings1 not in his wisdom1 but in his idolatry4 ,the great and festering sore of voodooism afflicting the negroes calls for all our zeal1 as ,catholics1 to help the bishops and clergy in the ,south1 and the ,english society which has entered this field1 by prayer1 by material aid1 by earnest and sustained efforts to preserve the purity of faith among colored ,catholics4 ,the ,church in the ,southern ,states1 crippled by the disasters of the late war1 is entirely unable to cope single-handed with the new duty imposed upon it by the altered condition of affairs4 ,she appeals to us1 and as ,catholics we cannot remain deaf to her call4 ,,st4 ,,francis ,,of ,,assisi4 ,o love6 you lay the volume by ,that held you like a holy chime-- ,life of ,st4 ,francis--with a sigh ,which says3 8,that was a pleasant time ,in old ,perugia's mountain-town ,on the ,umbrian valley looking down-- ,flushed like an ,eden in sublime ,environment of mountains vast2 ,and do not you1 as ,i1 recall ,what1 morn and even1 and first and last1 ,attracted most of all8 8,the peaks of ,apennine we knew ,by heart--the many-citied land ,where-through the infant ,tiber drew ,a thousand streams in silver band1 ,filled with the murmur of the pines ,that told the olives and the vines ,they heard the sea on either hand4 ,but1 kindled on its lofty cape1 ,a light-tower to that inland coast ,o'er waves of greenwood1 corn1 and grape1 ,what object charmed us most8 8,assisi seated in the sun6 ,all round from ,monte ,sole's height ,the insistent fascination ,of its white walls enthralled our sight4 ,and moon and starlight on its slope ,showed but a dimmer heliotrope4 ,we watched it many a mellow night3 ,once when a warrior comet came1 ,and flashed1 in high heaven opposite1 ,a sheathless sword of pallid flame4 ,drawn from out the infinite4 8,to sweet ,st4 ,francis' native town1 ,alas6 we made no pilgrimage2 ,nor to ,st4 ,mary's1 lower down1 ,his ,portiuncula hermitage4 ,we knew but by its star-like shine ,the splendors of ,assisi's shrine1 ,in mystic triple stage on stage4 ,it only asked one summer's day-- ,how strange it seems in you and me6-- ,that narrow vale of ,umbria ,made severance like the sea40 ,o gentle wife6 ,i cannot tell ,to wistful eyes of retrospect ,what dolce far niente's spell1 ,in that midsummer1 caused neglect2 ,what imp1 procrastination hight1 ,seduced us when we meant no slight4 ,in life1 all paradox and defect1 ,easy is difficult--the friend ,next door to visit--duties small1 ,to be done any day1 that end ,in not being done at all4 8,how can this trite philosophy ,console me in my great regret80 ,nay1 love1 look not so tearfully1 ,and we will find some comfort yet4 ,what figure1 think you1 in those streets ,the gentle1 loving youth repeats1 ,singing his gay ,french canzonet8 ,doth either temple's sumptuous pride ,suit stone and crust for bed and board1 ,and bridegroom joyful in his bride-- ,the poverty of our ,lord8 ,o brown serge holier than the cope6 ,was mystery veiled in long-sleeved gown8 ,and awful was his girdle-rope8 ,were skirts that swept his ankles brown8 ,bore he1 in hands and feet and side1 ,the five wounds of the ,crucified8 ,did high ,god send his seraph down1 ,on the lone mount1 to imprint such sign8 ,his brethren wondered1 overawed2 ,yet not even this made more divine ,that sweet-souled man of ,god6 ,o happy swallows6 circling skim ,and twitter o'er the gray church-towers4 ,he called you sisters2 ye with him ,chirped sweetly when he sang the ,hours4 ,and ye1 his brothers innocent1 ,with whom he talked where'er he went1 ,play1 lamb and leveret1 in the flowers6 ,wise foolishness and melting ruth-- ,that move deep chords1 ,o love6 in you-- ,born of child-instincts1 or a truth ,he and the angels knew6 8,o ,sun1 my brother above all6 ,stars1 ,sister ,moon1 in praise accord4 ,chaste1 humble1 useful1 precious1 full1 ,o ,sister ,water1 freely poured6 ,robust and jocund1 strong and bright1 ,o ,brother ,fire6 illume the night4 ,live tongues of beauty1 praise the ,lord6 ,o ,brother ,wind6 thy wonders weave ,in clouds and the blue sky above1 ,wherefrom all creatures life receive1 ,and weave them all of love4 8,confess the ,lord1 ,o ,mother ,earth6 ,through whom so beautiful thou art4 ,to herb1 fruit1 flower1 he giveth birth ,and color from ,love's eyes and heart4 ,serve ,god60 he sang4 ,his sermons good1 ,dear to shy creatures of the wood1 ,could even to bole and branch impart ,their glowing sense3 a conscious soul ,kin to his own in all things moved4 ,his monument is grand--the whole ,creation that he loved4 ,o ,life1 that sought to imitate ,the one pure type1 its perfect ,chief1 ,by its own purity separate ,as is the dew-drop on a leaf1 ,which yet doth from its luminous veil ,a glory to the flower exhale6 ,close sympathy with no touch of grief6 ,let fair ,assisi on its slope1 ,an unremote yet reachless star1 ,lend to our hearts another trope1 ,so near and yet so far4 ,o ,poet1 who in faltering rhyme ,first wove the ,tuscan into song6 ,o poem and miracle sublime1 ,thyself1 in ,dante sweet and strong6 ,to his fourth circle of ,paradise1 ,to the ,king-splendor of the skies1 ,dost thou1 the elder seer1 belong4 ,thee 8,sister ,death0 hath glorified2 ,and what an image we have won3 ,through kindled mists of mountain-side1 ,assisi in the sun6 ,,six ,,sunny ,,months4 ,,by ,,the ,,author ,,of 8,,the ,,house ,,of ,,yorke10 8,,grapes ,,and ,,thorns10 ,,etc4 ,,chapter ,,xi4 ,a ,,morning ,,with ,,st4 ,,peter4 ,as the day approached for their visit to the crypt of ,st4 ,peter1 ,mr4 ,vane absented himself very much from the house1 and the last day was spent entirely away1 from early in the morning till late in the evening4 ,they understood that he was to make his ,first ,communion with them1 but asked no questions1 leaving him entirely free1 and he gave no explanation4 ,the ,signora and the two daughters made a ,triduum for him in the mornings2 and so deeply did they feel the event for him that they looked forward to their own ,communion almost as if it were to be their first1 and lived as though in retreat for two or three days4 8,i feel10 ,bianca said1 8as if ,i had been having clandestine interviews with some one outside the house1 and that now papa were going to invite him home1 and make a feast in his honor4 ,dear papa6 how very good he is2 how much better than his daughters60 ,she would have been quite shocked and alarmed had any one told her that she entertained such a sentiment1 but there was1 in fact1 in her heart an undercurrent of pride in her father's piety1 and a feeling that the ,lord would certainly be particularly pleased with him4 ,at length the day dawned1 the sweet bells of ,santa ,maria ,maggiore1 the slipshod bells of ,sant' ,antonino1 all the bells in hearing1 ringing their three1 four1 five1 and one out of the white silence of the aurora4 ,the ,signora smiled to hear1 through the open doors1 ,isabel start awake at the sound1 and exclaim in her clear voice3 8,the angel of the ,lord declared unto ,mary40 8,i really must not have such a preference for ,bianca10 she said to herself1 8especially now when ,bianca has a lover4 ,isabel is very honest and earnest40 ,the ,alba turned to a rosy silver1 the silver deepened to gold1 the north and west were ,tyrian purple1 and the sun was on the eastern horizon1 painting the long lines of the aqueducts1 and the billows of the ,campagna1 and the towers1 high roofs1 and cupolas of the city with a fiery pencil4 ,a flock of goats pattered by in the street1 to be milked at the doors2 hand-carts piled with fruit were dragged slowly in from some garden near the walls2 three men walked slowly past1 in single file1 with large baskets on their heads piled with rich flowers4 ,the perfume of them came up to the window as the ,signora leaned out4 ,a wine-cart came slowly down from the ,esquiline piazza1 laden high with small barrels and half and quarter barrels1 brought in by night to the ,roman shops from cool grottoes in the ,castelli ,romani1 set here or there on the beautiful mountains that were now a velvety blue under the eastern sky4 ,at the back of this cart was perched high the little white dog1 with his nose on his paws1 and his eyes half shut1 but all ready to start up with a sharp bark if any one but looked hard at his precious load4 ,in front1 under the side awning1 slept the driver4 ,the horse dreamed along through the morning1 and the little bunch of bells slung to the cart jingled softly as they went4 8,it is certainly earth1 but a most beautiful earth10 the ,signora thought1 sighing with content1 as she went out to fasten the girls' veils on for them4 8,there is no need of putting on gloves10 she said1 seeing ,isabel drawing hers on4 8,didn't you know1 child1 that one should not wear gloves when going to ,communion80 8,live and learn10 said ,isabel1 and took her gloves off again4 8,i have had a doubt on the subject1 but ,i never knew40 8,another little item you may not know10 the ,signora said4 8,the canonico being a bishop1 you have to kiss his ring before receiving4 ,he will himself touch it to your lips after he has taken the ,host in his finger and thumb to give you4 ,when ,i first came here1 ,i was embarrassed by many of these customs1 which everybody here takes for granted1 you know40 ,nothing could be pleasanter than ,mr4 ,vane's manner that morning--serious and quiet1 but less grave1 even1 than usual4 ,seeing ,isabel's eyes fixed anxiously on him while the ,signora spoke1 he smiled and said3 8,i am glad your education is not quite finished1 my dear4 ,i am still more ignorant1 and you must all teach me4 ,i wish1 ,signora1 that you would be so good as to stay by me this morning1 so that1 if ,i should be in doubt1 ,i may look at you4 ,i think you would be more correct and prompt than the children here40 8,certainly10 she said1 8,i will be near you40 ,the porter had sprinkled and swept the stairs just before they went down1 and the place was shaded1 fresh1 and cool4 ,carlin was whistling to his baby while his wife prepared breakfast--a whistling as soft and clear as the song of a bobolink4 ,the other birds adopted him1 and answered him back from the garden1 a little surprised1 it may be1 at the length and smoothness of his carol4 ,the air was so richly scented with orange-flowers that one might almost have thought worth while to bottle it1 and there was a rustling sound1 exquisitely cool and pervading1 of falling water4 ,in a shady corner near the door of the porter's room was a tiny brazier with a handful of glowing coals in it1 and over this ,augusto was making his early cup of coffee4 ,out doors everything shone with a golden color--the light1 the houses1 the streets--and in that frame the sky was set like a gem1 so blue that it could be compared to nothing1 and nothing could approach it4 ,they did not look about as they drove slowly through the city1 but1 leaning back silent1 had a mingled sense of ,rome and heaven4 ,it was impossible for any of them to imagine anything more perfect1 or to ask for any addition to their happiness4 ,earth and heaven had united to bless them1 and every gift of earth worth the taking was theirs4 ,to have been sovereigns would have oppressed them2 to have had millions at their disposal would have been a care and annoyance4 ,they had enough1 and their cup was running over4 ,the narrow streets were beginning to stir as they passed1 and some were dim1 and all were in shade4 ,not a ray of sunshine touched them1 except in the piazzas1 till they reached the bridge of ,sant' ,angelo4 ,then all was light1 for the sun shot straight on through the ,borgo1 and all the piazza of ,st4 ,peter's was in a blaze4 ,they were almost faint with the heat as they walked up the ascent2 but in a few minutes they were inside the sacred door1 where1 before entering1 summer and winter meet to give the kiss of peace on the threshold1 and the one quenches her fiery arrows1 and the other warms his frosty breath4 ,not a person was in sight as they went in1 but they heard1 faintly and far away1 the mingled voices of the choir coming and going4 ,the circle of ever-burning lamps twinkled like a constellation before them1 and invited their steps4 ,half way up they paused before the chapel of the ,blessed ,sacrament1 which is an exception to the cheerful grandeur of ,st4 ,peter's4 ,for this dim chapel gives a sense of remoteness and mystery1 and the inner chamber1 from which the eyes can see no outlet1 seems to lead to some edifice still more vast2 as though ,st4 ,peter's were life and day1 but here was the way to death and night1 yet a way not gloomy and dreadful1 but only solemn and mysterious4 ,the ,baptistery is merely dark1 and produces no such impression4 ,when they reached the bronze statue1 the ladies kissed the foot and passed on1 but ,mr4 ,vane stood thoughtfully there for some time before following4 ,and even then he did not pay the accustomed homage to the venerable image4 ,his soul had saluted it1 may be2 but he was of a different sort from those who have the act of reverence always ready1 whether the heart move or not2 who will kiss the relic between the kisses of the shameless1 and touch what is holy with lips that have just lied1 and which are prompt to lie again4 ,this man's outward devotion was ever the blossom of a plant that grew in his heart1 and filled it so that the act was an overflowing4 ,marion was already waiting for them at the grand altar4 ,they recognized each other silently1 and seated themselves on the steps to wait1 being early4 ,the ,signora placed herself beside ,mr4 ,vane1 and1 noticing that he drew a deep breath1 and looked about with a glance that took in their position there in the centre of that immense cross1 she pointed upward where the dome1 glorious with light and color1 rested on the legend that had turned the face of the world3 8,thou art ,peter1 and on this rock ,i will build my church4 ,and ,i will give thee the keys of the kingdom of heaven40 ,the legend ran in a circle of gigantic letters rimmed with gold1 and the circle and the dome were as the ring and mitre of the church let down from heaven1 and hovering in air over the ashes of the first pontiff4 ,a ,mass was being said at the altar directly before them1 at the end of the south transept1 but not a sound of it reached them4 ,they saw indistinctly the priest1 and the mosaic crucifixion of ,st4 ,peter over the altar4 ,they heard the coro1 now swelling loudly in a brave1 manly chant as the whole chapter joined1 now sinking in a cadence1 now fine with a boy's clear treble4 ,the bronze canopy above them glittered in every gilded point1 the twisted columns that supported it soaring like flame and smoke entwined4 ,the wreath of lamps about the confession was as bright as the ever-burning flames within them1 and the polished marble answered them back1 blaze for blaze4 ,below--a frozen prayer--knelt the guardian statue1 its face turned to the screen behind which rest the relics of ,st4 ,peter4 ,two or three persons1 entering the church1 looked small as mice down the nave1 and intensified the sense of magnificent solitude about them4 ,all this light and splendor seemed so independent of1 so superior to1 human presence that human beings appeared to be only permitted1 not invited1 to come4 ,it was a temple for the invisible ,god4 8,there is no outward difference10 the ,signora said to ,mr4 ,vane1 8between ,catholicity and ,protestantism which strikes me more than our ways of going to church1 and the reasons for going4 ,protestants go to hear a man talk1 and the man goes to talk to them4 ,the affair is a failure if either is missing2 for the minister needs the people1 and the people need him4 ,on the contrary1 one person alone in a ,catholic church may accomplish a perfect act of worship4 ,when the priest has offered up a ,mass1 though no one assist1 the world is better for it2 and when a worshipper has prayed all alone in the presence of the ,blessed ,sacrament1 he has performed a supreme act of piety4 ,there is all the difference between the dwelling-house of ,god and the house where people go to talk about ,god40 8,i always felt as if there were too much wind in ,protestantism10 ,mr4 ,vane said4 ,presently a little company appeared coming out of the sacristy--two boys in white cotte1 the canonico's chaplain and another priest1 also in cotte1 and1 lastly1 monsignor the canonico himself1 in a purple silk soutane of a color so bright that it was almost red4 ,they passed across the basilica toward the pier of ,veronica1 and paused there at the altar-rail till the ,signora and her friends joined them4 ,a pleasant salutation was exchanged1 and the ,signora managed to whisper to the canonico that ,mr4 ,vane was to make his ,first ,communion that morning4 ,the beautiful face of the prelate brightened with a pleased surprise1 and he turned again and cordially offered his hand to the new convert1 who1 to the delight of the ladies1 bent and kissed the ring on it4 ,then the boys lighted their wax tapers1 and the party went in behind the altar1 down the narrow stair1 and through the circling corridor1 and found themselves in the heart of ,st4 ,peter's4 ,this chapel is a tiny place in comparison to the church above1 but capable of accommodating many more than the five who are permitted to visit it at a time4 ,two persons could kneel abreast at each side of the central passage1 and four or five ranks1 may be1 might find room4 ,the end next the screen1 visible in the confession from above1 is open1 the altar being at the upper end1 and the whole has not a ray of daylight4 ,from this chapel one can look back and see through the screen ,canova's marble pontiff1 and the ring of golden lamps on the railing of the confession1 and1 perhaps1 some worshippers kneeling outside the sanctuary which one has had the privilege of entering4 ,directly overhead are the grand altar and the dome4 ,the ,signora took a prie-dieu near the altar1 motioning ,mr4 ,vane to a place beside her2 the sisters knelt behind them at either side the chapel2 and ,marion1 quite apart1 and behind the rest1 leaned in a chair and hid his face in his hands4 ,he had been surprised into the situation1 and1 though he had tried sincerely to do his best1 was still a little alarmed by it4 ,shaken out of his usual artistic mood1 which regarded first what appeared1 and then peeped inside from without1 he found himself suddenly whirled into the centre1 where1 either from darkness or from too much light--he knew not which--he could not see4 ,it was one of those moments of fear in persons who communicate seldom but sincerely1 which presently give place to the most perfect reassurance and peace4 ,the ,mass was over4 ,monsignor laid aside his vestments1 and knelt at a prie-dieu reserved for him2 his chaplain placed a book on the desk before him1 and withdrew1 and there was silence4 ,the church could do no more for them4 ,she had brought them to ,st4 ,peter's tomb1 and given them the ,bread of angels4 ,it was impossible that the mind should not shake off the present and go back to the time when the dust in the shrine before them lived1 and moved1 and spoke1 and when the invisible ,lord in their breasts was the visible ,lord in the flesh1 teaching1 persuading1 and suffering4 ,the ,lord in their hearts said to the apostle in the shrine3 8,wilt thou also go away80 ,and the apostle answered him3 8,lord1 to whom shall we go80 ,and again ,peter said3 8,lord1 thou shalt never wash my feet40 ,and ,jesus answered him3 8,if ,i wash thee not1 thou hast no part with me40 ,the ,lord in their hearts was he who stood in the palace of the high-priest1 bound and smitten upon the cheek1 and ,peter1 standing by1 denied that he knew him4 ,the pallid lamps shone on the face of the ,master turned for one reproachful look1 and the red light of the coals burned up1 as if the very fire blushed1 in the face of the cowardly follower4 ,they saw the seaside1 where the risen ,lord stood and called1 and ,peter1 no longer a coward1 but on fire with love and joy1 flung himself into the sea to go to him4 ,and yet again1 in this memory which had become a presence and a voice1 the ,lord spoke to ,peter3 8,lovest thou me80 ,and ,peter answered him once1 and again1 and1 grieving1 yet again3 8,thou knowest that ,i love thee40 ,and ,jesus said to him3 8,feed my lambs4 ,feed my sheep40 ,o perfection of power and of obedience2 for within this hour1 which memory1 unrolling again her shrunken scroll1 showed to be eighteen centuries distant--within this hour both the sheep and the lambs had been fed6 8,i feel as though ,i had a garden in my heart10 ,marion said to the canonico as they went up into the church again4 ,the two were walking slowly and last1 and in speaking ,marion bent and kissed the prelate's hand4 ,the hand held his a moment closely1 and the canonico replied3 8,where the ,tree of ,life is1 there is always a garden40 ,this conversation they had listened to between the ,master and ,peter followed them down the church1 whose splendors seemed rather like virtues made visible than like any work of the hands of man4 ,if they should ever be so lost and ungrateful as to leave this fold1 to whom1 indeed1 should they go8 ,and unless the ,lord washed them from their sins1 surely they could have no part with him4 ,they still saw the lessening vision of the high-priest's dim and solemn house as they passed down the church and out through the first portal2 then the second fell behind them1 and an ,italian summer day caught them to its glowing breast4 8,it seems to me10 the ,signora said1 8as if we had just been ordained1 and were being sent out as missionaries4 ,of course you go home to breakfast with us1 ,marion10 she added4 8,i was thinking of ,fra ,egidio this morning10 said ,bianca softly1 as they drove home through the hot sunshine4 8,he used to say1 instead of ',i believe in ,god1' ',i know ,god4'0 8,that blessed ,fra ,egidio60 struck in ,isabel1 who had lately been reading about him4 8,he used to go into ecstasies1 papa1 whenever he heard the names of ,god or of heaven4 ,and when he went into the street1 sometimes people would call out1 ',fra ,egidio1 paradiso6 paradiso6' and instantly he would be rapt into an ecstasy1 and perhaps be lifted up into the air4 ,why doesn't some one go into ecstasies now at the thought of heaven80 8,nobody prevents you1 my dear10 her father said4 8,if you will be so lost to the world and so given to ,god that the mere hearing his name will lift you from the earth1 so much the better40 8,you are quite right1 papa10 she answered gently4 8,i had better look to myself40 ,he smiled and laid his hand tenderly on hers4 8,i was particularly pleased with the account of the interview between ,fra ,egidio and ,st4 ,louis10 the ,signora said4 8,the king came incognito to visit the ecstatic1 and went to the convent in ,perugia where he was living4 ,fra ,egidio1 knowing supernaturally that he was there1 and who he was1 went out to meet him4 ,they fell on their knees on the threshold1 and embraced each other1 and1 after remaining for some time in that silent embrace1 rose and separated1 without having uttered a word4 ,that was truly a heavenly meeting40 ,their attention was here attracted to a clergyman who walked slowly along the shady side of their street1 accompanied by his chaplain4 ,this prelate1 the patriarch of ,antioch1 was of a venerable age1 and wore a long beard4 ,he alone1 perhaps1 of all the prelates in ,rome1 appeared in the street with the distinguishing marks of his rank--the chain and cross1 the red-purple stockings1 sash1 and buttons1 and the green tassel on his hat4 ,a little boy on the sidewalk caught sight of him1 and instantly snatched his cap off and ran to kiss the patriarch's hand4 ,the action was perfectly natural and simple1 and performed with a charming mixture of reverence and confidence4 8,how pretty it is60 exclaimed ,isabel4 8,and there is another40 ,a little girl had left her mother's side1 and run also to kiss the patriarch's hand as he passed4 ,no idea seemed to have entered her curly head that she was approaching too nearly a grand personage1 or that he would be annoyed or interrupted by her homage1 any more than a crucifix or a picture of ,maria ,santissima would have been4 8,the ,roman clergy have the sweetest manners with the poor10 the ,signora said2 8and the highest dignitaries1 when they are in public1 are approached with a facility which ,i found1 at first1 astonishing4 ,i recollect going to ,st4 ,agatha's1 the church of the ,irish ,college1 to the ,forty ,hours1 shortly after ,i came here4 ,it is in a populous neighborhood1 as you know1 and the streets swarm with children4 ,a clergyman came into the church and knelt at a prie-dieu just in front of me4 ,there were a dozen or so children wandering about1 and presently they collected at this prie-dieu1 and1 sitting on the step or standing at the desk1 almost leaning on the priest's shoulder1 they stared at the people and whispered to each other4 ,i expected to see him send them away or go away himself2 but he only put his hands over his face and remained immovable4 ,i had almost a mind1 for a minute1 to go and speak to the children1 but1 fortunately1 did not4 ,after a while1 nervous1 impatient ,yankee though ,i am1 with a passion for an orderliness which strikes the eyes1 ,i began to see the beauty and true piety of this gentle behavior1 and to find something more edifying in that priest who suffered the little ones to come near him1 and near the ,lord1 than ,i should have found if he had gone into an ecstasy before the ,blessed ,sacrament4 ,it was the sweetest charity4 ,indeed1 much of that which seems to us to be cowardice in the ,romans is nothing but a spirit of gentleness fostered by religion4 ,they are non-combatants4 ,the church found them a fiery and warlike people1 constantly committing deeds of violence1 fond of conquest1 and impatient of control1 and she has subdued them to children4 ,if they are too submissive to usurpation1 that is better than the other extreme4 ,the lion has become the lamb1 and the lamb is ever the victim4 ,and now here we are at home40 ,annunciata and ,adriano had conspired to make the breakfast as festal as possible1 and had succeeded perfectly4 ,but for the light west wind that fluttered in at the still open windows1 the air of the rooms would have been too fragrant2 and but for the long morning fast and drive1 the breakfast would have been too profuse4 ,it was1 in fact1 both breakfast and dinner1 it being nearly noon when they sat down2 and they sat two hours talking before they separated4 ,just before they rose from the table ,annunciata came in1 bearing a large dish covered with green leaves1 a smile of triumph on her face4 ,she placed the dish in the centre of the table1 and looked at her mistress4 8,brava60 exclaimed the ,signora4 8,now1 children1 do you recognize that leaf80 lifting one from the dish1 and holding it up between a thumb and finger4 8,do you know what tree grows a hand for a leaf8 ,do you see the shape80 8',in the name of the prophet1 figs6'0 quoted ,isabel4 8,yes1 the first figs of the season1 and perfect2 just soft enough to flatten on the plate and against each other1 yet firm2 and1 withal1 sweeter than honey4 ,you should see the woman who brings them to me--a rosy1 russet creature1 with eyes as black as sloes1 and pounds of gold on her neck and hands4 ,that gold she wears always4 ,it is their way4 ,she has four gold chains1 one hanging below the other1 and each bearing a medallion4 ,through these shines a large gold brooch4 ,her earrings are immense hoops1 and she wears gold rings on every finger1 piled up to the joints4 ,she was once so ill that they thought best to give her ,extreme ,unction1 and1 when the priest came to administer the sacrament1 he found her lying1 pale and speechless1 but with all her rings and lockets on4 ,these people do not value stones1 but they glory in pure1 solid gold40 8,might it not be their dowry80 ,mr4 ,vane asked4 8,very likely2 sometimes it certainly is4 ,sometimes the dowry is in pearls1 and a contadina will have strings and strings of them4 ,i am told1 however1 that the common people in ,rome have a saying that pearls are for butchers' wives4 ,i don't know why1 and one has been pointed out to me as owning half a dozen strings of them4 ,they are not a good investment1 however1 for they are easy to spoil and easy to steal4 ,a very safe and sensible way for providing a girl's dowry exists in one of the towns near ,rome4 ,all along the river-bank is level land divided into small lots4 ,when a girl is born1 the father buys one of these1 if he is able1 and plants it full of a sort of tree that grows rapidly1 and is much used for certain kinds of wood-work4 ,while the girl grows her dowry grows2 and when she marries1 the trees are cut down and sold4 ,i have often wished that ,american fathers of families would make some provision for their children when they are born1 setting aside a sum1 if it should be ever so small1 to increase with their years1 and be a help in giving them a start in the world4 ,it seems a sin that parents should bring a family of children into the world1 all dependent on one life1 and1 if that life be cut off1 be thrown out helpless and unprovided for4 ,how often we see1 by the death of a father whose labor or salary maintained his family in comfort1 the whole family plunged in distress and left homeless6 ,how would ,bianca1 here1 like to have her dowry in pearls80 8,she has a mouth full of them10 said ,marion hastily4 ,he could not bear that his lady should be thought in want of a dowry1 when she was a fortune in herself4 8,and those are not her only jewels40 ,he reached1 and1 taking her hand1 gathered together the little pink finger-tips like a bunch of rosebuds4 8,she has ten rubies fit for a crown10 he said1 and touched his lips to the clustered fingers1 while the girl laughed and blushed4 ,mr4 ,vane seemed to be struck with a sudden recollection4 ,he put his hand to his forehead and considered1 then rose from his chair4 8,wait a minute10 he said1 and went into his own room1 where they heard him opening his trunk1 and searching about in it4 ,presently he returned with a tiny morocco case4 8,it is the merest chance in the world that ,i did not leave this in ,america10 he said4 8,i did not dream of bringing it4 ,bianca's mother left a pair of ear-rings for the girl who should marry first40 ,he opened the case and took them out--two large1 pear-shaped pearls1 of exquisite lustre1 hanging from a gold leaf1 on which a small1 pure diamond glistened like a speck of water4 8,and you could have such a treasure with you1 and never say anything about it60 the ,signora exclaimed4 8,o the insensibility of men6 ,and these girls never saw the pearls before60 ,she fastened the jewels in the pretty ears they were destined for4 8,these are two gems you forgot in your enumeration1 ,marion10 she said4 8,and1 by the way1 how fitting it is that1 when the ears are shells1 there should be pearls hung in them60 8,i'm glad you think them so pretty10 ,mr4 ,vane said with compunction4 8,i really never did think of them before4 ,perhaps it was very stupid of me40 8,on the contrary1 it was very wise of you1 papa10 ,isabel said4 8,they are a great pleasure to us all now2 but if we had known of them1 ,i should now feel as if they had been taken away from me40 8,when you are engaged1 you shall have a pair as pretty1 if they are to be found10 her father said4 ,they drank ,bianca's health2 and1 the talk still running on gems1 ,marion told an incident of a ring which a friend of his had lost in the snow1 in some part of ,germany1 as he stood looking down on the town from a hill outside4 ,several months afterward1 going to the same spot1 he saw the ring at the top of a little plant4 ,the first sprout had come up inside it as it lay on the ground1 and1 growing1 had lifted it1 till it stood almost a foot high1 glistening round the green stem4 8,what a disappointed little plant it must have been when its gold crown was taken off60 the ,signora said regretfully4 8,it no doubt grew better without it10 ,mr4 ,vane replied4 8,besides1 the ring did not belong to it40 ,it was the tiniest little intimation of a correction1 and the ,signora was highly pleased4 ,he saw the smile with which she received it1 and was content4 ,nothing can express more kindness than a gentle reproof1 and nothing can show more affection than to take pleasure in such a reproof4 ,when they had separated1 the ,signora went into the kitchen to give a private and special commendation to ,annunciata for her well-doing that morning1 and to glance at that part of her domain4 ,she never omitted this word of praise1 and the faithful servant counted herself well paid for any pains she could take when she had been assured that what she had done had given pleasure4 ,this ,roman kitchen was as little as possible like the ,new ,england kitchen4 ,closets and pantries there were none2 the single stone walls did not admit of them4 ,two large cases of covered shelves took their place4 ,instead of the trim range with its one fire-place1 was a row of five little furnaces1 over each of which a dish could be set4 ,a sheet-iron screen extended out over these1 like the hood of a chaise4 ,all the side of the chimney1 where it extended into the room1 shone with bright copper and tin cooking vessels1 hanging in rows4 ,underneath were two baskets1 one with charcoal1 another with carbonella--the charred little twigs from the baker's furnaces1 that can be kindled at a lamp4 ,one of the furnaces still had a glow of coals within it1 and near by was the feather fan that had been used to kindle and keep it bright4 ,the brick floor was as clean as sprinkling and sweeping could make it4 ,they never wash a floor in ,rome1 and only the fine marbles and mosaics ever get anything better than that sprinkling and sweeping4 ,the one window looked across the court to the ,agostinian convent attached to ,sant' ,antonino1 and to the little belfry with the two bells that never could be made to strike the right number of times1 and into the garden of the frati1 where rows of well-kept vegetables were drinking in the sun as if it were wine4 ,this kitchen was quite deserted1 except for the cat1 who was standing1 with a very mild and innocent expression of countenance1 close to the closed door of a cupboard where meat was kept4 ,she glanced calmly at the ,signora1 and walked away slowly and with dignity4 8,where is ,annunciata1 ,signor ,abate80 inquired the ,signora4 ,the cat turned and mewed with great politeness1 but in an interrogative tone1 as who should say1 8,i beg your pardon80 ,and then a splashing and bubbling of water from without reminded the padrona that her handmaiden was washing that day--was 8at the fountain10 as they express it4 8,why should ,i not go down for once and see how it seems there80 she thought4 8,after all1 this girl is dependent on me1 lives with me1 serves me in everything1 is at my call night and day1 and ,i do not touch her life except at certain points--the table1 the cleanliness and order of the house1 and the errands she does for me outside4 ,i don't know much about her1 after all40 ,she opened a door that she had never passed in the years she had lived in that apartment1 and descended a narrow stone stair that wound in a steep spiral1 lighted at each turn by a small hole pierced in the outer wall4 ,down and down--it seemed interminable1 but was1 in reality1 two stories and a half4 ,the landing was in a dim store-room a little below the ground level1 and used as a cellar4 ,from this a passage and door led into a small court enclosed between an angle of the house and a high wall1 like a room with the ceiling taken off4 ,here a spout of water flowed into a double fountain-basin1 where the girl stood washing and beating linen on the stone border4 ,as she worked1 steadily1 and too much absorbed to see her mistress standing near her1 tears rolled down her face1 and dropped one by one on the clothes in her hands4 ,the ,signora looked a moment1 astonished and shocked4 ,was this the girl who had come and gone from early morning cheerfully at her bidding1 and who had smiled as she served the table within half an hour8 ,she stood awhile looking at her1 then quietly withdrew1 and1 going up-stairs again1 rang a hand-bell from the window4 ,annunciata came up immediately1 quite as usual1 with no sign of tears in her face1 except a slight flush of the eyelids1 and made her usual inquiry3 8,che vuole80--,what does she wish for8 8,i have several things to say10 her mistress replied4 8,i came out first to thank you for having given us such a beautiful breakfast4 ,everything was well done4 ,i forgot you were at the fountain40 ,the smile came readily1 and with it the ready word3 8,it pleased her80--always the ceremonious third person4 8,and now ,i want to ask you something10 the ,signora went on kindly4 8,sit down4 ,if you do not like to tell me1 you need not4 ,but ,i should be very sorry if you had any trouble1 especially anything in which ,i could help you1 and did not let me know4 ,you have been crying4 ,are you willing to tell me what is the matter80 ,the girl looked as startled as if she had been caught in a crime1 and began to stammer4 8,if it is something you do not want to tell me1 ,i will not say any more about it10 her mistress went on4 8,you have a right to your privacy1 as ,i have to mine4 ,but if there is anything ,i can do for you1 tell me freely40 ,there was a momentary struggle1 then the tears started again1 and all the story came out4 ,annunciata had received1 three days before1 news of the death of her only brother1 who had died of fever in some little town a day's journey from ,rome1 and was already buried when she learned first that he was sick4 ,the ,signora listened with astonishment and compunction4 ,for three days this girl had gone about with a bitter grief hidden in her heart1 missing no duty1 submitting1 perhaps1 to a little fault-finding now and then1 and weeping only when she believed herself unobserved1 and all the time1 while she suffered1 ministering to and witnessing the pleasures of others4 8,my poor girl1 why did you not tell me at first80 she asked gently4 8,oh6 why should ,i80 was the reply4 8,you were all so happy and you could not bring the dead back40 8,i could have sympathized with you1 and given you a few days' rest10 the ,signora said4 8,i would not have allowed you to work40 8,it was better for me to work10 the girl replied1 wiping her eyes4 8,i should only have cried and worried the more1 if ,i had been idle40 ,there seemed nothing that could be done4 ,that class of poor do not adorn the resting-places of their dead1 or the ,signora would have paid the cost2 they do not wear mourning1 or1 again1 she would have paid for it2 and this girl had no family to visit and mourn with4 ,in her brother she had lost all4 ,the only service possible--and that she accepted gratefully--was to have ,masses said for the dead4 ,that settled1 the ,signora dismissed her to her work again1 and shut herself into her chamber1 but not to sleep4 8,o the unconscious1 pathetic heroism of the suffering poor60 she thought4 8,where in the world have ,i a friend who would cover such a grief with smiles rather than disturb my pleasure8 ,where in the world does one see such patience under pain and hardship as is shown by the poor8 ,they sigh1 but they seldom cry out in rebellion4 ,they accept the cross as their birthright1 and both they and we grow to think that it does not hurt them as it would hurt us4 ,how clearly it comes upon me now and then1 why our ,lord lived and sympathized with the poor1 and why he said it would be so hard for the rich to enter heaven60 ,she was looking so serious and unrefreshed when the family gathered again that they at once inquired the cause1 and she told them4 8,i feel as though ,i must have been lacking in some way10 she concluded1 8or a servant who has been with me so long1 and who has no nearer friend in the world than ,i am1 would have come to me at once with her troubles4 ,if the relations between servants and employers are what they should be1 the servants should go to the master or mistress with all their joys and sorrows1 just as children go to their parents4 ,i have been thinking that there is one reason why1 the world over1 people are complaining of their servants4 ,they have contented themselves with simply paying their wages and exacting their labor4 ,there has been no sympathy4 ,the association has been simply like that of fish and fowl1 instead of that of the same creatures in different circumstances40 8,i have always thought that in ,america10 ,mr4 ,vane said4 8,there is not a country in the world1 probably1 where families have been1 as a rule1 more disagreeable toward their servants1 and servants so troublesome1 in consequence1 to their employers4 ,but ,i believe it is very seldom that a good mistress or master does not make a good servant1 so far as the will goes40 ,seeing her still look downcast and troubled1 he added3 8,you should not reproach yourself4 ,it is rather your kindness toward this girl which has won such a devotion from her4 ,if you had lacked in kindness and sympathy toward her1 she would have been far more likely to have shown her trouble1 and made it an excuse for not attending to her work as usual40 8,do you think so80 she asked1 brightening2 and thought in her own mind1 8,how very pleasant it is to be reassured when one is distressed about things60 ,and then later1 when they heard ,annunciata in the kitchen1 the sisters went out and spoke each a kind and pitying word to her1 touching her hard hand softly with their delicate ones2 and when she came in later to perform some service1 ,mr4 ,vane had also a word of sympathy4 ,but1 greatest comfort of all1 the ,signora and ,bianca went up to the ,basilica and arranged that a ,mass should be said the next morning for the dead1 and ,annunciata was told that she should go with them to hear it4 ,that evening the servants were instructed to deny the family to every one but ,marion1 and1 when the sun was low1 they all went out on the loggia to see the night come in1 and breathe the sweet freshness that still came with it4 ,for it is only in dog-days that the ,italian nights are too warm for comfort1 and not always then4 ,the great heat comes and goes with the sun4 ,as they went into the loggia1 there was a rustling noise in the garden underneath1 and out from the trees leaning against the wall flew clouds of sparrows1 and dispersed themselves in every direction4 ,it would appear that every twig must have held a bird4 8,i am sorry we have disturbed their nap10 ,mr4 ,vane remarked4 8,how disgusted they must be with our curious nocturnal habits60 ,they did not wish to talk1 but only to think and see1 and speak a word as the mood took them4 ,the miraculous shadow of ,st4 ,peter still hovered above their spirits4 ,they sat in silence1 receiving any impression that the scene might make4 ,flocks of birds flew in from the seaward1 all hastening to some nest or tree-home1 their bodies clear and dark1 their swift wings twinkling against the topaz sky4 ,the evening star1 at first softly visible1 like a diamond against another gem1 began to grow splendid1 while the glowing west changed by imperceptible degrees to a silvery whiteness1 and took on an exquisite hint of violet1 as if it thought1 rather than was1 the color4 ,the flowers disappeared in masses of dark green1 the gray towers and roofs deepened to black1 the pure air was delicious and beaded with coolness1 like a summer drift sprinkled with snow4 ,the ,ave ,maria began to sound here and there1 echoed from one church to another4 ,now and then some bell1 besides the ,angelus1 rang out with a festal clangor for five minutes1 a musical chorus coming in from the southward4 8,what a grand procession of saints walk for ever through the ,roman days60 the ,signora exclaimed4 8,it would be something dazzling to the mind1 if one could live on a central height1 and hear the bells announce the different festas as they come1 singly or in groups1 and know who and what each saint is4 ,for example1 this evening we hear from the ,aventine the rejoicing announcement that to-morrow is the festa of ,st4 ,alexis in his church1 and from another church is called out the name of ,st4 ,leo ,,iv41 and from another ,st4 ,marcellina1 the sister of ,st4 ,ambrose1 and twelve martyrs will be celebrated in another church4 ,if we should go to-morrow to either of those1 we should find them adorned1 sprinkled with green out into the very street1 ,high ,mass or ,vespers going on1 and the relics exposed on the altars4 ,to-morrow night other bells will ring in other saints and martyrs4 ,the night after1 from a church in ,monte ,citorio will come the call1 ,ecco ,st4 ,vincent of ,paul6 and the secular missions and the ,sisters of ,charity will be doing their best in his honor1 and there will be cardinals1 and pontifical vespers1 and a panegyric4 ,four or five churches will celebrate their special saints the next day1 and the next will be ,st4 ,praxides1 on the ,esquiline here2 and the day after we shall be invited to pay our respects to ,st4 ,mary ,magdalen4 ,and then on to ,st4 ,james the ,great1 which will be a great day2 and the day after comes ,st4 ,anna1 the mother of the ,blessed ,virgin2 and1 a little later1 ,st4 ,ignatius marches by4 ,what it would be to set the world aside1 sit aloft on some tower there1 listen to the announcements rung out from belfry after belfry1 meditate1 and look with the eyes of faith on what comes6 ,what faces of young maidens1 delicate spouses of ,christ1 bent like clusters of living flowers to listen to the voices that praise them1 turned again heavenward to ask for blessings on their clients6 ,what queenly women incline their crowned heads1 when the ,sacrifice goes up in their name1 to see who of those who offer it is worthy and sincere6 ,what glorious men1 strong and shining1 gaze down into the battle-field where their triumph was won1 to read in the upturned faces of the combatants how the fight goes1 and who needs their aid6 ,i sometimes think that the saints look only when they are called by name1 but that the ,blessed ,mother looks always4 ,it is the mother who goes after the child who forgets1 and watches over it while it sleeps40 ,the flocks of sparrows that had fled at their approach1 weary of waiting for them to go away1 after peeping and reconnoitring the situation1 began to come back and flutter in under the foliage again4 ,for a few minutes the trees stirred all through with them1 as if with a breeze2 then the little heads were tucked under the tired wings1 and they all went to sleep1 and1 perhaps1 dreamed4 ,the family smiled and hushed themselves1 not to disturb their rest4 ,each heart was softly touched by the nearness of so many tiny sleepers4 ,peace seemed to float silently out from under the thronged branches and laden twigs of those motionless trees1 in which no passer-by would have detected a sign of life4 8,i think10 the ,signora said softly after a while1 8that when the priest comes next ,holy ,saturday to bless my house1 ,i would like to have him bless these trees too1 that no net or trap may be thrown over them by night1 and no rifle be fired into them by day4 ,the trees and their tenants belong to my household40 8,your house is blessed every year80 ,mr4 ,vane asked4 8,yes4 ,on ,holy ,saturday the priest goes round through every parish1 a little boy with him bearing holy water1 and blesses all the houses1 if the people desire it4 ,the custom is1 too1 to have ready on a table a dish of boiled eggs1 an ornamented loaf of cake1 and a plate of sausages4 ,these are blessed1 to be eaten ,easter ,sunday4 ,i am not sure1 but ,i fancy that the custom is a remnant of times when the ,lenten fast was1 perhaps1 more strictly and universally observed than now4 ,now1 whether from a deterioration of health or of faith1 very few persons consider themselves strong enough to observe the regulations perfectly4 ,modern civilization seems to be very weakening in every way40 8,i am inclined to think that good comes1 or will come1 out of all these changes and seeming failures10 ,mr4 ,vane observed4 8,if the races have become weaker physically1 their passions have also become weaker2 and it may be that1 in order to tame them1 it was necessary to reduce their physical strength4 ,we do so sometimes with wild animals4 ,perhaps when we shall have learned better how to live1 and1 after running the circle of follies1 grown soberer and wiser1 the increasing vitality will go more in the intellectual and spiritual ways than it did before4 ,i am hopeful of the human race1 from the very fact that it is so uneasy about itself4 ,the audacious boldness of some nations seems to me to spring from desperation rather than confidence4 ,there is no confidence anywhere4 ,fear rules the world4 ,everywhere strong1 or even desperate1 remedies are proposed1 and philanthropic doctors abound4 8,malgr les tyrans1 ,tout russira10 sing the communists2 and ,i believe that things will come out right in spite of every difficulty1 and be more secure because of the difficulties past4 ,when we shall have looked about in vain in every other direction1 we shall at last learn to look upward for the solution4 ,but excuse me for talking so long in this beautiful silence4 ,your ,easter eggs were not meant to hatch such a sermon1 ,signora48 ,they rose1 presently1 to go into the house1 and1 as they loitered slowly along the passages1 ,mr4 ,vane remarked to the ,signora3 8,i observe that the natural direction of your eyes is upward40 8,is it80 she asked4 8,come to think of it1 ,i believe you are right4 ,it is always cramping for me to look down4 ,i recollect that1 when ,i was a child1 if ,i dropped my eyes on being a little embarrassed1 it was almost an impossibility for me to raise them again40 ,going in past the kitchen1 they found ,adriano in chase of a cockroach that had dared to show itself there1 and they stopped to learn the result1 feeling that it interested them4 ,it was not successful1 and the man rose from his knees very much vexed4 8,these bagarozzi don't know what ,ascension day is nowadays1 or they would hide themselves10 he said4 ,mr4 ,vane asked what connection there was between bagarozzi and ,ascension day1 and the servant-man1 albeit a little ashamed of having committed himself to tell a story1 explained3 8,when ,i was young1 it was a custom among the ,roman boys1 on the vigil of the ,ascension1 to go down into our cellars1 or those of our neighbors1 and catch as many bagarozzi as we could4 ,when evening came1 we fixed to the back of each one a bit of wax taper1 melting the end to make it stick4 ,half an hour or so after ,ave ,maria we marshalled our bugs1 lighted the tapers on their backs1 and sent them off in a procession4 ,while they went we sang a song we had4 ,it was a pretty sight to see the little tapers scampering off through the dark40 8,why6 ,i should think it would have scorched them60 ,bianca exclaimed with surprise4 ,the man laughed at her simplicity4 8,who knows80 he said1 with a shrug4 8,they never came back to tell us40 ,isabel inquired what the song was to which this novel procession marched4 ,the man laughed again and repeated the doggerel3 8',corri1 corri1 bagarone2 ,che dimane l',ascensione2 ,l',ascension delle pagnotte3 ,corri1 corri1 bagarozzi4'0 ,which might be rendered3 8,run1 run1 my noble roach2 for to-morrow is ,ascension day--,ascension day of the little loaves4 ,run1 roach1 run40 8,what demons of cruelty children can be60 remarked ,isabel as the family went on4 ,adriano laughed as he looked after them4 8,how queer these forestieri are60 he said4 8,they want to see everything and know the name of everything4 ,the signorine here ask me the name of every tree and flower in the garden1 and every bird and bug that moves4 ,how should ,i know8 ,my niece1 ,giovannina1 says there's an ,english-woman going about getting the poor old women to tell her fables1 and ghost-stories1 and all sorts of nonsense2 and they say that she prints it in a book4 ,they must be in great need of books to read4 ,then the padrona will stand and look at the moon as if she never saw nor heard of it before1 and expected it to drop down into the garden and break into golden scudi4 ,i saw her one day this spring1 on ,monte ,cavallo1 stand half an hour and stare at the sky1 just because it was red where the sun went down4 ,the sky is always red when the sun sets in clouds4 ,two or three signori thought she was stopping to be noticed1 and they walked about her1 and one of them leaned on the railing close to her1 staring at her all the time1 and by and by spoke to her4 ,i went up behind her1 but she didn't know ,i was there4 ,she hadn't seen any one till she heard the man say good-evening to her4 ,you should have seen the way she looked at him4 ,then she caught sight of me4 ',adriano1' she said1 ',i'll give you a hundred lire to fling that fellow over the terrace head first4' ,i told her that it would cost me more than a hundred lire to do it4 ,she put out her lips--,i suppose she thought ,i was a coward--and muttered a word in ,english4 ,then she said to me1 as she turned her back on the man1 loud enough for him to hear3 ',how dare such rascals come up when the sun shines6' ,but she wouldn't let me walk beside her1 but made me follow her all the way home4 ,and she was so mad that1 when ,i started to say something as we reached the door1 she stopped me4 ',when ,i want you to speak1 ,i shall ask you a question1' she said40 8,the ,signora is very kind10 ,annunciata said4 8,i didn't say she wasn't10 the man replied dogmatically4 8,but it doesn't become ladies to go into the street alone1 nor to stop to look at anything1 nor to glance about them40 ,the girl did not reply4 ,she had been trained in the same opinions1 and did not know how to combat them4 ,but sometimes it seemed to her that the streets and the public places were for women as well as for men to see1 and that a woman should not be a prisoner because she had not a carriage or a servant to attend her4 ,moreover1 she sympathized1 in her simple way1 with many of the ,signora's tastes4 ,to her the song of the birds they fed with crumbs from the windows was a sort of thanks1 and she regarded them as little ,christians2 and now and then1 when she looked at the sky1 something stirred in her for which she had not words--a pleasure and a pain1 and a sense of being cramped into a place too small for her4 ,she could not express it all1 and did not quite understand it4 ,but there was just enough consciousness to make ,adriano's pronunciamiento rankle a little4 ,the inner ferment lasted while she polished the knives and her companion blacked carefully a pair of boots2 then she burst forth with an expression of opinion which astonished even herself1 for it sprang into speech before she had well seen its meaning--an involuntary assertion of nature4 8,i believe that women should settle their own business1 and men settle theirs10 she said4 8,i haven't seen the man yet that knows enough to teach the ,signora how she ought to behave nor what she ought to do2 and many's the man she could teach4 ,men are poor creatures4 ,women can't do anything with them without lying to 'em4 ,that's what gives them such a great opinion of themselves1 because most women flatter them when they want to get anything out of them40 8,ma1 che6--well1 to be sure60 exclaimed ,adriano4 ,it wasn't worth arguing about4 ,he merely laughed4 ,meantime1 gathered in the sala1 the family made plans for the coming days while they waited for supper4 ,bianca1 seated at the piano1 was trying to recall a fragment of melody she had heard a soprano of the papal choir sing at a festa not long before4 8,the cadence was so sweet10 she said4 8,it was common--a slow falling from five and sharp four to four natural--but the singer put in two grace-notes that ,i never heard there before4 ,he touched the four natural lightly1 then sharped it1 then touched the third and slid to the fourth4 ,it was exquisite1 and very gracefully done4 ,his voice was pure and true1 and the intervals quite distinct40 8,i asked his name10 ,isabel said1 8and was disgusted to hear a very common one1 which ,i have forgotten4 ,a beautiful singer ought to have a beautiful1 birdy-sounding name40 8,he can make his own name sound 'birdy1' if you give him time10 ,mr4 ,vane said4 8,take ,longfellow as an example4 ,there couldn't be a more absurd name4 ,yet the poetry and fame of the man have flowed around it so that to pronounce the name1 ,longfellow1 now is as though you should say hexameter40 ,and then what were they to do1 and where were they to go to-morrow1 and the day after1 and the day after8 ,they ran over their life like a picture-book which was so full of beauties they knew not which to look at first4 ,all felt that they were laying up sunny memories for the years to come--memories to be talked over by winter evening fires in their country across the sea2 memories to amuse and instruct young and old1 and to enrich their own minds4 ,and not only were they furnishing for themselves and their friends this immense picture-gallery and library of interesting facts and experiences1 but they were expanding and vivifying their faith4 ,they were making the personal acquaintance1 as it were1 of the saints1 and seeing as live human beings those of whom they had read in stories so dry as to make them seem rather skeletons than men and women4 ,to enter the chamber where a saint had prayed1 had slept1 had eaten1 had yielded up his last breath2 to stand in some spot and think3 8,here he stood1 on these very stones1 and saw faces of heaven lean over him1 and heard mouths of heaven speak to him2 or here1 when such temptations came as we weakly yield to or weakly resist1 he fought with prayer1 and lash1 and fasting02 to look at a hedge of rose-bushes1 and be told3 8,here1 when he was tempted1 a man1 weak as other men1 flung himself headlong among the thorns0--this was to waken faith and courage1 and make their religion1 not an affair of holidays and spectacles1 and communions of once a year1 but of every day1 and of private hours as well as of public4 8,half our ,roman holiday is gone10 ,mr4 ,vane said1 8and for at least four weeks of the other half the heat will allow us to do little or nothing4 ,i recommend you girls to treasure all your little pleasures1 and keep an exact account of them4 ,the more fully you write everything out1 the better4 ,these diaries of yours will probably be the most interesting books you could have after a few years40 8,i am trying to forget all about ,america10 ,isabel said1 8to fancy that ,i have always lived here1 and always shall live here1 and to steep myself as much as possible in ,italian life1 so that1 when ,i go back1 ,i may see my own country as others see it1 but more wisely4 ,it seems to me that a country could be best judged so by one who knows it well1 yet has been so long withdrawn from it1 and so familiar with other modes of life1 as to see its outlines and features clearly48 8,you are right10 ,marion said4 8,i never knew how beautiful1 how more than beautiful1 ,american nature is till ,i had seen the famous scenes of ,europe4 ,one-half the superiority is association1 and half the other half is because attention has been called to them by voices to which people listened4 ,our very climate is richer4 ,here nobody knows how beautiful the skies can be4 ,they like sunshine1 and rainy weather is for them always brutto tempo4 ,the grandeur of a storm1 the exquisite beauty of showery summer weather and of falling and fallen snow1 they know nothing about4 ,they endure the rainy season for the sake of the crops1 scolding and shivering all the time4 ,to watch with pleasure a direct1 pelting1 powerful rain would never enter their minds2 and if they see you gazing at the most glorious clouds imaginable1 it would be to them nothing but curioso4 ,we do not need to go abroad for natural beauty40 ,it was getting late and time to say good-night4 ,a silence fell on them1 and a sense of waiting4 ,then ,mr4 ,vane said3 8,we have made a ,novena together for the communion of this morning4 ,may we not once more say our prayers together in thanksgiving80 ,no one replied in words2 but the ,signora brought a prayer-book and arranged the lamp beside ,mr4 ,vane4 ,he obeyed her mute request1 and for the first time1 as head of the family1 led the family devotions4 ,then they took a silent leave of each other4 ,,natalie ,,narischkin4#h ,footnote #h3 ,la ,sur ,natalie ,narischkin1 ,fille de la ,charit de ,s4 ,vincent de ,paul4 ,par ,mme4 ,augustus ,craven4 ,paris3 ,didier et ,cie41 #ce ,quai des ,augustins4 ,the name of ,narischkin is in ,russia like the name of ,bourbon in ,france1 ,plantagenet or ,stuart in ,great ,britain4 ,the mother of ,peter the ,great was a ,narischkin1 and her baptismal name was ,natalie4 ,the family have always esteemed themselves too noble to accept even the highest titles1 regarding their patronymic as a designation more honorable than that of prince4 ,madame ,craven has just added to the list of her charming and extremely popular works a new one1 which is a companion to the ,sister's ,story1 by writing the biography of a lady of the ,narischkin family who was a ,catholic and a ,sister of ,charity4 ,natalie was a friend of ,alexandrine and ,olga de la ,ferronays4 ,the narrative of her early life retraces the ground1 familiar to so many1 over which we have delightfully wandered in company with the fascinating group of elect souls1 whose passage over the drear desert of our age has been like the waving of angels' wings in a troubled atmosphere4 ,it seems scarcely correct to call ,natalie ,narischkin a convert4 ,her parents belonged to the ,russian ,church1 and of course she was taught to regard herself as a member of the same4 ,they resided1 however1 always in ,italy1 and ,natalie was accustomed1 in her childhood and youth1 to associate freely with ,catholic children and young people1 and to accompany them to the churches and convents where they were wont to resort4 ,russian children receive infant communion1 beginning with the day of their baptism1 several times a year until they attain a proper age for confession1 when there is a careful preparation and a solemn ceremony for the first adult communion1 as with us4 ,they are confirmed immediately after baptism4 ,we are not told anything about ,natalie's receiving either infant or adult communion1 but it is to be presumed that she was made to follow the usual practice1 since there are ,greek churches in ,venice and other ,italian cities4 ,her early associations were much more numerous1 strong1 and tender with the church of ,italy and ,france than with the estranged church of her own nation4 ,there was no difference in faith between herself and her ,italian and ,french companions to make her sensible that the religion in which she was bred was different from the one in whose sacred rites she was continually taking part1 at whose altars and shrines she frequently and devoutly worshipped4 ,even the peculiar ceremonies and forms of the ,sclavonic and ,greek rites were less familiar to her than those of the ,latin rite4 ,the only barrier between herself and her ,catholic companions which could make ,natalie sensibly feel a separation between them was her exclusion from participating in the sacraments administered by ,catholic priests4 ,this separation between priests and people professing the same faith1 offering the same ,sacrifice1 administering and receiving the same sacraments1 could only puzzle and surprise the mind of a child2 but it requires a more mature understanding and complete knowledge to appreciate the obligation of renouncing all communion with a schismatical sect1 however similar it may be to the true church4 ,while ,natalie was a child some of the little boys and girls with whom she played1 particularly one little boy who became afterwards a martyr in ,china1 used to assail her with controversy4 ,her older friends were more judicious1 and waited patiently until her ripening intelligence and expanding spiritual life should prepare her for a more complete work of grace and a more perfect understanding of ,catholic doctrine4 ,in the instance of ,madame ,swetchine we see how much study and thought are necessary to produce in the mind of one who has grown up to maturity under the influences of the ,russian ,church a firm intellectual conviction that organic unity under the supremacy of the ,roman ,see is essential to the being of the ,catholic ,church1 and not merely the condition of its well-being and perfection4 ,in ,madame ,elizabeth ,gallitzin we discern how1 in another way1 national prejudice1 and traditional hostility to what is regarded as anti-,russian1 caused in her bosom a violent struggle against reason and conscience1 even though the ,catholic religion was that of her own mother4 ,the case was wholly different with ,natalie ,narischkin4 ,she did not think about the question of controversy at all1 and was free from the national prejudices of a ,russian4 ,her mother took no pains to instil them into her mind1 or to place any obstacle in the way of the ,catholic influences around her4 ,she grew up1 therefore1 a ,catholic1 with only an external barrier between her inward sentiments and their full outward profession4 ,the interior cravings of her spiritual life were the chief and real motive prompting her to pass over this barrier and find in the true church that which the broken1 withered branch could not give4 ,the requisite theological instruction in the grounds of the sentence of excision by which the ,russian hierarchy is cut off from ,catholic communion was a subsequent matter1 and not at all difficult to one who was1 like ,natalie1 intelligent1 candid1 and full of the spirit of the purest ,catholic piety4 ,there was really nothing in the way except the authority of her mother1 whose chief motive of opposition was the fear of the emperor's displeasure4 ,when this obstacle was removed1 ,natalie easily and without an effort leaped over what was left of the external barrier4 ,we have anticipated1 however1 what belongs to a later period of her history4 ,and going back to the time of her childhood1 we will let ,madame ,craven herself describe the situation in which she was placed while she was growing up into womanhood4 ,it will be noticed that ,madame ,craven speaks in the plural number1 indicating that ,natalie is not the only young ,russian to whom her remarks apply4 ,this will be understood when we explain that her sister ,catharine sympathized with her in all her religious feelings1 though she delayed1 on account of her dread to encounter the opposition of her family1 until a much later period her own formal abjuration4 8,the entire childhood of these young girls had been passed at ,naples1 and they had been there environed by impressions which nothing in their ,greek faith1 no matter how lively it might have been1 could counteract4 ,the adoration of ,jesus ,christ1 the veneration of the ,holy ,virgin and the saints1 faith in the power of absolution and the real presence in the ,blessed ,sacrament1 were the grand and fundamental doctrines which they had imbibed with their mother's milk4 ,brought up at a distance from their own country1 they might almost have believed themselves to be in the centre of their own religion1 living as they were within the bounds of that great church which possesses all the gifts claimed by their own1 with the added power of distributing and communicating them to all1 without distinction of place1 language1 nation1 or race4 ,it is difficult to comprehend how any ,russian whose soul is imbued with piety1 on returning to his own country after having been brought up abroad1 can find himself at ease in the bosom of ,greek orthodoxy4 ,in truth1 it appears to us that the limits of a national church must seem very suffocating to any one who has felt1 even for an instant1 the pulsation of that universal life in the heart of the ,catholic ,church which is unconfined by mountains1 rivers1 or seas1 which is contained within no barriers of any kind whatever1 and bears the name of no particular nation1 because it is the mother of all nations collectively4 ,therefore no one ever has been or ever will be able to fasten any denomination of this sort upon the only church who dares affirm that she alone possesses the truth in all its completeness4 ,at the first view one would say that every church ought to make this claim under the penalty of being deprived of any reason for its existence4 ,it is nevertheless true that only one loudly proclaims it2 and those who hate as well as those who love the ,catholic ,church alike declare that she is a church in this respect singular among all others4 ,thus has she preserved through all ages a designation expressive of the idea realized in herself1 and will preserve the same for all coming time6 ,a multitude of her children have separated themselves from her1 yet none of them have succeeded in despoiling her of the glorious title which suffices to make her recognized everywhere and by all4 ,as for other churches or sects1 when it is not the name of some man or nation which they substitute for her name1 it is some kind of term or epithet which1 even when it aims at giving a semblance of antiquity1 betrays novelty in the very fact that it is necessary to employ it in order to be understood2 and this is true in our own day just as much as it was in the time of ,st4 ,augustine4 ,the overwhelming force of good sense and all the laws of human language determine that words express what they designate6 ,at this day1 as well as at that earlier period1 neither friends nor enemies will ever give this grand name of ,,catholics to any except those to whom it really belongs1 and the same good sense proclaims as an indubitable fact which is that church whose children these are4 8,natalie had remained a long time without paying any attention to this controversy4 ,she belonged all the while to the ,catholic ,church by all her pious habitudes1 by all her childlike affections1 finally and chiefly by the bond of the true sacraments which the ,greek ,church has had the infinite privilege of preserving1 and which form a tie between ourselves and the ,greeks whose value cannot be too highly estimated--a tie so powerful that even in one case where it is only imagined to have a real existence 7i4e41 with those ,anglicans who persuade themselves that a chain wanting a multitude of links has not been broken7 it has served in our days more than ever before to awaken in their hearts a sentiment inclining them to a nearer sympathy with our own4 ,belief in the truth of the words of ,jesus ,christ and in his real presence on the altar1 the adoration and love of our ,lord1 the search after those who have possessed in the highest degree this faith and love1 have opened the way by which a great number of souls have come to prostrate themselves before the tabernacles of the ,catholic ,church who had been previously outside of her visible fold1 and had belonged to her only by virtue of their good faith and love of truth4 8,with how much greater reason must one who belonged to the ,greek ,church have felt herself closely united to those whose faith was professed and whose practices were approved in respect to such a great number of points by her own church1 which has even ventured to adopt the counsels of perfection and to speak of the 'spiritual life' and of ',christian perfection1' after the manner of ,catholics6 8,but it is just here that she betrays her weakness2 for when it is a practical question of undertaking and nourishing this spiritual life1 where can she go to seek the living words1 the sermons1 the books1 the apostolic men whom she requires8 ,where and from what source can one draw the vital force of this true and daily life1 of this living life1 if ,i may hazard the expression1 always similar to itself1 yet unceasingly renovated like the seasons of the year8 ,where can this vivifying influence be found1 except in that same ,catholic ,church which1 although it makes the mind bend under the necessary and salutary yoke of authority1 never permits uniformity to engender tediousness1 and possesses in its completeness that deposit a part of which the ,greek ,church suffered to escape on the day when it broke the bond of unity8 ,since then1 although apparently rich1 she has remained empty-handed2 and while the ,basils1 the ,athanasiuses1 the ,gregories1 the ,chrysostoms1 and the numerous other holy and immortal doctors have had immortal successors in the ,occident1 the church of the ,orient1 once queen of eloquence and science1 has become mute2 and her children know not to-day whether she can speak or even write1 since it is not given to them to hear her any more break silence2 and1 if they would warm up their piety by holy reading1 and give their minds the sustenance they require1 they are forced to have recourse to the ,catholic ,church1 since it is there alone they can find their necessary aliment4 ,truly1 we cannot help thinking that if the barrier which separates ,greeks from ,catholics were not upheld by hatred1 it must fall down in an instant4 ,this hatred is something which has no argument whatever in its justification1 and which accepts1 in behalf of the church which it covers as a shield of defence1 the very conditions of death1 immobility and silence1 in lieu of a living existence4 8,however this may be1 and whatever more might be said on this vast and interesting subject1 it cannot in any case be disputed that the divergences existing between us and the great ,greek ,church have nothing in common with those which separate us from ,protestantism4 ,protestantism has tampered with and altered all our articles of faith1 demolished the ,christian mysteries most sacred to belief and dear to affection4 ,it has retained neither the intercession of the saints1 the worship of the ,blessed ,virgin1 the sacraments of penance and the ,holy ,eucharist1 nor the veneration of holy images4 ,in fine1 apart from the belief in the merits of our ,saviour1 of which every manifestation is severely restrained1 there is nothing in common between ,protestants and ourselves4#i ,on the contrary1 we may say1 in respect to the ,greeks1 that for the simple faithful the difference between them and ourselves is invisible1 because they have retained so many things which assimilate their religion to ours1 as affecting the mind1 the heart1 and even the senses4 ,therefore1 for many among them1 the barrier does not become sensible until they find themselves disposed to pass over it in order to satisfy the inward need which they experience of participating in the riches of that other church1 which seems so like their own1 yet differs from it in possessing really what the other offers in a vain semblance4 ,footnote #i3 ,our ,protestant readers will excuse1 we trust1 a want of precise accuracy in some of these expressions1 very easily accounted for by the fact that ,madame ,craven is a ,catholic ,frenchwoman1 to whom all the various phases of ,protestantism are confused in one vague and indistinct form4 8,what1 then1 must be the sentiments of a sincere1 fervent1 simple1 and upright soul1 already bathed in the light which radiates from the great mysteries of the faith1 and touched by the infinite love of ,jesus ,christ revealed in them1 when it discovers the nature of the obstacles which lie in her path8 8,she finds all the articles of her faith more solemnly affirmed2 all the practices which her piety demands more numerous and accessible2 confession1 absolution1 communion--all is there2 and must she refrain from satisfying her thirst for them8 8,is it credible that a soul thus thirsty for truth1 faith1 and love should be much disposed to recoil from the difficulty of accepting one word more in the confession of faith1#aj or of recognizing the head of the universal church as the head of the church in the ,east as well as of that in the ,west8 ,again1 is it credible that she will shrink back from the political obstacle1 the greatest and most formidable of all--the only one1 in fact1 which she will find pain in overcoming and need courage to surmount8 ,footnote #aj3 ,filioque4 8,such were the thoughts which importuned the mind of ,natalie when she left ,brussels1 at the end of ,february1 #ahdc1 in order to return with her sisters to ,paris1 having resolved to ask the consent of her mother to her becoming a ,catholic1 and fully expecting that this permission would not be withheld48 ,natalie's father died when she was fifteen years old4 ,evidently he had not felt any hostility to the ,catholic ,church1 for he was a great admirer of the ,jesuits4 ,madame ,narischkin was not prejudiced1 as is shown by the fact that she never at any time was averse to the perpetual intercourse kept up by her family1 and especially by ,natalie1 with the most cultivated and devoted ,catholics of ,europe1 such as the ,la ,ferronays family1 and never hindered her daughters from attending all kinds of services in ,catholic churches4 ,she undoubtedly looked on the ,greek and ,catholic churches as essentially identical with each other1 and therefore could not see any reason for passing from the communion of the one to that of the other4 ,she supposed that her daughter's reasons were rather sentimental than conscientious4 ,she naturally felt unwilling to have her take a step which would prevent her from ever again receiving communion at the same altar with the other members of the family4 ,and she was1 moreover1 decidedly opposed to any act which would expose the family to the emperor's displeasure4 ,it is not to be wondered at1 then1 that she positively refused permission to ,natalie to be received into the ,catholic ,church4 ,natalie was at this time twenty-three years of age1 perfectly well educated1 and fully instructed in the grounds of the distinctive1 exclusive claim which is made by the ,roman ,church upon the obedience and submission of all baptized ,christians4 ,she was competent to decide for herself1 and in possession of a complete right to act according to her conscience4 ,it was thought proper1 therefore1 by the priest who was her spiritual director1 and by her friends of the ,la ,ferronays family1 that she should be privately received into the church at ,paris4 ,an accident frustrated their plan1 and ,natalie was obliged to leave ,paris with her mother without having accomplished her intention4 ,the nuncio and other priests of high position at ,paris1 when they were informed about the matter1 disapproved of the course which ,m4 ,aladel had advised1 and reproved severely the ladies who had been concerned in the unsuccessful attempt to put it in execution4 ,natalie accompanied her mother and sisters to ,stuttgart1 and a few months afterward to ,venice4 ,at her mother's desire she had several conferences with a ,greek priest1 which served only to strengthen her in her well-formed and solid convictions4 ,nevertheless1 she delayed her formal reception into the ,catholic ,church1 waiting for a more favorable opportunity to accomplish this great desire of her heart4 ,this opportunity came very soon1 but in a way which was unexpected and1 to her affectionate heart1 most painful4 ,during the summer of #ahdd her mother was suddenly taken ill and died4 ,the marriage of her two sisters1 ,mary and ,elizabeth--both of whom had been some time before betrothed1 the first to ,m4 de ,valois1 the second to the ,baron de ,petz--was delayed for a year on account of this sad event1 and the whole family was invited by ,m4 ,narischkin's elder brother ,alexis to return to ,moscow and reside during the year of mourning in his house4 ,under these circumstances1 ,natalie resolved to act for herself1 and she was accordingly received into the ,catholic ,church on the #aeth of ,august1 although none of her family were made acquainted with the fact4 ,she accompanied her brother and sisters to ,moscow1 where they met with the most affectionate reception from their uncle and their other relatives4 ,nothing occurred to make any disclosure on her part necessary1 until the time came for all the members of the family to make their ,easter communion4 ,in ,russia this religious act1 and all the preparations for it1 are performed with so much publicity that it was impossible for ,natalie to escape from it without observation4 ,all the members of the family received the communion together at the same ,mass1 with the single exception of ,natalie1 who was nevertheless1 as usual1 present with the others1 and observed the sad and serious look with which her uncle regarded her1 as she remained in her place while all the rest of his family approached the altar to receive the sacrament4 ,she now felt that the time had come when concealment was no longer possible1 and naturally feared that a severe trial awaited her4 ,it turned out1 however1 quite differently from what she had expected4 ,after their return from ,mass her uncle sent for her1 and in a most kind and paternal manner remonstrated with her on her omission of so grave and sacred a duty as the fulfilment of the precept of ,paschal communion1 which he attributed to indifference and tepidity1 demanding of her1 in a most affectionate manner1 the reason which had induced her to abstain from communion4 ,he added1 at the same time1 that he would much rather see her a ,roman ,catholic than indifferent to the obligations of religion4 ,natalie had listened to him with downcast eyes1 in silence and trepidation4 ,at these last words--prompted1 perhaps1 by some secret suspicion that her residence abroad had actually been the occasion of a change in her religion1 and spoken with evident emotion and sadness--she opened her heart1 and gave her venerable uncle a full and unreserved account of her conversion and of all the motives which led her to leave the communion of the ,greek ,church4 ,when she looked up timidly1 at the close of her recital to await her uncle's answer1 she saw his eyes filled with tears and fixed upon her with an expression of tenderness which banished all fear from her heart1 and left upon it an indelible impression of love and gratitude4 ,he opened his arms to embrace her affectionately1 and assured her of his protection and unalterable kindness4 ,her maternal uncle1 ,count ,strogonoff1 a man whose religious character was both ardent and severe1 and who was a thorough ,russian of the old type in all his principles and sentiments1 when he was informed of the truth1 acted towards her in precisely the same manner1 and even took pains to distinguish her from her sisters by special marks of affection4 ,all her nearest relatives were informed of what had occurred1 but the strictest secrecy was enjoined in respect to all others1 for reasons which are obvious without any explanation4 ,the only great trial which ,natalie had to encounter1 now that she was relieved of the pain and anxiety of keeping her secret from her nearest relatives1 was the privation of all opportunity of going to ,catholic churches and receiving the sacraments4 ,under the circumstances this was a privation she was compelled to endure patiently1 and during the year she passed at ,moscow she was only able to make one short visit1 in company with some young friends1 to the ,french chapel1 on ,holy ,thursday1 which was three days after the memorable interview with her uncle4 ,at the expiration of the year of mourning the young ,narischkins returned to ,italy for the nuptials of ,mary and ,elizabeth1 and ,natalie's uncle arranged for her permanent residence with the latter1 in order that she might be free to practise her religion without any embarrassment to herself or her family4 ,she accordingly bade a final farewell to ,russia1 and with her temporary sojourn in her native country the great trial of her life was also terminated4 ,we can easily imagine with what joy she again revisited ,italy1 which had been the home of her childhood2 and on the occasion of this return ,madame ,craven's genius has inspired her to write one of her happiest and most beautiful passages1 which we cannot refrain from translating1 although without any hope of preserving the delicate aroma of the original4 8,we do not believe there is a person in the world who has once lived in ,italy who does not cherish in his inmost soul the desire of returning there once more1 or feel1 when he again looks upon its beautiful sky1 that wherever his native land may be1 he has really come back to his own true country4 ,for its beauty belongs to us as much as to those whose eyes behold it from the day when they are first opened to the light in infancy4 ,it is no more their peculiar possession than it is our own2 for to both alike it is only an irradiation from that supreme and essential beauty which is our common heritage and assured patrimony4 ,this is doubtless the reason why we can never see the faintest reflection of this splendor of the eternal beauty without experiencing a sensation which causes the heart to dilate with joy and at the same time to repose in the tranquil security of possession4 ,it seems to us that attentive reflection on what passes within us will show that1 whatever degree of admiration any object of this world may awaken in our minds1 even if it approaches to ecstasy1 it is very rarely the case that we feel a positive surprise4 ,even if one who had never seen the glorious light and splendor of a happy clime were suddenly transported from the icy regions of the polar circle to the charming shores of the ,bay of ,naples1 there is a latent image in the depths of the human heart1 the original of which external things are the copy1 whose presence makes one feel1 even at the first glance on the sublime spectacle of the outward world1 that all belongs to him and exists within his soul4 8,this reflection suggests another4 ,we shall doubtless experience something similar to this when we escape from this sphere of shadows and images and emerge into the region of eternal reality4 ,certainly our hearts will then be opened to receive those unknown enjoyments 'which eye hath not seen1 nor ear heard1 nor hath it entered into the heart of man to conceive4' ,nevertheless1 ,i think it is allowable to suppose that1 as we shall see the poor human form clothed in ,jesus ,christ with all the glory of the divinity1 so we shall also find the reality of all those shadows which in this lower world charm our eyes and fascinate our hearts4 ,happy will it then be for those who have not suffered themselves to be captivated by these shadows1 when they are able to exclaim in a transport of ineffable happiness3 ',behold at last those objects too beautiful and too transitory to be loved on the earth by our souls1 because they must either suffer the loss of these or be lost themselves6 ,here they are--real1 substantial1 enduring1 transfigured1 unfading6 ,we have found all those things which we desired and sought for1 and amid all these possessions is our eternal abode6'0 ,natalie found a very pleasant home with her brother-in-law1 the ,baron de ,petz1 during the next three years4 ,it does not appear from the narrative whether he was a ,catholic or a ,greek in religion4 ,he was certainly a most kind and affectionate brother1 and her sisters were always loving and considerate1 so that no alienation ever separated the hearts of her near relatives from her own so long as they lived4 ,we shall see presently how noble and tender was the conduct of her brother ,alexander4 ,and we anticipate the regular order of events in order to mention in this connection another near relative1 ,prince ,demidoff1 whose affection for ,natalie was extraordinary1 and who acted with singular and admirable generosity not only toward herself1 after she had become a ,sister of ,charity1 but also to other members of the same congregation4 ,while he was residing in ,italy he established a spacious hospital at his own expense1 which he confided to the care of these religious4 ,at ,paris he authorized ,sister ,natalie to draw on him without limit1 at her own discretion1 for charitable purposes4 ,it is extremely delightful to witness and record actions of this kind1 so honorable to human nature1 and showing what a high degree of intellectual and moral refinement1 as well as how much of a truly ,christian and ,catholic spirit1 is to be found among a certain class of the ancient ,russian nobility4 ,and what a contrast do they present to the ignoble persecutions1 the mean and petty defamations1 to which so many even of those who attempt to assume the guise of ,catholics have descended in respect to converts in ,england and the ,united ,states4 ,we do not forget1 however1 that there are many instances among ourselves of a similar conduct to that of the ,narischkins1 as there are doubtless others of an opposite kind in ,russian families under similar circumstances4 ,natalie ,narischkin1 in the midst of the splendors1 gayeties1 and most refined enjoyments of the world1 during the period of her peaceful1 happy youth1 ere the severe trials of life had cast their shadow upon her spirit1 had been pious1 reserved1 pearl-like in her purity of character1 always aspiring after ,christian perfection4 ,after she had begun to participate in all the spiritual advantages thrown open to her by her ,catholic profession1 her distaste for the world and attraction for the spiritual life increased rapidly1 and an inclination toward the religious state gradually matured into a certain and settled vocation4 ,her friends made some opposition for a time1 though not so much as is frequently encountered in the bosom of pious ,catholic families4 ,her brother ,alexander examined carefully her reasons and motives1 and1 being convinced that she was acting with prudence and deliberation1 gave his free consent and the promise of his assistance in carrying out her intention1 accompanied by the singular request that she would leave the choice of an order to his decision4 ,she had made no choice herself1 and when her brother selected the ,congregation of the ,daughters of ,charity of ,st4 ,vincent de ,paul1 she was quite satisfied4 ,in fact1 she had a predilection for the ,convent of the ,rue de ,bac in ,paris1 which had been one of her places of favorite resort in former years4 ,her brother discussed the whole matter with ,m4 ,aladel1 a ,lazarist priest of ,paris1 and ,natalie conferred not only with him but with several other experienced directors1 who concurred in approving her vocation as a ,sister of ,charity4 ,here1 accordingly1 she entered1 in her twenty-eighth year1 and here she worked and suffered1 as one saint among a thousand others1 in an institute where heroism is as common as the ordinary virtues are elsewhere1 and sanctity is the universal rule4 ,during her religious life1 which had twenty-six years of duration1 she was first the secretary of the superior-general1 and afterwards the superior of a small community in the ,faubourg ,st4 ,germain4 ,she died in #ahgd4 ,the narrative of ,natalie's religious life1 enriched as it is with copious extracts from her letters and numerous personal anecdotes1 is interesting and edifying as it is presented in the pages of ,madame ,craven's biography4 ,no doubt an ,english translation will soon place it within the reach of all our readers2 and as it is precisely just one of those histories which is spoiled by condensation1 we will not attempt to give it in an abridged form4 ,leaving aside1 therefore1 all further personal details1 we shall confine our attention to that one aspect of our subject which has the most general interest and importance--viz41 the position and attitude of the members of the national church of ,russia in reference to the ,catholic ,church4 ,as an illustration of this topic we have presented the history of the conversion of a ,russian lady of high birth and education--one specimen of a number of equally choice souls whom the ,russian ,church has produced but has not been able to retain1 and who are1 we trust1 the precursors of all the people of their nation in returning to the bosom of ,catholic unity4 ,although ,natalie ,narischkin had lived so very little in her own country1 she was nevertheless an ardent and patriotic ,russian in her sentiments1 and of course1 as a well-instructed and devout ,catholic1 had very much at heart the religious welfare of her own nation4 ,among all the illustrious ,russian converts1 ,count ,schouvaloff1 who became a ,barnabite monk1 was the most zealous in promoting the great work of the reconciliation of the ,russian ,church to the ,holy ,see4 ,madame ,craven tells us how enthusiastic ,natalie was in her interest in the cause which this good man consecrated by the oblation of his own life as a sacrifice for its success--a sacrifice which he offered in obedience to the counsel of ,pius ,,ix41 and which was accepted by ,god4 8,when ,father ,schouvaloff--who1 like herself1 was a ,russian1 a convert1 and devoted to the religious life--had given a definite form to this desire1 and had founded an association of prayers in aid of this object which all ,catholics were invited to join1 there was not a single person in the world who responded more fervently to this appeal than ,sister ,natalie4 ,the desire of propagating the truth1 natural in the case of all who have embraced it1 is particularly strong in those who have come from the ,greek ,church4 ,to see the fatal barrier which separates the ,eastern from the ,western ,church fall down1 and to hear henceforth these two communions designated only by one common name3 ,the ,church6--no one else can comprehend the ardor of this desire in the hearts of those ,russians who are animated both by the love of the truth and the love of their country4 8,while we are on this topic we cannot help remarking how surprising are the tentative advances toward union between the ,greek ,church and ,protestantism which we have recently witnessed4 ,such an alliance the clear mind of ,natalie1 even before her conversion1 rejected with repugnance as impossible and absurd4 ,does not1 in fact1 the most simple reflection suffice to demonstrate that by uniting herself to the ,catholic ,church the ,greek ,church would preserve the traditions of her venerable antiquity together with the august dogmas which she holds1 and would1 at the same time1 in ceasing to be local and becoming universal1 recover the power of expansion and evangelization which she has lost by her schismatical isolation8 ,in this case she might be compared to a princess of high lineage regaining1 by a return to the bosom of the family to which she belonged1 the royal rank from which she had fallen4 ,but1 in truth1 to make a union with ,protestantism would be for her the worst of misalliances1 for she would then resemble a princess marrying a parvenu and with the utmost levity renouncing all the rights of her high birth and illustrious descent40 ,some of our readers may find it difficult to understand the anomalous position in which the ,russian ,church stands1 so completely different from that of any of our ,western sects1 and requiring only the one act necessary for its corporate reunion to the ,catholic body for its rectification1 and yet so completely severed from the true church in its actual state that it is not a branch1 a limb1 or any kind of part or member of the same1 but only a sect1 completely outside of the universal church4 ,some ,catholics may suppose the ,russian ,church in a worse condition than it is in reality4 ,they may not understand that its priesthood and sacraments are any better than those of the ,english or ,scandinavian churches1 which have an outward form of episcopal constitution4 ,or1 if better informed on this head1 they may ascribe to it heresy1 and regard some of its differences of rite and discipline as vitiating essentially the ,catholic order4 ,on the other hand1 these misapprehensions being set aside1 and the likeness of the ,russian ,church to the ,catholic ,church clearly understood1 they might find it difficult to perceive that essential difference which1 as ,madame ,craven remarks with truth1 is to most of the ,russian laity invisible4 ,still more will a ,protestant having a tincture of ,catholic opinions and sentiments fail to see why a member of the ,russian ,church should be convinced of the imperative obligation of abjuring the ,greek schism and passing over to the communion of the ,roman ,church4 ,the question of heresy is easily settled by the way of authority4 ,we have only to inquire1 therefore1 whether the ,holy ,see has ever condemned the adherents of the schism begun by ,photius and renewed by ,michael ,cerularius1 of heresy as well as schism1 and whether the standard authors in theology consider them as heretics in view of their ecclesiastical position and in virtue of general principles1 although no formal judgment has been pronounced by the ,holy ,see4 ,it is certain that no such formal sentence has ever been pronounced by the ,holy ,see4 ,the ,nestorian and ,monophysite sects of the ,east have been formally condemned as heretical4 ,but the soi-disant ,orthodox ,church likewise condemns these and all other heretical sects condemned by the ,roman ,church before the time of the schism4 ,at the ,council of ,florence the ,greeks were not judged to have professed any heresy1 the ,council of ,trent was specially careful to abstain from any such condemnation1 and the ,council of the ,vatican equally refrained from it4 ,the same is true of all the official pronouncements of the popes4 ,in the exercise of practical discipline1 when it is a question of reconciling ,greeks1 whether they are in holy orders or laymen1 they are treated as schismatics1 but not as heretics4 ,theologians also1 in treating of the doctrine of the several national churches in communion with the schismatical patriarchate of ,constantinople1 which they hold in common as their profession of faith1 regard it as orthodox1 conformed to the doctrine of the ,catholic ,church1 and consequently free from any mixture of heresy4 ,the only doctrines in regard to which any one could suppose the ,greek ,church to be heretical are the procession of the ,holy ,spirit from the ,son1 and the supreme1 infallible authority of the ,pope4 ,the ,greek ,church has never1 by any solemn1 synodical act1 denied the procession of the ,holy ,spirit from the ,son4 ,the omission of the ,filio-que from the ,creed is not in itself equivalent to such a denial1 and the ,roman ,church has never required the ,orientals to insert it as a condition of communion4 ,neither has the ,greek ,church ever by any solemn act denied the supremacy and infallibility of the ,pope4 ,the liturgical books1 and specifically those of the ,russian ,church1 contain abundant testimonies to the ,catholic doctrine on this head4 ,the heretical doctrines of individuals1 whether prelates1 priests1 or laymen1 are therefore their own personal heresies1 and not the doctrine of the public formularies of faith1 which remain just what they were at the time of the separation4 ,the only conciliar decrees of a dogmatic character which have been enacted since that time by a synod which could be regarded as representing the so-called ,orthodox ,church are those of the ,synod of ,bethlehem1 in which the principal heresies of ,protestantism are condemned4 ,there is only one essential vice1 therefore1 in the constitution of the ,russo-,greek ,church which needs to be healed1 and that is its state of rebellion against the ,see of ,peter4 ,the one act of abjuring the schism implies and involves in it the recognition of all the decrees of the ,holy ,see and of cumenical councils during the period which has elapsed since the rebellion of ,photius1 by virtue of the doctrine of the infallibility of the ,catholic ,church which the ,greek ,church professes4 ,any ,catholic can understand from this explanation how completely different is the position of the people of ,russia who belong to their national church from that of the ,protestants of ,western ,europe and the ,united ,states4 ,they have the ,catholic faith explicitly taught to them1 and believed as firmly as it is by ourselves in all those things which relate to the great mysteries of religion and its practical duties and devotions4 ,they hold implicitly1 so long as they are in good faith1 all that the ,catholic ,church believes and teaches1 although they are ignorant of the full and complete doctrine of the centre of unity and chief source of authority in the church4 ,they have bishops and priests whose ordination is valid1 the sacrifice of the ,mass1 the seven sacraments1 the fasts1 feasts1 ceremonies1 and outward forms of worship which they had before the schism4 ,in fact1 as ,mrs4 ,craven remarks1 the difference between their church and the ,catholic is invisible to the eyes of the majority1 and1 if they were to-day to be restored to their ancient union with the universal church1 there would be no perceptible change in their customs4 ,there are differences in discipline and ritual between the ,latin and the various ,oriental rites1 but it is a fixed maxim of the ,roman ,church not to require the ,eastern ,christians to adopt the discipline and ritual of the ,western church in matters which are not essential1 when they are received into her communion4 ,these things being as they are1 it becomes naturally somewhat difficult to those who have not carefully studied the question to understand why it is a strict obligation1 and necessary to salvation1 for a member of the ,greek ,church who discovers that it is in a state of schism to abjure its communion4 ,we can see1 in the case of ,anglicans believing in nearly all ,catholic doctrine so far as even to acknowledge the primacy of the pope and desire a corporate reunion with the ,catholic ,church1 that1 so long as they believe in the validity of their own orders and other sacraments1 it is very hard for them to realize that they are not in the communion of the true church4 ,they generally find their ground of security give way under their feet by their loss of confidence in the validity of their ordinations4 ,but it is not easy to convince them that1 apart from this essential defect in their church1 and apart even from the question of its heretical doctrine1 the mere fact of schism makes an ecclesiastical society1 no matter how much it resembles a church in outward appearance1 as really a mere sect as amputation makes the most perfect and beautiful hand a mere piece of dead matter4 ,a mere collection of bishops1 priests1 and baptized persons1 professing the true faith1 administering and receiving the true sacraments1 is not a portion of the ,catholic ,church1 if the organic1 constitutive principle of lawful mission and jurisdiction is wanting1 which gives pastoral authority to the persons who possess the episcopal and sacerdotal character1 and thus makes the collection of people under their rule a lawful society1 under lawful pastors1 and under the supreme rule of the ,chief ,pastor1 who is the ,vicar of ,christ4 ,it is not enough1 therefore1 for a person to profess the faith and receive the sacraments in order to keep fully the law of ,christ4 ,it is necessary to profess the faith in the external communion of the lawful pastors1 and to receive from them1 or priests whom they have authorized to minister within their jurisdiction1 the sacraments4 ,bishops and priests who exercise their functions in a manner contrary to the law sin by doing so1 and those who communicate in their unlawful acts also sin1 and thus both parties profane the sacraments and incur the censures of the church4 ,nevertheless1 if they act in invincible ignorance and good faith1 they are excused from sin and escape the censure4 ,and1 in case of necessity1 the church even dispenses from her ordinary laws4 ,any priest is authorized to administer sacraments in any place1 to any person not manifestly unworthy1 in case of necessity4 ,so1 also1 one may receive the sacraments in a similar case from any priest1 if there is nothing in the act which implies a direct or tacit participation in heresy1 schism1 or manifest profanation of sacred things4 ,the ,russian clergy and people1 we must suppose1 are generally in good faith1 and therefore innocent of any sin in respect to the schism of the national church4 ,there is1 therefore1 no reason why they should not administer and receive the sacraments worthily1 so as to receive their full spiritual benefit1 and thus sustain and increase the living communion with the soul of the church and with ,christ which was begun in them by baptism4 ,the external irregularity of their ecclesiastical position cannot injure them spiritually when there is no sin in the inward disposition or intention4 ,moreover1 it is morally and physically impossible for the ,russian clergy and people1 generally1 to alter their position4 ,they are1 therefore1 really placed in a necessity of administering and receiving the sacraments without any further and more direct authority from the ,holy ,see than that which is virtually conceded to them on account of the necessities of their position4 ,since the church always exercises her power1 even in inflicting censures and punishments1 for edification and not for destruction1 we may suppose that she tolerates the irregular and disorderly state into which they have been brought by the fault of their chief rulers1 so long as it is out of their power to escape from it1 and are not even aware that the irregularity exists4 ,it is plain1 however1 that every one who knows that the ,russian hierarchy is destitute of ordinary and legitimate authority1 and has the opportunity of resorting to the ministry of lawful ,catholic pastors1 is bound1 under pain of incurring mortal sin and excommunication1 to comply with this obligation4 ,the excuse of ignorance and good faith is no more available after the law is made known4 ,the reason of necessity ceases as soon as recourse is open to the authority which has a claim on obedience4 ,the censures pronounced on the authors and wilful adherents of schism take effect as soon as one knowingly and wilfully participates in and sustains or countenances rebellion against the supreme authority of the ,catholic ,church4 ,the position of the ,russian ,church is utterly self-contradictory and untenable4 ,by a special mercy of divine ,providence it has been kept from coming to a general and clear consciousness of the fundamental heresy1 which lies latent in the ,byzantine pretence of equality to the ,roman ,church1 from which the schism took its rise4 ,the immobility which has characterized it1 and to which the privation of all authority independent of the state has greatly contributed1 has kept it from committing itself to any formal heresy4 ,it has broken its connection1 but it has not run off the track or fallen through a bridge4 ,we cannot suppose that it will long remain stationary on the great road along which the march of events1 the progress of history1 is proceeding4 ,it seems to be awaiting the propitious moment when1 reunited to the source of spiritual power1 it shall again move on in the line of true progress4 ,when this event takes place1 we may safely predict that the name of ,natalie ,narischkin will be honored in ,russia together with that of ,alexander ,newski1 the special patron of the imperial family2 and that the empire will be filled with convents of the ,daughters of ,charity1 the countrywomen and imitators of her who1 more illustrious by her virtue than by her descent1 was appropriately named 8,the ,pearl of the ,order40 ,,up ,,the ,,nile4 ,,iii4 ,we had a letter of introduction to the ,governor of ,assouan from a person we had never seen4 ,it came about in this way3 ,ali ,murad1 our consul at ,thebes1 sent by ,ahmud a letter to his friend1 the governor of ,edfoo1 asking him to give us a letter to his excellency at ,assouan4 ,this letter1 worded in the usual extravagant style of the ,orient1 stated that the dahabeeh ,sitta ,mariam contained a party of distinguished travellers who were in high favor at ,cairo1 and should everywhere be received with the greatest kindness and attention4 ,his excellency was a fine-looking negro1 well dressed in ,european style1 patent-leather boots1 fancy cane4 ,i looked at first for eye-glasses1 but on second thought concluded that this was too much to expect from him4 ,he came on board to visit us1 accompanied by his secretaries and servants1 very pompous and haughty in his bearing towards the crew1 polite--nay1 almost obsequious--to us4 ,head sheik of the cataracts is on board2 a deal of talking by every one at the same time2 no one listening2 a lull2 governor lights a fresh cigar2 secretaries1 servants1 and crew roll cigarettes2 ,reis ,mohammed appears with the certificate of tonnage4 ,there is no fear of obliteration or erasure in this2 no danger of wearing out or the characters fading by lapse of time4 ,it might have belonged to the pleasure barge of antiquity-hidden ,menes or one of the corn-boats of the ,hyksos4 ,it was a bar of solid iron three inches wide1 four long1 and half an inch in thickness4 ,deeply-cut figures showed the boat to be of #chj ardebs burden4 ,an agreement was finally entered into3 ,ahmud was to pay the sheik nine pounds and ten shillings to take the boat up and down the cataracts1 exclusive of backsheesh4 ,out of this the governor received two pounds and ten shillings as his commission4 ,this making arrangements for ascending the cataracts is the most serious drawback to the pleasure of a ,nile voyage4 ,true1 the dragoman undertakes this1 but the howadjii are present and witnesses of the altercations1 the loud talking1 and the great noise and confusion attendant upon it4 ,we being such distinguished travellers on paper1 and the governor being impressed with that fact1 our contract was entered into with less confusion than is usually incident to this arrangement4 ,four sheiks or chiefs of the cataract control the proceedings4 ,this office is hereditary1 and formerly they were despotic in the exercise of their power4 ,twenty ,english or ,american sailors could take a boat up the cataract in one-third the time it took nearly two hundred natives to perform that office for us4 ,but no dragoman would dare incur the enmity of these powerful sheiks by attempting the ascent without their permission4 ,their power is somewhat curtailed now by orders from the viceroy1 so that instead of1 as heretofore1 extorting as much as possible from the frightened dragoman1 their prices are regulated by a fixed tariff--so much for every hundred ardebs4 ,we are now fairly started on the ascent2 it is early in the morning1 and a light breeze is blowing from the north4 ,the head sheik is on board4 ,what an appropriate name he has6 ,surely his father was a prophet and foresaw the future life of his son--,mohammed ,nogood6 ,not the slightest particle of good did he do4 ,he squatted on a mat1 smoked his pipe1 and took no heed of what passed around him4 ,old ,nogood1 as we called him1 was with us for three days1 and during that time he never opened his mouth unless to grumble1 and never raised his hand except to remove the pipe from his mouth1 being too lazy even to light it2 a sailor performed that onerous duty for him4 ,we sailed through narrow1 tortuous channels against a rapid stream to the island of ,sheyl at the foot of the first bab or gate4 ,the first cataract1 as it is termed1 is a series of five short rapids on the eastern shore1 where the ascent is made1 and one long and one short one on the western shore4 ,these rapids are called gates4 ,we stopped at the foot of the first4 ,three finely-built ,nubians1 in puris naturalibus1 save turbans on their heads1 came sailing down the turbulent and surging waters astride of logs4 ,borne on with great velocity1 they seize hold of our boat as they reach it1 in a moment are on deck1 their heads bare1 the turbans girded around their loins4 8,backsheesh1 howadjii60 ,they deserve it for this feat4 ,it made the howadjii shudder to see them in these raging waters4 ,an impromptu row now springs up between our pilot and old ,nogood4 ,the boat is aground1 and more help is needed to push it off4 ,here is the dialogue1 as translated by ,ahmud3 ,pilot 7old man with gray whiskers1 costume soiled and tattered coffee-bag73 8,o ,mohammed ,nogood6 send some of your people to move the boat40 ,old ,nogood3 8,o pilot1 you jack-ass6 why do you not attend to the helm and mind your business80 ,intense excitement on board1 during which the pilot swears by ,allah and the ,prophet that he will not stay on the boat after such an insult1 and goes off in high dudgeon4 ,the howadjii1 having locked up everything portable below stairs1 are seated on the quarter-deck enjoying the scene in a mild manner1 and waiting to see what will come next4 ,the prospects of being kept here for an indefinite time are delightful4 ,the head sheik is angry and the pilot has disappeared4 ,but the silver lining of the dark cloud soon shines out4 ,the second sheik takes command1 and ,nogood's son comes aboard as pilot--very unlike his father1 a hard worker and a quiet sort of man4 ,we are ready to start now1 but where are the men to pull us up8 ,none can be seen4 ,the river is here filled with broken and disjointed rocks--small islets4 ,a great fall was here once1 no doubt2 hence the rapids now4 ,the sheik throws two handfuls of sand in the air4 ,immediately from all sides1 like the warriors of ,roderick ,dhu1 rise the ,shellallee4 ,from behind every rock come forth a score or more4 ,three long ropes are made fast to the boat4 ,a hundred men take hold of two2 the third is turned two or three times around a rock1 the end being held by a dozen men4 ,this rope is gradually tightened as the boat moves up1 to hold it in case the others should break4 ,by the united help of the wind and this struggling mass of naked humanity we move slowly up the first gate1 not ten yards long4 ,in the same manner we pass the second and third gates4 ,our friends the log-riders are useful to us now4 ,plunging into the boiling1 seething waters1 that rush with such force it seems impossible for man to struggle against them1 they make ropes fast to this rock2 now they detach them1 and1 taking the end between their teeth1 swim to another and make fast again4 ,picture to yourself such a scene1 if you can4 ,i cannot describe it satisfactorily to myself4 ,hear1 if you can1 nearly two hundred men all shouting at the same time1 giving orders1 suggesting means1 no one listening1 no one obeying1 each acting for himself--,old ,nogood alone seated quietly on the deck smoking his pipe2 our boat possessed by four score of these black ,shellallee1 half-naked1 running to and fro1 shouting and yelling1 but doing nothing to help us4 ,pandemonium itself could scarce furnish such a scene of confusion4 ,babel was a tower of silence compared with this discord4 ,after passing the third gate we sailed into a quiet haven and moored there for the night4 ,it was only three ,p4,m4 ,but they are five-hour men here1 commencing work at ten and stopping at three4 ,we were kept waiting all the next day1 as two other boats were ahead of us1 and they took them up first4 ,on the third morning we left our moorings and sailed under a fresh breeze about one hundred yards up the stream to the fourth gate4 ,the fourth and fifth are in reality but one continuous rapid2 but as a stoppage is made when half-way up to readjust the ropes1 the natives divide it into two gates4 ,the water rushes here with great rapidity--more so than in the other gates1 as these are narrower4 ,a stout rope was made fast to the cross-beams of the deck on the starboard bow1 and the other end carried around a rock some distance off4 ,owing to some mistake there was no rope on the port side4 ,the men were pulling on a rope carried directly ahead1 when it suddenly parted2 the boat swung around to starboard and struck a rock with great force1 knocking off several planks six inches thick and seven feet long4 ,they were picked up by the felluka1 which floated around promiscuously1 manned by five small boys4 ,these planks were carved in scroll-work1 and painted in bright colors4 ,reis ,mohammed had carefully bound straw around them before starting1 so that they might not even be scratched4 ,he clenched his teeth and swore like a trooper2 the only words intelligible to us were 8,allah10 8,merkeb10 8,mohammed40 ,reis ,mohammed ,hassan1 ,nogood's successor1 was standing on the awning piled up on the front of the quarter-deck4 ,every one else began to shout1 gesticulate1 and run around to no purpose2 but he1 shouting while he undressed1 threw off his gown and turban1 and1 with his drawers on1 jumped overboard1 swam to a rock on the port side1 and made fast a rope4 ,a ,nubian1 attired in a girdle1 now waded out into the rapid as far as he was able1 and a rope was thrown him from the rock against which the boat rested4 ,after three attempts he caught it and made it fast some distance ahead4 ,a fourth rope was carried ashore and seized hold of by sixty men4 ,we were then pulled into a narrow pass1 through which the water dashed like a mill-race1 and so narrow that the boat grazed the rocks on either side4 ,for a moment we remained stationary2 the next the strong wind and the efforts of the men overcame the force of the current1 and we moved slowly on4 ,shortly after we reached the head of the rapids1 the ropes were withdrawn1 the ,nubians left us1 and we sailed gallantly up to ,phil the beautiful4 ,we are now in ,nubia1 among a different race of people4 ,we have passed the cataract4 ,hear the concise account given by the father of travellers concerning this ascent3 8,i went as far as ,elephantine10 he says1 8and beyond that obtained information from hearsay4 ,as one ascends the river above the city of ,elephantine the country is steep2 here1 therefore1 it is necessary to attach a rope on both sides of a boat as one does with an ox in a plough1 and so proceed2 but if the rope should happen to break1 the boat is carried away by the force of the stream40 ,this land of ,cosh is very different in appearance from the one we have just left4 ,the hills are mostly of granite and sandstone1 and they approach nearer the river4 ,in some parts the mere sloping bank1 not more than ten feet1 can be cultivated in a perfectly straight line2 on its top the golden sands meet the growing crops4 ,the river is filled with sunken rocks4 ,had we struck here1 it might have been serious1 unlike running on the sand-banks in the lower country4 ,reis ,dab1 our new pilot1 knew the river well and kept a sharp lookout2 so on we sailed day after day without stopping4 ,there are no printed newspapers along the ,nile1 but the natives have a cheap1 primitive method of journalism4 ,they need no expensive press1 no reporters to search far and wide for news4 ,as soon as another boat appears in sight all is excitement on board4 ,when we come within hailing distance the journals are exchanged as follows3 ,far away over the waters comes a voice from the approaching boat3 8,how are you all8 ,who are you8 ,all well80 8,we are dahabeeh ,sitta ,mariam1 ,father ,h---- and party on board4 ,who are you80 8,how is ,mohammed8 ,fatima has a sore foot4 ,ali has gone up the river on a corn-boat40 ,and thus they go on telling all the news4 8,how many boats up the river8 ,what is going on further down80 ,the shouting is kept up until the boat passes out of hearing4 ,when we reached ,syria1 in ,april1 our dragoman there1 who had never been in ,egypt1 knew all about our movements on the ,nile4 ,they were communicated from one to another simply by word of mouth1 and finally reached his ears4 ,it is a bright1 beautiful moonlight evening4 ,the glittering constellations are reflected deep down in the calm waters beneath us1 so distinctly that they seem to have fallen there4 ,not a ripple disturbs the surface of the water1 scarce a breath the stillness of the air4 ,it is a gala night4 ,ahmud has distributed candles and hasheesh to the crew4 ,they have illuminated the deck and are playing1 singing1 and dancing4 ,reis ,ahmud1 with a sober face1 beats the drum1 his whole soul seemingly concerned in his occupation4 ,abiad has the tamborine1 a pretty one1 inlaid with mother-of-pearl4 ,he has been smoking hasheesh--his favorite pastime4 ,his eyes are closed1 his head sways backwards and forwards as he sings2 he seems to pour out his very life's spirit in the song4 ,the rest of the crew group around1 squatted on the deck1 joining in the chorus4 ,reis ,mohammed sits apart2 he is fishing4 ,ahmud1 ,ali1 ,ibrahim1 and the ,nubian pilot look on4 ,now they become excited2 the hasheesh is working on them4 ,louder1 still louder the singing4 ,abiad surely will not live long2 he must be in ,paradise now4 ,his soul is going out piece by piece from his lips4 ,the funny little old cook jumps up1 puts a wooden spoon in his belt for a pistol1 some sugar-cane stalks for swords and daggers4 ,he is a ,bedouin4 ,more uproarious the shouting1 intermingled with catcalls4 ,he dances the war-dance of the nomadic sons of the desert4 ,the howadjii have come out now2 they are interested in this strange1 picturesque scene4 ,the excitement is at its height4 ,a lighted candle is placed upon a small stick and put in the river2 the current carries it down still burning4 ,there is not wind enough to blow out the flame1 and as it floats onward it looks like some will-o'-the-wisp or fairy spirit of the waters reposing serenely on their bosom4 ,the second stage of the hasheesh now comes on2 one by one they quiet down4 ,soon ,abiad falls asleep2 some of the others follow2 a strange stillness succeeds this hilarious uproar4 ,to-morrow will come the reaction1 and for a few days they will do but little work4 ,we have had great trouble to keep our birds4 ,we have now preserved some seventy specimens1 from the small black chat to the large crane4 ,the rats will carry them off4 ,so now we suspend them from the centre of the ceiling4 ,the same rat never carries away two birds4 ,i cannot identify each particular rat1 and yet ,i am morally certain of the truth of the above proposition4 ,the skin1 when taken off the bird1 is covered on the inside with a heavy coating of arsenical soap containing a large amount of arsenic1 enough to cut short the career of at least one rat4 ,so if they did carry off our birds1 we had the satisfaction of knowing that the birds carried them off in turn4 ,we have been very anxious to kill a crocodile2 they are very scarce below the first cataract1 but as soon as we passed ,phil we promulgated the following general offer3 ,to the first man who points out a crocodile to any of the howadjii we will give a half-sovereign4 ,if the pilot1 or any one in his stead1 brings us within reasonable shooting distance1 we will present him with one pound2 if we kill and secure the crocodile1 we will make presents all around4 ,this offer kept them on the alert4 ,every eye was strained to see the first crocodile--and it takes a practised eye to discern one2 for to the uninitiated they appear to be logs of wood lying on the sand4 ,early on the morning of ,january #ae the pilot came to us with eyes aglow and pointed out a timsah 7crocodile74 ,we were tied up on the west bank1 and the reptile was lying on a sand-bank near the eastern shore4 ,there was considerable difference of opinion among the crew1 many of them insisting that it was not a timsah4 8,but10 asks the pilot1 8what is it1 then8 ,there are no rocks on the sand-banks2 it can scarcely be a log1 for these are rarely met with in this part of the river40 ,a council of war was held1 and a plan of attack was determined on4 ,mr4 ,s---- and ,i1 with ,ali1 the pilot1 and four sailors1 crossed the river to the sand-bank about half a mile below the spot where slept the timsah in blissful unconsciousness of the fate awaiting him4 ,bent almost to the ground1 we crawled cautiously along4 ,when we had proceeded about a quarter of a mile we found1 to our disgust1 that the bank upon which we were was separated from the bank on which lay the timsah by twenty yards of water of some depth4 ,the pilot now asked us to fire1 but the distance was too great1 and we began to be suspicious4 ,the timsah did not move2 it was almost too quiet to be real4 ,mr4 ,s---- and ,i placed ourselves in the bow of the boat1 covered the object with our double-barrelled guns1 and ordered the sailors to pull directly towards it4 ,for a few moments the excitement was intense4 ,at the first movement of the timsah four bullets would have shot forth on their death-errand4 ,nearer and nearer we came4 ,a moment more1 and ,abiad jumps from the boat1 and with a loud shout rushes up the bank and catches hold of the supposed timsah4 8,come here1 ,o ,reis ,dab60 cried he1 8and skin your timsah4 ,stop1 ,i will do it for you40 ,and he holds up to our astonished eyes a sheepskin4 ,how crestfallen was the pilot1 and how the others joked him6 ,it was a chicken-coop covered with a sheepskin1 containing three putrid chickens1 which had fallen from some dahabeeh1 and1 carried by the current on the bank1 became embedded there1 and was left high and dry when the waters receded4 ,we have a number of pets on board3 a live turtle1 a soft-shelled fellow1 in color like the mud of its own ,nile2 a hawk who does not reciprocate our friendship1 and snaps at us when we go near him2 six chameleons--what strange creatures these are6 ,we have had some twenty of them at different times4 ,as far as we could observe1 they ate nothing1 and yet throve well as long as we were in their own latitudes4 ,as we returned towards the north they died one after the other4 ,the chameleon is formed somewhat like a lizard1 about eight inches in length4 ,their feet look like a mittened hand--that is to say1 a large toe corresponds to the thumb1 and the rest of the foot1 being solid1 appears like the hand enclosed in a mitten4 ,they have very large heads compared with their bodies1 and eyes like a frog4 ,they change their color1 and1 under my own observation1 made the changes from light green to yellow1 black1 brown1 blue1 and dark green4 ,we would tease them sometimes1 and1 when irritated1 yellow spots would appear over their bodies1 and they would try to bite us as we placed our fingers in their large mouths4 ,their favorite pastime was to climb to the top of a palm branch fastened in the deck2 here the first one would remain4 ,the second would hang from the tail of the first1 and the third support himself from the second in the same manner4 ,in this position they would remain for hours4 ,if another one wanted to reach the top of the branch1 he would crawl deliberately up the backs of the others1 who regarded this conversion of themselves into public highways with perfect indifference4 ,sometimes one of them would roam away and be lost for a day or two1 and then be accidentally found in the centre of a basket of tomatoes or on the summit of the main-yard4 ,on ,january #ag ,i strolled into a small village4 ,the houses consisted of four walls of sun-dried clay with a small opening for a doorway2 some few had palm branches stretched from wall to wall--apologies for roofs4 ,as ,i walked on ,i met a group of young girls2 one was reclining on the ground1 while the others were dressing her hair4 ,this operation is a very tedious one1 and is not repeated oftener than once a month4 ,the hair1 which falls to the shoulders1 is twisted into numerous braids1 the ends of which are fastened with small balls of mud2 and to complete the toilet oil is poured over the head4 ,the hair being black and coarse1 and the oil giving it a glossy appearance1 it presents the effect of braided black tape4 ,although many of these girls had beautiful eyes and handsome features1 yet the howadjii never cared to approach too near them2 for the oil runs down in little streams from the crown of their heads to their feet1 and their faces appear as if polished with the best ,french varnish4 ,our young ,nubian cook left us here4 ,this is his home1 and he will remain here until we return4 ,he is only twenty years of age1 and has not seen his wife for three years4 ,so he takes out of the hold some bracelets1 a dozen or two made of buffalo horn1 all for his wife1 and she will wear them all at the same time1 half on each arm4 ,how her eyes will brighten when she sees those bright tin pots and those robes1 green1 yellow1 blue6 ,surely ,suleymn must love his dark-eyed1 oily-faced wife4 ,from ,assouan to ,wady ,sabooa1 about one hundred miles1 no ,arabic is spoken4 ,thence to ,wady ,halfa it is spoken in many towns4 ,when we pass through a town the whole population turn out en masse1 preceded by a leader1 who carries on his shoulder the town gun1 an old flint-lock musket1 generally marked ,dublin ,castle1 carried1 mayhap1 at ,yorktown or ,brandywine4 ,a barrel of great length is secured to the stock by six or seven brass bands4 ,powder is scarce1 and the first demand--the gun being put forward to show the need--is always the same3 8,barood ta howadjii0 7,powder1 ,o howadjii67 ,we used cartridges altogether1 and sometimes1 when they were particularly green1 we imposed upon them in this way3 ,scene1 the river-bank4 ,howadjii has just fired and brought down a bird4 ,large numbers of ,nubians surround him4 ,gunman comes forward3 8,barood ta howadjii40 8,mafish barood ta ,wallud0 7,i have no powder1 ,o boy67 8,see these green boxes0 7showing cartridges74 ,wallud looks attentively at them4 8,inside each is an afreet spirit or devil2 we put this in the end of the gun1 point it at the bird1 ',imshee y afreet' 7,go1 ,o spirit671 then off he flies and kills the bird40 ,this ruse was successful two or three times2 they looked with awe upon the green boxes1 and made no further demands4 ,often1 however1 a shout of derision followed this recital4 ,they knew what cartridges were as well as we did4 ,reis ,ahmud pointed out the first real timsah1 and received the promised half-sovereign4 ,on ,january #ai1 #ahgd1 at three ,p4,m41 we made fast beneath the ever-open eyes of the giant guardians of rock-hewn ,ipsamboul4 ,to my mind ,ipsamboul1 or ,aboo-,simbel1 is the most interesting temple on the ,nile1 not even excepting majestic ,karnak2 for most of the other temples are built in the same manner in which the edifices of the world have been constructed from the earliest ages down to the present time1 by stones cut and squared1 placed one upon another and held together by clamps1 cement1 or other means4 ,true1 the style and shape in which these stones are cut and arranged differ very much in ,egypt and in ,greece1 in ancient and in modern times2 but the taking of numbers of small pieces1 and1 by joining them together1 forming a whole1 is common to them all4 ,aboo-,simbel is not constructed in this way4 ,the side of the mountain facing the river was cut to form a right angle with the surface of the plain1 and made smooth and even as a wall1 save some projections purposely left at regular distances1 and which afterwards were shaped into gigantic figures of victorious ,rameses2 a small hole was pierced into this surface a few feet above the ground2 it was made larger1 and carried in further and further full two hundred feet1 its roof seemingly upheld by ,osiride columns4 ,a similar gallery was cut on either side of this main one4 ,transverse galleries crossed these1 leading to rooms ten in number1 and all this cut out of the solid rock1 no cement1 no clamps1 not a joint anywhere--a huge monolithic temple4 ,the inside of the roof is perfectly regular in its lines1 with a smooth1 even surface2 the outside is the rugged mountain top4 ,surely this was the way to build for immortality4 ,this style of building1 although rare1 is not confined to ,egypt alone1 but was most probably copied from it4 ,i have since seen it in the ,brahmin caves of ,elephanta in ,bombay harbor1 and on a small scale in the tombs of the ,valley of ,josaphat4 ,the temple faces the river and stands close to the bank4 ,as we approach we are struck by the magnitude of the four colossal figures of ,rameses ,,ii4 ,they are seated on thrones1 and the faces that remain are quite expressive4 ,the height without the pedestal is sixty-six feet2 the forefinger is three feet in length4 ,father ,h----1 ,madam1 and ,i seated ourselves comfortably on the big toe1 and1 as ,i looked upwards into that gigantic face1 ,i thought of the myriads of events1 marking epochs of time1 that had happened in the great world outside since first the sculptor's hand had changed the rugged mountain side into these semblances of their warrior-king4 ,the overturner of his dynasty1 the illustrious ,sesac1 had led the victorious ,egyptians into the very heart of the ,holy ,city1 and carried off from the ,temple the golden shields which ,solomon had there hung up4 ,cambyses had marched with thundering tread1 laying waste on every hand with fire and sword from ,pelusium to ,thebes1 making this once mighty kingdom a province of far-off ,persia4 ,greece rose from a handful of half-savage shepherds to be the focus of intellect1 art1 and science1 around which clustered the shining lights of the world4 ,alexander overran the whole of ,western ,asia1 and established in the ,delta his mighty race of ,macedonian emperors4 ,rome was founded1 sat on her seven hills the proud mistress of the world1 fell1 and was swallowed up in the rush of succeeding generations4 ,christianity1 starting from its humble ,judean home1 spread from sea to sea1 from the peasant's hut to the royal palace1 revolutionized the world1 civilized nations1 and1 encircling the globe1 led back its proselytes to unfold its sacred truths to the descendants of its apostles4 ,mohammedanism carried its bloody and relentless arms over the vast plains of ,asia1 through the fruitful valley of the ,nile1 to the centre of ,continental ,europe1 and was driven back1 tottering and gradually receding1 to its ,eastern cradle4 ,the great republics of the middle ages lived their short span of power1 and were lost in the mighty empires that absorbed them4 ,a new world was discovered1 and new governments founded therein4 ,and during all this1 unshaken by war or tempest1 unmoved by change or revolution1 these giant figures gazed with never-closing eye upon the swift-flowing river at their feet4 ,those who give themselves the trouble to inform the world that a perfectly unknown person has visited a monument1 and that that unknown person has mutilated it by inscribing his name thereon--a reprehensible practice unfortunately so common in ,egypt--may study here the earliest known inscription of this kind4 ,on the leg of one of the figures is cut in rude characters the following inscription in ,greek3 8,king ,psamatichus having come to ,elephantine1 those that were with ,psamatichus1 the son of ,theocles1 wrote this4 ,they sailed and came to above ,kerkis1 to where the river rises 444 the ,egyptian ,amasis4 ,the writer was ,damearchon1 the son of ,amoebichus1 and ,pelephus1 the son of ,udamus40 ,this was written at least six hundred and fifty years before ,christ1 and the scribblers1 desirous of cheap notoriety1 are as unknown as their numerous followers who now disfigure the monuments of the world4 ,over the entrance is a statue of the god ,ra 7,sun71 to whom ,rameses offers a figure of truth4 ,we enter a grand hall supported by eight ,osiride pillars1 pass through it to a second of four square pillars which leads to the adytum4 ,a number of small chambers are found on both sides of the main hall1 and the interior of the walls is covered with intaglio figures and hieroglyphics4 ,at the end of the adytum are four figures in high relief4 ,there is but one opening to the temple--the entrance door--through which alone light can enter4 ,as the first rays of the morning sun were peeping over the ,arabian hills1 we climbed the steep bank and entered the temple4 ,a flood of golden light poured in1 searching every corner1 lighting up the figures at the end of the adytum full two hundred feet from the entrance4 ,it seemed as though mighty ,ra1 as each morn he rose to shower his beneficence upon the world1 looked first with soul-melting tenderness upon the home where he would love to linger2 slowly he moves on1 and with a last fond1 longing look he leaves it in darkness till he return next morn4 ,bats swarm now in its gloomy chambers1 and dispute the right of entrance with the howadjii4 ,alongside the large temple is a smaller one of the same description4 ,a night or two after this we had an altercation on board wherein ,reis ,mohammed met his match4 ,it was about nine o'clock on a beautiful moonlight night4 ,we were sailing before a light breeze1 when suddenly the boat struck a rock4 ,reis ,mohammed winced as though it were himself grating on the rock1 and1 rushing up to the ,nubian pilot who was at the helm1 swore by ,allah that he would beat him with a stick4 ,the pilot was not at all intimidated4 ,he said in a quiet way that he was sorry1 but reminded the irate captain that he was now in his--the pilot's--country1 and that if he struck him he would call out to his people on the bank1 who would come aboard and kill the captain4 ,this ended the affair4 ,on ,january #bb ,ahmud brought a beautiful little gazelle on board1 for ,madam to play with1 as he said4 ,she named it ,saiida1 and it soon became a great favorite with us all4 ,at four ,p4,m4 of the same day we reached our destination and tied up at ,wady ,halfa1 a long-stretched-out line of mud-built houses on the east bank4 ,we had travelled seven hundred and ninety-eight miles in forty-one days1 including stoppages4 ,a two hours' donkey-ride over the sands of the desert1 and we reached the ,ultima ,thule of ,nile travellers--the rock of ,abooseer1 overlooking the second cataract4 ,this is much more wild1 rapid1 and turbulent than the first1 and1 excepting when the ,nile is at its greatest height1 is impassable4 ,almost every traveller who has been here has left his mark upon this rock--a custom which is to be approved here2 for no beauty is defaced1 but a register of travellers is kept which possesses interest to their friends who may subsequently visit this place4 ,there were six dahabeehs there on our arrival1 four of them flying the ,united ,states flag4 ,we made our presents to the men4 ,they brought us in safety up the ,nile2 will they do the same going down8 ,so we gave ,reis ,mohammed one pound1 ,reis ,ahmud ten shillings1 one pound each to ,ali1 ,ibrahim1 and the cook2 and two pounds and ten shillings to be divided among the crew4 ,while we were lying at ,wady ,halfa the crew prepared the boat for the downward voyage4 ,they took down the trinkeet or large yard from the foremast1 and placed in its stead the smaller one from the stern4 ,there are three modes of progression in descending4 ,if there be no wind at all1 the men row1 five oars on each side2 but when the surface of the stream is ruffled by the slightest breath of wind1 the men immediately stop rowing1 and the boat drifts down with the current4 ,if the wind blow from the south--which is very unusual during the winter--we sail1 using1 however1 only the small balakoom1 swung1 as ,i have said1 from the mainmast4 ,some of the planks of the deck are taken up1 and an inclined plane made by resting one end of a plank against the cross-beams on a level with the floor of the deck1 and the other touching the bottom of the hold4 ,in rowing the men start from the top of this inclined plane1 and1 walking backwards down it1 make five distinct movements in each stroke4 ,as their feet touch the hold they sit down and pull out the stroke4 ,on ,january #be1 at one in the morning1 we left ,wady ,halfa on the homeward voyage4 ,ahmud requested us to permit him to bring a slave on the boat4 ,he told us that he had no children1 and that he had seen a very fine little boy of nine years whom he could purchase for seventy dollars4 ,his request was refused4 ,we spent an hour or more one beautiful moonlight night seated on the sand beneath the colossi of ,aboo-,simbel4 ,we engaged a celebrated hunter to assist us in crocodile-hunting--,abd-el-,kerim1 slave of the god1 a ,nubian with a huge flat nose4 ,the dress of this man of prowess was not elaborate1 consisting of a skull-cap and a pair of drawers4 ,he carried the flint-lock musket which ,i have before described4 ,the lock was carefully bound up in a piece of cloth4 ,we moored the dahabeeh on the west bank about four miles below ,aboo-,simbel4 ,we then rowed about a mile up the river in the small boat1 and landed on a sand-bank4 ,abd-el-,kerim constructed a crocodile of sand--head1 tail1 legs1 and all4 ,we had laid a systematic plan of attack4 ,at sunrise the next morning we were to conceal ourselves behind the sand timsah and wait the coming of the natural ones1 thinking that they would take our sand-constructed reptile for one of the family1 and go quietly asleep alongside of it4 ,i rose before the sun the next morning1 but ,kerim did not make his appearance until eight o'clock--he called it sunrise--when the sun was pretty well up in the heavens1 and the day began to grow warm4 ,as ,i stood on the forecastle waiting for him1 two ,polish dahabeehs hove in sight4 ,i knew the party on board2 they were distinguished naturalists who were collecting specimens for the museum at ,warsaw4 ,they hunted in the most thoroughly systematic manner4 ,the young count1 who was not as deeply engaged in the study of natural history as the others1 spent an evening with us a week or two afterward1 and told us a very amusing story about the rest of the party4 ,they were anxious to secure a certain species of bird4 ,after consulting their books and putting together the general knowledge they possessed concerning the habits of this bird1 they established as a positive fact that the said bird would appear on the banks of the ,nile at ten o'clock to perform his morning ablutions4 ,so at half-past nine they went out to meet him1 but1 to their intense astonishment1 he did not appear until half-past eleven--overslept himself1 no doubt1 not being aware of the distinguished company awaiting him4 ,they have been in a great state of excitement ever since1 said our young friend1 endeavoring to study out the cause of this strange proceeding1 as they termed it1 of the bird being one hour and a half behind time4 ,as ,i watched the boats came on1 and our sand timsah caught the eye of their dragoman4 ,he rushed down-stairs1 woke up the howadjii1 who soon appeared on deck4 ,telescopes were levelled1 and1 having satisfied themselves that it was a crocodile1 they jumped into the small boat and made straight for it4 ,two of them were in the bow with their rifles cocked covering the timsah4 ,the greatest care and caution were observed4 ,only a small portion of the heads of the men were visible above the gunwale1 and occasionally ,i could see the dragoman wave his hand as a signal of caution4 ,finally they stepped on the bank1 cautiously approached1 saw the deception1 and in quick haste retired in evident disgust4 ,i enjoyed this scene all the more as it partially recompensed me for the failure of my first attempt at shooting a crocodile4 ,about half-past eight ,kerim and ,i concealed ourselves behind the sand timsah1 lying flat on our backs4 ,besides his old flint-lock1 which would do good service1 we had two double-barrelled guns loaded with heavy balls1 and a six-barrelled revolver4 ,i lay in this position for two hours1 not even daring to indulge in a cough1 which ,i was sorely tried to repress1 and even breathing as quietly as possible4 ,kerim touched me and told me to peep over the back of the timsah2 ,i did so1 and saw ten crocodiles1 some swimming in the water and others on the banks1 but none near enough to shoot at4 ,i then turned on my face and lay down again4 ,almost immediately an enormous crocodile stepped out of the water on the bank where we were1 within ten feet of us1 but seemed to be frightened at something and immediately plunged in again4 ,about two o'clock ,kerim turned over1 and in so doing spied a flask protruding from my pocket4 ,he took it out1 offered it to me1 and said1 8,take a drink60--a delicate hint that he wanted some himself4 ,he did not refuse when ,i offered it1 but1 filling the cup with twice as much as an ordinary drink1 he swallowed it down1 rolled his eyes1 and ejaculated1 8,taib0 7good74 ,we found it would be of no avail to wait longer here1 so we called the felluka and rowed very quietly a short distance down the stream to a bank upon which two timsahs were lying asleep2 at the other end were some rocks4 ,we crept over the rocks until we reached the one nearest the reptiles4 ,at least one hundred yards still separated us from them4 ,resting my gun on a rock1 ,i took careful aim1 fired1 and saw the ball strike the side of one of the crocodiles2 but its only effect was to hurry him into the river1 otherwise he paid no attention to it4 ,we concluded to give up crocodile-hunting now1 so we sailed on4 ,at one point a little below this ,i counted thirty-eight sawagi in sight at one time4 ,these sawagi 7singular sagar7 are to ,nubia what the shawadeefs are to ,egypt4 ,they are of ,persian origin1 and consist of an endless chain1 to which are attached buckets made of burnt clay4 ,the chain passes over a wheel at the top1 which is made to revolve by another wheel driven around by buffaloes4 ,these wheels are of wood and never greased4 ,their creaking and straining are music to the owner's ears1 who in some instances will travel many thousand miles riding the buffaloes round the well-worn circle of their own loved sagar4 ,,letters ,,of ,a ,,young ,,irishwoman ,,to ,,her ,,sister4 ,,from ,,the ,,french4 ,,july #bh1 #ahfi4 ,lord ,william is in ,england1 and baby ,emmanuel in vain asks for 8papa40 ,what a beautiful child he is6 ,my ,guy is very handsome also1 and ,i am proud of him4 ,johanna yields up to me all her prerogatives1 and1 were it not that he resembles ,paul1 ,i could persuade myself that he is quite my own1 my dear godson4 ,berthe intends to go to ,lourdes1 to obtain from ,mary ,immaculate the cure of her daughter4 ,poor mother6 she deceives herself2 the child cannot remain in this world1 and the day approaches when we shall say1 ,yesterday the bird was in the cage1 but is now flown hence6 ,this morning ,anna and the sick girl were leaning over my balcony1 looking at the blue sky1 over which light clouds were flying4 8,how beautiful the sky is60 said ,anna4 8,very sweet1 very beautiful1 very good10 answered ,picciola1 joining her hands4 8,the beauties of nature are admirable1 but--0 8,kiss me1 dear1 and don't look up to heaven in that way2 one would think you were going there60 8,the truth is that ,i shall go soon2 dear ,anna1 pray ,god to comfort my mother60 ,anna flew into the room3 8,madame1 ,o madame6 is this true that ,madeleine is telling me80 ,and she was sobbing4 ,picciola covered her with kisses1 saying3 8,why will no one listen when ,i speak of my happiness80 ,when ,anna was more calm ,i sent her to her mother1 and said to my darling3 8,then let us talk about heaven together40 8,but1 aunt1 it grieves you also4 ,yet ,i1 although the pain of those ,i love goes to my heart--,i feel in myself an indescribable gladness4 ,oh6 if you knew how ,i thirst for heaven40 8,and who tells you that you are going to leave us1 dear child8 ,our ,lady of ,lourdes will cure you40 8,if you love me1 do not ask me this2 ,i must not be cured10 she murmured1 with a sort of prayerful expression4 ,what do you think about this child1 dear ,kate8 ,our thoughts are much taken up1 as you may imagine1 with the ,council and with ,ireland4 ,adrien has read to us from a goodly folio1 come from the ,thebaid of our saint1 the most sinister predictions with reference to the present time4 ,good-by for a little while2 ,i slip this note into ,margaret's envelope4 ,,august #a1 #ahfi4 ,st4 ,francis of ,sales used to say3 8,people ask for secrets that they may advance in perfection2 for my own part1 ,i know of only one3 to love ,god above all things1 and my neighbor as myself40 ,and ,bossuet1 that other great master of the spiritual life1 said3 8,give all to ,god1 search to the very depths1 empty your heart for ,god2 he will know very well how to employ and to fill it40 ,this is what ,gertrude has done1 who just now quoted these two thoughts to console me4 ,alas6 yes1 ,i cannot resign myself to see her depart1 this enchanting soul1 so worthy of love4 8,remember10 ,gertrude said to me1 8that ,god undertakes to give back everything to those who have given him all4 ,i perceive many sacrifices for you1 dear ,georgina2 be worthy of ,god's favors1 for suffering is one of these40 ,and she quitted me4 ,she lives so near to ,god that every word she utters seems to me an oracle1 and now ,i am afraid4 ,o poor soul6--a reed bending to every wind4 8,turn thee to ,him who comforts and who heals40 ,help me1 dear ,kate6 ,ren1 ,margaret1 and ,marcella agree in diverting my attention1 but the blow has been given6 ,o my ,god6 ,if a whole family might but enter heaven all at the same time6 if there were no tears of departure6 ,i communicated this morning1 and promised our adorable ,jesus in the ,blessed ,eucharist to sacrifice my heart to him4 ,berthe1 ,raoul1 and ,picciola set out to-morrow for ,lourdes2 we have not ventured to dissuade the poor mother from this idea4 ,i had a foolish longing to follow them1 but ,i saw in this a first sacrifice1 and offered it to obtain courage4 ,if1 however1 ,mary would be pleased to cure her6 ,they will make a novena there1 and not return until the #afth4 ,what a long time without seeing her6 ,our country neighbor has installed himself1 and yesterday paid us his first visit4 ,my mother gave him a more than amiable reception4 ,we all thanked him for the care with which he had attended ,anna1 who threw her arms round his neck with the greatest simplicity4 ,marcella replied gracefully to the civilities of the good doctor1 who accepted an invitation to dinner4 ,my mother finds him very well bred4 ,he is fifty years of age1 very tall1 with an open and expressive countenance1 most extensive learning1 skill1 wit1 fortune1 and above all faith2 he is thus in every way worthy of my friend4 ,ren has explained this to me1 and has ended by requesting me to favor this marriage4 ,margaret1 on leaving me this evening1 whispered in my ear3 8,dear1 will our fair ,roman be insensible8 ,the aspirant belongs to the very first quality of nature's noblemen40 ,good-by1 dear ,kate2 pray much6 ,,august #f1 #ahfi4 ,picciola is at this moment at the miraculous ,grotto4 ,impossible to turn my thoughts away from this child2 ,i see her everywhere4 ,nevertheless1 ,i cannot complain of any want of distractions2 we are out continually4 ,three days ago ,m4 de ,verlhiac 7the doctor7 gave us a princely reception in his divor4 ,what life6 what gayety6 ,marcella is very pensive and seeks to be alone4 ,margaret raves about the doctor1 and will have him at all our parties2 ,anna can no longer do without him1 my mother likes his conversation1 the gentlemen seize upon the slightest pretext for going to the ,blue ,nest--the name given by ,margaret to the dismantled manor of ,m4 de ,v4 ,you see1 dear ,kate1 all is for the best4 ,your advice is not1 however1 useless to me4 ,oh6 how well you have realized what ,marcella is to me4 ,but ,i am not so selfish as to place my affection in the way of her happiness1 and ,i shall know how to make the sacrifice4 ,m4 de ,v4 requested an interview with me yesterday4 ,i had remained alone with my mother1 who feared to take so long a drive1 and it was in her presence that ,i received our new neighbor4 ,he appeared greatly embarrassed--he1 who is so fearless6 ,at last1 after a great deal of circumlocution1 he related how he had become acquainted with our dear ,italians2 how much he felt interested in the pretty invalid1 whom he had attended with truly paternal solicitude2 how the desire had arisen in his heart to become the father of this attractive young creature2 and how we had unknowingly destroyed the fragile edifice of his dreams by carrying away from him ,mme4 de ,clissey and her daughter4 ,their sojourn of last winter had convinced him that without this union he could not be happy4 ,marcella had answered his proposal by a refusal1 which he does not know how to explain4 ,my mother looked at me1 and ,m4 de ,v4 continued3 8,i know not1 madame1 whether ,i am mistaken1 but ,i am persuaded that you have some influence on this determination which crushes my life4 ,madame de ,c4 does not wish to separate from you40 ,i was much moved by this confidence1 and so much the more because my mother1 who had formerly been acquainted with the mother of the good doctor1 had told me that morning that she looked forward to this union with pleasure4 ,i promised to do my duty4 ,this conversation lasted three hours4 ,m4 de ,v4 is really a remarkable man1 and ,i cannot understand ,marcella's singular behavior4 ,margaret advises me to speak to her about it2 but ,i think it more prudent to wait4 ,the pretty little ,anna unconsciously enlightened me somewhat4 ,this morning1 in my room1 she was caressing her mother and saying3 8,why1 then1 are you so cold to this good doctor1 who likes you so much and who is so like papa8 ,if you knew how affectionately he kisses me60 ,marcella blushed and spoke of something else4 ,dear ,kate1 my heart is full2 ,m4 de ,v4 has only one dream after that of marrying my friend1 which is to settle at ,naples4 ,it would then be a permanent separation6 8,you are in your spring-time1 my daughter10 my mother said to me2 8beware of the autumn6 ,the lightest breath then carries away by degrees our happiness and our hopes40 ,god guard you1 dearest6 ,,august #i1 #ahfi4 ,the doctor has become our habitual companion4 ,he loves poetry1 8this choice language1 dear to youth and to those whose hearts have remained young0--another connecting link with ,marcella4 8,but they are made for each other10 says ,margaret4 ,this southerner shivers at the most delicate breeze of the north4 8,good friend1 what will you do in winter80 exclaims ,anna on seeing him hermetically enfolded in a mantle lined with fur when he arrives of an evening4 8,dear1 ,i shall do as the swallows do40 8,bah6 you will not go to ,athens40 8,and why not1 if you will go with me80 8,oh6 ,i do not travel without my mother40 ,this fragment of conversation shows you that ,m4 de ,v4 is always driving at the same point4 ,every one rivals the other in extolling the loyalty1 the learning1 the distinction of the doctor4 ,he must be immensely rich1 for he throws gold with open hands among our poor1 builds up cottages1 gives work to all4 ,gertrude says3 8,there is in this man an apostle and a ,sister of ,charity40 ,marcella never utters a word about our dear neighbor1 but appears to suffer when others speak of him4 ,yesterday ,margaret wanted to get my mother to promise that we should spend the summer of #ahgj in ,england4 8,will you not come also1 monsieur80 ,the handsome countenance of the doctor darkened1 and he answered briefly3 8,who can promise80 8,oh6 do promise1 good friend10 exclaimed ,anna2 8you told me you wished not to leave me60 8,anna1 will you water my verbenas80 tranquilly asked ,marcella4 ,the child bounded into the garden4 ,berthe writes to me every day4 ,the horizon is dark there2 the poor mother perceives the full truth4 ,a ,dieu1 ,kate2 may he alone be all to us6 ,,august #af1 #ahfi4 ,ren has written to you1 dear sister2 thus you know how my time has been occupied4 ,oh6 what a beautiful procession4 ,what singing6 ,what decorations6 ,a corner of ,italy in ,brittany1 to believe the good doctor1 who has valiantly paid with his person4 ,picciola is here4 ,i have just been to kiss her under her curtains4 ,this pilgrimage has produced a double benefit3 it gave the poor parents a few days of hope1 and the ,immaculate ,virgin has caused them to understand all4 8,she belongs to ,god before she belongs to us40 ,are not these truly ,christian words the acceptance of the sacrifice8 ,and ,picciola3 8,how sweet it would have been to die there1 dear aunt6 ,but ,i am very happy to see you again40 ,o my ,god6 ,margaret is expecting ,lord ,william4 ,can you picture to yourself the aspect of our colony--our numbers1 the noise and movement1 the joyous voices calling and answering each other1 the animation1 the eagerness1 of this human hive8 ,our ,bretons say they wish we were here always4 ,edith writes often4 ,lizzy is somewhat silent2 the saintly ,isa is too much detached from earth to think of us in any way except in her prayers4 ,my letters to ,betsy have produced an unexpected effect1 thanks to your prayers2 this good and charming friend assures me that going to holy ,mass and visiting the poor help her marvellously1 and that now the days appear too short4 ,yesterday we were talking on the terrace--talking about all sorts of things4 ,the word ideal was pronounced4 8,who1 then1 can attain his ideal80 exclaimed ,m4 de ,verlhiac4 8,life almost always passes away in its pursuit2 an intangible phantom1 it escapes us precisely at the moment when it seems within our grasp40 8,it is1 perhaps1 because the ideal does not in reality exist on earth10 said ,gertrude4 8,the ,christian's ideal is in heaven60 ,whereupon the meditative ,anna cried out3 8,oh6 if only the good ,god would make haste to put us into his beautiful heaven all together1 the south and the north6 ,you would not feel cold up there1 good friend60 8,then will the angels place us thus by families80 asked ,alix timidly4 8,hem6 hem6 the house is large10 said the doctor2 8and1 for my part1 ,i see no inconvenience that this 'corner of ,italy in ,brittany' would suffer by arranging itself commodiously there on high40 ,at this moment ,adrien took up a newspaper and read us a fulmination in verse against the centenary of ,napoleon1 by a writer whose independent pen 8is unequalled in freedom and boldness10 according to the ideas of some4 ,m4 de ,v4 disapproves strongly3 8,cannot a man be of one party without throwing mud at the other8 ,may not the sufferings on ,st4 ,helena1 the torture more terrible than that of the ,prometheus of antiquity1 have been accepted by ,god as an expiation8 ,how far preferable would a little ,christian moderation be to all this gall so uselessly poured out into the public prints6 ,and what do they attain1 republicans or royalists1 after so many words and so much trouble8 ,great social revolutions arrive only at the hour marked by ,providence40 8,at all events10 said ,johanna1 8it is this much-boasted printing which enables us to read so much that is good and so much that is hurtful40 8,o madame6 ,writing1 printing6 ,what favors granted to man6 ,what feasts for the understanding and the heart6 ,the genius of evil has known how to draw from these admirable sources the means of perdition2 what is it that man has not turned against ,god8 ,but the divine mercy is greater than our offences1 and the ,christian's life ought to be a perpetual ,te ,deum4 ,providence pours out in floods before us joys1 favors1 enjoyments without number1 as he scatters flowers in the meadows1 birds in the air1 angels in space2 he has given us poetry1 this eternal charm of the earth3 8',langue qui vient du ,ciel1 toute limpide et belle1 ,et que le monde entend1 mais qu'il ne parle pas4'0#aa ,footnote #aa3 ,language which comes from heaven1 limpid and beautiful1 ,and which the world understands1 but does not speak4 ,you perceive1 dear ,kate1 that ,i want to make you acquainted with the doctor4 ,but good-night4 ,,august #bb1 #ahfi4 ,well1 dearest1 the marriage is arranged4 ,let me1 however1 first speak to you about ,picciola4 ,she is an angel6 ,she invariably forgets herself1 and thinks only of the happiness of others4 ,it is she who organizes our festivities4 ,dear1 delicious child6 ,thrse and ,anna know not how to show her tenderness enough4 ,i forget what day it was that ,marcella said to me3 8,i think that now ,i need not be any longer uneasy about my child's health2 there has been no change since that beneficial winter40 ,picciola was by me4 ,i looked at her2 her eyes shone with a singular brightness1 and she said almost involuntarily1 and so low that ,i alone heard her3 8,oh6 she will be no longer ill48 ,marianne was right3 there is a mystery in this1 and ,i want to know what it is4 ,i shall question ,mad2 she will not resist me4 ,i have entreated the doctor to cure her1 and his answer was3 8,who can arrest the flight of the bird88 ,thus all is in vain2 and yet1 in spite of myself1 ,i have moments of wild hope4 ,what a large place this child has taken possession of in my heart6 ,m4 de ,v4 had placed his interests in my hands2 it was therefore your ,georgina herself who renewed his proposal4 ,at the first word ,marcella1 much moved1 formally refused1 begging me to speak to her of something else4 ,then we had a long explanation4 ,this dear and excellent friend did not want to separate herself from us1 out of gratitude6 ,and she was sacrificing her heart2 for the devotedness and high character of ,m4 de ,v4 inspire her with as much sympathy as respect4 ,it needed all my eloquence to convince her4 ,in accepting she secures her daughter a protector2 the increase of her fortune will allow her still more latitude for the exercise of her benevolence4 ,i know that she loves ,italy1 and dreams of seeing it again1 which would be impossible were she to remain with us2 by refusing she crushes out the life of ,m4 de ,v41 etc41 etc4 ,by way of conclusion ,i drew her into my mother's room1 where we also found ,ren and ,edouard1 and all four of us together succeeded in obtaining her consent4 ,all1 then1 is well as regards this matter4 ,anna is in a state of incomparable joy1 as the old books say4 ,we are all happy at the turn affairs have taken1 but each in our different degrees4 ,and you1 dear ,kate8 ,ah6 news of ,ireland and again of ,edith3 ,mary is not well4 ,poor ,edith6 ,good-by1 dearest2 ,ren calls me1 and ,i must send to the post4 ,,august #be1 #ahfi4 ,yesterday's fte was admirable1 according to the doctor1 who is a good judge4 ,how impatient he is to carry off ,marcella from us6 ,the wedding is fixed for the #bjth of ,september1 and the same day the happy couple are to start for ,italy4 ,thus ,i have not even a month in which to enjoy the society of this delightful friend1 so truly the sister of my soul1 whom ,god gave me almost on the grave of ,ellen4 ,i busy myself with her about the preparations4 ,gertrude1 the austere ,gertrude1 sets out to-morrow for ,paris with ,adrien and ,m4 de ,v41 whom she will direct in the choice of the corbeille4 ,don't you admire that8 ,marcella is calm1 serious1 but also1 she owns to me1 profoundly happy4 ,there will be no more meeting again1 ,i foresee plainly2 they will cast anchor down there1 but our spirits will be always united before ,god4 ,margaret greatly rejoices in the happiness of our dear ,roman4 ,lord ,william arrived yesterday1 and joyous parties are going on4 ,the little angel of the good ,god is always on the point of taking her flight4 ,ah6 mon me voudrait se suspendre ses ailes ,et la garder encore6#ab ,footnote #ab3 ,ah6 my soul would fain cling to her wings1 and keep her still6 ,ren procures me the most agreeable surprises4 ,there has never yet been the least shadow of a cloud between us4 ,you say well1 dearest1 that with him ,i shall have happiness everywhere2 why1 then1 should ,i have hesitated to procure a like happiness for ,marcella8 ,i did not tell you that about a year ago this dear friend lost nearly the whole of her fortune1 which was in the hands of a banker8 ,happily1 we were the first to hear of it1 and have concealed the disaster4 ,gertrude desired to join us in this hidden good work1 and ,i have with all my heart paid the half of the amount4 ,i am still more glad now to have done so4 ,hitherto the interest has been sufficient1 but1 lest the secret should be discovered1 ,gertrude undertook to arrange the matter with her banker4 ,as it is a considerable sum1 we are selling our carriages and one of ,ren's farms1 lest it should make too much difference to our poor2 my mother is surprised1 but asks no questions4 ,we shall try to live without carriages--so many people live happily1 and yet always go on foot6 ,i am certain that you will approve of this1 dear ,kate4 ,marcella is too proud to consent to marry ,m4 de ,v4 without any fortune of her own4 ,ren is delighted with this arrangement2 ,i believe that he also is in love with the poverty of ,st4 ,francis4 ,oh6 how good ,god is to us6 ,all my kisses to you4 ,,august #bh1 #ahfi4 ,read yesterday some pretty things on ,montaigne4 ,the author of the ,essays loved 8with a particular affection0 poetry1 8in which it is not allowable to play the simpleton40 ,marcella presented me with a charming poem on ,friendship4 ,oh6 ,i know very well that her warm affection is mine4 ,listen to this passage taken from a dramatic story which has come into ,brittany3 8,there are redeeming souls1 born for salvation4 ,in the path of the divine ,crucified ,one walk silent groups whose mission is to suffer for those who enjoy all the good things of life1 to weep for those who sing at feasts1 to pray for those who never open their lips in prayer4 ,a large number of these mysterious flowers which perfume the ,king's ,house are even unconscious of their destiny4 ,they follow it1 without asking what end is answered by their solitude1 and to what purpose are their tears40 ,you write to me too deliciously1 dear ,kate6 ,it is very kind of you to ask after the two adopted little girls4 ,they have been claimed by a relation1 and left us after having remained a week4 ,this fresh eclogue could not have had a better ending4 ,the dear children write to ,picciola4 ,they are happy2 their relative gave us a most favorable impression4 ,yesterday a long walk with ,margaret1 who loves our heaths1 our fields of broom1 our reedy places1 our customs1 and who is always ready when there is a good work to be done4 ,my mother is not well--8,the effect of old age10 she says4 ,would that ,i could keep away all pain from that dear head6 ,mme4 ,swetchine says3 8,all the joys of earth would not assuage our thirst for happiness1 and one single sorrow suffices to fold life in a sombre veil1 to strike it throughout with nothingness40 ,how true this is6 ,st4 ,augustine is one of ,ren's patrons2 you may imagine whether we have not prayed to him very much4 ,gertrude writes to me3 8,here are some lines which ,i commend to your meditations3 ',all passes1 all vanishes away1 all is carried away by the river of ,eternity4 ,the most sacred and sweet affections we see broken1 some by absence--that sleep of the heart--others by a culpable inconstancy2 many1 alas6 by death4 ,the days of our childhood1 the years of our youth1 the friendships begun in the cradle1 the more serious attachments of riper age1 the affections of home1 the bonds formed at the altar--all are touched1 withered1 annihilated by the inexorable hand of time4' ,dear ,georgina10 continues ,gertrude1 8all lives again1 all arises from its tomb1 all becomes again resplendent with ,god6 ,hope1 then6 ,excelsior40 ,lord ,william has brought us a most interesting book--,our ,life in the ,highlands1 by ,queen ,victoria4 ,what soul6 ,what heart6 ,why is she not a ,catholic8 ,my poor ,ireland1 when wilt thou recover thy freedom8 ,o ,ireland6 patria mia6 ,thrse regrets ,anna's approaching departure1 but she is courageous4 ,the babies do not take it in the same way1 and ,margurite told ,anna plainly3 8,all that you may say to me is of no use4 ,i know ,italian1 mademoiselle3 ,chi sta bene1 non si muove40#ac ,i had to preach for an hour before ,i could persuade ,margurite to consent to apologize to the dear little ,italian1 who cried so much at being accused of inconstancy4 ,these little people6 ,footnote #ac3 8,he who is well off stays where he is40 ,good-by1 dear ,kate2 ,picciola sends you a kiss4 ,,august #cj1 #ahfi4 ,i have just been telling the children the beautiful story of ,st4 ,felix and ,st4 ,adauctus1 as the charming imagination of ,margaret had arranged it at the convent4 ,how they listened to me4 ,on turning round ,i was taken by surprise3 ,ren was there6 ,you know that ,i like to be alone when fulfilling the functions of professor--a title which ,i usurp from the good abb1 whose charity frequently takes him from home4 8,are you displeased80 asked my brother4 ,displeased6 ,but he and ,i are altogether one--one and the same soul4 ,picciola makes profound observations thereupon4 ,margaret tells me that she said to her3 8,the soul ought in this world to be with ,god as ,uncle ,ren is with ,aunt ,georgina1 and as you and ,lord ,william40 ,margaret was delighted with this comparison4 ,letter from the saintly ,isa2 one might call it a song of heaven4 8,o charming felicities which ,i find in this paradise of intelligence and friendship1 incomparable joys of the religious affections1 delights of the sensible presence of ,him who is my all1 how dear are you to me60 ,picciola is sleeping in an easy-chair two steps from me4 ,she seems to have scarcely a breath of life left4 ,i questioned her as discreetly as possible2 she understood immediately3 8,later1 aunt1 ,i will tell you40 ,what6 have ,i not told you about my six children8 ,the eldest has been taken as femme de chambre by ,margaret1 the second occupies the same post for ,anna1 and ,thrse claims the third4 ,the youngest go to school4 ,johanna wished to take charge of them1 but ,i said1 8,no1 thank you02 she has a family and ,i am free4 ,ren wants to talk business to you4 ,i give up my sheet of paper to him4 ,may ,god be with us6 ,,september #e4 ,only a fortnight more to enjoy the presence of ,marcella6 ,the travellers are home again4 ,the corbeille is splendid2 but the pious projects of ,m4 de ,v4 are still more so4 ,did ,i tell you that he had been connected with ,m4 de ,clissey1 in a journey the latter took to ,naples8 ,m4 de ,c4 loved ,marcella then1 and spoke only of her4 ,he was on the eve of a dangerous expedition4 8,promise me10 he said to ,m4 de ,v41 8that in case of my death you will marry her60 ,m4 de ,v4 promised4 ,this is like the tales of knight-errantry4 ,m4 de ,verlhiac was unable to be present at his friend's marriage1 and1 as he was at that time of an adventurous turn of mind1 he went away to ,new ,york and had no news of the ,de ,clisseys4 ,it was only on ,marcella's account that he settled temporarily at ,hyres4 ,you see1 this is altogether a romance1 but in the best taste possible4 ,m4 de ,v4 told us all this after his proposal had been accepted4 ,all ,france is interested in the ,council2 we are praying for this intention4 ,what times we live in1 dear ,kate6 ,the church is on the eve of terrible trials1 say the seers4 ,picciola wishes to write to you2 but will her poor little hand have the strength to do so8 ,oh6 how touching she is in her serenity4 ,she communicates with great fervor twice a week4 ,lizzy1 the happy ,lizzy6 has a son6 ,gaudete et ltare6 ,i rejoice in her joy6 ,edith is ill2 ,mistress ,annah says seriously so4 ,always a shadow6 ,farewell1 dearest4 ,i have quantities of things to attend to4 ,a thousand kisses4 ,,september #aj1 #ahfi4 ,m4 de ,verlhiac overwhelms us with presents--no means of refusing them4 ,marcella appears very happy1 although as the time of departure approaches there is an occasional shade upon her brow4 ,the health of ,m4 de ,v4 cannot accommodate itself to ,brittany1 and the ,blue ,nest was only a pretext4 ,my mother is purchasing this well-named habitation1 to sell it when an opportunity offers4 ,since we have launched out so strongly in good works1 no one allows superfluities4 ,gertrude saw ,karl1 who sighs for the day when he shall offer up at the altar the true and spotless ,victim4 ,i love what you tell me of your thoughts on seeing our sister4 ,ah6 dearest1 all that ,god does he does well2 great sacrifices suit great souls4 ,my mother gives ftes--to us1 you understand4 ,but what ftes6 ,what a large share is left for the poor6 ,what a still larger part given to ,god6 ,lucy1 the amiable ,lucy1 gives herself unheard-of trouble for our pleasures4 ,gertrude gracefully lends herself to our passing follies1 to which her dark toilet makes a contrast4 ,i asked her two days ago if she did not sometimes regret the luxuries to which she was accustomed4 8,regret1 ,georgina6 ,listen to ,ludolph the ,chartreux3 ',the ,christian is happy1 for1 whatever may be his poverty1 he has always in himself wherewith to buy the pearl and the treasure2 no other price is asked but himself4'0 ,sarah is in ,spain1 whence she sends me magnificent descriptions of the ,pyrenees4 8,when will you come and gather roses on the banks of the ,mancanares80 asks my lively friend4 ,picciola is asking for me4 ,you would be uneasy4 ,may ,god have you in his keeping6 ,,september #ah1 #ahfi4 ,ren has replaced me in my assiduous correspondence--,i have so much to do6 ,will these words make you smile8 ,nothing1 however1 is more true2 in our hive every bee has its share of work4 ,m4 de ,v4 can no longer keep himself quiet2 ,marcella weeps at the thought of going away for ever4 ,ren mentions the possibility of our again visiting ,hyres1 and ,i want to persuade the future couple to give their solemn promise to go thither4 ,it seems as if a part of my heart were going to leave me4 ,the ,bishop of ---- will bless the marriage4 ,oh6 would that ,i could put off this date4 ,it is so sweet to have them here1 these dear friends and the charming little ,anna6 ,good-by1 ,homer6 ,good-by1 our studious hours1 our intimate conversations1 our so perfect friendship6 ,her room will remain furnished just as it now is2 ,i shall make it a museum of souvenirs4 ,you know that ,i have taken the portraits of all three4 ,they wished for copies2 so you see why ,i was too busy to write to you4 ,only two days more--two days3 what is that8 ,my mother is very thoughtful on my account4 ,for my sake she dreads this departure1 this great void2 but ,ren is at hand1 so ingeniously good and devoted1 so attentive1 so fraternal6 ,dearest1 pray that they may be happy6 ,,september #ba1 #ahfi4 ,she is gone6 ,these two days have passed away like a dream4 ,i cannot bring myself to realize this idea4 ,oh6 what difference there is between the apprehension and the reality1 from the expectation of sorrow to sorrow itself6 ,but she will be happy6 ,how beautiful she was2 ,anna so graceful1 and all three so affectionate6 ,i am now counting the hours until ,i receive a letter4 ,i am going to occupy myself--study with ,ren1 pray with ,picciola1 meditate with ,gertrude4 ,and ,margaret--oh6 ,i must make up to her all the time given to ,marcella1 whom she regrets almost as much as ,i do4 ,picciola occupies me1 and very much4 ,she has felt this separation exceedingly1 being very fond of ,anna4 ,good-by till to-morrow1 dear ,kate2 ,i feel myself incapable of writing4 #bb;d4--,a word from ,mme4 de ,verlhiac--a greeting written yesterday morning in the carriage4 ,they go farther and farther away4 ,how could ,i flatter myself that ,i should be able to keep for myself alone these two ,italian flowers8 ,gertrude has asked me to aid her in a singular operation3 the accounts of all her farmers have to be clearly arranged4 ,adrien does not like these commonplace details4 ,he found yesterday in the woods a little fellow of six years old1 roguish as an elf1 his hair a tangled bush1 his face1 hands1 and feet alarmingly dirty4 8,will you take charge of this child for an hour80 ,ren asked me1 as he had letters to write to his brother4 ,what trouble ,i had to make the little savage clean6 ,margaret acted as currier2 ,i was quite alone1 dreaming of the past4 ,this awoke me1 ,i can assure you4 ,when he was white1 ,i went to find ,johanna1 who gave me a whole suit of clothes4 ,this little wilding was the torment of his mother2 we are going to tame him4 ,as a beginning ,i have put him to school4 ,he is enchanted to see himself so fine1 and looks at himself as if he were a relic4 ,at the same time he is greedy1 untruthful1 obstinate1 lazy--all vices in miniature4 ,we are going to-morrow to the town2 this always amuses the babies4 ,happy age1 when every little change is a festivity6 ,if you knew what a strange sensation ,i experienced this morning on entering the drawing-room and not finding the two dear faces so long visible there6 ,i thought ,i should have wept or cried out--it would have done me good--but ,gertrude began to converse with me1 and the feeling passed away4 ,i never talk to you now either about my godson or the beautiful ,emmanuel2 it is very remiss4 ,both are charming and do not make much noise4 ,dear little beings6 ,and the day will come when they will be our protectors1 these two little nestlings whose warblings are so charming a harmony to our ears4 ,i wish you could hear ,margaret say1 8,my son60 ,this word has in her mouth such a penetrating sweetness6 ,dear ,kate1 may ,god be with us6 ,,september #bh1 #ahfi4 ,can it possibly be true8 ,pre ,hyacinthe quits his convent and in some sort separates himself from the ,roman ,catholic ,church4 ,the bad newspapers vie with each other in their applauses1 while the good ones groan4 ,louis ,veuillot energetically blames4 ,pride has much to do with this great fall4 ,let us pray that he may come back1 this apostle who has lost his way6 ,another star fallen6 ,picciola daily grows weaker1 and ,i now know1 alas6 why she is dying4 ,i would fain give the account with her touching simplicity1 but this charm belongs to her alone4 ,this morning ,i was in her room2 she has not got up since the #bb;d4 8,are you alone1 aunt80 8,yes1 dearest40 8,because ,i have something to say to you4 ,i have to ask your pardon40 ,poor angel6 8,my life was my own1 was it not1 aunt8 ,i could give it away80 8,and why1 then1 did you give it away1 my child80 8,aunt1 do not be so distressed4 ,you love ,mme4 ,marcella very much1 and ,anna also4 ,well6 last year1 at ,orleans1 during the winter1 ,anna had the fever4 ,the doctor came2 he examined her a long time1 and it was ,i who conducted him to the door4 ,i asked him if my little friend was very ill4 ',she is consumptive1 this beautiful child1 and will not be cured without a miracle4' ,i was very much struck1 but did not show it in any way1 and from that day ,i offered all my prayers for her recovery4 ,the day of my ,first ,communion1 ,o aunt6 ,i was so happy4 ,the good ,god had given me everything4 ,i tried to find a sacrifice to offer to him1 and ,i had nothing but my life2 so ,i asked him to take this in exchange for that of ,anna4 ,i felt at the same moment that ,i was heard1 that my prayer would be fully granted4 ,oh6 how happy ,i was4 ,but1 my poor dear aunt1 ,i see you so sad that ,i am almost sorry2 but then you have other nieces1 and ,mme4 ,marcella has only one daughter4 ,do you forgive me80 ,my ,god6 my ,god6 ,can you understand1 ,kate1 what ,i felt8 8,my mother must not know of this10 continued the gentle victim1 after a long effort4 8,you will comfort her1 dear aunt6 ,oh6 it is so consoling to die for others4 ,i have a confidence that ,i shall go to heaven4 ,monsieur le ,cur has told me not to be afraid4 ,i have always suffered ever since my ,first ,communion2 but my cross was not heavy like that of our ,lord6 ,oh6 ,i long so for heaven4 ,on earth it is so difficult to keep one's self always in the presence of ,god2 we shall see him on high4 ,aunt1 what joy it is to die60 ,berthe came into the room1 from which ,i hastened precipitately to hide my tears4 ,i felt thoroughly overcome4 ,what self-devotion6 ,what angelic desires6 ,i told all to ,ren1 who had already his suspicions3 ,anna had so delicate a chest1 while our ,mad's constitution was so strong4 ,god has accepted the exchange4 ,poor ,berthe6 ,when she received ,marcella with so sisterly a welcome1 how little she imagined that with her death entered our dwelling6 ,i am proud of ,picciola--but ,i weep6 ,ah6 dear ,kate1 let us bless ,god for all4 ,,september #cj1 #ahfi4 ,i live as in another world since this revelation4 8,the holy angels will come and take me10 said ,picciola4 ,margaret1 ,berthe1 ,thrse1 ,gertrude1 and ,i succeed each other in watching by her4 8,all my body is broken60 she exclaimed in her delirium2 otherwise1 never a complaint4 ,she prays1 and likes to hear singing2 she is full of tenderness4 ,i have no news of ,edith4 ,anna has written from ,lyons4 ,pray for those who remain1 dear ,kate6 ,,october #a1 #ahfi4 ,she has received the last sacraments2 her room exhales the perfume of incense4 ,we are all there1 whispering prayers4 #b;d ,october4--,she is in heaven6 8,dear angels1 thanks1 ,i come60 ,and her soul fled away4 ,oh6 how ,i suffer4 ,i loved her too much6 ,i write to you near to her--near to her who is no longer there4 ,i could have wished to follow her when the abb said3 8,go forth from this world1 ,christian soul60 ,did you know her well1 this flower of heaven whose fragrance was so sweet2 this soul1 open to every noble sentiment2 this exceptional understanding1 which assimilated everything and was ever advancing8 ,my mother is well-nigh broken down2 ,berthe is kneeling1 and still kissing this brow so pure1 these eyes whose gaze we shall behold no more4 ,raoul and ,thrse weep together2 ,gertrude occupies herself in attending to the sad details2 and as for me1 ,i would pour upon this paper all the desolation of my heart4 ,shall ,i have the courage to paint her thus--inanimate--dead8 ,o my ,god6 it is1 then1 true8 ,that caressing arm will never again pass itself round my neck4 ,that beloved voice will no longer resound in my ears4 ,that arial footstep will no more reveal her presence4 ,she is gone6 ,she was full of life1 and freely1 voluntarily she has accepted death and has left us alone4 ,kate1 how shall ,i pray1 how shall ,i bless ,god8 ,if you knew how ,i loved her6 ,,october #ab1 #ahfi4 ,i am beginning to rise up4 ,for ten days ,i have been in a state of delirium4 ,i saw ,madeleine constantly by me1 spoke to her1 told her to wait for me--that ,i did not wish to live without her4 ,ren was in despair2 but his prayers and yours have been heard4 ,a strange calm has succeeded to the disorder of my thoughts2 ,i have the certainty that ,picciola and ,edith have entered into everlasting rest4 ,yes1 ,edith6 ,how did ,i learn that she was dead8 ,i do not know1 but ,ren saw that ,i knew it and no longer sought to hide it from me4 ,adrien leaves us to-day to go and bring hither ,mary and ,ellen1 and also ,mistress ,annah1 who is wanted by ,margaret4 ,they compel me to stop4 ,i love you4 ,,october #bj1 #ahfi4 ,i am still weak1 dear ,kate1 but my soul is strengthened4 ,let us love ,god1 let us love ,god6 ,i went at noon to the cemetery1 to the beloved grave4 ,ren accompanied me4 ,oh6 how he also loved her4 ,how sweet she was when she spoke of him6 ,raoul has taken ,berthe and ,thrse into ,normandy for a fortnight2 their intense grief made him anxious4 ,it is all like a dream2 but1 alas6 she is no longer here4 ,let us so live that we may rejoin her6 ,a friend of ,ren's gave ,edith the comfort of embracing her son2 our dear friend's will is addressed to me4 ,ren is utterly opposed to the young girls being brought up with us1 and we shall no doubt place them at the ,sacred ,heart4 ,ren is right3 no one could ever take the place of ,picciola in my heart4 ,margaret and ,gertrude have been angels of consolation to me4 ,how shall ,i ever repay their tenderness6 ,ah6 it is good to be so loved4 ,let us always love each other in ,jesus1 dear ,kate6 ,,october #be4 ,the orphans are come1 very touching in their mourning garments4 ,the good ,mistress ,annah has grown ten years older4 ,edith died the death of a saint6 ,how painfully this word death sounds in my heart6 ,my mother does not wish that ,berthe should see them here2 the generous ,adrien offers to accompany them1 but ,margaret solicits this privilege1 with the secret intention1 we believe1 of paying the first year's expenses4 ,kind ,margaret6 ,i should like to have kept these children1 but in every point of view it is impossible4 ,ren fears that ,i may love them too much--and you also1 dear ,kate4 ,thus it is decided that they are to leave us on the #eth4 ,i send you the journal of the last days of ,edith2 ,mistress ,annah wished to give me this consolation1 sweet and bitter at the same time4 ,dear old friend6 what good care we are going to take of her4 ,i should like to have her here4 ,karl will be made a priest on ,christmas ,eve2 we shall therefore be in ,paris towards the #ajth of ,december4 ,for how long8 ,i do not yet know4 ,my mother has changed very much since our angel is no longer here4 ,o ,christ6 ,o ,saviour6 ,o ,sovereign ,friend of our souls6 take compassion on our sorrows4 ,johanna is here1 by me1 with my beautiful godson on her knees1 smiling and playing with him in a thousand ways4 ,oh6 how sweet was ,picciola in this same place4 ,alix and ,margurite come every minute to talk to me1 to amuse me4 ,margaret occupies herself in reading to me serious and absorbing things2 but--,i constantly see her1 my little dove that is flown away4 ,marcella is at ,naples2 the letter of mourning reached her there4 ,she does not know what her daughter's life has cost us1 nor will she ever know it4 ,ah my ,god6 who would have believed that8 ,send me your good angel1 dear1 beloved sister6 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 ,,presbyterian ,,infidelity ,,in ,,scotland4 ,the people of ,england1 as his ,eminence ,cardinal ,manning is fond of saying1 never abandoned the ,catholic faith2 it was torn from them by violence4 ,the people of ,ireland were made of sterner stuff2 they clung to the faith1 successfully resisting the pitiless persecutions to which they were subjected4 ,but the people of ,scotland joyfully received the new gospel and took it into their hearts with zealous ardor4 ,in ,england the sovereign imposed the new religion upon the people1 and they submitted to it2 in ,ireland the whole authority of the civil power1 exercised in the most cruel forms1 was exhausted in vain attempts to compel the apostasy of the people4 ,in ,scotland the people apostatized by their own motion and the ,reformation there was essentially a popular movement4 ,the late ,archbishop ,spalding1 in his ,history of the ,protestant ,reformation1 says that the ,reformation in ,scotland spread from low to high2 that it 8worked its way up from the people1 through the aid of the nobles1 through political combinations and civil commotions1 to the foot of the throne itself1 and1 after having gained the supreme civil power and deposed first the queen-regent and then the queen1 it dictated its own terms to the new regent and the new sovereign2 and thus1 by the strong arm1 it firmly established itself on the ruins of the old religion of the country40 ,the true explanation of the fact that the ,reformation in ,scotland was a popular movement is to be found in the words of a ,protestant writer#ad quoted by ,archbishop ,spalding3 8,scotland1 from her local situation1 had been less exposed to disturbance from the encroaching ambition1 vexatious exactions1 and fulminating anathemas of the ,vatican court0 than other countries2 that is to say1 the authority of the ,holy ,see for a long time prior to the ,reformation had been scarcely felt in ,scotland2 the wise and wholesome provisions of the canon law had fallen into disuse2 the civil power had thrust its own creatures into benefices and bishoprics2 and the people had become disgusted by 8the scandalous lives1 ostentatious pomp1 and occasional exactions of the unworthy men who had been thus unlawfully foisted into the bishoprics and abbeys40 ,footnote #ad3 ,thomas ,mc,crie1 minister of the ,gospel1 ,edinburgh4 ,in ,england and ,ireland the influence and authority of the popes had not been thus disregarded2 the church there had been kept tolerably pure1 and the affection of the people had not been alienated by the faults and crimes of prelates and priests4 ,in ,ireland to-day1 after three hundred and thirty-six years of ,protestant assaults upon the faith1 ,catholic truth remains as firmly as ever rooted in the hearts and exemplified in the lives of the people4 ,in ,england the effects of the retention of ,catholic tradition are still to be seen3 some of the great fasts and festivals of the church are observed as legal holidays2 marriages are not solemnized at a later hour than that which formerly was fixed for the celebration of the nuptial ,mass2 and respectable ,protestants1 belonging to the ,nonconformist societies as well as to the ,established ,church1 abstain from marrying or giving in marriage during ,lent4#ae ,but in ,scotland the 8blessed ,reformation0 swept away all these 8rags of ,popery02 it had full course to run and be glorified2 and it made such thorough work that1 for example1 only within the past few years has even the most modest recognition of ,christmas day as a festival been permitted4 ,the ,scottish ,reformers1 having burned the religious houses1 stripped and disfigured the churches1 and driven the priests from the land1 set up the ,bible as their fetich1 and ordained that it should be worshipped in conformity with the precepts embodied in certain creeds and confessions of faith which they framed to suit themselves4 ,for three hundred years the ,scottish ,presbyterians have been the most ardent ,protestants in the world1 and have boasted most loudly of their devotion to1 and their implicit faith in1 the written ,word of ,god4 ,this1 and this alone1 contained in itself all that was necessary for salvation2 and it were better that a man should never have been born rather than that he should take away from1 or add one word to1 what was written in this book4 ,god had not on the day of ,pentecost called into being1 by the power of the ,holy ,spirit1 a body commissioned 8to teach all whatsoever he had commanded until the consummation of the world02 he had simply caused a book to be written4 8,in the books of the ,old and ,new ,testaments10 they declared in their 8,standards10 8the revelation of ,god and the declaration of his will are committed wholly unto writing 444 and they are all given by inspiration of ,god to be the only rule of faith and life40 ,this has been the nominal faith of the ,scotch ,presbyterians ever since the dawn of the ,reformation1 and it is their nominal faith to-day4 ,it has long been difficult1 however1 for the admirers of ,scotch ,presbyterianism to reconcile the fact that they were at once 8the most ,bible-loving and whiskey-loving people on the face of the earth02 that their sexual immorality was threefold that of the ,english1 and tenfold that of the ,catholic ,irish2 and that marriage among them had become divested of every form of religious sanction4 ,close observers of what was going on in ,scotland had1 indeed1 from time to time perceived evidences of the existence and extension of a curious phase of scepticism among the people--a hypocritical and speculative scepticism4 ,the leading journal of the country had for many years1 with great skill and with the evident approbation of its constantly-increasing circle of readers1 devoted itself to the stealthy inculcation of rationalism and of secularism in education4 ,in private1 and sometimes in public1 leading members of the various branches of the ,presbyterian ,church had indulged in covert sneers at this or that article of faith1 and every attempt to reprove or punish these heresies by the discipline of the church resulted in failure4 ,events have now occurred which reveal in a startling manner the extent to which infidelity has made conquest of the ,scotch ,presbyterian ministers1 and which show that those among them who still care to profess their adherence to their standards of faith are unwilling or afraid to attempt either the correction or the expulsion of their atheistic brethren4 ,footnote #ae3 ,moreover1 the favor with which that parody of ,catholic ceremony and ,catholic truths known as ritualism has been received in ,england1 especially among the common people1 is an evidence of the imperfect manner in which the ,reformation there has done its work4 ,a new edition of the ,encyclopdia ,britannica has lately been published1 the article 8,angels0 and the article 8,bible0 in which work were written by ,professor ,w4 ,r4 ,smith1 of the ,free ,church ,college of ,aberdeen4 ,both these articles contained statements which1 in the moderate language of the official report before us1 and from which we shall quote1 8awakened anxiety in the minds of ministers and members of the church40 ,the affairs of this college are managed by a committee1 who are authorized to 8originate and prosecute before the church courts processes against any of the professors for heresy or immorality1 according to the present laws of the church40 ,on the #agth of ,may last this committee 8had their attention called0 to these writings of ,professor ,smith2 on the #aith of ,september they appointed seven of their number--,mr4 ,laughton1 ,principal ,rainy1 ,principal ,douglas1 ,sir ,henry ,moncreiff1 ,professor ,smeaton1 ,dr4 ,gould1 and ,professor ,candlish--to consider the two articles1 and to report to the committee what action1 if any1 should be taken upon them4 ,on the #agth of ,october the sub-committee1 two members dissenting1 reported that they did not find it necessary to say anything about ,professor ,smith's views concerning 8angels10 but that it would be advisable in the first instance to ask the professor if he had any explanation or apology to offer respecting his article upon the ,bible4 ,on the #adth of ,november the committee received a communication from ,professor ,smith not at all in the nature of an apology2 and on the #agth of ,january--eight months having been taken for consideration of the matter from the commencement--the committee made their report1 which is addressed to the ,general ,assembly of the church4 ,they state that 8after carefully examining the article ',bible1' and considering with attention the explanations which ,professor ,smith has been good enough to furnish10 they have not found in the article sufficient ground 8to support a process for heresy0--a conclusion from which one member of the committee1 ,dr4 ,smeaton1 dissents1 as will appear1 with good reason4 ,it is true1 the committee go on to say1 that ,professor ,smith's statements relating to 8the date1 authorship1 and literary history0 of certain books and portions of books in the ,bible not only 8differ from the opinions which have been most usually maintained in our churches10 but are 8such as have been maintained by writers who treat the ,scriptures as merely human compositions40 ,but the committee magnanimously decline to 8assume that this circumstance is of itself a ground either of suspicion or complaint10 inasmuch as 8much liberty of judgment should be maintained40 ,they confess1 again1 that they 8have observed with regret that the article does not adequately indicate that the professor holds the divine inspiration0 of the ,bible1 and that he does not 8adequately state the view of the ,bible taken by the ,christian church as a whole40 8,a clear note on this point0 was much needed1 but the professor would not give it1 and 8the committee are compelled to regard this feature of the case with disapprobation10 since it would have been so easy for the professor1 by 8a single sentence or clause of a sentence1 at successive stages of his argument10 to have 8prevented the injurious effect which the committee deprecate40 ,the professor gave 8decided opinions in favor of some of the critical positions maintained by theologians of the destructive school10 and he consistently refrained from blowing hot and cold1 as the committee wished him to do1 8by showing decisively that he did not agree with their destructive inferences40 ,but since1 in his communication to the committee1 ,professor ,smith 8admits direct prediction of the ,messias in the ,old ,testament10 and receives three of the four gospels as 8authentic and inspired10 the committee--,professor ,smeaton again dissenting--did not think it wise to prosecute him for heresy on these points4 ,they stumbled sadly1 however1 in their attempts to explain why they resolved to acquit him of flagrant heresy in the expressions of his views 8with respect to portions of the ,pentateuch1 and more particularly to the ,book of ,deuteronomy40 ,it would be bad enough1 they say1 had ,professor ,smith contented himself with maintaining that the ,book of ,deuteronomy in its present form could not have been written1 for philological reasons1 until eight hundred years after the death of ,moses4 ,but this would not necessarily prove that the author of the book was not inspired and did not faithfully record the history as it occurred4 ,professor ,smith did worse than this2 for he affirmed 8that instructions and laws which1 in the ,book of ,deuteronomy1 appear as uttered by ,moses1 are certainly post-,mosaic1 and so could not1 as a matter of fact1 have been uttered by him40 ,professor ,smith1 say the committee1 holds3 8#a4 ,that various portions of the ,levitical institutions1 to which a ,mosaic authorship is assigned in the ,pentateuch1 are of later date1 having come into the form in which they are exhibited only by degrees1 and in days long subsequent to the age of ,moses4 ,this is held to be established by discrepancies between different parts of ,scripture1 which are held to arise when the ,mosaic origin is assumed4 8#b4 ,in particular1 the ,book of ,deuteronomy1 in portions of it which1 ex facie1 bear to be the record of utterances by ,moses1 makes reference to institutions and arrangements much later than his time4 8#c4 ,this is to be accounted for by assuming that some prophetic person1 in later times1 threw into this form a series of oracles1 embracing at once ,mosaic revelations1 and modifications1 or adaptations which were of later development2 all together being thrown into the form of a declaration and testimony of ,moses4 8#d4 ,that1 viewed especially with reference to the literary conceptions and habits of that time and people1 the method thus employed was legitimate1 and was such as the divine ,spirit might sanction and employ4 ,it was designed to teach that the whole body of laws delivered were the fruit of the same seed1 had received the same sanction1 and were alike inspired by the ,spirit which spake by ,moses4 8#e4 ,the sub-committee do not understand the professor to mean that this involved any fraud upon those to whom the book was delivered4 ,it was given and taken for what it was2 however1 it may subsequently have been misunderstood1 in the professor's view1 in so far as it came to be believed to be an ordinary historical record of actual ,mosaic utterances40 ,the committee found themselves 8obliged to regard this position with grave concern40 ,they did not feel willing to admit the force of the evidence which ,professor ,smith relied upon as establishing the non-,mosaic character of some of the ,deuteronomic laws2 and 8the hypothesis of inspired personation applied to such a book as ,deuteronomy0 appeared to them 8highly questionable in itself and in its consequences40 ,this is stating the case very mildly1 especially as they go on to say that the so-called 8explanations produced by ,professor ,smith in his statement have not relieved the apprehensions of the committee10 but1 on the contrary1 have rather served 8to make more evident the stumbling-block for readers of the ,bible arising from a theory which represents a book of ,scripture as putting into the mouth of ,moses regulations that are at variance with institutions which the same theory supposes him to have actually sanctioned40 ,this theory is 8liable to objection and is fitted to create apprehension40 ,it ascribes to the author of the book 8the use of a device which appears unworthy and inadmissible in connection with the divine inspiration and divine authority of such a book as ,deuteronomy40444 8,the admissions that the statements of the book regarding ,moses are not true in the obvious sense will operate in the way of unsettling belief40 ,the committee are compelled to admit that the article is 8of a dangerous and unsettling tendency40 ,nevertheless1 they declare that they cannot and will not exercise the rights and discharge the duties of their office by instituting a process against ,professor ,smith for heresy4 ,he has written a most heretical1 dangerous1 and really blasphemous article1 and has caused it to be published in a book of the highest character and of the most extensive circulation4 ,but they have 8a cordial sense of his great learning10 and he has been good enough to say that although he has proved that the ,holy ,spirit lied in certain portions of ,deuteronomy1 and lent himself to the perpetration of a fraud in other portions1 still he can accept the book 8as part of the inspired record of revelation1 on the witness of our ,lord and the testimonium ,spiritus ,sancti0--the testimony of the same ,holy ,spirit to whom he has imputed the crimes of falsehood and of fraud6 ,therefore they declare that they find no fault in ,professor ,smith other than that of being a little too free in the utterance of his opinions1 and1 accordingly1 they decide to let him go4 ,from this free and easy deliverance four members of the committee dissented1 but on different grounds4 ,one of them thought that ,professor ,smith's views respecting angels were as 8destructive0 and as full of 8negations0 as were his statements concerning the ,bible1 and that he should have been arraigned for heresy on this ground4 ,another--,professor ,candlish--was of the opinion that there was no 8ground in the articles for concern about ,professor ,smith's views02 and a third--,mr4 ,whyte--insisted that1 instead of indulging in 8timid and cautious0 blame1 the committee should have expressed their real feelings of approbation1 and given utterance to 8a hearty and grateful acknowledgment of the goodness of ,god to their church in the succession of eminent theologians and teachers he was raising up among them10 and of whom ,professor ,smith was the chief6 ,the fourth dissentient was ,dr4 ,smeaton1 of whom we have already spoken1 and who1 save the member who was distressed about ,professor ,smith's opinions respecting angels1 seems to have been the only orthodox person upon the committee4 ,an appendix to the report sets forth the reasons for his dissent at great length1 but their purport may be given in a few words4 ,the finding of the committee was 8wholly inadequate to the gravity of the offence02 ,professor ,smith had offered no retractation of his heresies1 and he should have been arraigned at the bar of the church4 ,it is absurd for the committee to avow 8regret and grave concern0 at the expression of heresy by a luminary of the church1 and then to 8accept a mere profession of loyalty as a sufficient reason for abstaining from further action40 ,he exposes the inconsistency of the committee's statement that the professor's views1 while 8injurious10 8destructive10 and 8naturalistic10 are still compatible with the belief that the book which he declares to be a forgery was inspired by the ,holy ,ghost4 8,i hold10 says ,dr4 ,smeaton1 8that the doctrine of inspiration and ,professor ,smith's views are irreconcilable1 and that this will be evident if1 for example1 we take account of his theory of ,deuteronomy or of his conception of the ,song of ,solomon4 ,the view which he propounds as to the origin of ,deuteronomy is that it is a fictitious personation of ,moses by another man1 in the unspeakably solemn position of professing to receive and communicate a divine revelation1 and that the book was not composed until many centuries after ,moses' death4 ,the point at issue is not alone the age and ,mosaic authorship of ,deuteronomy1 but whether this book of ,scripture is supposititious1 and whether it was after a great interval of time composed and put into the mouth of ,moses by another4 ,this fraudulent personation-theory is the lowest depth of criticism2 for1 as has often been said1 the mythical criticism had still this redeeming point1 that it did not impute to the writers conscious fabrication4 ,the supposititious or personation-theory1 on the contrary1 is not in keeping with the character of an honest man1 and wholly inconsistent with that of an ambassador from ,god2 and the attempt to exculpate the writer who is said to have put his words into the mouth of ,moses1 on the supposition that it was well known at the time1 only widens the sphere of the fraudulent deception1 and makes the receivers of the book act in collusion with the writer in his crime4 ,this theory1 which ,i never expected to encounter in ,scotland1 overlooks the important fact that1 in the very book to which such an origin is ascribed1 we find the repeated condemnation of false prophets1 of false testimony1 and of adding to1 or diminishing from1 the ,word of ,god2 and we must therefore suppose the writer practising deception while exposing falsehood in every form4 ,professor ,smith must make his choice between the reception of the book as an inspired revelation1 with all that it purports to be1 as written in the time of ,moses1 and as the work of ,moses1 or reject it altogether as a fraud and entitled to no respect4 ,there is no middle way4 ,he cannot maintain its fictitious origin1 and yet assert its inspiration4 ,however convenient it may be for a speculative theologian to oscillate between the two ideas1 as the necessities of a daring criticism may suggest1 the notion of a fabricated prophetic programme or of an inspired forgery will be regarded by the general community1 as it has always been regarded by me1 as no better than the very quintessence of absurdity4 ,the robust common sense of mankind scouts the possibility of the combination4 ,for my part1 ,i could not stultify myself before the church and the world by allowing such an incoherent and self-contradictory juxtaposition of terms4 ,but such a theory1 if it could be endured for a moment1 would1 it is evident1 render inspiration incapable of vindication or defence4 ,and the enemies of revelation1 ,i believe1 could desire no more effective weapon in their warfare than the power to proclaim that a ,christian church permitted a theological teacher to represent any one book of ,scripture as an inspired fabrication4 ,but the question forces itself on our minds3 ,if one book may be so described1 what is to be the limit of this license1 and how far is the concession to be extended in the way of giving a chartered right to similar caricatures of the sacred oracles8 ,i am obliged to add that1 in my judgment1 ,professor ,smith's treatment of the ,book of ,deuteronomy is tantamount to dropping it from the inspired canon4 ,and the same thing may be said of his mode of representing the scope and purport of the ,song of ,solomon1 to which he denies the spiritual sense1 and all that allusion to the communion between the ,bridegroom and the ,bride which the church of all ages--notwithstanding the wayward tendencies of a few individual writers--has always regarded as immediately connected with its divine origin2 for no reason can be shown for its inspiration and canonical rank if it is to be interpreted on the low exegetical conception that it is an earthly love-poem4 ,it will not do to say that this is a dispute about the authorship of a book1 and that the authorship of a book is of small moment4 ,i have already stated how much more is involved4 ,but the references to the ,mosaic authorship of ,deuteronomy1 not only by ,peter and ,paul 7,acts iii4 #bb2 ,rom x4 #f2 x4 #ai71 but by the ,lord ,jesus ,christ himself 7,matt4 xix4 #h71 are so express and definite that the denial of that one accredited fact tends to shake the inspiration of many other books of ,scripture which explicitly assert or imply it4 ,in conclusion1 ,i regret that the committee1 fettered by the interpretation which they have put upon their functions1 have not sent up with their report a strong recommendation to the ,assembly to deal effectually with the negative and destructive opinions brought to light in ,professor ,smith's articles as wholly inconsistent with our recognized doctrines1 and contrary to the genius of every ,reformed ,presbyterian church4 ,this is the first instance that has occurred in any ,scottish church of an attack on the genuineness of any book of ,scripture on the part of an office-bearer within the church4 ,and the question now raised1 and which must be decided one way or other1 is whether the negative criticism1 with the rationalistic theology which uniformly goes along with it1 is to claim a legitimate position within the pale of the ,free ,church of ,scotland8 ,to that ,i cannot consent4 ,the ,continental churches1 having neither our spiritual independence nor our ,scriptural discipline1 can be no guide to us in this matter4 ,under the control of the state1 they are obliged to allow all manner of latitudinarian opinions1 and have ceased to put forth any ecclesiastical testimony on great questions4 ,we have what they want1 and are bound to call the spiritual independence and ,scriptural discipline1 which are our distinctive privilege1 into active exercise or the side of the divine authority of ,scripture4 ,unfaithfulness or weak concession at this juncture would allow two classes of professors1 students1 and preachers antagonistic to each other1 and end in the long run1 as all such false alliances must end1 in an ultimate separation between the rationalistic and evangelical elements1 as incapable of existing together4 ,any man of long views1 or who has looked into the history of the church1 must see this2 and1 therefore1 in the exercise of that inherent authority which we possess1 the church must at once nip these opinions in the bud1 and do so effectually4 ,on one point ,i have not the shadow of a doubt4 ,an attack on the genuineness and authority of ,scripture1 whether dignified by the title of the higher criticism or prompted by the lower scepticism1 ought never to be permitted within the church on the part of any office-bearer4 ,we can keep criticism within its proper limits1 and this occasion may have been permitted to occur that we may show to other churches how we can act in the exercise of our independent jurisdiction40 ,these bold and true words of ,dr4 ,smeaton had no effect upon the decision of the committee2 and1 so far as that decision goes1 it must now be taken for granted that it is not heresy for a minister of the ,presbyterian ,church to teach that portions of the ,holy ,scriptures are fictitious1 supposititious1 fraudulent1 and deceptive4 ,by the same decision the ,free ,church of ,scotland has 8rendered inspiration incapable of vindication or defence10 and has placed it within the power of the enemies of revelation to say that a ,christian church permits a theological teacher to represent ,scripture as an inspired fabrication4 ,it might have been expected1 however1 that this decision would have been received with horror and consternation by the ,bible-loving laity of ,scotland4 ,the very contrary has proved to be the case1 and the only reproof which the committee seems to have received is in the nature of a reproach for their weak affectation of disapproval of ,professor ,smith's heresies while really sympathizing with them4 ,the ministers of the ,free ,church of ,scotland are wholly dependent upon the laity for their support1 and the control of the laity over them is far-reaching1 if it be not absolute4 ,the decision in the case of ,professor ,smith would have been different had not the laity of the church long since ceased1 in a great measure1 to cherish that reverence for the written ,word which distinguished their ancestors4 ,the ,edinburgh ,scotsman expresses its belief that there will be 8very extensive satisfaction0 at the decision of the committee1 and confidently assumes that 8it will ultimately become the collective judgment of the ,free ,church40 ,dr4 ,smeaton1 it says1 is the one member of the committee belonging to the old orthodox party in the church--8a party whose diminishing numbers entirely preclude the possibility of any view springing out of their turn of mind successfully asserting itself against the influence of the majority that has enjoyed so long and mollifying an experience in turning closed into open questions40 ,open questions6 ,the inspiration and authenticity of the ,bible have become an open question among the ,scotch ,presbyterians1 with the probability that it will soon be decided by a verdict against the book4 ,the ,scotsman ridicules the committee for pretending to regard ,professor ,smith's position with 8grave concern0 while they themselves 8substantially sympathize with him10 or else know that so many of the people agree with him that to prosecute him for heresy would be dangerous4 ,nor is it the ,free ,church of ,scotland alone which has thus1 to all appearance1 lost its faith in the ,scriptures and in the 8,standards40 ,the ,rev4 ,david ,macrae1 of ,gourock1 one of the most talented and popular ministers of the ,united ,presbyterian ,church of ,scotland1 declared recently in the presbytery of that body that he and very many--almost all--of his fellow-ministers had ceased to believe1 and in some cases to preach1 the traditional creed of the church4 ,he1 for one1 was henceforth resolved to be honest1 and was determined no longer to profess what he had ceased to believe1 but the majority of his brethren1 he thought1 would continue for some time to be hypocrites4 8,the relation of the clergy to the ,standards was not an honest one10 he said2 8the professed was not the actual creed of the church2 our church is professing one creed while holding1 and to a large extent preaching1 another4 ,i am determined to strike a blow1 even though it should be my last1 to liberate the church ,i love from the tyranny of a narrow creed and the hypocrisy of a professed adherence to it40 ,the lapse of the ,scotch ,presbyterians into infidelity may seem to be a startling event1 but it was inevitable4 ,if the ,bible could have saved them1 they would have been safe2 but the ,bible in itself never yet saved any one1 for ,god did not ordain that it should be written and preserved for that purpose4 ,the ,bible1 indeed1 points out the way to salvation2 it is a finger-post directing men to the gate of heaven1 but it is not that gate itself1 nor even the key which opens it4 ,all non-,catholic sects are certain1 sooner or later1 to lead their adherents to that pit of perdition on the brink of which the ,scotch ,presbyterians now seem to be standing--the blind lead the blind1 and both fall into the ditch4 ,the ,catholic ,church in ,scotland is small and weak2 it is only within a very few years that her growth there has been at all perceptible1 and the hierarchy has not been re-established there since it was swept away by the ,reformation4 ,but the rapid decline of ,scotch ,protestantism into practical infidelity may have a favorable effect upon the interests of the church4 ,the really pious of the people--and there are many such--may now begin to turn their eyes towards the living ,teacher of ,god's word1 and listen to her unerring voice2 and when they enter her fold they can say that they have abandoned the church of their fathers in order to return to the church of their forefathers4 ,,how ,,percy ,,bingham ,,caught ,,his ,,trout4 ,one lovely evening towards the end of the month of ,june1 #ahg-1 an outside car jingled into the picturesque little village of ,ballynacushla4 ,the sun had set in a flood of golden glory2 purple shadows wooed midsummer-night dreams on crested hill and in hooded hollow2 a perfumed stillness slept upon the tranquil waters of the ,killeries1 that wild but beauteous child of the ,atlantic1 broken only by the shrill note of the curlew seeking its billow-rocked nest1 or the tinkle of the sheep-bell on the heather-clad heights of ,carrignagolliogue4 ,lights like truant stars commenced to twinkle in lonely dwellings perched like eyries in the mountain clefts1 and night prepared to don her lightest mourning in memory of the departed day4 ,the rickety vehicle which broke upon the stillness was occupied by two persons--a handsome1 aristocratic-looking young man attired in fashionable tourist costume1 and the driver1 whose general 8get-up0 would have won the heart of ,mr4 ,boucicault at a single glance4 8,that's a nate finish1 yer honner10 he exclaimed1 as1 bringing a wheel into collision with a huge boulder which lay in the roadway1 he decanted the traveller upon the steps of the 8,bodkin ,arms0 at the imminent risk of breaking his neck4 ,the 8,bodkin ,arms10 conscious of its whitewash and glowing amber thatch1 stood proudly isolated4 ,its proprietor had been 8own man0 to ,lord ,clanricarde1 and scandal whispered that a portion of the contents of 8the lord's0 cellar was to be found in ,tom ,burke's snuggery behind the bottle-bristling bar4 ,the occupant of the car was flung into the arms of an expectant waiter1 who1 true to the instincts of that remarkable race1 had scented his prey from afar1 and calmly awaited its approach4 ,this ,ganymede was attired in a cast-off evening dress-coat frescoed in grease2 a shirt bearing traces of the despairing grasp of a frantic washerwoman2 a necktie of the dimensions of a window-curtain1 of faded brocade2 and waistcoat with continuations of new corduroy1 which wheezed and chirruped with every motion of his lanky frame4 ,his nose and hair vied in richness of ruby1 and his eyes mutely implored every object upon which they rested for a sleep--or a drink4 8,you got my note80 said the traveller interrogatively4 8,yes1 sir1 of course1 sir40 ,of course they had it4 ,the post in the west of ,ireland is an eccentric institution1 which disgorges letters just as it suits itself1 and without any particular scruple as to dates4 8,have you a table d'hte here80 ,this was a strange sound1 but the waiter was a bold man4 8,yes1 sir1 of course1 sir6 ,would you like it hot1 sir80 8,hot6 ,certainly40 8,yes1 sir1 of course1 sir6 ,with a taste of lemon in it80 8,i said--,pshaw6 ,is dinner ready80 said the traveller impatiently4 8,yes1 sir1 of course1 sir2 it's on the fire1 sir10 joyously responded the relieved servitor1 although the fowls which were to furnish it were engaged in picking up a precarious subsistence at his very feet1 and the cabbage to 8poultice0 the bacon flabbily flourishing in the adjoining garden4 8,get in my traps and rods0--the car was laden with fishing-tackle of the most elaborate description4 8,have you good fishing here80 8,yes1 sir1 of course1 sir--the finest in ,ireland4 ,trouts lepping into the fryin'-pan out of the lake foreninst ye4 ,the marquis took twoscore between where yer standing and ,fin ,ma ,coole's ,rock last ,thursday2 and ,mr4 ,blake1 of ,town ,hill--more power to him6--hooked six elegant salmon in the pool over1 under ,kilgobbin ,head40 8,i want change of a sovereign40 8,yes1 sir1 of course1 sir--change for a hundred pound1 sir4 ,this way1 sir4 ,mind yer head in regard of that flitch of bacon4 ,it gave ,captain ,burke a black eye on ,friday1 and the county inspector got a wallop in the jaw that made his teeth ring like the bell in the middle o' ,mass40 ,and he led the way into the hotel4 ,the charioteer1 after a prolonged and exciting chase through several interstices in his outer garment1 succeeded in fishing up a weather-beaten black pipe1 which he proceeded to 8ready0 with a care and gravity befitting the operation4 8,have ye got a taste o' fire1 ,lanty ,kerrigan80 addressing a diminutive personage1 the remains of whose swallow-tailed frieze coat were connected with his frame through the medium of a hay-rope1 and whose general appearance bore a stronger resemblance to that of a scarecrow than a man and a brother4 8,i'm lost intirely for a shough4 ,the forriner the stranger wudn't stand smokin'1 as he sed the tobaccy was infayrior1 but never an offer he med me av betther40 8,howld a minnit1 an' ,i'll get ye a hot sod40 ,and in less than the time specified ,lanty returned with a glowing sod of turf snatched from a neighboring fire4 8,more power1 ,lanty60 exclaimed the car-driver1 proceeding to utilize the burning brand4 8,don't stan' too nigh the baste1 avic1 or she'll be afther aiting yer waistband and lavin' ye in yer buff40 8,what soart av a fare have ye1 ,misther ,malone80 asked ,lanty1 now at a respectful distance from the mare4 8,wan av th' army--curse o' ,crummle an thim6--from the barrack beyant at ,westpoort40 8,is it a good tack80 8,i've me doubts10 shaking his head gravely and taking several wicked whiffs of his dhudheen4 8,he's afther axin' for change1 an' that luks like a naygur40 8,thrue for ye1 ,misther ,malone6 ,did ye rouse him at all80 asked the other in an anxious tone4 ,he expected the return of the 8forriner0 and was taking soundings4 8,rouse him6 ,begorra1 ye might as well be endayvorin' to rouse a griddle4 ,i'm heart scalded wud him4 ,i soothered him wud stories av the good people1 leprechauns1 an' banshees until ,i was as dhry as a cuckoo40 8,musha1 thin1 he must be only fit for wakin' whin you cudn't rouse him1 ,mickey ,malone40 8,i'd as lieve have a sack o' pitaties on me car as--0 ,he stopped short and plunged the pipe into his pocket1 as the object of the discussion suddenly appeared upon the steps4 8,here is a sovereign for the car and half a sovereign for yourself10 exclaimed the young officer1 tossing the coins to the expectant ,malone4 8,shure you won't forget the little mare1 ,captain80 8,forget her8 ,not likely1 or you either1 ,patsey40 8,ye'll throw her a half a crown for to dhrink yer helth1 ,major80 8,drink my health8 ,what do you mean80 8,begorra1 she'd take a glass o' sperrits wud a gauger1 ,curnil2 an' if she wudn't ,i wud4 ,me an' her is wan1 an' ,i've dacent manners on my side1 so ,i'll drink yer honner's helth an' that ye may never die till yer fit40 8,that sentiment is worth the money10 laughed the traveller1 tossing the half-crown in the air and disappearing into the hotel4 8,well1 be the mortial frost1 ,misther ,malone10 cried ,lanty ,kerrigan in an enthusiastic burst of admiration1 8but yer the shupayriorest man in ,connemara40 ,percy ,bingham1 of the --th ,regiment of the ,line1 found ,westport even more dreary than the ,curragh of ,kildare4 ,from the latter he could run up to ,dublin in the evening1 and return next morning for parade1 even if he had to turn into bed afterwards2 from ,westport there was nothing to be done but the summit of ,croagh ,patrick or a risky cruise amongst the three hundred little islands dotting ,clew ,bay4 8,lasciate ogni speranza voi ch'entrate0 was written upon the entrance to the town4 ,all was dreariness1 dulness1 and desolation1 empty quays1 ruined warehouses1 and squalid misery4 ,the gentry1 with few exceptions1 were absentees1 and those whom interest or necessity detained in the country spent 8the season0 in ,london or ,dublin1 returning1 with weary hearts and empty pockets1 to the exile of their homes1 there to vegetate until spring and the ,march rents1 wrung from an oppressed tenantry1 would enable them to flit citywards once more4 ,to ,bingham1 to whom ,london was the capital of the world1 and the ,united ,service ,club the capital of ,london1 this phase in his military career was a horrid nightmare4 ,born and bred an ,englishman1 he had been educated to regard ,ireland as little better than a ,fiji island1 and considerably worse than a ,west ,african station2 and1 filled to the brim with ,saxon prejudice1 he took up his ,irish quarters with mingled feelings of disgust and despair4 ,an ardent disciple of ,izaak ,walton1 he clung to the safety-valve of rod and reel1 avenging his exclusion from ,may ,fair and ,belgravia by a wicked raid upon every trout-stream within a ten-mile radius of the barracks1 and1 having obtained a few days' leave of absence1 arrived at ,ballynacushla for the purpose of 8wetting his line0 in the saucy little rivers that joyously leap into the placid bosom of the land-locked ,killeries4 8,so my dinner is ready at last10 exclaimed ,bingham pettishly4 ,a good digestion had waited two mortal hours on appetite4 8,yes1 sir1 of course1 sir60 replied the waiter4 8,a little derangement of the cabbage1 sir1 lost a few minutes1 but0 cheerily 8we're safe and snug now anyway4 ,there's darling chickens1 sir6 ,look at the lovely bacon1 sir6 ,survey the proportions of the cabbage1 sir60 ,and rubbing his napkin across his perspiring brow1 he gazed at the viands1 and from the viands to the guest1 in alternate glances of admiration and respect4 8,have you a carte80 8,yes1 sir1 of course1 sir--two of them2 likewise a shay and a covered car40 8,a wine carte1 ,i mean40 8,no1 sir2 we get the wine from ,dublin in hampers40 ,percy ,bingham forgot that he was not in an ,english inn where the waiters discuss vintages and prescribe peculiar brands of dry champagne4 8,what wines have you80 8,we've port wine1 sir1 and sherry wine1 sir1 and claret wine1 sir1 and ,mayderial wine1 sir10 was the reply1 run off with the utmost rapidity4 8,get me a bottle of sherry60 8,yes1 sir1 of course1 sir40 ,in a few minutes the gory-headed factotum returned with the wine1 and1 uncorking it with a tremendous flourish of arm1 napkin1 head1 and hair1 deliberately poured out an overflowing glassful of the amber-colored fluid1 and drained it off4 8,what the mischief do you mean80 demanded the young officer angrily4 8,i wanted for to make certain that your honner was getting the right wine40 ,and placing the bottle at ,percy ,bingham's elbow1 he somewhat hastily withdrew4 ,the gallant warrior enjoyed his chicken and bacon and 8wisp of cabbage40 ,the waiter had made his peace by concocting with cunning hand a tumbler of whiskey-punch1 hot1 strong1 and sweet1 which ,bingham proceeded to sip between the whiffs of a ,sabean-odored ,lopez4 ,who fails to build castles upon the creamy smoke1 as it fades imperceptibly into space1 wafting upwards aspirations1 wishes1 hopes1 dreams--rare and roseate shadows1 begotten of bright-eyed fancy8 ,not ,percy ,bingham1 surely1 seated by the open casement1 lulled by the murmuring plash of the toying tide1 gazing forth into the silent sadness of the gray-hooded summer night4 ,he had lived a butterfly life1 and his thoughts were of gay parterres and brilliant flowers4 8,of hair-breadth 'scapes i' the imminent deadly breach0 he knew nothing4 ,his game of war was played in the boudoir and drawing-room2 his castle was built in ,may ,fair1 his chtelaine an ideal4 ,the chain of his meditation was somewhat rudely snapped asunder by an animated dialogue which had commenced in some remote region of the hotel1 and which was now being continued beneath the window whereat he reclined4 ,the waiter had evidently been engaged in expostulating with ,lanty ,kerrigan4 8,don't run yer head against a stone wall1 ,lanty avic4 ,be off to ,knockshin1 and don't let the grass grow under yer feet60 8,faix1 it's little ould ,joyce wud think av me feet2 it's me back he'd be lukkin for1 an' a slip av a stick4 ,sorra a step ,i'll go40 8,miss ,mary must get her parcel anyhow40 8,let her sind for it1 thin1 av she's in sich a hurry40 8,an' so she did4 ,get a lind av a horse1 ,lanty40 8,sorra a horse there's in the place1 barrin' an ass40 8,wirra6 wirra6 ,she'll take the tatch off the roof2 the blood of the ,joyces is cruel hot40 8,hot or cowld1 ,i'm not goin' three mile acrass the bogs---0 8,you could coax it into two be manes av a sup1 ,lanty40 8,sorra a coax1 thin4 ,coax it yerself1 sence yer so onaisy40 8,what's the row80 asked ,percy ,bingham from the window4 8,it's in regard to a parcel for ,miss ,joyce1 yer honner10 replied ,lanty1 stepping forward4 8,and who is ,miss ,joyce80 said ,percy1 intensely amused4 8,o mother o' ,moses6 he doesn't know the beautifullest craythur in the intire cunthry10 exclaimed ,lanty1 hastily adding3 8,she's the faymale daughther av ould ,miles ,joyce1 of ,knockshin beyant1 wan av the rale owld anshient families that kep' up ,connemara sence the times av ,julius ,saysar40 8,and you have a parcel for her80 8,troth1 thin1 ,i have1 bad cess to it6 ,it kem up ,lough ,corrib1 an' round be ,cong1 insted of takin' the car to ,clifden1 all the ways from ,dublin1 in a box as big as a turf creel4 ,it's a gownd--no less--for a grate party to-night2 an'1 begorra1 while it's lyin' here they're goin' to stay at ,frinchpark40 8,it's too bad10 thought ,bingham1 8to have the poor girl sold on account of the laziness of this idle rascal4 ,her heart may be set upon this dress4 ,a new ball-dress is an epoch in a young girl's existence1 and a ball dress in this out-of-the way place is a fairy gift4 ,hinc ill lachrym6 ,how many hopes cruelly blasted1 how many anticipated victories turned into humiliating defeat4 ,if it were not so late--,by ,jove6 it shall not be40 ,and yielding to a sudden impulse1 ,percy ,bingham ordered ,kerrigan to start for ,knockshin4 8,it's five mile1 yer honner1 an'--0 8,there is sixpence a mile for you4 ,go60 ,and in another instant the parcel-laden ,lanty had taken to the bog like a snipe4 ,percy ,bingham attacked his breakfast upon the following morning with a gusto hitherto unknown to him4 8,i wonder did that girl0--he had forgotten her name--8get the dress in time8 ,i hope so4 ,how fresh these eggs are6 ,i wonder if she's as pretty as that ragamuffin described her8 ,these salmon cutlets are perfection4 ,i must have a look at her1 at all events4 ',pon my life6 those kidneys are devilled to a grain of pepper4 ,this ought to be a good trout day4 ,one more rasher4 ,by ,george6 if the colonel saw me perform this breakfast1 he'd make me exchange into the heavies40 ,lighting a cigar and seating himself upon a granite boulder by the edge of the inlet1 the purple mountains shutting him in from the world1 he proceeded to assort his flies and to 8put up0 his casts4 8,musha1 but yer honor has the hoighth av decoys60 observed ,lanty ,kerrigan1 touching the dilapidated brim of his caubeen1 and seating himself beside him4 ,there is a masonry amongst the gentle craft which levels rank1 and 8a big fish0 will bring peer and peasant cheek by jowl on terms of the most familiar intercourse4 8,yes1 that's a good book10 said ,percy1 with a justifiable pride in his tone4 ,the colors of the rainbow1 the ornithology of the habitable globe1 were represented within its parchment folds4 8,this ought to be a good day1 ,lanty40 8,shure enough10 looking up at the sky4 8,more betoken1 ,i seen ,finnegan's throut as ,i come acrass the steppin'-stones there below40 8,finnegan's trout6 ,what sort of a trout is that80 asked the officer4 8,pether ,finnegan was a great fisher in these parts1 yer honor4 ,nothin' cud bate him4 ,he'd ketch a fish as shure as he wetted a line1 an' no matther how cute or cunnin'1 he'd hav thim out av the wather before they cud cry murther4 ,but there was wan ould throut of shupayrior knowledge that was well fed on the hoighth av wurrums an' flies1 an' he knew ,pether ,finnegan1 an'1 begorra1 ,pether knew him4 ,they used for to stand foreninst wan another for days an' days1 ,pether flappin' the wather1 an' th' ould throut flappin' his tail4 ',i'll hav ye1 me man1' sez ,pether4 ',i'll have ye1 av ,i was to ketch ye in me arms like a new born babe'1 sez he4 ',i never was bet be a man yet1' sez he1 'an' be the mortial ,i'm not goin' for to be bet be a fish4' ,so he ups1 yer honor1 an'1 puttin' a cupple o' quarts o' whiskey in his pockets for to keep up his heart1 he ups an' begins for to fish in airnest an' for the bare life4 ,first he thried flies1 an' thin he thried wurrums1 an' thin he thried all soarts av combusticles2 but th' ould throut turned up his nose at the entirety1 an' ,pether seen him colloguerin' wud the other throuts1 an' puttin' his comether on thim for to take it aisy an' lave ,pether's decoys alone4 ,well1 sir1 ,pether ,finnegan was a hot man an' aisy riz--the heavens be his bed6--an' whin he seen the conspiracy for to defraud him1 an' the young throuts laffin' at him1 he boiled over like a kittle1 an' shoutin'1 ',i'll spile yer divarshin1' med a dart into the river4 ,his body was got1 the bottles was safe in his pockets1 but1 be the mortial frost1 th' ould throut got at the whiskey an' dhrank it every dhrop40 8,i must endeavor to catch him10 laughed ,percy ,bingham4 8,ketch him60 exclaimed ,lanty indignantly4 8,wisha1 you wudn't ketch him1 nor all the fusileers an' bombardiers in th' army wudn't ketch him1 nor th' ould boy himself--the ,lord be betune us an' harm6--wudn't ketch him4 ,he's as cute as the say-sarpint or the whale that swallied ,juno40 8,what do the trout take best here80 asked ,bingham1 whose preparations were nearly completed1 his rod being set up and festoons of casting-lines encircling his white felt hat4 8,wurrums is choice afther a flood2 dough is shupayrior whin they're leppin' lively2 but av all the baits that ever consaled a hook there's non aiquail to corbait--it's the choicest decoy goin'4 ,a throut wud make a grab at a corbait av the rattles was in his troath an' a pike grippin' him be the tail40 ,lanty ,kerrigan was told off as cicerone1 guide1 philosopher1 and friend4 8,i suppose ,i am safe in fishing these rivers4 ,no bailiff or hinderance80 asked ,percy ,bingham of the landlord of the 8,bodkin ,arms40 8,there's no wan to hinder you1 sir2 so a good take to you10 was the reply4 8,i hope ye won't come across old ,miles ,joyce1 for if ye do there'll be wigs on the green10 he added under his breath as he turned into the bar4 ,a cook it was her station1 ,the first in the ,irish nation4 ,wud carvin' blade she'd slash away to the company's admiration1 sang ,lanty ,kerrigan1 prolonging the last syllable--a custom with his class--into a kind of wail1 as he merrily led the way through a narrow mountain pass1 inaccessible save to pedestrians1 in the direction of the fishing-ground4 ,it was a sombre morning4 ,nature was in a meditative mood1 and forbade the prying glances of the sun4 ,the white mists hung like bridal veils over hill and dale1 mellowing the dark green of the pine-trees and the blue of the distant ,atlantic1 occasionally visible as they pursued their zigzag1 upward course4 ,a light breeze--8the angler's luck0--gently fanned the cheek1 and the sprouting gorse and tender ferns were telling their rosaries on glittering beads of diamond dew4 8,this is ,lough ,cruagh1 yer honor1 an' there's the boat2 av ye don't ketch the full av her1 it's a quare thing40 ,the lake1 a pool of dark-brown water1 lay in the lap of an amphitheatre of verdureless1 grim1 gaunt-looking mountains4 ,it was a desolate place4 ,no living thing broke upon the solitude1 and the silence was as complete as if the barren crags had whispered the single word 8hush0 and awaited the awful approach of thunder4 ,a road ran by the edge of the lake1 but it was grass-grown and showed no sign of traffic1 not even the imprint of a horse's foot4 8,now she's aff10 cried ,lanty1 seizing the oars4 8,out wud yer flies1 an' more power to yer elbow40 ,the sport was splendid4 ,no sooner had his tail-fly touched the water than an enormous trout plunged at it with a splash like that of a small boy taking a header1 and away went the line off the reel as though it were being uncoiled by machinery--up the lake1 down the lake1 across the lake2 now winding in1 now giving the rod until it bent like a whip2 now catching a glimpse of the fish1 now fearing for the line on the bottom rocks4 8,if the gut howlds ye'll bate him1 brave as he is10 exclaimed ,lanty ,kerrigan in an ecstasy of apprehension4 ,the fish was taking it quietly--il faut reculer pour mieux sauter--preparing for another effort4 ,percy ,bingham wiped the perspiration from his brow2 his work was cut out for him4 8,now's the time for a dart o' sperrits10 said ,kerrigan1 dexterously shipping his oars and unfastening the lid of the hamper4 8,ye won't1 yer honner80--,bingham had expressed dissent4 8,well1 begorra1 here's luck1 an' that it may be good10 pouring out a dropsied glassful and tossing it off4 8,that's shupayrior10 with a smack2 8its warmin' me stomick like a bonfire6 ,whisht60 he added in an alarmed whisper1 8who the dickens is this is comin' along the road80 ,a mail phaeton1 attached to a pair of spanking grays1 came swiftly and silently along the grass-grown causeway4 ,an elderly1 aristocratic-looking man was driving1 and beside him sat a young and beautiful girl4 8,be the hokey6 we're bet2 it's ould ,miles ,joyce himself10 cried ,lanty ,kerrigan4 8,is that ,miss ,joyce1 the young lady to whom you took the box last night80 asked ,percy somewhat eagerly4 8,och wirra6 wirra6 to be shure it is1 an' that same box is our only chance now40 8,pull nearer shore1 ,lanty10 said the young officer1 who was very anxious for a stare4 8,good style10 he muttered4 8,tight head1 delicious plaits1 ,regent ,street hat--ma foi6 who would think of meeting anything like this in a devil's punchbowl8 ,pull into shore1 man10 he testily cried4 8,shure ,i'm pullin' me level best40 8,not that shore1 you idiot4 ,pull for the carriage40 ,lanty was straining in the opposite direction4 8,are ye mad1 sir80 whispered ,kerrigan4 8,i wudn't face ould ,joyce this blessed minit for a crock o' goold40 ,the carriage drew up1 and the driver in an authoritative voice shouted3 8,bring that boat here40 8,we're bet2 ,i tould you so10 gasped ,lanty1 reluctantly heading the boat in the direction of the carriage4 ,a few strokes brought them to the beach4 ,percy ,bingham raked up his eye-glass and gazed ardently at ,mary ,joyce1 who returned the stare with compound interest4 ,irish gray eyes with black1 sweeping lashes1 hawthorn-blossoms on her brow1 apple-blossoms on her cheeks1 rose-buds on her lips1 purple blood in her veins1 youth and grace and modesty hovering about her like a delicious perfume4 8,may ,i ask by whose authority you are fishing here80 ,mr4 ,joyce was pale1 and suppressed anger scintillated in his eyes4 ,there are a great many things to be done with impunity in ,connemara1 but poaching is the seven deadly sins rolled into one4 8,thou shalt not fish0 is the eleventh commandment4 ,bingham felt the awkwardness of his position at a glance1 and met it like a gentleman4 8,i cannot say that ,i am here by any person's authority4 ,i am stopping at the ',bodkin ,arms'--0 8,och murther6 murther6 howld your whisht10 interposed ,lanty in a hoarse whisper4 8,silence1 fellow60 cried ,bingham4 8,i am stopping at the ',bodkin ,arms1' and1 upon asking the proprietor if there was any hinderance to my fishing1 he replied that there was none4 ,i ought1 perhaps1 to have been more explicit with him40 8,av coorse ye shud10 interrupted ,lanty4 8,and ,i can only say0--here he stared very hard at ,mary ,joyce--8that it mortifies me more than ,i can possibly express to you to be placed in this extremely painful position40 8,do not say one word about it10 said ,mr4 ,joyce in a courteous tone4 8,with the proprietor of the ',bodkin ,arms' ,i know how to deal1 and with you too1 ,lanty ,kerrigan40 ,lanty wriggled in the boat till it rocked again4 8,but as for you1 sir1 all ,i can say is that ,i regret to have disturbed your fishing1 and ,i wish you very good sport40 ,and he bowed with haughty politeness4 8,i thank you very much for your courtesy10 bowed ,bingham1 who had by this time landed from the boat1 8but ,i shall no longer continue an intruder40 ,and seizing his rod1 he snapped it thrice across his knee and flung it into the lake4 ,it was ,mary ,joyce's bright eyes that led him to this folly--he wanted to be set right with her4 8,oh6 how stupid10 she exclaimed1 starting to her feet4 8,thrue for ye1 miss10 added ,lanty--8two-pound tin gone like a dhrink1 an' an illigant throut into the bargain40 8,a wilful man must have his way10 said ,mr4 ,joyce2 8but ,i hope1 sir1 that you will afford me an opportunity of enabling you to enjoy a day's sport in better waters than these40 ,and lifting his hat1 he waved an adieu as the fiery grays plunged onwards and out of sight4 ,and ,mary ,joyce6 ,yes1 that charming little head bent to him1 those sweeping lashes lifted themselves that the glory of her gray eyes might be revealed to him1 the rose-bud lips had dropped three perfumed petals1 three insignificant little words1 8,oh6 how stupid02 and these were the first words in the first chapter of ,percy ,bingham's first love4 ,he found the following note awaiting him at the hotel3 8,,knockshin1 ,june #bh4 8,mr4 ,joyce will be happy if ,mr4 ,bingham will take a day on ,shauraunthurga--,monday1 if possible--as ,mr4 ,j4 intends fishing upon that day4 ,a salmon rod and flies are at ,mr4 ,bingham's disposal4 8---- ,,bingham1 ,,esq40 ,percy ,bingham sent a polite acknowledgment and acceptance1 and wished for the ,monday4 ,it was very late that night when the warrior returned to his quarters4 ,he had been mooning around ,mary ,joyce's bower at ,knockshin4 8,what ,masses have you here1 ,foxey80 asked ,bingham of the waiter1 whose real name was ,redmond1 but to whom this appellation was given on account of the color of his hair4 8,the last ,mass is first ,mass now1 sir4 ,father ,james is sick1 and ,father ,luke1 a missioner1 is doing duty for the whole barony40 8,is ,mr4 ,joyce1 of ,knockshin1 a ,catholic80 ,this in some trepidation4 8,yes1 sir1 of course1 sir--wan of the ould stock1 sir2 and ,miss ,mary1 his daughter1 sir1 plays the harmonicum1 sir1 elegant40 8,what hour does ,mass commence80 8,that's the first bell1 sir1 but they ring two first bells always40 ,percy ,bingham belonged to a family that had held to the faith when the tide of the ,reformation was sweeping lands1 titles1 and honors before it4 ,he fought for the ,catholic cause when it became necessary to strike a blow2 and as he was the only 8popish0 officer in the regiment1 his good example developed into a duty4 ,just as he arrived at the church door the ,joyce carriage drew up4 ,mr4 ,joyce handed out his daughter4 ,the gray eyes encountered those of the young officer1 who lifted his hat4 ,such a smile6--a sunbeam on the first primrose of spring4 8,i was glad to get your note1 ,mr4 ,bingham4 ,could you manage to come over to breakfast8 ,military men don't mind a short march40 ,and ,mr4 ,joyce shook hands with him4 8,am ,i to have the pleasure of hearing ,miss ,joyce's harmonium to-day80 asked ,percy4 8,no2 ,miss ,joyce's harmonium has a sore throat40 ,poor ,bingham struggled hard to say his prayers1 to collect his wandering thoughts4 ,he was badly hit2 the ruddy archer had sent his arrow home to the very feathers4 ,he humbly waited for a glance as ,miss ,joyce drove away after ,mass1 and he got it4 ,he was supremely happy and supremely miserable4 ,the 8missioner10 a young ,dominican1 very tall and very distinguished-looking1 crossed the chapel yard1 followed by exclamations of praise and admiration from voteens who still knelt about in picturesque attitudes3 8,god be good to him60 8,the heavens open to him60 8,may the saints warm him to glory60 while one old woman1 who succeeded in catching the hem of his robe1 exclaimed enthusiastically3 8,och1 thin1 but it's yerself that knows how to spake the word o' ,god2 it's yerself that's the darlint fine man4 ,shure we never knew what sin was till ye come amongst us40 ,percy ,bingham found ,knockshin a square-built1 stone mansion1 with a 8disinheriting countenance0 of many windows1 surrounded by huge elms containing an unusually uproarious rookery4 ,a huge 8free classic0 porch surmounted a set of massive steps1 supported by granite griffins grasping shields with the ,joyce arms quartered thereon4 ,a lily-laden pond1 encircled by closely-shaven grass sacred to croquet1 stood opposite the house1 and a pretentious conservatory of modern construction ran along the greater portion of one wing4 ,the gallant warrior1 regretting certain ,london-built garments reposing at ,westport1 arrayed himself in his 8,sunday best10 and1 being somewhat vain of his calves1 appeared in all the woollen bravery of ,knickerbockers and ,highland stockings4 ,miss ,joyce did the honors of the breakfast-table in white muslin and sunny smiles4 ,possessing the air of a high-born dame1 there was an ,irish softness1 like the mist on the mountains1 that imparted an indescribable charm to all her movements1 whilst a slight touch of the brogue only added to the music of a voice ever soft1 gentle1 and low4 ,percy1 who could have talked like a sewing-machine to ,lady ,clara ,vere de ,vere1 found his ideas dry up1 and1 when violently spurred1 merely develop themselves in monosyllables4 ,he had rehearsed several bright little nothings which were to have been laid like bonbons at her feet4 ,where were they now8 ,she knew some men in the service--,mr4 ,poynter in the ,rifles4 ,did he know ,mr4 ,poynter1 who danced so well1 talked so charmingly1 and was so handsome8 ,yes1 he knew ,poynter1 and hated him from that moment4 ,did he know ,captain ,wyberts of the ,bays1 the ,victoria ,cross man whom she had met at the ,galway ,hunt ,ball8 ,he knew ,wyberts1 and cursed the luck that placed no decoration upon his tunic but a silken sash4 8,by the way1 you must be the gentleman who interested himself in my toilet on ,friday night4 ,lanty ,kerrigan spoke burning words in your favor1 if you are the preux chevalier4 ,are you80 8,i assure you1 ,miss ,joyce1 ,i didn't know who you were at the time1 when the blackguards seemed lazy about your parcel40 8,if you had known me1 would that have made any difference1 ,mr4 ,bingham80 she asked laughingly4 8,it would40 8,in what way80 8,i would have thrashed ,lanty ,kerrigan and have brought the parcel myself40 ,he threw so much earnestness into this that the red blood flushed up to the roots of ,mary ,joyce's rich brown hair4 8,i must see to my tackle10 she said in a confused way4 8,are you an angler1 ,miss ,joyce80 8,look at my boots0--a pair of dainty1 dumpy little things such as ,cinderella must have worn on sloppy days when walking with the prince1 with roguish little nails all over the soles crying1 8,stamp on us2 we like it10 and creamy laces fit for tying up bride-cake4 8,by ,jove60 exclaimed ,percy ,bingham1 and that was all he was able to reach at that particular moment4 ,he thought afterwards of all he could have said and--didn't4 ,a walk of half a mile brought them to the ,shauraunthurga1 or 8,boiling ,caldron10 whose seething waters dashed from rock to rock1 and boiled in many whirlpools as it rushed madly onwards to the wild ,atlantic4 ,what did ,bingham care about the fishing8 ,not a dump4 ,he stood by her side1 set up her cast1 sorted her flies1 spliced the top joint of her rod1 and watched with feverish anxiety the eccentric movement of her gorgeous decoy1 as it whirled hither and thither1 now on the peat-brown waters1 now in the soap-suds-like foam4 8,bravissima6 ,splendidly struck60 he cried with enthusiastic delight--he felt inclined to pat her on the back--as the young ,galway girl1 with 8sweet and cunning0 hand1 hooked her fish with the aplomb and dexterity of a ,highland gillie4 8,give him line1 plenty of rope1 and mind your footing60 8,a long hour by ,shrewsbury clock0 did ,mary ,joyce play that salmon4 ,her gloves were torn to shreds1 her hat became a victim to the ,shauraunthurga1 her sheeny hair fell down her shoulders long below her waist1 her boasted boots indicated eruptive tendencies1 but the plucky girl still held on4 8,let me alone1 please10 she would cry as her father or ,bingham tendered their services2 8,i'm not half-tired yet40 ,the color in her cheeks1 the fire in her eye1 the delicate nostril expanded1 the undulating form--the ,british subaltern saw all this1 and almost envied the fish1 inasmuch as it was her centre point of interest4 8,the landing-net6 ,quickly6 ,i have him now60 ,percy ,bingham darted forward1 caught his foot in the gnarled root of a tree1 and plunged headforemost into the boiling waters4 ,an expert swimmer1 he soon reappeared and swam towards the bank1 still grasping the net4 ,finding his right arm powerless1 and having succeeded in gaining footing1 he placed the net beneath the fish1 which with a bound sprang clear1 and1 breaking the line that ,miss ,joyce had slackened in her anxiety for the safety of her guest1 was1 in an exhausted condition1 floundering down the stream1 when ,percy1 by a supreme effort1 clasped it fiercely in his left arm and flung himself on to the bank4 8,your fish after all4 ,but you look ill1 ,mr4 ,bingham--dreadfully ill10 cried the agitated girl4 8,your arm--0 8,is broken10 he said4 ,assisted by ,mr4 ,joyce and his daughter1 and with the fractured limb in a sling constructed of handkerchiefs and fishing-line1 poor ,bingham returned to the house4 ,he fought bravely against the pain1 and attempted one or two mournful jokes upon the subject of his mishap2 but every step was mortal anguish1 and he expected to feel the serrated edges of the bones sawing out through his coat-sleeve4 8,i must insist upon being permitted to return to my hotel1 ,mr4 ,joyce10 said ,percy ,bingham when they had arrived4 8,if you want every bone in your body broken1 you'll repeat that again1 ,bingham4 ,here is a room ready for you1 and here1 in the nick of time1 is ,doctor ,fogarty40 8,i cotch him at the crass-roads10 panted the breathless messenger whom ,mr4 ,joyce had despatched in quest of the bone-setter4 8,a broken arm1 pooh hoo6 ,and so it is--an elegant fracture1 pooh hoo6 ,you did it well when you went about it4 ,lend me your scissors1 ,miss ,mary1 and tear up a sheet into bandages4 ,i'll soon set it for him1 pooh hoo6 ,ay1 wince away1 ma bouchal2 roar murdher1 and it will do you good1 pooh hoo6 ,some splints now4 ,fell into the river1 pooh hoo6 ,after a salmon4 ,you landed him like a child in arms4 ,i forgive you1 pooh hoo6 ,i've room for the fish in me gig1 and broiled salmon is--pooh hoo6 ,that's it2 the arm this way1 as if ye were goin' to hit me4 ,well done1 pooh hoo6 ,ars longa est2 so is your arm--an elegant biceps1 pooh hoo6 ,now1 sir1 tell me if there's a surgeon-major in the whole ,british army1 horse1 foot1 and dragoon1 that could set your arm in less time1 pooh hoo80 and the doctor regarded the swathed and bandaged limb with looks of the profoundest admiration4 8,i shall want to get to barracks--0 8,ne'er a barracks will ye see this side of ,lady ,day2 so make your mind easy on that score1 pooh hoo6 ,keep in bed till ,i see you again1 pooh hoo6 ,i'll order you something to take about bed-time1 but it won't be whiskey-punch1 pooh hoo60 ,and the genial practitioner pooh-hoo'd out of the apartment4 ,how delightful is convalescence--that dreamy condition in which the thoughts float upwards and the earthly tenement is all but etherealized6 ,percy ,bingham1 as he reclined upon a sofa at an open window1 through which the perfume of flowers1 the hum of summer1 with the murmur of the rolling ,shauraunthurga1 stole like strains of melody1 lay like one entranced1 languidly sipping the intoxicating sweets of the hour1 forgetful of the past1 unmindful of the future4 ,the events of the last few days seemed like a vision4 ,could it be possible that he would suddenly awake and find himself in the dismal walls of his quarters at ,westport1 far1 far away from chintz and lace and from her8 ,no2 this was her book which lay upon his lap2 that bouquet was culled by her fair hands2 the spirited sketch of a man taking a header spread-eagle fashion was from her pencil and must be sent to ,punch4 ,she was in everything1 everywhere1 and1 most of all1 in the inner sanctuary of his heart4 ,he had not seen much of her--a visit in the morning like a gleam of sunlight2 a chat in the gloaming1 sweet as vesper-bell2 occasional badinage from the garden to his window1 and that was all4 ,how could he hope to win her1 this peerless girl1 this heiress of the 8,joyce country10 whose gray eyes rested upon mead and mountain1 lake and valley1 her rightful dower8 ,he sickened at the thought4 ,had she been poor1 he would woo1 and perhaps--,it was not to be4 ,he had tarried till it was too late2 he had cut down the bridge behind him1 burned his boats1 and he must now ford the river of his lost peace of mind as best he might4 ,days flew by1 and still the young officer lingered at ,knockshin4 ,like the fairy prince in the enchanted wood1 he could discover no exit4 ,croquet had developed into short strolls1 short strolls into long walks1 long walks into excursions4 ,his arm was getting strong again4 ,mr4 ,joyce talked 8soldier0 with him4 ,he had been in the ,connaught ,rangers1 and went through pipe-clay and the orderly book with the freshness of a 8sub0 of six weeks' standing4 ,mary--what did she speak about8 ,anything1 everything1 nothing4 ,latterly she had been eloquently silent1 while ,percy ,bingham1 if he did not actually1 might have fairly1 counted the beatings of his heart as it bumped against his ribs4 ,they spoke more at than to each other1 and when their eyes met the glance was withdrawn by both with electrical rapidity4 ,it was the old1 old story4 ,why repeat it here8 8,mary1 ,jack ,bodkin1 your old sweetheart1 is coming over for a few days' fishing10 exclaimed ,mr4 ,joyce one morning upon the arrival of the letter-bag4 ,miss ,joyce blushed scarlet--a blush that will not be put off2 a blush that plunges into the hair1 comes out on the eyelids1 and sets the ears upon fire--and ,percy ,bingham1 as she grew red1 became deadly white4 ,the knell had rung1 the hour had come4 8,this is from the colonel10 extending a letter as he spoke1 the words choking him1 8and--and ,i must say good-by40 8,sorry for it1 ,bingham1 but duty is duty4 ,no chance of an extension80 asked ,joyce4 8,none1 sir40 ,and she said not a word4 ,there was crushing bitterness in this4 ,mr4 ,bodkin's arrival blotted out his departure4 ,would that he had never seen ,knockshin or ,mary6 ,no1 he could not think that1 and1 now that he was about to leave her1 he felt what that severance would cost him4 ,the car was waiting with his impedimenta1 and he sought her to say farewell4 ,she was not in the conservatory or drawing-room1 and as a last chance he tried the library4 ,entering noiselessly1 he found ,mary ,joyce leaning her head upon her hands1 her hands upon the mantel-piece and sobbing as if her heart would break4 8,i beg your pardon60 he stammered4 8,is--is--anything the--0 8,a bad toothache10 she burst in passionately1 without looking up4 ,what could he do8 ,what could he say8 8,i--,i--do not know how to apologize for--for--intruding upon your anguish0--the words came very slowly1 swelling1 too1 in his throat--8but ,i cannot1 cannot leave without wishing you good-by and thanking you for the sunniest hours of my life40 8,you--you are g-going1 then80 without looking round4 8,i go to--to make room for ,mr4 ,bodkin40 ,she faced him4 ,her eyes were red and swollen1 but down1 down in their liquid depths he beheld--something that young men find once in a lifetime4 ,he never remembered what he did1 he never recollected what he said1 but the truth came out as such truths will come out4 8,and to think that you first learned of my existence through the medium of a pitiful ball-dress60 she said1 glowing with beautiful happiness4 99 99 99 99 99 8,i shall not require the car10 said ,percy ,bingham an hour later1 throwing ,lanty ,kerrigan a sovereign4 8,bedad1 ye needn't have tould me10 exclaimed ,lanty with a broad grin4 8,i seen yez coortin' through the windy40 ,,prof4 ,,youmans v4 ,,dr4 ,w4 ,m4 ,,taylor ,,on ,,evolution ,,and ,,the ,,copernican ,,theory4 ,the ,popular ,science ,monthly1 conducted by ,mr4 ,e4 ,l4 ,youmans1 labors hard 7,december1 #ahgf7 to support the assertion made by ,professor ,huxley that evolution is already as well demonstrated as the ,copernican theory4 ,this assertion had been refuted by the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,william ,m4 ,taylor in a letter to the ,new ,york ,tribune1 and it is against a portion of this letter that ,mr4 ,youmans strives to defend ,mr4 ,huxley's evolutionary views4 ,we ourselves have given a short refutation of ,professor ,huxley's lectures on evolution1#af and we had no intention to revert to the same subject2 but since opposite writers are unwilling to acknowledge defeat1 but pretend1 on the contrary1 that their opponents do not make a right use of logic1 it may be both instructive and interesting to inquire what kind of logic is actually used in this controversy by the evolutionists themselves4 ,footnote #af3 ,see ,,the ,,catholic ,,world for ,february1 #ahgg1 page #faf4 8,it is significant10 says ,mr4 ,youmans1 8that nearly all the divines who have spoken in reply to ,prof4 ,huxley commit themselves to some form of the doctrine of evolution40 ,this statement is not correct4 ,divines admit1 as they have ever admitted1 the development of varieties within the same species2 but the pretended evolution of one species from another they have never admitted1 and they do not look upon it as admissible1 even now4 ,there may be some exception1 for divines are still human and may be imposed upon by false science2 but the truth is that those among them who have replied to ,prof4 ,huxley never meant to 8commit themselves0 to any form of the doctrine of evolution as presented by him4 ,they admit1 as ,mr4 ,youmans remarks1 8that there is some truth in it0--which is by no means strange1 as false theories have often been evolved from undeniable facts2 but they raise 8a common protest against the idea that it contains much truth10 which shows that these divines were quite unwilling to commit themselves to the doctrine4 ,hence it is plain that1 if the conduct of these divines is 8significant10 it does not signify a yielding disposition1 but the contrary4 ,prof4 ,huxley had said that the evidence for the theory of evolution is demonstrative1 and that it is as well based in its proofs as the ,copernican theory of astronomy4 8,this10 says ,mr4 ,youmans1 8is thought to be quite absurd4 ,it is said that ,huxley may know a great deal about animals and fossils1 but that obviously he knows very little about logic4 ,his facts being admitted1 a great deal of effort has been expended to show that he does not understand how to reason from them40 ,we agree with the critics here alluded to1 that ,prof4 ,huxley's assertion concerning the demonstrative character of his proofs is 8quite absurd40 ,as to his knowledge of logic1 there might perhaps be two opinions2 for a man may know logic1 and make a wilful abuse of it2 but it is more charitable to assume that his illogical conclusions proceed from ignorance rather than malice4 ,after all1 we are not concerned with the person of the professor1 but with his lectures2 and1 whatever logic he may know1 his lectures are certainly not a model of logical reasoning4 ,the passage which ,mr4 ,youmans extracts from ,dr4 ,taylor's letter1 and which he vainly endeavors to refute1 is as follows3 8,indeed1 to affirm1 as he ,prof4 ,huxley did1 that evolution stands exactly on the same basis as the ,copernican theory of the motions of the heavenly bodies1 is an assertion so astounding that we can only 'stand by and admire' the marvellous effrontery with which it was made4 ,that theory rests on facts presently occurring before our eyes1 and treated in the manner of mathematical precision4 ,it is not an inference made by somebody from a record of facts existing in far-off and pre-historic1 possibly also pre-human1 ages4 ,it is verified every day by occurrences which happen according to its laws4 ,but where do we see evolution going on to-day8 ,if evolution rests upon a basis as sure as astronomy1 why do we not see one species passing into another now1 even as we see the motions of the planets through the heavens8444 ,we know that astronomy is true1 because we are verifying its conclusions every day of our lives on land and on sea4 ,we set our clocks according to its conclusions1 and navigate our ships in accordance with its predictions2 but where have we anything approaching even infinitesimally to this1 with evolution80 ,mr4 ,youmans remarks that the author of this passage is said to be a man of eminence and ability4 8,that may be10 he adds1 8but he certainly has not won his distinction either in the fields of logic1 astronomy1 or biology40 ,to prove this1 he makes the following argument3 8,when a man undertakes to state the evidence of a theory1 and gives us proofs that equally sustain an opposite theory1 we naturally conclude that he does not know what he is talking about4 ,this is very much ,dr4 ,taylor's predicament4 ,in trying to contrast the evidence for evolution with the demonstrative proofs of the ,copernican theory1 he cites facts that are not only as good1 but far better1 to prove the truth of its antagonist1 the ,ptolemaic theory40 ,our readers will probably ask how it is possible to prove that a thing is black by the very facts which prove1 even better1 that the thing is white8 ,that certain facts may be insufficient to prove either the one or the other of two opposite theories every one will admit2 but that facts which are good to prove the movement of the earth are even better to prove its immobility1 is what ,mr4 ,youmans alone has the privilege of understanding4 ,dr4 ,taylor1 in his argument against ,prof4 ,huxley1 assumed the truth of the modern astronomical theory1 and said that this theory was proved by facts presently occurring before our eyes2 which is not the case with the hypothesis of evolution4 ,but1 as he did not mention in particular those facts which are considered to constitute the most irrefragable proof of the theory1 his silence about them is interpreted by ,mr4 ,youmans as an effect of ignorance4 ,it is not our affair to defend ,dr4 ,taylor2 but we think that this interpretation is unfair4 ,the reverend doctor was not writing a treatise of astronomy2 he was simply stating a known doctrine1 of which it was not his duty to make the demonstration4 ,on the other hand1 even if we admitted that the reverend doctor knows but little of astronomy1 we do not see that this would weaken his argument2 for1 whether he knows much or nothing in this branch of science1 it remains true that the ,copernican theory is proved 8by facts presently occurring before our eyes0--which is not the case with the hypothesis of evolution4 ,it is to this truth that ,mr4 ,youmans should have given his attention1 if he desired 8to win any distinction in the field of logic02 but his peculiar logic shrank from this duty1 and prompted him to prefer a gratuitous denunciation of his opponent4 ,mr4 ,youmans pretends that ,dr4 ,taylor 8talks as if the ,copernican theory is something that anybody can see by looking up in the sky40 ,dr4 ,taylor's words do not admit of such a nonsensical construction4 ,the ,copernican theory1 he says1 8rests on facts presently occurring before our eyes1 and treated in the manner of mathematical precision40 ,this obviously means that the ,copernican theory is based on both observation and calculation4 ,now1 surely ,mr4 ,youmans will not maintain that we can find mathematical formulas and make astronomical calculations by simply 8looking up in the sky40 ,he goes on to say that the ,ptolemaic theory was the fundamental conception of astronomy2 that it guided its scientific development for two thousand years2 that it was based on extensive1 prolonged1 and accurate observations2 that it was elucidated and confirmed by mathematics2 that it was verified by confirming the power of astronomical prevision2 and that the planetary motions were traced and resolved on this theory with great skill and correctness1 elaborate tables being constructed1 which represented their irregularities and inequalities1 so that their future positions could be foretold1 and conjunctions1 oppositions1 and eclipses predicted4 ,these and similar remarks of the scientific editor would tend to prove that the ,congregation of the ,holy ,office had very good and substantial grounds for condemning the heliocentric theory1 and that ,galileo was a visionary2 for the theory which he impugned was 8confirmed by mathematics10 and 8verified by confirming the power of astronomical prevision40 ,we are quite sure1 however1 that this is not what ,mr4 ,youmans intended to prove2 and yet it does not appear why he should fill a column of his magazine with such a panegyric of a defunct theory4 ,we concede--and the fact has never been disputed--that astronomy owes an immense debt to the ante-,copernican investigators for their careful observations and laborious calculations2 but we do not see how this has anything to do with ,dr4 ,taylor's criticism4 ,had the reverend doctor denied that there was any real knowledge of astronomy before ,copernicus1 his critic might have been justified in trying to enlighten him about the merits of the ,ptolemaic astronomers2 but ,dr4 ,taylor had not committed himself on this point1 and therefore had no apparent need of being enlightened on the subject4 ,the information1 consequently1 which ,mr4 ,youmans volunteers to offer him is superfluous1 not to say impertinent1 and1 inasmuch as it professes to be an argument1 is a complete failure2 for it aims at proving what no one has ever denied4 ,but the scientific editor in giving his needless information commits another blunder1 which we could hardly expect from a man of science1 by affirming that the ,ptolemaic theory 8was elucidated and confirmed by mathematics40 ,mathematics confirmed nothing but the order and quality of the phenomena1 and the law of their succession4 ,before ,kepler and ,newton no mathematics could decide whether the sun revolved around the earth or the earth around the sun4 ,astronomical phenomena were known1 but this knowledge was a knowledge of facts1 not of their explanation4 ,the ,ptolemaic hypothesis was not inconsistent with the facts then observed1 but it was assumed1 not verified4 ,if such a theory had been verified1 its truth would be still recognized1 and the ,copernican theory would have had no chance of admission4 ,but evidently it is not the theory that has been verified1 but only the apparent movements of celestial bodies4 ,thus 8the elaborate tables0 by which the future positions of the planets could be foretold prove indeed the accuracy of ancient astronomical observations and calculations1 but they are no evidence that the geocentric theory was correct4 ,mr4 ,youmans informs us1 also1 that 8,copernicus did not abolish1 but rather revised1 the old astronomy40 ,if the words 8old astronomy0 are taken to express merely the knowledge of celestial phenomena1 we have nothing to reply2 but if those words be understood to mean the ,ptolemaic theory1 the assertion is ridiculous4 ,indeed1 ,copernicus1 as ,mr4 ,youmans says1 8simply recentred the solar system02 that is1 he simply put the sun1 instead of the earth1 in the centre of the planetary orbits4 ,nothing but that4 ,but who does not see that to give a new centre to the solar system was to suppress the old centre1 and therefore to abolish the geocentric theory8 ,why ,mr4 ,youmans should labor to insinuate the contrary we cannot really understand4 ,dr4 ,taylor1 against whom he writes1 had said nothing concerning either the personal views of ,copernicus or the old system of astronomy1 but had simply maintained that the so-called ,copernican theory1 as mentioned by ,prof4 ,huxley1 and as understood by all--that is1 as perfected by ,kepler1 ,newton1 and others--stands to-day on such a basis of undeniable facts that we can no longer hesitate about its truth4 ,this statement might have been contradicted two centuries ago2 but we fancy that it ought not to give rise to the least controversy on the part of a modern cultivator of science1 however much determined to find fault with his opponent4 ,dr4 ,taylor had said1 as we have noticed1 that the ,copernican theory 8rests on facts presently occurring before our eyes40 ,mr4 ,youmans answers3 8,so does the ,ptolemaic theory2 and not only that1 but1 if the test is what occurs before our eyes1 then the ,ptolemaic theory is a thousand times stronger than the ,copernican40 ,if this answer expresses the real opinion of ,mr4 ,youmans1 we must conclude that he alone1 among physicists1 is ignorant of the fact that terrestrial gravitation is modified by the centrifugal force due to the rotation of the earth1 and that this fact is established by experiments which 8occur before our eyes0 when we make use of the pendulum in different latitudes4 ,what shall we say of the aberration of light8 ,is not this phenomenon a proof of the movement of the earth8 ,or does it not 8occur before our eyes08 ,mr4 ,youmans may say that these facts do not occur before all eyes1 but only before the eyes of scientific men4 ,but ,dr4 ,taylor had not maintained that all the facts connected with the ,copernican theory occur before all eyes2 and1 on the other hand1 ,foucault's pendulum1 even though oscillating before unscientific eyes1 makes visible to the dullest observer the shifting of the horizontal plane from its position at a rate proportional to the sine of the latitude of the place1 thus showing to the eye the actual movement of our planet4 ,it is true1 therefore1 that the ,copernican theory 8rests on facts presently occurring before our eyes40 ,but1 if the ,copernican theory is so obvious1 8why10 asks ,mr4 ,youmans1 8did the astronomers of twenty centuries fail to discern it8 ,why could not the divines of ,copernicus' time see it when it was pointed out to them8 ,and why could not ,lord ,bacon admit it a hundred years after ,copernicus80 ,the why is well known4 ,the ,copernican theory was at first nothing more than a hypothesis2 and its truth1 even after ,kepler and ,newton1 was still in need of experimental confirmation4 ,had ,lord ,bacon or the divines of ,copernicus' time seen what we see with our eyes in ,foucault's experiment1 there is little doubt that they would have recognized at last the truth of the new theory4 ,but let this suffice about the certitude of the ,copernican theory4 ,the second part of ,mr4 ,youmans' article regards the theory of evolution4 ,this theory assumes that the immense diversity of living forms now scattered over the earth has arisen from gelatinous matter through a long process of gradual unfolding and derivation within the order of nature 7that is1 without supernatural interference7 and by the operation of natural laws4 ,mr4 ,youmans says that this theory 8is built upon a series of demonstrated truths40 ,this assertion would have some weight1 if such a building had not been raised in defiance of logic2 but we have already shown that ,prof4 ,huxley's ,three ,lectures on ,evolution teem with fallacies most fatal to the cause he desired to uphold4 ,hence1 while we admit that 8demonstrated truth0 is a very solid ground to build upon1 we maintain that not a single demonstrated truth can be logically alleged in support of the theory of evolution4 ,but let ,mr4 ,youmans speak for himself3 8,it is a fact accordant with all observation1 and to which there never has been known a solitary exception1 that the succession of generations of living things upon earth is by reproduction and genetic connection in the regular order of nature4 ,the stream of generations flows on by this process1 which is as much a part of the settled1 continuous economy of the world as the steady action of gravity or heat4 ,it is demonstrated that living forms are liable to variations which accumulate through inheritance2 that the ratio of multiplication in the living world is out of all proportion to the means of subsistence1 so that only comparatively few germs mature1 while myriads are destroyed2 that1 in the struggles of life1 the fittest to the conditions survive1 and those least adapted perish4 ,it is a demonstrated fact that life has existed on the globe during periods of time so vast as to be incalculable2 that there has been an order in its succession by which the lowest appeared first1 and the highest have come last1 while the intermediate forms disclose a rising gradation4 ,it is a demonstrated truth of nature that matter is indestructible1 and that1 therefore1 all the material changes and transformations of the world consist in using over and over the same stock of materials1 new forms being perpetually derived from old ones2 and it is a fact now also held to be established that force obeys the same laws4 ,all these great truths harmonize with each other2 they agree with all we know of the constitution of nature2 and they demonstrate evolution as a fact1 and go far toward opening to us the secondary question of its method40 ,these are1 according to ,mr4 ,youmans1 the 8demonstrated truths0 on which the theory of evolution has been built1 and which1 according to the same writer1 8demonstrate evolution as a fact40 ,we think1 on the contrary1 that the only fact demonstrated by this passage is the blindness 7voluntary or not7 of a certain class of scientists4 ,a cursory examination of it will suffice to convince all unprejudiced men that such is the case4 ,that the stream of generations flows on 8by reproduction and genetic connection in the regular order of nature0 is indeed a fact accordant with all observation1 and to which there never has been known a solitary exception2 but all observation proves that the regular order of nature in generation is confined within the limits of the species to which parents belong4 ,this precludes the possibility of drawing from this fact any conclusion in favor of evolution4 ,that living forms 8are liable to variations1 which accumulate through inheritance10 is not a demonstrated fact4 ,we see1 on the contrary1 that all such accidental variations1 instead of accumulating1 tend to disappear within a few generations1 whenever they cease to be under the influence of the agencies to which they owe their origin4 ,but let us admit1 for the sake of argument1 that all living forms are liable to variations which accumulate through inheritance2 then we ask whether all such variations are confined within the limit of each species1 or some of them overstep that limit4 ,if they are confined within that limit1 the fact proves nothing in favor of the evolution of species4 ,if1 on the contrary1 any one says that they overstep that limit1 then the fact itself needs demonstration2 for it has never been observed4 ,therefore to argue from this fact in favor of evolution is to beg the question4 ,we have no need of dwelling on ,mr4 ,youmans' statement that the ratio of multiplication in the living world is out of all proportion to the means of subsistence1 so that only comparatively few germs mature1 while myriads are destroyed4 ,the statement is true2 but it has nothing to do with the theory of evolution4 ,that1 in the struggles of life1 the fittest to the conditions survive1 is another fact which does not in the least bear out the theory4 ,for the fittest among animals are those which enjoy the plenitude of their specific properties1 and which1 therefore1 are best apt to transfuse them into their offspring whole1 unmixed1 and unimpaired4 ,we are told1 also1 that life has existed during periods of time so vast as to be incalculable4 ,this we admit4 ,but then1 in the succession of life1 there has been an order1 8by which the lowest appeared first1 and the highest have come last1 while intermediate forms disclose a rising gradation40 ,this1 too1 we may admit1 though not without reservations2 for ,prof4 ,huxley himself confesses that numerous intermediate forms do not occur in the order in which they ought to occur if they really had formed steps in the progression from one species to another2 for we find these intermediate forms mixed up with the higher and the lower ones 8in contemporaneous deposits40 ,but1 even supposing that the lowest forms precede the highest1 what evidence would this be in favor of evolution8 ,the order of succession may indeed prove that the lower forms existed before the higher forms were created2 but it does not show that the lower forms are the parents of the higher4 ,this is merely assumed by the evolutionists as a convenient substitute for proof2 that is1 they first assume that evolution is a fact1 and then conclude that the fact of evolution is established4 ,lastly1 that matter is indestructible1 and that therefore all the material changes and transformations of the world consist in using over and over the same stock of materials1 is a doctrine which has no special bearing on the question4 ,when a new individual of any living species is generated1 its organism is indeed formed out of old matter2 but this had no need of demonstration4 ,what our evolutionists ought to show is that new individuals of a certain species have been generated by individuals of some other species2 and this surely cannot be shown by a recourse to the indestructibility of matter4 ,that matter is indestructible is1 however1 a groundless assertion4 ,for though natural forces cannot destroy it1 ,god1 who has created it1 and who keeps it in existence1 can always withdraw his action1 and let it fall into its primitive nothingness4 ,and as to the so-called 8fact0 now also held to be established1 that 8force obeys the same laws0--that is1 that force is indestructible1 and that new forms of force are perpetually derived from old ones--we need only remark that the theory of transformation of forces1 as held and explained by our advanced scientists1 is but a travesty of truth1 and an impotent effort to upset the principle of causality4 ,neither statical nor dynamical forces are ever transformed4 ,indeed1 they have no form attached to them4 ,what our modern physicists call 8transformation of force0 is nothing but the change of one kinetic phenomenon into another--that is1 a succession of modes of movement of various kinds4 ,now1 modes of movement are modes of being1 not of force1 though they are the measure of the dynamical forces by which they have been produced4 ,the force with which any element of matter is endowed is constantly the same1 both as to quality and as to quantity4 ,its exertion alone1 owing to a difference of conditions1 admits of a higher and a lower degree of intensity4 ,as we do not intend at present to write a treatise on forces1 we will only add that the forces of matter are exercised on other matter by transient action1 but cannot perform immanent acts calculated to modify their own matter4 ,if they could do this1 matter would not be inert4 ,hence animal life1 which requires immanent acts1 cannot be accounted for by the forces of matter4 ,and therefore1 whatever our scientists may say about the conservation of energy and the transformation of forces1 they have no right to infer that animal life can be evolved out of matter alone2 and they have still less right to pretend that such is 8the fact40 ,what shall we say1 then1 of ,mr4 ,youmans' assertion that the alleged reasons 8demonstrate evolution as a fact08 ,we must say1 applying ,dr4 ,taylor's words to the case1 that the assertion is 8so astounding that we can only 'stand by and admire' the marvellous effrontery with which it has been made40 ,a man of ,mr4 ,youmans' ability can scarcely be so ignorant of logic as not to see that his reasons demonstrate evolution neither as a fact nor as a probability1 and not even as a possibility2 but when a man succeeds in blinding himself to the existence of a personal ,god1 and substitutes nature in the place of her ,creator1 we need not be surprised if his logic turns out to be a clumsy attempt at imposition4 ,dr4 ,taylor had asked why we do not see one species passing into another1 even as we see the motions of the planets through the heavens4 ,the question was pertinent2 for ,prof4 ,huxley had maintained that 8evolution rests on a basis as sure as astronomy40 ,mr4 ,youmans answers3 8,to this foolish question1 which has nevertheless been asked a dozen times by clerical critics of ,huxley1 the obvious answer is that what requires a very long time to produce cannot be seen in a very short time40 ,we think that the question was not foolish1 and that the answer of ,mr4 ,youmans is a mere evasion4 ,for1 if evolution is a fact1 we must find numerous traces of it not only in the fossil remains1 but also in the actual economy of nature4 ,if the bird is evolved from the lizard1 there must be actually among living creatures a numerous class of intermediate forms1 some more1 others less developed1 exhibiting all the stages of transformation through which the lizard is gradually developed into a bird4 ,thus1 because the acorn develops into the stately oak1 we find in nature oaks of all the intermediate sizes2 and because babyhood develops into manhood1 we find in nature individuals of all intermediate ages4 ,in like manner1 if the evolution of one species from another is not a fable1 we must find in nature specimens of all the intermediate forms4 ,dr4 ,taylor's question was1 therefore1 most judicious4 ,that ,mr4 ,youmans' reply to it is a mere evasion a little reflection will show2 for the length of time required for the process of transformation would only prove that the intermediate forms must remain longer in existence2 whilst the fact is that such forms do not exist at all4 8,there has been much complaint10 says ,mr4 ,youmans1 8that ,prof4 ,huxley undertook to put the demonstrative evidence of evolution on so narrow a basis as the establishment of the genealogy of the horse2 but this rather enhances than detracts from his merit as a scientific thinker40 ,here the case is misstated4 ,had ,prof4 ,huxley really demonstrated evolution by the genealogy of the horse1 no one would have complained that the basis was too narrow2 but as it became manifest that the basis was not only narrow but questionable1 and that it afforded no evidence whatever of evolution1 it was thought that it required a 8marvellous effrontery0 on the part of ,prof4 ,huxley to maintain before the ,american public that the genealogy of the horse gave 8demonstrative evidence0 of evolution4 ,this is the reason why there has been so much complaint4 ,prof4 ,huxley simply insulted his audience when he asked them to believe that evolution was a demonstrated fact4 ,mr4 ,youmans tells us that the vital point between ,prof4 ,huxley and his antagonists is the question of the validity of the conception of order and uniformity in nature4 8,prof4 ,huxley holds to it as a first principle1 a truth demonstrated by all science1 and just as fixed in biology as in astronomy4 ,his antagonists hold that the inflexible order of nature may be asserted perhaps in astronomy1 but they deny it in biology4 ,they here invoke supernatural intervention40 ,this statement is utterly false4 ,there is no question about the order and uniformity of nature2 and it is not to ,prof4 ,huxley or to modern science that we are indebted for the knowledge of this uniformity either in astronomy or in biology2 the world has ever been in possession of this indisputable truth4 ,the real question between ,prof4 ,huxley and his antagonists is that nature1 according to the professor1 is independent in its being and in its working1 and has an inherent power of fostering into existence a series of beings of higher and higher specific perfection1 from the speck of gelatinous matter even to man2 whereas nature1 according to the professor's antagonists1 and according to science1 revelation1 and common sense1 is not independent either in its being or in its working1 and has no inherent power of forming either a plant without a seed or an animal without an ovum of the same species4 ,if ,prof4 ,huxley had had any knowledge of that part of philosophy which we call metaphysics1 and which our advanced scientists affect so much to despise because they cannot cope with it1 he would have seen the absurdity of his assumption2 and if ,mr4 ,youmans had consulted the rules of logic1 he would not have said that the 8uniformity of nature0 was with ,prof4 ,huxley a 8first principle02 it being evident that uniformity clashes with evolution1 which is a change of forms4 ,the last argument of the editor of the ,popular ,science ,monthly in behalf of evolution is as follows3 8,obviously there are but two hypotheses upon the subject--that of genetic derivation of existing species through the operation of natural law1 and that of creation by miraculous interference with the course of nature4 ,if we assume the orderly course of nature1 development is inevitable3 it is evolution or nothing4 ,if the order of nature is put aside and special creation appealed to1 we have a right to ask1 ,on what evidence8444 ,there is no evidence4 ,there is not a scintilla of proof that can have a feather's weight with any scientific mind4444 ,has anybody ever seen a special creation80 ,we answer1 first1 that even if it were true that 8there is no evidence0 in support of the creation1 it would not follow that there is any evidence1 either scientific or of any other kind1 in support of the evolution of one species from another4 ,indeed1 in spite of all the efforts of 8advanced0 thinkers1 we have not yet been furnished with 8a scintilla of proof that can have a feather's weight0 with a philosophical mind2 on the contrary1 we have been informed by no less an authority than ,mr4 ,huxley that 8no connecting link between the crocodile and the lizard1 or between the lizard and the snake1 or between the snake and the crocodile1 or between any two of these groups10 has yet been found--a fact which1 if not destroyed by further discoveries1 is 8a strong and weighty argument against evolution10 as the professor confesses4 ,hence it is evident that the existing palontological specimens1 far from proving the theory1 form a strong and weighty objection against it4 ,the consequence is that1 even if we had no evidence of the creation of species1 it would yet be more reasonable to accept creation1 against which no objection can be found1 than to accept evolution4 ,but we are far from conceding that the creation of species is unsupported by evidence of a proper kind4 ,mr4 ,youmans may laugh at the ,bible2 but we maintain that the ,biblical record constitutes historical evidence4 ,he may also laugh at philosophical reasoning1 for his mind is too 8scientific0 to care for philosophy2 but we believe that philosophical evidence is as good1 at least1 as any which can be met with in the ,popular ,science ,monthly4 ,animals have a soul1 which elicits immanent acts2 they know1 they feel1 they have passions2 and1 if we listen to some modern thinkers1 they have even intelligence and reason4 ,now1 matter is essentially inert1 and therefore cannot elicit immanent acts4 ,hence animals are not mere organized matter2 and accordingly they cannot be evolved from matter alone4 ,their soul must come from a higher source2 it must be created4 ,science has nothing to say against this2 it can only state its ignorance by asking3 8,has anybody ever seen a special creation80 ,of course nobody has2 but there are things which are seen by reason with as great a clearness as anything visible to the eye2 and this is just the case with creation4 ,on the other hand1 why should ,mr4 ,youmans pretend that creation must be seen to be admitted1 when he admits evolution1 though he has never seen it8 ,if seeing is a condition for believing1 why did he treat as foolish ,dr4 ,taylor's question concerning the passing of one species into another8 ,why did he ask3 8,has the writer ever seen the production of a geological formation80 ,surely1 if evolution were proved to be a fact1 we would admit it1 without having seen it2 but1 since it is creation1 not evolution1 that has been shown to be a fact1 we are compelled to admit it1 even though nobody has had the privilege of seeing the event4 ,when ,mr4 ,youmans declares that 8there is not a scintilla of proof0 7in favor of special creations7 8that can have a feather's weight with any scientific mind10 he evidently assumes that no scientific mind has existed before our time2 which is more than even ,huxley or ,darwin would maintain4 ,but infidel science is equally blind to the scientific merit of its antagonists1 and to the blunders which it is itself daily committing4 ,thus ,mr4 ,youmans1 no doubt to show that he has a 8scientific mind10 speaks of the derivation of species 8through the operation of natural law0--a phrase which has no meaning2 for law is an abstraction1 and abstractions do not operate4 ,nor is it more 8scientific0 to assume that the creation of species was 8a miraculous interference with the course of nature02 for the course of nature required the creation of species1 just as it now requires the creation of human souls for the continuance of humanity2 and ,god cannot be said to have interfered with the course of nature by doing what nature required but could not do4 ,is it any more 8scientific0 to write ,nature with a capital letter8 ,of course1 if there is no ,god1 nature is all1 and atheists may write it ,nature4 ,mr4 ,youmans does not tell us clearly that there is no ,god2 but he shows clearly enough that to his mind ,nature is everything2 which is1 in fact1 a virtual denial of a personal ,god4 ,if we were to inform him that nature is only a servant of ,god1 he would perhaps ask1 8,on what evidence80 ,and because we would be unable to point out a chemical residuum or a geologic formation wherein ,god could be made visible to him1 he would conclude that 8there is no scintilla of proof that can have a feather's weight with a scientific mind40 ,he then assumes that in the orderly course of nature the evolution of species is 8inevitable40 ,it did not occur to his scientific mind that before making such an assertion1 it was necessary to examine how far the powers of nature extend2 for he might have discovered that matter is inert1 and that it was a great blunder to assume that inert matter produced animal life4 ,he further supposes that when special creations are appealed to1 8the order of nature is put aside40 ,he therefore pretends that the order of nature would not allow of the creation of plants and animals1 evidently because it was nature's duty to perform without extrinsic intervention all those wonderful works which we attribute to the wisdom and omnipotence of the ,creator4 ,we maybe unscientific2 but we defy ,mr4 ,youmans to show1 either scientifically or otherwise1 the truth of his assumption4 ,to tell us that the evolution of life from dead matter was within the order of nature1 without even attempting to prove that nature had a power adequate to the task1 is just as plausible as to tell us that ,prof4 ,huxley has created the ,niagara ,falls or that ,mr4 ,darwin has painted the moon4 ,and yet the author of such loose statements airs his scientific pretensions and speaks of 8scientific minds06 ,we have no need to follow ,mr4 ,youmans any further2 for what he adds consists of assumptions cognate to those we have already refuted4 8,genetic derivation10 he says1 8is in the field as a real and undeniable cause0--which is an open untruth4 8,has anybody seen a special creation80 ,this is irrelevant4 8,do those who believe in a special creation represent to themselves any possibility of how it could have occurred80 ,probably they do1 if they have read the first chapter of ,genesis4 8,milton attempted to form an image of the way the thing was done1 and says that the animals burst up full-formed and perfect like plants out of the ground--'the grassy clods now calved4' ,but clods can only calve miraculously40 ,quite so2 but we must not be afraid of miracles1 when we cannot deny them without falling into absurdities4 8,nature does not bring animals into the world now by this method1 and science certainly can know nothing of it40 ,yes2 but there are many other things of which infidel science is ignorant4 ,and yet we fancy that1 when animals have been once created1 even infidel science might have discerned that their procreation no longer required 8the grassy clods to calve40 ,but enough4 ,we conclude that1 so far from being possible1 so far from being probable1 so far from being proved1 the hypothesis of the origin of animal forms by evolution is simply unthinkable2 it is a violation not only of the order of nature1 but of the very condition of thought and of the first principle of science1 which is the principle of causality4 ,when will our scientific men understand that there is no science without philosophy8 ,a ,,waif ,,from ,,the ,,great ,,exhibition1 ,,philadelphia1 #ahgf 8,their store-houses full1 flowing out of this into that4 8,they have called the people happy that hath these things3 but happy is that people whose ,god is the ,lord40--,ps4 cxliii4 ,i4 ,with face storm-lined and bronzed1 no longer young1 ,that seemed as if its soul's dim life had grown ,on lonely farm1 in rugged inland town ,lying1 a narrow world1 bleak hills among1 ,a stranger gazed amid the wealth and glare ,of all the nations' gathered industry ,where rose the light1 symmetric tracery ,of ,munich's altars worked in colors fair2 ,where good ,st4 ,joseph with the lilies stood2 ,and soft-eyed martyr with her branch of palm1 ,and full1 sweet lips smiling with happy calm1 ,seemed beaming witness 'mid the multitude ,of glittering toys and earth's huge1 unworked store1 ,of nobler purpose man's life resting o'er4 ,,ii4 ,here stretched its naked arms the blessd ,rood1 ,whose desolation eloquent below ,god's ,mother sat in soundless deeps of woe1 ,her sad knees holding all her earthly good4 ,here stood the stranger with a look intent ,wherein no light of recognition woke1 ,as if he read in some strange-lettered book4 ,then1 asking what these unguessed figures meant1 ,an answer came3 8,our ,lord1 dead 'neath the ,cross40 8,ah6 yes1 and that is ,mary1 ,i suppose-- ,the ,mother40 ,ah6 what wondering thoughts uprose ,to die in silence1 winning so some loss1 ,perchance1 unto two lives4 ,sweet ,mother1 pray ,that soul accuse not mine on judgment day6 ,,iii4 ,so strange and sad the simple question seemed2 ,as if on those far hills ,god's voice had built1 ,upon those souls for whom his blood was spilt ,some shadow rested1 amid which scarce gleamed ,the mournful splendor by his dark ,cross thrown3 ,as if stern life grew but more hard and bare1 ,missing the presence of the ,maiden rare ,whose ,god made her unstained flesh his own2 ,who held him on her arms a helpless child1 ,with love no mother ever knew before2 ,holding1 when ,calvary's dread hours were o'er1 ,the ,man of ,sorrows where her ,babe had smiled-- ,her arms the cradle of the ,almighty ,one1 ,her arms ,his spotless shroud1 life's labor done4 ,,iv4 ,alas6 such faith to men denied who grope ,half in a fear begotten not of love1 ,half in cold doubt1 seeking all things to prove1 ,to none hold fast1 with whom divinest hope ,holds naught more excellent than earth's to-days2 ,for whom in vain doth ,israel's lily bloom1 ,with its white sunshine lighting hours of gloom1 ,shining 'mid thorns that seek to crush its grace-- ,so dimming the broad rays of love divine ,with earthly shadow cast on earthly things ,that folded keep their gift of heavenly wings1 ,lest1 soaring1 they lose sight of lesser shrine ,lest1 heart so kindling with the ,spirit's fire1 ,feet lowly tread that eyes be lifted higher4 ,v4 ,slow turning through the glimmering aisles to range1 ,amid the hum the loitering footsteps wrought ,i lost the questioning face1 but not the thought ,of that dim life1 to which the night seemed strange ,of ,calvary's ,god1 to whom all life is owed-- ,that clouded life wherein ,faith's pure sunshine ,casts faintest gleam of its strong light divine ,that strengthens soul1 makes fair the daily load4 ,far down the hall full notes of organ poured1 ,and broke in song strong voices manifold2 ,glad alleluias all exultant rolled1 ,as if proclaiming on each soaring chord3 8,happy the people of this wealth possessed60 ,nay1 ,happy they whom ,god the ,lord hath blessed4 ,,english ,,rule ,,in ,,ireland4 ,,ii4 ,the present condition of a people is the latest phase of a life that has run through centuries1 in all the events of which there may be traced the relation of cause and effect1 and whose continuity has never been interrupted1 though at times the current may seem to leave its channel1 or even to disappear4 ,the past never dies1 but with each succeeding moment receives a fuller existence1 survives as a curse or a blessing4 ,the passion which urges the human mind back to ages more and more remote1 until the gathering darkness shuts out even the faintest glimmer of light1 is not mere curiosity1 nor even the inborn craving for knowledge2 rather is it the consciousness that those ancient times and far-off deeds still live in us1 mould us1 and shape our ends4 ,we were with ,adam when he plucked and ate the forbidden fruit1 and that his act should work in us yet1 like a taint in the blood1 seems to be a postulate of reason not less than a truth of tradition or revelation4 ,the cherishing of great names1 the clinging to noble memories1 the use of poetry1 music1 sculpture1 painting1 architecture1 or any art1 to give form and vividness to glories1 heroisms1 martyrdoms1 are but the expression of this consciousness that the present is only the fuller and more living past4 ,no vanity1 much less scorn or hate1 should prompt any one to lift into the light the glory or the shame of a people's history4 ,as we tread reverently on the ground where human passions have contended for the mastery1 we should approach with religious awe the facts which have made the world what it is4 ,there are many persons1 who certainly have no prejudices against the ,irish people1 many true and loyal ,irishmen even1 who strongly object to the prominence given to the sorrows and sufferings of ,ireland4 ,they would have us forget the past and turn1 with a countenance fresh and hopeful as that of youth1 to the future4 ,sydney ,smith1 full of ,english prepossessions but an honest lover of liberty1 who labored as earnestly and fearlessly as any man of his generation in behalf of the wronged and defenceless1 could not restrain his impatience when he thought of the fondness with which ,irishmen cling to old memories and sacred associations4 ,in his opinion the object of all government is roast mutton1 potatoes1 claret1 a stout constable1 an honest justice1 a clear highway1 and a free chapel4 8,what trash10 he exclaimed1 8to be bawling in the streets about the ,green ,isle1 the ,isle of the ,ocean1 the bold anthem of ,erin go bragh6 ,a far better anthem would be1 ,erin go bread and cheese1 ,erin go cabins that will keep out the rain1 ,erin go pantaloons without holes in them40 ,this may be very well1 but we are persuaded that there is not an abuse or an evil in ,ireland to-day which has not its roots in the remote past1 or which can be understood or remedied without a knowledge of ,irish history4 ,the bold anthem of ,erin go bragh1 which so provoked ,sidney ,smith1 is the thread that leads us through the labyrinth4 ,it is because the ,irish are not ,english that ,england is neither able nor willing to treat them justly2 and if she has rendered herself guilty of the greatest social crime in all history1 it is because she has clung for centuries with terrible obstinacy to a policy which left the people of ,ireland no alternative between denationalization and extermination4 ,when in ,england the national spirit dominated and absorbed the religious spirit1 the ,irish1 who had so long maintained their separate nationality1 adhered with invincible firmness to the old faith4 ,this was imputed to them as a crime1 and became the pretext for still more grievous persecutions4 ,if they were resolved to be ,irish and ,catholic1 ,england was not less resolved that they should be outlaws and beggars4 ,they were to have no bread or potatoes1 or cabins that would keep out the rain1 so long as they persisted in singing the bold anthem and acknowledging the supremacy of the pope4 ,the history of ,ireland is in great part the history of her wrongs2 for a long time to come1 doubtless1 it will be a history of suffering2 and if those who write of her find that they are placing before their readers pictures of death1 exile1 persecution1 beggary1 famine1 desolation1 violence1 oppression1 and of every form of human misery1 they are but describing the state to which her conquerors have reduced her4 ,but there are special reasons for dwelling upon the wrongs of ,ireland4 ,for three hundred years the ,irish people themselves and their faith have been held responsible1 wherever the ,english language is spoken1 for the crimes of ,england4 ,the backwardness of ,irish industry1 and the seeming want of energy of the people in improving their condition1 are habitually imputed by statesmen and public instructors to a peculiar indolence and recklessness in the ,celtic race1 fostered and encouraged by what is supposed to be the necessary influence of the ,catholic religion4 ,the ,irish are probably not more ,celtic than the ,french1 who assuredly are not excelled in thrift and industry by any other people4 ,there is no country more ,catholic than ,belgium1 nor is there anywhere a more prosperous or laborious people4 ,irishmen themselves1 it is universally admitted1 are hard workers in ,england1 in the ,united ,states1 in ,canada1 in ,australia--wherever1 in a word1 the motives which incite men to labor are not taken from them2 and yet the popular prejudice on this subject is so flattering to ,anglo-,saxon and ,protestant pride that it remains in the public mind like a superstition1 which no amount of evidence can affect4 ,in a former article we have attempted to trace some of the causes to which the poverty and misery of ,ireland must be attributed1 and we shall now continue the investigation4 ,during the three centuries immediately following the ,conquest the country was wasted by wars1 massacres1 and feuds1 carried on by the two armed nations1 which fiercely contended for the possession of the soil4 ,the ,anglo-,norman colony1 entrenched within the ,pale1 and receiving constant supplies of men and money from the mother-country1 formed a kind of standing army1 ever ready to invade and lay waste the territories still held by the native population4 ,the ,irish people1 in self-defence1 and also with the hope of driving the invader from their shores1 turned their whole attention to war4 ,all the pursuits of peace were forgotten1 and the island became a camp of soldiers1 who1 when not battling with the common enemy1 turned their swords against one another4 ,in such a state of society no progress was possible4 ,then came three centuries of religious wars to add more savage fierceness to the war of races4 ,under ,elizabeth1 ,james ,i41 ,cromwell1 and ,william of ,orange the whole country was confiscated4 ,the ,catholics were driven from their lands1 hunted down1 their churches and monasteries were burned or turned over to ,protestants1 their priests were martyred or exiled1 their schools closed1 their teachers banished1 their nobles impoverished2 and to make this state of things perpetual the ,penal ,code was enacted4 ,to this point there was complete harmony between the home government and the ,english colony in ,ireland4 ,but ,england has rarely poured out her treasure or her blood for other than selfish and mercenary motives4 ,she therefore demanded1 as the price of her assistance in crushing the ,irish ,catholics1 that the commerce and industry of ,ireland should be sacrificed to her own interests4 ,the ,house of ,commons declared the importation of ,irish cattle a public nuisance4 ,they were then slaughtered and salted1 but the government refused to permit the sale of the meat4 ,the hides were tanned4 ,the importation of leather was forbidden4 ,the ,irish ,protestants began to export their wool2 ,england refused to buy it4 ,they began to manufacture it2 an export duty1 equivalent to prohibition1 was put on all ,irish woollen goods4 ,they grew flax and made linens2 ,england put a bounty on ,scotch and ,english linens1 and levied a duty on ,irish linens4 ,ireland was not allowed to build or own a ship--her forests were felled and the timber sent to ,england4 ,the ,english colonies were forbidden to trade with her2 even the fisheries were carried on with ,english boats manned by ,englishmen4 ,by these and similar measures ,irish commerce and industry were destroyed4 ,nothing remained for the people to do but to till the soil4 ,in this lay the only hope of escaping starvation4 ,but they no longer owned the land2 it was in the hands of an alien aristocracy1 ,english in origin and sympathy1 ,protestant in religion4 ,the ,catholic people1 without civil existence1 were at the mercy of an oligarchy by whom they were both hated and despised4 ,these nobles owed their titles1 wealth1 and power to the violence of conquest1 and1 instead of seeking to heal the wounds1 they were resolved to keep them open4 ,in ,france and in ,england the ,northmen were gradually fused with the original population4 ,they lost their language1 customs1 almost the memory of their cradle-land4 ,even in ,ireland a considerable portion of the ,norman conquerors became ,irish--,hibernis hiberniores4 ,but this partial assimilation of the two races was effected in spite of ,england1 who made use of strong measures both to prevent and punish this degeneracy1 as it was termed4 ,had the union between the ,irish and the ,normans not been prevented by this violent and interested policy1 a homogeneous people would have been formed in ,ireland as in ,england1 and the frightful wrongs and crimes of the last seven hundred years would not have been committed4 ,but the interests of ,england demanded that ,ireland should be kept weak and helpless by internal discord2 and she therefore used every means to prevent the fusion of the two races4 ,the 8,irish enemy10 ever ready to break in upon the settlements of the ,pale1 was the surest warrant of the loyalty of the ,english colony to the mother-country1 whose assistance might at any moment become essential to its very existence4 ,the native population1 on the other hand1 was held in check by the foreigner encamped in the land4 ,had the ,irish and the ,english in ,ireland united1 they would have had little trouble in throwing off the yoke of ,england4 ,it was all-important1 therefore1 that they should remain1 distinct and inimical races4 ,all intercourse between them was forbidden4 ,their inter-marriage was made high treason4 ,it was a crime for an ,englishman to speak ,irish1 or for an ,irishman to speak ,english4 ,the ancient laws and customs of the ,irish were destroyed1 and they were denied the benefits of ,english law4 ,as yet the ,english and the ,irish professed the same religious faith2 but now even this powerful bond of union was broken4 ,enemies on earth1 they looked to no common hope beyond this life4 ,three centuries of persecution and outrage followed1 during which the ,catholic ,irish were reduced to such a state of misery and beggary that the only thing which remained in common between them and their tyrants was hate4 ,here we have come upon the well-spring of all the bitter waters that have deluged ,ireland4 ,the country is owned and governed by a few men who have never loved the country and have always hated the people4 ,throughout the rest of ,europe1 even in the worst times1 the interests of the lords and the peasants were to some extent identical4 ,they were one in race and religion1 rendered mutual services1 gloried in a common country1 and shared their miseries4 ,the noble spent at least a part of the year on his estates1 surrounded by his dependants4 ,kind offices were interchanged4 ,the great lady visited the peasant woman in her sickness1 and the humanities of life were not ignored4 ,elsewhere in ,europe the great land-owners1 whether lay or ecclesiastical1 were1 with rare exceptions1 kind to the poor1 indulgent to their debtors1 willing to encourage industry1 to advance capital for the improvement of the land1 and thus to promote their own interests by promoting those of their tenants4 ,the privileged classes were not wholly independent of the people4 ,if they were not restrained from wrong-doing by love1 they were often held in check by a salutary fear4 ,but nothing of all this was found in ,ireland1 where the landlords were in the unfortunate position of having nothing to fear and nothing to hope from the people4 ,they lacked all the essential conditions of a native aristocracy4 ,their titles were ,irish1 but all their interests and sympathies were ,english4 ,they were the hired servants of ,england1 and they were not paid to work for the good of ,ireland4 ,they drew their revenues from a country to which they rendered no service2 they were supported by the labors of the people whom they oppressed and hated2 and they rarely saw the land from which they derived their wealth and titles1 but lived in ,england1 where they found a more congenial society1 and were not afflicted by the sight of sufferings and miseries of which they knew themselves to be the authors4 ,if the people1 maddened by oppression or hunger1 revolted1 the ,irish landlords were not disturbed2 for an ,english army was at hand to crush the rebellion1 which was never attributed to its true cause1 but to the supposed insubordination and lawlessness of the ,irish character4 ,in ,england there existed a middle class1 which bridged over the chasm that separated the nobles from the peasants1 and which rendered the aristocracy liberal and progressive by opening its ranks to superior merit wherever found2 but in ,ireland there were only two classes of society1 divided the one from the other as by a wall of brass4 ,the authority of the ,protestant oligarchy over the ,catholic population was absolute1 and they contracted the vices by which the exercise of uncontrolled power is always punished4 ,to the narrowness and ignorance of a rural gentry were added the brutality and coarseness of tyrants4 ,the social organization prevented the infusion of new blood which had saved the ,english aristocracy from decay and impotence1 and the general stagnation of political and commercial life in ,ireland had the effect of helping on the degeneracy of the ruling caste4 ,everything1 in a word1 tended to make the ,irish landlords the worst aristocracy with which a nation was ever cursed2 and1 by the most cruel of fates1 this worst of all aristocracies was made the sole arbiter of the destinies of the ,irish people1 of whose pitiable condition under this rule we have already given some account4 ,we turn now to consider the causes which have brought a certain measure of relief to the people of ,ireland2 and we must seek for them1 not in the good-will or sense of justice of ,irish or ,english ,protestants1 but in circumstances which took from them the power of continuing without some mitigation a policy which1 if ruinous to the ,irish people1 was also full of peril to ,england4 ,it is pleasant to us1 as ,americans1 to know that the voice which proclaimed our freedom and independence was heard in ,ireland1 as it has since been heard throughout the earth1 rousing the nations to high thoughts of liberty1 ringing as the loud battle-cry of wronged and oppressed peoples4 ,the great discussions which the struggle of the ,american colonies awoke in the ,british ,parliament1 and in which the very spirit of liberty spoke from the lips of the sublimest orators1 sent a thrill of hope through ,irish hearts1 while the ,declaration of ,independence filled their oppressors with dismay4 ,in #aggf we declared our separate existence1 and in #aggh already some of the most odious features of the ,penal ,code were abolished4 8,a voice from ,america10 said ,flood1 8shouted to ,liberty40 ,henceforward ,catholics were permitted to take long leases1 though not to possess in fee simple2 the son1 by turning ,protestant1 was no longer permitted to rob his father1 and the laws of inheritance which prevented the accumulation of property in the hands of ,catholics were abrogated4 ,this was little enough1 indeed1 but it was of inestimable value1 for it marked the turning-point in the history of ,ireland4 ,a beginning had been made1 a breach had been opened in the enemy's citadel4 ,but this was not all that the ,american ,revolution did for ,ireland4 ,the sympathies of the ,presbyterians of the ,north went out to their brethren who were struggling on the other side of the ,atlantic4 ,they also had grievances compared with which those of the colonies were slight2 their cause was identical1 and the success of the ,americans would be a victory for ,ireland2 if ,england triumphed beyond the seas1 there would be no hope for those who1 being nearer1 were held with a more certain grasp4 ,hence1 in spite of the bitter hate which in ,ireland separated the ,protestants from the ,catholics1 they were drawn together by a common interest and sympathy in the cause of ,american independence4 ,england's wars1 both in ,europe and in her transatlantic colonies1 were a constant drain upon her resources1 and it became necessary to supply the armies in ,america with the troops which were kept in ,ireland to hold that country in subjection4 ,general ,howe asked that ,irish papists should not be sent as recruits to him1 for they would desert to the enemy4 ,the best men were therefore picked from the ,english regiments and sent to ,america2 ,ireland was denuded of troops2 the defences of her harbors were in ruins2 and she was exposed to the attacks of privateers4 ,something had to be done1 and ,parliament agreed to allow the ,irish militia to be called out4 ,as an inducement to ,catholics to enlist1 they were promised indulgences in the exercise of their religion1 but this promise aroused ,protestant bigotry1 ever ready to break forth4 ,the plan was abandoned1 and the defence of the country was committed to the ,volunteers4 ,in the meanwhile ,burgoyne had surrendered to the ,americans at ,saratoga1 ,france had entered into alliance with the colonies1 and ,french and ,american privateers began to swarm in the ,irish ,channel4 ,the ,english ,parliament1 now thoroughly alarmed1 and eager to make peace with the rebels1 passed an act renouncing the right of taxing the colonies1 and even offered seats in the ,house of ,commons to their representatives4 ,these concessions1 which came too late to propitiate the ,americans1 served only to embolden the ,irish in their demands for the redress of their grievances4 ,the ,americans were rebels1 and were treated with the greatest indulgence2 the ,irish were loyal1 and were still held in the vilest bondage4 ,this was intolerable4 ,to add to the distress1 one of the periodical visitations of famine which have marked ,english rule in ,ireland fell upon the country1 and the highways were filled with crowds of half-naked and starving people4 ,thirty thousand merchants and mechanics in ,dublin were living on alms2 the taxes could not be collected1 and in the general collapse of trade the customs yielded almost nothing4 ,the country was unprotected1 and there was no money in the treasury with which to raise an army4 ,nothing remained in this extremity but to allow the ,volunteers to assemble2 for the summer was at hand1 and every day the privateers might be expected to appear in the ,channel4 ,company after company was organized1 and in a very short time large bodies of men were in arms4 ,the ,catholics also took advantage of the general excitement4 ,if the ,protestants were in arms1 why should they remain defenceless8 ,never before had there been such an opportunity of extorting from ,england the measures of relief which she would never willingly consent to grant4 ,the threatening danger1 however1 had no effect upon the ,british ,parliament4 ,the ,irish ,parliament met in #aggi1 and the patriots1 strong in the support of the ,volunteers who lined the streets of ,dublin1 demanded free trade4 ,the city was in an uproar2 a mob paraded before the ,parliament ,house1 and with threats called upon the members to redress the wrongs of ,ireland4 ,cannon were trailed round the statue of ,king ,william1 with the inscription18,free trade or this10 and on the flags were emblazoned menacing mottoes--8,the ,volunteers of ,ireland10 8,fifty thousand of us ready to die for our country40 8,talk not to me of peace10 exclaimed ,hussey ,burgh1 one of the leading patriots4 8,ireland is not at peace2 it is smothered war4 ,england has sown her laws as dragon's teeth1 and they have sprung up as armed men40 ,all ,ireland was aroused4 ,the ,irish1 said ,burke in the ,english ,house of ,commons1 had learned that justice was to be had from ,england only when demanded at the point of the sword4 ,they were now in arms2 their cause was just2 and they would have redress or end the connection between the two countries4 ,the obnoxious laws restricting trade were repealed and in the greatest haste sent over to ,ireland to calm the tempest that was brewing there4 ,the effect went even beyond expectation4 ,dublin was illuminated1 congratulatory addresses were sent over to ,england1 and people imagined that ,ireland's millennium had arrived4 ,but the consequences of centuries of crime and oppression do not disappear as by the enchanter's wand2 and one of the evils of tyranny is the curse it leaves after it has ceased to exist4 ,in the wildness of their joy the people exaggerated the boon which they had wrenched from ,england2 the sober second thought turned their attention to what still remained to be done4 ,in #aghj ,grattan brought forward the famous resolution which declared that 8the king1 with the consent of the ,parliament of ,ireland1 was alone competent to enact laws to bind ,ireland40 ,the time could not have been more opportune4 ,the ,american colonies were in full revolt2 ,spain and ,france were assisting them2 ,england had been forced into war with ,holland1 and her ,indian ,empire was threatening to take advantage of her distress to rebel4 ,in the midst of so many wars and dangers it would have been madness to have provoked ,ireland to armed resistance1 and ,grattan felt that the hour had come when the ,irish people should stand forth as one of the nations of the earth2 when all differences of race and creed might be merged into a common patriotism1 and ,celt and ,saxon1 ,catholic and ,protestant1 present an unbroken front to the ,english tyrant4 8,the ,penal ,code10 he said1 8is the shell in which the ,protestant power has been hatched4 ,it has become a bird4 ,it must burst the shell or perish in it4 ,indulgence to ,catholics cannot injure the ,protestant religion40 ,the ,volunteers were1 with few exceptions1 ,protestants1 and their attitude of defiance made the ,english government willing to place the ,catholics against them as a counterpoise2 and it therefore offered no opposition to measures tending to relieve them of their disabilities4 ,but1 under ,grattan's influence1 the ,volunteers themselves pronounced in favor of the ,catholics by passing the famous ,dungannon resolution3 8,that we1 the ,volunteers hold the right of private judgment in matters of religion to be equally sacred in others as in ourselves2 that we rejoice in the relaxation of the penal laws against our ,roman ,catholic fellow-subjects2 and that we conceive these measures to be fraught with the happiest consequences to the union and prosperity of the inhabitants of ,ireland40 ,in ,february1 #aghb1 ,grattan again brought forward a motion to declare the independence of the ,irish ,legislature1 and again it was thrown out4 ,the ,dungannon resolution was then introduced1 and it was proposed to abolish all distinctions between ,protestants and ,catholics4 ,but to this the most serious objections were raised1 and it was found necessary to make concessions to ,protestant bigotry4 ,the ,catholics were permitted to acquire freehold property1 to buy and sell1 bequeath and inherit2 but the penal laws which bore upon their religion1 and their right to educate their children at home or abroad1 as well as those which excluded them from political life1 were left on the statute-book4 ,fanaticism was stronger than patriotism1 and the enthusiastic love of liberty was again found to be compatible with the love of persecution and oppression4 ,but this injustice in no way dampened the ardor of the ,catholics for the national independence2 and when1 on the #afth of ,april1 #aghb1 ,grattan moved a ,declaration of ,rights1 inspired probably by our own ,declaration of ,independence1 he was greeted with as wild a tumult of applause by the ,catholics as by his ,protestant countrymen4 8,i found ,ireland10 he said1 8on her knees4 ,i watched over her with an eternal solicitude4 ,i have traced her progress from injuries to arms1 and from arms to liberty4 ,spirit of ,swift1 spirit of ,molyneux1 your genius has prevailed4 ,ireland is now a nation4 ,in that new character ,i hail her1 and1 bowing to her august presence1 ,i say1 ,esto ,perpetua60 ,the overwhelming popular enthusiasm bore everything with it1 and opposition was useless4 8,it is no longer10 wrote the ,duke of ,portland1 the viceroy1 8the ,parliament of ,ireland that is to be managed or attended to2 it is the whole of this country40 ,in ,england the ,whigs1 who were in power1 felt how hopeless would be any efforts to stem the torrent1 and they therefore yielded with grace4 ,fox admitted that ,ireland had a right to distrust ,british legislation 8because it had hitherto been employed only to oppress and distress her40 ,ireland had been wronged1 and it was but just that concessions should now be made to her4 ,the day of deliverance had come1 and1 amidst an outburst of universal enthusiasm1 ,ireland's independence was proclaimed4 ,the ,catholics were the first to feel the benefits of this victory4 ,the two ,relief ,bills1 introduced into ,parliament in their favor1 were carried4 ,they were permitted to open schools and educate their own children2 their stables were no longer subject to inspection1 or their horses above the value of five pounds liable to be seized by the government or taken from them by ,protestant informers2 and their right to freedom of religious worship was fully recognized4 ,they recovered1 in a word1 their civil rights2 but the law still excluded them from any participation in the political life of the country1 and they were still forbidden to possess arms4 ,nevertheless1 another step towards ,catholic emancipation had been taken4 ,two other laws1 beneficial to all classes of citizens1 but especially favorable to the poor and oppressed ,catholics1 date from this time3 the ,habeas ,corpus ,act was granted to ,ireland1 and the tenure of judges was placed on the ,english level4 ,unfortunately1 the social condition of the country was so deplorable that this improvement in the laws conferred few or no benefits upon the impoverished and downtrodden people4 ,but at least there was some gain2 for if good laws do not necessarily make a people prosperous1 bad laws necessarily keep them in misery4 ,the landed gentry and ,protestant clergy continued without shame to neglect all the duties which they owed to their tenants1 whose wretchedness increased as the fortunes of ,ireland seemed to rise4 ,to maintain the ,volunteers the rents were raised1 and the poor peasants1 already sinking beneath an intolerable burden1 were yet more heavily laden4 ,the proprietors of the soil spent their time in riot and debauch while the people were starving4 ,they were the magistrates and at the same time the most notorious violators of the law4 8,the justices of the peace10 says ,arthur ,young1 8are the very worst class in the kingdom40 ,the clergy of the ,established ,church were little better4 ,like the landlords1 they were generally absentees1 and employed agents to raise their tithes1 in the ,north from the ,presbyterians1 and in other parts of the island from the ,catholics4 8,as the absentee landlord10 says ,froude1 8had his middleman1 the absentee incumbent had his tithe farmer and tithe proctor--perhaps of all the carrion who were preying on the carcase of the ,irish peasantry the vilest and most accursed4 ,as the century waned and life grew more extravagant1 the tithe proctor1 like his neighbors1 grew more grasping and avaricious4 ,he exacted from the peasants the full pound of flesh4 ,his trade was dangerous1 and therefore he required to be highly paid4 ,he handed to his employer perhaps half what he collected4 ,he fleeced the flock and he fleeced their shepherd40 8,the use of the tithe farmer10 said ,grattan1 8is to get from the parishioners what the clergyman would be ashamed to demand1 and to enable the clergyman to absent himself from duty4 ,his livelihood is extortion4 ,he is a wolf left by the shepherd to take care of the flock in his absence40#ag ,footnote #ag3 ,the ,english in ,ireland1 vol4 ii4 p4 #dec4 ,in the midst of the general excitement the ,catholic peasants grew restless under this horrible system of organized plunder and extortion4 ,they banded together and took an oath to pay only a specified sum to the clergyman or his agent4 ,the movement spread1 and occasional acts of violence were committed4 ,all ,munster was organized1 and a regular war with the tithe proctors was begun4 ,in the popular fury crimes were perpetrated and the innocent were often made to suffer with the guilty4 ,yet so glaring were the wrongs and so frightful the abuses from which the peasants were suffering that they everywhere met with sympathy4 ,the true cause of these disorders was social and not political4 ,misery1 and not partisan zeal1 had driven the ,catholics to take up arms4 ,the cry of hungry women and children for bread resounded louder in their ears than the shouts of the patriots4 ,they were without food or raiment1 and in despair they sought to wreak vengeance upon the inhuman tyrants who had reduced them to starvation4 ,even ,fitzgibbon1 afterwards ,lord ,clare1 was forced to admit that the ,munster peasants were in a state of oppression1 abject poverty1 and misery not to be equalled in the world1 and that the landlords and their agents were responsible for the degradation of these unfortunate beings4 ,ireland was still a prey to agitations1 hopes1 and sufferings when the ,french ,revolution of #aghi burst upon ,europe4 ,the cry of ,liberty1 equality1 fraternity sounded as revelation to the struggling patriots4 ,hitherto they had contended for freedom1 in the ,english and feudal sense1 as a privilege and a concession2 they now demanded it as an imprescriptible right of man4 ,the ,american ,declaration had indeed proclaimed that all men were free and equal1 or of right ought to be2 but this was merely a pretty phrase1 a graceful preamble1 in a charter which consecrated slavery and inequality4 ,in ,america there were no privileged classes1 and the people had not groaned beneath the tyranny of heartless and effete aristocracies2 the evils of which their leaders complained1 compared with those which weighed down the ,european populations1 were slight1 almost imaginary4 ,but in ,france ,liberty and ,equality was the fierce and savage yell of men who hated the whole social order as it existed around them1 and who1 indeed1 had no reason to love it4 ,the spirit of feudalism was dead1 and its lifeless form remained to impest the earth4 ,the nobles1 sunk in debauch and sloth1 continued their exactions1 upheld their privileges1 and yet rendered no service to the state4 ,corruption1 extravagance1 maladministration1 infidelity1 and licentiousness pervaded the whole social system4 ,france was prostrate with the foot of a harlot on her neck1 and the people were starving4 ,little wonder1 when the torch was applied1 that the lurid glare of burning thrones and altars1 the crash of falling palaces and cathedrals1 should affright and strike dumb the nations of the earth--for ,god's judgment was there2 little wonder that ,ireland1 sitting by the melancholy sea1 chained and weeping1 should lift her head when the ,god of the patient and the humble was shattering the whitened sepulchres which enshrined the world's rottenness4 ,in ,belfast the taking of the ,bastile was celebrated by processions and banquets amid the wildest enthusiasm1 and the name of ,mirabeau called forth the most deafening applause4 ,the eyes of ,ireland were fastened on ,france2 the cause of the ,revolution was believed to be that of all oppressed peoples who seek to break the bonds of slavery4 8,right or wrong10 wrote an ,irish patriot1 8success to the ,french6 ,they are fighting our battles1 and1 if they fail1 adieu to liberty in ,ireland for one century40#ah ,even the manners and phraseology of the ,revolution became popular in ,ireland4 ,the ,dublin ,volunteers were called the ,national ,guard1 the liberty-cap was substituted for the harp1 and ,irishmen saluted one another with the title of citizen4 ,footnote #ah3 ,tone's ,memoirs1 vol4 i4 p #bje4 ,out of this ,french enthusiasm grew the ,society of 8,united ,irishmen10 which soon superseded the ,volunteers4 ,the ,united ,irishmen made no concealment of their revolutionary principles4 ,they demanded a radical reform in the administration of ,ireland1 and threatened1 if this was denied1 to break the bond which held them united with ,england4 ,they openly proclaimed their intention of stamping out 8the vile and odious aristocracy10 which was an insuperable obstacle to the progress of the ,irish people2 and to accomplish this they invited the ,french to invade ,ireland4 ,the landlords1 they said1 show no mercy2 they deserve to receive none4 ,however little sympathy the ,catholics might feel with men who entertained such violent opinions1 they were their natural allies2 and the ,english government1 following its old policy of doing what is right only under compulsion1 hastened to make concessions4 ,from ,june1 #agib1 ,catholics were admitted as barristers2 they were allowed to keep more than two apprentices2 and the prohibition of their marriage with ,protestants was withdrawn4 ,in #agic1 when ,france had declared war against ,england1 still further concessions were made4 ,the penalties for non-attendance at ,protestant worship were abolished4 8,on the eve of a desperate war10 said ,sir ,lawrence ,parsons in the ,house of ,commons1 8it was unsafe to maintain any longer the principles of entire exclusion40 ,the ,catholics were admitted to the franchise1 but were not made eligible to ,parliament2 they were at the same time declared capable of holding offices1 civil and military1 and places of trust1 without taking the oath or receiving the sacrament4 ,this is the third emancipation of the ,catholics of ,ireland4 ,the ,american ,revolution brought about the first1 and the independence of the ,irish ,parliament the second4 ,in the meantime the crimes and excesses of the ,french ,republicans had cooled the zeal of the ,irish patriots4 ,the ,catholics grew suspicious of leaders who applauded the assassins of priests and the profaners of all sacred things4 ,a reaction had set in1 and the ,english government seized the opportunity to order the people to lay down their arms2 and this order was intentionally executed with such cruelty as to provoke insurrections1 which1 in the lack of leaders and of any plan of action1 were easily suppressed4 ,the agents of the ,united ,irishmen had1 however1 succeeded in interesting the ,french ,republic in the cause of ,ireland1 and in ,december1 #agif1 ,general ,hoche set sail for ,bantry ,bay with fifteen thousand men2 but the fleet1 scattered by a storm1 was unable to effect a landing4 ,in ,august1 #agih1 ,general ,humbert disembarked in ,killala ,bay at the head of fifteen hundred men who had been drawn from the armies of ,italy and the ,rhine1 but he found the ,irish people completely disarmed1 and the country in the possession of a powerful ,english army4 ,he nevertheless pushed forward into the interior of the island1 routed an army of four thousand men1 and finally1 when his force had been reduced to eight hundred1 capitulated to ,lord ,cornwallis at the head of thirty thousand4 ,a third expedition1 sent out in the month of ,september of the same year1 met with no better success4 ,the ,rebellion of '#ih had blazed forth and had been quenched in blood4 ,that it was not unprovoked even ,mr4 ,froude confesses4 8,the long era of misgovernment10 he says1 8had ripened at last for the harvest4 ,rarely since the inhabitants of the earth have formed themselves into civilized communities had any country suffered from such a complication of neglect and ill-usage4 ,the ,irish people clamored against ,government1 and their real wrong1 from first to last1 had been that there was no government over them2 that1 under changing forms1 the universal rule among them for four centuries had been the tyranny of the strong over the weak2 that from the catalogue of virtues demanded of those who exercised authority over their fellow-men the word justice had been blotted out4 ,anarchy had borne its fruits40#ai ,footnote #ai3 ,the ,english in ,ireland1 vol4 iii4 p4 #cdh4 ,during the violence of the conflict1 and in the heat of passion1 both the rebels and the ,british soldiers committed crimes for which no excuse can be offered2 but the horrible and deliberate brutality of the ,english after the suppression of the outbreak has never been surpassed by them even in ,ireland4 ,when at length the appetite for torture1 mutilation1 and hanging palled1 the ,british ministry resolved to suppress the ,irish ,parliament4 ,nothing was to be feared from the people1 for their spirit had been crushed2 the lavish expenditure of money in open and shameless bribery overcame the scruples of their ,protestant representatives2 and thus1 after a struggle of six hundred and thirty-one years 7#aafi-ahjj71 corruption triumphed where every other means had failed4 ,the ,union was declared to exist2 but ,ireland was permitted to retain its name1 its institutions1 laws1 and customs1 subject1 however1 to the pleasure of the imperial ,parliament4 ,the ,rebellion of #ahjc1 which accomplished nothing1 and that of #ahdh1 which met with no better fate1 close the fateful list of ,ireland's wars4 ,men have never fought in a juster cause1 and1 had they triumphed1 their names would live for ever in the scroll of the world's heroes4 ,they have not bled in vain1 if ,irishmen will but learn the lesson which their failures teach4 ,not by arms1 but by the force of the holiest of causes1 is ,ireland to obtain the full redress of her wrongs4 ,they only who are her enemies or who are ignorant of her history would wish to excite her people to rebellion4 ,that ,england will grant nothing which she thinks herself able to withhold we know2 but these periodical outbreaks have invariably given her an opportunity of strengthening the grasp which political agitation had forced her to relax4 ,wars which lead only to butcheries are criminal1 and they destroy the faith of patriots in their country's triumph2 while defeat brings divisions and feuds among those who had stood shoulder to shoulder on the field of battle4 ,after the ,union ,ireland relapsed into a period of lethargic indifference which might have been mistaken for healthful repose4 ,the ,protestant ascendency entered again upon the beaten paths of tyranny and oppression1 and the ,catholics suffered in silence4 ,the obstinate bigotry of ,george ,,iii4 had prevented ,pitt from fulfilling the promise1 made at the time of the union of the two kingdoms1 to relieve them of their civil disabilities1 and the prime minister1 whose intentions were honest1 withdrew from the cabinet4 ,but this step1 however it might exonerate him from further responsibility in the matter1 brought no relief to the ,catholics2 and as the sad experience of the past had taught them the hopelessness of resorting to violent measures1 they entered upon the course of peaceful agitation which1 under the wise and skilful direction of ,o',connell1 compelled the ,british ,parliament1 in ,april1 #ahbi1 to concede to them the rights which had been so long and so cruelly withheld4 8,the ,duke of ,wellington10 said ,lord ,palmerston1 8found that he could not carry on the government of the country without yielding the ,catholic question1 and he immediately surrendered that point02 and ,george ,,iv4 signed the act of ,catholic ,emancipation with a shudder4 ,this great victory1 important in itself and its immediate results1 was yet more important as an evidence of a radical change in the policy henceforward to be followed in seeking redress of ,irish grievances4 ,for seven hundred years ,england had been busy in efforts to form a government for ,ireland1 and the result was the most disgraceful failure known in history4 ,for seven hundred years ,ireland had rebelled1 plotted1 invoked foreign aid1 in the hope of throwing off the galling yoke2 and after centuries of bloodshed she found herself more strongly bound to ,england4 ,in the presence of this great historical teaching both nations seemed prepared to pause and deliberately to examine their mutual relations1 and both seemed to feel that the special objects at which each had been aiming were unattainable4 ,the geographical position of the two countries renders their union inevitable so long as either is able to subjugate and hold the other in the bonds of a common government4 ,had ,ireland been in condition to maintain her independence1 ,england1 surrounded by enemies1 could never have risen to the position which she has held for centuries4 ,the national aspirations for power and dominion could not be realized while ,ireland was permitted to retain her separate existence1 and her conquest was therefore inevitable the moment ,england felt herself strong enough to undertake it2 nor can the wildest visionary seriously believe that there is the faintest hope that the connection between them will ever be dissolved except in their common ruin4 ,so long as ,england's power remains1 so long will she hold ,ireland with the unerring instinct with which a vigorous people clings to its national life2 and should ,england's downfall come1 there is no good reason for thinking that it would not be the knell of ,ireland's doom4 ,they have the same language1 the same fundamental principles of government1 the same commercial and political interests2 and under these common influences the differences and antagonisms which still exist are likely to become more and more inactive4 ,the ,english people are not without their own grievances1 which1 in some respects1 are more serious than those of the ,irish--the consequences of feudalism1 which in ,england has been able to resist more successfully than elsewhere the social movements of modern times4 ,henceforward ,ireland is the natural and necessary ally of the more liberal and fair-minded portion of the ,english people1 and she will co-operate most efficiently in helping them to bring about the reforms which are so much needed4 ,for the perfect religious liberty which can exist only after the disestablishment of the ,anglican ,church ,england will be indebted to ,ireland1 whose people have already compelled the ,british ,parliament to admit principles and adopt measures which will inevitably lead to the dissolution of the union between church and state throughout the whole extent of the empire4 ,the ,irish land system must be sacrificed as the ,irish ,church has been sacrificed2 and this will be the first step towards a complete revolution in the system of land tenure throughout ,great ,britain4 ,the growing influence and increasing number of ,english ,catholics will help greatly to create a more cordial and genuine religious sympathy between the two races of these sister islands2 and this sympathy will be still further strengthened when the church in ,england1 through the disestablishment and disintegration of ,anglicanism1 shall have gained a position and power which will give to her special weight in forming public opinion4 ,as the community of interests of the two countries becomes more manifest1 political parties will cease to be influenced by national or religious prejudice1 and will be constituted upon principles which relate to the social interests of the people4 ,england has already confessed the radical error of her ,irish policy1 and her leading statesmen have admitted that the cause of its failure lay in its viciousness--in the fact that it wantonly violated the rights and interests of the people because they belonged to a different race and held a different religious faith4 ,her legislation was unjust because it was narrow and exclusive--favored a class and a creed1 and1 in order to favor these1 repressed and crushed the national energies4 ,the government believed1 whether truly or falsely1 that it could rule ,ireland only by fostering divisions and feuds among her people2 and to do this it sought by every means to intensify and embitter the prejudice which separated the ,english from the ,irish1 the ,protestant from the ,catholic4 ,with this view ,scotch and ,english colonies of ,protestants were planted in ,ireland1 and1 lest the intercourse and amenities of life should soften the asperity of religious bigotry1 the government took special care to encourage the hatred which kept them aloof from the natives1 first by local separations1 and afterwards by the social distinctions which arose from the enforced poverty and ignorance of the ,catholic population4 ,the ,american ,revolution taught ,england1 if not the iniquity1 the folly of this conduct2 and from #aggh to the present day she has been slowly receding from a course in which she had grown old4 ,she has receded unwillingly1 too1 and with hesitation1 and has thus often increased the discontent which she sought to allay4 ,nations1 like individuals1 find that it is hard to recover from inveterate habits of wrong-doing4 ,the wages of sin must be paid2 repentance can save from death1 but not from humiliation and punishment4 ,nor has ,england repented1 but she has entered in the way of penitence2 she has made some reparation1 but has not by any means done all that must be done before ,ireland can be content4 ,for nearly half a century now--that is1 since #ahbi--there has been1 we believe1 a sincere desire to govern ,ireland fairly1 chiefly1 no doubt1 because ,english statesmen had come to see that it was not possible to govern her in any other way2 but these good intentions have been thwarted by the constitutional repugnance of the ,english people to apply strong and efficacious remedies to social disorders4 ,nowhere else among civilized nations are ancient abuses guarded and protected with such superstitious veneration4 ,hence the government thought to satisfy ,ireland by half-measures of redress1 and these it took so ungraciously that they seemed to be wrung from it1 and not conceded with good-will4 ,men are not grateful for favors which are granted because they can no longer be withheld4 ,englishmen still forget that ,ireland has the right to be treated by them not merely with justice1 but with generous indulgence4 ,so long as the root of the evil is left untouched little will be accomplished by pruning the branches4 ,ireland's curse is the system of land tenure1 founded on confiscation and organized to perpetuate a fatal antagonism between the proprietors and the tillers of the soil4 ,irishmen will be disaffected and rebellious so long as the national prosperity is blighted by a state of things which leaves their country in the hands of men who are happy only when they are away from it4 ,parliament has passed several land acts1 but it would seem that they had been purposely so framed as to produce no good results4 ,that it is possible to change the land system of ,ireland radically1 without doing injustice to any one1 is admitted1 and various projects by which this might be done have been laid before ,parliament4 ,this is not a question of tenant-rights2 it lies far deeper4 ,nor is there any parity in this respect between ,england and ,ireland4 ,in ,england the land is owned by the people's natural leaders2 in ,ireland it is owned by the people's natural enemies4 ,this land question is far more important than any question of ,home ,rule2 and if ,parliament will but give a proper solution to this problem1 ,home ,rule will no longer be seriously thought of4 ,when landlordism vanishes from ,ireland1 the day of final reconciliation will be at hand4 ,with it will disappear the filibusters1 revolutionists1 and ,fenians1 whose disturbing influence in ,irish politics is made possible by the wrongs which the ,english government has not the will or the courage to redress4 ,there are other grievances than the land system1 but it will not be difficult to do away with them when the country shall have been given back to the people4 ,with a free press1 free speech1 and an organized public agitation sustained and increased by the sympathies and interests of the masses of the people of ,england1 it will be found impossible to withhold much longer from ,ireland full and complete justice2 and nothing less will satisfy her people4 ,,tennyson ,,as ,a ,,dramatist4#bj ,footnote #bj3 ,harold3 ,a ,drama4 ,by ,alfred ,tennyson4 ,boston3 ,james ,r4 ,osgood ,co4 #ahgg4 ,queen ,mary3 ,a ,drama4 ,by ,alfred ,tennyson4 ,boston3 ,james ,r4 ,osgood ,co4 #ahge4 ,alfred ,tennyson is to-day one of the household gods of ,english-speaking peoples4 ,he has a place in every library1 a niche in every memory1 an echo in every heart4 ,he has unquestionably added a new and brilliant page to the great book of ,english literature4 ,he has set there something that was not there before1 and that is not likely to fade away with time4 ,doubtless there are men who would deny this4 ,there are literary ,gorgons who would1 if they could1 stare every man into stone4 ,there are critics whose nature seems to distil venom1 and who find no sweetness save in their own gall4 ,to men of this class the very fact of a man being praised is in itself sufficient cause for condemnation4 ,over and above these there are probably some who honestly dislike or do not care for ,tennyson4 ,for such we do not speak1 but for the great mass of ,english readers in whose estimation ,tennyson occupies a very conspicuous1 if somewhat undefinable1 position4 ,by them he is liked1 and liked better than any living poet2 and1 indeed1 he has given excellent reasons for being so liked4 ,that there have been greater ,english poets1 even his most enthusiastic admirers must allow2 that there have been few sweeter1 all who have read him and others will admit4 ,indeed1 sweetness1 with its twin-sister purity1 is one of the marked characteristics of ,tennyson's verse4 ,no man ever mistook ,tennyson for a ,pythoness1 a ,cassandra1 a ,jeremiah4 ,he is not heroic like ,homer4 ,much of the idyllic grace1 but little of the real massiveness1 of ,virgil he has4 ,he cannot scoff like ,horace1 or ,byron1 or ,shelley4 ,he cannot scourge like ,dante1 observe with the luminous philosophy1 the high inspiration of ,shakspere1 or build up a mighty edifice like ,milton4 ,he can do none of these things4 ,in some respects he is perhaps less than the least of these poets4 ,he is a sweet singer1 made for sunshine and peace and harmony2 the poet of the happy household over whose threshold passes from time to time the sad shadow of a quiet sorrow2 not the poet of despair1 of wrath1 of agony1 of the fiercer passions or tumultuous joys1 whose very excess is pain4 ,true it is that1 as he sang in his earlier days1 8,the poet in a golden clime was born1 ,with golden stars above2 ,dower'd with the hate of hate1 the scorn of scorn1 ,the love of love40 ,but he is not such a poet4 ,never has he given voice to the hate of hate1 the scorn of scorn1 or to that of which both of these are born--the love of love4 ,whenever he has attempted it he has failed4 ,he is too retiring1 too domestic4 8,with an inner voice0 his river runs1 and we have to listen with ears nicely attuned to catch its whisper and its meaning4 ,so inner is it1 indeed1 that it is often obscure and quite escapes the dull hearing of ordinary men4 ,his first volume1 published in #ahcj1 is almost fulsomely dedicated to ,queen ,victoria1 who is certainly not a heroic figure1 whatever else she may be4 ,it is a picture gallery filled with ,claribels and ,lilians1 and ,isabels and ,madelines1 and ,marianas and ,adelines--all very sweet and delicate and dainty1 but not inspiring4 ,he sings to 8the owl10 he dedicates odes 8to memory10 he lingers by 8the deserted house10 chants the dirge of 8the dying swan10 and so on4 ,in #ahcb he enlarges his gallery by the addition of the lovely 8,lady of ,shalott10 8,mariana in the ,south10 8,elenore10 and we come nearer to the poet's heart in 8,the ,miller's ,daughter10 whom he evidently prefers to the haughty and much-abused 8,lady ,clara ,vere de ,vere40 ,something1 too1 of his more marked peculiarities show here in the 8,palace of ,art0 and that dreamy1 delicious poem1 8,the ,lotos-,eaters40 ,he is intensely ,english--an admirable quality1 be it remarked sotto voce1 in an ,english poet laureate4 ,he closes the volume with some strong verses3 8,you ask me1 why1 tho' ill at ease1 ,within this region ,i subsist1 ,whose spirits falter in the mist1 ,and languish for the purple seas8 8,it is the land that freemen till1 ,that sober-suited ,freedom chose1 ,the land1 where girt with friends or foes ,a man may speak the thing he will2 8,a land of settled government1 ,a land of just and old renown1 ,where ,freedom broadens slowly down ,from precedent to precedent44440 ,the intense difference between the spirit here expressed and that of his more immediate and brilliant predecessors and countrymen1 ,byron and ,shelley and ,keats1 may possibly account in some degree for the hold which ,tennyson has taken on the ,english heart4 ,he was a man1 too1 who felt the throbbings of the age and touched with skilful fingers the pulse of ,time4 ,though anxious for the future1 he was troubled with no 8,dreams of ,darkness10 or hollow-eyed despair1 or morbid imaginings4 ,he realizes change2 he has hopes for a world over which he sees a ,god ruling4 ,he sings boldly of 8immortal souls10 and knows no 8first dark day of nothingness40 ,he warns the intelligence of his countrymen to-- 8444 pamper not a hasty time1 ,nor feed with crude imaginings ,the herd1 wild hearts and feeble wings1 ,that every sophister can lime4 8,deliver not the tasks of might ,to weakness1 neither hide the ray ,from those1 not blind1 who wait for day ,tho' sitting girt with doubtful light4 8,make knowledge circle with the winds2 ,but let her herald1 ,reverence1 fly ,before her to whatever sky ,bear seed of men and growth of minds40 ,these lines are noble1 true1 and ,christian2 and again3 8,meet is it changes should control ,our being1 lest we rust in ease4 ,we all are changed by still degrees1 ,all but the basis of the soul4 8,so let the change which comes be free ,to ingroove itself with that which flies1 ,and work1 a joint of state1 that plies ,its office1 moved with sympathy4 8,a saying1 hard to shape in act2 ,for all the past of ,time reveals ,a bridal dawn of thunder-peals1 ,wherever ,thought hath wedded ,fact4 8,ev'n now we hear with inward strife ,a motion toiling in the gloom-- ,the ,spirit of the years to come ,yearning to mix himself with ,life4 8,a slow-develop'd strength awaits ,completion in a painful school2 ,phantoms of other forms of rule1 ,new ,majesties of mighty ,states-- 8,the warders of the growing hour1 ,but vague in vapor1 hard to mark2 ,and round them sea and air are dark ,with great contrivances of ,power40 ,this was published in #ahcb1 a period when agitations about the suffrage1 and the ,corn ,laws1 and ,catholic ,emancipation--questions that shook ,england to its foundations1 only to fix them deeper than before--were rife or looming up like awful spectres in the dim mist of the future4 ,tennyson did not dread them1 though he realized their vastness and importance4 ,most certainly the verses just quoted stamp him as a close observer of events in those days and a man of right moral balance1 to whom might with some measure of truth be applied his own words3 8,he saw thro' life and death1 thro' good and ill1 ,he saw thro' his own soul4 ,the marvel of the everlasting will1 ,an open scroll1 ,before him lay44440 ,still1 these nobler passages are only fragments4 ,he prefers his quiet mood4 ,in #ahdb appeared the first of his idyls1 the 8,morte d',arthur40 ,here again the better nature of the poet--a nature that we are grieved to see apparently soured and crossed1 not softened and made more venerable1 by the hand of ,time--breaks forth in the grand prayer of the dying king3 8,if thou shouldst never see my face again1 ,pray for my soul4 ,more things are wrought by prayer ,than this world dreams of4 ,wherefore1 let thy voice ,rise like a fountain for me night and day4 ,for what are men better than sheep or goats ,that nourish a blind life within the brain1 ,if1 knowing ,god1 they lift not hands of prayer1 ,both for themselves and those who call them friend8 ,for so the whole round earth is every way ,bound by gold chains about the feet of ,god40 ,it was the ,catholic instinct breaking through the wall of prejudice and false teaching which1 in centuries of separation from the truth1 have grown up around the ,english heart1 that gave voice to this beautiful conception4 ,many are the instances where non-,catholic poets have leaped up to truths of this kind which the whole force of their training and education ran counter to4 ,it is1 as it were1 the flash of inspiration coming on them in spite of themselves and issuing in music4 ,the divinity of their art has lifted them above all prejudice into the sun-bright heaven4 ,thus ,byron sings to the ,blessed ,virgin in strains that a saint might envy4 ,unfortunately1 the instances are many also where men lifted up on the heights of inspiration1 or by the deep yearnings of their own soul1 have1 as it were1 glanced into heaven and seen the face of ,truth1 only to fall back again to their lower level1 dazed and blinded by the very glimpse that was revealed to them4 ,and we find them deny with their own lips and actions what their greater selves had announced4 ,it is not our purpose to enter into an elaborate criticism of ,tennyson4 ,that task has been done time and again1 and by pens infinitely better fitted for it than ours4 ,we are only taking touches here and there to bring out the poet in his truest colors1 in his best and his worst lights1 in order to add point to the main purport of this article1 which is to show that ,tennyson has mistaken himself and his powers in the rle which he has thought fit to assume in his later years4 ,in his earlier dreams he is full of high thoughts and large aspirations4 8,my faith is large in ,time1 and that which shapes it to some perfect end10 he tells us4 ,he looks forward longingly to 8the golden year40 ,he is possessed with the spirit of ,christian purity1 and gives constant expression to it1 notably in 8,st4 ,agnes0 and 8,sir ,galahad40 ,in 8,the ,two ,voices0 he argues down atheism4 ,he lays bare the grinning savagery of a wasted intellect and debauched life1 only to punish it with the power of a man who knows what virtue is and feels it in his soul4 ,he sometimes catches those inarticulate murmurs of the heart which breathe in feelings rather than in words1 where feeling is too deep for words1 and they well out in song1 as in the 8,break1 break1 break1 ,on thy cold gray stones1 ,o sea60 while in the 8,in ,memoriam0 the poet1 stricken to the heart1 has given voice to that sorrow1 and the effect it has on our life1 which most of us have felt when some bright intelligence has been taken from our side1 whose young years were blossoming fair with promise of a great and good future4 ,in all this he is excellent1 perhaps unsurpassed2 in all that is sad1 or sweet1 or picturesque1 or navely joyous our hearts are with him4 ,he stands alone in his dainty pictures of scenery1 of women1 of certain men4 ,he touches the commonplaces of the time with a magic pencil4 ,he beguiled the hard and stubborn ,saxon1 which yielded reluctantly even to the greatest masters of ,english verse1 into a music it had never known before4 ,he built up fairy castles1 and galleries and cities of old time1 and peopled them with a fair array of ,arthurs and ,launcelots1 of ,guineveres and ,elaines1 of ,merlins and ,gawains1 whose very names were music1 and whose deeds were just such as befitted scenes of witchery4 ,he is1 moreover1 a man of marked personality and nationality in his writings4 ,he is an ,englishman and nothing else4 ,he does not care to be anything else or more2 for he can see nothing greater4 ,all his scenery is ,english2 his characters are ,english2 his thoughts1 feelings1 and aspirations ,english4 ,byron's corsairs and giaours and ,childe ,harolds would fight as fiercely1 frown as darkly1 sin as deeply1 in any civilized language as in ,english--in warmer languages even better1 perhaps2 ,shakspere's profound observations and reading of character would have reached the world through any other channel as surely as1 perhaps more readily than1 through the ,english2 some would doubt whether ,milton ever wrote ,english at all4 ,but all ,tennyson is ,english or nothing4 ,his dawns1 his gloamings1 his sunrises1 his sunsets1 his landscapes1 his fens1 his fogs1 his smoke1 his moonlight and moonlight effects1 his winds1 his birds1 his flowers1 his reeds and rushes1 his trees1 his brooklets1 his seas1 his cliffs1 his coloring1 his ruins1 his graveyards1 his walks and rides1 his love of good cheer1 his hums of great cities1 his profound respect for the respectable1 are all ,english4 ,he has the sturdy ,english common sense and no small share1 as will be seen1 of ,english prejudice2 and1 though he feels something of the movements of the outer world1 he has all the ,english narrowness of vision4 ,so that1 while his works will probably never become a part of any other literature than the ,english--for they would not be understood elsewhere--they have won their way into the ,english heart for their very homeliness1 if for no higher reason4 ,so long as this ,english poet was content to sing to us1 we were content to listen1 were his lay sad or gay4 ,he had been singing all our life1 and we were not weary of his music1 even though the music was all pitched in much the same key4 ,we never tire of a familiar voice that we love4 ,but when we would be roused and wrought up by some martial strain1 by some great event1 by one of those movements that catch the heart of a people and sway it and hold it captive1 by the 8thoughts that breathe and words that burn10 ,tennyson fails4 ,surely1 for such an ,englishman as he1 the death of the ,duke of ,wellington ought to have proved an inspiring theme4 ,it is true that as the years went on1 and the memory of ,waterloo faded1 and the hero of ,waterloo moved about and took his part in civic affairs1 people 7and people are ever ready to weary of their gods1 if their gods are too near them and live too long7 began to clip and cut down the gigantic proportions of the ,iron ,duke's colossal figure4 ,indeed1 before he died it is safe to say that half ,england regarded ,england's hero as rather an ordinary sort of person and a worthy but extremely fortunate soldier4 ,still1 death generally brings back the liveliest memories of deeds that are1 or are thought to be1 great and good1 and a true poet's song who believed all of ,wellington that ,tennyson's poem expresses might well have been tipped with fire when ,wellington died4 ,yet ,tennyson's funeral ode is poor1 tame2 where not tame1 forced2 and1 like all such compositions1 indefinitely strung out4 ,all his readers know the opening3 8,bury the ,great ,duke ,with an empire's lamentation1 ,let us bury the ,great ,duke1 ,to the noise of the mourning of a mighty nation1 ,mourning when their leaders fall1 ,warriors carry the warrior's pall ,and sorrow darkens hamlet and hall60 ,it is plain from the start that he is writing for a public4 ,this great duke needs a capital ,g and a capital ,d to impress duly that public1 the ,british 7which is always ready to be awed by capitals attached to titles71 with the great duke's immensity4 ,there is something of the heavy ,english undertaker about this--a display1 a forced solemnity1 a measured tread1 a sense of sham4 ,the great duke is lost sight of in the funereal trappings1 the crowd1 and accompaniment4 ,see how ,byron seizes on the very heart of an event1 and in a few lines pictures for us the whole1 the before and after4 ,he is describing the greater man by whose fall the great duke rose to fame3 8,tis done--but yesterday a king6 ,and arm'd with kings to strive-- ,and now thou art a nameless thing3 ,so abject--yet alive6 ,is this the man of thousand thrones1 ,who strew'd our earth with hostile bones1 ,and can he thus survive8 ,since he1 miscall'd the ,morning ,star1 ,nor man nor fiend has fallen so far40 ,this indeed is 8the scorn of scorn10 and the entire ode is replete with it4 ,byron1 who had been a great admirer of ,napoleon1 could not consent to his idol lowering himself so far as to receive his life from ,england4 ,he could not forgive himself for yielding to 8,that spell upon the minds of men 99 99 99 99 99 ,that led them to adore ,those ,pagod things of sabre-sway1 ,with fronts of brass1 and feet of clay40 8,o civic muse10 cries ,tennyson1 8,to such a name1 ,to such a name for ages long1 ,to such a name ,preserve a broad approach of fame1 ,and ever-ringing avenues of song40 ,here lies the whole secret of the ode's comparative poverty4 ,tennyson is by position1 if not by profession1 8a civic muse10 and the civic muse is never heroic or great4 ,it is more apt1 like ,turveydrop1 to be 8a model of deportment10 especially when it follows the advice of ,mrs4 ,chick and 8makes an effort40 ,this1 for instance1 is eminently civic3 8,where shall we lay the man whom we deplore8 ,here1 in streaming ,london's central roar4 ,let the sound of those he wrought for1 ,and the feet of those he fought for1 ,echo round his bones for evermore4 8,lead out the pageant3 sad and slow1 ,as fits an universal woe1 ,let the long procession go1 ,and let the sorrowing crowd about it grow1 ,and let the mournful martial music blow2 ,the last great ,englishman is low40 ,we hope that ,wellington was not 8the last great ,englishman40 ,if so1 ,english greatness must indeed be 8low40 ,but the thought is irresistible3 ,is not the undertaker's hand again visible in all this8 ,how different is it from the sad1 simple1 manly beauty of the lament of a poet1 whose name scarcely stands in the list of ,english authors1 for one of those soldiers who gloriously failed6 ,here is how ,wolfe sings of the burial of ,sir ,john ,moore3 8,not a drum was heard1 not a funeral note1 ,as his corse to the rampart we hurried2 ,not a soldier discharged his farewell shot ,o'er the grave where our hero we buried4 8,we buried him darkly at dead of night1 ,the sods with our bayonets turning1 ,by the glimmering moonbeam's fitful light ,and the camp-fires dimly burning40 ,again1 is this a worthy echo of 8a people's voice08 8,and thro' the centuries let a people's voice ,in full acclaim1 ,a people's voice1 ,the proof and echo of all human fame1 ,a people's voice1 when they rejoice ,at civic revel and pomp and game1 ,attest their great commander's claim ,with honor1 honor1 honor to him1 ,eternal honor to his name40 ,what wearisome and forced repetition1 what commonplace allusions6 ,this is not ,tennyson4 ,the very verse is burdened with its vulgar prose1 and halts and stumbles in clumsy confusion meant for art4 ,and here is his description in the same poem of the battle of ,waterloo3 8,dash'd on every rocky square ,their surging chargers foam'd themselves away2 ,last1 the ,prussian trumpet blew2 ,thro' the long-tormented air ,heaven flash'd a sudden jubilant ray1 ,and down we swept and charged and overthrew4 ,so great a soldier taught us there1 ,what long-enduring hearts could do ,in that world's earthquake1 ,waterloo60 ,the best expression in it1 the last1 is borrowed from ,byron's wonderful description of the same battle3 8,stop6 for thy tread is on an ,empire's dust6 ,an ,earthquake's spoil is sepulchred below60 ,again in ,byron these two lines tell the whole story1 as does that other1 8,the grave of ,france1 the deadly ,waterloo60 ,so with ,tennyson's 8,war ,songs0 and 8,national ,songs10 published in the edition of #ahcj and wisely omitted in later editions4 ,they are not much above the level of many fledglings' performances in a like strain4 ,they fall dull on the heart3 8,there standeth our ancient enemy1 ,hark6 he shouteth--the ancient enemy6 ,on the ridge of the hill his banners rise2 ,they stream like fire in the skies2 ,hold up the ,lion of ,england on high ,till it dazzle and blind his eyes4 ,chorus3 ,shout for ,england6 ,ho6 for ,england6 ,george for ,england6 ,merry ,england6 ,england for aye60 ,here are the chorus and full chorus of his 8,national ,song03 8,for the ,french1 the ,pope may shrive 'em4 ,for the devil a whit we heed 'em3 ,as for the ,french1 ,god speed 'em ,unto their heart's desire1 ,and the merry devil drive 'em ,through the water and fire4 ,our glory is our freedom1 ,we lord it o'er the sea2 ,we are the sons of freedom4 ,we are free40 ,as ,mr4 ,tennyson has been wise enough--for shame's sake1 presumably--to omit these and similar sorry pieces from his later editions1 it may seem unfair to quote them against him now4 ,we quote them1 however1 intentionally1 to show that there is a strong streak of ,english narrowness and ,protestant bigotry in his nature which we were happy to think dead1 until within the last few years it has cropped out again4 ,in #aheb there were probabilities of war between ,england and ,france1 then under ,louis ,napoleon4 ,tennyson thought to rouse his countrymen1 and the strongest appeal he can make is to religious bigotry3 8,rise1 ,britons1 rise1 if manhood be not dead2 ,the world's last tempest darkens overhead2 ,the ,pope has bless'd him2 ,the ,church caress'd him2 ,he triumphs2 may be we shall stand alone4 ,britons1 guard your own4 8,his ruthless host is bought with plunder'd gold1 ,by lying priests the peasants' votes controll'd4 ,all freedom vanish'd1 ,the true men banish'd1 etc4 8,rome's dearest daughter now is captive ,france1 ,the ,jesuit laughs1 and reckoning on his chance1 ,would unrelenting1 ,kill all dissenting1 ,till we were left to fight for truth alone4 ,britons1 guard your own40 ,and this is the gentle ,tennyson6 ,but we forbear from comment other than the verses themselves suggest1 and turn at last to our more immediate object4 ,whatever fault may be found here and there with ,tennyson1 one thing is certain3 his renown was great and his fame established chiefly by his earlier and better works and by the peculiar characteristics which we have attempted to point out4 ,the poet1 however1 seems not to have been satisfied4 ,he was weary of the graceful path by which he ambled gently up to fame1 and would seek by a new and rugged road a higher place than he already occupied in that temple where are gathered the mighty men who have wrought with the pen monuments more enduring than marble4 ,in an evil hour he tempted fate1 and fate gave him a severe warning4 ,weary of the minstrel's lute which had charmed the world1 he would be what the poets of old were thought to be--a vates1 an inspired prophet-and his vaticination was ,queen ,mary4 ,as that drama has been dealt with in these pages by another pen1 we shall not touch on it here more than to say that never were the minds of ,tennyson's countrymen better prepared to receive and applaud a work intended1 as this plainly was1 to be an outcry against ,rome and a picture of one of the fierce struggles between ,england and ,rome4 ,mr4 ,gladstone had prepared the way and set all the world warring on 8,vaticanism40 ,tennyson could not have chosen a better time for the publication of his drama1 and1 were it a work of power and passion1 it could not have failed to catch the heart of the people4 ,never1 on the other hand1 could he have chosen a better time for a higher duty3 that of1 in the words of his great master1 still in his right hand carrying gentle peace 8to silence envious tongues40 ,if the drama failed1 it failed in the face of every incentive to success4 ,fail it did4 ,it was plain1 even to friendly critics1 that the author of ,queen ,mary was not a dramatist1 and so it was hinted generally in the mildest possible terms4 ,what was the reason of the failure8 ,we have shown1 we believe sufficiently1 that ,tennyson failed wherever he attempted to yoke the passions4 ,his hand was too weak to curb them4 ,his genius is reflective1 introspective1 descriptive4 ,it has not the flash1 the white heat of inspiration4 ,it is always ,tennyson who is singing1 talking to1 arguing with us1 describing for us4 ,he is a person1 not a voice--a very pleasing1 scholarly1 refined1 and in the main right-minded person--but he is for ever giving utterance to his own peculiar thoughts in his own peculiar style4 ,the highest form of poetry1 as of oratory1 is not this4 ,it is that undefinable and truest expression of feeling1 of hope1 of agony1 of despair1 of wrath1 of courage1 of any of the passions that lie dormant in the human breast1 which at once elicits a responsive echo from the heart of humanity1 so that we do not say1 ,how sweet1 how tender1 how strong is this man1 but1 ,how true to nature is this thought6 ,thus it is that the greatest poets are the voices of all the world2 their works the inheritance of all the world4 ,in their highest heights they belong to humanity1 and to no nation4 ,the dramatic we believe to be the highest form of poetry1 because it alone attempts to portray life itself1 life in action2 it is not a description1 however magnificently done1 of life4 ,there lies between it and all other forms of poetry the difference that exists between the painting of a hero and the hero himself4 ,the one is the man1 thinking1 living1 moving1 breathing1 speaking his thoughts1 doing his deeds2 the other after all is only an image1 more or less vivid1 of him on canvas4 ,it may catch the color of the eye1 the expression of the countenance1 the texture of the dress1 the shape1 the form2 but at the very best it is a picture1 no more1 infinitely removed from the reality4 ,if this be a right conception of the difference between dramatic and all other kinds of poetry--and it seems to us to be1 although it might need more elaboration to impress it upon the reader's mind--it will be plain that the dramatic poet needs nothing short of the highest inspiration in order to make him catch the very breathings of men's souls and throw them into living forms1 as truly as the master actor loses his own personality and lets it sink or become absorbed utterly in the various characters he portrays4 ,no mere change of costume will effect the metamorphosis needed to impress the spectator with the reality of the change in character4 ,in the same way no clipping of a poem into acts and scenes1 and no allotting of certain lines to certain different names1 will convert a descriptive poem into a drama4 ,all the world will at once detect the fraud or the inherent defect4 ,a not uncommon phase of an exasperated mind is to refuse to recognize failure4 ,tennyson tried again1 rather hastily1 and in the same direction1 with the satisfactory result of making a more disastrous failure than before4 ,the blunder of ,queen ,mary has been emphasized in ,harold4 ,the first named may have left some minds in doubt whether or not its author could construct a drama2 the production of the second has effectually set all such doubts at rest4 ,the critics who in the first instance were kind are in the second cruel4 ,we have rarely seen a more general and resolutely contemptuous dealing with the pretensions of any writer at all than in the treatment which ,harold has received at the hands of critics of every shade of opinion1 ,english as well as ,american4 ,harold is simply narrative throughout--spoken narrative1 indeed4 ,a drama must be act4 ,scenes prior to and leading up to the ,norman ,conquest of ,england are depicted with more or less beauty of limning1 but they are loose1 shifting1 independent of each other4 ,there is no secret thread to link the whole and give it a unity of purpose and of plan1 without which there is no drama4 ,there are five acts4 ,there might have been fifty1 or only two1 or only one1 so far as the slow working of the whole up to the catastrophe at the conclusion goes4 ,the first act opens in ,london at ,king ,edward's palace4 ,almost the first twenty pages are occupied by various characters in discussing the appearance1 meaning1 and portent of a comet4 ,this is1 of course1 the old stage trick used to knit the coming horror with troubles in the air4 ,shakspere uses it often1 notably in ,julius ,csar1 but with him the troubled elements obey the magic wand of ,prospero and minister to man1 and are but the accompaniment of great events4 ,tennyson's comet is too much for his characters4 ,they puzzle themselves about it until we grow tired of it and its three tails4 ,after the comet has run its course1 the characters being brought together to discuss it1 ,harold intimates to the king his intention to go to ,normandy2 the king warns him not to go2 then follows a lively discussion on personal matters between the queen1 ,harold1 and his brothers1 which almost ends in a fight2 the comet or 8grisly star0 is introduced again1 and the scene ends apropos of nothing in particular1 unless a hint of a coming plot on the part of ,aldwyth4 ,the second scene1 the best in the drama1 is a very sweet piece of love-making between ,harold and ,edith1 upon which ,aldwyth again throws her shadow1 and the act ends4 ,the second act wrecks ,harold at ,ponthieu1 whence his transition to the power of ,count ,william of ,normandy--or ,duke ,william1 as we are more in the habit of calling him--is easy4 ,indeed1 to a dramatist there was no reason whatever for the first scene of this act1 as the story of ,harold's capture might1 if it were necessary1 have been told in a line or two while ,harold was actually in the power of ,william4 ,the rest of this long act is taken up with ,william's compelling ,harold to swear1 on the relics of the saints1 to help him to the crown of ,england4 ,the third act presents the death of ,king ,edward1 who wills the crown to ,harold4 ,the second scene gives another piece of love-making between ,harold and ,edith1 not so happy as the first1 and announces the invasion of ,northumbria by ,tostig and ,harold ,hardrada4 ,the fourth act opens in ,northumbria4 ,in the first scene of it the factions of the rival chieftains are put an end to by the marriage of ,harold with ,aldwyth1 and thus the only attempt at a shadow even of a plot is summarily disposed of4 ,the other scenes are before and after the battle of ,stamford ,bridge1 and the act closes with news of the landing of the ,normans4 ,the fifth act opens on the field of ,senlac4 ,harold has a dream in his tent1 too like that of ,richard ,,iii4 in conception4 ,stigand describes the battle of ,hastings to ,edith1 and the death of ,harold4 ,here the drama should have closed4 ,anything after it on the stage would certainly come tamely4 ,but ,tennyson cannot resist the temptation to search for the body of ,harold1 and with the finding of it1 the death of ,edith on it1 and what in ordinary parlance would be called ,william's directions for the funeral arrangements1 the play closes4 ,such is ,harold--narrative1 narrative1 narrative throughout2 very excellent narrative some of it1 but no drama1 no centre of interest around which the whole is made to turn4 ,the misfortune about all historical plays is that the reader begins with a full knowledge of all the circumstances1 and to make them dramatically interesting needs a most skilful adaptation of plot and counterplot1 a slow unfolding of events from some necessary cause1 a development of character1 a silent ,fate1 so to say1 moving in and out1 and1 in spite of all things1 shaping events to one great end1 so that1 while we feel the consummation impending1 we yet know not how1 or when1 or where1 or by what instrumentality it will come4 ,there is nothing of this in ,harold4 ,it has been seen that ,tennyson has no great love for the ,pope4 ,indeed1 if some of the lines quoted represent the man1 he has1 of late years at least1 the heartiest hatred for the ,catholic ,church4 ,we cannot help that1 however much we may regret it4 ,we must take men as they are1 and1 if ,tennyson hates the ,pope1 why let him hate him and be happy4 ,the ,pope can exist and rule the ,catholic ,church1 and be obeyed1 revered1 loved1 and honored by intellects as bright at least as ,mr4 ,tennyson's1 for all that gentleman's hate4 ,a true dramatist1 however1 sinks1 or at least disguises1 all his private personal feelings in depicting known characters or types of character4 ,this is only to be true to nature1 to art1 and to history4 ,where there is question regarding the right reading of a character or a period1 a writer is of course at liberty1 after having consulted respectable authorities1 to form his own estimate4 ,men who lived in the eleventh century must be true to their time4 ,to make such men think1 argue1 reflect1 question1 doubt on most matters1 particularly on matters of faith1 just as do men of the nineteenth century1 is a gross solecism4 ,it is absurd and self-condemnatory on the face of it4 ,to make eleventh-century ,catholics speak of the ,catholic faith1 and ,rome1 and the pope after the fashion of the average ,protestant or infidel journalist in these days1 is absurd1 not to characterize such practice by a harsher expression4 ,this is what ,tennyson has gone out of his way to do in ,harold2 and the only impression with which we rise from its perusal is that the writer detests ,normans and ,catholics4 ,between the ,vere de ,veres and the ,pope ,tennyson has lost his temper and his right hand has forgotten its cunning4 ,the drama presents no character of any special interest4 ,harold1 ,edward the ,confessor1 and ,william of ,normandy1 the three principal personages1 are much the same first as last4 ,in stage terms1 ,william may be set down as the 8heavy villain0 of the piece1 and a very heavy villain he is2 ,edward the ,confessor as the 8first old man02 and ,harold as the 8walking gentleman40 ,edward is made--unintentionally too1 it would seem--one of the silliest old men that ever walked the boards4 ,as for his sanctity1 imagine a saint speaking of himself in this style3 8,and ,i say it ,for the last time1 perchance1 before ,i go ,to find the sweet refreshment of the ,saints40 ,saints1 in the ,catholic ,church at least1 are not1 as a rule1 quite so sure about finding 8the sweet refreshment of the saints40 ,indeed1 they have far graver doubts on this point often than sinners4 ,but lest some of his courtiers might feel tempted to doubt the rapid transit to heaven of a man so thoroughly sure of his place beforehand1 the king informs them3 8,i have lived a life of utter purity3 ,i have builded the great church of holy ,peter3 ,i have wrought miracles40 ,true1 every word of it4 ,but it might have occurred to ,mr4 ,tennyson that ,edward the ,confessor was mindful1 at least1 of that admonition3 8,let not thine own mouth1 but another's1 praise thee40 ,there never was a saint1 to our knowledge1 so fond of talking about himself1 his miracles1 his good deeds1 his place here and hereafter4 ,listen to this again3 8,and miracles will in my name be wrought ,hereafter4 ,i have fought the fight and go-- ,i see the flashing of the gates of pearl-- ,and it is well with me1 tho' some of you ,have scorn'd me--ay--but after ,i am gone ,woe1 woe to ,england6 ,i have had a vision3 ,the seven sleepers in the cave at ,ephesus ,have turn'd from right to left40 ,the whole thing is incongruous4 ,it smacks rather of a converted 8brother0 giving his 8experiences0 and how he 8got religion0 before a highly-wrought meeting of 8,christian workers40 ,had the 8devil's advocate0 only caught scent of any such expressions in the life of the real ,edward1 it is to be feared he would never have been canonized4 ,saints are not in the habit of canonizing themselves4 ,the only thing that occurs to us as on a par with ,mr4 ,tennyson's picture of a saint is one by ,mr4 ,william ,cullen ,bryant in a short and remarkably silly poem recently published by him4 ,it is entitled 8,a ,legend of ,st4 ,martin10 and the saint1 while still in the flesh1 speaks as follows3 8,thus spake the saint3 ',we part to-night2 ,i am ,st4 ,martin1 and ,i give you here ,the means to make your fortunes4'0 ,the author's favorite churchman is ,stigand1 who1 whether ,catholic or heretic1 no man who had read the history of the time carefully and honestly could by any possibility hold up for admiration4 ,mr4 ,tennyson1 however1 may consider himself excused on points of historical accuracy1 inasmuch as he informs us in his dedication that 8after ,old-,world records--such as the ,bayeux tapestry and the ,roman de ,rou--,edward ,freeman's ,history of the ,norman ,conquest10 and ,bulwer ,lytton's historical romance treating of the same times1 8have been mainly helpful0 to him 8in writing this drama40 ,but he cannot be excused for such culpable negligence in searching out authorities when attempting to depict in a truthful manner a most important historical epoch4 ,had he taken the easy pains of going a little deeper into history and authorities1 it would probably have been better for himself and his drama1 or perhaps1 with his evident bias1 he would not have written it at all4 ,he loves ,stigand1 a thoroughly bad prelate1 simply because ,stigand was against the pope4 ,if ,tennyson selects his ,catholic heroes from all men who have been against the pope1 he will find his hands full of very queer characters1 some of them worse than ,stigand4 ,imagine even ,stigand saying1 in the exact tone of a modern unbeliever3 8444 ,in our windy world ,what's up is faith1 what's down is heresy40 ,certain modern ,anglican prelates and ministers1 or any man who acknowledges no unchangeable deposit of divine truth1 might speak in just such a strain4 ,the words1 if they mean anything1 mean simply that there is no such thing at all as real faith or doctrine4 ,stigand knew better than that4 ,his peculiar vice was a very ,english one--an overdue and unscrupulous regard for this world's goods4 ,this ,catholic prelate tells ,harold of a sum of money which he keeps concealed at the other's service1 to be asked for at his 8most need10 in the following eloquent style3 8,red gold--a hundred purses--yea1 and more6 ,if thou canst make a wholesome use of these ,to chink against the ,norman1 ,i do believe ,my old crook'd spine would bud out two young wings ,to fly to heaven straight with40 ,tennyson doubtless considers this very ,english and spirited4 ,stigand may have disliked the ,normans1 and doubtless did4 ,with all our hearts6 ,but this mode of expressing his dislike is1 in the mouth of a ,catholic and a prelate1 surely not in character4 ,again he asks3 8444 ,be there no saints of ,england ,to help us from their brethren yonder80 ,as though a ,catholic or ,christian could dream of the saints warring in heaven or of affixing nationality to sanctity6 ,tennyson's ,edward1 with a solitary gleam of intelligence1 rebukes him thus3 8,prelate1 ,the ,saints are one1 4440 yet immediately falls into the absurd blunder he rebukes by adding3 8,but those 7,saints7 of ,normanland ,are mightier than our own40 ,while witnessing the battle of ,hastings ,stigand cries out in an ecstasy of admiration at ,harold's prowess3 8,war-woodman of old ,woden60 ,could any ,christian man1 ,catholic or non-,catholic1 couple a ,christian warrior's name with the detestable deity of the pagan ,north8 ,the character of ,harold1 too1 is incongruous4 ,he is represented as a most brave1 wise1 and honorable man1 incapable of fear or falsehood3 8broad and honest1 breathing an easy gladness40 ,he weakens in many places4 ,we cannot here go into a historical inquiry respecting the alleged oath of ,harold on the relics of saints to help ,william to the crown of ,england4 ,much is made of it by ,tennyson2 so let us take all the facts for granted4 ,a man such as ,harold is here represented to be would rather have died than taken the oath1 if he never meant to keep it4 ,on the other hand1 once taken1 and knowing it to be false1 we doubt whether the resolute ,saxon soldier would have troubled himself much about the matter4 ,he acts as a coward throughout while in ,william's power4 ,a strong man would not rail in secret at ,william for forcing him to take an oath which the swearer knew to be a lie4 ,he would take it or not take it with the best grace possible4 8,horrible60 exclaims ,harold when the relics on which he has sworn are exposed4 ,harold was sufficiently man of the world--a man who had passed his life in camp and court--to have uttered no such weak cry4 ,in the first place1 if he swore falsely1 such an exclamation showed at once that he never intended to keep his promise4 ,in the second place1 it would have been perfectly plain to ,william that he could place no reliance on the oath of such a poltroon4 ,the same failure to apprehend the character of the man is apparent in the womanish tirade into which ,harold breaks after ,william has left him3 8,juggler and bastard--bastard3 he hates that most--,william the tanner's bastard6 ,would he heard me60 ,a moment before he might have heard him1 but ,harold dared not speak his thoughts4 ,certainly the man who never lost a battle save the one in which he lost all--the man who conquered ,wales1 crushed the terrible invasion of ,harold ,hardrada and ,tostig1 braved his own sovereign1 seized on the ,english throne with a grasp that only death could shake off1 and died so gloriously on ,hastings--never 8played the woman with his eyes and the braggart with his tongue0 in this poor fashion4 ,here again speaks the reader of modern infidel literature in the mouth of the unspeculative soldier of the eleventh century3 8,i cannot help it1 but at times ,they seem to me too narrow1 all the faiths ,of this grown world of ours1 whose baby eye ,saw them sufficient40 8,all the faiths60 ,we wonder how many 8faiths0 ,harold knew of or contemplated4 ,indeed1 it seems to us that ,mr4 ,tennyson here speaks for himself1 and in a manner that causes some suspicion of his having lost something of his own earlier and more robust belief4 ,harold continues3 8,but a little light6-- ,and on it falls the shadow of the priest2 ,heaven yield us more6 for better ,woden1 all ,our cancell'd warrior-gods1 our grim ,walhalla1 ,eternal war1 than that the ,saints at peace2 ,the ,holiest of our ,holiest one should be ,this ,william's fellow-tricksters2 better die ,than credit this1 for death is death1 or else ,lifts us beyond the lie40 ,which is heathenism and atheism beautifully combined4 ,he goes on1 still in his atheistic vein1 when ,edith bids him listen to the nightingales3 8,their anthems of no church1 how sweet they are6 ,nor kingly priest1 nor priestly king to cross ,their billings ere they nest40 ,and again1 when ,gurth brings news of the pope's favoring ,william's cause1 ,harold laughs and says of it3 8,this was old human laughter in old ,rome ,before a ,pope was born1 when that which reign'd ,call'd itself ,god--a kingly rendering ,of ',render unto ,csar4'0 ,harold must have lately risen from a perusal of ,mr4 ,gladstone's pamphlet on ,vaticanism when he spoke thus1 so we pardon his aberration4 ,that pamphlet is too strong for weak intellects4 8,the ,lord was ,god and came as man--the ,pope ,is man and comes as ,god10 he continues1 still in the ,gladstonian vein4 ,he reminds ,edith that love 8remains beyond all chances and all churches0--a dictum and doctrine that would be strange even in a ,protestant ,harold4 8,i ever hated monks10 he says in another place1 which may account for his having founded ,waltham ,abbey4 ,he grows more and more ,protestant towards the end1 and the saintly relics over which he was so terrified at having sworn a false oath he terms the 8gilded ark of mummy-saints40 ,and here is his final legacy to ,england3 8444 ,and this to ,england1 ,my legacy of war against the ,pope ,from child to child1 from ,pope to ,pope1 from age to age1 ,till the sea wash her level with her shores1 ,or till the ,pope be ,christ's40 ,this is ,tennyson's legacy1 not ,harold's4 ,it seems strange that it should have fallen into careless hands2 not ours1 but those of the poet's coreligionists4 ,the fact is that the world is growing weary of little anti-papal tooters4 ,great enemies of the papacy it applauds and tries to excuse2 but at the mouthings of the little people it yawns4 ,if ,tennyson has shown anything in this as in his other anti-,catholic effusions1 it is that when moved by rancor he can descend to all the small bitterness of a common and weak order of mind4 ,we cannot go further into an examination of ,harold1 and1 indeed1 the task is not worth while4 ,he has failed in the one character which1 to a true dramatic genius1 offered magnificent opportunities--,william of ,normandy1 who was perhaps the greatest and the wisest sovereign that ,england has as yet known4 ,a gallant soldier2 a wary yet bold and successful general2 an astute statesman2 a lover of learning2 a resolute if severe ruler2 a man who could bide his opportunity1 then move on it with the flash and fatality of the lightning1 yet withal a man of almost ungovernable passions1 with the old taint running in his blood and through all his successful life--this was a character that it is as great a pity ,shakspere did not draw as that ,tennyson should have been rash enough to attempt to draw4 ,in what ought to be the chief scene of the play1 the battle of ,hastings1 there is no battle at all4 ,the weak device is resorted to of setting a description of it as it proceeds in the mouth of ,stigand1 who watches the field from 8a tent on a mound40 ,norman and ,saxon1 ,harold and ,william1 are not brought together for the final death-grip4 ,shakspere's battle-scenes are more vivid than those of any painter4 ,they illuminate history and print themselves indelibly on the mind4 ,cut the battle-scenes out of ,king ,john1 ,henry ,,iv41 ,henry ,v41 ,macbeth1 ,julius ,csar1 ,henry ,,vi41 and you mutilate the plays4 ,stigand's description of the battle of ,hastings might be dropped from ,harold and not missed4 ,why should not ,harold die as ,hotspur dies1 or as ,macbeth1 or ,brutus1 or any of the others--his face to the victorious foe1 the fitting ending of the tragedy8 ,mr4 ,tennyson was not equal to the task1 either in this scene or at ,stamford ,bridge4 ,the last clash and conflict of human passion he can only look at from afar off and reflect upon when it is over4 ,he cannot take it in hand and present it4 ,he would do well to retire from the field where empires1 and men and events that make or unmake empires1 are the subjects of song1 and go back to the pretty scenery1 the calm truth1 and the graceful verse that have made his name dearly loved and justly honored4 ,,anglicanism ,,in #ahgg1 ,,as ,,affected ,,by ,,the ,,public ,,worship ,,regulation ,,act4 ,we should feel inclined to apologize to our readers for again introducing the ,english ,establishment to their notice1 were it not that since1 a year ago1 we considered ,anglicanism in connection with the 8,old ,catholic0 conference at ,bonn1 the increasing agitation within the state church cannot but have continued to attract the thoughtful attention of those who1 from the bark of ,peter1 watch the weary tossing of the ,anglican craft and the mutinous condition of a portion of her crew4 ,since the period to which we allude1 the fact that the whole tendency of the ,alt-,catholic movement is rationalistic and anti-,christian is beginning to be understood by all really religious ,protestants1 and we now see the better part of them holding aloof from the movement1 and even the ,ritualist journals condemning whatever advances were made towards it4 ,the cause is now advocated only by the ,broad-,church party1 which distinguished itself by its emphatic encouragement of the apostate ,loyson1 one of the apostles of the new sect1 who went last summer to ,london to enlighten the ,english public on ecclesiastical questions4 ,on the other hand1 the ,high-,church movement is1 if anything1 in the direction of the ,catholic ,church1 while ,alt-,catholicism is a distinct counter-agitation1 and thus anything like a cordial fraternization between the two is impossible4 ,the attempts of the ,high-,church party to obtain at least as much as a recognition of the validity of their orders from the ,orientals--attempts which were renewed at the ,bonn conference--have again signally failed4 ,one of the 8,unionist0 leaders himself laments that 8the ,oriental ,church stands entirely aloof from the ,church of ,england1 sweepingly and roundly condemns all its members1 denies the validity of their baptisms and ordinations1 and practically refuses to aid them in any shape or form40 ,there is no doubt that at the present moment a tremendous struggle has arisen in the ,establishment between the would-be ,catholic and the ,protestant elements2 the latter not only pleading its three centuries' possession1 but also1 and truly1 declaring itself to be the very basis and raison d'tre of the schism4 ,this claim is urged at the present time with a vehemence and jealous irritation aimed ostensibly at the 8,romanizing practices0 of their brethren1 but the venom of which betrays itself to be especially called forth by the ceaseless1 active1 self-denying energy of these incorrigible early risers--an irritation not difficult to comprehend on the part of those who1 with all their professions of ,evangelical piety1 have1 generally speaking1 an exceeding shyness of hard work1 detest the ,counsels of ,perfection in general and the practice of self-denial in particular1 take up the pen much more readily than the cross1 and prefer bridling their neighbor's tongue rather than their own4 ,nevertheless1 with regard to a certain class among the ,evangelicals1 and these the more earnest1 it is only just to say that their condemnation of ,ritualists and their practices is sincerely a matter of principle4 ,they regard the one as the guides and the other as the direct means to 8idolatry0--a term which they have all their lives been taught to consider as synonymous with the ,catholic religion4 ,when ,st4 ,edward the ,confessor lay on his death-bed in the palace of ,westminster1 he foretold to his queen1 ,st4 ,edith1 and to ,stigand that1 in punishment for the sins of the land1 ,god would permit the enemy of mankind to send a mission of wicked spirits into it1 who should sever the ,green ,tree of ,old ,england from its root1 and lay it apart for the space of three furlongs2 but that the tree should after a due time return to its root and revive1 without the help of any man's hand4 ,the traditional interpretation of this prophecy has been that the ,english ,church would be cut off for the space of three centuries from its parent stem1 but that1 after that time1 the severed church should return to its ancient allegiance4 ,and what do we now see8 ,movement1 awakening1 and life where for three centuries have reigned the gloom and chillness of the tomb4 ,from the time of ,elizabeth downwards not only the teaching but the general aspect of what is called the ,church of ,england was intensely anti-,catholic4 ,a brighter day first dawned for ,england when she hospitably received and succored the exiled priests of ,france4 ,the precious leaven of their holy teaching and example never has been lost4 ,later1 in #ahbi1 the emancipation of the ,catholics of the ,british ,empire1 under ,george ,,iv41 marked a fresh epoch in the history of the ,catholic ,church in ,england4 ,the discussions which attended the passing of this act helped to increase a knowledge of her tenets1 and prepared the way for their better appreciation2 besides which1 the restoration of some of the most illustrious families of the realm to their ancient and hereditary seats in the ,house of ,lords1 together with the admission of ,catholics into the ,lower ,house1 tended further to the removal of many prejudices4 ,since ,newman and ,pusey1 in #ahcc1 recalled their brethren to the study of the ,fathers of the church1 many steps have been taken in the ,establishment in the direction of the ancient paths--steps which ,catholics have noted with interest and hope1 though they perceive that but too often men who have been attracted towards the truth rest apparently contented with a bad imitation of its external manifestations and a garbled or 8adapted0 representation of its doctrines1 forgetting that truth distorted ceases to be truth1 and often is a lie4 ,they marvel also that the invariable opposition of the pseudo-episcopate does not help these men1 who are the present life of their system1 to see that their imaginary 8,catholicity0 is wholly unauthorized and unrecognized by their ecclesiastical superiors1 and that the hierarchy of their church is as consistently and persistently anti-,catholic as the constitution of that body itself4 ,they are resisted and condemned by their bishops1 and from their bishops they have no appeal except to a lay tribunal whose interference in sacris they repudiate4 ,by the terms of a new ,appellate ,jurisdiction ,act1 recently passed in both ,houses of ,parliament1 the jurisdiction of the ,privy ,council has been transferred to a new ,court of ,appeal4 ,it was then provided that episcopal assessors should in future sit on the bench with the lay judges2 and though it is by the latter that the judgment is pronounced1 the bishops are allowed to make remarks on what is passing4 ,they are to sit in rotation in the new court4 ,the two archbishops and the ,bishop of ,london are also to sit in turn1 ex officio1 and the rest in quarternions1 beginning with the junior four 7,chichester1 ,st4 ,asaph1 ,ely1 and ,st4 ,david's74 ,it is impossible to say what may be the results of this equivocal assessorship1 with regard to which the ,london ,morning ,post disrespectfully observes that 8the plan offers no security whatever that the assessors shall be fit for their office beyond the fact that they are bishops02 calmly adding that 8since the purpose for which their presence is required is the imparting to the judges of a certain kind and quality of information when desired1 it is a serious defect to the scheme that it provides no guarantee that the prelates who sit shall possess any proper aptitude for their position40#ba ,footnote #ba3 ,the following from the ,london ,weekly ,register may tend to show whether this doubt is reasonable or otherwise3 8,the vicar of ,st4 ,barnabas1 ,leeds1 is fatigued with parochial work and wishes to take a little rest4 ,he asks his ,lordship of ,ripon to let him name a clergyman who shall take his duties for a few weeks or months4 ,his lordship replies that he cannot do so1 because--but the language is too episcopal to be misquoted3 ',if there is truth in the reports which1 from time to time1 appear in the public papers1 you are in the habit of breaking what you must know to be the law4' ,his ,lordship of ,ripon reads the papers1 and1 finding it inconvenient to leave his palace at ,ripon and make a call upon a clergyman in ,leeds1 he refuses leave of absence to that clergyman1 on account of newspaper reports40 ,the church-wardens take up their vicar's cause1 and1 in a very proper 8memorial10 represent the needs of his case to his paternal diocesan4 ,but all is useless4 8,the law1 the law10 says the bishop1 and remains comfortably in his palace1 while he forbids his hard-working vicar to take a holiday1 though he does not even condescend to specify his offence4 ,and yet the ,anglican bishops do not apparently object to a due amount of repose for themselves1 if we may judge from the fact that at the very time we write there are no fewer than fifteen of the 8missionary bishops0 of the ,establishment who1 after a few years of absence1 and even these years agreeably diversified with visits to their friends in ,england1 have returned thither 8for good10 and are now settled with their wives and families in comfortable rectories at home--an arrangement more convenient for croquet-parties than 8conversions40 ,upon this another journal asks3 ,if it be true that ,anglican bishops are corporately incompetent as advisers of lay judges1 even on the doctrines of their own particular communion1 of what use are they at all8 ,if they cannot1 without the aid of civilians1 interpret the ,articles1 why not make bishops of the lay judges1 instead of paying thousands a year to each of these gentlemen1 who do not apparently know their own business8 ,in any case1 how ,ritualists can remain1 with satisfaction to their consciences1 in a communion whose highest arbiter is not even a sub-deacon1 is perplexing to any one who regards the church as a divinely-instituted system4 ,we have been reminded by ,presbyter ,anglicanus that it is a necessary ingredient in any system of discipline that the superior should not be judged by the inferior1 the teacher by the taught2 and that the twelfth canon of the ,african ,code ordains that1 8if a bishop fall under the imputation of any crime1 he shall have a second hearing before twelve bishops1 if more cannot be had2 a priest before six1 with his own bishop2 a deacon before three--according to the statutes of the ancient canons40 ,again3 8,it was a recognized principle in the primitive church that the deposition of an ecclesiastic required the intervention of more bishops than were needed for his ordination4 ,the ,anglican bishops notwithstanding their professions of regard for the primitive church1 are content that a presbyter1 ordained and instituted by a 'bishop1' should be deprived by a layman4 ,and they talk of apostolic order60 ,the writer just quoted1 who is now safe in the ,catholic ,church1 described1 just before his conversion1 the present condition of ecclesiastical discipline in the ,anglican ,church as follows3 8,the ecclesiastical courts which survived the ,reformation and the great rebellion have been 444 abolished2 the bishop of each diocese has ceased to be the ordinary of that diocese1 and the whole clergy of the ,church of ,england are rendered amenable to1 and are even directed in their conduct of public worship by1 a layman1 whose office has been created in the year of grace #ahgd by the imperial ,parliament1 and who1 besides playing the part of a pseudo-dean of the ,arches and principal of the ,provincial ,court of ,york1 is also to be the national ordinary1 the ,parliamentary vicar-general of the ,establishment1 exercising jurisdiction in every parish from ,berwick-on-,tweed to the ,channel ,islands40 ,and this is the system to which unquestioning1 unrepining1 absolute submission is required of the clergy by the bishops of the ,anglican communion4 ,nor is this all2 not only is it now the case that secular law courts decide what may or may not be taught and practised in the ,anglican ,church1 but they also claim to decide who shall and who shall not be admitted to its rites and sacraments4 ,lawyers are thus not only the doctors and ceremoniarii of ,anglicanism1 suspending or depriving ecclesiastics at pleasure1 but they are also to be1 in the last resort1 the stewards of ,anglican sacraments4 ,a case was lately pending before the ,judicial ,committee in which the action of a 8priest0 in refusing communion was reviewed and judged by the court4 ,a parishioner of a ,ritualist pastor having declared that he did not find in the ,bible sufficient evidence for the existence of evil spirits to incline him to believe in the devil1 the clergyman prohibited his coming for communion until he did believe in the devil4 ,the parishioner wrote a complaint to the bishop1 and the latter took his part against his parish 8priest0 and for the devil4 ,the matter being referred to the ,judicial ,committee1 the bishop's verdict was confirmed in favor of the sceptical parishioner and of his ,infernal ,majesty4 ,nor can any individual cases of this kind be matter of surprise when we reflect to what the doctrinal decisions of the supreme courts of the ,anglican ,establishment have1 with the consent of her entire episcopate1 as expressed in their famous 8allocution0 on the ,public ,worship ,act1 pledged her clergy4 ,according to the final and irreversible authority acknowledged by that episcopate1 the ,church of ,england holds1 #a1 that the doctrine of baptismal regeneration is an open question2 #b1 that it is an open question whether every part of every book of ,scripture is inspired2 #c1 that there is no 8distinct declaration0 in the formularies of that church on the subject of everlasting punishment1 and that the words 8everlasting death0 in the exposition of the ,lord's ,prayer given in the catechism 8cannot be taken as necessarily declaring anything touching the eternity of punishment after the resurrection02 #d1 that ,anglican bishops are the creatures of ,english law and dependent on that law for their existence1 rights1 and attributes4#bb ,footnote #bb3 ,see ,christianity in ,erastianism4 ,a letter to ,cardinal ,manning4 ,by ,presbyter ,anglicanus4 8,the ,church of ,england10 said ,dr4 ,stanley1 the ,protestant ,dean of ,westminster1 in a sermon recently preached at ,battersea1 8is what she is by the goodness of ,almighty ,god and of his servant ,queen ,elizabeth40 ,if he had said1 8of ,henry ,,viii4 and his daughter1 ,queen ,elizabeth10 we could have agreed with him1 particularly as the riper years of the ,establishment continue so suitably to fulfil the promise of such parentage2 but to ,catholics there is a revolting profanity in classing together the goodness of ,god with that of one of the most implacable persecutors of his church--a persecutor1 not from conviction of the justice1 but the iniquity1 of her cause1 and from a persistent determination to extinguish in her realm the ancient faith1 whose very existence was a condemnation of the state religion arranged by her father and ,cranmer1 improved by her brother and his ,genevese assistants1 and re-fashioned to her own liking by herself4 ,the sentence pronounced by the ,protestant historian ,chalmers upon this powerful and unprincipled queen is that 8she was a woman without chastity1 a princess without honor1 and a sovereign without faith02 and1 as if by way of a satanic parody on the vision of the ,immaculate ,virgin in the ,book of ,revelations1 we see ,elizabeth1 the offspring of an adulterous union1 trampling under her despotic foot the ,bride of ,christ4 8,the ,church of ,england10 continued the dean1 8was1 it is true1 a compromise10 and 8he was not a true son thereof who used it as a weapon for promoting this or that doctrine1 but1 after the example of ,elizabeth1 and for the interests of the nation1 used it as a broad shield under which he might work for good10#bc etc41 etc4 ,the sense of which1 in plain ,english1 appears to be that the said church prefers general indifference to doctrinal truth1 the 8interests of the nation0 to the glory of ,god1 and the 8example of ,elizabeth0 to purity of faith and life4 ,footnote #bc3 ,hentzner furnishes us1 by the way1 with a singular testimony to ,elizabeth's 8goodness0 when1 among other things of the same nature1 he tells us that1 in the latter years of her reign1 executions for high treason 7this being the term applied to denial of the royal supremacy in the church fully as much as in the state7 were so frequent that he counted at one time on ,london ,bridge no fewer than #cjj heads4 ,she herself on one occasion pointed out to the ,french ambassador the same ghastly trophies adorning the gates of her own palace4 ,but ,dean ,stanley represents one only of the four principal sections into which the ,church of ,england has divided itself2 and however complacently the 8,broad0 and even 8,moderate ,high0 ,churchmen may regard the marshy nature of the ground in which the foundations of their faith1 if faith it can be called1 are laid1 and congratulate themselves on the fact that it is neither land nor water1 but something of both1 there are earnest men who have no fancy for being amphibious1 and who spare no pains and toil to drain away the stagnant waters from their morass1 in the sincere conviction that beneath the miasma-breeding mosses there lies1 for those who dig deep enough to find it1 the imperishable rock4 ,of this number seems to be the ,rev4 ,arthur ,tooth1 vicar of ,st4 ,james'1 ,hatcham1 who is now in prison because he chooses to act upon the principle of 8no compromise40 ,we honor a man who is willing to suffer for conscience' sake1 and to uphold the right of the church to decide in ecclesiastical causes1 but at the same time we cannot but feel that ,mr4 ,tooth is more conscientious than logical1 and that by his present opposition he is breaking the solemn promise and oath which1 as a clergyman of the state church1 he took1 at his ordination1 to a state-church bishop4 ,mr4 ,tooth1 on account of certain ritualistic practices--i4e41 the use of 8,catholic0 vestments1 conducting the communion service so as to make it resemble as much as possible ,holy ,mass1 having 8a crucifix in the chancel1 little winged figures on the communion-table1 lighted candles on a ledge where he had been ordered not to place them1 etc41 etc4--was1 by order of ,lord ,penzance and with the approval of his own bishop1 ,dr4 ,claughton of ,rochester1 interdicted from officiating again in the diocese4 ,the writ of inhibition was served him on a ,sunday morning before the commencement of the service2 he not only took no notice of the writ1 but also on the following 7,christmas7 day publicly resisted his substitute4 ,canon ,gee had been appointed by the bishop to read the service in the place of ,mr4 ,tooth1 but1 on his arriving at the church1 the latter gentleman1 backed by about forty of his male parishioners1 met him at the door and refused to allow him to enter1 upon which ,canon ,gee1 after protesting against this insubordinate proceeding on the part of his refractory brother1 was forced to retire4 ,having thus disposed of the episcopal delegate1 the vicar proceeded to display an unusual pomp in the ceremonial4 ,six splendid banners were carried in procession1 on one of which was embroidered the monogram of ,our ,blessed ,lady1 surrounded by the words1 ,sancta ,dei ,genitrix40 ,the church was crowded to suffocation1 partly with worshippers1 and also very largely by people who had come from curiosity1 as was evident by their behavior no less than by their murmured expressions of ridicule or indignation2 a crowd1 not only of 8roughs10 but numbering many well-dressed people1 had assembled outside4 ,on one occasion1 the #adth of ,january1 in particular1 the scenes both within and without were disgraceful4 8,inside10 we are told1 8there was a good deal of fighting and scuffling1 especially at the lower end10 while outside the crowd1 besides breaking down the fences1 shouting 8,no popery10 yelling1 and in various ways demonstrating their inclination to break the laws as well as the parson did1 had they not been kept in some abeyance by a strong body of three hundred police1 joined in singing loudly the national anthem1 vociferating with especial emphasis and vigor the line 8,confound their knavish tricks0--improved by some to 8popish tricks0 in honor of the occasion4 ,some time after the service was over1 so as to give the mob time to thin1 the sight of ,mr4 ,tooth issuing from the church under the protection of 8twenty stout policemen of the ,f ,division0 had in it something almost ludicrous to those who reflected that all this commotion arose from the fact of his having spurned the 8secular arm40 ,when1 on the #bjth of ,january1 the ,rev4 ,r4 ,chambers1 who has been appointed curate in charge of the parish of ,hatcham by the ,bishop of ,rochester1 went1 accompanied by the bishop's apparitor1 and1 producing his license1 requested ,mr4 ,tooth to hand over to him through the church-wardens the possession of the church1 the vicar replied that he refused to take any notice of the document or the application4 ,he was therefore committed for contempt of court1 and is now lodged in ,horsemonger ,lane jail4 ,it is not necessary to give more than two portions of the very temperate explanations with which ,lord ,penzance has accompanied his judgment--namely1 those portions which are aimed at the delusions supposed to be most important in the controversy4 ,these delusions are1 in brief1 #ast1 that the new ,public ,worship ,act was an innovation upon ,anglican custom1 and an invasion of its rights2 #b;d1 that obedience should be rendered to an ecclesiastical and not to a lay superior4 ,the answers of ,lord ,penzance to these assumptions are1 substantially1 as follows3 8#a4 ,it would be well if those who maintain these propositions were to read the statutes by which the ritual of the ,church of ,england at the time of the ,reformation was enforced--,i mean the statutes establishing the two successive prayer-books of ,king ,edward ,,vi4 and the prayer-book of ,queen ,elizabeth1 which regulated the ritual of the reformed church for the first hundred years after its establishment4 ,they would there find that a clergyman departing in the performance of divine service from the ritual prescribed in the prayer-book was liable to be tried at the assizes by a judge and jury 7the bishop1 if he pleased1 assisting the judges71 and1 if convicted three times1 was liable to be imprisoned for life4 ,the intervention1 therefore1 of a temporal court to enforce obedience in matters of ritual is at least no novelty2 the novelty1 as far as the ,church of ,england is concerned1 is rather in the claim to be exempt from it4 8#b4 ,but suppose this claim1 for the sake of argument1 to be admitted2 what1 then1 are the ecclesiastical courts to whose judgment the ,ritualists would be willing to defer8 ,unless every clergyman is to settle the form of worship for himself1 and there are to be as many forms of worship as there are parishes in the land1 who is it that1 in his opinion1 is to determine what the rubrics of the prayer-book enjoin8--for we suppose him to consider himself bound by the directions of the prayer-book4 ,what is the court to which he is willing to render obedience8 ,is it the court of his bishop8 ,if so1 he must surely be aware that by the ecclesiastical law of this country1 as well before the ,reformation as since1 an appeal from the bishop's court lies1 and has always lain1 to the court of the archbishop1 this ,court of ,arches1 whose jurisdiction he now denies4 ,what question1 therefore1 is there of a secular court1 or an invasion of the rights of the ,church of ,england8#bd0 ,and the judgment passed by ,lord ,penzance was contained in the following words3 8,applying these powers as ,i am bound to do1 ,i have no hesitation in pronouncing ,mr4 ,tooth to be contumacious1 and in contempt for disobeying the inhibition pronounced by this court1 and ,i direct the same to be signified to the queen in chancery1 with a view to his imprisonment40 ,footnote #bd3 ,a writer in the ,london ,times gives the following answer to the ecclesiastical assumptions of ,mr4 ,tooth3 8,i will enumerate some of the acts on ecclesiastical matters which have become law without the consent of the priesthood1 and which therefore the present agitators bind themselves to disallow and disobey3 ,the act of ,edward ,,vi4 on the ,sacrament1 on ,chantries1 on ,images1 on ,fasting2 the ,acts of ,uniformity1 both of ,edward ,,vi4 and ,elizabeth2 the ,act of ,toleration2 the act abolishing the burning of heretics1 under ,william ,,iii42 the acts1 both of ,charles ,,ii4 and ,william ,,iii41 for the observance of ,sunday2 the various ,marriage ,acts of ,william ,,iii41 ,george ,,ii41 and ,queen ,victoria2 the various acts both for the repression and the relief of ,roman ,catholics during the same range of time2 the acts during the late and present reigns against pluralities and against non-residence2 the acts suppressing the ,irish bishoprics1 suppressing half the cathedral dignitaries in ,england1 and1 finally1 revolutionizing the ,irish ,church2 the act for abolishing the services drawn up by ,convocation for the political anniversaries of the seventeenth century4 ,these and many other laws1 many of them of unquestioned beneficence1 most of them of unquestioned obligation1 all of them passed by ,parliament1 and by it alone1 must be set aside by those who make it a point of conscience to disobey any law which has been imposed on the church by secular authority40 ,and now the strife of tongues which preceded this climax was comparative calm to that which at present rages4 ,all the winds of olus1 each trying which can blow the hardest1 seem let loose at once in the distracted ,establishment4 ,by the ,ritualist party the confessor for disobedience in ,horsemonger ,lane jail is already dubbed 8the martyr1 ,tooth02 while another party rejoices that1 by the contumacy of this 8parson in revolt10 the state church is 8forced into a clear1 practical assertion of her old and hitherto unquestioned right to restrain and punish disobedient and delinquent 'clerks4'0 ,further1 the ,london ,times1 dilating after its own infallible fashion upon ,mr4 ,tooth and 8his pranks10 dares to aver that 8to parade a banner calling the ,virgin ,mary the ',mother of ,god' is little less than sheer blasphemy40 ,at a large meeting of the 8,english ,church ,union0 it became evident that the changes in law procedure produced by the ,public ,worship ,regulation ,act are producing a murmur in favor of 8disestablishment0 within the ,church of ,england herself4 ,one of the reverend speakers at this meeting said that 8the issue had now merged from one about the color of a stole to a question of church and state10 and the honorable chairman agreed that 8establishment might cost too dear40 ,archdeacon ,denison declared that this case of 8dear ,arthur ,tooth0 would prove to be 8a life-and-death struggle with ,protestantism10 thus making the old mistake of putting mere ritualism in the place of the ,catholic ,church4 ,canon ,carter moved that 8the ,church ,union denies that the secular power has authority in matters purely spiritual10 upon which a journal reminds him that1 from the days of the ,reformation1 it has been one of the conditions on which the state church enjoyed the emoluments and privileges of establishment that her clergy should perform certain duties in a way laid down by law4 ,whether1 as in the case of ,mr4 ,tooth1 they have or have not done so is a matter which the law leaves a particular court to decide4 ,if ,mr4 ,tooth does not relish the action of these tribunals1 two courses are open to him1 and only two4 ,either he may give up those practices which they declare obnoxious within the pale of the ,established ,church1 or he may leave the ,establishment and continue them elsewhere4 ,the latter step would entail the sacrifice of the endowment1 or1 as the ,ritualists would say1 it would involve the guilt of schism2 in which case the whole matter resolves itself into a choice of sins3 the clergyman must either commit the sin of obeying ,lord ,penzance1 and so retain the endowment1 or he must commit the sin of 8schism0 and fling the endowment away4 ,thus the ,church ,unionists are by no means logical in comparing their present position to that of ,chalmers1 ,buchanan1 ,guthrie1 ,cunningham1 and other leaders of the ,free ,kirk of ,scotland previously to #ahdc2 for these men gave up all thought of state endowment1 or even of ministering in buildings dependent on the state1 and purchased the independence of their ministrations at the cost of all state temporalities4 ,this is a very different matter from attempting to have the temporalities and the independence together4#be ,footnote #be3 ,certain evicted ,ritualists1 however1 do not appear to be much affected by the measures taken to repress them1 if it be true that the ,rev4 ,r4 ,p4 ,dale1 who has been suspended for three years1 and his former parish merged into another1 takes the matter very philosophically1 and1 in default of his own parish1 finds every ,sunday in one place or another a complaisant brother-clergyman1 who lends him his church and his pulpit1 from which he braves the pseudo-episcopal thunders4 ,another observation made by ,canon ,carter was1 though not in itself more true1 yet1 for him1 much more to the point--namely1 that 8the only persecution now carried on in ,england is against the ,high-,church party40 ,it is on this fact that the ,ritualists stand triumphant4 ,they can honestly plead that they1 the ,high-,church party1 have done more than all the other parties put together for the revival of faith and devotion in ,england4 ,they can also plead that they are men of education1 of courage and energy and self-denying zeal1 and that to them is due whatever residuum is left of ,catholic sentiment and tradition in the ,establishment4 ,the marvel is that any of these really earnest men should continue so blind to their anomalous position4 ,on the same day that the ,english ,church ,union held its assembly a meeting of the ultra-,protestant school took place at the ,wellington ,hall1 ,islington1 where about one hundred and twenty clergymen and laymen partook of breakfast1 after which they proceeded to deliver themselves of a large amount of the peculiar and incoherent insipidities with which the readers of the ,rock must be painfully familiar4 ,one specimen will suffice1 which1 as our readers will perceive1 is not lacking in the unctuous accusations in which the 8,evangelicals0 are apt to excel3 8,as in ,germany10 they said1 8the ,jesuits devoted all their self-denying energies to opposing the spread of the true doctrines1 so here in ,england there was an able and resolute body of men who opposed themselves to the true principles of religion1 and who1 by services rendered attractive to the eye and ear1 appealed by the senses to the understanding4 ,many of these men were no doubt sincere1 and were thus unconsciously doing the work of ,satan4 ,this was the powerful opposing force with which the ,evangelical body of the ,church of ,england had to contend40 ,now1 we must beg leave to observe that for these 8,evangelical0 gentlemen to talk of ,ritualists as unconsciously doing the work of ,satan is simply absurd4 ,did not the 8beam in their own eye0 blind them1 we would ask them to take a glance backward and think of forty years ago1 when1 through the length and breadth of the land1 they locked up their churches from ,sunday afternoon to the following ,sunday morning1 and sometimes even longer2 for the writer can recall three villages 7there may or may not have been many more7 in ,leicestershire alone where1 less than forty years ago1 there was only one service on the ,sunday1 and that alternately in the morning and afternoon4 ,we have heard of the wag who chalked on the church door of an ,evangelical rector1 8,le ,bon ,dieu est sorti3 ,il ne reviendra que dimanche prochain40 ,and truly1 if the good ,god did come back1 it would not be1 in many instances1 to find his house 8swept and garnished40 ,forty years ago6 ,sitting in the old family pew in the chancel of ,a 444 stone church1 through the long1 monotonous sermons of the worthy rector1 whose favorite subjects were 8saving faith0 and abuse of popery1 what a help it was to patient endurance to watch the merry1 loud-voiced sparrows fluttering in and out of the broken diamond panes of the chancel windows1 through which long sprays of ivy crept and clung lovingly up the poor old walls1 bare of everything but whitewash1 of the once ,catholic church--walls that the damp of many an autumn and winter had dyed with streaks of green1 deeper and brighter in hue than the faded1 ink-stained rag of moth-eaten green baize that covered the rickety wooden table standing where1 in old days1 the most holy ,sacrifice had been offered upon a ,catholic altar4 ,childhood1 before opportunities for comparison have been afforded1 is not hard to please1 and we used to think that that verdant chancel might have been in the mind of the sweet ,psalmist of ,israel when he sang1 8,the sparrow hath found her a house1 and the swallow a nest1 where she may lay her young3 even thine altars1 ,o ,lord of ,hosts60 ,and yet our worthy rector 7a rich pluralist with a large family7 was a kind-hearted1 easy1 amiable man1 and not in any way addicted to the hunting and drinking practices of certain of his clerical neighbors2 his house was the perfection of refined not overloaded luxury1 and the well-kept gardens of that most pleasant of rectories were a paradise of smooth lawns1 gay parterres1 and shady shrubberies sloping down to the banks of the winding ,soar4 ,the rector led a mildly studious life when in the country 7for half his year was spent in ,london71 visited much among the 8county families10 and shyly and rarely entered the cottages of the village2 but religion in that village was well-nigh dead4 ,if amiable clergymen of this stamp are not 8unconsciously doing the work of ,satan0 themselves1 they at any rate give ,satan plenty of time and opportunity to do his own work himself among their flock1 and to do it very effectually1 too4 ,yet it is the descendants of men like these who are foremost in groaning down and persecuting the self-denying1 hard-working clergy who are always at their posts6 ,the preachers of sentiment are furious against the upholders of the necessity of dogmatic truth4 ,the idlers in family and social circles are desperate against enthusiasts who at least try to hear confessions and to be priests4 ,we cannot admire the consistency of the ,ritualists--for unhappily it does not exist--but the inconsistency of their 8,evangelical0 accusers is simply 8the impeachment of energy by twaddle40 ,a correspondent of the ,london ,times calls attention to the fact that while ,mr4 ,tooth1 who is perfectly orthodox as regards the creeds of the church1 is prosecuted for extremes in ritual1 a brother clergyman is allowed to preach open infidelity from the pulpit unmolested4 8,the ,public ,worship ,bill10 he writes1 8has been passed to repress crimes so grave as over-magnificence in the services1 but does not deign to meddle in so small a matter as that of vindicating the ,divinity of our ,saviour1 which is fearlessly impugned in a pulpit which the ,bishop of ,london himself has condescended to occupy40 ,it is much to be doubted whether the ,anglican bishops1 when they obtained from ,parliament the ,public ,worship ,regulation ,act1 had the remotest idea of the tempest which1 ,prospero-like1 they were summoning around them1 but which1 unlike ,shakspere's magician1 they would be powerless to allay4 ,and if this is the result obtained by the act just mentioned1 a still more recent one1 the 8,scotch ,church ,patronage ,act10 another measure intended by ,lord ,beaconsfield as an additional buttress to ecclesiastical establishments1 has produced similar storms in the ,north4 ,it has led to proceedings in connection with the 8settlement0 of a parish clergyman at ,new ,deer in ,aberdeenshire which recall the furious battles between the 8intrusion0 and non-intrusion parties that split the ,established ,church of ,scotland into fragments thirty-four years ago1 and has besides almost succeeded in uniting three-fourths of ,scotland into a solid disestablishment phalanx4 ,the ,presbyterian ,kirk1 moreover1 in addition to subjects of contention presented from without1 has certain characteristic squabbles of its own4 ,a question having recently arisen on the subject of unfermented wines in the celebration of what is called communion1 the session has maintained that it 8has a right to change the elements of communion1 and in so doing is discharging its proper functions40 ,why not8 ,if local churches can make their own doctrines1 what1 we should like to know1 is to hinder them from making their own sacraments as well8 ,our object in this article has been merely to sketch the present condition of affairs in the ,english ,establishment2 but as we have in concluding taken a momentary glance at ,scotland also1 we cannot leave unnamed the ,green ,isle of the ,west1 whose centuries of suffering and oppression have at last1 we earnestly trust1 given place to times of peace and long prosperity4 ,should the reviving hopes of many hearts be realized1 and the ,green ,tree of ,england's ancient church again spread its vigorous branches over the land that was once 8,our ,lady's ,dowry02 and should the grand old northern abbeys1 ,melrose1 ,jedburgh1 ,paisley1 and even1 it may be1 ,iona1 receive again as in past ages their cowled and consecrated sons1 still ,england and ,scotland will have but returned to the faith which ,ireland has never lost1 and which no human or ,satanic power has been able to wrench from her4 ,no6 ,for1 rather than let the cross be torn from her bleeding embrace1 she suffered herself to be nailed upon it4 ,,the ,,ashes ,,of ,,the ,,palms4 ,,the ,,disciple4 8,are ashes scarce that palms must burn1 ,those sweet memorials of the only day ,of triumph that thou hadst1 my ,prince1 ,upon this woeful earth80 ,,the ,,master4 8,all glory unto ashes1 child1 must turn1 ,of which this deathly world can make display4 ,these ashes on proud heads convince ,proud hearts of glory's worth40 ,,the ,,disciple4 8,if palms to ashes must1 ,so be 't4 ,i still will live to praise1 ,though glory's gage should burn40 ,,the ,,master4 8,e'en thou art naught but dust4 ,the mark thy forehead bears betrays ,to what thou shalt return40 ,,ash ,,wednesday ,,new ,,publications4 ,,an ,,old ,,world ,,as ,,seen ,,through ,,young ,,eyes2 ,,or1 ,,travels ,,around ,,the ,,world4 ,by ,ellen ,h4 ,walworth4 ,new ,york3 ,sadlier ,co4 #ahgg4 ,every school-girl who reads this book will wish that she had an uncle who would send for her one day1 while she is dreaming over her lesson-book1 and invite her to accompany him around the world4 ,this is what happened to ,miss ,ellen ,walworth in ,june1 #ahgc1 and the volume before us is composed of the letters which she wrote home during her tour1 and which were published as they were received in an ,albany newspaper1 attracting at the time considerable attention4 ,they are the production of a school-girl of fifteen1 but slightly altered from their original form1 and this makes their peculiarity and their special interest4 ,the course of her travels was through ,scotland1 ,ireland1 ,england1 ,belgium1 the country of the ,rhine1 ,switzerland1 ,italy1 ,egypt1 ,china1 ,japan1 and home by way of ,san ,francisco4 ,the letters are just what they should be--natural1 lively1 juvenile descriptions of the little incidents of travel and the scenes witnessed1 with the freshness and vividness of letters written at the time and on the spot to which each one successively belongs4 ,two extremely interesting letters of ,father ,walworth1 written with his well-known charm of style and minute accuracy of statement1 are included in the collection4 ,one of these contains a description of the ,coptic rite1 the other an account of the present state of the mission in ,japan1 with many interesting historical particulars4 ,our young folk will find this a very entertaining volume1 and older people may read it with pleasure4 ,it is a book very creditable to the young author1 and also an evidence of the kind of culture which is given to young girls by the accomplished ladies at ,kenwood4 ,we subjoin one specimen of the style in which the letters are written1 not at all childish1 although suffused with a childlike gayety3 8,i remember what dispute arose among the passengers the day we went down ,lake ,zurich4 ,there were mountains all around us1 but from the end of the lake towards which we were steering rose quite a high range4 ,over their summits the clouds extended up some distance1 and1 strange to say1 a succession of peaks were to be seen above the clouds1 suspended1 as it were1 in the sky1 and having no connection with the peaks below1 except a close resemblance in form4 ,their outlines were distinctly marked against the clear blue sky1 but they had a strange1 chalky1 light appearance1 as if they could be blown away by a breath4 ,some of the passengers said they were merely unusual forms taken by the clouds2 others insisted that they were a reflection of the peaks below--a species of ,fata ,morgana4 ,a few old ,alp frequenters1 among them our friend of the gravel acquaintance1 ventured to assert that they were real mountains1 but their idea was laughed down as ridiculous4 ,while the dispute was the hottest1 the wind1 by a strange freak1 dispersed the clouds almost in an instant1 and we had before us one of the mighty ranges of ,switzerland1 beside which our mountains of the lake shore were mere hillocks4 8,from the foot of ,lake ,zurich we took the railroad carriages for ,ragatz and ,chur4 ,this journey is among my most vivid recollections of ,switzerland3 for we were following the courses of the valleys and streams through that wonderful range of mountains that we had seen from the lake4 ,we twisted ourselves into every possible position to see the snow-capped summits directly above us1 and our fellow-travellers--,english1 ,french1 and ,germans--became so excited over the scenery that they would call out to each other--for1 though the language might not be understood1 the gestures were unmistakable--and they would rush from one side of the cars to the other1 even dropping down on the floor1 to get a sight from the car-windows of the very tip-top of the mountains4 ,the enthusiasm seemed contagious2 there were haughty ,englishmen1 stolid ,germans1 fashionable young ladies1 and confirmed dandies equally forgetful of appearances4 ,indeed1 as we passed peak after peak1 now clustered together1 now opening and showing beautiful valleys between1 or dark1 shaded chasms1 the jagged rocks taking new shapes and hues every instant1 it was like watching a grand and ever-varying kaleidoscope40 ,,musica ,,ecclesiastica4 ,a collection of ,masses1 ,vespers1 ,hymns1 ,motets1 etc41 for the service of the ,catholic ,church4 ,new ,york3 ,j4 ,fischer ,bro4 ,of this publication the ,part #af sent us1 containing motets for singing at the ,benediction of the ,blessed ,sacrament1 is a collection well suited for use at that function4 ,but we must object to the title of the general work1 as neither this nor any figured music can be sung by ecclesiastics1 as such1 officiating in any service of the ,catholic ,church4 ,the only melody properly styled musica ecclesiastica is the ,gregorian chant4 ,definitions are always of grave moment4 ,suppose that some one of our enterprising publishers should present the public with a manual of prayers such as the ,st4 ,john's ,manual1 the ,key of ,heaven1 or the ,mission ,book under the title of 8,manual for the ,clergy1 consisting of prayers1 litanies1 hymns1 and other devotions for the service of the ,catholic ,church02 it is plain that it would not receive the imprimatur of a ,catholic school-boy4 ,under a proper title we give our hearty encouragement to the work which our ,german ,catholic brethren abroad and here in the ,united ,states have within the last few years pursued with such praiseworthy zeal in the composition of music for the use of our choirs1 which1 if we do not think it to be the most suitable and most consistent in tone with the letter and spirit of the ,catholic ritual1 is decidedly a vast improvement upon the sensual1 operatic style of music whose melodies and harmonies have emasculated the devotion and vitiated the taste of1 we regret to say1 almost the majority of ,catholics in modern times4 ,,the ,,comprehensive ,,geography4 ,nos4 #a1 #b1 and #c4 ,new ,york3 ,p4 ,o',shea1 #cg ,barclay ,st4 #ahgf4 ,we are inclined to think that this series is the best of the many which have of late years been presented to the public1 and certainly do not know of any which are superior to it in any respect except in the department of physical geography2 and it is as complete even in this as it could well be without an additional volume specially devoted to that subject4 ,the feature which should particularly recommend it to ,catholics is the prominence which it gives to facts connected with religion4 ,there is no branch of study for the young in which it is so important that religion should be prominent as geography1 with the exception1 of course1 of history4 ,even the best text-books hitherto published are perhaps a little too reticent in this respect4 ,the desire to accomplish this object has in the present work led to the introduction of some rather unnecessary details2 but this is a fault on the right side4 ,we hope that this series will become popular1 as it deserves to be1 in ,catholic schools4 ,,the ,,complete ,,office ,,of ,,holy ,,week ,,according ,,to ,,the ,,roman ,,missal ,,and ,,breviary4 ,in ,latin and ,english4 ,new edition4 ,revised and enlarged4 #ahmo1 pp4 #efc4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society4 #ahgg4 ,this edition of ,holy ,week is a new and corrected one2 it is printed from large type on good paper1 and is well and substantially bound4 ,moreover1 it is complete1 containing all the offices of the church from ,palm ,sunday to ,easter ,tuesday1 inclusive4 ,this edition is the only correct one now published in this country4 ,it has been carefully read by persons competent to guarantee against the gross blunders that are apt to disfigure ,catholic works of the greatest importance4 ,the price is so low that the book is within the reach of every one1 thus enabling them to follow easily the services of the church during ,holy ,week4 ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,,vol4 ,,xxv41 ,no4 #adf4--,,may1 #ahgg4 ,,the ,,prussian ,,chancellor4#bf ,footnote #bf3 ,two ,chancellors1 etc4 ,by ,julian ,klaczko4 ,translated by ,frank ,p4 ,ward4 ,new ,york3 ,hurd ,houghton4 ,pro ,nihilo and other pamphlets on the ,arnim question4 ,m4 ,julian ,klaczko is by birth a ,polish ,jew and is a convert to the ,catholic ,christian faith4 ,he was for a time employed in the office of the ,austrian ,ministry of ,foreign ,affairs1 and was afterwards a member of the imperial parliament4 ,he has1 however1 generally been a resident in ,france1 where his numerous essays on political topics have been published1 all of which have attracted much attention and won for their author a high reputation4 ,we have already1 in our number for last ,march1 made some observations on the career and policy of one of the two chancellors1 whose lives and public actions1 so far as they had progressed at the time of its publication1 were sketched in the work whose title is given below4 ,this work is one of the most interesting political brochures of our time1 and we propose to continue in the present article the review of it commenced in our previous one1 confining our attention chiefly to the chancellor of the ,german ,empire4 ,prince ,bismarck has been characterized by ,m4 ,thiers as 8a savage full of genius40 ,he is one of ,carlyle's 8heroes0--an expression synonymous with that of the clever ,french statesman1 and denoting a giant in whom is embodied intellectual and physical force1 irrespective of any moral direction4 ,to this native strength1 which has remained through life to a great extent rude and uncultivated1 and not in any way to a regular and careful education1 ,otto von ,bismarck is indebted for the success he has achieved4 ,his studies were finished on his entrance at the university1 and never resumed4 ,it is doubtful whether he ever passed the legal examination required before entering the civil service in ,prussia4 ,nevertheless1 such a man is always a sort of extraordinary professor to himself4 ,he has read literature and studied men and events4 ,it is absurd to call such a man uneducated2 and1 although he does not possess the art of speaking or writing according to rule1 he is able to use both his tongue and pen with an original power which sometimes rises to the highest level of eloquence1 and to coin expressions which1 once uttered1 can never be forgotten4 ,we have quoted one in our former article1 about the 8iron dice of destiny10 and we will give one more1 which we think is unsurpassed in the annals of modern speech3 8,one of his most happy1 most memorable inspirations he suddenly drew one day from the libretto of the ,freischtz4 8,in this opera of ,weber1 ,max1 the good and unfortunate hunter1 borrows a cartridge from ,robin1 the evil spirit1 and immediately kills an eagle1 one of whose feathers he proudly sticks in his cap4 ,he then asks for some more cartridges1 but ,robin tells him that they are 'enchanted balls1' and that1 in order to obtain them1 he must surrender himself to the infernal spirits and deliver his soul to them4 ,max draws back1 and then ,robin1 sneering1 tells him that he hesitates in vain1 that the bargain is made1 and that he has already committed himself by the ball he made use of3 ',do you think1 then1 that this eagle was a free gift8' ,well6 when in #ahdi the young orator of the ,mark of ,brandenburg had to implore the ,prussian chamber not to accept for the ,king of ,prussia the imperial crown which the parliament of ,frankfort offered him1 he ended by crying out3 ',it is radicalism which offers this gift to the king4 ,sooner or later this radicalism will stand upright before the king1 will demand of him its recompense1 and1 pointing to the emblem of the eagle on that new imperial flag1 it will say3 ,did you think1 then1 that this eagle was a free gift8'0 ,the suggestion will doubtless present itself immediately to the minds of many of our readers that the poetic myth of the ,freischtz is likely to be fulfilled in sober1 actual reality when the ,german imperial drama is played out1 and that ,bismarck will prove to have been the ,robin of ,william ,i4 ,but this is an anticipation1 and we return to our sheep and our young wolf4 ,an equally marked and well-known trait of ,bismarck's style in speech and writing is a cold1 biting1 ironical humor1 which often assumes the outward guise of frankness1 sometimes ferocious1 sometimes farcical1 but always dangerous and often deadly when the master of the weapon is wielding it in a real fight4 ,the general tone of his disposition is contemptuous and misanthropical1 as of one who alternately sneers and laughs at mankind in general1 on the whole despising the game of life1 yet going in for deep play with all his soul when the chance presents itself1 for mere occupation and amusement2 just as he plunged into the ,burschen-life in his youth and hunted bears at a later period in ,russia4 ,there is no trace of philanthropy in his character2 as an enemy he is relentless1 and no gentle or noble sentiments hamper his progress in the way of his policy of 8blood and iron40 ,yet there is a most tender and devoted affection manifested in his letters to his sister1 ,malvina von ,arnim--8,maldewinchen02 so far as we know he has been a kind husband and father2 there seems really to be something genuine in his long friendship for ,prince ,gortchakoff2 and all the world knows that he risked his life to rescue a servant from drowning4 ,the impression we have received from all we have ever read or heard about him is1 that his natural disposition1 like that of ,napoleon1 is generous and noble1 but1 like his1 has been perverted by ambition4 ,his early life did not promise any great achievements4 ,he went by the name of 8,mad ,bismarck10 and was always restless1 unsettled1 without steady application to any definite aim4 ,what his real inward convictions are or have been1 in religion1 philosophy1 and the higher sphere of political ethics1 is very difficult to determine1 at least for us who are at a distance2 or even to decide how far he has ever formed and cherished any deep and settled convictions at all4 ,practically1 he has been a ,pyrrhonist and ,epicurean1 a heathen and a materialist1 using all things and all ideas as so many counters of no value except for his own game4 ,the opinions which he professed at the outset of his political career were those of 8the party of the cross10 that old-,prussian1 religious1 monarchical1 conservative party represented by the illustrious ,baron von ,gerlach1 which has been in opposition to the administration of the chancellor1 and is now in a quasi-alliance with the ,catholic party4 8',i belong--' such was the defiant declaration of ,herr von ,bismarck in one of his first speeches in the chamber--',i belong to an opinion which glories in the reproaches of obscurantism and of tendencies of the middle age2 ,i belong to that great multitude which is compared with disdain to the most intelligent party of the nation4' ,he wanted a ,christian state4 ',without a religious basis1' said he1 'a state is nothing but a fortuitous aggregation of interests1 a sort of bastion in a war of all against all2 without this religious basis1 all legislation1 instead of regenerating itself at the living sources of eternal truth1 is only tossed about by human ideas as vague as changeable4'0 ,what can be finer or truer than this statement1 in which the whole of his own policy as chancellor of the ,german ,empire is condemned in advance out of his own mouth8 ,in every important respect his avowed opinions and political action were diametrically opposite to those of a later date4 ,in fact1 his bold and even extravagant advocacy of the cause of the house of ,hapsburg1 at a moment when 7#ahej7 the attitude of ,prussia towards ,austria was most humiliating1 was the first occasion of launching him into the career of foreign affairs4 ,he was sent1 with much misgiving on the part of the king and his minister1 as ,prussian plenipotentiary to the ,diet of ,frankfort2 and here he began to go to school to ,prince ,gortchakoff1 now commenced that world-renowned friendship between these two statesmen which has altered the course of history and for whose dnoement we are at this moment intently watching4 ,it would be idle to suppose that these two men traced out beforehand the common policy which they have since pursued in concert4 ,it was impossible for any human sagacity to foresee the conjunctures which have since arisen1 and have furnished to ,bismarck the opportunities of which his genius has availed itself to destroy and to upbuild great political fabrics4 ,they could only plan1 in general1 the aggrandizement of ,russia and ,prussia1 by the breaking down of the traditional policy of coalition and balance among the ,european powers4 ,all that we can see clearly respecting the incipient working of ,bismarck's mind at this period is1 that he contracted an aversion for ,austria1 a contempt for the ,german confederation1 and a mean opinion in general of the diplomats who had the management of the ,european state-craft4 ,the idea of a new era of absolutism in a few great1 conquering nations--an absolutism 8tinged with popular passions10 or1 according to his favorite expression18spotted with red0--dawned on his mind and became gradually more distinct4 ,some extravagant projects were at times bubbling in his restless brain1 and he often threatened to abandon the career of regular diplomatic service and go into politics 8in his swimming-drawers40 ,but when the ,prussian administration proposed to him to go to ,russia as resident ambassador1 with a view1 as he expressed it1 of 8putting him on ice0 to cool him down1 he consented to don a 8bear-skin0 instead of the aforesaid habiliments of a sans-culottes4 ,on the #ast of ,april1 his birth-day1 #ahei1 ,herr von ,bismarck arrived in the capital of the ,russian ,empire1 of which his former colleague at ,frankfort was already the chancellor4 ,among the ,russians he was extremely popular2 for he took extraordinary pains to make himself agreeable to them1 and seemed to have turned himself into a ,russian1 for the time being1 in donning the bear-skin4 ,notwithstanding his outward hilariousness1 he was inwardly morose1 dissatisfied with the course which ,prussian and ,european politics were following1 and feeling himself condemned to honorable exile and inaction4 ,he was once so severely ill through chagrin that his life was in danger4 ,he said on his recovery that he had gone 8half-way to a better world10 and expressed regret that he had not completed the journey4 ,he thought of abandoning politics altogether1 and with difficulty overcame his impatience sufficiently to bide his time a little longer4 ,gortchakoff said that ,russia 8did not sulk1 but meditated40 ,bismarck sulked and meditated4 ,but meanwhile the course of events was preparing for him his opportunity4 ,the strange and mixed drama in which ,napoleon ,,iii41 destined to be its principal victim1 was the chief actor--whose critical moments were ,sebastopol1 ,solferino1 ,sadowa1 ,sedan--was going on4 ,this great actor1 once regarded as a sphinx of political wisdom1 but now designated by no more honorable title than the 8dreamer of ,ham10 holds a conspicuous place in the group of those apparently and temporarily great men to whom belongs the epitaph sadly composed for himself by the expiring ,joseph ,,ii41 ,emperor of ,austria3 8,here lies the man who failed in all his undertakings40 ,more than this1 he is a signal instance of that blind fatuity by which those men who set themselves to counteract the order of divine ,providence are seduced1 as the ,king of ,israel was by the 8lying spirit0 in the mouth of his prophets1 to ruin themselves and become the executioners of divine vengeance on their own persons4 ,if ,louis ,napoleon had had good sense and moral principle enough to imitate ,charlemagne1 he might have confirmed his dynasty1 established ,france in solid power and prosperity1 and earned true glory as a benefactor of ,christendom4 ,but he was not 8of the seed of those men by whom salvation was brought to ,israel40 ,he aspired to imitate ,csar and ,napoleon without possessing their genius4 ,he imitated the profligacy of ,csar in his youth1 the perfidy of ,napoleon in his old age4 ,his early vices avenged themselves in the pain and disease which unmanned and incapacitated him for action in the last eventful crisis of his career4 ,his criminal alliance with ,carbonari and conspirators in his youth entangled him afterwards in a mesh which he had not courage1 even if he had the wish1 to break4 ,by his alliance with the ,turk he prepared an enemy in ,russia1 who became one principal cause of his final downfall and the humiliation of ,france1 while he gained nothing beyond a momentary prestige of glory for his army4 ,by his ,italian campaign1 and his subsequent support of ,prussia against ,austria1 he weakened the power which would otherwise have befriended ,france in her dire distress2 and he built up a kingdom which abandoned and betrayed him1 at the cost of incurring the malediction which falls on all betrayers and oppressors of the ,holy ,see4 ,by his greed of territory in annexing ,savoy he alienated for ever his former ally1 ,england4 ,by the war above alluded to and his miserable ,mexican fiasco he used up the splendid army of ,france1 and was found minus habens when the day of destiny came on him unprepared4 ,he deliberately fostered the military and political increase of ,prussia1 and then madly dragged down upon ,france that terrible power which1 having first outwitted1 in the second place crushed him4 ,we have read of some one who drew an enigmatical figure1 in which a crowned serpent is represented twining from his tail upward through a combination of four letters ,s1 and strangled by the upper crook of the topmost letter4 ,in this figure is strikingly symbolized the course of events in ,europe from the ,crimean war to the ,prussian conquest4 ,during ,bismarck's residence in ,russia1 which followed ,sebastopol1 came the day of ,solferino4 ,the immediate effect of this battle was an attempt to mobilize the ,prussian army1 which disclosed to the crown-prince1 now ,emperor of ,germany1 its miserable condition1 and suggested to him the plan of its entire reformation4 ,this plan he afterwards carried out1 accomplishing it with unprecedented rapidity and skill by the aid of ,von ,moltke and ,von ,roon1 against the violent opposition of the parliament and the whole people4 ,thus was ,bismarck's great instrument of making force bring right under subjection prepared for him in advance1 without his concurrence4 ,the connivance and concurrence of ,russia were already secured1 most cordially so far as further designs on ,austria were concerned1 and at least conditionally and passively in respect to ulterior projects of improving ,prussia's position4 ,the 8,iron ,count0 is now about to try the strength of his ,thor's hammer on the head of the sphinx4 ,bismarck is about to become the head of the ,prussian state1 and try his craft and strength in a contest for supremacy with ,louis ,napoleon4 ,he was called home toward the end of #ahfa for consultation and to assist at the coronation of ,king ,william1 and returned to ,st4 ,petersburg only to close up the affairs of his mission and take farewell4 ,in ,may1 #ahfb1 he was at ,berlin1 and evidently destined for the post of ,chief ,minister4 ,he was1 however1 ad interim sent on the mission to ,paris1 to take the measure of ,louis ,napoleon and study more nearly the position of ,european affairs1 which all centred at that time in the ,tuileries4 ,we should rather say that he went to ,paris to complete these studies and observations4 ,already1 in #aheh1 he had sounded the ,french emperor in respect to his sentiments towards ,prussia1 and found them most encouraging4 ,during the same year ,louis ,napoleon had sent this singular message by ,count ,pepoli to the court of ,berlin3 8,in ,germany ,austria represents the past1 ,prussia represents the future2 in linking itself to ,austria ,prussia condemns itself to immobility2 it cannot be thus contented2 it is called to a higher fortune2 it should accomplish in ,germany the great destinies which await it1 and which ,germany awaits from it40 ,consider this language1 and then think of the prison of ,wilhelmshhe and of the reflections which must have passed through the mind of the unfortunate dreamer so rudely awakened by the thunder of ,von ,moltke's guns6 ,king ,william had had an interview with ,louis ,napoleon at ,compigne1 for which ,bismarck had aided him in preparing1 and it was partly the result of this interview which had determined him to call the bold cavalier of the ,mark to his side4 ,the dreamer's vague and scheming mind revolved vast projects of ,pan-,latin1 ,pan-,german1 ,pan-,sclavonian combinations1 uniting the three great races and the three great churches1 with their respective centres at ,paris1 ,berlin1 and ,st4 ,petersburg1 in a triple alliance of universal monarchies1 to dominate the world1 to inaugurate a new era1 to bring on the millennium of civilization1 and to place the name of ,louis ,napoleon at least on a par with those of ,moses1 ,alexander1 ,julius ,csar1 ,constantine1 and ,charlemagne4 ,we have read in the autobiography of some ,german philosopher that in his youth he was ravished with ecstasy in thinking of 8the wheels of the eternal essences06 ,the visionary projects of this unfortunate imperial seer remind us forcibly of this boyish philosopher4 ,while he was letting ,france drift on towards the ,o allons nous8 of ,mgr4 ,dupanloup1 he was driving his imaginary chariot1 on the 8wheels of the eternal essences10 through airy regions1 casting an occasional undecided glance on ,belgium and the frontiers of the ,rhine4 ,bismarck was not long in taking his measure1 and it appears that ,prince ,gortchakoff had long since learned the passes by which he could magnetize him at pleasure4 ,with his own peculiar1 knavish frankness1 ,bismarck avowed his own objective aim--the rectification of the ,prussian frontiers--and found it easy to amuse the decaying emperor with vague hints of compensation to ,france by allowing the annexation of ,belgium and the territory on the left bank of the ,rhine4 ,as for the opinion which was formed respecting ,bismarck himself1 at this time and during the first period of his administration1 by the emperor and the diplomats1 it appears now strangely comical4 ,they could not bring themselves to regard him as serious1 and were thrown completely off their guard by his consummate acting4 ,as late as #ahfe1 when he visited the ,french emperor at ,biarritz1 the latter1 while listening to his harangues during the promenades which they took together on the beach1 would slyly press the arm of ,prosper ,merime1 and even whispered once in his ear3 8,he is crazy40 ,m4 ,benedetti in the following year told ,general ,govone that he considered ,bismarck to be 8a maniacal diplomat10 adding that he had long known his man1 and had followed him up for fifteen years4 ,there is something grimly amusing in this play of the cat and the mice1 notwithstanding its tragical results and the pity we must feel for the victims who thought themselves so extremely astute1 but were lured on by one deeper in craft than they were1 as easily as the meditative1 solemn bruin was enticed by ,reynard the fox to go after honey4 ,bismarck left ,paris1 convinced of three things as the result of his studies3 ,first1 that ,louis ,napoleon was a 8great unrecognized incapacity40 ,second1 that 8liberalism is only nonsense which it is easy to bring to reason2 but revolution is a force which it is necessary to know how to use40 ,third1 8that ,england need not enter into his calculations40 ,he returned to ,berlin to assume the office of ,minister of ,foreign ,affairs and commence the work of rounding off ,prussia4 ,austria was the one decided antagonist whom he had to meet in the critical struggle for supremacy in ,germany4 ,he was not afraid of her single power unaided by allies1 but he was anxious to make doubly sure of the neutrality of ,france and ,russia4 ,circumstances favored him most remarkably in producing an alienation between these two powers1 which was an efficacious preventive of any amicable concord between the two to check his plans1 and in persuading each one more decisively to connive at them4 ,the ,polish insurrection1 encouraged by ,france and ,austria1 embroiled ,alexander ,,ii4 with ,louis ,napoleon1 and renewed all the former rancor of ,st4 ,petersburg against ,vienna4 ,bismarck was cunning enough to make secret preparations for taking advantage of the insurrection1 if it proved too strong for ,russia to quell1 by occupying ,poland with ,prussian troops1 and securing the final disposition of the whole ,polish question for himself4 ,at the same time he so managed as to strengthen the bond between himself and ,gortchakoff1 and1 in the actual event1 to bind ,russia and ,prussia closely together by an open common policy in respect to ,poland4 ,favored by fortunate circumstances1 by the co-operation of military chiefs who showed a genius in organizing and leading the ,prussian army which astonished the world1 by a fatuity in ,louis ,napoleon and a complaisance in the ,russian chancellor beyond his most sanguine expectations1 he played during the next four years1 like a ,paul ,morphy of politics1 four or five games at once with masterly skill4 ,king ,william of ,prussia and all the other rulers and statesmen of ,europe were but pieces or pawns to be played with1 taken1 or checkmated2 and on the day after the battle of ,sadowa he was really master of the situation4 ,the objective point at which ,bismarck aimed in the year #ahfb was to make ,prussia the most powerful state in ,europe and completely independent of every other state or coalition of states4 ,for this end it was necessary to destroy the ,german ,bund1 to deprive ,austria of all power in ,germany1 to increase the ,prussian territory1 and to establish its hegemony in ,germany4 ,all this was accomplished1 before the close of the year #ahff1 by means of the imbroglio of the ,schleswig-,holstein succession4 ,when ,christian ,,ix4 succeeded to the throne of ,denmark1 his right to the succession in the duchies was disputed1 because it came through a female line debarred from inheriting by the ancient law of ,schleswig and ,holstein4 ,the designs of ,prussia upon these duchies were1 however1 of a much earlier origin1 and had their birth from the liberal party and its revolutionary movements in #ahdh4 ,in a speech delivered in the ,prussian chambers1 ,april #ba1 #ahdi1 ,herr von ,bismarck declared that the war provoked in the duchies of the ,elbe was 8an undertaking eminently iniquitous1 frivolous1 disastrous1 and revolutionary40 ,we will not pretend to determine the question of the validity of ,king ,christian's title1 as between himself and the people of the duchies4 ,it is evident enough1 however1 that the matter was one which interested all ,europe1 and ought to have been calmly1 justly determined1 in a manner consonant with the interests of the kingdom of ,denmark1 of the people of the duchies1 of the confederated states of the ,german ,bund1 and of ,europe4 ,in fact1 the doubt respecting ,christian's title was seized upon by ,bismarck as a mere pretext for absorbing the disputed territory1 with its fine ,baltic sea-port of ,kiel1 into ,prussia4 ,the ,prince of ,augustenberg1 the chief claimant against ,christian1 had been induced1 a short time before the accession of the latter to the ,danish throne1 by the influence of ,bismarck himself1 to sell his claim on ,holstein to the government of ,copenhagen4 ,no sooner was the old king dead than ,bismarck declared that this same prince was the rightful duke4 ,at a later period he brought forward several other claimants1 that these rival claims might neutralize each other4 ,how he cheated ,lord ,john ,russell2 how he used the ,german ,bund as a tool for his own purposes and then scornfully pushed it aside2 how he drew ,austria into a war against ,denmark1 followed by a joint occupation of the duchies1 and then commenced a quarrel against her for their sole possession2 and how ,england1 the declared protector of ,denmark1 looked tamely on while it was despoiled and maimed1 we have not time to relate in detail4 ,it was a great blunder in ,france1 ,england1 and ,russia to permit what they could easily have prevented4 ,on the part of ,austria it was a stupendous and suicidal folly to make itself an accomplice in a conspiracy for destroying the bulwarks of its own power4 ,this was soon made manifest1 but too late to escape the consequences of a fatal blunder4 ,prussia being ready for action1 the ,bund and the claimants of the duchies were summarily shoved aside4 ,the question of the right of succession in the duchies was referred to a high ,prussian court for adjudication4 ,it was decided that the ,king of ,denmark alone had possessed the right of sovereignty in ,schleswig and ,holstein1 and that1 by the cession which he had been forced to make after being conquered in war1 this right was now vested in ,prussia and ,austria4 ,austria was politely requested to sell her share to ,prussia1 which she declined to do1 and the next step was to wrest it from her by force4 ,the dark intrigues--at the time so hidden from sight and so almost desperate1 even in the view of the 8maniacal diplomat0 who held their threads in his hand and wove them into a mesh around his victim--by which ,bismarck planned the ruin of ,austria1 have since been fully disclosed4 ,with the government of ,victor ,emanuel a strict and secret treaty was contracted4 ,at the same time1 and for several years after1 a correspondence was kept up with ,mazzini1 looking to the overthrow of ,victor ,emanuel in case of any action on his part unfavorable to the schemes of the arch-conspirators4 ,arrangements were made for fomenting an insurrection in ,hungary under the leadership of ,garibaldi4 ,the neutrality and connivance of ,louis ,napoleon were secured by playing upon his ,italian sympathies and holding before him vague expectations of compensation for ,france4 ,prince ,gortchakoff lent an underhand but most valuable help to his friend all through1 beginning with the attack on ,denmark4 ,it was ,louis ,napoleon1 whose incapacity and weakness were not yet fully revealed even to ,bismarck's keen eye1 who was most feared and distrusted4 ,enfeebled as he was in respect to whatever capacity he had really possessed in his prime1 and weakened as was the power of ,france1 yet1 with the help of the statesmen and soldiers who were at his disposal1 he still retained the power of determining the main issue in the politics of ,europe1 and ,bismarck knew it4 ,he would not stir in any decisive action until well assured that he had mastered the ,french emperor by his superior craft4 ,he had less difficulty in this than he anticipated4 ,louis ,napoleon1 like most other ,european observers1 overrated the military strength of ,austria1 and underrated the new ,prussian army with its almost untried leaders1 ,von ,roon and ,von ,moltke2 which even ,bismarck himself somewhat distrusted up to the last moment4 ,the ,french emperor desired and hoped for the liberation of ,venetia4 ,but he expected the defeat of the ,prussian army in ,germany1 and for himself the rle of a mediator1 an umpire1 a general referee for settling all things on the basis of a new treaty of peace4 ,he let ,bismarck play his game out1 with what result is known to the world4 ,although victorious in ,italy1 ,austria nevertheless ceded ,venetia to ,louis ,napoleon1 who handed it over to ,victor ,emanuel4 ,the victory of ,sadowa agreeably surprised the victor1 brought despair to the vanquished1 and astonished the world4 ,if all the other great powers had not been alienated from each other1 and under a fatal spell of the arch-fiend1 ,robin's master1 whose enchanted balls had brought down the ,austrian eagle1 they might have intervened to prevent the grave ulterior consequences of this fatal day of ,sadowa4 ,if ,louis ,napoleon had not been paralyzed and demoralized to the extent of utter imbecility1 he might have interfered alone1 and successfully1 in this his last opportunity for saving his dynasty and saving ,france4 ,nobody interfered4 ,there was a weak show of negotiations1 but ,bismarck had his own way in everything4 ,before the end of the year #ahff his spoils were all gathered in and safely garnered1 and the centre was shifted from ,paris to ,berlin4 ,the area of ,prussia had been increased1 by the annexation of ,hanover1 ,hesse-,cassel1 ,nassau1 ,frankfort1 and the duchies of the ,elbe1 from #ajh1jjj to #ace1jjj ,english square miles1 and its population from #ai1jjj1jjj to #bc1jjj1jjj4 ,it was1 moreover1 the head of a ,north ,german ,confederation1 and practically had control of the ,south ,german ,states1 with the certainty of having all ,germany outside of ,austria to co-operate with it and follow its lead in case of hostilities with ,france4 ,these were the 8moral conquests of ,prussia in ,germany0 which the king1 as prince-regent1 had announced to the nation when he assumed the reins of government4 ,this was the fulfilment of 8the federal obligations toward the ,emperor ,francis ,joseph10 so much talked of at ,potsdam1 while the future chancellor was hunting bears in ,russia4 ,such was the sequel of the protest of ,berlin against the ,piedmontese annexation4 ,the prophecy of ,cavour was fulfilled3 that 8,prussia would one day1 thanks to ,piedmont1 profit by the example which had been given to it40 ,the 8,piedmontese mission of ,prussia10 vaunted by the ,french democratic press1 was well inaugurated and pretty near fulfilment4 ,louis ,napoleon's oracular sayings about the 8great destinies of ,prussia0 proved to have something else in them than 8the stuff which dreams are made of40 ,he had no longer to utter the philanthropic complaint3 8,the geographical position of ,prussia is badly defined40 ,it was perhaps not quite perfect in the opinion of ,bismarck1 but it was certainly vastly improved1 and destined to a still further rectification which had probably not been revealed to the imperial dreamer4 ,having disposed of his first accomplice in the great scheme1 gradually matured during his sulky meditations at ,frankfort and ,st4 ,petersburg under the tuition of his master in diplomacy1 ,prince ,gortchakoff--namely1 having put down ,austria--,bismarck proceeded with his next plot3 against his accomplice in the one just successfully carried into execution4 ,austria had been lured on by the expectation of sharing in the spoliation of ,denmark1 defrauded of her portion of the spoils1 and stripped of a great part of her original possessions1 to the advantage of ,prussia4 ,in like manner ,louis ,napoleon was disappointed of the acquisitions he hoped to receive as a reward for conniving at the spoliation of ,austria2 he and his dynasty were overthrown completely1 and we trust finally2 ,france was humiliated to the dust and compelled to ransom herself from captivity by the price of her treasure and her territory4 ,the disruption of the ,european bond left ,france1 as ,austria had been left1 at the mercy of her perfidious ally1 converted into an open and relentless enemy4 ,during the preliminaries of peace at ,nikolsburg1 afterwards ratified by the treaty of ,prague1 by which the ,german hegemony of ,prussia was established1 ,bismarck persuaded the ,french emperor through his envoy1 the unfortunate ,m4 ,benedetti--the same one who knew his man and followed him up so skilfully--that 8the reverses of ,austria allowed ,france and ,prussia to modify their territorial situation40 ,hints were thrown out about the ,rhine provinces and ,belgium4 ,after ,prussia had completed her own modification of her territorial situation for the time being1 ,bismarck continued1 while ,prussia was taking a rest and making all her political and military arrangements perfect1 what he called his 8dilatory negotiations0 with ,louis ,napoleon4 ,the latter was asking for compensations1 for which he had not stipulated when he placed his services at the disposal of his employer4 ,mephistopheles qualified this demand as a 8policy of pour boire40 ,you engage a fiacre in ,paris1 you pay the stipulated price to the driver1 and he presents his hand again1 unless you anticipate him by a voluntary gratuity1 with the familiar phrase3 8,pour boire1 monsieur1 s'il vous plat60 ,if you are a good-humored gentleman1 you hand over a few sous and he departs contented4 ,if you are gruff and parsimonious1 and show unwillingness to comply with his polite request1 he will reiterate it with less deference and civility4 ,whereupon1 if you are violent and profane1 and have sufficient command of the ,french language to speak after the manner of the gamins de ,paris1 you refer him to a person beyond the 8,porte de l',enfer40 ,the history of the secret treaty of offensive and defensive alliance between ,france and ,prussia1 giving the aid of ,france to carry out the further programme of ,prussian ascendency in ,germany1 and the aid of ,prussia to secure ,luxembourg and ,belgium to ,france1 signed by ,france1 though not signed1 only laid up in her archives1 by ,prussia1 is well known4 ,a previous project of a treaty ceding the ,rhine provinces to ,france was shown to the ,south ,german plenipotentiaries and drove them into a secret and strict alliance with ,prussia4 ,the work of ,nikolsburg and ,prague was completed1 the whole military force of ,north and ,south ,germany was at the disposal of ,king ,william1 and nothing was wanting but a war with ,france to make him emperor of ,germany1 with ,alsace and ,lorraine as additional provinces of his kingdom1 and all expenses paid by the ,french treasury4 ,bismarck could now drop the mask whenever he pleased1 and bully the unfortunate emperor into the folly of trying to expiate his past misconduct by baptizing himself in the fire of ,prussian artillery and mitraille4 ,this dark and tragic act in the drama of the ,downfall of ,europe is summed up with consummate truth and terseness in that little masterpiece entitled ,the ,fight in ,dame ,europa's ,school3 showing how the ,german boy thrashed the ,french boy1 and how the ,english boy looked on3 8,only one boy--his favorite fag--did ,william take into his confidence in the matter4 ,this was a sharp1 shrewd lad named ,mark1 not over-scrupulous in what he did1 full of deep tricks and dodges1 and so cunning that the old dame herself1 though she had the eyes of a hawk1 could never catch him out in anything absolutely wrong4 ,to this smart youth ,william one day whispered his desires of annexing part of ,louis' garden as they sat together in the summer house smoking and drinking beer4 ',there is only one way to do it1' said ,mark4 ',if you want the flower-beds1 you must fight ,louis for them1 and ,i believe you will lick him all to smash4 ,you see1 old fellow1 you have grown so much lately1 and filled out so wonderfully1 that you are really getting quite formidable4 ,why1 ,i recollect the time when you were quite a little chap6' ',yes1' said ,william1 turning up his eyes devoutly1 'it has pleased ,providence that ,i should be stout4 ,then1 my dear ,mark1 what do you advise me to do8' ',ah6 that is not so easy to say4 ,give me time to think1 and when ,i have an idea ,i will let you know4 ,only1 whatever you do1 take care to put ,master ,louis in the wrong4 ,don't pick a quarrel with him1 but force him1 by quietly provoking him1 to pick a quarrel with you4 ,give out that you are still peaceably disposed1 and carry your ,testament about as usual4 ,that will put old ,dame ,europa off her guard1 and she will believe in you as much as ever4 ,the rest you may leave to me4' ,an opportunity of putting their little plot into execution soon occurred4 ,a garden became vacant on the other side of ,louis' little territory ,spain1 which none of the boys seemed much inclined to accept4 ,it was a troublesome piece of ground1 exposed to constant attacks from the town-cads1 who used to overrun it in the night and pull up the newly-planted flowers4 ',don't you think1' said ,mark one day to his friend and patron1 'that your little cousin1 the new boy ,prince ,hohenzollern1 might as well have that garden8' ',i don't see why he should not1 if he wants it1' replied ,william1 by no means deep enough to understand what his faithful fag was driving at4 ',it will be so nice for ,louis1 don't you see1 to have ,william to keep him in check on one side1 and ,william's little cousin to watch him on the other side1' observed ,mark innocently4 ',ah6 to be sure1' exclaimed ,william1 beginning to wake up1 'so it will2 very nice indeed4 ,mark1 you are a sly dog4' ',i should say1 if you paid ,louis the compliment to propose it1 that it is such a delicate little attention as he would never forget--even if you withdrew the proposal afterwards4' ',just so1 my boy2 and then we shall have to fight4' ',but look here1 won't the other chaps say that ,i provoked the quarrel8' ',not if we manage properly1' was the reply4 ',they are sure to fix the cause of dispute on ,louis rather than on you4 ,you are such a peaceable boy1 you know2 and he has always been fond of a shindy4' ,so ,dame ,europa was asked to assign the vacant garden to ,william's little cousin4 ',well1' said she1 'if ,louis does not object1 who will be his nearest neighbor1 he may have it4' ',but ,i do object1 ma'am1' cried ,louis4 ',i very particularly object4 ,i don't want to be hemmed in on all sides by ,william and his cousins4 ,they will be walking through my garden to pay each other visits1 and perhaps throwing balls to one another right across my lawn4' ',oh6 but you might be sure that ,i should do nothing unfair1' said ,william reproachfully4 ',i have never attacked anybody4' ',that's all my eye1' said ,louis4 ',i don't believe in your piety4 ,come1 take your dear little relation off1 and give him one of the snug corners that you bagged the other day from poor ,christian4' ',come1 come1' interposed the ,dame1 ',i can't listen to such angry words4 ,you five monitors must settle the matter quietly among yourselves2 but no fighting1 mind4 ,the day for that sort of thing is quite gone by4' ,and the old lady toddled off and left the boys alone4 ',i wouldn't press it1 ,bill1 if ,i were you1' said ,john1 in his deep1 gruff voice1 looking out of his shop-window on the other side of the water4 ',i think it's rather hard lines for ,louis--,i do indeed4' ',always ready to oblige you1 my dear ,john1' said ,william2 and so the new boy's claim to the garden was withdrawn4 ',what shall ,i do now1 ,mark8' asked ,william1 turning to his friend4 ',it seems to me that there is an end of it all4' ',not a bit1' was the reply4 ',louis is still as savage as a bear4 ,he'll break out directly2 you see if he don't4' ',i have been grossly insulted1' began ,louis at last1 in a towering passion1 'and ,i shall not be satisfied unless ,william promises me never to make any such underhand attempts to get the better of me again4' ',tell him to be hanged1' whispered ,mark4 ',you be--no1' said ,william1 recollecting himself1 ',i never use bad language4 ,my friend1' he continued1 ',i cannot promise you anything of the kind4' ',then ,i shall lick you till you do1 you psalm-singing humbug6' shouted ,louis4 ',come on6' said ,william1 lifting up his hand as if to commend his cause to ,heaven1 and looking sanctimoniously out of the whites of his eyes4 ',come on6' shouted ,william1 thirsting for more blood4 ',vive la guerre6' cried poor ,louis1 rushing blindly at his foe4 ,well and nobly he fought1 but he could not stand his ground4 ,foot by foot and yard by yard he gave way1 till at last he was forced to take refuge in his arbor1 from the window of which he threw stones at his enemy to keep him back from following4 ,and when ,william1 who talked so big about his peaceable disposition1 and declared that he only wanted to defend his 'fatherland1' chased him right across the garden1 trampled over beds and borders on his way1 and then swore that he would break down his beautiful summer-house and bring ,louis on his knees1 everybody felt that the other monitors ought to interfere4 ,but not a foot would they stir4 ,aleck looked on from a safe distance1 wondering which of the combatants would be tired first4 ,joseph stood shaking in his shoes1 not daring to say a word for fear ,william should turn round upon him and punch his head again2 and ,john sat in his shop1 grinding away at a new rudder and a pair of oars4 ',come and help a fellow1 ,john1' cried ,louis in despair from his arbor4 ',i don't ask you to remember the days we have spent in here together when you have been sick of your own shop4 ,but you might do something for me1 now that ,i am in such a desperate fix and don't know which way to turn4' ',i am very sorry1 ,louis1' said ,john1 'but what can ,i do8 ,it is no pleasure to me to see you thrashed4 ,on the contrary1 it would pay me much better to have a near neighbor well off and cheerful than crushed and miserable4 ,why don't you give in1 ,louis8 ,it is of no mortal use to go on4 ,he will make friends directly1 if you will give back the two little strips of garden2 and if you don't1 he will only smash your arbor to pieces1 or keep you shut up there all dinner-time and starve you out4 ,give in1 old fellow2 there's no disgrace in it4 ,everybody says how pluckily you have fought4'0 ,the ingenious author has made a mistake about ,aleck and ,joseph4 ,aleck was in league with ,william1 and his threats alarmed ,joseph and kept him from interfering4 ,bismarck had succeeded in reconciling ,gortchakoff to the sacrifice of all the old friends and family connections of ,russia in ,germany4 ,moreover1 he had in some way convinced him so completely that it was for the interest and future advantage of ,russia to ally itself closely with ,prussia1 that he turned a deaf ear to the advances of ,france and ,austria in reference to the ,oriental question1 and gave a strong moral support1 which in case of need he was ready to transform into active military co-operation1 to his most iniquitous and oppressive measures against ,france4 ,m4 ,thiers was convinced of this when ,prince ,bismarck handed to him his ,russian portfolio and allowed him to read at leisure thirty letters which it contained1 while he sat by quietly smoking a cigar and enjoying the chagrin and discomfiture of the aged statesman4 ,besides this1 we must consider that ,england had a reason for coolness towards ,france in the unprincipled negotiations of the ,french government respecting ,england's protege1 ,belgium4 ,and at last1 when ,england did wish to interfere to obtain for ,france more favorable conditions of peace1 and made propositions for concerted action to ,st4 ,petersburg1 it was ,russia which threw cold water upon the plan and kept all ,europe back while ,william was finishing up his quarrel with ,louis4 ,it cannot be doubted that ,bismarck had given ,gortchakoff to understand that1 when the proper time came1 ,prussia would secure for ,russia a fair field and no interference for a decisive and final effort to destroy the ,european empire of the ,turk4 ,fuad-,pasha1 said to have been one of the greatest statesmen of ,turkey1 while lying on his death-bed at ,nice dictated a political testament1 which was sent1 after his mortal career had closed1 to his sovereign1 the sultan4 ,in this document he had said3 8,when this writing is placed before the eyes of your majesty1 ,i will no longer be in this world4 ,you can1 therefore1 listen to me without distrust1 and you should imbue yourself with this great and grievous truth3 that the empire of the ,osmanlis is in danger4 ,an intestine dissension in ,europe1 and a ,bismarck in ,russia1 and the face of the world will be changed40 ,the date of this document is ,january #c1 #ahfi4 ,the conflict between ,prince ,bismarck and the ,catholic ,church has been treated of repeatedly in former articles in this magazine4 ,we will1 therefore1 abstain from going over that ground again4 ,it has been surmised that the policy of the ,prussian chancellor in respect to the church has been dictated to him by the necessity of satisfying the demands of the radical-liberal party4 ,we cannot think that it is to be accounted for simply on this ground4 ,the general idea and fundamental principle of ,bismarck has been to destroy the community of nations which was the remnant of ancient ,christendom1 and raise up an independent1 self-subsisting1 absolute1 and dominating ,german ,empire4 ,it is an essential part of this plan to destroy the principle of unity and community centred in the ,holy ,see1 and to make the emperor absolute head of all churches within the boundaries of his state4 ,the idea is wholly pagan and despotic1 and includes the subversion of all right except that which is a conceded privilege derived from the sovereign will of the state4 ,not only1 therefore1 is all international right ignored by it1 but every right of municipalities1 of orders1 of legislative and judicial bodies1 of subordinate members of the government1 of associations and individuals1 is suppressed and merged in one paramount right of force1 of physical power--in a word1 of tyranny1 the worst1 as ,plato long ago taught1 of all possible political organisms4 ,in perfect harmony with the oppressive1 persecuting policy of ,prince ,bismarck toward the church has been his conduct toward the ,prussian nobility1 the legislative chambers1 and all those who have in any way asserted their rights against his despotic might4 ,this is illustrated in the case of the ,count ,harry von ,arnim4 ,we had intended to go more deeply into the merits of this affair than we now find our remaining space will permit4 ,catholics have little reason for cherishing amicable sentiments toward this unfortunate victim of a relentless persecution under the forms of law4 ,he has been one of the most artful and persistent enemies of the ,holy ,see among the statesmen of ,europe4 ,the pamphlet ,pro ,nihilo1 on account of which1 in great part1 he was condemned of treason by a ,prussian court1 is sufficient1 by itself1 to show that if he had been in power he would have been more dangerous than even ,bismarck4 ,his cold contempt is more offensive to ,catholic feelings than the violence of his successful rival4 ,nevertheless1 there is in him more of honor1 probity1 veracity1 and the courtesy of a gentleman than is at this day very common among diplomatists of the 8new era40 ,besides1 he has been tricked1 insulted1 ill-used1 and all but crushed in pieces by a cruel enemy1 and therefore we cannot help sympathizing with him4 ,there is something deeply tragic in his story4 ,the gist of it lies in this3 that he would not be a blind1 subservient tool in the hands of the chief of the administration1 that he dared to think for himself1 and that the old ,prussian nobility had fixed their hopes on him as a desirable successor to the chancellorship1 in case anything happened to ,prince ,bismarck4 ,hence the long1 perfidious1 and in the end brutal warfare waged against him by his unscrupulous and relentless enemy1 who has for the time being triumphed1 according to his own maxim1 ,la force prime le droit4 ,the ,count von ,arnim is still1 however1 a formidable antagonist4 ,with the pen1 on the field of legal argument1 in the subtle tactics of diplomatic writing1 he is superior to his persecutor1 and master of a force dangerous even to the man who can command armies4 ,he has a host of friends and sympathizers in ,prussia1 of allies throughout ,europe4 ,m4 ,benedetti was not mistaken when he applied the epithet 8maniacal0 to the man who was called 8mad0 by the friends and boon companions of his youth4 ,his madness is not without method1 and1 like that of ,charles ,,xii4 of ,sweden1 has given him a certain prestige of heroism and success4 ,on the day of ,solferino that prestige sat on the helmet of ,napoleon ,,iii4 ,sedan1 ,wilhelmshhe1 and ,chiselhurst were still invisible in the future4 ,the career of ,bismarck is not yet finished1 nor can the destiny which awaits the empire he created be foretold4 ,it is reported that he has recently replied to those who asked him whether there would be war in ,europe over the ,eastern question3 8,the devil only knows60 ,he appears to regard his ,satanic ,majesty as the god of modern ,europe and the supreme controlling power in modern politics4 ,formerly the name of ,god was frequently on his lips1 and his thoughts spontaneously referred all things to him4 ,it was ,god who decided battles and controlled the destinies of nations4 ,men of great genius cannot escape from their clear and vivid intuitions of the supersensible4 ,one who has had the insight and the sentiment of the meanness of the world1 and the sole grandeur of eternal principles of truth and morality1 belonging to a mind naturally great1 cannot be a complete dupe of the illusions by which he deceives and subdues the multitude4 ,we can see this deep melancholy of a mind which cannot be satisfied with the trivialities of life1 and is restlessly yearning after something greater1 in all the wild conviviality1 restless scheming1 audacious enterprise1 ironical sporting in word and deed with all persons and things held in awe and regarded as sacred in the common sentiments of humanity1 in the whole career of this ,carlylean hero4 ,satan1 we have no doubt1 has had a great control over the rulers and the politics of modern ,europe4 ,bismarck can see this1 and has assuredly not forgotten his own prophecy of the results of the policy of adorning one's self with the feathers of eagles which have been brought down by the devil's bullets4 ,when he says that 8the devil only knows whether there will be war in ,europe10 we hear ,robin telling ,max that he has concluded an infernal compact and must stand by it4 ,we know1 however1 that although the devil knows his own plans1 and tries to guess at those of ,god1 he cannot fathom or thwart these plans of one who is infinitely stronger and wiser than he is1 and has often before made him catch himself in his own mouse-trap4 ,bismarck is like the legendary giant ,christopher1 while he was in the service of the demon1 thinking him to be the strongest master he could serve4 ,he has acted as if he supposed that ,god had given up ,europe to the devil's dominion1 yet he betrays his conviction in a hundred ways that there is a stronger power than the revolution or the anti-,christian despotism 8spotted with red10 which is only biding its time4 ,he despises and sneers at his own master1 because he sees him wince at the crucifix on the cross-road4 ,we think it quite probable that in his secret soul he venerates ,pius ,,ix41 as did ,mazzini1 and is convinced that if anything on earth is great1 true1 and as enduring in the future as it has been in the past1 it is the ,catholic ,church4 ,his fear of it1 and his war l'outrance against it1 show an estimate of its power which can have no rational foundation except in an unwilling1 hostile apprehension of its divine origin4 ,the shallow1 clever ,count von ,arnim is a cool1 quiet sceptic4 ,so1 we conjecture1 is ,prince ,gortchakoff4 ,bismarck is too deep for that sort of smooth1 placid incredulity4 ,he fears an ultramontane as children are afraid of a bear under the bed4 ,he is afraid of ,jesuits1 afraid of nuns1 afraid of children singing hymns in honor of the ,sacred ,heart4 ,we think he has some reason to be afraid4 ,the waters are rising around him1 and it is likely that he will yet have to plunge into them 8in his swimming-drawers40 8,sooner or later radicalism will stand upright before the king1 will demand of him its recompense1 and1 pointing to the emblem of the eagle on that new imperial flag1 it will say3 ,did you think1 then1 that this eagle was a free gift80 8,without a religious basis a state is nothing but a fortuitous aggregation of interests1 a sort of bastion in a war of all against all2 without this religious basis all legislation1 instead of regenerating itself at the living sources of eternal truth1 is only tossed about by human ideas as vague as changeable40 ,this is the great case of ,bismarck versus ,bismarck4 ,his renunciation of his own principles1 and maniacal following of passion against reason1 is but a type of the conduct of ,europe4 ,the modern ,germany has renounced and made war upon the principles which were the foundation of its old imperial greatness4 ,france has done the same2 ,italy has done the same1 with a worse and more parricidal impiety4 ,europe has done it1 and the natural consequence is 8war of all against all40 8,la force10 says ,lacordaire1 8tt ou tard1 rencontre la force40 8,a house divided against itself cannot stand02 and such a house is the one which ,bismarck has built4 ,the ,napoleonic fabric was overwhelmed by the volcanic fires of ,sedan4 ,we believe that there will be a ,sedan for the similar fabrics of ,cavour and ,bismarck1 for the whole structure of modern ,european politics4 ,and where can be found these 8living sources of eternal truth0 at which 8legislation can regenerate itself08 ,let us remind our readers that the ,encyclical and ,syllabus of ,pius ,,ix4 were proclaimed in #ahfd1 between the epochs of ,solferino and ,sadowa4 ,we think they will easily understand why the ,holy ,see condemned the principles of 8accomplished facts0 and 8non-intervention10 and perceive to what an abyss these principles have conducted ,europe4 ,they will remember that the date of the ,council of the ,vatican is #ahgj1 between ,sadowa and ,sedan1 and perceive the import and reason of our conclusion1 that the source of regeneration for ,europe is the same source from which ,european ,christendom received its birth and the life of its youth and manhood4 ,to quote again from ,lacordaire3 8,on n'emprissonne pas la raison1 on ne brle pas les faits1 on ne dshonore pas la vertu1 on n'assassine pas la logique40 ,that policy of which ,prince ,bismarck is the great master is the policy of fraudulence1 perfidy1 violence1 and tyranny4 ,the whole ,european apostasy and conspiracy against the ,holy ,see--the centre of religious unity and political equilibrium for ,europe and the world--is a revolt against reason1 history1 morality1 and the logic by which the sequences of principles and events are demonstrated and applied to the concrete matter of human destiny4 ,these are indestructible powers1 and no artillery can overthrow them or fraud pervert their decisions4 8,there is no kingdom of hell upon earth10 but only a continuous resistance of the infernal powers to the kingdom of ,jesus ,christ1 which from time to time breaks out into a revolution4 ,and the same calm1 historic record1 in which past ,catholic historians have narrated the successive defeats of these revolutionary enterprises will1 in each new chapter added by succeeding centuries1 continue the chronicle of similar failures2 placing the impartial mark of indelible dishonor against the names of all those who have sought for greatness by fraud and violence4 ,,veronica ,a ,,legend ,,of ,m,,doc ,in fines terr ,verba corum4 ,descending the river from ,bordeaux amid verdant isles1 and between shores that produce some of the choicest wines of ,france1 we soon come1 on the right1 to ,blaye1 with its chivalric memories of ,orlando and the fortress that makes it the ,key of ,aquitaine1 as it was in the days of ,ausonius1 who says3 8,aut iteratarum qua glarea trita viarum ,fert militarem ad ,blaviam40 ,at the left we pass ,pauillac1 the ancient villa of ,st4 ,paulinus of ,nola4 ,the ,gironde soon becomes a sea4 ,the shore lowers and is on a level with the waves4 ,the poor hills of ,saintonge escape to the north1 and the white houses of ,royan become visible on the far-off shore4 ,the sea-gull flies over our head1 tireless as the ceaseless waves that feed him4 ,we see the white tower of ,cordouan at a distance framed in a dazzling sea of blue and gold1 out of which it rises two hundred feet above low tide1 full of grace and majesty1 like an enchanted castle4 ,it is said to stand on the remains of the ancient isle of ,antros1 which ,pomponius ,mela1 in the first century1 places at the mouth of the ,gironde4 ,we cannot resist the temptation to climb its three hundred steps for the sake of the wonderful view over fell and flood4 ,the foundation of this tower is lost in obscurity4 ,even its very name is a mystery4 ,some think it of ,moorish derivation1 and that the first light-house here was built by the ,saracens--a most ridiculous supposition2 for the ,moors1 though they destroyed a great deal in ,aquitaine1 certainly had no time for building1 whatever their taste for architecture4 ,others say it was due to ,louis le ,dbonnaire1 and that he appointed a keeper to light a beacon-fire and sound a cor1 or horn1 night and day1 to warn the sailor of the perils of the coast2 but any one who ever heard the noise of the tumultuous waves breaking high against the cliff of ,cordouan can imagine the inefficiency of the most vigorous lungs in such violent storms as are proverbial on the ,bay of ,biscay4 ,the poor keeper would have needed the ,horn of ,thunder of the ,armorican legend1 given ,st4 ,florentius by a ,norman chief to summon aid when attacked by his piratical horde1 or the magic oliphant of ,orlando1 then kept hard by at ,blaye1 wherewith its owner once blew so terrible a blast that all the birds dropped dead in the forests of ,roncesvalles and it was heard for twenty miles around4 ,the earliest historical knowledge we have of a light-house here is from a charter of the fourteenth century1 by which we learn that the ,black ,prince built a tower on the cliff of ,cordouan1 with a chapel dedicated to the ,blessed ,virgin1 kept by a hermit4 ,in #adji the hermit's name was ,geoffroy de ,lesparre1 who subsisted by levying two grossos sterlingorum on every vessel from ,bordeaux laden with wine--a toll that ,henry ,,iv4 of ,england authorized him to double4 ,as for the modern tower of ,cordouan1 ,louis de ,foix was 8,le gentil ingnieur de ce superbe ouvrage40 ,he was one of the architects employed by ,philip ,,ii4 of ,spain in building the ,escorial1 and the inventor of the mechanism by which the waters of the ,tagus were carried to the highest part of the city of ,toledo4 ,some curious things are related of this ingenious architect while in ,philip's service4 ,the ill-conditioned prince1 ,don ,carlos1 seems to have placed confidence in him2 for he commissioned ,de ,foix to furnish him with a book heavy enough to kill a man with a single blow4 ,the architect made one of twelve tablets of stone1 six inches long and four broad1 bound in steel covers embossed with gold1 which weighed over fourteen pounds1 and might have had for its motto the excellent mot of ,callimachus on the danger of weighty books4 ,de ,thou relates the account of this momentous tome1 which is also referred to in the list of ,don ,carlos' expenses1 and says ,de ,foix told him the idea was by no means an original one of the prince's1 but suggested by a similar volume improvised in his grandfather's time by ,don ,antonio de ,acua1 ,bishop of ,zamora1 who1 confined in the castle of ,simancas for taking part in the rebellion of the ,comuneros1 covered a brick of the size of his breviary with leather1 and with this volume of decisive theology killed his keeper and made his escape4 ,perhaps ,don ,carlos overlooked the fate of the bishop1 who was overtaken by the keeper's son and hanged on the battlements of the castle of ,simancas4 ,all who have visited the ,armeria ,real at ,madrid will remember the armor of this belligerent prelate4 ,de ,foix also invented several curious clocks for ,don ,carlos1 who seems to have inherited ,charles ,v4's taste for chronometrical instruments4 ,every one knows the anecdote of the servant who1 suddenly entering the emperor's room one day1 overthrew the table and broke to pieces the thirty watches on it4 ,the emperor laughed and said3 8,you are more successful than ,i1 for you have discovered the only means of making them all go alike40 ,among these clocks of complicated mechanism made for the prince by ,de ,foix was one in the shape of an antique temple adorned with columns1 that indicated the hours1 days1 months1 and other things4 ,don ,carlos1 as if conscious of the insecurity of his life1 also ordered ,de ,foix to construct a machine with pulleys and weights by which he could himself open and shut his chamber door while in bed1 and yet no one could enter the room against his will4 ,de ,foix seems to have been faithless to the prince2 for on the #ahth of ,january1 #aefh--;by the king's order1 to be sure--he stopped the movement of the pulleys1 unknown to ,don ,carlos1 whose chamber was thus opened and he conveyed to prison4 ,de ,thou's account of this is confirmed by the letter of an ,italian at ,madrid written eight days after1 in which the door with its pulleys is mentioned4 ,louis de ,foix 7or sans foi7 is said to lie beneath the tower he erected2 so we could not say3 8,light be the turf above thee60 even had we been disposed4 ,six or eight miles south of ,cordouan we came to ,soulac1 amid the sand-dunes and salt marshes1 with its antique church of ,notre ,dame de la ,fin des ,terres1 held in great veneration by the sailors of the middle ages1 and recently dug out of the sands in which it had been buried for one hundred and twenty years4 ,in fact1 it had been partly buried since the fourteenth century4 ,few churches have so strange a history as this4 ,tradition attributes its original foundation to the pious ,veronica1 on whose linen veil the weary ,saviour1 on his way to ,calvary1 left the impress of his sacred face4 ,it was strange to come upon her traces on this distant shore1 and we took great interest in hunting up all the local traditions respecting her4 ,lady ,eastlake considers her de trop1 both morally and pictorially1 and regards her very existence as problematical2 but we who have so often met her in the sorrowful ,via ,crucis1 and pondered on the touching lesson she has left us1 feel how utterly that somewhat stringent author is mistaken4 ,seraphia1 ,bernice1 ,beronica1 or ,veronica--no matter by what name she is called--is a being full of reality to us4 ,as to her identity with the ,syro-,phnician woman of the ,gospel1 we are disposed to say with ,padre ,ventura3 8,it is not certain the hmorrosse was the same as ,veronica1 but it is probable that she who had the wonderful favor of wiping the sweat and blood from the divine face of our ,saviour was the same matron who touched the hem of his garment with so much courage and faith1 and gave such a testimony to his divinity40 ,even if the contrary were proved1 this would not affect the ancient tradition respecting her apostolate in ,france1 which modern research is far from shaking4 ,holy chroniclers of the middle ages assert that ,veronica was not only an intimate friend of the ,blessed ,virgin1 but one of the women whom ,jesus healed of their infirmities and who consecrated themselves to his service1 following him in his round of mercy1 and aiding him with their substance4 ,the learned ,lucas of ,bruges declares her positively the ,syro-,phnician woman healed by our ,saviour1 who1 says ,julian in his chronicles1 lived part of the time at ,jerusalem and part at ,csarea of ,philippi4 ,eusebius says he saw with his own eyes the monument she erected at ,csarea in memory of her cure1 on which she was represented at the feet of her divine ,benefactor--a memorial destroyed by ,julian the ,apostate4 ,a ,polish poet1 ,bohdan ,zaleski1 thus alludes to the traditional intimacy of ,veronica with the ,holy ,family in lines full of graceful simplicity in the original3 8,joseph and ,mary have lost the child ,jesus at ,jerusalem4 ,elizabeth comes to tell them he has been found4 ',it must be either in the ,temple1 then1 or at ,veronica's1' replies ,mary4 8,the ,holy ,family go to visit ,elizabeth4 ,jesus1 afar off1 joyfully hails the aged matron1 as well as ,veronica1 ,martha1 and ,salome4 8,joseph makes the accustomed prayer to thank ,god for his gifts4 ,jesus breaks the bread and blesses it4 ,veronica passes around the basket and distributes the bread among the guests40 ,pilgrims for centuries have mentioned ,veronica's house as at the corner of a street near the spot where ,jesus fell for the second time under the weight of his cross4 ,she is said to have been the wife of ,st4 ,amadour--the ,zaccheus of the ,scriptures1 who in early life1 says the legend1 was in the service of the ,blessed ,virgin4 ,he had watched over the childhood of ,jesus1 and this was why he was so joyful to receive him in his house4 ,after the ,crucifixion he and ,veronica attached themselves anew to the service of ,mary1 with whom they remained till her glorious ,assumption4 ,according to a lesson in the breviary of ,cahors--founded on an old ,,ms4 of the tenth century by ,hugo1 ,bishop of ,angoulme1 which ,pre ,odo de ,gissey1 who collected all the traditions respecting ,st4 ,amadour1 declares he had seen--,saul1 the persecutor of the church1 wished to force ,amadour and ,veronica to return to the old law4 ,they were condemned to die of hunger1 but an angel of the ,lord mercifully delivered them from the power of their persecutors and conducted them to a bark1 ordering them to abandon themselves to the mercy of the waves and land wherever their boat should come to shore1 there faithfully to serve ,christ and his holy ,mother4 ,one old chronicle says the demon invoked the winds1 swelled the waves1 and unchained the very furies against the frail bark4 ,death at every moment seemed at hand in its most frightful form4 ,but the venerable matron1 in the height of danger1 seized the sacred relics she brought with her1 and1 raising them to heaven1 invoked the assistance of ,god4 ,wonderful to relate1 the storm at once ceased1 a favorable breeze sprang up and brought the boat safely to the western coast of ,france to a place called ,solac1 in face of the setting sun4 ,here she built1 as best she could1 a church in honor of the blessed and glorious ,virgin ,mary1 and deposited therein with due honor the holy relics of ,our ,lady she brought with her4 ,bernard de la ,guionie1 a ,dominican of the thirteenth century1 says that1 by a particular providence of ,god1 they brought with them many precious relics of the ,blessed ,virgin1 such as her hair and shoes1 and even some of the ,sanctum ,lac that nourished the divine ,word4 ,it is generally believed this relic gave the name of ,solac1 or ,soulac1 to the place--,solum ,lac1 because the other relics of the ,virgin were distributed among various churches4 ,this relic was not once considered so extraordinary4 ,it was not only venerated in many parts of ,christendom as the symbol of the divine ,motherhood1 but it became a symbol of the supernatural eloquence and sweet doctrine of several doctors of the church4 ,every one who has visited the magnificent gallery at ,madrid will remember ,murillo's beautiful painting representing ,st4 ,bernard deriving the food that lent to his lips such sweet1 persuasive eloquence from the pure breast of the gentle ,deipara4 ,the dignity and grace of the ,virgin in this painting are something marvellous1 and take away everything that might seem human from the subject4 ,we have all heard of the ,grotto of ,milk at ,bethlehem1 with its rock of offence to so many scoffing tourists4 ,it is only those who have a profound faith in the ,incarnation that venerate everything associated with the divine ,infancy4 ,st4 ,louis of ,france built the beautiful ,chapelle du ,saint ,lait in the ,cathedral of ,rheims to receive the relic that gave it its name4 ,a like relic was venerated in the church of ,mans in the time of ,clovis4 ,and a vial was borne before the army at the battle of ,askalon1 in #abbd1 which reminds one of ,rubens's painting at ,brussels in which the ,madonna bares her breast before the awful ,judge1 as if he could refuse nothing at the sight of the bosom on which he had so often been pillowed1 and where he had been nourished4 ,there is an old legend of a similar vial of this sacred laict being brought from the ,holy ,land by a pilgrim1 who1 weary1 stopped one day to repose by a fountain near ,evron1 and hung the reliquary on the hawthorn bush that overshadowed him1 and went to sleep4 ,when he awoke1 the bush had grown into a tree and the relic was far beyond his reach4 ,he tried to cut the tree down with a hatchet1 but could make no impression on the wood4 ,feeling an inward assurance this was the spot where ,providence wished the relic to be honored1 he gave it to the bishop1 who built thereon a church1 which became known as ,notre ,dame de l',epine ,sainte4 ,the high altar enclosed the hawthorn tree4 ,franois de ,chteaubriand1 abbot of ,evron in the sixteenth century1 gave this church a beautiful reliquary of silver gilt1 in the form of a church1 beneath the dome of which was a tube for the relic4 ,devotion to this relic still exists at ,evron4 ,but to return to ,soulac4 ,it is not surprising the ,syro-,phnician woman should come to this distant shore4 ,we know by ,strabo that the ancient ,phnicians and ,carthaginians came to traffic on this coast1 and even went to ,great ,britain4 ,soulac was probably the ancient ,noviomagos spoken of by ,ptolemy4 ,the old legend of ,cnebrun speaks of ,veronica as la ,dame ,marie la ,phnicienne1 who came from the ,east under marvellous circumstances1 learned the language of ,mdoc1 and built a church beside which ,god caused a fountain of fresh1 soft water to spring up out of the salt shore for the cure of tertian fevers so common in this region4 ,moreover1 it appears she was in such constant relations with the governor of ,bordeaux1 appointed by ,vespasian1 that1 to facilitate the intercourse between ,soulac and the capital1 a ,roman road was constructed1 8very level and as straight as a line--rectissimum sicut corda40 ,if ,vespasian had anything to do with it1 we may be sure it was straight2 for we know how1 to rectify a bend in the ,flaminian ,way1 he bored a tunnel through a rock a thousand feet long4 ,it was at ,bordeaux that ,veronica converted ,benedicta1 a woman of distinguished birth1 and the wife of ,sigebert1 a priest of the false gods1 who1 attacked by a cruel malady1 and hearing of the marvels wrought by ,st4 ,martial1 said to ,benedicta3 8,go and bring the man of ,god2 perhaps he will take pity on me40 ,st4 ,martial gave her the miraculous staff of ,st4 ,peter1 at the touch of which ,sigebert recovered the use of his limbs4 ,he at once proceeded to ,mortagne1 accompanied by a great number of soldiers and other followers1 all of whom were baptized by ,st4 ,martial4 ,at his return to ,bordeaux he overthrew all the pagan altars1 with the exception of one1 which ,st4 ,martial purified as a memorial of the triumph of the true faith4 ,the inscription graven thereon is still to be seen in the museum at ,bordeaux3 ,jovi ,augusto ,arula donavit4 ,,ss4 ,martialis cum templo et ostio sacravit--,arula gave this altar to ,jupiter ,augustus4 ,martial consecrated it with the temple and vestibule4 ,benedicta continued to work miracles with ,st4 ,peter's staff1 and greatly contributed to the propagation of the faith in the province4 ,she died in the odor of sanctity1 and was buried in the oratory of ,st4 ,seurin at ,bordeaux1 where her remains are still honored on the #hth of ,june4 ,sigebert1 whose name signifies the powerful or courageous1 became the first bishop of ,bordeaux1 where he is honored as a martyr under the name of ,st4 ,fort4 ,to his sanctum feretrum at ,st4 ,seurin's people formerly went to take solemn oaths4 ,the foregoing reference of the old chronicler to ,vespasian reminds us of the part ,veronica is said to have had in the destruction of ,jerusalem4 ,a curious old play of the middle ages tells us ,vespasian was afflicted with the extraordinary inconvenience of a wasp's nest in his nose1 and1 after trying every known means of dislodging it1 sent for the great ,physician of the ,jews4 ,finding he had been put to death by his own nation1 he demanded some of his followers1 whereupon ,nicodemus1 ,joseph of ,arimathea1 and ,veronica are said to have gone to ,rome4 ,the emperor expressing a desire to see a portrait of ,christ1 ,veronica held up the ,volto ,santo before him1 at the sight of which he was instantaneously healed4 ,in his gratitude he vowed to take vengeance on the murderers of ,jesus1 which led to the destruction of ,jerusalem4 ,the connection between this legend and the traditional respect in which ,veronica was held by ,vespasian's representative at ,bordeaux is curious4 ,some say it was ,tiberius who was cured of the leprosy by the holy veil1 which accounts for his leniency to the ,christians and his placing a statue of ,christ among the gods4 ,these legends1 confused by time1 may be regarded as traces left by ,veronica at ,rome1 where a constant tradition asserts she herself brought the ,volto ,santo4 ,this precious relic must have been in great repute to have been placed at ,st4 ,peter's in #gjg by ,pope ,john ,,vii4 ,when removed to the ,santo ,spirito1 it was confided to six ,roman noblemen1 each of whom had one of the keys that gave access to it4 ,for this service they annually received two cows at ,whitsuntide1 which were eaten with great festivities4 ,in #addj it was restored to ,st4 ,peter's1 where it is preserved in a chamber within one of the immense piers that sustain the wondrous dome4 ,none but a canon of the church can enter this chamber1 but the ,vera ,iconica is annually exposed from the balcony4 ,it seems to have all the solemn gravity traditional in the ,greek representations of our ,saviour4 ,petrarch respectfully speaks of it as the verendam populis ,salvatoris ,imaginem4 ,veronica's statue is beneath--one of the guardians that stand around the tomb of the apostles4 ,perhaps she came to ,rome with ,st4 ,martial2 for there are traces of her wherever he announced the ,gospel4 ,else remembers their visit1 and says1 when they left its walls1 they directed their course towards ,gaul4 ,mende and ,cahors carefully treasure the shoes of the ,virgin she brought1 and ,puy has some of her hair4 ,st4 ,antoninus1 ,archbishop of ,florence1 says that1 according to the ancient traditions of the churches of ,italy and ,france1 ,amadour and his wife ,veronica accompanied ,st4 ,martial to ,gaul4 ,and ,st4 ,bonaventure1 the great ,franciscan1 in the thirteenth century1 in one of his homilies1 represents ,st4 ,veronica in a humble cabin at ,pas-de-,grave visited by ,st4 ,martial4 ,st4 ,amadour embraced the solitary life1 and is believed to have been the first hermit of ,aquitaine4 ,his whole life is painted on the walls of the subterranean chapel at ,roc ,amadour1 where he died4 ,the inscriptions attached to these frescoes thus sum up the legend respecting him3 #a4 ,zaccheus1 because he is small and unable to see ,jesus in the crowd1 climbs up into a sycamore-tree4 ,jesus1 perceiving him1 says3 ,zaccheus1 make haste and come down2 for to-day ,i must abide at thy house4 #b4 ,zaccheus is ,jesus' disciple4 ,veronica1 his wife1 becomes one of ,mary's attendants4 ,they are persecuted for the faith1 but an angel comes to deliver them from the prison in which they are confined4 #c4 ,an angel orders ,zaccheus and ,veronica to put to sea and land at whatever port the vessel shall enter1 there to serve ,christ1 and ,mary his holy ,mother4 #d4 ,the vessel arrives on the coast of ,mdoc at a place called ,soulac1 where they live in fasting and prayer4 ,st4 ,martial visits them and blesses an oratory they have erected in honor of ,st4 ,stephen4 #e4 ,zaccheus1 at the order of ,st4 ,martial1 goes to ,rome to see ,st4 ,peter4 ,st4 ,veronica remains in the ,bordelais country1 where she dies4 ,zaccheus returns to ,soulac1 where he erects two monasteries and retires from the world4 #f4 ,st4 ,amadour1 in the year of our ,lord #gj1 chooses as his hermitage and place of retreat a cliff inhabited by wild beasts1 since known as ,roc ,amadour4 #g4 ,the inhabitants of the country are almost savages4 ,st4 ,amadour catechises them and makes known the religion of our ,lord ,jesus ,christ4 #h4 ,st4 ,amadour erects an altar on the cliff in honor of ,mary4 ,this humble altar1 now so glorious1 is consecrated by the blessed apostle ,martial1 who visits our saint several times in his retreat4 #i4 ,st4 ,amadour1 at the approach of death1 is transported before the altar of ,mary1 where he expires4 ,veronica herself is said to have carried in her apron the turf or clay which served to build the chapel of ,soulac4 ,it was a mere cabin1 which1 with the spring1 was enclosed in the church built at a later period4 ,this was probably destroyed by the ,normans when they ravaged the coast of ,france to the terror of the people1 who doubtless joined heartily in the verse then added to the liturgy1 beginning3 ,auferte gentem perfidam ,credentium de finibus1 etc4 ,according to the traditions of ,aquitaine1 ,veronica lived to a great age1 and1 if already in the ,temple at the ,presentation of the ,virgin1 she must have been about a century old at her death4 ,she is believed to have died about the year #gj4 ,she was1 at first buried with great honor at ,soulac in the oratory she had so signally endowed4 ,it was ,sigebert1 or ,st4 ,fort1 who1 says tradition1 went to ,soulac to pay her the last honors4 ,it was long the custom of the bishops of the diocese1 before taking possession of their see1 to visit her tomb1 and render homage to the venerable traditions of the place4 ,her remains were afterwards carried for safety to ,bordeaux1 where her tomb1 of the ,roman style1 is still to be seen in the crypt of ,st4 ,seurin4 ,she is said to have been of uncommon stature1 and this has been confirmed by the recent examination of her remains1 so wonderfully preserved amid the storms of so many ages4 ,placed under the seal of the archbishops of ,bordeaux1 and watched over with religious care1 a source of miraculous grace1 and the object of popular veneration1 they have escaped the perils of wars and civil commotions4 ,cardinal de ,sourdis1 who opened her tomb in #afaf1 said her festival had been celebrated in his diocese from time immemorial on the #dth of ,february4 ,her remains were carefully examined a few years since by a learned anatomist1 who not only declared them of great antiquity1 but said the articulation of certain bones showed the advanced age at which she died4 ,thus science comes to the aid of tradition4 ,the popular belief as to her majestic stature was likewise confirmed by this examination4 ,veronica's oratory1 probably destroyed by the ,normans1 as we have said1 was afterwards rebuilt by the ,benedictines1 but at what precise time is doubtful4 ,we only know there was a monastery at ,soulac in #ajbb1 which became dependent on that of ,sainte ,croix at ,bordeaux4 ,in #ajdc ,ama1 ,countess of ,prigord1 gave the lands of ,mdrin to the monastery of ,sancta ,maria de ,finibus ,terr1 ob remedium anim su necnon parentum suorum1 to relieve the poverty of the monks who there served ,god and worthily fulfilled their duty4 ,an old ,benedictine chronicle says the devotion of the faithful towards this holy spot increased to such a degree that the monks were soon enabled to build a larger church1 which they enriched with much silver and many relics4 ,this was in the twelfth century4 ,this church1 of the ,roman style1 to which the ,benedictines were partial1 enclosed the miraculous fountain of ,st4 ,veronica1 which had always been in great repute1 and had an altar to her memory where solemn oaths were administered as at the tomb of ,st4 ,fort4 ,her statue stood over the fountain1 and1 before leaving the church1 the devout1 after drinking of the water and bathing their eyes1 used to cross themselves and make a reverence to 8,madame ,saincte ,vronique40 ,this church was no sooner completed than it began to be invaded by the sands1 which every year grew higher and higher4 ,the lateral doors had to be walled up1 and the pavement raised three times to be on a level with the sands without4 ,veronica's fountain was kept open1 but soon became a well4 ,the monastery and town finally disappeared under the dunes in the latter part of the thirteenth century4 ,the monks returned when the sands were stayed4 ,they found the church filled to the chancel arch and the capitals of the pillared nave4 ,they removed part of the roof1 raised the ,avails1 and so arranged the church that it continued to be used till devastated by the ,calvinists of the sixteenth century4 ,it was hardly repaired before the sands besieged it anew and soon buried it utterly1 with the exception of the top of the belfry1 which a boy could easily scale1 presenting a curious and picturesque appearance on the lone shore4 ,under ,louis ,,xv4 the open arches of this steeple became a kind of light-house1 and the pines sown by ,brmontier soon took root among the arches of the church totally hidden in the sands4 ,tradition says ,soulac was once important as a port1 and alive with commercial activity4 ,henry ,,iii4 of ,england embarked at old ,soulac for ,portsmouth about the middle of the thirteenth century1 which shows how extensive have been the sand deposits since4 ,once the church was so near the water that in great storms the foundations were washed by the waves1 though built on a slight acclivity4 ,it appears by documents still preserved at ,bordeaux that the sands in #agdh covered the greater part of ,soulac1 causing the loss of many salt marshes and other sources of revenue4 ,many other parishes on the shores of ,mdoc have wholly disappeared4 ,the church of ,la ,canau was rebuilt three times before the moving sands4 ,sainte ,hlne has transported hers ten kilometres1 leaving behind what is now an islet with a few trees to mark the spot where it once stood1 still called by the people ,senta ,lnotte1 or ,ste4 ,hlenotte--that is1 little ,st4 ,helen4 ,st4 ,pierre de ,lignan1 or1 as called in old titles1 ,sanctus ,petrus in ,ligno--,st4 ,peter on the ,wood1 or ,cross--said to have been originally built by ,zaccheus1 or ,st4 ,amadour1 in memory of the martyrdom of the apostle1 which he had witnessed at ,rome1 has been abandoned two hundred years1 and now lies under the waves of the ocean4 ,pauillac1 sung by ,ausonius in his epistle to ,thon3 8,pauliacus tanti non mihi villa foret10 is likewise half-buried in the sands4 ,but to return to ,soulac4 ,the thirteenth century was the most glorious era in the history of ,notre ,dame de la ,fin des ,terres4 ,its popularity was at that time increased by a terrible pestilence that visited ,mdoc4 ,the people had recourse to prayer1 and went in crowds to the sanctuary of ,soulac1 vowing to renew their pilgrimage annually4 ,the most noted of these pilgrimages was that of ,lesparre1 a small town which excited our interest by its reminiscences of the ,english occupation of the country4 ,its ruined fortifications2 the square tower1 sole remnant of the ancient castle1 and the church with its ,saxon arches and coarse sculpture--all bespeak great antiquity4 ,in the twelfth century the castle and village around it were held by ,baron ,eyquem1 a contentious lord1 who liked nothing better than a brush with his neighbors4 ,perhaps it was this quarrelsome turn of mind that recommended the lords of ,lesparre so strongly to the favor of the ,english sovereigns4 ,henry ,,iii4 of ,england summoned ,baron ,eyquem to his aid at ,paris4 ,the baron's son also served the same king with all the forces he could muster1 and ,henry so counted on his devotedness that1 in #abdd1 after promising to reward his services1 he commissioned him to aid by his sword and counsel in repelling the ,king of ,navarre1 who had invaded ,guienne4 ,during the entire contest between ,england and ,france the ,sires of ,lesparre remained faithful to the ,english2 and when the last hour of ,english rule in the country sounded1 the ,baron de ,lesparre took the lead in an effort to replace ,guienne under its dominion4 ,he went secretly to ,england with the lord of ,candale and several notable citizens of ,bordeaux to assure the king that the whole country would rise in his favor as soon as the banner of ,st4 ,george should be once more seen on the ,gironde4 ,the ,english eagerly responded by sending the valiant ,earl of ,shrewsbury1 8,the ,frenchman's only scourge1 ,their kingdom's terror1 and black ,nemesis10 to ,bordeaux1 but their last chance was lost by the defeat at ,castillon in #adec1 in which the gallant old earl1 immortalized by ,shakspere--doubly immortalized--was slain4 ,the ,baron de ,lesparre was banished1 and the following year beheaded at ,poitiers for breaking his bounds4 ,charles ,,vii4 of ,france then gave the ,seigneurie de ,lesparre to the ,sire d',albret1 to whom in part he owed the triumph of his arms4 ,lesparre having lost two-thirds of its inhabitants by a pestilence1 the remainder1 in their terror1 went to prostrate themselves before the altar of ,notre ,dame de la ,fin des ,terres1 and made a solemn vow to return every year1 if spared4 ,the account of this annual pilgrimage reminds one of the caravans of the desert4 ,the pilgrims were divided into two bands4 ,a part were mounted on horseback1 preceded by the cross-bearer and the cur2 the rest followed on foot with baskets and sacks of provisions4 ,the four bells of ,notre ,dame de ,lesparre pealed joyfully out over the marshes to announce their departure4 ,they stopped at every chapel they came to1 to salute its tutelar saint by some hymn in his honor1 and then kept on their way1 chanting the litanies4 ,most of these chapels were dedicated to saints specially invoked in time of pestilence2 for every grief of the middle ages left its record in the churches4 ,there was ,st4 ,catharine1 always popular in this region4 ,then came ,st4 ,sebastian1 now destroyed1 but which gave the name of ,la ,capre 7the chapel7 to a little village we passed1 and ,st4 ,roch still standing at ,escarpon4 ,as soon as the caravan came in sight of the belfry of ,soulac1 on a height between ,st4 ,vivian and ,talais1 the pilgrims descended from their horses to salute the ,virgin on their knees4 ,arrived at the holy sanctuary1 each one offered his candle streaming with ribbons--a necessary adjunct in all religious offerings in ,mdoc4 ,an enormous mass of these old ribbons have been preserved at new ,soulac4 ,after their devotions the pilgrims went out on the seashore to take their lunch4 ,the next day they returned to ,lesparre in the same order4 ,this annual pilgrimage was continued for five centuries1 which accounts for the vivid recollections of it among the people4 ,near the manor-house of the ,baron d',ars1 now buried in an immense dune1 flowed a fountain as late as #ahcj1 but since filled up1 where the pilgrims stopped to quench their thirst1 with the pious belief that ,st4 ,veronica had brought here a vein of the sacred spring that flowed for the healing of the people in her sanctuary4 ,lesparre1 once the capital of ,mdoc1 has now only about a thousand inhabitants4 ,from the tower there is an extensive view over the broad moor with its patches of yellow sand1 here and there an oasis with a few vegetables1 and perhaps an acre or two of oats1 barley1 or maize1 which grow as they can4 ,in winter this vast heath becomes a marsh4 ,the water stands in pools among the sand-hills4 ,the peasant shuts himself up with his beasts1 and warms himself by the peat-fire1 while the pools freeze and the sands grow white under the icy breath of the sea-winds4 ,st4 ,veronica's ,church1 so venerated in the middle ages1 has within a few years been dug out of the sands and repaired4 ,the miraculous statue of ,notre ,dame de la ,fin des ,terres has been restored to its place on her altar1 and1 after a silence of one hundred and twenty years1 the bell once more awakens the echoes of the sand-hills1 thanks to the interest taken by ,cardinal ,donnet in reviving a devotion to this ancient place of pilgrimage4 ,veronica is once more honored in the place where she died--a devotion that seems significant in these times4 ,perhaps she comes to hold up anew the bleeding face of ,christ for the healing of the nations4 ,the ,volto ,santo is said to have turned pale a few years since when exhibited at ,rome4 ,we may well believe it1 in view of all the wounds since inflicted on ,christ's ,bride--the church4 8,o ,veronica60 cries ,padre ,verruchino1 a ,capuchin friar1 8suffer us1 we pray thee1 to gaze awhile at thy holy veil for the healing of our sin-sick souls60 ,an old ,,ms4 of the thirteenth or fourteenth century at ,auch contains the following sequence3 ,de ,sancta ,veronica ,memoria1 showing how well our fathers in the faith1 even in those dark ages1 knew how to rise above every type and shadow to the substance of things hoped for4 ,it is good to echo the prayers of those earnest times4 ,salve1 sancta facies ,nostri ,redemptoris ,in qua nitet species ,divini splendoris1 ,impressa panniculo ,nivei coloris1 ,dataque ,veronic ,signum ob amoris4 ,salve1 decus seculi1 ,speculum sanctorum ,quod videre cupiunt ,spiritus clorum4 ,nos ab omni macula ,purga vitiorum1 ,inque nos consortium ,junge ,beatorum4 ,ave1 nostra gloria1 ,in hac vita dura1 ,labili et fragili1 ,cito transitura4 ,nos perduc ad patriam1 ,o felix figura1 ,ad videndam faciem ,christi1 mente pura4 ,esto nobis1 ,domine1 ,tutum adjuvamen1 ,dulce refrigerium1 ,atque consolamen1 ,ut nobis non noceat ,hostile conamen1 ,sed fruamur requie4 ,nos dicamus3 ,amen4#bg ,footnote #bg3 ,hail1 holy face of our ,redeemer1 in which shines the image of the divine ,splendor1 imprinted on a veil white as snow1 and given to ,veronica in token of his love6 ,hail1 glory of the world1 mirror of the saints1 whom the celestial spirits long to behold4 ,purify us from the stain of every vice and bring us to the society of the ,blessed6 ,hail1 our glory1 in this rough1 uncertain life1 so soon to pass away6 ,lead us to our true country1 ,o blessed symbol6 that with a pure heart we may behold the face of ,christ4 ,be to us1 ,o ,lord6 a sure help1 the sweet refreshment and consolation of our woes1 that the efforts of the enemy may not injure us1 but that we may enter into the fruition of true rest4 ,let us say3 ,amen4 ,,dante',s ,,purgatorio4 ,,canto ,,fifteenth4 ,,translated ,,by ,t4 ,w4 ,,parsons4 ,between the third hour's close and dawn of day1 ,much as appears of the celestial sphere ,ever in motion1 like a child at play1 ,so much appeared now of the sun's career ,to be remaining towards his western way4 ,there it was evening2 here the middle night2 ,and on our front1 the rays directly beat1 ,for we had circled so the hill that right ,on towards the sunset we inclined our feet2 ,when on my brows ,i felt a load of light1 ,greater in splendor than before had been1 ,and o'er my sense1 as 'twere from things unknown1 ,a stupor stole2 and of my palms a screen ,i made against the excess of light that shone4 ,as when from water or a mirror's face ,the ray leaps upward to the opponent side1 ,mounting in like mode as through equal space ,the ray descendeth1 and with line as wide ,from the direct line of a falling stone 7,as science shows1 and art hath verified71 ,so did ,i seem1 by some reflected light ,before me there1 to be so struck that fain ,i would have suddenly withdrawn my sight4 8,what is it1 gentle ,father1 that in vain ,i shield my visage from1 and still towards us ,seems as in motion80 ,he made this reply3 8,marvel not if1 as yet1 the splendor thus ,of heaven's bright household overpowers thine eye4 ,this one is sent to ask men up the height2 ,soon it shall be that to behold these things ,will cause thee no dismay1 but bring delight1 ,even as thy soul due disposition brings40 ,soon as we reached the blessd angel's side ,he said1 with glad voice3 8,here you enter in ,by steps more easy than you yet have tried40 ,we thence departed1 and1 ascending now1 ,heard ,beati ,misericordes chanted ,below1 behind us1 and1 8,be joyful thou ,to whom to conquer in this pass is granted60 ,my ,master and myself in lonely mood ,still mounting1 ,i considered as ,i went ,how ,i might gather from his word some good1 ,and turned to him inquiringly3 8,what meant ,that spirit of ,romagna speaking so ,of partnership forbid80 ,he made reply3 8,of his own worst defect he now doth know ,the torment2 therefore1 do not wonder why ,others he chides to make their penance less4 ,because you point your wishes at a prize ,where part is lost if it permit largesse1 ,envy's bad bellows move your selfish sighs4 ,but if the love of the supernal sphere ,heavenward exalted every wish of yours1 ,your bosom would not harbor that low fear2 ,for so much more as there they speak of ,ours1 ,more love in that celestial cloister glows1 ,and so much more of good each soul secures40 8,now to be satisfied my hunger grows10 ,i answered1 8and my mind is more in doubt ,than if no question ,i had asked of thee4 ,how comes it1 that a blessing parcelled out ,more rich its many owners makes to be ,than if a few possessed it80 ,he replied3 8,because thy mind its reasoning cannot stretch ,beyond those things of earth to which 'tis tied2 ,thou from true light dost only darkness fetch4 ,that ,good ineffable and infinite ,who dwells above there1 runs to love as fleet ,as to a lucid body a ray of light1 ,and so much giveth as it finds of heat4 ,broad as the flame of charity may burn1 ,the eternal flame above it grows more great3 ,and more their number is who heavenward yearn4 ,more for his love there are1 and they love more1 ,like mirrors that each other's light return4 ,now1 if thou hunger still1 despite my lore1 ,thou shalt see ,beatris1 and sure1 she will ,give unto this and every wish repose2 ,only may those five wounds remaining still1 ,that heal in aching1 like the twain soon close40 ,whiles ,i was musing1 and would fain have said1 8,thou hast contented me10 ,i looked1 and1 lo6 ,to the next cornice we had come2 here fled ,all power of speech1 mine eyes were ravished so6 ,for1 seized with ecstasy1 ,i seemed to be ,rapt in a sudden vision of a crowd ,met in a temple4 ,i could also see ,that entering1 'mid those men1 a woman stood ,with sweet mien of a mother1 saying3 8,why ,hast thou so dealt with us1 my darling son8 ,behold1 in every place thy sire and ,i ,have sought thee sorrowing40 ,soon as she had done ,this vision vanished1 and ,i next beheld ,another lady1 with such drops besprent ,as down the cheeks flow from a bosom swelled ,with scorn of some one and by anguish rent2 ,saying3 8,if thou be ruler of the town1 ,about whose name the gods had such a strife ,and whence all knowledge gleams to give renown1 ,pisistratus6 avenge thee on his life ,whose bold embrace hath brought our daughter down60 ,and her lord seemed to me benign and mild1 ,answering with aspect that her fury stemmed3 8,what should we do to one that harmed our child1 ,if one caressing her be so condemned80 ,next ,i saw people raging hot in ire1 ,slaying a youth with stones1 and shouting loud3 8,martyr him6 martyr him60 in tumult dire2 ,and ,i saw him drop down before the crowd ,dying1 but lifting1 ere he did expire1 ,looks that might win compassion for his foes2 ,and with such eyes1--they seemed the doors of heaven6 ,praying the most high ,father that1 for those ,who wrought such wrong1 their sin might be forgiven4 ,soon as my mind that from itself had swerved ,came back to true things that outside it lie1 ,i knew my dreams false1 but their truth observed4 ,my leader then1 who could perceive that ,i ,walked like a man by somnolence unnerved1 ,said3 8,come6 what ails thee that thou canst not keep ,thy footing straight1 but more than half a league ,hast moved1 with faltering steps1 as if by sleep ,or wine o'ercome1 and eyes that show fatigue80 ,i answered3 8,o sweet ,father6 ,i will tell1 ,if thou wilt hear me1 all that ,i have seen1 ,while my limbs failed me and my strength so fell40 ,and he replied3 8,shouldst thou thy visage screen ,beneath an hundred masks1 ,i still could spell ,each slightest thought of thine1 and read thy dreams4 ,this vision came lest thou be self-excused ,thy heart from opening to the peace that streams ,from love's eternal fount o'er all diffused4 ,i did not ask 'what ails thee1' as men speak1 ,who look with mortal eye that cannot see ,the soul without its body4 ,thou wast weak1 ,and ,i1 to strengthen1 reprehended thee4 ,so men are wont dull servants to reprove ,that when their watch comes round are slow to stir40 ,during these words we did not cease to move ,on through the evening1 and attentive were ,to look beyond us1 far as vision might1 ,against the level sun's o'erpowering rays2 ,and towards us1 lo6 a vapor1 dun as night1 ,little by little growing on our gaze1 ,deprived us of pure air and dimmed our sight1 ,nor was there shelter from the blinding haze4 ,,six ,,sunny ,,months4 ,,by ,,the ,,author ,,of 8,,the ,,house ,,of ,,yorke10 8,,grapes ,,and ,,thorns10 ,,etc4 ,,chapter ,,xii4 8,,to ,,be1 ,,or ,,not ,,to ,,be4' ,the ,signora's life in these days was disturbed by a doubt that was all the more troublesome because she was obliged to solve it unaided1 and that without delay4 ,what should she do with ,mr4 ,vane8 ,advice could be of no use1 even if she had been willing to ask it4 ,he satisfied perfectly all the conditions concerning which outward influence could have weight with a woman of character and refinement4 ,it is always possible to tell a woman that she should not marry a man1 the reasons given being good ones2 but it is never possible to tell her that she should marry him1 if she does not wish1 however excellent he may be4 ,the question with the ,signora was1 ,should she marry at all8 ,she certainly did not wish to marry4 ,was she willing8 ,here came up a host of arguments for and against1 till she was as tormented and uncertain as ,hamlet4 ,if ,mr4 ,vane would have consented to spend his life in ,rome and remain her friend1 without asking for more1 she would have been satisfied1 and have thought that her life had gained by him a sweetness she had never known1 nor even thought of4 ,for she had not been conscious of anything wanting1 till his companionship had taught her that one niche in her house was vacant4 ,she contemplated the possibility of marrying him only in order to keep him near her1 not because she wished to change their relations4 ,but the choice was forced upon her to lose him or to marry him4 ,it was a choice between two evils4 ,her life had been so exquisite1 so nearer perfect than any one but herself could know1 that to introduce new and important interests there was a dangerous experiment4 ,how much more likely they would be to disturb than to complete the harmony6 ,and yet1 how pleasant was that masculine presence1 like a shady tree in the midst of a sunny garden of flowers6 ,how pleasant the sense of a superior physical strength and manly sympathy ever near6 ,how pleasant the consciousness of constantly pleasing one worth pleasing by the thousand little feminine ways and words1 and by the very being what she was1 like a fragrant rose set in a chamber1 silent and gracious4 ,how many little pleasures he gave her which a man gives only to the woman he prefers to all others6 ,it seemed to her she had never been well listened to before4 ,then to see her do a favor to any one1 perform some graceful little act that might pass unregarded by others1 even go about her ordinary duties1 gave him a vivid pleasure4 ,he appreciated the very rose in her hair1 the ribbon at her throat1 the bow on her slipper4 ,little things3 but it is the little pleasures which make life sweet1 as the little displeasures may do more than afflictions can to make it bitter4 ,she watched to see what danger there might be of certain small annoyances which she had seen fretting the course of many a married life1 and he came out triumphantly from the ordeal4 ,he did not hang for ever about the house till the women grew tired of him1 any more than he went to the opposite extreme of staying away too much4 ,he preserved a respectful ignorance of household affairs1 in which he held that women should be autocrats1 and at the same time listened with interest to any details that might be vouchsafed him1 as to curious particulars of a country he had never visited1 but which sent him important supplies4 ,he was habitually polite to women1 but never gallant1 and he would have given a civil reply to a civil question proffered him even by an infamous person2 and in the most private life1 he dropped only ceremony1 never respect4 ,as far as personal habits went1 he was a man who might have been a hero1 even to his valet-de-chambre4 ,point by point the ,signora tried him1 and still found no defect which could seem to indicate a disagreeable habit or an intolerable opinion4 ,she could but laugh--a little nervously1 indeed--at her own perplexity4 8,you dear soul60 she thought1 8why will you not do something hateful and set my mind at rest80 ,he would not4 ,he was not even guilty of the one fault that might naturally have been expected of him under the circumstances3 he had no appearance of hanging upon her words and looks1 as if for some indication of a change of intentions regarding him4 ,she was free to act herself perfectly1 without fear of misinterpretation4 ,and yet1 in spite of his forbearance1 she felt that time was committing her1 and that she must soon either decidedly prevent or decidedly receive a renewal of his offer4 ,the ,signora might easily be accused by persons of little refinement of being one who did not know her own mind4 ,on the contrary1 she was rather exceptionally prompt and clear as to her requirements4 ,but she was past the age when women usually marry in haste to repent afterward at leisure2 and was1 moreover1 one of the comparatively few women who are fitted by their character to be friends to men without marrying them4 ,the insidious sisterhood which ends in wifehood or in mischief she saw through and reprobated4 8,no man can have a sister10 she was wont to say1 8other than the daughters of his mother4 ,but he may have a friend4 ,and no man has a right to expect sisterly service and familiarity from a woman not born his sister4 ,it is a snare40 ,as a friend1 she would never have charged herself with the care of ,mr4 ,vane's collars and cravats1 advised him regarding the most becoming cut of his beard1 nor performed the sentimental service of 8bathing his fevered brow0 when he had a headache1 though she might have done all these things as a sister or a wife4 ,it was1 altogether1 a perplexing and even painful situation1 and the ,signora found all her pleasure disturbed by that ever-present fear of either throwing away a good which she might afterward regret1 or committing herself to a state of life which she might regret still more4 ,the weather added to her annoyance4 ,summer had reached its meridian heat rather prematurely1 the sun poured his rays down in a torrent1 and at noon the city was like a martyr at the stake4 ,the nights began to lose their freshness and be scorched about the edges2 the early stars1 instead of shedding dews1 were like the coals left in a half-swept oven2 and the mornings languished on the horizon4 ,it was a time for not only dolce far niente1 but dolce pensar niente4 ,besides1 people1 being at this season so shut up together1 need to be at ease with each other4 ,there was very little to call them out1 few friends left in town1 and but few festas4 ,on one of these days came the festa of the ,nativity of ,st4 ,john the ,baptist1 the vigil of which is unique in ,rome1 being a real witch's holiday1 according to popular superstition4 ,it is an ancient belief among the people that on this vigil the witches have liberty to go about where they will2 and1 since the world all goes to ,st4 ,john ,lateran1 the witches go there too4 ,in order to detect them it was the custom to procure a stick with a natural fork at the end4 ,this fork was placed under the chin1 the two prongs coming up over the jaws4 ,looking at a person over it in this wise1 it could be known if he or she were a witch4 ,moreover1 since it was believed that the witches would take advantage of the absence of the heads of the family to enter the houses and do harm to the children1 the little ones being their favorite prey1 a new broom was bought1 and set1 broom-end upward1 outside the door4 ,before entering1 the witch was obliged to count every spill of the broom4 ,as a further precaution1 some salt was sprinkled on the threshold1 and1 in case that should not prevent their entering1 these words were repeated while sprinkling it3 8,come tomorrow to borrow salt of me40 ,the witch who entered was constrained to come and knock at the door the next day1 and ask the loan of a little salt4 ,for the further safe-keeping of the children during the night1 the mothers hang some object of devotion about their necks or bind it around their bodies1 and1 when they are about going to sleep1 whisper the ,credo in their ear1 repeating every word twice1 thus3 8,i believe1 ,i believe1 in ,god1 in ,god10 etc4 8,what do they think a witch would do to the children1 if she should enter80 we asked our ,roman informant4 8,take off the object of devotion and touch them1 or do something to them so that they would die10 was the reply4 8,a child that has been touched by a witch pines away to a skeleton1 and dies1 without any one being able to find out what ails it4 ,i believe1 and ,i do not believe10 she said with a shrug4 8,who knows8 ,the ,scriptures tell of evil spirits having power4 ,who knows how it may be8 ,my sister1 however1 lived and died persuaded that her only child was touched by a witch1 though it was not on ,st ,john's eve4 ,she had been getting her baby to sleep one day1 when a neighbor came and called her to the door for some reason4 ,she went out1 leaving the door open and the baby in its cradle4 ,when she returned1 there was an old woman bending over the cradle and talking to the child--an ugly1 dirty old creature1 that she had never seen before4 ,my sister took fright at once1 and called out to her to go away4 ',i saw the door open and heard the baby crying1 and ,i came in to soothe it1' the old woman said4 ,my sister told her she had no right to come in1 and chased her away4 ,on the threshold the woman turned and shook her finger4 ',you will repent this1' she said4 ,in fact1 the babe1 which had been healthy1 and was just dropping peacefully asleep1 began to moan and cry1 and nothing could pacify it4 ,my sister examined and found that the little devotion it wore had been taken away4 ,from that day the child pined4 ,she got nurses for it1 she tried everything possible1 but nothing helped it4 ,finally1 she carried it to the church of ,st4 ,theodore1 in the ,roman ,forum1 where all the mothers carry their sick babies4 ,the priest blessed it1 but told her that it was too late3 the child would die4 ,and it did die4 ,she tried then one proof more4 ,she took all its clothes that it died in1 and that it had on when the witch touched it1 put them in a grate1 and kindled a fire under them4 ,they burned as if there had been gunpowder among them4 ,that was a sure proof1 they said4 ,but for me10 continued the story-teller1 with another shrug1 8,i believe1 and ,i don't believe4 ,chi lo sa80 ,it is curious to find how this witch-idea is embodied in every nation1 and always with very nearly the same features3 old1 ugly1 child-hating1 powerful for petty malice1 but a slave to the most trivial spells1 repelling1 disgusting--a fair representation of the utter despicableness and feebleness of evil4 ,at the first soft fall of twilight the family of ,casa ,ottant',otto stepped into a carriage and drove out to the ,lateran by the roundabout way of the ,roman ,forum4 ,from the ,colosseum up to the church1 all about the church and palace1 in a part of the piazza1 and the ends of the streets leading to it1 every nook and door-way and every rod of ground had its table or booth1 some lighted by a soft olive-oil lamp1 others clear and bright with petroleum1 others flaring with the red light of a torch4 ,piles of cakes of every shape and size1 wine in bottles1 flasks1 and jars1 cones of the delicious ,roman lemons1 that are so juicy and fragrant1 trinkets1 scarfs1 knick-knacks of various sorts1 covered the tables and counters4 ,here and there a more ambitious salesman1 probably a ,jew1 had erected a little shop4 ,everywhere were pinks and lavender4 ,each table and counter held sprigs and bunches1 and men1 women1 and children went about with their arms full of it4 ,a little crowd of these noisy venders surrounded the carriage the moment it stopped1 and the ladies supplied themselves with lavender for their drawers1 and bought large bunches of red pinks1 and each of them a ,st4 ,john's bouquet4 ,this bouquet consists of a little white flower surrounded by pinks1 and outside four sprigs of lavender4 ,the lavender for drawers is ingeniously done up4 ,a bunch is gathered with long stems to the sweet gray seeds and blue flowers1 and a string is tied close under their little chins4 ,the stems are then turned back to make a cage for the cluster1 and tied again at the other end2 and yet again turned back and tied a third time1 so that only glimpses can be had of the caged bloom2 and all is lavender4 8,we should have come to first ,vespers1 if we wished to think of the austere ,st4 ,john10 the ,signora said4 8,the scene is simply picturesque and beautiful at this hour1 and will be bacchanalian later4 ,the world doesn't begin to come till twelve o'clock1 and at that time it will be almost impossible to move for the crowd1 which does not disappear entirely till daylight40 ,they drove off toward ,santa ,croce1 and1 turning there1 stayed awhile under the soft dusk of the trees1 looking back on the twinkling lights and crowding figures1 and talking a little4 ,the fiery half-ring of the three days' moon touched the tip of a pine-tree in the west and kindled it2 the stars overhead seemed to be melting out of their orbits in a glowing rain2 the air was full of a sweet fragrance and delicately fresh4 ,sounds of laughter and mingled voices reached them now and then4 ,but all--the wafts of air1 the sounds1 the radiating lights1 the motions--were so soft that the whole might be a great picture which they half imagined to be alive4 ,the ,signora leaned back in her seat and gave herself up to the scene1 mingling with it the ever-present thought3 ,what should she do with this man who sat opposite her8 ,his face was turned to look back1 so that she saw the profile1 a fine one4 ,she felt very feminine and weak just then--not at all like taking care of herself all her life long1 being both mistress and master of her house1 and her own adviser and support4 ,the spirit of strength1 of an enthusiastic liberty of effort and labor1 faded and fainted within her4 ,they could not live in such a scene4 ,she wanted to be taken care of4 ,all the insidious arguments of the sluggard began to whisper themselves to her4 ,of what use was this constant toil and strain1 which was but a daily rolling up hill of a burden that every night rolled down again8 ,of what use the study1 the thought1 the self-denial8 ,all had seemed pleasant2 but1 come to think of it1 where had been the repose8 ,had she ever looked at a flower without1 after the first glance1 studying how she should present its beauties in words to other eyes8 ,had she ever drunk a sunset with all its color down into her own soul1 and left its glory there1 but speedily her pen must dip the light of it up to shine on a page for others to see8 ,whither had fled the long1 tranquil sleep1 the calm folding of the hands1 the deep and steady thought for thought's sake8 ,there was no one in the world1 it seemed to her1 who thought so much of others as she did4 ,she analyzed her pains1 her religious emotions1 her very temptations1 for them1 and studied her own breathing that she should be able to tell them how they breathed4 ,and what was the return8 ,bread1 and not too much of that4 ,she had studied her art as the painter1 the sculptor1 and the musician study1 making a science of it1 and not one in a hundred looked on it as any more than an idle and facile play4 ,she had felt her way1 by a natural gift and an acquired power1 into the depths of souls1 and had led them out alive into the light2 yet how many an ignorant critic and shallow moralist had set up his wooden or card-paper model for her to follow6 ,how odd she had not known before how tiresome it was6 ,she had at times felt tired1 but to know that all was tiresome1 and vanity of vanities--that had but just broken on her4 ,this soft and joyous scene1 usurping the hours of sleep1 making the work of the day to follow an impossible thing to be done1 and finding its playground under the stars--this was what had opened her eyes4 ,a careless laugh had done it4 ,she looked at ,mr4 ,vane and thought3 8,i hope he won't ask me to-night1 for if he should ,i shall certainly promise to marry him2 and ,i do not like cutting ,gordian knots with sudden resolutions4 ,i would rather untie this a little more leisurely10 she considered1 still looking at him4 8,if ,i want honors and favors1 ,i could win more by giving good dinners than by writing good books4 ,a dinner is more powerful than an epic2 for anybody can take in a dinner1 but everybody cannot take in an epic4 ,if ,i want friends and the reputation of being amiable1 the good-natured complacency of prosperous ease will go a great deal further than the somewhat over-earnestness of a serious life40 ,she snatched her eyes and her thoughts quickly away from the subjects that occupied both1 and began to talk2 for ,mr4 ,vane turned1 as if aware of being observed1 and looked at her4 8,i must have a little longer to think10 she said to herself1 with a fluttering heart4 8,it will never do to decide to-night40 8,if we are going to keep up our character of a sober and orderly household1 we must soon be on our way home10 she said4 8,the witches are certainly abroad--,i almost see them--and we have no spell to prevent their getting into our carriage40 ,mr4 ,vane had been holding his breath for the last few moments4 ,he knew1 without looking1 what eyes were on him1 and almost knew what thoughts were passing in the ,signora's mind4 ,he felt that his fate was in the balance4 ,the prize seemed to be within his grasp2 for to hesitate1 even1 seemed to give consent4 ,at the first word he felt that hope grow dim4 ,consent would have lingered in that enchanted scene1 would have given itself up to some ideal dream1 forgetting the flight of time4 ,she was evidently resisting1 if not refusing4 8,let us take one turn round by the wall and ,santa ,croce10 he said4 8,then we will go4 ,i don't think ,i shall ever have another drive just like this1 and ,i would like to prolong it a little40 8,prolong it as much as you please60 the ,signora exclaimed1 with quick compunction4 8,i only made a suggestion1 which came from habit4 ,if you like to stay1 ,i shall be pleased40 ,his voice1 a little quickened and a little deepened1 had seemed to have a touch of reproach in it1 as though he should say3 8,think1 at least1 a little of me60 ,but his answer to her was quite friendly3 8,you were right4 ,we had better not stay long4 ,one turn will be enough40 ,they went on1 the ,signora fighting now two forces instead of one--for pity for him was added to pity for herself4 ,what a beautiful and noble patience his life had shown1 and with what a sweet dignity he had covered that painful thought that he had never been first to anybody6 ,as they passed round near the wall1 approaching ,santa ,croce1 the trees hid all the lights from them4 ,the two daughters1 one at either hand of the father1 leaned on his arm and sighed with delight2 ,marion1 seated beside the ,signora1 leaned forward to touch ,bianca's hand1 unable in that shadow to see her4 ,the darkness touched their faces like a down1 so thick and moist was it1 and so full of fragrance4 ,they came out before ,santa ,croce1 and1 turning1 went back as they had come4 ,more than one of the company would have liked to propose walking back along the avenue1 but did not venture to do so4 ,a few minutes brought them to the piazza of ,st4 ,john's again1 and into the midst of a crowd of eager buyers and sellers4 ,here and there out of some dim corner a face shone red in the flare of a half-shaded torch1 small figures ran and danced across the lights1 black as silhouettes2 the whole coloring was ,rembrandt4 ,then home through the quiet streets1 where occasionally they met a couple or a party1 all going toward ,st4 ,john's4 8,it seems to me a kind of ,santa ,claus time1 except that it is hot weather10 ,bianca said when they reached home4 8,i feel as though somebody ought to come down the chimney to-night40 8,by the way10 the ,signora exclaimed1 8,i have never introduced you to my ,santa ,claus4 ,how ungrateful ,i am6 ,i am going to tell you my little story2 for ,i am almost sure that you four good people are as ignorant of the genealogy of the ,santa ,claus of ,christmas fame as ,i was when ,i came to ,rome4 ,if you are wiser1 then you can at least hear how ,i was enlightened4 ,when ,i had been in ,rome but a little while1 ,i made the acquaintance of an elderly prelate1 who was so kind as to do for me many of those little services which a stranger needs1 and was of the greatest use to me in many ways4 ,i seldom1 almost never1 asked anything of him1 but it was constantly happening that he offered some kindness at the very moment it was needed4 ,i never went to visit a city new to me but he introduced me to some influential friend there1 and ,i never heard of a new old sight to see but he could tell me how to gain the best view of it4 ,his kindness was so pleasant and opportune that after a while1 without the least intention of being disrespectful however1 ,i came to call him in my own mind ,santa ,claus4 ,his ,christian name is ,nicholas4 ,one day1 while talking with me1 he asked if ,i had any of the manna of ,st4 ,nicholas of ,bari4 ,i replied that ,i did not even know what it was4 ,he looked at me in astonishment1 and explained that it was a limpid substance like water which had oozed from the bones of ,st4 ,nicholas the ,great1 without ceasing1 for more than fifteen hundred years1 the saint having been born somewhere late in the third century2 that every morning the sacristan gathers it with a sponge and preserves it in bottles2 and that the people of ,bari and all that region have so great a faith in the saint and his miraculous 'manna' that they use it for every malady4 ,he ended by promising to send to his brother1 an archbishop somewhere in the south of ,italy1 to procure a bottle of this precious liquor for me4 ,in a few days he brought it4 ,here it is60 ,the ,signora brought from a little shrine that closed with a door in the wall1 and displayed1 a bottle filled with what appeared to be the brightest and most limpid water4 8,monsignor showed me a similar bottle that he has had forty years10 she continued1 8and it was as pure and bright as this--perfectly unchanged4 ,he had opened it1 now and then1 to take out a few drops4 ,some years ago he gave a bottle also to the ,holy ,father1 who keeps it beside his bed on a little shelf4 ,here is the picture of my saint40 ,it was a quaint old print1 copied1 doubtless1 from a picture in the church of ,st4 ,nicholas1 in ,bari1 and represented the sainted archbishop standing on the shore1 with the sea and ships behind him4 ,at his right knelt a youth on the sands2 at his left three infants were rising out of a tub1 commemorative of two of his miracles4 8,after having given me this relic of his great patron1 ,monsignor1 full of zeal for his honor and of pity for my ignorance1 began to tell me something of his life1 and how knowing of an impoverished noble family1 driven to desperation by need1 and almost deciding to sell the daughters to a life of vice1 since they had no money to marry them1 this young saint went slily by night1 and dropped a bag of gold in at the window sufficient for a dot for the eldest2 and1 after a while1 in the same manner1 provided for the others1 the family rejoicing over their escape and repenting of their evil resolution4 ,when ,monsignor had got so far with his story1 ,i broke out1 ',why1 it is ,santa ,claus6' ,and1 sure enough1 it was4 ,the great saint was no longer a stranger to me4 ,i had known1 without knowing1 him all my life1 from the time when ,i had first read the wonderful illustrated story-books of ,christmas1 and seen my mother hang my stocking in the chimney-corner before taking me off to bed on ,christmas eve40 ,the ,signora was very glad to have this little story to tell by way of making an inclined plane to the saying of good-night4 ,undercover of it she escaped to her own room without being entrapped into a private interview1 which she almost suspected ,mr4 ,vane of plotting4 ,then they had a little expedition for the morning to see the making of tapestry in the great hospice of ,st4 ,michael4 8,if the weather and the time of day were not so hot10 the ,signora said1 8we would go a little further on1 to the scene of a miracle of ,santa ,francesca ,romana2 but ,i don't believe we shall be able to do so4 ,a little way from the hospital is the ,porta ,portese1 and outside that is the vineyard where that beloved saint and her companions worked one ,january day from dawn till noon1 without having anything to eat or drink4 ,they had forgotten to bring provisions2 and ,francesca1 when she saw her companions suffering from thirst1 accused herself of having neglected to provide for them4 ,she was then1 you know1 a mother-superior1 and these were her oblates4 ,well1 the youngest of them1 almost crying with thirst1 begged to be allowed to go to a fountain out on the public road4 ,the saint told her to be patient1 and1 withdrawing herself1 began to pray3 ',lord ,jesus1 help us in our need2 for ,i have been thoughtless in neglecting to provide food for my sisters4' ',she'd much better take us home at once1' said the poor little nun to herself4 ,and then ,francesca1 rising from her knees1 pointed to a tree around which twined a vine loaded with large clusters of grapes--just as many clusters as there were poor nuns to eat them4 ,they had passed this very tree again and again1 and seen the vine dead and withered that very day4 ,that same ,santa ,francesca is one of the dearest saints in the calender10 the ,signora said4 8,though1 to be sure10 she added1 8when we think over their lives1 each one seems to be the dearest40 8,my idea of saintliness is always associated with asceticism10 said ,isabel4 8,if only the asceticism be not sour1 as it never is with the saints10 responded the ,signora with a sigh4 8,about the most uncomfortable company one can have is that of a person who1 we cannot doubt1 is virtuous in many ways1 but who looks upon one with an expression full of suspicion and condemnation1 without seeming aware that in so doing he has committed a sin against charity which1 according to ,st4 ,paul1 renders his other virtues nothing4 ,to my mind1 one of the first requisites of a ,christian character is to mind one's own business40 8,oh6 ,i don't mean asceticism that goes only far enough to stir up the bile10 ,isabel said1 8but that which clears the heart1 so that the light of charity shines quite through it and brightens every object it looks upon40 ,they were already on their way to the asylum of ,st4 ,michael--that immense establishment1 which contains a little world within itself1 where beauty and charity dwell together2 where the young find protection and instruction1 and the old a refuge1 under the same roof2 where music1 sculpture1 painting1 and kindred arts have made their home4 ,here the poor1 instead of being swept away like dead leaves from a garden1 to decay in obscure disgrace1 slip1 consoled and unashamed1 into the grave1 like fallen leaves that die in peace between the embracing roots of the green tree they once helped to adorn4 ,the long1 arched corridors were fresh and cool1 the brilliant day entering only in a tender light1 or1 here and there1 in some splash of gold that burned only the spot it fell upon4 ,fountains murmured in the courts1 and all the business of the place moved with a subdued and leisurely action which made work seem a pleasure4 ,it was not toil1 but occupation--that wise and healthy degree of work which makes work possible for many years1 instead of crowding the force of a whole life into a few feverish days4 ,there was not a face which showed anxious and nervous hurry4 ,all were calm and cheerful4 ,our friends did not attempt to see anything more than the tapestry-making and mending1 the first in the men's department1 the last done entirely by women and girls4 ,the two immense halls devoted to these works1 with the ante-chambers1 were completely hung with old tapestries1 making a softly and richly-colored picture-gallery of the whole place4 ,in the manufacturing hall upright frames held the great squares of the warp1 with the design drawn or stamped carefully on the closely-stretched threads4 ,behind these sat the weaver1 working in the figures with long spools of colored wools1 pressing down closely each stitch with a little instrument he held in the left hand4 ,a score or more of these bobbins hung at the back of the tapestry1 each to be caught up and woven in in its turn4 ,across the lower part of the carpet already a yard was splendidly woven of solid and brilliant color4 ,in another part of the hall hung a large picture for a future weaving--a balcony with a vine and figures--and on a table under it were arranged the myriad selected shades and colors that composed it4 ,here all in the work was brightly colored2 but when they went to the other part of the building1 where the women were occupied in restoring1 it was like passing from dazzling midsummer to a late ,october day4 ,the very light and atmosphere of the place seemed different4 ,stretched on large frames laid out like country quilting-frames were dim old tapestries with figures of gods and goddesses1 of mythical heroes and heroines1 or of historical persons and events1 the fabrics all more or less ragged1 but inestimably precious4 ,girls were grouped around these1 mending1 directed by an artist4 ,hanging on the walls were other tapestries that had been repaired1 and so perfectly that it was impossible to distinguish what part had been restored without looking at the wrong side of the work4 ,lying in bunches and snarls on the work1 or hanging in long rows of varied hues on the wall1 were skeins of wool1 of every shade and color1 dim1 dark1 soft1 or pallid1 like colors seen by night1 by the stars1 or by the moon1 or colors guessed at by eyes half-blind or by eyes that are dying4 ,there was a suggestion of tragedy in those old new colors1 as in sad or blighted faces of children4 ,and how much more of interest and tragedy in the old tapestries for which they had lost all their brightness6 ,nothing else is so interwoven with romantic possibilities as old tapestry4 ,luxury1 which may have been regal1 clings to it1 but it is the luxury of olden times1 when the beggar touched the prince4 ,mystery and terror are its companions2 for who knows who or what may sometimes have been hidden behind that splendid curtain8 ,lifting its fold on some day of an age gone by1 what white1 cold face might have been found there between it and the wall1 what sliding figure of a hiding spy1 what twinkle of a dagger-point in the dusky corner6 ,and then what pageants does it not suggest of the times when life was a picture6 8,it really takes one out of the nineteenth century10 ,mr4 ,vane said4 8,the weaving of this tapestry10 the ,signora told her friends1 8was first taught here by a monk--,i have forgotten in the time of what pope4 ,this monk was a backslider and ran away from his convent2 after being absent ten years he repented1 and came back to throw himself at the feet of the ,holy ,father4 ',give me any penance1 ,holy ,father1' he said1 'and ,i will do it gladly4' ,the pope1 rejoiced to receive this prodigal1 asked him where and how he had passed the ten years of his absence1 and was told that they had been spent in the tapestry-works of ,coblentz1 where he had learned all the art of tapestry-making4 ',go1 then1 to ,st4 ,michael's1' said the pope1 'and teach them to make tapestry4 ,that shall be your penance4' ,and so it was done2 and that is the origin of the work in ,rome4 ,the story was told me by a prelate who was formerly director of ,st4 ,michael's40 ,it was too near noon when the inspection was over for them to go to ,santa ,francesca's vineyard4 ,they could only hide themselves in the large covered carriage1 and drive slowly home through the almost silent streets4 ,they sighed with contentment when they reached the doorway1 where1 through the half-open valves1 the floor showed freshly sprinkled and all the place cool and softly lighted4 ,isabel glanced back into the street4 ,a sick beggar1 who was at his post on a doorstep of the opposite convent so constantly that one might well believe he had no other home1 leaned back and seemed to sleep1 his pallid face whiter than the white stone it lay against4 ,a poor man slept in the shadow of the garden wall above1 lying flat on his face on the pavement4 ,further up1 a woman1 with two little children clinging to her1 sat on the ground in the shadow1 and ate her dinner of a piece of bread4 8,it seems to me10 the girl said thoughtfully1 as she followed the others up-stairs1 8that there should be a perpetual thanksgiving society which every one who has a home or a roof to cover them should join40 ,the ,signora touched ,isabel's arm affectionately and smiled in her pretty1 sober face4 ,she found this girl changing1 or1 rather1 developing into something nobler and more serious than she had expected4 8,there is a ,perpetual ,thanksgiving ,society in ,rome1 my dear10 she said4 8,i am so glad you have had the thought without having heard of it4 ,it is one of the most beautiful societies in the world4 ,it has its meetings the third ,thursday of every month1 at the ,caravita1 a little church that used to belong to the ,jesuits4 ,there is an instruction1 ,benediction of the ,blessed ,sacrament1 and afterward the ,magnificat is sung4 ,the special objects of the association are to thank ,god constantly for the good we receive through the ,blessed ,sacrament of the altar1 the ,sacred ,heart1 and by the intercession of the ,virgin ,mary2 and the special festas of the society are ,epiphany1 ,pentecost1 ,corpus ,domini1 ,sacred ,heart1 ,annunciation1 ,visitation1 ,seven ,dolors of the ,blessed ,virgin1 ,st4 ,john the ,evangelist1 ,st4 ,gertrude1 ,st4 ,felix de ,cantalice1 and ,our ,lady of ,grace4 ,the loveliest thing of all is the practice enjoined on the members of making constantly the aspiration1 ',thanks be to ,god4' ,i wish this society were in every town in the world4 ,we beg1 we are always begging1 and the showers are always coming down4 ,how beautiful is the idea of a society which asks nothing1 but sends up a perpetual ,deo gratias1 as the earth sends up mists in return for the rain60 8,i shall join that society at once10 ,isabel said with decision4 ,the ,signora laughed4 8,you had better take off your bonnet and have some dinner now10 she said4 8,your society pleases me very much10 ,mr4 ,vane remarked4 8,but the most perfect act of thanksgiving ,i know is that in the ,gloria3 ',we give thee thanks for thy great glory4'0 ,there was a little moonlight reception and tea-party that evening out on the loggia4 ,clive ,bailey came to take leave before going away for a few weeks into the country4 ,mr4 ,coleman also had been unexpectedly called to ,england on business1 and was so afflicted about going that the ,signora was vexed4 8,i cannot bear to have a man about who cannot get along without me10 she said privately to ,isabel1 8especially when ,i can get along perfectly well without him4 ,when a man falls into that dependent and moony state1 he loses all his character and becomes despicable4 ,it disgusts me the more1 besides1 because it is usually the strong-willed1 driving women who have such masculine appendages4 ,i do hope ,i'm not getting into that way4 ,for pity's sake1 tell me if ,i show signs of it4 ,i have seen ladies--,i recollect at this moment a lady1 clever1 pretty1 prompt1 and circumscribed in character1 who makes all her familiar gentlemen acquaintances either hate her or serve her like dogs4 ,i've seen her take a man whom ,i thought a very respectable sort of person1 with a mind of his own1 and1 by dint of smiling and scolding1 rewarding him promptly when he was good1 and punishing him promptly when he didn't obey1 end by making a perfect ninny of him4 ,he couldn't brush his boots or tie his cravat except just as she directed him2 if she was vexed with a person1 he didn't dare be civil to them2 if she was reconciled to the same1 he immediately beamed upon them with the most unconscious and imbecile servility4 ,yet the two were not lovers1 and never dreamed of being so1 ,i presume1 and both of them would have been astonished1 or would have pretended to be astonished and indignant1 if one had hinted that his firmness had been nothing but starch1 and she had washed that out of him4 ,i wouldn't be such a woman for the world4 ,i wouldn't be a driving1 positive woman for anything4 ,i wouldn't be a woman persistent in small things for my eyes4 ,mr4 ,coleman makes me feel as if ,i were growing so40 8,nonsense60 ,isabel laughed4 8,it isn't in you to be so4 ,mr4 ,coleman needs change of scene1 that is all4 ,he has been circling round you so long that he has got dizzy40 8,well1 ,i'm glad he's going off at a tangent10 the ,signora replied1 only half-reassured4 8,he certainly would provoke me dreadfully1 if he were to go on in this way under my eyes4 ,don't let him come near me this evening1 and don't give him a chance to say good-by to me4 ,take him quite off my hands--that's a dear girl40 ,isabel promised1 and kept her promise so well as to make of the poor bewildered gentleman as nearly an enemy as he was capable of being to any one4 ,he had another source of disquiet1 too1 and that was the exceeding politeness and cordiality with which the ,signora treated the very cruel relative who had come to take him away1 and whom he had brought up with him that evening in the vain hope that she would help him to escape4 ,on the contrary1 she merely sealed the compact4 8,you are quite right1 sir10 she said4 8,these affairs of property can so much better be attended to in person than by proxy40 8,besides10 replied the cousin1 8a man who has property in the country has really some duties there4 ,he should spend a little of his money for the benefit of the state1 his neighbors1 and the church40 ,he privately despised this city of ,rome1 which he now visited for the first time4 ,its dinginess1 its dirt1 and its religion disgusted him4 8,church60 echoed the ,signora with calm inquiry4 8,i was not aware that ,mr4 ,coleman belonged to any church40 8,he has certainly deteriorated very much since he left ,england10 was the rather sharp response1 8but our family are all ,catholic40 8,indeed60 she exclaimed1 in real surprise4 8,i have always understood from ,mr4 ,coleman that his family belonged to the ,english ,episcopal ,church40 8,we claim that to be the ,catholic ,church1 madam10 the gentleman responded proudly4 8,or1 rather1 we claim the title for that older branch of it which now restores the ceremonies and beliefs it laid aside for a while40 8,oh6 the family are ,ritualists10 said the ,signora4 ,the gentleman drew himself up4 8,the term does not describe us10 he said4 8,we have a ritual1 of course2 but that is not all4 ,i consider the title trivial and disrespectful40 8,i did not intend the least disrespect in the world10 the ,signora made haste to say4 8,i merely repeat the name ,i have heard4 ,i have always considered ,ritualism very--refined--and0--she seemed to be laboriously seeking some words of suitable praise--8and--delicate4 ,it has many beauties--and--in short1 is1 it seems to me1 an--eminently--lady-like religion40 ,mr4 ,vane took pity on the ,englishman1 who looked confounded1 as if not knowing whether to believe his ears1 which had heard1 or his eyes1 which beheld1 the perfectly simple and courteous expression of his entertainer4 ,mr4 ,vane1 without seeming to have heard a word1 introduced the subject of property1 on which men can always talk unflaggingly for any length of time4 ,the ,signora gave her attention to an enthusiastic ,catholic lady1 who was making a pilgrimage of her visit to ,italy4 ,this lady was one of those charming ,christians who sometimes puzzle us a little4 ,her whole life was given up to what may be called religious pursuits4 ,she attended functions unceasingly1 and on every day was to be found in the church dedicated to the saint whose day it was4 ,she visited relics1 shrines1 and scenes of religious events1 and she did all with an enthusiasm which expressed itself in the most gushing manner4 ,in short1 she luxuriated in religion4 ,she knew all about the lives of the saints1 and spoke of them with the ease and familiarity of an intimate friend4 ,one could perceive by her conversation that she believed them to be particularly watchful over her1 and rather more ready to do her favors than to attend to the wishes of most others4 ,she exhorted people a little now and then1 gently1 with the air of one who knows4 ,the whole manner of the woman1 in things religious1 was that of a favorite daughter in her own father's house1 to which the world at large was welcomed with a smiling charity and hospitality4 ,but that others were there also in their own father's house1 and equally beloved by him1 did not seem to occur to her4 ,the clergy and all religious she admitted and gave precedence to1 seeking and admiring them almost as she did the saints4 ,but1 after them1 she seemed to walk alone2 or rather1 she entered with them1 and others waited a permission4 ,people in the laity1 like herself1 were1 in some mysterious manner1 assumed to be unlike her4 ,the silence of deep religious feeling in others she treated as indifference1 and sometimes strove1 with seeming good intention1 to stir up the souls of those already more deeply moved than herself4 ,she abounded in little devotions1 little pictures1 little lamps and candles1 a multiplicity of pious knick-knacks1 enough to bewilder a person of simpler tastes4 ,she wore every scapular1 and all the medals she could get1 and her girdle was laden with rosaries4 ,by most people she was called a very pious woman2 by many she was believed to be a saintly woman4 ,she certainly was a fairly good woman and a nice lady of religious tastes4 ,but1 looked at by clear eyes1 she was a little puzzling1 like some others of her kind4 ,one missed there a central virtue1 the sweet humility that makes little of its own goodness1 and the charity which rejoices to see others beloved and preferred4 ,with such assumption1 one would have expected these virtues4 ,looking so1 moreover1 one suspected the existence of a deep and pernicious pride4 ,how did she receive a word of exhortation from an equal8 ,not as she expected her own exhortations to be received1 certainly1 but with an expression of astonishment1 mortification1 and even displeasure4 ,when did she sacrifice herself for others1 and say nothing about it8 when did she do an act of charity1 and conceal that she had done it8 when did she hesitate to obtain for herself an advantage because it was to be at the cost of another1 unless that other were a person in orders or in religion8 ,the ,signora looked at this lady1 and liked her1 and admired her in many ways1 but she could not help wishing that there were a little less self-complacency in spiritual matters1 and a little more willingness to sacrifice her own wishes and aims at times4 ,the thought would intrude itself into her mind that it was less a real1 working ,christian that she beheld than a religious sybarite4 ,she could not say of her1 as a famous author has said of some characters rather similar1 that 8their celestial intimacies did not seem to have improved their earthly manners1 and their high motives were not needed to account for their conduct02 but she was frequently pained to perceive a striking discrepancy between the profession and the practice4 8,i have been to-day for the first time to see ,santa ,maria degli ,angeli10 the lady said1 in the gay and pleasant way habitual to her4 8,there seems to be no one left there but a few old1 old men4 ,they were in choir when ,i went to the church1 but ,i should never have suspected it4 ,i asked the sacristan if there would be a ,mass soon4 ',after coro1' he said4 ,i asked when coro would be1 and he replied1 looking at me with some surprise1 that it was going on then4 ,i had heard a sound like a little company of bumble-bees among the clover1 but that it had anything in common with the great1 ringing chorus of ,st4 ,peter's or the other great churches ,i never dreamed4 ,by and by choir and ,mass were over1 and they all came out4 ,such a group of dear old ,rip ,van ,winkles6 ,they were all tall1 had long hair and long beards of white1 or streaked black and white2 they drooped in walking1 and their black and white robes1 not very fresh1 gave me a strange impression of antiquity and decay4 ,it must have been the color and oldness of their clothes that made me think of ,rip ,van ,winkle4 ,i was quite ashamed of the thought4 ,more than one head among them would have answered for a ,st4 ,jerome4 ,that dear ,st4 ,jerome60 she added1 drooping into pensiveness1 as if1 in uttering the name1 she had been rapt away4 ,she recovered herself after an instant1 and came back smilingly to the present4 8,you have no idea what a devotion ,i have for ,st4 ,jerome10 she said4 8,i can quite understand it10 the ,signora replied4 8,his character is one to inspire a great admiration and reverence4 ,here in ,rome one becomes more familiar1 in a certain way1 with the saints4 ,one is so much nearer their earthly lives1 their relics and their festas abound so1 and one comes so constantly upon places which they have inhabited or visited1 that one has a sense of shame and humiliation at coming no nearer their virtues40 ,the lady smiled4 8,i had not thought of that10 she said4 8,i approach the saints with all confidence and simplicity40 8,that is a very pleasant feeling10 the ,signora said calmly1 8and1 to an extent1 may be a virtue4 ,but do you not think that we should have also a feeling of awe in view of that splendid faith of theirs1 and of that sublime constancy and ardent charity1 which led them to face torments and death without flinching1 while our lives seem but a series of compromises1 and dispensations from everything that does not agree with our delicate and pampered natures8 ,it seems to me that1 if we remember the difference between our lives and theirs1 we shall almost expect that when we approach their shrines they will perform one miracle more1 and speak an audible reproof to us40 ,the lady looked disconcerted and a little displeased4 ,but1 some one interrupting them1 the subject was dropped4 ,after they were gone ,mr4 ,vane displayed a letter he had received that day from the prior of ,monte ,cassino1 inviting him and his family to visit their monastery4 ,this clergyman had been on very friendly terms with ,mr4 ,vane in ,america1 where he had spent a good many years1 and now1 hearing of his conversion1 was anxious to renew a friendship which would have a charm it had not before possessed1 and to welcome to a brotherhood of faith one who had always been kin to him by a community of generous nature4 8,he writes that we can stay a few days on the mountain and see everything there at our leisure10 ,mr4 ,vane said4 8,there is a house outside the gate where you ladies can stop1 and ,i can have a bed inside4 ,what do you say to it80 ,the invitation was accepted by acclamation4 ,monte ,cassino was one of the places to see in ,italy--a gem of nature1 religion1 and art4 ,before sleeping that night their plans were made4 ,they would put off the visit a little1 hoping for cooler days1 as the journey was one of five or six hours4 ,meantime they had a little trip to ,genzano in view1 to see the festa of the ,santissimo ,salvatore4 ,and close upon them was ,santa ,maria delle ,neve4 ,to ,be ,continued4 8,,may-,,flowers40 ,dear ,mother1 on our country's breast-- ,our country that is thine-- ,our poets place as scutcheon flower ,small argent stars that shine ,with pallid light when scarcely wake ,the leaf-buds from their sleep1 ,when1 nursing summer's waiting bloom1 ,the storm-stained leaves lie deep4 ,fair1 little stars that faintly gleam ,like planets sunset-dimmed1 ,the dearer for their glory scant ,on barren heavens limned4 ,pale ,may-flowers1 whose stainless cheek ,seems born of winter snow-- ,one rosy drop of living blood ,flushing the veins below4 ,whose faint-breathed perfume seems to rise ,like prayer of anchorite1 ,the heart that pours its incense forth ,low hidden from our sight2 ,whose sweetness seems like nimbus pale ,crowning some saintly head1 ,the light of self-forgotten life ,in holy odor shed4 ,kind ,mother1 see1 these little flowers ,our land is given to wear1 ,when still the forest arches stand ,of leafy tracery bare2 ,when still the heavens' softened blue ,grows dim with wind-swept snow1 ,and lonely-seeming ,phbe chants ,disconsolate and low4 ,this precious bloom bears thy dear name-- ,though given unaware-- ,and in its gentle life we trace ,the gleam of thine more fair4 ,in ,france's thoughtful land they give ,bright flowers to be thine eyes1 ,within their blue forget-me-nots ,thy glance's calmness lies4 ,upon our matin blossom rests ,no depth of peaceful blue1 ,yet breaks the rosy dawn of love ,its cheek's pure whiteness through4 ,amid the darkened leaves it lies ,in blest humility1 ,a lowly handmaid of the ,lord1 ,unstained of earth1 like thee-- ,a hidden life e'er pouring forth ,an offering pure of prayer2 ,the sweet unconsciousness of grace ,soft'ning the rude1 bleak air4 ,the blood-stained heart the sword hath pierced ,the spotless breast within1 ,the quiet shining on a world ,bitter and drear with sin4 ,a crown of stars that perfects all ,with heaven-won aureole-- ,let ,france's blossom claim thine eyes1 ,claim ours thy spotless soul2 ,whose gracious blessing ever rest ,on this broad land of ours1 ,that not in vain her poets' shield ,be quartered with ,may-flowers4 ,,the ,,lepers ,,of ,,tracadie4#bh ,footnote #bh3 ,this article is condensed from one which appeared in the ,revue ,canadienne1 by ,m4 de ,bellefeuille4 8,ah6 little think the gay1 licentious crowd1 ,whom pleasure1 power1 and affluence surround-- ,ah6 little think they1 while they dance along1 ,how many pine6 how many drink the cup ,of baleful grief6 how many shake ,with all the fiercer tortures of the mind60 --,,thomson',s ,seasons4 8,in a rage1 ,i returned to my dwelling-place1 crying aloud3 ',woe unto thee1 leper6 ,woe unto thee6' ,and as if the whole world united against me1 ,i heard the echo through the ruins of the ,chteau de ,bramafan repeat distinctly3 ',woe unto thee6' ,i stood motionless with horror on the threshold of the tower1 listening to the faint tones again and again repeated from the overhanging mountains3 ',woe unto thee6'0 --,,xavier ,,de ,,maistre4 ,on the low and miry land forming the borders of the county of ,gloucester in ,new ,brunswick1 fifty miles from ,miramichi and twenty-five south of ,caraquet1 between a narrow river and the waters of the ,gulf of ,st4 ,lawrence1 stands a little village4 ,the situation it occupies is dreary and sad to a degree4 ,on one side moans the gray sea1 on whose dull and turbid waters rarely is seen a sail4 ,on the other stretches a long1 low line of coast1 dotted at intervals by the huts of the fishermen4 ,the whole landscape is painfully monotonous1 desolate1 and mournful4 ,the cottages are mean in the extreme1 while the simple church is without architectural merit4 ,afar off frowns forbiddingly a large building shut in by high walls4 ,in this melancholy spot the passing traveller says to himself3 8,is this place accursed alike by ,god and man80 ,accursed1 alas6 it has indeed been by despairing lips and hearts2 for the building is the lazaretto of ,tracadie4 ,before the year #agih no register was kept of baptisms1 marriages1 or burials in the parish4 ,since that date1 however1 and up to #ahdb1 ,tracadie was under the care of the curs of ,caraquet1 a neighboring parish4 ,on the #bdth of ,october1 #ahdb1 arrived the first resident priest1 ,m4 ,franois ,xavier ,stanislas ,lafrance1 who remained there until ,january1 #aheb4 ,m4 ,lafrance has since died4 ,at ,tracadie he was succeeded by the present cur1 ,m4 l',abb ,ferdinand ,gauvreau1#bi with whose name the history of these poor lepers must always be interwoven4 ,footnote #bi3 ,the author writes3 ,from this excellent and faithful priest ,i have obtained the greater part of my information on this subject4 ,in addition1 ,m4 ,gauvreau has allowed me free use of his notes and documents4 ,probably the most terrible chastisement inflicted on a guilty people is that known as leprosy4 ,in ancient times it was only too well known1 for it was then more frequent than in our day4 ,it made such fearful ravages in certain parts of the world that its very name was whispered in accents of horror and dread4 ,from time immemorial has this scourge been looked upon as utterly distinct from all other diseases2 more virulent in its effects2 more insidious in its approaches1 and above all by reason of the frightful manner in which it distorts and disfigures its victims4 ,leprosy has probably been known from the creation of the world4 ,nothing in history leads us to reject this idea1 and1 indeed1 many interpreters who have exercised their talent on certain obscure passages of ,holy ,writ have found no better way of defining the terrible sign with which ,god marked the fratricide ,cain than by supposing it to be leprosy4 ,the alarm that has always been felt in regard to this most loathsome disease arises not alone from its hideous results1 but also from the conviction that has always existed as to the absolute hopelessness of cure4 ,before the time of ,moses leprosy was well known4 ,the first mention made of it in ,holy ,writ is in the fourth chapter of ,exodus4 ,god1 having chosen ,moses to deliver the ,hebrews from the tyranny of the ,egyptians1 orders him to present himself before his afflicted people and to announce himself to them as their deliverer4 ,moses objected1 saying3 8,they will not believe me1 nor hearken unto my voice2 for they will say1 ,the ,lord hath not appeared unto thee60 ,then the ,lord1 to convince ,moses of his divine mission1 said unto him1 8,put now thine hand into thy bosom10 and he put his hand into his bosom2 and when he took it out1 behold his hand full of leprosy1 white as snow--8instar nevis40 ,here1 then1 was leprosy easy to recognize1 since it had the whiteness of snow4 ,let us not forget this peculiar feature1 for we shall see it again later4 ,from this incident we see clearly that the disease was by no means unknown to ,moses1 because on seeing his hand he said3 8,leprosam instar nevis40 ,therefore we have a right to believe that the disease existed before ,moses4 ,to the support of this opinion ,dom ,calmet1 in his ,biblical ,dictionary1 cites ,manetho the ,egyptian1 ,lysimarchus1 ,appian1 ,tacitus1 and ,justin1 who have advanced the idea that the ,jews went out from ,egypt on account of the leprosy4 ,each one of these historians narrates the events in his own fashion1 but all agree that the ,hebrews who left ,egypt were attacked by leprosy4 ,not only does leprosy fasten on mankind1 but it clings to clothing and to the stone walls of houses4 ,it is to be presumed1 however1 that the leprosy brought by the ,israelites out of ,egypt was not of this malignant type2 for ,moses1 by the order of ,god1 takes pains to mention another and more virulent kind known in the land of ,chanaan1 the promised land of the ,israelites4 ,in ,leviticus1 chapter xiii41 we find the following3 8,if there be a spot1 greenish or reddish1 in the garment1 of wool or of skin1 the garment must be shown to the priest2 and the priest shall look on the plague1 and shut it up for seven days2 and if at the end of the time the spots have spread1 the priest will burn the garment1 for it is a fretting leprosy4 ,if the priest find1 however1 that the spots have not spread1 he shall order the garment to be washed2 and1 behold1 if the plague have not changed his color1 and be not spread1 it is unclean3 thou shalt burn it in the fire40 ,as to the suspected taint of leprosy in their houses1 let us see their method of proceeding3 8,when you be come into the land of ,chanaan1 if you think there be leprosy in the house1 he that owneth the house shall go to the priest1 who shall order the house to be emptied4 ,if the priest finds in the walls hollow streaks1 greenish or reddish1 he shall shut the house for seven days4 ,the priest shall come again the seventh day1 and shall look2 and if the plague be spread1 the stones shall be taken away1 and cast into an unclean place without the city4 ,then the rest of the house shall be scraped within and without1 and they shall pour the dust without the city1 and they shall take other stones and put them in the place of these1 and other mortar to plaster the house4 8,and if the plague come again1 and break out in the house1 it is a fretting leprosy1 and the house is unclean and shall be destroyed40 ,thus it is seen that the leprosy known to the ancients--this lamentable scourge1 8this eldest daughter of death0--attacked in its fury not man alone1 but his clothing and the very walls of his house4 ,the primary cause of an evil so malignant and so wide-spread must for ever remain a mystery4 ,the learned ,dom ,calmet1 as commentator of the ,bible rather than as a physician1 offers a theory in his notes on ,leviticus4 ,he maintains that the disease is caused by a multitude of minute worms4 ,these parasites glide between skin and flesh1 gnawing the epidermis and the cuticle1 and then the nerves1 producing1 in short1 all the symptoms that are remarked in the beginning1 the progress1 and the end of leprosy4 ,dom ,calmet concludes by saying that 8venereal diseases are but forms of leprosy which were only too well known to the ancients40 ,in this century leprosy still exists in some portions of ,italy and in ,norway to a very considerable extent1 according to the reports of ,drs4 ,danielson and ,bok4 ,it is still to be met with in ,turkey in the village of ,looschori--the ancient ,mytilene of the gean ,sea--in the ,indian ,archipelago1 on the coast of ,africa1 and in the ,west ,indies4 ,i myself have seen it in ,jerusalem and at ,naplouse1 ancient ,samaria2 at ,damascus also1 where there is a lazaretto very poorly supported by public charity4 ,to ,mr4 ,charles ,a4 ,dana1 one of the editors of the ,new ,american ,cyclopdia1 the maladie de ,tracadie is not unknown2 for he says that leprosy exists in ,canada and in other portions of ,america4 ,but to return to the ,scriptures3 ,moses is not the only one of the inspired writers who speaks of leprosy1 and more than once our blessed ,lord1 on his journeys through ,judea1 exercised his charity and showed his goodness by curing lepers who threw themselves at his feet1 entreating mercy4 ,job was struck by the hand of ,god with this scourge1 and has described it with marvellous beauty and pathos4 ,he was forsaken by his wife and his friends in his humiliation and suffering2 they shrank from him1 saying that he must have committed some fearful crime to have drawn upon himself so heavy a chastisement4 ,a similar horror of this disease existed among all nations4 ,in ,prsia no citizen infected by it could enter a village or have any intercourse with his fellow-creatures1 while a stranger was driven pitilessly forth into the desert 7,herod41 ,clio74 schines1 giving an account of his sea voyage1 states that1 the ship putting into ,delos1 they found the inhabitants suffering from leprosy1 and the travellers hurried away in fear and trembling1 lest they themselves should fall victims4 ,in ,egypt ,pliny#cj says that when this evil attacked kings1 it was most unfortunate for their people2 for to cure them baths of warm human blood were believed to be efficacious4 ,footnote #cj3 ,hist4 ,nat41 l4 xxvi4 c4 i4 proem4 ,in later days we find that lepers have been the victims of most unjust and cruel laws among almost all nations4 ,thus1 among the ,lombards1 in #fdc1 one law ordered not only that lepers should be confined to isolated localities1 but declared them also civilly dead1 deprived them of their property1 and confided them to the charity of the public4 ,several provinces in ,france adopted this law with some qualifications4 ,in certain localities even the posterity of lepers were excluded--as at ,calais--from all rights of citizenship1 and in #geg an ordinance of ,pepin le ,bref permitted divorce between a healthy wife and leprous husband1 or a healthy husband and leprous wife4 ,charlemagne augmented the severity of laws already so hard4 ,he ordered lepers to live apart1 permitted them no social intercourse whatever1 and finally1 as their crowning misery1 these unfortunates saw themselves thrust on one side by the church itself from communion with the faithful4 ,at the time of the separation of the lepers from family1 home1 and friends1 the church pronounced over them the prayers for the dead4 ,masses were said for the repose of their souls1 and1 to complete the mournful illusion1 a handful of earth was thrown upon their bodies4 ,they were forbidden to enter any church or any place where food was prepared1 nor could they dip their hands in a running stream1 nor accept food or anything handed them1 save with a fork or the end of a stick4 ,they were compelled1 moreover1 to wear a particular costume that could be seen and recognized from afar off1 and1 under threats of severe penalties for disobedience1 were ordered to ring a little bell to announce their coming4 ,more recently1 in ,france1 lepers herded together1 in secluded places1 which were called lproseries4 ,in the year #abdd there were throughout all ,christendom #ai1jjj of these lproseries1 and in ,france alone #b1jjj4 ,there these poor wretched creatures passed their desolate lives1 separated from the outside world1 without occupation or interest1 save that of watching the slow but sure progress of their companions toward the inevitable and horrible death that was impending4 ,in the eleventh1 twelfth1 and thirteenth centuries1 says ,mgr4 ,gaume1 leprosy extended its ravages over a large part of the world4 ,the pestilence attacked suddenly all parts of the body at once1 drying it up1 as it were2 and1 like the plague1 leprosy was unquestionably most contagious4 ,to receive the infection it was but necessary to touch the clothes or the furniture1 or even to breathe the tainted air2 consequently1 every one fled in dismay at the sight of a leper4 ,they were driven from the vicinity of towns1 and they were seen from afar wandering over the fields and hillsides like living corpses1 while at a distance they were compelled to signal their approach by a rattle or bell4 ,abandoned by the whole world1 and a prey to horrible sufferings1 they called on death to deliver them4 ,the ,king of ,france1 anxious to protect his subjects from exposure to this disease1 formed a complete code of laws for lepers4 8,every person10 said ,m4 ,deseimeris in his ,medical ,dictionary1 8who is suspected of leprosy must submit to a thorough examination by a surgeon4 ,the suspicion confirmed1 a magistrate takes possession of the individual to dispose of him according to law4 ,if he be a stranger1 he must be sent at once to the place of his birth1 bestowing first upon him1 however1 the poor gifts of a hat1 a gray mantle1 a beggar's wallet1 and a small keg4 ,the poor creature1 on arriving at his native village1 must carefully avoid all contact with his fellow-creatures40 ,even the church rejects him4 ,each town or village was compelled to build for his reception a small wooden house on four piles1 and1 after the death of its inmate1 the house1 with all that was in it1 was consigned to the flames4 ,as the number of lepers was constantly increasing1 the erection of so many of these small tenements became a source of great expense4 ,it was therefore finally decided to unite them under one roof1 and give them the name of a lproserie4 ,in this way their support became less onerous1 while their seclusion was far greater1 and their diet and medical treatment was easier of regulation4 ,louis ,,viii4 published in #abbf a code of special laws for the government of lproseries4 ,these laws were intolerably severe4 ,a leper once incarcerated within the walls of a lazaretto incurred the penalty of death if he passed over the threshold again2 scaffolds were erected where they could be seen from the hospital1 thus keeping this fact ever in the remembrance and before the eyes of the miserable inmates4 ,i have recounted these details to demonstrate the utter horror with which leprosy was regarded4 ,it must not be supposed that only the ignorant and superstitious were overwhelmed by foolish dread1 or that it was an idle prejudice1 a relic of barbarism2 for in the nineteenth century we witness the same horror1 and here on our own shores encounter the same rigorous legislation4 ,we should also find the lepers as uncared for1 as shunned and neglected1 as they were of old1 were it not for the ,catholic ,church1 which1 with its customary zeal in all labors of charity and mercy1 aroused in the hearts of a humble priest and a few weak nuns the wish and determination to consecrate their lives to the service of this most miserable class of their fellow-creatures4 ,the first settlements on the ,miramichi ,river were made after the treaty of ,utrecht in #agah by the subjects of ,france--,basques1 ,bretons1 and ,normans4 ,under the administration of ,cardinal ,fleury stringent measures were taken to encourage and protect these colonies4 ,after a time1 when their prosperity seemed secure1 a certain ,pierre ,beauhair was sent from ,france as intendant to rule and arrange matters for the ,french government4 ,he erected a small villa on a point of land that since his death bears his name1 at the mouth of the northwestern branch of the ,miramichi ,river4 ,the island opposite l',ile ,beauhair was strongly defended1 and tradition states that the intendant built within the walls of the fort a foundry for cannon1 and other buildings for the manufacture of munitions of war4 ,during the summer of #ageg the colony on the ,miramichi suffered much from the war between ,france and ,england1 which sadly interrupted their traffic in fish and furs4 ,consequently1 the following winter was one of great suffering1 and many of the colonists died of hunger4 ,two transport ships1 laden with provision and supplies of all kinds1 were sent out by the ,french government in #ageh1 but both vessels were captured by the ,english fleet then assisting at the siege of ,louisburg4 ,while these colonies were enduring suspense and starvation a ,french vessel1 called the ,indienne1 from ,morlaix1 was wrecked at the mouth of the ,miramichi near the 8,baie des ,vents0--a name now corrupted into 8,baie du ,vin40 ,tradition states that this ship1 before coming to ,america1 had traded in the ,levant1 and that a large number of bales of old clothes had been taken on board at ,smyrna4 ,the clothes were strewn upon the beach after the vessel went to pieces1 were seized by the inhabitants1 dried1 and afterwards worn4 ,however this may be1 it is certain that from that date arose a most terrible pestilence among the ,canadians1 who were already decimated by famine4 ,the first victim of this malady was ,m4 de ,beauhair1 and he1 with eight hundred others1 it is said1 were buried at ,point ,beauhair4 ,the survivors abandoned ,miramichi and fled1 some to l',ile ,saint-,jean--now ,prince ,edward's ,island--and the greater number settled along the western coast of the ,gulf of ,st4 ,lawrence1 where they formed scattered hamlets under the names of ,niguaweck1 ,tracadie1 and ,pokemouche1 combined in one parish--that of ,caraquet4 ,for eighty years1 although it was known that isolated instances of leprosy existed in the different colonies1 they attracted little or no public attention up to #ahag1 when a woman named ,ursule ,laudry died of the disease4 ,an account written by one of the nuns of l',htel ,dieu attributes a somewhat different origin to this scourge4 ,this good sister writes that the disease was carried to ,new ,brunswick in #ageh by a ship from the ,levant2 the vessel having made the port late in the autumn1 the crew were paid off and dispersed1 many seeking a temporary home in ,caraquet4 ,unfortunately1 this crew was afflicted by a malady that was unsuspected by any one4 ,the colonists were kind to the sailors2 the women washed their clothes and in this way contracted the disease1 which was transmitted from one to another and from father to son1 and in time acquired its peculiar features4 ,hamilton ,gordon1 the ,lieutenant-,governor of ,new ,brunswick in #ahfb1 has assigned a similar origin to the malady in an interesting pamphlet entitled ,wilderness ,journeys in ,new ,brunswick in #ahfb-c4 8,a vague and uncertain tradition exists10 he says1 8that somewhere about a hundred years ago a ,french vessel was wrecked on the coast of ,gloucester or ,northumberland1 and that among the crew were some sailors from ,marseilles1 who in the ,levant had contracted the hideous leprosy of the ,east1 the veritable elephantiasis ,grcorum2 however this may be1 it is beyond all question that for many years a part of the ,french population of these two counties has been sorely afflicted by this mysterious disease1 or by one that closely resembles it1 and which may be1 indeed1 the form of leprosy so well known on the coast of ,norway40 8,it is difficult10 says in his turn ,m4 ,gauvreau1 cur of ,tracadie and chaplain of the lazaretto1 in a letter published in the ,journal de ,montreal1 ,november #cj1 #ahei--8;it is difficult to persuade one's self that this malady could be the spontaneous generation of the locality where it now exists4 ,the geographical position of ,tracadie is on the sea-coast1 with the fresh currents of a river close at hand1 the waters of which are salt for eight or nine miles above the mouth4 ,the soil in some portions is sandy1 in others clayey2 in the vicinity are no marshes1 no stagnant water1 consequently no injurious malaria4 ,these facts seem to justify the opinion which ,i have long held1 and which as yet ,i see no reason to change1 that the poisonous virus was not the growth of this spot1 but was brought here by some traveller40 ,these traditions are1 in the main1 probably correct as to the origin of the scourge in this ,canadian village4 ,the inhabitants of other villages than ,tracadie subsist almost entirely on fish1 are equally poor1 equally ill-fed and insufficiently clothed1 living in the same damp and foggy atmosphere2 but it is only in ,tracadie or its vicinity that a leper is to be seen4 ,the inhabitants of ,labrador and ,newfoundland eat fish almost exclusively1 and live amid similar climatic conditions1 paying no more enlightened attention to hygienic laws1 and yet the 8maladie de ,tracadie0 does not attack or decimate them4 ,from the date of the introduction of this disease into the village it increased slowly but steadily until #ahag1 when certain precautions began to be taken2 but not until #ahdd did the authorities try any active precautions4 ,in that year a medical board was organized1 who made a report of their investigations to the government1 and later in the same year an act of the ,provincial ,legislature was passed1 renewed and amended in #ahej4 ,it authorized the lieutenant-governor to establish a health committee4 ,this committee recommended the erection of a lazaretto on l',ile de ,sheldrake1 an isolated spot in the middle of the ,miramichi ,river eighteen miles above ,chatham4 8,whoever was found to be unquestionably tainted by the disease10 says the article1 8must be torn from his family1 using force if needful4 ,the husband must be taken from his wife1 the mother from her children1 the child from its parents1 whenever the first symptom of leprosy declares itself4 ,an eternal farewell to all they hold most dear must be said1 and the poor creature is sent to the lazaretto4 ,it often happens that a leper refuses to go quietly2 he is then dragged by ropes like a beast to the shambles--for none is willing to lay a finger upon him4 ,often the unhappy beings are driven with blows to the very door of the lazaretto40 ,things1 of course1 could not long remain in this brutal condition4 ,the lepers1 driven to desperation by their physical and mental sufferings1 by a wild longing for the liberty denied them1 and for the sight of their loved ones1 sometimes effected their escape4 ,an attempt was finally made to ameliorate their condition1 and in #ahdg the lazaretto was removed to the spot where it now stands1 about half a mile from the parish church of ,tracadie4 ,a large tract of land was here purchased by the government1 and the present building was erected1 surrounded by a wooden wall twenty feet high1 set thick with nails to hinder the escape of the lepers4 ,the windows of the lazaretto were barred heavily with iron1 and thus added to the melancholy aspect of the building4 ,the lepers1 weary of the revolting resemblance to a prison1 themselves tore most of the bars away1 and1 when the nuns arrived there they at once ordered the remainder to be removed4 ,in #ahfh the nuns from the ,htel ,dieu of ,montreal took possession of the lazaretto of ,tracadie4 ,for some few years a strong necessity had been felt for the reorganization of this institution4 ,a wish was expressed that it could be placed under the care of the ,hospital ,nuns4 ,i have now before me a letter from the ,rt4 ,rev4 ,james ,rogers1 ,bishop of ,chatham1 in which is given an account1 for the ,conseil ,central de la ,propagation de la ,foi at ,paris1 of the steps that had been taken up to ,december1 #ahff3 8,since my first visit to the establishment10 says the bishop1 8,i have always thought that it would be most desirable to place it under the care of the ,sisters of the ,htel ,dieu1 who would watch over the souls and the bodies of these sufferers1 whose number varies from twenty to thirty4 ,but so many great and pressing needs claimed my attention--while my resources were insufficient even for the alleviation of physical suffering1 and also1 perhaps1 for the spiritual wants of certain souls--,i was compelled to postpone my plans in regard to the lazaretto1 until my diocese could satisfy the religious needs of its inhabitants by an increase of the number of priests1 and by the erection of chapels in places where they had long and earnestly been demanded1 and also by the establishment of schools for the ,christian education of youth4 ,another obstacle to the immediate execution of my intention was the lukewarm approbation and co-operation of the government4 ,the total lack of suitable lodging for the nuns1 as well as the uncertainty whether the ,protestant element which pervades our government and our legislature would be willing to grant us funds or permit us to make needful preparations for the sisters to take charge of the lazaretto--all conspired as hindrances to my desires4 8,last spring ,i petitioned the government1 but political changes interfered1 and no steps were taken until now4 ,this is the reason why the worthy cur of ,tracadie continues to be the only priest who administers the consolations of religion to that portion of his flock so bitterly afflicted40 ,the steps taken by ,bishop ,rogers seem to have been singularly felicitous4 ,he obtained from ,bishop ,bourget the assistance of the nuns of the ,htel ,dieu of ,montreal1 and the government appears to have regarded with favorable eyes this regeneration of the lazaretto1 which produced in a very brief period of time the best possible results upon the patients4 ,abb ,gauvreau draws a sad picture of the state in which these poor creatures lived before the nuns went to their assistance4 ,in a letter dated ,april #bh1 #ahfi1 addressed to the mother-superior of the ,htel ,dieu of ,montreal1 he says3 8,i am absolutely incapable of describing the state of abject misery in which our poor lepers passed their lives before the coming of the sisters4 ,i can only say that from the hour of their transfer from l',ile aux ,bec-scies 7,sheldrake7 at the entrance of the river ,miramichi1 discord1 revolt1 and insubordination toward the government1 divisions and quarrels among themselves1 made the history of their daily lives4 ,the walls rang with horrible blasphemies1 and the hospital seemed like a den of thieves40 ,the ,board of ,health spared nothing to make the lepers comfortable4 ,good food1 and abundance of it1 appropriate clothing1 and careful medical attendance were liberally provided2 but1 in spite of these efforts1 the hearts of these poor creatures were as diseased as their bodies4 ,some of them revolted against the summons of death1 notwithstanding the constant exhortations of the chaplain1 and even after their last communion clung strongly to the futile hope of life4 ,of this number was one who had been warned by the physician that his hours were numbered and that a priest should be summoned4 ,his friends1 and those of his relatives who were within the walls of the lazaretto1 implored him to prepare for death4 8,let me be60 he cried4 8,i know what ,i am about60 ,about nine o'clock in the evening he begged his companions in misery not to watch at his bedside1 and1 believing himself able to drive away ,death1 who was hurrying toward him with rapid strides1 insisted on playing a game of cards4 ,the game had hardly begun1 however1 when the cards dropped from his hands and he fell back on his bed4 ,before assistance could reach him all was over4 ,with the arrival of the nuns a new order of things began4 ,without entering into a detailed account of all the labors performed by the sisters since their arrival1 it is enough to state that cleanliness and order prevail and true charity shows itself everywhere4 ,the poor creatures1 who formerly revelled in filth and disorder1 now see about them decency and cleanliness4 ,they are induced to be submissive and obedient by the hourly example of the sisters2 their modesty and reserve1 their virtue and careful speech1 their watchful care and devotion1 their tender attention to the sick1 teach the inmates of the hospital the best of lessons4 ,it is easy to imagine with what joy the poor lepers welcomed the nuns who came to consecrate their lives to this service1 and also to understand with what affection and respect these holy women are regarded4 8,the enclosed grounds of the lazaretto10 says ,governor ,gordon in his ,wilderness ,journeys1 8consist of a green meadow three or four acres in extent4 ,within these limits the lepers are permitted to wander at their will4 ,until recently they were confined to the narrowest limits--a mere yard about the lazaretto4 ,i entered these dreary walls1 accompanied by the ,roman ,catholic ,bishop of ,chatham1 by the secretary of the ,board of ,health1 by the resident physician1 and by the ,catholic priest of the village1 who is also the chaplain of the institution4 8,within the enclosure are several small wooden buildings1 separated from each other1 consisting of the kitchen1 laundry1 etc4 ,a bath-house has recently been added to these1 which will be a source of infinite comfort to the patients4 ,the hospital contains two larger halls--one devoted to the men1 the other to the women4 ,each room has a stove and a table with chairs about it1 while the beds are ranged against the wall4 ,these halls are both well lighted and ventilated1 and at the time of my inspection were perfectly clean and fresh4 ,at the end of these halls is a small chapel arranged in such a way that the patients of both sexes are able to hear ,mass without meeting each other4 ,through certain openings they also confess to the priest and receive the holy communion40 ,many changes in the interior arrangements of the lazaretto followed the arrival of the sisters4 ,the patients and the nuns now hear ,mass at the same time4 ,the male patients occupy two rooms twenty-five feet square1 while similar apartments above are reserved for the females4 ,the grounds of the lazaretto have also been enlarged4 8,before giving the characteristics of this appalling disease10 says ,mr4 ,gordon1 8,i wish to reply to a question which you undoubtedly wish to ask3 ,how is this malady propagated8 ,no one knows4 ,it seems not to be hereditary1 since in one family the father or mother may be attacked1 while the children entirely escape4 ,in others the children are leprous and the parents healthy4 ,in #ahef or '#eg a woman named ,domitile ,brideau1 wife of ,franois ,robichaud1 was so covered with leprosy that her body was one mass of corruption4 ,while in this state she gave birth to a daughter1 whom she nursed--the mother shortly afterward dying in the hospital4 ,meanwhile1 the child was absolutely healthy1 and remained until she was three years of age in the hospital without any unfavorable symptoms being developed4 ,the girl grew to womanhood and married1 and to-day she and her children are perfectly healthy4 ,many similar examples might be cited40 ,this malady1 then1 can hardly be contagious1 since in one family husband or wife may be attacked1 while the other goes unscathed4 ,there is now at ,tracadie a man1 ,franois ,robichaud by name1 who has had three wives2 the two first perished of leprosy1 the third is now under treatment at the lazaretto--the husband in the meanwhile enjoying perfect health4 ,in one family two or more children are lepers1 while the others are untainted4 ,one servant-woman resided for eight years in the hospital1 ate and drank with the patients1 yet has never shown any symptoms of the disease4 ,the laundress of the institution lives under its roof1 and has done so for two years2 she is a widow1 her husband having died of the scourge1 she being his sole nurse during his illness4 ,she is in perfect health4 ,it has also happened more than once that persons suspected of leprosy1 and placed in the hospital1 after remaining there several years and developing no further symptoms1 are discharged as 8whole40 ,all the patients now in the hospital agree that the disease is communicated by touch1 and each has his own theory as to where he was exposed to it--either by sleeping with some one who had it1 or by eating and drinking with such4 ,i am strongly persuaded that this disease1 whatever may be its origin1 is greatly aggravated by the kind of life led by the natives of ,tracadie1 who are all fishermen or sailors4 ,their food is fish1 generally herring1 and their only vegetables turnips and potatoes4 ,such is their extreme poverty that there are not ten families in ,tracadie who ever touch bread4 ,let us follow ,governor ,gordon into the lazaretto4 8,at the time of my visit10 he says1 8there were twenty-three patients1 thirteen men and ten women4 ,they were all ,french and all ,catholics1 belonging to the lower class4 ,they were of all ages1 and had reached various stages of the disease4 ,one old man1 whose features were distorted out of all semblance to humanity1 and who had apparently entered his second childhood1 could hardly be sufficiently aroused from his apathy to receive the benediction of the bishop1 before whom all the others sank on their knees4 8,there were also young people who1 to a casual observer1 seemed vigorous and in health2 while1 saddest of all sights was that of the young children condemned to spend their lives in this terrible place4 ,above all was ,i touched by the sight of three small boys from eleven to fifteen years of age4 ,to an inexperienced observer they had much the look of other children of their own age and class4 ,their eyes were bright and intelligent1 but the fatal symptoms that had sufficed to separate them from home and kindred were written on their persons1 and they were immured for life in the lazaretto4 8,the greatest sympathy must naturally be felt for these younger victims when one thinks of the possible length of years that stretches before them1 hopeless and cheerless2 to grow to manhood with the capacities1 passions1 and desires of manhood1 and condemned to live from youth to middle age1 from middle age to decrepitude possibly1 with no other society than that of their companions in misery4 ,utterly without occupations1 amusements1 or interests1 shut off from all outside resources1 their only excitement is found in the arrival of a new disease-stricken patient1 their only occupation that of watching their companions dying before their eyes by inches6 8,but few of the patients could read1 and those who could were without books4 ,there was evident need of some organization that might furnish the patients with employment4 ,both mind and body required occupation4 ,under these circumstances ,i was by no means surprised to learn that in the last stages of the disease the mind was generally much weakened4 8,the suffering of the majority of the patients was by no means severe1 and ,i was informed that one of the characteristic features of the malady was profound insensibility to pain4 ,one individual was pointed out to me1 who by mistake had laid his arm and open hand on a red-hot stove1 and who knew nothing of it until the odor of burning flesh aroused his attention40 ,after ,governor ,gordon's visit the condition of the lepers was much improved4 ,the sisters taught the young to read and employed them in making shoes and other articles4 ,the investigations of ,governor ,gordon1 although made during a brief inspection of the lazaretto1 are correct as far as they go1 but are far from complete4 ,the ,abb ,gauvreau has been for eighteen years chaplain of the hospital4 ,he has watched keenly the progress of the disease in over a hundred cases4 ,he has noted every symptom of its slow and fatal march4 ,he has been present at the deathbeds of many of the lepers1 and he recounts with horror the terrible scenes he has witnessed4 8,without wishing to impose my opinions on you10 he says1 8,i cannot resist the conviction that1 apart from divine will1 this scourge of fallen man is a most subtle poison introduced into the human body by transmission or by direct contact1 or even1 perhaps1 by prolonged cohabitation4 8,but whichever of these suppositions is the more nearly correct1 when once the poison is fairly within the system its action is so latent and insidious that for some years--two1 four1 or even more--the unfortunate ,naaman or ,giezi perceives in himself no change either in constitution or sensations4 ,his sleep is as refreshing and his respiration as free as before4 ,in a word1 the vital organs perform all their functions and the various members are unshorn of their vigor and energy4 8,at this period of the disease the skin loses its natural color1 its healthy appearance1 and is replaced by a deadly whiteness from head to foot4 ,this whiteness looks as if the malady had taken possession of the mucous membrane and had displaced the fluids necessary to its functions4 ,without knowing if the leper of the ,orient possesses other external indications1 it is certain that in this stage the malady of ,tracadie is precisely similar to the leprosy of the ancients--,i mean in the whiteness of the skin4 ,in the second stage the skin becomes yellow4 ,in the third and last it turns to a deep red2 it is often purple1 and sometimes greenish1 in hue4 ,in fact1 the people of ,tracadie1 like myself1 are so familiar with the early symptoms of the disease that they rarely fall into a mistake4 8,only one death has ever occurred in the first stage--that of ,cyrille ,austin4 ,all the other cases have passed on to the second or third stages before death2 and1 strangely enough1 it has been remarked by the patients themselves that the treatment of ,dr4 ,la ,bellois had always a much better chance of success during the third period than during the second4 8,at first the victim feels devouring thirst1 great feverish action1 and a singular trembling in every limb2 stiffness and a certain weakness in the joints2 a great weight on the chest like that caused by sorrow2 a rush of blood to the brain2 fatigue and drowsiness1 and other disagreeable symptoms which now escape my memory4 ,the entire nervous system is then struck1 as it were1 with insensibility to such a degree that a sharp instrument or a needle1 or even the blade of a knife1 buried in the fleshy parts or thrust through the tendons and cartilage1 causes the leper little or no pain4 ,some poor creature1 with calm indifference1 will place his arm or leg on a mass of burning wood and tar1 and let it remain there until the entire limb1 bones and all1 is consumed2 yet the leper feels no pain1 and may sleep through it all as quietly as if in his bed40 ,in another letter the abb gives the following example of this astonishing insensibility3 8,one of these afflicted beings who died at the lazaretto1 and to whom ,i administered the last sacraments1 lay down to sleep near a hot fire2 in his slumbers he thrust one arm and hand into the flames1 but continued to sleep4 ,the overpowering smell of burning flesh awakened one of his companions1 who succeeded in saving his life40 ,one of the nuns says3 8,since we reached ,tracadie two of the patients have burned their hands severely1 and were totally unconscious of having done so until ,i dressed the wounds myself40 ,in regard to this torpidity of the system1 ,m4 ,gauvreau remarks that it is but temporary1 but he knows not its duration2 and the nun adds that the torpidity is not invariable with all the patients1 and with some only in a portion of the body4 ,in certain individuals it is only in the legs2 in others1 in the hands alone2 but all complain of numbness like that of paralysis4 8,by degrees10 says ,m4 ,gauvreau1 8the unnatural whiteness of the skin disappears1 and spots of a light yellow are to be seen4 ,these spots in some cases are small and about the size of a dollar-piece4 ,when of this character1 they appear at first with a certain regularity of arrangement1 and in places corresponding with each other1 as on the two arms and shoulders--more generally1 however1 on the breast4 ,they are distinct1 but by degrees the poison makes its way throughout the vitals2 the spots enlarge1 approach each other1 and1 when at last united1 the body of the sick man becomes a mass of corruption4 ,then the limbs swell1 afterward portions of the body1 the hands1 and the feet2 and when the skin can bear no further tension it breaks1 and running sores cover the patient1 who is repulsive and disgusting to the last degree4 8,the entire skin of the body becomes extremely tender1 and is covered with an oily substance that exudes from the pores and looks like varnish4 ,the skin and flesh between the thumb and forefinger dry away1 the ends of the fingers1 the feet1 and hands dwindle to nothingness1 and sometimes the joints separate1 and the members drop off without pain and often without the knowledge of the patient4 8,the most noble part of the being created in the image of ,god--the face--is marred as much as the body by this fell disease4 ,it is generally excessively swollen4 ,the chin1 cheeks1 and ears are usually covered by tubercles the size of peas4 ,the eyes seem to start from their sockets1 and are glazed by a sort of cataract that often produces complete blindness4 ,the skin of the forehead thickens and swells1 acquiring a leaden hue1 which sometimes extends over the entire countenance1 while in other cases the whole face is suffused with scarlet4 ,the explanation of these different symptoms may be found1 of course1 in the variety of temperaments--sanguine1 bilious1 or lymphatic4 ,this face1 once so smooth and fair1 has become seamed and furrowed4 ,the lips are two appalling ulcers--the upper lip much swollen and raised to the base of the nose1 which has entirely disappeared2 while the under lip hangs over the chin1 which shines from the tension of the skin4 ,can a more frightful sight be imagined8 ,in some cases the lips are parched and drawn up like a purse puckered on strings4 ,this deformity is the more to be regretted is it precludes the afflicted from participation in the holy communion4 ,leprosy--that of ,tracadie1 at least--completes its ravages on the internal organs of its victims4 ,it attacks now the larynx and all the bronchial ramifications2 they become obstructed and filled with tubercles1 so that the unhappy patient can find no relief in any position4 ,his respiration becomes gradually more and more impeded1 until he is threatened with suffocation4 ,i have been present at the last struggles of most of these afflicted mortals4 ,i hope that ,i may never be called upon to witness similar scenes4 ,excuse me from the details4 ,if ,i undertook them my courage would give out2 for ,i assure you that many of you would have fainted4 ,let me simply add that these lepers generally die in convulsions1 panting for air2 frequently rushing to the door to breathe2 and1 returning1 they fling themselves on their pallets in despair4 ,the thought of their sighs and sobs1 the remembrance of their tears1 almost breaks my heart1 and their prayers for succor ring constantly in my ears3 ',o my ,god6 have mercy on me6 have mercy on me6' 8,at last comes the supreme moment of this lingering torture1 and the patient dies of exhaustion and suffocation4 ,all is over1 and another ,lazarus lies in ,abraham's bosom60 ,after the above vivid picture of this loathsome disease we naturally ask if the evil be such that no medical skill can combat it with success4 ,the ,hospital ,nun in the infirmary of the lazaretto tells us all that she has yet learned upon this point4 ,in #ahdi and #ahej ,dr4 ,la ,bellois1 a celebrated ,french physician residing at ,dalhousie1 treated the lepers for six months and claimed to have cured ten of them3 ,t4 ,goutheau1 ,charles ,comeau1 ,t4 ,brideau1 ,a4 ,benoit1 ,l4 ,sonier1 ,ed4 ,vienneau1 ,mme4 ,a4 ,sonier1 ,m4 ,sonier1 ,mme4 ,ferguson1 ,melina ,lavoie4 8,all the above cases are now quite well1 and the treatment ,i adopted was entirely for syphilitic disease1 thus establishing without any doubt the nature of the disease0 7extract from ,la ,bellois' report1 ,feb4 #ab1 #ahej74 ,meanwhile1 from the report of the secretary of the ,board of ,health--,mr4 ,james ,davidson--we gather that all the sick above mentioned returned after a time to the hospital2 that they died there1 with the exception of three1 of whom two died in their own houses and the third still lives4 ,of this one ,dr4 ,gordon1 of ,bathurst1 says3 8,the disease is slow in its progress1 but it is sure1 and the fatal termination cannot be far off40 ,dr4 ,nicholson undertook the treatment at the lazaretto4 ,by a certain course of medicine1 the details of which he kept a profound secret1 and with the aid of vapors1 he wonderfully improved the physical condition of the lepers1 who in many instances indulged sanguine hopes of recovery4 ,unfortunately1 however1 this physician suddenly abandoned his profession1 and1 to the sorrow of his former patients1 died three years later4 ,the lepers soon relapsed into their former hopeless state1 and since then no change has taken place4 8,on our arrival at ,tracadie10 said the sister1 8we found twenty inmates of the hospital1 and since three more have been admitted4 ,these poor creatures1 being firmly persuaded that we could cure them1 besieged us with entreaties for medicine1 and were satisfied with whatever we gave4 ,at first ,i selected three who had undergone no medical treatment2 these three were also the only ones who suffered from contraction of the extremities4 ,the first1 twenty-two years of age1 had been at the hospital four years1 and as yet showed the disease only in the contraction above mentioned1 and in a certain insensibility of the feet and hands4 ,the second1 fifteen years old1 had been in the hospital for two years1 his hands and feet were drawn up1 and he suffered from a large swelling on the left foot4 ,this young fellow is very delicate1 and suffers intensely at times from spasms of the stomach4 ,the third case is a lad of eleven1 who for two years has suffered from the disease4 ,his hands are twisted out of shape1 and his body is covered with spots1 red and white2 these spots are totally without sensibility4 ,i have administered to these patients the remedies as prescribed by ,mr4 ,fowle--,fowle's ,humor ,cure1 an ,american patent medicine4 ,the first and second patient experienced no other benefit from this remedy than a certain vigor previously unfelt4 ,to the third the sensibility of the cuticle returned1 but the spots remained the same4 ,this in itself is very remarkable1 because in no previous case have these benumbed or paralyzed parts regained their sensation4 ,to another1 a patient of twenty-two1 ,i gave the same remedy4 ,for eight years he had been a martyr to the virulence of the disease4 ,when we arrived at the lazaretto1 we found his case to be one of the worst there4 ,his nose had fallen in2 the lips were enormously puffed and swollen2 his hands equally so1 and looked more like the paws of a bear than like the hands of a human being4 ,the saliva was profuse1 but the effort of swallowing almost futile4 ,soon after taking this same medicine the saliva ceased to flow and he swallowed with comparative ease4 8,on the #bc;d of ,january he was1 by the mercy of ,god1 able to partake of the holy communion1 of which he had been deprived for four years4 ,his lips are now of their natural size1 and he is stronger than he has been for years4 ,but the pains in his limbs are far worse than they have ever before been4 ,i have also given ,fowle's cure to all the patients who had been under no previous medical treatment1 and invariably with beneficial results4 ,in some the tint of the skin is more natural2 in others the swelling of the extremities is much abated2 but the remedy seems always to occasion an increase of pains in the limbs1 although it unquestionably acts as a tonic upon the poor creatures4 ,in all of them the mouth and throat improve with the use of ,fowle's cure4 ,and here let me say that this disease throughout bears a strong resemblance to syphilis4 ,in both diseases the throat1 the tongue1 and the whole inside of the mouth are ulcerated4 ,in both diseases the voice is affected to such a degree that it can hardly make itself heard4 ,they cough frightfully1 and some time after our coming a leper presented himself for admission at our hospital doors4 ,the poor creature was covered with ulcers and every night was bathed in a cold perspiration4 ,after he had rested for a few days1 ,i gave him a powerful dose of la liqueur arsenicale1 which has since been repeated4 ,the night-sweats have disappeared1 and the ulcers are healed1 with the exception of one on the foot4 ,his lips are still unhealthy1 but he is much stronger1 and the spots on his person are gradually disappearing4 8,two others1 later arrivals have taken la liqueur arsenicale and have improved under its use4 ,suspecting that the origin of this malady may be traced to another source1 and remembering the opinion of ,dr4 ,la ,bellois1 ,i gave the bichloride of mercury1 in doses of the thirty-second part of a grain1 to the worst case in the hospital4 ,it is too soon1 however1 to judge of its effects4 ,the improvement in no one of these cases is rapid1 but we trust that it is certain4 ,we look to ,god alone for the success for which we venture to hope4 ,i can find no statistics which will enable me to give you the number of victims that have fallen under this dread malady of ,tracadie4 ,i find1 however1 a letter from ,m4 ,gauvreau1 bearing the date of ,november #cj1 #ahei1 that sixty persons perished from its ravages in the previous fifteen years1 and that twenty-five of both sexes1 and of all ages1 were then inmates of the lazaretto1 awaiting there the end of their torments40 ,in #ahfb ,mr4 ,gordon said that he saw twenty-three patients at the hospital1 and the ,sisters of the ,htel ,dieu found twenty there when they reached the lazaretto1 and have since admitted three in addition2 it does not seem1 therefore1 as if the 8eldest sister of ,death0 had relaxed her hold on this unhappy village4 ,yet if the disease can but be confined to this locality1 wonders will be achieved4 ,good care1 regular medical attendance1 incessant vigilance1 with intelligent adherence to hygienic laws1 may eventually cause its entire disappearance from our soil4 ,let us hope that the faithful sisters will succeed in their good work2 for we ourselves1 every one of us1 have a personal interest in it4 ,unfortunately1 this good result is far from certain1 as the ,abb ,gauvreau desires us to understand4 8,one or more of these unfortunates10 he says1 8feeling the insidious approaches of the disease1 and shrinking from the idea of the lazaretto1 have at times secretly escaped from ,tracadie4 ,they leave ,miramichi on the steamer1 intending to land at ,rivire-du-,loup1 at ,kamouraska1 perhaps at ,quebec or at ,montreal4 ,as yet no ulcers are visible1 nor1 indeed1 any external symptoms which could excite the smallest suspicion4 ,on landing at some one of the places mentioned they procure situations in different houses1 and remain in them for a month or two1 perhaps1 saying nothing all this time of their symptoms to any one1 not even to a physician4 ,they eat with their master's family1 and1 even if they take the greatest precaution1 they convey this poisonous virus to their masters4 ,when they have reason to fear that suspicion is about being aroused1 they depart1 but it is too late1 and they go to scatter the contagion still further4 8,the following instance came under my own observation3 ,a youth suffering from this disease1 and dreading the lazaretto1 went to ,boston1 where he secured a position on a fishing vessel1 hoping that the sea air1 with the medicines that he would take1 would effect his cure4 ,he soon found that these hopes were groundless1 and was obliged to enter the hospital in ,boston1 where1 in spite of the care and attention bestowed upon him by the physicians of the medical school at ,cambridge1 he died1 far from friends and home40 ,one naturally asks1 with a thrill of horror1 whether1 before the admission of this poor creature to the hospital1 he did not transmit to his shipmates the poisonous virus that filled his own blood4 ,the total disappearance of this disease--if such disappearance may be hoped for--will be due exclusively to the noble and untiring exertions of the sisters4 ,tracadie and its afflicted population would not alone owe a debt of eternal gratitude to these ,hospital ,nuns4 ,america itself would share this feeling4 ,with an example like this of charity and self-abnegation before us1 we cannot cease to wonder at1 and to deplore1 the narrow minds of those persons who condemn the monastic institutions of the church4 ,let us compassionate all such2 for to them light is lacking1 and they have yet to learn the great truth that the duty most inculcated by the church1 after the love of ,god1 is the love of our neighbors4 ,,testimony ,,of ,,the ,,catacombs ,,to ,,some ,,of ,,the ,,sacraments4 ,in a former article1#ca whilst following ,mr4 ,withrow and other ,protestant controversialists through their evasions and misinterpretations of the evidence to be found in the ,catacombs on behalf of certain points of ,catholic doctrine and practice1 we pointed out that prayers either for the dead or to them were the only two articles on which it would be reasonable to look for information from the inscriptions on the gravestones4 ,we said that these prayers were likely to find expression1 if anywhere1 by the side of the grave4 ,as they took their last look on the loved remains of their deceased friend or relative1 the affectionate devotion of the survivors would naturally give utterance either to a hearty prayer for the everlasting happiness of him they had lost1 or to a piteous cry for help1 an earnest petition that he would continue to exercise1 in whatever way might be possible under the conditions of his new mode of existence1 that same loving care and protection which had been their joy and support during his life2 or sometimes both these prayers might be poured forth together1 according as the strictness of ,god's justice1 or the ,christian faith and virtues of the deceased1 happened to occupy the foremost place in the petitioner's thoughts4 ,footnote #ca3 ,,the ,,catholic ,,world1 ,dec41 #ahgf1 p4 #cga ,jan41 #ahgg1 p4 #ebc4 ,when1 therefore1 we proceeded in a second paper to question the same subterranean sanctuaries on another subject of ,christian doctrine--the supremacy of ,st4 ,peter--we called into court another set of witnesses altogether3 to wit1 the paintings of their tombs and chapels4 ,exception has been taken against the competency of these witnesses1 on the plea that they are not old enough2 they were not contemporary1 it is said1 with those first ages of the church whose faith is called in question4 ,to this we answer that the objection is entirely out of date2 it might have been raised twenty or thirty years ago1 and it might have been difficult at that time satisfactorily to dispose of it4 ,those were days in which writers like ,m4 ,perrot in ,france could affect to pronounce dogmatically on the age of this or that painting1 solely on the evidence of its style1 without having first established any standard by which that style could be securely judged4 ,there are still a few writers of the same school even at the present day1 such as ,mr4 ,parker in ,england1 who assigns precise years as the dates of these subterranean monuments with as much confidence as if he had been personally present when they were executed1 and 7we may add7 with as wide a departure from the truth as if he had never seen the pictures at all4 ,such writers1 however1 have but few disciples nowadays4 ,their foolish presumption is only laughed at2 and it is not thought worth while seriously to refute their assertions4 ,men of intelligence and critical habits of thought are slow to accept the ipse dixit of a professor1 however eminent1 upon any subject2 and all who have studied this particular subject--the paintings in the ,catacombs--are well aware that the question of their antiquity has now been carried beyond the range of mere conjecture and assumption2 it has been placed on a solid basis of fact through the indefatigable labors of ,de ,rossi4 ,those labors have been directed in a very special way towards establishing the true chronology of the several parts of the ,catacombs2 and when this had been done1 it was manifest to all that the most ancient are were also those which were most abundantly decorated with painting1 whilst the are that had been used more recently--i4e41 in the latter half of the fourth or beginning of the fifth century--were hardly decorated at all4 ,this gradual decline of the use of pictorial decoration has been traced with the utmost exactness through the successive are of a single ,catacomb2 six or seven tombs being found thus decorated in the first area1 two in the second1 one in the third1 none at all in the fourth2 and the same thing has been seen1 with more or less distinctness1 throughout the whole range of subterranean ,rome4 ,then1 again1 every casual visitor to them can see for himself that before the abandonment of burial here--i4e41 before the year #daj--many of the paintings were already considered old enough to be sacrificed without scruple to the wishes of those who would fain excavate new tombs in desirable sites4 ,men do not usually destroy to-day the paintings which they executed yesterday2 certainly they do not allow the ornamentation which they have just lavished on the tombs of their fathers to be soon effaced with impunity4 ,we may be sure1 then1 that those innumerable paintings which we see broken through in order to make more modern graves must have been of considerable antiquity at the time of their destruction4 ,then1 again1 it must not be forgotten that some of these paintings were actually appealed to as ancient testimony in the days of ,st4 ,jerome1 on occasion of a dispute between that doctor and ,st4 ,augustine as to the correct rendering of a particular word in his ,latin translation of the ,scriptures4 ,finally1 it is notorious that the fine arts had rapidly decayed and the number of their professors diminished before the days of ,constantine--in fact1 before the end of the third century4 ,we cannot1 however1 pretend to give in these pages even a brief summary of ,de ,rossi's arguments and observations whereby he establishes the primitive antiquity of ,christian art in the ,catacombs4 ,we can only mention a few of the more popular and palpable proofs which can be appreciated by all without difficulty2 and we will only add that it is now possible1 under the sure chronological guidance of ,de ,rossi1 to distinguish three successive stages in the development of painting in the ,christian cemeteries1 the latest of which was complete when the ,constantinian era began1 and the first falls hardly1 if at all1 short of even apostolic times4 ,this is no longer denied by the best instructed even among ,protestant controversialists2 they acknowledge that painting was used by the earliest ,christians for the ornamenting of their places of burial2 only they contend that it was done 8not because it was congenial to the mind of ,christianity so to illustrate the faith1 but because it was the heathen custom so to honor the dead40 ,the author of this remark1 however1 has omitted to explain whence it comes to pass that the great majority of the paintings which survive in the cemeteries are more engaged in illustrating the mysteries of the faith than in doing honor to the dead4 ,but we must not pursue this subject any further4 ,we have said enough1 we think1 to establish the competency of these paintings as witnesses to the ancient faith1 and we will now proceed to question them concerning one or two principal mysteries of the faith--those that are called its mysteries par excellence3 its sacraments4 ,we do not doubt that1 if duly interrogated1 they will have some evidence to give4 ,we say1 if duly interrogated1 because it is the characteristic of ancient ,christian art to be eminently symbolical2 it suggested rather than declared religious doctrines and ideas1 and it suggested them by means of artistic symbols or historical types1 which must be inquired into and meditated upon before they can be made fully to express their meaning4 ,this is of the very essence of a symbol3 that it should partly veil and partly manifest the truth4 ,it does not manifest the truth with the fulness and accuracy of a written historical description1 or it would cease to be a symbol2 on the other hand1 it must not be so obscure as to demand a sibyl for its interpretation2 it must have a tendency to produce in the mind of the beholder some leading feature of the object it is intended to represent4 ,and where should symbols of this kind be more abundantly found for the ,christian preacher or artist than in the histories of the ,old ,testament8 ,ancient ,christian art1 says ,lord ,lindsay1 8veiled the faith and hope of the church under the parallel and typical events of the patriarchal and the ,jewish dispensations40 ,we need not remind our readers that the principle of this method of interpreting ,holy ,scripture has express apostolic sanction2 but few who have not studied the subject closely will have any adequate idea of the extent to which it was followed in the ancient church4 ,we will give a single example1 selected because it closely concerns the first mystery of which we propose to speak--the ,sacrament of ,baptism4 ,tertullian1 who lived at the end of the second and beginning of the third century1 wrote a short treatise on this sacrament4 ,this treatise he begins by bringing together all that ,holy ,scripture contains about water1 with such minuteness of detail that he is presently obliged to check himself1 saying that1 if he were to pursue the subject through all ,holy ,scripture with the same fulness with which he had begun1 men would say he was writing a treatise in praise of water rather than of baptism4 ,from the first chapter of the ,book of ,genesis to the last of the ,evangelists1 and even of the ,apocalypse1 he finds continual testimony to the high dignity and sacramental life-giving power of this element4 ,the ,spirit of ,god1 he says1 moved over it at the first2 whilst as yet the earth was void and empty1 and darkness was upon the face of the deep1 and the heaven was as yet unformed1 water alone1 already pure1 simple1 and perfect1 supplied a worthy resting-place on which ,god could be borne4 ,the division of the waters was the regulating power by which the world was constituted2 and when at length the world was set in order1 ready to receive inhabitants1 the waters were the first to hear and obey the command and to bring forth creatures having life4 ,then1 again1 man was not made out of the dry earth1 but out of slime1 after a spring had risen out of the earth1 watering all its surface4 ,all this is out of the first two chapters of ,genesis2 and here he makes a pause1 breaking into that apology which has been already mentioned4 ,then he resumes the thread of his discourse1 but passing much more briefly over the remainder of the ,old ,testament4 ,he notes how the wickedness of the old world was purged by the waters of the ,deluge1 which was the world's baptism2 how the waters of the ,red ,sea drowned the enemies of ,god's people and delivered them from a cruel bondage2 and how the children of ,israel were refreshed during their wanderings through the wilderness by the water which flowed continuously from the rock which followed them1 8which rock was ,christ40 ,then he comes to the ,new ,testament1 and briefly but eloquently exclaims3 ,nowhere is ,christ found without water4 ,he is himself baptized with it2 he inaugurates in it the first manifestation of his divine power at the wedding-feast in ,cana2 when he preaches the ,gospel1 on the last and great day of the feast1 he stands and cries1 saying1 8,if any man thirst1 let him come to me and drink40 ,he sums up his whole gift to man under the image of a fountain of water1 telling the ,samaritan woman that he has living water to give1 which shall become in him that receives it a fountain of water springing up unto life everlasting4 ,when he gives instruction upon charity1 he instances a cup of cold water given to a disciple2 he sits down weary at a well and asks for water to refresh himself2 he walks on the waves of the sea1 and washes his disciples' feet2 finally 7,tertullian concludes71 8this testimony of ,jesus to the ,sacrament of ,baptism continues even to the end1 to his very ,passion2 for1 when he is condemned to the cross1 water is not absent--witness the hands of ,pilate2 nay1 when wounded after death upon the cross1 water bursts forth from his side--witness the soldier's spear40 ,there may be something in this symbolism that sounds strange to modern ears2 but we are not here criticising it2 we have nothing to do with its merits or demerits1 but only with the fact of its general use--so general that it was the one principle of exegesis which every commentator on ,holy ,scripture in those days followed1 and we have every right to suppose that ,christian artists would have followed it also4 ,when1 therefore1 we find in the ,roman ,catacombs 7as1 for example1 the other day in the cemetery of ,san ,callisto7 a glass vessel1 very artistically wrought1 with fishes in alto rilievo swimming round it in such a way that1 when full of water1 it would have represented a miniature image1 as it were1 of the sea1 is it a mere fanciful imagination which bids us recognize in such ornamentation a reference to holy baptism1 and conjectures that the vessel was perhaps even made for the administration of that sacrament8 ,it may be so2 but we cannot ourselves think so2 we cannot at once reject the explanation as fanciful2 the work of the artist corresponds too exactly with the words of the theologian to allow us to treat the coincidence as altogether undesigned4 8,we little fish are born10 says ,tertullian1 8after the likeness of our great ,fish in water1 and we cannot otherwise be safe than by remaining in the water40 ,and we seem to ourselves to read these same words1 written in another language1 in the beautiful vessel before us4 ,we read it also in another similar vessel1 which looks as though it had come out of the same workshop1 yet was found in an ancient cemetery at ,cologne2 and in another of bronze1 dug up in the vineyard over the cemetery of ,pretextatus1 that used to be shown by ,father ,marchi in the ,kircherian ,museum at the ,roman ,college4 ,in all these instances we believe that this is the best account that can be given1 both of the original design of the vessel and also of its preservation in ,christian subterranean cemeteries4 ,however1 if any one thinks otherwise1 we do not care to insist upon our explanation as infallibly certain4 ,we will descend into the ,catacombs themselves1 and look about upon the paintings on their walls or the carving on their gravestones1 and see whether baptism finds any place there also4 ,and1 first1 we come across the baptism of our ,lord himself4 ,we are not now thinking of the subterranean baptistery in the cemetery of ,ponziano1 with the highly-decorated cross standing up out of the middle of it1 and ,christ's baptism painted at the side4 ,for this is one of the latest artistic productions in the ,catacombs--a work of the eighth or ninth century possibly4 ,we are thinking1 on the contrary1 of one of the earliest paintings in a most ancient part of the excavations1 in the crypt of ,lucina1 near the cemetery of ,callixtus1 with which1 in fact1 it is now united4 ,we shall have occasion to return to this same chamber presently for the sake of other paintings on its walls having reference to the ,holy ,eucharist2 just here we only call attention to the baptism of our ,lord1 which is represented in the space over the doorway4 ,we do not know of any other instance of this subject having been painted in the ,catacombs besides the two that we have mentioned1 but it is quite possible that others may be hereafter discovered2 but of baptism as a ,christian rite1 veiled1 however1 under its types and symbols1 we have innumerable examples4 ,few figures recur more frequently among the paintings in the ,catacombs1 and none are more ancient1 than that of a man standing in an open box or chest1 often with a dove1 bearing an olive-branch in its mouth1 flying towards him4 ,when this was first seen after the rediscovery of the ,catacombs in the sixteenth century1 men set it down to be the picture of some ancient bishop preaching in a pulpit1 and the ,holy ,ghost1 under the form of a dove1 inspiring him as to what he should say1 according to the legend told of ,st4 ,gregory the ,great and some others4 ,nobody now doubts that it was intended for ,noe in the ark2 not1 however1 the historical ,noe and the historical ark--for nothing could be more ludicrously false to the original--but those whom that history foreshadowed3 ,christians saved by the waters of baptism and securely housed in the ark of the church4 ,some persons1 who seem to take a perverse delight in assigning a pagan rather than a ,christian origin to everything in the early church1 account for the difference between the ,biblical and the artistic representation of the ark by saying that the ,christian artist did but copy a pagan coin or medal which he found ready to his hands4 ,it is quite true that certain coins which were struck at ,apamea in ,phrygia during the reigns of ,septimius ,severus1 ,macrinus1 and ,philip the elder--i4e41 at different periods in the first half of the third century--exhibit on one side of them a chest1 with a man and a woman standing within it1 and the letters 1 or 1 written on the outside2 and that these figures were intended to be a souvenir of the ,deluge1 which held a prominent place in the legends of ,phrygia4 ,it is said that the town of ,apamea claimed to derive its secondary name of 1 or ark1 from the fact that it was here that the ark rested2 and it is quite possible that the spread of ,christian ideas1 gradually penetrating the ,roman world1 and filtering into the spirit even of those who remained attached to paganism1 may have suggested the making of the coins we have described2 but it is certain1 on the other hand1 that we can claim priority in point of time for the work of the ,christian artists in the ,catacombs4 ,the coins were struck1 as we have said1 in the beginning of the third century2 the earliest ,christian painting of the same subject is assigned to the beginning of the second4 ,but whatever may be the history of the forms under which ,noe and the ark are represented1 there can be no question as to their meaning4 ,we have the authority of ,st4 ,peter himself 7#a iii4 #bj1 #ba7 to instruct us upon this point2 and ,tertullian does but unfold what is virtually contained in the apostle's words when he says that the ark prefigures the church1 and that the dove sent out of the ark and returning with an olive-branch was a figure of the dove of the ,holy ,spirit1 sent forth from heaven to our flesh1 as it emerges from the bath of regeneration4 ,and if we quote ,tertullian again as our authority1 this is not because he differs in these matters from other ,christian writers who preceded or followed him1 but because he has written at greater length and specially on that particular subject with which we are now engaged4 ,st4 ,augustine1 writing two hundred years later1 gives the same explanation1 and says that 8no ,catholic doubts it2 but that it might perhaps have seemed to be a merely human imagination1 had not the ,apostle ,peter expressly declared it40 ,it is1 then1 from no private fancy of our own1 but simply in conformity with the teaching of all the ancient doctors of the church1 that we interpret this scene of a man standing in an ark1 and receiving an olive-branch from the mouth of a dove1 as expressing this ,christian doctrine3 that the faithful obtain remission of their sins through baptism1 receive from the ,holy ,spirit the gift of divine peace--that peace which1 being given by faith in this world1 is the gage of everlasting peace and happiness in the next--and are saved in the mystical ark of the church from the destruction which awaits the world4 ,and if the same scene be rudely scratched on a single tomb1 as it often was1 and sometimes with the name of the deceased inscribed upon the chest1 we can only understand it as denoting a sure and certain hope on the part of the survivors that their departed friend1 having been a faithful member of the church1 had died in the peace of ,god and had now entered into his rest4 ,we pass on to another of the ,biblical stories mentioned by several of the ,fathers as typical of baptism2 and we will select as our specimen of it a painting that was executed about the very time that ,tertullian was writing his treatise on that sacrament4 ,it is to be seen more than once on the walls of a series of chambers which open out of a gallery in the ,catacomb of ,san ,callisto1 not far from the papal crypt4 ,the first figure that greets us from the wall on the left-hand side as we enter these chambers is ,moses striking the rock and the water gushing forth4 ,are we to look upon this as a mere historic souvenir of the ,jewish legislator1 or are we to see in it a reference to ,christian baptism8 ,the artist in the present instance does not allow us to doubt4 ,side by side with it he has painted a fisherman1 and we need not be reminded who it was that compared the work of the ,christian apostle to that of fishermen2 and immediately he adds1 with still greater plainness of speech1 a youth standing in the water1 whilst a man pours water over his head4 ,finally1 he fills the very little space that remains on the wall with the picture of a paralytic carrying his bed1 and it would be easy to show that the ,fathers recognized in the pool of ,bethsaida1 to which place this history belongs1 a type of the healing waters of baptism4 ,was it possible for the ,christian artist to set forth the sacrament more unequivocally8 ,there is no legend to interpret the painting1 but surely this is not needed4 ,the mystery is veiled1 indeed1 from all who were uninstructed2 but it was perfectly intelligible to all the baptized2 it was veiled under types and symbols taken partly from the ,old ,law and partly from common life4 ,we need hardly say that this same figure of ,moses striking the rock occurs in scores of other places throughout the ,catacombs2 but we have selected this particular specimen1 both because it appears with a more copious entourage of other symbols determining its sense beyond all dispute1 and also because it is here brought1 as we shall presently see1 into immediate proximity with the other sacrament1 to which it is a necessary gate of introduction--the ,sacrament of the ,holy ,eucharist4 ,but before we pass on to examine the symbols of the ,holy ,eucharist1 let us first inquire whether there is anything further about baptism to be gleaned from the ,catacombs--not now from their paintings1 but from their inscriptions4 ,we must remember that the most ancient inscriptions were very brief--very often the mere name of the deceased and nothing more1 or a short ejaculatory prayer was added for his everlasting happiness4 ,it is clear that we should search here in vain for any mention of the sacraments4 ,by and by1 when it became usual to say something more about the deceased1 to mention his age and the date of his death or burial1 or other similar particulars1 perhaps room might be found also for saying something about his baptism4 ,accordingly1 there are not wanting monuments of the fourth or fifth centuries which tell us that the deceased was a neophyte1 or newly illuminated--which means the same thing3 viz41 that he had been lately baptized--or that he had lived so many months or years after he had received the initiatory sacrament of the ,christian covenant4 ,occasionally1 also1 a faint reference may be found to another sacrament--the ,sacrament of ,confirmation4 ,this was often1 or even generally1 administered in olden times immediately after baptism1 of which it was considered the complement and perfection4 8,from time immemorial10 says ,tertullian 7ab immemorabili71 8as soon as we have emerged from the bath of regeneration we are anointed with the holy unction40 ,hence it is sometimes doubtful which sacrament is intended1 or rather it is probable that it was intended to include both under the words inscribed on the epitaphs--the verbs accepit1 percepit1 consecutus est 7the same as we find in the fathers of the same or an earlier age71 used for the most part absolutely1 without any object whatever following them2 but in one or two cases fidem or gratiam sanctum are used4 ,an epitaph of a child three years old adds3 ,consecuta est ,d4 vi4 ,deposita viii4 ,kal4 ,aug4 ,another says simply3 ,pascasius percepit xi4 ,kal4 ,maias2 and a third3 ,crescentia q4 v4 a4 xxxiii4 ,accepit iii4 ,kal4 ,jul4 ,a fourth records of a lady that she died at the age of thirty-five3 ,ex die acceptionis su vixit dies lvii42 to which we append another3 ,consecutus est ii4 ,non4 ,decemb4 ex die consecutionis in sculo fuit ad usque vii4 ,idas ,decemb4 ,this last inscription is taken from a ,christian cemetery in ,africa1 not in ,rome2 but it was worth quoting for its exact conformity with the one which precedes it4 ,in both alike there is the same distinction between the natural and the spiritual age of the deceased--i4e41 between his first and his second birth4 ,after stating the number of years he had lived in the world1 his age is computed afresh from the day of his regeneration1 thus marking off the length of his spiritual from that of his merely animal life4 ,a ,greek inscription was found a few years since on the ,via ,latina1 recording of a lady who had belonged to one of the ,gnostic sects in the third century1 that she had been 8anointed in the baths of ,christ with his pure and incorruptible ointment0--an inscription which probably refers to two separate rites in use among the ,gnostics1 in imitation of the two ,christian sacraments4 ,of a ,christian lady buried in ,spoleto1 her epitaph records that she had been confirmed 7consignata7 by ,pope ,liberius2 this1 of course1 belongs to the middle of the fourth century4 ,and we read of a boy who died when he was a little more than five years old3 ,bimus trimus consecutus est--words which were a veritable enigma to all antiquarians1 until the learned ,marini compared with them the phrases of ,roman law1 bima trima die dos reddita1 bima trima die legatum solutum1 and pointed out that as these phrases undoubtedly signified that such a portion of the dowry or legacy was paid in the second year1 and such another portion in the third1 so the corresponding words in the ,christian epitaph could only mean that the deceased had received something when he was two years old1 and something else when he was three2 and although the particular gifts received are not mentioned because of the disciplina arcani1 we can have no difficulty in supplying baptism and confirmation4 ,de ,rossi adopts this interpretation2 indeed1 it does not seem possible to suggest any other4 ,it seems1 then1 that there is not much evidence to be derived from the ,catacombs as to the ,sacrament of ,confirmation2 that1 on the contrary1 which has reference to the ,holy ,eucharist is most precious and abundant1 and it is generally to be found in juxtaposition with monuments which bear testimony to the ,sacrament of ,baptism4 ,the chamber in the crypt of ,lucina which gives us the oldest painting of the baptism of our ,lord gives us also what are probably the oldest symbolical representations of the ,holy ,eucharist2 and certainly the chambers in the cemetery of ,san ,callisto1 in which we have just seen so many and such clear manifestations of the ,sacrament of ,baptism1 contain also the most numerous and the most perfect specimens of the symbolic representations of the ,holy ,eucharist carried to their highest degree of development1 yet still combined with mysterious secrecy4 ,before enumerating these in detail it will be best to make two or three preliminary remarks helping to clear the way before us4 ,first1 then1 we may assume as known to all our readers1 both that the doctrine about the ,blessed ,sacrament belonged in a very special way to the discipline of the secret1 and also that from the very earliest times one of the most common names under which our ,blessed ,lord was spoken of was the fish1 because the letters which go to make up that word in ,greek were also the initials of the words ,jesus ,christ1 ,son of ,god1 ,saviour4 ,and1 secondly1 we must say a few words about the different circumstances under which a fish appears in the artistic decorations of the ,catacombs2 at least1 of the different kinds of feasts or entertainments in which it seems to be presented as an article of food4 ,these feasts may be divided into three classes3 ,first1 the fish merely lies upon a table--a sacred table or tripod--with one or more loaves of bread by its side1 and not unfrequently with several baskets full of bread on the ground around it2 secondly1 bread and fish are seen on a table1 at which seven men are seated partaking of a meal2 and1 thirdly1 they are seen1 perhaps with other viands also1 at a feast of which men and women are partaking indiscriminately1 and perhaps attendants also are there1 waiting on the guests1 pouring out wine and water1 hot or cold4 ,paintings of this latter class have not uncommonly been taken as representing the agap1 or love-feasts1 of the early church4 ,but this seems to be too literal an interpretation1 too much out of harmony with the symbolical character of early ,christian art4 ,more probably it was meant as a representation of that wedding-feast under which image the joys of heaven are so often set forth in ,holy ,scripture2 and in this case it is not necessary to suppose that there was any special meaning in the choice of fish as part of the food provided1 unless1 indeed 7which is not at all improbable71 it was desired to direct attention to that mystical food a participation in which was the surest pledge of admission to that heavenly banquet1 according to our ,lord's own words3 8,he that eateth this bread shall live for ever40 ,however1 it is not necessary1 as we have said1 to suppose this2 it is quite possible that in these instances the fish may have been used accidentally1 as it were1 and indifferently1 or for the same reason as it sometimes appears on pagan monuments--viz41 to denote the abundance and excellence of the entertainment4 ,paintings of the first class1 however1 are much too peculiar to be thus explained1 neither is there anything resembling them in the works of pagan artists which could have suggested them2 and those of the second class1 we hope presently to show1 can only have been intended to represent a particular scene in the ,gospel history4 ,it is only with paintings belonging to one or other of these two classes that we need concern ourselves to-day4 ,and1 first1 of the bread and fish when placed alone1 without any guests at all4 ,in the crypt of ,lucina it appears twice on the wall opposite our ,lord's baptism1 and in a very remarkable form indeed4 ,the fish is alive and apparently swimming1 and he carries on his back a basket full of loaves1 in the middle of which is a vessel of glass containing some red liquid4 ,what can this mean8 ,nobody ever saw anything like it in nature4 ,we know of nothing in pagan art or mythology which could have suggested it4 ,yet here it finds a place in the chamber of a ,christian cemetery1 and as part of a system of decoration1 other parts of which were undoubtedly of a sacred character4 ,is this alone profane or meaningless1 or does not rather its hidden sense shine forth distinctly as soon as we call to mind the use of the fish as a ,christian symbol on the one hand1 and the ,christian doctrine about the ,holy ,eucharist on the other8 ,the fish was ,christ4 ,and he once took bread and broke it1 and said1 ,this is my body2 and he took wine and blessed it1 saying1 ,this is my blood2 and he appointed this to be an everlasting ordinance in his church1 and promised that whosoever should eat of that bread and drink of that chalice should inherit everlasting life4 ,here are the bread and the wine and the mystical fish4 ,and was it possible for ,christian eyes to attach any other meaning to the combination than that it was intended to bring before them the remembrance of the ,christian mysteries1 whereby death and the grave were robbed of all their gloom1 being only the appointed means of entrance to a never-ending life8 ,if anybody is tempted to object that the vessels here represented as containing the bread and wine are too mean ever to have been used for such a purpose1 we must remind him that it had already been put on record by archologists1 before the discovery of this monument1 that the early ,christians in the days of poverty and persecution continued to use vessels of the same humble materials as had been used in the sacrificial rites of ,jews and ,gentiles before them1 and that these were precisely such as are here represented4 ,nay1 further still1 that even when vessels of gold and silver had come into use in the church1 still there were exceptional times and circumstances when it was lawful1 and even praiseworthy1 to return to the more simple and ancient practice4 ,st4 ,jerome praises ,st4 ,exuperius1 ,bishop of ,toulouse in his day1 because1 having sold the church-plate to relieve the pressing necessities of the poor1 he was content to carry the body of ,christ in a basket made of wicker-work1 and the blood of ,christ in a chalice of glass4 ,most assuredly ,st4 ,jerome would have been at no loss to interpret the painting before us4 ,but let us now pass on into the cemetery of ,san ,callisto1 and enter again the chamber in which we saw ,moses1 and the fishermen1 and the ministration of baptism1 and the paralytic4 ,let us pursue our walk round the chamber1 and immediately after the paralytic1 on the wall facing the doorway1 we come to the painting of a three-legged table with bread and fish upon it1 a woman standing on one side in the ancient attitude of ,christian prayer1 and a man on the other stretching out his hands over the fish and the bread1 as though he were blessing them4 ,can it be that we have here the act of consecration of the ,holy ,eucharist1 as in the adjacent wall we had the act of baptizing1 only in a somewhat more hidden manner1 as became the surpassing dignity of the greater mystery8 ,nobody1 we think1 would ever have disputed it1 had the dress of the consecrator been somewhat more suited to such an action4 ,but his breast and arm and one side of his body are considerably exposed1 as he stretches out his arm from underneath his cloak2 and modern taste takes exception to the exposure as unseemly in such a time and place4 ,we have no wish to put a weapon into the hands of the anti-ritualistic party4 ,nevertheless1 we believe that it is pretty well ascertained that at first no vestment was exclusively appropriated to the celebration of ,mass4 ,we are not sure that ,dean ,stanley was in error when he wrote the other day that ,st4 ,martin1 the ,apostle of ,gaul and first ,bishop of ,tours1 wore a sheepskin when he officiated1 and that 8he consecrated the ,eucharistic elements with his bare arms coming through the sheepskin40 ,and at any rate it is certain that in the days of ,tertullian1 to which the picture before us belongs1 many ministers of ,christ's word and sacraments used the pallium as the dress most suitable to their own profession4 ,the writer we have named published a short treatise on the subject1 in which1 with his usual wit and subtlety1 he commends its use1 and he concludes with these words3 8,rejoice1 ,o ,pallium6 and exult2 a better philosophy claims thee now1 since thou hast become the vestment of a ,christian40 ,forty years later a fellow-countryman of this writer1 ,st4 ,cyprian1 expressed a strong objection to the dress1 both as immodest in itself and vainglorious in its signification4 ,thus everything conspires to support the interpretation which the picture itself suggests and the age to which it has been assigned2 and we conclude with confidence that those who first saw it never doubted that it was meant to set before them the most solemn mystery of their religion4 ,they would have recognized the same mystery again without hesitation1 under another form1 in the painting which follows immediately afterwards1 in which seven men are seen seated at a table1 partaking of bread and fish4 ,our own thoughts1 as we look at it1 fly naturally to the last chapter of the ,gospel according to ,st4 ,john1 where such an incident as this is minutely described after the miraculous draught of fishes which was the occasion of it4 ,but unless we are very familiar with the writings of the ,fathers1 our thoughts would probably go no further2 they would rest in the mere letter of the narrative2 we should not penetrate beneath the surface1 and see 7as all the ,fathers saw71 in every circumstance related1 a prophetic figure of the whole history of the church3 first1 the immense number of souls caught in her net1 then the union of those souls with ,christ1 8the fish that was already laid on the hot coals0 7,piscis assus1 ,christus passus71 their incorporation with him through partaking of that living ,bread which came down from heaven1 and consequently their sure hope of abiding with him for ever in the world to come4 ,this is no private or modern interpretation2 it is drawn out at greatest length by ,st4 ,augustine2 but it is to be found also in all other patristic commentaries on ,holy ,scripture2 and the marvellous unity1 not only in dogmatic teaching1 but even in the use of allegories and artistic symbols1 which reached from east to west in the ancient church1 warrants us in assuming that it was not unknown to him who selected this scene as the central piece of decoration for the principal wall of this chamber4 ,next after it he painted ,abraham with his son ,isaac1 the ram1 and the faggot for the sacrifice--a type both of the sacrifice on ,mount ,calvary and 7in a yet more lively manner7 of the unbloody sacrifice still perpetually renewed on ,christian altars4 ,thus there is the most exact similitude between the illustrations used to set forth the ,holy ,eucharist on the one wall and those of holy baptism on the other4 ,both sacraments are at the same time veiled from unbelievers1 yet indicated to the faithful1 by types taken from the history of the ,old ,law1 by incidents belonging to the life of ,christ1 and by representations1 sufficiently simple yet obscure1 of the actual manner of their administration4 ,and then the last wall was reserved for the setting forth of our resurrection1 in the example of ,lazarus1 which was1 in truth1 the natural end and completion of all that the sacraments led to4 ,we have not left ourselves space to speak at length of the miracles of changing water into wine1 or the multiplication of the loaves and fishes1 as other figures of the ,holy ,eucharist often to be seen in the ,catacombs4 ,that they were painted there in this sense we cannot doubt1 when we consider how they were connected with that sacrament in the sermons and catechetical instructions of the early church4 ,in the first miracle the substance of water was changed into the substance of wine2 in the second a limited substance was1 by ,christ's power1 so multiplied as to be made present in a thousand places at once1 capable of feeding a thousand persons1 whereas a minute before it had been only present in one place and was sufficient only to satisfy the appetite of one4 ,the analogy is obvious2 but these miracles do not seem to have entered so early into the system of decoration of the ,catacombs 7except in a very fragmentary and indirect manner71 neither do they anywhere enter into so long and beautiful a series of mystical figures1 as those others which we have been just now examining4 ,those form a series of rare and very special interest4 ,they are repeated1 as we have already said1 in several successive chambers1 whose date can be determined1 by a number of concurrent indications1 as not later than the first quarter of the third century4 ,in these chambers the same histories and the same symbols are repeated in the same style1 freely changed in their arrangement and in some accessories of the composition1 yet constant in their hidden meaning and theological sense2 and that sense is briefly this3 the idea of a new life imparted to the ,christian soul by baptism1 fed by the ,holy ,eucharist1 and continued uninterruptedly throughout eternity4 ,,two ,,may ,,carols4 ,,by ,,aubrey ,,de ,,vere4 ,,darkness4 ,the authentic ,thought of ,god at last ,wanes1 dimly seen1 through ,error's mist3 ,upon that mist1 man's image cast ,becomes the new ,god-,mechanist4 ,the vast ,idea shrivels up3 ,truth narrows with the narrowing soul3 ,men sip it from the acorn's cup3 ,their fathers drained the golden bowl4 ,shrink1 spelled and dwarfed1 their earth1 their skies2 ,shrinks in their hand their measuring-rod2 ,with dim1 yet microscopic eyes ,they chase a daily-dwindling ,god4 ,his temple thus to crypt reduced1 ,for ancient faith is space no more1 ,or her1 its ,queen4#cb ,to hearts abused ,by sense1 prime truths are true no more4 ,footnote #cb3 ,father ,newman has1 ,i think1 remarked that in the ,protestant scheme there is not room for ,mary4 ,,light4 ,the spirit intricately wise ,that bends above his ciphered scroll ,only to probe1 and analyze1 ,the self-involved and sunless soul1 ,has not the truth he holds--though plain2 ,for truth divine is gift1 not debt3-- ,her living waters wouldst thou drain8 ,let down the pitcher1 not the net6 ,but they1 the spirits frank and meek1 ,nor housed in self1 nor science-blind1 ,who welcome truths they did not seek2-- ,truth comes to them in every wind4 ,beside his tent's still open door1 ,with open heart1 and open eye1 ,the patriarch sat1 when they who wore ,that triad type of ,god drew nigh4 ,the world of faith around us lies ,like nature's world of life and growth3 ,seeing1 to see it needeth eyes ,and heart1 profound and simple both4 ,,letters ,,of ,a ,,young ,,irishwoman ,,to ,,her ,,sister4 ,,from ,,the ,,french4 ,,november #af1 #ahfi4 ,thrse has followed her sister4444 ,at the last moment reason returned2 she looked at her mother and said3 8,here is ,mad2 give me your blessing60 ,o my ,god6 it is1 then1 true--the nest is empty4 ,kate1 how are ,berthe and ,raoul to be consoled8 ,,november #bb1 #ahfi4 ,margaret is here again--a ray of sunshine after the storm1 in this dwelling1 twice visited by death4 ,oh6 how we wept in embracing her4 ,and with what affection she hastened to ,berthe1 this devastated1 disinherited1 wounded1 and bleeding heart6 8,how shall we leave this cemetery now80 said my mother to ,gertrude4 ,oh6 ,i would wish to remain here with her4 ,to return to ,orleans1 to find their traces everywhere1 would be too much grief4 ,what a crushing blow6 ,what incredible1 unforeseen suddenness6 ,it is enough to take away one's reason4 ,raoul speaks no more1 hears no more1 sees no more2 ,berthe is in tears3 we have to console and support them4 ,help us with your prayers1 happy ,kate1 who witness no death6 ,in the middle of the park are two trees which ,raoul planted on the day his daughters were born4 ,they are to be transplanted to their tombs4 ,dear children1 so united1 so beautiful1 and inseparable1 even in death6 ,o the mother6 what sorrow is hers4 ,ought children to die before their mother8 ,mme4 de ,t---- is heroic in self-denial1 and yet these deaths revive all her troubles4 ,ah6 who could have foretold that my happiness would so soon have declined1 and that ,god would so quickly have claimed his portion of our treasure6 ,see1 here are ,gertrude and ,berthe--two mothers without children3 ,ellen and ,edith in eternity2 ,marcella at ,naples4 ,i now experience an indescribable apprehension1 and count the beloved heads by which ,i am still surrounded4444 ,i remember the ,l---- family1 carried off in one year4 ,a radiant letter from ,marcella1 who does not yet know of our mourning4 ,beati qui lugent6 ,let us love ,god1 let us love ,god6 ,it is in him that ,i cherish you1 my ,kate4 ,,november #bh1 #ahfi4 ,all our ,ireland in letters of fraternal condolence4 ,the saintly ,isa speaks to me sweetly of the happiness of the souls thus called away1 and exhorts me to perfect love4 ,lizzy invites me to cross the ,channel to receive the consolations of those whom ,i consoled formerly4 ,sarah and the others comfort me in our beloved tongue4 ,o ,kate6 it was so beautiful1 our peaceful home1 with its assembly of children and grandchildren1 forming1 as it were1 a glorious crown around my venerated mother2 and now a void has been made1 the birds have spread their wings1 and1 like the dove from the ark1 return no more4 ,o charming towers1 silent witnesses of our happiness6 ,o vast sea1 coming to murmur at our feet6 ,o flowers they loved6 ,o thickets where their voices1 fresh and pure1 resounded6 ,o lawn whereon they tried their earliest steps2 dear abode which witnessed their growth6 ,o forests through which they sped along1 lively and swift of foot1 in chase of butterflies or of their favorite dog6 ,o solitary paths which they so often traversed to go and lavish on the poor their gold and their love6--speak to us of them1 and of them always4 ,dear ,kate1 pray for the desolate parents4 8,all my future has vanished10 says ,berthe4 ,may ,god be with her6 ,everything else is very small in trials so great as these4 ,my mother begs you to ask for fifty ,masses at ,fourvires2 we have not the strength to write4 ,life1 the sunshine1 and blue sky--all have disappeared4 ,adieu1 dear sister4 ,,december #e1 #ahfi4 ,adrien is reading to us ,herminie de la ,bassemoturie1 a true narrative of a life of suffering and humiliation1 borne with a courage so heroic and supernatural that one's heart kindles at it4 ,margaret is going away1 perhaps to-morrow4 ,on the #cjth ,heaven sent ,lucy a dear little daughter1 who was baptized yesterday without any pomp4 ,gertrude was godmother1 and the godfather is a brother of my pretty sister's4 ,they have called this little daughter of ,brittany ,anne--a good name4 ,dec4 #f4--;,i have just returned from accompanying our friends as far as to ,d----4 ,emmanuel continued to send me kisses while the carriage went slowly away4444 ,dear ,margaret6 how much ,i regret her4 ,everybody loves her1 wherever she goes4 ,now we are alone4444 ,johanna1 ,paul1 and their children leave us this evening to spend some months at ,paris4 ,i never tell you about ,arthur and ,edward1 whose vacation is over1 and who are very good friends together4 ,the abb remains with us1 that we may not be deprived of daily ,mass4 ,from henceforth follow me in thought into the great drawing-room1 once so bright with the dear young creatures whom ,i so loved1 and there you will see1 in her large easy-chair1 my mother1 whom grief has aged1 with your ,georgina on a low chair at her feet4 ,gertrude1 with needlework in her hands1 occupies the other side of the fire-place1 ,berthe is near her1 then ,adrien1 ,ren1 ,raoul1 ,edouard1 and the abb round the table1 near which is seated also the charming ,lucy4 ,but a ray from on high pierces the sombre veils3 our dear ones see ,god2 they contemplate him in eternal ecstasy4 ,i had bought at ,orleans a poetic little picture--a lily broken on earth1 which flowered again in heaven--and underneath it a verse of the beautiful lines by ,mlle4 ,fleuriot on the death of ,alix4 ,how this lily recalls ,picciola to my mind6 ,ren is working at a miniature which he intends to give to ,berthe3 in the foreground the twins are embracing a poor old man2 in the distance are two lilies on a tomb and two doves taking flight4 ,i am continuing the ,history of the ,popes2 it will be for ,marguerite and ,alix4 ,how ,i wish you were here6 ,my heart aches for ,berthe1 formerly so happy1 and so lonely now4 ,ah6 what burning tears are those that spring from the hearts of mothers when ,god takes back from them the precious ones lent them for a day4 ,o remediless grief1 deep void1 unfathomable abyss6 ,yes1 we shall remain in ,brittany4 ,the noise of the festivities of this world would be to us a martyrdom2 but ,i am athirst for my ,kate1 and it seems as if ,i shall be stronger when her gentle hand has laid balm upon my wounds4 ,ren and ,i will be in ,paris on the #bc;d for a few days4 ,mistress ,annah shed many tears at the moment of leave-taking4 ,margaret was pale and greatly moved2 why should there be any separations1 sister8 ,ah6 doubtless because earth would be too delightful4 ,may ,god be always with you6 ,,december #ab1 #ahfi4 ,do you know that ,overbeck is dead8 ,edith ,mac,moor sends me long and interesting details from ,rome4 ,edith has taken up her abode in the city which is the fatherland of ,catholics1 and her old sympathy with me1 she says1 has reawakened before the ,sibyls4 ,dear1 ardent soul1 always so amiable6 ,o our artist1 so beloved1 so admired6 ,the world is no more anything to me but a ,campo ,santo4 ,have you heard of the ,pearl of ,antioch8 ,i am reading this ,christian romance with ,ren4 ,on the #hth we observed as a special festival the opening of the great sittings of this ,council which will crown with a new glory the reign of ,pius ,,ix4 ,our life is quite monastic3 no more joyous laughter rings along the corridors2 silence--the 8first power in the world10 as the ,pre ,lacordaire called it--dwells with us4 ,we are in mourning for our beloved children1 and these dark dresses are of a solemn sadness which strikes our visitors4 ,every day1 no matter what the weather may be1 ,ren accompanies me to the cemetery4 ,in spite of the cold1 there are flowers1 and this marble is almost joyous4 ,the ,revue gives an interesting story--8,laurence10 an account of a young girl who wished to die because her sister1 on whom she lavished all her love1 had departed to heaven4 ,i do not think that ,thrse wished for death1 but think rather that ,picciola asked of ,god that she might share her felicity4 ,lucy is well1 and thanks you for your sisterly prayers4 ,we are expecting news from ,margaret and ,marcella4 ,mary and ,ellen write regularly to ,berthe and to me4 ,good and kind hearts1 full of gentleness and affection6 ,kate dearest1 what do you say to my idea8--the adoption of these children would console my sister4 ,would it be well to propose it to her8 ,i find ,ren changed4 ,pray for us4 ,,december #ae1 #ahfi4 ,margaret sends me her ,journal since the departure1 every line of which is redolent of poetry and affection4 ,emmanuel is hourly asking for us4 ,marcella sends me pages bathed with tears3 8,why did you allow me to go away1 dear and generous friend8 ,i feel that your soul would have taken refuge with mine in these sad days40 ,kate1 what1 then1 is happiness1 since it lasts so short a time8 ,marcella is going to spend the winter at ,rome2 ,anna continues to grow both taller and stronger1 8but the departure of her friends makes her wish for heaven1 and everything gives me the presentiment that in a few years my beloved one will enter a convent4 ,you will scold me for thinking this so long beforehand1 but you will agree with me that her piety is beyond what is ordinary4 ,i have so unlearnt happiness that ,i live always in uncertainty40 ,a friend of ,adrien's tells him of the reception given at ,naples to the happy family party3 ,mme4 de ,v---- is allied to the ,princess of ,x----4 ,how fair a future has opened before my friend6 8,to return to ,rome1 where so many of my memories linger1 was my earnest desire2 blessed be ,god1 who permits it to be realized60 ,ren is writing to you4 ,good-by for to-day1 dearest sister6 ,,december #ah1 #ahfi4 ,read an admirable pastoral letter by ,mgr4 ,berthaud4 8,it is a fountain of living water1 a springing fountain10 writes ,louis ,veuillot1 who has the happiness to be in ,rome4 ,berthe yields to the entreaties of her mother1 who begs her to go to her in her old castle on the banks of the ,rhine4 ,lucy is going away at the same time to show her sisters the beautiful little ,anna1 her rosebud4 ,i look forward with fear to the feeling of solitude which will seize upon us after they are gone4 ,o my ,god6 these will all return1 but thou keepest thine angels4 ,the happy ,karl sends the most fraternal letters that he has ever yet addressed to me4 ,he is now in retreat1 almost ready to mount the steps of the altar and accomplish ,ellen's last desire4 8,i am never lonely10 he writes4 ,what ardor consumes him6 ,how he burns to shed his blood for ,christ6 8,my whole soul springs forth towards those disinherited souls who know not ,god6 ,if you still take an interest in your unworthy brother1 wish for him crosses1 trials1 sorrows1 and persecutions4 ,but ,i am not worthy to participate in the ,passion of my ,redeemer1 and it may be that my cross may be the burden of a useless life40 ,saintly friend6 noble heart6 ,his director1 who is a relative of our good abb1 never wearies in his praises of ,karl4 ,according to all probability1 he will set out for ,marseilles the day after his ordination1 where the first ship that sails will take him on board4 ,what am ,i1 my ,god1 by the side of this brother left me by ,ellen8 ,i am coming to see you1 dear ,kate1 to refresh myself with you--a too rapid apparition1 too fleeting a happiness1 and one in which ,i scarcely can believe4 ,,december #bb1 #ahfi4 ,dear ,kate1 this sacrifice must also be made4 ,yesterday a frightful accident threw us all into the greatest agitation4 ,my mother's horses ran away4 ,the footman1 losing all presence of mind with terror1 leaped down and was killed by the fall4 ,he was taken up quite mutilated4444 ,horrible6 horrible6 ,my mother has fever2 we remain4 ,the unfortunate ,antoine will be buried to-morrow morning4 ,he leaves three children4 ,he was an excellent ,christian1 and was preparing to make his ,christmas communion4444 ,i am writing to ,karl1 and at the same time to the venerable superior to obtain permission for our friend to give us one or two days previous to quitting ,france and ,europe4 ,my mother was coming back from the town1 whither we had all gone to take those of our party who were leaving4 ,ren and ,i were to have taken our departure this evening4 ,all in this world is nothingness1 except the pure and holy love of ,god4 ,i had so set my mind on this journey that ,i can only give it up by doing violence to my heart4 ,but if the shock my mother has undergone should bring on an illness1 ,i should never forgive myself for having gone away4 ,pray1 dear ,kate6 ,,december #be1 #ahfi4 ,my mother is better1 dear sister1 although the doctor condemns her still to repose4 ,the good cur is very unwell1 and1 since my mother would not have been able to attend the midnight ,mass1 the abb offered to say it at the parish church4 ,ah6 if the twins had been here4 ,we left the house at ten4 ,what a night6 ,what impressions6 ,in a clear and calm night1 with the sky spangled with thousands of stars1 to go through hedge-bordered paths to this old ,breton church1 so vast and so full2 the singing1 the sounds of the organ played by ,ren1 the ,gloria in ,excelsis1 so sweet and grand1 the numerous communions1 the dimly-lighted sanctuary--all these things had about them an indescribable old-world poetry1 a certain interior and heavenly charm1 which made me ask if we were not at ,bethlehem1 and if we were not suddenly about to behold with our bodily eyes1 like the shepherds1 the adorable new-born ,saviour in the manger4 8,the ,cedar of ,lebanon is gone forth from the hyssop in our valley40 ,lord ,jesus1 grant thy blessing upon ,france6 ,it is two years to-day since ,ellen entered into glory4 ,with what ecstasy she must behold ,karl at the altar6 ,dear ,kate1 ,i know not what atmosphere is surrounding me1 but it seems to me that every sorrow brings me nearer to ,god4 ,my mother was visibly affected on reading your kind lines2 how she loves us6 ,gertrude is more saintly than ever2 her self-denial is increasing4 ,she has owned to me that she never loses the presence of ,god4 ,we five form a severe group1 in which the highest questions are discussed4 ,gertrude is on fire when she speaks of charity4 ,there is no sort of mortification in which she does not take delight2 how ,i startled her yesterday by coming suddenly upon her as she was exchanging her shoes for those of a beggar6 ,she fasted on bread and water the three last days of ,advent1 and has asked me if ,i would go with her barefoot to the crucifix on the mountain1 the path to which is covered with brambles4 ,you see she is a worthy imitator of the ,acta ,sanctorum4 ,a ,dieu1 best beloved6 ,,december #bh1 #ahfi4 ,karl arrives on the #cast4 ,dear ,kate1 his letter showed me heaven4 ,good news of everybody1 and my mother is in the drawing-room4 ,so the year is about to end--this year1 so eventful1 and so plentiful in tears6 ,o my ,god6 how many loving looks follow me no more4 ,in my meditation this morning ,i asked myself whether ,i am yet submissive and resigned4 ,alas6 ,i truly wish whatever ,god wills1 but ,i am weak4 ,just now two little birds came and perched on my window1 fluttering as if wanting to come in4 ,i opened it gently and crumbled a cake for them1 and the pretty little hungry creatures pecked up the crumbs gladly4 ,then they flew away1 and ,i began to think of the two sweet birds which1 almost before we were aware1 have flown away also4 ,i was so proud of this beautiful family1 so happy to belong to it6 ,oh6 you know well1 ,kate1 that it is above all for the sake of the poor father1 the sorrowing mother1 that ,i regret these two attractive creatures6 ,raoul writes that ,berthe is more calm1 and he thinks she will remain some time where she is4 ,what an image of death is this silence and the solitude that now surrounds us6 ,i work hard1 take long walks1 teach two little boys their catechism1 and yet1 in spite of everything1 as soon as ,ren is no longer there1 as soon as ,i recall the past1 my heart is ready to break4 8,take care1 my dear daughter10 my mother says to me4 8,strengthen your soul2 throw yourself upon ,god40 ,and ,gertrude3 8,the thought of ,god softens everything4 ,he has permitted it--let us submit2 let us live in heaven40 ,would that we could go thither together1 dear sister6 ,accept all my best wishes for the ,new ,year--wishes for every day and every hour1 for your earthly and eternal happiness4 ,,january #e1 #ahgj4 ,dear ,kate1 how good ,god is6 ,this is the cry of my heart1 crushed beneath the weight of its gratitude4 ,karl has been our ,good ,samaritan4 ,if ,berthe and ,raoul could only hear him6 ,what unction in his words6 ,he made his appearance like the angel of ,providence amongst us4 ,it was in the evening4 ,ren had gone to wait for him2 we had heard no noise1 when the door opened4444 ,it was he6 ,there was a moment of emotion and tears1 and when he consented to bless us1 and ,i saw him in the light1 ,i understood the words of ,gertrude3 8,he has found true happiness40 ,then his ,mass the next day1 the ,communion1 and ,thanksgiving said aloud1 the chanting of the ,magnificat and of the ,ltatus--it was heaven4 ,this impression still remains2 thanks to a concurrence of circumstances in which ,i perceive the intervention of our good angels1 the newly elect of the priesthood remains with us until the #bjth--an unhoped-for and most precious favor4 ,alas6 shall we see him again8 ,he has given me a little book which he had kept by permission of his superior2 you are aware that this generous ,karl despoiled himself of everything before giving himself also to ,god4 ,this ,basket of ,eucharistic ,flowers is full of sweetness to my heart4 ,i find in it some verses on ,picciola--not mine1 but the flower--and the heavenly utterances of the pious ,marie ,jenna1 my favorite poetess4 ,listen to this3 8,oui1 cette vie en larmes est fconde2 ,j'ai peu vcu1 j'ai dj bien souffert4 ,mon ,dieu1 j'ai soif1 et les routes du monde ,ne me sont rien qu'une aride dsert4 ,mais tes pieds mon me se repose4 ,o tendre ,ami1 ,divin ,consolateur1 ,qu'importe moi de perdre toute chose1 ,si je te garde1 amour de mon ,sauveur60#cc ,footnote #cc3 ,yes1 this our life is plentiful in tears4 ,though ,i am young1 still ,i have suffered much4 ,my ,god1 ,i thirst6 and this world's weary ways ,are but an arid desert unto me4 ,but at thy feet my soul finds her repose1 ,o tender ,friend and ,comforter ,divine6 ,what matters it to me if ,i lose all1 ,but still keep thee1 my dearest ,saviour's love6 ,and this cry of the soul3 8,jesus1 pour seul bonheur1 ah6 donnez-moi des larmes ,que vous consolerez40#cd ,footnote #cd3 ,jesus1 for my sole happiness1 oh6 give me tears ,which thou wilt wipe away4 ,,january #aj1 #ahgj4 ,karl has spoken to me much of you1 dear sister4 ,he wishes that his last sculpture in ,europe should be for our chapel3 ,ren and his brothers have for some time past been working at a pulpit2 the principal figure will be our missionary's work4 ,he has consented to let me prepare his baggage4 ,kate1 ,i was complaining of our solitude1 and now it has become sweet to me1 because ,i love ,god more4 ,oh6 what a blessing to the soul it is to love4 ,i am slipping these few words in with ,ren's1 and send you a thousand loving messages4 ,,january #ad1 #ahgj4 ,impossible not to give you the history of our day1 although it is very late4 ,i wished to go to ,auray with ,karl1 and my mother felt strong enough to go with us4 ,on the way we met with a ,german1 poor as ,job1 a true disciple of ,luther1 his ,bible in his hand4 ,his gentle and melancholy air interested us4 ,we entered into conversation with him1 ,karl preached to him1 he came with us to ,auray1 and when we came out of the church he told us that his mother was a ,catholic1 that the sight of our fervor had touched him1 etc41 etc4 ,in short1 we brought him back with us to the chteau1 and ,karl is going to catechise him and finish his conversion4 ,you see the good ,saint ,anne has indeed had a hand in this4 ,is it not a charming episode8 #aeth4--,letters3 #ast1 ,margaret1 who sends you her heartful of good wishes2 #b;d1 ,marcella1 with the chronicle of the ,council and the account of an audience with the ,holy ,father2 #c;d1 ,lizzy1 who wants to make me admire her ,daniel2 #dth1 ,lucy1 who is impatient to come back1 because her pretty ,anne cannot be happy without us1 says our amiable sister2 #eth1 my ,kate4 ,i mention all in chronological order2 you know very well that you are first in order of affection4 ,but how short it is1 dearest6 ,tell me soon the reason of this brevity2 you must have so much to say6 ,a ,dieu1 my dearest ,kate4 ,all and each of the happy inhabitants of my ,brittany offer you their homage and respect4 ,,january #ai1 #ahgj4 ,well1 dearest1 he leaves us to-morrow--this friend1 this good brother and generous priest4 ,our ,german is converted1 but for reasons of prudence the baptism is deferred4 ,the worthy man does not wish to quit us1 and does his utmost to render himself useful4 ,he is passionately fond of music1 and teaches it to our pastors1 who in return strengthen him 7as he says7 in the catechism4 ,how sadly we shall miss ,karl6 ,but then1 souls1 souls6 ,ah6 ,i would not keep him back1 even if ,i could4 ,i have had a strange dream4 ,i was with you in your cell4 ,you seemed to be asleep2 ,i spoke to you1 but you did not answer me4 ,i went to kiss you1 and in this kiss ,i felt so strange a thrill1 as if your beautiful face had been of marble1 that ,i woke1 crying out in a manner which alarmed ,ren4 ,it is in vain that ,i say to myself again and again that it is but a dream2 the impression remains--a profound terror1 and an anguish which oppresses my heart4 ,write to me2 reassure me1 dear ,kate4 ,i have lost faith in happiness4 ,what am ,i saying8 ,so long as ,i belong to ,god1 and nothing can separate me from him1 shall ,i not have the only happiness worthy of the name8 ,karl promises to write to us4 ,he is going to ,china1 that literary country1 where barbarism and civilization are so strangely mingled4 ,my mother1 the ,adriens1 and we are putting together our savings to give them to the dear missionary1 that with them he may have more facilities in his work of gaining souls4 ,how ,i bless fortune on these occasions6 ,a thousand lovingnesses1 dear sister--the dearest of sisters4 ,,january #bf1 #ahgj4 ,we accompanied ,karl to his ship1 which ,i visited1 and which we saw start on her voyage4 ,thus he is now between sea and sky1 exposed to tempests4 ,oh6 8how beautiful are the feet of those0 who have left all--family1 friends1 country1 repose1 comforts1 enjoyments--to go in search of the lost sheep4 ,it seems to me that the angels of faith and love must spread their wings over the vessel and keep far away all contrary winds4444 ,we seem as if impregnated with sanctity4 ,grief is a powerful lever to raise one to ,god and to transform souls6 ,you do not write4 ,ren is uneasy and tries in vain to conceal his anxiety from me4 ,did you receive his letter of the #bdth8 ,dear ,kate1 if you are ill1 send one word and we will hasten to you4 ,o my ,god6 ,ill6 ,you6 ,could it be possible8 ,that terrible dream is always before my eyes4 ,you will scold me1 dearest4444 ,remember that for some months past ,i have suffered so much that even the thought of a misfortune overwhelms me4 ,oh6 may ,god guard you1 darling ,kate1 my sister1 my soul4 ,take care of yourself for the love of me4 ,my mother entreats you to write2 she suffers on account of my anxiety4 ,my ,god6 grant that that may have been only a dream4 ,,january #bi1 #ahgj4 ,still nothing2 perhaps your letter is lost4444 ,may ,god protect you6 ,the ,univers pleases me4 ,mgr4 ,berthaud has had a triumph at ,sant' ,andrea della ,valle--the dear church where we have prayed4 8,his imagery is rich and abundant10 writes ,louis ,veuillot1 8because his faith keeps alive in him a perpetual enthusiasm for the works1 the mercies1 and the love of ,god4 ,his thoughts are an endless song4 ,what he says he sees2 what he sees he admires and adores4 ,external things1 enveloped and1 as it were1 transpierced by the rays of the divine ,sun1 appear to him as magnificent as he describes them to be4 ,things are the works of ,god2 men are the children of ,god1 divinities in flower1 called by their adoption to the ineffable glory of the divine union4 ,as soon as they are in their way1 their vocation1 their order1 their accidental defects are effaced2 there is no more ugliness1 there are no more rags1 no more miseries--all is already transfigured1 already at the attainment of its end1 and the lyre1 vibrating to the touch of a sacred enthusiasm1 gives forth sounds at once vehement and sublime40 ,what eulogy6 ,what style6 ,mgr4 ,mermillod made a magnificent discourse at ,saint ,louis des ,franais1 on the perpetuation in the church of the ,gospel scene of the ,magi4 8,the action of ,god in the world1 the redemption of souls1 the perpetuity and definition of the truth1 all repose upon these three great weaknesses3 a ,child at ,bethlehem1 a ,host in the tabernacle1 an aged man at the ,vatican40 ,kate dearest1 ,i admire1 but nothing dispels my preoccupation1 the dominant note of my thoughts--you6 yourself6 ,why this silence8 ,i must know it6 ,write to me2 ,i am suffering4444 ,,january #ca1 #ahgj4 ,it is here1 on my writing-table1 this white page on which you have traced but one word4444 8,it was not a dream60 ,we start at once2 this note will precede us by a few hours4 ,oh6 live for me1 my beloved sister2 ask ,god to cure you4 ,my ,god1 ,i have so often prayed thee to preserve her to me--to let her live as long as ,i6 99 99 99 99 99 ,,journal ,,of ,,georgina ,,after ,,her ,,sister',s ,,death4 ,,february #ae1 #ahgj4 ,o amare6 ,o perire tibi6 ,o advenire ad ,deum6 ,still would ,i write to you1 beloved sister who have left me6 ,oh6 can this be possible8 ,you1 my ,guardian ,angel6 ,it is in heaven that ,i now look for you1 that ,i now behold you--in heaven1 your true home--in heaven1 where you have found again our mother4 ,o my ,god6 my ,god6 ,always shall ,i remember this last journey1 of which you were the object2 the anguish on the way1 the haste to arrive1 the chill that fell on my heart at the gate of the convent4 ,oh6 you knew that ,i could not bear to see you suffer2 and then1 perhaps1 you might think you would recover1 for ,i cannot believe that you desired to die4444 ,ah6 to see you dying2 to embrace you1 watch by you1 hear the last effusions of that tenderness to which my mother had bequeathed me2 to see this flame1 which was my life1 die out1 and yet not die myself--,kate1 ,kate1 ,i can think only1 speak only1 of you6 ,i have been very ill4 ,i feel weak1 very weak--almost discouraged to live4 ,tell me that you are not gone away2 soul of my sister1 speak to my soul6 ,oh6 how it seems to me as if ,i had lost everything4 ,you it was who gave so great an interest to my life1 animating everything with your affection4 ,and now4444 ,,february #bh4 ,dear ,kate1 obtain strength for me4 ,i desire to live for ,ren4 ,why did you not stay with us1 my beloved8 ,i have bitter regrets4444 ,i should have wished to nurse you1 to keep you here4 ,o foolishness of love6 what right have ,i to wish to keep you from your own country8 ,dear sister1 the correspondence which was my daily delight must not end3 ,i will write my journal for you4 ,god1 who is so good1 even when he separates two hearts which were one1 could not refuse anything to his elect4 ,ask him1 then1 my sister1 that you may every day come to me1 if even only for an instant4 ,oh6 would that ,i could see you4 ,it seems to me that with you all died2 that nothing more will ever in this world smile on me1 that the eternal mourning of my soul can never more be comforted4 ,our friends write to me4 ,margaret and ,marcella weep with me4 ,my mother1 ,adrien1 ,gertrude1 and ,ren are full of unspeakable tenderness and solicitude towards me2 and yet ,i have scarcely any response to make them but my tears4 ,all is night around me3 the ,sun has set4 ,oh6 speak to me1 ,kate--only one word1 one vibration of your dear voice1 one of your smiles4 ,is it true1 my ,god1 that for twenty-five days past this face so dearly loved has been covered with a shroud8 ,is it true8 ,has death indeed come between us8 ,had we not enough of absence and of separation1 that other mourning of the soul8 ,i still hear her last word4444 ,oh6 who will give me back my past joys1 fled away1 and the affection which enfolded all8 ,adrien is reading me the ,beatitudes1 by ,mgr4 ,landriot4 ,there are some admirable conferences on the divine words1 ,beati qui lugent4 8,there are10 says the ,pre ,lacordaire1 8tears in all the universe2 and they are so natural to us that even if they had no cause1 they would flow without cause1 solely from the charm of that ineffable sadness of which our soul is the deep and mysterious well40 ,again3 8,melancholy is the great queen of highly sensitive souls2 she touches them without their knowing how or why1 in a secret and unexpected moment4 ,the ray of light which gladdens others brings veils to them2 the festive rejoicing which moves and delights others pierces them with an arrow4 ,it is with much difficulty that ,god and our ,lord can scatter from the heart which loves them these vain and chilling clouds2 the suffering is so much the more difficult to vanquish from having a less real cause40 ,oh6 the cause of my sorrow1 can ,i forget it8 ,kate1 obtain strength for me4 ,how truly ,i feel you present6 ,,march #e4 ,we are come back to ,brittany4 ,they say that ,i have become a mere shadow4 ,kate dearest1 ,i wish to be courageous1 but my poor human nature gives way on this ,calvary4 ,o my memories6 ,they are a golden book in which ,i read every hour1 in which every leaflet recalls my other self1 her devotedness and love4 ,your papers have been given to me--the private pages which ,god alone has read with me4 ,how you have loved me6 ,dearest1 ,i weep no more1 except over myself4 ,you were hungering for heaven1 as were ,mad and ,thrse1 ,ellen and ,edith4 ,oh6 gone--you also1 you my guardian angel6 ,i wanted to write1 to relieve myself a little2 my heart swelled1 and ,i could do nothing but sob4 ,i have fearful moments4 ,oh6 speak to me1 ,kate4 ,last night ,i seemed to witness your death again4 ,oh6 those eyes1 those eyes which ,i almost worshipped--,i had to close them4 ,kate1 what is happiness8 ,mine has fled away like a cloud1 and ,i seek after it in vain4 ,i know that you are happy1 and yet my selfishness grieves4 ,pray for your ,georgina6 ,,march #h4 ,strange blindness of heart6 ,you were to me so sweet1 so infinitely precious1 that the thought of an adieu without ever meeting here again had never occurred to me4 ,you were six years old when you imprinted your first kiss on the brow of your ,georgina4 ,our most distant memories show me your beloved image4 ,you never left me2 the sight of you was a talisman that stopped my tears2 your voice taught me my first baby-words4 ,oh6 this union of ours from the very cradle was my mother's pride--this mother1 so beloved and so beautiful1 who saw herself over again in you4 ,you did not know that you were fair2 you early disdained earthly frivolities2 and how much it must have cost you1 later1 to remain in the world for me6 ,everywhere you were surrounded by sympathy and respect2 your sisterly devotion made you an aureole4 ,kate1 who was like you8 ,tell me that you hear me1 that you see me every day4 ,how shall ,i live without you8 ,a great void has been made in me2 my heart is like a desert4 ,ah6 ,i loved you too well1 and our ,god is a jealous ,god4 ,i adore his will1 and1 in spite of my inexpressible desolation1 ,i kiss his divine hand beneath the blow which overwhelms me4 ,i desire to become truly your sister by sacrifice and love4 ,help me6 ,i know not how to climb up ,calvary6 ,,march #aj4 ,no1 ,i cannot believe that it is at an end2 that ,i have no more a sister4 ,at times ,i believe myself to be under the influence of a nightmare4 ,my black dress--this sombre vestment which made me afraid--is become dear to me since ,i wear it for you2 but 444 what faintings of heart6 ,in what an ocean of grief my soul is plunged6 ,to-day ,i wished to go out and visit my poor2 my strength failed4 ,kate1 sorrow is killing me4 ,,march #ab4 ,an unexpected consolation--a visit from the ,pre de ,g---4 ,his touching1 penetrating words roused me4 ,pardon me1 ,kate6 ,i was cowardly4 ,god forbids not tears1 but he forbids despair4 ,alas6 formerly ,i comforted others1 and now ,i am unwilling to accept any solace in my trouble2 ,i wish for no truce to my regret4 ,oh6 be happy1 soul of my sister4 ,obtain for me grace to love much1 more than ever1 all who suffer1 all the elect of misfortune4 ,the gentle ,abb ,perreyve used to say3 8,the greater part of souls would remain closed to other souls1 if they had not suffered2 trial bruises them1 and compels them to shed around them floods of love40 ,i loved them already--these dear poor of the good ,god6 ,but ,i feel that my time belongs to them1 that ,i owe myself also to those who love me1 and that it remains to me to pray and suffer while ,i love4 ,help me1 dear ,kate1 help me6 ,,march #ae4 ,how kind ,ren is1 dear ,kate1 and how fraternal6 ,he understands my wish to write to you still1 to continue my life so violently cut in twain1 and unceasingly to speak to you4 ,i am stronger1 but not yet resigned4 ,can one be resigned to such a loss8 ,i saw yesterday a young girl whom ,gertrude knows1 and who has opened her heart to me as to a friend4 ,with what ardor of desire she dreams of the religious life6 ,god permits her to be cruelly tried3 her mother is utterly opposed to her departure4 ,there are several other sisters1 one of whom shares the aspirations of my new acquaintance4 ,how they both suffer6 ,would that a heavenly light might illuminate the heart of their mother1 who little comprehends the martyrdom of her children6 ,how everything is at cross-purposes in this poor world6 ,people are saddened by things at which they ought to rejoice1 and vice vers4 ,mothers1 who have had experience of the cares and pains of marriage and the world--mothers1 who know too well the sum of happiness that may be expected from even the best-assorted unions--make themselves miserable at the mere thought of their daughters' union with ,god1 as if he were not the ,supreme ,good1 the ,spouse par excellence1 the faithful ,friend1 the plenitude of every virtue and of love6 ,ah6 it is because everything in this world has its shades and its defects1 and because few souls know truly how to love4 ,thus is it that there is a mixture and alloy in my affection for you when ,i weep for you so bitterly1 dear sister of my life6 ,nothing can separate our souls4 ,i am yours in life and death6 ,,march #ah4 ,berthe's brother has just sunk under a malignant fever4 ,the poor widow is ill of grief4 ,three such beautiful children1 whom he loved so much--so many powerful bonds which bound him to this world so suddenly broken--all this makes the grief immense4 ,gertrude said to me3 8,why1 then1 are those mourned for who enter the port--those who go hence to rest in ,god8 ,they only who remain behind are really to be pitied40 ,ah6 what deadly affliction must not our friend feel1 widowed of her happiness1 which nothing can restore to her--nothing1 until that hour when1 delivered in her turn from this life sown with crosses1 she too shall see ,god1 and1 with ,god1 him whom she weeps6 ,kate1 would that ,i could see you and embrace you again as in that last hour6 ,everywhere death1 everywhere mourning6 ,,march #ba4 ,count de ,montalembert died on the #acth of ,march4 ,it is a great funereal date4 ,may ,god receive him into his glory6 ,i was just now hearing some beautiful pages by ,alfred ,nettement1 dead also the #adth of ,november--dead in the breach1 in those combats of pen and thought so worthy of admiration and of enthusiasm when their object is the defence of the church4 ,our dear ,m4 de ,riancey is also dead1 faithful1 to his last moment1 to this proscribed monarchy1 which sees its best defenders falling one by one4 ,o my ,god6 what losses4 ,kate1 if ,i could forget you for a single instant1 would not these deaths lead me back to the thought of you8 ,adrien has given me ,the ,book of ,all who ,suffer1 by ,m4 ,gautier4 ,how well this good brother was inspired6 ,marcella1 ,margaret1 ,lizzy1 ,isa1 and so many other kind hearts write to me frequently1 but nothing can replace my ,kate6 ,,april #a4 ,dear sister1 ,i have suffered fearful pains for ten days past4 ,my good ,ren has been to me like a ,sister of ,charity4 ,i am like ,thrse1 ,i cannot live without my other self4 ,oh6 to see you1 to hear you1 to kneel by you1 and kiss your beloved hands4 ,until now ,i did not know what separation meant4 ,i remember with a sort of remorse how joyous my first letters were after that first farewell which was to be so soon followed by a farewell that seems eternal4 ,i saw you as having attained the object of your dreams4 ,i entered with glad heart into this new life where all was golden4 ,kate1 ,i am ungrateful6 ,god has permitted me to know no other troubles than those which should not be such to the ,christian--death1 the beginning of true life for those who love ,god4 ,help me1 that ,i may be strong2 my sadness clouds so many brows6 ,,april #h4 ,nelly1 who flattered herself that she would recover1 has bid adieu to this poor world1 in which she suffered so terribly1 although possessing numerous certainties of happiness1 if it be true that anything can be certain here below1 even when one is only twenty years old4 ,my new young friend visits me often2 her fervent piety and the ardor of her desires find an echo in my heart4 ,you were thus1 ,o sister of my soul6 at her age1 in that spring-time of life thrice happy and thrice blessed when one belongs to ,god4 ,,april #ae4 ,the ,duchess de ,berry died on the #ajth1 at her castle in ,upper ,styria1 far from ,naples1 far from ,france1 far from her son4 ,yet another grand figure disappeared6 ,kate1 do you remember our presentation to this heroine8 ,but she is now with you1 in the true fatherland of souls1 far from agitations and sufferings4 ,call us1 call us1 all together--all our corner of ,brittany2 ,i1 too1 am athirst for heaven4 ,what a day was this ,good ,friday6 ,made four times the ,way of the ,cross for the souls in purgatory4 ,is there any possibility that you are in that place of expiation1 dear ,kate8 ,oh6 tell me1 or rather assure me1 that you are in heaven4 ,gaston yesterday asked his mother to show him ,mme4 ,kate up in the sky2 he believes that you have become a star4 ,charming belief6 ,,april #af4 ,a year ago1 and ,i was full of joy and hope4 ,o my happy days with my sister6 you have for ever fled away4 ,,april #ag4 ,god be praised6 ,i saw you this morning4444 ,oh6 do not let me be told that it is a dream4 ,i saw you1 dear ,kate2 your beautiful hair falling over your shoulders1 and you were smiling4 ,happiness enough for one whole day6 ,christ is risen6 ,the weather is splendid2 we are in the full bloom of spring2 bright sunshine1 songs of birds1 verdure everywhere2 joy in our souls4 ,kate1 ,i weep no more2 you are in heaven6 ,,april #ai4 ,walk with ,amlie1 the future religieuse of whom ,i spoke to you4 ,she relieves herself a little to me of some of the desolation that fills her heart4 ,she is not allowed to depart1 and yet the delay requested is expired4 ,her grief makes my heart ache1 and ,i would that it were given me to smooth for her the way to the cloister4 ,for that ,i should be obliged to go out1 to visit the mother2 and as soon as ,i see any one ,i burst into tears4 ,do you blame me for the fidelity of my regrets8 ,in listening to ,amlie ,i understand what you must have undergone when once the ,lord's choice was clearly manifested4 ,pardon me for having wished still to hold you back6 ,gertrude1 our saint par excellence1 speaks admirably of heaven4 ,lucy weeps with me1 and makes her pretty ,anne wipe away my tears4 ,kate1 will you read this8 ,,april #bf4 ,minds are much occupied respecting the plbiscite4 ,my politics are not of this world2 ,i hear what others say1 and that is all4 ,sister1 what is earth8 ,i fear and pity it4 ,berthe is at ,paris1 somewhat preoccupied by present agitations4 ,my poor soul passes through the most varying states3 nameless anguish1 indescribable discouragement1 sweet and pure joys2 one thing comes as a repose to the other1 and life slips away4444 ,amlie came to me yesterday2 she talked long of her crosses1 glad to be understood1 compassionated1 and loved2 she would willingly have remained with us for the night4 ,her home1 where she was formerly so happy1 appears to her now an insupportable place of abode1 and her life1 with all its struggles and contradictions1 is a real martyrdom4 ,i read her1 from the ,pilgrimages of ,switzerland1 a beautiful page on ,christian resignation4 ,oh6 how ,i would wish to console others--,i1 who cannot be consoled1 alas6 ,,april #cj4 ,kate1 ,i have been dreaming of you4 ,why did you go away so soon1 sweet sister1 so beloved8 ,a cousin of ,amlie's died the day before yesterday1 after two years of marriage4 ,see how short a time human felicity lasts6 ,every terrestrial happiness reunited on this charming head for so short a time6 ,her poor mother had buried all her other treasures one by one1 and concentrated her affections and her hopes on this idolized daughter1 the only one spared to her1 and who was to be stricken down after two years of so happy a union6 ,were these two souls truly religious8 ,i know not4 ,ah6 who will comfort the mother1 if ,god is not her comforter8 ,alas6 these rapid destinies1 these human fragilities1 these futures broken1 these deaths1 this mourning--will they not open the eyes of those who persist in not seeing8 ,amlie is always breathlessly eager to attain her object1 and distressed at the hindrances which hold her back4 ,how pitiful that difficulties so contemptible and vulgar should be raised in order to turn aside the flight of this poor soul from the heavenly ,bridegroom6 ,i can only conceive a mother with an absolute devotion1 a complete self-forgetfulness1 a perpetual sursum corda4 ,but these miserable obstacles1 these calculated delays1 to enchain this dear ,amlie in spite of her tears and ardent longings--how they make me suffer6 ,it appears that for three years she has been soliciting her mother's consent4 ,my ,god1 where are the hearts which see but thee in all things8 ,mme4 de ,vals#ce is overwhelmed by this catastrophe4 ,all the family is in a state that breaks one's heart4 ,oh6 if these distressing scenes had only shown ,mme4 de ,vals the vanity of earthly illusions2 if she had only understood that we must cling to ,god above all6 ,footnote #ce3 ,the mother of the young wife who died4 ,kate1 my sister in heaven1 pray for this friend of your ,georgina1 and pray also for me1 who cannot live without my sister6 ,,may #e4 ,the month of flowers1 the month of songs1 the month of the ever-blessed ,virgin1 comes to me with bright memories4 ,my own ,ireland1 mother1 sister1 where are you8 ,what cowardice is mine6 ,brittany is smiling1 rosy under a beautiful sun2 the sea is calm and magnificent4 ,i have just been leaning over my balcony and looking long at this grand spectacle3 the blue sky1 the green sea1 in the grand and majestic silence of immensity4 ,was there not a ,christian meaning in the words of the philosopher of antiquity who said3 8,god does all in silence08 ,how fine is this expression6 ,dear ,kate1 bless me6 ,i go out1 move about1 wish to be useful2 ,i work with ,gertrude1 with my mother1 with ,ren4 ,but ,i drag heavily the cross of your absence4 ,i complain to ,god without ceasing4 ,love makes everything sweet and light3 ,i have1 then1 no love8 ,from this month of ,may will date for your ,georgina the adoption of a prayer1 sweet among all others--the ,office of the ,blessed ,virgin4 ,oh6 these psalms1 these hymns1 these harmonious supplications--how sweet they are to my poor soul6 ,i love especially the ,ltatus4 ,lucy and ,ren sing it with an expression which charms me4 ,you1 dearest ,kate1 have entered there1 into the house of the ,lord6 ,,may #ab4 ,i am reading the ,interior of ,jesus and ,mary1 by the ,pre ,grou1 the ,conferences of ,pre de ,ravignan1 and our dear ,review4 ,the letters on the ,council interest me particularly4 ,i try to imagine that ,i am reading them with you2 that your dear head is resting on my shoulder4444 ,oh6 the fair and happy times which return to my memory4 ,we so loved the ,chansons de ,gestes1 those pretty ,french ballads which my mother translated with so peculiar a charm6 ,m4 ,lon ,gautier has published a thoughtful and exquisite study on ,france under ,philip ,augustus2 he brings on the scene the fair ,aude1 the fiance of ,roland1 who died on hearing of the death of her ,paladin--,i can understand love like this6--and the charming little ,aelis1 and ,sibylle de ,lusignan1 and the ,duchess ,parise1 and ,aye d',avignon1 and the courageous ,ameline1 and ,berthe1 the wife of ,duke ,girart1 and ,guiboure1 that magnificent type of the ,christian woman6 ,do you remember1 sister1 ,count ,robert of ,flanders refusing a crown because he was in haste to see his son again8 the little ,garnier nursing his father1 stricken with leprosy8 the mother of the sons of ,aimon--,belissende and ,heustace8 ,how we had learnt to love those middle ages6 ,pray for ,amlie1 dear ,kate2 she is so unhappy6 ,o inestimable favor1 priceless benefit1 incomparable fidelity of the religious vocation6 how little are you understood in this world4 ,it seems as if ,i heard you saying to me3 ,speranza6 ,pazienza6 ,coraggio6 ,,may #af4 ,my soul is fallen again into an abyss of desolation4 ,it is strange1 and at the same time painful1 these struggles between myself and myself2 between nature which revolts and grace which submits4 ,on this day four years ago where were we8 ,kate1 help me6 ,,may #bh4 ,i have been travelling a little1 and my moments have all been employed4 ,ren wants to give me change and distraction2 but ,i cannot drag my thoughts away from these images of death4 ,hlne has written me a letter1 saintly and sweet4 ,alas6 who does not suffer here below8 ,,june #e4 ,i have just quitted ,amlie1 who is keeping her room from indisposition4 ,her mother is kind1 ,i believe1 but how severe in aspect6 ,berthe and ,raoul arrived yesterday4 ,kate1 ,i dreaded this meeting again1 our hearts were all so sad6 ,berthe is more tranquil than ,i had expected2 she has seen ,mary and ,ellen1 the dear exiles6 who showed her that they greatly desire to see us4 ,inspire me1 dear ,kate4 ,lucy is going away again2 the house without children is like a heaven without angels4 ,johanna will not return for two months4 ,,june #ab4 ,ren would like to bring the two orphans himself4 ,my mother approves4 ,they will occupy the apartments of the twins4 ,kate1 who will replace you8 ,more funereal letters3 two friends of our dear ones who have flown away have also been summoned to their ,father's house4 ,happy souls6 if they were prepared2 but poor mothers whose joy they were6 ,,june #ag4 ,dear ,kate1 ,i thought ,i saw you yesterday evening4444 ,a young and amiable religious1 collecting for her poor1 caused me a thrill4 ,i calmed myself and conversed with her4 ,her life is admirable4 ,but what emotion afterwards1 and poignant grief6 ,sister dearest1 let me hope that you read these lines2 that there exists a means of communication between heaven and earth2 that you have not wholly quitted me6 ,it was so sweet to write to you1 to confide everything to you4 ,i should like to write your life2 to relate to myself the story of our childhood--that golden morn when so many smiles and joys surrounded us2 but these souvenirs are so distressing6 ,,june #bd4 ,mary and ,ellen are sleeping beneath those curtains of gauze which ,i have so often parted4 ,they are grown1 and prettier than ever4 ,with what grace they presented themselves yesterday6 ,and already ,i am anxious2 have they not been taken sufficient care of8 ,i know not1 but their almost constant cough oppresses me like a remorse2 and to replace their mother4444 ,,june #bi4 ,berthe loves our orphans1 who rarely quit her4 ,gertrude draws me with her in her walks1 in her life of devotedness and labor1 and ,i let it be so4 ,i am no more myself2 my better part is wanting4 ,oh6 you were my strength1 my counsel1 my happiness4 ,feast of ,,ss4 ,peter and ,paul--a glad festival for the ,christian4 ,louis ,veuillot1 who has the happiness of being at ,rome1 writes there charming1 sublime incomparable pages2 he counted on the desired dogma being proclaimed to-day1 but all is not so easy1 even in the things of ,god4 ,anniversary of the death of ,albert4 ,,july #a4 ,mary and ,ellen are very attractive4 ,decidedly we shall keep them with us4 ,berthe sees in them a resemblance to her doves2 my mother likes their smiles for the poor1 for flowers1 for every living thing1 their precocious reason1 and their already remarkable piety4 ,lucy is gone4 ,what voids6 and how different to '#fg1 the happy year1 at least during its first months6 ,trial1 you used to tell me1 is a grace2 that those favored with the good things of this world ought to expiate their enjoyments4 ,kate1 ,i submit6 ,,july #d4 ,the letters of ,marcella and ,margaret are frequent4 ,my friend beyond seas speaks of returning soon2 she knows what a balm the sight1 the beloved sight1 of her brings4 ,marcella quits ,naples and its blue sky no more2 ,anna writes to me of her joys1 without suspecting what a price the health of which she is so proud cost us4 ,the abb takes in the ,univers1 rendered so attractive by the truly magic pen of the author of the ,parfum de ,rome4 ,finished ,la ,marquise de ,montagu1 an interesting book1 the style of a great lady of the seventeenth century4 ,reading is worth less than prayer1 but both ameliorate exile4 ,ren is carving an altar for the parish church4 ,he and ,adrien are making curious studies in the precious ,,mss4 of the ,saint of the ,sea-shore4 ,what splendid gifts ,god has bestowed upon this friend of my soul6 ,,july #h4 ,the pious and learned editor of ,eugnie de ,gurin1 who also revealed to the world the treasures of ,cayla--,m4 ,trebutien--is just dead4 ,ren assures us that ,eugnie must have opened to him the gate of ,eden4 ,oh6 ,i love to believe this4 ,amlie is at the height of her wishes3 her mother has suffered herself to be vanquished by our united entreaties1 and her entry into ,carmel is fixed for the #fth of ,august4 ,another separation4 ,god wills it thus4 ,,july #ad4 ,marie ,jenna1 the sweet poetess1 has written some noble pages on the regretted ,m4 ,trebutien4 8,it is the hand of a friend still trembling with emotion that has written this02 it is the first cry of affection and of grief1 but of pure and holy affection1 and of grief resigned and ,christian in the highest acceptation of the word4 8,if this were a learned man1 an antiquary1 an artist1 above all he was a soul--a soul1 that masterpiece of ,god1 that thing so fair that he himself delights in it1 that he has profoundly loved1 even when1 having lost the attraction of innocence1 she had no other attraction than misfortune4 ,he was an ardent ,catholic1 he prayed1 he loved ,god4 ,he1 who so hungered after justice1 love1 and beauty1 could not but love ,god6 ,the gifts of the understanding exercised over him an irresistible magic2 but if he lived by intelligence1 he lived still more by the heart4 ,his friendship was full of strength and tenderness2 he gave himself without measure40 ,ah6 dearest ,kate1 ,i forget that you are no longer here4 ,ellen is extremely sympathetic towards me2 she listens to me1 speaking of you1 for hours together4 ,this morning1 after a long account1 in which her mother's name and yours recurred a hundred times1 she said to me with feeling3 8,i am going to pray ,god to put me soon where they are40 ,o ,blessed ,virgin6 may she stay with us4 ,,july #ah4 ,arthur is ill4 ,johanna writes agitated and sorrowful pages4 ,my saintly ,kate1 pray for us6 ,the rumors of war which have for some days been circulating are taking consistency4 ,what is about to become of this poor country8 ,will the hour of vengeance strike1 or will mercy again carry the day8 ,epidemic maladies and drought have already spread desolation everywhere4 ,kate1 ,i would fain penetrate into the future4 ,o folly6 ,what would it be1 when ,i cannot even support my present grief8 ,ren has had three attacks of fever4 ,o this dear invalid1 this son of liberty and space1 restless as a lion6 in repose4 ,dear1 good friend6 ,come1 then1 and see him1 dear ,kate1 when three times a day he attends to an unfortunate child whose wounds horrify everybody4 8,the hand of ,m4 ,ren passes over my sores like the wing of an angel60 ,what charming praise1 and especially in ,breton1 in the mouth of this frightful little lad1 who is distressed at his own ugliness6 ,gertrude is teaching him the catechism2 ,mary and ,ellen prepare his meals with their little white hands4 ,ellen has lovely eyes of sea-blue1 very dark4 ,,july #bd4 ,the ,univers of ,wednesday1 the #bjth1 is splendid3 8,the ,infallibility is proclaimed6 ,ubi ,petrus1 ibi ,ecclesia6 ,the times are hard2 war1 pestilence1 famine2 but the year #ahgj will be none the less immortal4 ,this will be called the ,century of ,pius ,,ix41 the ,pope of the ,immaculate ,conception and of the ,infallibility40 ,great joy in the ,catholic world4 ,here is war with ,prussia--that power which1 whatever may be said1 is truly redoubtable4 ,happy the people whose history is wearisome6 ,misfortune to those who depart from the path traced for them by ,providence6 ,what a magnificent page might ,france have added to her history had she so willed6 8,archimedes asked but a lever and a fulcrum to move the world10 said the ,pre ,lacordaire at ,notre ,dame2 8but in his time this lever and this fulcrum were unknown4 ,they are known now3 faith is the lever2 and the point of support1 the ,breast of the ,lord ,jesus40 ,who1 then1 will lift this lever8 ,my ,god6 may they who seek thee find gladness and joy in thee4 ,tristis es1 anima mea6 ,arthur is better2 our dear ,parisians are returning to us2 the horizon is so dark to those who see things rightly6 ,berthe is gone to the town for the funeral of a friend of her childhood who passed through the greatest trials in the world4 ,she made a most edifying death1 preserving the fulness of her faculties to the last1 blessing her children1 and putting all her soul into her last directions4 ,and when she had said all1 and was asked if she desired nothing1 she answered with her failing voice3 8,i desire nothing but ,god60 ,the long agony of her heart1 the suffering which has killed her1 this painful martyrdom--all is over1 and the ,blessed ,virgin1 whom she so loved1 must have welcomed her into glory4 ,amen6 ,the two little children1 alarmingly pale1 followed the coffin4 ,how one would pity them1 if ,god were not the ,father of orphans6 ,spain in a state of revolution4 ,queen ,isabella has abdicated in favor of ,prince ,alphonso4 ,poor ,spain6 ,where is ,isabella the ,great1 the ,catholic8 ,adrien is reading to us the tenth volume of the ,histoire du ,monde1 by ,de ,riancey4 ,the illustrious and lamented author wrote from ,rome1 after receiving from the ,pope and the ,comte de ,chambord precious tokens of affection3 8,now ,i am almost ready to sing my ,nunc ,dimittis1 and there remain only the joys of heaven to be added48 ,dearest ,kate1 ,i said something like this when ,i still possessed you4444 ,,to ,,be ,,concluded ,,next ,,month4 ,,up ,,the ,,nile4 ,,conclusion4 ,the dignity of some of these half-clad ,nubians is almost beyond conception4 ,as we walked through the town of ,korosko we saw numbers of elephants' tusks1 ostrich feathers and eggs1 and great piles of gum-arabic4 ,we told ,ali to pick up a handful of the gum1 and then demanded the price4 ,with a shrug of the shoulders1 the owner answered in the most indifferent manner3 8,whatever you please40 ,ali offered him one piastre4 ,the merchant took out his purse and coolly handed a piece of the same value1 saying3 8,if you cannot pay more than that for the gum1 you must be very poor2 take this for backsheesh40 8,well10 broke in ,mr4 ,s----1 unable to restrain his indignation1 8would you like us to give you two pounds for that handful of gum80 8,oh6 no10 he replied quietly2 8whatever you please40 ,he was finally satisfied with the amount first offered4 ,this ,korosko is an important town2 for from here the direct road lies across the desert to ,aboo-,hamed1 ,shendy1 ,sennaar1 and ,khartoom4 ,the bend in the river between this place and ,derr is so great that the river flows south-southeast4 ,going up1 we were detained some time4 ,the north wind1 which carried us up thus far1 was now almost dead ahead1 and we were obliged to wait till it died out4 ,the temple at ,wady ,sabooah a few miles below is of the time of ,rameses ,,ii4 ,his favorite amusement1 to judge from the figures on the temple walls1 was to catch hold of a few score of his enemies by the hair of the head1 all at once1 and in one hand too1 while with the other he knocked them about with a club4 ,the old temple was afterwards used as a ,christian church4 ,in the time of the great temple-builder a figure of some god stood in the adytum2 the ,christians covered it with plaster 7it was a bas-relief71 and then painted on it a picture of ,st4 ,peter4 ,the other figures are not altered1 and the result is that the great ,rameses is now making offerings to a ,christian saint4 ,i was anxious to obtain a dress--a full dress--of a ,nubian young lady4 ,i did not propose to introduce this style at home--it would scarcely be suited to our winters1 although it might answer in summer--but it would be a pleasant thing to show it1 and1 when some fair one should ask what it was1 to reply3 8,oh6 that is a dress that belonged to a lady friend of mine in ,nubia2 she gave it to me to remember her by40 ,just think how jealous all the men would be6 ,frank carefully treasures up a ribbon1 and ,charley considers priceless a lock of hair which his fair one has worn--small trinkets compared with mine1 even if ,i cannot put mine in a locket4 ,so ,i am bound to have one by fair means or foul4 ,the reader will probably be anxious to know what this dress is4 ,well1 he must not be shocked2 he must remember the climate is warm1 and the immediate descendants of ,eve set the fashion here4 ,the full costume consists of a leather girdle1 from which hangs fringe of the same material1 about six inches long1 ornamented with shells4 ,i have one4 ,it belonged to a very pretty1 dark-eyed young lady of thirteen1 from whom ,i purchased it as a curiosity4 ,the girl's wardrobe being unusually well stocked1 she sold me her best for the small sum of six piastres4 ,the people are very much afraid of the evil eye1 more dangerous on this account3 that no one can tell who possesses it4 ,even some of the innocent howadjii may have it2 if they look at any one who is near1 he or she is instantly possessed by some spirit and becomes sick4 ,but they have medicine2 for they immediately send to some priest and inform him in what way the sufferer is afflicted4 ,for a small fee he writes out a portion of the ,koran which will cure the disease4 ,this is enclosed in a leather bag and worn on the arm or around the neck4 ,the disease is not only cured1 if the extract be the right one1 but all future danger from the evil eye is averted4 ,we have been visiting temples and tombs almost every day for the past week1 and have been very much annoyed by the crowds that followed us and in many cases prevented us from properly inspecting4 ,on ,feb4 #f we visited the little temple of ,baybel ,welly4 ,i put into operation a plan ,i had thought out last night4 ,i wanted to try the effect of sarcasm on these half-civilized ,nubians4 ,the temple was very small and the crowd pushed in after us4 ,we withdrew1 and ,i then spoke in a quiet1 dignified manner to the one who appeared to be the leader4 8,this temple is not large enough for both of us to visit at the same time4 ,we will wait outside until you and your friends finish your examination1 and then we will look at it4 ,if you find anything particularly interesting1 you will be kind enough to inform us40 ,at first he did not take the point2 after a time a light broke upon him1 and he replied3 8,you go in2 ,i will keep these walluds out40 ,and he did so4 ,i have told of the presents we gave the crew4 ,they made a common pool1 a sort of joint-stock company on the mutual-benefit plan4 ,reis ,mohammed was treasurer4 ,they held a meeting and resolved to declare a dividend1 after the manner of many modern railway dividends--for it was paid out of the capital4 ,a very noisy confab prevailed for an hour or more2 then votes were cast1 and it was resolved 8that the treasurer be instructed and empowered to purchase a calf at a price not exceeding seven dollars1 said calf to be served up immediately for the use of the stockholders40 ,this should furnish a hint to antiquarians2 perhaps they may be able to trace back the origin of our modern corporations to the old ,egyptians4 ,the similarity of management should afford some clue4 ,on the #ajth of ,february we reached ,phil4 ,on the mainland opposite is the small town of ,belal4 ,here is an old mosque2 from its minaret the first ,moslem call to prayer in ,nubia was made4 ,it is ,february #ab1 and we are still lying at ,mahatta1 waiting for the ,shellallee1 to take us down the cataract4 ,they will not come to-day1 so we go to visit the quarries of syenite granite from which the obelisks were taken4 ,two of the party mount the diminutive donkeys2 ,i want to oversee them1 so ,i climb on a camel4 ,he kneels for me to mount1 and then rises at command4 ,the camel rises with three distinct motions4 ,i have said that he kneels for one to mount2 this will hardly convey the proper idea4 ,his legs are doubled underneath and his belly touches the ground4 ,with the first motion he raises himself on his fore-knees1 then straightens up his hind-legs1 and then his fore-legs4 ,the effect of this motion upon the rider is very curious4 ,he is first pitched violently backwards1 but before he has time to fall off is thrown forwards again2 and just as he feels certain that he is about to dive into the sand1 he regains his equilibrium1 and off goes the camel4 ,when he walks1 the rider sways back and forth2 his run is not unlike the trot of a horse4 ,an unfinished obelisk--one that has never been entirely detached from the rock--shows us the means employed by the ,pharaos for cutting out these immense masses4 ,holes were cut along the whole line of the block a few feet apart4 ,into these wooden wedges1 saturated with water1 were firmly driven4 ,the swelling of the wood1 causing an equal pressure1 split the rock in a straight line4 ,just above where we are moored is the body of a man lying in the water4 ,his hands are tied behind his back--probably a slave from away up country1 beaten to insensibility and then thrown into the river4 ,perhaps he stole a few piastres1 or was not sufficiently quick in obeying his master's commands4 ,it is a sickening sight1 this putrid1 bloated corpse1 so we ask ,ahmud to have it taken out and buried4 ,it was carried by the current into this little cove some four days ago2 hundreds of people pass it daily1 yet no one will remove it4 ,ahmud says it is the duty of the governor to bury it1 and1 unless he does so1 the natives will let it remain until the fish and vultures eat it up4 8,if ,i see the governor10 continues ,ahmud in the most unconcerned way1 8,i will speak to him about it40 ,early next morning the ,shellallee assembled and preparations were begun4 ,to make the descent it is requisite that the water should be smooth and not a breath of wind stir the air4 ,the day was all that could be desired2 so at six ,a4,m4 began the charge of the black brigade4 ,on they come from every quarter2 every rock sends forth two or three4 ,we have sixty or seventy on board4 ,ali says that most of them come to get a place to sit down and smoke their chibouks4 ,there is the usual amount of talking1 and at a quarter to seven we cast loose from our moorings and stood out into the stream4 ,god's flag was tied to a post on the port side of the quarter-deck--a red flag with two yellow stars and a diamond1 the latter representing the sword of ,mohammed1 and over all the sacred name 8,allah40 ,this was placing the dahabeeh under the divine protection to ensure a prosperous descent4 ,our old friend ,nogood was with us1 seated by the flag1 smoking a long pipe and reading the ,koran4 ,another sheik was seated on the opposite side telling his beads4 ,four men stood at the helm1 and two at each oar4 ,to judge from the noise and excitement1 you would be led to think that no boat had ever descended the cataracts before4 ,ahmud was so nervous that tears came into his eyes4 ,the balance of the ,shellallee squatted on the deck1 lit their chibouks1 and never moved until we hustled them off at ,assouan4 ,the current carried us swiftly on to the west bank1 and we neared the great gate4 ,a piece of wood was thrown overboard2 it was a guide to the steersmen4 ,now all was quiet2 not a word was uttered on board4 ,the rowers stopped1 the howadjii held their breath2 a moment more we rounded the corner almost at a right angle1 and shot into the great rapid4 ,the boat grazed the rocks on the port side4 ,the waves dashed over the bow4 ,directly ahead the rocks rise perpendicularly to the height of twenty feet4 ,the howadjii shudder2 surely we will be dashed to pieces4 ,before we have scarce time to think1 before we are at the bottom of the rapid1 the rudder is jammed hard to starboard1 the boat swings round at a right angle2 we are in smooth water--we have descended the cataract in safety4 ,this rapid is two hundred feet long between the rocks1 about seventy feet broad1 and falls from six to seven feet4 ,old ,nogood springs up now with astonishing activity1 and snatches the turban from ,reis ,mohammed's head4 ,this is his perquisite4 ,it is the custom for the head sheik to take both tarbosh and turban from the captain's head when the descent is safely accomplished4 ,this was all very well when these descents were first made1 there being then some doubt as to their safe accomplishment4 ,now numbers of boats are taken down every year and an accident rarely happens4 ,this custom should be done away with--at least1 so thought ,reis ,mohammed2 for he put on the oldest tarbosh he had1 and it was so bad that ,nogood would not take it4 ,every one shook hands all around4 ,one of the ,shellallee cut his foot very badly2 ,i put court-plaster upon it1 and then bound it up with my own handkerchief4 ,he smiled and asked for backsheesh4 ,about nine we reached ,assouan4 ,every one wanted backsheesh1 even those ,i told about who sat on the decks smoking chibouks1 and had never raised a finger to help us4 ,finally we got rid of them all4 ,what a relief it was to be alone again with our little family6--for we are coming to love our sailors2 they have been with us so long1 and1 in spite of their few faults1 they are a good set and we have had no serious trouble with them4 ,there is a modern temple at ,kom ,ombos1 about thirty miles below ,assouan1 built by one of the ,ptolemies about one hundred and fifty years before ,christ4 ,it is interesting1 and1 notwithstanding its recent construction1 we examined it with care4 ,there is another of these ,ptolemaic temples at ,edfoo1 one of the most interesting temples on the ,nile4 ,true1 it is far younger than ,karnak1 but then it is the best-preserved temple in ,egypt4 ,as a perfect specimen of an ,egyptian temple1 complete in all its parts1 it stands unrivalled4 ,let me go into details here and describe this temple4 ,it will give an idea of all the others2 for the temples of ancient ,egypt were all constructed on the same plan1 except rock-hewn ,ipsamboul1 which has been described before4 ,the ,egyptian temple was not a place of public worship1 like a ,greek or ,roman temple1 or a ,christian church4 ,it was an edifice erected by a king in honor of some triad of divinities to whom he wished to pay special homage in return for benefits conferred or in hope of future favors4 ,a rude brick wall surrounded the whole enclosure and shut out from the vulgar gaze all that took place inside4 ,this wall is almost entire at ,edfoo1 but a small portion of it having been destroyed4 ,a gateway admits us into the enclosure1 and we pass through an avenue of sphinxes to a second gateway with its propyla1 or immense pyramidal tower1 on either side4 ,over the gateway is a winged scarabus in high relief4 ,the pyramidal towers are covered with intaglio sculptures representing the king holding a brace of his enemies by the hair1 and about to knock off their heads with a club4 ,flag-staffs were attached to the outside of these towers1 rising many feet above their summit4 ,entering a large hypthral hall through this second gateway1 we see before us the portico of the temple itself4 ,we enter this between two columns2 from these to the side walls are screens reaching about half-way to the roof4 ,a little further on we reach the sanctum sanctorum--a magnificent monolithic chamber of polished gray granite1 in which was kept the hawk1 the emblem of the god ,horhat1 who was the principal divinity of this temple4 ,the rest of the naos1 or portion of the temple behind the portico1 and in which this sanctuary was placed1 was cut up into a number of small chambers used for religious purposes4 ,within the enclosure was the temenos1 or grove1 thickly planted with trees1 and near at hand was a lake4 ,the whole length of this temple1 including the gateway and wall of circuit1 is four hundred and fifty feet4 ,the breadth of the propylon--the inner gateway with its pyramidal towers--is two hundred and fifty feet and its height one hundred and fifteen feet4 ,the sculptures all over the walls are extremely interesting4 ,some give the names of the several chambers of the temple1 and their dimensions in cubits and parts of cubits1 so that the modern measurements can be compared with the ancient ones4 ,others give valuable information respecting the ancient geography of ,egypt4 ,during the reign of ,psammenitus1 son of ,amasis1 a most remarkable prodigy befell the ,egyptians1 says ,herodotus2 for rain fell at ,egyptian ,thebes1 which had never happened before nor since1 to my time1 as the ,thebans themselves affirm4 ,for no rain ever falls in the upper regions of ,egypt1 but at that time rain fell in drops at ,thebes4 ,in the year of grace one thousand eight hundred and seventy-four the same remarkable prodigy befell the ,egyptians1 say ,i2 for rain fell at ,egyptian ,thebes4 ,if we did not know the dignity and sober character of that ancient traveller1 we might suppose a sarcastic witticism lay hid in the closing part of the above story4 ,see how cautious he is3 the rain fell in drops4 ,well1 that is precisely the way it fell when we were there4 ,and the drops could be counted4 ,there was no shower4 ,the dust was not even laid4 ,but it rained4 ,i saw it--perhaps the first time in three thousand years4 ,it is no small affair for a man to be able to say to his grandchildren in years to come3 8,it rained when ,i was at ,egyptian ,thebes--in drops1 you know40 ,ten days tied up at ,luxor1 measuring the columns of ,karnak1 looking at the endless procession of gods and warriors1 and going far into the mountain-side to search for the sarcophagi of ,egypt's long-departed rulers4 ,the ruins of ,thebes are familiar--at least to every one who has read any of the numerous works on ,egypt2 so ,i will not describe them4 ,there is one place1 however1 not mentioned in the guide-books about which ,i will say something4 ,behind the temple of ,dayr el ,medeeneh1 on the western shore1 there are several mummy-pits4 ,mr4 ,s---- and ,i determined to visit them4 ,we descended a well about ten feet deep1 at the bottom of which we found a narrow passage1 so low that we were obliged to crawl4 ,this led into a large chamber filled with bodies4 ,ali begged to accompany us1 but1 when he caught sight of the first body1 he beat a hasty retreat to the upper air4 ,truly1 it was a solemn1 ghastly sight4 ,the mummies were piled up to what depth no one knows2 as they then were they had filled up the room to a level with the narrow passage1 forming a floor over which we walked4 ,the ,arabs had been there hunting for scarabi and other antiques to sell to travellers1 and in so doing had handled the corpses without care or ceremony4 ,here was a man standing on his head with his feet resting against the wall2 there a woman broken in two1 the legs placed astride the neck2 corpses all around in every conceivable position--grinning1 staring corpses1 enough to give one the nightmare for weeks to come4 ,beneath this top row they were placed in layers4 ,i found the body of a young woman well preserved1 and with hair banged across the forehead1 like the ,french style of a few years ago4 ,i carried the body out to show it to the rest of the party1 thinking somewhat of bringing it home4 8,desecrating graves10 8robbing sepulchres10 and words of like import met my ears1 and1 feeling somewhat abashed1 ,i took the body back1 but detached the hair and brought it with me4 ,in this pit we found numbers of the small clay figures of ,osiris4 ,they were rudely made--for these were the fellaheen1 or lower class1 who were thrown into a common pit4 ,they were embalmed in the cheapest way1 which was done1 according to ,herodotus1 by thoroughly rinsing the abdomen in syrma1 and then steeping it with natron for seventy days4 ,the boy who owned my donkey was sick1 so ,fatma1 his little black-eyed sister1 attended for him4 ,she was a pretty1 bewitching little creature1 yet of a marriageable age--thirteen1 ,i think4 ,day after day she ran behind my donkey1 urging it on1 and occasionally coming up alongside to make some pleasant remark and disclose teeth like ,oriental pearls4 ,when we were parting ,i gave her a small present and asked her if she would go with me to ,america4 8,certainly40 ,and the little one jumped and clapped her hands with joy4 8,do you know where ,america is situated80 ,i asked4 8,not exactly1 but down the river1 somewhere near ,alexandria1 is it not80 ,here we are at ,keneh1 and when we see a fine large house1 in appearance not unlike a provincial theatre1 we naturally ask who inhabits it4 ,the consuls of ,france and ,prussia--the lion and the lamb lying down together4 ,here they live together in the same house on the best of terms1 just as if ,king ,william had never marched into ,paris or ,napoleon ,,iii4 had not surrendered at ,sedan4 ,we did not meet them1 but very probably they were like ,ali ,murad--natives1 with a faint idea that there had been some misunderstanding between ,france and ,prussia2 but then they were not concerned with that1 so they smoke their pipes together and let the outside world take care of itself4 ,passing ,sheik ,selim's place on ,march #i1 we stopped and sent some of the sailors with presents4 ,we arrived at ,bellianeh1 whence we proposed to visit the interesting temple of ,abydos4 ,we rode for six miles through rich fields of grain1 principally wheat1 and reached the modern village of ,arabat1 called by the ,arabs ,madfun 7the buried71 from the ancient buildings that until recently lay all around covered with desert sand4 ,on entering the town we saw a gang of men working at excavations under the charge of an overseer1 who quickened their movements with a bamboo4 ,we saw pictures of this on the tombs four thousand years old4 ,a fine-looking man1 with an immense red turban on his head1 broke from the gang1 rushed up to us1 threw himself on the ground1 embraced our feet1 and piteously implored us to take him away4 ,he was a sheik of a neighboring village1 he said1 and had been torn from his family and pressed into service4 ,in proof of this he produced a long document1 about as intelligible to us as the hieroglyphics on the temple wall4 ,it was done by order of the viceroy1 so we could not interfere1 and he went reluctantly back to his work4 ,his appeal to us angered the overseer1 who struck him a fearful blow with the bamboo that felled him to the ground4 ,said--good-hearted ,said--took the man's part1 and for a time it looked as though we were going to have a lively row4 ,but it all evaporated in talk2 the overseer promised not to beat him any more1 and then he and ,said became the best of friends4 ,these workmen are not paid very much--five cents a day2 but their work is not very heavy--at least1 as they do it4 ,one man fills a small basket with earth1 then sits down and smokes a cigarette4 ,the basket is dragged about twenty feet1 emptied out1 then he has a little talk with some of his friends4 ,we were looking for the celebrated tablet of ,abydos1 but the passage-way was so filled up with sand that we could not approach it4 ,this tablet is called the new one1 although ,m4 ,mariette supposes it to be the original of the fragmentary one found in the temple of ,rameses ,,ii4 at this place and now in the ,british ,museum4 ,it contains figures of ,sethi and ,rameses offering homage to seventy-six kings1 their predecessors1 beginning with ,menes and ending with ,sethi ,i41 and has been of incalculable benefit to the historian4 ,but we are going farther back than ,menes1 for there is the ,km es ,sultan1 the ,holy ,sepulchre of the ancient ,egyptians--the tomb of ,osiris4 ,it is not a natural tumulus1 but is formed by the heaping up of tombs during many ages one upon another4 ,are they not the tombs of those rich ,egyptians that ,plutarch tells of who came from all parts of the country to ,abydos to be buried near ,osiris8 ,a few days after we were strolling along the east bank when we came upon a ,coptic church4 ,entering1 we saw a novel rendering of the legend of ,st4 ,george and the dragon4 ,i have said before that ,st4 ,george is the patron saint of the ,copts1 and here they turn the dragon into a ,turk1 substituting a real enemy for a mythical one4 ,st4 ,george1 on a spirited steed1 is frantically endeavoring to pin a ,turk to the earth4 ,he has his lance run through the neck1 but the ,turk is a tough fellow and is fighting so hard1 while the horse is balancing himself in the most incredible manner on one leg1 that it is a question which will get the upper hand4 ,as we run close to the bank scores of urchins salute us with that now familiar cry1 8,backsheesh1 howadji0--8,alms1 ,o shopkeeper0--not that they took us for shopkeepers1 but then these were the first to travel for purposes of trade2 and when others1 travelling for pleasure alone1 came after them1 no distinction was made by the natives1 but all were classed in the same category4 ,everywhere in the ,east1 from the poorest beggar to the sultan himself1 is heard the same demand1 8,backsheesh1 howadji0--from the great ones couched in hidden terms and well-set phrases1 but as well understood as the outspoken clamor of the rabble4 ,after careful study and deliberation ,i have classified the different uses of this phrase4 ,i have divided them into eleven different demands1 expressing the following ideas3 ,first1 the distant or dubious demand4 ,this is made by small urchins from the bank as we sail by4 ,the tone of voice indicates that they doubt very much whether they will receive anything1 but deem it worth while to make the attempt1 although sometimes a quarter of a mile of water separates us from them4 ,second1 the salutative demand from older ones4 ,as we ride or walk through the country we meet an ,arab4 8,naharak ,saiid0 7,may the day be good to you71 say we4 8,backsheesh1 howadji10 he replies in the same salutative tone1 and moves on4 ,surely he cannot expect anything2 he does not even stop4 ,third1 the imperative demand1 growled out in a fierce tone by half-grown boys--your-money-or-your-life demand of highwaymen4 ,this is always unsuccessful4 ,fourth1 the curtailed demand from over-lazy ones1 as this3 8,backshee1 howadj0--a very indifferent one4 ,fifth1 the plaintive demand--the fourteen-children and seven-year-widow story listened to by tender-hearted people4 ,sixth1 the non-expective demand1 a mere matter of form1 and surprise exhibited if complied with4 ,seventh1 the interrogative demand--to wit3 8,did it ever occur to you1 ,o howadji6 that a small present would be acceptable to your petitioner80 ,an idea similar to this frequently crossed the howadji's mind4 ,eighth1 the confidential demand from the donkey-boy when near the end of a trip4 ,in a low whisper1 and with a knowing look3 8,howadji and ,i understand one another2 it is all right2 about two piastres will do40 ,ninth1 the future demand3 the praises of the donkey are sounded when starting out2 professions of fidelity and attachment on the part of the attendant are loud and constant2 he will show you everything1 and--8,backsheesh kaber dahabeeh0 7,much backsheesh on the return to boat71 in a matter-of-course tone4 ,tenth1 the infantile demand1 from imps scarce able to talk3 8,backtheeth1 howath0--most successful of any4 ,eleventh1 the fraudulent demand1 practised principally in ,nubia4 ,a mother holding an infant in her arms3 8,backsheesh for the baby1 ,o howadji60 and when the kind-hearted traveller places a coin in the little dimpled hand held out to receive it1 the mother takes possession of it for her own use4 ,when the traveller approaches a town1 every child is snatched up into some one's arms--it is immaterial whether the mother gets her own child or some one belonging to another--and presented to him4 ,little ,saida1 our gazelle1 broke her leg at ,thebes2 we sent for the barber1 who is doctor also1 to bind it up4 ,he performed the operation in a bungling way1 and mortification set in a few days after4 ,she had become a great pet1 and was beginning to know us and eat from our hands4 ,so we concluded it was best to kill her1 as she was suffering very much4 ,wishing to preserve the skin1 she was hit on the head with an axe1 so as not to injure it4 ,after the skin had been removed we offered the body to the crew for a meal4 ,reis ,mohammed threw it overboard1 saying that it was not killed in the proper way for them to eat3 it should have been shot1 or else the throat cut1 after repeating certain passages from the ,koran4 ,it is strange to see how obedient these ,arabs are to the sacred writ4 ,they are fond of meat1 but do not have it very often4 ,on one occasion we were lunching in a temple4 ,when we had finished1 some fine slices of ham were left4 ,i gave them to ,ali for himself and the two sailors who were with us1 and whose lunch had consisted of dry bread4 ,without a moment's hesitation he threw them to a dog who was near us1 saying that it was good food for dogs and ,christians1 but not for ,arabs4 ,on the summit of the rocks of ,gebel ,aboofayda1 near their southern end1 are the caverns of ,moabdeh1 commonly called the crocodile mummy pits4 ,we stopped and procured some fine specimens--small crocodiles which had been treated as gods five thousand years ago4 ,every one in this country seems to know every one else4 ,it seemed to me that1 when our crew wanted to see any one1 they simply called out the name--,ali1 ,mohammed1 or whatever it was--and he soon appeared4 ,when purchasing goods it makes no difference whom you pay1 whether owner or not1 provided you pay some one4 ,many people marvel how the old ,egyptians transported their obelisks and colossi from the quarries at ,syene to their destination several hundred miles down the river4 ,back of the ,christian village called ,ed ,dayr en ,nakhl1 on the east bank nearly opposite ,rhoda1 are a number of grottoes cut into the mountain-side4 ,in one of them is one of the most interesting paintings found in any of the ,egyptian tombs1 which will enable us to understand how these immense masses of stone were conveyed from one place to another4 ,we had great difficulty in finding this grotto2 for1 although it is mentioned in the guide-book1 the natives seemed unaware of its existence4 ,at last we found it1 away up on the mountain-top1 the entrance so filled up with dbris that we were obliged to crawl in4 ,but we were well paid2 for we saw the famous painting of 8,a ,colossus on a ,sledge10 which1 as far as ,i am informed1 is the only one of the kind in ,egypt4 ,the person represented by the colossus was called ,thoth-tp1 and was of high distinction in the military caste4 ,he is styled the king's friend1 and one of his children was named ,ositarsens1 after the king4 ,this grotto was his tomb4 ,the figure is seated and placed upon a sledge1 being firmly secured to it by ropes4 ,one hundred and seventy-two men1 in four rows of forty-three each1 pull the ropes1 attached to a ring in front of the sledge1 and a liquid--most probably oil--is poured from a vase by a person standing on the pedestal of the statue1 in order to facilitate its progress as it slides on the ground--or more probably on a tramway made for the occasion1 though that is not indicated in the picture4 ,some of the persons engaged in this laborious duty appear to be ,egyptians2 others are foreign slaves who are clad in the costume of their country4 ,behind the statue are four rows of men1 three in a row1 representing either the architects and masons or those who had employment about the place where the statue was to be conveyed4 ,below are others carrying vases filled with water1 and some rude machinery connected with the transportation of the colossi1 followed by taskmasters with their wands of office4 ,on the knee of the figure stands a man1 who claps his hands to the measured cadence of a song to mark the time1 and to ensure a long pull1 a strong pull1 and a pull all together4 ,before the statue a priest is presenting incense in honor of the person it represents4 ,at the top are seven companies of men--a guard of honor1 or perhaps reliefs for dragging the sledge4 ,beyond are men slaying an ox and bringing the joints of meat to the door of the building to which the statue was to be transported4 ,from this we may judge with tolerable certainty how the great obelisks were conveyed to the temples before which they were set up1 and how the great stones of the ,pyramids were transported from their mountain-beds4 ,we are now rapidly sailing down stream and nearing civilization4 ,in a few days we reached the lofty cliffs of ,gebel et ,tayr1 which rise abruptly from the river to a height of several hundred feet4 ,on its summit stands the ,coptic convent of ,sitta ,mariam el ,adra 7,our ,lady ,mary the ,virgin74 ,as we approached several of the monks jumped into the stream--not from the top of the cliff1 however--and swam out towards us4 ,they seized hold1 jumped aboard1 entirely naked1 and saluted us with 8,ana ,christian1 ya howadjii0 7,i am a ,christian1 ,o howadjii67 ,of course we could not resist this appeal1 but a few paras satisfied them1 and1 putting the coins in their mouths1 they swam back to shore1 to sit like birds of prey waiting for their next victims--for they never miss a dahabeeh that passes4 ,this ,gebel et ,tayr--8,the ,mountain of the ,bird0--has a strange legend attached to it4 ,it is said that all the birds of the country assemble annually on this mountain1 and1 having selected one of their number to remain there till the following year1 they fly away into ,africa1 and only return the next year to release their comrade and substitute another in his place4 ,a funny accident happened to ,reis ,ahmud4 ,we had grounded on a sand-bank1 where we remained sixteen hours1 and the usual means were being employed to pull the boat off4 ,an anchor was thrown out some seventy feet ahead in the direction of the channel4 ,a rope was attached to this1 and the other end carried through a pulley on the deck4 ,the entire crew pulled upon this rope1 when it became entangled in a block on the starboard side4 ,reis ,ahmud went forward to release it1 and1 without slackening the rope1 he began to pry it with a long pole4 ,the strain on the rope was of course very severe4 ,he succeeded in raising it over the block1 but it acted like the string of a bow1 and ,ahmud1 being in the place where the arrow usually is1 was struck by it4 ,he was shot directly over the top of the kitchen1 and plunged headlong into the water on the other side of the boat as though he had been shot out of a catapult4 ,the expression of fear1 terror1 and uncertainty as to what struck him1 shown plainly in his face as he went flying over the boat1 pole in hand1 was most ludicrous4 ,fortunately1 he was not hurt4 ,a bad fright and thorough ducking will teach him to avoid strained ropes in future4 ,some statues1 a few fragments of granite1 and some substructions are all that can be seen of the ruins of a city which1 if there is any truth in the descriptions given of it1 must have exceeded any modern city as much as the ,pyramids exceed any mausoleum which has been erected since those days 7,curzon74 ,so one day was enough at ,memphis1 and still on to the south we sailed4 ,now the great ,pyramids loom up in the distance1 and at ten of the morning of ,march #cj we reach the iron bridge at ,cairo1 our long ,nile journey over4 ,that night we left our dahabeeh1 and bade farewell to our crew4 ,i have travelled far and wide throughout this world of ours1 but ,i know of no trip that has afforded me more real satisfaction and pleasure than these four months on the ,nile4 ,the expense is not very great2 a party of four can contract with a good dragoman to supply boat1 crew1 provisions1 and everything necessary for the voyage for from five to six pounds sterling a day4 ,the winter of #ahgc-'gd was cold for ,egypt4 ,the superintendent of the viceroy's sugar-works at ,rhoda informed us that it was the coldest winter known in ,egypt for seventeen years4 ,see what a cold winter is in the ,orient--for these observations ,i took myself3 ,average thermometer from ,december #bj1 #ahgc1 to ,march #bh1 #ahgd1 sixty-nine degrees4 ,highest thermometer during same period1 eighty-two degrees on ,february #ba1 #ahgd2 lowest1 ,february #h1 #ahgd1 sixty degrees4 ,the observations were taken in the cabin--in the shade1 of course--at noon of each day4 ,,may4 ,the month of ,maia--,cybele's ,roman name#cf-- ,ere ,rome was ,christ's4 ,and 'twas for ,vulcan's priest ,to kindle at her shrine the rosy flame ,on sweet ,may-day4 ,womb'd in the fruitful ,east1 ,not vainly ,westward1 as the myths increased1 ,this purer rite1 nor unprophetic1 came3 ,a flower that should be gather'd for the feast ,of ,truth--with more that erst deck'd ,pagan shame4 ,not now the mother of vain gods#cg we pray1 ,but ,her1 the ,god-,man's ,mother1 ever a maid3 ,and still to her this fairest month of ,may ,assign--our hearts upon her altar laid1 ,that her chaste love1 descending with its fire1 ,may purge them from the dross of base desire ,b4 ,d4 ,h4 ,footnote #cf3 ,maia1 or ,majesta3 not to be confounded with ,maia1 the mother of ,hercules4 ,footnote #cg3 ,cybele was the 8,mater ,dem0 of the ,greeks and ,romans4 ,,the ,,french ,,clergy ,,during ,,the ,,late ,,war ,,in ,,france4 ,the war of #ahgj between ,france and ,germany has taken the place1 in the minds of the ,french1 of those other1 not more glorious1 but more successful1 wars with which the very word 8war0 was formerly associated4 ,they were used to think of nothing but triumphs2 individual losses were swallowed up in national exultation2 and they connected with the memories of the two ,napoleons the peculiarly ,french axiom that there existed no such word in their language as 8impossible40 ,that is still true to-day1 notwithstanding the reverses through which they have passed2 for moral heroism stands upright on a lost battle-field as well as on a triumphant one1 and the nation can say with its chivalrous monarch of old3 8,all is lost1 save honor40 ,if the discipline was faulty1 if the management was indiscreet1 if the government was weak1 if circumstances were contrary1 there was still individual courage1 and not only among the soldiers1 but among all classes4 ,the very misfortunes of the country roused the spirit of women1 priests1 students1 exiles1 of the weak and the poor1 the secluded and the helpless2 never was there such spontaneous truce to all differences1 such generous sacrifice of personal comforts and1 what is more1 of personal antipathies2 all good men and true shook hands across the barriers of politics1 religion1 and caste1 and1 with one mind and heart1 did each his best in his own way for his suffering country4 ,of course there were cowards1 time-servers1 and place-seekers1 making profit out of their fatherland's necessities1 getting into safe1 so-called official1 berths1 and generally skulking2 but they were not the majority1 and it is superfluous to ask here if every nation has not its scum4 ,the part which the ,french clergy took in the war of #ahgj exceeds that taken by them in any previous war1 when some few members of their body acted as salaried chaplains to the troops4 ,even during the 8wars of religion0 under ,henry ,,iv4 of ,france few priests accompanied the troops2 the abbs of ,turenne and ,cond's times were officers and gentlemen rather than pastors and nurses2 during the wars of the great ,napoleon public opinion would have frowned down their services2 and the successful wars of the ,crimea and of ,italy under the late emperor1 though they stirred the clergy more1 were yet too successful to vie as a field of action with the ever-present needs of city and country parishes4 ,but the last disastrous conflict was emphatically a home war2 each family in the quiet hamlet where his cure of souls lay came to the parish priest1 asking blessings for its departing members and prayers for its dead ones2 each wife and mother claimed his comforting words and poured her sorrows and fears into his ears2 soldiers on the march made his presbytery their natural home1 slept and ate there1 asked him for common little necessaries1 and made sure of getting no denial had they asked for anything he possessed2 boys whom he had christened came home to die1 and it was he who gave them the last sacraments and read the burial service over their graves2 in a word1 he lived on the battle-field even while still cooped up in his village4 ,it was not strange1 then1 that he should easily take one step further1 and go himself to share abroad the same danger whose face was so familiar to him at home4 ,a ,german historian1 writing of the late war1 says that there was more patriotism found among the ,french clergy as a class than in any other class in the whole nation4 ,general ,ambert1 a soldier and a civil servant1 has gathered together#ch many interesting episodes of the war relating to the heroic behavior of the priests1 who from the beginning came eagerly to ask leave to act as chaplains for the love of ,god and their neighbor only2 for when war was declared there were but forty-six accredited chaplains in the whole army4 ,not only parish priests presented themselves1 but also hundreds of monks1 brothers1 and confraternity-men2 every order was represented--,jesuits1 ,capuchins1 ,dominicans1 ,benedictines1 ,carmelites 7the most distinguished of whom was ,pre ,hermann1 who died at ,spandau71 ,trappists 7of whom one convent alone furnished thirty-five71 ,cistercians1 ,oratorians1 ,lazarists1 ,redemptorists1 ,christian ,brothers 7of whom nineteen died during the war1 besides those who were the victims of the ,commune71 and other brotherhoods1 old orders and new1 their members drawn from all classes1 from the ,legitimist nobleman to the peasant and the artisan1 from the doctor of laws or of theology to the brother-scullerer or porter4 ,one day in mid-winter1 during the armistice1 the ,christian ,brothers had been for more than twelve hours unceasingly at work digging in the snow for the bodies of the ,french dead of ,petit-,bry1 ,champigny1 and ,croisy4 ,two ,prussian officers1 at the head of a detachment of their men1 were doing the same for the bodies of the ,germans4 ,it was a bitterly cold night1 the wind blew the flames of the torches about1 and nothing was heard but short1 business-like sentences1 the sound of pickaxes breaking the ice1 and that of the carriers' feet as they bore the dead away on rough litters4 ,the ,prussian officers looked admiringly at the silent brothers1 and one said to the other3 8,we have seen nothing so fine as this in ,france40 8,except the ,sisters of ,charity10 answered the other4 ,footnote #ch3 ,l',hrosme en ,soutane4 ,by ,general ,ambert4 ,paris3 ,e4 ,dentu1 ,palais ,royal4 #ahgf4 ,one day ,brother ,nethelmus1 of ,st4 ,nicholas' ,school1 ,paris1 was wounded by a ball1 which proved his death-blow two days later1 and hardly was he buried before a young man asked to see the superior1 and said to him very simply3 8,i am the younger brother of ,nethelmus1 and have come to take his place40 8,have you your parents' consent80 asked the superior4 8,my father and mother blessed me before ,i left1 and bade me come10 said the youth1 as if nothing was more commonplace4 ,the service of the wounded was the priests' favorite field of work1 and it was in this that they most frequently met death themselves4 ,the ,abb ,graud1 after the defeat of ,mans1 being chaplain of the ,vendean francs-tireurs1 was seeking out the most dangerously placed among the wounded4 ,the latter had in many cases been abandoned by the drivers of their ambulances1 who1 in the general rout and panic1 had unharnessed the horses and run away4 ,on one of these carts were two soldiers and two officers of 8,mobiles0--one of whom tells the story--all badly wounded and trembling with cold and ague4 ,many a man ran past them1 intent on his own safety and heedless of their piteous appeals1 and the men despaired of help1 when they saw a priest running quickly towards them with cheery looks and words1 telling them he was looking for them4 ,the first thing he did was to take off all his available clothing to cover the men and warm them a little2 then1 stopping some of the runaways1 he begged1 promised1 and reproached so effectually as to induce several to help him4 8,push the wheels1 my fine fellows10 he cried1 as he harnessed himself to the shafts1 and from the battle-field he drew the cart to a village1 where he never rested till he had begged for his charges food1 coverings1 and straw1 and at last a horse1 with which he drove them to the nearest hospital4 ,he continued his labors throughout the war4 ,the ,abb de ,beuvron1 who has lived with the soldiers for fifteen years in various times and climates1 tells us of the priests at ,frschwiller1 who1 after confessing and anointing the dying placed in the village church1 saved the wounded while the building was in flames1 and persuaded the ,prussians who guarded the wells to let them have a few drops of water for the sick2 this blockade lasted for four days1 after which fifteen ,alsatian peasants were condemned to be shot for having mutilated the bodies of some ,prussian soldiers4 ,this system of shooting the first-comer for a crime committed by an unknown person was one of the most cruel features of the late war4 ,these poor wretches1 taken at random--some mere boys1 some old1 infirm men--were tied with their hands behind their backs to one thick rope which kept them all on a level4 ,the ,protestant clergyman1 who had himself gone to the general and asked the lives of these men1 came to beg ,m4 de ,beuvron to intercede for them2 he was equally unsuccessful1 and1 when he begged as a ,catholic priest to be allowed to see the condemned1 the general smiled and said3 8,you are welcome2 ,i will give you an escort40 ,but on addressing the poor men the priest found that they understood no ,french1 and he could not speak ,german4 ,he pointed to heaven1 and spread his hands while he gave them absolution1 and they1 with one accord1 fell on their knees1 sobbed and prayed1 and bowed their heads4 ,this solemn1 silent service seems to us as noble as the most magnificent of triumphant processions1 with chants and rejoicings1 and imperial cortge following--this1 the last moment between time and eternity1 between faith and vision4 ,it is ,m4 de ,beuvron who has said with truth3 8,it is the country parish priest who makes ,catholic ,france40 ,and ,prince ,frederick ,charles of ,prussia echoed this sentiment when he said at an official dinner in #ahgb1 at the table of the ,bavarian ambassador3 8,there is in ,france but one class that is noble and patriotic1 earnest1 courageous1 worthy of respect1 and really influential1 and that is the clergy4 ,impossible not to admire it as it appeared on the recent battle-fields40 ,some of these heroic men preserved their incognito2 one is mentioned by the ,london ,times' correspondent who followed the ,saxon regiments4 8,there is a man10 he writes1 8whom ,i have noticed1 since ,sedan until the struggles before the walls of ,paris1 constantly following the wounded4 ,he has neither horse nor conveyance1 but1 stick in hand1 he follows the track of the army1 and1 with the consummate finish of the man of the world and the tenderness of a woman1 he attends and comforts the dying4 ,he is a ,french priest1 a ,benedictine4444 ,the other day ,i met him suddenly on a field of battle1 and he asked me to direct him to where the wounded were4 ,he had walked twenty miles that day4 ,no government pays him2 he is a volunteer in the best sense of the word4444 ,he is in the prime of manhood1 of handsome build1 distinguished-looking1 and with no less than courtly manners40 ,another unknown volunteer1 but a layman1 was found dead at ,forbach4 ,no one had seen him till the day of the battle1 and he wore a dark dress and cap and a fancy rifle4 ,at the moment when the battle began he suddenly joined a brigade and fought like a hero4 ,his purse held a large sum of money in gold1 and his linen1 unmarked1 was remarkably fine1 while round his neck was a medal hanging by a silken ribbon4 ,there was nothing to identify him4 ,but to return to our parish priests1 of whom many refused rich rewards and promotion after the war1 as ,m4 du ,marhallach1 who1 though he accepted the ,legion of ,honor1 declined the bishopric of ,quimper1 and1 when his townsmen forced him to represent them in the ,national ,assembly1 managed to resign before long and return to humbler scenes of usefulness in his country parish4 ,if a book were to be filled with incidents of the devotedness of the country priests1 there would yet be ten times as many unknown and unrecorded4 ,as the ,prussians entered the village of ,verrey1 slaying all in their way--men1 women1 and children--the cur1 ,m4 ,frrot1 was almost ubiquitous among the dying4 ,he was wounded twice with bayonets1 and1 as he retreated into his garden1 the soldiers fired and wounded him twice more4 ,he dragged himself to the doctor's1 where some wounded were being attended to1 and got his wounds dressed1 when the doctor1 taking the flag of the ,geneva ,association with him1 undertook to get him safe into his own 7the doctor's7 house1 where some of the wounded had been carried for safety4 ,the enemy1 heedless of the flag1 fell upon him again with ball1 bayonet1 and gun-stocks till he fell down insensible4 ,he died a few days after1 glad1 as he said1 if his death could be in any way useful to his country4 ,useful6 ,yes1 as an example2 but how many precious lives are lost thus1 while vile1 worthless ones preserve themselves6 ,one can only compare the pouring out of such blood to the 8waste0 of the precious ointment which our ,lord so highly commended4 ,the ,abb ,miroy1 of ,cuchery1 near ,rheims1 died another kind of death3 he was judicially murdered for having allowed arms to be hidden in the barn of his house4 ,when asked for this permission1 he was in the first agony of grief at the news of the death of his parents at a hamlet burnt by the ,prussians4 ,however1 whether responsible or not--and probably as a ,frenchman he saw no harm in passively helping in the defence of his country--he was shot at ,rheims1 at daybreak1 on a bleak ,february morning and a ,sunday4 ,it was during the armistice4 ,his people put this inscription on his tomb-cross3 8,here lies the ,abb ,charles ,miroy1 who died a victim to his love of country40 ,m4 ,muller1 parish priest of ,sarreguemines1 when asked for the keys of his church1 flatly refused to give them up1 and1 on being threatened1 answered3 8,how many shots do you fire on a condemned man80 8,eight and the 'coup-de-grce4'0 8,very well1 then1 before you cross the threshold of my church to desecrate it fire these eight shots and the coup-de-grce at me2 for you shall only step in over my dead body40 ,there were many like instances2 for the priests knew well that the enemy delighted in wantonly outraging the most sacred feelings of the people by profaning and robbing their churches4 ,a barbarous story is told 7,general ,ambert vouches for it7 of the treatment undergone by the aged ,abb ,cor1 of ,neuville in the ,ardennes1 who had considerably delayed the march of the ,prussians by certain information given to the ,french1 and who1 notwithstanding his age 7he was more than eighty71 was tied to a horse's tail and dragged along for a good distance1 with another rope tied to his leg1 with which a soldier pulled him up whenever he fell4 ,at last the soldiers got tired1 and threw him into a ditch1 and1 marvellous to relate1 he recovered4 ,one of his parishioners cried out in pity3 8,o father6 what a state you are in40 8,oh60 he answered cheerfully1 with a twinkle in his eye1 8it is only my old cassock60 ,the parish priest of ,gunstatt was brought before an improvised council of war just after the battle of ,forbach2 what was requested of him the book does not say1 but his answer just before he was shot points to something evidently against his country's interests3 8,i prefer death to the crime of betraying ,france40 ,if these facts1 which speak for themselves1 allow us to make any commentary1 we can think of none so appropriate as this3 how does this ,france contrast with the feverish1 theatrical1 rationalistic1 immoral ,france presented to us by a certain wide-spread form of ,french literature8 ,no country is so libelled by its own writers as ,france4 ,granted that many novels represent 8life as it is10 yet it is not the undercurrent of life1 not the life of the majority4 ,it is the artificial1 sensational1 exceptional life of large cities and of reckless cliques2 and1 besides this1 novels have a trick of magnifying this diseased life into illusive dimensions4 ,it fills the eye of the foreigner1 it shapes his judgment1 it draws his curiosity1 till the sober1 prosaic1 quiet1 respectable1 and vital life of the country fades out of his memory4 ,he forgets the vie de province1 the impoverished gentlemen living in dignified retirement1 like ,lamartine and his mother at ,milly1 like the family in one part of a ,sister's ,story1 like ,eugnie de ,gurin with her homely1 housekeeping cares2 the cosey homes of the middle classes1 their precise1 thrifty1 cheerful ways2 the family bond that enables different families to live patriarchally in a fellowship which few ,anglo-,saxons would or could imitate2 the peasant-proprietors with their gardens and little farms2 the healthy rural1 natural life that is everywhere1 and even in cities2 the kindliness1 the simplicity1 and the innate refinement which ought to make many a traveller of the ,anglo-,saxon race blush for his surliness and brutal1 superficial1 haughty way of setting down every foreigner as a monkey or a barbarian4 ,among the country priests there were not only heroes1 but strategists4 ,towards the beginning of the war a ,french column was on its way to join the main body1 and had to retreat through a hilly1 wooded1 and unknown tract to avoid being surprised by the enemy4 ,no one knew just what to do or advise1 and the little maps were very unsatisfactory4 ,the general stopped at a ,lorraine village and sent for the authorities4 ,the mayor and most of the inhabitants had fled in anticipation of danger2 only the cur was left1 with a few sick and old people4 ,he was over seventy himself1 tall and large1 his hands and face swollen and his feet protected by huge wooden shoes4 ,the general did not hope for much advice from him1 but the old man sat down and explained that he was gouty and unable to get about1 but knew the country4 ,when the general had joked about this impromptu council of war1 and the priest in return had reminded him how often the church had had occasion to help the army before1 they examined the map together1 and the cur took a pencil and quickly drew certain lines in a most business-like manner1 calculating how long such a road would take to traverse1 how much headway would be gained over the enemy1 what points would be a safe resting-place for a few hours for the tired troops1 the route which1 believing the bridge to be destroyed1 the ,prussians would probably follow1 the houses where the general would find willing and able contributors to the necessities of his men--in a word1 every chance and every detail that an accomplished commander would have thought of4 ,then he asked for four soldiers1 two to be placed in the steeple to look out for the ,prussians and toll the bell the moment they came in sight1 and thus give the understood signal to the column at its masked resting-place2 and two to watch with him at the entrance of the village4 8,monsieur le cur10 cried the general1 8you are a hero60 ,the old man sneezed violently--he took snuff--and laughed as well1 as he said3 8,mon gnral1 the seminaries are full of such heroes as ,i am4 ,it is no heroism to love one's country4 ,now1 when you have given your orders1 ,i shall carry you off to the presbytery and give you a roast chicken and some good omelet2 and ,i think ,turenne would have been glad sometimes to barter a few of his laurel branches for an omelet40 ,the priest and the two soldiers had a long and cold watch through the night4 ,at three o'clock in the morning the latter were getting tired1 but the old man said3 8,hist6 do you see something over there80 ,the men peered through the dark and saw nothing2 there was a wide circle of old trees and a road across--a well-known spot1 the ,fontaine wood4 ,but the priest both saw and heard1 or else he guessed by instinct4 8,see1 they are creeping nearly on all fours behind the trees2 now they stop to listen1 they are gathering together4 ,there is an officer speaking to them in whispers4 ,it is time to ring the bell4 ,go now1 children40 8,but how can we leave you alone80 said the soldiers4 8,never mind me2 ,god will take care of me4 ,your general's orders were to leave the moment the bell rang40 ,and as his companions withdrew he rang his little bell and the church tocsin immediately answered4 ,its sound was nearly drowned by the discharge of the ,prussian rifles4 ,the old man knelt down and began the ,lord's ,prayer2 he had not said the second line before a ball hit him and he fell4 ,the ,french column escaped without the loss of one man2 and when the general reported to his superior in command1 the latter1 lighting a cigar1 said3 8,that priest was a brave fellow40 ,but the general was to meet him once more4 ,the cur was not killed1 but was afterwards condemned to be shot1 which sentence was commuted to exile on account of his great age2 and when he met his old friend1 who believed him dead1 he greeted him with the cheerful question3 8,well1 how did you like my omelet80 ,the other caught him in his arms and repeated with as much tenderness as admiration3 8,you are a hero60 ,the next story we choose from the many related by ,ambert is one of pure ,christian self-sacrifice1 and one that has its daily counterpart in hospitals and plague-stricken cities1 even in peaceful times4 ,small-pox in an aggravated form had broken out among the ,french troops1 and1 on the approach of an infected battalion of ,mobiles to a village not far from ,beaune1 a gendarme was sent on to bid the inhabitants lock their doors and keep out of the way1 while the sick were taken through to an isolated camp-hospital at some distance4 ,there were hardly any able-bodied men left in the village1 as they were off harassing the ,prussians and watching their movements1 and the women1 in their loneliness1 felt a double fear4 ,the patients came4 ,a death-like silence prevailed2 no face was seen at door or window4 ,the sick men dragged themselves slowly and painfully along1 asking for nothing1 touchingly resigned to their lot of lepers and outcasts1 though many of them were raw recruits of a few weeks only1 whose homes were in just such villages as the familiar-looking one they were crossing now4 ,they had passed the last houses1 but at the door of one a little apart from the rest one soldier fell1 and1 seeing how hopeless it was to urge him further1 a sergeant placed him on the doorstep and knocked at the door for help4 ,no answer2 and the battalion resumed its march1 while the sergeant went back to tell the mayor4 ,when he was out of sight a man and two women came hastily and furtively out of the house1 carried the unconscious soldier some distance to the foot of a tree1 and there left him4 ,the sergeant had found the parish priest on his way back from a sick-call1 and asked him to tell the mayor1 as he was in a hurry to join his regiment4 ,they came to the house1 and1 not finding the sick man1 asked the owner where he was2 the man half opened the shutter and pointed in silence to the tree4 ,without even seeking help1 the priest1 finding the soldier still alive1 carried him home in his arms and laid him on his own bed4 ,the hubbub was great in the parish2 the old housekeeper indignantly remonstrated1 but the priest gave her a few clear and severe orders as to her own liberty of staying away1 and the substitute whom he had the means of sending for to replace him in church1 also the manner of bringing him his food once a day1 and then went out to speak to his excited parishioners4 8,there10 he said1 pointing to a placard on the wall of the mayoralty1 8you read ',liberty1 fraternity1 equality4' ,am ,i to be deprived of the liberty of helping my neighbor8 ,is he not our equal1 and does not fraternity require that we should give him every chance for his life8 ,i cannot forget that the good shepherd lays down his life for his sheep40 8,but he does not even belong to the parish60 murmured the crowd4 8,in such times as these10 said ,m4 ,cloti with enthusiasm1 8all ,france is my parish1 and every brave fellow who dies for you is my parishioner40 ,and for sixty-five days and nights he watched the stranger1 ,jean ,dauphin1 made his bed every night1 cooked his food1 mixed his medicines1 swept the rooms1 and scarcely slept or ate himself4 ,the doctor had insisted on the utmost cleanliness1 but said that1 with all precautions possible1 only a miracle could save the soldier's life4 ,charity wrought the miracle1 and by the fortieth day the patient was sitting up listening to the priest reading to him4 ,only one person in the village caught the disease--the daughter of the man who had spurned the soldier from his door2 and1 though she did not die of it1 she lost her beauty for ever4 ,some months after the doctor asked the priest if he knew at the time that he was risking his life1 and that there was but the barest chance of escape for him4 8,yes10 said ,m4 ,cloti simply1 8,i knew it40 ,a terrible barbarity was the occasional punishment of the bastonnade--a kind of 8running the gauntlet40 ,this occurred once at the village of ,saint-,calais1 where the enemy found some guns hidden in the belfry1 and one hundred and forty-five male inhabitants1 including the mayor1 ,baron ,jaubert1 and the priest1 were seized4 ,they were compelled to walk slowly between a double row of ,prussian soldiers armed with clubs and sticks1 and received merciless blows on their bare heads1 their shoulders1 back1 arms1 and legs4 ,the number being odd1 the priest was placed last and alone1 so that both rows were able to reach and torture him4 ,he fainted1 and was given a glass of water1 after which the torture began again2 and when he fell the second time1 his head was found to be split in five places1 and his body was thrown aside for dead4 ,he recovered1 however1 after a long and severe illness1 but the baron died of his wounds4 ,one priest1 at ,ardenay1 was maltreated and imprisoned and finally carried away to ,germany for having kept on his steeple a tricolor flag which had been there since #ahcj4 ,some priests whom one can forgive for their patriotism1 but who were perhaps too forward1 as ministers of peace1 to foment war1 used to go on the battle-fields and search the bodies of the dead for cartridges for the living2 but these instances of enthusiasm were exceptional1 and it should be remembered that some among the clergy were old soldiers4 ,among the prisoners of war the priests found ample room for their ministry4 ,some of the clergy were themselves prisoners1 while some left their country and volunteered for this special service4 ,there was much to do4 ,besides saying ,mass and administering the sacraments1 there were the ignorant to instruct1 the scoffers to convert1 the young to protect1 and the intemperate to reclaim4 ,in that forced idleness many gave themselves up to drunkenness and grew reckless and desperate4 ,this sin1 which in our time seems to have sprung into new life and strength1 showed itself lamentably strong among the captives1 and the priests1 to counteract it1 had to attend not only to the spiritual needs of their charges1 but to invent amusements and occupations to wean the soldiers from gross self-indulgence4 ,father ,joseph1 a missionary and military chaplain1 published an interesting work on the prisoners1 their behavior1 pastimes1 etc41 the statistics of their captivity1 their treatment1 and such little things4 ,during the war1 more than #djj1jjj were taken prisoners4 ,letters with contributions came constantly through and from the country curs4 ,father ,joseph1 who was stationed at ,ulm1 quotes many of these letters1 of which the following is a specimen3 8,i venture to recommend to your care one of my parishioners1 made prisoner at ,strasbourg4 ,i recommend his soul to you--for it is his most precious possession--but also his bodily wants2 ,i am afraid he is in need of clothes4 ,if your circumstances allow it1 be kind enough to give him what is needful2 if not1 set the whole to my account1 and ,i will reimburse you4 ,our country will bless you for your charity4444 ,may our soldiers1 whom so many have labored to demoralize1 be led to understand these truths2 for then only will they be worthy of victory40 ,this dignified attitude of resignation to the hard lesson ,god allowed the unsuccessful war to teach ,france specially characterized the clergy of all ranks1 but it did not take one jot from their eager and hot patriotism4 ,another country priest1 over eighty years of age and nearly blind1 begins by excusing himself on that score for his bad handwriting1 and1 mentioning one of his flock among the prisoners1 says3 8,the poor boy must suffer terribly4 ,help him and comfort him2 ,i shall look upon all that you do to him as done to me4 ,it is long ago since it has been dinned into the people's ears that we are their foes1 while in truth they have no better friends2 we are accused of not loving our country1 while1 on the contrary1 we are her most devoted sons4444 ,i fear that my age will prevent me seeing the end of her troubles1 but it will be a comfort to me in death that to my latest breath ,i shall have labored in her service40 ,charitable committees abroad and at home1 mostly under church superintendence1 sent food1 money1 and clothing1 books1 papers1 games1 etc41 to the prisoners4 ,mgr4 ,mermillod's committee at ,geneva1 and those of ,lausanne and ,bordeaux1 chiefly distinguished themselves2 but in this work religious fellowship overcame national prejudice1 and the clergy and sisters of the ,catholic ,rhineland cordially helped their so-called enemies4 ,they vied with the ,french in ministering to the prisoners in the several cities where the latter were confined2 but not only they1 for there were numberless ,germans1 both civil and military1 who behaved generously1 kindly1 and delicately towards the prisoners4 ,we have already mentioned the terrible custom of choosing at random hostages or victims in reprisal for the acts of some unknown men4 ,this took place once at ,les ,horties1 a village where1 despite the ,prussian sentries1 two hot-headed youths succeeded in picking off three ,german soldiers4 ,the shots were returned1 but the agile youths got away unscathed4 ,a detachment was sent forthwith into the village1 with orders to seize the first six men they happened to meet4 ,this was done1 the hostages guarded by the ,prussians1 and the mayor given till eleven o'clock the next morning to give up the real offenders1 under penalty1 if it proved impossible1 of seeing the six men shot4 ,those who had fired on the ,prussians were strangers1 who hovered constantly on the outskirts of the enemy1 accomplishing1 most likely1 some vow of vengeance for a wrong done by soldiers to some near and dear to them4 ,there were many such4 ,heaven forgive them6 for they brought untold sorrow on the heads of families like their own1 whose death they were so blindly trying to revenge4 ,it was out of the mayor's power to give up the culprits1 and no prayers or tears made any impression on the ,prussian officer in command4 ,the women's lamentations were terrible2 the men's despair appalling4 ,one of them1 a widower of forty with five children1 was all but out of his mind1 blaspheming horribly and crying out3 8,yes1 yes1 it was my three-year-old ,bernard who fired on the wretches4 ,let them take me and my five boys1 and let the rest go60 ,the priest1 ,m4 ,gerd1 was unable to comfort him1 and slowly left the school-room where the poor victims waited their fate4 ,going to the headquarters of the ,german captain1 he said3 8,i believe you only wish to shoot these men as an example2 therefore the more prominent the victim1 the greater the lesson4 ,it cannot matter to you individually who is shot2 therefore ,i have come to beg of you as a favor to be allowed to take the place of one of these men1 whose death will leave five young children fatherless and homeless4 ,both he and ,i are innocent1 but my death will be more profitable to you than even his40 8,very well10 said the officer1 and the cur was bound with the rest of the men1 and the man he had saved left him in tears4 ,the night passed1 and1 like the martyrs of ,sbaste1 whose fortitude was strengthened by the young heathen who joined them in the stead of one of themselves who had faltered1 these unhappy men were transformed by the priest's words and examples into unflinching heroes4 ,the hour came1 and he walked at their head1 saying aloud the ,office of the ,dead1 the people kneeling and sobbing as he passed1 when the condemned met a ,prussian major who was passing by chance with some orders from the general4 ,he was struck by the sight of the priest--an unusual one1 even during this 8feast of horrors0--and inquired into the matter1 which seemed less a thing of course to him than it had to the captain4 ,he countermanded the order and referred the whole thing to the general1 who called the cur before him4 ,it ended in the former saying that he was unable to make an exception in any one's favor1 but that for his sake he would pardon every one of the hostages1 and1 when the priest had left1 he turned to his officers and said energetically3 8,if all ,frenchmen were like that plain parish priest1 we should not have long to stay on this side of the ,rhine40 ,but here is another story1 very like this one and more tragic1 which has not come within ,ambert's knowledge1 and to which we are indebted to an ,english novelist1 who1 vouching for its truth1 has worked it into a recent tale4 ,neither name nor place is given1 but it runs thus3 ,the same thing happened as at ,les ,horties1 and a certain number--,i forget how many--male inhabitants were condemned1 all fathers of families4 ,after vain appeals for mercy from the priest1 the mayor1 the old men1 and the women1 the former called all his people into the church1 which had been pillaged and half burnt some time before4 ,he went into the pulpit and held up a common black cross2 it was the only ornament or symbol left of the simple village church treasury4 8,my children10 he said in a voice trembling with sobs1 8you know what has happened1 and how many hearths are going to be left desolate4 ,here1 in ,god1 in ,christ1 is our only comfort and our only strength4 ,i have no ties but such as bind me to each one of you equally4 ,i have but one life to give1 but ,i will gladly take the place of one of these fathers of families1 and trust to ,god to protect you when ,i am gone4 ,now1 if any of you feel that ,god will give you grace to die in the stead of any other of your brethren1 say so1 and ,god bless you60 ,he knelt and bent his head on his clasped hands in prayer2 silence1 only broken by suppressed sobbing1 filled the church4 ,the women were in agonies of weeping2 the men's faces worked as if in some mighty struggle4 ,presently one young man rose up and said3 8,father1 ,i will follow you2 ,i have neither wife nor children4 ,i will take such a one's place40 ,and then rose another youth1 giving up all his hopes of the future for the sake of another of the victims2 and the women crowded round them1 blessing them1 crying over them1 pressing their hands1 and calling them heroes and deliverers4 ,those for whom no substitutes had appeared caught the high spirit of the occasion1 and bore their fate like ,christians and men4 ,no ,providence interposed in this case1 and the priest was allowed to consummate his sacrifice4 ,such courage was more than human4 ,the part taken by the sisters of various orders in the scenes of the war and the ,commune was one which neither ,france nor ,germany will ever forget4 ,they shared every danger to which the soldiers themselves were liable1 even that of being shot in cold blood1 which was the fate of four sisters at ,soultz1 near ,colmar1 on the ,rhine4 ,they were found nursing the wounded1 and the ,prussians accused them of advising and encouraging the inhabitants to resist4 ,there was no inquiry1 no form1 but a few of the scum of the invading army dragged the women away at once1 set them against a wall1 and shot them4 ,during the retreat after the battle of ,reischoffen a ,sister of ,charity made her way among the disorganized troops1 seeking some one to help4 ,balls and shells were whizzing past1 and frightened horses wildly galloping by4 ,a cry was heard as a man fell mortally wounded1 and the sister stopped1 knelt down1 and began her work2 but hardly a minute after a ball struck her and carried off both her legs4 ,she fell in a swoon by the soldier's side4 ,m4 ,blandeau1 who tells the story1 did not know her name2 he only says pointedly3 8,she was a ,sister of ,charity40 ,an officer of the ,french ,army of the ,rhine gives an account of a ,trinitarian nun1 ,sister ,clara1 who the night of the #afth of ,august1 #ahgj1 after a bloody battle1 was tending the wounded in a barn2 they were in such pain as not to be able to bear being carried to a safer place1 and all they cried for was 8,water1 water60 ,every five minutes the nun went quietly in and out1 under the fire of the enemy1 to fetch as much water as her scanty number of vessels would hold2 you would have thought she was armor-plated1 to judge by her calm and smiling demeanor4 ,the next day began the dreary retreat towards ,metz2 the wounded were heaped on carts and wagons1 and there again was ,sister ,clara1 comforting1 helping1 encouraging the men1 giving water to one1 changing the position of another4 ,she left on the last cart1 holding against her breast the head of the nearest wounded man2 but not half a mile further the column was made prisoner by a detachment of ,uhlans1 the ambulances cut off1 and in the mle a shot struck and killed the sister1 who was probably buried by and among strangers4 ,at ,forbach the superior of the ,sisters of ,providence1 whose house was a hospital and asylum at all times1 was killed by a shell1 and at ,metz no less than twenty-two ,sisters of ,charity died either from wounds1 disease1 or exhaustion in the service of the soldiers4 ,at ,bictre1 during the siege of ,paris1 eleven died of small-pox in one day1 and a request having been made for the same number to supply their place1 thirty-two presented themselves at once4 ,at ,pau1 at ,orleans1 at ,mans1 at ,nevers1 and in numberless other cities1 as well as in impromptu hospitals1 canvas towns1 villages1 and battle-fields1 the ,little ,sisters of the ,poor1 the ,sisters of ,charity1 the ,visitation ,nuns1 and other orders too many to mention distinguished themselves4 ,many sisters were forced later on to accept the ,legion of ,honor1 but a far greater number of those who deserved it did not live to have it offered4 ,at the siege of ,paris their courage seemed absolutely superhuman4 ,an officer once met near ,chlons1 on the road to ,paris1 a blind and wounded soldier led by a ,sister of ,charity4 ,he was an old veteran from ,africa1 without relations1 of a terrible temper1 and with not much religion4 ,the ,prussians had left him on the road1 finding him an encumbrance among the prisoners4 ,the sister found him and undertook to lead him to the ,invalides1 where1 she said1 he had every right to claim a home4 ,in all weathers this strange couple plodded along4 ,she begged food and shelter for him1 and always gave him the best2 but he was fractious and not very grateful4 ,one day the weather was a little finer1 and he heard a lark sing2 he seemed quite touched and happy4 ,the sister asked him to kneel down and repeat the 8,our ,father0 after her1 and he did not refuse4 ,this was the beginning of his conversion4 ,but the ,sister now grew ambitious1 and wanted to restore his physical sight to him as well as his spiritual2 so she said3 8,we will not go to the ,invalides after all1 but ,i will take you to the best surgeons and the most famous oculists in ,paris1 and beg them1 for the love of ,god and their country1 to do their utmost to cure you2 and if ,god sees fit to let them succeed1 you will promise me to be a good ,christian as long as you live1 will you not80 ,three months later the soldier was as hearty as ever and had recovered his sight1 while the sister had long been at work in a country school2 but at ,notre ,dame des ,victoires may be often seen a veteran praying on his knees before the grated door of the shrine--praying for his deliverer4 ,the ,pontifical ,zouaves formed a volunteer regiment of their own during the war1 and fought like lions2 most of their members were the descendants of old ,french families whose sympathies are with the last of the exiled ,bourbons1 and who1 while they reject the empire and the republic equally1 and keep out of the way of office or active employment of any kind1 even to the prejudice of their career and to the point that many of their young men are forced to make a life for themselves in foreign service or by emigration1 yet are full of real love of their country4 ,the virtues of such enthusiasts always come out in adversity1 while in prosperity their attitude of aloofness may seem rather childish4 ,in the last war they fought nobly4 ,plenty of ,breton peasants joined them2 they have nearly the same traditions and fully the same faith2 in fact1 they have long been natural allies4 ,the incidents of the ,commune--a period so much more terrible and shameful than that of the war--have been so often and fully described that we will not add much to this sketch by going over the fearfully familiar subject4 ,every one knows the phase of rabid feeling which came uppermost among the ,communists3 the hatred of ,god1 religion1 and priests--even a more rabid feeling than that entertained towards owners of property4 ,the clergy were thus forced to be prominent in that national delirium3 the chief victims were ecclesiastics4 ,in ,paris and other places it has been noticed that a certain class of lazy1 good-for-nothing men live from hand to mouth around the barracks and the churches1 living on the alms of soldiers and priests1 inventing excuses to account for their indolence1 cheating and lying and taking ravenously all they can get4 ,when a revolution comes1 these men become denunciators1 assassins1 and leaders4 ,it is they who cry the loudest against the army and the priesthood--the 8butchers0 of ,versailles and the 8hypocrites0 in cassocks4 ,raoul ,rigault spoke their sentiments when he said to the porter of ,m4 ,duguerry's house 7the famous parish priest of ,la ,madeleine1 shot with ,archbishop ,darboy at ,la ,roquette73 8,god6 you fool60 7the man had exclaimed1 as is the custom1 innocently meant1 in ,france1 ',o mon ,dieu6'7 8,hold your tongue2 how dare you speak of ,god6 ,our revolution is against your ,god1 your religion1 and your priests4 ,we will sweep all that rubbish away60 ,and1 by way of contrast to this plain confession of faith1 here are the words of ,m4 ,duguerry in prison to his biographer1 the ,baron de ,saint-,amand3 8,my dear friend1 if ,i knew that my death would be of any use to the cause of religion1 ,i should kneel down and beg them to shoot me40 ,but it is not necessary to multiply quotations to show the intense hatred of the ,commune towards religion and its ministers4 ,holy ,week in #ahga was indeed the ,passion ,week of many of the latter4 ,the devilish conduct of many women recalled the worst excesses of the ,reign of ,terror4 ,a woman with a military cap on rode at the head of the escort of the hostages1 three of them ,jesuit ,fathers1 who were taken from ,la ,roquette to ,belleville to be shot4 ,she swore and yelled and gave orders1 insulting the priests especially4 ,on the ,boulevards1 as the condemned passed1 riots took place1 and disorderly crowds nearly killed the prisoners in their impatience4 ,women again were prominent1 brandishing guns1 knives1 and pistols1 throwing bloody mud on the priests1 and blaspheming as badly as any man2 it would have been safer to run the gauntlet of a crowd of maniacs let loose from the asylum4 ,mgr4 ,surat was killed in the streets on another occasion by a young girl of sixteen1 who deliberately put a pistol to his forehead4 8,mercy1 mademoiselle60 cried the priest quickly2 but with an untranslatable slang play on his words#ci--;equivalent1 say1 to 8,you shall have it hot and peppery10 or some such phrase--she drew the trigger and stretched him dead at her feet4 ,the ,abb ,perny1 in his evidence before the council of war1 says3 8,i have lived among the savages for twenty-five years1 but ,i never saw among them anything to equal the hatred on those faces of men and women as we passed them on our way from ,mazas to ,la ,roquette40#dj ,father ,anatole de ,bengy1 a ,jesuit1 was a remarkable man who had been military chaplain in the ,crimea1 and was volunteer chaplain of the troops during the last war till the siege1 when he attached himself to the ,eighth ,ambulance4 ,he had a singular power of commanding the love1 obedience1 and confidence of others2 he was brave and good-tempered1 and such a thorough soldier that ,marshal ,bosquet said of him3 8,upon my word1 if there are many ,jesuits of that kind1 ,i say hurrah for the ,jesuits60 ,his letters are full of pleasantry and life4 ,he tells his friends how he helps 8our poor soldiers10 and jokes about his tramps with 8his bundle on his back10 which phrase1 he says1 8always rouses a certain pity in the listener2 but indeed1 my dear ,aymard1 the bundle 7le sac7 does not deserve its bad name3 it urges the body forward1 and its inconveniences are fully made up for by the advantages it gives rise to4 ,some thinker should undertake the ,praise of the ,bundle1 and rehabilitate it in the eyes of pilgrims40 ,the words of this manly and brave priest at the funeral of ,commander de ,dampierre would serve as his own eulogy3 8,the fountain-head of duty is in the three world-famous words1 ,god wills it40 ,when his name was called at ,la ,roquette1 on the list of condemned1 the ,communist official stumbled over it1 and ,pre de ,bengy stepped briskly forward1 saying3 8,i know my name is on the list--,bengy2 here ,i am40 ,m4 ,crpin1 a shoe-maker1 who was condemned1 but saved by the entrance of the troops1 saw the butchery of ,belleville1 and in his evidence said3 8,let no one speak ill of the clergy before me again6 ,i have seen them at home now2 ,i know them by experience2 ,i have witnessed their courage and been comforted by their words40 ,footnote #ci3 ,tu l'auras maigre et non pas gras 7grasse--grce74 ,footnote #dj3 ,at ,mnilmontant a woman named ,lefvre proposed1 amid cheers and bravos1 to undermine the ,cathedral of ,notre ,dame1 fill it as full as it would hold with priests and nuns1 and blow it up4 ,at a club-meeting another woman--,leblanc--cried3 8,we must flay the priests alive and make barricades with their carcasses02 and at ,trinity ,church a woman argued thus on the existence of ,god3 8,religion is a farce got up by men1 and there is no ,god2 444 if there were1 he would not let me speak so4 ,therefore he is a coward1 and no ,god44440 ,and there were other and even more revolting things said and done4 ,the ,dominicans of ,arcueil transformed their school into an ambulance during the siege1 and ,pre ,bengy happened to be chosen chaplain4 ,but the ,commune was to elicit greater sacrifices4 ,the monks might have left1 but did not1 and reopened their hospital for the wounded wild beasts1 whose curses sounded upon their watchers even from their sick-beds4 ,the ,geneva flag was hoisted1 and the ,sisters of ,st4 ,martha acted as domestic servants1 besides many other women and girls4 ,there were twenty wounded in the hospital on the #aith of ,may1 #ahga1 when the ,commune arrested the inmates of the house1 thirty-eight persons--priests1 lay brothers1 tradesmen and servants in their employment1 some of them foreigners1 nuns1 married women and widows1 two young girls1 and a child of eight years old1 daughter of the tailor1 who was afterwards shot with the priests4 ,the latter were1 with a devilish show of mercy1 offered their liberty if they would take arms against the ,versailles troops1 and1 when they refused1 they were condemned4 ,their death took place a few days later1 and the shooting was not done with military precision1 but bunglingly1 so that the victims were rather butchered than shot4 ,after the bodies had ceased to breathe they were savagely mutilated1 the heads and larger bones hacked with axes1 and the flesh pierced with bayonets4 ,some of the priests managed to escape in the crowd and smoke1 all of them wounded1 however2 and one was saved by a woman who hurriedly threw her husband's clothes to him4 ,according to the saying of a ,national ,guard who escorted the ,belleville victims to their death1 and who1 on being asked by a passer-by1 8,where are they taking those men to80 answered gravely1 8,to heaven10 the road these priests walked was truly the 8narrow road that leadeth to salvation40 ,surely1 if any class of ,french citizens did their duty in troublous times and deserve well of their country1 it is the clergy4 ,,de ,,vere',s 8,,mary ,,tudor40 ,,part ,,ii4 ,we said1 in our last article1#da that the ,catholic reader would find this second play much more painful than the first4 ,we are sure1 too1 that the non-,catholic reader will deem it inferior in point of interest4 ,yet we do not agree with the ,london ,spectator that there is an 8artistic chasm0 between the two plays4 ,at any rate1 whatever constructive defects are to be found in the present performance1 there is no falling off in dramatic power4 ,footnote #da3 ,,the ,,catholic ,,world1 ,march1 #ahgg1 p4 #ggg4 ,we regret to be informed by the publisher that this really great drama is now out of print4 ,the play is preluded by an 8,introductory ,scene10 in which ,mary is discovered prostrate on the tomb of ,jane ,grey4 ,this does not at all surprise us after the remorse we have witnessed in the last scene of the preceding play4 ,holding herself criminally responsible for the execution of her cousin1 it was natural for her to perform 8penances severer than the ,church prescribes40 ,the gentle ,fakenham--now ,abbot of ,westminster--may well express anxiety for his penitent4 8,pray ,god ,her mind give way not3 sorely is it shaken4 ,these tearful macerations of the spirit1 ,these fasts that chain all natural appetites1 ,nor mortify the sinful flesh alone1 ,must be restrained3 or death will close the scene40 ,while he is soliloquizing ,gardiner enters with ,elizabeth4 ,fakenham has requested the latter's presence4 8,whate'er hath passed1 ,be sure her ,grace hath ever truly loved you4 ,therefore we trust your coming may dispel ,the baleful visions that enthrall her spirit2 ,dispersed1 as fiends before rebuking ,saints40 ,elizabeth answers3 8,you hope too much4 ,awakened jealousy ,preys on her1 like the ,egyptian's asp40 ,but she is mistaken2 for presently the queen1 on recognizing the 8veiled mourner10 says tenderly3 8,i part ,the tresses on thy brow2 and gaze upon thee ,with the strong yearning of a blighted love4 ,i know thee1 sister6 ,take me to thine arms-- ,and let me weep40 ,the weeping revives ,mary's energy1 but that energy takes a shape in which we see the old despair combined with a new fanaticism4 8,,elizabeth4 ,these mingling tears wash out ,all venom from past sorrow--0 ,,queen4 8,not from mine6 ,immedicable evil hath infected ,the fount of life within me4 ,i shall die ,in premature decay2 and fall aside ,as withered fruit falls from a blasted branch4 ,i1 like a mother by her dying babe1 ,have closed the eyes of hope2 and o'er my heart ,torpid despair fans with his vampire wings40 ,then1 suddenly apostrophizing the 8,eternal ,majesty10 she appeals1 as one 8hemmed in by dark conspiracies0 and 8baited by schismatics10 for 8prescience to detect0 and 8strength to control them02 deeming herself1 once more1 8the ,lord's ,vicegerent10 to execute his judgments4 8,fly1 brood of darkness6 for my prayer hath risen3 ,and ,god will hear1 and smite1 as once he smote ,the sin of ,korah3 and the earth shall ope ,and swallow blasphemy2 and plagues leap forth ,consuming impious men3 even till the ,church1 ,swinging her holy censer in the midst1 ,shall stay the pestilence1 ,god's wrath appeased60 ,this is a fine allusion to the destruction of the three schismatical upstarts in the wilderness2 and it is surprising to see a ,protestant author attribute to ,catholics so much knowledge of the ,bible4 ,nevertheless1 poor sinful mortals never make a greater mistake than when they fancy themselves ministers of what they call the 8justice0 of ,him 8whose thoughts are not as our thoughts40 ,perhaps ,fakenham was about to make some such reply2 for this poet-created ,mary ,tudor--after pausing1 we suppose1 to take breath--continues3 8,answer me not4 ,i rise from this cold grave1 ,my penitential couch1 with heart as frozen ,as the dead limbs beneath1 and will unbending ,as this hard stone that shuts her from the world40 ,thus we are fully prepared for anything she may do2 yet1 in fact1 she proves singularly innocuous4 ,the play opens with a discussion between ,gardiner and ,fakenham on the subject of the queen's marriage4 ,both are agreed that she ought to marry1 for the good of ,state and ,church2 but either has his eye on a very different candidate for her hand4 ,the abbot's candidate is ,reginald ,cardinal ,pole--a character to whom our author does full justice as among the loftiest of his time4 ,fakenham thus describes him as a 8student at ,padua03 8,a nobler presence ,never embodied a more gracious soul3 ,ardent1 yet thoughtful2 in the search of knowledge ,unwearied1 yet most temperate in its use4 ,whate'er he learned he wore with such an ease1 ,it seemed incorporated with his substance2 ,and beamed forth1 like the light that emanates ,from a saint's brow40 ,and again3 8,oft have ,i watched him sitting ,for hours1 on some rude promontory's edge1 ,wrapt in his mantle1 his broad brow1 sustained ,with outspread palm1 o'ershadowing his eyes4 ,and there1 as one of ,titan birth1 he lingered ,in strange community with nature2 mingling ,with all around--the boundless sky1 the ocean1 ,the rock1 the forest--looking back defiance ,unto the elements3 as some lone column ,beneath the shadow of a thunder-cloud40 ,for the thought in these last six lines ,sir ,aubrey seems indebted to ,lord ,byron1 that poet 8of ,titan birth0--who1 indeed1 would have sat for the picture far better1 we imagine1 than ,pole2 except that1 instead of 8looking defiance at the elements0 7an attitude for which we see no reason in ,pole's case either71 his face would have shown ecstatic joy at 8mingling with all around40 8,ye elements1 in whose ennobling stir ,i feel myself exalted60 7,childe ,harold1 canto iv47 ,the way ,gardiner sneers at ,fakenham's candidate1 and then introduces his own1 affords us an opportunity of correcting the author's misconceptions of this prelate4 ,first1 then1 there is no proof whatever that ,gardiner was blood-thirsty1 or even severe4 ,had he been the relentless persecutor he is popularly represented1 his own diocese of ,winchester would have become the scene of numerous executions for heresy2 whereas1 in fact1 not one such execution can be shown to have taken place there4 ,neither1 again1 is there any more evidence that he egged on ,mary to acts of cruelty4 ,if he did make the attempt1 he failed signally2 for the real ,mary ,tudor was personally guiltless of a single act of intolerance even4 ,the only authentic instance in which ,gardiner played the part of evil genius to the queen was when he urged her to retain the ,royal ,supremacy established by her father--her title and authority as head of the ,english ,church--a counsel which elicited the witty reply3 8,women1 ,i have read in ,scripture1 are forbidden to speak in the church4 ,is it1 then1 fitting that your church should have a dumb head80 ,at the time of giving this bad advice ,gardiner belonged to the anti-papal party--which1 of course1 was therefore schismatical1 though nominally ,catholic4 ,and this time-serving adhesion was the one great sin of his life4 ,he repented of it some time before his death1 and publicly lamented it in a sermon at ,st4 ,paul's ,cross1 preached on occasion of the reconciliation of the kingdom with the ,holy ,see2 nevertheless1 the memory of it so weighed upon his conscience when he lay on his death-bed that he asked to have the ,passion of ,our ,saviour read to him1 and1 when the reader came to the denial of ,peter1 said3 8,stop6 ,i1 too1 have denied my ,lord with ,peter2 but ,i have not learned to weep bitterly with ,peter40 ,we may here remark that1 had our author been acquainted with the above facts of ,gardiner's history1 he would not have sacrificed truth to poetic effect by making him die suddenly after the burning of ,cranmer2 nor1 again1 have put into his mouth such an un-,english argument as this against ,pole's fitness to share the throne with ,mary3 8,he is but an ,englishman3 ,and 'tis an adage older than the hills ,that prophets are not honored in their land40 ,one so anxious1 as ,gardiner must have been at that time1 to keep foreign domination out of ,england could never have advocated the marriage of his sovereign with 8,spanish ,philip10 nor1 indeed1 have been likely to call the latter's father 8,that wisest monarch1 most devout of ,christians1 ,potent of captains1 fortunate of men40 ,but1 of course1 the poet stands to his colors4 ,having selected ,gardiner for the villain par excellence1 he makes him welcome even foreign domination in the person of a bigoted prince1 who1 he knows1 will imbrue his hands in the blood of heretics4 ,philip does not come upon the scene till the third ,act2 but the intervening scenes form a prelude to his advent4 ,first we have the queen in council on the question of her marriage1 and particularly of the ,spanish prince's suit4 ,while asking ,gardiner's advice she betrays her love for ,reginald1 and is quickly crushed into abandoning that hope by the chancellor's daring assurance that her cousin is certainly ,pope4 ,accordingly1 she yields reluctant assent to the prayer of ,philip's ambassador4 ,then1 in the same scene1 follows a 8patient hearing0 of ,ridley and ,latimer1 whose contumacious spirit is well shown by the dramatist4 ,mary treats them with great forbearance1 and leaves them to ponder what she has said4 ,the closing passage of this scene is noteworthy4 ,latimer boasts3 8,o queen6 that day is past ,when spiritual knowledge was confined to priests4 ,our very babes drink knowledge as they suck4 ,each stripling1 as he runs1 plucks from each bough ,the fruit of knowledge40 ,mary's reply is of surprising force and beauty3 8,ah1 sirs1 have a care6 ,the tree of knowledge was an evil thing1 ,with root in hell1 and fruitage unto death4 ,but in the self-same garden likewise grew ,another mystery1 the tree of life4 ,this too bore fruit1 unseen till after-time3 ,and this was ,christ4 ,children of ,adam1 we1 ,condemned to cultivate what first we stole1 ,must tend the second tree with watchful love1 ,or perish by the poison of the first40 ,the remaining scene of this ,act and the opening scene of the next are taken up chiefly with the disturbance occasioned by the approaching nuptials4 ,underhill1 the 8,hot-,gospeller10 is introduced1 together with riotous citizens and the antagonists ,sandys and ,weston4 ,underhill is an honest fellow1 and loyal to his queen1 whose panegyrist he becomes at the play's close4 ,though the rioters are in the minority1 the rebellion becomes strong enough to attack ,whitehall ,palace1 where ,mary is seen at the opening of the second ,act4 ,her masculine valor is here displayed4 ,first she leans from the window to encourage her soldiers1 then actually sallies forth to head them in person1 and wins the day by thus risking her life4 ,in the second scene ,underhill excites the indignation of ,sandys by his chivalrous defence of the queen not only as the one 8,whom the ,lord gives to rule o'er ,israel10 but for her clemency4 8,,underhill4 ,the queen is not well served4 ,you heard yourself ,how1 leaning from the ,holbein gallery1 ,where she so long stood target to your shafts1 ,she bade her furious knights to spare1 and spake ,peace to the suppliant throng40 8,,sandys4 ,yet your fierce captains ,do ramp along the streets with bloody staves1 ,hunting the white-faced citizens like rats2 ,or at their own doors summarily hang them40 99 99 99 99 99 8,,underhill4 ,not fifty thus have died3 a sorrowful sum ,if measured by domestic pangs1 yet small ,if balanced by the evil of their plots3 ,small if contrasted with the precedents ,of former feuds4 ,in ,henry's time1 they say1 ,full seventy thousand their viaticum ,had from the hangman40 ,but our author does more than make ,underhill her apologist4 ,he seems anxious1 every now and then1 to remind us that he privately thinks much better of his heroine than the history he has read allows him to represent4 ,he sets off the gentler side of her nature in strong contrast to the vindictive1 and1 indeed1 attributes the latter to inherited qualities for which she is not responsible4 ,accordingly1 in the third and fourth scenes of the second ,act ,mary's generous forgivingness1 and especially to ,elizabeth1 shines out gloriously4 ,count ,egmont1 ,philip's envoy1 has placed upon her finger his master's betrothal ring1 when ,renaud1 the ,spanish ambassador1 strikes in with3 8,permit me ,to be so bold as to suggest 'twere prudent ,his ,grace delayed till treason be put down4 ,too many prisoners your ,grace releases4 ,,queen4 ,it was the custom of my forefathers ,to pardon criminals upon ,good ,friday4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,renaud4 ,pardon me3 there may be ,some guiltier4 ,our prince must be kept back ,should your ,grace yield to mistimed clemency4 99 99 99 99 99 ,forgive my plainness4 ,can ,king ,philip come ,while criminals remain unjustified8 ,your sister waits her trial4 ,,gardiner4 ,let me speak4 ,while she1 the princess1 lives1 there is no safety ,for ,england1 for the ,church40 ,here ,bridges1 ,lieutenant of the ,tower1 enters with a sealed warrant4 8,,bridges4 ,your ,grace will pardon1 if1 in a case like this1 ,your servant feels misgiving4 ,this sealed warrant ,commands me yield the princess--to be dealt with ,as sentence shall direct4 ,,queen4 ,o thou good servant6 ,thy queen1 on her heart's knees1 thanks and rewards thee4 ,whose is this deed8 ,by ,god's death1 answer me6 ,ay1 ,gardiner1 thou shalt answer for this thing1 ,if thou hast done it4 ,,gardiner4 ,let me see the paper4 ,a sorry trick to fright the princess6 ,trust me1 ,i had no hand in it4 ,he tears the warrant4 ,,queen4 ,inhuman hounds6 ,that worry your poor victim ere you slay it4 ,but ,i shall balk your malice4 ,silence1 ,gardiner6 ,too much already hath been said3 your tongues ,are deadlier than poison4 ,bridges1 through you1 ,who pitied poor ,jane ,grey1 ,i shall henceforth ,secure my sister4 ,you have known and loved her4 ,you are my servant now4 ,receive your knighthood40 ,thus foiled in their design1 ,renaud and ,gardiner pretend1 of course1 that they did not for a moment mean the death of the princess1 but only her removal2 and the ,spaniard goes on to explain that this 8removal0 was to be effected 8by a bridegroom's sweet compulsion0--mentioning ,philibert of ,savoy as a suitor--and then1 finding that offer contemptuously rejected1 suggests 8the kind keeping of the ,hungarian queen40 8,,queen4 ,be content1 sir4 ,my sister hath but one friend in this council-- ,myself1 companion of her youth4 ,it may be ,she hath compassed ill against me3 yet will not ,i1 ,who fostered her lone childhood1 now destroy her ,by death or exile4 ,you are malcontent4 ,conform ye to my will3 ,i shall not swerve40 ,in the following scene1 where ,mary and ,elizabeth have it all to themselves1 the generosity of the former is the more touching by reason of her reproaches1 which ,elizabeth can only answer by acting a part which such a dissembler could very easily feign4 ,mary shows strong grounds for suspecting her loyalty1 but nobly acquits her and replaces on her finger the ring which was the pledge of love between them1 saying3 8,or innocent or guilty1 ,i forgive you40 ,we regret that space does not allow us to transcribe this scene in full4 ,we pass to the third ,act1 which introduces the two best-drawn characters of the play--,philip and ,reginald ,pole4 ,in these two men the author has illustrated--perhaps unconsciously--the antipodal extremes of the moral results of the ,catholic religion4 ,in ,pole we see a character perfectly ,christlike in its mixture of majesty with gentleness2 in ,philip one who has degraded faith into superstition1 and made doctrines and means of grace the instruments of selfishness and passion4 ,the greater the good in a system1 the greater the evil into which it may be perverted4 ,the amiable ,fakenham tells ,gardiner1 in the previous scene1 his mind about the ,spaniard's portrait3 8,a moody man1 ,whose countenance is ghastly1 bearing dismal3 ,for ever wrangling1 rude4 ,his glance is sinister1 ,stealthy3 his laughter a sardonic sneer4 ,i would rather face a vulture o'er a corpse1 ,than such a man1 whose hell is in himself4 ,he is a tree of death40 ,gardiner may well wince as he replies3 8,you have a caustic brush3 ,the canvas burns beneath it40 ,yet poor ,queen ,mary fondly looks forward to the coming of her affianced as 7to borrow ,byron's exquisite metaphor7 8the rainbow of her future years-- ,before whose heavenly hues all sorrow disappears40 ,neither does she betray any foreboding in consequence of the storm that ushers in her wedding-day4 ,the bridegroom1 on the contrary1 peevishly exclaims3 8,a sorry day for our solemnities6 ,i kiss this crucifix4 ,avert the omen1 ,most holy ,james of ,compostella60 ,he does not see in this conjugal union 8,the cloud-compelling harbinger of love40 ,the 8omen0 is not unfelt1 though1 by some of the spectators1 particularly when ,doctor ,sandys gives tongue about it4 ,the wedding-scene is simple enough4 ,the queen says1 very prettily1 when ,philip offers a diamond ring3 8,nay1 my lord3 ,i would be wed1 like any other maiden1 ,with the plain hoop of gold40 ,it is the remaining half of the play which makes the whole so inferior to the first play4 ,not that1 as we have said1 there is any deficiency of dramatic power4 ,philip and the cardinal are masterfully handled4 ,full justice1 too1 is done--from the author's stand-point--to the characters of ,gardiner1 ,cranmer1 and the rest4 ,but a thick gloom overhangs the entire picture2 and the glaring historical untruth of much of it is no relief to ,catholic eyes4 ,philip and ,pole clash instantly4 ,the ,spaniard has a presentiment of this at the moment when ,sir ,john ,gage announces 8,the cardinal legate's boat hath touched the beach4 ,,queen4 ,the cardinal arrived6 ,my dear1 dear cousin6 ,go1 my lord chamberlain--go1 ,sir ,john ,gage1 ,and bear our greetings to his ,eminence4 ,let his legantine cross be borne before him2 ,and all appliances of holy state ,attend his blessed footsteps4 ,this our king1 ,and we1 shall welcome him on ,whitehall stairs4 ,,philip4 ,you are right gracious to the cardinal4 ,in ,spain we condescend less4 ,,queen4 ,ah6 you'll love him1 ,as ,i do1 when familiarly you know him4 ,,philip4 ,i somewhat doubt it40 ,in the next scene1 when the cardinal has congratulated the queen on the return of ,england to the faith--telling the nation3 8,be sure ,the light devolving from great ,gregory ,still shines from ,peter's chair4 ,who turns from it ,renounces hope4 ,peace ripens in its beams0-- and ,mary has joyfully responded3 8,here stand we without question1 king and queen2 ,and1 with our ,parliament1 implore the pope ,for reconciliation4 ,take this missive3 ,it is sincere4 ,kneeling we crave your blessing60-- ,philip interjects3 8,your ,eminence shall pardon my stiff knees-- ,stiff1 ,spanish manners4 ,ha6 ,i cannot kneel40 ,no wonder the queen faints as the cardinal blesses her4 ,philip1 having thus early begun with insolence1 loses no time in showing the mixture of brute and devil that he is4 ,he threatens to leave ,england because his sanguinary counsels are not taken2 whereupon we are rejoiced to see the author make ,mary as well as ,pole defend the policy of 8free discussion40 ,of course ,gardiner supports ,philip eagerly4 ,presently--so outrageous is ,philip's conduct to his wife--the cardinal's indignation can contain itself no longer1 and his dignified remonstrance stings the king into exclaiming3 8,were ,i a basilisk1 ,i'd look thee dead60 ,gardiner urges ,pole to retire2 but the hero answers3 8,not so4 ,my heart is strong3 ,and like some stalwart wrestler1 who hath need ,of exercise1 and doubts nor heart nor limb1 ,i shrink not from the combat4 ,he who carries ,his cross1 a daily burden1 well may stand ,in front of any giant of the ring ,who boasts he can move spheres40 ,and again he warns the monster3 8,ay3 you are great ,above us by your station1 as the vulture ,upon his mountain pinnacle4 ,what then8 ,the arrow makes a pathway in the air3 ,the peasant's hands can reach the feathered tyrant1 ,and from the vale quench his despotic eye40 --8,vulture10 mark3 not eagle4 ,we find a profound study in ,mary's love for ,philip1 and particularly in its persistence4 ,how she could feel toward such a man anything beyond wife-like duty--she1 too1 who had loved ,reginald ,pole from her childhood--is mysterious indeed4 ,it will doubtless be said that the poet intends this new love for a part of her madness--like her passion for the worthless ,courtenaye3 her craving for love being such as to invest any spouse with 8,cytherea's zone40 ,then1 again1 the treatment ,pole receives at ,philip's hands1 and his sublime bearing under it1 ought to have the result of alienating her affections from the ,spaniard even more than the latter's behavior to herself4 ,hear her cry1 one moment3 8,poor heart6 ,thou wilt not break6 ,insult unmitigated6 ,witnessed--by him6--by ,pole6 ,o ,reginald6 ,avenged60 ,and the next1 see her so overjoyed by an usher announcing 8the king0 that she springs up from the suppliant posture in which she has just been praying 8that even as the thief ,on the third cross ,i may have peace in heaven0-- springs up1 and exclaims wildly3 8,the king6 ,king ,philip6 ,o speed him hither6 ,stay3 here's for thy news-- ,a jewel from my finger4 ,haste thee1 friend40 ,and again1 though his ,majesty enters 8moodily10 she can actually greet him thus3 8,o ,philip4 ,philip6 art thou come to me8 ,and shall there not now be an end of weeping8 ,i was thinking of thee--whom else think ,i of8 ,i talked of thee--of whom is all my talking8 ,but thou art here again3 and my poor heart1 ,like a caged bird1 is beating at its bars1 ,to fly forth to the comfort of thy bosom4 ,speak--speak--my soul6 and give me peace40 ,verily1 this is madness6 ,who has ever seen so extraordinary a picture of woman before8 ,has not the poet drawn something impossible8 ,not at all4 ,he simply displays1 we think1 an unusual knowledge of the feminine heart4 ,a much less acquaintance with that organ should prevent surprise at any phenomena it may exhibit--particularly in the shape of undeserved love or unreasoning constancy4 ,of course the poor woman's fondness only irritates her lord1 instead of appeasing him2 so he tells her bluntly what he has come for--to deliver his ultimatum2 which is1 first1 the removal of the legate2 and1 secondly1 the death of the heretical prelates4 ,of his feeling towards the cardinal he says3 8,call it not hatred1 but antipathy3 ,such as the callow chicken feels for hawks1 ,or wild horse for the wolf4 ,aversion call it3 ,that wraps me in a cold and clammy horror ,when we approach4 ,i know he cannot harm me2 ,and have small doubt he would not if he could4 ,but still1 my flesh creeps if ,i do but touch him1 ,as when one strokes a cat's hair 'gainst the grain4 99 99 99 99 99 ,odious is his garb ,of ostentatious purple2 jewelled hands2 ,that beard down-streaming like the chisel'd locks ,of ,moses from the hand of ,angelo40 ,like a gleam of sunshine1 for a moment1 comes a happy description of a visit from ,elizabeth to the queen4 ,underhill is the narrator4 ,it is in the ninth scene of this too long third ,act4 8,her royal barge ,was garlanded with flowers1 festooned around ,an awning of green satin1 richly broidered ,with eglantine and buds of gold4 ,the bright one ,beneath this canopy reclined in state1 ,fairer than ,cleopatra with her ,roman4 ,her royal sister on the bowery shore ,of ,richmond met her1 kissing her 'tween whiles2 ,her wan cheek flushing to a healthier glow4 ,with hospitable care1 and love1 she led ,elizabeth to where1 shrined in green leaves ,and flowers1 a tent1 curtained with cloth of gold ,and purple samite1 stood2 whose folds were wrought ,with silver fleur-de-lys and gold pomegranates4 ,the music they so love breathed in their ears ,like amorous blandishment3 and when the morn ,rippled along the wave with soberer ray1 ,the princess stept once more into her barge1 ,and floated down the current like a swan40 ,yet one more quotation from this ,act2 for we shall have but little to cite from ,acts fourth and fifth4 ,the cardinal1 after arguing with ,gardiner against the severe measures that are being taken under his and ,bonner's supervision1 and defending the queen from the charge of approval--her consent having been forced1 and things of which she was ignorant done in her name--finds relief in conversing with ,fakenham1 whose virtues he thoroughly appreciates4 ,the latter speaks of his friend's failing strength2 and ,pole1 at a loss to account for it1 says he has 8heard of vampire poisons10 but instantly suppresses the suspicion4 ,they have been up all night1 apparently4 8,,cardinal4 ,a sudden sunburst6--,lo6 ,god's ,image in our heart is as yon orb ,unto the universe2 the eye of nature1 ,dispersing rays more eloquent than tongues2 ,beams that give life as well as light2 whose absence ,wraps in cold shadow all that moves and breathes4 ,at times that ,image walks through spheres remote2 ,unobvious to the largely wandering eye3 ,then nightmare darkness sits upon the soul3 ,then1 by its own shade mantled1 waits the soul1 ,like some dark mourner1 lonely in his house4 ,but the harmonious hours fulfil themselves2 ,and sunrise comes unlooked for1 peak to peak ,answering in spiritual radiance4 ,this is indeed ,so palpably to meet ,divinity1 ,that hence the ,pagan erred1 not knowing ,god40 ,in the fourth ,act we have1 first1 the recall of ,pole to ,rome1 contrived by ,philip and ,gardiner4 ,the queen refuses to let him go2 but while1 in obedience to her1 he remains in ,england1 he resigns his legateship in submission to the interdict4 ,then comes the picture-scene1 which is admirably contrived4 ,the poor queen stops before ,philip's picture and talks to it as if it were a shrine4 ,the original enters and brutally disenchants his worshipper4 ,after a bitter interview1 in which ,mary accuses him of conjugal infidelity1 the ,spaniard takes his departure1 answering her 8,begone60 with a sudden 8,for ever60 8,,queen 7alone74 ,i submit to ,god's decree4 ,was it for this my maiden liberty ,was yielded8--to be spurned1 despised1 and still ,bear on without redress8 ,o grief6 ,o shame6 ,she approaches the picture of ,philip4 ,back1 silken folds1 that hide what was my joy1 ,and is my torture6 ,back6--,see1 ,i have rent you1 ,false1 senseless idol1 from thy tinselled frame6 ,i wrench thee forth--,i look on thee no more6 ,and thus--and thus-- she tears up the picture ,i scatter thee from out ,the desecrated temple of my heart6 ,a pause4 ,my brain is hot--this swoln heart chokes my throat ,yet ,i am better thus than self-deceived4 ,die1 wretched queen6 ,o die1 dishonored wife6 ,i pant for the cold blessing of the grave60 ,next follows the trial of ,ridley and ,latimer4 ,cranmer1 too1 is present1 and disputes1 but is not on trial4 ,the contrast between ,gardiner and ,pole is admirable4 ,mary1 too1 is represented as sedulously just4 ,ridley and ,latimer speak1 of course1 as if perfectly conscientious and worthy of martyrdom1 but make no attempt to disprove the principle of submission to authority1 insisting solely on their own infallibility4 ,the cardinal is at last compelled to say of them3 8,this is very grievous6 ,madam1 so please you1 these be heated men1 ,who may not be convinced1 and will not bend40 ,he has better hopes of ,cranmer2 but his gentle earnestness is lost upon him no less4 ,here be it remembered that it was the secular1 and not the ecclesiastical1 arm which inflicted the death-penalty for obdurate heresy4 ,this penalty was the law in those days--days when every kind of felony was more severely punished than now4 ,whatever we moderns may think of this law1 we must not forget that heresy is the greatest and most pernicious of crimes2 and1 again1 that it was only formal and aggressive heresy that got itself arraigned and condemned4 ,moreover1 what made the civil power so severe upon it was the fact that it was always coupled with sedition and treason4 ,but before we close our remarks upon the executions in ,mary's reign1 let us look for a moment on the beautiful scene which intervenes between the one we have been examining and the prison-scene at ,oxford--the last of the fourth ,act4 ,mary and ,reginald are closeted together4 ,the holy priest seeks to comfort his cousin4 8,poor soul6 ,be to yourself more charitable4 ,think ,that ,one there is who answers for your faults ,and multiplies your merits4 ,,queen4 ,hope rests there3 ,or ,i were mad4 ,,cardinal4 ,all men are born to suffer4 ,what are the consolations of the ,scripture1 ,the fruit of exhortation and of prayer1 ,if now you quail8 ,no1 you shall quail no more4 ,,queen4 ,my web of life was woven with the nettle4 ,my very triumphs were bedewed with tears4 ,what now is left8 ,,cardinal4 ,religion4 ,as the sunbow ,shines in the showery gloom and makes the cloud ,a shape of glory1 in thy path she stands ,a herald of high promise4 ,blessed emblem6 ,religion bids thee hope4 ,this gloomy life ,must be amended4 ,we must draw thee hence4 ,,queen4 ,thanks be to ,god6 time works while we grieve on4 ,deprive not sorrow of the shade she needs1 ,the sad quiescence of desponding thought4 ,job also raised his voice1 and wailed aloud1 ,and so was comforted4 ,remember1 also1 ,in weeping ,i can pray4 ,should ,i not8 ,,cardinal4 ,yea4 ,pray with thanksgiving3 'tis the sum of duty40 ,the sublimity of this passage needs no comment4 ,the rest of the scene is equally touching4 ,mary speaks for an instant of ,philip4 ,she is still obliged to say3 8,whene'er ,i turn my thoughts to ,god1 one image ,stands between me and heaven4 ,instead of prayer ,a sigh for ,philip trembles on my lips4 ,,cardinal4 ,to pine thus for the absent1 as men mourn ,the dead1 is sinful4 ,,queen4 ,speak no more of him4 ,thoughts holier be my guide40 ,then ,reginald teaches her what it is 8,to stablish thrones on bounty2 reign through love40 99 99 99 99 99 ,the chief of greatness is surpassing goodness3 ,and that outsoars the ken of mortal eyes-- ,hidden with ,god40 ,she offers him the archbishopric of ,canterbury4 ,he answers musingly3 8,he who hath stood ,upon the first step of the papal throne1 ,and vacant left the ,vatican1 may look ,with eye undazzled on the chair of ,lambeth40 ,then he accepts1 and presently the queen observes3 8,i have long thought it strange that you refused ,the greater honor though the heavier burden3 ,the proffered crown of ,rome4 ,,cardinal after much agitation4 ,look not alarmed4 ,a pause4 ,you touch the mind's immedicable wound4 ,o ,god6 that ,i had died before ,i knew thee6 ,pardon me--pardon me6 ,,queen4 ,we both need pardon4 ,let us forget the past4 ,god strengthen us6 ,,cardinal4 ,fear not4 ,henceforth we gaze upon each other1 ,as the two ,cherubim upon the ,ark-- ,the living ,god between4 ,,queen4 ,then take my hand4 ,it will be colder soon4 ,may ,god be with you60 ,this 8immedicable wound0 is the poet's ,protestant fancy1 yet the pathos of the scene is exquisite4 ,the prison-scene at ,oxford gives us1 first1 ,masters ,ridley and ,latimer taking leave of ,cranmer2 then ,cranmer watching their execution from the window1 and ,gardiner1 unobserved1 watching him4 ,the famous recantation number one takes place2 and the subsequent despair of the wretch closes the fourth ,act4 ,the fifth ,act we do not care to analyze minutely1 so much of it is sickeningly untrue4 ,mary has become fanatical again4 ,pole tells her that 8the poor1 by thousands1 perish in the flames40 ,this is utterly false4 ,all the executions under ,mary's government did not amount to more than two hundred and seventy-seven1 and 8from this list of 'martyrs for the ,gospel' must be excluded10 says a learned writer1 8the names of those who suffered for political offences or other crimes40 ,dr4 ,maitland1 the celebrated librarian of ,lambeth1 in his ,essays on ,subjects connected with the ,reformation in ,england1 speaks of 8the bitter and provoking spirit of some of those who were very active and forward in promoting the progress of the ,reformation2 the political opinions which they held1 and the language in which they disseminated them2 the fierce personal attacks which they made on those whom they considered as enemies2 and1 to say the least1 the little care which was taken by those who were really actuated by religious motives1 and seeking a true reformation of the ,church1 to shake off a lewd1 ungodly1 profane rabble1 who joined in the cause of ,protestantism1 thinking it1 in their depraved imaginations1 or hoping to make it by their wicked devices1 the cause of liberty against law1 of the poor against the rich1 of the laity against the clergy1 of the people against their rulers40 ,from this rabble1 then1 came the 8poor0 who 8perished in the flames40 ,as to ,oxford's pretended 8martyrs10 ,ridley and ,latimer were inciters of sedition and brought upon themselves the vengeance of the law2 while ,thomas ,cranmer was1 without exception1 the most unmitigated miscreant in the whole disgraceful business of what is called the ,reformation4 ,who will question that he richly deserved the stake after bringing to it so many victims1 in ,henry's reign1 for denying doctrines which he himself was secretly denying at the time8 ,there are living ,anglican writers who rejoice in calling all these boasted reformers a set of 8unredeemed villains40 ,of course1 as we said in our review of the first play1 we acquit the author of all conscious prejudice4 ,the last words he puts into his heroine's mouth--8,time unveils ,truth0--are an appeal to 8the avenger10 who will not fail to do her justice yet4 ,it was a noble thought to make ,underhill1 the ,hot-,gospeller1 her panegyrist4 ,oxford vaticinates3 8,awful queen6 ,hardly of thee ,posterity shall judge3 ,for they shall measure thee-- ,,underhill4 ,let me speak1 sir3 ,for ,i have known1 and been protected by her1 ,when fierce men thirsted for my blood4 ,i say not ,that she was innocent of grave offence2 ,nor aught done in her name extenuate4 ,but ,i insist upon her maiden mercies1 ,in proof that cruelty was not her nature4 ,she abrogated the tyrannic laws ,made by her father4 ,she restored her subjects ,to personal liberty2 to judge and jury2 ,inculcating impartiality4 ,good laws1 made or revived1 attest her fitness ,like ,deborah to judge4 ,she loved the poor3 ,and fed the destitute3 and they loved her4 ,a worthy queen she had been if as little ,of cruelty had been done under her ,as by her4 ,to equivocate she hated3 ,and was just what she seemed4 ,in fine1 she was ,in all things excellent while she pursued ,her own free inclination without fear40 ,,nanette4 ,a ,,legend ,,of ,,the ,,days ,,of ,,louis ,,xv4 ,i4 ,a police report is scarcely the place where one would look to find an idyl--least of all a ,french police report4 ,but just as one comes at times upon a shy violet nestling in the dusty city ways1 even in such an unpromising quarter1 and in the records of a still more unpromising time1 did the present writer stumble upon a veritable romance-- 8,silly sooth ,that dallies with the innocence of love ,like the old age40 ,let the reader judge if it be not a genuine violet4 ,of the many strange functions of the ,parisian police in the days of the well-beloved ,louis ,,xv4--and altogether most worthless of his name--one of the strangest appears to have been that of furnishing for the amusement of the royal circle regular reports1 or rather novelettes1 of all episodes1 striking or romantic1 that came under their notice4 ,the ,french have always had a taste for the dramatic aspect of the law1 and to this day a procs-verbal reads often like a feuilleton of ,ponson du ,terrail4 ,it may be supposed that1 in the narratives which thus tickled the languid leisure of ,louis1 a rigid adherence to truth was not deemed essential where a slight embellishment enhanced the interest4 ,but all had probably a basis in fact1 which one is fain to hope was more than usually broad in so innocent and touching a history as that of ,nanette ,lollier1 the ,flower-,girl of the ,palais ,royal4 ,in the year #agdj there dwelt in the parish of ,st4 ,leu1 at ,paris1 an honest1 hard-working couple named ,andr ,lollier and ,marie ,jeanne ,ladure1 his wife2 the former of whom held a subordinate position in the ,bureau of ,markets1 while the latter attended to their fish-stand4 ,between them they earned ample to keep the pot boiling comfortably1 had it not been for the prodigious number of small mouths that daily watered around that savory and capacious vessel2 and when there came a sixteenth1 it is to be feared that honest ,andr received it rather ruefully and altogether as a discord in the harmony of existence--a blessing very much in disguise4 ,so despite the new-comer's beauty and precocity and countless pretty baby ways1 her aggrieved parents were only too glad to accept her godmother's offer to take her off their hands and to bring her up4 ,by that good lady--who seems to have been really a most kind-hearted person1 although she was a beadle's widow--the little ,nanette 7so the child had been named7 was carefully instructed in such branches of learning as a young person of her station was at that time expected to know1 and which1 in truth1 were not very many4 ,there is little doubt that one young lady of ,vassar would have put the entire faculty of ,st4 ,cyr to rout4 ,but ,nanette was soon found to possess a fine voice1 and pains were taken to cultivate it--so successfully that when1 at the mature age of twelve1 the youthful chorister made her dbut in a ,christmas anthem at the parish church1 everybody was delighted4 ,and when during the following ,holy ,week she sang a ,stabat better than many persons four times her age1 everybody said at once she was a prodigy4 ,now1 we all know what comes to prodigies4 ,the praises1 pettings1 and presents this prodigy received turned her small and not very wise head4 ,good ,mre ,lollier wished to make a fish-mongress of her2 mademoiselle spurned the proposal4 ,what6 she1 a genius1 a beauty1 a divine voice1 waste her life on horrid1 ill-smelling fish8 7,she made no objection1 you will observe1 to dining on them when her mother cooked them for her1 but that was quite a different matter47 ,she soil her pretty fingers with scales1 haggle over herrings1 or dicker about dace8 ,perish the thought6 ,her mother did it1 to be sure1 but then--her mother was not a genius4 7,do young ladies nowadays ever reason thus87 ,no2 she would be a flower-girl and sing her nosegays into every buttonhole--or wherever else they then wore their nosegays--in ,paris4 ,the manners of the fish-market even then lacked something of the repose of ,vere de ,vere1 and ,mre ,lollier's only answer to this astounding proposal was a slap and--we regret to say--a kick4 ,she was not aware that genius is not to be kicked with impunity4 ,she soon discovered it to her sorrow2 for in her way she loved ,nanette1 and kicked her1 we may be sure1 only in kindness4 ,shortly after this affront ,nanette disappeared1 and from that moment all trace of her was lost4 ,word came to her parents from time to time that she was well1 but of her whereabouts their most persistent efforts could gain no tidings4 ,her absence lasted three years2 how or where passed no one--we sniff the touch of the embellisher here--could ever discover1 nor would she herself divulge4 ,at last one fine morning comes a message to ,mre ,lollier that her daughter is at the convent of the ,carmelites1 and will be handed over to them in person1 or to any priest who comes with an order from them4 ,beside herself with joy1 ,mre ,lollier1 with just a hasty touch to her cap--even a ,dame de la ,halle is1 outside of business1 a woman--rushes off to ,m4 le ,cur with the great news4 ,in those days ,m4 le ,cur was the first applied to in every emergency of joy or grief3 perhaps it would have been better for ,paris if the custom had not been survived by others less wholesome4 ,the good priest lent a sympathetic ear2 for the piety and industry of the ,lolliers had made them prime favorites with him1 and he had1 besides1 taken a lively interest in the fate of his little chorister4 ,a fiacre is called at once1 and the cur and ,mre ,lollier1 with her eldest son1 a strapping sergeant in the ,french guards--not then such pigmies as absinthe has left them now--fly to the convent at such a pace as only the promise of a fabulous pourboire can extract from a ,parisian cab-horse4 ,the lady-superior greets them in the convent parlor and presently ushers in a lovely young girl--what6 a girl8--a princess1 to whom ,mre ,lollier with difficulty represses an inclination to courtesy1 while ,m4 le ,cur wipes his spectacles and the gaping sergeant at once comes to a salute4 ,but the princess speedily puts an end to their doubts by embracing them all in turn with the liveliest emotion4 ,it is indeed ,nanette1 but ,nanette developed into such beauty and grace and sprightliness as many a princess might envy4 ,nor is her moral nature less improved4 ,she is now as modest and docile as before she was vain and headstrong2 only--she will still be a flower-girl4 ,and yet women are sometimes called weak6 ,before the young lady's appearance in the parlor the superior had explained to her wondering auditors how a strange lady the evening before had brought ,nanette to the convent--8,hum60 says ,m4 le ,cur dubiously1 taking snuff--and on leaving her had left at the same time #bj1jjj francs for her dowry1 if she wished to become a religious--8,ha60 says ,m4 le ,cur thoughtfully1 brushing away the snuff that has fallen on his band4 ,then he beams upon ,nanette1 rubbing his hands encouragingly1 while ,mre ,lollier nods acquiescence and the sergeant shifts to the other leg and gapes4 ,but ,nanette1 in spite of these diverse blandishments1 respectfully but firmly declined to be a religious4 ,her vocation was to be a flower-girl1 and a flower-girl she would be4 8',tis the devil's trade10 cries the cur1 quite out of patience4 8,all roads lead to heaven1 my father10 answers ,nanette mildly4 ,so a flower-girl she becomes2 and it must be confessed that1 in spite of ,undine1 beauty seems more at home with the flowers than with the fishes4 ,,ii4 ,one bright morning in the summer of #agef the loungers under the chestnuts which then adorned the garden of the ,palais ,royal--that forehanded and long-headed 7though1 long as his head was1 he could not keep it long7 personage1 ,philippe galit1 thought shops would be more ornamental as well as more useful1 so he put the chestnuts in his pocket and built that splendid colonnade which is the wonder and delight of the wandering ,american--the loungers in the shade of the ,palais ,royal chestnuts were conscious of a new sensation4 ,not that sensations were just then going begging4 ,by no means4 ,one or two royal gentlemen1 by laying their crowned heads together1 had already contrived that famous misunderstanding which was to turn a large part of three continents into a shambles for the next seven years2 to cost the 8well-beloved10 in ,canada and ,india1 the brightest jewels of his crown1 and to make of ,montcalm1 for losing one and his life with it1 a hero1 and of ,lally-,tollendal1 for having the bad taste to survive the loss of the other1 a traitor or a martyr as you were for him or against him4 ,so often is it that for precisely the same services a grateful and discriminating country decrees to one of her sons a monument1 to another a halter4 ,perhaps there is not so much difference between the two--to the dead men1 at least--as some folks imagine4 ,but the heroes we are to deal with are by no means of the stuff of martyrs1 and fighting1 beyond an ornamental pass or two in the ,bois de ,boulogne1 they vote vulgar and bourgeois4 ,here under the chestnut blossoms is a sensation much more to their taste4 ,it is a new flower-girl4 ,but what a flower-girl6 ,figure to yourself1 then1 ,mme4 la ,duchesse1 a flower-girl arrayed in silks and laces and jewels a marchioness would give her head for 7marchionesses' heads were rated higher then than they came to be before the century was over71 with a golden shell for her flower-basket1 lined with blue satin and suspended by an embroidered scarf from the daintiest waist in the world--a flower-girl with the face of a seraph and the figure of a sylph1 with eyes of liquid light and hair of woven sunshine1 with the foot of ,cinderella and a hand--a hand only less perfect than that of ,madame1 which your humble servant most respectfully salutes4 ,news so important must be sent post-haste to ,versailles4 ,a score of noblemen sprang to the saddle and rushed to lay their hearts and their diamonds at the feet of this strange paragon4 ,but ,nanette1 young as she was1 could tell base metal from good4 ,the jewels she took from her adorers with smiling impartiality2 the other sort of trinkets--sadly battered by use1 it must be confessed1 and not worth much at any time--she rejected with equally smiling disdain4 ,always gracious1 gay1 and self-possessed1 sparkling with raillery and wit1 she yet maintained a maidenly reserve that abashed the boldest license1 and her reputation grew even faster than her fortune4 ,and the latter grew apace4 ,she became the rage4 ,her appearance on the ,palais ,royal1 followed at a little distance by footmen in livery and her maid1 gathered about her straightway all the gallants and wits in ,paris4 ,her basket was emptied in a trice1 and emptied again as often as refilled by her servants4 ,it was deemed an honor to receive a nosegay from her pretty fingers1 and more louis than half-franc pieces repaid them4 ,great ladies came to her leves--for such they really were--and even deigned to accept from the beautiful flower-girl the gift of a rose or a violet--gifts always sure to be recompensed in noble fashion with jewels or costly laces1 rich silks or pieces of plate4 ,within two years ,nanette had thus accumulated in houses1 lands1 and rents an annual income of forty thousand francs1 besides loading her kindred with presents4 ,naturally1 this circumstance did not cool the ardor of the followers whom her beauty had attracted4 ,one of these was particularly noticeable for his assiduity4 ,he was a young man about twenty-two years old1 of distinguished air and handsome features1 tinged with that shadow of melancholy thought to be so irresistible to the feminine imagination4 ,his clothes1 too1 were in his favor2 for though irreproachably neat and faultlessly cut1 they had plainly seen their best days4 ,we all know what a sly rogue ,pity is1 and how untiringly he panders for a certain nameless kinsman4 ,every afternoon found the melancholy young man at the garden awaiting the flower-girl's coming4 ,on her arrival he would advance1 select a flower1 pay a dozen sous1 exchange a word1 perhaps1 and disappear till the following day4 ,once he was absent1 and the fair florist's brow was clouded4 ,in other words1 ,nanette was extremely cross1 and many an unlucky petit-matre was that day unmercifully snubbed for presuming on previous condescension4 ,the garden trembled and was immersed in gloom4 ,but presently the laggard made his appearance1 ,nanette's lovely face was again wreathed in smiles1 the garden breathed freely once more1 and the petit-matres were astonished to find their vapid pleasantries received more graciously than ever4 ,from this remarkable circumstance the sagacious reader will doubtless form his own conclusion2 and we do not say that the sagacious reader will be wrong4 ,in point of fact1 we may as well admit at once that ,nanette1 without knowing it1 was already in love with this handsome1 melancholy stranger1 of whom she knew nothing1 except that he was noble1 since he wore a sword4 ,she would have given half she was worth to know even his name1 but she dared not ask it4 ,as often as the question trembled on her tongue she felt herself blushing violently and unable1 for the life of her1 to open her lips4 ,her modesty had not been educated away by a season in the civilizing atmosphere of the court4 ,chance at last befriended her4 ,one evening the brilliant ,marquis de ,louvois1 after talking awhile with the unknown1 came up to the ,count de la ,chtre1 who was seated beside her1 and said to him3 8,this ass of a ,de ,courtenaye puts me out of all patience4 ,the king has asked why he does not come to ,versailles4 ,i repeat to him his majesty's flattering question4 ,well6 it goes in one ear and out the other4 ,can one so bury one's self in ,paris80 ,think of that1 good ,americans1 before you die6 ,in the year of grace #agef ,paris was only a burying place for ,versailles6 ,so that #ahgj had a precedent4 8,what else is he to do80 asks the count4 8,it takes money to live as we do1 and his father1 poor fellow1 left him nothing but a name1 which1 although one of the first in ,france1 is rather a drawback than otherwise1 since it won't permit him even to marry for money anything less than a princess2 and rich princesses like to get as well as to give40 8,true1 true10 murmurs the compassionate marquis4 8,i had forgotten4 ,more's the pity2 such a good-looking fellow as he is--0 8,and a connection of the royal family40 8,faith1 the king is not over and above kind to his cousins40 ,and the gentlemen dismiss the royal poor relation from their noble minds as they would brush a grain of snuff from their ruffles1 and stroll off1 humming an aria from the latest opera of the famous ,favart1 the little ,offenbach of his little day4 ,forgotten art thou now1 ,o famous ,favart6 and thy immortal airs are as dead as ,julius ,csar4 ,but not so easily did ,m4 de ,courtenaye's tribulations pass from the mind of ,nanette1 who had lost not a word of this conversation4 ,she thought of him all through a wakeful night2 she was still thinking of him the next morning--having arisen for that fond purpose long before the household was stirring--when she was startled by feeling a kiss upon her arm4 ,she sprang up with a little cry of anger and alarm2 but her frown changed to a smile when she recognized the offender4 ,it was ,marcel1 the handsome ,marcel1 her favorite brother1 a year her senior1 but so like her they were often mistaken for twins4 8,o ,marcel60 she cried1 8how you frightened me4 ,how was one to look for such gallantry from one's brother80 8,but if one is the brother of ,nanette80 says ,marcel still more gallantly4 ,marcel has been in good company and flatters himself he has quite the bel air4 ,as an apprentice to ,m4 ,panckoucke to learn the bookseller's trade1 wherein his sister1 when he got old enough1 was to set him up for himself1 he had many opportunities of seeing and hearing the wits of the capital1 not without profit to mind and manners4 ,indeed1 he fairly considered himself one of them already4 8,yes1 my dear little sister10 he added with a patronizing air1 8you are positively the talk of the town4 ,go where ,i will--and you know ,i go into the best circles10 he says pompously1 adjusting his ruffles as he has seen the dandies do--8,i hear of nothing but the beautiful1 the witty ,nanette4 ,why1 it was only the other day ,i was at ,m4 de ,marmontel's0--the ingenuous youth did not deem it essential to state that he had been sent in the honorable though humble capacity of 8printer's devil0 with a bundle of proofs for correction 7the proofs1 indeed1 of the ,contes ,moraux3 the dullest1 surely--always excepting the delightful1 interminable romances of the incomparable ,mlle4 de ,scudry--ever penned in the tongue of ,montaigne and ,molire17 but his sister understood his harmless vanity and did not so much as smile--8at ,m4 de ,marmontel's with the ,duke de ,nivernais1 the ,count de ,lauraguais1 ,m4 de ,voltaire1 and the ,prince de ,courtenaye40 ,nanette started slightly1 but her brother did not perceive it4 ,it is the way of brothers1 and this brother1 besides1 was for the moment rapt in contemplation of the greatness reflected upon him by association with these great names4 ,he fairly grew an inch in stature as he rolled them out1 dwelling fondly on the titles4 ,it is something to have a king speak to you1 if only to ask you to get out of the way4 ,marcel continued3 8,the talk was all of you4 ,m4 de ,lauraguais1 not knowing me to be your near relation1 presumed to deny your wit and to question your virtue40 ,nanette's beautiful eyes flashed in a way that would have made the slanderer uncomfortable had he seen it4 8,insolent60 she murmured1 clenching her little fists4 8,you may imagine how my blood boiled10 went on ,marcel4 8,i was on the point of doing something rash when ,m4 de ,courtenaye took up the cudgels in your behalf4 ',m4 de ,lauraguais1' he said with grave severity1 'is it possible that you1 a gentleman1 can give currency to the lies set afloat by baffled libertines or malicious fools against the reputation of a defenceless girl8 ,my life upon it1 ,nanette is as pure as she is lovely2 and were proof of her innocence needed1 ,i should ask none better than these stories of lovers whom no one has seen1 or can even name4 ,why1 had ,nanette a lover1 all ,paris would ring with it in an hour4' ,the impassioned earnestness of the prince made the company smile2 but ,m4 ,diderot1 siding with him1 said he was sure you were better than the best that was said of you40 ,nanette's eyes filled with tears4 ,had the youthful pedant been less intent on showing his familiarity with fashionable life1 he must have had his suspicions aroused by her agitation4 ,as it was1 he was not even enlightened when ,nanette1 suddenly flinging her arms about his neck in a tender fury1 kissed him twice or thrice passionately4 ,he took the kisses complacently as a guerdon for his story4 ,fraternal obtuseness in such cases is simply limitless4 8,by the way1 ,nanette10 he added1 8why wouldn't it be a good idea to thank the prince by sending him some of your prettiest flowers8 ,i can take them to-morrow with some books ,i am to convey to him40 8,nonsense60 says ,nanette incredulously4 8,i don't believe you even know where he lives40 8,don't know where he lives80 cries ,marcel indignantly4 8,perhaps you will tell me next ,i don't know where the ,htel ,carnavalet is1 or how to find the ,rue ,culture ,ste4 ,catherine8 ,don't know where he lives1 indeed60 ,and ,marcel flings out of the room in a state of high dudgeon that his acquaintance with a great man should be doubted1 and1 worst of all1 by ,nanette4 ,we are sorry to say he slammed the door after him4 ,the best of brothers will do such things under strong provocation4 ,but ,nanette only smiled--the wily ,nanette6 ,,iii4 ,the next morning1 at his frugal breakfast in a rather lofty apartment of the ,htel ,carnavalet1 the ,prince de ,courtenaye read with much amazement the following letter3 8,,my ,,dear ,,cousin3 ,i am an old woman and your near relation4 ,i have long observed with pain the poverty which keeps you from assuming your proper station4 ,i have wealth1 and not many years to keep it4 ,what is a burden to me will be a help to you4 ,suffer me1 then1 from my superfluity to relieve your necessity--,i claim it as the twofold privilege of age and love--and accept as frankly as ,i tender it the #be1jjj francs which ,i enclose to procure you an establishment suited to your rank4 ,on the first of every month #d1jjj francs will be forwarded to you in addition40 ,some commonplaces of civility ended this remarkable but not unpleasant epistle--would that such a one some celestial postman might leave at the door of the present writer1 to whom documents of a far different nature--but this is a painful and unnecessary digression4 ,let us continue4 ,the prince read the queer communication with conflicting emotions1 in which wonder predominated4 ,he was not aware of any wealthy aunt or female relative particularly prone to this sort of furtive benevolence2 but his connections were legion1 and women were odd fish4 ,still1 his honor seemed to him to forbid his accepting a fortune so acquired4 ,but older and wiser heads stifled1 or at least silenced1 his scruples2 and secretly resolving to leave no stone unturned to discover his mysterious benefactress1 and to return to her or to her heirs every sou of the money1 which in his heart he accepted only as a loan1 he resigned himself to his good-luck with tolerable cheerfulness4 ,henceforth no more elegant equipage was to be seen than the ,prince de ,courtenaye's4 ,he became the fashion2 he was the life and talk of every salon--as we should say1 the success of the season4 ,nevertheless1 he failed not to go every afternoon to the garden of the ,palais ,royal for his nosegay1 with this difference only3 that he now paid francs instead of sous4 ,a year sped away1 spent by the prince in buying nosegays and in sharing the gayeties1 though not the dissipations1 of the court2 by ,nanette in continuing to perfect herself secretly in all the feminine accomplishments of her time1 so that now1 at the age of nineteen1 she was not only peerless in beauty1 but as cultivated as ,mme4 de ,svign and as learned as ,mme4 ,dacier--no1 not as ,mme4 ,dacier--no mere mortal was ever so learned as ,mme4 ,dacier2 but let us say as ,mme4 de ,la ,fayette1 who could set ,father ,rapin right in his ,latin and silence ,mnage4 ,was it for herself she underwent these prodigious labors8 ,it is not known that she ever mentioned4 ,but she still sold nosegays and still reaped a golden harvest4 ,one evening the ,count de la ,chtre was again sitting beside her when the ,marquis de ,louvois once more accosted him4 8,my dear fellow10 said he1 8what the mischief ails ,pierre80 7he spoke of ,de ,courtenaye74 8,he must be going mad4 ,have you heard his latest freak8 ,mlle4 de ,craon1 one of our wealthiest heiresses1 with a royal dowry and a princely income1 is proposed to him1 and what do you think8 ,he refuses her--positively refuses4 ,what bee is in his bonnet80 8,love40 8,love6 ,is it one of the ,royal ,princesses1 then80 8,i imagine not40 8,who then8 ,some divinity of the coulisses1 ,i'll wager40 8,louvois10 said the count gravely1 8you wrong our friend4 ,de ,courtenaye1 as you know1 abhors vice1 and ,i am much mistaken if she whom he loves is not a virtuous woman40 ,louvois shrugged his shoulders as only a certain kind of ,frenchman can4 ,virtue was a word not in his dictionary4 ,the next day the prince received this note1 the second from his unknown relative3 8,,my ,,nephew3 ,why do you decline to marry ,mlle4 de ,craon1 who unites all that is illustrious in birth and splendid in fortune8 ,i will provide you with the capital of the income ,i now allow you4 ,accept also as a wedding-gift for your intended the jewels ,i send herewith4 8,if you consent1 wear for eight days in your buttonhole a carnation2 if you refuse1 a rose40 ,with the letter came a handsome jewel-case containing a million of francs in bills--it is well for the romancer to be liberal in these matters--and a magnificent parure of diamonds of the purest water1 valued by the ,tiffany of the time at #ajj1jjj more4 ,that afternoon it was noticed in the garden that ,nanette was unusually pale and silent4 ,the ,prince de ,courtenaye entered at his usual hour2 the nosegay in his buttonhole bore neither pink nor rose4 ,he drew near the flower-girl1 who offered him a posy with a hand she vainly tried to make steady4 ,like his own1 it had neither pink nor rose4 ,the prince examined ,nanette's offering attentively1 smiled sadly1 stood for an instant in a musing attitude twirling the bouquet in his fingers1 and then suddenly1 as one whose mind is made up3 8,my child10 he said1 8will you make me the present of a rose80 ,nanette fainted4 ,,iv4 ,when the flower-girl recovered she found herself in her own room1 her family around her4 ,but her eyes sought in vain the one face she most wished to see4 ,her mother and sisters told her with prodigious clamor and excitement1 all talking at once at the tops of their voices1 how she had fainted--8from the heat10 the gentleman said4 8,yes1 from the heat10 murmured ,nanette softly1 closing her eyes--how a great nobleman1 the ,prince de ,courtenaye1 had raised her1 and how1 without waiting for a carriage1 and rejecting all aid1 he had borne her in his arms to her house near by4 ,nanette listened with closed eyes and a happy smile4 ,all this was balm to her poor1 sorely-tried heart4 ,she even ventured to ask what had become of the kind gentleman4 ,he had waited1 they told her1 to hear the doctor's report giving assurance of her safety1 and had then gone away1 invoking for her their most zealous care4 ,presently the prince's valet came to inquire after her health2 but he himself did not come4 ,nanette was wounded1 but she said nothing4 ,even pain in such a cause was too sacred a thing to be shared with another4 ,woman-like1 she hugged her grief as though it were a treasure1 and smiled1 without knowing why1 at the empty compliments of a crowd of petits-matres1 who1 after the fashion of the time1 had rushed to pay her their condolences1 and who ransacked ,dorat for their vapid homage4 ,each took the smile to himself and redoubled his insipid gallantries4 ,but ,nanette was too much in love1 if she had not been too clever1 to heed them4 ,so she contented herself and them by smiling4 ,at heart she was happy1 in spite of the prince's neglect4 ,at least he would not marry2 so much was secure4 ,but the future3 might he not have surprised her secret--she blushed as she thought it--and would he seek to abuse his power8 ,no1 she felt he was too noble for that1 and1 come what might1 she would enjoy the present hour1 the happiest she had known4 ,so in vague1 delicious hopes1 and doubts not less delicious2 in fluttering fears and half-formed1 undefined resolves2 in pain that seemed to be pleasure and pleasure whose sweetest element was pain--all the exquisite mlange of confused and dreamy emotions which take possession of a young and innocent heart so soon as it has fairly admitted to itself it loves--,nanette awaited her prince4 ,she knew he would come2 her heart told her so4 ,and she was not deceived4 ,early the next day he was announced4 ,she essayed to rise as he entered1 but sank back into her chair1 half from weakness1 half from agitation1 murmuring incoherent excuses for her awkwardness4 ,in an instant the prince was at her feet4 8,ah60 he cried1 8,i have found you out at last1 my good cousin4 ,but ,i am not come to return you your benefactions2 only to beseech you to make it possible for me to keep them by adding to them a still more precious boon40 8,and that is--80 8,this fair1 kind hand4 ,ah darling6 you cannot refuse it me when you have already given me your heart40 ,in sacrificing his name to this obscure young girl the prince was no doubt conscious of doing a noble and magnanimous act4 ,and so it was--how noble1 can only be realized by those who know the measureless distance which1 in the days of ,louis ,,xv41 divided the nobility from the people1 or the insolent disdain with which the former looked down on the latter--a disdain commemorated to this day in the use of the word peuple to indicate a vulgar fellow4 ,but if he thought to conquer ,nanette in generosity1 he was mistaken4 ,the flower-girl1 after a moment's reflection1 begged her lover to give her till to-morrow to answer4 ,he consented reluctantly1 but not doubting the result4 ,who could have looked in the eighteenth century to see a fish-monger's daughter refuse the hand of a ,french prince8 ,de ,courtenaye arose the next morning satisfied with himself and with the world1 and more in love than ever4 ,he longed impatiently for the message which should summon him to the feet of his adored mistress to receive the seal of his happiness4 ,at last1 after1 it seemed to his eagerness1 an age of waiting1 his servant brought him a letter4 ,he glanced at the superscription2 it was in the well-known hand4 ,he pressed the dear characters to his lips and tore the missive open with trembling fingers4 ,this is what he read3 8,love blinds you4 ,a marriage with me would dishonor you4 ,you love me too well for me to refuse you the most convincing proof of my love4 ,i give you up1 and ,i give up life for you4 ,when you read this the flower-girl ,nanette will have quitted the world for ever4 ,do not scruple to keep the money you have received1 in your aunt's name2 it is yours by right4 ,a kinsman1 who accomplished your father's ruin1 simply made me the instrument of his tardy atonement4 ,i leave to my family a fortune ample for their wants4 ,adieu6 ,think of me sometimes in the cloister1 wherein ,i take refuge from my heart1 and where ,i shall never cease to pray for you40 ,so ends the history of ,nanette ,lollier4 ,the ,archbishop of ,paris in person1 it is said1 conducted her to the convent of her choice1 and the ,palais ,royal went into mourning4 ,the prince was almost wild with grief2 but his prayers1 his supplications1 his almost frenzied entreaties1 could not shake ,nanette's resolve4 ,he never married4 ,the allusion in the flower-girl's letter recalled to him certain rumors current at the time of his father's death2 but1 as our chronicler shrewdly surmises1 the story of the kinsman was simply a device of ,nanette's affection to disarm her lover's pride4 ,this is the romance of ,nanette1 the flower-girl of the ,palais ,royal1 as it is recorded in a chronicle of the time4 ,in the foul and fetid annals of that most polluted reign1 barren alike of manly honor and womanly virtue1 it comes to us like a jewel we lift from the mire1 or a fresh-blown rose we rescue from the kennel4 ,let us not ask if it be true4 ,stories of disinterested love1 of magnanimity and devotion1 let us rather accept as always true1 saving our incredulity for narratives of another sort4 ,for our own part we had rather believe ,tiberius to be a myth than that ,cordelia is a fiction2 that ,nero never fiddled in his life than that ,henry ,esmond never put his birthright in the fire to spare his benefactress pain4 ,,new ,,publications4 ,,classic ,,literature1 ,,principally ,,sanskrit1 ,,greek1 ,,and ,,roman4 ,with some account of the ,persian1 ,chinese1 and ,japanese in the ,form of ,sketches of the ,authors and ,specimens from ,translations of their ,works4 ,by ,c4 ,a4 ,white1 author of ,the ,student's ,mythology4 ,new ,york3 ,henry ,holt ,co4 #ahgg4 ,we find on p4 #ab of this new ,hand-book of ,classic ,literature1 as it is entitled on the back1 among the 8most commendable maxims0 of the ,pancha-,trantra--a work on morals composed by ,hindoo sages--the following3 8,as long as a person remains silent he is honored2 but as soon as he opens his mouth men sit in judgment upon his capacity40 ,the young people who will make use of this book1 which is principally intended for their benefit and pleasure1 must be the final judges of the capacity of its author to make classic literature intelligible and interesting to their minds4 ,the author appears to understand them1 and to have acquired that experience and skill in adapting instruction to the juvenile mind1 by practical familiarity with young students in the class-room1 which is almost necessary to ensure success in preparing a good text-book4 ,the ,hand-book of ,classic ,literature is not intended as a manual for lessons and recitations4 ,it is not exclusively intended for those who study ,latin or ,greek2 and we are not aware of any considerable number of young people who are studying ,sanskrit1 ,persian1 or ,chinese1 so that evidently no such class of pupils could have been in the eye of the author4 ,in fact1 the aim of the author is to give some general notion of the ancient authors and their principal works1 and some fine specimens of the best translations which have been made into ,english1 to those who do not study the ancient languages at all1 or at most learn only the rudiments of one or two of them4 ,three-fourths of the volume are devoted to the ,greek and ,latin classics4 ,the remaining eighty pages are divided between the ,sanskrit1 ,persian1 and ,chinese1 with a brief notice of the ,japanese4 ,the most elaborate and valuable portion of the work is that devoted to ,greek literature4 ,the author has made use of the best critical works and selected a large number of the most excellent translations4 ,so much learning1 pains1 skill in faithful and idiomatic rendering1 and even poetic genius1 have been expended by ,english scholars in translating the ,greek classics that any reader of intelligence and taste may understand and enjoy to a very great extent these ancient masterpieces without learning a word of ,greek4 ,we notice as particularly discriminating and just the criticisms of the author on the three great tragedians4 ,specimens of several different authors who have translated ,homer are presented1 and a number of extracts from ,aristophanes and others of the generally less known poets4 ,there must be many whose curiosity will be excited by these choice morsels to read the entire translated works themselves4 ,next in interest to the sketches and translations from the ,greek are those from the ,sanskrit and ,persian1 on account both of the novelty of the subject-matter to the generality of readers1 and also the intrinsic beauty of the selected passages4 ,the author writes enthusiastically about ,zoroaster1 and we think with great justice4 ,the song of the tea-pickers1 from the ,chinese1 pleases us extremely1 and is one of the prettiest and most touching of the minor pieces in the volume4 ,the author has shown remarkable judgment and good taste in making this compilation1 and writes in all that part of it which is of original composition in a style of peculiar accuracy and felicity of diction4 ,the strict and conscientious regard in which the old saying ,maxima reverentia debetur pueris has been kept throughout is an example for all those who write for the young4 ,there is nothing which can endanger the faith or damage the moral delicacy of the young ,christian pupil in all this volume filled up with the literature of heathen nations4 ,on the contrary1 its effect is salutary1 and shows beautifully not only the great obscurity in which those gifted pagans lay from the want of a clear revelation of truth1 but also that the human mind everywhere1 in all times1 naturally ,christian1 longs for the light4 ,the mechanical execution of the ,classical ,hand-book is remarkable for beauty and accuracy4 ,we have noticed only two or three typographical faults in the whole volume4 ,it is a most attractive book to take up and read4 ,we have said that it is not properly a class-book4 ,it is a reading-book for higher pupils1 and a companion for lectures1 suitable for reference or use in class-readings4 ,we recommend it most cordially to all higher schools1 especially academies for young ladies1 and others where classical studies are not made one of the chief branches of instruction4 ,the great number of choice and elegant extracts from the best writers1 many of which are unfamiliar1 as well as the historical notices and criticisms1 make this book equally suitable for use in families and literary circles1 especially for reading aloud1 as for schools4 ,we wish for the author the best reward which can be bestowed on one who is devoted to the culture of young pupils--the love and gratitude of their generous1 affectionate hearts4 ,,the ,,cradle ,,of ,,the ,,christ3 a ,study in ,primitive ,christianity4 ,by ,octavius ,brooks ,frothingham4 ,new ,york3 ,g4 ,p4 ,putnam's ,sons4 #ahgg4 ,the author of this volume is one of the representative men of the left section of ,unitarianism in this country4 ,he is distinguished by a clear style1 a finely-cultivated imagination1 and his writings are characterized by a pervading placidity which is only occasionally ruffled by a mocking scepticism that suggests the too close proximity of ,dr4 ,faust's intimate friend4 ,the volume abounds in sweeping assertions1 slovenly-expressed ideas1 and lacks throughout the cement of a sound logic4 ,it fosters on ,cardinal ,wiseman and ,dr4 ,newman opinions which can only be accounted for on the supposition of the author's inaccurate scholarship or his contempt for the intelligence of his readers4 7,see preface1 page #e47 ,among other things1 he informs his readers that 8it has been customary with ,christians to widen as much as possible the gulf between the ,old and the ,new ,testaments1 in order that ,christianity might appear in the light of a fresh and transcendent revelation1 supplementing the ancient1 but supplanting it0 7page #aj74 ,the custom of ,st4 ,augustine1 ,st4 ,thomas1 and ,catholic theologians generally is precisely the contrary4 ,there is a remarkable book by a ,catholic on this very point1 published in our own day1 entitled ,de l',harmonie entre l',eglise et la ,synagogue1 par ,le ,chevalier ,p4 ,l4 ,b4 ,drach1 a converted rabbi4 ,the rabbi1 in his two volumes1 aims at showing that a ,jew1 in becoming a ,catholic1 does not deny or change his religion1 but follows out1 completes1 and perfects it4 ,the ,jewish ,church and the ,catholic ,church are identically one1 and the former is to the latter as the bud to the full-blown flower4 ,with a criticism that kills beforehand the life it would dissect1 ,mr4 ,o4 ,b4 ,frothingham ends by coolly telling his readers that ,christianity is extinct4 ,and with a self-satisfied air he navely exhorts them1 by the efforts of their imagination1 to build up a new and superior religion to ,christianity4 ,his readers will1 we opine1 politely decline this task1 and leave to him who had the genius to conceive the idea its accomplishment4 ,what a pity he did not tell them what he means by the imaginative faculty6 ,for if in this1 as in other things1 he follows his foreign masters1 we have no reason to expect as the result of its exercise in this direction1 other than an additional illusion to the long list of religious vagaries given to the world1 from ,simon ,magus down to ,joe ,smith and the ,fox girls4 ,a scholar who has read the volume describes its contents as 8theological1 philosophical1 and speculative old shreds picked up in ,german and ,french tailor-shops and cunningly sewed together in the shape of a cloak by a 'cute' ,yankee apprentice1 in order to cover the nudity of the latest form of the unbelief of ,new ,england40 ,the book before us shows no mean literary skill1 but contains nothing original in the way of thought or erudition1 not even an original error1 though its errors are many more than the number of its pages4 ,,the ,,problem ,,of ,,problems1 ,,and ,,its ,,various ,,solutions2 ,,or1 ,,atheism1 ,,darwinism1 ,,and ,,theism4 ,by ,clark ,braden1 ,president of ,abingdon ,college1 ,ill4 #hvo4 pp4 #dhj4 ,cincinnati3 ,chase ,hall4 #ahgg4 ,recent scientific research has at last put the orthodox world on its mettle and elicited expressions of opinion from all shades of believers4 ,coquetting with dangerous premises1 even in the guise of science1 toleration of views implicitly or indirectly infidel1 and a general disposition to compromise1 are not indicative of a healthy tone in any organization avowedly ,christian4 ,yet such tendencies have for a long time characterized the relation of the various ,protestant sects towards scientism1 and one of the greatest outcries raised against the ,syllabus proceeded from its alleged intolerance of1 and general hostility to1 unhampered scientific inquiry4 ,but coaxing and cajoling1 and a concurrent cry against the stupidity of ,catholics1 had no weight with ,messrs4 ,spencer1 ,huxley1 ,tyndall1 and ,draper1 who went on just as ever dealing their blows against revelation and all positive forms of belief1 as though his ,lordship of ,canterbury were a myth and his faith a sham4 ,at length consistency compelled the representative men of the various denominations to resist the further encroachments of an irreligious philosophy1 and they are beginning to do so with the bitter consciousness that they were the very ones who most ridiculed the sagacity of the ,holy ,father when he censured the tone and tendency of modern scientism4 ,but it is better late than never2 and if the gentlemen who1 from ,princeton to ,abingdon1 feel themselves called upon to do the work will only graciously allow that they are eleventh-hour workers1 we will find no fault with their intention1 but confine ourselves to a criticism of its execution4 ,the ,problem of ,problems is the latest addition to the religio-scientific controversy1 and it is entitled to serious consideration because of the earnestness of the author and the elaborate character of the work4 ,this elaborateness is1 however1 more apparent than real1 and consists in a measure of diluted thought and diffuse expression4 ,whether it is unfortunately a peculiarity of ,western authors to strip a thought entirely bare and leave nothing to suggestion1 as the charge is made1 we are not prepared to say1 but certain it is that ,mr4 ,clark ,braden has gone far towards justifying such a suspicion4 ,he is not satisfied with a placid presentment of his own views1 nor with a brief arraignment of what he deems to be the errors of others1 but he must reiterate1 emphasize1 and in general lash himself into a state of incandescence not at all needful for his purpose4 ,dignified opposition1 even if a little tame1 is somewhat more congenial to the frigid tastes of persons living east of the ,alleghenies than those fervid utterances which mistake sound for sense4 ,this1 however1 is an error of form which does not necessarily militate against the intrinsic value of the work1 nor do we think that an allusion to it is likely to discompose the learned author2 for in a little prologue1 addressed to 8,reviewers and ,critics10 he courts and solicits dispassionate and impartial criticism4 ,in addition he requests that all publishers send him a copy of what their imprimatur has allowed critics to say concerning his book4 ,we presume this is right2 but when the request comes coupled with the condition that every one undertaking to comment on his work must not do so before having read it from cover to cover1 we fear that it will not always be faithfully complied with1 or that he will have to read some pages in which gall and wormwood abound more than the milk of human kindness4 ,the reason of this we have hinted at4 ,the book is prolix and repeats to a fault4 ,many excellent thoughts are covered up in a mass of verbiage which emasculates and obscures them4 ,we wish the author had the academic fitness to cope with his antagonists--whose culture has made their productions marvels of composition and terribly enhanced their influence for evil4 ,we are sorry that this charge should be the main one to prefer against a book which was prompted by the best of motives and which really exhibits rare evidences of argumentative power4 ,take even the opening sentence1 and we find ourselves face to face with a flagrant grammatical inaccuracy3 8,one of the wise utterances of one whom his contemporaries declared spoke as never man spoke was1 that no wise man1 etc40 ,here1 apart from the slovenly repetition of 8one0 we find no subject for the first 8spoke10 unless it be 8whom10 and that is in the objective case4 ,similar mistakes occur throughout1 and give painful evidence that ,mr4 ,braden began his scientific investigations before he had made himself familiar with ,blair or ,lord ,kames4 ,we would1 in connection with this same matter of style1 suggest that the too frequent use of interrogation not only mars the beauty of a page1 but has an inevitable tendency to wearisome diffuseness4 ,lest1 however1 we may be suspected of harshness towards the author1 we select a passage at random1 that the reader may judge for himself how little ,mr4 ,braden is acquainted with the quality of a good style4 ,on page #aga he says3 8,we have no horses on the pampas of the ,new ,world1 although they existed as the most adapted to horses of any portion of the globe for ages1 and there were equine types in the ,new ,world for several geologic epochs4 ,multitudes of cases might be given where man has carried animals into places where they did not exist and they flourished1 and even improved1 thus showing that the conditions were especially fitted for them1 yet had not produced them1 although they had existed for vast ages4 ,hence conditions have failed to evolve what was especially fitted to them1 and just what they would produce1 did they produce anything40 ,we submit that these sentences are not only clumsy in construction1 but are positively ungrammatical1 and no one who undertakes the guidance of others along the thorny paths of scientific research has a right to tax the general patience with slipshod composition of this kind4 ,such examples as those given are not isolated1 but disfigure nearly every page4 ,on page #hg we find the following2 8,there was at first use of bodily organs in appropriating food and slaying for food animals1 and the use of spontaneous productions of the earth1 like animals40 ,so much for the form of the book4 ,the matter is indeed better1 though necessarily much impaired by the many faults of style4 ,in consideration of fair play towards the author we will not accept his own standard of judgment while passing an opinion on his book2 for we would then have either to mistrust our own intelligence entirely or to utter unqualified censure of all that he has written4 ,in his appeal to 8,reviewers and ,critics0 he says3 8,if there is censure or condemnation of what is written1 let it be only after the critic understands what he condemns1 and because he understands it40 ,now1 we do not propose to condemn any portion of the book because we understand it2 for we freely confess that there is much valuable thought to be found in its pages1 and the author gives proof of having a good logical mind1 not hampered1 indeed1 by the subtleties of ,port ,royal or the ,grammar of ,assent1 but sturdy and vigorous1 with a ,western breadth and freedom4 ,we have not space to give even an outline of the plan ,mr4 ,braden has mapped out for himself4 ,method is an important feature of a scientific and argumentative work1 and1 when judiciously adopted1 goes far to promote the purpose of the author4 ,clearness1 natural development1 logical sequence of thought1 and ready conviction are the results of a suitable method1 while confusion1 weariness1 and dissatisfaction follow from a neglect thereof4 ,mr4 ,braden's lack of method will do much in the way of injuriously interfering with the effect of his book4 ,divisions and subdivisions without number1 irrespective of reason1 may swell the dimensions of a work1 but do not certainly contribute to the satisfaction of the reader4 ,if all ,mr4 ,braden has written in the present volume were presented in a more orderly and attractive manner his book would be a valuable contribution to polemics1 but the faults we have indicated will constantly militate against its usefulness4 ,in the ,appendix both ,draper and ,huxley come in for a share of censure1 but while the author utterly fails to make a point against ,draper1 he so overloads with irrelevant matter his review of ,huxley's three lectures1 delivered in this city1 that the reader rises from the perusal of it with a tired memory and a dissatisfied mind4 ,,the ,,childhood ,,of ,,the ,,english ,,nation2 or1 ,the ,beginnings of ,english ,history4 ,by ,ella ,s4 ,armitage4 ,new ,york3 ,g4 ,p4 ,putnam's ,sons4 #ahgg4 ,the authoress of this 8little0 book tells us1 in her preface1 that when she began to write it 8no short and simple history of ,england had appeared which made any attempt to give unlearned people an insight below the surface of bare facts10 but that 8since then numerous works of the kind have appeared40 ,yes1 indeed1 too numerous2 yet1 as far as we know1 not one of them so pretentious as this4 ,with a very readable style and a great show of erudition 7an appalling 8list of authorities0 is appended to her volume7 she sets up for 8an interpreter to those who have no knowledge of history10 taking for her theme what she is pleased to call the 8childhood of the ,english nation0--by which she means the history of ,england 8till the end of the twelfth century40 ,of course1 therefore1 she has to deal largely with the work and influence of the ,catholic ,church4 ,now1 when those who are not ,catholic undertake to expound a philosophy to which they have not the key--to wit1 the philosophy of any part of history with which ,catholic faith has been concerned--we can pardon their mistakes1 provided they evince that humility which is the mark of fair-mindedness4 ,but1 if this condition be wanting1 we can only regard their attempt as a piece of insufferable impertinence2 their very concessions to our cause--a trick quite fashionable of late--but making them the less excusable4 ,here1 then1 lies our quarrel with the writer of this book4 ,she goes out of her way to theorize on matters she does not understand1 instead of confining herself to 8bare facts40 ,for example1 after acknowledging 7p4 #ai7 that 8there is no saying how long the ,english might not have remained heathen if ,pope ,gregory ,i41 in the year #eig1 had not sent missionaries to bring them to the faith of ,christ10 she must needs endeavor to account for the ,papacy as follows3 8,gregory was ,pope or ,bishop of ,rome from #eij to #fjd4 ,in his time the popes of ,rome had not yet risen to the position of universal bishops and supreme heads of the church1 though they were tending towards it4 ,all men were agreed that there must be one1 and only one1 visible1 united church1 but all had not yet made up their minds that the ,bishop of ,rome was to be the head of that church4 ,the church of the ,welsh1 for example1 and that of ,ireland 7671 owed no obedience to ,rome4 ,the pope himself did not dare to call himself universal bishop3 ',whosoever calls himself so is ,antichrist1' said ,gregory ,i4 ,still1 it was natural that ,rome1 which had been the ruling city of the one universal empire1 the queen of the ,west1 should be the chief centre of the one universal church1 and that the ,bishop of ,rome should become the head of the church1 and all other bishops should bow to his authority4 ,this was what did come to pass in time1 but at the time of which ,i am now speaking it seemed very uncertain2 for things had sadly changed with ,rome4 ,she had no emperor now2 the emperor was at ,constantinople2 ,italy was invaded by barbarians1 ,rome herself was scourged by plague and famine4 ,the ,bishop of ,constantinople tried to set himself up as ,universal ,bishop and ,head of the ,church2 and that the popes afterwards won the day in this struggle was largely due to the great influence which ,pope ,gregory ,i4 gained by his wisdom and his powerful character40 ,the cluster of absurdities contained in this passage would be 8matter for a flying smile10 were it not that the ignorance displayed looks too much like perverted knowledge4 ,can the lady have really failed to perceive the transparent nonsense of supposing that such a power as the ,papacy originated in people making up their minds that the church ought to have a visible head1 and that the ,bishop of ,rome was the right man because1 forsooth1 ,rome had been the seat of empire8 ,if1 again1 she knows what ,st4 ,gregory said to the ambitious ,john of ,constantinople1 why does she not quote a few more of his remarks8 8,the care of the whole church10 said he1 8was committed to ,peter2 yet he is not called ',universal ,apostle4'0 8,who does not know that his see 7of ,constantinople7 is subject to the ,apostolic ,see 7of ,rome780 ,st4 ,gregory1 like his predecessor ,st4 ,pelagius1 refused the title of cumenical ,patriarch1 or ,universal ,bishop1 for himself out of humility2 how1 then1 could he tolerate the assumption of it by a bishop who did not sit in ,peter's chair8 ,but we need not cite this book further to show that it is valueless in ,catholic eyes4 ,,dr4 ,,joseph ,,salzmann',s ,,leben ,,und ,,wirken ,,dargestellt ,,von ,,joseph ,,rainer1 ,,priester ,,der ,,erzdi,,cese ,,milwaukee1 ,,professor ,,am ,,priesterseminar ,,salesianum4 ,st4 ,louis3 ,herder4 ,the ,salesianum is an ecclesiastical seminary near ,milwaukee which enjoys a very high reputation for the learning of its professors1 the solidity of its course of studies1 and the strictness of its discipline4 ,near it there is a ,normal ,college for the training of school-teachers1 and another college for the intermediate education of boys4 ,the man who was the principal founder of these excellent institutions was the ,very ,rev4 ,joseph ,salzmann1 ,d4,d41 an ,austrian priest1 who came to ,wisconsin as a missionary thirty years ago and finished his earthly course in ,january1 #ahgd1 honored and regretted throughout the ,united ,states4 ,the venerable ,archbishop of ,milwaukee first conceived the idea of founding a seminary to educate priests for the ,northwest more than thirty years ago1 while praying at the tomb of ,st4 ,francis de ,sales1 and this is the reason of the name ,salesianum by which the seminary was christened4 ,the first rector was the present learned ,bishop of ,la ,crosse1 ,dr4 ,heiss4 ,dr4 ,salzmann succeeded him in office in #ahfh4 ,the ,rev4 ,professor ,rainer1 in the little volume before us1 gives an interesting account of the whole life of ,dr4 ,salzmann1 but especially of his great and arduous work of founding and establishing the ,salesianum1 which we may truly call a heroic achievement4 ,he was a thoroughly learned and accomplished scholar1 a man of sacerdotal dignity and personal attractiveness1 an eloquent preacher1 with fair and seductive prospects before him in his own beautiful ,catholic land4 ,he was well fitted to adorn those positions in the church which are surrounded with the most outward clat1 and give the opportunity of enjoying all the ease1 comfort1 and pleasure in literary pursuits and quiet seclusion which are lawful and honorable in the priesthood4 ,nevertheless1 he chose the life of a ,western missionary1 and devoted the greater part of his time and energies1 not to the intellectual and attractive employments of preaching and instruction in the sciences1 but to that most repugnant and arduous work of collecting money and looking after the drudgery of building1 providing1 caring for the material wants of new1 poor1 struggling institutions4 ,it is not possible for any who have not been brought up in some one of the old ,catholic countries of ,europe to estimate the sacrifice made by young men of refined character and education1 and strong love of home and country1 when they devote themselves to missionary labor in a new country1 and to its hardest1 most repulsive departments4 ,there are special difficulties and hardships to be encountered by those who work among our ,german population4 ,when they are bad or indifferent ,catholics1 they are the most obstinate and unmanageable people with whom a priest can have to deal1 and very difficult to reclaim4 ,apostate and infidel ,germans have a brutality in their hatred to the ,catholic ,church and all religion which is extremely odious and cannot be fully appreciated by one who has not come into personal contact with that class1 whose only god is beer and whose church is the lager-beer saloon4 ,zur ,hlle is the appropriate motto we have seen over one of these dens in ,new ,york4 ,when thoroughly imbued with the ,catholic spirit1 the ,german people are admirable4 ,the wonderful work of ,christian civilization wrought out among them in past ages is known to all readers of true history4 ,dr4 ,salzmann1 and others like him1 are worthy successors of the apostolic men whose names are recorded in the history of the church4 ,they are the men who carry on the true ,cultur-,kampf in the vast realms of our ,western territory4 ,their acts are worthy to be classed with those so charmingly related in ,the ,monks of the ,west and ,christian ,schools and ,scholars4 ,a keen ,western speculator said that 8a bishop was worth as much as a railroad to a ,western town40 ,all that is wanted to repeat in the immense regions of our new ,states and ,territories the creation and development of great civilized and ,christian communities is the virile force1 the manhood1 of those early times4 ,land and material resources exist in prodigal abundance4 ,it is men that are wanted--masses of people with strength and spirit to abandon our crowded cities and old ,states and colonize new domains1 and men with the ability and virtue of leaders1 guides1 founders1 instructors1 legislators1 rulers1 and benefactors4 ,we trust that the modest recital of the life of one generous young priest who left his charming ,austrian home to engage in this work may find its way among the educated young men and young ecclesiastics of ,germany4 ,there is work here for some among the hundreds of such young men1 full of vigorous health1 full of intellectual vigor1 full of sound learning1 who are at a loss to find a sufficient sphere for their activity in their own country4 ,the greatest and noblest project of ,dr4 ,salzmann was one which he could not even begin to carry into execution--that of founding a university1 a new ,fulda1 for the ,germans of ,america4 ,we do not think that such an institution could or should remain permanently an exclusively ,german university4 ,we desire1 nevertheless1 to see this grand idea carried out1 as a special work of our ,catholics of ,german origin and language1 under the direction of a corps of learned ,german professors1 and with special reference to the education of youth who are of the same descent or who wish to study the language and literature of ,germany4 ,time and the course of nature will eventually blend all our heterogeneous elements together1 but we do not believe in violent efforts to hurry on the process4 ,all that we can borrow from any ,european language or literature1 all the recruits we can gain from the nurseries of scholars or population in the ,old ,world1 is so much added to our intellectual1 social1 and political strength and breadth4 ,of course the ,english language and literature1 ,american history and institutions1 ought to be assiduously studied by the learned foreigners who are domesticated among us1 and taught to their pupils of a different mother-tongue4 ,this may be done without abdicating the advantage which they possess1 and which others must acquire at the cost of great labor1 by being born heirs to the inheritance of their own immediate ancestors4 ,the great practical question of the moment is that of ,catholic education4 ,the advocates of compulsory secular education are the enemies of religion1 of their country1 and of true culture4 ,the seminaries1 colleges1 and schools where ,catholic priests1 youths1 and children are trained in sound religious knowledge1 morality1 and science are the fortresses and the centres of real civilization4 ,whoever does a great work in the cause of ,catholic education is a benefactor to the church and the country4 ,such a noble and meritorious man was ,dr4 ,salzmann1 a priest powerful in word and work1 a model for the young ecclesiastics of the ,salesianum to imitate1 an encouraging example for all who are laboring to found and perfect similar institutions4 ,the diocese of ,milwaukee was a poor and feeble little bishopric when the venerable ,dr4 ,henni was consecrated in #ahdd4 ,now it is a metropolitan see1 with above #aij1jjj ,catholics in its diocesan limits1 above #ahj priests1 several flourishing institutions for the higher education of both sexes1 and schools in almost every parish4 ,the ,salesianum1 where the first rector1 ,dr4 ,heiss1 was professor of ,greek1 mathematics1 physics1 philosophy1 and moral theology1 numbers thirteen professors and two hundred and fifty students4 ,surely1 the prayers and labors of a good bishop1 seconded by those of able and zealous priests1 can work wonders now as well as in the best ages of the past4 ,indeed1 works which a ,st4 ,francis of ,sales was unable to accomplish are now successfully performed within a short time and with comparatively little difficulty4 ,assuredly1 we cannot fail to recognize a special benediction of ,god upon the church of the ,united ,states4 ,,the ,,consolation ,,of ,,the ,,devout ,,soul4 ,by the ,very ,rev4 ,joseph ,frassinetti1 ,prior of ,santa ,sabina1 in ,genoa4 ,translated by ,georgiana ,lady ,chatterton4 ,london3 ,burns ,oates4 #ahgf4 7,for sale by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society47 ,the worth of a book ought to be estimated chiefly from its intrinsic merits1 yet1 even without being acquainted with these1 we may often obtain a fair idea of its character by knowing something about the author4 ,father ,frassinetti was an extraordinary man4 ,he was born in the city of ,genoa on ,dec4 #ae1 #ahjc1 and died there on the #c;d of ,january1 #ahfh4 ,thirty-nine years of his life were spent in the priesthood1 with an unsullied reputation for piety and zeal1 and a wide-spread fame as a preacher1 director of consciences1 and writer on spiritual matters4 ,a uniform edition of his works1 which are all in ,italian1 was published shortly before his death in ten volumes1 and dedicated to the late ,cardinal ,patrizi1 ,vicar of ,rome4 ,the first volume of his collected works contains ,il conforto dell' ,anima ,divota1 of which we have the excellent translation before us4 ,its author was not only a remarkably learned man1 but also a singularly pious man--one whom our ,holy ,father ,pope ,pius ,,ix4 called1 in a certain brief1 a priest spectat doctrin et virtutis--and distinguished by the rare faculty of being able to communicate his knowledge to others1 and of knowing how to lead others on to personal holiness4 ,nearly forty years of his life were passed in leaching his fellow-men by word and example how to love1 serve1 and honor ,god and save their souls4 ,that such a one should have written this little book on ,the ,consolation of the ,devout ,soul is a sufficient guarantee of its usefulness and doctrine4 ,the work is divided into five chapters and an appendix1 in which the author successively defines what is meant by ,christian perfection1 shows that it is not a thing too difficult to be acquired1 solves certain objections against facility of sanctification1 explains the beauty and utility of ,christian perfection1 points out the means of arriving at this much-desired end1 and concludes with a short treatise on the holy fear of ,god4 ,several notes are added4 ,this translation bears the imprimatur of the devout and learned ,bishop of ,birmingham4 ,we earnestly recommend it to the members of religious orders1 and to people who serve ,god in the world4 ,,the ,,code ,,poetical ,,reader1 for school and home use4 ,with marginal notes1 and biographical notices of authors4 ,by a ,teacher4 ,london3 ,burns ,oates4 #ahgg4 7,for sale by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society47 ,this ,reader is made up of eighty short poems from ,british and ,american authors4 ,each selection is accompanied by marginal notes and is headed by a short biographical notice4 ,the plan is excellent1 the publishers' work is well done1 but the biographical notices are so brief as to be of little value1 and the marginal notes are nothing more than commonplace definitions of difficult words4 ,perhaps it is hardly just to call the words referred to difficult1 since the majority of the poems are as simple in diction as ,lord ,ullin's ,daughter4 ,the fault may be attributed partly to the marginal-note plan1 since an absence of notes would leave an unsightly page4 ,still1 this is no excuse for careless definitions3 unfriended is a poor substitute for forlorn2 ,california is not a mountainous country of ,north ,america on the ,pacific coast2 ,indian is a name given to the aboriginal inhabitants of ,america1 not to the ancient inhabitants2 pollution does not mean to corrupt2 concealing can hardly mean at once hiding and to keep secret4 ,in the lines from ,the ,village ,blacksmith1 8,each morning sees some task begun1 ,each evening sees its close10 the word close is defined finished4 ,these are a few inaccuracies out of many4 ,the selections comprise some of the most exquisite short poems in the language1 there being few extracts and but one translation4 ,were it not for the absence of selections from ,catholic sources1 this would be a desirable class-book4 ,why ,adelaide ,procter1 ,aubrey de ,vere1 ,gerald ,griffin1 ,davis1 ,mc,gee1 are excluded1 and ,bret ,harte honored in two places1 is a mystery4 ,nor do other poets fare better4 ,caswall is not mentioned2 in truth1 there is not one poem from a ,catholic author4 ,catholics are not the only persons who suffer from the editor's discrimination4 ,tennyson is excluded1 while ,rev4 ,charles ,kingsley contributes two pieces4 ,six selections come from ,longfellow4 ,these facts show that it was not for want of space that ,catholic poems find no room in a text-book published by a ,catholic firm4 ,nor was it merit alone that prompted the editor in his selection4 ,the book seems to have been prepared for schools in which neither the name nor the sentiment of a ,catholic writer might enter4 ,the system that excludes the grace and purity of ,adelaide ,procter1 the sweetness and vigor of ,de ,vere1 and the perfect rhythm of ,tennyson will bring forth bitter fruit1 and those who assist the projectors in their plans may expect to reap the usual harvest of ingratitude1 together with the unpleasant memory of having closed their eyes to the merits of ,catholic poets because of the hostility of some so-called non sectarian school-board4 ,,summa ,,summ4 ,pars ,prima--,de ,deo4 ,confecit ac edidit ,t4 ,j4 ,o',mahony1 ,s4,t4,d41 ,philos4 in ,collegio ,,oo4,,ss41 ,dublinii1 ,professor4 ,dublinii3 apud ,m4 ,h4 ,gill et ,fil42 ,lond43 ,burns et ,oates2 ,paris3 ,j4 ,lecoffre et ,soc4 #ahgg4 ,this summary of the ,summa ,theologica of ,st4 ,thomas is chiefly intended as an aid to ecclesiastical students in the study of the great work of the ,angelic ,doctor4 ,the first part only is yet published4 ,dr4 ,o',mahony1 of ,all-,hallow's ,college1 its author1 with great skill and painstaking1 has endeavored to make the order and arrangement of topics and divisions in the ,summa more intelligible by means of a convenient type-arrangement and distinctive headings1 and to facilitate the understanding of the text by an analytical abstract which contains many literal quotations1 followed by a synthetic synopsis of subjects4 ,the work seems to have been done intelligently and well1 and its utility is obvious to every student who has attempted to read even one page of the ,summa4 ,it is neatly printed1 and we trust may soon be completed4 ,,why ,,are ,,we ,,roman ,,catholics8 ,,because ,,we ,,are ,,reasonable ,,men4 ,by ,hermann ,joseph ,graf ,fugger ,gltt1 ,priest of the ,society of ,jesus4 ,from the ,german4 ,london3 ,burns ,oates4 #ahgg4 7,for sale by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society47 ,a clear1 solid1 and short exposition of the ,catholic faith1 in view of actual objections against its reasonableness4 ,it would be well if there were more works of this kind4 ,the rational side of revealed truth needs a various development to meet the many intellectual demands of our age4 ,besides1 there are many sincere persons in ,protestant communities who are disposed to be ,christians1 but are in suspense because of the inconsistency of ,protestantism with reason4 ,these need only the obstacles to faith to be removed for them to become ,catholics4 ,for such this short treatise will be of special service4 ,it should be also read by ,catholics1 as they ought to be prepared when asked to know how 8to give a reason for the hope that is in them40 ,the author shows a familiar knowledge of the anti-,christian writers of our day1 is free from all bitterness1 and we hope to hear from his pen in this field again4 ,the translation reads as if written in ,english4 ,,carte ,,ecclesiastique ,,des ,,etats-,,unis ,,de ,l',,amerique4 ,,lyons4 #ahgg4 ,a few copies of this chart have been sent to this country1 and we have received one through the courtesy of ,father ,perron1 of ,woodstock ,college4 ,it is a handsome1 well-executed1 and1 so far as we have discovered1 correct map of the provinces and bishoprics of the ,united ,states4 ,such a map is convenient and valuable4 ,we think it would be improved by making each of the provinces of one distinct color1 and marking the dioceses by broad colored lines1 and the ,states by similar black lines4 ,the titles of the provinces and dioceses might also be printed in large letters1 and the sees receive more conspicuous signs4 ,the chart is published by the ,society of ,catholic ,missions1 #f ,rue d',auvergne1 ,lyon4 ,directeur1 ,m4 l',abb ,stanislas ,laverrire4 ,all the profits are given to the missions4 ,we suggest to our ,catholic publishers to send for copies and keep them on hand for sale4 ,,heroic ,,women ,,of ,,the ,,bible ,,and ,,the ,,church4 ,by the ,rev4 ,bernard ,o',reilly1 ,d4,d4 ,with art illustrations4 ,new ,york3 ,j4 ,b4 ,ford ,co4 #ahgg4 ,we can do no more now than call the attention of our readers to this most beautiful work--beautiful in every sense--of which we have received advance sheets4 ,the author's name needs no introduction to ,catholic readers4 ,we reserve for a future date a fuller notice of a well-conceived and admirably executed work1 one too of great practical utility4 ,father ,o',reilly's statement in the preface1 that 8the publishers have spared neither labor nor expense to make this book most beautiful in form10 is obviously true at the first glance4 ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,,vol4 ,,xxv41 ,no4 #adg4--;,,june1 #ahgg4 ,,the ,,papal ,,jubilee4 ,,sonnets ,,by ,,aubrey ,,de ,,vere4 ,i4 ,,the ,,great ,,pilgrimage4 ,what beam is that1 guiding once more from far ,earth's ,elders ,rome-ward over sea and land8 ,what ,sanctity1 serene as ,bethlehem's star1 ,from ,east and ,west leads on each pilgrim band8 ,god's light it is--on an unsceptred ,hand6 ,god's promise1 shining without let or bar1 ,o'er sleeping realms that yet may wake in war1 ,forth from that ,brow ,discrowned whose high command ,freshens in splendor with the advancing night ,missioned to blot all godless crowns with gloom3-- ,like fruits untimely from a tree in blight ,such crowns shall fall4 ,even now they know their doom6 ,advance1 pure hearts6 ,your instinct guides you right ,the ,bethlehem ,crib1 this day1 is by ,saint ,peter's tomb4 ,,ii4 ,,the ,,jerusalem ,,of ,,the ,,new ,,law4 8,the ,tribes ascend40 ,ten centuries and nine ,have well-nigh passed since first the earth's green breast ,confessed1 deep-graved1 those feet that ,christ confessed1-- ,those feet which1 then when earth was ,palestine1 ,circled her ,salem new4 ,mankind was thine1 ,o ,rome1 that time4 ,all nations sent their best ,to waft thee offerings1 and their faith attest3-- ,they love thee most who love thee in decline4 ,the noble seek thy courts4 ,what gibbering crew ,snarls at their heels8 ,the brood that fears and hates2-- ,prescient ,defeat in bonds1 that jeers the brave3 ,ascend1 true hearts6 ,such tribute is your due6 ,in ,rome's old triumphs thus the car-bound slave ,scoffed1 as he passed1 of ,fortune's spite1 and ,fate's4#db ,footnote #db3 ,in the ,roman triumphs a captive slave was bound to the car of the conqueror1 into whose ear his office was to whisper of fortune's instability4 ,,iii4 ,,the ,,confessor ,,pontiff4 ,full fifty years are past since first that weight ,descended on his head which made more strong ,his heart1 his hands more swift to war with wrong-- ,his martyred ,master's dread ,episcopate3 ,full thirty years beside the ,apostles' ,gate ,he reigned1 and reigns3 he roamed1 an exile1 long3 ,restored1 he faced once more the apostate throng1 ,unbowed in woes1 in greatness unelate4 ,new ,hierarchies he sped to realms remote3 ,central1 by ,peter's ,tomb he raised his hands ,blessing his thousand bishops from all lands2 ,confirmed their great decree4 ,false kings he smote3-- ,how long1 just ,god1 shall ,treason's banner float ,o'er faith's chief shrine profaned by rebel bands8 ,,pope ,,pius ,,the ,,ninth4#dc ,footnote #dc3 ,pie ,,ix43 sa vie1 son ,histoire1 son ,sicle4 ,par ,j4 ,m4 ,villefranche4 ,lyons4 #ahgf4 ,rome3 its ,ruler and its ,institutions4 ,by ,john ,francis ,maguire1 ,m4,p4 ,new ,york4 #aheh4 ,italy in #ahdh4 ,by ,l4 ,mariotti4 ,london4 #ahea4 ,the ,secret ,societies of the ,european ,revolution1 #aggf-ahgf4 ,by ,thomas ,frost4 #b vols4 #hvo4 ,london4 #ahgf4 ,the whole ,catholic world prepares to celebrate on the #c;d of ,june of this year the fiftieth anniversary of an episcopate which has no parallel in the history of the church4 ,our ,holy ,father ,pius ,,ix4 has surpassed most of his predecessors in the importance of his labors1 and has far exceeded them all in the length of his pontificate4 ,he was young when he reached the dignity of bishop1 but ,leo ,,xii41 to whom he owed his promotion1 had already discerned the beauty of his character4 ,sinigaglia1 where he was born1 on the #acth of ,may1 #agib2 ,volterra1 where he passed six years at college2 ,rome1 where he studied theology1 abound with stories of the sweet and sunny disposition1 the fervent piety1 and the burning zeal which illustrated even his tenderest years4 ,he was six years of age when the venerable ,pius ,,vi4 was dragged away into captivity1 and the biographers of ,pius ,,ix4 speak of the excitement which stirred his boyish heart1 and the prayers which he poured out night and morning at his mother's knee for the outraged church4 ,his earliest recollections of the ,papacy were a fit preparation for what he was to undergo in after-life4 ,the ,holy ,father appeared to his young eyes1 not as the crowned pontiff1 but as the suffering and heroic confessor4 ,he saw ,pius ,,vii4 following ,pius ,,vi4 into banishment4 ,he saw the last inch of territory taken from the ,holy ,see4 ,one of his uncles1 a canon of ,st4 ,peter's1 was driven from ,rome on account of his fidelity to the pope2 and another uncle1 who was ,bishop of ,pesaro1 was thrown into prison for the same cause4 ,he had finished his course at college and was living at home when ,pius ,,vii4 returned from exile1 and he was presented to the pontiff as he passed through ,sinigaglia on the road to ,rome4 ,the ,mastai family were distantly related to ,pius ,,vii41 and the pope took an interest in his kinsman4 ,but there was an obstacle which seemed likely to defeat the young ,mastai's desire to enter holy orders4 ,he was subject to fits of epilepsy4 ,the physicians gave him no hope of a cure4 ,about the time of the pope's return1 however1 the violence of the disorder began to abate1 and his health was soon so far restored that he was encouraged to continue his studies for the church4 ,he always ascribed his relief to the protection of the ,blessed ,virgin4 ,in #ahai he was ordained priest by special dispensation1 and appointed to the humble duty of serving the asylum for poor children established in the ,via ,giulia in ,rome by a pious mason named ,giovanni ,borgi4 ,it was called the ,asylum ,tata ,giovanni1 because 8,tata ,giovanni0--or ,papa ,john--was the name which the lads used to give their protector4 ,the ,abbate ,mastai had been a good friend and helper of ,papa ,john1 and was glad of the privilege of continuing his work now that the benevolent old man had gone to his reward4 ,he occupied a little chamber in the asylum4 ,he ate at the table with the boys4 ,he spent all his income in their service4 ,he kept his regard for them long after they had grown up1 and even as ,pope he remembered the names of his pupils and followed their fortunes with a tender interest4 ,it has often been said that ,pius ,,ix4 never forgot anybody4 ,the first employment which brought him into public notice was a mission to the ,new ,world4 ,some of the clergy of the ,south ,american states had petitioned the ,holy ,see to fill their long-vacant bishoprics4 ,many years had passed since the close of their war of independence with ,spain1 but the mother-country still asserted the authority which she no longer attempted to enforce1 and claimed the right of presentation to sees long withdrawn from her jurisdiction4 ,the church in ,south ,america remained1 consequently1 in lamentable confusion until the ,sovereign ,pontiff resolved to re-establish order by the exercise of his prerogative1 without government interference from either side2 and the embassy of which we speak was despatched in consequence4 ,monsignore ,muzi1 with the title of vicar-apostolic1 was at the head of it1 and the ,abbate ,mastai was appointed adjunct4#dd ,before the expedition sailed ,pope ,pius ,,vii4 died1 but ,leo ,,xii4 confirmed the selections made by his predecessor2 and1 indeed1 the choice of the ,abbate ,mastai had been made originally by his advice4 ,on the voyage the ship was driven by stress of weather into the ,spanish port of ,palma1 in the island of ,majorca4 ,the governor threw the embassy into prison and kept them for some days in seclusion1 on the ground that the country to which they were bound was in rebellion against the ,spanish crown4 8,then10 said the ,pope1 in telling this adventure nearly half a century afterward1 8,i realized the necessity of the papal independence4 ,they sent me a ration of food every day from the ship1 but ,i was allowed neither letters nor papers4 ,i was initiated on this occasion1 however1 into the little stratagems of solitary prisoners2 for we hid our correspondence in loaves of bread40 ,the embassy got away at last and spent two years of fatigue and danger in ,south ,america1 visiting the missions of ,chili1 ,peru1 and ,colombia1 traversing the awful passes of the ,cordilleras1 and crossing the continent in bullock-carts--a journey which took them nearly two months4 ,once1 in going by sea from ,valparaiso to ,callao1 their vessel1 caught near the coast in a gale1 was driving upon the rocks when a fisherman put off in his boat1 boarded them in the midst of the storm1 and brought them through intricate passages into the harbor of ,arica4 ,the next day the ,abbate ,mastai visited the hut of this daring pilot1 and left with him a purse containing about four hundred dollars4 ,after becoming ,pope he sent the man a second purse of equal value and his picture4 ,the fisherman was overwhelmed with gratitude4 ,the first four hundred dollars had proved the making of his fortune4 ,he gave the second to the poor1 and placed the picture of the ,pope in a little chapel which he had built on a spot overlooking the sea4 ,footnote #dd3 ,for a full account of this mission see ,,the ,,catholic ,,world for ,january1 #ahgf4 ,the embassy returned to ,rome in #ahbe1 and the ,abbate ,mastai was appointed canon of ,santa ,maria in ,via ,lata1 a little church on the ,corso1 with an oratory in which pious tradition relates that ,st4 ,paul and ,st4 ,luke used to teach the faith to the first ,christians of ,rome4 ,he was also promoted to the prelacy and placed at the head of the great ,hospital of ,st4 ,michael4 8,the ,hospital of ,st4 ,michael10 says one of the latest of the biographers of ,pius ,,ix41 8is a city in itself1 and its administration is a real government40 ,founded two centuries ago by ,innocent ,x41 it grew1 by the additions of later pontiffs1 to be one of the greatest and grandest asylums in existence--a house of refuge for the young1 a retreat for the aged and infirm1 a hospital for the sick1 a reformatory for ,magdalens1 a home for virtuous girls1 and1 besides all that1 a school of arts and industries4 ,when ,monsignore ,mastai assumed the presidency of this vast and complicated institution1 every department of it was in a deplorable state of disorganization4 ,nearly all the earnings of the boys and girls in the industrial schools went towards the support of the establishment1 and yet there was an enormous deficit in the revenues4 ,bankruptcy seemed at hand4 ,the new president took up his task with magnificent ardor and equally magnificent discretion1 with the enthusiasm of a reformer and the practical sagacity of a man of business4 ,in two years the disorder was at an end4 ,the expenses of the institution were brought within its income1 yet its charity was enlarged rather than restricted1 and a large share of the earnings of the boys was paid into a savings' fund1 to be returned to them when they went out into the world4 ,monsignore ,mastai had obtained this remarkable result in part by his talent for business2 but not wholly by that1 for when the work was done his own patrimony had disappeared4 8,of what use is money to a priest10 said he1 8except to be spent in the cause of charity80 ,so it happened that when ,leo ,,xii4 called him to the archbishopric of ,spoleto in #ahbg he had not money enough to pay for his bulls4 ,the last acre of his estate was sold for the customary fees1 and he entered ,spoleto as penniless as the apostle whom our ,lord commanded to take the tax-money from the mouth of a fish4 ,the first years of his episcopate were passed as any one who had watched the labors of his priesthood might have predicted that they would be4 ,he was rarely seen by the courtiers of the papal palace1 but his people knew him as the friend and father of the poor1 and loved him for a tenderness and generosity almost without bounds4 ,he filled his diocese with good works1 founding seminaries and asylums1 introducing charitable orders1 always setting a practical example of beneficence by attending personally to the wants of the unfortunate4 ,he spent in alms the last copper in his purse1 and sold the ornaments from his parlor for the poor when his purse was empty4 ,it was the golden time of his life--a time of peace and consolation4 ,the church in ,italy just then was at rest4 ,a long period of political disturbance had been followed by comparative quiet4 ,convents and pious schools were multiplied1 and the saintly ,archbishop of ,spoleto found himself in the midst of a devout clergy and a grateful people4 ,there was a short outbreak in the ,romagna in #ahca1 premature and easily suppressed1 and it was then that the archbishop was brought for the first time into contact with the spirit of revolution destined to make such a bitter and memorable war upon him in later years4 ,among the adventurers implicated in the movement were two scions of the ,bonaparte family4 ,the elder brother died during the enterprise2 the younger lived to become emperor4 ,there is a story that when ,louis ,napoleon fled from the ruin of the revolt in the ,romagna1 he knocked one night at the door of the ,archbishop of ,spoleto1 and owed his safety to the charity of that most charitable of men4 ,it is a story which rests upon no very firm authority1 and yet1 though often published1 it stands uncontradicted4 ,it is certain1 however1 that in the last days of the insurrection the archbishop did show his tenderness for the unfortunate in a signal manner4 ,four thousand revolutionists1 pursued by ,austrian troops1 presented themselves before ,spoleto4 ,the archbishop went out to meet them4 ,he persuaded them1 since their cause was lost1 to lay down their arms4 ,he gave them several thousand crowns for their immediate needs4 ,he pledged his word that they should not be molested4 ,then he performed the still more difficult task of inducing the ,austrian commander to ratify the promise4 ,the pursuit was abandoned2 the insurgents retired quietly to their homes4 ,pope ,gregory ,,xvi41 however1 was not pleased with this transaction1 and the archbishop was called to ,rome to defend himself4 ,we must presume that his explanation was satisfactory2 for the next year he was advanced to the see of ,imola4 ,this is only a suffragan see1 but it is more important in itself than the archbishopric of ,spoleto1 and is1 moreover1 what is called a cardinalitial post--under ordinary circumstances a step towards the higher dignity of the scarlet hat4 ,it was held by ,pius ,,vii4 when he was ,cardinal ,chiaramonti4 ,the promotion of ,bishop ,mastai came in due course4 ,his creation as cardinal was announced in ,december1 #ahdj1 having been reserved in petto since the previous year1 and he took his title from the church of ,,ss4 ,peter and ,marcellinus4 ,with his new dignity he adopted no new mode of life4 ,works of charity and devotion still filled his days4 ,the love and respect of all classes of men still encompassed him4 ,it is the best proof of the tranquil and happy course of his episcopate that of the nineteen years which he passed at ,spoleto and ,imola there is hardly an incident to be related4 ,his whole life thus far seems to have been a providential preparation for the two great works for which he was destined by ,almighty ,god4 ,on the spiritual side of the church he was to bring about the consolidation of ,catholic dogma and the complete definition and development of the authority of the church over the minds and hearts of her children4 ,on the secular side1 after showing the perfect compatibility of the temporal power with the needs of modern society1 he was to guide the church with fortitude and prudence1 and give the ,christian world a shining example of constancy during the trying days that were to see that power destroyed4 ,what better training could he have had for this double destiny than so many years of charitable labor and close intercourse with ,god8 ,he issued at last from his pious retirement with a character enriched by the daily practice of virtue1 a disposition sweetened by the habit of self-sacrifice1 a resolution strengthened by reliance upon ,god1 and a heavenly courage that was proof against the threats and buffets of the world4 ,i4 ,we have spoken of the brief season of repose in ,italian politics about the time of our ,holy ,father's elevation to the episcopate4 ,it was1 indeed1 only a transient gleam of sunlight in the midst of a tempestuous era4 ,we come now to a period of universal disturbance4 ,this is not the place to discuss the causes of the great revulsions of #ahdh4 ,probably they were more complex and reached further back than the world generally supposes4 ,but whatever may have been the local provocations for revolt in particular states1 it is clear that1 for more than a quarter of a century before the date with which we are now occupied1 the revolutionary tendencies of all ,europe had shown a unity of direction which implied a single guiding impulse4 ,it is not credible that a few clubs of political enthusiasts1 visionary young students1 hare-brained apothecaries1 and metaphysical breeches-makers should be able by the fire of their own genius to set a continent in flames4 ,the revolutionary propaganda of #ahcj-ahdh found in every country of ,europe a combustible population only waiting for the spark4 ,some states were rotten with social and moral disorders of long standing2 some1 like ,poland1 were writhing under an oppression which moved the sympathies of the whole world2 some fretted under the restrictions of antiquated forms of government1 unsuited to the wants of an expanding society4 ,thus the generous and patriotic were easily hurried into enterprises whose true purpose they were far from suspecting4 ,the central influence which vitalized and directed all the scattered tendencies towards revolt was the conspiracy of the secret societies4 8,in the attempt to conduct the government of the world10 said the ,british prime minister last autumn1 in his address at ,aylesbury1 8there are new elements to be considered which our predecessors had not to deal with4 ,we have not only to deal with emperors1 princes1 and ministers1 but there are the secret societies--an element which we must take into consideration1 which at the last moment may baffle all our arrangements1 which have their agents everywhere1 which countenance assassination1 and which1 if necessary1 could produce a massacre40 ,lord ,beaconsfield's statement was a very mild one4 ,the secret societies had become1 at the time of which we write1 the most formidable force in ,european politics4 ,there was not a corner of the ,continent in which their power was not felt4 ,intimately allied with ,freemasonry1 their origin dates back to a remote1 unknown time4 ,they were already strong in the eighteenth century1 and their share in the great ,french ,revolution is well understood4 ,they became formidable in the ,illuminism of ,weishaupt in ,germany a hundred years ago4 ,they appeared in the ,tugendbund1 which had so large a share in the overthrow of the governments imposed upon the ,german states by ,napoleon ,i4 ,they were busy in ,russia1 in ,greece1 in ,ireland1 in ,spain1 and even in the ,swiss ,republic2 in ,italy they have never been idle since the first appearance of the ,carbonari at the beginning of the century2 in ,france they are the only power which seems to be permanent4 ,as early as #ahba the ,italian revolutionist1 ,pepe1 gave ,carbonarism an international character by establishing in ,spain a secret association of the 8advanced political reformers of all the ,european states02 and in #ahcd ,mazzini made a much more effective union of the revolutionary elements when1 with the aid of ,italian1 ,polish1 and ,german refugees1 he founded at ,berne the society of ,young ,europe4 ,the organization of ,young ,germany1 ,young ,poland1 and ,young ,switzerland dates from the same time and place1 and ,switzerland became the centre of all the agitations of the ,continent4 ,young ,italy had been grafted upon ,carbonarism by ,mazzini as early as #ahca4 ,many of these associations1 as we have already intimated1 professed an excellent object4 ,they would have been comparatively harmless1 if they had not attracted and deceived the good4 ,the ,tugendbund1 for instance1 originally aimed at the deliverance of ,germany from a foreign yoke2 ,young ,poland captivated the noble and the ardent2 even the ,carbonari had an alluring watchword in the ,unity and ,independence of ,italy4 ,but there was always an ulterior purpose1 revealed only to the initiated4 ,that purpose was one and unchanging1 and it was the bond which united all the leaders of the vast conspiracy from the ,irish ,sea to the ,grecian ,archipelago1 from ,gibraltar to ,nova ,zembla4 ,it was the establishment everywhere of an atheistic democracy2 or rather the destruction simultaneously of all religion1 all government1 and all social bonds4 ,kings and priests were equally hateful to the 8,illuminated40 ,there was to be no recognition of ,god in their republic4 ,it was hostile not only to the ,catholic ,church as an organization1 but to ,christianity as a moral influence4 ,the ,illuminati were founded in the midst of the ,masonic lodges of ,bavaria2 they passed thence into ,austria1 ,saxony1 ,holland1 ,italy1 and ,switzerland2 they were carried to ,paris by ,mirabeau1 who was initiated in ,germany2 they were united with the ,freemasons all over ,france4 ,recognized as the parents of the later societies1 they sounded as early as #aggg the key-note of the whole complex movement4 ,findel1 the ,masonic historian of ,freemasonry1 declares that 8the most decisive agent0 in giving the order a political and anti-religious character was 8that intellectual movement known under the name of ,english deism1 which boldly rejected all revelation and all religious dogmas1 and under the victorious banner of reason and criticism broke down all barriers in its path40 ,but ,weishaupt found still too much 8political and religious prejudice0 remaining in the ,freemasons1 and consequently devised a system which1 as he expressed it1 would 8attract ,christians of every communion and gradually free them from all religious prejudices40 ,the 8illumination0 of the brethren was to be accomplished by a course of gradual education in which ,christianity was carefully ignored4 ,it was only in the higher degrees that the initiated were taught that the fall of man meant nothing but the subjection of the individual to civil society2 that 8illumination0 consisted in getting rid of all governments2 and that 8the secret associations were gradually and silently to possess themselves of the government of the states1 making use for this purpose of the means which the wicked use for attaining their base ends40 ,we quote this from the discourse read at initiation into one of the higher degrees1 and discovered when the papers of the fraternity were seized by the ,elector of ,bavaria in #aghe4 ,the same document continues3 8,princes and priests are in particular the wicked whose hands we must tie up by means of these associations1 if we cannot wipe them out altogether40 ,patriotism was defined as a narrow-minded prejudice2 and1 finally1 the illuminated man was taught that everything is material1 that religion has no foundation1 that all nations must be brought back1 either by peaceable means or by force1 to their pristine condition of unrestricted liberty1 for 8all subordination must vanish from the face of the earth40 ,the ceremonies of initiation into the lodges of the ,carbonari remind us so strongly of this explanation of the principles of ,illuminism that it is impossible to resist the conclusion that the two associations are closely connected4 ,the neophyte was taught the same doctrine in both3 that man had everywhere fallen into the hands of oppressors1 whose authority it was the mission of the enlightened to cast off4 ,here1 however1 as in the earlier society1 the pagan character of the proposed new life was only revealed by degrees to those who were prepared for it4 ,the conspirators seem to have accommodated their system of education to the peculiarities of national training and disposition4 ,for example1 they humored the religious tendencies of the ,italians by retaining the name of ,god and the image of the crucifix in the ceremonial of the lower degrees1 and even published a forged bull1 in the name of ,pope ,pius ,,vii41 approving the ,carbonari2 while in the training of ,young ,germany just a contrary course was adopted4 8,we are obliged to treat new-comers very cautiously10 says a report from a propagandist committee established among the ,germans in ,switzerland1 8to bring them step by step into the right road1 and the principal thing in this respect is to show them that religion is nothing but a pile of rubbish40 ,indeed1 the rampant atheism of the secret societies of ,germany1 and also of ,france1 has always been notorious4 ,of the still more horrible manifestations of impiety to which they were carried in ,italy we hesitate to speak1 lest we be suspected of sensational exaggerations4 ,all that we have said thus far of the principles and practices of the ,masons1 ,illuminati1 and ,carbonari is quoted from their own books and papers1 and may be found in the work of their admirer and apologist1 ,thomas ,frost1 the title of which we have placed at the head of this article4 ,for a more startling picture of their inner mysteries we refer the reader to ,father ,bresciani1#de who lived in ,rome in #ahdh and had direct testimony of horrors which almost defy belief4 ,mr4 ,frost1 however1 gives a glimpse of the worse than pagan spirit of ,carbonarism when he describes the initiation into the second degree--a ceremony wherein the candidate1 crowned with thorns and bearing a cross1 personated our divine ,lord1 and knelt to ask pardon of ,pilate1 ,caiphas1 and ,herod1 represented by the grand master and two assistants1 the pardon being granted at the intercession of the assembled ,carbonari6 ,in all the societies an abstract morality was taught which was not the morality of ,jesus ,christ1 and laws were laid down at variance with the laws of the state4 ,assassination was one of the chief duties which the fraternity enjoined upon its votaries4 ,the initiated fancied that they emancipated themselves from all subordination2 but they bound themselves by the most awful penalties to murder any one1 even friend or brother1 who might be pointed out for death by some unseen1 unknown1 and shadowy authority4 ,footnote #de3 ,the ,jew of ,verona4 ,english translation1 #b vols4 #abmo4 ,baltimore4 #ahed4 ,when ,pope ,gregory ,,xvi4 came to the throne the conspiracies of ten years were just ripening4 ,he was assailed in the very first month of his pontificate by the rising in the ,romagna1 and he spent the fifteen years of his reign in a struggle to keep down the evil spirit whose apparition then alarmed him4 ,all ,europe during these fifteen years was a volcano sending forth the deep mutterings and sulphurous vapors which presage an eruption4 ,france was never at peace from the overthrow of ,charles ,x4 in #ahcj till after the re-establishment of the empire--if even she is at peace yet4 ,every capital in ,germany was in nightly danger of the dagger1 the torch1 and the barricade4 ,switzerland1 though a free republic1 was no less severely tormented by conspiracies than the monarchical countries1 and after several years of contention her secret societies took arms in #ahdd to compel the ,catholic cantons1 against the constitution of the confederation1 to expel the ,jesuits4 ,in ,poland1 at the very moment when the nobles were preparing a revolt against the ,austrian yoke1 a socialistic and agrarian rising of the peasants against the nobles filled ,galicia with massacres of incredible barbarity4 ,in ,italy the ,carbonari negotiated for a while with the ,duke of ,modena1 by whose aid they proposed to expel the ,austrians from ,lombardy and ,venice1 and unite the states of the north and centre under one sovereign--of course with the further object1 held in reserve1 of getting rid of the ,duke of ,modena as soon as they had no further use for him3 a scheme almost exactly like that which ,young ,italy tried a few years later with ,charles ,albert of ,sardinia4 ,defeated in this project and crushed in attempts at insurrection1 they worked for some time in secret1 but they worked with furious energy4 ,the doctrines of ,illumination were carried into every corner of the peninsula4 ,a score of local secret associations came into existence1 adding to the wickedness of the parent society some peculiar brutality of their own4 ,ancona had its 8,society of ,death10 ,sinigaglia its 8,infernal ,association10 ,leghorn its 8,society of ,slayers10 ,faenza its 8,band of ,stabbers40 ,between #ahca and #ahdj1 however1 the policy of the ,italian revolutionists was greatly modified4 ,mazzini established ,young ,italy under the conviction that the old methods of conspiracy must fail4 ,instead of wasting their strength in vain efforts to overturn the ,italian princes singly1 he urged the brethren to concentrate their energies upon a movement for the expulsion of the ,austrians and a consolidation of all the ,italian states4 ,the fate of pope1 and kings1 and princes could be settled afterwards4 8,all questions as to forms of internal policy10 he wrote1 8can be put off till the close of the war of independence40 ,italy and independence6 ,this was a programme1 not for the secret societies alone1 but for the whole peninsula4 ,it captivated the generous1 the impulsive1 the ardent1 the ambitious4 ,it brought to the same work poetry1 patriotism1 and religion1 the pistol1 the dagger1 and the poisoned cup4 ,what was to be done with ,italy1 when it was united and rid of the ,austrians1 was one of the secrets of the initiated never explained to the common people2 but remarkable illustrations of the inner character of this movement were found in #ahdd among certain papers seized by the police in ,rome4 8,our watchword10 wrote one of the leaders1 8must be ,religion1 ,union1 ,independence4 ,as for the ,king of ,sardinia1 we should seek some favorable opportunity to poignard him4 ,i recommend the same course to be pursued in regard to the ,king of ,naples4 ,the ,lombards may second our efforts by poison1 or by insurrection1 under the form of little ',sicilian ,vespers' against the ,germans4 ,functionaries or private citizens who show a hostile spirit must be put to death4 ,let them be arrested quietly during the night1 and the report be circulated that they have been exiled or sent to prison1 or have absconded40 ,mazzini himself a little later1 in an address to ,young ,italy1 gave a significant explanation of his idea4 8,in your country10 said he1 8regeneration must come through the princes4 ,get them on your side4 ,attack their vanity4 ,let them march at the head1 if they will1 so long as they march your way4 ,few will go to the end4 ,if they make concessions1 praise them and insist upon something further4 ,the essential thing is not to let them know what the goal of the revolution is4 ,they must never see more than one step at a time40 ,and he urged also the importance of 8managing0 the clergy4 8,its habits and hierarchy make it the imp of authority--that is to say1 of despotism02 but the people believe in it1 and we must make its influence of use4 ,with the ,jesuits1 however1 he proclaimed war to the knife4 ,none of the socialists and infidels were willing to make any terms with the sons of ,st4 ,ignatius4 ,in the prosecution of this new scheme of revolution the conspirators obtained invaluable help from a most unexpected ally4 ,the erring genius of the unfortunate ,abbate ,gioberti did more for them than the machinations of the lodges4 ,carried away by visions of a new ,italy and a new ,catholicism1 he forgot the divine mission of the church in speculations as to what she might accomplish in purely secular enterprises4 ,his great error was in thinking of religion as an agent of civilization rather than an instrumentality for saving souls1 and thus he was led into the blunder of attempting to unite ,god and the world in an equal partnership4 ,he conceived the idea of an ,italian federation with the ,king of ,sardinia as military head and the ,pope as spiritual president--a sort of dual empire like that of ,japan1 with a tycoon at ,turin1 a mikado at the ,vatican4 ,but the clergy were to abdicate their dominion over the minds of men1 and bend their energies to effecting an alliance of religion with a material progress that in his theory had outstripped the church and become for ever incompatible with ecclesiastical tutelage4 ,he wished the priests to put themselves at the head of the new social movements1 and1 hand in hand with the political agitators1 to lead ,italy to a material glory such as no nation on earth had ever seen4 ,his book1 ,del ,primato1 was welcomed with unparalleled enthusiasm4 ,the charm of a brilliant style1 the force of an original1 cultivated1 and poetic mind1 the glamour of a philosophy which seemed to meet all the wants of an exciting and uneasy time1 turned the heads of the whole nation4 ,gioberti1 ,cesare ,balbo1 ,massimo d',azeglio1 were the creators of a new literature1 and all ,italy read them with flashing eyes and quickening pulse4 ,theirs was a reform which seized upon the fancy of good and bad alike1 and hurried into a common delusion the heedless ,christian and the veteran ,carbonaro1 the young1 the imaginative1 the adventurous1 and the artful4 ,mazzini1 who afterwards became one of ,gioberti's bitterest enemies1 was too shrewd to undervalue this influence4 ,he sought an interview with ,gioberti in ,paris2 he offered terms of co-operation2 he even went through the form of renouncing what he styled his own 8more narrow views10 and proposed a ,national ,association which1 adjourning all questions of forms and spirit of government1 faith or scepticism1 ,god or the devil1 should unite ,italy in the single purpose of creating an ,italian nation4 ,different as the aims of the two men were--for ,gioberti included even the ,austrian government of ,lombardy and ,venice in his union--they embraced each other for the moment4 ,together they swept the peninsula4 ,every city from ,palermo to ,milan was aflame with the new ideas4 ,the soberest patriots lost their composure1 and many of the clergy began to dream wild dreams of political change1 and to see visions of reformed conspirators kneeling at the feet of a democratic pope4 ,we look back upon those days from the vantage-ground of experience1 and we wonder that men should have been so deceived4 ,but #ahdh had not then given the lie to the professions of #ahdf4 ,devout ,italians at that time did not see1 as we do1 that the secret societies which assailed the church on one side of the ,alps with fire and sword could not be sincere in offering to place it in a new position of power and glory on the other1 nor did they realize the extent of the conspiracy to overwhelm religion1 government1 and social order throughout ,europe in one general ruin4 ,that conspiracy was more formidable in ,italy than anywhere else1 and it was more formidable not only because it was better organized1 but because it involved so many men of blameless character and offered to satisfy a lofty national aspiration4 ,during the last years of ,pope ,gregory ,,xvi4 an explosion seemed inevitable4 ,probably nothing kept it back except the age and infirmities of the venerable pontiff2 the leaders preferred to wait for his death4 ,he died on the #ast of ,june1 #ahdf4 ,the whole peninsula was instantly in commotion1 and the symptoms of violence in ,rome were so alarming that people doubted the possibility of an election4 ,austria1 as the power most directly interested in the secular politics of the ,holy ,see1 was understood to demand a continuance of the restrictive policy of ,gregory2 ,france1 on the contrary1 was said to desire a moderately liberal pope4 ,to avoid pressure upon the conclave1 as well as to forestall an outbreak1 the ,italian cardinals resolved to begin their deliberations at once and finish them quickly4 ,without waiting for their distant colleagues1 they entered the ,quirinal on the #adth1 the doors were closed1 the guards were set1 and the balloting began4 ,two ballots are taken in the conclave every day4 ,the persons whom public opinion selected as most likely to command the necessary thirty-four votes were ,cardinals ,gizzi and ,lambruschini4 ,the modest and retiring ,cardinal ,mastai seems to have been little known by the outside world1 though his merit was no secret to the ,sacred ,college4 ,he was appointed scrutator1 to open and read the ballots4 ,at the first session of the conclave his name was proposed by ,cardinal ,altieri1 ,prince-,bishop of ,albano1 and the first scrutiny showed that he united a large party of the cardinals4 ,on the second ballot he gained a little4 ,on the third his vote was twenty-seven--only seven less than a majority4 ,he retired to his cell and spent the whole time in prayer till the evening meeting4 ,he came to the performance of his functions pale and agitated4 ,when the ballots were taken from the chalice in which they had been collected1 he read his own name on the first1 on the second1 on the third1 on every paper up to the eighteenth4 ,he could not go on2 he begged the conclave to commit the rest of the task to another4 ,but to change the scrutator in the midst of the vote would invalidate the election4 ,the cardinals gathered around him2 for some time he sat terrified and almost insensible1 while streams of tears flowed down his cheeks4 ,on the completion of the count it was found that he had the suffrages of thirty-six out of the fifty-four cardinals present4 ,as the whole assembly rose to confirm the choice by unanimous acclamation1 the ,pope-elect fell upon his knees1 and profound silence reigned in the ,pauline ,chapel while he communed with ,almighty ,god4 ,it was on the following day1 ,june #ah1 that1 according to custom1 the bricked-up window in the front of the ,quirinal ,palace was broken open1 and the cardinals came out upon the balcony to announce to the waiting multitude the choice of a new pope4 ,it is said that men turned to one another in surprise when they heard the name1 and asked who this ,cardinal ,mastai could be4 ,but when his beautiful and benignant face appeared among the throng1 and his hand was raised in that gesture of benediction which all who have seen him will for ever associate with his memory1 he won the love and admiration of the ,roman people2 and the true ,romans have loved him ever since4 ,the story of his first days in the pontificate reads like a charming romance4 ,he called the steward of the palace and said to him3 8,when ,i was bishop ,i spent for my personal expenses a crown a day2 when ,i was cardinal ,i spent a crown and a half2 and now that ,i am ,pope you must not go beyond two crowns40 ,he went about the city alone to search out abuses and to look into the condition of the poor4 ,he presented himself without warning at public institutions4 ,he knocked at the doors of religious houses at night4 ,he startled the congregation at ,st4 ,andrea del ,valle by appearing unannounced in the pulpit to preach against blasphemy4 ,he delighted children by visiting the schools4 ,he talked freely with the humble whom he met in the streets and on the country roads4 ,he gave lavishly to the needy4 ,a poor market-gardener lost his horse and walked boldly into the palace to ask the ,pope if he could not spare an old one from the ,quirinal stables4 ,a secretary found the man on the stairs and took his message to the ,holy ,father4 8,yes10 was the ,pope's reply2 8and give him this money1 too4 ,he must be very poor1 or he never would come to the ,quirinal to get a horse40 ,but ,pius ,,ix4 was not ignorant of the dangers which surrounded his throne4 ,he chose his course promptly4 ,it may be doubted whether stern measures of repression could have accomplished any good in the excitement of that time1 but at any rate he had no taste for them4 ,he favored the idea of a national confederation under the presidency of the ,pope1 wishing to accomplish it by a friendly alliance of the existing governments1 not by war and revolution4 ,for the rest1 he looked forward to a reform in the administration of his states1 and the introduction of liberal and popular institutions as fast as the old forms could be safely changed1 and he purposed to rule by kindness1 generosity1 and confidence4 ,yet1 as we shall see1 he did not lack firmness when firmness was needed4 ,one of his first acts was to declare an amnesty for political offences1 and a characteristic anecdote is told of him in connection with it4 ,he called a council of his principal advisers and asked their votes upon the proposed measure of mercy4 ,to his chagrin1 a majority of the balls voted were black4 ,he took off his white cap and placed it over them2 8,now10 said he1 8they are all white40 ,the prisons were opened4 ,the exiles returned4 ,one thousand six hundred persons were restored to freedom and friends4 ,rome was in a tumult of joy4 ,the populace thronged about the pontiff whenever he went abroad1 and waited long hours before the palace windows to get his blessing4 ,on the feast of ,st4 ,peter's ,chains a great number of the pardoned received communion from the ,holy ,father's hands1 and the occasion was celebrated with lively demonstrations4 ,nor was the ,pope satisfied with an easy act of clemency4 ,he made a close personal study of the administration4 ,a multitude of petty abuses were swept away4 ,the taxes were reduced4 ,the liberty of the press was enlarged4 ,industries were fostered2 railways were planned4 ,the ,jews were relieved of burdensome and humiliating restrictions4 ,then the old municipal privileges of ,rome were restored1 and a long stride ahead was made by the formation of a lay consulta of state and the popular representation of the provinces in the central government4 ,nothing could surpass the enthusiasm of the people at this dawn of a new political era4 ,it was almost a continuous holiday in ,rome1 with gay processions by day and torch-light parades by night1 public banquets in the vineyards and gardens1 triumphal arches spanning the streets1 the papal colors fluttering from every window and decorating every breast4 ,because those colors were white and yellow1 it became a point of honor with delighted ,romans to breakfast every morning on boiled eggs4 ,nor was it only ,italy which raised the chorus of applause4 ,all over the world the ,papacy shone with a glory which it had hardly displayed since ,leo ,,xii4 ,the ,protestants of ,new ,york held a monster meeting of felicitation at the ,broadway ,tabernacle1 where cordial letters were read from ex-,president ,van ,buren and ,vice-,president ,dallas1 and an enthusiastic address to the ,pope1 prepared by ,horace ,greeley1 was adopted by acclamation4 ,the ,british government offered its congratulations4 ,the ,french ministry1 led by ,m4 ,guizot1 rivalled the ,french opposition1 led by ,m4 ,thiers1 in resolutions and speeches of encouragement4 ,mazzini1 true to the policy already explained1 addressed to the ,holy ,father a letter of ostensible sympathy and praise4 ,such halcyon days might well have filled the most wary with a dangerous confidence4 ,the ,pope was not deceived4 ,he knew that under this outward show of peace the conspiracy was active4 ,the first attempt of the revolutionary party was to separate him from the cardinals4 ,three weeks after the amnesty1 as he drove under one of the arches erected in his honor1 the mob stopped some of the prelates of his suite and refused to let them pass4 ,certain demonstrations at the popular out-of-door repasts became so significant that the gatherings had to be forbidden4 ,before the end of the year the cry of 8,viva ,pio ,nono60 changed to 8,viva ,pio ,nono ,solo60 and mingled with shouts of 8,down with the ,jesuits60 and 8,death to the retrograders60 ,the next summer ,rome was thrown into a fever of rage by an invention so outrageous and yet so ridiculous that one reads of it with amazement4 ,it was alleged that ,cardinal ,lambruschini1 the ,austrian government1 and the ,general of the ,jesuits had organized a plot to fall upon the populace on the anniversary of the amnesty1 and in the midst of the massacre to get possession of the ,pope and put a stop to his liberalism4 ,the fte appointed for the anniversary was given up1 and the excitement enabled the revolutionists to depose the old police and throw the city into the arms of the civic guard1 of which they were really the directing force4 ,on ,new ,year's day1 #ahdh1 the ,pope was molested in the street by a disorderly mob1 shouting menaces against 8reactionists0 and 8,jesuits40 ,the violence of the radical faction increased2 their demeanor became more and more insulting2 the danger of riot grew imminent2 the civil guard showed plain symptoms of disloyalty4 ,yet all this while the ,holy ,father persevered in his reforms4 ,he took no step backward4 ,he withdrew no concession4 ,the measure of popular liberty was constantly enlarging1 the administration becoming more thoroughly representative4 ,if it was 8progress0 that the agitators wanted1 what was this8 ,we cannot understand the history of this strange time without bearing in mind that the danger arose1 not from anything the ,pope had done or failed to do1 but from the steady and stealthy advance of the pagan conspiracy4 ,rome1 under the mild rule of ,pius ,,ix41 became the resort of all the chief revolutionists of the ,continent1 and it is hardly too much to say that the particular house in ,rome where they met and plotted with the most comfort was the ,british embassy4 ,palmerston's policy was always to encourage radical movements on the ,continent4 ,when he sent ,lord ,minto1 therefore1 as a special envoy to ,italy1 the parlors of that nobleman were instantly thronged by the ,carbonari4 ,in this diplomatic sanctuary gathered a strange company of princes and demagogues--,ciceruacchio1 the orator of the rabble2 ,prince ,charles ,bonaparte1 the radical in purple2 ,sterbini1 the poet1 physician1 and journalist2 ,tofanelli1 the tavern-keeper2 ,materazzi1 patriot and joiner2 ,galetti1 the grocer1 who became ,minister of ,police in one of the later democratic cabinets4 ,a letter of ,mazzini's1 written in #ahdg1 taught ,young ,italy that the time for action was close at hand2 it was useless to count upon the ,pope2 their best policy was to inflame the popular hatred of ,austria2 then provoke ,austria to attack them2 and in the heat of war to accomplish the rest4 ,but at this critical time ,austria herself committed an act which hastened the explosion4 ,alarmed at the aspect of affairs in ,central ,italy1 she marched a body of troops into the papal territory4 ,the treaty of #ahae gave her the right to place a garrison in the citadel of ,ferrara2 she went further and occupied the town2 and although the spirited protest of the ,pope caused her to withdraw after some delay1 the occasion which the secret societies desired had been given1 and a cry for war and independence resounded from the ,gulf of ,genoa to the ,bay of ,naples4 ,we know but imperfectly the hidden springs of action of that year of revolutions2 but1 as if by concert1 the insurrection flashed up almost simultaneously all over the ,continent4 ,the ,milanese flew to arms4 ,the revolt broke out in ,vienna4 ,barricades arose at ,berlin4 ,the ,republic was proclaimed in ,paris4 ,naples and ,tuscany were menaced4 ,the municipality of ,rome waited upon the ,pope and demanded a constitution4 ,he consented to give it4 8,i would have preferred10 said he1 8to watch for a while the result of the reforms already instituted2 but other ,italian princes have granted constitutions1 and ,i will not show less confidence in my subjects than they have had in theirs40 ,at the same time the ministry was changed4 ,cardinal ,antonelli1 whose management of the finances had made him very popular1 became ,secretary of ,state1 and three of the most moderate of the liberals--,minghetti1 ,galetti1 and ,sturbinetti--entered the cabinet4 ,it is characteristic of the spirit of the revolution that the first effect of these concessions was to stimulate a fresh attack upon the church1 disorders in ,rome1 and an assault upon the ,ges4 ,the ,jesuits were forced to close their establishment1 some taking flight1 others finding shelter in private houses4 ,the constitution was proclaimed in ,march4 ,it provided for a ,senate and a ,house of ,deputies--the senators to be appointed for life1 the deputies to be elected by the taxpayers of ,rome and the provinces4 ,this parliament was not to meddle with ecclesiastical affairs1 but in other matters it had the usual powers of legislation4 ,meantime1 the war of independence in the north of ,italy was in the full tide of success4 ,young ,italy believed it had found a leader in ,charles ,albert of ,sardinia4 ,the ,austrians were driven from ,milan4 ,the republic lived again in ,venice4 ,the ,pope sent #ag1jjj men to protect his frontiers1 with strict orders not to cross them4 ,at once the conspirators spread the report that he had declared war against ,austria4 ,they called the people together in the ,colosseum to ratify the new crusade1 and there the ,barnabite monk1 ,gavazzi1 masquerading in the character of a new ,peter the ,hermit and brandishing a tricolored cross1 made his first bid for notoriety4 ,there were only #g1jjj regular troops in the papal expedition2 the rest were motley volunteers--the flower of the nobility and the dregs of the wine-shop1 the most gallant lads of ,rome and the scum of all the political clubs of the ,continent4 ,they hurried through the ,romagna1 gutting taverns and hunting ,jesuits by the way1 and when they reached ,bologna their general 7the ,piedmontese1 ,durando7 announced that the ,austrians were making war upon our ,lord1 and that the soldiers of the ,pope would give them battle with the cry1 8,god wills it60 ,it was afterwards discovered that this direct defiance of the ,pope's commands1 this open act of hostility against a power with which the states of the church were at peace1 was in accordance with secret instructions from the ,pope's radical ,minister of ,war4 ,while the sovereign ordered his troops to remain strictly on the defensive within their own boundaries1 the ministers told ,durando to cross over into ,lombardy and place himself at the disposal of ,charles ,albert2 and ,durando prepared to obey them4 ,it was impossible for the ,holy ,father to remain silent under such an outrage4 ,he repudiated ,durando's order of the day in the official press1 and he spoke more fully in an allocution3 8,we shall not make war upon ,austria2 we embrace all countries1 all nations1 with an equal paternal love40 ,and he took occasion at the same time to denounce the project of destroying all the governments of the peninsula in order to build out of their ruins one ,italian republic with the ,pope at the head of it4 ,he was no doubt prepared for the explosion of wrath which followed4 ,but the revolution was not to be ignored any longer4 ,for some time ministers had been in the habit of counterfeiting his assent to measures of which he disapproved2 if the army was to make war without his consent1 his reign was at an end4 ,rome was in a tempest4 ,the cry of 8,treason60 rang through the streets4 ,ciceruacchio proposed to kill all the priests4 ,the civic guards flew to arms1 posted soldiers at the doors of the cardinals1 and refused to recognize the ,pope's orders4 ,a new and more radical ministry1 led by ,count ,mamiani1 came into office on the #c;d of ,may1 and on the same day the ,holy ,father wrote a touching letter to the ,emperor of ,austria--a plea for peace and ,italian independence3 8,we exhort your majesty with the most paternal affection to withdraw from a contest which cannot reconquer for the empire the hearts of the ,lombards and ,venetians4 ,there is no grandeur in a domination which rests only on the sword40 ,the new ministry insisted at once upon war1 but here it found the determination of the ,pope unalterable4 ,there seems to have been an attempt1 of which the ministers themselves were possibly innocent1 to precipitate hostilities by rousing an uncontrollable popular impulse4 ,one day a courier1 breathless and dusty1 rode through the ,corso announcing a great victory of ,charles ,albert over the ,austrians4 ,the city was illuminated2 there was talk of forcing the clergy to chant ,te ,deum in the churches4 ,but the next day it was discovered that the messenger1 who entered ,rome as if from ,lombardy by the ,porta del ,popolo1 had left the city only an hour before by the ,porta ,angelica1 gathering all the stains of travel in an easy ride along the walls1 and had been paid three dollars for the performance4 ,charles ,albert had been signally defeated4 ,whatever fitness for self-government might be latent in the ,roman people1 it was certain that1 in the existing condition of the ,pontifical ,states1 a government by the people was out of the question4 ,every attempt to satisfy the popular aspirations1 every scheme for the introduction of parliamentary and representative institutions1 was baffled by the ,mazzinian clubs1 whose rule1 supported by conspiracy and assassination1 was the most cruel and absolute of despotisms1 yet destitute of that stability and force which make some despotisms respectable4 ,they threatened the church with spoliation1 the clergy with death1 the young with atheism4 ,they undermined the authority of all government1 not merely of this or that particular form1 but of all forms4 ,italy appeared to be rushing towards anarchy4 ,it was time to cry1 ,halt6 ,pius resolved to yield not another inch1 but1 without withdrawing any reasonable concession1 to put what remained of his authority upon a firm basis4 ,he invited ,count ,pellegrino ,rossi to form a cabinet4 ,count ,rossi was an ,italian by birth1 a ,swiss by adoption1 a ,frenchman by subsequent choice1 an old ,carbonaro1 an old conspirator1 an old political exile4 ,he was an ardent partisan of ,italian unity1 but he had seen the emptiness of some of his early illusions1 and he had abandoned the secret societies4 ,he had come to ,rome in the time of ,gregory ,,xvi4 as ambassador of ,louis ,philippe1 charged with a negotiation for the removal of the ,jesuits from ,france2 in his diplomatic capacity he had been one of the most moderate advisers of ,pius ,,ix42 and after the fall of ,louis ,philippe he had remained in ,rome as a private citizen4 ,he accepted the task of restoring order2 he reorganized the administration1 negotiated with ,naples1 ,turin1 and ,florence for the formation of an ,italian confederation under the presidency of the ,pope1 arrested ,gavazzi1 who was preaching rebellion1 and brought back some of the troops which his predecessors had sent away from ,rome4 ,the radical press speedily opened an attack upon him4 ,the clubs began to prepare for his downfall4 ,the #aeth of ,november1 two months after his accession to power1 was the date fixed for the opening of the ,chambers4 ,he received more than one warning that the same day had been appointed for his death4 ,the wife of the ,minister of ,war wrote him that his life was to be attempted as he entered the ,chamber4 ,a ,frenchman sent him a note to the same effect4 ,a priest stopped him at the ,quirinal and repeated the warning4 ,the ,pope had also learned of the plans of the conspirators and begged ,rossi to beware4 8,they are cowards10 replied the count2 8they will not dare to strike40 8,the cause of the ,pope10 said the intrepid minister to one of his colleagues1 8is the cause of ,god4 ,i must go where my duty calls me40 ,on the night before the opening of the parliament a corpse was taken from one of the hospitals and carried secretly to the little ,capranica theatre4 ,there a select band of conspirators rehearsed the assassination1 and the chosen instrument of the vengeance of the societies1 a young sculptor named ,costantini1 learned by repeated practice where to strike4 ,they were waiting for the count at the entrance to the hall of ,deputies4 ,as he placed his foot upon the steps they gathered around him4 ,one struck him on the side4 ,he turned his head1 and ,costantini plunged a dagger into the carotid artery4 ,the nearest priest was called1 and ,rossi lived just long enough to receive absolution4 ,he had yielded to the fears of his friends so far as to post extra guards about the court and staircase2 sed quis custodiet custodes8 ,the assassin and his accomplices walked away unmolested and passed the night promenading the city with songs of triumph4 ,the streets were hung with flags4 ,the bloody dagger1 decked with flowers1 was exposed to the veneration of their party on the top of a tricolored standard1 and held up before the windows of the weeping family of the victim4 ,when the news of the awful crime committed on the stairs was carried into the ,chamber1 the deputies manifested no concern4 8,it is nothing1 gentlemen10 said ,sterbini2 8let us to business40 ,when it was made known to the ,pope he fell upon his knees and remained some time in silent prayer4 8,count ,rossi has died a martyr10 said he2 8,god will receive his soul in peace40 ,the next day the ,quirinal was surrounded by a menacing crowd demanding an immediate declaration of war against ,austria1 the convocation of a ,constituent ,assembly to devise a new form of government1 and the surrender of all power in the meantime to a ministry headed by ,sterbini4 ,the ,pope would not listen to them4 ,then they tried to burn the palace4 ,a single volley from the ,swiss ,guard1 fired over the heads of the mob1 drove them back4 ,but they returned in force1 with an ultimatum1 backed by cannon and the whole civic guard4 ,sharp-shooters occupied the house-tops or sheltered themselves behind the famous equestrian groups in the centre of the piazza1 and poured a shower of balls into the palace windows4 ,one of the papal secretaries was killed4 ,a bullet entered the ,pope's chamber4 ,the ,holy ,father called the diplomatic corps together and told them that he must yield4 8,but let ,europe know that ,i am a prisoner here2 ,i have no part in the government2 they shall rule in their own name1 not mine40 ,his chief thought now was flight4 ,but he was closely watched and the guards invaded even his private apartments4 ,on the #bb;d of ,november1 six days after the attack upon the ,quirinal1 he received from the ,bishop of ,valence in ,france a silver pyx in which ,pope ,pius ,,vi4 used to carry the ,blessed ,sacrament suspended from his neck during his painful exile4 8,heir to the name1 the see1 the virtues1 the courage1 and many of the tribulations of this great pontiff10 wrote the bishop1 8you will perhaps attach some value to this interesting little relic1 which ,i trust may not serve the same destiny in your ,holiness's hands as in those of its former possessor40 ,the ,pope looked upon this as a providential provision for his journey4 ,the ingenuity of the ,duke d',harcourt1 ambassador of ,france1 and the boldness of the ,bavarian minister1 ,count ,spaur1 aided by the quick wit of his pious ,french wife1 finally arranged the escape4 ,the ,pope's faithful gentleman-in-waiting1 ,filippani1 collected the little articles absolutely needed on the route1 and at night carried them under his cloak1 one by one1 to the residence of ,count ,spaur4 ,meanwhile1 it was announced in ,rome that the count1 accompanied by his family1 was going to ,naples on a diplomatic errand4 ,the countess started first in her travelling carriage with her son and his tutor1 giving out that her husband1 detained a few hours in ,rome by important business1 would overtake her at ,albano4 ,towards evening on the same day 7,november #bd1 #ahdh7 the ,duke d',harcourt visited the ,quirinal in state1 and1 being admitted to a private official interview with the ,holy ,father1 began to read to him a series of long despatches4 ,he read in a loud tone1 so that his voice could be heard by the guards in the ante-room4 ,if they could have seen what passed as well as they heard1 they would have been very much astonished4 ,for no sooner had the duke begun than the ,pope retired to an inner chamber and transformed himself into a simple priest4 ,he put on a black robe1 an ample cloak1 and a low1 round hat1 and1 accompanied by ,filippani1 he reached the grand staircase by a private door1 passed the guards unsuspected1 and found himself in the street4 ,filippani had a carriage in readiness1 and drove with his august master to the church of ,,ss4 ,peter and ,marcellinus1 beyond the ,colosseum1 where ,count ,spaur was waiting with another conveyance4 ,the ,pope entered it2 the count took the reins2 they passed out by the gate of ,st4 ,giovanni1 near the ,lateran1 the sentries being satisfied with the count's declaration of his name and quality2 and late in the night they reached a certain fountain on the ,appian ,way1 where the countess was to meet them with the coach and four4 ,when she drove up a few minutes later she was terrified at finding the fugitive surrounded by an armed patrol4 ,count ,spaur was answering the questions of the soldiers1 and the ,pope and a trooper stood side by side against the fence4 ,the countess did not lose her presence of mind4 8,come1 doctor10 she exclaimed1 8jump in2 you have kept us waiting02 and bidding good-night to the patrol1 the party drove off at full speed4 ,the ,pope was the first to speak4 8,courage60 said he2 8,i carry the ,blessed ,sacrament in the same pyx in which it was borne by ,pius ,,vi40 ,they crossed the ,neapolitan frontier at daylight1 and as soon as they were safe beyond the ,pontifical ,states they all recited the ,te ,deum4 ,they reached ,gaeta in the afternoon4 ,there ,cardinal ,antonelli joined them in disguise1 and ,count ,spaur1 posting on to ,naples1 with a letter from the ,pope to ,king ,ferdinand1 resigned the care of the ,holy ,father to the secretary of the ,spanish embassy4 ,refused admission to the bishop's palace because the bishop was absent1 the ,pope and his companions took up their quarters at a poor inn1 and there they were placed under surveillance by the military commander1 ,gen4 ,gross1 who suspected them as spies4 ,the general was questioning the countess and the cardinal next day1 when he was astounded by the arrival of the king and queen with three vessels of war and a guard of honor4 ,count ,spaur had reached ,naples and delivered his letter to the king in person about midnight1 and his majesty1 after spending the rest of the night in preparations1 embarked in the early morning to do honor to his illustrious guest4 ,and during the year and a half spent by the ,pope in the ,neapolitan dominions1 either at ,gaeta or ,portici1 there was no possible mark of respect which ,king ,ferdinand failed to show him4 ,his purpose had been to embark in a ,spanish frigate for the ,balearic ,islands1 the scene of his brief and absurd imprisonment in #ahbc1 but ,ferdinand persuaded him to remain in ,gaeta1 where the royal palace was prepared for his occupation4 ,there the diplomatic body gathered around him1 and the cardinals assembled after escaping from ,rome by various stratagems and disguises4 ,and how was it in ,rome8 ,the ministry of ,sterbini1 the parliament1 and the authorities left by the ,pope disappeared with equal suddenness1 and the government passed into the hands1 not by any means of the ,roman people1 but of ,mazzini with the secret clubs1 and of ,garibaldi with two or three thousand soldiers of fortune1 brought into the city from other parts of ,italy4 ,they pronounced the deposition of the ,pope1 and declared a republic with an executive triumvirate4 ,nominally the triumvirs were ,mazzini1 ,armellini1 and ,saffi2 in reality the head of the administration was ,mazzini alone4 ,wherever the pagan democracy triumphed1 even for a few days1 the result was the same4 ,religion1 the rights of property1 and common morality suffered together and personal liberty vanished4 ,private estates in ,rome were confiscated to the uses of the triumvirate under the guise of forced loans4 ,the goods of the church were seized4 ,the shrines and altars were stripped bare4 ,confessionals were burned in the ,piazza del ,popolo4 ,the houses of the cardinals were sacked1 convents were assaulted4 ,profane rites were celebrated in ,st4 ,peter's at ,easter and ,corpus ,christi2 the papal benediction urbi et orbi was travestied by a suspended priest2 the canons of ,st4 ,peter's were fined for refusing to take part in the impious ceremonies2 the provost of the cathedral of ,sinigaglia was put to death for a similar cause4 ,the clergy were hunted like vermin1 cut down in the public roads1 dragged from hiding-places4 ,the convent of ,st4 ,callisto was turned into a slaughter-house1 where one of the ,roman priest-catchers used to shut up his victims1 and kill them at pleasure without the formality of trial or sentence4 ,he killed fourteen there in one day4 ,two vine-dressers1 accused of being ,jesuits in disguise1 were torn to pieces on the bridge of ,st4 ,angelo4 ,murder and pillage stalked hand in hand through the city4 ,there soon ceased to be any real government at all in ,rome1 until on the #b;d of ,july1 #ahdi1 the ,french army restored the papal authority after the horrors of a severe siege1 in which foreigners1 not ,romans1 manned the defences4 ,anywhere else in the world the quelling of such a revolt would have been followed by wholesale condemnations to the galleys and the scaffold4 ,but nothing could conquer the kindness of ,pius ,,ix4 ,his restoration1 like his accession1 was followed by an act of amnesty4 ,it left in exile the guiltiest of the leaders2 and care was taken to give the re-established government as much strength as the situation demanded4 ,some restrictions were certainly necessary2 several priests had been assassinated since the surrender of the city2 two attempts had been made to burn the ,quirinal2 and placards menaced with the vengeance of the societies all ,romans who should welcome the ,pope on his return4 ,nevertheless1 the ,holy ,father's journey home in ,april was a continuous triumph1 and his entrance into ,rome was celebrated with frantic demonstrations of delight4 ,he confirmed many of the most valuable of his political reforms1 and resumed his old life of charity and devotion4 ,the next ten years of his reign are commonly described as a period of severe reaction4 ,nothing could be further from the truth4 ,pius ,,ix4 has never been an absolutist1 never ceased to favor all true liberty1 never believed that nations can be governed in the nineteenth century by the methods which prevailed in the ninth4 ,from his accession down to the present day he has not only been the kindest ruler known to history1 but he has invariably granted his people the most liberal institutions and the fullest measure of personal freedom which the incessant activity of the secret conspirators would allow4 ,the enemies of ,italian liberty are the dagger and the bayonet4 ,it is mere cant and bigotry to assume that everything calling itself a republic1 whatever its true character1 is entitled to the sympathy of a free people4 ,when ,charles ,albert was defeated by the ,austrians1 ,mazzini declared that the war of the kings had ended and the war of the peoples was about to begin4 ,the war of the peoples had failed in its turn1 and now the secret societies went back to a conspiracy of the kings4 ,they found ,victor ,emanuel a more useful instrument than his father1 and with him they made a compact whose terms we can gather plainly enough from the event4 ,as the destruction of ,christianity was the avowed purpose of the secret societies from the very beginning1 so the first service which ,sardinia must render them in payment for the crown of ,italy was a systematic attack upon the church in the ,sardinian territory4 ,the method of these attacks is always the same4 ,they begin by silencing the clergy1 dispersing the religious orders1 and giving an anti-religious character to public education4 ,in ,sardinia the government went so far as to found a state school of heretical theology1 and to impose it upon the episcopate by force4 ,in the university of ,turin it was taught that the state is omnipotent over the church1 that the temporal power of the ,pope is incompatible with the spiritual1 that marriage cannot be proved a sacrament2 and the government prohibited the appointment of any clergyman to a benefice who had not followed the condemned theological course at this university4 ,for warning their clergy against such heresies the bishops were imprisoned and their revenues were seized4 ,priests were arrested for preaching 8insubordination40 ,convents were suppressed without warning1 and even without law4 ,nuns were turned into the streets in the middle of the night4 ,clerics were pressed into the army4 ,religious communities engaged in teaching were treated with especial rigor4 ,church property was confiscated and priests were reduced to beggary4 ,thus so early as #ahdi did the ,sardinian government join the pagan conspiracy1 and lend itself for a price to the work of emancipating the people from all religious belief4 ,it was not until #ahei that the plot was ripe1 and then1 to the dismay of the great ,catholic party in ,france1 an accomplice of ,victor ,emanuel presented himself in the person of ,napoleon ,,iii4 ,there was no reason to wonder at such an unnatural alliance4 ,napoleon1 whose empire was built upon revolution1 and who held despotic power by the double and doubly false titles of massacre and counterfeit suffrage1 was always treacherous to the ,pope4 ,after the fall of the ,mazzinian republic in #ahdh he attempted to impose upon the ,holy ,father a policy in the interest of the revolutionists1 and that was the cause of the ,pope's long delay at ,portici2 ,pius ,,ix4 would not return to ,rome until he could return without conditions4 ,he declared that he 8would sooner go to ,america2 he knew the way thither already3 or he would take refuge in ,austria40#df ,napoleon was compelled to yield4 ,then came the demonstration of ,count ,cavour at the ,congress of #ahef1 made1 undoubtedly1 with ,napoleon's connivance4 ,cavour hurled 8the ,roman question0 into the midst of ,european politics by his proposal for the separation of the ,legations from the ,pontifical ,states1 and their government by a lay vicar2 and although the subject was postponed1 the mere discussion of it served a practical purpose4 8,it is the first spark10 said ,count ,cavour's own newspaper1 8of an irresistible conflagration40 ,count ,rayneval1 the ,french representative at ,rome1 refuted the charges brought by ,cavour against the papal administration1 but his able report to the ,minister of ,foreign ,affairs was suppressed in ,paris1 and only saw the light through the pages of a ,london daily paper4 ,two years later 7,january #ad1 #aheh7 ,orsini made his attempt upon ,napoleon's life1 and from his prison he warned the emperor that the ,carbonari held him to his ancient engagements4 8,so long as ,italy shall not be independent the tranquillity of ,europe and that of your majesty will be but a chimera40 ,from this time there was no more mystery about ,napoleon's purposes4 ,he had a long private conference with ,cavour at ,plombires1 and on the #ast of ,january1 #ahei1 he made the famous unfriendly remark to the ,austrian ambassador at the ,tuileries which proved the signal for the ,franco-,italian war4 ,a month later appeared his pamphlet1 ,napoleon ,,iii4 and ,italy1 in which he denounced the civil government of the ,pope as incompatible with modern civilization1 and proposed anew the double-headed confederation of ,gioberti1 with the ,king of ,sardinia as military chief and the ,sovereign ,pontiff as honorary president4 ,and ,piedmont1 in the meantime1 played her part astutely4 ,for a long time her agents had been busy among the ,italian states4 ,a circular signed by ,garibaldi1 who was now a general in the ,piedmontese service1 gave instructions to the conspirators3 ,footnote #df3 ,villefranche4 8#a4 ,before hostilities have commenced between ,piedmont and ,austria you are to rise with the cry of ',italy for ever6 ,victor ,emanuel for ever6' #b4 ,wherever the insurrection triumphs1 he among you who enjoys most public esteem and confidence is to take the military and civil command1 with the title of provisional commissioner1 acting for ,king ,victor ,emanuel1 and to retain it until the arrival of a commissioner sent by the ,sardinian government40 ,but it is unnecessary to quote proofs of the plot2 ,mazzini himself laid it bare when he attacked the government on account of its prosecution of the authors of the abortive revolt at ,genoa1 in #aheg3 8,monarchico-,piedmontese committees exist at ,rome1 ,bologna1 ,florence1 and several cities of the ,lombardo-,venetian kingdom2 and there are secondary centres in several other towns4 ,i could name to you the persons1 several of them deputies1 who are the agents between the poor dupes and the personages of the government40 ,in ,florence the plot against the ,grand ,duke of ,tuscany1 which resulted in his abdication after his troops had been bribed to desert him1 was matured in the very house of the ,sardinian ambassador4 ,in ,parma the ,sardinian agents instigated the expulsion of the ,duchess ,regent1 who was yet so popular that her subjects spontaneously recalled her1 and ,victor ,emanuel had to drive her out a second time4 ,in the ,papal ,states the ,sardinians stood upon no ceremony1 but1 when the insurrection took place1 they boldly marched in troops to sustain it4 ,before the peace of ,villafranca all ,central ,italy was in the hands of the ,piedmontese commissioners4 ,by the terms of that treaty these commissioners were to be withdrawn4 ,the amazement of ,europe1 therefore1 was profound when1 even before the signatures to the convention were dry1 ,victor ,emanuel was found to be setting up provisional governments in ,parma1 ,modena1 ,tuscany1 and the ,romagna1 and getting ready to play the favorite ,french farce of the plebiscitum4 ,as it was managed in one state it was managed in all4 ,the ,romagna has a million of inhabitants4 ,the ,sardinian agents prepared voting lists1 restricted to the large towns where the revolutionary party was strong and bold1 and put on these lists only eighteen thousand names4 ,of these not more than a third voted4 ,the total vote for and against annexation represented1 therefore1 only three-fifths of one per cent4 of the population4 ,and this is called a plebiscitum6 ,nevertheless1 on the #ahth of ,march1 #ahfj1 the ,legations ,parma1 ,modena1 and ,tuscany were declared annexed1 like ,lombardy1 to the ,sardinian monarchy1 and the king1 assured of the countenance of the emperor1 made preparations for the invasion of ,umbria and the ,marches4#dg ,it was a comparatively simple process2 in this case ,sardinia frankly took the coveted provinces by force of arms4 ,the expedition was concerted at ,chambery between ,napoleon and the ,piedmontese general ,cialdini1 and in closing the interview the emperor is reported to have said1 ,faites1 mais faites vite6--almost the very words which our ,lord spoke to ,judas3 8,what thou doest1 do quickly40 ,on the tenth anniversary of this interview ,napoleon1 a prisoner in the power of the great ,german ,empire which he had done more than any other one man to create1 ceased to reign4 ,footnote #dg3 ,when the ,pope launched a bull of excommunication against the spoliators of his territory1 ,napoleon forbade its publication in ,france4 ,he allowed the official and radical journals1 however1 to publish a forged bull1 and to ridicule and denounce at pleasure the extravagant language which it imputed to the ,holy ,father4 ,the bishops tried to expose the forgery1 but the press was closed to them4 ,we are near the end4 ,a fortnight after ,sedan the ,piedmontese army1 #fj1jjj strong1 appeared before the walls of ,rome to seize the last of the temporal possessions of the ,holy ,see4 ,defence was impossible4 ,the pontiff instructed his little army to resist only until a breach had been made in the walls4 ,then he went to pray in the venerable ,lateran basilica1 the mother-church of ,christendom4 ,he visited the neighboring chapel of the ,scala ,santa1 and made on his knees the painful ascent of the twenty-eight marble steps from the judgment-hall of ,pilate which our ,saviour's blessed feet had pressed4 ,in the little chapel at the top he implored the pity and protection of ,almighty ,god for the afflicted church4 ,then1 followed by the acclamations of a crowd of affectionate subjects1 and blessing them as he went1 he entered the ,vatican1 and ,rome has never seen him since4 ,the troops of ,victor ,emanuel made themselves masters of ,rome the next day1 ,september #bj1 #ahgj4 ,the king followed them in time and established his court in the ,quirinal4 ,and since then1 in ,rome as in the rest of ,italy1 the pagan revolution has gone steadily forward to the suppression of ,christian education1 of monastic and charitable orders1 and1 as far as possible1 of all divine worship4 ,when ,garibaldi rode on horseback into the church of ,monte ,rotondo and ordered his prisoners to cover their heads1 which they had bared out of respect to the sacred place1 he only gave emphasis to the sentiment which pervades the whole movement4 ,the convents are empty2 the churches are desolate2 libraries are scattered2 great seminaries of theology are broken up2 ,christian education has been driven from the school-room2 there are hundreds of priests who go hungry and in rags2 there are nuns in ,rome whose whole income is three cents a day2 the bishops have been robbed of everything and live on the charity of the ,pope2 pious processions are prohibited2 members of religious orders who survive the suppression of their houses are forbidden to receive novices2 the father-general of the ,jesuits is an exile from ,rome1 and his nearest representative lives as a private lay person in hired lodgings4 ,today a bill is pending in the ,italian parliament1 and has already passed one branch of it1 to punish bishops1 priests1 religious writers1 and journalists for what is styled 8disturbing the public conscience0 and the 8peace of families40 ,the ,italian government has pretended to guarantee the freedom and independence of the ,sovereign ,pontiff in the exercise of all his spiritual functions1 but now it proposes to prevent the publication of his encyclicals and allocutions2 to condemn him not only to perpetual imprisonment1 but to perpetual silence2 to prosecute the bishops if they transmit his instructions to the faithful1 and the priests if they preach against any heresy sanctioned by the state4 ,to censure1 by speech or writing1 any law or institution approved by the civil authority is to be treated as a felony calculated to 8disturb consciences40 ,our divine ,lord passed the whole period of his ministry on earth in disturbing consciences2 the history of ,christianity1 the labors of missionaries and reformers1 are nothing else than a record of the disturbance of consciences4 ,but the pagan revolution has no toleration for ,christianity4 ,close the confessionals1 tear down the pulpits1 burn the ,bibles1 break the tables of the law2 the sleeping conscience of ,italy must not be disturbed4 ,thus the conspiracy of the kings has moved on towards the subjugation of the church4 ,the secret societies are only using the kingdom of ,italy and the despotic empire of ,germany for the accomplishment of their anti-religious purpose1 and when that is done the kings1 in their turn1 will be the victims of the deep-laid and long-cherished plot for the abolition of 8subordination0 and worship4 ,let nobody imagine that they are inactive or that they are satisfied with national unity4 ,mazzini never pretended that their work was done when a king was set up in the ,pope's palace4 ,he died conspiring against ,victor ,emanuel and urging ,italy to press on to 8the goal of the revolution40 ,nor did his projects die with him4 ,the anniversary of his death was celebrated last ,march by democratic demonstrations all over ,italy which the government was helpless to suppress4 8,a funeral march1 a national hymn1 and a few short1 earnest words from some well-known and esteemed local republicans and capi-popolo10 says an ,english liberal journal1 8declaring the commemorative ceremony to be not merely a token of remembrance1 but 'a promise1' was all that took place2 but the fact that these things did take place on the same day throughout the whole of ,italy is one of great significance4 ,in many instances the authorities did their best previously1 by warnings and even by threats1 to prevent these demonstrations1 but we have heard of no case in which they ventured upon any attempt to put them down by force40#dh ,the flags which the associations carried were 8free from the stain10 to use the popular phrase--that is to say1 they did not show the arms of ,savoy2 and the letters read and addresses delivered spoke openly of a 8time for action0 which was yet to come4 ,and while the clubs were thus parading and declaiming the following circular was distributed among the rank and file of the ,italian army3 ,footnote #dh3 ,the ,examiner 7,london71 ,march #ca1 #ahgg4 8,free citizens6 ,brother ,carbonari6 ,every sect1 every family1 every individual is free to investigate1 as best he may1 the road which leads to heaven2 but it belongs to the ,carboneria to indicate and open up the way to the kingdom of liberty1 to the triumph of justice1 to social amelioration upon earth4 ,the ,carboneria1 in its principles1 in its development1 and in the means which it proposes to employ for its purpose--i4e41 for the amelioration1 economic and moral1 of mankind1 for the diffusion of liberty1 and for the perfect equalization of society--is the one association which can boast of the right of nature and the most perfect justice4 ,all other associations1 because based on privilege and ambition1 either miss their aim or become useless4 ,persuaded of this1 the apostles of our principle have devoted themselves to propagating and defending it with ardor1 defying dangers1 condemnations1 and calumnies of the most deadly kind4 ,many were the acquisitions which our association made in a short time in every branch of social science1 in the arts1 and in commerce1 and now all our aspirations are turned towards you who compose the army--the material force of nations4 ,soldiers6 remember that you are sons of the people1 free citizens1 and at the same time the obstacle to the common weal and the hope of all4 ,do you wish to serve tyranny1 privilege--in a word1 the oppressors8 ,remember that you are sons of the people2 that force alone dragged you from the bosom of your desolated families2 that1 slaves of a stern discipline1 you are forced to shoot down the oppressed1 to protect the oppressors2 and do not forget that to-morrow1 wounded and crippled1 you will return to the ranks of the people whom you charged with the bayonet1 and that in your turn you will then be charged and oppressed4 ,remember that before being slaves you were free1 and that before serving the despot you were citizens4 ,the ,carboneria expects you among its ranks2 come and range yourselves by the side of thousands of other brave ones1 officers and graduates1 who do not disdain to stake everything to preserve themselves true sons of the people1 generous citizens of our common country40 ,,ii4 ,we have endeavored to follow thus far the progress of that general revolt of the world against the divine authority which has marked the pontificate of ,pius ,,ix4 and embraces the ,holy ,father's heroic life of constancy and suffering4 ,but simultaneously there has gone on a contrary movement--a clearer development and consolidation of the authority of ,god's church over the minds of the faithful2 and herein we trace his glorious life of triumphant action4 ,for his attitude towards the revolution has not been one of mere passive resistance4 ,he has fought a stout fight for the imperilled truth4 ,it is a time of corruption and unbelief1 when the world is lifted up with satanic pride to defy ,heaven1 and society is sacrificing all the guarantees of order1 and even the elect are sorely tempted4 ,history will record that the great mission of ,pope ,pius ,,ix4 was to expose the fallacies and illusions of these evil days1 to stamp every error as it arose with the reprobation of the infallible judge1 and1 after empires1 and kingdoms1 and republics have been racked by a century of the pagan revolt1 to prepare again the foundations of ,christian civilization4 8,god has laid on me10 said he to the great assembly of bishops in #ahfg1 8the duty to declare the truths on which ,christian society is based1 and to condemn the errors which undermine its foundations4 ,and ,i have not been silent4 ,in the ,encyclical of #ahfd1 and in that which is called the ,syllabus1 ,i declared to the world the dangers which threaten society and ,i condemned the falsehoods which assail its life4 ,to you1 venerable brethren1 ,i now appeal to assist me in this conflict with error4 ,on you ,i rely for support4 ,i am aged and alone1 praying on the mountain1 and you1 the bishops of the church1 are come to hold up my arms40 8,there is perhaps hardly any pontiff10 says ,cardinal ,manning1 8who has governed the church with more frequent exercises of supreme authority than ,pius ,,ix402 and surely there is something magnificent in the courage with which he has met every attack of the world by a new and bolder assertion of the everlasting truths against which the world is in arms4 ,there is not a characteristic heresy of the time for which we ,catholics cannot find in the utterances of this great pontiff a complete antidote2 there is not a loss inflicted upon the church by her enemies for which we cannot trace a compensation in some clearer recognition of her spiritual power1 some sublime restatement of her sovereign authority4 ,our ,holy ,father has healed divisions1 abolished national and doctrinal parties within the pale of the church1 and displayed to the universe the household of ,christ one not only in the bonds of faith1 but in unity of sympathies4 ,four times he has summoned the bishops to meet him at the tomb of the apostle4 ,in #ahed more than two hundred bishops and cardinals assembled for the definition of the dogma of the ,immaculate ,conception--an act which1 besides its importance in a doctrinal sense1 had a special significance as illustrating the supreme authority of the see of ,peter4 ,in #ahfb1 just after the first spoliation of the temporalities of the ,papacy by ,victor ,emanuel1 two hundred and sixty-five bishops assembled in ,rome for the canonization of the martyrs of ,japan1 and their meeting1 both for the circumstances under which it was summoned and the strong terms in which the prelates expressed their union with the ,holy ,see and their absolute submission to its teachings1 made a profound impression throughout ,christendom4 ,five years later the revolution had made immense progress2 yet in the midst of political disturbance the world not only saw five hundred bishops gather at ,rome to celebrate the centenary of ,st4 ,peter's martyrdom1 and again to testify their devotion to ,peter's successor1 but it heard the announcement of a general council1 the first in three hundred years1 called at a time when to the unaided human eye the papal throne seemed tottering to its fall4 ,here was an inspiring example of faith and ,christian courage6 ,cardinal ,manning's admirable sketch of the history of the ,vatican ,council1#di now in course of publication1 shows the reasons for calling that grand assembly1 and the reasons especially for the definition of infallibility1 its supreme and most glorious achievement2 and it brings out in clear light the fact that it was with ,pius himself that the idea of the council originated4 ,if it could ever be said that a general council was the work of one man1 the ,council of the ,vatican might be called the crowning work of the long life of ,pius ,,ix4--one which alone would place him among the most illustrious of all the ,roman pontiffs1 and make his reign a remarkable era in the history of the ,catholic ,church4 ,the circumstances of the time which give such immense importance to the convocation of this council are summarized in the opinions of the cardinals to whom the ,pope submitted the question as early as #ahfd1 and we find an excellent synopsis of them in the papers by ,cardinal ,manning already cited4 8,the special character of the age10 say their eminences1 8is the tendency of a dominant party of men to destroy all the ancient ,christian institutions1 the life of which consists in a supernatural principle1 and to erect upon their ruins and with their remains a new order founded on natural reason alone4444 ,from these principles follows the exclusion of the church and of revelation from the sphere of civil society and of science2 and1 further1 from this withdrawal of civil society and of science from the authority of revelation spring the naturalism1 rationalism1 pantheism1 socialism1 communism of these times4 ,from these speculative errors flows in practice the modern revolutionary liberalism which consists in the supremacy of the state over the spiritual jurisdiction of the church1 over education1 marriage1 consecrated property1 and the temporal power of the head of the church40 ,these and a multitude of other prevalent errors ,pius ,,ix4 had condemned in the ,syllabus and ,encyclical which ,cardinal ,manning elsewhere refers to as 8among the greatest acts of this pontificate10 summing up the declarations of many years1 and giving them 8a new promulgation and a sensible accession of power over the minds not only of the faithful1 but even of opponents1 by the concentrated force and weight of their application40#ej ,but it was expedient that the declaration should be published again with the united voice of the whole episcopate joined to its head4 ,thus the council was almost unanimously approved as a sovereign remedy for the disorders of the time1 an encouragement for the faithful1 a cure for dissensions1 an antidote for evil tendencies within the church1 an impulse to the new and nobler life which even amid the political and social confusion had already begun to spring up among the ,catholic peoples4 ,and so1 even while the pagan revolution was preparing its last assault upon the pontifical throne1 an astonished world witnessed this most majestic demonstration of the authority1 the unity1 and the power of the church1 and the whole body of the faithful were filled with courage and fresh enthusiasm4 ,driven from his capital1 robbed1 and insulted1 the captive of the ,vatican1 whose voice rings out clear and firm above the din of the century1 whose strong arm sustains1 whose saintly example inspires1 is yet victor over the world in the council and the ,syllabus4 ,footnote #di3 ,the ,nineteenth ,century 7,london71 ,march and ,april1 #ahgg4 ,footnote #ej3 ,petri ,privilegium4 ,london4 #ahga4 ,it would be pleasant1 if space allowed1 to follow the course of his beautiful private life4 ,it is a model of devotion and simplicity4 ,in his great palace he occupies only a plain bed-chamber with a bare stone floor1 and a working-cabinet with little furniture except a table and two chairs4 ,he rises1 summer and winter1 at half-past five4 ,he says ,mass1 and hears a second ,mass of thanksgiving2 or if sickness prevents him from celebrating the ,holy ,sacrifice1 he does not fail to receive communion4 ,his hours of work are long and regular4 ,his fare is plain1 even to meagreness4 ,every day he takes exercise in the ,vatican gardens1 and one of his favorite resorts is a beautiful alley of orange-trees1 where the pigeons come to feed from his hand4 ,one day he was discovered with three cardinals1 playing 8hide and seek0 in the gardens with a little boy4 ,yet with all his gentleness he has a keen and caustic wit4 ,the author of a pious biography sent his book to the ,pope for approval4 ,the pontiff read till he came to these words3 8,our saint triumphed over all temptations1 but there was one snare which he could not escape3 he married02 and then he threw the book from him4 8,what60 said he1 8shall it be written that the church has six sacraments and one snare80 ,of a ,catholic diplomatist whose conduct and professions were at variance he said3 8,i do not like these accommodating consciences4 ,if that man's master should order him to put me in jail1 he would come on his knees to tell me ,i must go1 and his wife would work me a pair of slippers40 ,during the ,french occupation of ,rome a certain ,french colonel was guilty of so gross an offence to the ,pope's authority that the ,holy ,father demanded his recall4 ,before his departure he had the effrontery to present himself at the ,vatican and ask for a number of small favors1 ending with a request for the ,pope's autograph4 ,the ,pontiff wrote on a card the words which our ,lord addressed to ,judas in the garden1 8,amice1 ad quid venisti80 78,friend1 wherefore hast thou come hither8071 and the colonel1 who did not understand ,latin1 showed it to all his friends as a testimonial of the ,pope's regard1 until somebody unkindly supplied him with the translation4 ,it is the etiquette of the ,vatican that carriages with only one horse must not enter the inner court4 ,this rule was enforced one day in #ahfg against the ,prussian ambassador1 ,count von ,arnim1 and ,bismarck1 for purposes of his own1 endeavored to make a diplomatic scandal of the transaction1 instructing the ambassador to close the legation and quit ,rome instantly unless he was allowed to drive with one horse to the very foot of the papal staircase4 ,but ,bismarck was no match for ,pius ,,ix4 ,the ,pope caused ,cardinal ,antonelli to write that 8,his ,holiness1 taking compassion on the difficulties of the diplomatic body1 would in future allow the representatives of the great powers to approach his presence with one quadruped of any sort0--avec un quadrupde quelconque4 ,it is believed that the ,prussian minister never availed himself of this permission in its full extent4 ,the newspapers bring us bad news from time to time of the ,pope's health4 ,let us not be alarmed4 ,he comes of a long-lived family4 ,his grandfather died at ninety-three1 his father at eighty-three1 his mother at eighty-eight1 his eldest brother at ninety4 8,i am in the hands of ,god10 he said to an ,english gentleman2 8,i shall bless my hour when it comes4 ,but1 my son1 when ,i take up certain newspapers nowadays1 and do not find in them an account of my last illness and my end1 it always seems to me as if the editors had forgotten something40 ,a ,,vision ,,of ,,the ,,colosseum1 ,a4,d4 #ahgc ,o ,god1 the heathens are come into thy inheritance1 they have defiled thy holy temple3 they have made ,jerusalem as a place to keep fruit4--,ps4 lxxviii4 ,i had been idly reading1 through the quiet afternoon1 ,a poet's passionate verses1 falling softly into tune ,of even1 measured rhythm1 and of fine1 melodious words1 ,rippling along with easy grace like careless song of birds2 ,now warblings1 half unconscious1 like the happy songster's trill ,poured from some wind-swayed bough when all the woods are still2 ,now shriller notes that rose above harsh1 grating sounds of war1 ,loud clarion-notes1 above the drums1 proclaiming peace afar-- ,loud pan sounds triumphant that ,italy was free1 ,united1 and one mighty realm from smiling sea to sea2 ,from ,sicily's smoke-crowned peak to ,savoy's ,alpine chain ,one flag met every rambling breeze that breathed o'er hill and plain2 ,and haughty ,rome1 in truth1 the ,csar's city now once more1 ,the perilous reign of ,peter passed for ever safely o'er4 8,io6 triumphe6 onward6 ,all ye guarding eagles1 come6 ,and with its ancient glory fill your old imperial home40 ,i1 sighing1 closed the volume4 ,ah6 for me how sadly dim ,the poet's glowing setting of pale ,freedom's ,roman hymn1 ,whose music1 as ,i heard it1 only direst discord made4 ,the martial beat of rattling drum1 the trumpet's mellowing shade1 ,hid all the sweeter utterance of a happy people's voice ,or sound of pealing church-bells bidding kindly skies rejoice4 ,i heard above the loudest note the dull1 persistent sound ,of forging iron fetters--even riveted while crowned1 ,sweet ,freedom saw1 indignant1 built her frail and crumbling throne ,of consecrated marble newly stolen1 stone by stone4 8,io6 triumphe6 onward6 ,but the shouting could not drown ,the psalm of homeless friars1 weary exiles1 marching down1 ,chapel and cell denied them2 for of these the state has need4 ,and from the cross's folly must ,st4 ,francis' sons be freed6 ,i heard in plaintive chorus nuns sad ,miserere sing1 ,as ceased for them for ever their old convent's sheltering-- ,let them seek aid from ,him on high whose faithful sheep they are2 ,the horses of the hero-king seek not their help so far6 ,i heard1 above th' exultant fife1 the loud-voiced auctioneer ,strike down the church's garment 'mid the idle jest and jeer ,of souls that trembled not to see the sacred chalice borne ,by hands that would have helped of old to press the twisted thorn1 ,who would for thirty pieces once their loving ,lord have sold-- ,why not his spouse's raiment for twice that1 glittering gold8 ,i heard the heavy rustle of quaint1 figured tapestry ,by pious fingers cunning wrought in days of chivalry4 ,loud chimed the strangers' clanking coin that paid the moneyed worth1 ,but faint the modern anthem's notes proclaiming ,freedom's birth6 ,of wandering peoples1 too1 ,i heard the tired and restless tread1 ,their little harvest grown too scant for even daily bread1 ,fair ,freedom's added burden grown too heavy to be borne2 ,while ,italy1 sad-hearted1 watched her children sail forlorn ,to seek across the western sea the life she could not give2 ,for her cannon must be cast1 and a nation she must live4 ,a nation crowned6 ,ah6 royal state is very heavy dole2 ,all too quick the world's pulse beats to heed plaint of weary soul4 ,still with triumphant pans did the poet's verses ring3 8,shout1 ,italy1 our ,italy6 all-joyous anthems sing6 ,clang out1 sad-voiced ,roman bells6 hail ,piedmont's ,victor1--king60 8,miserere1 miserere10 ,sounded church and convent steeple2 8,in thy mercy spare us1 ,saviour1 ,leading back thy erring people40 ,and as the clanging belfries trembled strangely with the sound1 ,the ,miserere drifting to the peoples gathered round1 ,methought the quiet afternoon had faded from my sight1 ,and ,i1 beneath a ,roman sky1 alone with deepening night1 ,stood in the ,colosseum's shade1 with many a wondering thought1 ,no touch of moonlight falling on the walls the ,romans wrought2 ,the calm stars1 gazing earthward1 seemed to give nor light nor shade2 ,no torches' fitful splendor through the lonely arches played2 ,and1 even as the shade was deep1 so deep the silence fell1 ,so calm the night it scarce could wake the wind-harp's sighing swell2 ,no beaded aves drifted from cowled pilgrims of the cross1 ,no murmur of atoning prayers pleading the nations' loss2 ,no tourists' idle laughter broke the silence of the scene1 ,while the shrouding arches sheltered my thoughts of what had been4 ,years1 centuries had vanished as my wingd thoughts flew fast ,to days when ,rome imperial o'er the world her robe had cast2 ,o'er the wild1 barbarian legions ,i saw her eagles shine1 ,while her nobles quaffed ,greek learning in draughts of ,grecian wine-- ,expounding1 too1 with easy art1 the ,christians' foolish faith3 ,how traitorous to ,csar's state was every ,christian breath4 ,and then ,i saw the glitter of their perfumed robes no more1 ,as gleaming wings of seraphs stroked my eyelids softly o'er4 ,then ,i heard the sweet intoning of the ,christians' matin psalm1 ,and ,i saw them lowly kneeling before the mystic ,lamb3 ,maid patrician bent in prayer with the dark slave of the ,east1 ,egypt's sage1 ,juda's captive1 meeting at the angels' feast4 ,before that holy altar all one sacred likeness wear-- ,his who1 on the cross outstretched1 all our sin and weakness bare3 ,subtle ,greek before the cross laying down his pride of art2 ,falling meekly peace divine on some savage ,scythian heart2 ,hapless ,jew1 haughty ,northman1 ,roman proud1 and cowering slave1 ,bound together by the blood of ,him who died all men to save2 ,one by the bond of suffering1 one in the voice of prayer ,that rose with solemn sweetness through the catacombs' dull air3 8,miserere1 miserere10 ,rose the sad and earnest pleading2 8,in thy mercy spare us1 ,saviour1 ,unto thee the nations leading40 ,lo6 as entranced ,i listened1 there mingled with the song ,a sound as if of many steps passing the streets along1 ,and the ancient ,roman arches 'neath which ,i dreaming stood ,grew peopled with the city's fierce and restless multitude4 ,what noble game should fitly while the idle hours away1 ,what gracious pastime fill with joy the ,roman holiday8 ,should some strong-limbed barbarian lay his life down in its strength1 ,that the day for ,roman matrons should have less of weary length8 ,nay1 daintier sight the maiden tells1 binding her mistress' zone3 ,to-day1 by ,csar's lions1 ,christian maid shall be o'erthrown6 ,within the dread arena pale and firm the martyr stood-- ,a strange and dazzling sight she seemed amid the soldiers rude2 ,so slight the little1 childish form1 so young the radiant face1 ,whence streams of holy glory flooded all the pagan place2 ,the happy lips half-parted with a love that fain would speak1 ,and the eyes to heaven uplifted beneath the forehead meek-- ,the eyes whence earth had vanished1 heaven's shadow resting there1 ,the glimmer of its shining falling softly on her hair4 ,ah6 happy maid1 that1 listening1 heard above the tumult wild ,the loved voice of the ,father calling home his little child2 ,the voice of the ,belovd bidding sweet his loved one come3 8,arise1 my ,dove1 my ,beautiful0--it sounded o'er the hum ,of wondering crowds who could not guess whence came the martyr's strength1 ,her heart with joy nigh breaking that it should rest at length ,on ,his whose love had bought it with a price exceeding far ,the spoils of all the nations gracing ,csar's triumph-car4 ,one little grain of incense still might save the martyr's life1 ,but one little breath for ,csar still win release from strife-- ,unto ,csar what is ,csar's1 to ,god the life he gave2 ,less duty could she offer ,him who died that life to save8 ,and then the vision faded1 and once more ,i stood alone ,where thought of sainted martyrs seemed to consecrate each stone1 ,and stars as calmly watching o'er as once in days bygone ,when ,csar's dearest pastime won his slaves a deathless crown4 8,miserere1 miserere10 ,seemed the night-wind lowly sighing2 8,call thy erring sheep1 ,o ,saviour1 ,dearest ,lord of love undying60 ,soft then ,i saw advancing through the darkness' mighty shade ,a tall and stately figure in wide1 trailing robes arrayed1 ,the fair1 white arms in longing stretched1 as if in woe to seek ,the comfort of the broken heart1 the strength of all the weak-- ,christ's blessd cross with arms outspread1 as if to mutely plead ,for mercy for the sinner1 from tender hearts love's meed2 ,of mightiest love the symbol true1 the link 'twixt heaven and earth1 ,the sign by which earth's frailest one is cleansed for heavenly birth4 ,in vain6 ,no craving hand can touch that sacred symbol now1 ,its holy vision bring no rest to world-tossed1 aching brow2 ,the modern ,csar has no need to mark where martyrs fell3 8,unto ,csar what is ,csar's0--that word they kept too well4 ,and murmuring monks but echo1 their chaplets telling o'er1 ,the words these stones repeated in the ,roman days of yore2 ,to earthly science dearer far the walls the pagans built ,than the precious blood of martyrs for love of ,jesus spilt4 ,perchance beneath these stones might lie rare treasures of old ,rome-- ,the cross in ,christian kingdom must not wander from its home6 8,miserere1 miserere10 ,seemed the very stones outcrying2 8,in thy mercy spare the nations4 ,heed1 ,o ,god6 the prisoners' sighing40 ,a sound of low lamenting then filled all the silent place1 ,whose darkness won unearthly light from out the stranger's face-- ,a face so fair not ,paphos' queen could claim a grace so rare2 ,ah6 only she1 the much-desired1 such peerless mien could wear4 ,and low ,i heard her murmuring3 8,ah6 me1 woe1 woe is me6 ,so weary are my ears with sound of shouts that speak me free4 ,free6 ,am ,i free8 ,upon my head rests weight of royal crown1 ,and ,piedmont's soldiers guard me1 fearing lest ,i lay it down4 ,italy6 ,am ,i ,italy8 ,that name indeed ,i bear2 ,and among the nations standing a nation's crown ,i wear-- ,proud empires that salute me fair1 green lands beyond the sea1 ,crying aloud3 ',shout1 ,italy6 ,thank ,victor thou art free2 ,thy peoples shall no longer 'neath the tyrant's scourge bend low1 ,and1 too1 thy seemly garment no unseemly rent shall show2 ,among thy peers come thou once more to take thy place and name1 ,fair ,southern queen1 ,king ,victor has ta'en away thy shame4' 8,o gold-haired northern peoples6 know ye not the sound of chains8 ,ne'er heard ye clink of ,german spur along my ,lombard plains8 ,o rosy-cheeked barbarians6 do ye deem that ,i am free ,because my rulers speed you when ye prate of liberty6' ,when ye the wide arms shorten of the world-redeeming cross ,since too far its shadow falls1 and ye deem that shade your loss6 ,far1 far across the western seas ,i hear their poets sing1 ,while ,freedom's joy-bells pealing1 loud1 exulting anthems ring3 ',rise up1 dear ,italy unchained2 thank ,victor thou art free1 ,and bend1 oppressed1 at ,peter's throne no more thy trembling knee4 ,thy sons shall waste in convent cell no more their manhood's strength2 ,see6 open wide1 their prison-doors3 free men they are at length6 ,dark tyranny and priestcraft prostrate fall before thy king2 ,thy children freemen rise once more beneath his sheltering4' 8,o strong-armed western people6 in your home beyond the sea1 ,bearing even as your birthright the grace of liberty1 ,list not the songs such poets sing3 they know not me or mine2 ,studded with cruel thorns for me each laurel wreath they twine4 ,a mournful queen ,i am1 alas6 crowned in another's place-- ,the mighty ,one from whom my face hath won its look of grace4 ,i sit as a usurper where ,i fain would kneel and pray1 ,crowned with ,rome's earthly circlet from her forehead stol'n away6 ,the world's imperial mistress once1 now queen of love and peace1 ,holds she her life and liberty but as earth's monarchs please8 ,fain would they on her gracious brow my coronet have set1 ,its lustre dimmed with ,savoy's loss1 with ,naples' tears all wet6 ,the handmaid of her ,maker1 fair with lustre not of earth4 ,should she to ,piedmont's ,victor bend her brow of heavenly birth8 ,the mother of all peoples where the cross's light is shed1 ,was my dull1 narrow diadem fit crown to grace her head8 ,in her old palace ,i sit throned1 crowned with her earthly crown1 ,with jealous care watched ever1 lest ,i cast the honor down4 ,i see my children wander wide in exile from their own1 ,and1 when they ask for living bread1 my masters give them stone4 ,i sit beside ,st4 ,peter's chair2 like his1 my hands are bound2 ,my eyes weep bitter sorrow at your pans' wild1 glad sound2 ,beneath the heavy cuirass that is girded on my breast ,i bear the wreath mysterious ,st4 ,peter's hand hath blessed4 ,upon the cannon rests my hand craving to lift the cross1 ,and 'neath ,sardinian colors ,i bewail the blind world's loss4 8,miserere1 miserere10 ,seemed the weary voice outcrying1 8,spare thy heritage1 ,o ,saviour6 ,hearken thou the prisoners' sighing4 8,o credulous ,western people6 cease shouting ,i am free4 ,my masters have no knowledge of the truth of liberty1 ,who murmur with ignoble lips my old and honored name1 ,and seek to rebaptize me with unholy rites of shame4 ,are ye drunk with ,freedom's dregs that ye have forgot her face1 ,and bend before th' unworthy thing men show you in her place8 ,stretch not your hands1 ,god-fearing race1 to welcome such as these3 ,god1 who your shepherd is1 and judge1 gives not to such his peace4 8,miserere1 miserere1 ,mighty ,lord of all the living1 ,in thy mercy spare the erring1 ,sacred ,heart of love forgiving60 8,the great arched walls sent echoing back the sad1 indignant plaint1 ,the light from that fair1 mournful face grew evermore more faint1 ,till1 fading in the darkness1 light and shadow both were gone1 ,and ,i sat where crimson sunset with southern splendor shone1 ,lighting the western city with a flood of harmless fire1 ,with a glory1 quickly fading1 enwreathing mast and spire2 ,whence no mellow bells pealed earthward1 sounding the angel's call1 ,nor ,miserere drifted from roof and tower tall2 ,the busy craft went sailing up and down the crowded stream-- ,upon my lap the poet's book1 the conjurer of my dream4 ,vision and sound had vanished1 only still dim echoes fell ,of pleading voices rising on the night-wind's scarce-felt swell3 8,miserere1 miserere1 ,hear1 ,o ,god6 the prisoners' sighing2 ,spare thy heritage1 ,o ,saviour6 ,dearest ,lord of love undying40 ,,the ,,doom ,,of ,,the ,,bell4 ,two men were sitting in a garret at the very top of one of the craziest old houses in ,bruges--not a house dating from the fifteenth century1 such as those we admire to this day1 but a house that was already two hundred years old when those were built4 ,it stood on the brink of the canal beyond which are now the public gardens that have displaced the ramparts of the once turbulent and independent city4 ,then the houses crowded into the wide fosse of not too fragrant water1 and leaned their balconied gables over it4 ,this was not in the busy or the splendid quarter2 it was far from the cathedral and the ,guildhall4 ,and in those prosperous times of the ,hanseatic ,league1 of the ,venetian and ,genoese merchant-princes visiting and marrying among their full peers of the city of ,bruges--the times of the grand palaces built by those royal and learned traders--these two men ,i speak of were poor1 obscure1 and with little prospect of ever being anything else4 ,yet one of them had it in him to do as great things as the ,van ,eycks1 and to take the art-loving city by storm1 if he could only get 8a chance40 ,it was the same in the year #adbe as it is now1 and men in picturesque short-hose and flat caps were marvellously like those we see in ugly chimney-pots and tight trousers4 ,the rivalry of other artists--none very eminent--and the ungetable patronage of rich men stood in this young painter's way1 and he got disheartened and disgusted4 ,this garret was his studio1 his bedroom1 and his kitchen4 ,it was cheap1 and the light could be managed easily and properly to suit his painting2 but it was not one of those elaborately artistic studios1 a picture in itself1 which we associate with the idea of the 8old masters40 ,the things that were there had evidently drifted there and got heaped up by accident--homely things most of them1 and disposed with the carelessness natural to a man who had little belief or hope in his future4 ,there was an air about the whole place as well as its owner that seemed to say as plainly as any words1 8,what is the use80 ,but the other man was a contrast to him4 ,he was much older2 a wiry form1 and eager1 small eyes1 and an air of resistance to outward circumstances1 8as if he could not help it10 but not in the sense of what is popularly called an 8iron will10 were his chief distinguishing marks4 ,he was neither artist nor merchant1 and he lived 8by his wits40 ,in those days1 just the same as now1 that meant something bordering on dishonesty2 and such men were known as useful1 but scarcely reputable4 ,this individual was seated on a low trunk or chest of polished wood1 but not carved1 nor even adorned with curious hinges or iron-work2 the other stood opposite1 leaning on the high sill of a window in the gable1 looking down into the canal4 8,peter10 said the latter after a pause1 8have you heard of any one dying lately in the great houses1 or1 for that matter1 in the rookeries80 8,no1 not dying--at least1 not lately10 said the other slowly4 8,not dying80 said the first1 laying the same emphasis on the word as his friend had done1 and not showing any lack of understanding or sign of surprise4 8,well1 ,i mean she recovered2 but she was pretty near death1 and of course will be again as soon as it is safe4 ,it put some of his lordship's plans out a little when he heard how badly ,simon had done his work4 ,but you know it was not at his house1 but in a kind of prison1 and she was put there on a charge of stealing her mistress' ,genoese pearl-embroidered robe1 and it was said the lady begged as a favor she might not be publicly executed for the attempt1 but allowed some time to repent and prepare2 and when she was ready1 she was to be told that one day1 within the week1 she would be poisoned by something in her food1 which she could not taste and which would give her no pain1 but put her to sleep--for ever4 ,but no one believed that this was her mistress' request1 nor that she ever stole anything1 of course4 ,every one knows that poor ,dame ,margaret is a cipher in her husband's house--a worse victim of my ,lord ,conrad's than any one there1 many as they are2 and he is just now out of reach of punishment1 being1 by the ,count of ,flanders' influence1 a member of the government1 a councillor1 and ,i know not what besides4 ,but it seems ,simon did not do his work aright1 and the poor girl is still there1 and no doubt1 in a week or two1 the experiment will be quietly tried again and with success4 ,jan1 are you listening80 8,yes10 said the artist as he turned round with absent look and a gesture1 as if he had unconsciously been picking off some buttons from his sleeve and dropping them in the canal below4 8,well1 what do you think of it80 8,peter10 said the other abruptly1 8is ,simon your friend80 8,well1 we have had dealings together sometimes4 ,he sells me clothes now and then2 you know he has a good deal of such stuff on his hands40 8,if ,i could pay him10 said the artist bitterly1 8,i should not need any go-between2 but ,i have nothing4 ,i want something he could give me1 and1 if ,i had it1 ,i should not need any patron1 and would take none1 short of the ,count of ,flanders himself40 8,riddles again10 said ,peter quietly2 8poverty makes you mysterious40 8,i'll tell you plainly what the riddle is1 if you'll help me40 8,for friendship's sake80 8,oh6 no1 indeed4 ,is there one in all ,bruges would do it1 or ,i expect it of him80 8,well1 well1 do not croak2 but you know by experience that it is hard to live40 8,if you will get me what ,i want of ,simon1 you shall have one-fourth of my future reward and ,simon one-fourth40 8,too mean terms1 those1 ,jan10 said ,peter quietly1 but intently watching his friend's face4 8,very well1 each a third1 then2 ,i knew you would want no less4 ,but1 look you10 he added1 brightening up1 8no one can share the fame1 and ,i shall be known all over ,flanders and ,brabant1 and ,france--ay1 even ,italy and ,germany2 and who knows if the ,greek merchants will not carry my name to the court of ,constantinople itself8--and you two poor wretches will have nothing but a pitiful handful of gold40 8,quite enough for me1 at any rate10 said ,peter composedly2 8it will be more than ,i ever had before4 ,but do not let us 'count our chickens before they are hatched4' ,what is it1 though1 that you want to work this miracle with80 8,only a vial of her blood after the girl has been dead four hours40 ,peter betrayed no emotion4 8,rather an unusual request10 he said meditatively1 8and one that savors strongly of witchcraft1 which you know is scarcely less dangerous than heresy4 ,you remember what happened at ,constance scarcely more than ten years ago80 8,nonsense6 ,what has heresy to do with the mixing of my colors8 ,and who but a leech will find out the mixture8 ,and after all1 if a fool were to use this potion just mixed as ,i shall mix it1 and paint a picture with it1 his picture would be only fit for a tavern-sign1 and no one could tell the difference4 ,if you need the ingredients1 you need the skill more40 8,why1 ,jan1 you are getting enthusiastic--a miracle1 that1 in itself4 ,i thought you had made up your mind that you would never do anything that would get known40 8,well1 ,i have a feeling1 since you mentioned this case1 that ,i shall be known before ,i die1 and known by this means too4 ,can you get me what ,i want80 8,i dare say ,i can4 ,but shall ,i tell the old sinner ,simon that ,i want it for you1 or say it is for a leech80 8,why lie about it80 said the young man fiercely4 8,prudence1 you know10 said the other1 perfectly unabashed4 8,no2 tell him the bare truth1 but swear him to secrecy4 ,if he tells it1 he shall forfeit his share40 8,he could get twice as much for denouncing you40 8,let him6 ,where is his interest to denounce me8 ,he is not a fiend1 and he knows it is hard to live40 8,he did1 but may be he has forgotten it in his present position4 ,all the grandees know him now40 8,but you forget1 ,peter1 that his own business is more dangerous than my undertaking could be1 even taking it for granted ,i should be suspected of witchcraft1 and he would scarcely like to draw attention on his own delicate doings40 8,so far true10 said ,peter4 8,i respect your shrewdness2 you can talk sense sometimes4 ,i will get that vial for you some time this week or next40 8,do not forget the exact time after death--four hours4 ,the perfection of the mixture would be gone if you did not attend to that4 ,i shall come with you to the door1 and wait for you and the vial1 any night and any hour you mention40 8,very well10 said ,peter1 as he got up and stretched himself4 8,i suppose your larder is empty80 8,oh6 ,i forgot4 ,you can have what there is--cheese three days old1 and some fresh brown bread1 and two eggs1 new-laid yesterday morning1 which my friend the washerwoman gave me for sitting up at night with her sick boy4 ,she would make me take them1 and ,i am glad now ,i need not eat them myself4 ,i should feel mean1 if ,i did2 and yet1 if they stayed there till to-morrow1 hunger would drive me to it4 ,you are welcome to them40 ,meanwhile1 ,peter had silently helped himself to all the articles mentioned except one 8hunch0 of bread1 and left the garret with a cool 8,thank you40 ,jan turned back to the window1 and stayed nearly an hour looking down into the drowsy canal with its fringe of dark1 huddled houses1 each1 as he thought1 a frame for a picture full of the same agony of hopeless aspirations and submission to grim and sordid circumstances as his own4 ,but he saw through glasses of his own staining2 for many of those wretched1 crazy1 but beautiful houses held pictures of a bright home life and love that looked no higher or farther for happiness1 and was1 in truth1 the outcome of a mind more philosophical than the future glory of ,flemish art1 staring into the flood from his garret window1 could boast of possessing4 ,three months went by1 and no one saw the young artist1 save the man who sold him his meagre provisions1 ,peter1 and his friend of the eggs4 ,five days after the conversation we have recorded ,peter and he were walking home at two o'clock in the morning through the streets1 where no one but the watchman had leave and license to be1 calling out the hour when the chimes struck it4 ,it was bright moonlight1 and the two men would gladly have dispensed with the beauty of the night1 much as it enhanced the charm of the great mansions they passed1 the carved doorways1 the delicate balconies1 the ponderous1 magnificent iron bell-pulls1 the lions' and griffins' heads on the many bridges over the narrow canals4 ,even ,jan passed hurriedly by1 standing nervously back in a doorway if he heard the clear cry of a watchman1 starting as a loose stone rattled under his feet in the pavement1 and even when his companion ill-naturedly put his hand in a fountain and noisily disturbed the water with a 8swish0 that made the other turn pale and look around in horror of being pursued4 ,as the weeks went by and the young man worked on alone1 feverishly and battling with his own superstitions as well as the fear of being denounced by his two associates1 an odd change came over him4 ,peter noticed it about one month after the day they had procured the vial of blood4 ,jan was taken with a pious fit that day1 and insisted on spending some miserable pence he had on candles offered for the soul of the poisoned girl1 and which he1 with genuine devoutness1 put on the iron spikes provided for the purpose in the church of ,notre ,dame4 ,that day1 having spent all in this way1 he fasted altogether and nearly fainted at his easel2 but when he left off work ,peter saw that a startled1 expectant look was in his eyes1 which he directed furtively every now and then to one particular corner of his room4 ,when questioned he hurriedly turned the conversation2 but the scared look grew more and more intense as time went on4 ,at last1 one night1 the young man asked ,peter seriously and with great trepidation to stay and sleep with him4 8,i believe ,i am getting nervous10 he said1 with a laugh that was anything but genuine4 ,peter made no objection1 but in the middle of the night he was awakened by ,jan4 ,the poor fellow was in a violent cold perspiration1 and1 pointing excitedly to the same corner1 cried3 8,there she is2 and she never says a word1 but only looks at me reproachfully6 ,she has been there every night since the first ,month's ,mind60 8,pshaw60 said ,peter1 8,i see nothing there1 ,jan2 you should be bled--that is all4 ,you have been overworking yourself40 ,but nothing would persuade the artist that the ghost of the poisoned girl was not there1 silent and reproachful2 and there1 day after day and night after night1 he saw her1 and1 though he longed to speak to her1 he never dared4 ,three months were over and his picture was done2 but he was only the skeleton of his former self1 and he looked1 as ,peter said1 like what the ,florentine woman had said of ,dante--8the man who had gone down to hell and come back again40 ,his bitterness was gone1 so was his hopelessness1 but there was no healthy joy or youthful enthusiasm in their place2 he seemed to have grown old all at once1 except for the feverish1 eager haste to show his picture and win the name that should darken that of the national pets and the popular favorites4 ,where to show it8 was a question ,peter put more than once1 but ,jan waived it as not worth any anxiety4 ,he should write a notice1 and post it on the church doors and those of the ,guildhall and the ,exchange1 to the effect that a new and unknown painter had a picture for sale and exhibition at such and such a place2 and if the public did not care to come there to see it1 they might see it once on next market-day in the ,grande ,place1 where the artist would show it himself1 free to all4 ,the subject was 8,judith and ,holofernes0--a common subject enough in those days1 but the artist thought that no one had ever treated it in the same way before4 ,when we see it in the market-place and hear the comments of the people1 we shall understand in what lay the difference4 ,the day appointed by the artist came4 ,all the rich and learned men had noticed the placard on the church doors1 and the connoisseurs and critics were on the alert4 ,this unpatroned and self-confident painter stung their curiosity1 and the merchants1 native and foreign1 were also eager to see and1 if they liked it1 8buy up0 the new sensation4 ,the people1 too1 had heard of the exhibition1 and many crowded earlier than usual to the market-place to get a glimpse of the mysterious picture being set up by the artist4 ,no one did see it1 however4 ,a good many stalls1 booths1 and awnings were up long before daylight1 and no one noticed the stand of the new-comer1 put up in a corner1 and screened all round with the commonest tent-cloth4 ,as soon as dawn made it possible to see things a little1 the stand was found to be open1 and a picture1 unframed1 was seen set up on trestles1 and some coarse crimson drapery skilfully arranged round it1 so as to take the place of the frame which the artist was too poor to buy4 ,a few loungers came up1 and1 fancying this was the screen to some mystery-play to be acted later in the day1 sauntered away again1 like uncritical creatures as they were4 ,presently a priest and a merchant came up1 evidently searching for some particular booth1 and soon stopped before the picture4 8,here it is10 shortly said one of them4 8,so that is the picture80 said the other2 and for a while they both stood in silence1 examining it in detail4 8,wonderful60 said the merchant presently4 8,it beats the hospital ',st4 ,john4'0 8,there is a strange power about the drawing10 said the other4 8,but the coloring60 retorted the merchant4 8,see the depth1 the life-likeness1 the intensity2 and yet there is nothing violent or merely sense-appealing4 ,it is horror1 but rather mental than physical horror40 8,true10 said the priest4 8,i wonder if he had a model40 8,most likely1 but there is more than he ever saw in any common model2 the merit rests with himself alone1 ,i should judge40 8,well1 do you think of buying it80 8,i am inclined to do so1 but want to examine it more closely first4 ,besides1 ,i see no one here to represent the painter1 or even guard the picture40 8,oh6 ,i have no doubt there is some one hovering about--perhaps that countryman who looks so vacant4 ,you know the professional tricks of our worthy artists60 ,and with this he called the person in question1 who surely looked vacant enough to be in disguise4 8,can you tell me what you think of this picture1 friend80 he asked4 8,very fine1 messire40 8,you do not think it like one of ,hendrick ,corlaens1 do you80 8,i never saw that1 messire10 bashfully said the countryman4 8,but you think this is fine80 8,very1 very40 8,why do you like it80 8,it seems like life40 8,like death too80 8,yes1 messire40 8,how far did you come this morning80 asked the merchant1 fancying his companion's shrewdness had overshot the mark this time4 8,forty-three miles4 ,i started before midnight from ,stundsen40 8,i think10 said the merchant to his brother-critic1 8we shall make nothing of this man4 ,he must be one of my brother-in-law's men at ,stundsen4 ,he is quite genuine in his stupidity40 ,and the pair moved nearer the picture1 while others came up and stopped1 till there was soon a little knot of admirers talking in whispers4 ,the crowd grew as the day went on4 ,in the side street leading into the ,place the doors of ,notre ,dame opened to let out the flood of worshippers that had flowed in since dawn from the country1 and who now rushed from their devotions to their business4 ,noise was uppermost1 trade was brisk2 the sun got hot and men got thirsty4 ,it was soon a riotous as well as a picturesque scene1 and a spectator on that balcony of the curiously-carved corner window on the same side of the ,place as the ,guildhall could scarcely have told which stalls the hurrying masses most besieged1 so tangled was the web of human beings jostling and jolting each other along the uneven pavement4 ,a good many had stared and gazed at the picture4 ,it was the subject of many comments and disputes that day2 men quarrelled over its merits as they drank their sour wine1 and women talked of it in whispers over their bargains4 ,some children had screamed and kicked at first sight of it2 altogether it had not failed to be known1 seen1 and talked about4 ,our two friends of early morning had hung about it all day and overheard most of the remarks of the crowd4 ,some people had been disappointed in finding that it was not the sign of a play representing the slaying of ,holofernes1 but only a picture2 a ,venetian and a ,greek1 daintily dressed and speaking some soft1 foreign tongue--a wonder to the sturdy ,flemish peasants from the dykes and canals by the sea--lounged near the unpainted railing that protected the picture from the crowd4 ,no one could see behind the picture1 but many thought the artist was hidden within the closely sewn curtains1 that never flapped in the breeze like the rest of the market awnings4 ,these two and the first critics listened in eager silence to the judgment of the crowd1 put forth in short sentences at long intervals4 ,on coming up one woman said to her companion3 8,why1 ,i thought they always painted ,judith with black hair2 this one has hair the color of mine40 8,perhaps it was his betrothed he painted10 said the other1 8and in compliment to her he made it a portrait40 8,then ,i should not like to be he4 ,a ghostly bride he would have40 8,but look at her eyes2 they seem like a corpse's just come back to life40 8,pshaw6 how could a corpse come back to life8 ,you mean a ghost40 8,no--,lazarus1 you know4 ,i can fancy how frightened and reproachful he might have looked when he woke up and found himself in his shroud40 8,i think he would look glad and thankful4 ,but come away4 ,it seems as if ,i should dream of that face40 8,yes2 it makes me feel very strange the more ,i look at it40 ,and the two women moved off4 ,presently another voice was heard in a muffled tone4 8,see the blood in ,holofernes' throat4 ,it looks as if it were moving40 8,judith looks too weak and small to kill him10 said another4 8,so she does10 said a third1 and he added1 in a lower tone3 8,i once had a cousin very like that picture40 8,is she dead80 asked a woman1 a stranger to the speaker4 8,yes10 said the man1 with some surprise4 8,i thought no live person could remind you of this face10 answered the woman1 as if in explanation4 ,the two couples of critics glanced appreciatively and with a smile at each other1 and the ,greek said to his friend3 8,your boors are no bad critics1 after all4 ,i think the barbarians rather beat us in painting40 8,beat you60 laughed the ,venetian4 8,speak for yourself4 ,but it is your religion that has fossilized your art2 otherwise you would have been--0 8,no10 said the other thoughtfully1 8,i think you mistake2 ,i doubt if we have the gift you1 and the ,flemings also1 have for painting4 ,our literature is as far above that of this northern people as heaven is above the earth1 and our sculpture1 of course1 is unrivalled2 but they have the gift of music1 and of architecture1 and of painting--the two last marvellously developed4 ,and in the first ,i think your people--,i do not mean ,venetians1 but some of your other ,italian neighbors--have just now reached a good climax4 ,at ,milan ,i heard some chanting that would put us to shame1 and even here ,i have heard something not unlike it4 ,yes1 ,i cede the palm to the barbarians in the arts of ,euterpe and--0 8,but in architecture yours is the peer of any northern style10 said the ,venetian4 8,i doubt it10 said the ,greek4 8,there is a strange impression comes over me in these vast1 sky-high1 delicately-carved cathedrals1 dim and resonant1 that comes nowhere else--not in our gold-colored1 mosaic-paved1 dome-crowned churches1 nor your ,st4 ,mark1 the daughter of our ,st4 ,sophia40 8,every one knows how liberal are your views10 said the other1 with a smile4 8,yes80 asked the ,greek1 evidently in innocence4 8,but ,i am only fair to others4 ,i would rather be a ,greek than a barbarian1 as the adage of one of our old heathen philosophers has it2 but ,i can see that ,god has not rained every blessing on one spot1 and that my native land1 as he did on the ,garden of ,eden before ,adam fell40 8,hush60 said the ,venetian1 interrupting him4 8,some girl has fainted40 ,some little stir was taking place in the crowd2 it was a girl who had fainted1 and an old woman1 strong and powerful1 was holding her4 ,among the many questions tossed to and fro and never answered1 our four friends all managed to hear the words of the old woman to her nearest neighbors4 8,yes1 that is the portrait of her sister and my granddaughter1 just as if the poor lost girl had sat for it herself4 ,but then this must have been painted since she lost her rosy color4 ,and ,i believe the painter knows what became of her1 and where she is1 if she is alive2 and1 ,god forgive me6 ,i always accused the ,lord ,conrad of ,schn of her ruin and disappearance4 ,i will know1 too1 if this painter is to be found anywhere in ,flanders4 ,oh6 yes1 ,agnes is very well2 she will be herself again directly1 nervous little thing60 ,and the old woman1 with a kind of savage tenderness1 shielded the face of her granddaughter in her bosom1 while the girl slowly revived4 ,some people hinted that the painter was hidden in the closed tent behind the picture1 and others brought out shears to cut the curtains2 but the priest here interposed4 8,i think1 my friends10 he said in a clear1 authoritative voice1 8that you had better leave this matter to the proper authorities4 ,messire ,van ,simler and ,i will see that this good woman is heard1 and1 if need be1 helped to find her granddaughter1 or any news of her death and fate4 ,it would be an unwarrantable act to cut these curtains open3 if there is no one there1 you will feel like fools1 the dupes of the childish trick of an unknown painter2 if you find the person you are looking for1 you may do him a mischief and come yourselves under the eye of the law4 ,i advise you to let the matter rest4 ,and you1 my good friend1 here is an address you may find useful whenever you wish to make further inquiries4 ,it would be best to take your charge home40 ,the manner rather than the words of the speaker took effect at once1 and the group dissolved to make room for other sight-seers1 all gaping1 all admiring1 and all ending by feeling uncomfortable and leaving the stand with muttered words of equal wonder and fear4 ,but it is impossible to follow each comment1 and we have yet other scenes to look at before we close the history of this picture4 ,among the crowd that day had been ,peter and ,simon1 and the former1 familiar as he was with the painting1 had ceased to feel impressed by the weird1 indescribable beauty and awe that were its very essence4 ,but he had been1 in a business-like way1 alive to everything connected with what was to him the instrument of future success1 and the fainting scene and its close were especially observed4 ,he noticed the drift of all the remarks made on the picture2 he had foretold it himself--for he was nothing if not worldly-wise--and he carefully scanned the faces of the four critics who had so pertinaciously lingered round the stand all day4 ,he knew them all for enlightened men1 above the nonsense of the age1 good art-critics1 and men born to be masters of their kind4 ,even the young ,venetian had the making of a statesman in him2 the ,greek was as simple-minded as he was generous1 and1 though his countrymen had a bad name at ,bruges for conventional sins of which not half of them were really guilty1 he was1 even with the most ignorant1 a signal exception4 ,the other two were trusted native citizens1 bosom friends1 patrons of all that was good1 learned1 and improving1 and1 what was more1 powerful in the council and civic government4 ,the first1 by the way1 was a canon of the cathedral1 by private inheritance a rich man1 and1 by dint of charity to the starving and liberality to men of letters1 raised above the scandal that attended on rich ecclesiastics4 ,these four were representative men1 and though each a representative of the best type of his own class and nation1 still no less entitled to be called representative men4 ,peter noted the way ,messire ,van ,simler went that evening2 the canon he knew well by reputation4 ,then he came back to the ,place and helped a young peasant to lift and pack the picture1 leaving on the planks in front of the booth the address of the artist and a notice that purchasers were asked to meet the painter at his own studio any time each day before dark4 ,the peasant seemed slim and tall for a ,flemish countryman1 but his cap concealed his face1 and his loose vest was well calculated to increase his seeming bulk2 still1 when he got to the studio in the old garret over the canal1 and threw off his cap1 he proved to be the person you must have suspected--the painter himself4 ,he said nothing1 and ,peter did not offer to speak2 but the former1 as soon as he came in1 glanced hurriedly into one corner and then back at the picture4 ,over their scanty supper the two exchanged a few monosyllables as to the result of the show1 but each was uneasy and spoke as if compelled by the suspicion of the other4 ,next morning ,peter went to ,van ,simler's house before the latter was out of bed1 and was received during the merchant's ample breakfast4 ,no one came to ,jan's garret the first day1 and he stayed at home alone with his work1 now and then retouching it1 as if drawn to it by a spell he could not master2 but each time he worked at it he seemed more ill and nervous4 ,towards dusk he heard a footstep on the stair1 and opened the door to let in some light on the break-neck place1 full of corners and broken steps1 where some stranger was evidently groping his way4 ,it was the ,greek4 ,he greeted the painter with grave earnestness and more interest than is usual with a purchaser4 8,i have come10 he said after the first civilities1 8to buy both your pictures and you1 and pack both at once1 as my ships will be in port by the night after to-morrow night1 and it needs time to meet them4 ,they cannot wait--at least1 that one cannot which happens to be most convenient for you to go in4 ,have you any objection to go with me to ,greece8--any tie to detain you here80 ,jan looked into the corner before he answered1 and shuddered4 8,i fear ,i have10 he said unwillingly4 ,the ,greek looked fixedly at him4 8,i will not keep you any longer than you like1 and you probably like travelling8 ,there are scenes in ,greece and the ,east that will delight you1 if you have a liking for ,scriptural subjects2 and the journey need not be longer than the interval between this cargo from here and the next cargo back40 ,jan said nothing4 8,you see ,i am bent on having you as well as your picture10 the merchant went on2 8but if you insist on refusing me your company1 ,i will take the picture at once4 ,i have men below ready to carry it away1 and ,i will give you your own price at once1 in gold coin40 ,and ,jan still gazed into the furthest--and empty--corner4 8,i have reasons for my haste10 said the ,greek1 slowly1 at last4 ,jan turned inquiringly4 8,good reasons10 said his visitor gravely and gently1 8which ,i will tell you when we are at sea1 if you will trust me till then2 if not1 ,i will even tell you now1 though the proverb says that 'walls have ears4'0 ,jan seemed to need no immediate explanation1 but said3 8,take the picture1 and welcome1 and believe in my gratitude1 though ,i cannot put it into words2 but ,i can take no gold for the picture40 8,why1 you invited purchasers to come here to you60 8,i have learned to-day that ,i cannot sell it40 8,well10 said the ,greek1 with a look of intelligence1 8,i think you and ,i understand each other1 then1 and ,i may as well take you and the picture too40 8,no10 said ,jan1 8you do not understand me1 but ,i understand you and am grateful4 ,if ,i am in danger1 it matters little2 ,i prefer meeting such a danger as you fear for me to seeing what ,i should see always1 on the ship1 in the ,east1 as well as here--or at the stake40 8,your mind is--preoccupied1 my young friend10 said the merchant4 8,but let me take the picture2 at least1 it is better to have the evidence put out of the way in time4 ,let me call to my men40 8,yes1 but no gold for it10 said ,jan without emotion1 as he pushed away the purse on the table4 8,take the picture2 there will be only one face then1 and ,i shall not be torturing myself as to whether the likeness is faithful enough or not40 ,the ,greek bent out of the window and whistled to two men sitting on the narrow stone-work of the canal2 one of them struck a flint1 lit a pine torch1 and1 beckoning the other to follow him1 came up the winding stairs4 ,jan said not a word1 and the picture was packed and carried away1 while the merchant lingered yet1 pressing gold1 protection1 and future patronage upon the benumbed artist4 ,even the hint of fame could not stir the young man4 8,i have done my life's work10 he said gloomily4 8,i shall never paint the equal of that picture again1 and ,i do not wish to10 he added with a shudder2 8and for the sake of my reputation ,i must not paint anything below that standard40 8,but why should not you do even better80 said the ,greek4 8,i thought you knew10 said the young man1 in puzzled uncertainty4 8,i know nothing1 and my suspicions are too vague to shape my judgment on the merits of this particular work of yours4 ,i gathered all ,i do know1 or even suspect1 from the remarks of the people to-day4 ,i am used to watching indications of men's fancies1 prejudices1 passions1 say even superstitions1 and ,i thought it a pity that such people as we heard to-day should have it in their power to end or mar the career of an artist of your genius4 ,we want some young1 rising painter--one who can rival the ,italians2 one who can show that there is a future for art1 that it is progressive and improvable2 one especially who will defy conventionalities--for ,i own that your independent treatment of a ',judith' fascinated me4 ,but if ,i cannot prevail upon you to accept my services at present1 you will not refuse to take this address2 it will find me1 no matter where ,i may be1 and it will be even a personal safeguard for you in my absence and during the interval that may elapse before ,i hear of your appeal40 8,thank you a thousand times for your unprovoked and generous interest60 said ,jan more warmly than he had spoken before4 8,i shall never forget it4 ,god grant my life or death may be guided and determined by the highest ,power6 ,i should not trust myself to decide wisely1 if ,i had the choice offered me2 but if it is ordained that ,i should live long1 ,i prefer your being the instrument of my salvation40 ,the merchant left1 and ,jan stayed alone all night2 he was stonily calm1 watching1 thinking1 waiting as if for an expected event1 and never breaking his fast through the long1 dark hours4 ,when early morning came1 two men in gray cloaks opened his door and respectfully ordered him to come with them to ,van ,simler's house1 which he did without surprise and without remonstrance4 ,here he found the canon1 who with ,van ,simler told him briefly that they thought it for his good to be taken into the country to the castle of ,stundsen1 belonging to the merchant's brother-in-law4 ,they did not tell him why1 and it did not even occur to him to ask4 ,as he passed from the large dining-hall where this short interview took place to a room furnished with ,spanish leather and carved oak--his room1 he was told1 for a few hours--he thought he recognized the ,greek anxiously and quickly open a door that led to the passage1 as if to assure himself of the presence of some expected person4 ,van ,simler and his friend1 meanwhile1 had a short and significant talk1 a few words of which are here set down to explain facts that may look to the undiscerning reader like the conventional tricks of modern medivalists1 to whom plots and kidnapping are 8daily bread40 8,now10 said the merchant1 8if that scoundrel ,peter goes no further1 there is every hope of getting this obstinate young genius out of the city in safety2 but he may try to get two prices and hint the matter to ,conrad ,schn40 ,the canon shrugged his shoulders4 8,of course1 in that case10 he said1 8all would be in vain1 for ,count ,conrad has the sovereign's ear2 and you know the hobby the ,count of ,flanders has lately bestridden40 8,the youth ought to have gone with the ,greek2 but the latter says he believes him half-mad1 which accounts for his staying in the jaws of the lion40 8,i have heard of ,jan the painter before10 said the priest1 8and1 had he been a different person1 ,i should have gone to him myself2 but1 from my general knowledge of his character1 any one would do better than one of us1 and ,i am glad the ,greek forestalled me4 ,why did not you keep ,peter under lock and key when he came here80 8,it was a mistake1 ,i own10 said the other2 8but still1 if ,i had1 there was ,simon in the secret40 8,simon is a fool1 and nothing of this would have occurred to him40 8,i doubt about his being a fool2 at any rate1 he is a dangerous one4 8,he is a fool in such matters as these1 though dangerous enough in his way1 as you say4 ,now1 our ,greek friend has just left the house1 ,i see1 and there is nothing to detain me here just now4 ,you take the transport business in your hands8 ,well and good2 while ,i attend to any foolish charge made in the city4 ,i expect ,i shall see old ,mother ,colette before dark to-night40 ,there is no need to go through the details of the few days that followed4 ,in one word1 ,peter was more powerful than ,jan's four protectors put together1 but only because he had ,conrad ,schn at his back1 and behind him a greater 8presence0 yet--no less a person than the ,count of ,flanders1 who had lately taken a mania about witchcraft4 ,it was easy to play upon his vanity and tickle his supposed superior sense of discovery1 and ,conrad had reasons for diverting to the young artist the opprobrium which even he1 with all his power1 could not fail to have brought upon himself in such an independent and proud burgher-city as ,bruges for the wrong done to the orphan daughter of one of her citizens and an attendant of his wife2 for there was still a lingering in ,flanders of the old knightly feeling of the earlier days of chivalry1 which made it the duty of a knight to consider every house-maiden within his walls as his own daughter or sister1 and protect1 and even defend1 her as such4 ,the dark accusations of ,conrad and his informant against the defenceless painter were but too readily listened to1 and1 before his friends could conceal him1 the sovereign had already sent to demand his person4 ,we will pass over the mock examination which the count held1 more with a view to satisfy his own curiosity than to assure himself of the prisoner's guilt2 over the honest but bitter malignity with which old ,mother ,colette1 an unconscious tool sought out by ,jan's enemies1 testified against the man who1 to make such a startling and mysterious likeness of her lost granddaughter1 must have been intimately acquainted with her2 and1 lastly1 over ,jan's strange apathy and silence1 his refusal to deny the charges brought against him1 and his seeming relief at being condemned to die4 ,he never told any one the reason of all this1 and the secret would have died with him1 if ,peter1 years afterwards1 when the picture again came to light and became famous1 had not made known the hallucination of the painter1 to which was really due the success others had stupidly attributed to forbidden practices4 ,the last thing that concerns us is the strange sentence and fanciful doom pronounced by the ,count of ,flanders1 the carrying out of which will take us up into the belfry of the ,guildhall1 just above the market-place where the unlucky picture had first roused the ignorant suspicions of the mob4 ,here1 where swings the largest bell of the famous carillon1 we find the artist once more4 ,the great dark mass hangs dumb beside him2 very little light is here1 but enough to see by dimly1 and make out some of the maze of beams and iron-braced stays that uphold the old bell4 ,even some of the inscription is visible2 its gilt letters in relief gleam out of the dimness and naturally fix the eye in that kind of magnetic gaze which some say is favorable to sleep4 ,jan was half crouched in one corner1 wondering why he was there and how long it was intended he should stay2 the two men who had brought him had simply told him that the count had sent him up there to see if he could rival the penance of ,st4 ,simeon ,stylites1 for a few hours at least4 ,presently the bell began to stir and sway softly1 slowly2 one dull1 muffled tone came out as the tongue touched the outbent lips of the mighty bell2 the next stroke came louder1 the next swing was wider1 and ,jan's head already throbbed with the unwelcome noise4 ,now the monster was alive in earnest4 ,warming to its work1 it swung further and further2 it tossed its base upwards1 till the beams groaned and creaked1 and all kinds of hideous minor noises seemed to be embroidered on the constant dull echo between each stroke4 ,a strange wind blew in ,jan's face2 it was the breath of the bell1 whose relentless beat grew more and more regular1 more and more monotonous1 as it went on4 ,the artist dared not move2 one hair's breadth nearer the terrific engine would be his death1 one blow of its lips would be more effectual than any stroke of axe or pile of faggots4 ,he shrank close to the wall1 but1 as his body just cleared the bell in its mad flingings and tossings1 his mind seemed to be struck by it at every toll1 almost absorbed in it1 drawn to it with fatal curiosity4 ,was that the bell whose sound had been so majestic1 so solemn1 so beautiful in his ears as a child1 so grand when it rang out above the others--eighty of them--that chimed on the great church holidays and welcomed the victorious sovereign when he came back from war8 ,was this the heart of the great angel that poetry and popular belief had endowed the belfry with--this terrible1 maddening1 brazen-tongued1 relentless engine8 ,it only just missed touching him each time it flung itself on his side of the beam-chamber2 if it were to swing only a little more fiercely1 as it seemed easy for it to do1 one blow would crush him4 ,already the air seemed to suck him in under the bell1 into some dark vault1 no doubt--some bottomless pit2 had his conductors known1 when they put him there1 that it was time for the bell to toll1 or had they forgotten him8 ,how long would this go on8 ,his brain could not stand it much longer1 he felt1 but to scream was useless2 the great1 dread voice hushed all other sound4 ,it seemed presently as if the gilt lettering got brighter2 it took the shape of a glaring yellow eye2 now redder1 like fire1 now alive1 now like the eyes in his 8,judith10 that the woman had said were the 8eyes of a corpse just come back to life40 ,but had bells eyes as well as tongues8 he asked himself helplessly4 ,he remembered learning about the ,cyclops and their single eyes in the middle of their foreheads2 now he really saw a worse monster1 with an eye of flame set in its huge1 black1 bulging lip4 ,was that the gold the ,greek had offered him8 ,surely it was that1 and no eye4 ,of course his fancy had betrayed him4 ,but how could the gold have got there and got stuck to the rim of the accursed bell8 ,how long had he been there1 and when were they coming to fetch him8 ,but they could not get in while that fiend was tossing and bellowing in these narrow walls4 ,what was that other noise now8--a whirring of a thousand wheels6 ,where8 ,it seemed all round2 and now the bell appeared to him in a network of wheels1 all going round faster than the eye could follow--a mass of moving air formed of many hazy circles intertwined2 he knew they were wheels1 but could not actually see them4 ,he dared not hold his ears and head with his hands1 for between each fling of the bell there was not time to lift his hands2 and if they were caught--,some one was there now--come to bring him away4 ,how did he get in8 ,but it was not a man2 it had long1 fair hair and a misty sort of covering4 ,he knew the face4 ,was there an angel of the bell1 after all1 who was going to stop the great tongue and deliver him8 ,no2 that face was a dead face--,judith just as he had painted her1 just as he saw her in the corner of his room2 and this was his room1 and he had been dreaming of the bell4 ,scarcely--he could not dream of such a noise2 then the devil must have got into his room and changed everything4 ,but the clangor never stopped1 and never spoke either louder or softer--one eternal1 dreary1 vexing1 maddening ring4 ,he would go mad1 no doubt1 if he stayed there another quarter of an hour2 how long had he been there8 ,now he was fascinated by the unerring accuracy of the strokes1 and1 in a trance1 expected feverishly the next dull boom1 and mechanically counted on his fingers till the next was due again1 and so on for five minutes4 ,suppose he should hang on to the tongue2 would it make a feather's weight of difference in the time or the sound of the stroke8 ,he wondered how the bell sounded to those in the ,place2 they did not heed it at all1 most likely1 or some thought it must be getting near their time for dinner1 while pious women were reminded to say a prayer1 and some gleeful child would clap its hands and count the strokes4 ,he could count the beats of his heart and the throbs in his head4 ,he was not mad yet1 he hoped1 and his thoughts came regularly1 and he saw pictures burned into the air one minute and gone the next2 if he could have put them on canvas1 they would have made his name and fortune4 ,he was sure he could catch their shading2 they looked as if fire had been made liquid and colored4 ,it was better than any of the windows in the cathedral1 famous as they were through the art-world for their undiscoverable secret of vivid1 jewel-like coloring4 ,but one picture followed the other so soon that1 had he painted them all1 it would have taken him twice the threescore years and ten of an ordinary life1 and they would have filled every ,church in ,flanders fuller than twenty chapels in each could require4 ,what was the coloring of 8,judith10 with the pitiful chemical combination for which he had risked so much1 to these rich1 mellow1 miraculous tones1 with a thousand new1 unnamable shades1 and shadows that looked more like the depths of a dark-blue ,italian lake than the darkness of common air8 ,but through all these meditations of a second's length1 though they seemed like the reveries of hours1 the boom of the pitiless bell went on1 crashing through the brain of the prisoner1 shattering each new picture which the last interval had stamped on his fancy1 sounding to him now like a roaring fall of water1 now a ploughing avalanche1 now a thunder-clap1 now the fall of a burning house1 now the thud of earth upon a coffin1 now the blow of a massive cudgel on his own head4 ,instinctively he cowered lower1 and a beam struck him on the back with a sudden violent blow that made him stand upright and remember that the bell was there1 but no cudgel2 but as he rose he had stretched out his hand1 blindly feeling for support1 and touched the great rocking monster4 ,a thrill went through his frame2 he looked upward and vaguely wondered if this was the end1 and he saw his 8,judith0 again1 a shadowy form among the rafters4 ,the next feeling of consciousness was that of lying flat on his back and a strong1 cold wind wafting across his feet2 he put up his hand to lift his head a little and press his left temple1 and then-- ,the bell had only tolled for a quarter of an hour4 ,as soon as it stopped the same men who had taken ,jan up came again and found him dead1 lying in a cramped position on his side1 and one leg still stretched out beneath the now silent bell4#ea ,footnote #ea3 ,if any one cares to know what became of the picture1 he may be interested to hear that it hangs now over the altar of a private oratory in the same city where it was painted4 ,the ,greek merchant took it to ,constantinople1 where it remained in his family till the siege1 twenty-eight years later4 ,it was then given by him for safe keeping to his ,venetian friend and transferred to ,venice1 whence the ,greek himself1 having become a resident of that place1 took it back to ,bruges and offered it to the canon1 on condition of no further mention being made of the circumstances connected with it4 ,the offer was gratefully accepted1 and it remained till the priest's death in his private collection1 the ,greek having declared that1 what with having paid no price for it and its being a ,scriptural subject1 he preferred that it should in some way belong to the church rather than to the world4 ,at the canon's death it was sold to a dealer1 who sold it again for a high price to an ,italian collector1 whose descendants1 in 8hard times10 parted with it to a rich ,englishman4 ,it happened1 strangely enough1 that it returned to the native city of its unlucky author by an intermarriage between the family of the ,english connoisseur and that of a passionate lover of art in ,bruges1 and this time it was transferred as a gift4 ,it has been freely shown to any and every one who asked to see it1 and the story attached to it made it one of the 8sights0 of the old city4 ,,wild ,,roses ,,by ,,the ,,sea4 ,untrimmed1 uncared for1 filling all the ways ,that stretch between the shadow of the pine ,and sea-washed rock where in the soft sunshine ,the sea breaks white through all the long ,june days1 ,the fair wild roses1 flushed like ,eastern skies ,when sinks the sun to rest in radiance calm1 ,their pink bloom lift amid the sweet-bay's balm ,and shine a welcome true to loving eyes4 ,sweet ,june's rich gladness in the rosy flush1 ,as if rejoicing with our human souls1 ,while solemn melody from wave-beat rolls1 ,whose endless anthem knows not any hush3 ,and ever answering from the pines sweep down ,the wailing chords the wandering wind doth wake-- ,sad undertones that through ,june's singing break1 ,but cannot dim her roses' radiant crown1 ,beyond whose jewelled zone spreads on and on ,the long1 low level of the endless sea1 ,blue with the shadow of infinity ,from cloudless skies1 in sparkling light1 dropped down2 ,with here and there a sail1 in shade and light1 ,wind-seeking1 bearing careless o'er the crest ,of summer waves the whiteness of its breast-- ,a moment's dazzling vision on our sight3 ,earth1 air1 and sea1 with mirth unsullied filled1 ,with happy sunshine from ,june's roses flushed4 ,we hold our rose-leaves all to-day uncrushed1 ,our cup of spring-time joyousness unspilled4 ,but spring-time passes1 rosy petals all ,drop down and mingle with earth's earlier dead1 ,though faithful sweet-bay still breathes balm o'erhead1 ,and ocean's anthem e'er doth rise and fall4 ,almost unfelt the summer hours die1 ,green leaves grow russet on the salty shore1 ,the crimson vines droop rocky crevice o'er1 ,and wild ducks' marshalled columns southward fly4 ,low asters gleam with delicate light amid ,the massive sunshine of the golden-rod2 ,a stray ,houstonia shines above the sod ,and lifts to gold-spun skies its pale blue lid4 ,the autumn's glory lavishly is spread1 ,but summer dieth1 loving sung to sleep ,by western wind and murmur of the deep1 ,the softened sunshine on her gently shed4 ,where are our roses8--that rare gift of ,june ,that filled to perfectness our human life1 ,that hushed with silent touch all earthly strife1 ,that voiceless sang to keep our hearts in tune4 ,lo6 crowning each rich1 sun-browned stem ,where once its rose the summer's sunrise flushed1 ,where shone our coronal of joy1 now crushed1 ,stands1 round and firm1 a deeper-tinted gem4 ,rich summer faileth1 and true-hearted ,june1 ,for whom birds sang1 and perfect blessedness ,filled every grass-blade with a sense of bliss1 ,tells o'er her beads for one to die so soon4 ,her rosary strung around the rose-crowned shore1 ,our pure ,june gladness1 gathered into prayers1 ,the sweet-bay's incense ever upward bears1 ,while we1 'mid loss1 seem richer than before6 ,,divorce1 ,,and ,,divorce ,,laws4 ,of the many evils now arrayed against society1 none is greater than that threatened by the frequency and facility with which divorces are obtained4 ,this bane of our day1 if not plucked up by the roots1 will inevitably bring on the country disasters tenfold greater than the bitterest political strifes4 ,already its incursions into our midst have cast a blight on our morals1 have infected all classes of society1 have rudely shaken our best institutions1 and1 if not checked1 will prove a greater scourge than in our apathy we dream of4 ,yet it continues to grow among us day by day2 it rears its head higher and higher each moment2 it strikes deeper root on all sides2 its hideous mien is ever becoming more familiar to us2 some even smile over its attendant disclosures of depravity as pleasant tidbits of scandal with which the morning papers agreeably enliven the breakfast-table1 while few reflect over the awful magnitude of the danger with which it is fraught4 ,so dulled1 indeed1 has become the public conscience in this respect1 so slow its apprehension of the mighty evil pressing on us1 that scarcely has a warning voice been lifted against this social hydra1 which goes on tightening its coils more closely around us every moment4 ,it is not alone our crowded cities that are poisoned by its breath1 but it has invaded the stillness of hillside and hamlet1 and no part of the land is a stranger to its presence4 ,in olden times a special act of ,parliament was required in ,england to legalize a remarriage during the life-time of husbands and wives1 but so tedious and expensive was the proceeding that few cared to avail themselves of the privilege2 whereas of late days and in our land so simple and easy has become the severance of the marriage-knot that the mechanic as well as the millionaire figures before courts and referees1 and multitudes now throng this new high-road to social ruin4 ,chief among the evils resulting from the laxity of our divorce laws is their active warfare against society4 ,the family1 as known among us1 is a creation of the church wrought out through the indissolubility and sacredness of marriage4 ,it is the nursery of society1 the hope of the state1 and the cradle of its destinies4 ,while it remains pure and intact1 so long will our sound social institutions flourish1 so long will a healthy public sentiment live among us1 ready to rebuke the shortcomings of the powerful and to lighten the burdens of the poor1 to frown upon official corruption and to encourage disinterested public action4 ,indeed1 this is a point we need scarcely insist upon4 ,all moralists and sociologists allow that the family is the parent of society1 as the seed is of the crop and the acorn of the oak4 ,they agree that with its extinction we are at once driven on the breakers of socialism1 communism1 and free-love--in a word1 that society ceases to exist4 ,now1 divorce is the entering-wedge which the law supplies for the ruin of the family2 it is as the priming to a loaded gun4 ,once give the world to understand that marriage is but a simple compact by which two persons of opposite sexes agree to live together conditionally for a time1 and the permanency of the family is destroyed2 the sacredness of conjugal love is degraded before the law into mere sexual desire2 that institution which ,christ blessed and declared to symbolize his own union with the church becomes at the best a system of stirpiculture1 and nuptial altars are converted into shambles of licentiousness4 ,let the cause be what it may bestowing on either party to the marriage contract the right to annul it1 and the cohesion of family ties is fatally weakened4 ,this fact our court records ominously demonstrate every day4 ,applications for divorce1 based on the special enactments of each ,state1 are constantly filed1 in which release from marriage is sought in accordance with the provisions of the law4 ,in ,indiana1 for instance1 mere incompatibility of temper is made the ground of petition2 and in only very few cases do we find adultery or grossly cruel treatment alleged as a reason4 ,the easier conditions of the ,state law are naturally enough invoked1 whatever may be the true inner grounds of disagreement4 ,the law of the ,state offers a means of escape from an onerous condition1 and1 either through the perverse temper of the litigants or the legal skill of counsel1 the circumstances of the case are readily adapted to the requirements of the law4 ,thus the law in reality supplies to those who are weary of wedlock the means of escaping from it1 while apparently striving to hedge in its interests4 ,this fact will for ever and essentially stultify divorce laws4 ,no matter how ingeniously framed they may be1 how buttressed with conditions and exactions of proof1 such are the peculiar relations of married life that1 given on the side of the law the possibility1 and on the side of the husband or wife the desire of escaping from a yoke that has become galling1 and mere legal restrictions melt as wax before the sun4 ,as has just been said1 the court records constantly prove this4 ,let us examine the facts in ,new ,york ,state1 where adultery is the only recognized ground on which absolute divorce can be procured4 ,a husband desires to free himself from married thraldom4 ,he consults a convenient friend or an accommodating lawyer4 7,happily1 there are not many such1 but we all know that one can work an infinity of mischief47 ,a conspiracy is entered into against the wife2 detectives are set on her track2 her incomings and outgoings are narrowly watched2 her innocent visits are painted over with the color of criminality2 her letters are intercepted2 she is lured into the paths of temptation2 and such proof1 devised with devilish cunning1 is soon obtained as brands that woman with the most infamous of crimes4 ,the picture is not of the imagination2 the revelations of the law attest its terrible reality every day1 and so defiant of public opinion have some discreditable practitioners become that they take no pains to cover up the tracks of their infamy4 ,indeed1 it was with something like surprise that a short time ago a lawyer in ,new ,york ,city listened to the scathing words which debarred him from future practice in our courts1 because of his participation in a conspiracy to prove an innocent woman an adulteress4 ,circumstantial evidence is all that the law requires in these cases4 ,as a rule1 indeed1 none other can be furnished4 ,now1 this evidence1 proposing to establish what is after all but the semblance of crime1 since the facts necessarily elude ocular proof1 is such that by asking for it the law seems to invite those who are desirous of so doing to weave around innocence itself a web of circumstances calculated to immesh it in the appearance of guilt4 ,thus the law defeats its own intent and places a premium on sin4 ,it aggravates the evil it endeavors to estop4 ,like the smitten eagle1 it is forced to-- 8,view its own feathers on the fatal dart ,which winged the shaft that quivers in its heart4 ,keen are its pangs1 but keener far to feel ,it nursed the pinion that impelled the steel40 ,two hundred divorces a vinculo1 obtained in the ,state of ,new ,york in the course of a single year1 give point to these remarks4 ,and in most of these cases1 it must be remembered1 the defendants denied the charge and were convicted only by such evidence as1 though necessarily deemed sufficient by the court or referee1 is essentially and of its nature such that it might have been manufactured4 ,but if these attempts on the part of husbands to take advantage of the laxity of our divorce laws by blasting the character of their wives excite our honest indignation and disgust1 infinitely more heinous must appear the conduct of some wives in their efforts to procure evidence against their husbands4 ,our readers must here pardon a few details which the cause of truth compels us to set down1 but which we will couch in as few and modest words as possible4 ,what we are about to state proves the truth of the holy proverb that when woman falls 8her feet go down into death1 and her steps go in as far as hell0 7,prov4 v4 #e74 ,there is a fashionable physiology which denies the physical possibility of absolute continence without serious impairment of health4 ,the easy votaries of sensuality do not hesitate to uphold this odious doctrine in so-called scientific treatises1 and to proclaim with ,dr4 ,draper that 8public celibacy is private wickedness40 ,we call this fashionable physiology2 for the mass of intelligent non-,catholics make open avowal of it4 ,indeed1 the doctrine is essentially non-,catholic1 and has been acted upon by all rebels against the church from ,luther to ,loyson4 ,swedenborg condemns celibacy as a crime against nature4 ,from being a purely religious doctrine1 however1 it has recently come to be regarded as a scientific tenet4 ,pseudo-science now shelters it under its gis1 and it is as much the vogue to believe in it as it is to accept the other views of so-called advanced modern scientists4 ,it is this very notion which supplies to many a recalcitrant wife the weapon with which she has succeeded in breaking down the law and bringing irretrievable ruin on her family4 ,if1 as the writer has taken pains to assure himself1 the inner history of our most notorious and disgraceful divorce cases could be read in the light of broad day1 the facts would appears as follows3 ,a faithless wife1 impressed with the doctrine just stated1 takes such steps as will1 in her belief1 compel her husband to compromise himself4 ,he then is watched1 snares are set about his feet1 he is encompassed by enemies1 and1 alas6 sharing as he does the views entertained by his wife1 he soon furnishes such evidences of wrong-doing as justify a recourse to legal proceedings4 ,we have stated the case briefly1 but at sufficient length to indicate the lowness of the depths to which human nature1 deprived of grace1 can sink1 and how ingeniously the law has constructed a pitfall for itself4 ,one author says that 8such stratagems are of frequent occurrence10 and the mournful testimony of our tribunals is overwhelming in proof of the appalling frequency with which this repulsive drama is enacted4 ,but to wade through the putrescent mass of evidence were to make the cheek grow crimson and burn1 so that a scant allusion to it is all that decency can permit4 ,what we especially desire to impress upon our readers is the fact that the imagination is here powerless to compete with the reality1 and that human ingenuity has exhausted itself in the contrivance of the most abominable devices in its successful efforts to overreach a stupid law4 ,but it is not alone in thus inviting infraction of its provisions that the law of ,new ,york ,state is weak and faulty2 it is1 in addition1 guilty of contradicting itself in a matter of vital importance4 ,marriage is either a contract for life or can be limited by previous mutual consent4 ,now1 the law denounces such limitation as immoral and strictly forbids it4 ,but does it therefore recognize marriage as in reality a contract for life8 ,we emphatically answer in the negative1 and for the following reason3 ,it is of the nature of a contract that all its essential terms and conditions be such as to come within the jurisdiction of the authority appointed for the purpose of directing its fulfilment4 ,but if the authority be so crippled as not to be able to take cognizance of conditions admitted to be essential to the proper fulfilment of the contract1 the latter must be regarded as null and void1 or binding only in foro interno4 ,all outside authority1 all outside jurisdiction over it1 is at an end4 ,this is precisely what happens in civil marriage4 ,ostensibly the law recognizes it as a contract for life2 indeed1 openly proclaims it to be so2 even provides a penalty for its violation as such2 and yet1 by admitting its dissolubility on certain conditions1 leaves it in reality as much the subject-matter of temporary stipulation as a lease or a business copartnership1 and1 in addition1 baits it with the temptation to commit an enormous crime4 ,what is there to prevent two persons from entering into a civil marriage with the understanding that they should live together for a certain time1 be as other married persons before the law1 sharing its protection and enjoying its privileges1 and then separate by complying with the conditions on which the law allows a separation8 ,the case is entirely possible--has1 indeed1 occurred time and again--so that we are forced to admit that among us the law virtually treats marriage as a temporary partnership1 however much it may insist upon its being regarded as a life-long contract1 and is thus guilty of the inconsistency of declaring a certain thing to be what it in reality treats as quite another4 ,nor can it be contended1 as against this argument1 that the law will not grant a divorce where connivance is attempted2 for the case1 typical of thousands1 supposes that neither party desires to reveal such connivance4 ,nor is it of any avail to affirm that the party proved to be guilty is debarred the right of contracting a new marriage4 ,technically the law so reads1 but practically it is powerless to enforce its provision4 ,in such a case1 indeed1 it may be said that love laughs law to scorn4 ,its hope to punish a transgressor of the sort is as futile as the 8,desire of the moth for the star40 ,it is proper to assume that the purpose of the law is to punish the criminal partner and to restore to the injured one privileges which ought not to be forfeited because of another's guilt4 ,these two objects represent the policy and expediency of the law2 and in view of its entire failure to work them out wisely and effectually1 we will show that the law is neither politic nor expedient4 ,we will grant1 indeed1 that the law is competent1 in all cases coming under its notice1 both to punish the wrong-doer and partially to redress the wrong2 but what is the use1 if1 instead of effectually repressing the wrong1 it tends rather to encourage its commission8 ,and such is indeed the anomalous condition of the law1 both as it reads and as it works4 ,the easier and more numerous the terms on which the marriage contract can be dissolved1 the greater1 of course1 will be the number of divorces sought2 but whether it be for one reason or many1 once given a gateway from marriage bonds1 and none who are desirous of escape will find much trouble in passing through the portals which the law has flung open4 ,the facts1 as attested by the courts of ,connecticut and ,indiana1 prove the truth of the first part of this proposition2 for nowhere are cases looking to the absolute severance of the marriage tie more frequently argued1 and in no other ,states are so many divorces granted4 ,the reason obviously is because the conditions for obtaining such concessions are there easiest of all4 ,where the conditions for procuring divorce are more onerous fewer applications are made2 and the facts1 as occurring in ,new ,york ,state1 verify this sum in proportion and thus prove the second part of our proposition4 ,in the ,state of ,new ,york adultery is the sole condition of divorce1 and just in proportion as such a crime is less frequent than mere family jars and broils1 so are divorces less frequently sought4 ,the proposition is therefore true that the permission to dissolve marriage begets a demand to that effect in proportion to the ease with which it may be obtained4 ,the corollary of this proposition is that1 the more easily divorce may be obtained1 the less regard is had to the obstacles which may stand in the way of its coming at our beck4 ,should marriage be declared to be absolutely indissoluble1 and come to be viewed as such by the masses1 few would dream of assuming its responsibilities in the hope that1 should time render it irksome1 they could slip the noose and again soar 8in maiden meditation fancy free40 ,on the other hand1 they would be disposed rather to approach the matter with deliberation1 to take to heart the conditions of the contract1 and seriously to study the surroundings of a state which is to endure till death4 ,it is for this reason that the church advises her children to ponder long and deeply the consequences of the step they are about to take when proposing to cross this moral ,rubicon4 ,if ,csar felt that1 the traditionary river once crossed1 fate had marked him for her own1 or ,cortez that1 his ships ablaze1 all hope of return was gone1 more still does the church insist that sacramental marriage is a step that cannot be retraced4 ,divorce laws ignore these considerations1 and make light thereby of that social institution on which all others depend for their perpetuity4 ,they forget that-- 8,marriage is a matter of more worth ,than to be dealt in by attorneyship40 ,with siren voice they lure the unwary and unreflecting to a fate fraught with untold possibilities of unhappiness4 ,the result is that persons take less account of the solemn nature of the contract4 ,it suits their humor at the moment to get married1 and little they reck of the future4 ,carpe diem4 ,the rosy present bounds the view1 and there is no thought of to-morrow4 ,time enough for the disillusioned groom to wail3 ,miseri quibus intentata nites-- when 8marriage vows have proved as false as dicers' oaths10 and bitter hate succeeded the short-lived joys of the honeymoon4 ,and why should it be otherwise8 ,is not the potent panacea of matrimonial ills ever within ken and reach8 ,what need is there to cloud the golden prospect with thoughts of possible future wrangles and rancor1 and in advance study to avert or mitigate them1 since1 should they come along1 a benignant law is at hand to end them8 ,we are convinced on the best of grounds that the frequency of divorce suits has its root in the neglect of duly considering the conditions essential to the happiness of married life4 ,were ,dante's words written over marriage portals3 ,lasciate ogni speranza voi ch'intrate1 a deal of curious prying1 at least1 would precede the decisive steps and few would rashly fly to a 8bourn whence no traveller returns40 ,but when the law points to an easy escape from the consequences of a heedless step1 what necessity can there be for heeding8 ,plenty of prior deliberation and a close scrutiny of its obligations would not have failed to render marriage tolerable1 at least1 for many who now fret and fume 'neath its galling yoke because they had flown to it in a wanton hour as to a flower to gather sweets from4 ,festina lente--or1 as ,sir ,thomas ,browne quaintly translates it1 8,celerity should be contempered with cunctation0--would be a valuable maxim to hold up to the giddy gaze of our modern youth who woo and wed with more sentimental sighs than sober sense2 better1 by all means1 than the cynical 8,don't0 of ,douglas ,jerrold4 ,the knowledge that what ,god hath joined together no human authority must put asunder1 alone can stop those unhallowed unions which curse society by the filthy disclosures they occasion1 and blast the happiness1 both temporal and eternal1 of so many4 ,at the time when this question was widely discussed in ,england1 and so many eminent authorities opposed the project of law which now rules in the ,british realms1 and which is in the main identical with our own ,state law1 ,lord ,stowell held the following language1 which goes at once to the kernel of the matter and shows a keen appreciation of the worst results of easy divorce4 ,he says3 8,the general happiness of the married life is secured by its indissolubility4 ,when people understand that they must live together1 except for a very few reasons known to the law1 they learn to soften1 by mutual accommodation1 that yoke which they know they cannot shake off2 they become good husbands and good wives2 for necessity is a powerful master in teaching the duties it imposes40 ,the church in surrounding marriage with that solemnity which it possesses in the eyes of ,catholics1 and thus giving greater prominence to its indissoluble character1 has thereby supplied to her children the means of softening a union so binding1 and from the crucible of suffering offers to both husband and wife a purer gold4 ,in the schedule of conditions essential to the procurement of the best results from marriage she holds to our gaze a larger and deeper culture than current philosophy dreams of--a culture that appeals to the intellect through moral sense1 unlike that modern culture which is addressed to the intellect alone4 ,it has almost passed into an axiom in political economy that self must sink out of sight where the interests of many are concerned2 and so the church teaches that men and women1 having reached that period when the duties of married life ought to be assumed1 should thenceforth devote to the service of society those labors they had hitherto bestowed on the prosecution of their individual aims4 ,the culture proceeds from this4 ,tolerance of each other's shortcomings on the part of husband and wife is strongly inculcated4 ,a gentle forbearance of mutual peculiarities is enjoined1 whereby the noble disposition to forgive the countless trifles of manner1 thought1 and action which might offend a morbid or fastidious idiosyncrasy is fostered4 ,thus the ,catholic wife or husband1 in view of the indissoluble nature of marriage1 is taught to round off angularities1 to tolerate oddities1 to adapt individual views and feelings to special requirements1 and to hold all subject to that higher and holier law which tells us that self should not be consulted where duty is concerned4 ,how many bickerings and misunderstandings1 how many of the heart-burnings1 how much of all the unhappiness that now mars and disfigures married life1 might be avoided if these large and liberal views more generally prevailed6 ,petty jealousies1 the offspring of our baser nature2 furtive suspicions1 exaggeration of faults1 imputation of wrong motives1 misinterpretation of harmless actions--in a word1 the hundred-and-one incentives to disagreement which beset each day's path--could find no room in a household harboring this pure and enlightened conception of marriage4 ,we know that the will is as much the subject of discipline as the intellect1 and we likewise know that as it is tried1 as temptations beset it and are repelled1 as suffering is endured without repining1 as petty torments1 numerous in proportion to their smallness1 are patiently borne1 the whole character comes forth from the ordeal smoother1 sweeter1 more spiritual1 and stronger1 with a life that is not likely to die4 ,marriage1 rightly conceived1 is a training-school where many salutary lessons are taught4 ,its tendency is to strengthen the will1 to soften the heart1 to remove asperities of character1 to evoke the tender and gentle in our nature1 and to beget a happiness all its own4 ,wrongly understood and blindly sought1 it is full of perils1 not1 indeed1 imaginary1 but real with that terrible reality which court calendars daily reveal in sickening colors4 ,thus the standard by which the ,catholic ,church measures marriage makes it yield a higher culture1 more generous1 large1 and abiding1 than can flow from the gross conception which represents it as a contract to be rescinded at will4 ,the ,catholic view promotes among the married that freedom of action which loves to borrow the consciousness of doing right from the conviction that the right is freely courted and the wrong freely spurned1 and thus paves the way for a nobler plane of conduct4 ,that irritability which inheres so deeply in our nature is what unfits most of us for companionship4 ,it seeks to fasten on others the blame which is our own1 or holds them responsible for grievances which are the necessary outcome of human life4 ,if not controlled1 it either causes entire estrangement and forfeiture of affection1 or leads those towards whom it is manifested to deceptiveness and the employment of crooked ways to reach legitimate ends4 ,a narrow and illiberal life is the result4 ,darkness and trickery prevail where all should be light and freedom4 ,evil accumulates on evil1 till both parties seek through divorce to free themselves from a yoke that has become intolerable4 ,the shrew will nag and the tyrant husband domineer because a narrow selfishness1 bred of this unrestrained irritability1 has usurped the place of a large-hearted and gentle forbearance4 ,the knowledge of these possibilities is the most effective armor against their actual occurrence2 for it demonstrates in advance the necessity of patience and a tolerant spirit2 it hints at a delicate regard for the feelings of others2 it leads to a vivid introspection of self1 and inclines to a mezzotint view of actions not our own2 it discriminates between true love1 which is self-sacrificing1 gentle1 and forgiving1 and the counterfeit presentment of love1 which is lurid passion1 fire without light4 ,and this knowledge is best guaranteed by the conviction that marriage is indissoluble4 ,urging this view of marriage and the study of these things1 the church implicitly holds that a liberal toleration of individual action is essential to the happiness of married life1 and that the ignorance which accompanies intolerance must be dispelled ere the ideal picture of married bliss can meet the gaze4 ,thus ,christian freedom goes by the golden mean1 on one side of which is domestic tyranny and on the other the rampant license of immorality4 ,unlike the generality of guides1 however the church possesses the means of enforcing her enlightened views1 of imparting wise counsel1 and offering helpful advice in concrete cases through the ,sacrament of ,penance4 ,those who have derived their notion of the confessional from the scurrilous writings of ,michelet1 the senseless diatribes of ,gavazzi1 or the eminently vulgar flings of some sensational preachers will be a little startled by this proposition4 ,but let those whose knowledge of the tribunal of penance has been fashioned in the school of bigotry and ignorance consult any intelligent ,catholic1 husband or wife1 and they will find that the web of falsehood in which they have been caught is such that they should blush at their own simplicity for having become entangled in it and held 8faster than gnats in cobwebs40 ,they will find that all those virtues which1 even to the commonest understanding1 shine clearly forth as the basis of contentment in married life1 are here inculcated2 that here on the heat and flame of distemper cool patience is sprinkled2 that chafes are healed and rankling barbs plucked out2 and that magnanimity1 self-sacrifice1 and love brighten afresh at the latticed crate of the confessional4 ,but notwithstanding that the church has exhausted prudence and employed every means which common sense could suggest in compassing the integrity of marriage1 she seeks not in these the ultima ratio of her action4 ,to her marriage is a sacrament1 bestowing grace on those who approach it worthily1 and sealing married life with a supernatural impress4 ,this sacramental notion of marriage it is which elevates1 purifies1 and sanctifies the relation1 enables the church to mitigate the evils with which human perversity leavens it1 and gives her control where the most restless plotters for the regeneration of society have acknowledged their utter powerlessness to act4 ,during the controversy which marked the adoption of the ,divorce ,bill in ,england its opponents1 when twitted with their inconsistency in rejecting the ,catholic notion of marriage as a sacrament and still insisting upon its inherent indissolubility1 fell1 through their reply1 into an error which1 in proportion to its prevalence1 has led to a wide-spread misconception of the grounds on which the ,catholic ,church claims marriage to be indissoluble4 ,a prominent writer at the time said3 8,the opinion of the ,roman ,church itself does not found the indissolubility of marriage on its character as a sacrament1 but only conceives the obligation to be enhanced by that circumstance02 and in confirmation of the assertion he quotes the words of the ,council of ,trent1 which are to this effect3 ,matrimonium1 ut natur officium consideratur et maxime ut sacramentum1 dissolvi non potest4 ,now1 if the words ut maxime be allowed to bear their proper meaning1 they certainly prove that the ,tridentine fathers intended that the indissolubility of marriage should1 before all and above all1 rest upon and grow out of the sacramental character of the contract4 ,ut maxime1 if meaning anything1 means as far as it is possible1 pre-eminently2 and so the church regards marriage as naturally indissoluble1 but especially so when viewed as a sacrament4 ,the fact proves that the opponents of the bill had little else to fall back on than the falsely-advanced statement that the ,catholic ,church1 the most strenuous advocate of indissolubility1 sought the reason of her opinion in the nature of the contract rather than in the character of the sacrament4 ,but1 apart from the declaration of the ,council of ,trent1 the whole history of the church exhibits beyond peradventure her higher estimate of marriage as a sacrament rather than as a contract4 ,she holds it to be1 in a mystical sense1 the symbol of our ,lord's union with the church1 and surely no higher character could attach to it4 ,but this symbolic meaning of marriage rests altogether on its sacramental phase1 so that the church views it as a sacrament supernaturally1 as a contract naturally1 her higher regard for it being in the former sense4 ,the ,english indissolubilists1 therefore1 could in no manner object to the proposed ,divorce ,bill2 for1 denying marriage to be a sacrament1 they surrendered the strongest reason for proclaiming it to be indissoluble4 ,if1 as even ,gibbon admits1 the church has lifted woman from the lowest degradation into which she could be plunged1 in which she was the mere slave of man and the toy of his passions1 to her present position of respect and independence by investing matrimony with the holiness of a sacrament2 and if the church has by the same means purified home-life and cemented its affections1 is there not danger that1 by dragging down marriage from its high estate1 woman may again come to be regarded 8not as a person10 as ,gibbon says1 8but as a thing1 so that1 if the original title were deficient1 she might be claimed1 like other valuables1 by the use and possession of an entire year08 ,such was the law in pagan times1 and such it may be again if we list too readily to those modern renovators of society who call marriage tyranny and a 8system of legalized prostitution40 ,not in vain did ,st4 ,simon1 ,fourier1 ,le ,roux1 ,fanny ,wright1 and their co-workers inveigh against ,christian marriage4 ,we are now reaping the fruits of their unholy crusade against it4 ,their labors are to-day blossoming in ,oneida ,county as well as in ,utah1 in the general rush all round to snap uncongenial ties1 and in the woful spread of an evil too base to be mentioned4 ,these form the goal to which such pestilent agitations tend2 and if some well-meaning advocates of innovation have not kept step with the leaders1 it is not because their principles restrained them1 but rather because they have not quite broken away from the influence of early teachings4 ,marriage1 once stripped of its supernatural character1 and reduced to the level of a contract1 becomes as much the subject-matter of speculation as political systems4 ,reformers object to this feature of it or to that1 and suggest endless modifications4 ,plato contended that there should be no such thing as marriage proper1 and that all children should be surrendered to the state4 ,to-day1 in the light which the ,gospel has shed on the question1 civilized states tolerate a condition akin to that which the ,athenian philosopher advocated4 ,and just as ,plato1 by the sheer force of his commanding intellect1 imposed his views on many both in his own time and subsequently1 so1 it is to be regretted1 the skill and eloquence of some modern opponents of marriage are such that they have succeeded in winning hundreds to their standard4 ,it is a law of our nature that great intellectual force is never unproductive2 that it triumphs over many obstacles2 and1 no matter what may be the cause on the side of which its influence is cast1 it is always attended with at least partial success in the achievement of its aims4 ,now1 we have witnessed the most strenuous efforts of powerful minds enlisted in the attempt to abolish marriage4 ,we have had eloquent pleas for socialism1 phalansterianism1 etc41 and it could not but be that these labors were destined to bear issue of some sort4 ,that issue we are contemplating at the present moment2 for these assaults on marriage have lowered the general conception of its obligations1 its sanctity1 and its importance to society4 ,they have lured to a mere mockery hundreds who1 when scarce the marriage-kiss has impressed their lips1 besiege our courts with petitions for divorce4 ,the influence of pernicious doctrines is deeper and wider than their authors imagine4 ,it does not consist alone in the fact that they draw disciples and beget neophytes2 but they weaken faith in what they assail1 and thus engender the most pitiful lot of man--scepticism4 ,this is precisely what we now complain of4 ,our neighbors round about us emphatically eschew the doctrines of the illuminati1 of ,heine and of ,prudhomme1 yet they more or less admit that there is some reason in what has been so well said1 so forcibly and so eloquently urged4 ,the consequence is that their faith in the true order of things is shaken2 they are dissatisfied2 they declare the doctrine of indissolubility to be rigoristic2 and1 provocation given1 qualms are brushed aside and they hesitate not to fly to the ready remedy of the law4 ,we may thus set down to the erratic speculations of a few self-appointed social reconstructionists many of the matrimonial miseries and scandals we now deplore4 ,and the leaven is working not alone in the ,united ,states1 but in every country where the same low estimate of marriage prevails1 and where the law is the ready tool of those who desire escape from shackles of their own forging4 ,in ,england1 where law machinery is more cumbersome than among us and its processes more tedious1 not quite so many divorces are obtained1 but still the number is on the increase4 ,the ,english law is much the same as that which rules in ,new ,york ,state1 and it is interesting to inquire what reason there can be for the greater percentage of divorces in ,new ,york than in ,england4 ,we hinted that the administration of ,english law is slower1 but that fact is not sufficient to account for a difference so marked4 ,all the influences already enumerated as tending to favor the multiplicity of divorces are as actively at work over there as among ourselves1 and hence we must strive to find the explanation of the difference in the different character of the social systems of the two countries4 ,in ,england society is stratified with such extreme nicety that seldom1 if ever1 a waif is borne from one stratum to another4 ,lines are sharply drawn between classes1 and the fact is well recognized2 for the lowly do not seek to soar1 nor do the higher ever entirely lose their social grade4 ,hence marriages are contracted only between those whose tastes by birth and education agree1 whose general views are more apt to harmonize1 and whose sympathies mainly run in the same channels4 ,they come to the altar 7we employ the word in its current sense7 with a better understanding of what each expects from the other1 with fewer doubts to frighten them and stronger hopes to sustain them1 and hence subsequent collisions and estrangements are less frequent4 ,in our country society has not quite passed out of its formative stage1 the elements have not settled into their allotted planes4 ,it still is like an estuary in which the conflict of opposing tides brings to the surface what had just lain at the bottom1 and drives to the bottom the bead that had glistened for a moment on the brimming top2 in a word1 social stratification is not yet complete among us4 ,the result is a tendency to the intermingling of incongruous forces4 ,in the social ferment which is going on some rise suddenly from a lower depth and crystallize in their new plane by marriage1 some fall and remain below on the same condition4 ,here wealth is a potent escort to lead its possessors higher up than they could hope to reach without the aid of this glittering talisman4 ,a little veneer and a resolute lack of shamefacedness often enable those whom suddenly-acquired riches have lifted above their former level to hold their new station till marriage has assured it to them and given them a title to their position4 ,but rapidly as wealth lifts in the social scale1 more rapidly still does poverty drag down1 and we have not yet fully developed1 though happily we are fast coming to it1 that public sentiment which refuses to behold loss of caste in loss of wealth4 ,till then a lower social level is the certain bourn of those who have fallen from opulence1 just as a niche higher up in the social temple awaits the nouveau riche4 ,we are not sticklers for the social classification of aristocratic countries1 but simply for that which is founded on cultivated taste1 refinement1 and general intelligence2 and we contend that where the social condition is such as to permit the barriers between vulgarity and refinement to be broken down1 no matter though the former may vie with ,crsus or the latter appear in the tattered garb of ,lazarus1 matrimonial misalliances will be the result4 ,december and ,may are no more fitly mated than platinum and lead--i4e41 sixteen and fifty make no more suitable alliance than refinement and its opposite4 8,for in companions ,that do converse and waste the time together1 ,whose lives do bear an equal yoke of love1 ,there must be needs a like proportion ,of lineaments1 of manners and of spirit40 --,merchant of ,venice4 ,till1 therefore1 this social ferment has settled and all the elements have reached their allotted planes1 there to remain1 misalliances will continue to occur1 and misalliances1 we know1 are a fruitful source of separation4 ,there may be more satisfactory and truthful explanations of the fact we are endeavoring to account for1 but of this we are convinced3 that1 for whatever cause1 antagonistic social conditions operate more frequently against happiness in married life in this country than in ,europe4 ,space will not allow us to pursue the discussion of this question much farther1 so we will devote the few remaining lines to the consideration of the leading objection which is constantly urged against absolute indissolubility1 and which may consequently be taken as a strong argument in favor of divorce4 ,divorce1 it is contended1 favors morality2 for1 whether law intervenes or not1 passion will assert its supremacy1 and it is better to let those depart in peace and with the sanction of the law who cannot live together than have them burst their bonds illegally and contract new relations in despite of the law4 ,by so permitting1 the advocates of divorce hope to stem the torrent of evil which they say deluges some ,european continental nations where the proportion of illegitimate births is wofully excessive4 ,the same thing1 they maintain1 is especially true of ,spain1 ,italy1 and1 in a word1 of all ,catholic countries4 ,wherever divorce is not sanctioned by law dissoluteness1 they affirm1 is far greater than where divorces are granted4 ,so the statistics seem to prove2 and1 in a spasm of virtue1 believers in mere statistical figures denounce indissolubility as a stepping-stone to lust4 ,we will grant the reliability of statistical reports for the nonce1 and prove by them that1 so far from immorality abounding in those countries where divorces are prohibited1 a greater amount of immorality really exists in divorce countries1 with the added immorality of a law which cloaks it4 ,we know that passion1 blind and impetuous1 is the reigning force which orders the actions of those who contemplate emancipation from marriage bonds4 ,certainly they do not act under the inspiration of grace4 ,when1 therefore1 they break loose from their unsuiting partners1 it matters little to them whether the law approves or disapproves of their action1 provided they can act with impunity4 ,this impunity is guaranteed in most cases in countries where divorce is permitted1 and new marriages1 having all the seemingness of virtue1 are contracted with the sanction of the law4 ,in ,catholic countries this is not permitted2 new post-marital relations are branded as adulterous and their issue illegitimate4 ,is it any wonder1 then1 that illegitimacy is more prevalent in those countries where divorce is unknown than where caprice or crime can sever old bonds and weld new ones1 all with the countenance of the law8 ,the only difference is that adultery and its consequences are called by their proper names in the former case1 whereas in the latter an anti-,scriptural law retrieves them from stigma4 ,and as there is in the human heart a disposition to do more frequently and more extensively what the law allows than what it prohibits1 we may be sure that there are many more pseudo-marriages contracted in countries where divorce is permitted than there are adulteries where it is prohibited4 ,were1 then1 the mask of the law removed1 we should find in the former more infamy and crime than even in those ,catholic countries where the record of morality is lowest4 ,there is one ,catholic country in which divorce is a thing known only in name1 and yet where even the illegitimacy which affects not to seek shelter behind the law is very much less than in the adjoining country1 where divorces are frequently obtained4 ,in ,ireland the courts are most rarely troubled with such applications1 and yet illicit relations on the part of married persons are fewer than in any country of ,europe4 ,does not this fact evidently disprove the claim that absolute indissolubility is unfavorable to morality8 ,while the ,catholic ,church holds to view on the one hand the indissolubility of marriage1 and on the other the precept of conjugal chastity1 and while even in one country she has established a higher rate of morality under those rigid conditions1 it is evident her wisdom in this trying matter has been attested by the facts4 ,but the attempt to bolster up divorce morality by an appeal to statistics is radically wrong4 ,it is based on the supposition that the end justifies the means2 that it is better1 for the sake of avoiding the scandals incident to adulterous cohabitation1 to legalize it1 and thus exhibit to the eyes of society a whitened sepulchre rather than hold to view the rottenness of 8an enseamed bed40 ,it is the duty of moralists and teachers of religion rather to stem the torrent of vice and pluck the brand from the burning than attempt to cloak over and extenuate by legal devices what is essentially and for ever wrong4 ,there are times1 indeed1 when separation is the only hope for two unfortunates whom an unlucky fate had thrown in each other's way2 but separation does not imply remarriage1 and theirs it is1 while reaping the fruits of an enforced singleness1 to reflect that they are answerable for the consequences of their own deliberate action1 while their case may serve as an example to others4 ,let the beautiful conception of ,christian marriage more abound2 let men and women learn to view marriage as something holy1 in which the husband is the protector1 the wife the comforter1 and we may meet with more marriages in which1 while the husband faithfully performs his allotted rle1 the wife embodies the beautiful picture of her drawn by ,washington ,irving3 8,as the vine which has long twined its graceful foliage about the oak1 and has been lifted by it in sunshine1 will1 when the hardy plant is rifted by the thunderbolt1 cling round it with its caressing tendrils and bind up its shattered boughs1 so it is beautifully ordered by ,providence that woman1 who is the mere dependant and ornament of man in his happier hours1 should be his stay and solace when smitten with sudden calamity2 winding herself into the rugged recesses of his nature1 tenderly supporting the drooping head1 and binding up the broken heart40 ,,from ,,the ,,hecuba ,,of ,,euripides4 ,a free translation4 ,,by ,,aubrey ,,de ,,vere4 ,the ,chorus laments the ,judgment of ,paris4 ,,strophe4 ,my doom was sealed1 my lot decided1 ,not now1 not now1 but long ago1 ,when first the all-beauteous ,dardan boy1 ,by that pernicious goddess guided1 ,laid ,ida's stateliest pinewood low1 ,and built his ships1 and sailed from ,troy1 ,to seek her gift--the richest1 rarest-- ,that wife most fatal2 yet the fairest4 ,,antistrophe4 ,a netted deer our country lies3 ,one sinned2 and all partook his ruin6 ,o fatal1 fatal was the hour1 ,fatal the contest and the prize ,how ill adjudged for my undoing1 ,when in green ,ida's mountain bower ,that awful ,three--my bane--contended3 ,even then our golden reign was ended4 ,,epode4 ,and haply some ,achaian bride ,even now1 by far ,eurotas' wave1 ,widowed like me1 like me is mourning6 ,perhaps some mother by her side ,laments for those she could not save1 ,the early lost1 and unreturning2 ,raising her withered hand to tear ,her last thin locks of whitening hair4 ,,six ,,sunny ,,months4 ,,by ,,the ,,author ,,of 8,,the ,,house ,,of ,,yorke10 8,,grapes ,,and ,,thorns10 ,,etc4 ,,chapter ,,xiii4 8,,our ,,lady ,,of ,,snow40 8,to-morrow comes the flower of the festivals10 the ,signora said on the morning of the #dth of ,august4 8,it is our beautiful basilica's birthday1 and the loveliest of birthdays1 too--just a sweet little poem40 8,let us give ourselves up to it entirely10 ,isabel proposed1 8and see if we cannot imagine ourselves back in the middle of the fourth century4 ,i really do not like to look at all these things as an outsider40 8,we must1 then1 shut the world out for two days10 the ,signora replied4 8,i would like it1 if you are agreed4 ,i have found1 indeed1 that it is impossible to enter into the spirit of these beautiful beliefs of the old time while one is having much social intercourse with people about1 even goodish people4 ,it reminds me of seed scattered on good but shallow ground1 which the fowls come and pick up4 ,you think1 you meditate1 you pray1 you begin to find yourself impressed2 glimmers of light steal in1 and your soul is on the point of being enriched2 when in comes some friend1 who means no harm1 who has1 perhaps1 a faith like a dry branch with one green leaf at the end1 and immediately all is discord4 ,if you utter what is in your mind1 it is like pearls before swine2 if you listen in silence1 and with sufficient attention to enable you to answer intelligently1 it is more than likely that the religious impression you have received will be much weakened1 if not entirely effaced4 ,one understands1 in such a case1 the profound wisdom of the philosophy of silence1 which even the pagans knew1 and recollects the admonition of our ,lord3 8,let your speech be yea1 yea2 no1 no40 8,still1 ,i should think10 ,bianca observed dreamily1 8that one might be so settled in that way of feeling and thinking as to influence others1 instead of being influenced by them40 8,very true1 you dear little visionary60 replied the ,signora1 pinching the pretty ear so near her1 from which hung a pink coral fuchsia4 8,if one were a great saint1 and never touched earthly things except with conspicuous recollection2 or a great egotist1 constantly impressing on everybody that one is a very exceptional being and cannot possibly be approached in the ordinary manner2 or some one1 like a clergyman or a nun1 who by their very profession impress those who approach them with the consciousness of different and loftier interests4 ,but we common mortals are overrun by the many4 ,you have seen the breakwater of a bridge1 have you not1 built of stone1 and thrusting a sharp point up the stream to part the waters1 that they may not rush against the broad side of the piers and sweep them away8 ,well1 for one person to keep a firm stand against the influence of many1 it is necessary to put forward1 and keep forward1 a very hard angle of the character4 ,however1 ,i will not preach any more about it1 my dear friends4 ,i will simply say that till the day after to-morrow we are in retreat4 ,we will go up now to the church1 and refresh our minds in relation to the legend1 and look at some of the treasures there1 if you like4 ,then we can read the whole over here at our leisure4 ,i have a kind friend there--my patron with ,st4 ,nicholas--who has a superb illustrated description of the church1 which he has offered me any time ,i may wish for it4 ,i will ask for it to-day4 ,by this means we shall be ready to assist intelligently to-morrow at the festa of ,our ,lady of ,snow4 ,and1 by the way1 what a charmingly fresh thought for the season is that of snow6 ,i call for the yeas and nays40 ,an unanimous yea was the reply1 and they prepared themselves immediately to go to the church4 ,they had1 of course1 seen already all its more evident beauties2 but such a temple can be studied for years without exhausting its attractions1 and there were several of its more celebrated gems which they had quite passed over4 ,after having heard ,mass1 then1 they went first into the ,sistine ,chapel to see the ,tamar4 ,this beautiful figure is painted in one of the pendentives of the cupola--a space shaped like an inverted pear4 ,she sits with her twin boys standing on the seat at either side of her1 their lovely heads filling the rounded-out space4 ,the most exquisite charm of the figure is the transparent veil which floats about the head and shoulders1 and through which her face1 with its large1 drooping eyelids1 is perfectly visible4 ,from there they visited the grand loggia to look once more at the mosaic story of the miraculous snow4 ,this grand mosaic1 made in the fourteenth century by the order of two ,colonna cardinals1 was once on the open faade of the church2 but ,benedict ,,xiv41 in the eighteenth century1 building the new faade1 enclosed them in the grand loggia from which the popes gave benediction1 and of which they form the lower side4 ,in the centre of the upper half of the picture the ,saviour sits enthroned1 the right hand giving benediction1 the left holding a book open at the words1 8,i am the light of the world40 ,at either hand above an angel swings a censer1 at either side below an angel adores4 ,four figures--the ,blessed ,virgin and saints--stand at right and left1 the symbols of the four evangelists over their heads4 ,the lower half1 separated by the large1 round window that lights the eastern end of the church1 has1 on the left1 two pictures--one the sleeping ,pope ,liberius1 the other the sleeping ,giovanni--over both of whom hovers the same vision of the ,madonna directing them to build her a church where the snow shall fall the next day4 ,on the right side is ,giovanni telling his dream to the pope in one picture1 and beside it the pope1 in grand procession1 coming to the hill-top where1 from above1 the ,saviour and ,virgin send down the snow4 ,so quaint1 so full of faith1 so exquisite in meaning1 this visible story is one of the most eloquent sermons ever preached4 ,opposite the mosaic picture1 and seen through the graceful arches of the portico1 was that living picture of ,st4 ,john ,lateran looking down the long street1 the blue mountains melting far away1 the nearer palm-tree1 and the piazza with its beautiful column and statue4 8,i have a little special treat for you this morning10 the ,signora said as they went down into the church again4 8,it has no special connection with the ,madonna delle ,neve1 but it will not disturb your visions of her4 ,here1 however10 pointing to an altar near the sacristy door1 8is the story again1 and here is buried that ,giovanni ,patrizio who was found buried under1 or in front of1 the grand altar40 ,it was the chapel of ,santa ,maria delle ,neve1 with a painting over the altar where the ,virgin appears to ,giovanni and his wife1 and points them to a snow-capped hill4 ,then they went into the sacristy1 where one of the canons joined them1 and had some precious vestments brought out for them to see2 among them a cope of stuff such as one does not find any more1 thick1 rich1 and dim1 and threaded with gold1 with the short fringe of mingled crimson and gold so thick as to round up almost like a cord--the cope given and worn by ,st4 ,pius ,v4 ,almost more precious1 if one could choose1 was the chasuble given and worn by ,st4 ,charles ,borromeo--long1 and with a slight1 graceful point in the back4 ,it had been proposed1 the sacristan told them1 to have this made a model for chasubles now on account of its graceful form1 but no change had yet been made4 8,this is worn on the festa of ,san ,carlo1 though it is crimson10 he added1 8because it was his4 ,sometimes strangers exclaim1 when they see it1 that ,san ,carlo was not a martyr40 ,they touched reverently the sacred relics1 and kissed the fastenings that those saintly hands had touched2 then1 with a more human admiration1 examined a marvellous flounce of lace given the church three hundred years ago by the ,prince ,colonna of that time--a web of such fineness that the spiders might have woven the thread1 and of such beauty of design that only an artist could have imagined it4 ,before leaving the church they paused in front of the closed cancella of the ,borghese ,chapel to look at the bas-relief over the altar1 wherein ,our ,lady of ,snow again repeats her story4 ,all was still in the church4 ,choir and ,high ,mass were over1 and only here and there lingered some custode1 or assistant1 putting the finishing touches to the preparations for the festa which would begin with first ,vespers that afternoon4 ,the pavements shone newly polished1 the candlesticks were like gold1 the gilt bronze angels that hold the great painted candles stood on the marble rail of the confession1 the draperies were all up4 ,in the chapel itself the benches of the choir were prepared1 the altar glittering with its most precious ornaments1 the two great hanging lamps at either side swinging faintly1 as if impatient for the music to begin4 ,all was peaceful2 and a tender shade and coolness in the air veiled the glittering richness of the place4 8,i cannot tell you how mysterious that picture seems to me10 ,bianca whispered1 pointing to the square veiled case bordered with jewels1 and supported by gilt angels in the middle space over the altar4 8,the two veils that are to be removed in order to see it1 and then the depth at which it is set1 and the mere dark outline that is all one can see inside the golden border--it all impresses me with a sense of mystery and awfulness4 ,i wonder what the face really looks like1 and if any one has seen it40 8,why1 you have seen my engraving of it1 my dear10 the ,signora said2 8and ,i presume that is a faithful copy1 taken when the features were more distinguishable4 ,that has a noble1 serious look which impresses me4 ,and no wonder you look with awe at this4 ,if it were not painted by ,st4 ,luke even1 it is embalmed by memories not less sacred4 ,twelve hundred years ago ,st4 ,gregory the ,great carried this very picture in procession through the city1 in a time of terrible pestilence1 and set it on the altar of ,st4 ,peter's4 ,it was on the open faade of this church till ,paul ,v4 built this chapel to contain it4 ,ampre says that angels have been heard chanting litanies about it4 ,it is held by all here in the most tender veneration4 ,i have never heard any one describe it1 and do not know who has seen it near4 ,i have heard somewhere that only the chapter of the basilica and the ,borghese family have the privilege of going up to it4 ,madonna mia1 what a privilege it would be60 she sighed1 looking up at the closed jasper gates4 ,they stayed a little longer1 then started to go home2 but as they were going out a boy came to tell the ,signora that ,monsignore ,m---- begged to speak with her4 ,the others went on1 but she turned back1 well content2 for a call from ,monsignore ,m---- always meant something pleasant4 ,this prelate was no less distinguished for position than for his virtues2 and1 finding the ,signora a stranger and somewhat lonely when she first came to ,rome1 he had done her many kindnesses--was1 in fact1 her ,santa ,claus4 8,do you guess what little devotion ,i want you to make on the eve of our festa80 he asked1 meeting her with the confident smile of one who knows he is going to confer a great pleasure4 8,i know it is something delightful1 ,monsignore mio10 she replied1 8but ,i cannot say just what40 8,well1 ,i want you to visit the antique ,madonna10 he said4 ,she looked at him1 uncomprehending4 ,he pointed to the veiled shrine in the ,borghese ,chapel1 near which they stood4 8,don ,francesco will be here in a moment with a candle10 he said4 8,i prepared all1 because ,i knew you would want to go4 ,i could not invite a party1 you know2 but you belong to the church and have a special devotion to our ,madonna40 ,the ,signora could not reply4 ,such a swift fulfilment of her wish moved her too deeply for words4 ,she kissed the hand of her kind friend1 and looked across the church to the tabernacle of the ,blessed ,sacrament with the almost spoken thought3 8,i am going to see your ,mother40 ,to visit that sacred shrine was to her as near to seeing the ,mother of ,god face to face as one could come on earth1 without a miracle4 ,presently appeared the custodian1 bearing a lighted candle and a bunch of keys2 he opened a small door beside the chapel4 ,they ascended a narrow1 winding stair1 without any light except the one they carried1 and passed a long1 arched corridor where the walls almost touched their elbows at either side1 and the vault just cleared their heads above4 ,this corridor was between the side wall of the chapel and the wall of the adjoining sacristy4 ,another door opened1 and they entered a cross corridor leading to one of the balconies of the chapel--one of those beautiful gilded balconies the ,signora had so many times wished to get into4 ,she stepped into this now1 and looked down through the chapel1 out into the church1 and across to the ,sistine ,chapel1 the columns1 pictures1 and gilded arches of the basilica set like a picture in the great arched entrance of the ,borghese4 ,going on then1 ,don ,francesco opened a strong1 locked door1 that showed another door immediately within1 closing the same wall4 ,these led into another of those narrow white corridors running between the walls of the chapel behind the altar4 ,turning then into a third short corridor leading toward the chapel1 they faced still another door1 over which were painted the arms and tiara of ,pope ,paul ,v41 who built the chapel4 ,this door unlocked1 they found themselves in a little chamber directly behind the grand altar1 with the miraculous picture1 set in a box cased in metal1 right before them4 ,it stands a little back from the screens that cover it in the chapel1 and there is space enough at either side for a person to slip in in front and see the picture face to face4 ,two iron hooks that barred the passage were taken down1 and the ,signora went in and found herself in front of this most venerable image4 ,the picture is painted on panel1 and1 though dim1 is still distinct on so near a view1 the rich1 soft colors coming out as one gazes--a long1 oval face full of serious majesty1 with large eyes1 and a mantle dropping over the forehead4 ,but this mantle is now almost hid2 for the head of the ,mother1 and of the ,babe that looks up into her face1 and the outline of their shoulders1 are closely filled in with gold and gems4 ,but for this nothing but a dark square would be distinguishable from the chapel4 ,the outline is so clearly made1 however1 as to give a perfect idea1 when looked at from below1 of a crowned woman with a crowned child in her arms4 ,if1 in the presence of the picture1 one can think of jewels1 these are worth looking at4 ,they are the gems of a cardinal and of a pope--stones of immense value set in pure gold4 ,besides rubies and amethysts1 in the centre of the ,virgin's crown is a large emerald surrounded by diamonds1 and from the jewelled chain at her neck hangs a cross made entirely of large sapphires4 ,the ,signora took the candle in her hand and held it before those faces1 and the clergymen with her knelt1 one at either side of her4 ,after a little while they rose1 the ,signora kissed the floor before the picture1 and the case that held it1 and they turned away4 ,on leaving she observed that this little chamber behind the altar was quite covered with frescoes4 ,then came the low corridors again1 and the narrow stairs2 one more peep from the gilded balcony1 and at length she stepped out into the church again1 bewildered and enchanted4 8,i will tell them nothing about it10 was her conclusion as she went home4 8,they might feel hurt at being left out4 ,it shall be a little secret of my own40 ,they went to first ,vespers and to the ,high ,mass next morning1 but the finest part was the ,vespers of the day1 to which they went early1 and were so fortunate as to have chairs in the chapel near the altar4 ,the chapter came in in procession from the basilica1 singing as they came1 and the place was soon crowded4 ,nothing was wanting to make the scene perfect2 the magnificent chapel1 the beautiful dress of the canons1 who all wore purple silk soutanes1 with rich lace on those picturesque little cotte of theirs1 and the music--each was in harmony with all the rest4 ,then1 as the music went up1 down through the cupola1 glowing with the colors of ,cavaliere d',arpino1 and faintly veiling the frescoes of ,guido ,reni1 came the soft and loitering snow of blossoms1 flowery flake by flake4 ,they were lost one instant against the white band of ,carrara marble--cornice1 capitals1 figures1 and flowers--under the arches1 then green of verd-antique1 and red of jasper1 or the colored mantle of one of ,guido's saints threw them into relief again4 ,little by little the mosaic of the pavement grew dim under that exquisite snow-fall1 which seemed1 as it came down1 to toss on the music in mid-air4 ,the light up in the cupola grew red with sunset1 and the chapel below began to show softest shades and pale gold lights from the candles1 and the pageant slowly dissolved like a bouquet that parts into flowers1 each flower showing more beautiful separated than when massed together4 ,going out into the basilica1 where it seemed almost evening1 so strongly contrasted were the lights and shades1 the ,signora silently pointed out to her friends the long1 red-gold bar of sunshine that came in at a window of the tribune and lay the whole length of the nave1 looking so solid one felt like stepping over or stooping to go under it1 as if it were an obstacle4 ,it was her very idea of the bars of the tabernacle which the ,jews bore with them4 8,if only the church should be lifted and borne to ,paradise now1 when it is all bathed in flowers and full of incense and music60 ,they lingered yet1 unwilling to go4 ,monsignore ,m---- came out of the sacristy and brought them all some of the blessed blossom-snow4 ,people were gathering it up from the floor of the chapel1 and1 it having fallen also in the tribune1 little boys were slyly vaulting over the railings1 snatching it up unseen by the custodi1 and scampering out again4 ,the lights went out1 the cancelle were closed1 and finally our friends were forced to go home4 ,they stood a moment outside the church door before descending the steps1 the two girls expressing their delight with feminine enthusiasm4 ,mr4 ,vane had but one word3 8,there is a certain ,protestant hymn that used to make me feel1 when ,i was a boy1 very loath to go to heaven10 he said4 8,but1 remembering it now by the light of this festa1 ,i think heaven couldn't be better described than as a place---- 8',where congregations ne'er break up1 ,and ,sabbaths have no end4'0 ,a few days later they made their little visit to ,genzano1 stopping one day in ,albano on the way4 ,it was the feast of the ,holy ,saviour1 in which again an antique and venerated picture had a prominent part4 ,they reached the town just in time to see the procession go from the ,duomo bearing the picture up to the little church of ,santissimo ,salvatore on the hill4 8,what are those military bands playing for80 ,mr4 ,vane asked1 as they sat in the loggia of their apartment1 after having rested a half-hour4 8,they are playing for the ,lord10 said the ,signora4 ,he stared a little1 but1 finding her perfectly serious1 said after a moment3 8,well1 ,i don't know why they shouldn't2 only ,i am not used1 you know1 to hearing fifes and drums on any but military and civil occasions40 8,this is a military occasion10 the ,signora replied gravely4 8,it celebrates ,him who is the ,god of battles and the ,lord of hosts4 ,it is a civil occasion1 too1 in honor of the ,king of kings1 the ,lawgiver of the universe1 the ,prince of peace40 8,you are right60 he said emphatically2 8and ,i need not ask now why they are firing cannon40 ,they went out just at sunset and took their places on the steps of the little church to which the procession was to come1 catching glimpses of it in the distance as it appeared in some turn of the ascending way4 ,the slope of the street just in front of them had been swept1 and two men were sprinkling it in a very primitive fashion4 ,one trundled along a cart with a little barrel of water on it1 and the other dipped in a small wooden bucket and scattered the water from side to side4 ,he did it very dexterously1 however1 showing practice4 ,nearer the steps the street was paved with a mosaic of flowers1 and all the houses by which the procession was to pass were decorated in some way1 with flowers1 pictures1 and lamps to light later1 some already lighted and showing faintly through the gloaming4 ,all the windows and little balconies and elevated door-steps near the church were filled with women and children1 every face turned toward the winding street up which a cross was glittering and a sound of music coming4 ,a banner came in sight after the cross1 and then a crucifix with its canopy1 and then banner after banner1 and crucifix after crucifix1 showing in air over the wall that wound with the street4 ,at one turn were visible the tops of the tallest heads2 then1 a little farther on1 the whole heads of men1 and the flowing locks of the boys of the choirs2 and1 lastly1 they came into full sight near by1 the inferior persons marching in lines at each side of the street1 leaving hollow spaces where there was no banner or crucifix to be carried1 the clergy walking in the centre4 ,as the picture of the ,holy ,redeemer came along1 borne on the shoulders of four men1 all the crowd about sank on their knees4 ,the picture was carried up the steps and placed on a table set there to receive it1 and there were prayers and hymns before dropping the curtain over it and taking it into the church4 ,the sun went down and one large star burned in the west4 ,it was easy to imagine an angel hand and wings above1 and golden chains dropping down to a lamp of which that star was the flame4 ,all the lamps1 many-colored as the rainbow1 were lighted in the windows1 throwing their light1 as the twilight deepened1 in a strong splash1 here and there1 on a leaning face intent and praying1 on a mantle of vines1 on a bit of carving1 a rough stone balcony1 or a stair climbing up into the dark4 ,one little arched window1 with a vine over it1 held a single beautiful face of a young woman1 and a single lamp that shone on her black hair and eyes and perfect features1 motionless there in prayer1 till she looked like a cameo cut in pink carnelian4 ,the prayers ended1 and some one drew the curtain before the lovely face of the picture4 ,as he did so a chorus of exclamations burst from the kneeling crowd1 and several women burst into tears4 8,what do they say80 ,mr4 ,vane asked in surprise4 8,what is the matter80 8,they say1 ',grazie1 ,santissimo ,salvatore6'--,thanks1 most holy ,saviour10 she replied4 ,he smiled faintly and repeated after them1 8,grazie1 ,santissimo ,salvatore60 and it seemed that his eyes glistened in the candle-light4 8,i am glad it touches you10 the ,signora said as they went to their lodgings4 8,some1 even ,catholics1 think it superstitious2 but it is no more so than it is a superstition for us to kiss and weep over the pictures of our friends40 ,the next morning they went up to early ,mass in the pretty ,capuchin church1 at the head of its long avenue of overarching trees1 loitering slowly home again when the ,mass was over4 8,now10 said the ,signora suddenly1 spying a man with a large basket--8now ,i will show you what figs are4 ,you have not known before40 ,she beckoned the man and asked how many he would sell for a soldo4 ,he replied1 8,twelve40 8,you may give me eight dozen10 she said4 8,each of you dear people are to have two dozen and to carry them yourselves4 ,out with your handkerchiefs6 ,that is the fashion4 ,don't be scrupulous40 8,they don't look as if ,i should wish to eat two dozen10 ,bianca remarked doubtfully4 8,they look to me like little bits of green apples40 8,please to defer your judgment10 remarked her friend2 8and what you do not wish to eat ,i will take40 ,when they had reached home and were seated at the breakfast-table1 the ,signora took one of the little figs1 with some ceremony and much anticipated triumph1 and1 lacking a fruit-knife1 peeled its green skin off with the handle of a tea-spoon4 ,all their eyes were watching the process2 and when it was ended1 and she pushed out the little teaspoonful of delicious fruit for ,mr4 ,vane to have the first1 the others were convinced by only seeing4 ,it was a rich1 deep red1 of the consistency of solid old preserved strawberries1 but with the fig flavor4 ,after breakfast was over they went out to visit the gardens of the ,cesarini palace1 for which they had a permit4 ,these are laid out and kept by a ,swiss gardener1 and are a wilderness of flowers and trees and fountains on the level and down the hill-side4 ,after wandering about the upper part for a while they descended a slowly-winding path1 bordered by hydrangeas in full flower1 that stood shoulder-high and dropped their great balls of amethyst bloom toward the earth1 and came out into a little terrace where the trees and shrubs left an open front4 ,a long bench at the back1 and a richly-carved antique capital of a column near the wild-vine parapet1 gave them seats1 and before them was the whole verdant amphitheatre1 with ,lake ,nemi at the bottom1 and the town of ,nemi half up the opposite bank1 like a little white flower painted half way up the inside of a green cup4 ,and down from the flower1 like its white stem1 dropped a white stream1 cascade after cascade1 to the lake1 its motion petrified in the distance4 ,tall white cloud-shapes marched round the hill-tops and looked over--shining shapes that seemed to hold ,olympian deities within their folds1 8impenetrable to every ray but that of fancy40 ,the amphitheatre sloped steeply in a green cone rich with orchards and vineyards1 and pressed in a waving line around the water4 ,opposite the little terrace in which they sat1 as in a box at the opera1 the shore made a green heart in the water1 and from behind one curve of it a boat1 tiny in the distance as a black swan1 slipped out and moved across the view4 ,the lake lay like an emerald half-fused1 its shaded greens touched in places with a soft purple bloom or a silvery lustre1 and catching now and then a melting image of some cloud-cap higher than the rest4 ,there was a sound of mellow thunder from some direction--,jupiter ,tonans driving through those driving clouds4 ,they sat there silently drinking in the beauty of the scene1 speaking only a word or two now and then1 waiting till it should be noon and they should hear the ,angelus from ,nemi4 ,when it came1 a dream of a sound1 touching with the outermost wave of its song the party of strangers across the lake1 they stood up and said the prayers together4 ,then1 bidding adieu to ,nemi and its lake and the beautiful garden1 they went slowly away4 ,that afternoon they went back to ,albano1 and the next evening returned to ,rome4 ,they had only one other excursion to make--that to ,monte ,cassino4 ,certain affairs were calling ,mr4 ,vane to ,america1 either for a longer or shorter stay1 to go with only his daughters1 or to have a nearer companion yet1 and the end of their visit was approaching4 ,it would soon be ,september1 and in ,october they must start4 ,besides1 it was found that1 subject to her father's approval1 ,bianca had promised to marry early in the spring1 and some preparations must be made for the wedding4 ,,to ,,be ,,concluded ,,next ,,month4 ,,to ,,pope ,,pius ,,ix4 ,a ,,jubilee ,,offering1 ,,june #c1 #ahgg4 ,i4 ,to-day the scattered peoples of the earth-- ,haply the monarchs may not all forget-- ,pay unto thee1 great ,pope1 their willing debt ,of love sincere--blest debt of heavenly birth6 ,we kneel afar1 a people of to-day1 ,whose life but doubles in its hundred years ,thy long episcopate of many tears2 ,but none the less we love1 nor ceaseless pray ,that ,he who leadeth ,joseph like a sheep ,may bless thee with fair length of glorious days1 ,may give thee yet triumphant voice to raise ,when men1 with happy tears1 shall vigil keep ,of that great feast when ,christian ,rome no more ,in chains shall stand a world's awed gaze before4 ,,ii4 ,eudoxia's church--where ,michael ,angelo ,hath ,moses wrought in terrible array-- ,with faith's most loving rites keeps holiday ,in holy thought of those long years ago ,when1 'neath its roof1 the throng devout drew near ,to see thee made a shepherd of the sheep1 ,thy crook receive1 that thou shouldst bravely keep1 ,thy flock e'er leading by the waters clear4 8,st4 ,peter of the ,chains0--prophetic name6 ,beneath this title was thy charge begun2 ,as ,peter's self thy hands his chains have won1 ,with these1 his years4 ,when shall ,god's angel claim ,thy liberty1 the prison gates fling wide8 ,christ in his vicar no more crucified6 ,,iii4 ,o happy senses of the ,virgin ,blessed ,standing the cross of ,calvary beneath-- ,so winning martyrdom without its death-- ,queen of all martyrs evermore confessed6 ,o happy ,pontiff6 wear'st thou not to-day ,beneath the triple crown one wrought of thorn8 ,so crowned for love thou hast unfailing borne ,to thy pure spouse the faithless would betray8 ,art thou not martyr1 too1 by that deep woe ,thou sharest with our ,queen ,immaculate8 ,about thee rise the cries of blinded hate1 ,thou seest afresh the wounds of ,jesus flow2 ,his cross thy palm1 his words sublime thine too-- 8,father1 forgive2 they know not what they do40 ,,iv4 ,as said ,lacordaire1 of the rosary1 ,that love must ever its own speech repeat ,that1 ever murmured1 groweth e'er more sweet1 ,so1 seeking long some gift to bring to thee ,on this high day that keeps thy years of gold-- ,some thought that shall heart's dearest service prove-- ,find ,i but one e'er-echoing word of love ,that doth all else ,i seek most fair enfold4 ,too great thy deeds for my poor verse to tell ,that need the ,tuscan's speech of ,paradise2 ,even to think them1 tears are in my eyes ,and sorrow stifles the ,te ,deum's swell-- ,tears for so dear a feast seem gift unkind1 ,but love in every falling bead is shrined4 ,v4 ,as1 when our ,lord doth rest in solemn state ,on altar for his worship set apart1 ,and from the fulness of each faithful heart ,the fairest flowers to him are consecrate-- ,pure lilies1 that with fragrant breath pour forth ,the speechless worship human love must give2 ,red roses1 in whose flush love seems to live-- ,as1 'mid this wealth1 some gift of little worth1 ,some penance-hued1 frail-blooming violet1 ,is brought by humble soul with love as great ,as lies within the lilies' lordlier state-- ,each cancelling so little of love's debt-- ,so ,i1 my father1 'mid thy lilies place ,my rue1 thy blessing shall make herb-of-grace4 ,,the ,,present ,,state ,,of ,,judaism ,,in ,,america4 ,judaism1 in its purity1 is not a false religion4 ,it was revealed and established by ,god1 and nothing which comes from him can be untrue4 ,judaism1 as it now exists here and in ,europe and ,asia1 is1 on the one hand1 overladen and almost smothered by the inventions and additions of men1 until the original deposit of the truth is with difficulty discerned2 on the other hand1 it is refined and explained away until it has become little better than a system of worldly morals4 ,to-day1 in ,europe1 ,jews1 and the descendants of ,jews who have lost their ancestral faith without becoming ,christians1 are powerful in the cabinets of kings1 in parliaments1 in the money exchanges1 and in the world of journalism4 ,in ,america1 while they have as yet1 perhaps with a single exception1 taken no leading part in the political affairs of the country1 they have become a power in finance1 and are beginning in a quiet way to influence1 and to some extent to control1 journalism4 ,the ability of the race is unquestionable1 and their virtues1 as a race1 are many4 ,they are prudent and thrifty2 they are charitable to each other1 and their charities are not always confined to their own people2 they are seldom guilty of crime1 although when a ,jew does become a criminal his offences are apt to leave little to be desired in the matter of completeness1 audacity1 and cruelty2 they are excellent parents1 and the domestic virtues among them are cultivated to a high degree2 their women are for the most part chaste2 their men are seldom cruel creditors1 even when their defaulting debtors are ,gentiles4 ,they have their faults and objectionable peculiarities2 among certain classes of them these imperfections are especially noticeable2 but1 as we shall show1 the rising generation of ,jews in ,america will probably become tolerably well ,americanized1 and will1 to some extent at least1 cease to be an unpleasantly peculiar people4 ,to ,catholics the study of the changes which have taken place and are now occurring among the ,jews should be invested with peculiar interest4 ,we cannot forget that the ,holy ,scriptures of the ,jews are a portion of our ,holy ,scriptures2 that ,our ,blessed ,lady was a ,jewess1 and that our ,divine ,lord willed to be born a ,jew according to the flesh2 that he made himself subject to the ceremonies and rites of the ,jewish law1 which was then the divine law1 and consequently his own law2 that the first drops of his precious blood were shed in the ,jewish rite of circumcision2 that his chosen apostles1 and among them the first pope1 were all ,jews2 that the ,catholic ,church at its first organization was wholly composed of ,jews2 and that the first ,christian martyr was a ,jew4 ,when ,jesus ,christ had finished his work on earth and had ascended into heaven1 the ,jewish law was fulfilled but not destroyed2 it remained in full force and effect1 subject only to such modifications as ,god himself1 speaking through the infallible mouth of the church which he had established1 should ordain in matters of ritual1 sacrifice1 and outward observances4 ,the code of laws given by ,god to ,moses on ,mount ,sinai1 and engraved by the divine hand upon tables of stone1 is as binding to-day upon all of us as it was binding upon the ,jews on the day when ,moses came down from the mount bearing the sacred tablets in his hands4 ,the devout ,jew who to-day1 with reverently covered head and contrite heart1 stands in his synagogue and listens to the reading of the law1 hears the same words that ,jesus of ,nazareth read when1 as was his custom1 8he went into the synagogue and stood up for to read40 ,true1 hearing1 he does not hear the full meaning of the divine words2 seeing1 he does not see how they have been fulfilled2 his understanding has not been opened to know that the ,messias for whom he still yearns was the ,jesus whom his ancestors crucified on ,calvary1 and that1 on the altar of the church which1 perhaps1 stands next door to his synagogue1 this same ,jesus1 risen1 glorified1 and descended again from heaven1 stands ready to receive and bless him4 ,but the ,jew1 ignorant of this and still clinging fast to the faith of his fathers1 has an infinite advantage over all the other non-,catholics in the world4 ,his religion1 as we have said1 was revealed by ,god1 and therefore is not false in its essence1 however much it may be overlaid and hidden by the innumerable superstitions and additions with which successive generations of rabbis and doctors have encumbered it4 ,it is not a revolt against the ,catholic faith nor a contradiction of it2 for not only did it exist before the ,catholic ,church was established1 but it was revealed by ,god1 and he cannot contradict himself4 ,the ,jew errs only because he cannot or will not see that the ,catholic ,church is the lineal heir and rightful possessor of the church of which ,adam was the first1 and ,caiphas the last1 high-priest2 and as for his sin in this hardness of heart and blindness of eye1 ,god will judge him4 ,outside of this1 and outside of the human additions which have been made to his creed1 he believes what ,god spake unto ,abraham1 ,moses1 and the prophets1 and his religion is entitled to respect because it is of divine origin4 ,but the origin of all the other non-,catholic religions in the world is human or diabolical4 ,they are revolts against the authority and teaching of the church which ,jesus ,christ established in the world2 to the earthly and visible head of which he gave the keys of the kingdom of heaven2 to the words of which he enjoined all men to render obedience2 on which he has bestowed the inestimable grace of perfect unity2 and which the ,holy ,spirit keeps ever in the truth4 ,the ,jew can say with truth1 8,god founded my church02 but the ,protestant can only say1 8,martin ,luther1 or ,king ,henry ,,viii41 or ,queen ,elizabeth1 or ,john ,knox1 or ,john ,wesley1 or ,alexander ,campbell1 or ,jo ,smith1 or the devil founded my church40 ,judaism1 however1 although divine in its origin1 ceased to possess the divine sanction from the moment when our ,lord had completed his work on earth and ascended into heaven1 and the ,holy ,ghost descended to preside over the organization of the church from which he has never since departed4 ,the ,jewish religion1 thus deprived for ever of the divine sanction1 was at once deprived of its divine authority and became a merely human organization1 subject1 like all other human things1 to corruption1 change1 decay1 and disintegration4 ,these processes have been going on within it for eighteen hundred years1 and they have now reached a most advanced stage4 ,prior to the crucifixion and ascension of our ,lord the essential unity in faith of the ,jewish people had been preserved4 ,the lawyers1 the doctors1 and the ,pharisees had added much to the law of ,moses in the way of laying heavy burdens on the people2 they took tithes of annise and cummin2 they made broad the edges of their phylacteries1 and they were famous for making long extempore prayers1 in which latter respect they resembled too closely some of our esteemed ,protestant brethren4 ,but the essential and divinely-given articles of the ,jewish faith remained unimpaired1 and in these essentials the unity of the people was complete4 ,the process of change and disintegration commenced immediately after the establishment of the ,christian ,church and what may be called the formal transfer to her of the guiding and enlightening influence of the ,holy ,spirit4 ,but for many centuries this process was slow and its progress excited little or no attention4 ,the ,jews1 until a very recent period in their history1 were a persecuted people2 and persecution tends to make men cling closer to that which is the cause of the persecution4 ,there were times in the history of the ,jews when their only city of refuge was ,rome2 when the popes1 alone of all the sovereigns of the earth1 stretched forth over them a protecting arm and permitted them to dwell in peace and security4 ,within the last century1 or less1 all this has been changed3 nowhere in all ,europe now1 save in ,bulgaria and one or two other provinces1 are the ,jews persecuted2 they have obtained equal political and social rights2 they are cabinet ministers1 premiers1 members of parliament1 eminent journalists1 and autocratic bankers4 ,with this prosperity have come the marked evidences of that disintegration in matters of faith to which allusion has been made4 ,and here in ,america1 where the ,jews have been always free1 these changes have now become more signal and wide-spread than in any other country4 ,to show how this has come about1 it will be necessary1 in the first place1 to explain briefly the nature of the additions which have been made by the ,jewish doctors to the divine law2 the effect of these human edicts and precepts upon the minds of those ,jews who retain their faith2 and their contrary effect1 upon other minds1 in promoting and disseminating the spirit of infidelity which is now so widely prevalent among the ,hebrews4 ,the strictly 8orthodox0 ,jew to-day is more burdened than were ever any of his ancestors by practically endless rules1 observances1 rites1 and ceremonies1 while his 8reformed0 or 8ultra-reformed0 brother has not only shaken himself free from all1 or nearly all1 of these human inventions1 but has emancipated himself also from the letter and spirit of the law of ,moses and from the bonds of the faith4 ,the books of the ,jewish law as they now exist are the ,old ,testament1 as we call it2 the 8,mishna10 or ,second ,law2 and the 8,gemara10 or supplement to the 8,mishna40 ,these two latter books1 taken together1 form the 8,talmud40 ,but the 8,mishna0 is the explanation of the ,old ,testament2 the 8,gemara0 is the explanation of the 8,mishna02 and there remains behind or above all these the mystical and mysterious 8,cabala10 which contains within itself the sum and essence of all human wisdom1 and of such portions of divine wisdom as men are permitted to know4 ,the 8,cabala10 properly speaking1 is not a book1 and has never been wholly committed to writing4 ,the 8,cabala0--and the meaning of the word is the 8tradition0--is a divine1 sublime1 secret1 and infinite science1 treating of the creation of the universe1 of the esoteric meaning and significance of the ,mosaic laws1 and of the secrets of ,god4 ,no trace of its origin is to be found4 ,moses1 ,david1 ,solomon1 and the prophets are said to have been masters of it4 ,it was taught to successive generations1 but with the utmost secrecy and only to a select few1 who were deemed worthy to receive this priceless knowledge4 ,those portions of it which are written are brief1 obscure1 and full of abbreviations and initials1 to be understood only by the initiated4 ,they resemble the manuals of ,freemasonry--pregnant with meaning to the members of the craft1 but unintelligible to all who have not the key of the cipher4 ,he who is a perfect master of the 8,cabala0 is so wise and potent that he not only can work wonders1 but may exercise almost creative powers4 ,nay1 even an imperfect and surreptitiously-obtained knowledge of its mysteries enables one to perform miracles4 ,he who can place certain letters in a certain way1 and pronounce them in a certain manner1 may suspend the operation of the laws of nature and command the angels of ,god to do his will4 ,the ,cabalists1 however1 claim that seldom1 if ever1 has their divine science been used by unworthy men or prostituted to selfish purposes4 ,the penalty for such a sin is eternal death2 it is written in one of their books that 8he who abuses the crown perisheth10 and this is understood to refer to those who possess themselves of this knowledge and then use it for selfish purposes4 ,the true ,cabalists study their science not for gain1 but for the sake of obtaining profound knowledge4 ,they apply their rules to the letters and words of the ,mosaic law1 and ascertain thereby its hidden significance1 drawing from every word or sentence an esoteric meaning1 often full of sublime intelligence1 and as often pregnant only with absurdity4 ,emanuel ,swedenborg seems to have been an unfledged ,cabalist2 it is probable that he became in some manner acquainted with a few of the outward formulas of the ,cabala1 and that he based on these his wearisome treatises upon the secret meaning of the ,scriptures4 ,certain it is that nothing which ,swedenborg imagined is not to be found in the ,cabala4 ,fortunately1 a knowledge of the ,cabala is not necessary for salvation2 on the contrary1 knowledge of it is a special perfection which every one is not able to attain1 and for the want of which no one is to be blamed4 ,the 8,mishna0 contains the oral or traditional laws transmitted from ,moses1 through a line of which the personality of every member is known1 to the ,rabbi ,jochanan1 who lived at ,jerusalem at the time of the destruction of the second ,temple4 ,it was compiled by ,rabbi ,jehuda ,hanasi in the latter half of the second century4 ,the 8,gemara10 or supplement to the 8,mishna10 is a wonderful book1 containing thirty-six treatises upon history1 biography1 astronomy1 medicine1 and ethics1 interspersed with legends1 aphorisms1 parables1 sermons1 and rules of practical wisdom4 ,the oral or traditional laws in the 8,mishna0 are claimed to be of divine authority2 and the passages in both these books which seem to be absurd in the letter have a secret meaning understood best1 if not exclusively1 by the ,cabalists4 ,the morality taught in these writings is not to be despised4 ,for example1 it is laid down that men should not use flattery or deceit in business affairs2 they should not be boisterous in their mirth nor permit themselves to sink into abject melancholy1 but should be reasonably and gratefully cheerful2 they should be neither greedy of gain1 nor slothful in business1 nor over-righteous in fasting and penance2 all that they do they should do for the glory of ,god2 they should love every ,israelite as themselves1 and they should be kind and charitable to the stranger2 they must abstain from inward and silent hate1 and if aggrieved by a neighbor they should make it known to him1 affectionately asking him to redress the wrong2 they should be especially solicitous to comfort1 aid1 and protect the widow and the orphan1 not merely if these be poor1 but because they have suffered and their hearts are laden with grief4 ,there are three mortal sins--idolatry1 fornication1 and bloodshed2 but calumny is equal to all three4 ,every one who professes the true faith must believe that there is a ,being whose existence is inherent1 absolute1 and unconditional within himself2 who has no cause or origin1 and like whom there is no other2 who is the first producer of all things2 in whom all creatures find the support of their existence1 while he derives no support from them2 and that 8this ,being is by men called ,god--blessed be he60 ,there are six fundamental principles of the faith--the creation of all things by ,god out of nothing2 the pre-eminence of ,moses as a prophet and lawgiver--a pre-eminence so great that there never has been and never can be another equal to him2 the unalterableness of the law which he gave2 the dogma that the proper observance of any one of the commandments of the law will lead to perfection2 the resurrection of the dead2 and the coming of the ,messias4 ,but upon this excellent foundation has been built up that structure of ceremony1 ritual1 observance1 and false and narrow philosophy which has become unbearable to so many of the ,jews in this country and in ,europe1 and from the yoke of which too many have escaped by throwing aside all faith1 while others have contented themselves with taking refuge in the half-way houses of 8reform40 ,it is difficult to estimate with accuracy the number of ,jews in the ,united ,states4 ,but the census of #ahgj affords us some valuable data upon which a calculation may be based4 ,in #ahej there were #cf ,jewish synagogues in the ,united ,states1 with sittings for #ah1cga persons1 and having a value of #dah1fjj4 ,in #ahfj there were #gg synagogues1 with sittings for #cd1dab persons and a value of #a1ace1cjj4 ,in #ahgj no less than #ahi ,jewish 8organizations0 were reported2 there were #aeb synagogues1 seating #gc1bfe persons and valued at #e1aee1bcd4 ,now in the city of ,new ,york there are #bf synagogues1 and the ,jewish population of the metropolis is not less than #ge1jjj4 ,this would give an average of some three thousand souls to each synagogue2 and if we took this average as a basis of calculation1 we should have a ,jewish population in the whole of the ,united ,states amounting to #def1jjj souls4 ,but we have reason to believe that this is much less than the actual number4 ,we have received from two high authorities estimates of the ,jewish population in the republic2 both are avowedly only estimates1 but they have been made with care4 ,one of them places the number of ,jews in the ,united ,states at 8one in thirty of the whole population10 which would give a total of #a1fjj1jjj souls2 the other reports the number to be 8almost exactly #a1jjj1jjj souls40 ,according to the census of #ahgj1 there were no ,jewish synagogues or other ,hebrew organizations in ,arizona1 ,dakota1 ,delaware1 ,florida1 ,idaho1 ,minnesota1 ,mississippi1 ,montana1 ,nebraska1 ,nevada1 ,new ,hampshire1 ,new ,mexico1 ,oregon1 ,utah1 ,vermont1 ,washington ,territory1 or ,wyoming4 ,but1 in point of fact1 there are many ,jews in all1 or nearly all1 these ,states and ,territories4 ,the following table will show the number of ,jewish organizations in the ,united ,states1 the number of their synagogues1 with their sittings and their value1 according to the census of #ahgj3 ,organizations4 ,synagogues4 ,sittings4 ,value4 ,alabama #b #b #a1fej #cj1jjj ,arkansas #a #a #cjj #f1ejj ,california #g #g #c1fjj #cad1fjj ,colorado #a -- -- -- ,connecticut #e #c #a1hej #aje1jjj ,dist4 of ,columbia #b #a #hjj #ah1jjj ,georgia #f #e #a1djj #eb1gjj ,illinois #aj #i #c1iej #bga1ejj ,indiana #e #d #a1ijj #aac1jjj ,iowa #e #a #aej #a1ijj ,kansas #b #a #cjj #a1ejj ,kentucky #c #c #a1ejj #acd1jjj ,louisiana #e #e #b1bjj #ge1jjj ,maine #bc #bc #g1cae #cf1djj ,maryland #e #d #b1gej #fej1jjj ,massachusetts #e #b #a1ejj #cc1jjj ,michigan #e #c #a1cjj #ea1jjj ,missouri #d #d #b1ajj #bag1ajj ,new ,jersey #a #a #cjj #h1jjj ,new ,york #dg #cc #ba1djj #a1hca1iej ,north ,carolina #a #a #bjj #ejj ,ohio #g #g #d1jjj #cfj1ehd ,pennsylvania #ae #ad #g1gej #fha1jjj ,rhode ,island #a -- -- -- ,south ,carolina #c #c #ijj #ia1bjj ,tennessee #d #d #a1ajj #ba1jjj ,texas #a #a #djj #f1jjj ,vermont #h #g #a1hij #ce1cjj ,west ,virginia #a -- -- -- ,wisconsin #d #c #gej #h1ejj ,totals #ahi #aeb #gc1bfe #e1aee1bcd ,a careful examination of this table discloses some remarkable contrasts which are not without their significance4 ,while the synagogues in ,north ,carolina1 ,iowa1 ,kansas1 ,wisconsin1 and some other ,states are small and cheap structures1 costing only from #ejj to #b1hjj or #c1jjj each1 those in ,georgia have cost1 or are valued at1 an average of #aj1ejj2 in ,alabama and ,maine1 #ae1jjj2 in ,illinois1 #cj1jjj2 in ,connecticut1 #ce1jjj2 in ,california1 #de1jjj2 in ,pennsylvania1 #di1jjj2 in ,ohio1 #ea1ejj2 in ,missouri1 #ed1jjj2 in ,new ,york1 #fj1jjj2 and in ,maryland1 #afb1jjj4 ,these instances exemplify to some extent the comparative wealth and religious zeal of the children of ,israel in the different ,states named1 and many of our readers1 we suppose1 will learn with surprise that there are far more ,jews in ,maine than in all the other ,new ,england ,states put together2 and that the ,jews of ,maryland are apparently very much more wealthy and zealous than their co-religionists in any other part of the republic4 ,but we must now trace the history of the settlement and progress of the ,jews in this country1 and set forth the outer as well as inner causes which have tended to work changes in them3 to ,americanize them to a great extent2 to remove or soften the prejudices formerly cherished against them2 and to weaken1 modify1 or destroy1 in a degree which cannot yet be accurately determined1 their own religious faith4 ,jewish emigration to this country began at a very early period in its history1 but only within the last thirty years has this emigration assumed perceptible dimensions4 ,the ,jews who came to the ,united ,states prior to #ahdh were for the most part members of a low class2 they were chiefly of ,polish1 ,russian1 ,portuguese1 or ,spanish birth2 they were either poor or pretended to be poor2 they were peddlers1 dealers in old clothes1 pawnbrokers1 money-changers in a small way1 and petty merchants4 ,from all social intercourse with the rest of the community they were cut off2 they did not seek that which probably would have been denied them had they asked for it2 the traditional prejudice against the ,jews which exists so generally among the ,gentiles was not diminished by the appearance1 the actions1 and the general reputation of these children of ,israel4 ,they were supposed to be exclusively devoted to trade and to money-making1 and to be quite devoid of any scruples as to the means by which they might get the better of the person to whom they sold or of whom they bought4 ,a ,hebrew writer of some note many years ago remarked that the ,jews1 as a race of people1 were more widely and generally known and less generally appreciated than any other class upon the earth2 that the peculiarities which have marked them as objects of dislike were by no means original in their character1 but were the fruits of centuries of oppression and degradation2 and that they needed only a few years of existence in a free country1 where equal rights would be accorded to them1 and where they might in peace and security manifest the virtues which were in them1 in order to win for themselves not only the toleration but the active esteem and respect of their fellow-citizens4 ,the truth of this remark has been amply substantiated by what has occurred in ,england1 ,france1 ,germany1 and other portions of ,europe2 while in this country the ,jews have succeeded in ,americanizing themselves to a very great extent1 and in obliterating in a marked degree the peculiarities which formerly served to point them out as a wholly separate and foreign people4 ,that this process has been accompanied by the partial loss of their religious faith is unquestionably true1 but it is not clear whether they have become ,americanized because they have to this extent lost their faith1 or whether they have lost their faith because they have become ,americanized4 ,the ,jews in ,america at the present moment are divided into five classes--the 8,radical ,orthodox10 the 8,orthodox10 the 8,conservative ,reformed10 the 8,reformed10 and the 8,radical ,reformed40 ,there is a wide gulf between the first and the last of these classes2 but the shades of difference between a ,radical ,orthodox ,jew and an ,orthodox ,jew1 or between a ,conservative ,reformed ,jew and a ,reformed ,jew1 are somewhat difficult to define4 ,the ,radical ,orthodox ,jews are few in number1 and are said by their co-religionists to be daily growing less4 ,they are chiefly of ,polish1 ,austrian1 or ,hungarian birth2 they for the most part are in humble and obscure walks of life2 they form no associations with ,gentiles2 they accept as the rule of their life the ,mosaic law interpreted by the 8,talmud0 and the 8,cabala02 they do not welcome ,gentiles1 or even ,jews of later views1 to their synagogues4 ,we believe there is but one synagogue in ,new ,york belonging to this school of ,jews1 and in which one may witness ,jewish worship as it was performed a thousand years ago4 ,the children of the ,radical ,orthodox ,jews--especially the male children--do not adhere closely to the faith and ritual of their fathers2 and some of the fathers themselves1 as they become rich in this world's goods1 manifest a disposition to affiliate themselves with one or other of the less rigorous sects4 ,some of them are content to join the ranks of the ,orthodox ,jews1 who hold most firmly to all matters of dogma1 and to all the essential rules of life laid down by the law of ,moses1 but who at the same time dispense themselves from the strict observance of a certain number of the more onerous observances and regulations enjoined by the rabbinical writers4 ,the line of demarcation between the ,orthodox ,jews and the ,conservative ,reformed ,jews is vague and undetermined2 but the ,reformed ,jews are very much advanced4 ,they hold themselves bound no longer to obey the ceremonial and dietary laws laid down by ,moses and his successors1 and their faith in the predictions of the prophets has almost wholly faded away4 ,the higher class of the ,hebrew community for the most part belong to the ,reformed sect2 but these congregations are also largely composed of the well-to-do middle-class ,jews4 ,nearly all of the ,jews of ,american birth are found in the ranks of this sect or in the one of which we have yet to speak2 and very many of the ,german and ,english ,jews resident here are also members of the ,reformed synagogues4 ,they openly avow their desire and ambition to become thoroughly ,americanized1 and to cease in all respects to be regarded as an alien and foreign people4 ,they still retain their belief in ,god1 but this belief is in too many cases vague and ill-defined4 ,the expectation of the coming of the ,messias in any literal sense has1 with rare exceptions1 ceased to be entertained among them4 ,they will not confess that the prophecies of his coming were fulfilled in ,jesus ,christ1 and their philosophy has led them to the conclusion that these prophecies do not now remain to be fulfilled1 save in a metaphorical sense4 ,the ,messias is indeed to come--but not as an individual4 ,humanity as a race1 elevated1 happy1 prosperous1 blessed with long life1 health1 and earthly comfort1 is the ,messias2 the prophets saw him and were glad1 but it was reserved for the children of this generation to discover what was the hidden and real meaning of their predictions concerning him4 ,a learned ,jewish scholar has thus expressed this phase of ,jewish thought3 8,the majority of intelligent ,israelites have long since abandoned the wish of building up an independent national existence of their own4 ,the achievement of higher conditions of human life they are disposed to regard as the fulfilment of ,messianic prophecy1 and the furthering of this end1 in intimate union with their fellow-men1 as the highest dictate of their religion40 ,these are weighty words2 and there is abundant reason to believe that they truthfully represent the dominant tone of thought among the ,american ,jews4 ,the latest sect among them--the ,radical ,reformed ,jews--go to the root of the matter and have the full courage of their opinions4 ,they have the goodness to admit that there is1 or may be1 a ,god1 but they deny that he has ever revealed himself to man save by the law of nature1 and that ,god is himself nature4 ,in other words1 these ,jews have become ,pantheists4 ,benedict de ,spinoza was excommunicated and denounced by the forefathers of those who now revere and extol him4 ,the most eloquent and gifted1 if not the most learned1 of the ,jewish rabbis in ,america has become the leader of this sect1 and has left the magnificent synagogue which was built for him1 only to draw after him into new paths a large proportion of his former congregation4 ,they are extremely wise in their own conceit2 they prate of the necessity of doubting all things2 they deride the rites and practices of external religion2 they say they worship ,god1 but inasmuch as ,god1 as they insist1 is only nature1 and nature is part of themselves1 in worshipping ,god they worship themselves4 ,we are told that many of those ,jews who still maintain their connection with the ,conservative ,reformed or ,reformed congregations are by conviction in full sympathy with the ,radical ,reformers4 ,the laity are far in advance of the rabbis of each sect4 ,the rabbis are for the most part men of foreign birth and foreign education2 there are1 we believe1 not a dozen rabbis of ,american birth in the whole ,union4 ,the almost universal tendency of thought and practice among the younger ,jews is in the direction of that phase of infidelity of which we have spoken2 and the elder members of the race take little care to counteract in any effectual manner this apostasy4 ,the education of ,jewish children in this country is left pretty much to take care of itself4 ,there are few1 if any1 ,jewish schools1 and none at all of a high character4 ,the ,jewish children for the most part attend the public schools1 where they either are taught no religion at all or listen to such vague and disjointed utterances concerning the truths of ,christianity as the caprice or the prejudices of the teacher may lead him to pronounce4 ,in some instances the children of well-to-do ,hebrews among us are sent to receive their education in ,unitarian academies2 in others the sons of wealthy ,american ,jews are educated in the ,german universities1 from whence they return full-blown infidels4 ,intermarriages between ,jews and nominal ,christians are not rare2 and the children of these unions are1 as a rule1 educated in the religion of the mother--if she happens to possess any4 ,we have said that the ,jewish laity is in advance of the rabbis in the matter of what is called 8reform10 but which is too generally nothing but destruction4 ,the position of the rabbis is a peculiar one4 ,they are not priests1 for they no longer offer sacrifice4 ,they are not even the sons of priests2 the hereditary character of their office has long since been lost2 they are rabbis1 or1 in other phrase1 teachers1 not by hereditary descent nor by divine selection or consecration1 but merely by their own choice and the good-will of their neighbors or friends4 ,the last high-priest of the ,jewish ,church who had any divine sanction for the title which he bore was ,caiphas1 and his office was taken away from him1 in the sight of ,god and in truth1 on the day of ,pentecost1 when the ,holy ,ghost descended to dwell until the end of time with the ,christian ,church4 ,since that day there have been no priests of ,god upon the earth1 save the priests of the ,catholic ,church2 and consequently since that day there have been no true ,jewish priests4 ,the altars of the ,jews have crumbled away2 their sacrifices have ceased2 the sons of the tribes of ,aaron and ,levi have abandoned even the pretence of belonging to a priestly order4 ,in the place of the priests have come the rabbis1 who are mere ministers or teachers4 ,they are to the ,jews what the ,baptist1 ,methodist1 ,presbyterian1 and other ,protestant ministers are to the respective ,protestant sects4 ,they are a little less than some of the ,protestant ministers claim to be2 for some of these do set up in an uncertain way a vague and altogether fallacious pretence to the possession of 8orders0 and to having been empowered to perform priestly functions4 ,the rabbis make no such pretence1 and their position1 such as it is1 is confessedly invested with only purely human sanction4 ,they are teachers1 but do not claim that they have a divine authority to teach4 ,they are subject to the will and caprice of the congregation to which they are attached2 they are like school-teachers1 whose tenure of office depends upon the pleasure of the school commissioners4 ,some of them have sought to put themselves at the head of the reform movement1 and have succeeded1 but only on the condition that they should keep pace with the advance of the laity4 ,the younger ,german rabbis have been most prominent in this respect4 ,they have effected an organization among themselves1 as well here as in ,germany1 and have managed to act together with something approaching to unanimity4 ,destitute1 however1 of any rule of faith and practice higher than their own will and whim1 and having no central or supreme authority to which they can appeal1 they lack the essential bond of unity1 and some of them are constantly wandering off in one direction or the other4 ,they began their work of reform by modernizing the ritual of the synagogue1 and eliminating from it1 little by little1 those portions of it which1 directly or indirectly1 assert the dogmas that are inconveniently opposed to the new ideas whereof they are enamored4 ,among the regular prayers of the synagogue1 for instance1 were supplications for the bringing back of the chosen people to the land of their fathers1 the restoration of the throne of ,david1 and the coming of the ,messias4 ,the new philosophy1 as we have shown1 teaches that the ,messias is not to come in any literal sense2 that inasmuch as modern progress is best subserved by democratic or republican institutions1 the establishment of a monarchy of any kind is not to be desired or prayed for2 and that the return of the ,jews as a nation to ,palestine is not to be wished1 even if it were feasible4 ,it became advisable1 therefore1 to reconcile theory with practice1 and to cease pretending to pray for that which was either impossible or undesirable4 ,if it were absurd to believe any longer that the ,messias was to come as a personal king and redeemer1 to lead back his people to the ,promised ,land1 and to elevate them as the rulers and princes of the earth1 then it was something worse than absurd to continue the repetition of the prayers imploring the hastening of his coming4 ,if the ,books of the ,law and of the ,prophets are not the veritable word of ,god2 if they contain merely ingenious and beautiful myths1 symbolical poetry1 and a code of moral and dietary rules which1 in some respects at least1 are no longer either necessary or advisable to be obeyed1 it is dishonest to pretend to regard these writings with devout reverence1 and to insist upon any one governing himself by them4 ,by this course of reasoning the ,german rabbis1 often pushed further than they cared to go by the laity who were behind them1 sapped the foundations of faith among the common people of the ,jews1 and prepared them for the downward path which so many of them are now treading4 ,having thus reviewed the present state of ,judaism in ,america1 we may ask ourselves what is likely to be the future of what was once the church of ,god1 but has now fallen to the level of a mere sect4 ,it is clear that the ,jews1 here as in the ,old ,world1 and more rapidly here than in the ,old ,world1 are losing the faith of their fathers4 ,judaism1 divine in its origin1 but no longer invested with the divine sanction nor inspired or guided by the ,holy ,ghost1 is undergoing the same process of disintegration and decay which the ,protestant sects are suffering4 ,judaism1 now wholly human1 like ,protestantism1 is leading its adherents to infidelity4 ,every day1 as ,protestants see this1 the devout and pious among them turn to the one church which ,jesus ,christ established in the world1 and in her bosom find refuge1 peace1 and salvation4 ,the number of conversions from ,protestantism to the holy ,roman ,catholic ,church1 here and in ,great ,britain1 is continually on the increase4 ,but nothing is more rare than the conversion of a ,jew4 ,they are rapidly parting with their own faith1 but very seldom do they embrace any form of ,christianity in its stead4 ,in a few years the great majority of ,jews in the ,united ,states will probably have ceased to be ,jews1 save only in name4 ,but how many of them will become ,catholics8 ,all roads lead to ,rome2 but very few ,jews have made that journey4 ,a ,jew who becomes a ,catholic is a most excellent ,catholic2 he seems to desire1 by the fervor of his faith and the burning zeal of his charity1 to make some reparation for the sins of his people4 ,jews should be the best ,catholics in the world2 and ,god has told us1 through the mouths of ,jewish prophets1 that the time will come when they will be all that they should be4 ,the word of ,god is sure and cannot fail4 ,he has told us that the day is coming when the ,jews shall ask him1 8,what are those wounds in the midst of thy hands80 and when he shall reply1 8,with these was ,i wounded in the house of them that ,i love40 ,in that day he 8will pour out upon the house of ,david the spirit of grace and the spirit of prayers2 and they shall look upon him whom they have pierced1 and they shall mourn for him as one mourneth for an only son1 and shall grieve over him as the manner is to grieve for the death of the first-born40 ,in that glorious day ,god has promised that he will destroy the names of idols out of the earth1 so that they shall be remembered no more2 and that he will take away the false prophets and the unclean spirit out of the earth4 ,he will bring back the captivity of ,juda and the captivity of ,jerusalem1 and 8will build them as from the beginning02 he will cleanse them from all their iniquities1 whereby they have sinned against him and despised him2 and he will so crown them with blessings that all the world shall be amazed thereby4 8,it shall be to me a name1 and a joy1 and a praise1 and a gladness before all the nations of the earth that shall hear of all the good things which ,i will do to them40 8,behold1 the days come1 saith the ,lord1 that ,i will perform the good word that ,i have spoken to the house of ,israel and to the house of ,juda40 ,when the ,jews become ,catholic ,christians1 ,jerusalem shall 8be called by a new name1 which the mouth of the ,lord shall name10 and the ,jews shall become 8a crown of glory in the hand of the ,lord and a royal diadem in the hand of ,god40 ,then they shall no more be called forsaken1 and their land shall be no more called desolate2 8but thou shalt be called 'my pleasure in her1' and thy land inhabited40 ,then shall the ,holy ,sacrifice of the ,mass be celebrated by ,jewish hands in the ,holy ,city where ,jesus ,christ first offered up the ever-living ,sacrifice1 and then shall the ,jews eat the heavenly ,bread and drink the sacred ,blood which have so long been given to us ,gentiles and rejected by them4 8,the ,lord has sworn by his right hand and by the arm of his strength3 ,surely ,i will no longer give thy corn to be meat for thy enemies1 and the sons of the stranger shall not drink thy wine for which thou hast labored2 for they that gather it shall eat it1 and they that have brought it together shall drink it in my holy courts40 ,wonderful are these words2 full are they of a meaning at once mystical and clear4 ,the ,jews1 in ,god's own time1 will become ,catholic ,christians1 and1 united with the whole body of the faithful on earth1 they shall eat the divine ,bread which is the life of the world4 ,the abandonment of their traditional faith will continue to lead them more and more to the abandonment of all their distinctive national peculiarities and practices1 and they will become merged in the great body of the children of men4 ,then such of them as ,god may choose will have given to them the grace of faith1 and as individuals1 and not as a nation1 will they become ,catholic ,christians4 ,we know that in the vision of ,st4 ,john the ,apostle he saw one hundred and forty-four thousand of the children of ,israel1 of every tribe twelve thousand1 who had come out of great tribulation1 and washed their robes and made them white in the blood of the ,lamb4 ,we are certain1 then1 that before the end of the world at least this number of ,jews will have been converted4 ,it may be that the number represents only those who belonged to the church while it was yet mainly composed of ,jews4 ,if so1 let us hope that those of the once chosen people who yet remain may be found1 or at least many of them1 in that great multitude which no man can number1 of all nations1 and tribes1 and peoples1 and tongues1 which ,st4 ,john also saw1 standing before the throne and in the sight of the ,lamb1 clothed with white robes and palms in their hands1 crying with a loud voice 8,salvation to our ,god who sitteth upon the throne1 and to the ,lamb40 ,,letters ,,of ,a ,,young ,,irishwoman ,,to ,,her ,,sister4 ,,from ,,the ,,french4 ,,conclusion4 ,,july #cj4 ,this morning ,i was in a sort of mortal sadness4 ,i opened the 8,book of those who suffer0 at these words3 8,you have willed1 ,o my ,god6 to separate me from her to whom ,i have so often said that ,i should wish to die the same day as she4 ,this desire has not been granted1 and thou hast condemned me to survive4 8,she is at rest2 and never have ,i more fully realized than in this my exceeding grief the meaning of that beautiful ,christian word1 quies--rest40 ,i said this with all my heart1 and ,i have comprehended4444 ,o ,kate6 ,i loved you too much for this world4 ,bless me from on high1 and visit me with ,picciola4 ,it seems to me that the divine ,goodness must permit that4 ,,august #b4 8,the present war is the natural and necessary consequence of the great apostasy of the sixteenth century and the principles of the ,revolution60 ,o my ,god6 if this might be a holy war6 ,but ,i fear2 for ,france is so guilty6 ,prayers are being offered in all the dioceses2 the emperor has put himself at the head of the army4 ,may ,god save us6 ,we needed a ,st4 ,louis1 if we were to deserve victory4 ,do you remember1 ,kate1 how much we admired these words of ,bossuet8 8,war is often a salutary bath1 in which nations bathe and are regenerated40 ,oh6 how you must pray1 all our kind friends in heaven4 ,,august #d4 ,amlie has bidden us adieu2 she is a charming creature4 ,her mother will not accompany her4 ,she fears her own weakness2 and she is a veritable ,spartan4 ,on the #b;d of ,august took place a first engagement at ,saarbrck2 our troops were victorious4 ,may this success augur well6 ,they say that there is a terrible effervescence in minds4 ,our ,bretonnes are praying that their sons may soon return4 ,arrival of our ,parisians6 ,alix and ,margaret have all the grace of the twins2 my godson is magnificent4 ,i like to feel that we are together in these troubled times4 ,how ,i pity mothers6 ,,august #g4 ,terror1 anguish1 defeat--these are the synonyms of this date4 ,two days ago we were beaten at ,wissembourg2 yesterday at ,forbach4 ,we are waiting for news4 ,our reverses are a chastisement2 the ,french government is withdrawing its troops from ,rome4 ,is it1 then1 to secure success that ,france abandons the ,pope8 ,oh6 it is not ,france which acts thus2 she is too profoundly ,catholic for that2 but she will be none the less certain to undergo the penalty for this cowardice4 ,kate1 pray for ,france6 ,the ,prussians are upon our soil1 and civil war is also feared4 ,,august #ac4 ,horrible details are received of the battle of ,reichshoffen4 ,marshal ,mac,mahon behaved with admirable heroism4 ,he would not quit the field of battle after witnessing this odious butchery--#dj1jjj against #aej1jjj6 ,lord1 ,o ,lord6 have pity4 ,there must have been some treason there4 ,the cuirassiers and chasseurs of ,mac,mahon sacrificed themselves to facilitate the retreat4 ,the newspapers make one weep4 ,kate1 what is said in heaven8 ,my ,guy is charmingly beautiful2 and when he is twenty years old an enemy's cannon-ball will have the right to carry him off6 ,,august #ba4 ,dear ,kate1 ,i bless ,god for having placed you in the peace of eternity before these murderous struggles1 in which your heart would so often have been wounded6 ,ah6 it seems to me that it is a great favor to be taken from this earth before the calamities which are impending4 ,a subscription has been set on foot1 in order that all ,france shall offer a sword of honor to ,mac,mahon4 ,marshal ,lebuf1 ,general-in-,chief1 is replaced by ,marshal ,bazaine2 the army is falling back on ,chalons4 ,there were brilliant affairs on the #adth1 #aeth1 and #afth4 ,but what agitation in the country6 ,the republicans consider the moment favorably for their triumph1 and ,ren declares that the ,prussians of ,france are still more to be dreaded than the ,prussians of ,germany4 ,montaigne said3 8,there are triumphant defeats which equal the finest victories40 ,our troops are sublime4 ,fresh levies are being made1 companies of francs-tireurs are organized2 will ,france be saved8 ,catholic ,la ,vende is rising en masse4 ,,august #bd4 ,the ,prussians are at ,saint-,dizier4 ,it is said that in the partial engagements the losses are considerable on both sides4 ,the enemy is bombarding ,strasbourg4 ,read heart-rending details4 ,povera ,francia6 ,they say that two sons of ,count ,bismarck are dead2 it is the justice of ,god passing by6 ,oh6 when we think of so many families who are suffering from the disasters of invasion1 who see their homes invaded and their days in peril1 how ardent are our prayers6 ,that which ,i dreaded is come upon us4 ,ren and his brothers are going6 ,o my ,god6 guard them from danger4 ,i love ,france too well to hinder ,ren from defending her4 ,the fear of afflicting me held him back4 ,god aid us and have at the ,english6 as our ,breton ancestors used to say4 ,the ,english of to-day are the ,prussians4 ,they leave us1 five brothers1 all valiant and strong1 courageous as lions4 ,ah6 if they should not return4 ,i believe in presentiments1 and something tells me that all hope of happiness is at an end for me4 8,give all to ,god10 a saintly priest wrote to me4 ,fiat6 ,take all1 my ,god1 but leave me thy love6 ,do you remember1 ,kate1 my mother's stories of the heroism of our grandfather8 ,do you remember that ,georgina whose name ,i received1 who said to her brother1 8,go and fight without thinking of me4 ,god and his angels will guard me2 think of your country60 ,could ,i be less courageous than she8 ,pray for me1 holy soul in heaven6 ,what shall ,i do without him8 ,,august #bf4 ,levies are being raised en masse4 ,men will not be wanting1 but soldiers cannot be made at a moment's notice1 especially in our days4 ,it is said that ,bazaine is blockaded in ,metz with #gj1jjj men1 and that he has before him #bjj1jjj ,prussians4 ,mac,mahon is going to his relief with an equal number of heroes4 ,the ,french have burnt the camp at ,chalons4 ,what will be the issue of this frightful struggle8 ,the ministry which has caused all our misfortunes has resigned2 a clear understanding is most important1 and time passes away in useless discussions4 ,general ,trochu1 a ,breton1 is ,governor of ,paris4 ,to-day we shall be left alone4444 ,,august #bi4 ,it is over4 ,ren has taken with him all my heart1 and ,i feel a strange sense of suffering4 ,my mother has been sublime4 ,o these adieux1 these last embraces6 ,who would have said that we should come to this8 ,protect them1 ye holy angels6 ,bring them back to us soon with the return of peace6 ,there are wounded everywhere2 my mother has asked for ten1 to whom we shall attend ourselves4 ,it is terrible to see these mutilations4 ,o war6 how ,i hate it4 ,the army of ,prince ,frederick ,charles is marching upon ,paris2 there are no official tidings of our soldiers4 ,phalsbourg1 ,toul1 ,metz1 ,strasbourg are all undergoing the horrors of bombardment4 ,where shall we go8 ,prayer alone will save us4 ,there is much patriotic eagerness in the populations2 the loan of #gej1jjj1jjj has been covered with astonishing rapidity4 ,what will become of the capital8 ,what chastisement will visit it for having erected a statue to ,voltaire8 ,a visit--the ,comtesse de ,g---- and her two daughters1 friends of ,lucy4 ,what a difference between the two sisters6 ,the younger calm1 gentle1 and placid1 like a beautiful lake1 seraphic and tender2 the elder ardent and enthusiastic to exaggeration1 impassioned for the cause of good1 peace1 and right1 but like a volcano4 ,kate1 tell me that you pray for us1 and that ,god will have pity upon his people6 ,,august #ca4 ,a letter from ,ren6 ,alas6 his presence was so sweet to me4 ,gertrude and ,i do not quit the chapel1 except for the wounded4 ,mary and ,ellen1 ,marguerite and ,alix1 multiply their prayers4 ,arthur has made his mother give him a ,zouave's uniform2 thus equipped1 he drills the children at the school4 ,you should hear him say how he wants to join his father and fight with him4 ,our savage enemies commit revolting atrocities4 ,how truly are they the sons of the ,teutons6 ,berthe's family is in ,switzerland4 ,,september #d4 ,lord1 save us2 we perish6 ,the public journals speak in an ambiguous manner of triumphs with respect to which a terrible silence had been observed in official quarters2 a great battle was imminent4444 ,the day is come1 and its events are brought to light4 ,povera ,francia6 ,the emperor and #dj1jjj ,french prisoners1 ,mac,mahon grievously wounded1 and a capitulation--it is horrible6 ,my ,god6 hast thou abandoned ,france8 ,the public consternation cannot be described4 ,it was said yesterday that1 owing to a crypt whose existence was generally unknown1 the women and children had been able to quit ,strasbourg1 so valiantly defended by ,general ,uhrich4 ,the enemy aims his murderous projectiles especially at the cathedral--that unequalled marvel in stone4 ,horrible6 horrible6 ,it seems as if hell had vomited innumerable legions of monsters upon ,france4 ,there were #eej1jjj in this last three days' battle4 ,how will all this end8 8,arise1 ,o ,lord6 and deliver thy people1 for the time to show mercy is come60#eb ,footnote #eb3 ,ps4 ci4 ,,september #f4 ,the republic is proclaimed4 ,paris is in a state of delirium4 ,did not ,joseph de ,maistre say3 8,the ,french ,revolution has been satanic2 if the counter-revolution is not divine1 it will be a nullity08 ,read the ,univers yesterday--so ,christian1 so right-thinking4 ,louis ,veuillot calls ,prussia the ,sin of ,europe4 ,will the republic save us8 ,the enemy is at ,soissons4 ,we see now the result of twenty years of despotism4444 8,mac,mahon is dead60 said a workman on the boulevards with a journal in his hand4 ,at these words arose a general cry3 8,honor to ,mac,mahon60 ,this report is contradicted1 and ,mme4 la ,marchale set out yesterday to join her husband4 ,o this wound6 ,what ,frenchman would not give his life to heal it8 ,no army left6 ,bazaine is still blockaded in ,metz1 bombarded by the ,prussians4 ,mac,mahon had done wonders1 but was unable to effect his junction with ,bazaine4 ,he was thrown back by the enemy upon ,sedan1 and a bridge not having been destroyed1 notwithstanding his orders1 he was surrounded by a network of the enemy2 grievously wounded1 he placed the command in the hands of ,general ,wimpffen1 who capitulated4 ,mac,mahon would never have done this--never6 ,without a miracle1 ,france is lost4 ,it seems as if one were suffering a bad dream in reading that1 owing to our woods1 the enemy slaughter us without mercy1 whilst our blows fall on emptiness1 and that on the fatal day which annihilated our army our artillery was for a quarter of an hour playing upon a regiment of ,french cuirassiers4444 ,the ,angelus is ringing4 ,o ,angelic ,salutation6 with what anguish ,christian hearts yesterday repeated you1 on this beginning of a new era of which no one can tell the form or the duration4 ,,september #g4 ,a line from ,adrien to reassure us all4 ,alas6 who does not tremble at this hour8 ,kate1 protect us6 ,some members of the ,left have1 themselves alone1 made the republic and seized the reins of government4 ,can the enemies of ,god regenerate a people8 8,the ,keeper of ,israel neither slumbers nor sleeps40 ,napoleon ,i4 7,louis ,veuillot1 the valiant heart1 tells us7 used to say that the general who dared speak of capitulation ought to be shot2 what1 then1 would be the deserts of him who surrenders8 ,poor ,france1 humiliated1 vanquished1 deprived of her noblest children6 ,,september #h4 ,on this festival of your nativity1 ,o ,our ,lady of ,victories6 succor us4 ,no courier from ,paris1 which must be invested4 ,the ,garde ,nationale is being organized2 the scheme is to oppose the whole of ,france to these ,vandals of the nineteenth century--barbarous hordes who seem to be impelled by some irresistible force into the heart of our unhappy country4 ,how ,french ,i feel myself in these days of sorrow6 ,dear ,kate1 is it true1 as we believe1 that all our saints of ,france1 headed by ,st4 ,remi1 ,charlemagne1 ,st4 ,louis1 and ,joan of ,arc1 are prostrate at the feet of the ,eternal to obtain the pardon which would save us8 ,,september #aa4 ,in the frightful catastrophe of ,sedan our soldiers were in want of munitions and had not eaten for four days4 ,i send daily a long bulletin of news to my devoted ,margaret4 ,has not ,marcella also something to fear8 ,poor ,italy6 ,poor ,france6 ,we can but have either a shameful peace or a pitiless war4444 ,laon is threatened with the fate of ,strasbourg4 ,alas6 these poor cities1 besieged and heroic4 8,country of my brethren and of my friends1 may the words of ,god for thee be words of peace3 ',may peace be within thy walls1 and plenteousness within thy towers6' ,o my ,god6 save thy servants who put their trust in thee60#ec ,footnote #ec3 ,ps4 cxxi4 ,every man under arms1 every woman at prayer6 ,this decree makes me bless the republic4 ,and ,ren--where is he8 ,,september #ac4 ,laon must have ceased to exist2 the commander has had the citadel blown up4 ,they say that ,garibaldi1 the insulter of ,pius ,,ix4 and the king of vagabonds and bandits1 is coming to succor ,france2 is not this the depth of humiliation8 8,how long1 ,o ,lord6 wilt thou delay to succor us8 ,o ,god6 be thou our judge1 and defend our cause against this pitiless nation2 deliver us from these men1 who are full of injustice and deceit60 ,the enemy is six leagues from ,paris4 ,m4 ,thiers has set out for ,vienna1 ,st4 ,petersburg1 and ,london4 ,the ,united ,states have offered their mediation4 ,we are assured that the foreign powers desire peace1 but what proofs do they give8 ,russia is preparing formidable armaments1 doubtless finding the present moment opportune for taking possession of ,constantinople4 ,the excommunicated king is adding to his crimes in annexing to his own the last remaining ,states of the church4 ,we are told that the republican world boasts greatly of the circular of ,jules ,favre and the letter of ,victor ,hugo4 ,i do not know from whence there comes to us a copy of a revelation announcing that from the #bjth to the #bith all will be over1 and that ,france will be delivered by a stranger4 ,o feast of ,st4 ,michael the ,archangel6 be to us a day of salvation4 ,but1 ,lord1 does ,france deserve it8 ,ah6 she is no longer the eldest daughter of the church1 since she consents to the odious spoliation of ,italy1 and since every sort of hatred is let loose against religion4 ,do they not say that at ,lyons the ,visitandines have been driven from their convent8 ,we deserve every misfortune and disgrace4 ,louis ,veuillot1 calm in the midst of so many storms1 gave yesterday a beautiful article1 in which he predicted the near approach of the triumph of the church2 and today1 the splendid history of ,judas ,machabeus4 ,save us1 ,o ,lord6 we who are thy people4 8,god gives to his church the flotsam of every wreck1 as he gives her1 sooner or later1 the laurel of every triumph40 ,it is said that ,paris will be destroyed4 8,unless the ,lord keep the city1 he that keepeth it watcheth in vain60#ed ,hope6 hope6 ,prayer will save us6 ,footnote #ed3 ,ps4 cxxvi4 ,i knew yesterday that ,rne was alive4 ,o ,kate6 pray for us4 ,,september #ag4 ,o surprise6 ,o joy6--if ,i dared to say so4444 ,margaret here6 ,kind1 dear1 and perfect friend6 she could not remain away from us during these troubles4 ,lord ,william and ,emmanuel have come with her4 ,what an exquisite proof of affection6 ,how we have wept together6 ,o dear ,kate1 dear flower transplanted to heaven6 your native soil1 how much we have spoken of you4 ,how ,ren will be touched at hearing of this arrival6 ,my mother and sisters give a festive welcome to my belle ,anglaise1 who is ,english only in name1 being as ,catholic1 as ,irish1 and as ,french as we are4 ,communications are interrupted1 or are on the point of being so4 ,the line of ,orleans is cut4 ,the ,paris ,journal is here1 however1 with frightful accounts of the barbarity of the ,prussians4 ,save us1 my ,god2 have pity on those who are fighting pro aris et focis6 ,margaret has brought me a bit of the soil of ,ireland1 and some flowers gathered from our mother's grave4 ,,september #ai4 ,what is happening to-day1 twenty-four years after the ,apparition of ,la ,salette8 ,we are melting away in prayers4 ,my mother has obtained from the bishop the most liberal permissions for benedictions4 ,our good cur is dying 444 of old age and grief4 ,the love of their country is a robust plant among the ,bretons4 ,dear ,kate1 we speak of you with ,margaret4 ,i told her that ,i continue to write to you2 she was touched at hearing it4 ,how kind it is of her to have quitted her home to share our anguish and our dangers6 ,the province will be invaded--that is certain4 ,no news of ,ren2 but who does not feel courageous at this time8 ,ah6 assuredly1 in face of the extent of our disasters1 selfish anxieties disappear1 and the soul grows1 in her prodigious faculty of suffering1 to compassionate all the present miseries1 all the crushing misfortunes1 all the deaths4 ,how long1 ,o ,lord6 will thy hand be heavy upon us8 ,o mysterious depths of the designs of ,god6 ,o militant church6 ,o venerated ,pontiff1 the purest glory of our age6 ,o ,rome1 invaded like ,france6 ,i have just read an admirable pastoral letter of ,mgr4 ,freppel1 the illustrious successor of ,mgr4 ,angebault in the see of ,angers4 ,he sees a reason for hope in this community of sorrows between the mother and the eldest daughter4 ,o ,pontiff6--is not this title become a bitter derision8 ,the gates of hell shall not prevail against the church1 and we are surely not far distant from her signal triumph2 but how many tears1 it may be1 and how many martyrdoms1 before that hour6 ,italy1 ,france1 ,ireland--the three countries of my heart1 lands that are mingled in one in my enthusiasm and love1 daughters of ,god1 and the privileged ones of his heart--you cannot perish2 ,god will fight for you1 and we shall bless him for ever6 ,kate1 beloved sister1 tell me that you hear me1 that your soul touches mine4 ,be ,ren's guardian angel6 ,,september #ba4 ,our life is strange4 ,beneath all it has a wonderful serenity1 a confidence in ,god which defies everything2 on the surface it is a sort of fever1 passing from the wildest hope to the most complete discouragement4 ,gertrude has appointed us her aides-de-camp--,margaret and myself4 ,there is much to do around us4 ,our ,bretonnes have need to be consoled1 and there are sick and dying4 ,the good abb multiplies himself with admirable self-forgetfulness2 our pastor is dying1 happy to be called away at the present crisis4 ,i have a letter from ,ren--a kind1 long1 sweet letter1 from which ,i cannot take away my eyes4 ,he only speaks to me vaguely of the war1 so as not to increase my alarm4 ,every ring of the bell makes us start2 the gallop of a horse makes us run to the windows4 ,my mother never quits her psalter and rosary2 ,mistress ,annah faithfully keeps her company when we are not there2 ,mary and ,ellen1 with the other dear young ones in the house1 are our sunshine4 ,the courageous ,margaret talks politics with ,lucy1 the abb1 and the doctor1 organizes plans of defence1 creates fortresses1 and finally expels the enemy4 ,lord ,william was just now reading to us in the ,paris ,journal of the #ahth details of deep interest relating to the affair of ,sedan--8the ,waterloo of the ,second ,empire1 and the greatest disaster of modern times40 ,,september #be4 ,jules ,favre has made an appeal to ,william and ,bismarck4 ,france is very low4 ,the result has been the affirmation of the exorbitant demands of the conquerors4 ,the struggle is to be pushed to extremities4 ,regiments are to be formed of ,national ,guards4 ,here none are left but old men4 ,no official news4 ,it is said that the enemy has been repulsed at ,versailles1 that ,nantes is burnt1 that headquarters are at ,meaux2 they said yesterday at ,rheims3 8,o ,clovis6 why are you not there with your ,franks80 ,the ,prussians are burning ,rouen4 ,when1 then1 will the terrible work of these executioners of ,heaven be ended8 ,william wants ,alsace and ,lorraine1 ,metz1 ,strasbourg1 ,toul1 ,verdun1 and ,mont ,valrien4 ,ah6 we also1 we shall say with the ,bishop of ,orleans that which was said by ,louisa of ,prussia--a magnanimous soul1 to whom the life of her four sons was less dear than the honor of her country2 a believing and valiant woman1 who beheld so violent and devastating a storm pass over her kingdom that ,prussia was on the point of being erased from the map of nations3 8,i believe in ,god2 ,i do not believe in force4 ,justice alone is stable4 ,god prunes the spoiled tree4 ,we shall see better times1 if only each day find us better and more prepared40 ,the son has not inherited the sentiments of the mother4 ,it is said that it was ,prince ,albert who commanded the burning of ,bazeilles2 this fearful barbarity would suffice for his reprobation in the memory of men4 8,the ,hebrew people saw ,deborah and ,judith arise in the day of its affliction2 ,gaul1 ,st4 ,genevive2 and ,france of the middle ages1 ,joan of ,arc40#ee ,who shall save modern ,france8 ,whose arm shall ,god raise up to avenge her8 8,but now thou hast cast us off1 and put us to shame3 and thou1 ,o ,god6 wilt not go out with our armies4444 ,arise1 ,o ,lord6 ,why sleepest thou80#ef ,footnote #ee3 ,gabourd4 ,footnote #ef3 ,ps4 xliii4 ,rome is invaded by the republican troops2 they leave the ,pope the castle of ,sant' ,angelo and the ,leonine city1 with magnificent assurances of security4 ,o the time of deliverance1 the hour of salvation6--soon1 doubtless1 soon4 ,the church cannot perish4 ,gentle ,pontiff1 ,pius ,,ix41 ,vicar of ,christ and his representative1 like him crucified in heart1 given gall to drink1 overwhelmed with insults1 your powerless children join their supplications to your own1 and ,god will arise1 mighty and terrible1 to confound your enemies--you who have loved justice and hated iniquity6 ,letter from ,ren1 hastily written in a cottage4 ,our ,blessed ,lady protect his devotion6 8,our help is in the name of the ,lord60 ,o church of ,jesus ,christ6 how happy are thy children in the midst of their distress4 ,what ineffable consolations in thy sacred prayers6 ,i live in the ,psalms1 ,i nourish my soul with them2 every feeling of the heart is there so marvellously expressed1 and in incomparable language4 ,,september #bg4 ,louis ,veuillot1 the intrepid defender of the ,catholic faith1 a few weeks ago wrote as follows3 8,god will have pity on us4 ,justice will not exceed mercy4 ,we shall not be scourged beyond the needs of our future well-being2 we shall find in the cup of chastisement a healthful beverage4 ,the love of their country raises hearts above vulgar vexations4 ,they are willing to be ruined2 they are willing to die4 ,but these abject and senseless things mingled with our tragedies1 these intoxicating songs when the earth is being watered with generous blood1 these statesmen who ask for prayers and authorize blasphemy1 these blasphemies beneath the falling thunderbolt1 these assassins of the pavement and these orators in the tribune--all this revelation of the stupid crowd which will not be saved--it is these things which keep souls under the millstone1 which suffocate and grind them down40 ,how well this great mind describes the deepest sufferings of all that is still ,christian in this nation of crusaders and martyrs6 ,the admirable demonstrations of the ,bretons and ,vendans console one for the irreligion of the greater number4 ,why has not all ,europe risen to defend in the ,pope the cause of outraged sovereignty8 ,the sacrilege of ,victor ,emanuel has met with no resistance4 8,be to us1 ,lord1 a place of defence against the enemy60 ,we are on a volcano--the volcano of popular passions2 if the hand of ,god does not arrest them1 what will become of us8 ,confidence6 confidence6 8,infidel ,france is abased and humiliated1 and is not yet willing to repent2 eucharistic ,france will pray1 will arise1 and increase in greatness60#eg ,footnote #eg3 ,louis ,veuillot4 ,o beloved soul gone hence before me1 and who art myself6 offer to ,god our prayers4 ,,october #b4 ,toul has surrendered1 after a splendid resistance worthy of a better fate4 ,the #bith--the looked-for #bith1 the feast of the glorious ,protector of ,france--has brought us another sorrow more3 the capitulation of ,strasbourg6 ,o dear and beautiful cathedral1 which ,i loved so well6 8,there is nothing left but ruins10 writes one of ,berthe's cousins4 ,why does the ,lord delay to help us8 ,will not our other fortresses be also forced to give themselves up into the enemy's hands8 ,what will become of ,france8 ,william is at ,versailles2 he lay down1 booted and spurred1 in the bed of the great king who so imperiously dictated laws to all ,europe4 ,who will redeem us from all our humiliations8 ,margaret and ,lord ,william have apprehensions which will only too soon1 alas6 be verified4 ,la ,vende is rising at the call of ,cathelineau and of ,stofflet--two illustrious names4 ,ah6 who will merit for us that we shall be saved1 when the public papers lavish outrage and abuse against everything that is holiest in the world--against the church of ,god1 his priests1 his pontiff1 the glorious ,pius ,,ix48 ,who shall restrain thine arm1 ,o ,lord6 when scarcely a voice is raised to recall to conquered ,france that thou art the ,salvation of the nations8 ,,october #g4 ,the gentle ,bishop of ,geneva used to say3 8,alas6 we shall soon be in eternity1 and then shall we see of how small account were the affairs of this world1 and how little it mattered whether they were accomplished or not40 ,adrien sends us long details4 ,my soul is in anguish4 ,o ,kate6 pray for us4 ,i went yesterday with ,margaret to the cemetery2 we stayed there long4 ,a splendid moonlight illumined the golden crosses surmounting the marble columns beneath which our doves repose4 ,a feeling of profound peace took possession of my soul in the midst of this striking contrast--the calm and tranquillity of this field of death with the tumult and agitation of actual life in our poor ,france4 ,,october #h4 ,the journals give accounts1 only too faithful in their details1 of the battle of ,sedan1 the catastrophe of ,laon and of ,strasbourg4 ,it is horrible--this destruction1 these savage attacks6 ,of how many valiant defenders are we not deprived1 while the enemy's forces are going to strengthen the army now besieging ,paris6 ,william is at ,st4 ,germain2 he desires to be present at the bombardment of the brilliant capital which gave him so splendid a reception three years ago4 ,to the shame of humanity1 ,europe remains unmoved in presence of our misfortunes4 ,america sends an insignificant number of volunteers4 ,o divine ,justice6 wilt thou not avenge us8 ,who shall tell the story of this sanguinary epic8 ,who shall recount this unheard-of intermingling of shameful cowardice and prodigies of courage1 of base treason and sublime devotion1 of reverses and successes equally impossible8 ,who shall tell posterity that the most loyal and generous of nations1 the people which has been eager in its succors to every misfortune1 has found no defender in the day of its calamities8 ,and who shall make known to ,france that her success is a consequence of her repentance1 that there is something greater than victory1 more decisive and more powerful than the most formidable engines of war--the protection of ,him who holds in his hands the destinies of nations8 ,deus1 ,deus1 quid reliquisti nos8 ,,october #aj4 ,two melancholy1 dark1 and rainy days1 such as always depress my soul4 ,garibaldi has arrived at ,marseilles with a thousand volunteers--doubtless the scum of ,italy4 ,mgr4 de ,saint-,brieuc summons all ,bretons to the defence of their country4 8,no1 ,france will not die6 ,this cry from the heart of forty millions will pierce heaven and awaken all the echoes of the earth60 ,paris has provisions for two months2 but after8 ,surely all ,france will rise1 and1 as soon as she feels herself strong enough1 she will meet these barbarians1 to whom all has been successful hitherto6 ,what bloodshed6 ,what ruins6 ,what opprobrium6 ,will not ,god raise up some hero from this soil which has given so much to the world8 ,anna ,maria ,taigi predicted that the ,council would last eighteen months1 that ,pius ,,ix4 would die towards its close1 and the gentle and venerated ,pontiff would see the dawn of a new time4 ,does not this mean that soon the trials of the ,papacy will cease8 8,the church cannot perish2 but ,god has not made to nations the same promises of immortality40 ,o ,kate and ,mad1 my two idols6 ,i think of you4 ,to-morrow we go to ,auray1 all together2 the abb will say ,mass for us there1 if we can arrive before noon4 ,,october #ad4 ,i have prayed much1 thought much1 suffered much1 hoped much1 loved much1 during these four days6 ,a prediction1 said to be from ,blois1 assures us of definitive success4 ,alas6 we were in need of saints2 this republic of lawyers makes me afraid4 ,my mother quoted to us yesterday an old prophecy from the works of ,hugues de ,saint-,cher1 ,cardinal-,dominican of the thirteenth century3 8,there will be four sorts of persecutions in the church of ,god3 the first1 tyrants against the martyrs2 the second1 heretics against the doctors2 the third1 lawyers against simple people2 and1 lastly1 ,antichrist against all40 ,we are in the third4 ,there is no unity2 there is impotence1 and therefore nothing succeeds4 ,a terrible rumor which will only too soon be confirmed--,orleans is invaded4 ,m4 de ,bismarck's plan is to ruin ,france in detail1 in order that it may for a long time be impossible to her to avenge herself4 ,but vengeance belongs to ,god1 and he will take it6 ,the journals gave us so much hope6 ,what a spectacle--two nations slaughtering each other1 and a land which ,god created so fair covered with blood and ruins6 ,send us1 ,o ,lord6 legions of angels2 fight for the cause of civilization and right2 save ,france1 and may there no longer be amongst us a single soul which does not by its worship glorify thee6 ,the news from ,metz is reassuring in that direction--,metz1 which has been our ruin6 ,the inhabitants are admirable in their patriotism1 and engage to defend the city if ,bazaine and the one hundred thousand men can make themselves an opening4 ,without a miracle1 however1 can the aspect of events undergo a change8 ,bitche continues to resist4 ,o my ,france6 must thou1 like ,ireland1 also be crucified8 ,evening4--,an enigmatic despatch1 in negro language1 announces that the army of the ,loire has been compelled to retire before superior forces1 and that ,st4 ,quentin has repulsed fifteen thousand of the enemy4 ,garibaldi declares that fifteen thousand ,italians will march at the first signal4 ,the six thousand ,pontifical ,zouaves will form a splendid regiment1 under the leadership of a hero1 ,m4 de ,charette4 ,oh6 how these words rend my soul3 ,garibaldi1 ,pontifical ,zouaves4 ,what an assemblage6 ,may ,god pardon ,france6 ,how will all this end8 ,phalsbourg holds out1 and other towns2 but to see the enemy always in imposing numbers1 to know that everywhere they make crushing requisitions1 that each day brings fresh mourning1 is a deadly sorrow6 ,what part of our soil will remain unpolluted by the passage of these emissaries of death8 ,orleans is in the enemy's power--,orleans1 the key and the heart of ,france--,orleans1 the ,queen of the ,loire1 the faithful city1 the town saved from ,attila by ,st4 ,aignan1 from the ,english by ,joan of ,arc6 ,a great battle is imminent4 ,our venerated pastor suffers no more4 ,this morning1 at three o'clock1 one of our farmers1 who1 with ,mistress ,annah1 was sitting up with him1 came to let us know that he was sinking1 and we reached him in time to receive his last blessing4 ,o ,kate6 draw us also4 ,the words of the divine ,office for to-day are admirably suitable to our distress3 8,i am the ,salvation of my people1 saith the ,lord2 in whatsoever affliction they shall be1 ,i will hear them when they shall call upon me1 and ,i will be their ,god for ever40 8,if ,i am in trouble1 thou1 ,o ,lord6 shalt preserve my life2 thou shalt stretch forth thy hand against the fury of mine enemies1 and thy right hand shall save me60 ,,october #bj4 ,o my ,god6 if it were declared that these avenging hordes are to carry fire and sword through the whole of ,france1 if our sanctuaries and our relics protected us not1 still would we hope in thee1 whose love is greater than our misdeeds1 and we would bless thee for ever4 ,no news from ,rheims4 ,,october #bb4 ,twenty thousand ,prussians have invaded ,chartres1 the city of ,mary1 famous for its pilgrimage and for its splendid memories4 ,will they not defile its cathedral8 ,horror6 ,the churches of ,nancy are changed into stables4 ,o my ,god6 so many profanations1 and still always triumph4 ,,october #bf4 ,read the circular of ,m4 ,jules ,favre to the ,french diplomatic agents4 ,o statesman6 your eyes1 then1 are not opened1 and you perceive not that1 chastised for our crimes1 we cannot be saved but by the help of ,god4 ,they write to us from ,orleans3 it is lamentable6 ,poor1 dear city6 who shall restore it to us8 ,o misguided ,france6 what firm and ,christian hand shall take thy helm and steer thee into port8 ,at the beginning of this century1 and up to the close of its first half1 what noble characters1 what ardent ,catholics defended the cause of liberty6 ,and now1 alas6 how this oracle of the ,holy ,scriptures makes me fear3 8,a kingdom is given over from one people to another1 because of its injustice1 violence1 and crimes40 ,kate1 what is said in heaven8 ,o dearest sister1 my other mother6 protect ,ren and pray for ,france4 ,,october #cj4 ,bazaine has surrendered2 #abj1jjj troops1 #bj1jjj wounded1 cannon1 flags1 and ,metz1 the strongest of our citadels1 the heroic city--all is ,prussian6 ,it is1 then1 finished4 ,it seemed as if all ,french hearts had there their hope--not the last1 which can be only ,god4 ,the circular of ,gambetta begins by a sursum corda3 8,lift up your hearts6 lift up your souls60 ,it is well1 but whither8 ,you say not1 8,up to ,god10 nor do you pronounce that saving name4 ,ah6 ,france has deserved this shame of being again vanquished1 of seeing all her citadels fall one after another1 until the day when1 repentant and humbled1 she will implore the divine aid4 ,schlestadt has also capitulated4444 ,gertrude is ill and keeps her room4 ,the blade has worn out the scabbard1 the body has been broken down by the soul4 ,o my ,god6 wilt thou take from me also this elder sister--this admirable saint1 my model and consolation8 8,weep for ,france1 dear sister10 she said1 8not for me4 ,i have given all to ,god2 ,i do not fear4 ,i offer for my country my last sorrow--that of not seeing ,adrien once more44440 ,this unexpected blow crushes me4 ,pray for us1 ,kate6 ,,november #a4 8,heaven is opening4 ,o ,jesus6 have pity upon ,france40 ,and thus she died4444 ,it is1 then1 true6 ,henceforth ,i must seek her in heaven with you1 dear ,kate1 and all our dear ones who have taken wing from hence4 ,what an example she leaves us6 ,not a complaint3 she owned to me that she had long been suffering4 ,what austerity of life6 ,what renunciation of her own tastes6 ,what love of poverty6 8,she was too near heaven to remain below10 my mother says4 ,margaret is very unwell1 because of so many emotions4 ,o this life and this death2 these adieux1 this generosity of heart1 these last lines traced for ,adrien1 for her brothers6 ,a few minutes before her departure she said to me3 8,you will come soon40 ,i scarcely know where ,i am2 my soul is in a chaos of sorrows1 but the love of ,god prevails over all4 ,i am writing this by her funeral couch4 ,three days ago she went out with us4 ,she fatigued herself too unsparingly2 she never shrank from trouble4 ,kate1 welcome her and bless your sister6 ,gain strength for me1 and1 if ,i must die without once more seeing ,ren1 obtain that ,i may know how to say1 ,fiat6 ,mourning in the family1 mourning for the country--for everything1 mourning6 ,,november #g4 ,i feel ill4444 ,anxiety is killing me4 ,o ,kate6 ,o ,gertrude6 remember us on high4 ,the day before her death ,gertrude said3 8,prayers1 prayers6 ,oh6 the ,ltatus of the angels must be so beautiful4444 ,i hear it64440 ,mary and ,ellen at her request sang her an ,irish melody on the love of one's country4 8,georgina1 to pray1 to suffer--this is everything60 ,what words6 ,and how well ,i understood her at that moment1 when all was passing away from this valiant and strong soul who had fought the good fight6 ,poor ,adrien6 ,troops have been levied en masse1 from twenty to forty years of age4 ,the ,lamentations of ,jeremias apply to us in our calamities6 ,who shall number the widows and the orphans8 ,may ,god protect us6 ,the sadnesses of the present life complete my detachment from this world by discovering to me its nothingness4 ,the details respecting ,metz throw me into stupefaction4 ,my mother has heroically borne the great trial2 she herself closed the eyes1 so bright1 so beautiful1 of her eldest daughter4 ,she insists that ,lord ,william shall take ,margaret away1 because the enemy is certain to come upon us also4 8,well1 then10 says my friend1 8we will defend you60 ,,november #aj4 ,the ,univers is here1 edited at ,nantes4 ,yesterday it contained a magnificent page1 vibrating with ,catholic faith1 addressed by ,louis ,veuillot to ,general ,trochu4 ,the illustrious convert of ,rome has1 then1 quitted the country of his heart and is present at the agony of that ,paris whose corruptions he has so energetically denounced4 ,i have been glad 7if one may use the word7 to find1 in this believing journal1 an expression of the indignation of my soul against those who have dared to give to that gouty fetich1 ,garibaldi1 the rank of a ,french general at the moment when ,piedmont was consummating its sacrilegious attacks against ,pius ,,ix4 ,there is fighting at ,orleans4 ,o ,joan of ,arc6 ,kate dearest1 we all suffer4 ,what has become of all our hopes8 ,no1 they are not destroyed2 they had heaven for their object4 ,,november #ac4 ,i dare not make a complete narrative of our disasters1 and ,i know not how to speak of anything else4 8,revolutionary ,france is no longer the ,france of ,christ4 ,she has kept the name1 but repudiated the heart4 ,o ,france1 ,france6 nation of so many centuries1 of such men1 and of so much glory1 crouched beneath the boot of ,flourens1 before the sword of the ,prussian40 ,these are the words of ,louis ,veuillot4 ,paris is wrought upon by rioters1 the dregs of the ,revolution4 ,bismarck is said to have uttered the pride-inflated words that 8there is nothing but ,prussia in the world3 there is no more ,europe60 8,let us10 cries ,louis ,veuillot--8let us examine the inexorable logic which rolls us in the mire1 and see by what hands it has been possible to lay prostrate a nation which is proud of having no more thought of ,god6 ,o mockery6 ,o derision6 ,and this is ,france60 ,we know nothing of the absent4444 ,uncertainty--the cross of crosses6 ,,november #af4 ,orleans is delivered4 ,cathelineau1 the morning of his solemn entry1 went with his ,vendans to hear a ,mass of thanksgiving4 ,in hoc ,signo vinces4 ,marseilles and ,lyons1 the ,queen of the ,mediterranean and the city of ,notre ,dame de ,fourvires1 are agitated by violent intestine struggles4 ,pazienza6 ,speranza6 ,oh6 what need has my soul of these two sources of strength to bear up beneath this hour of unutterable anguish6 ,ren and ,adrien are wounded6 8,remember1 my daughter1 the sacrifice is short and the crown eternal10 my poor mother says to me1 wounded to the heart like myself4 ,where are they8 ,the date is torn off the letter1 which has been brought us by an unfortunate soldier with an amputated limb1 who has faced a thousand dangers to come and die in his own part of the country4 ,i wish to go--but whither8 ,kate1 inspire me6 ,,november #bb4 ,my anxiety has brought on fever4444 ,yesterday was a great day in the religious history of ,france4 ,mgr4 de la ,tour d',auvergne convoked the whole church of ,france to a solemn act of faith4 ,at one and the same hour1 in all the sanctuaries of this nation1 bent beneath the strokes of the divine ,justice1 ,mass was said to obtain pardon4 ,o ,lord6 if only so many prayers and tears might obtain peace4 8,all for ,god and our country60 cried ,cathelineau1 before that altar#eh where joys so pure were granted me4 8,let official ,france make her act of penitence60 says the ,univers4 ,alas6 it does not appear that this thought occurs to her4 ,o these dates1 these memories1 my whole life in my remembrance6 ,i examined myself this morning and had to acknowledge my own weakness4 ,my ,god6 wilt thou require of me this sacrifice8 ,i would desire to submit1 but my heart6444 ,dear and sweet friend1 chosen for me by the best-beloved and most devoted of sisters1 return1 return6 ,o fatal war6 ,i comprehend the words of ,rousseau3 8,the man who has lived longest is not he who can reckon up the greatest number of years1 but he who has felt most what is life40 ,footnote #eh3 ,in the cathedral of ,orleans4 ,there are presentiments4444 ,my soul is crushed4 ,ah6 these hours1 these days which are passing by--what are they for ,france8 ,the ,duke of ,aosta1 son of ,victor ,emanuel1 is named ,king of ,spain by the ,cortes4 ,into what hands is ,europe yet to fall8 ,the diadem of ,charles ,v4 and of ,st4 ,ferdinand in the family of the excommunicated ,king of ,italy2 these two countries of noble memories thus fallen1 and ,france defended by ,garibaldi2 the insulter of sanctity1 the blasphemer of ,jesus ,christ1 made a ,french general6 ,o blindness1 ,o impiety of a government which pretends to be a regenerator6 ,and this1 too1 in the age in which we live1 in the century of ,pius ,,ix4 and of the ,immaculate ,conception6444 ,deluges of rain for weeks past4 ,our unfortunate youth of ,france decimated by misery and cold6 ,wrote to ,marcella and ,lizzy--two lovely1 beloved1 and poetic souls4#ei ,footnote #ei3 ,a few hours after tracing these lines ,georgina learnt of the death of ,ren4 ,of the five brothers1 two had given their lives for ,france4 ,adrien and ,gertrude rejoined each other in heaven4 ,,november #bf4 ,the ,lord gave him to me2 the ,lord hath taken him away6 ,thou hast willed it1 my ,god2 thou hast taken back this life which was so dear to me4 ,i adore thy will6 ,,november #bi4 ,is this dying life deserving of a single regret8 ,and yet ,i weep6 ,my ,god6 thou pardonest these tears--thou who didst weep over us4 ,oh6 if ,i had at least had his last look4 ,it is a week ago this evening since ,i knew of my misfortune4 ,o my ,god6 that unusual stir1 those sinister noises1 and the entrance of ,raoul1 ,edouard1 and ,paul4 ,dead--both dead6 ,i would see that dear face once again1 to try and restore its warmth by my kisses6 ,,december #a4 ,kate1 ,i can write no more4444 ,a widow6 ,can you comprehend this word and the desolation which freezes my heart8 ,all my soul was devoted to him1 placed in him4 ,miserere mei1 ,deus6 ,friend so dear1 so loving1 so heroic1 so kind1 obtain for me that ,i may follow you to the home where separation is no more4 ,o you who stood on ,calvary1 ,our ,blessed ,lady6 pray for us4 ,have pity upon my distress6 ,he is dead6 ,the heart which loved me has ceased to beat6 ,and if only ,france were saved1 and my mourning might win her salvation6 ,and still ,i must live1 move about1 spend myself in attendance on the sick1 when ,i feel as if the heavy stone which hides him from me were weighing down my soul4 ,o the destruction wrought by death6 ,thus one single year has taken all from me6 ,prayed for two hours yesterday by this newly-closed tomb4 ,o ,lord6 ,i spoke to him1 ,i understood him1 ,i comprehended that thou requirest holy victims to disarm thy justice4 ,o ,france6 which ,i loved so much4 ,,december #be4 ,margaret leaves us suddenly4 ,her father-in-law is dying4 ,god be praised for having left her with us during these days of trouble6 ,i am still weak in the inferior part of my soul1 feeling every hour an increase of bitterness and depression4 8,you will come soon60 ,this farewell of ,gertrude's resounds continually in my ears4 ,nevertheless1 if the pain of a long life should be in store for me1 if her words were symbolic only1 if ,i must grow old1 ,i pray the ,author of all good to permit that the unending mourning of my heart may overflow in tenderness towards all who suffer1 that ,i may wipe away or comfort tears--,i1 who henceforth can only live in tears4 ,christmas1 feast of gladness1 of the birth of ,jesus1 and of love2 the anniversary of ,edith's death6 ,,january #a1 #ahga4 ,spent this day in the church and cemetery4 ,o ,ren6 how ,i hear you still4 ,i seek you now in heaven4 ,pray for ,france1 and also for me1 who cannot accustom myself to widowhood4 ,o ye almost infinite delights enjoyed in the intimacy of that noble heart6 can ,i think upon you and not die8 ,dear ,ren1 dear ,kate1 it is before ,god that ,i weep2 it is on these pages concealed from all that ,i write my regrets4 ,does ,god permit this1 or is it cowardice8 ,,january #d4 ,edouard has this morning put ,ren's pocket-book into my hands4 ,my name is on every page4 ,observed these words1 which ,i have read a hundred times over3 8,if ,i die1 comfort her1 ye good angels who guided me to her60444 ,oh6 it is more than ,i can bear--emotion and regrets so deep4 ,,january #f4 ,he is at rest4 ,eternal felicity of rest in ,god1 thou art become his inheritance4 ,i loved him so much1 and1 alas6 ,i could not secure his happiness6 ,just now ,i opened my book of ,hours at this ,psalm3 8,cantate ,domino canticum novum1 quia mirabilia fecit40 ,i seemed to obtain a glance into heaven1 and this friend1 so ardently and faithfully loved1 was smiling upon me4444 ,rapid flashes of light1 after which the darkness thickens and the loneliness grows more oppressive6 ,,january #ac4 ,may ,god console the mothers1 the widows1 and the orphans6 ,if ,i had time to think of self in this chaos of nameless events1 ,i should feel myself unfortunate beyond all expression4 ,o ,lord6 the happiness of loving thee1 of possessing thee in heaven1 is well worth some years of ,calvary2 and although mine appears to me at times so difficult to climb1 thou knowest that it is no more for myself that ,i weep1 but that the sufferings of ,ren's country alone fill my heart4 ,my poor ,france1 so glorious whilst she still served thee1 wilt thou efface her for ever from the book of nations1 or wilt thou restore her power8 ,fiat voluntas tua6 ,turn us to thee1 ,o ,christ6 who didst die to save the world1 and1 for the sake of so many hearts that turn to thee1 shorten our woes6 ,,january #ah4 ,heard for the first time the complete account of his death4444 ,my brothers are on the point of setting out again2 they are of a race in which self-devotion is hereditary4 ,o ,ren6 how proud ,i am of you--dead on the field of honor1 after receiving your ,god that morning2 and dying in defence of ,france6 ,ah6 ,i would fain be a ,sister of ,charity1 to have a right to receive the last sigh of our courageous defenders4 ,often had you said to me3 8,it seems to me that ,i should have strength to love ,god even to suffering martyrdom60 ,and the hour came when it would have been permitted you to remain quietly at home2 but your country was in mourning1 and you went forth1 a soldier for right1 a soldier of ,god6 ,ah6 then ,i felt indeed something which broke within me4444 ,do you1 on high1 remember her who loved you better than herself8 ,do you call to mind those delightful days when heavenly love shed a ray from on high upon our love8 ,do you remember our conversations1 in which the thought of eternity was always present8 ,ah6 we both knew well that our happiness was not of this world4 ,yesterday ,i dressed the wounds of an unhappy victim of this war1 which posterity will call inexplicable4 ,what a horrible wound6 ,the man was a ,vendan and a ,catholic4 ,he saw tears in my eyes1 and thanked me with a hearty and nave simplicity4 ,he regrets his wife1 whom he wants to see4 ,poor woman6--or rather1 happy woman2 for she will see him6 ,,january #be4 ,a letter from ,karl1 addressed to ,ren4 ,o my ,god6 ,the enemy is approaching2 ,france is agonizing4 ,ren1 ,kate1 ,mad1 pray for us6 ,,february #b4 ,miserere nostri1 ,domine6 ,i return to these pages on a day of cruel disappointment4 ,paris has capitulated6 ,the ,prussians occupy the forts2 the army has been made prisoners of war4 ,there is an armistice of twenty-two days4 ,there were elections on the #hth for a constituency4 ,how many sorrowful events have taken place6--the bombardment of ,paris1 the defeat of ,chanzy at ,mans1 the civil discords4444 ,one must despair1 were it not that ,god overrules all1 and that if he punishes he is ready to pardon4 ,the question is whether ,france is to be or not to be6 ,edouard writes4 ,he hopes that the ,prussians will not advance so far as to the sea4 ,margaret and ,marcella--what do they think at this time1 at this ,gethsemani of ,france8 8,o my ,god6 ,i am as thou wert1 falling prostrate from weakness1 when another had to carry thy cross60#fj ,footnote #fj3 ,the ,abb ,perreyve4 ,si vous pouviez comprendre et le peu qu'est la vie1 ,et de quelle douceur cette morte est suivie6#fa ,footnote #fa3 8,could you but know how small a thing is life1 and also by what sweetness death is followed60 ,,february #ab4 ,prayer and charity fill up our time4 ,alas6 there is still room for regrets4 ,everything revives them2 to-day it is a passage from ,montaigne3 8,we were seeking one another1 and our names were intermingled before we had made acquaintance4 ,it was a festival when ,i saw him for the first time2 we found each other all at once so bound together1 so united1 so well-known1 so obliged1 that nothing was so dear to each of us as the other4 ,and when ,i ask myself whence comes this joy1 this ease1 this repose that ,i feel when ,i see him1 it is because it is he and because it is ,i2 this is all ,i can say40 ,o ,ren6 it was thus that we loved1 and thus our love will be eternal4 ,,february #ah4 ,the fatherland of our soul is ,god6 ,trial is not sent only as an expiation to purify us1 but also to detach us from earth and raise us near to ,god4 8,jubilate ,domino1 omnis terra2 servite ,domino in ltitia60 ,o my soul6 do thou serve the ,lord with gladness4 ,lift the veil2 behind your troubles and sorrows ,god is there1 who counts them all1 and whose love will change them into an unknown weight of glory6 ,beati qui lugent6 ,heaven6 heaven6 ,i was thinking this evening of the motto of ,valentine of ,milan3 ,plus ne m'est rien1 ,rien ne m'est plus#fb4 ,is this sufficiently ,christian8 ,from this world's point of view1 from the frivolities of life and of all that charms the senses1 oh6 nothing is anything to me4 ,but one's country1 the church1 the poor1 one's family6 ,footnote #fb3 ,more is naught to me2 naught is aught to me more4 ,o ,jesus1 who seest my tears6 remember that thou hast said3 8,all that you shall ask the ,father in my name1 he will give you40 ,may thy adorable will be done6 ,he who believes1 hopes1 and loves--has he the right to complain8 ,can the soul whom thou dost protect call herself abandoned8 ,will the heart that is rich in thy love feel despoiled and desolate8 ,draw me to loftier heights1 ,o ,christ1 my ,king6 ,,february #ba4 ,belfort has capitulated6 ,tristis est anima mea usque ad mortem4 ,must we say with ,dante3 ,lasciate ogni speranza8 ,how empty and desolate earth appears to me6 ,my ,god1 show thyself2 let thy power shine forth in our behalf6 ,i will hope in thee against all hope4 8,every soul is the vicar of ,jesus ,christ1 to labor1 by the sacrifice of himself1 at the redemption of humanity4 ,in the plan of this great work each one has a place marked out from eternity1 which he is free to accept or to refuse40 ,ren1 ,kate1 ,gertrude1 you all understood this6 ,o my ,god6 have pity upon ,france4 ,i offer myself as a holocaust to thee4 ,i accept every sacrifice2 ,i give myself up2 take with me all who have in like manner devoted themselves3 let not ,france undergo the fate of ,ireland2 let her not be crushed by ,protestantism1 but leave her her faith and love4 ,,march #a4 ,peace is declared1 but at what a price6--five milliards1 ,alsace1 and ,metz2 the occupation of ,champagne until the payment of the indemnity1 the entry into ,paris of thirty thousand men on this very day4 ,o the ,alsatians6 ,to think that henceforth they belong to the ,vandals who have ruined their territory1 made a desert everywhere1 brought mourning into every home--what infinite grief6 ,no6 the ,prussian will not be their master2 the heart of ,alsace is too ,french2 the yoke of the enemy may weigh down bodies but not souls4 ,we have here a friend of ,berthe's1 a young wife and mother1 who ever since this morning has been in the chapel1 weeping in despair4 ,poor ,alsace6 ,terrible alternative--the mother-country sacrificing her more unfortunate sons to purchase the others6444 ,where is ,joan of ,arc8 ,where are even the women of ,carthage6 ,lord1 save us6 ,,madame ,,de ,t---- ,,to ,,lady ,,margaret4 ,,march #bj1 #ahga4 ,god be with us6 ,dear ,lady ,margaret1 our so dear1 beautiful1 and perfect ,georgina has departed from us for ever6 ,i cannot leave to any one else the sorrow of acquainting you with this fresh bereavement4444 ,shall ,i have strength for it8 ,i feel as if my heart were enclosed in the tomb where my children rest4 ,a pernicious fever has carried from us this most lovable creature1 who has been amongst us like an apparition from heaven4 ,she is now reunited to him whom she so loved and mourned1 and she who had 8unlearnt happiness0 is happy now6 ,this thought is necessary to sustain those who remain4 ,you know what she was to me--the most loving1 devoted1 and piously amiable of daughters2 you know what she was to all--an adviser1 a comforter1 and a light4 ,and all this in a few hours has vanished from us4 ,who shall console us for the loss of this angelic child1 the very sight of whom was a consolation8 ,dear friend1 she thought of you2 she murmured your name in her last prayer4 ,god1 the church1 ,france1 ,ireland1 and all those who loved her1 by turns were on her lips2 the voluntary victim of charity1 she accepted death with gladness4 ,you who were her sister1 kind ,lady ,margaret1 would that you had been with us at that time which was at once both sweet and cruel6 ,ah6 tears are not permitted to me2 the place of angels is in heaven4 ,do not think of returning to us until peace is definitely established4 ,alas6 only a few days since we were forming a project to go and take you by surprise4 ,henceforth ,i quit ,brittany no more--my ,campo ,santo1 as my beloved daughter called it4 ,oh6 how she must pray for our sorrows on high4 ,on the morning of the last day she twice repeated to me these beautiful words of the ,pre ,lacordaire3 8,however hard may be the separations of this world1 there always remains to us ,him who is its author1 who has given and who removes us1 who never fails1 in whom we shall all be one day reunited by the faith and charity which he has given us40 ,and a few minutes before breathing the last sigh she said3 8,mother1 ,i asked that ,i might die for ,france2 it was a sacrifice1 because of leaving you4 ,now all regret has disappeared from my heart2 ,i am going to see ,mad1 ,gertrude1 ,kate1 ,ren--and ,god60 ,may she call me soon also6 ,dear and kind friend1 ,i would comfort you1 but ,i am powerless4 ,let us love and pray4 ,my remembrances to ,lord ,william2 kisses to ,emmanuel1 the treasure whom she so much loved1 and to yourself1 the expression of the maternal affection of my desolate heart4 ,,comtesse ,,de ,t----4 99 99 99 99 99 ,madame de ,t---- survived this last affliction only a few months1 and the ,campo ,santo received yet another tomb4 ,may these delineations of love so pure and ,christian1 and of resignation so sublime1 benefit at least some souls6 ,this is the editor's sole aim4 ,the premature end of ,lady ,margaret has unfortunately only too soon facilitated the sorrowful task of the friend who has been desirous of revealing to loving hearts the private life of her dear ,georgina1 this poetic flower of ,ireland1 transplanted to the soil of this our ,france1 which became the second country of her heart1 and which she loved even to death4 ,,prose ,,and ,,poetry ,,of ,,ancient ,,music4 ,the man that hath no music in himself1 ,nor is not moved with concord of sweet sounds ,is fit for treasons1 stratagems1 and spoils3 ,the motions of his spirit are dull as night1 ,and his affections dark as ,erebus4 ,let no such man be trusted4 --,merchant of ,venice4 ,music1 in its most general sense1 is the art of producing melodious sounds1 and1 from its power over the passions1 it is called the sentimental art4 ,in the mythology of ,greece it was cultivated chiefly by the ,muses1 from whom the term music is derived2 but1 although dear to all of them1 it was presided over by ,euterpe1 who is always represented with a flute in her hand4 ,the great divinity of song and instrumental music1 however1 was ,apollo1 who is mentioned in the ,iliad as delighting the immortal gods with the sweetness of his notes2 for he was the inventor of the lyre and leader of the ,pierian nine1 whence he is called sometimes ,cithardus and sometimes ,musagetes1 in both which characters very fine statues of him have come down to us from antiquity4 ,the worship of the ,muses began early in ,greece1 and the favorite resort of these divinities of intellectual pleasure was the flowery border of the rills that murmured down the sides of ,mount ,parnassus1 while their chaste grove and sacred fountain of ,castalia was on that part of the ,parnassan range called ,helicon4 ,here their statues were seen and described by ,pausanias1 and afterwards removed by ,constantine to his new capital on the ,bosporus4 ,pagan authors ascribed the origin of music to fanciful occurrences1 or1 at best1 to chance and natural operations4 ,thus1 according to some1 it was a gift to man of this one or that of their national divinities2 but1 according to others1 the babble of running waters1 the warbling notes of birds1 mountains that echoed1 winds that sighed through the forest trees and ,fill the shade with a religious awe1-- in a word1 the general song of nature inspired ,apollo and the ,muses1 who were no more than shepherds of ,arcadia1 to please the world with music2 for ,the birds instructed man1 ,and taught him songs before his art began2 ,and while soft evening gales blew o'er the plains1 ,and shook the sounding reeds1 they taught the swains2 ,and thus the pipe was framed and tuneful reed4 --,lucretius4 ,but ,christian writers believe that ,adam1 the first man1 being endowed by the ,creator with every sort of knowledge1 excelled in music as well as in the other arts and sciences4 ,with his fall this knowledge was weakened1 while in his descendants many things were lost and all things became obscured4 ,that music has in some way a heavenly origin all are agreed--even the ,hindoos1 who say that its effects are produced in us by recalling to memory the airs of ,paradise1 which we heard in our state of pre-existence2 even the ,greeks1 whose fables are founded on the corruption of primeval traditions1 and whose invocation to music is3 ,o art divine6 exalted blessing6 ,each celestial charm expressing6 ,kindest gift the gods bestow6 ,sweetest good that mortals know6 ,but the writer in the ,english or1 perhaps1 in any other language who has most poetically stated the case of music1 and given us a ,christian view of it1 is ,newman1 in the last of his ,oxford ,university sermons4 8,can it be10 he asks1 8that those mysterious stirrings of heart1 and keen emotions1 and strange yearnings after we know not what1 and awful impressions from we know not whence1 should be wrought in us by what is unsubstantial1 and comes and goes1 and begins and ends1 in itself8 ,it is not so2 it cannot be4 ,no2 they have escaped from some higher sphere2 they are the outpourings of eternal harmony in the medium of created sound2 they are echoes from our ,home2 they are the voice of angels1 or the ,magnificat of saints1 or the living laws of divine ,governance1 or the divine ,attributes2 something are they besides themselves which we cannot compass1 which we cannot utter1 though mortal man--and he1 perhaps1 not otherwise distinguished above his fellows--has the gift of eliciting them40 ,the ancients urged in favor of music three principal benefits to mankind3 its effects in softening the manners of men1 thereby promoting civilization and raising a people out of the barbarous and savage state2 its effects in exciting or repressing the passions2 and its effects as a medicinal power to cure diseases4 ,thus ,polybius ascribes to the cultivation of this art the refinement of the inhabitants of ,arcadia1 and to the absence of such a discipline the roughness which characterized the citizens of ,cynth2 thus ,homer places a musician near the person of ,clytemnestra as a guard upon her chastity1 and1 until he was away1 gistus1 who then wronged her1 had no power over her affections4 ,the subduing influence of music was again tried with success many ages after by the ,jesuit missionaries in ,paraguay1 who used to play upon guitars and flutes to attract the melody-loving ,indians from their forest haunts towards the village communities which they had established on the banks of the ,parana4#fc ,lycurgus regulated the music of ,sparta1 and his laws were set to measure by the celebrated musician ,terpander2 while ,plato not only attributed an instructive virtue to music1 but maintained that a people's music could not be interfered with without altering their form of government4 ,this civilizing influence of music is beautifully illustrated by the old legend of the ,greeks1 that when the workmen toiled on the walls of ,thebes1 ,amphion played so sweetly on a lyre borrowed from ,mercury that the stones did move of themselves4 ,this1 of course1 is an allegory1 to signify that by his musical talents1 poetical numbers1 and the wisdom of his counsel ,amphion prevailed with a rude people to submit to law1 live in society1 and raise a defence against their neighbors4 ,footnote #fc3 ,after religion there is certainly no greater means of civilization than commerce2 and commerce in the middle ages began with fairs1 at which merchants employed the seductions of minstrelsy and music to draw numbers together1 and thus be able to display and sell their goods4 ,since two things greatly contribute to the effects of music1 its powers of imitation and of association1 the ancients gave it a large measure of influence over the passions4 ,thus ,plutarch relates that ,terpander appeased a violent sedition among the ,lacedmonians by the aid of his lyre1 and that ,empedocles prevented a murder by the soothing sound of his flute2 and the painter ,theon1 having brought one of his works1 which represented a soldier attacking an enemy1 to be exhibited on the public square1 would allow the veil to be withdrawn only after his attendant musicians had wrought up with military airs the crowds that gathered before it4 ,hence ,plato wrote that a warlike air inspires courage1 because it imitates the sounds and accents of a brave man1 and that a calm air produces tranquillity in the soul on the same principle2 or1 as ,burke says1 8,the passions may be considerably operated upon1 without presenting any image at all1 by certain sounds adapted to that purpose1 of which we have a sufficient proof in the acknowledged and powerful effects of instrumental music02 for it counterfeits by sound some quality or state of the mind4 ,thus1 rage is loud1 anger harsh1 but love and pity are gentle2 consequently1 loud and clangorous music stirs up the stronger passions1 while a smooth measure imitates the gentler emotions of the mind4 ,the wonderful influence of martial music on the ardor of soldiers in battle has been remarked by many writers on military affairs1 and opera-goers must confess the bad tendency of sensuous music4 ,shakspere knew it well when he wrote of the fellow ,who capers nimbly in a lady's chamber ,to the lascivious pleasing of a lute4 ,the effects of music on the heads and hearts of men were so strongly perceived by ,plato that he banished from his model republic the ,lydian and ,ionian modes1 because they excited the lower instincts1 but retained the severe ,doric and ,phrygian measures on account of their manliness and decency2 and some of our best ,english poets have recorded their testimony to these same effects4 ,we subjoin a few examples1 taken almost at random3 ,and ever against eating cares4 ,lap me in soft ,lydian airs4 --,milton4 ,music alone with sudden charms can bind ,the wand'ring sense1 and calm the troubled mind4 --,congreve4 ,chiron with pleasing harp ,achilles tamed1 ,and his rough manners with soft music framed4 --,king4 ,timotheus to his breathing flute and sounding lyre ,could swell the soul to rage1 or kindle soft desire4 --,dryden4 ,now wild with fierce desire1 ,my breast is all on fire6 ,in soften'd raptures now ,i die6 ,can empty sound such joys impart8 ,can music thus transport the heart ,with melting ecstasy8 --,cunningham4 ,music6 the greatest good that mortals know1 ,and all of heav'n we have below4 ,music can noble hints impart1 ,engender fury1 kindle love1 ,with unsuspected eloquence can move1 ,and manage all the man with secret art4 --,addison4 ,when ,music1 heavenly maid1 was young1 ,while yet in early ,greece she sung1 ,the ,passions oft1 to hear her spell1 ,thronged around her magic cell1 ,exulting1 trembling1 raging1 fainting1 ,possessed beyond the ,muse's painting3 ,by turns they felt the glowing mind ,disturbed1 delighted1 raised1 refined4 --,collins4 ,music the fiercest grief can charm1 ,and ,fate's severest rage disarm2 ,music can soften pain to ease1 ,and make despair and madness please2 ,our joys below it can improve1 ,and antedate the bliss above4 --,pope4 ,association of ideas1 which has so large a share in the operations of the human mind1 often contributes much to the effects of music2 for1 as ,shakspere says3 ,how many things by season seasoned are ,to their right praise1 and true perfection6 ,thus1 music that has been heard in an agreeable place or that was played by some one near and dear to us1 or music that is connected with the trials and triumphs of our native land1 will awaken sentiments of love or melancholy1 or sympathy or ardor1 on the principle of associated ideas4 ,this is feelingly expressed in the #acfth ,psalm in the persons of the captive ,hebrews1 in whom the sound of music which they had listened to in happy days would have awakened too keen an anguish4#fd ,in more modern times we have had public illustrations of the same principle in those simple melodies called ranz des vaches1 which are such favorites with the mountaineers of ,switzerland1 and are played upon a long trumpet or ,alpine horn4 ,the sound of these tunes1 and the rude words set to them1 which are expressive of scenes of pastoral life--the shingled cottage1 the dashing waterfall1 the bleating of sheep1 the lowing of herds1 and the tinkling cow-bells--sometimes recalled so vividly to the native in a foreign clime the memories of his own land as to produce a disease called nostalgia1 that often showed itself among the ,swiss soldiers in the ,neapolitan service2#fe for ,footnote #fd3 ,this plaintive ,psalm was turned into most musical ,english verse by ,donne1 who makes it touchingly suggestive2 and later1 and better still1 by ,aubrey de ,vere in his beautiful drama1 ,alexander the ,great4 ,footnote #fe3 ,a person who was present has feelingly described the deep effect produced on some of our poor wounded soldiers who had been brought to a church in ,fredericksburg on their way ,north1 after one of the battles in the ,wilderness1 when some person sat down at the organ and played 8,home1 sweet ,home40 ,there is in souls a sympathy with sounds2 ,and as the mind is pitched1 the ear is pleased ,with melting airs1 or martial1 brisk1 or grave2 ,some chord in unison with what we hear ,is touched within us1 and the heart replies4 --,cowper4 ,the belief of the ancients that music was auxiliary to medicine is attested by a great number of writers4 ,chiron the ,centaur1 who educated ,achilles1 was careful to unite instructions in the healing art to those which he gave on music4 ,plutarch tells us that ,thales of ,crete delivered the ,spartans from a plague by the aid of his lyre2 ,athenus quotes ,theophrastus as authority that the ,thebans cured epilepsy by the notes of a flute2 ,aulus ,gellius says that music will rid a man of the gout2 ,xenocrates employed music in the cure of maniacs2 while the judicious ,galen gravely speaks of playing the flute over the suffering parts of the body2 and the idea that music is the sovereign and only remedy for the bite of the tarantula still lingers in ,southern ,italy4 ,the ,tyrrhenes always hired a flute-player to perform while they flogged their slaves1 to give them some relief under the lash2 and there was usually an arch-musician on board of the triremes--in which the rowers' strength and endurance were more severely taxed than in smaller vessels--not only to mark the time or cadence for each stroke of the oar1 but principally to cheer the men by the sweetness of the melody2 whence ,quintilian takes occasion to remark that music is a gift of nature1 to make us the more patiently to support labor and fatigue4#ff ,footnote #ff3 ,blessed ,peter ,claver1 ,apostle of the ,negroes1 used to contrive that the sufferers in the hospitals at ,cartagena1 in ,south ,america1 should be solaced with music2 and for centuries it has been a custom at ,santo ,spirito1 in ,rome1 to have the magnificent organ which is set up in the main ward play three times a week for the patients4 ,among the nations of antiquity ,egypt was long thought to be the mother of ancient civilization2 and the ,egyptians were well acquainted with music1 for representations of musical instruments have been discovered on some of their oldest monuments1 such as obelisks and tombs4 ,but they never popularized music1 because they thought that it had the effect of making youth effeminate2 yet ,strabo says that their children were instructed in one1 and only one1 special kind of music1 of which the government approved4 ,like every other profession1 that of musician was hereditary4 ,egyptian music was originally grave and in solemn accord with the stiffness of the kindred arts1 which were hampered by strict hieratic rules1 and almost exclusively devoted to the service of religion4 ,when the country fell under the sway of the ,greeks1 music became of a gayer and less moral sort1 being as much or more employed at banquets and on other profane occasions as in the temples and beside the bier4 ,the ,ptolemies encouraged ,greek music1 and the musical contests introduced into ,egypt by this race of splendid princes were all of ,hellenic origin4 ,athenus relates that at a grand ,bacchic entertainment given by ,ptolemy ,philadelphus over six hundred musicians formed the orchestra4 ,musical talent was hereditary in the ,ptolemaic dynasty1 and the father of ,cleopatra was surnamed ,auletes1 or the flute-player1 from his excessive attachment to this instrument4 ,we have little knowledge of music as a science among the ,hebrews1 but there is abundant proof of its practice4 ,they had music on their festival days1 whether domestic1 civil1 or religious1 and professional musicians were attached to the royal court2 but the art was systematically studied in the schools of the prophets1 and received its highest application in the ,temple1 where it entered largely into divine worship4 ,the music of the ,greeks has engaged the attention of many learned men1 but is so difficult a subject that no one understands it2 and it is as easy to imagine how the ,pyramids were raised as to conceive what ,greek music was like4 ,music enters largely into the mythology of ,greece1 and strange legends--some of which are pure myths1 others the exaggeration of facts--have been made up about it4 ,the ,muses were extremely jealous of their musical talents1 and whoever ventured to compete with them was punished4 ,thus the impudent ,sirens or sea-nymphs lost their wings1 and the lovely daughters of ,king ,pierus were changed into birds4#fg ,two of ,apollo's contests are famous for their mournful ending4 ,one was with ,marsyas1 a ranger of the woods1 who1 having found the flute which ,minerva threw away because it distorted her handsome features1 rashly challenged the divine ,apollo to a contest between this instrument and the lyre1 the condition of which was that the victor might do what he wished with the vanquished4 ,the ,muses decided in favor of their leader1 and the miserable mortal was tied to a tree and flayed alive4 ,a statue of ,marsyas1 bound and suffering1 was generally placed by the ,greeks1 and afterwards by the ,romans also1 in the vestibule of their halls of justice1 as a warning not to go into litigation hastily1 and1 above all1 not to dispute with the gods--i4e41 bring religion into court4#fh ,footnote #fg3 ,the adventure of ,ulysses and the melodious ,sirens was a subject early seized upon by ,christian art within the ,discipline of the ,secret to convey an idea of the cross 7,ulysses attached to the mast of his vessel71 the church 7under the figure of a ship71 and the seductions of the world 7of the flesh particularly7 in this voyage of life4 ,see ,de ,rossi's ,bulletin of ,christian ,archology for #ahfc1 page #ce1 in which a curious monument bearing on this strange rapprochement is described4 ,footnote #fh3 ,one of these old statues having come to light in good condition while the palace of ,monte ,citorio1 designed by ,pope ,innocent ,,xii4 for the seat of the higher tribunals of law at ,rome1 was being built1 it was appropriately placed on the landing at the head of the great stairway4 ,the ,italian ,deputies have doubtless removed it1 as too significant of divine vengeance4 ,another triumph of ,apollo was over ,pan1 a dilettante of music and inventor of the reed-pipes1 which he called syrinx after the beautiful ,arcadian nymph whose adventure with her tuneful lover is well known from ,ovid4 ,midas1 ,king of ,phrygia1 was chosen umpire1 and1 deciding in favor of ,pan1 was disgraced by having his ears changed into those of a donkey4 ,poor ,midas contrived for a time to conceal his mishap by wearing day and night a cap of a peculiar form2#fi but as no man is long a hero to his valet1 his body-servant1 while trimming his hair one day1 pushed up the bonnet a little and discovered the deformity4 ,the secret so embarrassed him that1 fearing he might unwittingly divulge it1 he dug a hole in the ground beside a meandering brook and whispered therein3 8,midas has ass's ears60 ,he then filled it up and thought himself secure against himself2 but1 alas6 on the very spot a tell-tale reed grew up1 which1 as the breezes rocked it to and fro1 murmured the fatal secret1 8,midas has ass's ears40 ,while this fable may signify one of the ways by which the ancients believed nature to have drawn man's attention to instrumental music--for travellers tell us that in some parts of the world there are plants called vocal or singing reeds1 which emit a sweet strain when moved by the wind--it may also be a myth to insinuate that music is a sort of language2 and as such1 says ,metastasio1 it has the advantage over poetry which a universal language would have over a particular one1 for music can touch all hearts in every age and country1 but poetry speaks only to the people of its own age and country4 ,one of the ,greek stories of sublimest significance1 and which mysteriously enters into early ,christian art under the discipline of the secret1 is the ,orphic legend4 ,orpheus1 presented by ,apollo with a lyre and instructed in its use by the ,muses1 was able to tame with his sweet notes the wild beasts that gathered around him1 and to enchant even the trees and rocks of ,olympus1 which started from their places and followed the sounds that charmed them3 ,since naught so stockish1 hard1 and full of rage ,but music for the time doth change his nature1 ,footnote #fi3 ,we find in this story the origin of the ,phrygian cap which came to be a symbol of slavery and degradation among the ,romans1 by whom the ,phrygians were considered a stupid people--whose rulers even had asinine qualities2 and it never quite lost this character1 but was used in ,france up to the time of the ,revolution by galley-prisoners1 and it is well known that an irruption of escaped convicts into ,paris during the ,reign of ,terror1 carrying one of their caps at the end of a pole and singing the ,marseillaise1 gave rise to the absurd custom of the liberty-pole and cap now so common4 as ,shakspere remarks4 ,that some animals are amenable to the influence of harmony is certain--hence the success of the ,hindoos with their deadly cobras2 and some recent botanists are of opinion that the growth of flowers1 and especially roses1 is stimulated by music4 ,but whatever slight foundation of fact there may be in the wonders of the historical ,orpheus1 it fades into obscurity beside the noble conception of the mythical ,orpheus1 whose history seems based on a traditional knowledge of the happy state of man in ,paradise when all things of earth were subject to him3 ,till disproportioned ,sin ,jarred against ,nature's clime1 and with harsh din ,broke the fair music that all creatures made ,to their great ,lord1 whose love their motion swayed ,in perfect diapason1 whilst they stood ,in first obedience1 and their state of good4 --,milton4 ,music is mentioned with a degree of rapture in more than fifty places of the ,iliad and the ,odyssey4 ,the ,lacedmonians had a flute blazoned on their standards1 and the military airs composed by ,tyrtus continued to be played in the ,spartan army until the end of the republic4 ,the ,pythagoreans and ,platonists not only supposed the soul of man to be a substance very like a disembodied musical instrument of some sort1 but believed the universe itself and all its parts to be formed on the principles of harmony2 hence their not altogether imaginary music of the spheres which enters into their systems of philosophy3 ,look how the floor of heaven ,is thick inlaid with patines of bright gold3 ,there's not the smallest orb which thou behold'st ,but in his motion like an angel sings1 ,still quiring to the young-eyed cherubins3 ,such harmony is in immortal souls2 ,but whilst this muddy vesture of decay ,doth grossly close it in1 we cannot hear it4 --,merchant of ,venice4 ,and this idea of a close connection between music and the heavenly bodies was still lingering in the minds of some philosophers as late as the eleventh century of our era1 when ,psellus the younger1 treating of music and astronomy1 describes the former as symmetry and proportion itself1 which reminds one of ,hegel's profound and intelligible definition that 8music is architecture in time06 ,pythagoras especially is said to have regarded music as something celestial and profound1 and to have had such an opinion of its powers over the human affections that he ordered his disciples to be waked every morning1 and lulled to sleep at night1 by the dulcet notes of the lyre or the flute4#gj ,footnote #gj3 ,dr4 ,burney1 ,history of ,music1 vol4 i4 p4 #dcf1 has a note which bears too quaintly on this part of the subject not to be reproduced4 ,he says3 8,master ,thomas ,mace1 author of a most delectable book called ,musick's ,monument1 would have been an excellent ,pythagorean1 for he maintains that the mystery of the ,trinity is perspicuously made plain by the connection of the three harmonical concords #a1 #c1 #e2 that music and divinity are nearly allied2 and that the contemplation of concord and discord1 of the nature of the octave and unison1 will so strengthen a man's faith 'that he shall never after degenerate into that gross subbeastiacal sin of ,atheism4'0 ,the love and cultivation of music formed so much a part of the discipline of the illustrious men who sprang from the school of ,pythagoras that almost every one of them left behind him a treatise on the subject4 ,plato1 in the seventh book of his work on laws1 says that children in a well-ordered commonwealth should be instructed for three years in music1 which reminds us of the commendable efforts made of late years in ,great ,britain and the ,united ,states to make music a necessary part of popular education1 in which connection the late ,cardinal ,wiseman wrote an interesting letter to the ,catholic ,poor-,school ,committee of ,london in #ahdi about 8the importance of introducing music more effectually into our system of education40 ,in the third book of ,plato's ,republic music is treated of at considerable length with reference to education2 8for whatever is concerned with the art of music ought somehow to terminate with the love of the beautiful40 ,but to seize the full meaning of this passage we must remember that1 in the doctrine of the ,academy1 the ,good1 the ,true1 and the ,beautiful are reciprocal terms1 and consequently that music should elevate to the contemplation of the great ,godhead--,goodness itself1 ,truth itself1 ,beauty itself4 ,eloquence was thought by the ancients to be so intimately connected with music that the orators of ,greece and ,rome had a flute-player standing at a proper distance behind them while they spoke1 who kept up an undertone of musical sound1 now swelling as the speaker rose with his theme1 now gently falling when1 as in panegyrics on the dead or in pleadings for mercy1 he sought the chords of sorrow or sympathy in the human heart4 ,musical contests of flutes1 trumpets1 and other instruments were among the attractions at the public games of ,greece2 and the profession of music was so highly honored1 and often so remunerative1 that many musicians lived in splendor4 ,there was ,dorion the flute-player1 who lived like a ,sybarite and was a frequent guest at the table of ,king ,philip of ,macedon2 there was ,ismenias of ,thebes1 who was sent on an embassy to ,persia1 and 7like the late ,duke of ,brunswick7 had a passion for collecting jewels which his enormous wealth enabled him to gratify to the utmost4 ,he once reproved a smart agent for not having paid as much for a pearl as it was worth1 saying that it belittled him in the jeweller's eyes not to have given1 and the gem in his own eyes not to have cost1 its full value1 and sent him back with the surplus money4 ,the flute which he bought at ,corinth for three talents 7about #d1jjj7 must have been encrusted with precious stones4 ,ambeus1 the harper1 received an ,attic talent 7about #a1jjj7 for every appearance on the stage4 ,but although proficients in music were highly honored and rewarded1 the mere makers of musical instruments enjoyed no greater esteem than did other artisans1 and we know that the comic poets of the time often ridiculed the celebrated orator ,isocrates because his father had been able to give him a liberal education with money made by manufacturing flutes4 ,not only men but women also publicly exhibited their musical accomplishments2 they belonged1 however1 mostly1 if not exclusively1 to the class of ,hetairai4 ,such was the famous ,lamia1 whose skill as a flute-player1 hardly less than her personal charms1 won the heart of ,king ,demetrius4 ,passing over to ,italy1 we can only mention the ,sabines and ,etruscans1 who early cultivated music1 and from whom the ,romans derived their knowledge of the art2 the former giving them their profane1 and the latter their sacred1 music4 ,at a later period the genius of ,greece banished her ruder rivals and monopolized the art in ,rome4 ,it was a general custom among people of rank1 towards the end of the republic and under the empire1 to keep a private band of musicians2 but in the earlier days of ,rome music1 being almost exclusively devoted to religion1 either in the temples or at burial rites1 was under government control2 hence it was forbidden in the ,twelve ,tables to have more than ten flute-players at funerals1 and the ,salii1 who were priests of ,mars1 were obliged1 in their annual procession through the city1 to accompany their stately tread by a sort of music made by striking their rods of gold on the metal shields which they carried in the hand4 ,the most important body of musicians at ,rome1 and the recognized officials of the art1 were the tibicines1 or pipers1 who formed a college1 and on one occasion brought the religious affairs of the city to a stand-still by seceding in a body1 after some real or fancied grievance1 to the neighboring town of ,tibur 7,tivoli74 ,the 8ambubajarum collegia0 of ,horace1 and the ,syrian musicians satirized by ,juvenal1 were held in contempt by the ,romans as not delighting the soul with exalted harmony1 so much as exciting the instincts to sensual gratification4 ,,the ,,romance ,,of ,a ,,portmanteau4 8,we shall be happy to see you at ,rathdangan ,castle1 sir10 said ,sir ,geoffry ,didcote4 8,if--aw--you come down on ,saturday and--aw--stop till ,monday1 we shall--aw--be pleased02 stroking his finely-shaven chin at each 8aw40 ,i accepted with a gratified alacrity4 ,we had won the rubber trick by trick1 and1 although the honors were against us1 ,i had somehow or other managed to establish a long suit commencing with the king1 and had ended by lugging in all the poor relations1 including a miserable deuce of diamonds1 for which ,i contrived to secure as good a berth as that held by any member of its illustrious family4 ,flushed with victory1 ,sir ,geoffry's hospitality spread forth its arms and enfolded me within its embrace4 ,this was a chance for a briefless barrister during the long vacation4 ,briefless6 ,why1 ,i could not even command a nod from an attorney1 much less that magic roll of paper whose cabalistic inscriptions are so readily deciphered by--the pocket4 ,the ,hall of the ,four ,courts was a most delightful club-room1 where all the news of the day was freely discussed1 from ,mr4 ,justice ,keogh's latest witticism to the new street-ballad by ,doctor ,huttle2 from ,baron ,dowse's joke to ,sergeant ,armstrong's wig4 ,and as for ,circuit1 it was nothing more or less than a charming country excursion1 where the wit and wine of the bar mess amply compensated for any little ennui the hours occupied in doing nothing during the day might have reasonably engendered4 ,in vain ,i strutted across 8,the ,hall0 with a bagful of old ,french novels1 endeavoring to appear as though absorbed in some pending case in which my dormant talent would be strained to the utmost limits of its capacity2 in vain ,i caused myself to be called forth from the library as often as it pleased the porter to summon me for the sum of five shillings1 with which ,i had retained his eminent services2 in vain ,i buttonholed country friends4 ,but why continue8 ,the word 8briefless0 speaks for itself2 and were it not for sundry remittances from a maiden aunt1 my sole surviving relative1 ,i should1 bon gr mal gr1 have been compelled to take the queen's shilling or to seek employment from the ,corporation of ,dublin in the capacity of a street scavenger4 ,as yet ,i had made but little way in society4 ,i could not talk ,wagner or fall foul of ,tennyson4 ,i had not brass enough for a ballad or talent for a scena4 ,too nervous for anecdote1 my modesty muffled me even in conversation4 ,i was not a man's man1 nor yet a cavaliere servante4 ,i did not hunt1 fish1 or shoot4 ,in a word1 ,i was somewhat of a dreary drug in ,vanity ,fair4 ,why ,sergeant ,frizwig asked me to dinner ,i cannot determine2 and why ,sir ,geoffry ,didcote1 after that excellent repast1 took it into his head to invite me to ,rathdangan ,castle is a mystery unto this present hour4 ,the vulgar question of ways and means stared me in the face and almost out of countenance as ,i walked homewards4 ,rathdangan was distant from ,dublin at least thirty-five miles1 thirty of which could be traversed by rail4 ,the cost of a conveyance from the station might or might not be a 8crusher02 and then the tips to the retainers6 ,luckily1 my aunt had forwarded a remittance of five pounds upon that very morning1 sixty shillings of which still remained firm and true2 and as she invariably impressed upon me1 in addition to the necessity of obtaining briefs1 the advisability of mixing in the best society only1 ,i naturally calculated on a 8tenner0 upon receipt of the intelligence of my arrival at the ,castle1 inscribed upon the ,didcote paper4 ,my wardrobe was the next consideration1 and this was of the scantiest description4 ,the evening suit might pass muster in candlelight1 but once turn a jet of gas upon it1 and the whole fabric tumbled to pieces4 ,the grease of countless dinners1 the patches beneath the arms1 the seams artfully blackened with ink1 the frayed linings1 would jointly and severally step into the witness-box and turn evidence against me4 ,my shirts were singularly blue1 and worn away from constant friction with the horny palms of the washerwoman1 whilst the collars resembled those 8sierras10 or saw-edged mountains1 which the observant traveller recognizes upon entering the dominions of his most ,catholic ,majesty ,alfonso the ,twelfth of ,spain4 ,my walking-suit was presentable enough1 consisting as it did of ,thomastown frieze1 and my boots1 although machine-made1 possessed the redeeming influence of novelty4 8,i'll risk it10 thought ,i4 8,the investment is a safe one1 and the return will amply repay the outlay40 ,a new and unforeseen difficulty presented itself4 ,the battered portmanteau which usually bore my 8fixins10 whilst quite good enough for 8the boots0 of provincial hotels1 was utterly unfit to be handled by the genteel retainers at ,rathdangan ,castle2 and as nothing bespeaks a certain ton more than smart-looking luggage1 ,i found myself under the necessity of investing in a new valise4 8,there's wan fit for ,roosia1 or ,pinsylvania--no less10 exclaimed the proprietor of a description of open-air bazaar situated behind the ,bank of ,ireland1 with whom ,i was in treaty for the desired article4 8,its locks is as sthrong as ,newgate1 an' ye might dhrop it from ,nelson's pillar an' ye wudn't shake a nail in it40 ,this was a large black box strongly resembling a coffin1 both in size and shape4 8,mebbe it's a hair thrunk yer looking for8 ,here's wan4 ,there's brass nails for ye6 ,there's hair6 ,begorra1 there's many a man in ,merrion ,square that hasn't half as much40 ,informing him that ,i had no intention of emigrating just at that particular moment1 and that ,i required a small1 solid leather portmanteau1 ,mr4 ,flynn proved himself equal to the emergency4 8,that's solid enough1 anyhow4 ,shure1 ye'd think it was ,roman cimint--sorra a less10 he cried1 as he administered several resounding whacks to the article in question4 8,what are you asking for this80 ,i demanded4 8,what am ,i axin' for it80 ,here he fixed me with his eye1 as the ,ancient ,mariner fixed the wedding-guest4 8,it's worth thirty shillin's40 8,say twenty10 said ,i4 8,i couldn't if ye wor to make me a lord-mayor40 8,i cannot give more40 8,well1 here now3 we'll shplit the differ--say twinty-five40 ,and he spat upon what he elegantly termed 8the heel of his fist40 8,twenty10 said ,i4 8,begorra1 yer a hard man6 ,i suppose ye must have it40 ,my preparations being now completed1 five o'clock on the ,saturday evening found me on the platform of the ,amiens ,street terminus4 8,hillo1 ,dawkins60 exclaimed ,mr4 ,dudley ,fribscombe1 a brother barrister1 whose father 7in the bacon trade7 allowed him five hundred a year4 8,going as special1 eh8 ,a hundred guineas--you're coining1 by ,jove60 8,no10 ,i replied with assumed nonchalance1 8just running down to ,rathdangan ,castle to spend a few days with the ,didcotes40 ,i never felt better pleased in my life4 ,this fellow was always sneering at the poverty of his briefless brothers1 and as his people happened to reside near ,rathdangan1 but were of course unvisited1 my red-hot shot told with withering effect4 8,oh6 indeed10 he muttered4 8,what an awful swell6 ,going second80 8,first10 was my sententious reply4 8,let us travel together40 8,all right40 ,now1 my intention was to have taken a second-class ticket1 but the tone of ,fribscombe altered my mind4 ,what a crisis in my destiny as ,i walked to the booking office6 ,what a pivot in my fate6 ,had ,i travelled second--but ,i will not anticipate4 8,the smoking-carriage is full4 ,let's get in here2 ,i'll tip the guard to let nobody else pass10 said ,fribscombe1 carrying his idea into execution4 ,we ensconced ourselves snugly in the pet corners1 and made a great display of luggage all over the compartment4 ,my companion offered me a cigar1 but ,i preferred my ebon meerschaum1 bought of ,hans ,larsen himself at ,lillehammer1 and which ,i had colored with possibly as much delicate assiduity as ,mr4 ,millais1 ,r4,a41 bestows upon his delightful masterpieces4 ,we were about to 8scratch10 as the last bell had rung1 when the door was suddenly unlocked1 thrown open1 and a bundle of rugs bristling with umbrella-handles1 a portmanteau1 and a lady attired in the newest and presumably most correct thing in widow's weeds were flung violently into the compartment4 ,the whistle sounded1 the door was banged to1 and the train glided out of the station ere we could make any move in the direction of a change of seats4 8,what an infernal sell60 muttered ,fribscombe4 8,too bad60 ,i growled4 8,that guard is a 'do4' ,half a crown thrown into the ,liffy60 8,would she stand it1 ,fribscombe80 8,not she4 ,if the dear departed smoked1 it would remind her too forcibly of him2 and if he didn't smoke1 she'd scream and call the guard40 ,in the meantime the object of our solicitude had shaken out her draperies and snugly wrapped herself in a wolf-skin rug1 the head and glass eyes of which reposed in her lap like the sporran of a ,highlander4 ,her figure appeared to very little advantage in the heavy folds of her ribbed-silk1 crape-laden cloak2 nevertheless1 it betrayed a youthful grace and symmetry4 ,she kept her veil down1 and from the posture she assumed--her head pressed back against the cushion--it became pretty evident that1 if she were not en route to dreamland1 she wished to indulge in a profound meditation4 8,this train won't stop till we get to ,skerries10 said ,fribscombe4 8,i think10 he added sotto voce1 8that she is asleep1 and a whiff or two of real ,havana will not awaken her40 8,it's much better to ask her consent1 and ,i'll do it10 ,i whispered4 ,she sat directly opposite to me1 facing the engine4 ,i leaned a little forward4 8,i beg your pardon1 madam2 but may ,i ask if you have any objection to our smoking8 ,if you have the slightest feeling on the subject1 ,i beg to assure you that it will be no deprivation to us to wait until we reach ,skerries40 ,she raised her veil4 8,i have no objection whatever10 she said in a low1 sympathetic murmur4 8,i like the perfume of tobacco40 ,and1 as if smitten by some sorrowful remembrance1 she sighed and sank back1 but did not lower her veil4 ,i mumbled some incoherent expression of thanks1 scarcely knowing what ,i said2 for my whole soul was focussed in my eyes as ,i gazed into one of the loveliest faces that ,i had ever beheld4 8,you are not availing yourself of my permission1 sir10 she observed1 almost laughingly4 8',pon my conscience6 ,i forgot all about it10 was my reply4 ,woman-like she felt the compliment1 and woman-like she was grateful for it2 she knew it to be genuine4 ,somehow or other we drifted into conversation4 ,there are some women who can trot a man's ideas out for him1 walk them gently up and down1 canter1 and1 lastly1 gallop them4 ,any little defects are concealed by the excellent hand which is over him2 and were he to come to auction at that particular moment1 he would be knocked down to the very highest bidder1 be he ever so modest--namely1 himself4 ,this young girl--for she could scarcely have passed her teens--possessed this marvellous gift1 and1 as she deftly passed from subject to subject1 ,i found myself1 usually so dull1 so reticent1 so uninformed1 discussing topic after topic--travel1 music1 the drama1 literature1 anything1 everything--with a feverish facility1 and offering decided opinions upon subjects even to approach which would have ordinarily been a matter of no little enterprise1 doubt1 and difficulty4 ,so deeply had ,i become absorbed that when ,fribscombe1 whose existence ,i had totally forgotten1 suddenly awakening from a cosey slumber1 shouted in a very excited tone3 8,i say1 ,dawkins1 jump out1 man6 ,this is your station4 ,we're moving off10 ,i could scarcely realize the fact of its proximity1 and that two hours had rolled by1 compressed into so many minutes4 ,my first thought was to journey onwards with my fair vis--vis--,i cared not whither2 my second1 that ,fribscombe would laugh me to death at the 8,hall40 ,with a sense of sorrow--,i might almost say of agony--in my heart at the idea of parting from her1 ,i seized upon my portmanteau1 and just succeeded in alighting without accident as the train moved rapidly away4 ,i stood upon the platform like a person just aroused from a deep slumber4 ,i was purposeless4 ,the tide had receded1 and the bleak barrenness of my shore life confronted me4 ,the fair enchantress whose wand had conjured up a new order of being within me had departed4 8,ye'll have for to come inside the station1 sir4 ,i'm goin' for to lock the doore10 observed a porter1 as he significantly pointed in the direction of the exit4 8,can ,i get a car over to ,rathdangan ,castle80 8,sorra a wan1 sir4 ,billy ,heffernan dhrew two gintlemin over there that come be this thrain40 8,will he return here80 8,sorra a fear av him4 ,ketch him lavin' a house where there's such lashins as at the ,castle6 ,ow6 ow6 sez the fox40 8,how am ,i to get across80 ,i asked in some trepidation4 8,shure1 it's only a nice little taste av a walk--nothin' less40 8,how far is it80 8,well1 now1 you might coax it into four mile1 but1 be the powers6 it'll fight hard for five40 ,i could not refrain from laughing at this peculiar form of expression1 although there was anything but mirth in my present position4 ,to be late for dinner would be a high crime and misdemeanor1 and nothing short of lse majest1 even were ,i to accept the porter's ultimatum and walk4 ,i could scarcely reach the ,castle in anything like time4 8,did they expect you1 sir80 8,yes40 8,troth1 thin1 they might have sint a yoke for ye4 ,they always does for the quollity40 ,this was not complimentary1 but1 like many a speech of a similar nature1 it contained a great deal of truth in it4 ,could ,sir ,geoffry have forgotten all about his invitation8 ,it had been given hurriedly as the whist-table was breaking up4 ,he had had his share of wine1 if revoking twice might be taken as an index4 ,yes1 the following morning had erased me from the tablets of his memory4 ,what an ass to come all this way to be instructed by a common fellow in a corduroy suit4 ,served me right6 ,i ought to have known better4 8,what time does the next train go up to ,dublin1 my man80 ,i asked4 8,what time80 he ejaculated4 8,yes1 yes1 what time80 8,in forty minits1 if she's not late2 but she's shure to be in time if ,i'm not here1 bad cess to her60 ,i sat down in the cheerless waiting-room1 disgusted with ,sir ,geoffry ,didcote1 disgusted with myself1 boiling with anger1 and writhing with mortification1 till the recollection of my fair travelling companion descended like oil upon the troubled waters of my mind1 and the desire to discover who she might be became overwhelming4 ,fool that ,i was not to have gained even a solitary clue6 ,she might be travelling to ,belfast en route for ,scotland1 or she might have alighted at the next station4 ,the last thought induced me to question the porter4 8,did you see a handsome lady in weeds in the train that ,i travelled by80 ,i asked4 8,is it a widdy woman ye mane80 8,yes40 8,young80 8,yes--very40 8,purty80 8,beautiful60 ,i exclaimed4 ,here he winked facetiously4 8,i seen her4 ,me an' her is acquainted40 8,who is she80 ,i eagerly asked4 8,she's the widdy av a dacent1 sober man be the name av ,o',hoolahan1 that died av the horrors av dhrink40 8,poor thing60 ,i muttered half-aloud4 8,poor8 ,begorra1 it's him that left her warm an' snug1 wud three av the elegantest childer40 8,three children60 ,i interposed1 somewhat disconcerted4 ,the name ,o',hoolahan was bad enough1 but three little ,o',hoolahans6 8,she left this parcel wud me40 8,when80 8,a few minits ago1 whin she got out40 8,got out8 ,where60 8,out av the third class1 foreninst the doore there40 ,pshaw6 ,we had been talking of the wrong woman1 and somehow ,i felt intensely pleased to think that my fair incognita was not the relict of the defunct ,o',hoolahan and the mother of three little ,o',hoolahans4 8,whisht60 suddenly exclaimed my communicative friend4 8,i hear a horse's feet4 ,he's tearin' along like murther--a rale stepper02 then turning to me3 8,yer not forgotten4 ,it's from ,rathdangan4 ,yer sint for4 ,it's ,highflier1 an' ,jim ,falvey's dhrivin' him40 ,these surmises proved to be correct4 8,i've to beg your pardon1 sir1 for being late10 said ,falvey1 touching his hat2 8but we cast a shoe at ,ballinacor1 and ,i done my best to pull up the lost time4 ,any luggage1 sir80 8,this portmanteau40 8,all right1 sir4 ,will you be pleased to jump in8 ,you'll only get over at the first dinner bell1 if you do that same40 ,having tipped the loquacious porter1 ,i sprang into the tax-cart1 and the next minute ,highflier was dashing at a hand gallop on the road to ,rathdangan4 ,mr4 ,falvey informed me that there was the 8hoigth0 of company at the ,castle2 that every room was full2 ,lord ,dundrum and ,captain ,buckdash had arrived by the morning train1 and the ,bishop of ,ballinahoo and his lady had just entered the avenue as he was leaving it2 the partridge were plenty1 and a covey might be found within 8a few perch0 of the west wing2 ,master ,james 7the ,didcote heir7 was expected with two of his brother officers of the ,king's ,dragoon ,guards2 ,miss ,patricia's collar-bone was now as good as new1 etc4 ,we then talked horses1 and he was still hammering away at the pedigree of ,highflier when we reached the entrance gate4 ,this was castellated and partly covered with ivy4 ,a stout old lady unlocked the ponderous portals1 and1 as she admitted us1 dropped a courtesy whilst she uttered the cheery words1 8,yer welkim1 sir40 ,why do people keep gloomy-looking servants1 dismal phantoms who reply to your ring with a sigh1 answer your query with a sob1 and wait upon you with a groan8 ,their depression is infectious1 and although you may1 with a naturally lively constitution1 baffle the disease for a time1 sooner or later you are laid low by it4 ,according to a time-honored maxim of the road1 we kept a trot for the avenue1 and just as we whirled up to the grand entrance the sound of a gong reached us4 8,jump out1 sir4 ,you've only ten minutes2 that's the second bell4 ,there's some of them in the drawing-room already10 cried ,falvey1 as he flung my portmanteau to a solemn-looking domestic1 who gazed at me as though he were engaged in a deep mental calculation as to the length of my coffin and the exact quantity of linen necessary for the formation of a shroud4 ,following this grim apparition across a low-ceiled1 wainscoted hall1 in which a billiard-table of the present contrasted strangely with oaken furniture of the sixteenth century1 and up an old oak staircase decorated with battered corselets1 deeply-dented morions1 halberds1 matchlocks1 steel gloves1 and broadswords1 along a wainscoted passage as dark as ,erebus1 and up a spiral stone staircase the ascent of which took all the breath out of my body1 ,i was finally deposited in a little stone chamber in one of the towers of the ,castle4 8,your keys1 please1 sir10 demanded my janitor4 8,oh6 never mind2 thanks2 ,i'll get out my things myself40 ,i feared the penetrating gaze of this man4 ,i shuddered as ,i thought of the frayed linings and the inked seams4 8,very good1 sir10 uttered like a parting benediction2 and with a bow which plainly said1 8,we shall never meet at this side of the grave again10 the dread apparition vanished4 ,the old saying1 8,more haste1 less speed10 never exemplified itself more unhappily than in my case4 ,with the thoughts of the last gong ringing through my brain1 ,i vainly endeavored to open my portmanteau4 ,my keys had got mixed up1 and1 as they were nearly all of a size1 ,i had to travel round the entire ring before ,i could manage to induce one to enter the keyhole4 ,then1 when ,i came to turn it1 it got blocked and wouldn't move either backwards or forwards4 ,i withdrew it1 whistled it1 probed it with my breast-pin1 tugged and strained until my backbone ached again1 but without effect4 ,what was ,i to do8 ,break it open4 ,but how8 ,i possessed no implements4 ,perceiving a bronze figure poised upon one leg on the chimney-piece1 ,i resolved upon utilizing the outstretched limb of the harlequin1 and1 having inserted it in the ring of the key1 ,i finally1 to my unspeakable delight1 succeeded in detaching the bolt4 ,throwing open the portmanteau1 ,i plunged my hand into the corner where ,i had deposited my brushes1 but found that they must have shifted during the journey4 ,i tried the other corner1 with similar success4 ,i then probed and groped in the lower compartment4 ,here was a pretty go4 ,i must have forgotten to pack them1 although ,i could have sworn not only to their having been packed1 but as to the precise spot in which ,i had deposited them4 ,mechanically ,i drew forth my linen and laid it on the bed1 in order to mount my studs4 ,i was somewhat astonished to find that the breast was most elaborately adorned with floriated needlework4 ,some mistake of the laundress4 ,i detest worked shirt-fronts1 which are only worn by cads and shoddy lords1 so ,i picked out another4 ,if number one was embroidered1 number two was done in fresco1 and1 in addition to the vast tumuli of birds1 beasts1 fishes1 and flowers1 an edging of lace played a prominent part4 ,what could this mean8 ,surely ,i put up my own time-honored linen myself1 and here were bosom decorations fit for a fop of the year #ahae4 ,hastily turning out the contents of the portmanteau upon the floor1 in order to realize my own property1 what were my sensations in discovering that this pile of snowy drapery did not contain one single article of male apparel6 ,the truth flashed across me now in all its appalling reality3 ,heavens and earth6 ,i had taken the young widow's portmanteau for my own4 ,i do not know what the exact sensation of fainting comes to1 but this ,i do know3 that if ,i did not faint1 ,i went within a pip of it4 ,a cold perspiration burst out all over me1 and ,i felt as if ,i was on board the ,dover and ,calais boat and about to call the steward4 ,how could ,i appear to the assembled company8 ,with what ridicule would ,i be overwhelmed when the true state of the case came to light6 ,and then what would she think8 ,she would write me down an ass--a donkey unfit to be allowed to wander from a thistle-grove4 ,her key would open my leathern 8conveniency10 and the ghastly condition of my wardrobe would be laid bare1 whilst ,i had profaned the sanctity of--but it was too dreadful to contemplate4 ,how could ,i meet her8 ,how could ,i look into that beautiful face again8 ,how was ,i to recover my wandering wardrobe8 ,my whole stock of clothes1 save those ,i wore1 were now in the possession of another1 whilst in exchange ,i had received a commodity of no value to me whatever4 ,on the contrary1 my prize was worse than valueless--it was contraband4 ,bang-ang-ang-ang-oong-ang6 went the gong4 ,let it go6 ,what were its sounds to me8 ,if ,i were starving1 ,i could not descend in my present costume4 8,sir ,geoffry ,didcote begs me to say1 sir1 that he waits on you in order to enter the dining-room10 mournfully announced the dismal servitor4 8,please say to ,sir ,geoffry that ,i don't feel quite well--that ,i will go down by and by40 8,thank you1 sir40 ,this was uttered as if he wished to say3 8,i am glad that you are dying4 ,i knew how it would be--you couldn't deceive me40 ,the man had scarcely time to deliver my message ere ,sir ,geoffry himself panted and puffed into my apartment4 8,my dear sir--aw--,i hope--aw--that you are not--aw--ill4 ,it would--aw--grieve me very much0--here he availed himself of my mirror to adjust his spotless white choker--8if--aw--upon your--aw--first visit you--aw--became indisposed40 ,honesty1 thought ,i1 is the best policy1 and it saves a lot of trouble2 so ,i made a clean breast of it to the pompous baronet4 8,how very unfortunate--aw--for the lady6 ,we will dispense--aw--with ceremony under--aw--the peculiar1 not to say delicate--aw--circumstances of the case1 and ,lady ,didcote will--aw--receive you in your--aw--present attire4 ,you can telegraph--aw--for reinforcements1 which--aw--will arrive on--aw--,monday morning40 ,i could not see the force of this4 ,i might easily telegraph for reinforcements1 but would they come8 ,secondly1 as my visit was to terminate upon ,monday1 reinforcements were not necessary1 unless they could be brought up at once4 ,i begged to be excused from attending table2 but this he would not listen to1 and1 as he informed me that ,i was keeping dinner waiting1 there was nothing for it but to descend with him4 ,i have1 when a boy1 been lugged into the school-room to suffer condign punishment2 at a later period ,i have been forced into the presence of a young lady of whom ,i was deeply enamored2 ,i have had to march up to the pulpit in ,trinity ,college dining-hall to repeat the long ,latin grace amid the muffled gibes of my peers2 ,i have been placed in positions where my bashfulness has been ruthlessly tortured and my retiring modesty tried by fire and water2 but never did ,i experience the pangs of the rack until the full blaze of that drawing-room burst upon my vision4 ,the apartment appeared to swim round1 carrying with it the form of a hooked-nosed dowager in a turban1 who screwed an eye-glass into the corner of a wicked old eye1 to have a good stare at the strange figure her husband had introduced into her salon4 ,a confused murmur of many voices1 in which 8,who is he80 8,what is he80 8,stole a portmanteau10 8,highway robber10 8,police0 smote upon my ear1 whilst a general craning of necks in my direction announced the curiosity which my appearance had naturally excited4 ,i am aware that ,i bowed to something in blue drapery surmounted by a head1 that it placed the tips of its fingers on my arm1 that ,i mechanically followed a crowd of people towards an aperture in the wall which proved to be a door1 that ,i plunged downwards upon a chair1 and that then ,i came slowly to my senses4 ,having gulped down three glasses of sherry in rapid succession1 ,i found myself seated beside a gaunt young lady of about five-and-thirty1 so covered with pearl powder that she was only partially visible to the naked eye4 ,on my right hand sat a portly dowager1 who viewed with some alarm my inroads upon the sherry1 and she appeared so interested in my movements that ,i fully expected to receive a temperance tract before the evening was half over4 ,there were about twenty at table1 all stiff1 solemn1 and ceremonious4 8,so you have been robbed80 snappishly remarked the young lady in blue4 8,oh6 dear1 no2 merely an exchange of portmanteaus40 8,how stupid60 ,now1 whether this applied to me or to the fact1 ,i was not in the position to say1 so ,i merely rejoined3 8,very stupid of me and for me40 8,how so80 8,why1 ,i was the offending party40 ,and ,i endeavored to make myself agreeable by narrating the circumstances exactly as they had occurred4 8,and do you mean to say that you opened the lady's trunk1 sir80 demanded my companion with great asperity4 8,in mistake1 madam1 ,i assure you40 ,the waspish lady waited until a portion of the ice which she was engaged in despatching had cleared two very shaky-looking teeth bound in gold4 8,there are some mistakes1 sir1 which no gentleman should make40 ,this was quite enough for me4 ,to endeavor to make terms with this foe were worse than folly1 explanation weakness1 and concession cowardice4 ,she gained nothing1 however1 by her viciousness2 whilst ,i remained upon the field and prepared to bivouac1 surrounded by sturdy sentinels in the shape of port1 claret1 and ,madeira4 8,the--aw--guard insisted upon his taking the old lady's--aw--portmanteau40 ,and ,sir ,geoffry was proceeding to retail his version of the story when ,lord ,dundrum gaily exclaimed3 8,oh6 by ,jove1 we'd better put the witness into the box4 ,let us cross-examine the lawyer40 8,with all my heart10 said ,i2 8the absurdity of the sensation will redeem itself by its novelty40 ,my story flowed joyously along1 and peal upon peal of laughter greeted me as ,i described my sensations upon discovering the strange garments4 8,so--aw--the widow was--aw--young80 8,about eighteen1 ,sir ,geoffry40 8,and pretty80 added his lordship4 ,i devoutly kissed my second finger and thumb1 and flung them in the direction of the ceiling4 8,i'll lay five to two he never hears of his portmanteau10 lisped ,captain ,buckdash4 8,shall ,i be at liberty to hunt it up80 said ,lord ,dundrum4 8,certainly4 ,are you on80 8,in tens80 asked his lordship4 8,ponies1 if you but limit the period to one week40 8,done1 ,buckdash6 ,i'll book it40 ,and the peer1 producing a pocket-book1 entered the bet1 the terms of which he read aloud1 and which the gallant captain pronounced eminently satisfactory4 8,i'm afraid1 my lord1 that you'll lose your money10 ,i observed to ,lord ,dundrum as we ascended to the drawing-room4 8,i'll give you the same bet1 and that ,i'll get your portmanteau1 without any interference of yours1 in less than a week--say five days40 8,you know the lady80 8,no40 8,you suspect who she is80 8,i have no more idea of who she is1 where she came from1 or where she is going to1 than the man in the moon4 ,will you evince your sincerity by betting now80 8,the fact is1 my lord1 ,i cannot afford to bet40 8,quite right10 slapping me on the shoulder4 8,never do4 ,it's a doosid bad1 pleasant habit40 8,and might ,i venture to ask how you purpose proceeding towards winning your money80 8,i'll tell you4 ,i have just ordered round a trap4 ,i'll drive to ,ballynamuckle ,station and telegraph along the whole line4 ,if she's local or a county swell1 we'll have her name and address to-night4 ,if1 on the contrary1 she is not known along the line1 she will have gone on to ,belfast4 ,i'll set the police to work there1 and put advertisements in all the papers on ,monday morning4 ,if ,tuesday tells me nothing1 ,i'll put the wires in motion north of ,belfast1 and on ,wednesday we'll have a touch at ,scotland4 ,i feel certain1 however1 that we'll find her this side of ,newry40 ,and his lordship retired for the purpose of equipping himself for the road4 ,this bet was a lucky chance for me4 ,not that ,i cared much whether my wardrobe ever turned up again or not1 but ,i longed to discover the identity of my fair acquaintance4 ,i would at least enjoy the satisfaction of learning her name1 and gain some knowledge of her surroundings1 and then--pshaw6 bow over my restored baggage and utter ,vale1 ,vale1 ,vale to my three-hour dream4 ,in the billiard-room the menkind were assembled for pool4 ,by a series of ghastly flukes ,i managed to clear the table and divided every pool4 ,captain ,buckdash muttered something in reference to ,dawson ,lane1 and one young fellow1 whose lives were sacrificed to my ruthless cue with startling rapidity1 offered to back me against some formidable player in the ,guards1 laying the odds4 ,for the second time in this eventful day did ,i feel myself fit for the front rank4 ,lord ,dundrum lounged into the room about eleven o'clock4 ,he indicated by a look that he wished to speak to me1 and1 under cover of 8splitting a bottle10 exclaimed in a low tone3 8,it's all right40 ,my heart gave a bound4 8,the portmanteau is found40 8,where80 8,at ,nobberstown1 the next station but one4 ,she evidently discovered your mistake2 for she tumbled it out4 ,it's coming on40 8,and where is she80 8,oh6 hang me if ,i know or care4 ,my ponies are safe4 ,you can look her up40 8,did she leave no message1 no directions80 ,i asked eagerly4 8,don't know10 said his lordship1 as he chalked the top of his cue preparatory to joining in the pool4 ,lord ,dundrum was correct in saying that ,i should take up the running now4 ,it was my business to make restitution and to deliver the white elephant left on my hands to its rightful owner4 ,this task should be undertaken at once4 ,i scarcely closed my eyes all night1 thinking of the modus operandi2 and when ,i came down to breakfast next morning ,i had resolved upon nothing more definite than a searching cross-examination of the employs at ,nobberstown ,station4 8,i'll thank you for a check1 ,buckdash10 said ,lord ,dundrum1 as the gallant warrior entered the breakfast-room4 8,for what80 asked the captain4 8,for ,mr4 ,dawkins' portmanteau40 8,wait till you get it40 8,i have it here40 ,and as he spoke he lugged my valise from beneath the table1 accompanied by a roar of laughter from all assembled4 8,a capital joke10 grinned the captain4 8,a capital joke1 indeed6 ,hand over the coin40 ,captain ,buckdash turned to me4 8,mr4 ,dawkins1 is this your portmanteau80 8,it is indeed10 ,i replied4 8,the one which you left in the railway carriage80 8,yes40 8,i am quite satisfied1 ,lord ,dundrum4 ,you shall have a check after breakfast2 in the meantime will you kindly inform us how you managed to lay hold of it80 ,and he cracked an egg with a violence that almost crushed in the china cup4 ,i searched for some note or mark by which to obtain a clue to her identity1 but in vain2 my leathern 8conveniency0 was as bald as when ,i purchased it behind the ,bank of ,ireland4 ,no message had been forwarded1 not a line of instruction4 ,this course appeared singular1 inasmuch as it was unlikely that she would make no effort to regain her property2 and why lose this most legitimate opportunity8 ,had she no desire to place herself in communication with me8 ,ah6 there was that in her glance which gave this thought the lie4 ,heigh-ho6 ,i was in love up to my eyebrows and badly hit4 ,i was obliged to come face to face with myself1 to place my hand upon my heart1 and to plead guilty4 ,i thought of the elder ,mr4 ,weller1 and of his opinion respecting widows1 and voted him vulgar4 ,my preconceived ideas upon the subject of relicts underwent a total change1 and now a bashful maiden seemed but an insipid nonentity4 ,i longed to quit ,rathdangan1 and1 excusing myself under the plea of an important professional engagement1 started for ,nobberstown at cockcrow4 ,this station consisted of simply a 8porter and a platform10 one equally intelligent as the other1 and of the two the platform was 8the better man40 8,sorra a know ,i know10 was the invariable reply to almost every query4 8,did the lady alight here80 8,sorra a know ,i know40 8,did she give you no message80 8,sorra a know ,i know40 8,no card80 8,sorra a wan40 8,who handed you the portmanteau80 8,sorra a know ,i know40 ,a thought now flashed across my brain3 ,fribscombe6 ,he was not the man to lose a chance of talking to a pretty woman4 ,he would have told her who ,i was1 and it was through him that she had communicated4 ,how asinine not to have thought of this before6 ,chartering a jarvey1 ,i started across the country to the family mansion of the ,fribscombes1 accompanied by the two portmanteaus4 8,i never opened my lips to her4 ,she dried up after you left1 and pulled down the shutters40 ,this gave me a pang of the keenest delight4 8,i got out at ,killoughter1 the next station1 and she went on40 ,on my return to ,dublin ,i caused advertisements to be inserted in several of the leading ,irish papers2 ,i also tried the second column of the ,times and the ,glasgow ,herald1 but1 alas6 with no effect4 ,six months had glided away1 during which she made no sign4 ,the portmanteau maintained possession of a corner of my solitary apartment1 and the image of its whilome proprietor defiantly held more than one corner of my heart2 indeed1 ,i may as well candidly confess that it was strongly entrenched in all four4 ,the summer assizes were over1 and the briefless ones flitted hither and thither for the long vacation3 some to ,switzerland1 with ,mont ,blanc in the distance--very much in the distance--others the passes of the ,tyrol1 sunny ,spain1 byways in ,brittany1 or the ,highlands of ,scotland4 ,connemara found its true believers1 and ,killarney its pious pilgrims4 ,as for myself1 ,i was perforce compelled to substitute the ,dodder for the ,rhine1 the ,dublin mountains for the ,alps1 and ,sackville ,street for the ,boulevard des ,italiens4 ,my aunt had contributed the ten-pound note upon which ,i had hung in fond anticipation towards the building of ,father ,donnelly's new church at ,shinanshone1 and the letter which conveyed this intelligence concluded with the following3 8,i don't see your name figuring in any of the trials1 good1 bad1 or indifferent4 ,it's all ,macdonogh and ,armstrong4 ,what are you about1 at all at all8 ,at this rate of going you'll never see a silk gown1 let alone the bench4 ,you might as well be on the ,hill of ,howth as in the ,four ,courts1 if you don't stir yourself4 ,let me see you cheek by jowl with ,macdonogh and ,armstrong during the coming winter1 or ,i'll know the reason why1 and make my financial arrangements accordingly40 ,i was seated one lovely morning in autumn gazing gloomily into the street1 which was as empty as my own exchequer4 ,dreamy visions of the golden glory of ripening corn1 of blood-red poppies1 of fern-shaded dells1 of limpid pools and purple-clad mountains mocked my aching heart4 ,i sighed the sigh of impecuniosity1 and railed at the inconsistency of a fortune which gave little ,bangs1 who hadn't one idea to rub against another1 a thousand per annum1 a vulgar cad like ,hopkins a bagful of briefs1 and which left me high and dry in a front garret in ,eccles ,street1 without a red cent to come into collision with a battered sixpence in my somewhat cavernous pockets4 ,heigh-ho6 ,an outside car1 driven at a frosty pace1 smote upon the drowsy stillness of the street1 and my gloom was somewhat speedily dispelled by the sight of my friend ,tom ,whiffler's honest and beaming face1 and his expressive and expansive signals while yet a considerable distance from the house4 ,tom is always full of money1 full of health1 and full of the most boisterous and explosive spirits4 8,aha6 you old cat on the tiles10 he shouted1 8come down from your coign of vantage4 ,i was afraid you were out of town4 ,somebody said you were on ,circuit40 ,and standing upon the foot-board of the car1 he burst forth with-- 8,hail to our barrister back from the ,circuit6 ,honor and wealth to the curls of his wig6 ,long may he live o'er his forehead to jerk it1 ,long at a witness look burly and big60 8,come up1 for gracious sake60 ,i cried1 as ,i perceived heads peeping from behind the partly-closed shutters of an opposite house1 inhabited by a genteel family1 who wished their little world to imagine them in ,italy1 ,france1 ,spain--anywhere but in ,dublin--during the dog-days4 ,in a few seconds ,tom bounded into the apartment4 8,this is a slice of luck to get you1 old man4 ,come1 now1 pack up your traps1 and we'll have four days in the ,county ,wicklow4 ,i shall have the car in any case1 and our hotel bills will be mere bagatelles which we'll square up at ,tib's ,eve4 ,lend me a couple of shirts and things2 you can bring the baggage--a change for two--and ,i'll do the rest4 ,we've twenty-five minutes to catch the train40 ,five minutes found ,tom upon one side of the car1 myself upon the other1 and1 calmly reposing in the well between us1 the neat little portmanteau of the fair unknown4 ,i was compelled to make use of it1 as ,whiffler had no 8leathern conveniency10 and my travelling-valise had been lent to one of 8ours10 and was possibly at that particular moment strapped upon the murderous mound of luggage which encumbers the groaning roof of the ,alpine diligence1 or snugly ensconced on the grape-strewn deck of a ,rhine or a ,moselle steamer4 ,it gave me more than a pang to remove it from its well-known corner4 ,a chord had been touched which set all my memories vibrating1 and ,i handled it with as much care and anxiety as though it were a new-born infant or a rickety case containing rack-rent or nitro-glycerine4 ,a glorious moonlight found us driving through the ,vale of ,clara en route to ,glendalough--the sad1 stricken valley of the ,seven ,churches4 ,the hills1 quietly entranced1 lay gazing upwards at the gentle moon1 who enfolded them in her pellucid beams as with a soft1 sheeny mantle of light4 ,the ,avonmore far1 far down in the valley musically murmured while she glided onwards to join the ,avonbeg1 who joyously awaited her coming in the sweet ,vale of ,avoca4 ,the honest watch-dog's bark bayed up the valley1 and the perfume-laden air in its holy calm was as sweet as an angel's whisper4 ,after 8a square meal0 of rasher and eggs which would have put the most elaborate chef-d'uvre of the cuisine out of count1 we strutted forth from the hostelry in the direction of ,st4 ,kevin's ,bed1 and heard the oft-repeated legend of poor ,kathleen's fate from the lips of a very ragged but very amusing guide1 whose services we were desirous of engaging for the morrow4 8,troth1 thin1 but it's me father's son that's sorry not to be wud yez2 but shure0--and here he lowered his voice--8it's in regard to me bein' in a hobble that ,i'm out in the moonlight40 8,what scrape have you got yourself into80 asked ,tom ,whiffler4 8,whiskey80 8,musha1 thin1 it wasn't a dhrop o' sperrits that done it this offer40 8,a colleen8 8,sorra a fear av all the colleens from this to ,wicklow ,head40 8,mistaking another man's sheep for your own80 laughed ,tom4 8,if ye wor spaikin' airnest ,i'd make ye sorry for them words10 said the man in an angry tone2 but brightening up1 he added3 8,av yez wor guessin' from this to ,candlemas ye'd be out every offer4 ,i got into thrubble be raison av a saint1 an' ,i'll tell yez how3 ,a lot av ignoraamusses av ,english comes here in the summer saison1 an' nothin's too holy but they'll make a joke on it2 but the divvle will have his own wan av these days4 ,well1 sir1 last ,monday ,i was engaged for to divart a cupple of ,english1 as bowld as brass1 an' that vulgar that the very cows turned their tails to thim as we thravelled through the fields--sorra a lie in it4 ,i done me best for to earn an honest shillin'1 but1 on my word1 wan av thim1 a stout lump av a man1 gev me all soarts av impidince1 an' whin ,i come for to narrate about ,st4 ,kavin he up's an' insults the holy saint to me very face4 8',there never was no sich man1' sez he4 8',there was1 sir1' sez ,i4 8',it's all humbug1' sez he2 'an' as for ,kathleen1' sez he1 'she was no betther nor--' '8,ye'd betther stop1 sir1' sez ,i1 intherruptin' him2 'for ,st4 ,kavin was a holy man1 an' never done nothin' but what was good an' saintly4' ,well1 sir1 he up's an' calls the blessed saint a bad name1 so ,i hot him betune th' eyes an' rowled him on the grass1 an' ,i planted his comrade beside him4 ,an' now ,i'm the worst in the world below at the hotel for bating two blackguards that done nothin' but insult me an' me holy religion2 an' that's why ,i can't go wud yez to-morrow40 ,it was far into the 8wee sma' hours0 when we parted with ,myles ,o',byrne and gained sanctuary in the double-bedded room which had been told off to us4 ,the pale and gentle ,luna was surrendering her charge to the pink and rosy ,aurora1 and we sought our couches in beautiful budding daylight4 8,where's your portmanteau1 ,dawkins80 asked ,tom ,whiffler4 8,i want to get at my things40 ,to my utter dismay1 the portmanteau was not in the apartment4 ,to ring the bell at this unseemly hour was but to alarm the entire hotel2 so1 slipping off my shoes1 ,i descended to the hall in the hope of discovering it in a heap of luggage which lay piled in graceful profusion near the entrance4 ,my search was vain1 and1 with secret forebodings of another mischance in connection with this unhappy valise1 ,i returned to the room and retired to bed4 8,i seen it in yer hand1 sir10 observed the waiter the next morning whom ,i interrogated about the missing article--8a thick lump of a solid leather portmantle4 ,i can take the buke on it1 if necessary1 sir4 ,here's the boots2 mebbe he can tell us something4 ,jim1 did ye see a thick lump av a solid leather portmantle lyin' about80 8,i did10 replied the boots1 who was a man of much physique and very few words4 8,ye did80 8,yis40 8,where is it1 thin80 8,where it ought to be40 8,where's that80 8,wud th' owner40 8,it was not left in my room10 ,i exclaimed4 8,it was left in number five40 8,shure1 number five's gone10 cried the waiter4 8,it's news yer tellin' us10 observed the boots with a surly grin4 8,an' is the portmantle tuk be number five80 8,yis40 8,phew60 whistled the waiter4 8,be the mortial the fat's in the fire now1 anyhow40 ,here was a situation6 ,my misgivings realized4 ,my portmanteau gone1 perhaps never to return4 ,how could ,i face the owner8 ,i never gave up the hope of meeting her and of restoring the property4 8,who slept in number five80 ,i asked4 8,number five is two faymales40 8,when did they leave80 8,they left for ,father ,rooney's first ,mass beyant at ,annamoe40 8,where were they going to80 8,to ,lake ,dan and ,luggelaw40 ,i proceeded to hold a council of war--consisting of the landlord1 the waiter1 the boots1 two or three stable-boys1 and the surplus population of the village--when it was determined to send a boy on a fast-trotting pony in pursuit of the fugitive luggage4 ,i was two inches on a mild ,havana after such a breakfast as the tourist alone can dispose of1 when the waiter burst into the summer-house situated over the lake1 whither we had repaired to enjoy the 8witching weed40 8,the portmantle is safe1 sir1 an' number five is here with it an' wants for to see ye1 sir40 8,well1 ,i do not want to see number five1 waiter1 so just say--0 8,i dar'n't say nothin'1 sir2 she slipped a half a crown into the heel of me fist an' towld me to hurry you up10 burst in the waiter1 now in a white perspiration4 8,i'll not stir till ,i finish this cigar1 at all events1 and there is a good hour's pull in it yet40 8,och6 murther1 an' she's in such a hurry--such a dainty little craythur2 an' it was so dacent of her for to journey back the road with it40 ,this last thrust failed to pierce my armor4 ,the waiter was conscientiously working out his half-crown4 8,she's quite convaynient in the coffee-room1 sir4 ,i'll show ye a short cut across the bog40 ,i listened and puffed1 puffed and listened4 8,i must get back1 sir4 ,may ,i tell her ye'll be over in five minutes1 sir80 8,tell her anything you like1 my friend1 but out of this till ,i finish my cigar ,i'll not stir40 ,why ,i acted in this manner ,i was at a loss to determine4 ,my anxiety for the valise almost amounted to pain2 and yet here was the cause for worry removed1 and ,i would not even trouble myself to walk a few hundred yards to the hotel to thank the lady for returning with it1 which1 as a gentleman1 ,i was bound to do at any cost as to personal discomfort4 8,some frouzy old maid10 suggested ,whiffler4 8,probably2 or a strong-minded female doing ,wicklow on a geological survey10 ,i added4 ,when ,i got back to the hotel1 which might have been an hour or so subsequently1 ,i found my portmanteau safely deposited in my room4 8,where is this lady1 until ,i--0 8,she's gone1 sir10 interrupted the waiter in a reproachful tone1 8but she towld me for to give you this bit av' a note10 handing me a piece of paper folded cocked-hat fashion4 ,i opened it4 8,i have two regrets10 it said--the geologist's handwriting was exquisitely feminine--8one1 that ,i was inadvertently the cause of inconvenience2 and the other1 that ,i was denied the opportunity of claiming the portmanteau1 as ,i imagine that ,i recognize in it one which ,i lost about eight months ago during a railway journey to the north40 ,i was literally stunned4 ,i gazed from the letter to the now astonished waiter1 and back from his vacant countenance to the three-cornered billet1 which1 alas6 told so much and yet so little4 ,it bore no name1 no initial1 no monogram1 no clue4 8,describe this lady's appearance60 ,i shouted1 clutching the waiter by his greasy collar1 and imparting to him no very delicate shake4 8,i never seen her2 her veil was foreninst her nose the whole time she was spakin' to me4 ,the boy that attindid her is gone to the fair at ,knockatemple40 8,who saw her80 8,barrin' the masther1 dickins a wan2 for ,mary1 the chambermaid1 started this mornin' for ,fogarty's1 of ,glinmaloure4 ,she an' the misthress had a few words in regard to--but here's the masther40 ,the burly host presented himself2 he had not encountered my enslaver1 for the bill had been paid by the other lady4 8,the red wan10 interposed the waiter4 8,just so1 ,mick10 said his master approvingly1 and turning to me3 8,they have gone on to ,luggelaw1 sir1 and intend to sleep at ,enniskerry to-night40 ,i unbosomed myself to ,tom ,whiffler1 who immediately entered into the affair con amore4 8,we'll hunt them10 he said2 8we must catch them at ,latouche's ,cottage4 ,there is no exit from ,luggelaw except the one40 ,the road from the ,seven ,churches to ,luggelaw is exquisitely picturesque4 ,behind lies that lake whose gloomy shore skylark never warbles o'er1 with ,lugnacullagh frowning sternly over its gloomy waters1 and the round tower standing like a grim sentinel ready to challenge the approach alike of friend and foe4 ,in front is the little village of ,lara1 with ,castle ,kevin perched upon a ledge of rock like an aerie's nest1 and stretching away in the distance the silvern beech-woods of ,annamoe1 while to the left the purple-crowned crags of ,slonaveena seem almost to topple into the placid bosom of ,lough ,dan4 ,it was a lovely summer day--one of those days that recall past joys1 and in which the present is but a voluptuous dream4 ,at ,roundwood we gained intelligence of the objects of our pursuit4 ,the car had passed through about half an hour previously2 the ladies had stopped at the hotel while the horse was being baited1 and had indulged in that inevitable cup of tea which is at once the dissipation and the solace of the sex4 ,the road to the first gate at ,luggelaw is an ascent of three miles1 which must of necessity be traversed upon 8shanks' mare10 and it is a blisterer4 ,not a vestige of tree1 and with scarcely as much pasture as will satisfy the cravings of a few stunted sheep1 the sun smiles grimly upon the entire roadway and scorches the luckless traveller whom destiny leads to the little lodge perched on the summit of the mountain4 ,we were not spared1 and coats1 waistcoats1 and neckties were cast upon the car1 while we retained our pocket-handkerchiefs to mop our glowing faces1 which resembled two very full and exceedingly dissipated-looking rosy moons4 ,puffing1 panting1 blowing1 mopping1 by one supreme effort we gained the table-land which crowns the ascent1 and1 plunging towards an adjacent thicket of pines1 took tremendous headers into the middle of it1 where we lay gasping like a pair of stranded fish4 8,blow me10 exclaimed ,tom ,whiffler1 8if ,i'll ever climb ,luggelaw ,hill widow-hunting in ,july again4 ,i wish you and your portmanteau and widow at ,timbuctoo60 ,a low1 musical laugh quite near us2 a rustle of female garments--my heart gave one mighty throb2 for right in front of us1 not two yards distant1 with her large1 lustrous gray eyes bent searchingly upon me1 stood the owner of the peripatetic portmanteau4 ,to spring to my feet1 to apologize for our dshabille--the car was as yet half a mile down the hill--to mumble some horrible incoherencies1 was the impulse and action of half a minute4 ,she seemed puzzled to know how to act1 but her friend1 the 8red wan10 cut the ,gordian knot of the present embarrassment by a fit of loud1 hearty1 ringing laughter1 which1 maelstrom-like1 sucked us one after another into it1 and whirled us into an ocean of mirth before we knew where we were exactly1 or what it was all about4 ,there are some contagious laughs in the world1 and she of the ruby locks was the fortunate possessor of one4 ,two things establish instantaneous and easy communication with strangers--with women a baby1 with men a cigar4 ,throw in a laugh1 and1 if the situation be a comical one1 the laugh beats infant and tobacco4 ,in this case it proved a talisman1 and a very few words found us at our ease while ,i unfolded my tale4 ,i was i' the vein and told my story well4 8,why did you not send it after me80 she asked4 8,i had no clue10 ,i replied4 8,i flung my card to the porter at the station40 8,it must have gone down the line2 for the only reply ,i could awake in that self-same porter was1 ',sorra a know ,i know4'0 ,and ,i devoutly dwelt upon all the bitter anxiety the hopeless efforts at restoration had cost me1 to all of which ,i found a deeply-interested listener4 ,before the sun had set on ,luggelaw's deep-wooded vale ,i learned much that satisfied me as to the past1 and a something--inferentially only--that caused the white wings of ,hope to flutter against my heart4 ,lucy ,donaldson had been married to ,captain ,george ,middlecomb1 of the ,sixth ,dragoon ,guards1 if not against her will1 at least under the pressure of being talked into it4 ,captain ,middlecomb had died within a year of their marriage of delirium tremens4 ,need ,i say that we travelled up to ,dublin as a party2 that ,i became a constant visitor at ,mrs4 ,middlecomb's beautiful residence--,arcachon ,villa at ,killiney2 that-- ,i suppose ,i should not divulge it1 but1 as ,i have written so far1 ,i may as well finish the chapter4 ,after all1 ,i won't4 ,those who have been interested1 however1 in the portmanteau may be pleased to know that it is now the common property of ,lucy and the writer4 ,,the ,,brides ,,of ,,christ4 ,i4 ,,st4 ,,dorothea4 ,the little martyr-maid of ,csarea-- ,i do not a more lovely legend know4 ,said young ,theophilus1 mocking3 8,dost thou go ,to join thy ,spouse8 ,if more than fond idea1 ,send me1 ,i pray thee1 pretty ,dorothea1 ,of flowers and fruits that in his garden grow60 ,the maiden meekly bowed her head2 and so ,she passed to death along the ,roman ,via4 ,a blooming boy1 with hair like odorous flame1 ,out-dazed the sword that slew her2 the next morn ,a blooming boy to young ,theophilus came1 ,with three fresh roses and three apples3 scorn ,melted in bliss4 ,by crown and palm6 we claim ,to guess that fragrance1 and are less forlorn6 ,,ii4 ,,st4 ,,cecilia4 ,two visions of divine ,cecilia1 ,born of ,italian art1 possess my mind4 ,one in the marble1 at her tomb enshrined1 ,reveals her as in catacomb she lay4 ,the budding maiden in her chaste array-- ,ah6 closely let that awful necklace bind ,clipt flower to stem6--to that cold sleep declined1 ,was in warm marriage-bed a bud alway4 ,her heart's dear love starved for a ,mystic ,spouse2 ,she was not chary of sweet music's gift ,i see the listening rapture of her brows3 ,i hear her organ yearn1 exult1 and lift ,humanity to ,god6 ,the heavens arouse1 ,and storms and seraphs o'er the white keys drift4 ,,iii4 ,,st4 ,,agnes4 ,i was ,god's maid1 less woman than a child2 ,and yet they threw me in the common stews ,naked as ,i was born1 for men to use4 ,the dear ,lord saved his vessel1 though reviled1 ,from outrage of a look3 the ,mother smiled-- ,over my hot shame all my hair shook loose2 ,and1 lo6 it swept my feet in lengths profuse1 ,a bower of blinding awe to ruffians wild6 ,my life's green branch they lopped with cruel sword2 ,but ,he hath kissed my hurts1 and they are well2 ,and1 walking in the meads of asphodel1 ,i kiss the scarred feet of my gracious ,lord3 ,i lead his lambkins by my lily bell1 ,where the pomegranates shade the softest sward4 ,,shakspere1 ,,from ,,an ,,american ,,point ,,of ,,view4#ga ,footnote #ga3 ,shakspere1 from an ,american ,point of ,view3 including an ,inquiry as to his ,religious ,faith and his ,knowledge of ,law2 with the ,baconian ,theory considered4 ,by ,george ,wilkes4 ,london3 ,sampson1 ,low1 ,marston1 ,searle ,rivington4 #ahgg4 #hvo1 pp4 ix4 #dga4 ,this elegantly-printed volume1 published in ,england1 though by an ,american author1 has for its subject four distinct lines of inquiry2 two of these--the validity of a theory which originated in this country a few years ago1 that ,bacon1 ,lord ,verulam1 really wrote the plays known as ,shakspere's2 and1 secondly1 the extent of ,shakspere's legal knowledge--though carried through the work1 are subordinate to the other two--the anti-democratic tone of the dramatist and the fact that he was a ,catholic4 ,these are the real issues of the book4 ,mr4 ,wilkes holds that ,shakspere should not exert the influence in this country that he does in ,england1 and he arraigns him at the bar of ,american public opinion to answer the indictment that he is always a strenuous upholder of royal authority1 an advocate of the privileges of the nobility1 regarding them as far removed above the ignobile vulgus1 for whom on all occasions the poet manifests the utmost contempt4 ,that a work teeming with constant lessons of this character is no fit guide for ,americans he makes the real argument of his book4 ,the second count is apparently intended to be no less damaging4 ,shakspere was a ,catholic1 and as such should exercise no influence on a ,protestant community4 ,his influence in ,england for three hundred years has not apparently won that country back to ,catholicity1 and the ,united ,states are probably as safe4 ,still1 it may serve for a new agitation to get up a cry3 8,no ,shakspere in the public schools60 ,that ,mr4 ,wilkes considers it a danger is seen by the fact that he uses toward ,catholics every vile nickname drawn from the slums by religious hate to degrade us in the eyes of our fellow-men4 ,yet surely a ,shaksperean scholar should not need reminding that to rob one of his good name is worse than stealing his purse1 oft-times as bad as taking his life4 ,not only this1 but he more than once represents the ,catholic ,church as actuated by a hatred of intense fury against the ,jews1 as an earnest upholder of the unlawful claims of aristocracy1 as an enemy of popular rights1 and as an excuser of perjury4 ,while thus under a strong anti-,catholic bias or prejudice--stronger even than he at all conceives--he has attempted to understand ,catholic terms and usages1 and to enter into that world which to ,protestants seems so strange and inconceivable--the world of ,catholic thought4 ,the question as to the religious convictions of ,shakspere is not a new one4 ,no ,catholic has ever read the great dramatist without feeling that he was strangely lacking in the usual anti-,catholic element1 even if he did not impress him as often ,catholic in thought4 ,catholic writers in ,english periodicals1 such as the ,rambler and others1 had already claimed ,shakspere as a ,catholic4 ,all evidence1 extrinsic and intrinsic1 seems to sustain the position4 ,his family belonged to the gentry on the father's and mother's side1 and on both sides had adhered to ,catholicity after the change of religion in ,england4 ,the will of his maternal grandfather1 ,robert ,arden1 who died in #aeef1 is distinctly ,catholic3 8,i bequeath my soul to ,almighty ,god1 and to our ,blessed ,lady ,st4 ,mary1 and to all the holy company of heaven40 ,of his father there is still extant a ,testament of the ,soul--not1 as ,mr4 ,wilkes supposes1 a form drawn up by some chaplain of the family1 but that ,testamentum ,anim ,christian which1 in ,latin and the vernacular1 has for centuries been found in ,catholic devotional manuals1 and the copying of which1 as a kind of formal act1 has been maintained in many families--certainly was in the family of the present writer down to the nineteenth century4 ,shakspere's father1 too1 was fined for non-attendance at the established church4 ,so far as the families of his parents were concerned1 he was evidently ,catholic1 and must in childhood have been familiar with the thoughts and language of ,english ,catholics4 ,how far in mature age he retained the impressions of youth1 or how faithful he may have been to the teachings of his religion1 we have no means of judging4 ,the lightness with which moral obligations lay on him1 his career as a wild but gifted man1 give little ground for supposing him to have practised the religion he may still have professed4 ,in his dramas ,shakspere constantly uses ,catholic terms1 speaks of ,catholic clergy1 religious of both sexes1 rites and ceremonies with respect1 and in many cases turns his ridicule upon the new order of clergy in ,england4 ,the ,shaksperes and ,ardens had both held office under the ,tudor kings1 and the dramatist shows the utmost zeal for royal power as against the ,pope4 ,to a ,catholic1 now1 this gives his position at once4 ,his life was not a regular one2 and he could scarcely1 in those days of persecution1 have been a firm1 consistent1 practical ,catholic1 although he clung to the faith1 never abjured it1 and had no liking for any of the new forms4 ,his ,bible reading was in the ,protestant versions of the day1 not in the ,rheims and ,douay1 of which no influence has ever been detected in his plays4 ,that he died a good ,catholic needs proof2 but ,mr4 ,wilkes' ideas of the meaning of the term are vague1 since he tells us that ,henry ,,viii4 died a good ,catholic4 ,the fact that ,shakspere makes his characters--most of whom are ,catholics in time or country--speak as ,catholics is really no proof of his own ,catholicity1 any more than ,longfellow's almost constant correctness in his use of ,catholic terms and familiarity with ,catholic thought is proof that he is a ,catholic4 ,the fact is1 we admit1 suspicious2 for during centuries ,protestant writers seem to have made it a point to display the most intense ignorance of ,catholic terms1 usages1 rites1 and ceremonies1 and equally a point to insist on talking about what they vaunt their ignorance of4 ,but1 going back to ,shakspere's time1 we must bear in mind that the new religion had not yet taken any hold on the people at large2 that the only religious terms and expressions that conveyed any definite ideas to their minds were those of the old faith sanctioned by the usage of centuries1 and that the terms introduced by the various classes of reformers were diverse1 new1 strange1 and1 to the people1 a mere ridiculous jargon4 ,the coinage of a new religious vocabulary took time and skill4 ,it was no easy task to shape ,bible translation so as to avoid old ideas and thoughts4 ,this new jargon rose to be a language when the ,king ,james ,bible was imposed on the people after the ,restoration4 ,though long vaunted as a well of ,english undefiled1 philologists now admit that it is the language of no period of ,english history1 of no district of ,english soil2 it was a hash made to meet the pressing want1 with obsolete words1 terms drawn from every county of ,england1 and new-coined expressions1 all forced into the service so as to supply the ,english people with a new vocabulary of religious thought4 ,to convey religious ideas in ,shakspere's time1 the readiest words were those familiar to the people4 ,the dramatist employs them with no regard to the country or time4 ,the pagan ,hamlet refers to the ,blessed ,sacrament1 ,extreme ,unction1 the ,mass1 and ,office for the ,dead2 they talk of confession and beads in the ,comedy of ,errors2 of indulgences in the ,tempest1 and even in ,troilus and ,cressida2 of fasting days in ,pericles and ,coriolanus2 and christening is spoken of in ,titus ,andronicus4 ,the anachronisms were apparently not noticed in his time1 nor taken into account4 ,the system had not been adopted of entirely ignoring ,catholic terms2 there were no others1 and ,shakspere used what he had4 ,one word seems to be avoided4 ,the ,mass is introduced only like ,moore's 8neat little ,testament1 just kept to swear by40 ,it occurs only in the form of an oath1 except in one instance1 to which ,mr4 ,wilkes devotes a chapter4 ,juliet1 going to her confessor1 asks3 8,are you at leisure1 holy father1 now1 ,or shall ,i come to you at evening ,mass80 ,mr4 ,wilkes goes into a lengthened argument to show that it was the custom at that time in ,england to celebrate ,mass at night4 ,he says3 8,i have found many illustrations from ,catholic reviews and other reliable authorities of the practices of the hedge-priests1 as they were called1 in times of ,catholic persecution1 whose business it was to go in the darkness of the evening to the houses of the faithful to celebrate a nocturnal ,mass40 ,we should be much pleased to see any such authorities4 ,he cites only an article in the ,manhattan ,monthly last year1 where a writer speaks of priests in ,ireland 8who often at dead of night fled to the mountain cave1 the wooded glen1 and wild rath to celebrate ,mass for the faithful02 but travelling by night is one thing1 and saying ,mass at night is another4 ,again1 there were no priests in ,england answering to the ,irish hedge-priests4 ,the priests in ,england found shelter in the houses of ,catholic gentry2 they had not a mass of poor and oppressed faithful among whom they lived4 ,but neither in ,ireland nor in ,england is there a single example that the writer has ever found of a ,mass said in what may be called the evening--that is1 between sunset and midnight--much less of its being so frequent an occurrence as to make ,shakspere refer to evening ,mass as an ordinary matter4 ,dodd's ,history of the ,church1 ,challoner's ,missionary ,priests1 the works of ,father ,parsons1 ,campion1 and other ,catholic writers of the time1 never allude to any single case where such a ,mass was said4 ,nor is there in any liturgical work reference to any such custom ever having obtained in ,england4 ,mr4 ,wilkes seems to feel that the theory is not very solid4 ,he next refers to the custom in some parts of saying a ,low ,mass immediately after the ,sunday ,high ,mass4 8,shakspere may have considered the last or one o'clock ,mass an evening ,mass40 ,the play itself makes this untenable4 ,it was late in the afternoon when ,juliet went to the friar4 ,when she comes back the nurse says3 8,see where she comes from shrift with merry look0-- not half as charmingly as ,longfellow describes ,evangeline as most beautiful 8,when1 after confession1 ,homeward serenely she walks with ,god's benediction upon her40 ,then1 a few lines lower down1 ,lady ,capulet1 in the same scene1 says3 8',tis now near night40 ,this fixes the time too clearly to allow that any reference is made to a ,mass about mid-day4 8,evening ,mass0 is simply nonsense2 but the phrase has charmed later writers1 and several poets introduce the expression1 just as poets and prose writers have all copied the ,protestant ,bible misprint1 8,strain at a gnat10 instead of 8,strain out a gnat40 ,but the word ,mass here is against all ,catholic custom and reason4 ,juliet wishes to go to confession4 ,she politely asks her confessor whether he is at leisure or whether she shall come again at a later hour4 ,would any one1 under the same circumstances1 propose to come to confession to the priest when he was saying ,mass8 ,it would be just the time when he could not possibly hear confessions4 ,if he expected to say ,mass soon1 he would hear her then1 and neither he nor she would think of putting it off till he had begun his ,mass4 ,shakspere critics have boggled and blundered over this without seeing this incongruity1 which to a ,catholic is as patent as the day4 ,what1 then1 does it mean8 ,juliet can ask only whether he will hear her then or whether she shall come later4 ,now1 if we consider ,shakspere to have written3 8,are you at leisure1 holy father1 now1 ,or shall ,i come to you as evening wanes80 the whole thing is as natural1 consistent1 and usual to ,catholic ideas as can be4 ,then there is no such absurdity as evening ,mass1 or going to confession to a priest who is saying ,mass4 ,the dense ignorance of later times on every ,catholic matter will easily account for the neglect to correct the palpable error in the actual text4 ,the fact that1 while ,shakspere speaks of religion as the monastic state1 religious1 monks1 nuns1 convents1 monasteries1 beads1 penance1 month's mind1 dirge1 requiem1 purgatory1 indulgences1 relics1 shrines1 the housel 7,eucharist71 christening or baptism1 aneling 7anointing71 the cross1 altar1 holy-water1 he nowhere in any of his plays speaks of the ,mass 7except in the oath 8,by the ,mass071 is a strong argument against its use here4 ,convents and monasteries were abolished2 relics and shrines were gone2 no dirges or requiems resounded in the old church walls2 allusions to them were simply allusions to something deemed past and gone2 but there were nearly a thousand ,mass-priests in ,england--men who carried their lives in their hands1 over whom the severest edicts of the law were hanging like the sword of ,damocles4 ,to talk of the ,mass as a service with respect was verging on high treason4 ,having avoided it everywhere else1 he would scarcely introduce it here absurdly--no less absurdly to him than to us4 ,at that time1 though the government was anti-,catholic1 the state church was a mere matter of office4 ,there was little zeal in its members--little more than conformity to law4 ,the ,puritans were active and zealous in spreading their doctrines2 but the people were to a great extent still ,catholic1 and1 with many nobles and gentlemen as leaders1 and a greater number of priests than during the next two centuries1 formed a power which was finally crushed by the ,civil ,war4 ,with this body ,shakspere sympathized4 ,he was not of the stuff to make a martyr4 ,ben ,jonson and ,massinger were1 we know1 ,catholics1 but not a single act of ,shakspere's is recorded that stamps him as a ,catholic4 ,he was not fined as a recusant1 had no intercourse with known ,catholics1 in all arrests under the penal laws there is no allusion to him1 even as using his undoubted influence with the great to shield some poor victim4 ,with the mass of the people1 at court and not at court1 he ridiculed the new ,gospellers1 as we do ,millerites or any other oddities4 ,against royal supremacy or the religion established by law1 the ,common ,prayer1 or the bishops who had been intruded into the old ,catholic sees1 ,shakspere says nothing4 ,his ridicule is never launched at them4 ,his wit is turned1 as was that of the court circle1 at the ,puritan element4 ,the state church was respectable1 but lacked earnestness1 piety1 and zeal3 it was simply a state affair4 ,those whose minds and imaginations tended to effusive piety found themselves repulsed4 ,gradually they camped apart and formed new organizations4 ,in ,shakspere's time the government and the government church laughed at them1 when they should have used them to build up the ,church of ,england4 ,just so in the following century they repulsed ,wesley4 ,shakspere takes not a ,catholic but the court-prelatic side2 and there were no prophets on that side to see that ,james' son was to die on the block and the ,church of ,england be abolished by these very ,puritans4 ,that he had any direct idea of attacking ,protestantism as a system1 or making his dramas--with their coarse and often impure speech1 such as then found favor with ,elizabeth and her court--an arm against the ,reformation1 is absurd1 and ,mr4 ,wilkes1 in going through play after play to note every praise of convents or religious practices as done with a direct view to elevate the ,catholic ,church1 is extravagant4 ,we have but to remember that ,protestantism had then no institutions1 no religious rites or practices1 nothing absolutely for a poet or dramatist to employ as illustrations4 ,protestant poets and artists feel the poverty to this day1 and in despair turn from cold1 set formalism to ,catholic themes1 where poetry finds so many a subject4 ,our ,american critic has endeavored to follow out ,catholic thoughts1 but not always successfully4 ,thus1 in ,richard ,,iii4 ,elizabeth addressing her murdered children3 8,if yet your gentle souls fly in the air10 and ,buckingham3 8,if that your moody discontented souls ,do through the clouds behold this present hour10 are gravely put down as evidences of ,shakspere's recognition of the doctrine of purgatory1 as though every believer in ghosts must be a believer in purgatory4 ,there are some comical remarks about ,shakspere's familiarity with 8the intricacies of the ,roman ,catholic faith10 because in ,henry ,,vi4 we find3 8,although by sight his sin be multiplied10 when surely the ,scriptural injunction to pluck out an eye that leads one to sin might explain it without his getting tangled in intricacies4 ,his knowledge of the marriage service also seems peculiar2 the rituals we know are hardly the origin of ,shakspere's marriage form4 ,mr4 ,wilkes is evidently led away by his theory in his forced ,catholic interpretation of many passages of the dramatist2 and his desire to show that the whole series of dramas was a device of the ,catholic ,church to attack ,protestantism in ,england induces him to strain much to support his view1 and often to jump at unwarranted conclusions1 as in making ,hartley1 in the strange ,girachy case1 to have been a priest4 ,a man might be hanged as a ,catholic priest--as ,ury was a century ago within sight of the spot where ,mr4 ,wilkes' office now stands--and yet not have been even a ,catholic4 ,there is no ,catholic record of priest or layman suffering in connection with this affair4 ,hence1 while we admit ,mr4 ,wilkes' diligence and ability in studying ,shakspere1 we must regret that his judgment1 like that of too many1 has been warped by the old anti-,catholic feeling1 to the extent of giving the plays a character which neither friend nor foe of ,catholicity at the time dreamed of ascribing to them4 ,in treating the question of ,shakspere's legal knowledge1 he is free from bias1 and hence easily perceives and often exposes the exaggeration which induces learned men of the law to interpret much that any attendant at courts1 whether as witness or juror1 might easily acquire as proof of serious legal study4 ,the length to which the legal argument has been pushed has led to similar claims by other professions2 but a young man of such ,catholic stock as ,shakspere undoubtedly was could scarcely have attempted to obtain admission to the bar in those days4 ,certainly1 as ,mr4 ,wilkes well maintains1 the amount of legal knowledge and the use of legal terms manifested in the plays are not of the character that we should expect from one who had held such eminent legal and judicial positions as ,lord ,bacon4 ,nor is this1 as he shows1 the only difficulty4 ,the style of the dramas and that of ,bacon's acknowledged writings are utterly different2 the conception of thoughts and their clothing in language are both distinct4 ,the ear attuned to ,shakspere finds in ,bacon a measure1 an adaptation of words1 a symmetry of his own1 utterly at variance with the dramatist4 ,wilkes' euphonic test has great weight2 and he well and aptly cites ,bacon to show that the chancellor made style a test of disputed authorship4 ,if the ,baconian theory is but 8a bubble which has never floated among the public with any amount of success10 it has doubtless found some advocates1 and ,mr4 ,wilkes has strengthened the arguments against it4 ,his argument against ,shakspere as one who worships a lord and despises the middle and lower classes has but the one fault3 that it takes our modern ,american theories as the test--our theories1 and not our practice2 for after all personal liberty has1 in a certain sense1 steadily declined in ,america during the last century1 and many of the rights possessed by individuals in ,shakspere's time1 and enjoyed by our ancestors down to the ,revolution1 have been swept away in the name of liberty1 while general and local taxation has reached a point that often amounts practically to confiscation of all revenue1 and sometimes of the whole estate4 ,in point of fact1 the lower classes among us are more oppressed in person and property by official power1 and less able to obtain legal redress1 than they were in ,england in ,shakspere's time4 ,the distinction of rank was then as absolute almost as that of the ,hindoo castes1 and the contemptuous style of the day in which the aristocratic portion treated their inferiors was caught up too readily by ,shakspere4 ,mr4 ,wilkes develops this element steadily through the work1 and makes it1 as we have seen1 the basis of one of his heaviest charges against the dramatist4 ,he treats the point skilfully1 and the subject affords a fine scope for discussion4 ,for our own part1 we think that he carries his theory too far1 and that ,shakspere may find an advocate who will relieve him from much of the obloquy and secure his claim to respect in ,america4 ,shakspere literature is now a field so vast1 and has won contributions from so many able minds and eloquent pens1 that it requires some courage to produce a new work on the topic at large2 yet ,mr4 ,wilkes has certainly produced a volume that will take a prominent place among the ,shaksperiana4 ,it gives utterance to many new views2 the whole treatment1 being thoroughly ,american1 is fresh and free from much of the conventional bias that is almost inevitable in ,england2 while solid ,german learning1 by its very seriousness and profundity1 seems often to miss the point and finesse of the dramatist4 ,the ,catholic part is so prominent that we could not but treat it plainly and frankly1 addressing as we do more exclusively a circle of ,catholic readers4 ,we do so with no wish to be merely censorious1 and with our recognition of the author's evidently careful study and desire to treat the question fairly4 8,he presents the volume10 he avows1 8rather as a series of inquiries than as dogmatic doctrine1 and strives10 he says1 8to support them only by such an amount of controversy as is legitimately due from one who invites the public to a new discussion40 ,,new ,,publications4 ,,essays ,,and ,,reviews ,by ,rt4 ,rev4 ,j4 ,l4 ,spalding1 ,d4,d4 #a vol4 #abmo1 pp4 #cee4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society4 #ahgg4 ,the author of these essays has been recently raised to the dignity of the episcopate and appointed to the newly-created see of ,peoria1 ,ill4 ,his name and fame as an author1 preacher1 and orator are already widely known in this country4 ,his ,life of ,archbishop ,spalding1 his illustrious uncle1 will remain one of the landmarks of ,catholic history and biography in the ,united ,states4 ,by this important and valuable work the name of the learned and distinguished author is at present best known outside of the immediate circle with whom friendship and the round of daily life connect him4 ,he has done1 however1 much more than this4 ,he has used his great gifts incessantly and in whatever way they could prove of service to the cause which every word he utters and every line he writes proclaim he has alone at heart--the growth and strengthening of ,christ's church1 the defence of ,catholic faith and doctrine1 and the spread of ,christ's kingdom on earth4 ,with this view he has even gone down to that lowly1 much neglected1 yet most important field of editing a series of ,catholic school-books--that issued by the ,catholic ,publication ,society4 ,he has been a constant and most valued contributor to the pages of this magazine1 and a selection of his articles--which1 had he chosen1 might have been much larger--goes to form the present volume of ,essays and ,reviews4 ,as they come before us now in book-form we are glad to have this opportunity of saying publicly what we have always felt1 not only in regard to these but also all other contributions from the same pen3 that they are of the very best kind of that peculiarly modern1 peculiarly favorite1 and peculiarly difficult form of literature--the magazine article4 ,dr4 ,brownson used to say that there were not half a dozen men in this country who could write a really good review article4 ,whether that be so or not1 we are sure that the veteran reviewer would not have excluded these essays from his category4 ,and what we here state regarding them is only an echo of the general opinion1 so far as it reaches us through the medium of the public press and the private verdict of excellent judges4 ,the style is fascinating1 glowing1 brilliant4 ,there are here and there passages of extreme beauty and eloquence4 ,there is nothing like mere verbiage or redundance4 ,there is a man behind it all--a man of knowledge1 of wide yet careful culture1 writing in dead earnest1 observing the march of events while the history of the past is ever present to him1 with power and courage to say what he means in a manner that all will understand4 ,not one of these articles fell dead4 ,the leading one1 8,the ,catholic ,church in the ,united ,states1 #aggf-ahgf10 excited universal interest and attention not alone in this country but abroad1 and a distinguished writer in the ,correspondant made it the chief text of an important article on the ,united ,states4 ,no history or historical sketch that we have seen gives so complete and profound a view of the history1 the trials1 and struggles of the ,catholic ,church in this country within the century as that article4 ,the other essays are of a piece with it4 ,their very titles speak their timeliness3 8,the ,persecution of the ,church in the ,german ,empire10 8,prussia and the ,church0 7three essays71 8,german ,journalism10 etc4 ,perhaps the most valuable of all1 however1 are the three essays on the 8,comparative ,influence of ,catholicism and ,protestantism on ,national ,prosperity10 for which ,m4 de ,laveleye's well-known pamphlet furnished a text4 ,they are eminently characteristic of the writer4 ,he faces everything1 shirks nothing4 ,he takes up the subjects of 8,wealth10 8,education10 and 8,morality0--just the very points on which ,protestant writers are in the habit of claiming superiority for ,protestant over ,catholic nations--and how he treats them we leave to the reader's enjoyment4 ,we are often asked the kind of article needed for ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,we can recommend no better text-book to such applicants than this volume of ,essays and ,reviews2 nor can we recommend anything fresher1 better1 or more interesting to ,catholics generally who are anxious to defend their faith on points where it is often believed to be most assailable4 ,,magister ,,choralis3 a ,theoretical and ,practical ,manual of ,gregorian ,chant for the use of the clergy1 seminarists1 organists1 choir-masters1 choristers1 etc4 ,by ,rev4 ,francis ,xavier ,haberl1 cathedral choir-master1 ,ratisbon4 ,translated and enlarged 7from the fourth ,german edition7 by ,rev4 ,n4 ,donnelly1 ,cathedral ,church of the ,immaculate ,conception1 ,dublin4 ,ratisbon1 ,new ,york1 and ,cincinnati3 ,frederick ,pustet4 ,this excellent and most timely work is one we have long desired to see4 ,many pastors of churches and their organists have been willing to do something towards the introduction of the holy chant in the divine offices1 but the means of instruction have been almost wholly wanting4 ,very few organists and choir-directors in the ,united ,states have made any study whatever of the chant1 and the greater number are not able to read even its notation4 ,we have felt and lamented the difficulties in the way of those who1 convinced of the claims of ,gregorian chant1 and wearied and disgusted with the wretched cheap concert performances they have been forced to endure at ,holy ,mass and ,vespers1 have longed to rid themselves of the 8church music0 nuisance and again hear the true song of the church resounding in the sanctuary4 ,even with ample pecuniary resources it would not have been enough to issue an order to the choir-director to organize a ,gregorian choir1 or even to sing some portions of the chant from the organ gallery4 ,the work before us solves almost all these difficulties4 ,of course the organist will need to study the character of the chant in other works1 that he may be able to appreciate its tonality and style1 and to give it its true accompaniment1 without which he would be more likely to produce poor music than good chant1 or a detestable mixture of both1 such as one commonly finds published in various ,catholic 8choir-books0 and books of so-called 8,services of the ,catholic ,church40 ,we recommend to ,gregorian organists the careful study of the harmonies of ,john ,lambert in his harmonized ,gradual and ,vesperal1 the ,organum ,comitans by ,dr4 ,witt1 and the ,accompagnment d',orgue pour le ,graduel et ,antiphonarium de ,rheims et ,cambrai1 by ,messrs4 ,dietsch and ,tessier4 ,the only faults we have to find with ,father ,haberl's work are1 first1 the rules as given for the ,italian pronunciation of ,latin1 especially for the pronunciation of the word excelsis1 which is directed to be pronounced egg-shell-sis6 and1 second1 the rule on page #ff directing the elision of the last vowel of a word when followed by another vowel in the next word1 in the verses of hymns2 and we regret to see this rule carried out in the new ,vesperal as published by ,mr4 ,pustet4 ,this rule may do for reading classic poetry1 but1 if we mistake not1 such elision is absolutely forbidden in the recitation of the divine ,office1 whether read or sung4 ,in all former editions of the ,vesperal we have found an extra note provided for the superfluous syllable4 ,we cannot bring ourselves to sing or say ,sit laus ,patr-ac ,paraclito1 or ,qunam lingua tib-o ,lancea1 debitas ,grates pro merit-est apta rependere8 ,christi vivificum namqu-aperis latus ,und-,ecclesia nascitur4 ,how is one to sing namqu-aperis8 and what are we to think of clavor-aditus for clavorum aditus1 and ill-hic for ille1 hic8 ,we would like to be referred to some authority on this subject4 ,that this work has already reached the fourth edition in ,ratisbon is a very encouraging sign of the restoration of ,gregorian chant among our ,german brethren4 ,may it find a wide-spread sale in our own country6 ,,golden ,,sand3 ,a ,collection of little ,counsels for the ,sanctification and ,happiness of ,daily ,life4 ,translated from the ,french4 ,new ,york3 ,sadlier ,co4 #ahgg4 ,we have not seen for a long time a more charming little hand-book of daily piety than the modest volume of which a young lady1 who is too modest to put her name on the title-page1 has here given us an excellent translation4 ,miss ,ella ,j4 ,mc,mahon1 to whom we are indebted for the publication of this version of ,paillettes d',or1 has turned the simple and unaffected original into equally simple and attractive ,english4 ,first published periodically in the form of tracts1 these short chapters of practical counsels were afterwards collected in pocket volumes1 and the book now before us1 though it could be read through in a morning1 contains the series for several years4 ,it is addressed to people in the world1 and it embraces rules for the sanctification of all the actions of life1 for making home happy and the domestic hearth an altar of blessing and sacrifice4 ,no one can read a few of its pages without feeling4 8,here is something that just suits my case2 the circumstances described here are just my own2 the temptations are mine2 the little trials are mine2 nothing can be easier than to make the virtues mine1 too40 ,several chapters of the book1 for instance1 are devoted to what the author styles 8,the ,angels of the ,hearth10 and here is a description of 8,the ,angel of ,little ,sacrifices03 8,have you never seen her at work8 8,have you never at least felt her influence8 8,in every ,christian family and in all pious communities1 as the image of his providence in the household1 ,god has placed the angel of little sacrifices1 trying to remove all the thorns1 to lighten all the burdens1 to share all the fatigues4 8,she has for her motto these gracious words of an amiable saint3 ,good makes no noise1 and noise effects no good4 8,thus she is like a ray of sunlight1 lighting1 warming1 giving life to all1 but inconveniencing no one4 8,we feel that she is with us1 because we no longer experience those misunderstandings of heretofore1 those rancorous thoughts1 those deliberate coolnesses which spoil family life2 because we no longer hear those sharp1 rude words which wound so deeply2 because affectionate sentiments mount readily from the heart to the lips1 and life is sweeter4 8,who1 then1 has absorbed that self-love which would not yield2 that egotism which mingled with the most sincere friendship2 that self-indulgence1 in fine1 which always sought ease8 8,the angel of little sacrifices has received from heaven the mission of those angels of whom the prophet speaks1 who removed the stones from the road1 lest they should bruise the feet of travellers4 8,and that of the angels who1 according to the simple legend of the first ,christians1 scattered rose-leaves 'neath the feet of ,jesus and ,mary in their flight into ,egypt4444 8,but1 like them1 she is oftener invisible2 she does her work in secret4 8,there is a place less commodious than another2 she chooses it1 saying with a sweet smile1 ,how comfortable ,i am here6 8,there is some work to be done1 and she presents herself for it simply with the joyous manner of one who finds her happiness in so doing4 8,it is an object of trifling value1 of which she deprives herself to give to her who the evening before has manifested a desire to possess one like it4 8,how many oversights repaired by this unknown hand6 8,how many neglected things put in their places1 without our ever seeing how they came there6 8,how many little joys procured for another without his ever having mentioned to any one the happiness which they would give him6 8,who has known thus how to do good in secret8 ,who has known how to divine the secrets of the heart8 8,does a dispute arise8 ,she knows how to settle it by a pleasant word which wounds no one1 and falls upon the slight disturbance like a ray of sunlight upon a cloud4 8,should she hear of two hearts estranged1 she has always new means of reuniting them without their being able to show her any gratitude1 so sweet1 simple1 and natural is what she does4 8,but who will tell the thorns which have torn her hands1 the pain her heart has endured1 the humiliations her charity has borne8 8,and yet she is always smiling4 8,does sacrifice give her joy8 8,have you never seen her at work1 the angel of little sacrifices8 8,on earth she is called a mother1 a friend1 a sister1 a wife4 8,in heaven she is called a saint40 ,here is another example of the familiar and easy spirit1 the clearness1 the practicality of this admirable little counsellor3 8,,what ,,is ,,my ,,cross ,,of ,,to-,,day8--,it is that person whom ,providence has placed near me1 and whom ,i dislike2 who humiliates me constantly by her disdainful manner2 who wearies me by her slowness in the work which ,i share with her2 who excites my jealousy because she is loved more than ,i and because she succeeds better than ,i2 who irritates me by her chatter1 her frivolity1 or even by her attentions to me4 8,it is that person who1 for some vague reason1 ,i believe to be inimical to me2 who1 according to my excited imagination1 watches me1 criticises me1 ridicules me4 8,she is there1 always there4444 ,my efforts to avoid her are of no avail4 8,a mysterious power seems to multiply these appearances before me4444 8,this is my most painful cross2 the others are very small compared to this4 8,circumstances change1 temptations diminish1 positions improve1 misfortune becomes endurable by habit1 but persons who are disagreeable to us always irritate us more and more4 8,,how ,i ,,must ,,bear ,,my ,,cross ,,of ,,to-,,day4--,by not showing in any way either the weariness1 the dislike1 or the involuntary repulsion which her presence causes me4 ,by obliging myself to render her some service1 it matters little whether she knows it--it is a secret between ,god and me4 8,to say nearly every day something good of her talents1 of her virtues1 her tact4444 ,something1 certainly1 ,i will find to praise4 8,to pray seriously for her soul1 and even to go so far as to ask ,god to love her and leave her with me4 8,dear companion1 blessed messenger of ,god's mercy1 you have unconsciously the mission of sanctifying me1 and ,i will not be ungrateful4 8,angel of a rude and appalling exterior1 were it not for thee ,i would fall into humiliating faults4 ,my nature disdains and repulses thee1 but1 oh6 how my heart loves thee40 ,there is an abundance of good advice which will touch directly upon a multitude of the commonest faults of good people--those apparently trivial sins and imperfections which cause so much unhappiness at home1 which make family life so hard and bitter1 and place so many obstacles in the path of perfection4 ,the book cannot fail to do good4 ,it will be a favorite companion of the pious soul1 an affectionate and never unwelcome monitor to the cold and careless4 ,,life ,,of ,,the ,,venerable ,,clement ,,mary ,,hofbauer1 ,,priest ,,of ,,the ,,congregation ,,of ,,the ,,most ,,holy ,,redeemer4 ,by a ,member of the ,order of ,mercy1 authoress of the ,life of ,catharine ,mc,auley1 ,life of ,st4 ,alphonsus1 ,glimpses of ,pleasant ,homes1 etc4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society4 #ahgg4 ,we have received advance sheets of this beautiful and most interesting life by the gifted author of the ,life of ,catharine ,mc,auley4 ,father ,hofbauer was one of ,god's heroes1 and the story of his life will be found full of interest and profit4 ,he is fortunate in his biographer1 whose clever pen seems particularly adapted to a style of literary work than which there is none more pleasing and useful4 ,an extended notice will appear later4 ,,the ,,lady ,,of ,,neville ,,court4 ,a ,tale of the ,times4 ,by the author of ,marion ,howard1 etc41 etc4 ,london3 ,burns ,oates4 #ahgg4 7,for sale by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society47 ,it is really refreshing to come across a simple1 unaffected1 yet most interesting story such as this4 ,its only fault is that happiest of faults--brevity4 ,the characters are few1 natural1 well contrasted1 and well developed2 the situations well wrought up1 yet by the most natural of means4 ,the pathetic portions are indescribably touching1 but constantly and happily relieved by bright dialogue or playfully humorous narrative4 ,richard ,o',meara is a genuine ,catholic hero1 albeit a modern one2 and ,maud ,neville as sweet and noble a woman as we have ever met with in fiction4 ,the real art of the book lies in its genuine artlessness1 and we trust the author may give us many such4 99 99 99 99 99 ,in the ,july number of ,,the ,,catholic ,,world will appear the first instalment of a new story1 entitled ,alba's ,dream1 by the author of ,are ,you ,my ,wife81 ,a ,salon in ,paris before the ,war1 ,number ,thirteen1 ,m4 ,gombard's ,mistake1 etc41 etc4 ,the story will be completed in three parts4 ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,,vol4 ,,xxv41 ,no4 #adh4--;,,july1 #ahgg4 ,,the ,,european ,,exodus4 ,we propose in the following pages to speak of the past history1 the present condition1 and the future prospects of ,european emigration to this country4 ,we shall have to present many dry figures and prosaic statistics2 but the investigation will lead us to regard the wonderful manner in which the wisdom and the love of ,god have been manifested in the control which he1 as the ruler of all things1 has exercised over this ,european exodus4 ,even out of those details of its course and progress which have seemed most deplorable1 and have caused to many of ,god's enlightened servants the greatest anxiety and grief1 beneficent and grand results now begin to be discerned which are likely to secure the permanent establishment of the church in this land1 and to prepare her for the magnificent task which1 as we believe1 she is destined to accomplish here--the salvation of the republic and of society from the utter ruin into which the arch-enemy of mankind would otherwise soon engulf them4 ,the foolishness of men is sometimes the wisdom of ,god2 and ,god1 who governs all things sweetly1 has chosen to turn the apparent folly of a large portion of the emigrants from ,europe to the ,united ,states during the last twenty-five years into channels through which inestimable blessings have already flowed1 and others1 still more glorious1 are yet to pass4 ,the great wave of emigration began to rise in #ahdj1 reached its highest point in #ahfi-gb1 and1 notwithstanding some fluctuations1 continued to bring to our shores a colony every day until #ahge4 ,in that year it experienced a sudden and serious check1 and has ever since steadily subsided1 until now it has not only sunk to low-water mark1 but has even seemed to be about to flow the other way4 ,the official reports of the ,commissioners of ,emigration of the ,state of ,new ,york classify the passengers who arrive at this port from foreign countries as 8aliens0 and as 8citizens or persons who had before landed in the ,united ,states02 and the 8aliens0 are subdivided into steerage and cabin passengers4 ,it is safe to take the 8alien steerage passengers0 as persons who have come to this country for the first time with the purpose of residing here--in fine1 as bon fide emigrants4 ,the alien cabin passengers in most cases are tourists or visitors1 although among them also are some emigrants4 ,now1 the whole number of alien steerage passengers who arrived at the port of ,new ,york during the year #ahgf was only #fj1cjh1 of whom #ag1igd were from ,germany1 #ab1gbh from ,ireland1 #e1dbi from ,england1 #a1dgi from ,scotland1 and #dbh from ,wales4 ,the whole number of steerage emigrants from the ,united ,kingdom of ,great ,britain and ,ireland who landed at ,new ,york during this year was only #bj1jfd--;a much smaller number than arrived in any previous year since #ahdj4 ,indeed1 in no previous year until #ahge1 when it was #cd1fcf1 had the number failed to be twice as great2 in many years it was more than ten times as large4 ,the following table will show the emigration of all classes from the ,united ,kingdom into the ,united ,states at all our ports during the last thirty-six years3 #ahdj #dj1fdb #ahda #de1jag #ahdb #fc1heb #ahdc #bh1cce #ahdd #dc1ffj #ahde #eh1ech #ahdf #hb1bci #ahdg #adb1aed #ahdh #ahh1bcc #ahdi #bai1dej #ahej #bbc1jgh #ahea #bfg1ceg #aheb #bdd1bfa #ahec #bcj1hhe #ahed #aic1jfe #ahee #ajc1dad #ahef #aaa1hcg #aheg #abf1ije #aheh #ej1gaf #ahei #gj1cjc #ahfj #hg1ejj #ahfa #db1gfd #ahfb #eh1gjf #ahfc #adf1hac #ahfd #adg1jdb #ahfe #adg1beh #ahff #afa1jjj #ahfg #aei1bge #ahfh #aee1ecb #ahfi #bjc1jja #ahgj #aif1jge #ahga #aih1hdc #ahgb #bcc1gdg #ahgc #bcc1jgc #ahgd #adh1afa #ahge #ib1dhi #ahgf #gbed1eed ,footnote #gb3 ,of whom #bd1deb landed at ,new ,york4 ,the #ed1eed persons who1 not being citizens of the ,united ,states1 arrived in this country from the ,united ,kingdom in #ahgf1 embrace all those who came either for pleasure1 or for business1 or to remain4 ,but during the same year #ed1fig persons of ,irish and ,british origin arrived in the ,united ,kingdom from the ,united ,states2 so that the emigration from this country to the ,united ,kingdom exceeded the immigration into the ,united ,states from the ,united ,kingdom by #adc souls4 ,the ,english ,board of ,trade1 in publishing these returns1 says that 8as regards ,north ,america1 in fact1 the records of #ahgf are the records of a movement of passengers to and fro1 and the so-called emigration is not really emigration40 ,we digress here1 for a moment1 to speak of one or two facts disclosed by the emigration returns of the ,british ,board of ,trade for #ahgf1 which cast a side light upon a portion of our subject4 ,the total emigration from the ,united ,kingdom to places out of ,europe in #ahgf was #ach1bbb persons2 the total immigration into the ,kingdom was #ia1fdg persons1 showing an apparent loss of population of #df1ege4 ,but after deducting from both sides the persons of other than ,british birth1 the net loss of population to the ,united ,kingdom by emigration is reduced to #ch1jjj persons--a percentage scarcely worth mention when compared with the annual increase by births4 ,as regards the emigration from that ,kingdom to the ,united ,states1 it is noted not only that it has become very small1 but that its character has materially changed4 ,only #gc agricultural laborers sailed from ,england for the ,united ,states1 but no less than #c1aia of this class sailed for ,australia2 while1 on the other hand1 8#d1ece gentlemen1 professional men1 merchants1 etc41 and #aj1hgd persons of no occupation1 have gone to the ,states1 and only #a1ajf of the first-named class and #b1gec of the second migrated to ,australia40 ,the returns go on to point out that emigration from ,ireland1 and of ,irishmen living in ,england and ,scotland1 has almost entirely ceased4 8,the total number of persons of ,irish origin who emigrated from the ,united ,kingdom in #ahgf to places out of ,europe was #be1igf40 ,of these #af1dcb came to the ,united ,states2 some of these were only visitors2 but counting them all as emigrants1 they would not number as many as arrived here in a single month in former years4 ,the gradual but steady decrease of ,irish emigration to the ,united ,states is pointed out in these returns in a forcible and apparently exultant manner4 ,from #ahec to #ahfj the annual average of ,irish emigration to this country was #ga1hef2 during the ten years following it was #fi1jhd2 in #ahga it fell to #fe1eia2 in #ahgd it was #dh1acf2 in #ahge it was #ca1dcc2 and last year it sank to #af1dcb4gc 8,the ,irish people10 says the ,board of ,trade with evident satisfaction1 8do not at present migrate from the ,united ,kingdom in any appreciable numbers1 although they may emigrate from one part of the ,united ,kingdom to another40 ,we cannot call the correctness of this statement into question2 it is no doubt quite correct2 and it is safe to conclude that1 for the present at least1 and probably for many years to come1 ,irish emigration to this country will be limited to very small proportions4 ,nay1 there is some reason to fear that1 unless a marked improvement soon occurs in the industrial affairs of our country1 we shall be in danger of seeing too many of our ,irish and ,irish-,american citizens leaving us to seek homes in ,australia4 ,the year #ahgg is scarcely six months old1 but it has seen three vessels sail from this port with ,american1 ,irish1 and ,german emigrants for ,australia4 ,this movement is probably a wholly sporadic one1 and too much importance should not be attached to it4 ,but we are not yet in a condition to encourage emigration from this country nor to desire to see it under any circumstances4 ,we wish still to receive many millions of people from the ,old ,world1 and1 as we shall show1 there is a strong probability that we shall obtain them4 ,footnote #gc3 ,of whom #ac1cad landed at ,new ,york4 ,emigration from the ,continent of ,europe1 while showing a decrease1 has not diminished in such a marked degree as that from the ,united ,kingdom4 ,the whole number of alien emigrants who arrived at the port of ,new ,york during the thirty years ending ,december #ca1 #ahgf1 was #e1fjd1jgc4 ,of these #b1ibj1cig were natives of ,great ,britain and ,ireland2 #b1ffe1ggd were natives of the ,continent2 and the remaining #ag1ijb came from all the other countries of the earth4 ,the following table will show the exact number of emigrants from each country arriving at the port of ,new ,york during the last thirty years3 ,,from ,,great ,,britain4 ,ireland #b1jja1gbg ,england #gcb1ibb ,scotland #aeg1egh ,wales #bh1agj #b1ibj1cig ,,from ,,america4 ,south ,america #c1jff ,west ,indies #g1hig ,nova ,scotia #a1faa ,canada #a1cig ,mexico #a1jcj ,central ,america #bhi #ae1bij ,,from ,,continental ,,europe4 ,germany #b1aba1jbj ,france #ajg1gaj ,switzerland #ha1gih ,holland #ci1jfi ,norway #dd1ggb ,sweden #aaf1fee ,italy #db1gfi ,belgium #aj1jif ,spain #g1gif ,denmark #cb1igd ,poland #aa1bia ,sardinia #b1cjf ,portugal #a1gia ,russia #bb1abd ,sicily #cci ,greece #bfi ,turkey #bdb ,austria #ba1fgg ,luxembourg #a1jgf #b1ffc1ggd ,,from ,,the ,,orient4 ,china #a1jeg ,east ,indies #cjd ,arabia #ad ,africa #aia ,australia #bbe ,japan #age ,unknown #fdf #b1fab #e1fjd1jgc ,we may remark that fourteen of the countries in this list are ,roman ,catholic countries1 and that the emigrants from these number #b1bab1ifc souls4 ,the proportion of ,catholics among the emigrants from the other twenty-one countries would probably be1 taking them altogether1 not less than one-fourth of the whole number--#eig1ggb4 ,this would give a ,catholic emigration at the port of ,new ,york alone1 during these thirty years1 of about #b1hjj1jjj souls4 ,but we shall return to this part of our subject later on4 ,the emigration from ,germany at the port of ,new ,york during the year #ahgf was #ba1jce persons1 of whom #ag1igd were steerage passengers2 in #ahge the number was #be1eei2 during the twenty-eight years from #ahdg to #ahge the average number of emigrants arriving from ,germany at this port had been #ge1jjj annually4 ,the severe and sudden check which emigration received in #ahge must be traced1 in the case of ,germany1 almost wholly to the effects of the financial disasters which had occurred in the ,united ,states1 and which had then begun to be heavily felt4 ,the ,germans are a prudent people2 they are exceedingly well informed concerning the condition of affairs here1 and they were well advised not to come to a new country at a moment when industry and trade were prostrated1 when labor was superabundant and poorly paid1 and when confidence and enterprise were so paralyzed that capital could find no productive or safe employment4 ,the restrictive measures against emigration instigated and enforced by ,prince ,bismarck1 and the financial distress which prevailed1 and which still prevails1 in ,germany1 had also their influence in discouraging and retarding emigration2 but the principal cause of its decline in the case of ,germany was the one we have mentioned4 ,when that cause shall have ceased to act1 as there is reason to believe it soon will do1 we can expect with confidence a revival of emigration from ,germany and the other ,continental countries of ,europe4 ,should the present war in the ,east become general and involve all ,europe1 the anxiety of the people to escape its horrors and burdens will increase the desire for emigration1 but their facilities for seeking a new home will probably be lessened by the same causes4 ,we must1 in all likelihood1 wait for the return of prosperity here and of peace in ,europe before the great wave of emigration again rises to its former level4 ,there is no reason to doubt that in due time it will again attain its former proportions2 but the principal countries from whence we must hereafter look for our emigrants are ,germany1 ,austria1 ,sweden1 ,norway1 ,denmark1 ,switzerland1 ,holland1 and perhaps ,england4 ,the emigration of the future1 most probably1 will to a large extent be composed of people possessed of some capital1 and prepared to begin their new life under far more favorable conditions than those which surrounded the ,irish and ,german emigrants of past years upon their arrival here4 ,the latter1 landing here too often with no capital but their muscles1 their honest hearts1 and strong but often uncultivated intellects1 have accomplished the work to which they were ordained4 ,their successors will find much prepared for them1 but they also will have their mission to fulfil4 ,let us now endeavor to ascertain with as much accuracy as possible in what manner our foreign-born citizens have disposed of themselves1 and what it is that they have done and are doing for us1 for themselves1 and for ,god4 ,it appears that1 according to the census of #ahgj1 the whole number of foreign-born persons then in the ,united ,states was #e1efg1bbi1 of whom #fb1gcf were ,chinese1 #i1fed were negroes1 and #a1acf were ,indians4 ,there were also #i1gcd1hde persons who had been born in this country1 but whose parents were all of foreign birth1 and #a1aeg1agj others the father or mother of each of whom had been of foreign birth4 ,these #af1dei1bdd persons constituted1 in #ahgj1 the whole of that portion of our population which could in any way be classed as foreign or as being under the immediate domestic influence of foreigners4 ,there remained #bb1jii1acb persons1 who were not only native-born1 but whose parents on both sides were natives4 ,let us deal1 first1 with the persons of foreign birth4 ,in #ahej there were but #b1bdd1fjb persons of this class2 in #ahfj they had increased to #d1ach1fig1 and in #ahgj to #e1efg1bbi souls4 ,the following table will show their nationalities3 ,ireland #a1hee1hbg ,england #eej1fhh ,scotland #adj1hji ,wales #gd1ecj ,great ,britain#gd #d1aag ,germany #a1fij1daj ,france #aaf1bdj ,denmark #cj1jih ,holland #df1hja ,hungary #c1fdi ,italy #ag1adg ,belgium #ab1eeb ,luxembourg #e1hjb ,austria #cj1ejf ,bohemia #dj1bhg ,norway #aad1bdc ,poland #ad1dce ,portugal #d1die ,russia #d1fch ,spain #c1gja ,sweden #ig1cbg ,switzerland #ge1ade ,turkey #cja ,malta #ea ,china #fc1jdb ,greece #cij ,greenland #c ,india #eea ,japan #gc ,africa #fgc ,asia #hcd ,australia #c1aaa ,pacific ,isles #cje ,sandwich ,isles #eci ,south ,america #c1cgh ,west ,indies #d1hig ,mexico #da1cjh ,cuba #d1haa ,atlantic ,isles #d1bai ,british ,america #dhi1cdd ,at sea #b1fab ,unknown #b1ace ,footnote #gd3 ,what part not stated4 ,we have omitted from the above table #i1fed negroes and #a1acf ,indians1 born outside of the ,united ,states4 ,where now do we find these five and a half millions of foreign-born citizens8 ,the greater part of them--#d1aic1iga--were congregated in ten ,states1 as shown by the following table3 ,,table ,,of ,,ten ,,states ,,having #bjj1jjj ,,or ,,more ,,of ,,foreign-,,born ,,population4 ,,states4 #ahgj4 #ahfj4 #ahej4 ,california #bji1hca #adf1eah #ba1hjb ,illinois #eae1aih #cbd1fdc #aaa1hib ,iowa #bjd1fib #ajf1jgg #bj #ifi ,massachusetts #cec1cai #bfj1ajf #afd1jbd ,michigan #bfh1jaj #adi1jic #ed1gjc ,missouri #bba1bfg #afj1eda #gf1eib ,new ,york #a1ach1cec #a1jja1bhj #fee1ibi ,ohio #cgb #dic #cbh1bdi #bah1aic ,pennsylvania #ede1cji #dcj1eje #cjc1dag ,wisconsin #cfd1dii #bgf1ibg #aaj1dgg #d1aic1iga #c1ahc1ici #a1gcg1iih ,there were fourteen ,states each of which had an ,irish-born population of less than #aj1jjj souls--to wit1 ,alabama1 ,arkansas1 ,delaware1 ,florida1 ,mississippi1 ,nebraska1 ,nevada1 ,north ,carolina1 ,oregon1 ,south ,carolina1 ,tennessee1 ,texas1 ,west ,virginia1 and ,virginia2 nineteen ,states each of which had an ,irish-born population of less than #ajj1jjj--to wit1 ,california1 ,connecticut1 ,georgia1 ,indiana1 ,iowa1 ,kansas1 ,kentucky1 ,louisiana1 ,maine1 ,maryland1 ,michigan1 ,minnesota1 ,missouri1 ,new ,hampshire1 ,new ,jersey1 ,ohio1 ,rhode ,island1 ,vermont1 and ,wisconsin2 while ,illinois had #abj1jjj1 ,massachusetts #baf1jjj1 ,pennsylvania #bce1jjj1 and ,new ,york #ebh1jjj ,irish-born citizens4 ,eighteen ,states had each a ,german-born population of less than #aj1jjj--namely1 ,alabama1 ,arkansas1 ,connecticut1 ,delaware1 ,florida1 ,georgia1 ,maine1 ,mississippi1 ,nevada1 ,new ,hampshire1 ,north ,carolina1 ,oregon1 ,rhode ,island1 ,south ,carolina1 ,tennessee1 ,vermont1 ,virginia1 and ,west ,virginia4 ,thirteen ,states had each a ,german-born population of less than #ajj1jjj--namely1 ,california1 ,indiana1 ,iowa1 ,kansas1 ,kentucky1 ,louisiana1 ,maryland1 ,massachusetts1 ,michigan1 ,minnesota1 ,nebraska1 ,new ,jersey1 and ,texas2 while ,missouri had #aac1fah1 ,pennsylvania #afj1adf1 ,wisconsin #afb1cad1 ,ohio #ahb1hhi1 ,illinois #bjc1gej1 and ,new ,york #caf1hhb4 ,the following table will show the exact number of persons of ,austrian1 ,german1 ,french1 and ,irish birth residing in each ,state in #ahgj3 ,states4 ,austrian4 ,french4 ,german4 ,irish4 ,alabama #ii #ehg #b1dgi #c1hic ,arkansas #da #bcf #a1efb #a1dbh ,california #a1jgh #h1jfc #bi1fii #ed1dba ,connecticut #aed #hbj #a1bdc #gj1fcj ,delaware #h #abg #a1ada #e1jjg ,florida #ag #abf #eie #gcg ,georgia #cd #cjh #b1gfj #e1jic ,illinois #b1jii #aj1ijh #bjc1gej #abj1afb ,indiana #ddc #f1cfb #gh1jef #bh1fih ,iowa #b1fia #c1acj #ff1afj #dj1abd ,kansas #ddh #a1bgd #ab1ggd #aj1jdj ,kentucky #adf #b1jeb #cj1cah #ba1fdb ,louisiana #dcc #ab1bhh #ah1iab #ag1jfh ,maine #aj #acf #ejh #ae1gde ,maryland #bff #fdj #dg1jde #bc #fcj ,massachusetts #bee #a1fbg #ac1jgj #baf1abj ,michigan #gie #c1abj #fd1adc #db1jac ,minnesota #b1fdg #a1gdc #da1cfd #ba1gdf ,mississippi #he #fba #b1ied #c1cei ,missouri #a1dic #f1bia #aac1fah #ed1ihc ,nebraska #bii #cdj #aj1ied #d1iii ,nevada #aeg #dad #b1aha #e1ace ,new ,hampshire #i #ei #dcf #ab1aij ,new ,jersey #fhf #c1abh #ec1iii #hf1ghd ,new ,york #c1ibh #bb1bgc #caf1hhb #ebh1hjf ,north ,carolina #ac #ec #ijd #fgg ,ohio #c1fii #ab1ggh #ahb1hhi #hb1fgd ,oregon #ec #cjh #a1hge #a1ifg ,pennsylvania #a1eef #h1fhb #afj1adf #bce1gih ,rhode ,island #ai #afg #a1bjj #ca1ecd ,south ,carolina #aj #adc #b1gdb #c1bfb ,tennessee #aab #efb #d1ebe #h1jdh ,texas #a1gdh #b1bbf #bc1igf #d1jca ,vermont #b #ic #cgj #ad1jhj ,virginia #ef #cfh #d1jej #e1aia ,west ,virginia #ei #bbc #f1bca #f1hcb ,wisconsin #d1dhf #b1gjd #afb1cad #dh1dgi #cj1ajd #aaf1bdj #a1fij1daj #a1hee1hbg ,these four nationalities1 then1 account for #c1fib1eha of the foreign-born population in #ahgj2 and the remaining #a1hgd1fdh had their birth in the other thirty-five different countries named in one of our preceding tables4 ,a glance over the table just given will show still more plainly within what limits the great bulk of the ,irish and ,german born population is found2 and the reader will remember that we have shown that all but #a1cgc1beh of the entire foreign-born population were residing in the ten ,states of ,california1 ,illinois1 ,iowa1 ,massachusetts1 ,michigan1 ,missouri1 ,new ,york1 ,ohio1 ,pennsylvania1 and ,wisconsin4 ,in twenty of the ,states the persons of ,irish birth exceeded those of ,german birth2 in the remaining seventeen ,states the latter outnumbered the former4 ,the excess of persons of ,irish birth over those of ,german birth1 however1 was only #afe1dag4 ,this was seven years ago4 ,during these seven years the emigration from ,germany has almost equalled that from ,ireland1 and for the thirty years last past1 taken as a whole1 the arrivals from ,germany have exceeded those from ,ireland by #aai1bic souls4 ,we shall probably not be far out of the way if we assume that the entire foreign-born population of the ,united ,states is at present about seven millions1 of whom two and a half millions are of ,german1 and nearly an equal number of ,irish1 birth4 ,let us1 however1 continue to confine ourselves for the present to the official facts in our possession1 and proceed to follow up the #e1efg1bbi persons of foreign birth whom we know were among us in #ahgj4 ,one of the remarks most frequently made concerning the foreign-born population of this country is that it has a general disposition to congregate in our large cities1 from which have come consequences highly prejudicial both to itself and to the community at large4 ,these two assertions have been made so persistently and in such good faith2 they have seemed to be so susceptible of proof and so apparently true2 and they have chimed in so well with the sometimes latent and sometimes active prejudice against 8foreigners0 which is so often found in the breasts of the natives of every country1 that they have passed current almost without challenge and have come to be regarded as axioms4 ,nay1 not a few of our foreign-born citizens themselves1 and even of the ,catholic bishops and clergy1 have often accepted these two assertions as true1 and have not ceased to deplore the crowding of the foreign population into the large cities1 regarding it as an almost unmixed evil1 and pointing to it as the source of direful woe4 ,no doubt they have had some reason on their side4 ,a large proportion of the crime and misery of our cities is perpetrated and suffered by foreign-born citizens or by their children in the first generation4 ,had these citizens not been gathered together in the cities1 but scattered at remote distances throughout the country1 they might have been criminal and miserable1 but their crime and misery would not have been so obtrusive and apparent to every observer4 ,but1 leaving this point for a moment to return to it in the light of the facts we are about to adduce1 let us see what amount of truth there is in these two assertions4 ,we may remark1 in passing1 that the truth of the first does not necessarily imply the truth of the second3 it may be true that the foreign-born population has congregated to an apparently undue and unwise extent in our cities1 but it may not be true that this has been by any means an unmixed evil either to the foreigners themselves or to the native-born4 ,,population1 ,,native ,,and ,,foreign1 ,,of ,,the ,,large ,,cities1 #ahgj4 ,,cities4 ,scotch4 ,french4 ,austrian4 ,belgian4 ,new ,york #g1eei #h1bdj #b1gcg #cbe ,philadelphia #d1age #b1dga #eai #aaf ,brooklyn #d1jih #a1hib #cba #adb ,st4 ,louis #a1bjb #b1ghh #gea #bed ,chicago #d1aie #a1dag #gjd #cib ,baltimore #ebe #dbh #bae #bi ,boston #a1gid #fae #abd #ca ,cincinnati #ghg #b1jij #eed #df ,new ,orleans #efh #h1hjf #bec #acd ,san ,francisco #a1fhg #c1edc #dgj #aci ,buffalo #iif #b1ccb #ace #cg ,washington #bih #aia #bf #h ,newark #hgj #gaj #bfa #de ,louisville #bih #hef #fi #ca ,cleveland #ffh #cci #b1aee #af ,pittsburgh #ehd #cdh #aag #i ,jersey ,city #a1age #bgf #fi #dc ,detroit #a1fcg #gfj #afa #bcc ,milwaukee #dbc #ahi #egd #gi ,albany #dbg #adi #cf #ag ,providence #ege #gb #e #a ,rochester #dbh #dge #ci #d ,allegheny #egj #fai #aji #f ,richmond #adf #add #bi #e ,new ,haven #cdg #acc #ed #f ,charleston #aae #ig #ci #d ,indianapolis #beh #bcg #ad #e ,troy #dfb #hh #ad #g ,syracuse #ach #bgf #dg #a ,worcester #ahg #bi #ab #a ,lowell #dfi #bh #c #c ,memphis #aai #bjg #ad #aj ,cambridge #bih #ajj #i #a ,hartford #cei #ib #bj #f ,scranton #cff #fd #d -- ,reading #ce #gg #cf #b ,paterson #hgi #bcg #dh #ba ,kansas ,city #ahj #aaj #dd #a ,mobile #aff #caa #cc #aa ,toledo #aai #bjf #ic -- ,portland #agb #bc #b #a ,columbus #acc #bch #bj -- ,wilmington #aag #fd -- #b ,dayton #ij #bdb #bh #b ,lawrence #fia #d #i #b ,utica #aih #bhg #be #b ,charlestown #hi #bi #a #b ,savannah #gb #ii #e -- ,lynn #gb #e #a -- ,fall ,river #chb #c #d #b ,totals #dc1jee #db1dcj #aa1bah #b1bcb ,,cities4 ,native4 ,irish4 ,german4 ,english4 ,brit4 ,amer4 ,new ,york #ebc1aih #bja1iii #aea1bjc #bd1djh #d1cgb ,philadelphia #dij1cih #if1fih #ej1gdf #bb1jcd #a1dec ,brooklyn #bea1cha #gc1ihe #cf1gfi #ah1hcb #b1ggi ,st4 ,louis #aih1fae #cb1bci #ei1jdj #e1cff #a1ihf ,chicago #aed1dbj #ci1ihh #eb1caf #aj1jbf #i1ebh ,baltimore #baj1hgj #ae1bbc #ce1bgf #b1ach #bib ,boston #afb1edj #ef1ijj #e1fjf #e1ifh #ac1edh ,cincinnati #acf1fbg #ah1fbd #di1ddf #c1ebd #a1age ,new ,orleans #adb1idc #ad1fic #ae1bbd #b1jje #chd ,san ,francisco #ge1ged #be1hfd #ac1fjb #e1aff #b1bcg ,buffalo #ga1dgg #aa1bfd #bb1bdi #c1eeh #d1aac ,washington #ie1ddb #f1idh #d1aca #a1bca #baa ,newark #fi1age #ab1dha #ae1hgc #d1jdj #bif ,louisville #ge1jhe #g1fbf #ad1chj #icj #caa ,cleveland #ed1jad #i1ifd #ae1hee #d1ecj #b1eii ,pittsburgh #eh1bed #ac1aai #h1gjc #b1hch #bhb ,jersey ,city #ej1gaa #ag1ffe #g1aea #d1jje #eef ,detroit #dd1aif #f1igj #ab1fdg #c1bhb #g1cih ,milwaukee #cg1ffg #c1ghd #bb1eii #a1cie #gib ,albany #dg1bae #ac1bgf #e1afh #a1egb #hdc ,providence #ea1gbg #ab1jhe #eib #b1dbf #a1jch ,rochester #da1bjb #f1jgh #g1gcj #b1ecj #b1fai ,allegheny ,city #cg1hgb #d1jcd #g1ffe #a1aab #aeb ,richmond #dg1bfj #a1bci #a1fba #bhi #db ,new ,haven #cf1dhb #i1fja #b1dbc #a1jhg #ccf ,charleston #dd1jfd #b1ahj #a1hbf #bcd #cb ,indianapolis #cg1ehg #c1cba #e1bhf #fig #big ,troy #cj1bdf #aj1hgg #a1agd #a1ege #a1fig ,syracuse #bi1jfa #e1agb #e1jfb #a1cde #a1afg ,worcester #bi1aei #h1chi #cbe #hic #a1ifj ,lowell #bf1dic #i1ajc #cd #a1fig #c1jcd ,memphis #cc1ddf #b1ihg #a1gfh #ehi #bbe ,cambridge #bg1egi #g1ahj #dhb #a1jdc #b1eah ,hartford #bf1cfc #g1dch #a1dch #ghg #cif ,scranton #ai1bje #f1dia #c1jef #a1ddd #abe ,reading #cj1jei #edg #b1fdh #cje #bf ,paterson #bj1gaa #e1abd #a1dbi #c1cdg #abh ,kansas ,city #bd1eha #b1hfi #a1hhd #gji #hba ,mobile #bg1gie #b1jjj #hdc #chf #ee ,toledo #bj1dhe #c1jcb #e1cda #fid #ihd ,portland #bd1dja #c1ijj #hb #eeg #b1jag ,columbus #bc1ffc #a1hde #c1ihb #ejd #aij ,wilmington #be1fhi #c1ejc #fhd #fac #dg ,dayton #bc1jej #a1cbf #d1ifb #cid #aca ,lawrence #af1bjd #g1deg #dfg #b1def #a1efc ,utica #ah1iee #c1dif #b1hbb #a1ceb #bfa ,charlestown #ba1cii #d1hjc #baf #dhh #a1aai ,savannah #bd1efd #b1aig #ghg #bea #fc ,lynn #bc1bih #c1bcb #ag #ccj #a1acc ,fall ,river #ae1bhh #e1egb #cg #d1jdb #a1cbd ,totals #c1hjh1ggj #hbf1cih #efd1ifg #afe1jbd #hj1gbh ,in fifty of the largest cities of the ,united ,states there was in #ahgj a total native population of #c1hjh1ggj souls2 #hbf1cih persons of ,irish birth2 #efd1ifg of ,german birth2 #afe1jbd of ,english birth2 #hj1gbh natives of ,british ,america2 #dc1jee natives of ,scotland2 #db1dcj natives of ,france2 #aa1bah natives of ,austria2 and #b1bcb natives of ,belgium--in all1 #a1gcf1jeb persons born in foreign countries4 ,the foregoing tables give the native population of each of these fifty cities1 with the foreign population belonging to each of these eight nationalities4 ,the persons of foreign birth of other nationalities in the above cities would raise the whole number to about #a1hjj1jjj souls4 ,it is to be noticed from this table1 in the first place1 that in these fifty cities1 in #ahgj1 the proportion of foreign-born to native inhabitants was almost exactly as #ah is to #ch--a1hjj1jjj to #c1hjh1ggj--while the proportion of foreign-born to native inhabitants in the entire ,union was almost exactly as #e is to #ch--e1efg1bbi to #ch1eeh1cga4 ,it must be confessed that on this showing there was an apparently or a really undue proportion of our foreign-born citizens congregated in the large cities4 ,but it should be remembered that among the native-born population were the #aj1hib1jae persons who had been born here of parents1 on one or both sides1 of foreign birth1 and who1 to this extent1 were quasi-foreign4 ,if these be taken into account1 the proportion of foreign-born and the immediate descendants of foreign-born persons to the rest of the population throughout the country in #ahgj would have been as #af to #ch--af1dei1bci to #ch1eeh1cga4 ,this is really the more correct basis upon which to make the comparison2 for without doubt a large proportion of the ten millions of persons born here of foreign parents were the children of the five millions of foreign-born persons2 and it is perfectly natural that the parents and the children should be found living in the same localities4 ,after giving to this consideration1 however1 all the weight to which it is entitled1 the fact still remains that an apparently excessive proportion of our foreign-born citizens are to be found in the large cities4 ,let us look still closer into the subject4 ,the whole number of persons of ,irish birth in the ,united ,states in #ahgj was #a1hee1hbg1 and of these #hbf1cih1 or #dd4d per cent41 were living in these fifty cities4 ,there were #a1fij1daj ,germans1 and #efd1ifg of them1 or #cc4d per cent41 were in the cities2 #eej1fhh ,english1 of whom #afe1jbd1 or nearly #cj per cent41 were in the cities2 #dhi1cdd ,british ,americans1 of whom #hj1gbh1 or only #af4e per cent41 were in the cities2 while #cj per cent4 of the ,scotch1 #cf4e per cent4 of the ,french1 #cf4g per cent4 of the ,austrians1 and #ag4g per cent4 of the ,belgians were in the same category4 ,our ,irish fellow-citizens are the greatest sinners--if any are sinners in this respect--and after them1 in a declining ratio1 come the ,austrians1 ,french1 ,germans1 ,scotch1 ,english1 ,belgians1 and ,british ,americans4 ,the ,irish1 ,austrians1 ,french1 and ,germans are the ,roman ,catholic emigrants1 and in the wisdom of ,god it has been ordained that they should be the ones most crowded into the cities4 ,how have they performed there the work which he sent them to do8 ,our cities are the centres of the intelligence1 the culture1 and the wealth of our country4 ,they contain to a very large extent the brains of the republic4 ,from them issue influences which sway1 if they do not absolutely control1 the thoughts and actions of the people4 ,these influences are not1 by any means1 always altogether wholesome1 but they are unquestionably potent4 ,the newspapers1 magazines1 and other periodicals published in ,new ,york1 ,philadelphia1 ,boston1 ,st4 ,louis1 ,chicago1 ,baltimore1 ,cincinnati1 ,new ,orleans1 ,san ,francisco1 and ,milwaukee have a circulation exceeding that of the similar publications of all the rest of the country combined4 ,the serial publications of one firm in ,new ,york alone reach into the millions2 the aggregate annual circulation of the ,new ,york daily and weekly journals is so large that mere figures expressing it convey but a faint idea of its extent4 ,the publisher of a magazine in ,new ,york told the writer the other day that if the copies of his publication issued each year were stacked together1 the column would be three times as high as ,trinity ,church steeple4 ,the social influences of the cities upon the rural districts are also powerful4 ,the cities not only set the fashions in dress1 but in political1 moral1 and religious thought and custom4 ,the sturdy independence of the bucolic mind may yet boast of its existence1 but it very often yields to the sway of urban ideas4 ,a lady who had lived all her life in a small village1 in which the only ,catholic population consisted of a handful of poor ,irish people1 destitute of a church1 and visited only at long intervals by a humble priest who celebrated the divine ,mysteries in an attic over a liquor-store1 not long ago came to ,new ,york1 and was taken by her friends into one of our magnificent ,catholic churches4 ,the grandeur and beauty of the ,mass were for the first time revealed to her2 for the first time she obtained an idea of what the ,catholic ,church was and what it taught4 ,by the grace of ,god her conversion followed1 and1 mainly through her exertions and her influence after her return home1 her village is now blessed with a church1 a resident priest1 and a ,catholic population composed largely of converts4 ,in very many of our rural localities all over the ,union the ,catholics are few and poor2 in too many of them the idea of a ,roman ,catholic in the minds of the natives is still associated only with the idea of an ignorant fanatic1 who worships images1 pays half a dollar to a priest to pardon him for a crime1 and believes that the ,pope is ,god4 ,but when the country merchant of such a locality comes to ,new ,york to make his purchases1 and sees the splendid ,catholic churches here1 and finds1 perhaps1 that the great importer with whom he deals1 or the wealthy banker1 or the renowned lawyer to whom he is introduced1 is a ,roman ,catholic1 and not unseldom an ,irishman or a ,german1 his eyes are opened and his mind is prepared for the reception of the truth4 ,in a word1 the congregation of foreign-born emigrants1 the most of whom are ,catholics1 in our large cities1 has had the effect of making the ,catholic church in these cities a noticeable and a respectable fact1 and of thereby accomplishing one of the preliminaries in the work which it has yet to perform in the republic4 ,the influence of this fact is to be perceived1 also1 in the changed tone of the secular press with regard to the church4 ,respectable journalists1 with few and decreasing exceptions1 have become ashamed to repeat the vulgar and senseless slanders and the worn-out calumnies concerning the church1 her ministers1 her dogmas1 and her sacraments which were so current twenty years ago4 ,in communities consisting in an appreciable and often in a large proportion of intelligent1 wealthy1 and influential ,catholics1 the able editors do not venture any longer to amuse their readers with arguments based on the assumption that the church is the foe of knowledge and of education1 and that her mission is to degrade1 enslave1 and pauperize mankind4 ,in cities where the spires of dozens and scores of ,catholic churches1 tipped with the emblem of our salvation1 point towards heaven2 where ,catholic hospitals1 asylums1 schools1 and academies abound2 where many of the most enterprising and wealthy merchants1 manufacturers1 and bankers are ,catholics2 where in the front rank of all the professions ,catholics are found--in these communities it is no longer a social disgrace or a mark of singularity to be a ,catholic1 and a convert to the faith is no longer looked upon as a person of weak intellect or a slave to a benumbing and degrading superstition4 ,we shall show1 in the subsequent pages of our article1 that for all this1 to a very great extent1 and under what seems to have been the direct guidance of ,god1 we are indebted to the foreign-born population of the country1 and that its accomplishment was made possible1 humanly speaking1 by their congregating themselves in the cities instead of dispersing in small bodies throughout the agricultural regions of the country4 ,but we shall show1 also1 that1 the work of ,god having thus far been accomplished1 the time has now arrived when the future emigration to the ,united ,states should be directed towards the rural districts1 under conditions which1 until now1 were practically impossible2 and we shall seek to point out in what manner this new colonization may be best directed in order to promote the welfare of the emigrants themselves1 the prosperity of our country1 and the greater glory of ,god4 ,,alba',s ,,dream4 ,,by ,,the ,,author ,,of 8,,are ,,you ,,my ,,wife80 8,a ,,salon ,,in ,,paris ,,before ,,the ,,war10 ,,etc4 ,,part ,i4 ,once upon a time1 some sixty years ago1 on one of the bleakest points of the coast of ,picardy1 high perched like a light-house overhanging the sea1 there was a building called the ,fortress4 ,you may see the ruins of it yet4 ,it had been an abbey in olden times1 and credible tales were told of a bearded abbot who 8walked0 at high water on the western parapet when the moon was full4 ,one wing of the ,fortress was a ruin at the time this story opens2 the other had braved the stress of time and tempest1 and looked out over the sea defiant as the rock on which it stood4 ,the ,caboffs lived in it4 ,jean ,caboff was a wiry1 lithe old man of seventy--a seafaring man every inch of him4 ,his wealth was boundless1 people said1 and they also said that he had gained it as a pirate on the high seas4 ,there was no proof that this was true2 but every one believed it1 and the belief invested ,jean ,caboff with a sort of wicked prestige which was not without its fascination in the eyes of the peaceful1 unadventurous population of ,gondriac4 ,caboff had a wife and three sons2 the two eldest were away fighting with ,bonaparte on the ,rhine2 ,marcel1 the youngest1 was at home4 ,a shy1 awkward lad1 he kept aloof from the village boys1 never went bird's-nesting or fishing with them1 but moped like an owl up in his weather-beaten home4 ,they were unsocial people1 the ,caboffs2 they never asked any one inside their door2 but the few who accidentally penetrated within the ,fortress told wonderful stories of what they saw there2 they talked of silken hangings and ,persian carpets1 and mirrors and pictures in golden frames1 and marble men and maidens writhing and dancing in fantastic attitudes2 of costly cabinets and jewelled vases1 until the old corsair's abode was believed to be a sort of enchanted castle4 ,the stray visitors were too dazzled to notice certain things that jarred on this profuse magnificence4 ,they did not notice that the damp had eaten away the gilded cornices1 and the rats nibbled freely at the rich carpets1 or that ,jean ,caboff smoked his pipe in a high-backed wooden chair1 while ,mme4 ,caboff cut out her home-spun linen on a stout deal table1 the two forming a quaint and not unpicturesque contrast to the silken splendor of their surroundings4 ,some five miles inland1 beyond a wide stretch of gorse-grown moor1 rose a wood1 chiefly of pine-trees1 and within the wood1 a castle--a fine old ,gothic castle where the ,de ,gondriacs had dwelt for centuries4 ,the castle and its owners1 their grandeur and state and power1 were the pride of the country1 every peasant along the coast for fifty miles knew the history of the lords of ,gondriac as well as1 mayhap sometimes better than1 he knew his catechism4 ,the family at present consisted of ,rudolf1 ,marquis de ,gondriac1 and his son ,hermann4 ,the ,marquis was a hale man of sixty2 ,hermann a handsome lad of eighteen1 who was at college now in ,paris1 so that ,m4 le ,marquis had no company but his books and his gun in the long autumn days4 ,he was a silent1 haughty man1 who lived much alone and seldom had friends to stay with him4 ,when ,hermann was at home the aspect of the place changed2 the chteau opened its doors with ancient hospitality1 and laughter and music woke up the echoes of the old halls1 and the village was astir as if a royal progress had halted on the plain2 but when ,hermann departed things fell back into the stagnant life he had stirred for a moment4 ,it was natural that the young man's holidays were eagerly looked forward to at ,gondriac4 ,but one ,august came1 and1 instead of returning home1 ,hermann joined a regiment that was on its way to the frontier4 ,he went off in high-hearted courage as to the fulfilment of his boyish dreams4 ,m4 le ,marquis1 who had himself served in the guards of the ,comte d',artois1 was proud of his son1 of his soldier-like bearing and manly spirit1 and kept the anguish of his own heart well out of sight as he bade the boy farewell4 8,i will come back a marshal of ,france1 father10 was ,hermann's good-by4 ,not long after his departure tidings were received of the death of ,hugues ,caboff1 the old pirate's eldest son4 ,he had fallen gloriously on the field of battle2 but glory is a sorry salve for broken hearts1 and there was weeping in the ,fortress that day--a mother weeping and refusing to be comforted4 ,old ,jean ,caboff bore his grief with an attempt at stoicism that went far to soften men's hearts towards him--farther than his gold1 which they said was ill-got1 and his charity1 which they called ostentation4 8,who may tell what will come next80 said ,peltran1 the host of the village inn4 8,they say that ,m4 le ,marquis has been over to see the ,caboffs10 said a customer1 who dropped in to discuss the event4 ,people felt for the ,caboffs1 but1 there was no denying it1 this sad news was a break in the dull monotony of ,gondriac life4 8,i saw his carriage at the foot of the cliff10 said ,peltran2 8he stayed full fifteen minutes up at the ,fortress4 ,pre ,caboff conducted him down to his carriage1 and ,marcel stood watching them till it was out of sight40 8,it must have consoled them mightily to have ,m4 le ,marquis come in and sit talking to them in that neighborly fashion10 remarked lame ,pierre1 a hero who had lost a leg and an eye at ,aboukir2 8that1 and poor ,hugues being killed by a cannon-ball under the emperor's own eye1 ought to cheer up the ,caboffs wonderfully40 8,ay1 ay10 said ,peltran2 8,god tempers the wind to the shorn lamb40 8,m4 le ,marquis looked as down-hearted as if he had lost a child of his own10 observed ,pierre2 8may be he was thinking whose turn it might be next40 8,there goes ,mre ,virginie with the little one60 said ,peltran2 and all present turned their heads towards the window and looked out with an expression of interest1 as if the objects in view were a rare and pleasant sight4 ,and yet it was one that met them in their daily walks by the roadside and on the cliff--the little old lady in her nun-like dress1 with her keen gray eyes and sweet smile1 and the dark-eyed1 elfin-looking child whose name was ,alba4 ,alba was always singing4 8,is not your little throat tired1 my child80 said ,virginie1 as the blithe voice kept on soaring and trilling by her side4 8,i am never tired singing1 petite mre6 ,do the angels tire of it sometimes1 ,i wonder80 8,nay1 the angels cannot tire2 they are perfectly happy40 8,and ,i1 petite mre--am ,i not perfectly happy80 8,is there nothing you long for1 nothing you would be the happier for having80 8,oh6 many things10 cried ,alba3 8,i wish ,i were grown up2 ,i wish ,i were as beautiful as the flowers2 ,i wish ,i had a voice like the nightingale--like a whole woodful of nightingales2 ,i wish ,i lived in a castle2 ,i wish ,i were so rich that ,i might make all the poor people happy in ,gondriac2 ,i wish everybody loved me as you do4 ,oh6 ,i should like them all to adore me1 petite mre10 cried the child1 clasping her little hands with energy4 8,nay1 my child1 we must adore none but ,god2 woe to us if we do60 said ,virginie1 and her face contracted as with a sudden pain4 8,but it seems to me1 with so many wishes unfulfilled1 you are a long way off from perfect happiness yet80 8,but ,i am always dreaming that they are fulfilled1 and that does as well1 you know40 ,yes1 perhaps it did1 ,virginie thought1 as she bent a wistful smile on the young dreamer's face4 ,alba's face was full of dreams--beautiful and passionate1 changeful as the sunbeams1 tender and strong1 pleading and imperious by turns4 ,how would the dreams evolve themselves from out that yearning1 untamed spirit that shone with a dangerous light through the dark eyes8 ,would they prove a mirage1 luring her on to some delusive goal1 and leaving her to perish amidst the golden waste of sands1 or would they be a loadstar beckoning faithfully to a safe and happy destiny8 ,the child gave promise of rich fruit2 her instincts were pure and true1 her heart was tender2 but there was a wild element in her nature that might easily overrule the rest1 and work destruction to herself and others1 unless it were reduced in time to serviceable bondage4 ,who could tell how this would be--whether the flower would keep its promise and prove loyal to the bud1 or whether the fair blossom would perish in its bloom1 and the tree bring forth a harvest of bitter fruit8 8,it will be as you will it10 a wise man had said to ,virginie2 8the destiny of the child is in the hands of the mother1 as the course of the ship is in the hands of the pilot40 8,then ,alba's will be a happy one60 ,virginie replied2 8if love be omnipotent here below1 my treasure is safe40 99 99 99 99 99 ,hermann de ,gondriac had won his epaulets4 ,every post brought letters to the castle full of battles and victories2 and though the young soldier was modest in his warlike narrative1 it was clear to ,m4 le ,marquis that ,hermann shone like a bright1 particular star even in the galaxy of the grande arme1 and that now1 as in olden times1 ,france had reason to be proud of the ,de ,gondriacs4 ,if the boy would but calm his rhapsodies about ,bonaparte6 ,m4 le ,marquis' patrician soul heaved at the sight of this enthusiasm for the upstart who had muzzled his country and usurped the crown of her lawful princes4 ,but he was a great captain1 and it was natural1 perhaps1 that his soldiers should only think of this when he led them in triumph from field to field4 ,so far ,hermann bore a charmed life4 ,not so the ,caboffs4 ,one day1 some eight months after the death of the eldest son1 the second brother followed him--8killed gloriously on the immortal field of ,wagram10 the official letter announced in its most soothing style4 ,m4 le ,marquis' carriage was again seen standing at the foot of the cliff1 and ,peltran informed the population that he had remained over twenty minutes this time at the ,fortress4 8,m4 le ,marquis is a true grand seigneur1 and never begrudges any condescension for the good of his inferiors10 observed the old tory host4 8,this time it was only ,marcel who accompanied him down the cliff4 ,old ,caboff1 they say1 was more cut up by this last blow2 still1 grief ought not to make a man selfish and unthankful40 8,just so10 said lame ,pierre1 who sat puffing in the bar2 8and it's only what those two poor lads had to expect2 moreover1 since a man must die1 better be killed in battle than die of the small-pox40 8,all the same1 it's hard on the folks up yonder10 remarked a bystander1 8and it isn't their money-bags--no1 nor even ,m4 le ,marquis' good words--that can comfort them to-day40 ,soon after this ,m4 le ,marquis left ,gondriac rather suddenly one morning4 ,after reading his letters he ordered his valise to be got ready1 and in an hour he was posting to ,x----4 ,there he dismissed the postchaise1 and no one knew whither or how he had continued his route4 ,gondriac busied itself in endless conjectures as to the purport and destination of this mysterious journey4 ,had ,m4 le ,marquis been summoned to ,paris to assist the government in some political crisis8 ,had he gone over to ,england to pour oil on the angry waters there8 ,for the king of ,england was full of wrath and jealousy against the great emperor1 and it was well known at ,gondriac that he was plotting foul play of some sort against ,france4 ,or1 again1 could ,m4 le ,marquis' hasty departure have had any reference to ,m4 le ,comte8 ,perhaps ,m4 le ,comte was wounded or a prisoner2 who could tell8 ,so the wiseacres gossiped1 adopting first one theory1 then another4 ,a month went by without throwing any light on the mystery4 ,then the cold set in suddenly1 and the gossips had something else to talk about4 ,the cruel winter was down upon them1 catching them unprepared1 so how were they to face it8 ,they were only in ,october1 and the wind blew from the northeast as if it were ,march1 keeping up its shrill1 hard whistle day and night1 and the sea1 as if it were exasperated by the sound1 roared and foamed and thundered1 till it seemed like a battle between them which should make most noise4 ,and it was hard to say who carried the day4 ,one night1 when the battle was at its fiercest1 the wind shrieking its loudest1 and the sea rolling up its biggest waves1 ,alba sat at her window watching the tempest with thrills of sympathetic terror4 ,virginie thought the child was in bed and asleep hours ago1 and she was glad of it2 for the storm drove right against the cottage1 and burst upon it every now and then with a violence that shook her in her chair and made the walls rock4 ,she was knitting away1 but between the stitches many a prayer went up for those who were out breasting the fury of the hurricane4 ,suddenly a sound came up from the sea that made her start to her feet with a cry4 ,boom6 boom6 boom6 it came in quick succession1 leaping over the rocks with a sharp1 dull crash4 ,the door of the little sitting-room was thrown open1 and ,alba stood on the threshold1 white as a ghost1 her dark eyes gleaming4 8,it is the signal-gun1 mother60 she cried4 8,there is a ship in distress60 8,how came you up and dressed1 child80 exclaimed ,virginie4 8,mother1 ,i could not sleep2 ,i have been watching the storm4 ,hark6 there it is again4 ,why don't they answer it8 ,let us hurry down to the beach40 8,of what use would we be there1 my child80 said ,virginie4 8,let us rather kneel down and pray that help may come40 8,i cannot pray2 ,i cannot stay here safe and quiet while that gun is firing6 ,hark6 there it is again4 ,oh6 why don't they make haste8 ,mother1 ,i must go6 ,if you won't come ,i will go by myself40 ,alba1 as she spoke1 threw back her head with the wild1 free movement that ,virginie knew1 and knew that she could no more control than she could check the flight of a bird on the wing4 8,i will go with you10 she cried1 and1 wrapping a cloak round ,alba1 she flung another round herself1 and then lighted her lantern1 and the two sallied forth into the storm1 clinging fast to one another for support until they got under the shelter of the overhanging cliff4 ,lights were glancing here and there1 hurrying down from the cottages1 and a few fishermen were already on the beach watching the distressed ship1 helpless and hopeless4 ,presently old ,caboff appeared1 holding his lantern high above his head--an aged1 shrivelled man1 likely to be of little use in this desperate strait2 but such was the prestige which his supposed antecedents lent him in the eyes of the panic-stricken group that of one accord they turned to him as to the only one who might give help or counsel4 ,the night was pitch dark1 and the blinding rain and deafening roar of the breakers seemed to make the darkness thicker4 ,it was impossible to see the ship1 except when the flash of the gun lighted up the scene for a second4 ,in the lull of the billows--that is1 between the heavy sweep of their rise and fall--the cries of the crew and the whistle of the captain issuing his commands were faintly audible4 ,how was it with the ship8 ,had she struck upon a rock1 or was she simply going down before the storm8 ,it was impossible to say4 ,on finding that her signals were heard and her position seen from land1 she slackened fire1 and the gun only spoke every three minutes or so4 ,in the interval of unbroken darkness all conjecture as to the immediate cause of the peril was at a stand-still4 ,caboff said she had struck upon a rock2 the others thought she was simply disabled and rolling in the trough of the sea4 8,can we put out a boat8 ,who is for risking it80 said ,caboff1 pitching his voice to a whistle that was heard distinctly above the roar of the black breakers clamoring for the moon4 ,there was no answer1 but heads were shaken and hands gesticulated in strong dissent4 ,alba pushed her way into the midst of the group4 8,what does it matter what the danger is8 ,go and help them60 she cried4 8,if you don't help them they will all perish60 8,we cannot help them1 little one10 said an old fisherman4 8,no boat could live in such a sea4 ,see how the waves run up in mountains to our very feet1 and think what it must be out yonder6 ,see1 now the signal-gun lights it up6 ,look6 again it flashes40 ,it was an appalling sight while the flashes lasted4 ,the waves1 rushing back1 left the side of the ship visible1 and then1 returning with a tremendous sweep1 broke over her and buried her out of sight in foam4 ,the stoutest heart might well recoil from venturing to put out in such a sea4 8,naught but a miracle could do it10 said one of the oldest and hardiest of the fishermen2 8and we none of us can work miracles40 8,god can60 cried ,alba1 and she looked like the spirit of the storm1 her dark hair streaming1 the light of courage and scorn and beseeching hope illuminating her face with an unearthly beauty--8,god can1 and he does for brave men2 but ye are cowards60 8,gently1 little one2 men will risk their lives to do some good1 but it is suicide to rush on death where there is not a chance of saving any one40 ,it was ,caboff who spoke1 and his words were followed by strong approval from the rest4 8,ye are cowards60 repeated ,alba passionately4 8,god would work the miracle1 if ye had courage and trusted him4 ,see1 there is the light now60 ,she pointed to the sky1 where1 as if to justify her promise1 the moon came forth1 and1 scattering the darkness1 shed her full blue radiance over sea and shore4 ,the storm was now at its height4 ,the guns had ceased to give tongue1 and the crowd stood watching the scene in mute horror1 while the reverberating shore shook under their feet at every shock of the furious billows4 ,caboff was right4 ,the ship had struck upon the ,scissors1 and1 caught between the two blade-like rocks1 was rapidly falling to pieces4 ,the deck was deserted4 ,the crew had either gone down into the cabin to meet their fate or they had been swept away by the devouring waters4 ,one man alone was descried by ,caboff's keen eyes clinging to the broken mast4 8,i will risk it60 cried the old pirate1 after watching the wreck for some minutes intently4 8,i will risk it2 my old life may as well go out in saving his4 ,come1 boys1 help me to push down a boat4 ,i must have three pairs of hands4 ,who is to the fore80 ,a dozen men rushed forward2 the boat was at the water's edge in a moment1 and after a short scuffle--for now all were fighting for precedence--three men got into it1 and the others1 putting their hands to the stern1 launched it with their might4 ,a cheer rang out from the shore2 but close upon it came a cry1 piercing and full of terror4 ,it was ,marcel ,caboff1 who was flying down the cliff1 and reached the scene just as the boat put off4 8,father6 father60 cried the lad1 and he fell on his knees sobbing4 8,don't be afraid1 ,marcel10 said ,alba1 falling on her knees beside him2 8he is a brave man1 and ,god will protect him60 ,something in the tone of the child's voice made him turn and look at her1 and as he caught sight of the beam of confidence1 almost of exultation1 on her face1 he felt his courage rise and despair was silenced4 ,but what meant that shout8 ,the boat was no sooner borne out on the receding wave than it went down into the sea as if never to rise again2 there was a moment of breathless suspense1 and then the wave rose and tossed it violently to and fro1 and flung it back upon the shore4 ,the men who had launched it were still upon the spot1 and rushed forward to seize the boat and help the brave fellows out again4 ,one was so stunned by the force of the shock that he became insensible and had to be lifted out4 ,old ,caboff refused to stir4 8,it is madness to try it again10 said his companions4 8,a cork could not live in such a sea60 8,i will risk no man's life10 said ,caboff4 8,i will go alone4 ,here1 my men1 lend a hand once more60 ,there was a clamor of expostulation from all present2 but the old man was not to be moved4 8,i will go with you1 father10 said ,marcel1 stepping in and seizing an oar4 8,you here1 lad6 ,and your mother80 8,she sent me to look after you4 ,allons6 mes amis2 push us out and say ,god speed us60 ,but there was now a third figure in the boat4 8,now we are three1 and ,god will make a fourth60 cried ,alba2 then1 turning to the men1 8,push us out10 she said1 8and then go home1 lest ye take cold here in the rain60 8,good ,god6 the child is mad10 cried ,virginie1 rushing forward to snatch her away4 ,but it was too late2 a heavy wave rolled in and made the boat heave suddenly1 which the men seeing1 with one impulse put their hands to it1 till the breaker washed under it and swept it out to sea once more4 ,virginie stood there like one turned to stone1 watching in dumb horror the boat drifting away on to the seething waters4 ,alba was on her knees1 her arms outstretched1 her face uplifted in the moonlight1 transfigured into an apparition of celestial beauty--a heaven-sent messenger from ,him who can unchain the storm and bid the winds and waves be still4 ,the rough men1 subdued by the sublimity of the scene1 knelt down like little children and began to pray4 ,gallantly the little boat rode on1 now drowned out of sight1 now rising lightly on the crest of the wave1 while the sea1 as if enraged at so much daring1 redoubled in fury and pitched it to and fro like a ball4 ,old ,caboff1 grown young again1 worked away like a sea-horse4 ,many a time had he and ,death looked into each other's faces1 but never closer than now2 and it was not the old seaman who quailed4 ,marcel1 feeble ,marcel1 seemed endowed with the energy and strength of an athlete4 ,they were now close upon the sinking ship2 but the peril grew as they approached it4 ,there was a lull for one moment1 as if in very weariness the hurricane drew a breath2 then a huge wave rose up like a mighty water-tower1 oscillated for a moment like a house about to fall1 and1 dashing against the boat1 swallowed it up in an avalanche of foam4 ,five seconds of mortal suspense followed2 not a gasp broke the horrible silence on the beach4 ,but the boat reappeared and rode bravely on to within a stone's throw of the ship4 ,the solitary man on deck was signalling to them with one hand1 while with the other he clung to the mast4 ,at last the little skiff was close under the bows4 ,old ,caboff threw up a rope-ladder2 it missed its aim1 once1 twice1 three times4 8,how the old fellow is swearing6 ,i can see it by his fury10 cried one of the fishermen1 stamping in sympathetic rage4 8,ha6 the poor devil has caught it4 ,bravo6 ,hurrah6 ,he is in the boat60 ,then there was a cheer1 as if the very rocks had found a voice to applaud the brave ones who had conquered the storm4 ,wind and tide were with them as they returned1 the waves pitching the boat before them like an angry boy kicking a stone1 until one final plunge sent it flying on the beach4 8,vive ,caboff6 ,vive ,marcel6 ,vive la petite ,alba60 ,and every hand was stretched out in welcome4 ,then there was a pause1 a sudden hush1 as when some strong emotion is checked by another4 8,monsieur le ,marquis60 8,yes1 my friends1 thanks to these brave hearts ,i am amongst you and alive40 ,he was the first to step from the boat2 then he took ,alba in his arms and lifted her ashore into ,virginie's4 ,marcel alighted next1 and was turning to assist his father when ,m4 le ,marquis pushed him gently aside and held out both hands to his deliverer4 ,but the old man still grasped his oar and made no sign4 8,mon pre60 cried ,marcel1 laying a hand on his arm1 8mon pre60 ,but old ,caboff did not answer him4 ,he was dead4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the grande arme was still winning famous victories1 ploughing up sunny harvest-fields with cannon-balls1 and making homes and hearts desolate4 8,there is one comfort10 said old ,peltran1 sitting moodily in his deserted bar3 8when things come to the worst they must get better40 8,they've not come to the worst yet10 observed a neighbor4 8,there's lots of things that might happen1 that haven't happened yet2 the plague might come1 or the blight1 or the grande arme might get beaten4 ,we've not come to the worst yet1 believe you me40 8,there's one thing anyhow that can't happen10 said ,peltran3 8there can't be another recruitment in ,gondriac1 for there isn't a man left amongst us fit to shoulder a musket2 we are all either too old1 or lame1 or blind of an eye40 8,there's young ,caboff is neither one nor the other4 ,to be sure1 he's not the stuff to make a soldier out of2 but when they've used up all the men they must make the best of the milk-sops40 8,marcel is a widow's only son2 he's safe10 said ,peltran4 8,from one day to another the last reserves may be called out10 observed the neighbor2 8it will be hard on the mother1 after two of her sons going for cannon's meat4 ,it was a plucky thing of the old father putting out that night4 ,i wonder if he knew for certain who was on the deck of the ship40 8,if he didn't he wouldn't have been such an ass as to put out10 said ,peltran4 8,why should he fling away his bit of life for a stranger that he owed nothing to80 8,for the matter of that1 he owed nothing to ,m4 le ,marquis2 the ,caboffs1 they say1 are rich enough to buy up every inch of land in ,gondriac40 8,folks may owe more than money can pay10 retorted ,peltran4 8,m4 le ,marquis was very kind to the old man when his sons were killed1 and1 whatever ,caboff's sins may have been1 he had a fine sense of his natural obligations4 ,it didn't surprise me much when ,i saw how handsomely he paid off his debt to ,m4 le ,marquis40 8,they say that monseigneur swore to ,mme4 ,caboff that if ever she asked him a favor1 whatever it was1 he would grant it10 said the neighbor4 8,very likely10 remarked the host4 8,m4 le ,marquis has a grand-seigneur way of doing everything4 ,i hope the ,caboffs will have the delicacy never to abuse it40 ,not many days after this conversation ,mme4 ,caboff was to be seen walking across the moor on her way to the castle4 ,she looked an older woman than she was2 sorrow had broken her down1 and it would take little now to destroy the frail tenure of life that remained to her4 ,this was the first time she had ever entered the castle4 ,under other circumstances the visit would have thrown the widow into some trepidation4 ,she would have been pleasantly fluttered at the prospect of an interview with the great lord in his own halls1 and would have been much exercised on her way thither as to what she should say to him2 but her mind was full of other cares to-day4 ,m4 le ,marquis was at home4 ,he had spent the morning over a letter from ,captain ,hermann de ,gondriac1 which contained a graphic personal narrative of the retreat from ,moscow of that disastrous expedition from which1 out of the fifty thousand cavalry who went forth1 only one hundred and twenty-five officers returned4 ,a pang of anguish and patriotic indignation wrung the old nobleman's heart as he read and re-read the terrible story1 but tears of deep thankfulness fell from the father's eyes at the thought that his son was spared and was returning safe and unhurt with that decimated army of starved1 exasperated spectres4 ,the marquis was perusing the letter for the tenth time when ,mme4 ,caboff was announced4 ,he rose to receive her with a warmth of welcome that boded well for her petition4 8,m4 le ,marquis1 you made me give you a promise once--that night2 do you remember it80 she said1 holding his white hand lightly between her two black-kidded ones1 and looking up into his face with the meek and hungry look of a dog begging for a bone which may be refused and a kick given instead4 8,remember it8 ,yes10 replied the ,marquis1 returning the timid pressure with a cordial grasp4 8,you are in trouble2 sit down1 madame1 and tell me what there is that ,i can do to make it lighter for you40 8,my son1 my last and only son1 ,marcel1 is called out1 ,m4 le ,marquis60 8,and you want to find a substitute for him4 ,it shall be done4 ,i will set about it without an hour's delay40 8,m4 le ,marquis1 it cannot be done2 there are no more substitutes to be had4 ,i would give every penny ,i possess to get one1 but there are none left4 ,the widows' only sons were the last spared1 and now they must go4 ,marcel has been to the prefecture1 and they told him there was no help for it3 he must join the new levy to-morrow at ,x----,m4 le ,marquis1 have pity on me6 ,it will kill me to let him go2 and1 oh6 it is so dreadful to see the boy40 8,he is frightened at the prospect of going to battle80 ,there was an imperceptible ring of scorn under the courteous tone of the aristocrat as he put the question4 8,he is mad with delight1 ,m4 le ,marquis2 he has always been wild to follow his brothers and be killed as they were40 8,brave lad6 ,but he shall not have his wish2 he shall not be made food for ,bonaparte's cannon10 said the ,marquis4 8,go home in peace1 madame1 and break the bad news to him as tenderly as you can40 8,thank ,god6 ,god bless you1 ,m4 le ,marquis60 said the widow fervently4 8,but is it indeed possible8 ,i can hardly believe in so great a joy40 ,m4 le ,marquis was silent for a moment1 as if making a calculation2 then he said musingly3 8,the emperor is in ,paris to-day2 ,i will start in an hour from this and see him to-night4 ,he owes me something4 ,i never thought to have asked a favor at his hands2 but ,i will stoop to ask him that your son be exempted from the service40 8,o ,m4 le ,marquis60 ,mme4 ,caboff began to cry with joy2 but remembering suddenly that this great emperor was conquering the whole world and turning kings in and out like valets--for ,gondriac heard of his fine doings and was very proud of them--it occurred to her that he might by possibility refuse a request proffered even by so great a man as ,m4 le ,marquis4 8,you think his majesty is sure not to refuse you1 monsieur80 she added timidly4 ,m4 de ,gondriac was too well cased in his armor of pride to be touched by the poor woman's unconscious insult2 he smiled and replied with a quiet irony that escaped his visitor3 8,i think that is very unlikely1 ,mme4 ,caboff4 ,be at rest10 he continued kindly4 8,i pledge you my word that your son shall not be taken from you4 ,instead of going to-morrow to ,x----1 he had better start off at once with a letter which ,i will give him to the prefect40 ,he wrote the letter and handed it to ,mme4 ,caboff4 99 99 99 99 99 ,it was late that evening when ,m4 de ,gondriac arrived in ,paris4 ,he drove straight to the ,tuileries4 ,time was precious1 and he had travelled in court dress1 so as not to lose an hour at the end of the journey4 ,it did not occur to him that there could be any delay in reaching the presence of the emperor4 ,petitioners of his class were not so common at the great man's door that it should close upon them because of some informal haste in their demand for admittance4 ,he handed in his card and asked to see the lord chamberlain4 ,after some delay he was shown into the presence of that high functionary1 to whom he stated his desire for an immediate audience of his majesty4 ,the lord chamberlain smilingly informed him that this was impossible2 mortals were not admitted into the august presence in this abrupt manner2 but he--the lord chamberlain--would present the request at his earliest opportunity to-morrow1 and communicate in due time with ,m4 le ,marquis4 8,things do not proceed so summarily at court10 he added graciously4 ,the marquis felt his blood boil4 ,this mushroom duke telling a ,de ,gondriac how things were done at court6 8,i know enough of courts to be aware that on occasions etiquette must yield to weightier reasons10 he replied4 8,oblige me1 ,m4 le ,duc1 by taking my message at once to the emperor40 ,there was something in his tone which compelled the obsequious courtier to obey4 ,he withdrew1 and returned presently with a face full of amazed admiration to announce to the visitor that his majesty was willing to receive him4 ,the emperor was standing with his hands behind his back in the embrasure of a window when ,m4 de ,gondriac entered4 ,he did not turn round at once1 but waited until the door closed1 and then1 walking up to ,m4 de ,gondriac1 he said brusquely3 8,i have invited you many times1 marquis1 and you have never come4 ,what brings you here to-night80 ,the speech was curt1 but not insolent2 it did not even sound uncivil4 8,sire1 ,i am an old man1 and it is so long since ,i have been at court that ,i have forgotten how to behave myself4 ,my lord chamberlain was deeply shocked1 ,i could perceive1 at my breach of ceremony in coming to the palace in this abrupt way without going through the usual observances4 ,my motive will1 ,i hope1 excuse me to your majesty40 8,yes1 yes1 ,i will let you off easier than ,bassano10 said the emperor4 8,but what do you want of me80 ,he had his hands still behind his back1 and1 without desiring his visitor to be seated1 he turned to pace up and down the room4 8,i have come to ask a favor of your majesty40 8,ha6 that is well4 ,i am glad of that4 ,do you know1 that boy of yours has behaved admirably10 he said1 facing round and looking at the marquis4 8,we are accustomed to fight1 sire10 replied ,m4 de ,gondriac4 8,it came naturally to my son2 he had1 moreover1 the advantage of drawing his maiden sword under a great captain40 8,i mean to keep him by me4 ,i have appointed him on my own staff4 ,we are not done with war4 ,i am raising troops for a campaign in the spring40 8,sire1 ,i am aware of it2 it is precisely about that that ,i have come to speak to your majesty4 ,there is in my village a widow whose two sons have fallen in the service of the country2 there remains to her one more son1 a lad of nineteen44440 8,and she is ambitious that he should share the glorious fate of his brothers2 that is natural10 broke in the emperor4 8,sire1 she is a widow1 and this boy is all she has in the world4 ,it is no longer possible to procure a substitute2 therefore ,i come to crave at your hands his exemption from the service40 8,what6 you would rob ,france of a soldier1 when they are so scarce that gold cannot buy one8 ,is this your notion of duty to your country1 ,m4 de ,gondriac8 ,is it thus you aristocrats understand patriotism80 ,the emperor confronted him with a flashing eye4 8,my son has answered that question1 sire40 8,tut6 ,and because1 forsooth1 your son has done his duty1 you would have other men's sons betray theirs6 ,a peasant makes as good a soldier as a peer1 let me tell you4 ,because your son condescended to share the glory of the grande arme you expect me to make you a present of a strong young soldier6 ,i do not understand such sentimental logic40 8,neither do ,i1 sire4 ,i was not putting forward the services of my son as a claim for this poor lad1 but those of his two brothers who lost their lives1 one at ,wagram1 the other at ,friedland40 8,what better could have befallen them80 8,nothing1 in my estimation2 but their mother44440 8,france is their mother2 she claims their allegiance and their life before any one4 ,the man who puts his mother before his country is a fool or a coward60 8,this young man has not asked to be exempted2 his mother came and besought me to have him spared to her1 and1 counting on your gratitude and generosity1 sire1 ,i have come to lay her petition at your feet4 ,the boy himself is frantic to be off and die like his brothers40 8,then he shall have his wish and ,france shall count one more hero4 ,tell his mother she shall have a pension4 ,give me her name1 and it shall be done at once40 8,she is not in want of it1 sire2 she has wealth enough to buy a score of men1 if they were to be had40 8,but they are not1 and so her son must go40 8,this is your last word1 sire80 8,yes1 marquis1 my last40 8,then ,i have only to crave your majesty's forgiveness for my intrusion40 ,m4 de ,gondriac bowed and was moving towards the door1 when the emperor called out3 8,stay a moment4 ,what motive have you in pleading this widow's cause so strongly80 ,the marquis in a few words told the story of that memorable night when ,caboff saved him at the cost of his own life4 ,the emperor listened to the end without interrupting him2 then he resumed his walk1 and1 speaking from the other end of the room1 8,you are naturally anxious to pay back so heavy a debt10 he said4 8,would this feeling carry you the length of making some sacrifice80 ,how could ,bonaparte ask the question8 ,did not ,m4 de ,gondriac's presence here to-night answer it exhaustively8 8,i think ,i have proved that1 sire10 he answered coldly4 ,the emperor was silent for a while2 then1 turning round1 he looked fixedly at the marquis and said3 8,i withdraw my unconditional refusal4 ,i will let you know to-morrow on what terms ,i consent to exempt the son of your deliverer from dying on the field of battle40 ,m4 de ,gondriac bowed low4 8,i have the honor to salute your majesty40 8,au revoir1 marquis40 ,what did he mean1 and what was this condition so mysteriously hinted at1 and only to be declared after the night's preparation8 ,m4 de ,gondriac was sitting over his breakfast next morning when an estafette rode up to his old htel1 bearing a large official envelope stamped with the imperial arms and the talismanic words1 8,maison de l',empereur40 ,m4 le ,marquis broke the seal and ran his eye down the large sheet1 and then tossed it from him with an exclamation of anger and contempt4 8,enter his service6 ,play lackey at the court of an upstart who is drenching my country in blood from sheer vanity and ambition--a usurper who is keeping my liege sovereign in exile1 and the best part of my kindred in idleness1 or else in a servitude more humiliating than the dreariest inactivity6 ,a ,de ,gondriac tricked out in the livery of a mountebank king like him6 ,ha6 ha6 ,m4 de ,bonaparte1 when you give that spectacle to the gods1 444 je vous en fais mon compliment60 ,m4 le ,marquis laughed a low1 musical laugh as he muttered these reflections to himself4 ,but presently he ceased laughing and his face took a dark and troubled look4 ,the emperor made his acceptance of this offer the price of ,marcel ,caboff's exemption4 ,if he rejected it1 the lad must join4 8,would gratitude carry you the length of a sacrifice80 ,when the question had been put to him1 it seemed to ,m4 de ,gondriac that he had forestalled it2 but the emperor evidently did not think so1 and now he was putting him to the test4 ,it was the severest he could have chosen4 ,when ,hermann de ,gondriac took service under ,bonaparte1 the old nobleman considered his son was making a fine sacrifice of personal pride to patriotism2 but the service here1 at least1 was a noble one1 and rendered to ,france rather than to the upstart who had captured her4 ,but this other was of a totally different order4 ,even in the bygone days1 when ,france had a legitimate king and real court1 the ,de ,gondriacs had been shy of taking office in the royal household1 preferring the service of the camp1 diplomacy abroad1 or statesmanship at home2 to stoop now to be a courtier to ,bonaparte was a degradation not to be calmly contemplated4 ,if the tyrant had asked any sacrifice but this1 ,m4 le ,marquis said to himself1 he would have made it gladly2 but this was impossible4 ,it meant the surrender of his self-respect1 of those principles whose integrity he had hitherto proudly maintained at no small personal risk and cost4 ,before he had finished his coffee1 the question was settled1 and he rose to write his answer4 ,trifles sometimes affect us with the force of great repellant causes4 ,the act of taking the pen in his hand brought before him vividly the last time he had held it3 it was in his library at ,gondriac2 the widow sat watching him with a swelling heart1 made glad by his promise solemnly given3 8,i pledge you my word that your son shall not be taken from you40 ,m4 le ,marquis laid down his pen and fell to thinking4 8,no1 ,i can't do it10 he said after a long pause4 8,i can't belie the traditions of my race2 ,i can't stain the old name and turn saltimbanque in my old age40 ,he took up the pen and wrote to the emperor1 declining his offer4 ,the next day the town of ,x---- was full of excitement4 ,the new recruits were pouring in1 sometimes in boisterous crowds1 singing and hurrahing1 sometimes in sober knots of twos and threes1 sometimes singly1 accompanied by weeping relatives1 mostly women4 ,there had been an official attempt to get up a show of warlike enthusiasm1 but it had failed2 people were growing sick of the glories of war1 sick of sending sons and brothers and husbands to be massacred for ,bonaparte's good pleasure4 ,the recruits were called out by name1 and answered sullenly as they passed through the ,mairie out to the market-place1 where the sergeant was waiting to give them their first lesson in drill1 showing them how to stand straight and get into position4 8,marcel ,caboff60 called out the recruiting agent4 8,remplac60 8,by whom80 8,rudolf1 ,marquis de ,gondriac60 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 ,,higher4 ,i have lifted up my eyes unto the mountains1 whence help shall come to me4--,ps4 cxx4 ,too late have ,i known thee1 ,o ,infinite ,beauty6 too late have ,i loved thee1 ,o ,beauty ever ancient and new6--,st4 ,augustine4 ,i4 ',mid wide green meadows1 made more fair with flowers-- ,tall1 golden lilies1 swaying in the sun1 ,slight1 clustering rue that web of silver spun-- ,i lingered dreaming through the day's first hours4 ,about me men in work-day toil were bent1 ,swift levelling the daisies' drift of snow1 ,the clover's purple sweetness laying low1 ,and ripened grain whose summer life was spent4 ,i sat where leafy trees a shadow wrought ,amid the broad1 warm sunshine of the plain1 ,where1 undisturbed1 poured forth the wood-birds' strain ,and fancy's magic played with every thought3 ,a whole life centred in each daisy-round1 ,and work-day toil seemed but a slumbrous sound4 ,,ii4 ,low rippling at my feet a loitering stream ,slipt1 murmuring music to each listening stone1 ,or flung its silver laughter where soft shone ,the slant sunbeam breaking the shadows' dream2 ,betwixt the robins' song the swift blue-bird ,flashed like a heavenly message through the shade ,where with the sunshine gentlest breezes played1 ,and quiet shadows to soft motion stirred4 ,between me and the meadow's smitten flow'rs ,the fresh ,june roses wreathed the rude fence bars1 ,frail elder trailed its galaxy of stars1 ,while butterflies sped by in golden show'rs-- ,far1 far beyond1 the earth-haze shining through1 ,rose the great mountains' dim and misty blue4 ,,iii4 ,so far and strange those misty hills6 so near ,and intimate the little1 shady nook1 ,the skies reflected in the merry brook-- ,those distant heights so lonely and austere6 ,scarce e'en the busy mowers of the field ,lifted their eyes to those dim gates of blue ,where all their gathered harvest must pass through1 ,its grass and stubble be one day revealed4 ,as grew the day1 more clear the summits grew2 ,springing from shadow1 radiant waterfalls ,flung trails of sunshine o'er the stern rock-walls-- ,such sunshine as the valley never knew6 ,paled the ,june roses1 fading in my hand1 ,tarnished the lowland river's golden sand6 ,,iv4 ,then seemed to stir the trembling leaves amid1 ,to mingle with the robins' cheerful call1 ,a low1 sad voice1 as if the hills let fall ,faint1 wandering echoes of sweet music hid ,in dark ravine1 on solitary height4 ,i dropped my roses1 gone their ravishment2 ,i passed the mowers o'er their harvest bent2 ,i sought those distant mountain-lands of light4 ,wild1 thorny brambles stretched across my way1 ,sharp rocks were weary pathways for my feet1 ,yet ever lured me on those accents sweet ,whose very sadness was my weakness' stay1 ,with every step more intimate and near-- 8,take heart1 poor child6 'tis ,i2 have thou no fear4 ,v4 8,take heart1 and ,i thy faltering steps will lead ,above the earth-mists and the brier-strewn road ,to my far mountain-tops1 the pure abode ,of heaven-born stream1 and fair enamelled mead ,whose flow'rs immortal fells not any scythe4 ,long have ,i sought thee 'mid the withering flowers ,wherewith thou smiling crown'dst the fading hours1 ,weaving fine fancies 'mid the murmuring blithe ,of lowland stream1 and birds1 and pattering leaves2 ,long have ,i called thee1 waiting for thy voice1 ,so faint it rose above the troublous noise ,of earthly harvesters among their sheaves2 ,long have ,i waited thy dear heart to win1 ,so long desired to reign with thee therein40 ,,vi4 ,o sorrow-stricken ,voice1 so piercing sweet6 ,blinding my eyes with tears1 smiting my heart ,like some fire-pointed1 swift-descending dart1 ,and giving strength unto my climbing feet ,seeking those dim and misty hills of blue4 ,lo6 the great mountains at thy music thrilled1 ,and all their deep recesses echoes filled-- ,near and more near the sunlit summits grew6 ,the little birds that gathered1 unafraid1 ,on berry-laden boughs beside my way ,mingled thy cadence with their roundelay-- ,its joyousness grown sweeter through thy shade4 ,o ,voice of love and grief1 sad for my sin1 ,what ways were thine so poor a thing to win6 ,,vii4 ,o thou ,almighty ,lord of life and death1 ,thou that hast led me out the wilderness ,and shown me thy great hills' pure strength to bless1 ,guard in my soul1 lest still it perisheth6 ,the cross thou gavest still ,i strive to bear-- ,so light it grows that half1 at times1 ,i fear ,my trust is lost1 sign of thy service dear-- ,dost thou bear all1 dear ,lord1 for me no share8 ,so in thy steps to follow still ,i seek1 ,the wearing way thy patient feet have pressed1 ,the blood-stained way thy heavy cross hath blessed-- ,dost thou hold me to suffer aught too weak8 ,e'en when ,i strive one little thorn to grasp ,it turns to tender roses in my clasp4 ,,viii4 ,the very stones win smoothness from thy feet1 ,beneath whose tread immortal flowers spring1 ,holding within their snowy hearts no sting1 ,and breathing spices for love's incense meet4 ,the lark1 swift rising thy approach to greet1 ,the fulness of his heavenly song to pour ,no higher than thy breast divine need soar1 ,there hiding life and song in joy complete6 ,though sheltering trees o'ershadow not my way ,to ward the sultry glow of noonday sun1 ,yet 'neath thy cross the coolest shade is won ,that dims no ray of that eternal day ,that from yon unstained hills of peace doth shine1 ,whereto thou leadest me1 ,o ,love ,divine6 ,,ix4 ,yet many bitter tears ,i needs must weep1 ,remembering the glimmer of the plain ,where nodding lilies and the bending grain ,seemed rarest treasure in their gold to keep2 ,those thoughtless hours ere ,i learned to look ,beyond my roses to the misty hills-- ,the far-off pastures only ,god's hand tills2 ,where lost ,i in the laughter of the brook ,and song of earthly birds that loving ,voice1 ,that patient call1 alas6 too long denied4 ,still in my heart in weeping woe must bide1 ,e'en in ,his breast who bids my soul rejoice1 ,the mem'ry of that day's ingratitude ,when ,god in vain for love his creature sued4 ,,the ,,iron ,,age ,,of ,,christendom4 ,our period is emphatically one of historical studies1 as we have had occasion to remark in a former article on the ,life and ,works of ,m4 ,ozanam4 ,among other illusions swept away by the light of truth which these laborious researches have let in upon the obscurity of the past1 there is one great illusion about golden and iron ages4 ,in respect to the ,christian period1 specifically1 it is manifest that it is vain to look1 in the apostolic1 ante-,nicene1 medival1 or modern ages1 for that ideal perfection in real1 concrete existence which may have been in our imagination as a pleasing picture4 ,there has never been an age of gold unmixed with baser metal for the church any more than for humanity in general4 ,the analogy of the past1 which is the only sure criterion we can apply to the future1 forbids us to expect that there ever will be such a purely golden age on the earth4 ,moreover1 those iron ages or dark ages1 of ,christian or pre-,christian1 historic or pre-historic times1 which have been imagined to precede or to interrupt the epochs of splendor and light1 are seen on inspection not to have been all iron or all darkness4 ,the progress of mankind towards its destination has been continuous from the beginning1 although1 in larger or smaller local extensions or numerical portions of humanity1 there has been in various periods a stoppage or retrogradation of the movement1 in appearance1 and in respect to individual progress4 ,the earth keeps its regular course1 though men walk on its surface in an opposite direction1 and they are carried with it unconsciously4 ,the ship goes on and carries with it the passenger1 while he is walking from the bow to the stern4 ,clouds1 night1 and eclipses are not a destruction or suspension of the irradiation of light from the sun on the earth1 but its partial and temporary impediments4 ,the ship which makes a long1 dangerous1 but successful voyage is making headway while plunging into the trough of the sea as well as while riding the crest of the waves2 often is less delayed by beating against adverse winds than by calm weather and light breezes4 ,the bark of ,peter1 freighted with the treasures of human hope and destiny1 is steadily proceeding1 under the guidance of her heavenly ,pilot1 over the waves of time1 through calm and stormy seas1 toward the port of eternity4 ,seldom does she seem to be in safety1 and show the speed of her motion1 to the uninstructed eyes of those who do not possess the sublime science of the stars and charts by which her celestial course is directed4 8,never10 says ,lacordaire1 8is the triumph of the church visible at a given moment4 ,if you look at any one point in the expanse of the ages1 the bark of ,peter appears to be about to be engulfed1 and the faithful are always prompt to cry out3 ,lord1 save us1 we perish6 ,but if you look at the whole series of times1 the church manifests her strength1 and you understand what ,jesus ,christ said in the tempest3 ,man of little faith1 wherefore didst thou doubt80#ge ,footnote #ge3 ,conf4 de ,notre ,dame1 tome i4 conf4 iv4 at the end4 ,there is nevertheless a difference in the character of epochs4 ,the epochs of ,constantine1 ,charlemagne1 ,gregory ,,vii41 of the thirteenth and seventeenth centuries1 are seen in the retrospect to have a special light of glory about them4 ,the seventh1 tenth1 sixteenth1 and eighteenth centuries present a dark aspect4 ,the tenth century particularly1 which we are at present bringing under review1 is generally called 8the iron age0 even by our modern ,catholic historians1 and not without considerable reason1 more especially in respect to the state and condition of the ,roman ,church and the sovereign pontificate4 ,nevertheless1 the common notion1 derived from compendious histories and the generalized statements which form the commonplaces of popular literature1 respecting the tenth age of ,christendom is not correct and is extremely confused4 ,it was not an age of complete barbarism and universal ignorance4 ,ozanam says3 8,indeed1 letters did not1 at any time1 perish4 ,the truth is that the period of complete barbarism1 supposed at first to extend over a space of a thousand years1 from the fall of the ,roman ,empire to the capture of ,constantinople1 then gradually reduced to narrower limits1 until it remained finally restricted to the seventh and tenth centuries1 vanishes away under a more severe scrutiny40#gf ,cant remarks3 8,this epoch is justly called the iron age1 because of the cruel sufferings endured by individuals and nations2 but humanity made a sensible progress in the face of these trials4 ,we cannot1 therefore1 concur in the judgment of those who consider it the most unhappy period of the human race40#gg ,we cannot make logical divisions of history into epochs exactly corresponding with the numerical notation of years and centuries4 ,it would be absurd to suppose that at #ab ,a4,m4 of ,january #a1 ,a4,d4 #ijj1 to borrow ,carlyle's expression1 8the clock of ,time struck and an era passed away02 and that the same venerable old timepiece1 from its corner in the parlor of the universe1 struck again in just a hundred years1 announcing the end of the iron age and the beginning of another of some different metal4 ,the boundaries of epochs are not quite so determinate1 and centuries1 periods1 epochs1 run into one another1 mix1 blend1 elude precise delineation4 ,cant's tenth epoch is not the tenth century1 but the period beginning ,a4,d4 #hjj and ending ,a4,d4 #ajif4 ,this period1 between ,charlemagne and the ,crusades1 far from presenting the aspect of a desolate waste to the eye1 is crowded and variegated with events and persons of the most important and interesting character1 and their history is one great act in the ,european drama1 advancing it sensibly toward the consummation which we are still1 in our own age1 hastening forward and awaiting in the near or distant future4 ,within this great period are other and lesser cycles1 embracing epochs1 phases1 temporary states of ecclesiastical and civil prosperity or adversity1 alternations of various kinds1 in ,christendom1 in ,europe1 or in portions of the ,christian commonwealth1 each having its distinctive notes4 ,that part of it which is in the centre presents the characteristics of an iron age more distinctly marked than the preceding or following periods4 ,the latter half of the ninth and the earlier half of the tenth century1 taken together1 really constitute the period which can with strict propriety be called the iron age4 ,and within this century a period of about forty years1 including the end of the ninth and the first years of the tenth century1 was a sort of crisis in which ,christian ,europe seemed to have reached the dead-point in her progress1 and1 having passed it1 went on again under the attraction of a new force4 ,footnote #gf3 ,dante1 ,disc4 ,prelim41 sec4 v4 ,footnote #gg3 ,hist4 ,univ41 ep4 x4 epilogue1 tome ix4 p4 #dgh4 ,this statement must not be taken as rigorously and uniformly applicable to all ,europe and ,christendom4 ,the ,greek ,empire and the degenerate ,eastern ,church were in a state of hopeless decadence1 verging toward a permanent downfall4 ,england and ,spain1 on the other hand1 passed through their worst times earlier1 and were going upward and onward1 led by great men and heroes--,alfred and the forerunners of ,ferdinand and the ,cid--just at the time when the rest of ,europe was in the most disordered and disastrous condition4 ,the crisis of the iron age affected chiefly the countries which had constituted the great domain of ,charlemagne--,france1 ,germany1 and ,italy4 ,its phases were various1 in respect to time and other conditions1 in these very countries4 ,the whole panorama1 as presented to our view in the pages of historical narrative1 is as shifting1 varied1 apparently capricious1 as mountain scenery in the changing aspects of light and shade1 produced by sunshine1 clouds1 and moonlight1 by transforming mists and sombre night4 ,it is only when we rise to the logical order and sequence of events1 trace effects to their causes1 enlarge our scope of vision1 ascend into the upper regions of a true philosophy of history whose atmosphere is the ,christian idea and whose light is celestial faith1 that a real order1 harmony1 and progression toward an intelligible and grand result are clearly discernible4 ,some few general statements borrowed from this higher branch of historical science must be premised before we can come at a satisfactory view of our particular and immediate topic and set its details in systematic order4 ,the actual evils and miseries which afflicted the ,christian people of ,europe during the iron age were invasions of ,saracens1 ,scandinavians1 and ,hungarians1 incessant wars among greater and lesser princes1 terrible famines and pestilences1 and1 in general1 a state of turbulence1 insecurity1 social and moral confusion4 ,this whole state of things was a relapse into the condition brought about by the fall of the ,roman ,empire and the barbarian irruption in the seventh century4 ,the great reason why it occurred is found in the fact that ,charlemagne's great empire and power passed away and that no unifying1 organic power succeeded it until ,europe had passed through a period of transition4 ,the ,roman ,empire had to pass away to make room for ,christendom1 and for a time its dbris and the new material lying on the ground for a reconstruction made a state of confusion4 ,charlemagne's fundamental work was solid and lasting1 but he had to make some temporary structures which were showy but not substantial1 and therefore fell down or were torn down2 causing more disorder for a time1 until they were cleared away to make room for the permanent and splendid walls to be built up according to the idea of the divine ,architect4 ,the ,european1 ,christian ,idea is not that of one1 uniform political western empire1 ruled by an autocracy which continues or succeeds to the old1 imperial ,roman power4 ,it is that of a community of nations1 bound together by a common faith1 common principles1 international law1 mutual alliance and amity1 and preserving full scope for distinct and beautifully various forms of free1 spontaneous growth and culture4 ,its regenerating1 vivifying1 and controlling spirit is ,christianity in the ,catholic organization4 ,its centre of unity and force is ,rome and the spiritual supremacy of the pope4 ,the political supremacy of an emperor--understanding by an emperor a universal monarch ruling subordinate kings set over dependent kingdoms--is incompatible with this true idea of a ,christendom4 ,even1 supposing this universal political sovereignty united with the sovereign pontificate of the ,pope1 it is incompatible with that true idea1 partly for the same reasons1 partly for different reasons from those which militate against it1 supposing the two distinct powers to exist separately4 ,it was necessary that the pope should possess his own separate sovereignty in a kingdom of moderate size4 ,it was also necessary that some one powerful king should be endowed by the pope with a special1 sacred pre-eminence among other sovereigns1 as the protector of his civil princedom and of his spiritual supremacy4 ,this was the meaning of ,charles the ,great's imperial coronation4 ,he was1 in fact1 really the king of almost all ,europe4 ,but this was temporary4 ,his kingdom was divided4 ,the imperial dignity was conferred on different sovereigns of ,france1 ,italy1 and ,germany from time to time1 and for above thirty years remained in abeyance for want of a proper subject to receive it1 until it rested at last on the head of the first of the ,saxon line1 passing thence to the ,franconian house1 and afterwards to the ,hohenstaufen4 ,the ,german emperors were1 however1 by election kings of ,germany1 and as such governed their states2 whereas they were made emperors by papal consecration1 and in that capacity were protectors of the ,holy ,see and the church4 ,the authority which they lawfully exercised as emperors in the city and principality of ,rome was the authority of a civil magistrate who was not the head but the right arm of the pope1 the real political sovereign in his own state4 ,the ,european crisis of the tenth century was a period in which the ,carlovingian dynasty was going into decadence1 and the new dynasties of ,france and ,germany had not yet arisen4 ,there was a great want of able sovereigns1 and especially of men who were strong enough to fulfil the functions of the imperial office4 ,to turn now especially towards ,italy and ,rome1 it was the lack of a strong hand to preserve peace and order among the petty princes and states of ,italy1 and to protect the pope and the ,holy ,see from the rebellions and intrigues of powerful nobles and contending factions within and around the ,roman principality1 which was the chief cause of the long obnubilation of the sun of ,christendom--the ,roman ,church--during the tenth epoch4 ,we propose to enter now more minutely into the exposition of the historical truth respecting this period1 so far as it relates to the popes and the ,roman ,church directly and immediately4 ,the ordinary accounts of this epoch in ,roman and ,italian history produce a singular impression on the mind of the reader4 ,it seems as if the gas had been suddenly turned off and all had become dark1 or as if an express-train filled with passengers had all at once been stopped by an impediment in the middle of the night at an obscure way-station1 to the surprise and chagrin of all on board when they awoke in the morning4 ,one is puzzled and disgusted by a confused1 disconnected story which reads like the record of crimes and disasters in a modern newspaper4 ,the persons mentioned seem to have no reality or distinct character--to be like the spectres of dreams or the personified abstractions in parables4 ,the very names of the popes1 such as ,formosus1 ,marinus1 ,lando1 ,romanus1 have a strange1 unpapal sound4 ,they appear and vanish with marvellous rapidity1 leaving no trace behind4 ,when we read that the world was generally expected to explode in the year #ajjj1 we are not surprised1 but rather wonder why it did not1 and are quite relieved to find ourselves safe and sound in the eleventh century1 and hear those 8whom the ,lord hath sent to walk through the earth answer the angel of the ,lord1 and say3 ,we have walked through the earth2 and behold1 all the earth is inhabited1 and is at rest40#gh ,footnote #gh3 ,zacharias i4 #aj1 #aa4 ,one great difficulty in picking the thread of history out of this snarl is the paucity of contemporary documents4 ,another cause of misunderstanding and misrepresentation has been the flippant and mendacious character of the most extensive and minute of the chronicles of the period1 that of ,luitprand4 ,the same kind of gossiping1 scandal-mongering centres which exist among us may not have existed in the tenth century4 ,there were no newspapers filled with libels and calumnies1 falsifications of news1 reports of the army of detectives of the press4 ,but there were the same violent factions1 party animosities1 intrigues1 mutual denunciations1 raising a cloud of smoke and dust like that which overhangs a battle-field1 in even more virulent activity then than we now behold them in our modern political mles4 ,all the condensed scandal1 partisan vituperation1 indecent gossip1 and malicious calumny of the time in which he lived are collected in the memoirs of ,luitprand1 and from these have been infiltrated through succeeding times1 leaving great stains which only the acid of criticism has been able to efface4 ,even ,fleury says of him that he is extremely passionate1 excessive both in his abuse and his flattery1 and given to buffoonery to a degree which transgresses the bounds of decency4 ,he was originally a subdeacon of the church of ,toledo in ,spain1 afterwards a deacon of the church of ,pavia1 during which time he was sent by ,berenger1 ,king of ,italy1 on a diplomatic mission to ,constantinople4 ,later he became ,bishop of ,cremona1 but was a disgrace to the episcopate4 ,he was a courtier of ,otho the ,german emperor1 who sent him on another mission to ,constantinople1 a violent adherent of the ,german party1 bitterly hostile to the ,italian party and all the popes who favored it1 and a participator in the schismatical proceedings of ,otho's anti-pope4 ,his credit is now entirely lost4 ,but at the time of the revolt of ,luther all the incriminations of the popes and the ,roman clergy1 whether true1 false1 or doubtful1 were gathered up and made the most of to sustain the bill of indictment against the ,holy ,see4 ,the same stories1 repeated by numbers of writers1 produced the effect of concurrent testimony on the general mind of the readers of history4 ,baronius and other ,catholic historians1 not having sufficient materials for testing and correcting all these accusations1 let a number of them pass uncontradicted or admitted their truth4 ,fleury and some others of the lowest ,gallican school1 who always write like advocates who have taken out a brief against the ,holy ,see1 have in their historical works neglected and perverted facts in a manner which is equally shallow and perfidious1 and as contrary to sound criticism as it is to orthodox doctrine4 ,it is only since the discovery of ,flodoard's ,lives of the ,popes1 the critical and learned researches of ,muratori1 and the great modern advance of genuine historical science1 that the tissue of lies depending solely on the worthless testimony of ,luitprand has been swept away4 ,a better appreciation of the great course of events and the essential facts of history is now possible1 and even easy4 ,men of genius1 learning1 and conscientious devotion to truth have lighted up these dark1 buried crypts of the substructure of ,christendom1 as the zealous archologists of ,york have done in the old minster1 whose foundations were laid in the very period we are describing4#gi ,footnote #gi3 ,see ,mr4 ,ticknor's ,life1 vol4 i4 p4 #dcf4 ,in regard to many particular events and certain individuals whose names figure in connection with the transactions of an obscure epoch we cannot expect to acquire a perfect certainty4 ,nor is there anything of moment depending on the discovery of the truth in such cases4 ,we have to be content with a probability or with a doubt in thousands of matters of detail4 ,there are a considerable number of popes of whom we know next to nothing4 ,in certain instances it is not easy to determine whether an election of a given individual was valid or invalid4 ,of the truth or falsehood of the accusations made against several popes and other persons of high ecclesiastical or civil rank1 and of the reports of assassinations and other great crimes1 which are so frequent in this period of disorder1 we cannot always form a certain judgment4 ,there is enough1 however1 of that which is certain or fairly probable to show the connection1 the continuity1 and the identity of principles both with the foregoing and the following epochs1 and to furnish ample material for the vindication of the cause of the ,holy ,see and the ,papacy4 ,there is a sequence in the progress through the struggles of transition2 there are great and good men1 noble and heroic achievements1 interesting and curious episodes--in fine1 there is a human and a ,christian character showing its lineaments in place of the cloudy spectre with distorted features which has heretofore scared the imagination4#hj ,footnote #hj3 ,we make here our acknowledgment of indebtedness to the series of articles in the ,civilt ,cattolica entitled 8,i ,destini di ,roma10 which was begun ,aug4 #ai1 #ahga1 for a great part of what is to follow in this article4 ,we begin our historical sketch with ,pope ,formosus1 who was elected ,a4,d4 #hia4 ,this is one of the popes of whom we have said above that they seem in our common histories like a mere shadow of a great name without a personal reality4 ,besides1 there is a certain cloud on his memory1 arising from the fact that he was deprived of his see of ,porto by ,john ,,viii41 and that he was the subject of a great outrage from his successor1 ,stephen ,,vi4 ,a careful examination of his history shows1 however1 that he was no common man and was both a good and an able pope4 ,as ,bishop of ,porto he was one of the most conspicuous among the ,italian prelates4 ,he left his see to become a missionary among the ,bulgarians1 where he labored zealously and successfully in the work of their conversion4 ,there is nothing to show that his censure by ,pope ,john ,,viii41 which seems to have been chiefly occasioned by his taking an active part in a political opposition to the ,emperor ,charles the ,bald1 involved in it any moral dishonor4 ,he was restored by ,pope ,marinus1 and the indignities inflicted on his memory by his successor were a wanton and causeless outrage1 which was condemned and repaired by a subsequent pope with the approbation of the ,roman people4 ,europe was just then in the depths of the disorders and miseries caused by the decay of the imperial authority and the degeneracy of ,charlemagne's successors4 ,berenger was king in ,northern ,italy1 but ,guido1 ,duke of ,spoleto1 and his son ,lambert had been crowned emperors in opposition to him and to all the ,french and ,german claimants4 ,toward the end of the short reign of ,formosus1 which lasted less than five years1 and after the death of ,guido1 the dissatisfaction of the pope with the conduct of ,lambert and his mother1 ,ermengarda1 induced him to summon ,arnulph1 ,king of ,germany1 to come to the relief of the ,holy ,see and of ,italy4 ,he obeyed the summons1 made a forcible entry into ,rome1 where the ,lambertine faction had gained the upper hand and thrown ,formosus into prison1 and was by him crowned emperor4 ,this was the beginning of the appeals of the popes to ,germany for intervention in ,italian affairs1 and of the never-ending conflicts between the ,italian and ,german parties in ,italy1 whose finale we have but just witnessed in our own day in the exclusion of ,austria from her dominion in ,venetia4 ,we have no doubt that it was necessary1 and on the whole productive of good results1 that the imperial crown should be transferred to the ,german sovereigns4 ,but1 without delaying to consider this point1 we simply take note of the fact that this was one of the great questions of violent dispute and contention which disturbed the ,roman ,church and the papal elections so long as there were ,italian princes who disputed the imperial dignity with the ,germans4 ,arnulph returned almost immediately to ,germany4 ,formosus died and was followed to the tomb a few weeks after by his immediate successor1 ,boniface ,,vi4 ,the party of ,lambert succeeded in obtaining the election of ,stephen ,,vi41 the first of the popes who grievously dishonored the tiara4 ,his violent and shameful conduct caused a temporary reaction in favor of the opposite party1 by whom he was imprisoned and strangled4 ,lambert was1 nevertheless1 acknowledged by the three succeeding popes1 ,romanus1 ,theodore ,,ii41 and ,john ,,ix41 and by two successive councils1 and the pact between the church and the empire was solemnly renewed4 ,these three pontificates filled only a space of three years and closed the century4 ,the year #ija saw a new competitor for the imperial crown1 which death had taken from ,lambert's head1 in the person of ,louis of ,provence1 who was actually crowned by ,benedict ,,iv41 but very soon driven away by ,berenger1 who was still reigning in the north of ,italy4 ,berenger was an able and warlike sovereign1 in many respects worthy of admiration1 and capable of filling the imperial office with honor to himself and advantage to ,italy4 ,circumstances were1 however1 extremely adverse4 ,he maintained himself in possession of a certain pre-eminence among the petty sovereigns of ,italy1 and carried on vigorously wars against the ,saracen and ,hungarian invaders4 ,he was even crowned emperor in #iae1 but was never able to establish his authority on a solid and permanent basis1 and at last1 in #ibd1 he was assassinated by a conspiracy of ,italian nobles4 ,with him the imperial office became extinct1 and remained so until it was resuscitated1 thirty-eight years afterward1 in the person of ,otho the ,great4 ,the failure of the imperial power which had been instituted in the person of ,charlemagne left the ,holy ,see and all ,italy a prey to contending1 petty sovereigns1 to powerful and mutually hostile nobles and factions1 and to fierce heathen invaders4 ,the ,roman pontiffs maintained with difficulty a restricted1 often merely nominal1 civil sovereignty in the city and principality of ,rome4 ,between the years #ijj and #iad six popes succeeded each other3 ,benedict ,,iv41 ,leo ,v41 ,christopher1 ,sergius ,,iii41 ,anastasius ,,iii41 and ,lando4 ,of the nine popes who came between ,stephen ,,vi4 and ,john ,x41 it is certain that nearly all were worthy of their exalted position1 and the grave accusations made against two of the number1 ,christopher and ,sergius1 rest on uncertain testimony4 ,the average length of their reigns being less than two years1 and that of the longest among them only seven1 most of the number had no time to make a conspicuous figure in history1 and their annals are so scanty that very little is known of the acts of their administration4 ,the reign of ,john ,x41 which lasted fourteen years1 from #iad to #ibh1 was of a different character4 ,he was one of the great popes1 and proved himself fully equal to the emergencies of the time and the difficulties of his position4 ,for nine years previously to his election to the ,roman ,see he had been ,archbishop of ,ravenna1 and the extraordinary ability which he had exhibited in his government of that important church had pointed him out as one capable of making head1 in conjunction with ,berenger1 against the perils with which ,rome and ,italy were beset at this most dangerous crisis in their destinies4 ,in fact1 he was obliged to do the work alone2 for ,berenger was unable to help him1 having his hands full in fighting ,saracens and ,hungarians in ,northern ,italy4 ,there was no hope to be placed either in ,germany or ,france4 ,the only resource for the pope was to place himself at the head of his own barons and in alliance with the neighboring princes1 and to lead the war against the ,saracens in person4 ,for this purpose he formed a league among the princes of ,southern ,italy1 and1 obtaining also auxiliaries from the ,greek emperor1 conducted a short and brilliantly successful campaign against the ,saracens1 by which they were completely discomfited and finally expelled from that part of ,italy4 ,the entire reign of ,john ,x4 was in conformity with its glorious beginning2 but soon after the violent and tragical overthrow of the noble ,emperor ,berenger by the turbulent ,italian nobles1 a similar catastrophe ended the career of the great pope1 his friend and compeer4 ,alberic1 ,count of ,tusculum1 and ,theophylact1 senator of ,rome1 had been the two most powerful supporters1 and the former had been the chief subordinate leader1 of the great military operations of ,john ,x4 ,the almost exclusive glory and credit which the popular voice ascribed to ,john for the liberation of the country from the ,saracens1 and the great increase and concentration of the sovereign authority under his vigorous administration1 stirred up the jealousy and discontent of these great nobles4 ,the wife of ,theophylact was the famous ,theodora1 the younger ,theodora was their daughter1 and another daughter1 ,mariuccia1 commonly called ,marozia1 was the wife of ,alberic4 ,these women1 but especially the last mentioned1 were remarkable for their beauty1 talents1 and ambition4 ,the stream of filthy tradition which has come down through the sewer of ,luitprand and the popular romances of the period has transmitted to posterity the names of these women1 stained with every kind of foulness and cruelty4 ,how much of calumny and exaggeration there may be in these scandalous stories we cannot determine4 ,it is certain that the family exercised a great sway in ,rome for many years both before and after the great coup d'tat in which the intrigues of ,marozia culminated and collapsed1 as we are about to relate4 ,one year after the murder of ,berenger1 ,alberic was killed in an unsuccessful assault on ,rome1 and ,marozia married ,guido1 ,marquis of ,tuscany4 ,the sister of ,guido1 ,ermengarda1 ,marchioness of ,ivrea1 was another of the group of ,italian princesses of that period1 remarkable in all respects1 except in the special virtues of ,christian women4 ,in #ibf ,marozia set on foot1 with these two accomplices1 a revolution in ,italy1 by which ,rodolph of ,burgundy1 the successful rival and successor of ,berenger in the kingdom of ,italy1 was chased out to make room for ,hugo of ,provence1 the half-brother of ,guido4 ,after the coronation of ,hugo at ,pavia1 ,guido and ,marozia took possession of ,rome by force of arms and imprisoned ,pope ,john ,x41 who died a few months afterward1 it is suspected by violence4 ,guido also died within a year from his usurpation1 and ,marozia governed the city alone with the titles of senator and patrician4 ,after the two short1 and perhaps abbreviated1 pontificates of ,leo ,,vi4 and ,stephen ,,viii41 she caused the younger of her two sons by ,alberic to be elected pope under the name of ,john ,,xi4 ,still unsatisfied1 she aspired to become queen of ,italy1 and empress1 and for this purpose contracted a marriage--which by the ecclesiastical law was null and void#ha--with her brother-in-law1 ,hugo1 the ,king of ,italy4 ,the marriage was celebrated in #icb1 and the imperial coronation was expected to follow in due time4 ,but the violent and imperious temper of the ,burgundian ,hugo ruined all these plans4 ,alberic1 eldest son of ,marozia by her first husband1 ,alberic of ,tusculum1 was a youth who inherited all the brilliant qualities of both his parents1 and whose character was certainly not derived from his mother or due to her influence4 ,one day at dinner the princely youth was acting as page to the king1 and by accident or design poured too much water on his hands1 for which he received a buffet on the cheek from his rude step-father4 ,he immediately left the room in a towering passion1 and1 running out upon the piazza1 summoned the people1 with words of burning eloquence1 to vengeance and rescue4 ,the ,castle of ,st4 ,angelo was very speedily taken by assault1 ,hugo was forced to save his life by flight1 and ,marozia1 banished from ,rome1 repudiated by her husband1 thwarted in her wicked schemes1 disappeared from view1 and1 it is to be hoped1 passed the rest of her days until her death1 which did not occur later than #ide1 in doing penance for her sins4 ,footnote #ha3 ,a dispensation may have been granted1 but ,hugo afterwards disavowed the marriage on the plea of the ecclesiastical impediment4 ,now followed one of the most curious and interesting of episodes in the history of ,christian ,rome4 ,alberic reigned during his whole life-time--a period of twenty-two years--as absolute sovereign of ,rome1 with ability1 justice1 and popularity4 ,he was in harmony with the popes1 a protector of his kingdom and of the ,holy ,see1 a munificent patron of religious orders1 a benefactor to the church and religion4 ,the period of his reign is like an oasis in the desert of the tenth century4 ,it is true that he kept his brother1 ,john ,,xi41 in an honorable yet strict imprisonment during his life-time4 ,yet1 although there is nothing recorded to the discredit of this pope1 ,alberic's conduct toward the succeeding pontiffs shows that he must have had strong reasons for his treatment of his brother4 ,the elections of popes during his reign were free and peaceful1 and the best men among the ,roman clergy were chosen4 ,by degrees the legal form of the administration was so regulated that the sovereign rights and titles of the pope were preserved2 and although the actual civil government was entirely in the hands of ,prince ,alberic1 it was administered by him as the pope's temporal vicar1 without discord between the two powers4 ,as a provisional arrangement it worked well1 but ,alberic was too wise and far-seeing to think its permanent continuance possible or desirable4 ,by a singular stroke of policy he prepared for the restoration of the real sovereignty to the one who had not ceased to retain the title and the right4 ,his son ,octavian was educated as an ecclesiastic1 and the chiefs of the clergy and nobility were induced to make a solemn engagement before ,alberic's death to elect ,octavian pope on the first vacancy of the ,holy ,see4 ,he was accordingly elected pope soon after the death of his father1 although he was but eighteen years of age1 and assumed the name of ,john ,,xii4 ,of the personal and private character of this youthful pontiff1 who died at the age of twenty-six after a reign of eight years1 it is very difficult1 if not impossible1 to form an exact and certain estimate4 ,the accusations made against him during his life-time are atrocious1 and they are still repeated by modern writers1 although the most judicious and moderate historians soften them down considerably4 ,the learned writer in the ,civilt gives his judgment that as a pontiff all his acts were laudable1 and1 as a king1 worthy of one who was the son of ,alberic4 ,in respect to his private morals1 he considers that the accusations of his political enemies and of writers attached to the ,german1 imperial party--the almost sole remaining source of information respecting that period--are to be distrusted2 but that it is difficult to exculpate him altogether from the reproach of having lived more as secular princes are wont to do than as became the holy state of a bishop4 ,the salient point of his administration was the calling in of the ,king of ,germany1 ,otho the ,great1 and the subsequent imbroglio between the pope and the emperor4 ,otho1 who well deserves the name of ,great1 notwithstanding grievous errors and wrongs in his conduct toward the ,holy ,see1 had been reigning twenty years when he was summoned to ,rome and crowned emperor4 ,the return of the old disorders in ,italy made his intervention necessary1 but he carried it too far1 and ,john ,,xii41 probably with good reason1 and certainly acting in a way which was natural in a high-spirited and youthful sovereign trained in the maxims and sentiments of an ,italian prince1 joined with the other princes of ,italy in opposition to the ,german domination4 ,a struggle between ,john and ,otho was the consequence4 ,the emperor1 misled by the bad advice of ,luitprand and other bishops1 attempted to depose the pope and substitute an anti-pope1 who called himself ,leo ,,viii41 in his place4 ,john ,,xii4 died suddenly before this conflict had any decisive issue1 and ,benedict ,v4 was elected in his place1 but was soon after carried away into ,germany by ,otho and kept in captivity at ,hamburg4 ,on the death of the anti-pope1 which occurred in ,march1 #ife1 a few months after the death of ,john1 the ,romans requested the restoration of ,benedict ,v41 which was granted by ,otho4 ,the pope1 however1 died on his journey to ,rome1 venerated and regretted even by the emperor and by all with whom he had come into personal contact1 as well as by the ,romans4 ,the emperor and all the various parties by which ,rome was divided agreed together and concurred in the election of ,john ,,xiii41 who favored the ,german party in politics1 and had1 on the whole1 a peaceful and prosperous reign of six years1 sustained by the imperial power1 although it was interrupted by one violent sedition1 which was repressed and punished in the severest manner4 ,the close of the reigns of the ,pope ,john ,,xiii4 and the ,emperor ,otho the ,great was marked by one extraordinary and most interesting event--the marriage of the young ,emperor ,otho ,,ii4 with ,theophania1 a ,greek princess of distinguished beauty1 intellectual accomplishments1 and personal virtues4 ,she brought with her as dowry all the ,greek possessions in ,italy1 and was regarded as an angel of peace between the two empires4 ,the death of ,otho ,i4 in #igc was the signal for new outbreaks and disturbances in ,italy4 ,in ,rome a struggle began between two powerful families3 the ,crescenzi1 who were the great lords of the ,sabine territory1 and the ,conti--that is1 the ,tusculan counts--who were the principal barons of ,latium4 ,the latter favored1 while the former opposed1 the imperial power in ,italy4 ,crescenzio1 or ,cencio1 the first leader of the ,italian faction1 is supposed by many writers to have been a grand-nephew of ,marozia4 ,he attempted an imitation of ,alberic1 though not by the same honorable means1 and endeavored to gain possession for himself of the ,roman principality4 ,the pope1 ,benedict ,,vi41 who had succeeded ,john ,,xiii4 a few months before the death of ,otho ,i41 was assaulted and dethroned by armed force1 imprisoned in the ,castle of ,st4 ,angelo1 and at last strangled4 ,an infamous ecclesiastic1 a partisan and accomplice with ,crescenzio in his crimes1 was intruded into the chair of ,st4 ,peter while he was still1 in the language of ,pope ,sylvester ,,ii41 dripping with the blood of his predecessor4 ,this so-called ,pope ,boniface ,,vii41 who is commonly regarded as an anti-pope1 was dispossessed1 after one month1 together with his patron1 ,crescenzio1 by a counter-revolution under the counts of ,tusculum1 and fled to ,constantinople4 ,at a later period he returned and succeeded in seizing on the government for a brief period1 but came at length to a most tragical and ignominious end4 ,crescenzio ended his days in a monastery4 ,it is uncertain whether there was or was not a pope named ,donus ,,ii4 who reigned for a few months after the death of ,benedict ,,vi4 ,benedict ,,vii41 a nephew of ,alberic1 ,count of ,tusculum1 and ,bishop of ,sutri1 was enthroned1 according to ,mansi1 on the #bhth of ,december1 #igd1 and governed the ,roman ,church during his pontificate of nine years in such a manner as to leave no stain upon his reputation4 ,one of his first acts was to excommunicate1 in a council of bishops1 ,cardinal ,franco1 the anti-pope4 ,in #ihj he was obliged to call upon the young emperor1 ,otho ,,ii41 to come to his assistance in ,rome4 ,he came1 in fact1 during the following year1 but1 after an unsuccessful campaign against the allied ,greeks and ,saracens1 died in his imperial palace at ,rome1 ,dec4 #i1 #ihc1 in the twenty-eighth year of his age--a prince whose character made him worthy of his father1 but who was less fortunate in his destiny4 ,his premature death and the infancy of ,otho ,,iii4 seemed to threaten both ,germany and ,italy with great disasters4 ,germany was preserved from these menacing evils by the sanctity and ability of two noble and heroic women--,st4 ,adelaide1 the widow of ,otho the ,great1 and ,theophania1 widow of ,otho ,,ii41 and imperial regent in the name of her son1 who was but three years old1 yet universally recognized as ,king of ,germany and emperor-elect4 ,rome1 however1 had still to suffer1 and remained for another half-century to come the foot-ball of rival factions4 ,the son of ,crescenzio1 called ,crescenzio ,nomentano1 obtained the upper hand in ,rome1 recalled the anti-pope1 ,boniface ,,vii41 imprisoned and put to death ,john ,,xiv41 the successor of ,benedict ,,vi41 and made himself patrician and governor of ,rome4 ,the sudden death of ,boniface1 however1 and the universal hatred in which his memory was held1 enabled the clergy and people of ,rome to elect a worthy pope in the person of ,john ,,xv4 7,april1 #ihf71 who held the see ten years1 governing with great prudence and success1 notwithstanding the great difficulties of his position4 ,in #ihi the empress-mother1 ,theophania1 came to ,rome and held an imperial court4 ,it was expected that she would put an end to the tyranny of ,crescenzio ,nomentano1 but she was deceived by his extreme cunning and hypocritical promises so far that she confirmed him in his office as patrician4 ,after her departure he became so much worse that the pope was obliged to leave ,rome and take refuge with ,hugo1 ,marquis of ,tuscany1 through whose intervention a pressing request was sent to the emperor-elect1 ,otho ,,iii41 now seventeen years of age1 to come in person to ,italy4 ,so great was now the fear of the imperial power that ,crescenzio hastened to reconcile himself to the pope1 who returned and was reconducted with great manifestations of honor to the ,lateran palace4 ,on his arrival in ,rome at the head of a large army1 early in #iif1 ,otho ,,iii41 who1 with precocious vigor of mind and character1 had assumed the reins of government1 found the ,roman ,see vacant by the death of ,john ,,xv41 and his first care was the election of his successor4 ,the one whom he proposed1 and who was accepted by the electors1 was a young ecclesiastic but twenty-four years of age1 the son of the ,duke of ,franconia and his own cousin-german4 ,his name was ,bruno1 and his accomplished education1 joined with a mature virtue1 made him worthy to fill the see of ,peter4 ,he assumed the name of ,gregory ,v41 and gave great promise of adorning the ,holy ,see during a long pontificate1 as ,otho did of becoming an illustrious emperor of ,germany4 ,the hopes of the church and the empire were1 however1 frustrated by the early death of both4 ,crescenzio had been condemned to banishment1 but1 at the request of ,gregory1 his sentence was remitted4 ,the generosity of the two youthful and confiding sovereigns was requited by ,crescenzio1 as soon as ,otho's back was turned1 by an uprising against the ,german pope and the imperial officers1 the expulsion of ,gregory1 and the creation of an anti-pope1 who was ,john ,philagathos1 a ,greek monk1 ,bishop of ,piacenza1 and lately ambassador of the emperor at the court of ,constantinople4 ,the bold plan of these two conspirators was nothing less than the restoration of the sovereignty of the ,west to the ,greek emperor1 under whose auspices each one hoped to be confirmed in his usurped authority at ,rome4 ,in #iih ,gregory and ,otho re-entered ,rome together1 and this time showed no clemency either to ,crescenzio or ,philagathos1 both of whom were victims of a terrible vengeance4 ,pope ,gregory died in #iii1 in the twenty-seventh year of his age and the third of his pontificate4 ,he was succeeded by the celebrated ,gerbert1 a ,french monk1 formerly abbot of the famous monastery of ,bobbio1 and at this present time ,archbishop of ,ravenna1 who took the name of ,sylvester ,,ii4 ,he had been the guide1 the tutor1 and the friend of ,otho during his boyhood4 ,in his earlier career he had been somewhat hot-headed1 and had sustained a sharp and obstinate contest with ,pope ,john ,,xv4 in respect to the see of ,rouen4 ,now1 however1 he was an old man and a wise4 ,no pope so truly great1 in the sense of the word most appropriate to a bishop and an ecclesiastical ruler1 had ascended the papal throne since the time of ,st4 ,nicholas the ,great1 in the middle of the ninth century4 ,otho remained always in ,rome and ,italy1 for which he had a special predilection4 ,nothing can be more beautiful than the picture of this venerable and learned old man1 with his gifted and loving pupil by his side1 8pulchri ,csaris pulcherrima proles10 filling together the throne of ancient1 eternal ,rome with their pontifical and imperial majesty4 ,what a subject for a painter or a poet6 ,otho is one of the most winning characters to be found in all history4 ,his mother1 the ,greek princess1 had given him an exquisite mental culture1 and his grandmother1 ,st4 ,adelaide1 a most pious education4 ,there was something visionary and romantic in his nature which only adds to his personal attractiveness4 ,he dreamed of great things for ,rome and the empire1 such as the ,florentine seer who had the vision of the unseen world dreamed of1 but which were not in accordance with the plans of divine ,providence1 and probably not with the views of ,sylvester ,,ii4 ,he died at a castle near ,civita ,castellana1 in the twenty-third year of his age1 in the arms of ,sylvester1 who followed him to the tomb in a little more than a year after1 on the #abth of ,may1 #ajjc4 ,the dreaded year #ajjj had been passed and the eleventh century was begun4 ,it was really one of the most fortunate of all the centuries for ,rome and the popes1 yet it began under dark and menacing auspices4 ,the ,crescenzi regained the predominance in ,rome and kept it for twelve years during three pontificates--viz41 those of ,john ,,xvii41 which lasted only five months1 of ,john ,,xviii4 and ,sergius ,,iv41 both of whom ruled the church in peace and with honor to themselves1 yet were obliged to tolerate the usurpation of the patrician ,giovanni ,crescenzio1 who seems to have governed with more mildness than his father1 ,nomentano1 had done4 ,in #ajab1 after his death1 the dominion of this family came finally to an end1 being supplanted by that of the ,conti ,tusculani1 who retained it for thirty years4 ,count ,gregory1 a descendant of ,alberic and ,marozia1 whose later years were rendered illustrious by piety and good works of a splendid munificence1 left at his death three sons1 ,alberic1 ,theophylact1 and ,romanus4 ,the second of these became pope under the name of ,benedict ,,viii41 and governed the church as well as the ,roman principality during twelve years with consummate ability1 aided in his civil administration by his two brothers1 and in perfect amity with the emperor1 ,st4 ,henry ,,ii41 who had succeeded his cousin1 ,otho ,,iii41 but had always been prevented by wars and other pressing employments elsewhere from interfering in ,italian affairs4 ,in #ajad ,st4 ,henry was able to come to ,rome with his queen1 ,st4 ,cunegunda1 to receive the imperial coronation from the pope4 ,a rival king of ,italy1 ,arduin1 the last of the ,italian kings who aspired to the iron crown of ,lombardy until ,victor ,emanuel appeared1 had been conquered1 and1 retiring to a monastery1 passed the rest of his days in penance4 ,henry and ,benedict together made successful war upon the ,greeks and ,saracens1 putting an end to the troubles of ,italy from both these enemies4 ,the pope and the emperor both died at about the same time in #ajbd1 and with ,henry ,,ii4 was ended the ,saxon line of emperors1 which was succeeded by the ,franconian1 called also the ,ghibelline from the family castle of ,waiblingen1 and the ,salic1 from the tribal name ,salii--i4e41 dwellers by the river ,sala4 ,benedict's brother ,romanus succeeded him on the pontifical throne under the name of ,john ,,xix41 and united more strictly in his own person the functions of ecclesiastical and civil sovereignty than had been the case during the reign of his predecessor4 ,his pontificate of eight years was a laudable administration1 without any event of note which has been recorded1 except the coronation of the first ,franconian emperor1 ,conrad ,,ii4 ,this coronation was marked by the presence of an unusually numerous and splendid assemblage of princes and prelates from all parts of ,europe1 among whom were ,rudolph1 ,duke of ,burgundy1 and ,canute the ,great1 ,king of ,denmark and ,england4 ,this grand ceremony was performed in the spring of #ajbg1 but1 notwithstanding the new splendor which seemed at that time to environ the ,holy ,see1 the greatest disgrace and scandal with which it was ever afflicted was close at hand and came upon it in the next pontificate4 ,on the death of ,john ,,xix41 in #ajcb1 there was no one of the family of the ,conti upon whose head the tiara could be placed with any sort of fitness and propriety4 ,so great and so strongly fixed was the power of that family that they succeeded in securing the election and coronation of a young boy1 ,theophylact1 nephew of the two preceding popes1 and the son of ,count ,alberic1 their elder brother4 ,he is said by some historians to have been twelve years old1 by others to have been perhaps seventeen4 ,under the name of ,benedict ,,ix4 he continued during the thirteen years of his reign1 under the protection of the emperor and supported by the power of his family1 to harass his subjects by his capricious tyranny1 and to afflict and desolate the church by the unrestrained license of his moral conduct4 ,his scandalous life and maladministration of the government brought on a schism headed by an anti-pope calling himself ,sylvester ,,iii41 caused frequent and violent popular tumults1 and excited universal contempt and odium against his own person4 ,at last the discontent reached such an extreme that of his own free-will ,benedict abdicated his office1 that he might have greater freedom to live without any restraint upon his conduct4 ,the most distinguished and the most respected priest of the ,roman ,church at this time was ,john ,gratian1 arch-priest of the church of ,st4 ,john at the ,latin ,gate1 the preceptor of ,st4 ,hildebrand1 who was afterwards ,pope ,gregory ,,vii4 ,desiring to put an end to the calamities of every kind which were the consequence of a sacrilegious pontificate1 ,gratian took the extraordinary course of offering a large subsidy in money to ,benedict ,,ix4 on condition of a complete renunciation of all his rights to the ,roman ,see4 ,he was then himself canonically elected ,pope under the name of ,gregory ,,vi41 and began with zeal the work of reformation in both church and state4 ,nevertheless1 the circumstance that he had given a sum of money to induce ,benedict to resign gave occasion to such a plausible outcry of simony and personal ambition against ,gregory1 and the resistance of the anti-pope ,sylvester as well as that of ,benedict1 who reclaimed his former office1 was so violent1 that it was necessary to call in the aid of the new emperor ,henry ,,iii41 and to summon a numerous council1 that the rival claims might be adjudicated and sufficient measures be adopted for restoring peace and order4 ,the council1 which met at ,sutri1 set aside entirely both ,sylvester and ,benedict4 ,the decision of his own case was referred to ,gregory with great respect1 but with a manifest wish that he should resign4 ,the pope disclaimed in the most solemn manner all mercenary and selfish motives for what he had done1 yet nevertheless1 on account of the scandal which had been occasioned1 he judged himself to be unworthy of the papal dignity1 and abdicated it with many tears and expressions of humility4 ,the council confirmed his resignation1 which ,st4 ,hildebrand and many others regretted1 but which the greater number1 with ,st4 ,peter ,damian1 highly approved1 notwithstanding their esteem for ,gregory1 who retired into a monastery1 where he lived a secluded and holy life4 ,even ,benedict at last repented1 and spent the few remaining years of his life in prayer and penance in the monastery of ,grotta-,ferrata1 which his grandfather1 ,count ,gregory1 had founded4 ,on ,christmas eve1 #ajdf1 ,suidger1 ,bishop of ,bamberg1 was proposed by the emperor to the ,roman clergy and people1 and by them elected pope1 taking the name of ,clement ,,ii4 ,he was enthroned on ,christmas day1 and on the same day crowned the emperor and empress1 and1 as a safeguard against the abuse of the power of the ,roman patrician by the ,italian barons1 it was transferred to the emperor1 who was thus made the recognized head of the ,roman aristocracy1 with a special right of superintending the election of the sovereign pontiffs4 ,from this moment commenced the dawn of better and brighter days for ,rome4 ,the great work of reformation was begun by ,clement2 and1 although his reign lasted but one year1 and his successor1 another ,german prelate of high character--,poppo1 ,bishop of ,brixen1 who became ,damasus ,,ii4--survived his enthronization but twenty-three days1 a saint was waiting to inaugurate the glorious series of the ,hildebrandine popes4 ,bruno1 ,bishop of ,toul1 who was ,st4 ,leo ,,ix41 having after long resistance been persuaded by the emperor and the most eminent prelates to consent to assume the tiara1 stopped at ,cluny to see ,hildebrand1 a young monk1 who became ,st4 ,gregory ,,vii4 ,with difficulty he induced him to accompany him to ,rome1 on the condition that he would make the journey in pilgrim's garb1 and submit the imperial nomination without reserve to the free election of the clergy and people of the ,roman ,church4 ,he was enthroned on the #abth of ,february1 which was the first ,sunday of ,lent1 #ajdi4 ,the eleventh century was at its zenith1 and the bright sun of a new era shed its rays upon ,christendom1 as a new ,st4 ,leo sat upon the throne of ,st4 ,peter1 ,st4 ,leo the ,great1 ,st4 ,gregory1 and ,st4 ,nicholas1 chasing away the darkness and the clouds of the tenth century1 and putting an end to the period of the obnubilation of the ,roman ,church4 ,we have confined our attention almost entirely to the local history of the popes1 without noticing their administration of the universal church4 ,the general ecclesiastical history of the whole period between ,st4 ,nicholas ,i4 and ,st4 ,gregory ,,vii4 furnishes abundant proof of the universal recognition and continuous exercise of the papal supremacy in the ,east as well as in the ,west4 ,adrian ,,ii4 celebrated the eighth cumenical council at ,constantinople in #hgj4 ,john ,,viii41 ,john ,x41 and ,john ,,xv4 exercised throughout ,europe the same spiritual authority which was exercised by ,nicholas the ,great4 ,the local difficulties of the popes1 and even the scandals which disturbed the ,roman ,church1 had no effect throughout ,christendom to diminish the authority of the ,roman ,see4 ,during the general anarchy and chaos caused by the new irruption of barbarians the unity and common life of ,christendom was oppressed and enfeebled1 and the corporate1 organic action of the universal church could not manifest itself so vigorously as it had done before and did afterwards4 ,when all the evils which had attacked the church and ,christendom at the very centre of life in ,rome reached their crisis in the pontificate of ,benedict ,,ix41 it was certainly felt by all good and honest men that the very existence of the ,papacy and the ,catholic ,church1 of the whole ,european society1 and of all civilization1 morality1 and order on the earth1 was in imminent danger4 ,the spectacle of a youth who was no better in morals1 and no stronger in intellectual or princely qualities1 than the weakest and most dissolute of the ,carlovingian monarchs1 seated on the throne of ,st4 ,peter1 shocked and scandalized ,christendom to such an extent that the loud outcry has not yet ceased to resound in our ears4 ,yet we perceive in the action of the ,council of ,sutri1 and of the emperor1 ,henry ,,iii41 in respect to ,gregory ,,vi41 one of the most signal and splendid testimonies to the undoubting and unshaken faith of that age in the supremacy of the pope4 ,sylvester was judged and condemned to perpetual imprisonment as an intruder and a pseudo-pope4 ,benedict was set aside1 not because the council pretended to judge him for his conduct while pope1 but because he had executed a legal and valid abdication of his office4 ,in respect to ,gregory1 the council examined and judged of nothing except the validity of his election1 and1 this being ascertained1 left the judgment of his own case to his own supreme authority1 to his conscience1 and to ,almighty ,god4 ,just one rapid and parting glance we must cast over ,christendom1 to take in by a general view its movement through this segment of the great cycle of time1 and the state into which it had grown in the middle of the eleventh century4 ,the great barbarian and heathen irruption into ,christian ,europe was like the casting of an immense mass of fresh coals upon a glowing but gradually-expiring fire in a great foundry furnace4 ,the general aspect was black and dead1 and the momentary effect was a suspension of the great works commenced1 but the result was a rapid kindling from the burning bed beneath1 a stronger and hotter fire1 and a more vigorous resumption of operations4 ,the threatened ,mohammedan conquest of ,europe was averted1 the ,hungarian invasion completely and finally repelled1 the ,scandinavian eruptions changed into a most beneficial colonization and infusion of a new element of strength4 ,many other most remarkable and salutary political and social transformations were effected4 ,the ,scandinavians1 ,hungarians1 ,russians1 and other ,sclavonian nations were converted and added to the church4 ,a beginning was made with the ,prussians1 even1 by the martyrdom of their first apostle1 ,st4 ,adalbert1 although the work was not completed until near the close of the thirteenth century and proved to be short-lived4 ,since they have resumed the persecution of bishops1 there may be1 perhaps1 a hope of their reconversion4 ,the calendars of the two centuries from #hej to #ajej are crowded with the names of great saints and other illustrious men and women4 ,among the popes flourished ,st4 ,leo ,,iv41 founder of the ,leonine ,city1 ,st4 ,nicholas ,i41 ,john ,x41 ,benedict ,,viii41 and ,sylvester ,,ii4 ,among the emperors and kings we may single out ,berenger1 ,henry the ,fowler1 ,otho the ,great1 ,st4 ,henry ,,ii41 ,hugh ,capet1 ,robert1 ,alfred1 ,canute1 ,edward the ,confessor2 ,edward and ,edmund1 martyrs2 ,brian ,boroihme1 ,ferdinand1 ,st4 ,stephen1 ,st4 ,olaf1 ,rollo1 and ,wladimir4 ,in the brilliant group of ,christian empresses and queens shine with special lustre ,theodora1 ,st4 ,adelaide1 ,st4 ,cunegunda1 ,st4 ,matilda1 ,theophania1 and ,olga4 ,as illustrious specimens of the great number of bishops and abbots of high virtue and merit1 we mention ,st4 ,anscharius1 ,st4 ,methodius1 ,st4 ,ignatius of ,constantinople1 ,st4 ,dunstan1 ,st4 ,odo of ,cluny1 and ,st4 ,romuald4 ,these two centuries contributed but little to the treasury of literature4 ,there is1 nevertheless1 a considerable list of authors1 among whom are worthy of mention ,nithart1 ,flodoard1 ,suidas1 ,pascharius ,radbert1 ,wuthikind the ,german annalist1 and ,john ,scotus ,erigena4 ,one of the most gifted and clever of the ,latins1 ,luitprand1 and the most intelligent and erudite of the ,greeks1 ,photius1 were unhappily both so morally despicable that they reflect disgrace rather than honor upon their age4 ,the epoch we are considering was more remarkable for action than for writing4 ,the vast and strong foundations were laid for the future superstructure4 ,empires and kingdoms1 smaller states1 cities1 towns1 universities1 monasteries1 and great churches1 rose in majesty during the latter part of this epoch upon the ruins made during its earlier period1 or upon heretofore waste and desert land4 ,the glorious orders of ,cluny and ,camaldoli1 the universities of ,oxford1 ,cambridge1 ,cordova1 several of the great minsters1 and the first efforts of the new school of ,christian art date from this period4 ,it made scanty records of its own history1 but it is crowded with the richest materials for the student and the literary artist4 ,m4 ,ozanam projected a course of lectures at the ,sorbonne covering the whole space from the fifth to the fourteenth centuries1 but executed only the first and last part of his programme4 ,the middle portion still lies open to any one worthy to complete his work4 ,the ,iron ,age is worthy of more study than has been given to it1 and1 when it is carefully examined1 there are many great discoveries to be made concerning the ages which preceded as well as those which have followed this hard era4 ,when will intelligent ,englishmen and ,americans begin to read history and find out how they have been duped8 ,when will the wretched little manuals such as ,mrs4 ,markham's ,history of ,england be driven out of our schools and children's libraries and replaced by books which tell the truth8 ,let us lay bare history and search for the hard foundations of society and civilization1 and we shall see with ocular evidence that the converging and diverging lines of all the centuries have but two centres1 ,jerusalem and ,rome4 ,the rocky height of ,jebus1 which ,david carried by craft and valor2 the ,capitoline ,hill1 where ,romulus and ,numa laid the foundations of ,rome1 are in the cycle of history what the two foci are in an ellipse4 ,when the fortunes of ,juda are at their lowest point1 the supernatural providence of ,god over that royal tribe and the house of ,david is most signally manifested4 ,it is impossible to read intelligently the history of the ,roman ,see and the popes without perceiving a providence of a higher order1 working on a more sublime plane1 in the disasters as well as in the glories and triumphs of the ,new ,jerusalem and its line of priestly kings1 the vicegerents of ,david's royal ,son and ,lord4 ,the supernatural providence manifest in the destinies of ,rome and its dependent ,christendom makes also the supernatural end toward which ,god is conducting mankind equally manifest4 ,the search after natural causes without regard to the first cause being proved absurd1 the search for natural effects without respect to the final cause is equally absurd4 ,the ideal kingdom on earth is not to be found4 ,not only are we unable to find it realized1 we cannot even find a tendency toward a future realization4 ,royal power1 national greatness1 the achievements of art and science1 the external order and splendor of the church1 are all1 manifestly1 only means1 and the end is in the spiritual order1 in the souls of individual men4 ,everything external and temporal is built on the shifting1 unstable sand of human free-will1 and is therefore evanescent and changeable4 ,the only permanent and eternal result is in the great1 unknown mass of human beings who have found the gate and the way to the kingdom of heaven1 and in the lite of the human race who have found the way to its highest places and wear its brightest crowns4 ,the earth is only a palstra1 a school1 an ingenious contrivance of divine art for the acquisition and exercise of virtue1 for gaining merit1 for nurturing the childhood of the destined citizens of the true and eternal city of ,god--,clestis ,urbs1 ,jerusalem4 ,the whole order of divine ,providence in the church and the world1 and its chief intention1 must be changed1 if any ideal and stable state of perfection is established on the earth2 for this would require that no longer free scope should be given to the liberty of the human will4 ,we conclude1 therefore1 that future ages will not differ essentially from those which are past4 ,as the fourth and the seventh centuries differ1 as the tenth and thirteenth1 the fifteenth1 seventeenth1 and eighteenth centuries mutually differ1 so there are possible cycles of change from worse to better1 or the reverse1 so long as the world continues4 ,there is a perpetual progress toward that consummation which ,god has in view4 ,but there is no change in the militant state of the ,catholic ,church4 ,we are informed by divine revelation that the earthly sovereignty of ,jesus ,christ will continue only so long as he has enemies to conquer1 and that when his conquest is completed he will give up this kingdom to the ,father1 that ,god may be all in all4 ,his eternal reign1 in which all the elect will share1 consists in the glory won by merit4 ,all the rest is only scaffolding to be torn down and thrown away for fire-wood2 it is scenery and stage-costume1 of no use when the play is over4 ,the lessons of history teach us to discern all the illusions which have deceived past ages2 if we are wise we shall learn also not to make new illusions for the future4 ,we shall fear nothing for the eternal cause of truth and right1 and we shall have no fanciful hopes of a coming millennium4 ,we shall learn the one needful and useful maxim that all effort is a waste of time1 except the one effort to make ourselves and others better and more virtuous4 ,,six ,,sunny ,,months4 ,,by ,,the ,,author ,,of 8,,the ,,house ,,of ,,yorke10 8,,grapes ,,and ,,thorns10 ,,etc4 ,,chapter ,,xiv4 ,,the ,,raven ,,and ,,the ,,dove4 ,,conclusion4 ,the morning they started for ,monte ,cassino the ,signora had a ,mass said for her intention1 and the intention was that she might be enabled to decide speedily on her state of life1 and to decide so clearly and wisely as never again to have a doubt about it4 ,never had she been nearer to accepting ,mr4 ,vane1 and never had she been more tremblingly afraid of doing so4 ,the suspense and trouble were becoming intolerable4 ,she felt that it must be settled within these three days4 ,but no sooner was the journey begun than all else was lost sight of4 ,it was impossible to pass with a preoccupied mind amid all that beauty2 impossible not to feel one's individual life dwindle in view of the life of centuries there made visible4 ,the ,campagna slipped past like an old monotonous song that has been sung over one's cradle1 and heard in quiet intervals all up the years1 till every note has grown to be something more than a simple sound1 and is rather a long series of octaves caught along the heart-strings4 ,then 8,the old miraculous mountains heaved in sight10 pressing near the track1 and looking over each other's heads at the train as it went1 as if wondering what new ,jason was ploughing with fiery-snorting monsters down through the green fields of the south4 ,dim1 gray cities stood petrified on their heights1 without a sign of life2 and the torrent-beds on their sides were like silvery paths up which the souls of all the dead had climbed1 and so faded off into space4 ,what fancies went up those converging paths1 and spread their wings in the shining clouds that moored themselves on crest after crest6 ,or1 fair as any fancy1 what brooks and torrents came rushing down in the rainy ,october and petulant ,april1 catching the sunshine as they ran1 and bringing flowers and harvests and fountains for the thirsty plains4 ,on they went through the smiling1 luxuriant paradise waving with solid green and bloom in the valleys4 ,dark forests hung suspended in gorges1 cities lifted themselves between the mountains to look1 here and there a castle sat on its rock like a king on his throne4 ,they could no more have pointed out the rapidly-succeeding beauties to each other than they could have indicated the swift flashes of a tempest4 ,at length1 and before they had begun to think they were tired1 the cars stopped at the station of ,san ,germano1 and here a very tall old man1 bent into the shape of a new moon1 recognized them as the party he was on the watch for1 and informed them that the donkeys were waiting for them outside1 and that they were expected to dine at ,monte ,cassino4 ,they recollected that they were a little tired and a little hungry1 and1 very opportunely1 a pretty young contadina presented herself with a basket of bread1 fruit1 boiled eggs1 and wine4 ,so they seated themselves in the waiting-room1 a circle of admiring contadini standing about and watching every mouthful they ate1 as a dog watches4 8,are we expected to take more than we want and give them what remains80 ,isabel asked4 ,the ,signora glanced over the company1 and demanded to know which men had charge of the donkeys4 ,five stout young fellows stood forward1 and a sixth made haste to explain that four of them would attend to the party1 and a fifth would carry their baggage up on another donkey4 8,and have you anything to do with us80 she inquired politely of this informant4 8,i belong to the hotel of ,san ,germano10 he replied1 and then went on to explain the situation still further4 8,oh6 thanks2 but don't trouble yourself10 the ,signora interrupted quite coolly4 8,you need not wait for us4 ,five men are quite enough to do all we want done40 ,he withdrew a little1 but did not go away4 ,there was not the slightest sign of resentment or mortification4 ,he was actuated by a simple and unadulterated desire for money1 and meant to stay by till the last minute1 in the hope that he might snatch at the chance of some small service which would give him a claim4 8,now1 girls10 the ,signora said1 8don't you give a penny to any one1 unless ,i tell you4 ,here are twenty people on the watch for money4 ,don't let any one do the smallest thing for you1 except these five men4 ,we will give them some bread and wine4 ,that is all they will want4 ,the ,italian poor live on bread4 ,what does that old man want of us80 she inquired of one of the donkey-men4 ,the old man1 who had been constantly hovering near1 came forward at once4 ,he was the letter-carrier for the monastery4 8,oh6 ,i did not know but you had something to do with the donkeys10 she remarked4 ,he came a step nearer4 8,i do not go up till evening10 he said with an insinuating smile4 8,go whenever you like10 she answered obligingly4 8,if you should bring us up any letters1 however1 we will give you a soldo for each one40 ,he glanced longingly at the bread and wine1 but she rose without taking any further notice of him4 8,how much is your wine a bottle80 she asked of the pretty young vendor4 8,fifteen soldi1 ,signora10 was the innocent reply4 8,nonsense6 ,i will give you five40 ,exclamations1 deprecation1 grieved reproach on the part of the young woman4 ,the wine was too good for that1 she protested4 ,it was the best dry wine of the country1 and sincere1 as the ,signora could see4 ,the ,signora was not so new as they had supposed4 ,she had bought better wine in larger bottles1 in ,genzano1 close to ,rome1 for seven cents a bottle1 and this was high at six4 ,it was not1 however1 worth while to multiply words about it1 and they made a compromise by paying seven soldi a bottle1 with which the young woman seemed to be perfectly well satisfied4 ,then they went out and mounted their donkeys1 followed by the reproachful eyes and extended hands of fourteen men and children1 and closely attended by the young hotel servant1 who attached himself to ,bianca4 ,marion1 having visited ,monte ,cassino thoroughly not long before1 had not accompanied them1 being a little delicate1 too1 about joining himself to a party without an invitation from the monastery1 though he would certainly have been included had his connection with the family been known4 ,bianca dropped her pocket-handkerchief1 and the young volunteer esquire rushed to pick it up and present it to her with a gallant touch of the cap and a smile that displayed a fine set of teeth4 ,she accepted it with blushing thanks4 8,my dear1 he counts on half a lira for that10 the ,signora remarked4 8,don't get any romantic ideas into your head4 ,he would be as gallant as that to a witch1 if he thought she would pay him4 ,you must really put on a more severe expression4 ,you have precisely the look at this moment of some young princess of fairyland who goes about giving bags of gold to everybody4 ,if you keep on that sweet face1 you will be as surrounded by beggars as a lump of sugar with flies40 8,you are a terribly forbidding and obdurate woman10 ,mr4 ,vane said1 looking into the ,signora's laughing face4 8,i am sometimes10 she protested4 8,i pity one beggar1 or two beggars1 or sometimes three beggars2 but when ,i see a score of healthy cormorants surround poor travellers1 and ready for any pretence or any servility to get money out of them1 ,i lose patience4 ,i've been victimized too much in days that are gone to be very long-suffering now4 ,besides1 ,i work for my money and have a feeling of indignation when ,i see a strong1 healthy person stretch out a hand that has done me no service4 ,aren't these donkeys little darlings8 ,i do think they are the most useful1 faithful creatures in the world40 8,if ,i could only know just where the backbone of mine is situated10 ,isabel said pathetically2 for her saddle had been constantly slipping either backward or forward ever since she mounted4 8,it really seems to me that ,i could ride a rail more securely4 ,there ,i go6 ,oh60 ,the hotel-servant rushed enthusiastically to catch the back of her saddle1 and lift the rider from her nearly horizontal position1 and help her off while they tightened the girths4 8,it's a sort of knack which you will soon learn10 the ,signora said consolingly4 8,the poor little animals are as thin as a rail1 but the saddles are like a chair4 ,just let yourself go1 humor the motion of the donkey1 and in a little while you will sit like--like ,bianca there4 ,look at that child6 ,all she wants is an infant in her arms60 ,they had passed the narrow and stony loops of the path out of the town1 and reached the mountain-side1 and1 as the ,signora spoke1 ,bianca1 leading the procession1 went round a turn before them and came back higher up4 ,she sat in the saddle as easily as if in a chair1 upright1 her hands folded in her lap1 and her fair face uplifted as she gazed at the great pile of the monastery on the peak above them4 ,she needed1 indeed1 but an infant in her arms to be a ready picture of the ,holy ,mother and ,child in the ,flight into ,egypt4 ,she had taken off her hat and laid a large veil over her head4 ,a blue mantle hung over her shoulders and came close to her white neck4 ,the beast she rode1 the saddle1 the rocky path--all were perfect4 ,she passed under a cypress-tree that pressed her eyes down with its black shadow1 and1 in that downward glance1 caught their looks directed to her4 ,she smiled1 clasped her hands1 and glanced around in mute rapture4 ,to and fro1 to and fro they wound up the height1 every turn unwinding and enlarging the scene below4 ,the low hills of the plain disappeared1 leaving only a vast level laid out in an exquisite mosaic of varied greens1 with houses here and there1 single or in clusters1 forests that had dwindled to groves1 and groves that looked like bouquets4 ,the shining turns of a river lay amid that verdure1 like a silver chain dropped and half-hidden in the grass4 ,all round the mountains circled close and jealous1 guarding this little paradise4 ,now they were skirted with trees2 now they rose in harsh masses of stone that looked as if not even a blade of grass could find a foothold4 ,a picturesque castle stood on a spur sent off from the mountain they were ascending4 ,above them the vast square of the monastery1 with its many windows and balconies1 grew every moment nearer4 ,after an hour's ride trees shut them into an avenue1 and they found themselves close under the grand walls of the building4 ,they alighted at the lofty open archway and saw before them a long1 ascending passage that looked strong enough to support even that pile on its solid arches4 ,the first half was dim1 and part way up1 at the right1 was a shrine in the wall1 with its floating flame burning before some saintly face only half-visible behind the wire screen4 ,the upper half was lighted by arched windows at the left1 showing a double wall there1 with some sort of room or passage between1 arched openings in the inner wall answering to the windows4 ,at the upper end of this avenue of stone shut the great black valves of a double iron door1 studded thickly with nails1 pierced with a little cluster of holes to peep through at one side1 and showing the outline of a smaller door in the right valve4 ,the massive walls and doors1 the long1 sloping ascent1 the light and shade1 the one little golden flame1 were like nothing of the nineteenth century4 ,the action and business of such a place were not the action and business peculiar and suitable to our times4 ,ecclesiastical processions might go up there2 the scarlet fire of a cardinal's robe in the midst of a group of attendants would well befit that dim and echoing passage2 a cavalcade of knights and ladies1 with horn and hound and nodding plumes2 a company of soldiers with shield and helmet--these were the figures to animate such a scene4 ,or1 most perfect picture of all1 one might imagine there that sublime company1 the very thought of which brings tears to the eyes--that long procession of ecclesiastics and people1 with their banners and crucifixes and candles1 chanting funeral hymns as they ascended1 bearing up to the mountain-top for burial the twin saint of the glorious founder and father of the monastery--,santa ,scholastica4 ,it is but yesterday1 it seems1 that the brother and sister parted1 having their last conference together under a little roof down the mountain-side1 while the tempest stormed about them4 ,it is but this morning that ,st4 ,benedict has sent his monks down to bring the holy relics up and lay them in his own tomb under the grand altar1 where soon he will join her4 ,so the colossal saints of all time know how to recognize the grandeur of a true woman4 ,these men are so near the most sublime and regal of creatures--the awful1 immaculate ,virgin--and the very type of penitents--the thrice-purified ,magdalen--that the shining veil of the one and the sacred tears of the other flow about their sisters1 and woman is honored in whatever work her ,creator calls her to do4 ,it was in the times1 still illuminated by the twilight of the scarcely-departed presence of the ,morning ,star and the ,son1 that ,st4 ,gregory the ,great ordered his mother's portrait painted with the mitre of a doctor on her head1 and one hand raised in benediction1 while with the other she taught her son from the sacred ,book on her knees--the queenly ,st4 ,sylvia6 ,it was in such days that ,st4 ,chrysostom proclaimed that women may participate1 as well as men1 in combats for the cause of ,god and the church2 that ,st4 ,melania1 the younger1 disputed so eloquently with the ,nestorians that she converted many and frightened the rest1 showing herself so powerful that ,pelagius1 who drew away priests and bishops1 strove1 but in vain1 to convert her into an assistant2 the same ,melania who converted the persecutor1 ,volusianus1 whom all the eloquence of ,st4 ,augustine could not convert4 ,it was in such days that saintly women inspired the ,fathers of the church to write1 and that ,st4 ,gregory conceived his ,treatise on the ,soul and on ,resurrection while sitting at his dying sister's bedside and listening to her discourse on death1 as she consoled him for the death of ,st4 ,basil4 ,and not only such thoughts and recollections1 dear to women1 flowed in as they went up the path that ,st4 ,scholastica had passed before them1 but other recollections1 dear to scholars and precious to the church and to civilization4 ,here was one of the citadels of learning in times when barbarous invasions overran the land and threatened to extinguish every spark of intellectual and spiritual wealth that the race of man had accumulated4 ,here the monks1 with a zeal kindled to passion1 hoarded and preserved the remains of their devastated treasures1 and spent unwearied days and nights in multiplying copies of writings that must not die4 ,here1 with the devotion of the bridegroom who brings the most precious gems he can procure to deck his bride1 or of parents who shower upon their only child every gift in their power to bestow1 genius the most exquisite consecrated itself to the work of adorning the page of the text of praise and prayer with such marvellous miniature beauty of form and color as only the fairy pencil of ,nature can rival4 ,wrapt and exalted in such recollections1 the ,signora moved as one in a dream1 forgetting her companions entirely4 ,it was only when the great iron doors swung open before her1 and she saw a tall gentleman in a black robe hurrying forward1 with his hand extended in cordial welcome to ,mr4 ,vane1 that she came back to the nineteenth century1 and made an effort to salute in a sufficiently-composed manner the prior of ,monte ,cassino1 ,father ,boniface4 ,but it was a very beautiful nineteenth century that she recalled herself to4 ,they were within the monastery buildings1 which completely surrounded them in a massive square1 broken in the middle at the left by a long portico of white travertine supporting a superb terrace called the ,loggia del ,paradiso1 and at the right1 in the centre1 also1 by the grand stairs that go up to the higher level of the mountain peak1 around which the monastery is built4 ,this loggia and the grand stairs are at the opposite sides of a court with a picturesque well in the centre1 and colossal statues of ,st4 ,benedict and ,st4 ,scholastica4 ,the paved court is between two others1 which are turned into gardens1 the three separated by double colonnades and surrounded by porticos4 ,at the head of the stairs1 which are the whole width of the court1 another portico opens into the upper court--that of the church--and has a door at either side leading back to the ,loggia del ,paradiso4 ,the church court1 also surrounded by porticos and adorned with statues1 is closed on one side by the church4 ,this is built on the very mountain-top1 the confession being hewn out of the solid rock4 ,this plan they caught at first1 though but in a glance2 for1 after welcoming them all1 the prior conducted them through two or three dimly-lighted rooms1 all of stone1 unfurnished and unadorned1 into a bright parlor1 where a balcony window gave them a view of all the beautiful valley with its surrounding mountains4 ,in a few minutes dinner was announced as prepared in the next chamber1 and here they found a table laid out with the freshest of linen1 old silver as white almost as the cloth1 and a well-cooked and well-served dinner4 ,weakening their wine before drinking it1 they all observed the quality of the water1 limpid and light as some third element half-water and half-air1 and the prior explained to them that the monastery used rain-water filtered4 8,we have a great cistern1 ninety feet square1 hollowed out in the mountain under the central court4 ,the well you saw there is in the centre of it4 ,the water is thoroughly filtered4 ,moreover1 the conduits that admit it to the cistern are closed during the four hot months1 so that only cold water enters40 ,this prior1 the 8urbane librarian0 of ,longfellow's recollections of ,monte ,cassino1 was not only a kind and generous host and an intelligent cicerone1 but a most agreeable and interesting man4 ,he had a noble figure and a handsome1 bright face1 and combined in his character qualities which might have been thought to be inharmonious2 for he was at the same time an enthusiastic monk1 proud of his venerable order1 and devoted heart and soul to his monastery1 and a man quite up to the times in all that the times have of praise-worthy4 ,after dinner he led them up to see the church1 pointing out the statues as they went4 ,here were the father and mother of ,st4 ,benedict1 and with them popes1 royal dukes1 kings1 and emperors4 ,before entering they paused to look at the great door of bronze1 cast in ,constantinople1 in which is written in silver letters the list of the possessions of the abbey at the time the door was made1 in #ajff4 ,at this time1 more than eight hundred years later1 nothing was left of these riches4 ,entering the church1 they stood astonished4 ,if it had been built of simple marble1 moderately varied and ornamented1 there would still have been enough to praise warmly in the beautiful form and proportions of the three naves1 the grand altar by ,michael ,angelo1 the raised tribune1 and the beautiful paintings of the dome1 roof1 and eight chapels4 ,but these were only the frame-work of a mosaic the most splendid covering every part of the edifice to the dimmest corner or the smallest nook behind a column4 ,and this mosaic is not that comparatively simpler kind1 made of small bits1 but each flower and figure is cut from a single piece of marble or precious stone1 and so perfectly fitted into the groundwork that the point of a pin could not be introduced between them4 ,it was hard at first to believe that the whole was not exquisitely painted in every possible color and shade1 and it needed a touch or a near sight of that fine1 inimitable gloss of marble to convince one of the incalculable riches of the whole4 ,the very floor was superb enough for the walls of a splendid church2 the very steps of the tribune were set with mosaics4 ,the ,signora took pencil and paper1 and attempted to make a memorandum of only one chapel1 to enumerate its alabaster columns1 its flowers of mother-of-pearl1 amethyst1 agate1 and lapis-lazuli1 its infinitely-varied marbles and precious stones and its infinitely varied designs1 and1 after ten minutes' rapid work1 gave up the task4 ,a week would have been necessary for that one chapel2 and there were seven more1 besides the altar1 the confession1 and the tribune4 8,you like carved wood80 the prior asked1 with a smile of anticipated triumph1 as they went up the tribune steps4 8,who does not80 the ,signora exclaimed4 8,carved wood and lace are two of my passions4 ,i have never stolen any lace1 and ,i hope ,i never shall4 ,wood-carving is fortunately usually in too heavy pieces to suggest the possibility of being carried away in one's pocket40 8,we must1 however1 first visit ,st4 ,benedict and ,santa ,scholastica10 said their guide1 too charitable1 as well as too enthusiastic for beautiful things1 to be shocked at this little escapade4 ,thirteen silver lamps burned before the screen at the back of the grand altar1 and under that screen reposed the bodies of the twin saints4 ,above them1 written in golden letters1 was the inscription3 8,benedictum et ,scholasticam ,uno in terris partu editos1 ,una in ,deum pietate clo ,redetos1 ,unis ,hic ,excipit ,tumulus1 ,mortalis depositi pro ,aeternitate custos40 ,rising from their knees1 they turned and faced the choir--a double row of stalls forming three sides of a large square open to the altar4 ,looked at from a little distance1 these stalls had the appearance of having been closely overgrown at some past time with the finest of vines1 which had turned black and petrified there1 preserving perfectly every little leaf and tendril1 and still covering entirely the plain wood beneath4 ,looking longer1 one saw little figures and faces1 and birds and animals4 ,going nearer scarcely dispelled the illusion1 so finely was every particle carved--the vines and leaves in some places quite separated from the ground1 so that one slipped the finger-tip behind them4 ,every stall was different1 every one provoked a new exclamation of admiring wonder4 ,then they went into the sacristy1 a long hall with the sides completely lined with presses of dark wood with gilded metal ornaments4 ,these presses also were carved finely1 each department1 in front of which a priest would vest himself for ,mass1 having a bas-relief of a subject suggesting some particular virtue1 as that of the ,pharisee and the publican in the ,temple1 suggesting humility4 ,back of the sacristy was the relic-chamber1 where1 in addition to the more sacred treasures1 the ladies admired especially two little antique caskets1 one of smalt1 bright as a jewel1 the other of carved ivory of the most delicious tint of creamy white--that tint so soft that it seems as if the material itself must yield like down to the touch4 ,they gave one glance at a crosier by ,benvenuto ,cellini1 on the inner curve of which stood a tiny group1 then tore themselves away4 ,the afternoon was waning1 and there was left them but a day and a half more1 with 8,such rooms to explore1 ,such alcoves to importune40 ,the air of this place was an ideal atmosphere2 one breathed it like a fine wine that exhilarates delicately1 but does not inebriate4 ,it was soft but not warm1 fresh but not chilly1 and as pure as pure can be4 ,the fresh1 rosy faces of the troop of young students they met going out showed how this mountain air agreed with them4 8,what a place to send boys to60 ,mr4 ,vane exclaimed4 8,it is a little world in itself1 where they can have every amusement and companionship1 as well as instruction2 and one has but to look at them to see that they are as happy as they are healthy40 ,the boys were coming in from their afternoon walk down the mountain-side1 and all glowing with just-subsiding fun4 ,each one1 passing the prior1 caught at his hand to kiss it2 but as he would not permit himself to receive such an homage1 they resorted to the amusing substitute of kissing their own hands after they had touched his4 8,what beautiful recollections of their school-days those boys will carry with them through their lives60 ,mr4 ,vane remarked1 as they went out over the colonnade to the ,loggia del ,paradiso4 8,in no way1 it seems to me1 except by being educated here1 unless one spend one's life here1 could one become perfectly familiar with the riches1 visible and invisible1 of the place2 and such a familiarity would be of itself an education1 especially for the impressible minds of the young40 ,the front of the ,paradiso fills the gap in the middle of one side of the monastery--that part opposite the church--and is on a level with the church1 or the second story of the monastery4 ,it is probably the same width as the church4 ,leaning on the parapet there1 one looks off on a view which may well give the place its name--the beautiful plain and the beautiful circling mountains1 with the still1 blue splendor of the southern sky gazing down upon them as if enamored of their beauty4 ,there was no need of imagination in such a place4 ,simple1 literal eyes were enough to flood the soul with beauty4 ,familiar as he was with the scene1 the prior was sympathetic enough to say but little2 and even ,isabel1 whose impressions1 being more superficial1 ran a good deal into words1 hushed herself out of respect for the others4 8,until we reach ,rome again10 the ,signora remarked to her friends as they went down the stairs to the great court1 8,i should like to be excused from all social intercourse1 except the mere being with you bodily4 ,i don't want to speak or be spoken to1 except to learn of this place4 ,we have no right to talk2 we are ghosts4 ,we have come here in a dream or a vision4 ,father ,boniface talks1 of course1 because he is a part of the place40 ,they laughed and agreed4 8,but ,i hope10 the prior said1 8that you are not too ghostly to taste the water they are just drawing up now4 ,see how it sparkles60 ,two columns support a cross-piece over this beautiful well1 and from the centre drops an iron chain with a copper bucket at each end4 ,when one goes down the other comes up1 dripping full of airy water4 ,they all drank silently--each1 probably1 to some friend1 absent or present4 ,bianca blushed as she drank1 and her pretty mouth seemed to kiss the water4 ,then1 standing on the upper step of the well1 they leaned over the stone curb and looked down to where1 far below1 the surface of the water shone like a huge black diamond set in a gray border4 ,tired out with travel and with pleasure1 the ladies were not sorry when the prior proposed that they should go down to the house where they were to sleep4 ,this house is the only building on the mountain except the monastery1 and is under the control of the monastery4 ,it was built merely to accommodate lady relatives of the students who might wish to see their sons1 or brothers1 or nephews without the fatigue of coming up and going down the mountain the same day1 and without suffering the embarrassment of spending the whole day in a house inhabited and served only by men4 ,now and then some benefactress or a friend of the superiors of the monastery has the privilege of stopping there4 ,the house is small and plain1 and kept by a contadine and his wife4 ,the ladies stopping there have their coffee in the house1 but they dine always in a private dining-room at the monastery1 from whence1 also1 their supper is sent down to them in the evening--supper being after ,ave ,maria1 when the gates are closed4 ,mr4 ,vane stayed with the prior1 and the three ladies followed their guide4 ,their way led them a five minutes' walk back as they had come up1 then turned through an open gate in the stone wall at the right1 where they found their lodgings4 ,a contadina with dark cloth draperies pinned smoothly about her1 and a huge white edifice of starched linen on her head1 overshadowing a pair of bright eyes1 met them at the gate and welcomed them with a pleasant voice1 but in a tongue where the soft ,roman consonants seemed to have each and every one turned itself into the hardest kind of a ,z4 ,the windows looked out on a long terrace with a parapet1 and outside the parapet the mountain dropped steeply to the plain4 ,a stair1 which belonged entirely to the strangers' house1 led up to the second floor1 and here they found three pleasant bed-chambers awaiting them4 ,an hour later1 as they sat at their windows looking out into the twilight1 they saw their donna1 ,catarina1 come into the terrace with a huge basket on her arm4 ,her head-dress and sleeves shone white in the light of the rising moon1 and there was a soft richness where the scarlet stripe ran round her petticoat1 and where the rainbow colors of the apron-like upper mantle bound her without a fold4 ,her solid step sounded on the stair the next minute1 there was the spurt of a match in the outer room of the suite1 and1 looking through the open doors1 they saw the woman1 more like a picture than any picture they recollected to have seen1 standing with a curious brass lamp in her hand1 carefully lighting its wick1 the basket she had brought sitting on the floor at her feet4 ,she came into the ,signora's room with that red light all over her from the lamp she carried in her hand1 smiled so as to show two rows of snowy-white teeth1 and1 with a 8,buona sera10 announced that their supper had come and would be on the table in a few minutes4 ,the three went out into the dining-room to witness the preparations and listen to the woman's pleasant voice as she half-talked1 half-sang an account of her life and adventures there1 her manner of speech being that so common among the lower classes of ,italy1 especially at the south--almost a sort of chant1 inexpressibly soft and touching4 ,the peculiarity of this manner of speaking consists more1 perhaps1 in the ending of the sentences than in their progress2 for they never come down to the definite tone that ends a period1 but stop on some swinging note a little higher up1 it may be only half a tone above4 ,it is the voice of weeping1 which never has a positive tone1 as if the whole gamut were washed over and blurred by tears4 ,talking so1 the woman brought out from her basket a linen cloth for the table1 next a pair of cruets with vinegar and oil1 next a decanter of white-wine1 next an omelette made with herbs1 after that a salad that looked like sliced cucumbers1 but was something else4 ,bread followed1 then the necessary dishes4 8,i'm ashamed to confess that ,i am hungry10 ,isabel said4 8,it is a miserable coming down1 but we won't say anything about it40 8,my dear10 responded the ,signora1 8you are very ungrateful to say so4 ,let us be just4 ,our bodies have brought our souls up to this beautiful place1 and carried them about from point to point of it1 and kept as quiet as possible about their own affairs4 ,now1 if they are hungry1 let us feed them4 ,poor bodies6 they have the worst of it4 ,they are extremely useful1 and we sublime creatures are always turning up our noses at them2 they suffer1 and we protest that we want to get rid of them1 when1 in nine cases out of ten1 we have wantonly caused their suffering4 ,can a body take care of itself1 or even know how it should be done8 ,no2 the soul has to do it1 and ought to do it in gratitude for house-rent1 or body-rent4 ,then1 at last1 the poor things have got to corrupt1 and be devoured by worms1 and go to dust4 ,fortunately1 these sufferings will not be felt4 ,it is also a satisfaction to know that this arrogant spirit1 which is for ever crowing over its poor companion1 will have to suffer consciously for it all and pay the uttermost farthing4 ,you will please to recollect1 ,miss ,isabel ,vane1 that if ever you should have the happiness of going to heaven1 your body will go there too4 ,sometimes10 she said1 holding her hand up before the light1 which shone through and made a ruby of it1--8sometimes ,i think that my poor flesh has a glimmering1 a presentiment of the possibility of being one day glorified40 8,most worshipful body10 said ,isabel to herself with great respect1 8would you like a piece of that omelette--a large piece1 a half of it1 say1 leaving the other half to those two8 ,yes8 ,well1 you shall have it40 ,and she proceeded with all possible dignity to help herself to a hundred and eighty degrees of the circle of herbs and eggs before her4 ,the donna1 who1 of course1 had not understood a word1 looked with astonishment at this shocking piece of voracity2 and when ,bianca1 in protection of her client1 clasped her arms around the wine1 and the ,signora1 with an air of determination1 took possession of the salad1 the poor creature evidently thought that she was waiting on a company of maniacs4 8,do let's laugh10 said the ,signora1 and at once set the example4 8,we are frightening the poor soul to death40 ,their supper and their nonsense finished1 the three took possession of their rooms4 ,a full moonlight was filling all the valley1 or plain1 which looked like the bottom of an emerald chalice full of golden wine4 ,a pure and sacred silence reigned over all--the silence of peace and lofty contemplation4 ,had it been some such silence that suggested to ,charlemagne1 when1 almost eleven hundred years before1 he came to venerate the relics of ,st4 ,benedict1 the beautiful thought of bestowing on the abbot1 with all the other singular privileges he gave him1 that of being the sole mediator between the emperor and the rebellious barons--the only person by whose means they could make their peace8 ,it was doubtless by virtue of this ancient title that the prior had written 8,pax0 at the head of his letter to ,mr4 ,vane4 ,yes1 ,charlemagne came up here ages ago1 and popes1 and princes1 and kings came1 and the ,saracens swarmed up with fire and sword1 and the ,lombards and the ,normans2 and the ,crusaders came to pray at the shrine before going to the ,east4 ,they had seen on the pilasters of the church the different crosses in precious mosaic of the orders of knights which had been formed under the ,benedictine rule1 among them the familiar names of ,calatrava1 ,alcantara1 ,st4 ,stephen1 ,st4 ,james of the ,sword1 and ,templars4 ,ignatius of ,loyola came up and stayed fifty days4 8,but1 signora mia10 said the lady who was going over all this part1 as she gazed out into the night1 8since you are not going to stay here fifty days1 you will be so good as to shut your mind and your eyes and go to sleep40 ,the next morning they went to see the monastery proper1 for which they had a special permission from the ,pope1 and spent hours in the library1 archives1 printing and lithograph rooms4 ,it would be vain to tell what old books--worth their weight in gold1 printed on creamy vellum in characters that modern type has never excelled1 if it has equalled--what drawers filled with scrolls1 what autographs1 what illuminations1 they saw4 ,it were vain to fancy with what feelings one sees for the first time the writing of ,charlemagne1 of ,hildebrand1 of ,gregory the ,great1 of ,frederick ,,ii41 of ,countess ,matilda4 ,then there was the long1 long dormitory of the boys1 with a row of snowy beds at either side1 and the immense arched window at the end framing a superb outside picture1 with ,monte ,cairo in the centre1 and long1 long corridors that dwindled people seen from opposite ends1 with cracks made by earthquakes in their walls1 and solid groined arches that only an earthquake could shake down4 ,then the nooks1 courts1 and passages1 which they came upon without guessing in the least in what part of the building they were2 the round window in the wall--occhio1 or eye1 they call it--through which they looked as through a lens1 and saw the three courts and the colonnades4 ,finally1 coming down a stair with a wall at either side and a door at the foot1 they were told3 8,when you have crossed that threshold you cannot return4 ,the cloister ends there40 8,what60 exclaimed ,isabel1 8if ,i should run out a minute1 couldn't ,i come back on to the stairs again for another minute80 ,the prior shook his head4 8,it would be excommunication4 ,that seems unreasonable2 but listen3 ,this is a cloister which women can enter only by special permission of the ,pope4 ,that permission is not lightly granted1 and is for but once4 ,your running back a minute would do no harm in itself1 but would do harm to the principle4 ,if you can return in one minute1 you could come back in five1 or ten1 or half an hour1 or an hour1 or a day1 and so on2 and so one visit might be made to cover an indefinite time4 ,the only way1 you see1 is to be strictly literal in excluding from a second entrance40 ,that afternoon they were presented to the ,abbot--8,abbot of ,abbots0 he was called in the palmy days of ,monte ,cassino--and received1 not only his benediction1 but each a little souvenir of the place3 a tiny photograph of the tomb of ,st4 ,benedict and ,st4 ,scholastica1 with a wreath of flowers pressed round it that had been on the tomb1 and at the back his own name written1 with the date1 and under it 8,ora pro me40 ,they stood in the church speaking with him a few minutes1 then went out to the ,paradiso4 ,a storm was coming up from the east1 and round the angle of the building they could just see that the mountains in that direction were obliterated and mists fast filling the plain4 ,standing up against these mists1 as if to impede their progress1 was the lower end of a rainbow1 set straight and solid on the green like a jewelled column4 ,the cloud advanced and pushed the column before them4 8,it is like the pillar of light leading the ,israelites10 ,isabel said4 ,the cloud unrolled itself above1 and down through the rainbow ran a crinkling line of white fire4 8,how plainly lightning asserts its own force60 ,mr4 ,vane remarked4 8,seeing it for the first time1 without knowing what it was1 one would know at once that it is an irresistible power4 ,what an experience it would be to stand just near enough to a passing flash to perhaps hear it hiss through the air1 to be between it and its thunder1 and yet not so near nor so in its track as to be smitten60 ,little by little the sun was vanquished1 and the rainbow grew dim1 faltered1 blushed along the line of the advancing shadows1 and disappeared4 ,there was an odd murmur growing up1 fine and pervading--the sound of rain in the plain below4 ,all the tiny noises of each falling drop joined in a multitude1 countless nothings making themselves heard in pauses of the thunder4 ,it was to solid sound as fine carving is to plain wood1 as embroidery is to a fine web--a continued succession of millions of infinitesimal watery strokes separated by millions of infinitesimal silences4 ,the others went into the house at the first drop that splashed on the ,paradiso1 but the ,signora went back to the portico and seated herself under its shelter4 ,behind her the court of the church looked weird and strange4 ,the pillars of the porticos appeared to move as the lightnings came and went1 the statues and busts behind them seemed to lean forward and retreat1 and the one window in the church front looked blue1 as if there were light inside it4 ,she took herself out of the draught1 and went to lean on the wall between the doors4 ,in front of her the grand stairs went down to the central court1 and the gardens shone green and wet through the colonnades at either side4 ,on a level with her1 across the space1 stretched the ,paradiso1 and under the portico that supported it a large1 arched door led from the court out on to a beautiful loggia4 ,two or three monks1 who had been standing in this loggia watching the storm1 were driven in by the rain1 and in a minute the whole place seemed to be deserted4 ,the rain and the lightning had it to themselves and were washing and purifying all 8so as by fire40 ,this one visible witness felt her soul expand as she gazed4 ,if only she also might be purified and enlightened in that time and place6 ,if the littlenesses of life might be washed away from her1 and only the realities remain6 8,come1 ,holy ,spirit60 she said1 and blessed herself4 ,then1 content and confident1 without saying another word1 she waited with her two inarticulate but eloquent companions--,art1 consecrated to ,god1 and ,nature1 informed by ,god--and felt above and about the illuminating ,presence4 ,for faith is the rod that calls the divine ,lightning down1 whether it came as a dove1 or a tongue of fire1 or a pointing finger1 or a whispering voice4 ,the landscape of the plain1 seen through the arched door under the ,paradiso1 was dim and gray with rain1 or glittering and red with lightning2 the mountain-tops above it1 and the sky1 were a changing tumult of shadows veined with threads of fire1 and rolled hither and thither in visible thunders4 ,the white pavement of the court below changed every instant into jaspers1 the beautiful columns and curb and steps of the well became jewels1 and one of the copper buckets that stood on the brink was like a vessel of red gold brimming over with red wine4 ,st4 ,benedict with his crosier1 and ,st4 ,scholastica with her dove1 stood immovable but living1 and their calmness in that tumult was like a song of triumph4 ,did he sing with ,moses8--8,thou shalt bring them in1 and plant them in the mountain of thy inheritance1 in thy most firm habitation which thou hast made1 ,o ,lord2 thy sanctuary1 ,o ,lord1 which thy hands have established40 ,and did she reply1 like ,miriam with her timbrel8--8,let us sing to the ,lord1 for he is gloriously magnified1 the horse and his rider he hath thrown into the sea40 ,such silence in a tumult seems ever a singing4 ,when the ,signora went down1 slipping from colonnade to colonnade1 dry-shod1 the storm was spent4 ,from the little balcony of the parlor1 where she found her companions1 she saw a grand arch of rainbow trembling out over the east1 as if astonished at its own glory1 trembling as it grew1 but as strong and bold as light4 ,flocks of birds were swinging by in a great circle1 screaming impudently as they passed the balcony1 as if to say1 8,catch us1 if you can60 ,there was a little parallelogram of garden under the window1 with a rough pole frame-work supporting a dripping vine1 and1 below the dropping fields1 a crest of land and rock1 curling over like a pointed wave1 rose boldly in the foreground2 then1 the plain4 ,mr4 ,vane came to stand beside her1 looking at her keenly one instant1 then averting his eyes4 8,well10 he said1 8what has the storm been saying to you up there80 8,it has washed the drift-wood out of my path1 and made it as clear and white as one of those torrent-beds up the mountain-side10 she answered4 8,i think ,i ought to work a little harder for the future4 ,life is short1 and ,i have1 perhaps1 sometimes played with my talents4 ,they were given me for serious use4 ,when you shall have left me alone1 instead of sitting weakly down and thinking that it is rather lonely1 ,i shall begin to carve a new book out of the next year4 ,do you know that year to come looks to me as the block of marble looked to ,michael ,angelo when he said1 ',i will make an angel of it4' ,i am not a ,michael ,angelo10 she added1 smiling2 8but ,i am something1 and1 firmly and intelligently set to work1 ,i may do what need not be despised4 ,my mind is clear40 ,he was answered4 ,if a shade passed over his face1 it was slight4 ,if his lips were compressed a moment1 she did not look to see4 ,he stood and watched the rainbow grow and fade1 and1 as its colors went out1 so faded out of his life a sweet hope4 ,but he reflected3 8,denials make strong4 ,and the light that made the rainbow is not dead40 8,yes1 life is short10 he said presently1 and half-turned away4 8,god bless you60 he added and hastily left her4 ,the next morning they made their last visit to the monastery1 and the prior1 after showing them the tower of ,st4 ,benedict and the fine collection of pictures there1 had some of the choir-books brought into the parlor for them to see4 ,there are fifty-seven in all of these great volumes1 bound in leather1 with metal corners and knobs4 ,these are all in manuscript1 beautiful black scores and lettering on white parchment4 ,every capital letter is painted1 every one different and every one beautiful1 and occasionally the page has a border1 and in some cases a picture in the corner1 so exquisitely beautiful that one could never tire of examining it--such leaves and flowers1 and birds and figures and arabesques1 fine as the finest pencil and most delicate imagination could make them1 and so executed that one had to touch them to be sure they are not in relief4 ,one long1 silver leaf slightly curled over to show a golden lining2 ,bianca stretched her finger to touch1 and drew it back immediately1 fearing to break4 ,not a tint was faded of them all1 though they had been in constant use three hundred years4 ,they are not used every day now1 however4 ,one page was especially rich--the first page of the ,christmas service4 ,the whole ground of this inside the border is a deep velvety crimson1 the score and text being of gold4 ,on the border imagination had exhausted itself1 and in the left upper corner is a picture of the ,nativity1 delicate and pure1 with its cool1 pale mountains of ,syria1 and the heavenly faces of the ,mother and ,child4 8,you should see that at the ,midnight ,mass of ,christmas10 the prior said1 8with the light of all the candles shining on it as it lies open on the desk4 ,it is splendid then4 ,i copied that picture in the corner of the page to send the ,pope on his great anniversary10 he added1 8and it took me a year40 ,for the prior was an artist as well1 and not only made exquisite copies from these old manuscripts1 but played the organ1 and had the evening before done the honors of their grand instrument for his visitors1 displaying its orchestra stops4 ,the hours slipped away1 and regretfully at length they took leave of this beautiful and sacred place1 and the kind host who had made it so pleasant for them4 ,the donkeys stood ready at the gate1 and they mounted and went down into the world again4 ,in the valley1 before going to the station1 they stopped a minute and gazed back with a mute farewell to ,monte ,cassino4 ,the ,signora thought1 but did not say aloud3 8,i will lift mine eyes unto the hills1 whence cometh help40 ,the road they took through the plain to the station ran along the river-side4 ,this river--the ,rapido--narrowed to a swift1 yellow sluice that one could toss a penny across1 to be caught by the beggar at the other side1 did not look very imposing to ,american eyes1 accustomed to the grand crystalline floods of the ,new ,world2 but every drop of it moved to the tune of a memory1 and farther on it meets the ,carnello1 and the two1 the ancient ,vinius and ,liri1 join to make the ,garigliano1 the river made famous by ,bayard4 ,then back to ,rome1 through crowding mountains at first4 ,but1 by dark1 the mountains began to draw back1 the level widened1 they passed the city wall by the stars1 and rolled into the ,citt vecchia4 8,now we must begin to look respectfully at the guide-book10 ,mr4 ,vane said the next morning4 8,we have been sipping the foam of the wine as it came4 ,we must drain the cup1 if we can40 ,there was nothing more to be said4 ,their story was finished1 and the remaining few weeks were but a study of what all travellers study in ,rome4 8,i am laying up riches for my life10 ,mr4 ,vane said to the ,signora4 8,i have learned of you to work1 and ,i hope that the last of my life will be more useful than the first has been4 ,these memories that ,i am preparing now will be the only recreation of my future and my only dream40 ,he did not trouble her with sadness or importunities1 but took his life up with manly cheerfulness1 and she honored him for it and liked him better than ever4 ,but never for an instant did she waver in her decision4 ,her mind1 once cleared1 was cleared for ever4 ,she would not have married him1 nor any other man1 to have possessed the world4 ,one bright ,october day they left her4 ,there was sadness and tears1 but no heart-break for any one4 ,marion's tender sympathy threw a rainbow on ,bianca's gentle sorrow1 and ,isabel clung to her father's arm and dropped her head on his shoulder1 soothing and soothed4 8,i shall never leave you1 papa10 she whispered4 ,did she suspect what he had missed8 ,the ,signora watched the train roll away1 then went back to her silent house1 wiping her eyes as she entered4 8,what a pity it is that you will have to be alone now60 said ,annunciata4 8,alone60 the ,signora's eyes flashed out through the tears4 8,i am not alone4 ,i never was alone in my life60 ,she smiled as she shut herself into her room4 8,alone8 ,how little they know60 ,what1 indeed1 did they1 who cannot live a day without their gossip1 without trying to fill their emptiness with the husks which make up by far the greater part of the world's talk1 of the life of one whose mind was as a fountain for ever overflowing1 who had eyes in her finger-tips1 and who listened with every pore of her body8 ,what knew the readers of daily newspapers of the hoarded treasures of literature1 ever ready with eloquent voices8 ,what knew the ,christians of one communion in the year1 and one ,mass when there was obligation1 of long1 delicious hours in churches when there was no function to stare at1 nor music to talk through8 ,the world has no such society as the cultivated mind can fill its house with2 and there are no receptions so splendid as those given by the imagination4 ,bores never come1 tattlers and enemies never are admitted1 late hours never weary1 and the wine never inebriates4 ,and1 better yet1 those who are invited are always present and ready to stay4 ,how the possessors of such a society laugh at the 8societies0 of the outer world1 and how truly they can exclaim1 8,alone8 ,i never was alone in my life60 ,,doubts ,,of ,a ,,contemporary ,,on ,,the ,,destiny ,,of ,,man4 ,the ,new ,york ,sun gave us 7,march #be1 #ahgg7 a short but thoughtful and substantial review of a little work lately published by ,rev4 ,dr4 ,nisbet1 of ,rock ,island1 ,ill41 on ,the ,resurrection of the ,body4 ,the reviewer very justly affirms that the author's conclusions are anti-,scriptural1 and that his method of interpretation lays the way open to a general disregard of dogmatic truth2 for if the ,bible1 as the doctor contends1 does not really teach what the whole world has hitherto believed it to teach concerning the resurrection of the flesh1 it is plain that we can never be sure that we understand the doctrine of the ,bible1 even when it seems perfectly clear2 and1 if this be so1 we can have no definite knowledge of revealed truth4 ,the critic makes some very pertinent remarks on the baneful effects that such works as the one he criticises are apt to produce2 and1 although he does not point out explicitly the root of the evil1 yet he gives us a clue to it by averring that any interpretation of ,scripture which conflicts with the universal and traditional interpretation received in the church is calculated to shake the very foundations of faith1 and exposes every dogma to the attacks and sneers of unbelievers4 ,this is to say that the ,protestant principle of freely interpreting the ,bible without regard to ecclesiastical tradition leads to infidelity--a truth which is painfully confirmed by daily experience1 and which accounts for the sympathy of all the anti-,christian sects with ,protestantism2 but which the writer in the ,sun--an excellent ,protestant1 we presume--could not very consistently insist upon4 ,yet the whole tone of his article shows his sincerity4 ,he is evidently an intelligent scholar2 and though he finds himself somewhat entangled in the solution of some important questions1 yet he does not imitate the folly of such flippant scribblers as blaspheme what they do not understand1 but he shows forbearance and circumspection1 a wholesome reverence for religion1 and an ardent love of truth1 and expresses an earnest desire to be taught how the resurrection of the flesh and the immortality of the soul can be successfully established and vindicated against the allegations of modern sceptics4 ,as we anticipate that ,protestant divines will probably not take the trouble to investigate the objections of the infidel school with which they too often sympathize and of which they are the unconscious props and promoters1 we will consider the honest appeal of the writer as addressed to ,catholic thinkers2 and we intend to do briefly what we can1 from our doctrinal point of view1 to solve his difficulties and to set at rest his doubts4 ,the more so because1 as he remarks1 whoever can furnish a way out of such difficulties will confer1 by so doing1 an immense benefit upon a whole world of anxious but sincere doubters on the subject of immortality4 8,it cannot be denied10 says he1 8that while the ,christians generally believe in some kind of continuance of human existence after death1 there is a great diversity of opinions among them in regard to its nature and characteristics4 ,the men of the primitive church were not perplexed about the matter1 as they were not about many others which are actively debated among us40 ,this introductory remark is exceedingly important4 ,the primitive church 8was not perplexed0 about the matter4 ,why8 ,apparently because the faithful were in the habit of accepting the ,gospel with humility and simplicity as it was given to them by the apostles and by their successors2 because the ,protestant method of interpreting ,scripture according to every one's individual bias was not thought to be consistent with the profession of ,christianity2 because the teachers of the faith did not contradict one another1 as our modern ,protestant preachers and writers are wont to do to the scandal and ruin of their bewildered flocks4 ,when we see that our ,lord's words1 8,this is my body10 can be construed by ,protestant divines as meaning 8,this is not my body10 we may form an idea of what must be the result of the ,protestant system of ,scriptural interpretation4 ,no one can be surprised that such a system creates perplexity1 fosters debate1 and ends in discord and ultimately in unbelief4 ,but if there is 8a great diversity of opinions0 among ,protestants1 such is not the case with us ,catholics4 ,we members of the universal church are not perplexed about such matters4 ,we still believe with perfect unanimity as the primitive ,christians believed2 our teachers teach all the same ,gospel--the ,gospel of ,jesus ,christ as transmitted to us by legitimate channels1 not the contradictory gospels and the doctrinal crotchets of free-thinking divines4 ,that is what makes the difference4 ,the critic whose words suggested to us these passing remarks will not fail to see that it is mainly to the rebellious spirit and presumption of the ,protestant reformers that the present age owes its theological perplexities and the loss of religious unity4 ,would it not be better1 therefore1 to give up at last the gospels of men1 and return to the ,gospel of the primitive ,christians8 8,they believed10 as our critic points out1 8that at the last day the bodies of the dead would be raised to life1 and that the faithful would once more1 in flesh and blood1 inhabit their former abodes4 ,the most ancient versions of the ,apostles' ,creed teach explicitly the resurrection of the flesh1 and the earliest ,christian apologist1 ,justin ,martyr1 writing only a hundred years after the death of ,christ1 defends the doctrine by asking whether it be any more difficult for ,god to create a body anew from its dust than for him to create it the first time in its mother's womb4 ,and ,mr4 ,nisbet concedes that all the succeeding ,fathers of the church maintain the same view4 ,tertullian declares3 ',the flesh shall rise again wholly in every man1 in its own identity1 in its absolute integrity4' ,irenus agrees with him1 and so do ,jerome and ,augustine40 ,it would appear that these authorities1 to which many more of the same kind might be added1 should leave no doubt in the mind of a ,christian about the legitimate interpretation of the dogma of resurrection4 ,for1 when an article of faith is clearly expressed in the ,gospel and has been uniformly understood in all ages by the doctors of the universal church1 it is difficult to see how a man who makes profession of ,christianity can think himself authorized to twist it according to his individual bias4 ,yet this is what ,dr4 ,nisbet has had the courage to do4 8,it is remarkable10 says the reviewer1 8with what confidence ,dr4 ,nisbet overrides this primitive interpretation of ,scripture and declares it to be incorrect4 ,he allows no weight whatever to the obvious fact that men living so much nearer than he does to the days when the ,new ,testament was written1 and with whom its very language was still in colloquial use1 would be more likely than he to perceive its true meaning4 ,he lays great stress upon the famous passage in ,paul's ,epistle to the ,corinthians 7#a ,cor4 xv4 #ce-ec71 which1 he thinks1 asserts the resurrection-body not to be of flesh and blood4 ,but he fails to perceive that all that ,paul is contending for is a finer and more glorious form of flesh and blood4 ,paul's language is3 ',the trumpet shall sound1 and the dead shall be raised incorruptible1 and we shall be changed' 7v4 #eb74 ,this he further explains in writing to the ,thessalonians3 ',we which are alive and remain unto the coming of the ,lord shall not prevent them which are asleep4 ,for the ,lord himself shall descend from heaven with a shout1 with the voice of the archangel1 and with the trump of ,god3 and the dead in ,christ shall rise first4 ,then we which are alive and remain shall be caught up together with them in the clouds1 to meet the ,lord in the air3 and so shall we ever be with the ,lord' 7#a ,thess4 iv4 #ae-ag74 ,it was the expectation of the apostolic church that the ,lord would come again in their time1 agreeably to his prediction in ,matthew xxiv43 ',this generation shall not pass1 till all these things be fulfilled'2 and in ,john v43 ',the hour is coming1 and now is1 when the dead shall hear the voice of the ,son of ,god1 and they that hear shall live4' ,they know that the ,lord had raised ,lazarus and many others in their own flesh and blood1 and had himself1 after his resurrection1 offered his body to the touch of ,thomas2 and they would have had to do violence to their own reasoning faculties had they conceived of any different fulfilment of his promises4 ,when1 therefore1 ,dr4 ,nisbet denounces1 as he does1 ,mr4 ,talmage's picture of the final resurrection1 with its general scramble of souls for their old bodies1 the flying of scattered limbs through the air1 and their reconstruction in their pristine integrity1 he discredits what has been for eighteen centuries the accepted faith of the ,christian ,church40 ,one would scarcely expect that the writer1 after so judicious a criticism1 should hesitate to condemn ,dr4 ,nisbet's view2 and yet he seems afraid of passing too severe a judgment on it1 as he immediately adds3 8,not that this proves him to be in the wrong1 but only that1 if he is in the right1 no dogma1 however venerable1 is safe from attack40 ,the conception that a man who professes ,christianity may not be in the wrong while he throws discredit on the most venerable dogmas of ,christianity is a monstrosity not only in a religious but also in a logical point of view4 ,unless the expressions of our critic can be construed as a figure of speech conveying under a mild and civil form the merited censure1 every ,christian reader will say that the critic himself is in the wrong4 ,a pagan1 or a man absolutely ignorant of the divine origin and glorious history of ,christianity1 might hesitate about the right or wrong of tampering with our revealed dogmas1 for he would have to learn first how the fact of divine revelation has been ascertained2 but a man who has read the ,new ,testament1 who lives in a ,christian atmosphere1 who knows the life1 the miracles1 the death1 and the resurrection of ,christ1 and who consequently cannot conceal from himself the great fact of revelation--such a man1 we say1 astonishes us when he assumes that a ,christian doctor may not be in the wrong1 though he deal with revealed truth in such a loose manner as to expose every dogma1 however venerable1 to the attacks of our modern pagans4 ,but let us proceed4 ,to show how suicidal is ,dr4 ,nisbet's method of interpretation the reviewer says3 8,in fact1 men more daring and less respectful than ,dr4 ,nisbet have employed his method of reasoning against the resurrection of what he calls the grave-flesh to controvert the idea of any resurrection at all4 ,he assumes as unquestioned the proposition that human beings must in some way survive the death of the body1 and is only solicitous to determine what that way is4 ,but just as he shows the irrationality of expecting that the cast-off flesh and blood which served the soul for a tabernacle during life shall be taken up again1 so do sceptics undertake to show the irrationality of expecting any kind of future existence whatever40 ,the reviewer is perfectly right4 ,if the teachers of ,christianity are to be free to twist the word of ,god as they please1 why shall their followers and other men be denied the same privilege8 ,and what can be the ultimate result of such a reckless meddling with truth but universal unbelief8 ,faith must rest on unquestionable authority2 when this latter is shaken1 faith is replaced by doubt1 opinion1 perplexity1 despondency1 and all the vagaries of a weak1 distracted reason4 ,the present growth of unbelief is therefore nothing but the logical development of the ,protestant method of free interpretation1 which has engendered a thousand conflicting opinions and thwarted all honest efforts of its followers in the search after truth4 ,the ,catholic ,church alone has a remedy for this plague of religious scepticism1 for she alone has the power to teach with authority1 as she alone has faithfully preserved in its primitive entirety the sacred deposit of revealed truths4 ,and now the reviewer comes to the most important part of his article1 which consists of the objections urged by the modern unbelievers against both resurrection and immortality4 ,he says3 8,let us briefly state some of the various reasons which they adduce1 in the hope that ,dr4 ,nisbet1 or some other writer of ability1 may be led to meet and overthrow these reasons1 and to furnish the world at last with a solid and impregnable philosophical demonstration of the doctrine of immortality40 ,it was after reading this passage that we resolved to write the present article4 ,not that we consider ourselves 8a man of ability02 but we are in possession of truth1 and are confident that we can vindicate it successfully1 though we may lack the ability of our opponents4 ,let us proceed1 therefore1 without further observations1 to the reviewer's arguments4 8,in the first place10 he says1 8those who deny that there is any immortality of the individual human soul say it is contrary to all the analogies of nature to suppose that the death of the body does not end its individual being4 ,throughout creation1 whenever any organization is destroyed1 it is destroyed for ever4 ,a new organization may arise similar to the old one1 but it is not that one4 ,a crystal crushed into powder ceases to be a crystal4 ,its particles may be dissolved and be crystallized anew2 but they will form another and not the same crystal4 ,every vegetable runs its career from the seed to the mature plant1 and1 when resolved into its elements1 perishes as a plant4 ,if those elements be made to constitute a new plant1 that plant begins its round as a new plant1 and not as the old one4 ,in like manner1 when animals die and their bodies decay1 they never reappear as the same animals4 ,they may furnish materials for new forms of mineral1 vegetable1 and animal organisms1 but these organisms are essentially new1 and not the old ones under the new forms4 ,and1 in the same way1 these sceptics contend1 so far as our observation goes1 human beings die once and finally1 other men are born and succeed them1 but they are other men and not the men who have died4 ,whether their dissolution took place yesterday or thousands of years ago1 it is alike1 so far as our ordinary experience goes1 complete and irreparable40 ,to answer this argument it suffices to point out that the resurrection of the flesh and the immortality of the soul are two distinct truths1 of which the first is known to us by divine revelation only1 the second by revelation and by reason4 ,to say that 8throughout creation whenever any organization is destroyed it is destroyed for ever10 is to say that we find nothing in the order of nature that authorizes us to infer the resurrection of our bodies4 ,this1 of course1 is true2 but what of it8 ,no one pretends that the future resurrection will be brought about by natural causes acting in their natural manner and obeying natural laws4 ,resurrection will be the work of the ,omnipotent4 ,we believe it1 not because it agrees with the analogies of nature1 but because ,god himself1 infallible truth1 has informed us that he will raise us from death against all the analogies of nature4 ,we concede1 then1 that whenever an organization is destroyed1 it is1 in the natural course of things1 destroyed for ever2 and consequently we concede that the course of nature affords no proof of our resurrection4 ,but the course of nature is not the standard by which we have to judge of things supernatural4 ,the analogies of nature did not prevent the resurrection of ,lazarus1 of the son of the widow1 and of others of which we read in the ,gospel and in other ,scriptural books2 nor did ,christ respect the analogies of nature when he rose glorious from the tomb1 as he had promised4 ,hence the argument from the analogies of nature has no strength whatever against the dogma of the resurrection4 ,has it at least any weight against the immortality of the soul8 ,on the contrary1 it proves that the soul is naturally immortal4 ,for1 though nature can destroy the organic form1 it has no power to destroy the substances of which the organism consists4 ,the organic compound is destroyed1 but all the components remain4 ,if1 then1 no substance is ever destroyed by nature1 how can we fail to see that the human soul1 which is a substance1 cannot naturally perish when the organism of the body is destroyed8 ,we may be told that the sceptic does not concede that our soul is a substance2 he rather believes that what we call the soul is a mere result of organic movements which must cease altogether when the organs are destroyed4 ,but we answer that1 if the sceptic honestly desires to be enlightened on this subject1 he must not rely on the assertions of ignorant or perverse scientists who profess to know nothing but matter and force2 he must read and meditate what has been written on the subject by competent men4 ,if he has sufficient ability to understand their philosophical reasonings1 he will come to the conclusion that the substantiality of the human soul is a demonstrated truth2 if1 on the contrary1 he has too little stock of philosophy to be able to follow such reasonings1 then he has no right to be a sceptic1 and it becomes his duty humbly to recognize his incompetency1 and to accept without demonstration what more cultivated minds consider a demonstrated truth4 ,this last remark is very important4 ,scepticism and unbelief are the offspring of pride4 ,men pretend to see the why and the how of everything2 but they often forget that they are born in ignorance1 and that1 as their knowledge of material things is the fruit of long and varied experience so1 the knowledge of supersensible things is the fruit of long and methodic study4 ,he who has not studied astronomy1 may say very honestly that he does not know how to determine the mass of the sun or the distance of the moon2 but he cannot honestly deny what astronomy teaches on the subject4 ,to do this1 to declare himself sceptic1 would be accounted folly4 ,how1 then1 can those be justified who1 without having applied to philosophical studies1 refuse to accept the soundest conclusions of philosophy about the nature of the soul8 ,if they are at all anxious to know how to prove the substantiality of the soul1 let them apply to philosophy2 and they will learn that matter1 owing to its inertia1 cannot think1 and that the organic movements cannot be the thinking principle4 ,the writer in the ,sun answers the preceding objection in the following manner3 8,in answer to this it is usually alleged that1 though the body of a man dies and decays1 his soul survives1 and either1 as ,dr4 ,nisbet maintains1 continues its existence in a purer or more ethereal world1 or1 as the ,christian ,church believes1 retaining its potentiality of life1 will clothe itself again1 at some future time1 with a bodily form and enter upon a new career40 ,let the writer take notice that1 according to the doctrine of the ,christian ,church1 the soul1 when separated from the body1 retains not a mere 8potentiality of life10 but actual life and the exercise thereof4 ,the life of the soul does not depend on the organism of the body2 its spiritual operation has no need of organs2 for reason and will are not organic faculties1 though in the present life they are associated with the sensitive faculties which work through the organs4 ,the potentiality of life1 in the language of philosophy1 means the capability of receiving life2 and it is the organism1 not the soul1 that has such a potentiality4 ,the writer continues3 8,this idea of the distinction between soul and body is as old as the history of the world4 ,the ancient ,greeks illustrated it by the example of the butterfly emerging from the hard chrysalis and winging its flight through the air4 ,like the butterfly1 the soul of man1 they said1 when it casts off its material envelope1 soars aloft in the enjoyment of a purer atmosphere4 ,the symbol1 and the argument drawn from it1 have been adopted by moderns1 and they represent the common opinion on the subject4 ,the assertion is that the soul exists within the body as a separate entity1 and that when the body dies the soul is merely set free40 ,we wonder if any 8argument0 has ever been drawn from the example of the butterfly to prove that the soul survives the collapse of the body4 ,similitudes are simple illustrations of things1 and they serve to help the imagination1 not to convince the intellect4 ,yet the author seems to believe that the common opinion which holds the soul to be a substance distinct from the body owes its demonstration partially to an 8argument0 drawn from the butterfly2 and he undertakes to show that such an 8argument0 has no weight4 ,he says3 8,but those who maintain this view fail to note that the butterfly1 like the worm1 is visible to the eye and subject to the laws of matter2 and1 moreover1 that the butterfly1 when it has fulfilled its function in the economy of creation1 perishes and is never seen or heard of more4 ,if the soul is enveloped in the body as the butterfly is in the worm1 it should appear to sight when its covering is removed4 ,this notoriously does not happen1 and therefore the argument is unsatisfactory40 ,of course the 8argument0 would be unsatisfactory2 and therefore it is that philosophers do not use it4 ,but the critic should not condemn the similitude as wrong on the ground that 8the butterfly is visible to the eye and subject to the laws of matter10 whilst such is not the case with the soul4 ,similitudes are used for illustrating something different from them2 hence they cannot agree in all points with the things illustrated4 ,when the visible is used as a symbol of the invisible1 it is by no means pretended that we can see the one as we see the other1 or that there is in the one every property of the other4 ,a genius may be compared to an eagle2 but the eagle has feathers1 a beak1 and a tail1 which the genius has not4 ,so the butterfly is visible to the eye1 subject to the laws of matter1 and perishable2 and in all this it differs vastly from the human soul4 ,but it is not on these points that the comparison is based4 ,hence it is idle to argue from these points against the use of the comparison4 ,the writer concludes the preceding in these words3 8,the argument from analogy1 therefore1 does but little towards supporting a belief in the future existence of the soul either separately or in connection with a restored body40 ,we admit that the analogies of nature1 as alleged by the writer1 do very little indeed towards proving a future resurrection2 but we have seen that the same analogies afford an irresistible proof of the natural immortality of the human soul3 ,no power in nature can deprive a substance of its being2 the human soul is a substance2 therefore no natural power can deprive it of its being4 ,we have1 then1 in this argument1 a first demonstration of the natural immortality of the soul4 ,but let us follow the reviewer4 ,he mentions four proofs adduced by philosophers and divines in favor of the immortality of the soul--namely1 the reasonableness of immortality1 the promises of ,scripture1 the legendary stories of apparitions1 and1 in our time1 the phenomena of what is called spiritualism4 8,without in any way admitting the sceptic's proposition10 he says1 8we must yet recognize the striking fact that in the construction of the argument from reasonableness1 or the priori demonstration of the survival of the soul1 our philosophers have not1 so far1 got one step beyond the point arrived at by the old ,greeks two thousand years ago4 ,no one has written more convincingly on the subject than ,plato in his ,phdo1 nor is there any more thorough and exhaustive presentment of it extant than the one given by that diligent student of ,greek literature1 ,cicero1 in his ,tusculan ,disputations4 ,plato begins by appealing to the general belief of men in their immortality1 which is like appealing to the general belief in fairies and witches as a proof of their existence4 ,he then argues1 from the soul's readiness in acquiring knowledge1 that it must have learned the same things in a previous state of existence2 and hence1 as it existed before the body1 it will exist after the body ceases to be1 which nowadays is not worth refuting4 ,next he says that the soul1 being uncompounded and invisible1 is indissoluble1 and therefore immortal2 but this is begging the question4 ,finally1 he argues that the soul is in itself life and the opposite of death1 and therefore cannot die2 which is another petitio principii4 ,in a similar manner ,cicero enumerates in favor of the soul's immortality the wide-spread conviction that it is immortal2 the thirst for fame which inspires heroic deeds1 and which would be absurd if death were the end of all existence2 the volatile nature of the soul1 which preserves it from destruction2 and its superior powers over those of the body40 ,we beg to remark that this passage is full of gratuitous assertions4 ,what the writer calls 8a striking fact0 is not a fact4 ,our philosophers1 as he himself proceeds to show1 have added much to the reasonings of the old ,greek philosophers4 ,how can it be true1 then1 that they have gone 8not one step beyond the point arrived at two thousand years ago08 ,and if this were true1 how could the writer disclaim any intention of admitting 8the sceptic's proposition10 considering that the old proofs of immortality are1 in his opinion1 quite unsatisfactory8 ,a second gratuitous and unwise assertion is that to appeal to the general belief in immortality is 8like appealing to the general belief in fairies and witches as a proof of their existence40 ,to say nothing of witches 7for we need not enter into this controversy71 it is not true that belief in fairies is1 or has been1 general1 except perhaps among nursery children4 ,but let this pass4 ,there is a difference between belief and belief4 ,the belief of men in the immortality of the soul does not originate in nursery tales1 but in natural reason2 nor is it a belief extorted by imposition1 but a conclusion of which thinking men find sufficient evidence in their own nature4 ,it is because the nature is common that the belief in immortality is common4 ,to question it is to ignore the sensus natur communis1 and to forfeit all claim to a fair philosophical reputation4 ,a third assertion1 equally gratuitous and manifestly false1 is that we cannot1 without begging the question1 infer the soul's immortality from its simplicity4 ,it is not easy to understand how the writer could fall into such a tangible error4 ,the simplicity of the soul and its spirituality are demonstrated independently of the question of immortality4 ,this being the case1 it is plain that no begging of the question is possible in arguing from the known spiritual simplicity of the soul to its immortality4 ,the writer might probably object that to assume the simplicity and spirituality of the soul is to assume its immortality4 ,this is to say that to assume the premises is to assume the conclusion4 ,but1 if the premises are only assumed after demonstration1 the conclusion which they involve will be based on demonstration and will be demonstrated4 ,and this is the case with the soul's immortality4 ,if the simplicity and spirituality of the soul were assumed without proof1 the argument would be worthless2 but1 since both are established by independent considerations1 the conclusion is unquestionably valid4 ,the fourth gratuitous assertion consists in denouncing as a petitio principii the argument which says that the soul cannot die1 8because it is life in itself40 ,the words 8the soul is life in itself0 mean that the life of the soul is not1 like that of the body1 borrowed from a distinct vital principle1 but constitutes the very being of the soul and is involved in its essence4 ,hence1 if the substance of the soul cannot be blotted out of existence by natural agencies1 the soul is naturally immortal2 for its very existence is life4 ,and1 since it is known and admitted that natural agencies are wholly incompetent to cause any created substance to vanish out of existence1 the consequence is that the soul1 as ,plato very justly remarks1 cannot naturally lose its life4 ,to complete the demonstration1 however1 something more is needed4 ,for1 although the preceding arguments show that the soul cannot be destroyed by natural agencies1 they do not prove that the ,author of nature1 who has created it1 will keep it in existence after its separation from the body4 ,in other terms1 it is necessary to show that the soul is no less extrinsically than intrinsically immortal4 ,this the ,greek philosophers1 owing to their pagan notion of ,divinity1 have been unable to do2 but it has been done by ,christian philosophers1 as our writer himself recognizes4 ,he says3 8,one argument1 indeed1 is employed by ,christians which the heathens do not seem to have thought of--namely1 the necessity of a future existence to compensate men for their sufferings1 and to punish them for their misdeeds1 in this world1 and thus vindicate ,god's mercy and justice4 ,virtuous human beings1 it is said1 are more or less unhappy in this life1 while the wicked are happy2 and therefore we must suppose that so just and benevolent a being as ,god will reward the one class and punish the other in a life to come40 ,to this argument nothing can be objected4 ,god cannot be more partial to the wicked than to the good4 ,such a course would evidently conflict with his sanctity1 which necessarily loves all that is right1 and necessarily hates all that is wrong4 ,hence the prosperity of the wicked and the trials of the good1 though permitted by ,god for our present probation1 are not final1 but must be reversed when the time of probation is over--that is1 at the end of the present life4 ,a final triumph of virtue and a final punishment of vice are therefore as certain to come after this life as it is certain that ,god cannot forfeit his sanctity4 ,nevertheless1 the writer in the ,sun thinks that he can get rid of the argument by remarking that1 if it proved anything1 it would prove top much4 8,as if ,god's goodness10 he says1 8does not much more require him to reward the virtuous here1 if it requires him to reward them at all1 and as if an uncertain future punishment1 in a problematical state of existence1 would offset a present sin40 ,but this reply is extremely futile2 for how can it be proved that ,god's goodness requires him to reward the virtuous here8 ,the assertion is quite arbitrary1 not to say absurd2 for if ,god's goodness does not actually reward the virtuous here1 it is evident that ,god's goodness does not require that they should have their reward here4 ,then the writer seems to question the very necessity of reward and punishment2 but he gives no reason for his doubt1 as in fact no reason could be found for assuming that the moral law can be either observed without profit or violated with impunity4 ,if there be no retribution1 right and wrong are empty names1 virtue becomes vice1 and vice virtue4 ,if no happiness is to be expected after death1 he is most reasonable and virtuous who strives to satisfy all his passions1 and he is most vicious and unreasonable who renounces his present gratification for the sake of morality4 ,the sceptic1 therefore1 who denies a future life is constrained logically to admit that all virtue is foolishness1 and all wisdom consists in self-indulgence and pleasure4 ,the evident absurdity of this conclusion shows the falsity of the opinion from which it proceeds4 ,the writer imagines also that the future punishment is 8uncertain10 and that after death there is only a 8problematical0 state of existence4 ,to this we need not make a new answer1 as we have seen that a future retribution is absolutely certain and not at all problematic4 8,it may still further be said10 adds our writer1 8that when we turn to the ,scriptures1 we do not find them by any means so clear and positive in regard to the survival of the soul as people generally suppose4 ,the five books of ,moses are absolutely destitute of all allusion to the subject4 ,the ,jews were told by the great lawgiver nothing whatever concerning a life beyond the grave4 ,they were promised rewards in this world if they behaved well1 and threatened with punishments in this world if they behaved ill4 ,their whole subsequent history illustrates this fundamental principle4 ,when they rebelled against ,jehovah and worshipped other gods1 they were smitten with war1 pestilence1 famine1 and captivity4 ,when they were obedient to him1 they were blessed with peace and plenty1 and victory was granted them over their foes4 ,in the prophetical writings1 full as they are of rebukes and warnings1 there is no more explicit teaching of a future life than in the ,pentateuch2 and1 down to the advent of ,christ1 the sect of ,sadducees1 who prided themselves of their adherence to the faith of their fathers1 stoutly denied it40 ,let us make a few remarks on this argument4 ,first1 were we to concede that ,moses is absolutely silent about a future life1 it would make no difference as to the question of the soul's immortality4 ,for if we argue with ,christians1 ,moses' silence is abundantly compensated for by other inspired writers2 and if we argue with unbelievers1 we know that ,moses with them is no authority whether he speaks or remains silent4 ,secondly1 it is not true that 8the five books of ,moses are absolutely destitute of all allusion to the subject40 ,we are not going to write a dissertation on this ,biblical question2 it will suffice to point out a few passages which would have no meaning apart from a belief in a future life4 ,we read in ,genesis 7xv4 #a7 that the ,lord said to ,abraham3 8,i am thy protector1 and thy reward exceedingly great40 ,can these words have any other meaning than 8protector in the troubles of thy present life1 and reward exceedingly great after the end of the struggle08 ,again we read that ,jacob at the approach of his death1 while blessing his children1 exclaimed3 8,i will look for thy salvation1 ,o ,lord0 7ib4 xlix4 #ah7--that is1 8though ,i shall soon die1 yet my soul will not cease to rejoice in the earnest expectation of the ,redeemer who is to come0--,salutare tuum expectabo1 ,domine4 ,and the same patriarch1 when mourning for his son 7,joseph71 8would not receive comfort1 but said3 ,i will go down to my son into hell1 mourning0 7ib4 xxxvii4 #ce74 ,he therefore believed that his soul would survive its separation from the body4 ,it is not true1 then1 that the books of ,moses are absolutely destitute of all allusion to a future life4 ,nor is it lawful to argue that1 because the great lawgiver promised rewards and threatened punishments of a temporal order1 the eternal rewards and the eternal punishments must have been unknown to the children of ,israel2 for we must reflect that ,moses' menaces and promises were made to the nation or the political body1 not to individual persons1 and that the political body was not destined to last for ever2 whence it follows that all the promises and all the menaces addressed to the nation ought to refer exclusively to the temporal order4 ,thirdly1 it is not true that the prophetical writings do not teach a future life4 ,we read in ,daniel 7xii4 #b7 that 8many of those that sleep in the dust of the earth shall awake1 some unto life everlasting1 and others unto reproach40 ,these words are decisive4 ,death is but a sleep2 we shall awake to a new life1 and this future life will last for ever4 8,on the last day10 says ,job1 8,i shall rise out of the earth1 and ,i shall be clothed again with my skin1 and in my flesh ,i shall see my ,god0 7c4 xix47 ,david says3 8,the wicked shall be turned into hell1 all the nations that forget ,god4 ,for the poor man shall not be forgotten to the end3 the patience of the poor shall not perish for ever0 7,psalm ix47 8,thy dead men10 says ,isaias1 8shall live1 my slain shall rise again3 awake1 and give praise1 ye that dwell in the dust0 7c4 xxvi47 ,ezechiel 7c4 xviii47 intimates to the wicked that they shall die1 while the just shall live2 where living and dying cannot refer to the course of natural events1 but must be interpreted as meaning salvation and damnation4 ,david says again3 8,but ,god will redeem my soul from the hand of hell1 when he shall receive me0 7,psalm xlviii47 ,these passages1 to which many others might be added1 suffice to show that our writer is not more accurate in speaking of the prophetical writings than he is in speaking of the ,pentateuch4 ,fourthly1 he does not seem to know that the ,sadducees1 notwithstanding their 8priding themselves of their adherence to the faith of their fathers10 were nothing but a heretical sect2 they denied the resurrection of the flesh1 just as modern ,protestants deny transubstantiation2 and it is as absurd to appeal to the ,sadducees for the right understanding of the ,jewish faith as it would be to appeal to our modern heretics for the interpretation of the ,catholic doctrine4 ,the writer adds3 8,the historical books1 indeed1 show that in later days the doctrine gained admission into some ,jewish minds1 having most probably been communicated to them from their ,assyrian1 ,persian1 and ,babylonian captors2 but the form it took on was that of the resurrection of the flesh1 which1 ,dr4 ,nisbet says1 was erroneously adopted by the ,christian ,church4 ,if1 therefore1 the ,old ,testament be silent on the topic1 and the ,new ,testament1 as interpreted by contemporary critics1 teaches a doctrine which reason cannot accept1 what is there in the ,bible to require a belief in any resurrection whatever80 ,we have shown that the immortality of the soul was known to the ,jews from the time of the patriarchs4 ,the ,assyrians1 the ,persians1 the ,babylonians1 and the ,egyptians were also acquainted with the same truth1 but they seem to have been altogether ignorant of a future resurrection1 and many of them thought that their souls were destined to transmigrate from one body to another4 ,these errors may have been communicated to some ,jews by their captors2 as we know that the ,sadducees denied the resurrection1 and most of the ,pharisees believed in metempsychosis1 according to ,josephus 7,antiquit4 l4 xviii4 c4 #b74 ,but if the captivity of the ,jews may have been the source of these errors1 it has certainly not been the origin of the belief in immortality and resurrection1 which pre-existed among the ,jews long before their captivity4 ,as to the argument which the author draws from ,dr4 ,nisbet's view of resurrection1 we need hardly say that1 if it may have some weight against ,dr4 ,nisbet1 it can have none against the ,christian doctrine4 ,the ,new ,testament1 8as interpreted by contemporary critics0--that is1 by ,dr4 ,nisbet--8teaches a doctrine which reason cannot accept40 ,what then8 ,then1 concludes the writer1 8there is nothing in the ,bible to require a belief in any resurrection whatever40 ,we are at a loss to understand the logical connection of the consequence with the antecedent4 ,can we not suppose that there is something in the ,bible which requires a belief in the resurrection of the flesh1 and that ,dr4 ,nisbet1 whose infallibility is far from being demonstrated1 has failed to understand it8 ,when a man is bold enough to say that the ,christian ,church has 8erroneously adopted0 a doctrine which has been preached by the apostles and believed in without interruption for eighteen centuries by the ,christian world1 there is little doubt that such a man is himself in error1 and that his assertions cannot be made the ground of any argumentation4 ,on the other hand1 if ,dr4 ,nisbet 8contends for a resurrection in a form composed of finer substances than flesh and blood10 he may indeed err theologically1 but we fail to see how he thereby 8teaches a doctrine which reason cannot accept40 ,in fact1 reason is incompetent to decide what mode of resurrection should be accepted and what rejected2 it being evident that in a question of this sort the province of reason is to submit to revelation1 and to accept the doctrine universally received by the members of the church4 ,if therefore the ,old or the ,new ,testament1 or both1 as interpreted by the ,fathers of the church1 teach a doctrine against which reason has nothing whatever to object1 it is the duty of every wise and reasonable man to accept the doctrine without the least regard to the vagaries of 8contemporary ,protestant critics40 ,now1 this is the case with the doctrine of immortality and resurrection4 ,but our writer has more to say3 8,moreover1 it is urged1 if the survival of the soul is a fact at all1 it is a fact to-day as much as it ever was1 and1 like other facts1 susceptible of proof4 ,there are departed souls enough now1 if there ever were any1 to make it easy to demonstrate their existence4 ,if it be true1 as so many multitudes believe1 that when the body dies the soul of the man1 the woman1 or the child who inhabited it survives as a real man1 woman1 or child1 with all that is requisite to personal identity1 why1 ask the doubters1 does it not in some way manifest itself8 ,from every home on this planet there go up daily and hourly passionate demands for the return of loved ones whom death has snatched away4 ,were they still in the flesh1 no obstacle would prevent their hurrying to join the objects of their affection2 and the sceptic finds it inconceivable that if1 as is said1 they hover about us in spirit form1 they should not make their presence felt in some undeniable way40 ,it is perfectly true that the survival of the soul is1 like other facts1 susceptible of proof4 ,yet not all facts are proved by the same kind of proofs4 ,there are1 even in the natural sciences1 facts which must be proved by reasoning1 owing to the impossibility of ascertaining them directly by the experimental method4 ,we must not expect1 therefore1 that souls1 which are spiritual and invisible1 should1 after departing from their bodies1 give sensible signs of their survival in a different state4 ,nor do we need any such sensible proof of their survival2 for we have proofs of a higher order1 by which we show that the human soul cannot die4 ,we therefore establish not only the fact of its survival1 but also the necessity of the fact4 ,on the other hand1 if a soul were to appear before us1 we might suspect the objective reality of the apparition2 at best we might simply conclude that such a soul has been kept in existence2 but we would have no ground for concluding that all other human souls are likewise kept in existence1 and that they must remain in existence for ever4 ,in fact1 could not that soul be annihilated some time after its apparition8 ,or could we logically maintain that the survival of one soul suffices to prove the survival of all other souls8 ,it is therefore impossible to prove the immortality of all human souls by means of individual apparitions2 to establish it a general principle is indispensable1 and this principle is drawn from the very essence of the soul and from the sanctity and justice of its ,creator4 ,but 8why does not the soul in some way manifest itself08 ,this question is very easily answered4 ,the departed souls are either in heaven1 or in hell1 or in purgatory4 ,if in hell or in purgatory1 they are there like prisoners1 and cannot freely roam about4 ,if1 on the contrary1 they are in heaven1 they have none other than spiritual relations with this world1 except by special dispensation of divine ,providence4 ,and again1 why should departed souls manifest themselves in a sensible manner8 ,to convince us that the ,scriptural doctrine of immortality is true8 ,as if our faith in the word of ,god were based on the testimony of our senses1 not on the authority and truthfulness of ,god himself4 8,because thou hast seen me1 ,thomas1 thou hast believed10 said our ,lord to his sceptical disciple3 8blessed are they that have not seen and have believed40 ,miracles1 in the present order of ,providence1 are not the rule1 but the exception3 hence the sensible manifestation of departed souls1 as being above the requirements of nature1 is not to be made the test of their survival4 8,were they still in the flesh10 we are told1 8no obstacle would prevent their hurrying to join the objects of their affection40 ,certainly2 for if they were still in the flesh they would belong to this world2 but1 since they are no more in the flesh1 they now belong to the world of spirits1 which is invisible to our eyes of flesh1 and from which they cannot communicate with us in sensible forms without a special command or permission of ,god4 ,it is not true that they 8hover about us in spirit form02 this is a pagan conception4 ,nor is it true that the soul survives 8as a real man1 woman1 or child40 ,souls have no sex1 and man cannot be without a body2 hence no departed soul is either man1 woman1 or child3 it is a soul simply1 and its 8personal identity0 consists in its being the same soul which was in the body4 ,to the question1 8,why do not souls manifest themselves in a sensible way80 a second answer can be given by replying that many souls have thus manifested themselves4 ,this answer1 good and legitimate as it is1 is ridiculed by sceptical critics1 who1 while constantly appealing to facts1 are invariably determined to spurn all facts contrary to their theories4 ,our writer says3 8,equally inconclusive is the little we have of positive testimony on the subject4 ,it is true that in all ages there have been some who have asserted the power of actually seeing and speaking with departed souls1 and the whole tribe of spirit-mediums pretend to it now4 ,as to what has happened in bygone times it is1 of course1 impossible now to base any conclusion upon it4 ,the circumstances cannot be inquired into1 and1 moreover1 one single witness coming before us and submitting his testimony to our scrutiny is worth more than a thousand who are out of our reach4 ,the question is3 ,does anybody at this day really have intercourse with the spirits of the dead8 ,the spirit-rappers and their followers say ,yes1 but the great incredulous world1 after hearing all they have to present in confirmation of their assertions1 still says ,no4 ,there is so much fraud and nonsense connected with the business that the scientific mind rejects it contemptuously4 ,the very phenomena themselves are clouded with a suspicion of jugglery and deceit1 while there is a wide divergence of opinion as to their interpretation1 even granting them to be honestly produced40 ,we agree with the author that spiritists have no intercourse with the spirits of the dead1 and we add that no mortal has the power to call back to this world a departed soul4 ,this1 we think1 is certain both by authority and philosophy4 ,hence1 if any spirits are really made to appear and to answer questions--which we know to be a fact1 though not so frequent as simpletons are apt to believe--those spirits are not the souls of the departed1 but the lying spirits of hell1 who volunteer to play nonsensical tricks for the amusement and the perversion of their foolish consultors4 ,but that departed souls have now and then appeared to men in visible form is a fact established on indisputable historical evidence4 ,do we not read in the ,bible that the ghost of ,samuel appeared to ,saul1 rebuked his recklessness1 and intimated to him the impending defeat of his army and his own death8 ,nor can it be objected that the ghost was a devil1 for devils do not know the future actions of men2 nor can it be said that the apparition was a delusion1 for the ghost was seen by the witch before it was seen by ,saul2 and the whole narrative of the sacred writer is so worded as to exclude the possibility of explaining away the fact by such a loose interpretation4 ,it will be said1 however1 that 8the scientific mind0 rejects all such facts with absolute contempt4 ,to which we may reply that 8the scientific mind0 has no right whatever to reject historical facts4 ,science is based on facts2 its duty is to account for them by a sufficient reason1 not to deny them when they transcend our comprehension4 ,we know that there is a class of modern scientists who contend that everything must be explained by the properties of matter1 and that no exception can be admitted in favor of supernatural facts4 ,but we do not see how this mental disposition can be called 8scientific40 ,if physicists refuse to acknowledge all the facts which transcend the limits of their sphere1 why could not the musician reject all the phenomena which transcend his musical knowledge1 or the chemist ridicule all the astronomical calculations8 ,it is evident that every science must dwell within its proper limits1 and therefore no weight can be attached to the opinions of mere physicists when they presume to decide questions entirely extraneous to their profession4 ,thus the facts remain1 and all attempts at discrediting them must be accounted idle and unscientific talk4 ,lazarus1 dead and buried1 at the voice of ,christ revived4 ,the fact was public and recognized by ,christ's enemies4 8,the scientific mind0 will not deny it4 ,but then1 we ask1 how could the soul of ,lazarus retake possession of his body1 if it had ceased to exist8 and what else was the rising of the body from its tomb than a sensible manifestation of the soul returned to its primitive office8 ,we read in the ,gospels1 in the ,acts of the ,apostles1 and in ecclesiastical history of many dead recalled to life either by ,christ or by his disciples and followers4 ,in all such facts souls have manifested themselves4 ,we might mention a great number of genuine apparitions well known to all readers of the lives of saints2 but as we have neither time nor intention to enter into a critical discussion of the evidence by which they are supported1 we shall content ourselves with citing the glorious apparitions of ,lourdes1 of ,la ,salette1 and of ,marpingen1 which1 as all the world knows1 are unquestionable facts1 accompanied and followed by a continuous series of public miracles1 to which 8the scientific mind0 of modern thinkers has found nothing to object1 though it has been formally and repeatedly challenged to disprove them by its pretended superior knowledge4 ,our ,catholic readers know most of the facts to which we allude2 but it is probable that the writer to whom we reply is not acquainted with them1 and we would suggest to him to read ,m4 ,lasserre's book on the apparition of ,lourdes1 where he will find1 we trust1 sufficient evidence concerning the reality and nature of the facts just mentioned4 ,but we repeat that a ,christian and a philosopher has no need of sensible manifestations to believe in the immortality of the human soul4 ,reason and the ,gospel afford such a strong evidence of this truth that all further evidence may seem superfluous4 ,when unbelievers ask for apparitions or sensible manifestations1 we may answer them as ,abraham answered the rich man3 8,if they hear not ,moses and the prophets1 neither will they believe if one rise again from the dead0 7,luke xvi4 #ca74 ,our writer sums up his arguments as follows3 8,the fact1 then1 seems to be--and we would earnestly press it upon the attention of religious thinkers of every kind1 and especially upon theologians and clergymen1 whose peculiar duty it is to deal with such subjects--the fact seems to be that analogy1 reason1 revelation1 and human testimony alike fail to establish the doctrine that man can exist as a man without a material body4 ,books such as that of ,dr4 ,nisbet rather add to than remove the philosophical difficulties of the subject so long as they leave the main question untouched4 ,moreover1 in explaining away the popular interpretation of the ,scriptures in regard to it1 they tend to produce very much the same results as have been produced by the efforts to reconcile ,genesis with geology4 ,the conclusion that the ,bible does not teach science correctly has been followed by the conclusion that it does not teach science at all2 and so1 if we agree with ,dr4 ,nisbet that what it says about the resurrection is not to be taken literally1 we shall be in great danger of rejecting its testimony altogether40 ,this is to say that the ,scriptures1 in the ,protestant system of free interpretation1 lose all authority1 inasmuch as the word of man is thereby substituted for the word of ,god4 ,thus far we agree with the writer4 ,but that religious thinkers1 theologians1 and clergymen should undertake a new demonstration of the soul's immortality and of the resurrection of the flesh1 we consider unnecessary4 ,theologians and clergymen have done their duty on this point with such completeness as to make all sceptics inexcusable4 ,all that is wanted is that the sceptics themselves undertake to study the works of such theologians and philosophers as have answered the objections of the materialists of the last century4 ,scepticism is ignorance4 ,there is no remedy for it but study--the study of that special branch of knowledge on which the solution of any given question depends4 ,our writer imagines that some 8efforts0 have been made 8to reconcile ,genesis with geology40 ,this1 however1 is not the case4 ,the truth is that a class of scientists have made some 8efforts0 to turn geology against ,genesis1 and that those efforts have been unsuccessful4 ,a science which denies to-day what it considered yesterday as demonstrated1 and which is apt to deny to-morrow what it teaches to-day1 needs none of our 8efforts0 to be reconciled with ,genesis4 ,when the facts of geology shall be well known1 and when the theories built on those facts shall be logically correct1 then we shall have no need of 8reconciling0 geology with ,genesis2 for geology will teach us nothing in opposition to the revealed origin of things4 ,as to the conclusion 8that the ,bible does not teach science correctly10 or 8that it teaches no science at all10 we will only remark that the ,biblical record of creation is a history of facts1 not a treatise of science4 ,hence the proposition that the ,bible does not teach science correctly has no meaning1 whilst the proposition that the ,bible teaches no science at all is perfectly true1 although the facts themselves which it relates must be looked upon as the groundwork of geological science4 ,but our writer seems to take a different view of the subject4 ,he says3 8,many believers in ,christianity deny that the world was made in six days1 although the ,bible says it was made in six days2 deny that a flood ever covered the tops of the mountains1 that there ever were witches and magicians1 and that ,joshua made the sun and the moon stand still1 although the ,bible asserts all these things2 why may they not likewise safely deny as unscientific the dogma of a future existence of all individual human beings8 ,this is the dilemma into which speculations like those of ,dr4 ,nisbet bring us2 and if he and his school can furnish a way out of it1 they will confer an immense benefit upon the whole world of anxious but sincere doubters upon this great subject40 ,such is the end of the article we have been examining4 ,we would tell the writer that if there are believers in ,christianity who deny anything revealed by ,god in the ,bible1 such believers are not consistent with themselves2 for why should they believe in ,christianity if they disbelieve the ,bible8 ,if the word of ,god in the ,old ,testament does not command their assent1 why should the same word of ,god in the ,new ,testament cause them to believe8 ,it is clear that1 if they believed on ,god's authority1 they could not reject anything based on that authority4 ,a belief of this sort is not divine faith1 but human opinion2 it is not submission to ,god's authority1 but a denial of ,god's authority in all things which man chooses to disbelieve2 and consequently such a belief is not that faith 8without which it is impossible to please ,god40 ,it is1 however1 the faith of many advanced ,protestants2 and thus we are not surprised that the writer considers such an irrational form of belief as consistent with the mutilated form of 8,christianity0 with which he is familiar4 ,but we ,catholics--we heirs of the apostolic doctrine transmitted to us in an uninterrupted manner by the universal church--we believe everything that has been revealed either in the ,old or in the ,new ,testament4 ,we do not question the fact that there have been witches and magicians1 nor do we see any reason for questioning it2 we believe in like manner what the ,bible says about the ,flood1 the six days of creation1 ,joshua's great miracle1 and everything else2 by which we mean that those facts which we read in the ,bible1 whether we have a true appreciation of them or not1 are all true1 and that the difficulties we may find in their explanation arise from our ignorance1 which the modern progress of science has done very little to dispel4 ,thus1 while we are free to choose among the various explanations of ,biblical facts1 we all agree in believing the facts themselves4 ,but1 if this is true of those passages of ,scripture whose meaning is obscure1 and whose interpretation has not been settled by the authority of the church or by the consensus of the doctors1 it is not true of those other passages whose meaning is obvious and unmistakable1 or whose interpretation has been sanctioned by the unanimous decision of the universal church4 ,hence1 while we may freely discuss the six days of creation and the astronomical result of ,joshua's dealings with the sun1 we have no reasonable ground for discussing or doubting 8the dogma of a future existence of all individual human souls40 ,to say that this dogma is 8unscientific0 is to assume what neither has been nor can be proved2 unless1 indeed1 we call 8unscientific0 every truth which ranges above the compass of experimental science2 in which case even logic itself would be utterly unscientific4 ,whether ,dr4 ,nisbet or his school can furnish a way out of the difficulties complained of by our writer we do not know4 ,it is probable1 however1 that neither ,dr4 ,nisbet nor any other doctor of the same school can successfully combat the invading spirit of infidelity so long as they do not give up their ,protestant method of reasoning and their ,protestant profession4 ,protestantism is itself one kind of infidelity2 it cannot contribute in any way towards the restoration of sound philosophical or theological ideas2 it can only sow doubt1 discord1 and inconsistency1 thus paving the way for religious scepticism and its concomitant evils4 ,the history of ,protestantism is sufficient evidence of the fact4 ,it is vain1 therefore1 to hope that ,dr4 ,nisbet or his school will 8confer any benefit upon the whole world of anxious but sincere doubters0 by establishing either the immortality of the soul or the resurrection of the flesh on impregnable proofs4 ,let1 then1 all anxious but sincere doubters turn to ,catholic doctors and ,catholic books2 let them hear the church--the old1 calumniated church1 the column of truth1 the heir of the apostles1 of the prophets1 of the patriarchs1 and the spouse of ,christ4 ,she will teach them how to reconcile reason with faith and religion with science1 so as to believe rationally and consistently whatever ,god has revealed1 while preserving the fullest liberty of judgment in regard to all other things4 ,yet we must warn these 8anxious but sincere doubters0 that no benefit will accrue to them1 if they approach our divines or read our books with that spirit of contention which is so common among all the ,protestant sects4 ,if they are 8anxious0 to know the truth1 they must not rely exclusively on the strength of their reasoning powers1 but must be ready to yield to authority in all things connected with ,christian faith4 ,if they are 8sincere10 humility must be a part of their sincerity4 ,to conclude3 ,we have met and answered the reasons alleged by the writer in the ,sun against the immortality of the soul and the resurrection of the flesh2 and although we have scarcely developed the reflections suggested by those reasons1 yet we confidently believe that our brief remarks will be found sufficient to set at rest the arguments of the sceptic4 ,as to the doctrine of immortality in particular1 of which the same writer desired 8a solid and impregnable philosophical demonstration10 we have shown that the human soul neither can be destroyed by any created cause nor will be destroyed by ,god2 accordingly1 the human soul is intrinsically and extrinsically immortal4 ,our proofs have been few1 but simple and intelligible2 and we trust that the writer who gave us occasion to speak of this subject1 if he chances to read these pages1 will soon acquire the conviction that the doctrine of immortality was really in no need of a new philosophical demonstration4 ,,sannazzaro4 ,one ,sunday morning1 while at ,naples1 we went to hear our ,mass of obligation in the church of the ,servites1 erected by the poet ,sannazzaro in honor of the divine ,maternity of ,mary1 and called after his famous poem1 ,de ,partu ,virginis4 ,it stands on the ,mergellina1 that pezzo di cielo caduto in terra1 as the ,neapolitans say--8a fragment of heaven to earth vouchsafed0--and certainly the most beautiful shore on which the sun shines4 ,it was this shore that inspired the ardent ,stazio4 ,not far off is the tomb of ,virgil1 and the place where ,pollio lived1 and the grove where ,silius ,italicus conceived the idea of his ,punica4 ,here1 too1 ,sannazzaro had a charming villa which tempted the very ,muses to descend from the mountain to dwell on the sandy shore1 as ,ariosto says3 8,alle ,camene ,lasciar fa i monti e abitar le arene40 ,here he wrote most of his poems and gathered around him all the wit and talent of ,naples on those ,dies geniales1 which were as famous at that time as the ,noctes ,ambrosian of ,christopher ,north at ,edinburgh in our younger days1 though not quite so convivial1 perhaps4 ,this villa had about it a certain perfume of antiquity of which we know nothing in these times1 and which we affect to despise4 ,it was the natural atmosphere of this ,virgilian region1 and it had an inspiration of its own which must be taken into account in reading the works of ,sannazzaro4 ,he has celebrated his villa in an ode worthy of ,horace4 ,he did not1 however1 notwithstanding his classical tastes1 dedicate his household altar to ,apollo1 or even to ,venus--he was too genuine a ,christian for that--but to the tutelar care of ,san ,nazzaro1 whom he reckoned among his ancestors4 ,when nearly done with life1 he built a church on the spot1 in memory of that divine ,birth which he had so sweetly sung1 and attached thereto a convent of ,servite monks1 to whom he gave the income of eight thousand florins for the solemn celebration of ,christmas and certain expiatory services for himself1 his ancestors1 and ,king ,frederick ,,iii4 of ,naples4 ,here he also set up an altar to ,san ,nazzaro1 and ordered his own tomb to be built4 ,we had repeatedly passed the ,church del ,parto without being able to find it1 so embedded is it among houses on the side of the cliff4 ,and the entrance is from a side terrace1 to which you ascend by a flight of steps1 as to the court of a private dwelling4 ,this terrace commands a view that surpasses all the most vivid imagination could conceive4 ,the ,castel del ,ovo advances directly before you into the incomparable bay1 the waters of which1 generally blue as the heavens1 were at this early hour all crimson and gold and amethyst1 with great floods of silver coming in from the sea4 ,behind them were islands1 such as we see in dreams1 rising out of the magic waves3 ,capri1 with its marvellous grottos1 clouded with the memory of ,tiberius2 ,procida1 with its fort on the volcanic rocks2 and ,ischia1 where the beautiful ,vittoria ,colonna1 beloved of ,michael ,angelo1 retired to mourn her husband's loss1 and beneath which the giant ,typhus1 transfixed by a thunderbolt from ,jupiter1 lies imprisoned1 at long intervals groaning with pain1 and sending forth in his rage fearful eruptions of burning lava4 ,on the inner curve of the bay sits ,naples like a queen1 with her palaces1 her citadels1 her white villas gleaming like jewels--her glance all flame1 and her heart all fire4 ,beyond rises ,mount ,vesuvius1 with its cone of perfect symmetry1 full of mystery and terror1 its summit now flecked with patches of snow1 looking like great white flowers that bloom 8,around the crater's burning lips1 ,sweetening the very edge of doom40 ,a light vapor1 rather than smoke1 issued from the top1 no longer dark and foreboding like the evil genius whose vase was unsealed1 but of soft1 dove-like hues1 as if some pacific herald4 ,at its foot sleep fair villages among peaceful olive-trees1 wreathed with vines1 and lulled into forgetfulness by the gentle waves that caress the shore4 ,harmonious tints blend earth and sky and sea1 but they are constantly varying with the rolling hours4 ,there is nothing monotonous here1 except the languid air which wearily plays among the odorous trees without the force to agitate their branches4 ,nature is here a genuine siren1 half-earth1 half-sea1 whose magic voice wooes many a wanderer still to forget his native shore4 ,we feel its charm as we survey the matchless landscape4 ,an electric fire comes over the soul--admiration1 wonder1 emotions no words can express4 ,poetry is in the golden air1 the bright waves1 the enchanting shores1 the intense hues that color everything--yes1 even in the awful scars and lava streams that furnished the ancients with their ideas of ,tartarus1 and made ,virgil place his descent thereto near the tenebrosa palus--the gloomy lake of ,avernus1 formed from the overflowing of the ,acheron-- 8,sad ,acheron of sorrow1 black and deep40 ,the church bell awoke us from this delightful vision1 and we entered the open door4 ,it is a small building whose walls within are tinged a delicate sea-green1 and have white mouldings1 as if to harmonize with the foam-crested waves of the bay without4 ,the windows are mere lunettes1 high up in the arches1 and below are five or six deep recesses with altars and paintings4 ,the white marble basin at the entrance1 for holy-water1 looks like a flower on its tall1 slender stem4 ,on it is graven a shield like a chess-board--perhaps the arms of some noble of this farniente land to whom life was a mere game4 ,we were at once struck by a singular crucifix on a kind of a tripod1 under a canopy like a penthouse4 ,near by stood the ,addolorata--the ,madonna of ,many ,sorrows--in black like a nun1 with wimple and veil1 a stole embroidered with gold1 and a wheel of gilt arrows piercing the silver heart on her breast4 ,one poor dim lamp was burning before her4 ,opposite was a more cheerful altar with the ,virgin del ,parto1 the titular of the church1 gaily dressed after the ,italian taste1 and surrounded with lights and flowers4 ,these two ,madonnas seemed to personify ,bethlehem and ,calvary--the ,alpha and ,omega of the ,christian mysteries--and between them we knelt to hear ,mass4 ,the church was nearly full of people in bright holiday attire1 quite absorbed in their devotions1 and1 though mostly of the lower classes1 so-called1 they all responded in ,latin to the litany at the close of the service4 ,near by us1 in the pavement1 was a tomb-stone with the bas-relief of a boy with a book under his head1 another in his hand1 and one at his feet4 ,this was a promising youth named ,fabrizio ,manlio1 who so loved the ,mergellina that1 when ill1 he wished to be brought here to die1 and here be buried1 as his touching epitaph relates4 ,but that was three hundred years ago1 and the father who here records the tears he shed long since rejoined his son1 and now there is not a smile the less at sunny ,naples4 ,why lay aught too much to heart8 ,in a recess at the right is a noted painting1 generally known at ,naples as the ,diavolo di ,mergellina4 ,this is no new fiend1 but the old outcast from heaven vanquished by ,st4 ,michael1 the great captain of the heavenly host1 a picture by ,leonardo da ,pistoja1 a ,tuscan painter of the ,da ,vinci school4 ,the archangel1 8severe in youthful beauty10 is girded with a vest of heavenly azure1 and from his shoulders spring broad wings of many hues--green1 yellow1 and purple--with rays like long arrows of gold4 ,his right hand seemingly disdains to use its sword--8,satan's dire dread0--but holds it behind him1 while with the left he thrusts his long spear through the demon's neck and nails him to the ground4 ,his face is perfectly passionless1 as if not even so terrible a combat could ruffle the serenity of his angelic nature4 ,the ,diavolo is one of those strange demons that entice souls down to the gulf of perdition1 common in the middle ages1 with two faces1 not ,janus-wise1 but with the second face on the bowels1 of most startling character4 ,the fiend before us has the beautiful face and bust of a woman1 said to be the genuine portrait of a lady who became passionately enamored of ,diomedes ,carafa1 ,bishop of ,ariano1 who lies buried at the foot of the altar beneath1 with the triumphant inscription3 ,et fecit victoriam1 halleluja6 which may be applied both to the bishop and the archangel4 ,the round arms of this fair demon are drawn up under her head4 ,her long1 golden locks 8,in masses bright ,fall like floating rays of light0 around her shoulders and half-veil her bosom4 ,her youthful face is deadly pale1 but not contracted1 and her eyes are cold and vigilant4 ,the lower face1 on the contrary1 is old and convulsed1 as if crying with pain4 ,the hair is grizzled and witch-like4 ,the legs are like two scaly serpents1 twisted and writhing1 and the bat-like wings shade off to a lurid brown and yellow4 ,the contrast in these two faces is very striking and has a deep moral4 ,it is a common proverb at ,naples to compare too tempting a project1 or too seducing a beauty1 to the ,diavolo di ,mergellina4 ,the high altar of the church is of inlaid marble4 ,at the sides are niches containing statues of ,,ss4 ,jacobo and ,nazzaro1 the patrons of the founder4 ,on what is called the arch of triumph over the head of the nave is an old painting of the ,annunciation1 the ,virgin in one spandrel with the dove on her hand1 and the angel in the other with the lily stem4 ,along the connecting arch is the distich from ,sannazzaro3 8,virginitas ,partus discordes tempore longo1 ,virginia in gremio fdera pacis habent40#hb ,footnote #hb3 ,virginity and ,maternity1 long at variance1 have made peace in the womb of the ,virgin4 ,in a neighboring recess is an ,adoration of the ,magi1 which contends with that of the ,castello ,nuovo as being the one given ,sannazzaro by ,frederick of ,aragon1 painted by ,van ,eyck1 and said by ,vasari to be the first oil-painting ever brought to ,italy4 ,we searched a long time in vain for the tomb of ,sannazzaro4 ,chapels1 flagstones1 and mural inscriptions1 all underwent a severe scrutiny2 and1 supposing it must have been destroyed in some political convulsion1 when even death itself is not respected1 we were on the point of leaving the church when it occurred to us to go behind the high altar4 ,we found there a door which we made bold to enter1 remembering how often we had been repaid for exploring sacristies and odd nooks4 ,there was the tomb directly before us1 in the smallest of choirs in which ever monk lost his voice 8with singing of anthems40 ,it is the most quiet1 secluded spot in the world--dim1 frescoed1 and crowded with a dozen stalls1 on which cherubs' heads are carved4 ,it is more like a little chantry than a choir1 and nothing ever breaks the silence but the voice of holy psalmody4 ,the poet's tomb is of white marble1 chiefly sculptured by ,fra ,giovanni da ,montorsoli4 ,it is surmounted by his bust crowned with laurel4 ,the face is somewhat haggard1 but the features are noble4 ,he wears a cap like that we see in pictures of ,dante4 ,beside him are two putti1 one with a book and the other bearing a helmet1 in allusion to the different ways in which ,sannazzaro distinguished himself4 ,the sarcophagus beneath rests on an entablature1 below which1 in delicate relief1 are ,neptune and his trident--doubtless in allusion to the ,piscatori--and ,pan with his reeds1 accompanied by fauns and satyrs1 with jovial faces and shaggy sides1 as if to sing the praises of the author of the ,arcadia4 ,along the base of the monument is an inscription by ,bembo1 which shows he believed ,virgil to have been buried at ,naples3 8,da sacro cineri flores3 hic ille ,maroni ,syncerus musa proximus ut tumulo40#hc ,footnote #hc3 ,strew this sacred tomb with flowers4 ,here1 near ,virgil1 lies ,syncerus1 his brother in the ,muses4 ,at the sides are fine statues of ,apollo and ,minerva by ,santa-croce4 ,iacopo ,sannazzaro1 the inspired poet of the ,virgin1 was born at ,naples in #adeh4 ,he sprang from an illustrious family of ,spanish origin that had fallen from its former grandeur1 but was left not without considerable means4 ,his mother1 on becoming a widow1 withdrew into the country in order to bring him up in retirement1 uncontaminated by the world2 but he soon displayed such uncommon abilities that she was persuaded to return to ,naples and there watch over his education4 ,it is said he showed a talent for poetry at eight years of age2 but it must be remembered he belonged to a land where poesy is like the flowers that spring up spontaneously from the soil at every season4 ,of course his education was chiefly classical2 for he belonged to an age when ,greek and ,latin literature was regarded as the standard of excellence1 and the very mysteries of religion were sung in the measure of ,homer and ,virgil4 ,when of sufficient age he chose as his master ,giovanni ,pontano1 called 8the ,trojan ,horse0 on account of the great number of illustrious poets1 orators1 and warriors that sprang from his school4 ,pontano was then director of the celebrated ,accademia ,napolitana1 in which he figured as grammarian1 philosopher1 historian1 orator1 and poet4 ,he was the literary autocrat of ,naples1 8,whose smile was transport1 and whose frown was fate40 ,he was regarded as the favorite of ,apollo and the ,aonides1 and from his lips was said to flow a river of gold3 8,quel bel tesoro ,d',apollo e delle ,aonide sorelle1 ,che con la lingua sparge un fiume d'oro40 ,his astronomical discoveries were announced in ,latin verse4 ,it is said he was the first in modern times to revive the idea of ,democritus that the ,milky ,way is composed of myriads of stars4 ,sannazzaro succeeded his master at the ,academy of ,naples1 which at that time held its meetings at ,pontano's residence1 near which was the ,cappella ,pontaniana--a gem of art1 erected by ,pontano in honor of the ,virgin and the two ,st4 ,johns4 ,here were set up the wise maxims of the founder1 graven on stone1 which we translate from the original ,latin3 8,it is noble but difficult to restrain one's self in opulence4 8,he who never forgets injuries forgets that he is man4 8,whatever thy fortune1 be mindful of ,fortune herself4 8,integrity promotes confidence1 and confidence friendship4 8,he who decides too hastily on doubtful occasions repents too late1 though he repent quickly4 8,it is in vain the law cannot reach him whose conscience absolves him not4 8,the sky is not always serene1 nor does prudence always ensure safety4 8,in every condition of life the chief thing is to know thyself4 8,it belongs to the upright to despise the injuries of the wicked1 whose praises even are a disgrace4 8,let us bear the penalty of our faults rather than the state should expiate them to its injury4 8,content not thyself with being upright1 but find others who resemble thee to serve thy country4 8,it is by boldness and conquest a kingdom is enlarged1 and not by those counsels that seem to the timid full of wisdom and prudence40 ,such were the maxims instilled into ,sannazzaro's youthful mind4 ,they have a flavor of antiquity4 ,the ,academy of ,naples still exists1 but holds its meetings in the cell of ,st4 ,thomas ,aquinas at ,san ,domenico's1 where royalty itself used to attend the lectures of the ,angelic ,doctor4 ,in the church of ,monte ,oliveto at ,naples--where ,tasso found shelter--there is a striking group of figures in the chapel of the ,holy ,sepulchre1 gathered in sorrowful attitudes around the dead ,christ--all life-size likenesses of celebrities in the time of the artist1 ,modanin of ,modena4 ,sannazzaro is represented as ,joseph of ,arimathea2 ,pontano as ,nicodemus2 ,alfonso ,,ii4 as ,st4 ,john1 with his son ,ferdinand beside him4 ,sannazzaro has celebrated a young ,neapolitan girl in classical measure1 under the ,greek names of ,amarante1 ,phyllis1 and ,charmosyne1 which signify joy1 love1 and the immortal2 but he veiled his passion1 if it was one1 under mythological allusions4 ,he took as his device an urn of black pebbles1 among which was a single white one with the motto1 quabit nigras candida sola dies1 as if in time he hoped to please his lady4 ,but she died young1 and he bewailed her in suitable elegies4 ,in spite of this somewhat fantastic attachment--perhaps only a poetic fancy--it is sure ,sannazzaro was all his life rather a votary of ,diana than of ,venus1 as became one destined to sing the praises of the ,purissima4 ,admitted to familiarity with ,frederick of ,aragon1 son of ,king ,ferdinand of ,naples1 ,sannazzaro was appointed director of the royal festivities1 and in this capacity composed dramas in the language of the lazzaroni for the amusement of the court4 ,these soon became as popular in the streets as in the palace1 and were the germs of the modern ,italian comedy1 which finds its broadest expression in ,pulcinella's farces at ,san ,carlino4 ,one of these plays is spoken of with particular admiration1 composed in #adib to celebrate the conquest of ,granada1 and acted at the ,castello ,capuano in presence of ,alfonso1 ,duke of ,calabria4 ,sannazzaro became so attached to his royal patron that he accompanied him in an expedition against the ,turks1 where he acquired the reputation of a courageous soldier4 ,and when the prince was deprived of the throne to which he had succeeded1 and retired to ,france1 the poet1 more faithful in misfortune than ,pontano to ,frederick ,i41 generously sold two paternal estates to provide for his sovereign's wants1 and accompanied him into exile4 ,it was in the following lines he bade adieu to ,naples1 which to leave is a kind of death3 8,parthenope1 mihi culta2 vale1 blandissima siren1 ,atque horti valeant1 ,hesperidesque tu2 ,mergellina1 vale1 nostri momor2 et mea flentis ,serta cape1 heu domini numera avara tui2 ,matern salvete umbr1 salvete patern40#hd ,footnote #hd3 ,farewell1 adored ,parthenope2 sweet siren1 farewell6 ,farewell1 enchanted gardens of the ,hesperides6 ,farewell1 ,mergellina1 be mindful of me2 accept these tears of regret from the master who has naught else to offer thee6 ,farewell1 shade of my mother2 my father's shade1 farewell6 ,sannazzaro remained with ,frederick ,,iii4 till his death at ,tours1 and then returned to ,naples1 where he devoted himself wholly to literature4 ,the ,arcadia1 which he finished in ,france1 was published in #aejd4 ,this is a romance of mingled prose and verse after the manner of ,boccaccio's ,ameto4 ,it caused a great sensation in ,italy1 and is still regarded as one of the happiest inspirations of the ,italian muse4 ,his pleasant villa on the ,mergellina had been respected during his exile1 and here he established himself at his return4 ,it became a rendezvous for all the literary men of the city4 ,on ,thursdays in particular1 when the scholars and barristers had a holiday1 all that was brilliant at ,naples assembled here for a frugal repast1 at which poems and epigrams were recited4 ,sannazzaro was very popular1 and to be his friend was regarded as a brevet of immortality4 8,dipinto io sia nell'opre eterne e belle ,del mio bel ,sannazzaro1 vero ,sincero1 ,ch'allora io giugnero fino alle stelle10#he ,footnote #he3 ,let me be depicted in the immortal works of my glorious ,sannazzaro1 so worthy of the name of ,sincerus1 and ,i shall be exalted to the very stars4 wrote ,cariteo4 ,sannazzaro1 it should be remarked1 had1 after the fashion of the time1 taken the more classical name of ,actius ,syncerus1 to which allusion is made on his tomb4 ,but the greatest festival of the year on the ,mergellina was the birthday of ,virgil1 for whom ,sannazzaro had a kind of passion4 ,he celebrated this anniversary--perhaps in imitation of ,silius ,italicus1 who offered an annual sacrifice to the manes of the bard of ,mantua--by a banquet1 to which he invited his most intimate friends1 such as 8,alessandro1 the jurisconsult1 whose works1 so long popular1 furnish curious details respecting the public and private life of the ,romans2 ,cariteo1 who sang in his heterodox style the human soul formed by the ,creator1 from which nothing is concealed in heaven before it assumes its earthly veil1 but which1 coming below1 as if fallen from some star into a human body1 no longer retains any memory of the past2 ,andrea ,acquaviva1 who dismounted from his war-horse to take the lyre and drink from the fount of ,hippocrene2 ,girolamo ,carbone1 who preferred the ,tuscan language to the ,latin1 then so popular1 and whose rhythm is a kind of music to the ear2 and1 finally1 ,pontano1 the master of ,sannazzaro1 the restorer of the ,neapolitan academy founded by ,panormita40#hf ,these repasts were served by ,hiempsal1 a young ,african slave whom ,sannazzaro had freed and taught to sing the elegies of ,tibullus to an air he himself had composed4 ,it was after one of these ,virgilian feasts the poet went to hear ,egidio1 an ,augustinian monk1 preach4 ,he was as celebrated for his eloquence as his learning1 and was a favorite of two popes1 one of whom 7,leo ,x47 afterwards made him cardinal4 ,egidio1 in declaiming with his usual animation against the vices of the time1 made a happy citation from ,virgil1 which delighted his hearer and led to a friendship between them4 ,it was this or some other sermon of his that suggested to ,sannazzaro the idea of his great poem1 ,de ,partu ,virginis1 to which he devoted twenty years of his life--a poem of which ,mr4 ,hallam says 8it would be difficult to find its equal for purity1 elegance1 and harmony of versification40 ,pope ,leo4 ,x41 who appreciated genius in whatever way it found expression1 whether by pen1 chisel1 or pencil1 sent the poet a brief in #aeba to encourage him in singing the mysteries of the ,christian faith1 and to express his satisfaction that1 at a time when the voice of a monk was troubling the peace of the church1 the ,catholic faith should find a defender among the laity--another ,david1 as it were1 to smite the new ,goliath and appease with his lyre another ,saul2 and he declared the poem an honor to religion and to his pontificate4 ,clement ,,vii4 also wrote him a brief1 accepting the dedication1 which alone1 he said1 was enough to immortalize the pontiff thus honored4 ,footnote #hf3 ,audin4 ,the ,de ,partu ,virginis is the most remarkable poem of the ,renaissance1 and its publication was an event in the literary world4 ,it was everywhere eulogized1 and the author was styled the ,christian ,virgil4 ,egidio of ,viterbo1 after reading it1 thus wrote to the author3 8,when ,i received your divine poem1 ,i eagerly hastened to make myself familiar with its contents4 ,god alone1 whose inspiration suggested so wonderful a creation1 can reward you suitably--not by admitting you to the ,elysian ,fields1 the fabulous abode of ,linus and ,orpheus1 but to a blessed eternity40 ,this poem still merits attention1 if for no other reason1 at least because of its effect on religious art in the sixteenth century--an influence which has been compared to ,dante's4 ,mrs4 ,jameson says she can trace it in all the contemporary productions of ,italian art of all schools from ,milan to ,naples4 ,she regards this influence1 however1 as perverse4 ,but let us take a brief glance at a poem which has excited so much admiration and criticism down to the present day4 ,the ,de ,partu ,virginis is an epic poem1 in which the birth of ,christ is sung with the harmonious flow1 the variety of imagery1 and the elevated tone of ,virgil4 ,but1 strange to say1 none of the sacred characters introduced are called by their real names--perhaps because unknown to the ,latin muse4 ,even the names of ,jesus and ,mary are expressed by ,virgilian paraphrases4 ,the former is called ,divus ,puer and ,numen sanctum2 the latter ,alma parens1 ,dia1 and ,regina4 ,st4 ,joseph is the ,senior ,custos2 ,st4 ,elizabeth the ,matrona defessa vo2 and the ,supreme ,being is styled the ,regnator1 ,genitor superum1 etc4 ,the author calls upon the inhabitants of heaven 7clicol7 to reveal to his limited vision the profound secrets of the mystery he is about to sing1 and invokes the sacred ,aonides as the natural protectresses of virginal purity4 8,dear delight of poets10 says he1 8ye sacred ,muses who have never refused me your favor1 allow me once more to take a long draught at your clear fount4 ,ye who derive your glorious origin from heaven1 and have so singular a regard for what is pure1 aid me in singing of heavenly themes and celebrating the glory of a ,virgin4 ,drive away the darkness of my mind and show me the way by which to rise to the highest summit of your celestial mount4 ,these lofty mysteries were not unknown to you4 ,you must have beheld the sacred grotto of the ,nativity4 ,you must have heard the sweet music of the angels that surrounded it4 ,and it is hardly credible you did not admire the splendor of the star that led from the extremity of the ,orient three powerful princes to render homage to the new-born ,child4 8,i have not herein the less need of thy aid1 thou constant ,hope of men and gods1 at once ,maid and ,mother6 ,if ,i have taken delight every year in adorning the walls of thy temple with festoons and garlands of flowers2 if1 on this delicious cliff of the ,mergellina1 that seems from its proud height to disdain the waves of the sea and promise safety to the boatmen who hail it from afar1 ,i have hewn out for thee altars of eternal duration2 if1 following the footsteps of my ancestors1 ,i have taken pleasure in singing thy praises and celebrating thy honor with the immense crowds of devout people who1 with lively joy1 hallow the for ever memorable day of thy happy deliverance1 guide my steps in these unfrequented paths1 give me the courage to accomplish what ,i have undertaken1 and abandon me not in a task at once so glorious and so difficult40 ,the poet goes on to relate how the ,regnator ,superum1 seeing the human race in danger of falling into ,tartarus1 a prey to the fury of ,tysiphone1 wishes1 as all this evil has been brought about by woman1 that by woman it should be repaired4 ,he therefore despatches one of his ministering spirits to announce to the purest of virgins the sublime destiny that awaits her4 ,the messenger finds her plunged in meditation with the prophetic page of the ,sibyl open before her1 and1 saluting her with reverence1 he makes known the advent of the ,numen sanctum who would deliver mankind from the horrors of the ,styx4 ,fame everywhere publishes the tidings of this mysterious event4 ,hell itself is told of it4 ,the ,eumenides tremble4 ,alecto1 ,cerberus1 and all the monsters of paganism shudder with fear4 ,the souls of the ,fathers--those genuine heroes1 as ,sannazzaro1 after ,st4 ,jerome1 calls them--rejoice4 ,david himself repeats his prophetic ,psalms1 and sings the life of ,christ1 his ,passion1 ,death1 and ,descent into ,limbo4 ,but it is the great ,governor of the universe himself who reveals to the inhabitants of heaven his designs of mercy towards mankind4 ,and when the time of the ,nativity comes1 he summons ,joy 7,ltitia7 to his presence1 whose privilege it is to appease the anger of the ,thunderer and diffuse serenity over his face3 8,hc magni motusque animosque ,tonantis ,temperat et vultum discuss nube serenat10 and sends her to announce the glad tidings of the divine ,birth4 ,putting wings to her feet1 she leaves heaven1 guarded by the ,hours1 and proceeds to earth1 where she reveals the great event to the shepherds4 ,two of them1 ,lycidas and ,egon1 recite a part of the fourth ,eclogue of ,virgil1 applying it to the new-born ,child4 ,the birth of ,christ is related with delicacy and poetic grace4 ,there is a sublime energy worthy of ,dante in the lines that speak of the ,incarnation1 and the astonishment of nature in view of the prodigy4 ,angels in the air celebrate it by sports and combats in the style of ,homer's heroes1 with the instruments of the ,passion for arms4 ,other angels1 like ,demodocus1 sing the creation1 renovation of nature1 the seasons1 etc4 ,the ,jordan1 leaning on its urn1 is moved to its depths1 and relates to the ,naiads gathered about him the wonderful event on its shores4 ,an angel comes to bathe the ,child in its waters4 ,a dove hovers above4 ,the water-nymphs bend around in veneration4 ,the ,jordan1 amazed1 stays its current with respect1 and recalls the prophecy of old ,proteus1 that the time would come for it to be visited by ,one who would raise the glory of the ,jordan above the ,ganges1 the ,nile1 or the ,tiber4 ,after which the river1 wrapped in its mantle1 wonderfully wrought by the ,naiads1 returns majestically to its bed4 ,this is too brief an outline of the splendid crown ,sannazzaro has woven for the ,blessed ,virgin1 set with so many antique gems4 ,many have been shocked by the mingling of paganism and ,christianity in this poem1 but to us it is as if the waters of the ,permessus had been turned into the ,jordan4 ,all these pagan deities and profane allusions that sprinkle its pages seem to sing the triumph of ,christianity4 ,they are in harmony1 too1 with the ,virgilian region in which the poem was written1 as well as with the spirit of the age4 ,there was such a passion for antiquity and for ,greek and ,latin authors in the sixteenth century that even religion and art put on a classic air4 ,nor was ,leo ,x41 to whom it has been made a subject of reproach1 the only dignitary of the church that has felt this fascination4 ,st4 ,jerome himself was called by the accusing spirit1 ,non ,christianus1 sed ,ciceronianus1 and he used to fast before reading the works of the great orator1 so much did he fear their ascendency4 ,virgil was especially dear to the middle ages on account of the tenderness and melancholy of his noble nature and his strange presentiment of the future4 ,we all remember the famous passage3 8,the last age of the ,cuman song now approaches2 the great series of ages begins again2 now returns the ,virgin 7,astrea71 now return the ,saturnian kingdoms2 now a new progeny is sent from high heaven4 ,be propitious1 chaste ,lucina1 to the boy at his birth1 through whom the iron age will first cease1 and the golden age dawn on the world40 ,the learned at that time regarded ,virgil as a prophet2 and the people1 as a magician4 ,it was common to have recourse to his writings1 as well as ,homer's and other authors1 to obtain prognostics4 ,but this was not exclusively a medival superstition4 ,it was in use before the ,christian era1 and has not in these days wholly disappeared4 ,the author of ,margaret ,fuller's life says3 8,she tried the sortes biblic1 and her hits were memorable4 ,i think each new book which interested her she was disposed to put to this test and know if it had somewhat personal to say to her40 ,the church has condemned this practice1 even by a similar use of the ,holy ,scriptures4 ,dante shared in the general passion for ,virgil4 ,he makes him his guide--8,my guide and master1 thou0--through the lower realms2 not in ,paradise1 whence he is excluded1 8,for no sin except for lack of faith40 ,petrarch1 too1 loved ,virgil and planted a laurel--8the meed of poets sage0--at his tomb1 but it was long since done to death by the cruel hands of tourists4 ,a touching sequence was long sung in the church of ,mantua1 in which ,st4 ,paul is represented visiting the tomb of ,virgil at ,naples1 and weeping because he had come too late for him4 ,in the time of ,sannazzaro1 ,plato was also in great repute4 ,every one remembers the festival instituted in his honor by ,lorenzo de' ,medici at his villa on the side of ,fiesole1 in which ,ficino1 ,politian1 and all that was brilliant in the intellectual world of ,florence took part4 ,the bust of the divine ,plato1 presented by ,jerome ,roscio of ,pistoja1 was set up at the end of a shady avenue and crowned with laurel1 and1 after a grand repast1 they all gathered around it and sang cantos in his honor4 ,ficino even pretended to find in ,plato's writings the doctrines of the ,trinity1 ,incarnation1 ,eucharist1 etc4 ,he used to address his audience as 8,my brethren in ,plato10 and he makes ,christ1 in his descent into ,limbo1 snatch ,plato from the jaws of hell to place him among the blessed in ,paradise4 ,this reminds us of the great ,erasmus1 who says3 8,there are many in the society of the saints who are not in the calendar4 ,i am every instant tempted to exclaim3 ,sancte ,socrates1 ora pro nobis1 and to recommend myself to the ,blessed ,flaccus and ,maro40 ,another of these academies that sought to revive the antique spirit was that of ,pomponio ,leto at ,rome1 which has brought so many unmerited reproaches on ,pope ,paul ,,ii4 because it was for a time suppressed by him for carrying its passion for antiquity to a pernicious degree4 ,one historian after another has declared him an enemy of the sciences on the principle of their tending to heresy6 ,hallam1 ,roscoe1 and ,henri ,martin all echo the calumnies of ,platina against this pope4 ,m4 de l',epinois has proved the falseness of this accusation4 ,as if a pope1 as he says1 who was all his life an amateur of ancient manuscripts1 a numismatist of the first class1 and an able judge of painting and sculpture1 who took pleasure in doing himself the honors of his collections1 and provided liberally for the education of poor children that showed an aptitude for study1 was an enemy of science6 ,francesco ,filelfo did not think so when he thus wrote to ,leonardo ,dati3 8,what do not ,i and all learned men owe to the great and immortal wisdom of ,paul ,,ii480 ,as for the ,academy of ,pomponio ,leto1 there was a general conviction that it was pagan and licentious in its tendency1 if not in actual practice4 ,canensius1 in his life of ,paul ,,ii41 says explicitly3 8,the pope dissolved a society of young men of corrupt morals1 who affirmed that our orthodox faith was not so much founded on the genuine basis of facts as on the jugglery of the saints1 and maintained that it was permissible for every one to indulge in whatever pleasure he liked40 ,and the ,chevalier de ,rossi1 in the ,roma ,sotteranea1 quotes the following passage from a letter of ,battista de ,judicibus1 ,bishop of ,ventimiglia1 written to ,platina a short time after the affair in question3 8,some call you more pagan than ,christian1 and affirm that you follow pagan morals rather than ours4 ,others circulate the report that ,hercules is your deity4 ,another says it is ,mercury1 a third that it is ,jupiter1 a fourth that it is ,apollo1 ,venus1 or ,diana4 ,they say you are in the habit of calling these gods and goddesses to witness1 especially when in the company of those who give themselves up to like superstitions--people whom you associate more willingly with than others40 ,m4 de ,rossi has also found several inscriptions which prove that a secret hierarchy was established by this society1 of which it is reasonable to suppose ,pope ,paul ,,ii4 was as aware as of their other anti-,christian practices4 ,additional suspicion was excited by their secret meetings from the report at this very time that a conspiracy was formed against the life of the ,sovereign ,pontiff--the more readily credited because only nine years previously the streets of ,rome had been deluged with blood by an insurrection4 ,however1 the pope1 so far from being the farouche and sanguinary ruler ,m4 ,martin styles him1 let off the academicians with a short confinement1 and in #adge ,pomponio and his companions were once more quietly pursuing their studies1 having profited by so beneficial a lesson4 ,the academy became more flourishing than ever1 and counted among its members a great number of bishops and prelates of the church4#hg ,pope ,leo ,x4 himself1 before his elevation to the papacy1 was in the habit of attending its reunions4 ,archology1 poetry1 and music all had a part in them1 as well as other sciences1 and all these ,leo ,x4 sincerely loved4 8,i have always loved letters10 wrote he to ,henry ,,viii4 8,this love1 innate in me1 age has only served to increase2 for ,i have observed that those who cultivate them are heartily attached to the dogmas of the faith1 and are the ornaments of the church40 ,notwithstanding this love of literature1 especially ancient1 ,leo ,x4 himself realized that too excessive an application to such pursuits might be prejudicial to the spiritual life4 ,though at ,florence he participated in the general admiration for ,plato1 after his elevation to the ,papacy he recommended to the pupils of the ,roman ,college to give themselves up to serious studies1 and renounce ,platonic philosophy and pagan poetry as tending to injure the soul4 ,so also ,st4 ,odo1 ,abbot of ,cluny1 was so fond of ,virgil that it finally became injurious to his spiritual interests1 and1 falling asleep one day while reading one of his ,eclogues1 he saw in a dream a beautiful antique vase full of serpents4 ,he understood the allusion and gave up profane reading4 ,footnote #hg3 ,see essay of ,m4 de l',epinois4 ,sannazzaro's poem1 therefore1 is only an expression of the tastes of his age4 ,it may also be considered in harmony with those of the primitive church1 which adorned the very walls of the ,catacombs with pagan symbols1 and blazoned them in the mosaics of their churches4 ,there we find ,theseus vanquishing the ,minotaur1 beside ,david slaying ,goliath4 ,the ,jordan is represented as a river-god leaning on an antique urn1 his head crowned with aquatic plants and his beard dripping with moisture2 ,cupids flutter among the vines around the form of the ,good ,shepherd2 and ,orpheus is made the emblem of our ,saviour4 ,the ,de ,partu ,virginis is like one of those beautiful ,madonnas so often met with in ,italy1 not seated in a humble chair at ,nazareth1 but robed like a queen1 occupying a throne covered with mythological subjects and antique devices--an emblem of the church enthroned on the ruins of paganism4 ,a ,,birth-,,day ,,song4 ,,twenty-,,one4 ,bright summer sun1 to-day ,mount with thy glancing spears1 a cohort proud1 ,o'er cliff and peak1 and chase each threatening cloud1 ,each gathering mist1 away4 ,fair1 fragrant summer flowers1 ,lily and heliotrope and spicy fern1 ,exhale your sweets from leaf and petaled urn ,through all the golden hours4 ,thou deep-voiced western wind1 ,the stately arches of the forest fill1 ,till oak and elm to thy andante thrill ,as mind replies to mind4 ,take up the song and sing1 ,o summer birds6 until the joyous strains ,ring through the hills1 chant in the blooming plains1 ,gurgle in brook and spring4 ,and thou1 ,o river deep6 ,send from the shore thy message calm and plain1 ,as1 bearing ship and shallop to the main1 ,thy mighty currents sweep4 ,sing1 while the golden gate ,swings open1 and reveals the thronging hopes1 ,wingd and crowned1 that crowd the flowery slopes ,of ,manhood's first estate4 ,yet soft and low6 ,the door ,is closing1 as ye sing1 on ,childhood's meads2 ,the garrulous trump of ,youth's heroic deeds ,is hushed for evermore2 ,and shining shapes1 that blaze ,like loadstars1 with occasion wait to lure ,the dazzled soul o'er crag and fell and moor ,from ,wisdom's peaceful ways4 ,tell him1 ,o sunshine bright6 ,how clouds of lust and mists of evil thought ,by ,chastity's white beams are brought to naught ,through ,virtue's silent might4 ,tell him1 ye blossoms sweet1 ,how ,charity divine her perfume rare ,exhales alike in pure or noxious air1 ,with holy love replete4 ,o brook and bird and spring6 ,babble your simple sermon2 say1 ,behold ,contentment1 better far than gems or gold1 ,or crown of sceptred king4 ,tell him1 thou deep-voiced wind1 ,how a brave1 earnest spirit may awake ,responsive thought1 till distant cycles take ,their orbits from his mind2 ,and thou1 ,o river wide6 ,tell how a steady purpose gathers strength ,from singleness of aim1 until at length ,on its resistless tide ,it bears both great and small ,with equal1 silent1 comprehensive love ,to that great sea whose calm no storm can move1 ,god's grace o'er-arching all4 ,so may his spirit clear1 ,untroubled by the scoff1 the sneer1 the sting ,of clashing creeds1 find heaven a real thing1 ,and walk with seraphs here4 ,thou great ,triune6 thy sign ,is on his forehead4 ,may he1 manful1 fight ,under thy banner1 till upon his sight ,fair ,paradise shall shine2 ,till1 crown and palm-branch won1 ,he shall before thee stand without a fear1 ,wearing the bright and morning star1 and hear ,the ,master say1 ,well done4 ,,jane',s ,,vocation4 8,o amare6 ,o ire6 ,o sibi perire6 ,o ad ,deum pervenire40--,,st4 ,,augustine4 ,she sat upon an enormous sea-washed cliff of granite1 in a flood of golden light from the stooping western sun behind her4 ,beneath her the sea-waves rippled lightly against the cliff4 ,far out before her the broad expanse of sea extended till it met the sky4 ,but on neither sea nor sky were the girl's eyes fastened4 ,she was looking steadily across the narrow gulf that separated the high promontory where her home was from the fishing town on the mainland4 ,behind her was a farm-house with its prosaic surroundings1 and a few huts for drying fish were close at hand4 ,not far beyond these the stage-road ran1 and coming over the brow of the promontory was the lumbering stage4 ,she did not hear the wheels as they went rumbling by1 and did not know how closely she was scanned4 ,next the driver a youth was sitting1 whose face bespoke the artistic temperament as plainly as did the portfolio and hastily-traced sketch upon his knee4 ,like a flash he caught the loveliness of the picture--its glorious framework of nature's beauties1 its central point of that girlish figure in its graceful pose3 the upraised head1 the hands clasped round the knee as she sat bending slightly forward1 the sense conveyed of absorbed1 pathetic yearning for something more and higher than the farm life of her home4 8,who lives there80 asked the young man of the driver2 and the driver made answer1 glancing for very pleasure at the boyish1 handsome face1 stamped1 in spite of its vanity1 with the impress of a singularly clean and happy heart3 8,nobody much1 mister3 old ,jake ,escott and ,marm ,escott and ,jane4 ,that's ,jane sitting there4 ,she's their niece1 and the best o' the lot40 8,jane60 repeated the youth to himself2 but to the driver he said3 8,do they take boarders there80 ,the man chuckled1 as if the very idea was absurd4 8,much as they can do to board themselves1 ,i guess4 ,shiftless set4 ',tan't so much lack of money1 though1 as of go-aheadativeness4 ',twould be too much trouble40 8,think ,i'd be a trouble80 ,the man laughed again4 8,don't know 'bout that4 ,you're as clever a chap and as taking a chap to talk with as ,i've seen this many a day4 ,you're a real true1 good-hearted gentleman1 you be1 sir2 but you're city-bred for all that4 ,reckon you'd want white napkins every meal1 and all sorts of finified stuff4 ,marm ,escott couldn't give you such4 ',cause why8 ,she's no idea what they are40 8,i'll try it10 the traveller said1 shutting his portfolio decisively and speaking like one who always had his way4 8,can't you stop at the turn--there's a good fellow--and let me and my traps down80 8,well1 well6 ,you never meant to come here2 that's certain4 ,where ye bound80 8,nowhere40 ,then1 seeing the driver's puzzled look1 8,anywhere10 the youth added merrily4 8,i'm come to do what ,i please1 and stop where ,i please1 and stay as long as ,i please4 ,this is the loveliest place ,i have seen yet1 and ,i must sketch it4 ,why1 surely you have carried passengers before who had no settled destination1 but liked to stop where it suited them40 8,ye--es10 was the doubtful response4 8,yes1 mister4 ,but never one quite like you4 ,you're a wide-awake chap and a merry1 but you look as dainty as any city lady ,i ever met40 ,the words were evidently taken as a compliment1 in whatever way they might have been meant4 ,the youth slung his knapsack over his shoulder1 concealing the long name which had puzzled the driver for the whole journey--,van ,stuyvesant ,van ,doorm--leaped lightly down from the coach almost before it stopped1 doffed his cap courteously1 and with a gay farewell was on his way along a narrow path to the house4 ,a woman1 remarkable for nothing except her curiously total lack of anything noticeable1 opened the door1 but into that dull face an actual sunny gleam of pleasure came as soon as she saw the blithe young face before her4 ,the descendant of all the ,vans doffed his cap courteously again1 with an answering gleam in his very brilliant eyes4 ,he had been used all his life to know that people admired him1 but it is to be acknowledged that this oft-repeated fact had never lost its charm4 8,is this ,mrs4 ,escott80 he asked4 8,i be10 was the succinct reply4 ,no faintest shadow of a smile betrayed her hearer's amusement4 ,he knew himself master already of the field4 8,if you please1 ,mrs4 ,escott10 he said audaciously1 in his most captivating tone and with his most pleading1 obstinate look1 8,i'm come to board with you40 ,mrs4 ,escott stared as one taken by storm and unable to collect her scattered forces4 8,but--but10 she stammered1 8we never take boarders1 we don't40 8,this exception will prove the rule1 then10 quoth ,van4 8,oh6 for shame1 ,mrs4 ,escott4 ,you never would have the heart to turn me away from such a view as this4 ,i want to sketch it1 and ,i will give you a sketch of it1 and pay you the highest board into the bargain40 8,but we an't got nothing fit to board ye on40 8,ah8 ,no eggs1 then1 ,i suppose10 suggested ,van mildly1 pointing at the hens cackling in the yard4 8,no milk1 either10 he added as the lowing of a cow sounded near by4 8,no berries to be had for love or money1 eh8 ,and of course there are no fish to be found in the sea40 ,the woman actually laughed4 8,i'll speak to ,jake10 she said1 then disappeared1 and ,van seated himself on the doorstep and waited her return without fear of disappointment4 8,jane and ,i can pick berries10 he said to himself2 and then he trilled forth gaily1 in a voice that was the envy and admiration of city circles3 8,in the days when we went gipsying1 ,long time ago40 ,the melody pleased him2 it chimed in well with the birds' blithe song in the trees and the faint dash of the waves along the shore4 ,he began the song and went through it all as blithely and carelessly as they4 8,that's handsome1 now10 an uncouth voice behind him said when he stopped at last with a sense of buoyant delight in his own power4 8,that's handsome1 stranger4 ,sing like that1 and you're welcome here1 and no mistake40 ,this was 8,jake10 then1 shuffling1 untidy1 uncouth as his voice4 ,a misgiving arose in ,van's mind4 ,would the house1 the table1 his room1 be like ,jake and ,marm ,escott8 ,but he need stay no longer than he chose--no longer than one night2 and it was now nearly six o'clock in the afternoon4 ,so1 all necessary arrangements being concluded1 ,jake trundled a dilapidated wheel-barrow1 in some vague1 slipshod fashion1 to the road to 8fetch the stranger's traps10 and ,mrs4 ,escott1 going to the gate1 called loudly1 8,jane6 ,jane6 ,i want ye1 child40 ,van1 waiting in the parlor for her coming1 looked attentively about him4 ,there was almost nothing in the room to show that any one ever came there who cared a whit more for beauty than ,jacob ,escott himself did4 ,rag mats of discordant hues covered squares and ovals and rectangular parallelograms of the pine floor2 the walls were decorated with coarse prints of ,general ,washington and of the prize ox of twenty years ago2 on the table was a big family ,bible and a ,farmer's ,almanac illuminating the sombre cover with its sickly yellow1 and on this was a half-knitted blue yarn stocking4 ,there was a cheap piano in one corner1 but it looked as though it was never opened4 ,the windows were not uncurtained1 but1 of all other things there1 they set ,van's teeth on edge with their execrable attempts at some sort of a painted landscape2 he seized the tassels vindictively1 and pulled the curtains out of sight1 thus letting in the superb view beyond4 ,some one1 he discovered then1 had had taste enough to put flowers in the room4 ,a great handful of daisies and clovers and delicate grasses stood on the sill of the window that looked out to where the narrow gulf separated the promontory from the mainland4 8,jane's work10 said ,van to himself2 and as he thought it1 he heard a slow1 calm step coming through the entry1 and ,jane herself stood in the doorway4 ,involuntarily he bent his head with such a reverence as he had never paid to woman before4 ,he was the cynosure at home among all ladies1 but none yet had won from him the reverent greeting of an utter self-forgetful absorption in another's presence4 ,the girl who stood there was not beautiful1 though there was nothing in her features to displease the artist's eye2 indeed1 the absence of mere material beauty made more marked the impression conveyed in movement and feature and face4 ,of all colors in the world--and ,van was passionately fond of color--he loved best the gold that is sometimes seen in the western sky near where the sun is setting3 a clear1 fair hue that does not dazzle but rests the eyes that gaze upon it4 ,van thought of that color when he saw ,jane's face with its look of unclouded peace4 ,she lifted her eyes and glanced at him1 at first with a tranquil1 unmoved expression1 as though it was quite indifferent to her who it was that she was meeting2 then she gave a quicker1 keener glance that thrilled ,van with an uneasy sense that she was reading him through and through4 ,what was it that she read8 he wondered4 ,he tried to talk with her as she moved about the room1 engaged in the very ordinary task of setting the supper-table4 ,her language showed some culture and refinement4 ,he hazarded the question1 8,are there good schools about here80 8,i do not know10 she said meditatively4 8,there is the district school40 8,why does she not say1 ',i went there'80 thought ,van4 8,that would tell me something about herself40 ,but more and more he found1 as his talk went on1 that ,jane ignored herself4 ,it did not appear to enter her mind that she was anybody to be thought of or talked about4 ,he had at first to make conversation at the supper-table--the farm1 the fisheries1 the crops--but presently ,jacob ,escott made bold to ask3 8,what may be your occupation1 sir80 ,and1 nothing loath1 ,van launched upon one of his pet topics--art and artists4 ,even the plain farmer and his wife enjoyed it4 ,how could they resist the fascination of the merry stories1 the musical voice1 the face that spoke as clearly as the words8 ,but ,jane hardly listened1 and suddenly a thought struck ,van3 8,this is mere surface-talk after all4 ,can it be that this farmer's girl cares for anything deeper1 or is it only that she has not depth enough to care80 ,they rose from the table1 and ,van followed ,jane to the door4 ,she did not see or heed him4 ,the tide was at the full2 wave upon wave came heaving gently onward toward the land as a child1 tired out with play1 comes home to its mother's arms to rest2 through the twilight the dark1 restless mass of water and its ceaseless murmuring alike woke a sense of mystery and awe2 above1 in the darkening skies1 a pale half-moon was shining and a few great throbbing stars4 ,and in the dim light ,van saw ,jane's face1 and it seemed to him as beautiful and as full of mystery as sea and sky4 ,such a look of hunger marked it6 ,he thought of ,niobe1 and of ,cassandra1 and of ,mariana in the moated grange1 but she differed in some inexplicable fashion from them all1 and then he heard her say below her breath3 8,my ,god6 ,my ,god6 ,my ,god60 ,over and over again--not what ,van had ever fancied a prayer could be1 and yet to his ear more full of intense personal pleading than any prayer he had ever heard4 ,faith1 hope1 love1 expectation1 keen desire1 and suffering were all summed up in two words2 and though he knew nothing of her trouble1 yet when the aunt's call for her came from the room within1 ,van started as if he had been struck4 ,he could not bear to have her harried back into the dull life of her home4 8,just mend this1 ,janey1 will you80 ,mrs4 ,escott said1 exhibiting a coarse blue shirt4 8,your uncle wants it for to-morrow40 ,the girl's face was tranquil and happy again by some sudden transformation4 ,she took the rough work--it was not clean work1 either2 it had evidently been worn once or twice1 ,van saw with mingled disgust and pity--and1 sitting down contentedly in the dingy room1 she began her mending4 ,she puzzled ,van greatly1 she interested him intensely4 ,as he talked to her uncle he watched with his artistically-trained eye each expression of her face4 ,it varied now and then1 though the strange1 yearning look did not return to it4 ,the peace was there1 and an exquisite happiness4 8,she is like a dove10 thought ,van4 8,she is like an innocent baby4 ,oh6 if one could take her away from this40 ,but one clue to her character he was certain that he had found4 ,he rose up before she finished her work1 and he flung open the old piano and sat down before it4 ,it was not so unfit for use as he had feared it would be1 and he knew how to glide skilfully over the worst notes4 ,and then he began to try ,jane4 ,first he sang ballads1 8,robin ,adair10 8,john ,anderson my jo1 ,john10 8,oh6 wert thou in the cauld blast40 8,that's fine1 ,phbe10 said ,jacob1 and ,phbe said 8,yes0 with an unwonted enthusiasm4 ,but ,jane worked steadily on1 and if she heard or cared ,van could not tell1 though he fancied the sweet1 dove-like look deepened upon her face4 8,the brightest jewel in my crown ,wad be my queen1 wad be my queen40 ,the last tender notes of the song lingered under ,van's fingers1 as a knock was heard at the kitchen door1 and ,jacob went to answer it1 followed soon by ,phbe1 who evidently recognized the voice of the new-comer4 ,there was a scraping of chairs on the kitchen floor--the plain indication that somebody had come to stay awhile4 ,van leaned his head forward against the music-rack1 and once again before his eyes was the scene he had witnessed in the twilight one hour before4 ,could the same person who sat quietly at her rough work now be she whom he had seen and heard then in that passion of prayer8 ,and while he mused there rang through his brain echoes that always thrilled his music-loving1 art-loving nature with an especial power1 and that seemed now like fit mates for the darkly-heaving sea1 the star-lit sky1 the girl's yearning face2 and from the old ivory keys1 that grew strangely full of power and sweetness beneath his magical touch1 rang out ,chopin's grand funeral march4 ,the work dropped from ,jane's hands4 ,he could not watch her face1 for she turned it straight toward that eastern flower-decked window that looked out to gulf and sea2 but he saw her fingers lock tightly into one another and her form become rigidly still4 ,when he ended she rose quietly and went away1 and he did not see her again that night4 ,but long that night he studied her1 while an unwonted shame of himself and a keen admiration for her grew steadily in him1 and what he inferred of her then was confirmed each day more and more4 8,she does not know one-half the things that ,i know10 he said1 8but she has it in her to care for the highest art and beauty4 ,and she is so noble by nature that she couldn't spend her thoughts on a thousand trifling things that ,i waste mine upon4 ,such a glorious creature imprisoned here6 ,i'll do my best for her40 ,never used to early rising1 he came down stairs the next day to find his breakfast waiting for him and the morning of the family half over4 8,yes1 we be early risers10 said ,mrs4 ,escott4 8,leastways1 ,jake and ,jane be4 ,i'm a poor hand at it myself4 ,why1 ,jane here1 she's across the gulf and home again afore six every day40 8,across the gulf6 ,before six60 exclaimed ,van4 8,certain sure1 ,mr4 ,van4 ,these ,catholics are queer creatures4 ,jane's a ,catholic1 you know40 ,habitual courtesy quelled the words of surprise and of pain that rose to ,van's lips--surprise at finding a ,catholic in this notedly ,protestant fishing settlement1 pain at hearing ,jane's deepest feelings thus lightly exposed to view4 ,but ,jane showed not the slightest shade of annoyance4 ,now he thought he understood her better4 ,one of the many marvellous spells of ,catholicism had been woven about her--some vision of beauty had thus come into her hitherto blank life2 he would strive the more now to teach her of what he blandly deemed the freer1 nobler lights of art and science1 but never should word or look from him throw scorn or jest or trifling speech of any kind on that which was dear to her4 ,love at first sight--,van had always maintained that he believed in it2 he was always falling in love with any pretty face that struck his fancy1 and then just as easily falling out of love with an unwounded heart4 ,but here love and pity and real reverence all awoke together and made of him their willing slave4 8,i'll go with her to ,mass to-morrow10 he said1 and on the morrow he stood in the early sunrise on the beach4 ,so early was it that ,jane herself was not yet there4 ,he watched her coming towards her boat1 her eyes cast down1 and that hungry1 longing look stamped plainly on her4 8,may ,i go too80 he said1 the gay1 trifling manner gone1 and that peculiarly distinct imprint of a clean heart shining in his eyes4 ,lifting her own sweet eyes1 once again he felt that she read him through2 then1 saying nothing1 she bowed assent and stepped into the boat4 ,and still without a word she let him take the oars from her1 and1 drawing her rosary from her pocket1 she began to tell her beads4 ,van thought she never would stop1 and she did not till they reached the town4 ,still silent1 she led the way from the shore through some dull1 shell-paved paths to a small chapel1 and1 entering1 forgot ,van altogether and went with eager footsteps up the aisle4 ,van stationed himself where he could see her2 she sank on her knees before the altar1 and crossed herself1 and lifted up her face4 ,the lips were parted in a smile of ecstasy1 the eyes were shining bright as though they saw unearthly loveliness4 ,what ,van saw was this3 a square1 low-studded1 dingy room1 poor prints of religious subjects1 mean tallow dips for candles1 tawdry gilding and hangings1 artificial tawdry flowers1 a plain1 small altar1 a few squalid worshippers2 presently an aged priest1 who said ,mass in a cracked and feeble voice4 8,what spell is over her80 thought ,van1 marvelling4 8,oh6 if ,i could once take her out of it all1 home to wealth and beauty and tenderness1 and to our churches4 ,no need to tell her that ,catholics have beautiful ones somewhere40 ,but on their way back to the farm she did not speak1 and he could not venture to break the intense calm in which she was wrapped4 ,every evening he read or sang and played1 or talked his best1 in the parlor where the household gathered1 but she never again was there alone with him1 and in the daytime she was always busy just when he wanted her society most4 ,often he was conscious that what he said or read or did failed to make any impression at all upon her2 often while he tried to interest her he found her gazing toward that eastern window1 and knew that she did not heed him4 ,he longed to say3 8,i cannot see what you find in that dull church to give your eyes and thoughts to10 but he could not say it4 ,sometimes when he read1 far oftener when he played grand music--often1 too1 when they watched the sky and sea and listened to the waves1 the noble nature woke responsive to his call4 ,but it stung him to the quick to feel his general powerlessness to move her except when he roused his best and highest powers2 it stung him to see how little she cared for the comforts and luxuries and prettinesses1 for knowledge even and the art1 that were part of his daily existence1 and which he deemed necessary to him2 it stung him to find that the meanest occupation never made her discontented1 but glad and bright instead2 while what he considered suited to her condition or her needs was as nothing to her1 and the yearning which he could not fathom seldom came into her face when at her daily labor1 but often when he told himself she ought to be content and glad with him4 ,she talked very little to him2 she never seemed to care whether he came or went1 and he--all his thoughts became engrossed in her4 ,one afternoon1 near the close of a sultry day1 as the first mutterings of thunder and the first far-off flashes of lightning shone and sounded from the dark depths of low-lying clouds above the sea--when the winds were rising1 and the poplars showed their leaves' white faces1 and the white-crested waves broke in ominously upon the shore2 when ,jane's sensitive nature was awake and quivering in sympathy with the gathering storm--,jacob ,escott came hurrying his cattle home to shelter1 bringing with him a letter which the stage-driver had flung down to him as he raced his horses by to town4 8,for you1 ,mr4 ,van10 he said4 ,van opened it carelessly1 read it carefully1 then came straight to where ,jane stood1 watching with keen delight the seething sea and storm-tossed sky4 8,jane10 he said1 8listen to me4 ,they have sent for me to go home at once4 ,my father is very ill4 ,jane1 ,i love you4 ,will you be my wife80 ,she turned with great displeasure in her eyes4 8,you jest1 sir10 she said4 8,such jesting pains me much4 ,even my uncle understands that now40 8,i am not jesting10 he cried vehemently4 8,i speak the truth4 ,i love you4 ,none but you can ever be my wife4 ,give me your promise1 ,jane4 ,i love you so40 ,at first her look of rebuke waxed sterner2 then for a moment her eyes met the pleading bright eyes fastened on her with the look peculiar to them1 that bespoke a singularly clean heart4 ,she smiled as one smiles at a child4 8,it is impossible10 she said4 ,tumultuously he hurried on3 8,no1 no1 not impossible4 ,if ,i will promise to read1 to study1 to be a ,catholic if ,i can--will you think of it then8 ,will you try me80 8,it is impossible10 she repeated4 8,you pain me40 ,and then1 with an effort1 as though she spoke of things too sacred for the common ear1 8,by the grace of ,god10 she said slowly1 8when he makes the way plain before me1 ,i am to be a nun40 8,no1 no60 ,van cried again4 8,no1 no6 ,think--listen4 ,think it all over again4 ,you do not understand4 ,your life has been cramped here in this poor1 mean place4 ,that is why you want to be a nun4 ,come away with me to a life that suits a soul like yours4 ,i have seen your craving for higher things40 ,the sudden1 jagged lightning cleft the skies4 ,by its glare he saw her face distinctly1 and a noble scorn was on it1 and a righteous indignation4 8,come away with you--from ,god60 she said1 and in the pause that followed ,van felt himself more mean than the dust from whence he came4 8,forgive me10 she said gently4 8,i forget4 ,it is you who do not understand4 ,i do not mind that this house is poor and mean2 my ,lord was born in a stable1 and he died upon a cross4 ,and if ,i suffer here and crave for higher things1 it is a suffering which even the cloister can never cure--far less1 then1 you--for ,i crave to see the face of ,god6 ,to love my ,god1 to cease from sin1 to come to my ,god and be for ever one with him in his high heaven--,i hunger for it by night and by day40 8,and if this life suits you so well1 and you must suffer anyhow10 ,van said curiously1 8why not stay here always8 or why not come with me80 8,mr4 ,van10 ,jane answered1 8to be a nun is my vocation4 ,god himself calls me4 ,i must do his will4 ,forgive me again1 but ,i cannot talk any more to you about it4 ,if you did not seem so young to me--so like a little innocent child1 in spite of all your knowledge--,i could not have said so much40 ,and the next minute she was gone1 leaving ,van abashed and utterly ignorant of the high meed of true praise which she had bestowed upon him4 ,he went home to watch for two long days and nights beside a couch of foolish delirium and lingering death2 to see a mind of uncommon intellect and far-famed1 exquisite taste reduced to folly2 to see the eyes stare vacantly at picture and statue and familiar face alike2 and then to follow the lifeless body to the grave1 and hide it there1 clay to its kindred clay4 ,the young heir of enormous wealth and princely possessions paced alone in his father's halls that night1 and found no pleasure in the beauty that once had satisfied him4 ,even the memory of ,jane's face was a burden to him4 8,she would have to die too10 ,van muttered4 8,and1 after all1 one could as soon love a ,st4 ,catherine borne by angels as love her4 ,i do not believe ,i ever did4 ,and yet if ,i did not1 ,i never really loved any woman40 ,wherein he spoke the truth4 ,yet one look of hers haunted him--that look of settled1 tranquil peace1 like the undazzling gold of the western sky2 and while it shone before him the steady1 tranquil voice echoed through his memory1 8,to be a nun is my vocation4 ,god himself calls me4 ,i must do his will40 8,i wonder10 queried ,van wistfully--8,i wonder what my vocation is4 ,i'm sure it has never made any difference to me4 ,i have sketched1 and played1 and read1 just as ,i fancied40 ,and1 with that great grace vouchsafed him1 of which he was so ignorant1 he said like a child3 8,o ,god6 what shall ,i do80 ,the answer did not come at once4 ,he fretted and puzzled2 by and by he began to wonder whether ,jane's religion had anything to do with her choice4 ,besides1 if it was worth a man's while to think of changing his religion because he fancied himself in love with a creature that some time must die1 had he not reason to think seriously about it anyhow8 ,what did she mean when she said she craved to see ,god's face8 ,what caused that woman of so few words to speak with such power when she spoke of that8 ,van read and thought1 but it was not the books that enlightened him4 ,he went one evening where he seldom went by day1 when curious eyes could watch him--to his father's grave4 ,it was a warm evening late in ,september4 ,as he passed the rectory adjoining the church1 which his father1 and his father's father1 and all the ,van ,doorms of the region had religiously attended1 gay voices and snatches of music caught his ear1 and he looked up involuntarily4 ,it was a pretty sight4 ,the gas had just been lighted1 the curtains were still up4 ,lonely1 sorrowful ,van1 forgetful of his wonted courtesy1 stood still where he was and took in the whole picture with an added heartache4 ,in the pleasant parlor1 not luxurious1 but a home-room1 the mother sat with her baby on her knee4 ,van remembered her when she came a bride to the parish1 and he was only a child of five years old4 ,it was one of his earliest memories--that being taken to church with the promise of seeing the new young minister's new young wife1 if he would be very good4 ,that was twenty years ago1 and there were lines of gray in ,mrs4 ,charles' hair1 but her face wore the same kindly smile that had marked it then in the freshness of her nineteen years1 and at the piano a girl of nineteen might have been taken for the bride brought back again in her youthful bloom4 ,she was playing some familiar melody2 five or six brothers and sisters clustered about her1 sang blithely with her2 a toddling child at the mother's knee beat time with its chubby fingers on the younger baby's chubby hand4 ,presently an inner door opened1 and the pastor entered4 ,there was a cry of 8,father6 father60 a general rush to meet him1 frantic1 merry embraces from the children1 while the mother smiled contented1 and the father stood tender and strong in the midst of his happy flock4 ,the picture lasted for a brief space only2 with a pretty gesture of horror the eldest daughter sprang toward the window and drew down the shades1 lest somebody should see1 and ,van stood alone outside in the gathering night4 ,he plodded on dreamily to the church-yard1 and sat down near the new grave among many1 many older graves where the men and women of his race lay buried4 8,wife and child10 said ,van1 with a long1 hard1 envious sigh1 8father and mother1 and happy home4 ,and ,i--0 8,wife and child--father and mother40 ,the words repeated themselves in that curious1 echo-like fashion which words have when they come to the mind as a part of a familiar saying1 whose whole cannot be at once recalled1 and which for a time we vainly strive to place4 8,wife and child--father and mother40 ,ah6 something else comes3 8,houses and lands40 ,what is it8 ,what is ,van striving to get8 8,houses and lands40 ,he has it4 8,no man who hath left house1 or brethren1 or sisters1 or father1 or mother1 or children1 or lands for my sake and for the ,gospel1 who shall not receive an hundred times as much1 now in this time3 and in the world to come life everlasting40 ,he does not see with his bodily eyes at all now1 but the eyes of his soul are wide awake1 and they see clear and true4 ,in which church--,catholic or ,protestant--were the men who1 not by tens or by hundreds1 but by thousands upon thousands1 and through centuries upon centuries1 had carried out to the very letter the words of ,christ1 the ,bible words8 ,which1 except through some exceptions that only served to prove the rule1 had by loud-voiced declamation1 and an action that spoke more loudly still1 set at naught the teaching of the ,master--set at naught the example of ,him who left all for them8 ,van seemed to hear it once again--the missionary letters read from the pulpit and published in ,protestant magazines2 the pleadings for clothes for the missionary's wife and children2 the appeals for money1 or a missionary must leave his important field because his family could not be supported there2 the vaunted heroism of missionaries who endured to see their children suffer rather than desert their post4 ,where were the men whose heroism was such that they had no home1 no family1 no earthly tie1 but stood ready like the angels--true messengers--to go or to stay1 undeterred by any human consideration1 where ,god and his church asked or needed them8 ,and so it came to pass that ,van understood the mystery of ,jane's vocation2 comprehended that men and women1 young and old1 rich and poor1 ignorant and lettered1 heard1 as the wedded ,peter and the unwedded ,john heard once the voice of ,christ call to them1 and literally1 like them1 left all and followed him4 ,it came to pass also that he understood ,jane's suffering2 knew that that call of ,god and the accompanying love of ,god were a hundred-fold more in this life than the earthly joys renounced1 and yet that the promise of the everlasting life spoke of such ineffable bliss that the longing awakened for it could only be appeased in heaven4 ,van found his vocation too4 ,he threw himself1 heart and soul1 into true ,christian art4 ,his pictures were seldom seen on the walls of rich men's houses1 but churches and convents owned them free of price4 ,that part of his work1 however1 was the smallest part4 ,money and time and strength were lavished nobly with and in aid of those who are successfully laboring in our day to show1 by research in catacombs and ruined sacred buildings and among old missals and breviaries and parchments1 that the ,catholic ,church of to-day is the church of the early ,christians and martyrs4 ,in ,italy he met and married some one very different from ,jane--a very lovely and good and noble woman--and ,jane to him became more and more a ,st4 ,catherine borne by angels1 and more and more he wondered that he ever had presumed to think of offering her an earthly love4 8,had ,i been a ,catholic then1 ,i never could have done it10 he told his wife4 8,god had called her for himself1 and set his seal upon her40 ,and the happy wife said humbly3 8,hers was the higher calling1 dear40 ,so when1 one day1 their only daughter came to them--a strong1 high-spirited1 brilliant girl1 the sunshine of their home--and told them that ,god's call had come to her to leave her home for ,christ's poverty1 and all human love for his love alone1 she found no weak resistance4 8,thank ,god10 they said1 8for the honor he has done us6 ,for him we gladly bid thee forget thine own people and thy father's house40 ,but of ,jane they never heard1 except that1 when ,god's time came1 she left the farm beside the sea4 ,what need to know more of her1 who was where she longed to be--one of the great number who lose all to find ,all1 and1 having ,him whom their soul loveth1 need nothing more8 ,,count ,,frederick ,,leopold ,,stolberg#hh ,footnote #hh3 ,frederick ,leopold1 ,count ,stolberg1 since his return to the ,catholic ,church1 #ahjj-ahai4 ,from hitherto unpublished family documents4 ,by ,john ,janssen4 ,freiburg in ,breisgau3 ,herder ,co4 ,count ,stolberg1 a well-known statesman and writer1 a minister of the ,duke of ,oldenburg1 the friend of ,goethe1 ,schlegel1 ,klopstock1 ,lavater1 ,stein1 ,john and ,adam ,mller1 ,la ,motte ,fouqu1 ,krner1 and others as distinguished1 the correspondent of most of the ,german historians1 philosophers1 and savants of his day1 became a ,catholic1 after seven years' anxious seeking for truth1 on the #ast of ,june1 #ahjj1 at ,mnster1 in ,westphalia1 in the fifty-first year of his age4 ,he immediately retired from public life1 although circumstances afterwards brought him before ,germany as a representative man2 and his writings spread through all classes of his countrymen as a worthy and dignified exposition of a religion at that time much reviled1 misunderstood1 and in some cases persecuted4 ,his example in home-life was as powerful in a smaller circle as his writings were in a wider one2 and his relations with his wife and children 7he had eighteen children by his two marriages7 were such as to make it true of him that he was a model for all ,christian heads of families4 ,his own tastes were simple and domestic2 he was fond of the country1 and was a childlike companion even to his youngest children1 while to all1 as they grew up1 he was a wise friend and teacher4 ,all his children1 except ,mariagnes1 his eldest daughter by his first marriage1 became ,catholics with him2 those born after his conversion were of course brought up in the church4 ,his second wife1 ,sophie1 ,countess von ,redern1 had shared his doubts and his experiences during those seven years of eager search after religious certainty1 and became a ,catholic also2 but while he remained in intimate and sympathetic relations with his brothers and sisters1 he never influenced any of them far enough to make them follow his footsteps4 ,his brother ,christian and his wife ,luise were his most constant and intimate correspondents2 with the former religion seemed to make no difference1 as his admiration for1 and sympathy with1 ,stolberg was proof against anything--indeed1 ,stolberg often called him his 8other self02 and the latter1 to judge by her letters1 was a woman of more than common understanding1 a student of science1 an observer of the times1 whose mind was open to receive any new impression that had the semblance of truth or real progress in it2 an investigating and impartial searcher1 better versed than most women in classic learning1 and eager for knowledge in any shape4 ,to give up constant intercourse with his own family and remove to a ,catholic city was the hardest sacrifice ,stolberg had to make on leaving the ,lutheran communion2 but he considered the change imperative for the proper education of his children4 ,in a letter to ,luise announcing this resolve he says3 8,there is no dilemma1 but1 even if there were1 you will agree with me that a tender conscience1 in a doubtful case1 must always choose against its wishes--,i mean its natural wishes1 which are always suspicious to upright morals1 let alone to ,christianity40 ,to his friend ,princess ,gallitzin1 the mother of the zealous missionary in ,america1 ,demetrius ,gallitzin1 he says3 8,it is an unspeakable joy to me that my brother and sister-in-law remain bound to me in the fullest and most unreserved love1 and that not even the shadow of a misunderstanding has come between them and me1 however painful to them is the separation from me1 from ,sophie1 and from the children40 ,he took a house in ,mnster and made it his home for thirteen years1 living there through the winter and spending his summers at a country-house a few miles out of the city1 at ,ltjenbeck4 ,his children's studies were his first care4 ,greek being his favorite study1 he made each of his sons a good ,greek scholar1 and kept up his own studies by a repeated round of all the great authors1 read successively with each of his many boys4 ,ernest and ,andrew1 the sons of his first marriage1 were his first pupils1 and his own teaching was supplemented in languages and history by a ,french emigr1 the ,abb ,pierrard1 and in philosophy by some professors resident in ,mnster4 ,stolberg did not neglect the physical education of his boys1 and would no more dispense with the daily walk1 ride1 or swim than he would with the studies4 ,his sons were good shots1 too1 and in the summer he and they spent most of their time in the open air4 ,their mother writes of them that they are 8truthful1 generous1 and good-hearted10 and 8that their tender respect for their great father increases day by day40 ,she was herself a patient and judicious teacher1 and fully recognized how much harm is done to children1 and the 8quiet workings of ,god's influence disturbed in them1 by the expectation of hurried development and individuality40 ,stolberg was already beginning his literary work in the interests of religion and education1 and in #ahja was translating ,st4 ,augustine's ,de ,vera ,religione4 ,the early ,fathers were his favorite spiritual reading2 also the ,greek ,testament and the ,hebrew version of the ,old ,testament4 ,he wisely resolved to lead a retired life1 and not enter into what is called society2 but he gathered round him a circle of real friends1 in intercourse with whom he spent many hours1 especially in the evenings4 ,among these were ,princess ,gallitzin1 to whom we owe the suggestion that produced ,stolberg's great work1 ,the ,history of the ,religion of ,jesus ,christ2 ,prince ,frstenberg1 an old man of very exemplary life2 ,kellermann1 his friend and pupil1 and the tutor of his younger sons for sixteen years--a priest who was the model of his order2 some of the cathedral chapter1 learned and enlightened men2 and many young people1 friends of his children1 among whom the latter afterwards found wives and husbands1 in all cases happily acceptable to their parents4 ,whoever has read the real-life idyl of ,a ,sister's ,story will see some likeness between the home of the ,la ,ferronays and ,stolberg's happy home4 ,indeed1 his friends were part of his family1 and admission to his intimacy became the ambition of all such in ,mnster as had minds beyond the common run1 and aspirations beyond those of fashion1 politics1 and frivolity4 ,stolberg's dislike to the loss of time involved in ordinary visits and the inanities of society is thus described by himself in #ahaj3 8,i am growing more unfit from year to year for large gatherings4 ,intercourse with friends1 like the leaves of the ,sibylline books1 is more precious the less time it occupies and the less often it recurs4 ,to hear social chatter for more than an hour affects me so that ,i feel much like a dead donkey4444 ,how true are ,lavater's words3 ',even the circle of good souls seldom gives me a new impulse1 and a thousand trivial pleasures rob me of true enjoyment4 ,only solitude can shadow and cool my spirit1 thirsty and weary from the company even of loved ones2 only solitude can give what no friend can offer--a new consciousness and new life1 and a feeling that ,god loves me4'0 ,this country life which was such a relief and yearly joy to the whole family is charmingly described in ,stolberg's letters4 ,his garden1 his hay-field1 his children's play2 his walks in the beech1 oak1 and maple woods2 the squirrels in the trees1 the favorite kid of his little girls1 the nightingales1 the blossoming fruit-trees that suggested to him the saying that the 8apple-tree did not eat of the apple02 the grottos1 rocks1 valleys1 castles1 torrents of the neighborhood of ,stolberg2 the old family house which he had not seen for twenty-eight years1 and upon which he prided himself as a possession that had been in the family for a thousand years2 the beauties of the ,erzgebirg1 and the ,bohemian hills that lean against it2 the ,scotch or ,norwegian-like scenery1 wild and grand1 of these mountains with their narrow1 fruitful valleys and green meadows1 fringed with dark pine woods--are all described with that heartiness and enthusiasm which real lovers of the country know1 but which1 as ,stolberg says1 so many others pretend to1 while in reality they see in nature nothing but a cold show1 a theatre decoration4 8,they look complacently as into a peep-show at the sunrise and the heavens1 but their heart does not swell within them nor their eyes grow dim40 ,he was as fond of childish games1 especially of blowing soap-bubbles1 as he was of beautiful scenery1 and counted it a sign of soul-health when he was in the frame of mind to enjoy such games4 ,and now that we have before us the picture of the man in his domestic life1 who in his public1 political1 literary1 and social life was of so much importance and had so wide an influence1 we will keep mostly to his own letters1 which give full vent to his opinions on the important events of the time1 and show him forth as emphatically of the old school1 a model ,christian1 a thorough gentleman1 but a man of his own generation2 impatient of novelty1 a great admirer of the ,english constitution1 but a scornful contemner of the mushroom constitutions of the ,continent2 a hot ,lgitimiste1 but a patriotic ,german2 an uncompromising and somewhat irrational foe of ,napoleon1 over and above his mere national antagonism against the great and successful warrior--for instance1 he believed that 8,napoleon's greatness was kneaded out of the abjectness of ,europe10 forgetting that a man's greatness may lie precisely in the art of taking advantage of a weakness inherent in an adversary1 and seizing the right moment to overwhelm small minds with his stronger one2 a firm believer in the necessity of his own order1 but an 8aristocrat0 with lofty and beautiful theories of what aristocracy consists in2 in a word1 a great ,christian and a thorough man4 ,besides his ,greek and ,hebrew studies1 he was fond of ,english history and literature1 and knew ,french and ,italian well2 ,milton and ,young were his favorite ,english poets1 though he often quotes ,shakspere too1 and one of his works1 second only to the ,history of ,religion1 was the ,life of ,alfred--a man whom he looked upon as a heroic model1 and whose example he wished to dwell upon as a guide to his sons through life4 ,he also translated the whole of ,ossian4 ,his letters relating to his home-life1 his losses and those of his relations1 the death of his sons and son-in-law1 and of many dear friends1 full as they are of ,christian manliness and resignation1 and of moral axioms that might be taken as mottoes1 we will pass by1 as they have less of individuality than his letters containing opinions on religion1 politics1 and literature1 as well as expositions of theories of his own1 all strongly and conscientiously held4 ,he firmly contradicted a current misconception in his time--and1 indeed1 a not unfrequent one now--of the intolerance of the ,catholic ,church4 8,only for those who confess ,catholic truth10 he writes1 8and yet consciously keep aloof from the ,catholic communion1 is there no hope of salvation4 ,of others who err in all good faith1 my church teaches me to believe that they are her members1 though unknowingly4 ,god allows many honest ,protestants to remain in error1 and to fancy that the ,catholic ,church1 that truly merciful mother1 is intolerant against those outside her pale4 ,it is not the true spirit of that church to persecute1 curse1 or burn the erring4 ,infallible in her doctrine1 as were also the teachers who sat in ,moses' seat1 she still cannot preserve all her members free from imperfections in their acts--not even the pope1 nor1 in the old dispensation1 the high-priest40 ,in another letter he says3 8,far be it from me1 as it is from every ,catholic who knows the spirit of his church1 to doubt that among ,protestants also there are and have been holy souls--holy in the sense in which all true children of ,god are holy2 444 but my church teaches me to look upon these as unconscious members of the true1 though to them unknown1 church40 8,overberg1 of whose rarely beautiful catechism thirty thousand copies have been sold1 especially for schools and children1 expresses himself very pleasingly on this subject4 ,no well-instructed ,catholic has any objection to make to this1 but even no half-taught ,catholic can1 on the other hand1 mistake other altars for that altar of sacrifice which ,malachi prophesied of1 and will hold all other altars only for such as they really are4444 ,among unlearned ,protestants 7and1 as ,i said before1 among a few learned ones7 there are very many whom the spirit of ,protestantism as such has not touched1 who have never been disturbed1 because they have found in ,holy ,scripture a full rest and contentment1 and lean with heartfelt love on ,jesus ,christ1 doing for love of him all they do1 in fullest confidence1 and what flesh and blood would never teach them to do4 ,plants that bear such fruit as this ,i can only hold to come from roots watered by the ,heavenly ,father himself4 ,you believe he is addressing ,sulzer1 of ,constance that the number of such souls is small2 and such a belief grieves me1 for ,i think that it drives many away and discourages them4 ,and1 indeed1 such hard suppositions as you make and insist upon having categorically answered lead to embittering results4 ,i speak from experience4 ,for seven years did ,i seek for truth with an upright heart1 after ,god first put it into my heart to seek4 ,after seven years' search was ,i led1 through circumstances that ,god overruled1 to know and confess the truth4 ,others have sought longer and more anxiously1 and have not found what ,i did1 but they serve ,god in the simplicity of their hearts better than ,i do1 and will assuredly find the truth in the kingdom of light and truth44440 8,you see10 he says to his brother1 8that ,i am not intolerant4 ,but ,i hope to ,god that ,i shall never be tolerant in the newest sense of the word--that is1 indifferent1 lukewarm1 fit to be spat out of the mouth of ,jesus ,christ40444 8,do not let10 he says to his son ,caius at ,gttingen ,university1 8yourself be led away from the rock-founded church by the many good and worthy ,protestants you meet4 ,among all in error are many who are individually children of ,god1 but they have no church1 no sacrifice1 no priesthood1 no ,eucharist4 ,the helter-skelter union of both ,protestant bodies 7the ,lutheran and the ,calvinist7 must give serious scandal to the earnest souls in both1 and will1 ,i hope1 lead many into our church40 ,of the difference between feeling and truth he says3 8,certain sensations may be real to one person and unreal to another4 ,not so with facts and doctrine4 ,it is the peculiar character of the true religion that as it must be the same in all ages1 so must every man be equally able to understand and embrace it4444 ,i could not believe in a true religion which it would not be possible for every human being to believe in4444 ,he leads some through rough paths1 others through smooth ones2 some towards truth1 some through error4 ,the way of error1 as such1 is not ,his way1 although he is always ready to unfold the truth1 to be beforehand with1 and to meet half way1 the upright soul who in all simplicity holds an erring belief40 ,indeed1 in ,stolberg's experience1 the difference between lukewarm and conscientious ,protestants was fully shown2 for the former reviled him for his change of religion1 while the latter approved of his following what he looked upon as truth4 ,other misconceptions of ,catholic doctrine he also combated1 and greatly enlightened many of his friends on the ,catholic belief in the justifying merits of ,christ4 ,holy ,scripture was a source from which he considered spiritual light to come1 but1 as he observed1 8the learned have not yet been able to see that the healthy eye1 like the concave mirror1 gathers into one point all the scattered rays1 while they split and split until the last particle of light is lost in shadow40 ,elsewhere he says3 8,he who is careless of ,holy ,writ is careless of the life of the soul1 and he is happy if he becomes conscious1 were it only now and then1 of the fact that the world1 whether with its pleasures or its wisdom1 offers him nothing but what is poisonous to the immortal spirit40 ,his advice to his son ,ernest1 who left home in #ahjc to join the ,austrian army1 is full of the true ,christian spirit4 ,he recommends him to practise every virtue that would make a man perfect1 and goes into many details which1 of course1 we cannot follow here1 but this sentence is almost a compendium of the whole3 8,a true ,christian cannot find true freedom nor true unsolicitude but in the possession of a good conscience4 ,where the conscience is tender and watchful it watches alike over every act2 and the more we pay attention to it1 so much the more does it become1 notwithstanding the violence it at first does to nature1 a principle of our life which puts us in harmony with ourselves1 and therefore makes us truly free40 ,elsewhere he says1 speaking to another youth1 a friend of his sons3 8,lassitude and a want of courage increase the strength of the enemy2 and discontent concerning the post to which ,god has appointed us is unseemly in any brave man1 much more in a foremost fighter4 ,not the wish that 'everything were otherwise1' but the resolve always to act well and bravely--or1 as ,holy ,writ says1 'to walk before ,god and be perfect'--can make men of us4 ,that wish unnerves us2 this resolve strengthens us and gives us a might which remains with the weapons of the fighter even on the other side of the grave4 ,he who has done and suffered much does not dream of soiling his crown with tears1 while he who has as yet found no opportunity of doing or suffering has still less a right to weep40 ,the melancholy which the ,french have aptly called 8la maladie du sicle0#hi was abhorrent to ,stolberg--that unmanliness and cowardice of mind which became fashionable through the writings of atheists1 and which in many phases has spread itself into our present literature as well as our practice4 ,he also writes concerning the same thing3 ,footnote #hi3 ,the disease of the age4 8,every human being has his own history to work out1 and that this should be thoroughly done does not depend upon the amount of talent he has1 but upon the will which few bring to it unconditionally and in a cheerful spirit40 ,stolberg was of a healthier school and generation2 he did not see the beauty and sentiment and romance of passion running riot1 misunderstood natures1 morbid hearts1 vain strivings1 and all the paraphernalia of a moral sick-bed4 ,for instance1 the baneful and unreal excitements of the theatre were very dangerous in his eyes1 and the evil custom which even good and well-meaning people fell into of countenancing private theatricals1 and letting even their young children take part in them1 was a great sorrow to him4 ,one of the evils he deprecated was the rousing of a false sympathy with imaginary woes1 which ended by undermining true sympathy with our neighbor's actual troubles2 another1 the vanity which play-acting fostered in young people1 and the excitement which rendered them unfit for serious study and work4 ,it also destroys the simplicity of the soul and that modesty which is the chief adornment of young souls1 especially of a girl's soul4 8,young girls10 he says1 8when they have once overcome their shyness1 long after the same excitement1 and are always wishing to be playing a part4 ,the truthfulness of their nature is soon lost2 seeming overcomes being1 every acted feeling destroys real feeling2 the heart becomes cold for reality1 and is only to be aroused by supposed passion40 ,public theatricals he looked upon as equally dangerous1 and even wrote against them1 praising ,geneva for having1 until it became ,french1 refused to allow the erection of a theatre within the limits of its territory4 8,the special charm of the stage10 he says1 8lies in its flattery of our lusts1 our vanity1 and our laziness40 ,we have often heard fine theories advanced as to the mission and morality of the drama1 but as long as practice belies these theories it is impossible to look upon them otherwise than as a well-meaning ,utopia4 ,stolberg saw the real harm done1 and not the imaginary good which some high-minded and exceptional artists would fain do4 ,the atheistical and deist philosophy of the eighteenth century and early part of the nineteenth were naturally repugnant to such an upright mind as ,stolberg4 ,he hated the wilful groping in the dark after a truth which the 8philosophers0 might have found in the ,gospels1 had they had the fairness to admit these on an equality1 at least1 with other so-called 8proofs40 ,he called ,steffen and ,schleiermacher at ,halle the 8new ,gnostics10 and compared their systems to the vain effort of the fabled ,danaides to pour the ocean through a sieve4 8,the name of ,gnostics sounds ominous10 he says1 8and brings to mind the ,gnostics of the first centuries1 with many of whose beliefs1 indeed1 the wisdom of our newest sages astonishingly coincides4 ,under their treatment even realities dissolve themselves in shadow1 while they give to shadows the form and appearance of realities40 ,jacobi was at that time a very prominent leader of philosophy in ,germany1 and ,stolberg mentions him many times in his correspondence with various persons1 evidently as a representative man4 ,at one time this teacher1 the friend of ,goethe1 a sort of ,medici among his disciples near ,dsseldorf1 where he had a beautiful house1 and still more beautiful garden--now the property of the town and the appropriate scene of artists' banquets and popular ftes--confessed himself1 in the midst of his philosophy1 8a very beggar0 in the true learning of the ,spirit4 ,stolberg often alluded to this1 and1 when the master's pride had long distanced the frame of mind in which this acknowledgment had been made1 wrote of him3 8,poor ,jacobi6 he was richer indeed when he called himself poor as 'a beggar4'0 ,in #ahab he writes3 8,i have just read ,jacobi's last pamphlet4 ,the one before the last ,on a ,wise ,saying of ,lichtenberg1 seems to me in the highest degree satisfactory4 ,that on ,the ,recension 7,jacobi cannot help putting odd and often trivial titles to his works7 has also excellent points1 but the whole seems to me loose1 and a windy toying with views which he borrows from ,christianity1 the whole system of which1 however1 he1 as far as in him1 the puny mortal1 lies1 seeks to weaken and annihilate4 ,while he praises the god-like ,plato1 he seems to forget that this philosopher1 or rather ,socrates in his platonic ,phdrus1 evidently longs1 as a hart after the fountains of waters1 for a god-given revelation whose very possibility itself ,jacobi1 on the contrary1 strives to reason away40 ,schelling's answer to ,jacobi1 however1 equally displeased ,stolberg1 and he accuses him of making ,jacobi appear1 8through certain wiles of speech1 now an atheist1 now a fanatical dreamer10 and of taking credit to himself for 8,having been the first clearly to prove the existence of ,god4 ,his ,god has been from all eternity the greatest ,force1 which contained within itself1 in potentia1 but not in actu1 that goodness and wisdom which it developed in later ages4 ,he falls thus into ,count ,schmettau's error1 of a god who has raised himself from a lower state to the highest1 which theory one might compare with the career of a field-marshal who has risen by degrees from the ranks4444 ,evidently ,schelling is a man of much mind1 but of overweening vanity4 ,he speaks of ,christianity with respect1 and probably believes in the divine mission of ,christ1 whose system1 however1 it was reserved for him--,schelling--fully to explain4 ,he sent this paper of his to ,perthes 7,stolberg's publisher71 and told him he wished me to read it1 and that ,i should then have quite another idea of what his philosophy was1 and discover that he did not hold the views ,i attributed to him40 ,at another time he writes3 8,the deplorable frivolity of these times is one of their worst signs4 ,i find it the saddest of all4 ,would that one could hope1 8,when the hurly-burly's done1 ,when the night is past and gone10 that things would come right again4 ,but moral nights are not as physical ones4 ,the latter bring us dreams which the dawn of day dispels4 ,the moral nights are full of the feverish dreams of mankind1 and they have no certain limit as to time4 ,they go crescendo from error to folly1 until the awakening at the end of a completed1 comet-like course of misery40 ,we have mentioned ,stolberg's warm love of his country4 ,prince ,francis ,frstenberg said of him during the time of the humbling of ,germany under the yoke of ,napoleon3 8,i know1 and have known in my long life1 many of the noblest men in the nation1 but ,i saw none surpass ,stolberg in genuine love for the ,fatherland4 ,his ,german and imperial heart is pure as gold and shines like a diamond40 ,the epithet imperial sounds odd to our ears2 it is an allusion to his belief that the ,empire of ,germany1 such as it existed just before the ,congress of ,vienna1 was the proper representative and bulwark of the nation4 ,he blamed the ,emperor ,francis very strongly for laying down his time-honored dignity later on1 and contenting himself with a local title which severed his interests materially from those of ,germany at large4 ,he also saw in this withdrawal of imperial authority and protection over non-,austrian countries a danger to the ,catholic faith1 and a possible interference of ,protestant powers in the communications between ,catholic ,german states and the ,holy ,see4 ,but concerning the ever-vexed question of the ,rhine frontier his patriotism was quick and hot2 he wished that in the new partition at the ,congress ,alsace and ,lorraine should be given back to ,germany1 and lamented the injudicious behavior by which some of the ,german troops had spoilt the evidently favorable state of mind of the ,alsatians during part of the disturbances on the frontier4 8,eighteen months ago10 he writes in #ahae1 8the ,alsatians were very well disposed1 came to meet our troops with flags and received them with ringing of joy-bells2 then came the ,bavarians1 the ,badeners1 and so on1 and behaved so as to make them hate us4 ,we all talk of our wish to reunite our once torn-away brethren with ,germany1 but we have angered them instead and are burning their towns and villages4 ,my hair stands on end and ,i could weep tears of blood at the thought40 ,early in the century1 a few weeks after his conversion1 ,stolberg wrote thus to ,princess ,gallitzin3 8,true patriotism embraces the highest good of the people in all things3 the blessings of faith1 those of law1 of freedom1 and of morals4 ,it can never follow the path of forcible overthrows and of revolution1 nor covenant with an outside enemy1 nor lend itself to the service of injustice1 even when a seeming and momentary advantage is to be gained by such service4 ,what a disgrace for us ,germans is the ,franco-mania that reigns among us--the cap-in-hand alliance with the ,corsican adventurer1 who is spreading horror and desolation among us and knows no right but that of the sword4 ,what undermines all our strength1 and will sink us even lower and lower1 is not only the jealousy and spirit of aggrandizement current among the ,german states against the empire and the emperor1 the fawning on the ,french with the hope of getting their help to win new slices of territory1 but far more the weakened character of the whole people1 and their want of moral energy and good feeling--the result of the unbelieving philosophy and immoral literature that have unnerved the nation40 ,just as impartially he condemned in after-years1 when ,german patriotism had spread with a sudden rush from the field into literature1 the 8coarse ,teutonism0 which rejected every refinement of foreign origin1 maligned every foreign custom1 and made patriotism ridiculous by enjoining upon it to be no less than rabid4 ,he then defended all that was reasonable and applicable to ,german life1 all the praise-worthy customs1 books1 and improvements that fashion had turned suddenly against4 ,he had earned a good right to be independent2 for four of his sons fought in the different ,german armies that overwhelmed ,napoleon after the retreat from ,moscow1 and one1 his son ,christian1 a brave boy of eighteen1 died at the battle of ,ligny4 ,his two sons-in-law also1 fathers of large families of young children1 were in the national army1 and the greatest enthusiasm was felt by all the members of the family1 old and young1 for the cause which ,stolberg called 8ours1 ,god's1 ,europe's1 mankind's1 and the right's40 ,in #ahae he wrote3 8,true ,german feeling it is to welcome all that is noble and good1 out of all ages and nations1 as our own4 ,every one now1 with narrow minds1 is ,nibelungen-mad1 barbaric-mad02 and concerning his ,life of ,alfred he says3 8,alfred belongs to us1 and therefore do ,i wish to hold him up to the veneration and imitation1 and for the teaching1 of my children4 ,but not only do ,alfred and his people belong to us2 we should also make our own all that is great and noble in the life of all nations1 yet without losing thereby our own individuality40 ,in #ahje the decree freeing the serfs in the ,duchy of ,holstein went into effect1 and ,stolberg congratulates his brother ,christian on this happy event2 naturally1 the greater event of the abolition of negro slavery in the ,british ,west ,indies was a great joy to him1 and he rejoiced the more that the ,illuminati1 his special aversion1 lost thereby their best weapon against ,england1 and that the ,french ,declaration of the ,rights of ,man could be unfavorably compared with the ,english constitution1 on account of a contradictory law1 at that time still in force1 forbidding the liberation of the negroes in ,french colonies to be even mentioned before the legislature4 ,the alliances1 dictated by fear or by interest1 of ,german sovereigns with ,napoleon were a subject of great grief and indignation to him1 and he looked upon ,england with almost exaggerated admiration because she withstood the conqueror4 ,he said 8,pitt would save ,england against ,europe's will10 and his confidence in the general policy of the ,english statesman was unbounded4 ,he had1 too1 a kind of historical admiration1 if we may so call it1 for the ,english form of government1 which alone he thought proper for freedom1 but which he did not believe fit for the wants of every nation1 indiscriminately1 on the ,continent4 ,it strikes us1 however1 that the fact of the ,english constitution1 in its then state1 being nearly a hundred and fifty years old had somewhat blinded his mind to the facts--according to his theory1 rather suspicious1 to say the least--of the change of dynasty in #afhh2 for the ,stuarts in ,england were surely as legitimate sovereigns1 from his point of view1 as the ,bourbons in ,france1 whose least advances1 in the person of ,louis ,,xviii41 towards the modern spirit so incensed and disgusted ,stolberg2 and when he said that 8,england alone stood in the breach0 against ,napoleon1 he forgot that she considered it her interest to withstand him1 and that a deeply-rooted prejudice egged on the nation against him4 ,if he had seen anything of the unreasoning panic which the threatened invasion caused among the ,english1 he would have been less ready to jest at the falling through of the scheme1 which he called 8an expedition to gather mussels along the ,british shores40 ,it has often been so1 we think1 among ,continental statesmen and thinkers3 they look upon ,england with exceptionally favorable eyes and weigh her doings in special balances1 forgetting the lawless and riotous disturbances that she experienced earlier than other countries1 after which she settled into the solid1 steady1 conservative1 law-abiding1 slow-to-be-moved nation which she had been for over a hundred years when the ,french ,revolution suddenly broke out4 ,stolberg1 much as he praised ,england1 almost refused to see any good in the chaos of new ideas that were seething pell-mell together2 he saw nothing but the evident godlessness1 selfishness1 pride1 and cruelty which marked that era2 and1 indeed1 he1 the man of another age1 the lover of a lofty ideal which we shall mention presently--the man who said that 8all politics hinged on the ,fourth ,commandment0--could hardly be expected to allow that out of such confusion ,god could glean anything worthy of being offered to himself4 ,stolberg often called ,germany the 8heart of ,europe10 and wrote an ode with that title2 but he would not allow with the innovators that the 8philosophy0 of the age was the true source of the influence his country should have on the ,continent4 ,allied to this false idea of many ,germans was the affected custom1 in the early part of the century1 of using the ,french language instead of the mother-tongue1 even in the nearest domestic intercourse--a fault which the ,russians also fell into1 but which at present they have seen the folly of and have nearly successfully remedied4 ,stolberg heartily hated and despised this foreign intrusion into ,german home-life4 8,even in my younger days10 he says with scorn1 8,i can remember hearing of a gifted ,german girl being reproached by ,german women with being 'affected' enough to write ',german' letters4444 ,germans now write to each other1 brother to brother1 husband to wife1 in ,french4444 ,is that not to estrange one's self from one's nearest and dearest8 nay1 even from one's self80 ,his relations and correspondence with well-known people of his day furnish us with his opinions on many of the writers1 savants1 statesmen1 and philosophers1 the reigning and rising public men4 ,of the historian ,johann ,mller he says3 8,no one ever seized the true spirit of history so early in life as he did4444 ,his life is very interesting2 it is true he showed a good deal of vanity1 but also so much cheerful good-humor that one does not feel inclined to be hard upon him for the former4 ,his plan of study1 as he arranged it for himself1 and the scrupulous way in which he followed it out1 seem to me truly noteworthy4444 ,what a comprehensive spirit1 what feeling and sympathy for the true1 the good1 and the beautiful6 ,how early1 too1 he broke loose from the unwisdom of the philosophy of the times1 and how deep a religious spirit remained firm in him in the midst of many disturbances1 since he so clearly understood the history of the world by the light of that ,providence whose finger he was always tracing in it6 ,he once said very beautifully that ,christ was the key to the world s history40 ,in #ahjg he gives the following opinion of ,alexander von ,humboldt3 8,i know ,humboldt personally4 ,he has much understanding1 much liveliness1 much industry4 ,but is he not inclined to be too much enslaved by the ,german priori tendency and by a love of the scientific form8 ,is he strong enough not to let himself be carried away by the method of modern criticism1 which tends to violent disruption from all that has gone before1 instead of tracing out the great analogies on the path of simple observation8 ,is he quite free from a delicate and imperceptible charlatanism8 ,years may have matured him1 but such maturing seldom takes place when the quick strides of science make it difficult for wisdom to keep up with her40 ,of ,frederick ,schlegel's poetry1 and that of others in the ,dichtergarten 7or 8,poet's ,garden10 a collection of fugitive songs by various poets71 he writes3 8,the rarer and the more beautiful is the noble1 religious spirit that breathes through the ,poet's ,garden1 the more do ,i wish that its authors might put forth all their strength4 ,and so it would be1 if it were not for a particular theory which lies at the bottom of the poetry--a theory whose foundation ,i do not know1 but whose evident peculiarity strikes the eye1 bewilders the reader1 forces the ,muse1 and in its purposed negligence of language goes so far as even to disfigure it4 ,the ,muse craves freedom above all things1 if she is to express what comes from the innermost of our heart or our mind4 ,every trace of art lames poetry1 and theory often misleads1 because it is born of human philosophy1 while poetry is something divine4 ,therefore poets always succeed best in rhythm where the inspiration is great and noble1 and the quickly-passing images1 thoughts1 sensations only group themselves well and naturally when they are conjured up by an infallible1 all-subduing inspiration1 without the poet knowing how it happens40 ,of ,niebuhr's ,roman history he writes1 in #ahab--not1 perhaps1 in the sense that most of the readers of that work will endorse3 8,i marvel at the deep learning1 and often at the penetration1 of our friend2 but who will read him8 ,what a bulwark of tedious researches1 the result of which is often nothing more than a learned outwork6 ,it is strange that1 with this fault of historical pedantry1 he could not avoid the contrary one of reasoning priori1 so common to the ,german professors4 ,there is much understanding in the book1 and in a few places one is pleasantly surprised at its spirit2 but this spirit is neither a joyful nor a certain one4 ,he fails in simplicity4 ,from this springs his heavy style1 despite his choice use of words4 ,he is too forward in making hypotheses and foregone conclusions2 for instance1 his open partisanship with the plebeians leads him to make false and hasty judgments4 ,his pragmatical tendency makes him unjust even to ,livy1 and he has no appreciation of the noble amiability of ,plutarch4 ,yet1 with all these faults1 he must ever remain a valuable historian--not a star of the first magnitude1 but still too good to be a mere famulus1#ij to gather material for great historians4 ,among other things1 he lacks the art of managing his style so as to appear to be led by it and yet to make it convey exactly what the writer pleases4 ,but concerning his principles1 some of which1 however1 ,i do not endorse1 his conscience always appears as it is1 noble and tender1 while his love of truth follows him even on his hobby--hypothesis40 ,footnote #ij3 ,servant2 meaning here a second-rate chronicler4 ,it may be interesting to give the opinion of some of the same men on ,stolberg himself as a historian and writer4 ,the ,history of ,religion1 which was his great work1 and which he mainly attributed to the suggestion1 encouragement1 and interest of ,princess ,gallitzin1 became a topic of discussion and interest all through ,germany4 ,many were brought by it to the ,catholic ,church1 and of these most wrote to him first1 asking advice and making confidences1 before they read further or asked instructions from a priest4 ,it was a source of deep thankfulness to him that he had thus been the means of making others share in the same blessings and peace which he had won through the grace and leading of ,god4 ,but his ,history was no controversial work2 it was very comprehensive1 and embraced the whole subject of true religion from the beginning of the world1 tracing the connection between ,judaism and ,christianity2 the fulfilment of the prophecies in ,christ2 the spirit of aloofness from the world1 first symbolized in the national exclusiveness of the ,hebrews1 and then proved in the persecutions under the ,roman emperors in the struggle between ,christianity and heathendom2 and1 lastly1 the gradual1 onward sway which the truth at last won over error1 and which1 speaking in a certain sense1 culminated in the conversion of ,constantine4 ,here ,stolberg ended his history1 feeling that his life would not be spared much longer1 and that he had done his work1 so far as he felt called upon by ,god to witness to the truth that was in him4 ,the unhappy struggles1 rents1 and abuses of later church history he left untouched2 surely there were counterparts to them in earlier days1 but no such embittering could come from a relation of the old heresies and divisions as would have sprung from even the most impartial discussion of recent and more local ones4 ,schlegel took the greatest interest in this work1 and of the least important part he spoke thus admiringly3 8,i am especially delighted at the strength and simple beauty of your style2 whoso compares it with what is called nowadays the art of representing things will easily discover where is to be found the true source of even this beauty40 ,again1 of the second part of the history 7it was divided into fifteen parts7 he says3 8,i found myself much steadied and strengthened by the whole1 and particularly enlightened by the exposition on the ,hebrew belief in the immortality of the soul and on the ,mosaic code4 ,may you in the future of your work1 as often as opportunity allows1 return to and dwell upon the immortality of the soul4 ,it seems to me the path by which mankind at present can best be led towards truth1 better than by any other teaching regarding the ,godhead40 ,he then says that pantheism and a vague sentimentality had perverted everything distinctly ,christian into an empty shadow-form1 but that few were so absolutely dead to all higher feeling as not to distinguish between the 8real personal immortality1 and the mere metaphysical image of it1 without a hereafter1 and without a continuance of the memory40 8,bring vividly before them the true personal immortality1 and you will often find those whom you had thought most spiritually dead and careless to be palpably roused4 ,to me the doctrine of the ,trinity is the central point of ,christianity1 and therefore the foundation and source of all my convictions1 views1 and aspirations4444 ,the unfolding and representation of this secret of love 7the ,trinity7 ,i have found to permeate every doctrine1 principle1 and even custom or rubric of the ,catholic ,church2 although even in her pale many good individuals are less impressed with the divine spirit of the whole than with some one or other literal regulation40 ,johann von ,mller wrote thus of ,stolberg's work3 8,it is not a lukewarm1 sham impartial church history1 in which one is uncertain what relation it bears to ,jesus of ,nazareth1 but the work of a man who knows what he believes1 and would fain move all men to believe as he does4 ,not a church history critically weighing the ,messiahship of ,jesus from the ,old ,testament against his ,godhead from the ,new1 but the work of a man who sees everywhere and at all times ,him who was and is1 and is to come1 and to whom all power is given in heaven and on earth4 ,lastly1 it is not a worldly representation of the deceits and time-serving devices through which ,christianity crept into the world1 and is still able to maintain herself1 the humble handmaid of statecraft1 in these our enlightened times1 but the confession and outpouring of soul of a man to whom the whole world is nothing in comparison with the ,saviour of the world4 ,of the latter he speaks so that whoever loves him must love this book1 and he who knows nothing of him will learn from this book what ,christians possess in him4 ,therefore1 reader1 if thou art a reed1 driven before the learned wind of our modern writings1 look to this rock1 and see if it has not a foundation in the needs of mankind and the love of the ,godhead2 and thou who knowest not ,christianity1 come and see what it is1 as thy forefathers felt it1 as it is yet1 mighty in every childlike heart2 and thou who believest1 come hear1 and enjoy1 and rejoice thy heart with the word of life40 ,claudius spoke of the book being read by thousands1 and of its 8undoubted influence in strengthening the ,christian faith among the ,german people40 ,a person in comparatively private life1 ,major ,blow1 a stanch ,bible man1 said that ,stolberg's ,history of ,religion had been a 8welcome surprise to him1 although the style was not always clear to his understanding1 and he was only fearful lest the author should not live long enough to finish it40 ,joseph de ,maistre spoke thus of the work in his ,recueil de ,lettres1 p4 #bc3 8,new researches and discoveries1 and the progress of the art of tracing all up to the first sources1 may correct or supplement much in his history1 may bring a new light to bear on many of his opinions--for the work1 in spite of its foundation on1 and buttressing by1 much study of a high order1 is not meant to be an exhaustive scientific work2 but ,i doubt if any1 in our century at least1 will surpass the author of this history in pure love of ,god and mankind1 love to ,christ and his church1 and in pure and truly creative spirit4 ,how striking also are his observations on the circumstances of our time1 his opinion on the persecution of the church by the spirit of this world1 on false teachers1 on the marriage tie1 and the sanctity of oaths1 and many like things60 ,stolberg was rejoiced by these commendations1 but more encouraged than rejoiced4 ,mere vanity was far from him2 he thanked ,god that he had been able to supply 8what these oft-repeated praises of good and single-minded men proved to him to have been really a want40 ,the ideal which we have alluded to1 and which was a great characteristic of ,stolberg's mind1 was that of the mission and duties of an aristocracy4 ,he believed that1 in the abstract1 the existence and allowed influence of such a class was an instinct inborn in man1 and that it was only when the aristocracy was false to its own principles that the people could grow antagonistic to it4 ,his theories on the subject were beautiful1 noble1 poetic1 but in his time there had been so much evil practice that such theories were nearly swamped under it4 ,it was natural to his character1 however1 to lean more on the theory than the practice1 and to consider the latter an excrescence and abuse which might be done away with1 and the ideal thereby reinstated in its first dignity4 ,at first sight his theory seems simply a feudal1 medival1 romantic one1 the dream of a man proud of his own order1 and nursed in prejudices such as no change in political relations de facto could uproot but if we look closer into it1 it becomes a very different and far more worthy thing--namely1 a belief in the essence of chivalry1 a standard of conduct such as ,king ,arthur's1 a translation into altered forms and circumstances of the ,gospel rules of charity1 courtesy1 and patience4 ,here are some of his own sayings on the subject1 on which he reasoned in a way so far removed from either fanaticism or vanity that we place his explanations here as something wholly special to himself1 and quite different from the ordinary rhapsodies about the necessity of various grades of classes3 8,the ideal of the aristocracy#ia is not weakened through the unworthiness of many who are of noble birth4 ,on the contrary1 the just scorn which follows these men redounds to the honor of their class1 of which one cannot become unworthy without being despised by all4 ,nature gives the aristocracy neither more understanding nor more physical strength than she does to other classes2 it takes its worth wholly from an ideal1 but not a mistaken ideal4 ,this1 like all that is great in mankind1 is founded upon the sacrifice of all that is lower for the sake of attaining the highest4 ,footnote #ia3 ,adel1 nobility1 from edel1 noble1 our ,saxon ,ethel and ,atheling4 ,the word is here translated by aristocracy rather than nobility--the former being a word of wider signification1 and embracing the class of untitled gentlemen 7which of course ,stolberg included71 as well as that of strictly so-called noblemen4 8,the aristocracy must give up every mercantile and lower traffic4 ,three things were entrusted to its keeping--agriculture1 of which kings have not been ashamed1 statesmanship1 and the defence of the ,fatherland4 8,as an ennobled countryman the aristocrat can pursue the most necessary1 the oldest1 and the most innocent work with better results than the peasant1 because he has more means1 more insight1 and can better afford the danger of an occasional failure4 ,his experience and example teach and encourage the common countryman1 whom it is the beautiful and holy duty of the nobleman to enlighten and to protect1 and whose well-being1 morals1 and temporal and eternal good it is his duty to further by every means in his power4 ,this business is one which1 if he wishes to be respected as a nobleman1 he has no right to evade or neglect2 except temporarily1 if he is chosen as a representative of his province--a business to which he has also a special call as a citizen of the state4 ,he must and ought1 however1 to take part in the government1 even if he be not chosen by his province2 and either as a magistrate or only as a land-owner he can take a prominent part in it4 ,the defence of his country devolves upon no one so strongly as upon the nobleman4 ,this is a worthy and beautiful duty of knighthood4 ,it is well for that state where the aristocracy1 as such1 is called to the defence of the ,fatherland as leaders of their own country people1 whose patrons they are in times of peace1 whose heads1 judges1 mediators1 example1 and benefactors they should be at all times4 ,the old1 fair relations have been rent by false representations1 but they are not effaced4444 ,the aristocracy has an inner worth1 no matter how unworthy are many of its members4 ,neither royal nor priestly anointing can preserve from moral corruption6 ,of how much less avail are mere human1 outward means to preserve the spiritual existence6 ,indeed1 they often soil it4 ,let every one who is of knightly standing strive to prove by his actions that the ideal of knighthood lives in him1 in noble simplicity1 in courteous behavior1 in quick willingness to give blood and lands for the ,fatherland4 ,his example will not remain without fruit4 ,he will be far from looking upon certain virtues as virtues of his condition1 and neglecting to practise others or superciliously leave them to other classes4 ,if we hold fast to our knightly calling1 the essence of knighthood will remain to us4 ,the shell of the thing renews itself from time to time4444 ,whatever is worthy of respect in knighthood has come from self-sacrifice4444 ,in order to keep pace with the century1 the nobleman must be the equal of the citizen in knowledge1 whenever the two meet in the same field4 ,if he neglects this1 he will see the burgher reigning as a cabinet minister and himself reduced to the honor of waiting in the king's ante-chamber by virtue of his birth4 ,and even in war1 the knight's proper field1 how can the nobleman boast of his superiority to one who knows more than he does of the science of war8 ,if the knight covets intellectual superiority1 he must not seek it in emulation so much as in brave and silent self-sacrifice4 ,the life of his fathers must teach his heart this lesson3 ,be worthy of thy fathers1 whether the world acknowledge thy worth or no4#ib ,a thirst after approbation does not behove a knight1 but steady reliance on his strength and his intentions4444 ,the present hatred of the aristocracy is a fever which will soon be spent4444 ,it remains for us1 each in his own circle1 to maintain a lofty ideal and to spread it abroad--that is1 a true spirit of religion and that spirit of brave self-denial1 of earnest courage1 and discreet worth which should mark the aristocracy--and at the same time to encourage among ourselves a desire not to be behindhand in such knowledge and in such strivings as elevate the heart1 adorn the mind1 and make us fitter for the callings that specially beseem us40 ,footnote #ib3 ,the italics are ours4 ,it will be readily understood from the foregoing quotations that ,stolberg had not much sympathy with a scheme which some ,german noblemen had started--that of a new knight-union or society4 ,he deprecated the publicity such a step would necessarily bring upon them1 and saw in it only a hollow1 childish plan of defiance1 a foolish revival of old customs as powerless in practice as a return to the weapons of the ancient knights1 a protest against firearms and the altered arts of warfare4 ,his enthusiasm was always dignified and reasonable2 it had no touch of sentimentality and 8playing at0 things4 ,to the last his character remained the same4 ,forgiving and temperate as regarded any wrong done personally to him1 he could not brook the distortion of truth1 and was in the act of replying to a libellous pamphlet of ,voss1 of ,heidelberg1 destined to spread among the public distrust of ,stolberg's sincerity in his conversion1 when his last sickness overtook him4 ,he had just finished the ,life of ,st4 ,vincent of ,paul1 which he had written instead of the autobiography that his friends strongly urged him to write4 ,he had objected that he felt no call from ,god to do so1 and that1 unless one wrote with the view of ,god's call1 vanity and self were too apt to become the leading motive in the work4 ,he commended ,st4 ,augustine's ,confessions because they were evidently inspired by love of ,god's honor only1 and a monument of thankfulness to the ,one who called such a sinner to repentance4 ,in ,st4 ,vincent he saw a man of modern times whom one could hold up as a model not too exalted and extraordinary1 yet thoroughly humble1 perfect1 and holy1 to men of his and future generations4 ,stolberg died ,december #e1 #ahai1 at the age of seventy1 at ,sondermhlen1 a country-house for which he had1 four years before1 exchanged his favorite ,ltjenbeck1 when ,french domination was in the ascendant and he had become an object of suspicion to the ,french spies in ,mnster4 ,what his death was to his family can be easily imagined2 it was hardly less to a large circle of friends1 acquaintances1 and even strangers who knew him only by name and by his works1 but whose reliance on his advice1 example1 and opinion had long been their best and surest standard of duty4 ,,from ,,the ,,hecuba ,,of ,,euripides4 ,a free translation4 ,,by ,,aubrey ,,de ,,vere4 ,the ,chorus of ,trojan ,women lament their ,captivity4 ,,strophe ,i4 ,breeze of the ocean1 fresh and free6 ,whither1 ,o whither wilt thou bear ,the ,exile1 and her great despair8 ,thou speed'st1 and ,i must speed with thee6 ,say1 must some ,dorian haven be ,the home of ,troy's unhappy daughters8 ,o unbelovd home6--or where ,the father of most lovely waters1 ,apidanus1 goes winding by ,the fruitful meads of ,thessaly8 ,,antistrophe ,i4 ,or 'mid those isles of old renown1 ,haply bright ,delos' sea-born glades1 ,where deathless palms and laurels spread ,above their own ,latona's head ,green boughs 7commemoration holy ,of that twin-birth that lit their gloom73-- ,there must ,i weep a captive's doom8 ,there sing1 with gladsome native maids1 ,extorted song and melancholy ,to ,dian's silver bow and crown8 ,,strophe ,,ii4 ,perchance1 a slave in ,athens pining1 ,on tap'stried walls these hands must trace ,minerva's awful steeds and car ,still radiant from the ,ten ,years' war2 ,or blazon there the ,titan race ,beneath the ,thunderer's wrath oppressed1 ,and every godlike head declining ,upon the thunder-blasted breast4 ,,antistrophe ,,ii4 ,alas my people1 and alas ,my fathers1 and my country's shore6 ,and thou1 ,o ,troy--'tis ,fate's decree-- ,farewell6 ,i see thy face no more6 ,alas for thee1 alas for me6 ,above thy head the plough shall pass3-- ,worse fate is mine1 o'er ocean's wave1 ,the conqueror's plaything1 and his slave4 ,,the ,,true ,,irish ,,revolution4 ,the ,irish people1 albeit much given to intermittent spasms of insurrection1 are at present as peaceable1 and apparently as contented1 as the contending passions of local politicians and the intrigues of imperial statesmen will allow them to be4 ,the constabulary1 in their rifle-green and burnished accoutrements1 continue to be the envy and terror of the unsophisticated peasant2 the queen's writ runs unobstructed in the remotest parts of the island2 8the castle still stands1 though the senate's no more02 and1 save the sharp crack of a rifle at ,dolly-mount or the more death-dealing fowling-piece of the sportsman1 no warlike sound disturbs the quiet slumbers of the weary sentinel or the superserviceable stipendiary magistrate4 ,and yet a revolution has been in progress in ,ireland and in ,irish affairs elsewhere for the last three-quarters of a century as beneficent in its effects and as tangible in its benefits as if blood had flowed in torrents and the pure atmosphere from shore to centre of the land had been polluted by fumes of villainous saltpetre4 ,we mean that within the memory of men now living a radical though gradual change has taken place in the manners1 habits1 and tastes of the ,irish people1 but more particularly in their literature1 which after all is the best evidence of a nation's ability to think correctly and express accurately what their minds are capable of conceiving4 ,looking back to the condition of ,ireland at the beginning of the century--her domestic legislature annihilated and seven-eighths of her people unrepresented in the imperial ,parliament--beyond broken relics and dim memories of a glorious past1 it can be said truthfully that she had no literature whatever1 or rather no literature save what was alien and hostile in tone and spirit4 ,there were no native authors except those who had earned pelf and unenviable notoriety by decrying ,ireland's nationality1 maligning her faith1 and holding up to the contempt and ridicule of the world the faults and foibles of her unlettered peasantry4 ,but1 even had there been men of a different character1 they could not have found either encouragement or patronage2 for the mass of the population1 thanks to the ,penal ,laws1 could not read ,english1 and one-half at least could not even speak it4 ,the consequence1 therefore1 was that every young ,irishman who felt the spirit of literary ambition stir within him1 as soon as he had attained manhood1 hastened to pack up his scanty wardrobe and turn his face toward ,london--then as now the great intellectual focus of the ,united ,kingdom4 ,the pioneers of this movement were generally men little fitted to represent their country4 ,they were merely adventurers1 without principle or honor1 facile and versatile1 and in some instances even educated1 but1 from previous training and association1 just such tools as ,grubb ,street publishers loved to handle and the lowest class of ,britons delighted to patronize4 ,they were the originators of the 8,denis ,bulgruddery0 and 8,paddiana0 school of so-called comic literature1 and were useless if they did not caricature in the grossest manner1 on the stage and in the newspapers and periodicals1 their ,catholic fellow-countrymen4 ,with them a priest was an ignorant and low-bred tyrant2 the peasant his abject1 superstitious slave4 ,this worthless class1 while it did much to destroy the moral effect produced by men of a preceding generation1 like ,goldsmith1 ,coleman1 ,o',keefe1 ,sheridan1 ,burke1 ,barry1 and other distinguished ,irishmen1 did more to instil into the popular mind of ,england that utter misconception of ,irish character and insensate hostility to the ,catholic religion of which we find at the present day such marked traces even among fairly intelligent men4 ,those mercenaries were followed by others of a higher order of intellect and of greater pretensions1 of whom ,crofton ,croker and ,sheridan ,knowles may be considered to have been the representatives4 ,the drama1 poetry1 and prose fiction of every description employed their attention alternately1 and in each they proved true to the baser instincts of their nature and the traditions of the faction whence they had sprung4 ,they were stanch no-popery men of the ,orange stripe1 and1 having a ,protestant1 ,english audience to gratify1 they were consistently and virulently anti-,catholic and anti-,irish4 ,when they wished to delineate their co-patriots1 whether before the foot-lights or in the pages of cheap novels1 they invariably divided them into two classes3 the high-spirited1 accomplished ,protestant gentleman1 and the low1 grovelling1 ignorant papist4 ,thus for many years did they thrive on bigotry and fatten upon treason to the land that was unfortunate enough to have given them birth4 ,it was only natural that ,england should have viewed with complacency the caricatures of a faith she had so long and so strenuously proscribed1 and a people whom she had robbed of the last vestige of independence2 but it is humiliating to reflect that the works of such libellers were up to a recent period popular in ,ireland1 and that their comedies and farces 8have kept the stage0 even to our own day4 ,there were yet other candidates for fame1 who1 tired of the provincialism of ,irish towns1 or impatient of the restraints which their peculiar calling in life had placed upon them1 sought an ,english market for their intellectual wares--spoiled children of genius1 men like ,maginn and ,mahony1 of much learning and fascinating accomplishments1 fitted to have conferred lasting honor on their country1 but who1 lacking the true spirit of national dignity and personal respect1 easily fell a prey to one or other of the contending ,english parties1 and sank to the level of those who disgrace the noble profession of letters by making it subservient to the base purposes of political factions4 ,this class contributed much of what is still to be found brilliant and entertaining in ,english literature1 but little that reflects credit on their character as ,irishmen4 ,following or contemporaneous with them came another and a different school of ,irish writers1 such as ,lever1 ,lover1 ,maxwell1 and even ,carleton2 for1 though the latter in many of his later works showed a just appreciation of the vast improvement taking place in public taste1 his earlier and more popular productions1 apart from their occasional touches of true pathos and flashes of genuine wit1 were devoted mostly to caricature and exaggeration4 ,charles ,lever1 who has written so many books1 and who is yet the most read of all the ,irish novelists of this century1 has been called the best recruiting sergeant the ,british government ever employed2 while ,lover may be styled a gifted and versatile buffoon in all save his lyrics4 ,the first's highest conception of an ,irish gentleman was one who broke his arm over a ,galway fence1 was commissioned in the ,british army1 blundered into all sorts of scrapes and out of them1 hated ,napoleon1 worshipped 8,sir ,arthur10 charged wildly at ,ciudad ,rodrigo or ,waterloo1 and finally--married an heiress4 ,his best ,irish peasant does not rise above the grade of ,mickey ,free or ,darby the ,blast1 while he seemed utterly unconscious of the existence of a very important social element in all agricultural countries--the farming or middle class1 always remarkable for their sturdy common sense and practical views of life4 ,it was from this portion of his countrymen and from the hardy mechanics of the towns that ,scott drew his best and most enduring portraits of ,scotch manliness1 shrewdness1 and humor4 ,lover1 though tender and natural in verse1 was singularly unfortunate in his choice of subjects and altogether false in his attempts to develop them4 ,he also ignored the 8middle classes10 and substituted for gentlemen sentimental non-entities1 and for the free-spoken1 light-hearted1 and withal poetical plebeian1 blundering boobies full of chicane and deception4 ,we can scarcely believe that the man who wrote ,treasure ,trove and ,handy ,andy could have conceived such pathetic songs as 8,the ,angels' ,whisper0 and 8,the ,fairy ,boy40 ,still1 the works of these authors1 though exhibiting many glaring defects1 were a great improvement on those of their predecessors1 and consequently they have not yet been consigned to the oblivion which has enshrouded the productions of the bigots of the previous era4 ,but the revolution in ,irish literature had commenced long before their advent1 and the credit of initiating it belongs to one who was not only universally admired and applauded during his life1 but whose fame continues to augment as time rolls along1 and the memory of his extraordinary efforts in behalf of his faith and country becomes brighter and more enduring4 ,that man was ,thomas ,moore1 the son of humble ,catholic parents1 who1 on account of his religious belief1 was refused a fellowship in the only university of which his native country could then boast4 ,naturally disgusted at such ostracism1 ,moore1 at the age of twenty-three1 went to ,london1 and entered upon that brilliant career in poetry and prose which has indelibly stamped his name on the history of the literature of the nineteenth century4 ,never was the force of genius better exemplified than in the life of ,moore4 ,a plebeian1 a ,catholic1 and an ,irishman in the strongest sense of those terms2 without condescending to apologize for1 or attempting to palliate1 the facts of his station and belief2 with scarcely a friend or acquaintance in the great metropolis1 and no recognition in the world of letters1 the poet rose amid an aristocratic1 ,protestant1 and anti-,irish community to a position equal to the most gifted of ,scotland's and ,england's men of genius1 and in his ,melodies far surpassed any lyrics that have been written in our language since or before his time4 ,in #ahjh the first part of that unequalled collection of songs appeared1 and each successive instalment but added to the popularity of the preceding4 ,from the first they became fashionable1 and consequently popular4 ,they were sung in the drawing-rooms of princes and in the cottage parlors of the shop-keeper and tradesman4 ,persons of every rank in life who knew little of ,ireland1 and that little not to her credit1 listened entranced to 8,remember the ,glories of ,brian the ,brave0 or 8,oh6 blame not the ,bard10 and began to think that a country that could produce such airs and so sweet a poet could not after all be considered very barbarous4 ,it was but a poor concession1 yet under the circumstances a most valuable one4 ,it was the first blow struck against the solid wall of prejudice with which ,english society had surrounded itself4 ,next to ,moore we place ,john ,banim1 the principal author of the ,tales of the ,o',hara ,family4 ,banim1 like ,moore1 sprang from the ranks of the humbler classes and sought in ,london a field for his rare genius which was denied him at home4 ,though a dramatist of no mean order1 his reputation rests principally on his novels1 many of which1 like the ,boyne ,water1 ,crohoore of the ,bill-,hook1 ,the ,priest-,hunter1 and ,the ,fetches1 are works of real power1 interspersed here and there with pleasantry and humor1 but always moral1 dignified1 and true to nature4 ,the sale of ,banim's tales and shorter stories from their intrinsic merit1 and perhaps somewhat on account of their novelty1 was very extensive in ,england1 and helped to increase the good feeling towards the ,irish people which the lyre of ,moore had first called into being4 ,in ,gerald ,griffin1 afterward the humble ,christian ,brother1 ,banim found not only a friend but a powerful auxiliary4 ,griffin1 of all the writers of fiction in the ,english language1 was the purest and most actively moral4 ,if we search all his works--and they fill nine or ten volumes--we will not find an expression or an innuendo to offend the most sensitive4 ,the writings of the great ,english novelists of this century1 like those of ,scott1 ,thackeray1 and ,dickens1 cannot be said to be positively immoral1 though the author of the justly-celebrated ,waverley ,novels often exhibited marked prejudice1 and sometimes downright bigotry2 while his later rivals1 when not satirical or trifling1 can at best claim but a negative morality for their teachings and tendencies4 ,but the genius of ,griffin sprang from a pure ,catholic heart filled with love for all his kind1 and consequently he wrote with a sense of religious responsibility1 and in a spirit of justice and rectitude rarely to be found so thoroughly developed in a writer of fiction in our days4 ,his works have had a great influence on the popular mind of both countries4 ,but1 though he first wrote in ,england1 his sole and absorbing object was to benefit his countrymen4 ,when satisfied that the germ of his laurels had begun to fructify in a foreign soil1 he returned to his home1 where1 amid domestic pleasures1 and in daily communion with the characters he so admirably portrayed and the scenes of natural beauty he so loved to describe1 he composed his more important and finished works4 ,meanwhile1 another and not less important impetus had been given to the rapid change taking place in popular sentiment regarding ,irish character and literature1 and this was in ,ireland itself4 ,the letters of 8,j4 ,k4 ,l40--the learned ,dr4 ,doyle--on ,catholic ,emancipation and the ,tithe ,question1 and those of the present venerable ,archbishop of ,tuam on similar topics1 had thrilled the ,irish heart and evoked in it a feeling of national dignity and self-reliance that had long lain dormant2 and even the great ,o',connell1 amid all his professional and political labors1 found time to contribute his aid to the new movement4 ,but it was not till after #ahdj that the various rivulets combined and assumed the proportions of a mighty flood1 which1 bursting through the barriers of ignorance and prejudice1 overspread the entire land4 ,then began to appear the theologians and ecclesiastical historians of ,maynooth and the antiquarian writers of old ,trinity2 the fiery ballads of the ,nation and the graceful and learned essays of the ,dublin ,review and ,university ,magazine4 ,archological and ,celtic societies were formed1 the hitherto neglected ,transactions of the ,royal ,irish ,academy were brought into public notice1 and the musty tomes that were crumbling to dust and decay on the shelves of ,trinity ,college library1 after their sleep of centuries1 were explored1 collated1 and vivified4 ,the names of ,murray1 ,o',reilly1 ,petrie1 ,todd1 ,o',donovan1 ,o',curry1 ,graves1 ,wilde1 ,meehan1 ,mc,carthy1 ,mangan1 and a host of other lesser lights1 became familiar to the intellectual world by their profound1 subtle1 or brilliant contributions to the literature of the age4 ,one thing alone was wanting to complete this grand national revival3 a ,catholic university--and even that soon came1 not as a subordinate worker in the common cause1 but as the leader of the movement4 ,yet1 though general education and popular instruction1 in their own sphere1 kept pace with the mental awakening in the higher departments of learning1 strange to say1 the stage1 generally considered the first to yield to popular impulse1 was the slowest and last to acknowledge the improved spirit of the times1 and even to this day clings to many of the antiquated and bigoted so-called ,irish dramas and comedies with insensate tenacity4 ,theatrical managers still persist in presenting for the amusement of patrons1 a large portion of whom are ,irish1 the farces and low interludes which fifty years ago were written to gratify the anti-,irish and anti-,catholic feelings of the lowest class of ,london society4 ,a partially successful effort has been made recently to redeem this gross and fatal error2 better1 or rather less bad1 ,irish dramas have of late made their appearance1 and let us hope the reformation1 once set on foot1 will be carried out4 ,there is no reason why we should not have ,irish dramas as good as ,irish poems1 tales1 and other works of fiction4 ,if people will go to theatres1 they ought not be compelled to become interested spectators of outrages on faith and morals1 and patrons and supporters of those who commit the outrages4 ,still1 casting our memory back over the history of ,irish intellectual life for more than half a century1 it would be scarcely an exaggeration to say that since the ,renaissance epoch no country has given such evidence1 in so short a time1 of mental fertility and activity as that island which was once almost as famous throughout ,europe for her learning as for the piety of her children4 ,ireland has at last a literature which is not only rich in ideas and information1 but which is both national and ,catholic4 ,her history1 once so obscure and misunderstood1 can now be studied with as much ease and satisfaction as any in ,christendom2 her antiquities1 formerly the spoil of the ignorant or the jest of the sceptic1 have been collected1 arranged1 and scientifically explained in a hundred ways2 while the lives and actions of her great and holy men1 from the earliest ages1 have received full1 critical1 and impartial justice4 ,and as yet we have only seen the beginning6 ,if that be so fair and full of promise1 what may not be hoped for from the intellectual future of a keen yet imaginative1 brilliant yet conscientious1 witty yet harmless in their wit1 passionate in the wider sense1 yet profoundly religious1 people8 ,,the ,,brides ,,of ,,christ4 ,,iv4 ,,st4 ,,catherine4 8,whom ,i shall wed10 said ,alexandria's princess1 8rare ,of beauty must be1 past imagining2 ,so great ,i shall not think ,i have made him king2 ,more rich1 sweet-hearted more1 than summer air60 ,in dreams she came where courts such state declare ,of ,mother and ,son enthroned1 that worshipping ,she knelt1 though royal3 the ,child placed a ring ,upon her finger1 and she woke--'twas there6 ,so ,catherine became ,christ's4 ,again she kneels3 ,with rose and lily1 in white and purple clothed1 ,no shining host now hails the heaven-betrothed1 ,but ,god's bolt shatters the sharp torture-wheels4 ,then ,night and angels her pall-bearers are-- ,the ,bridegroom waits on ,sinai lone and far4 ,v4 ,,st4 ,,margaret4 ,of all the virgins pure that bear the palm1 ,there is not any one more meek and mild ,than sweet maid ,margaret4 ,tending while a child ,the flocks1 she drew near1 in the mountain's calm1 ,to the ,good ,shepherd1 like a trustful lamb2 ,she felt that ,god with man was reconciled2 ,she saw diurnal victory undefiled ,of light o'er darkness hoist the oriflamme4 ,of ,morning4 ,so flashed she1 in dungeon drear1 ,the ,cross uplifted1 till the ,dragon foul ,crouched at her feet1 in fear of that white soul4 ,o ,pearl of ,antioch1 so soft and clear6 ,o ,daisy1 with the chaste dew on thy lips6 ,thou touchest ,christ with stainless finger-tips4 ,,vi4 ,,st4 ,,barbara4 ,dioscorus of ,heliopolis ,shut his wise daughter in a lofty tower1 ,jealous of lovers2 therein1 for her bower1 ,she caused three windows to be made1 in this ,her father disobeying1 but said3 8,it is ,through three clear windows that the ,almighty ,power1 ,the ,father1 ,son1 and ,holy ,spirit1 shower ,light on the soul--with light immortal bliss60 ,scourged1 by the gold hair dragged1 slain by thy sire-- ,a turbaned heathen6--soft as rosy ,may1 ,yet resolute1 and avenged by instant fire1 ,christian ,bellona6 sweet-browed ,barbara6 ,with the ,red ,mantle of thy fortitude1 ,thy ,tower and ,cannon1 be my soul endued6 ,,marshal ,mac,m,a,h,o,n ,,and ,,the ,,french ,,revolutionists4 ,the inconveniences resulting from the present system of transmitting political intelligence from ,europe to this country for the use of our daily journals are serious4 ,an event of importance occurs to-day in ,london1 ,paris1 ,constantinople1 or ,rome2 the same afternoon we read what purports to be an account of the event in our evening journals1 and the next morning we are furnished with a few more details1 accompanied often by a leading article hurriedly written and based1 as a rule1 upon no other information than that contained in the despatches4 ,in twenty-four hours afterwards the event is almost forgotten2 and by the time that the letters of correspondents on the spot1 or the journals of the locality1 can reach us1 the incident has become an old story and the interest excited by it in the first place has faded away4 ,this manner of dealing with matters of great importance would be lamentable1 even if the information contained in the cable despatches were always correct1 full1 and uncolored by prejudice2 but too often the despatches are models of what they should not be--that is1 they are incorrect in matters of fact2 marked by omissions of the truth and by suggestions of falsehood2 and disfigured1 in the majority of cases when the events reported have1 or are supposed to have1 some relation to the interests of the ,papal ,see1 by an ingenious perversion of the real and natural meaning of the incidents which they purport to describe4 ,a heavy responsibility rests upon the conductors of our daily journals in this matter--a responsibility to which we should be glad to see them more sensitive than they now appear to be4 ,they know well enough how it happens that the bulk of their cable despatches from the ,continent of ,europe is continually affected by an evident animus against the ,holy ,see whenever there is an opportunity to display this feeling2 they know well enough why it is that1 whenever possible1 a coloring hostile to the church1 and calculated to excite ,protestant or non-,catholic prejudice against her1 is given to events4 ,the greater part of the ,european despatches of the ,new ,york journals is transmitted from ,london1 being made up there chiefly from the despatches of the ,reuter ,agency1 supplemented by the special despatches received by the leading ,london journals4 ,the ,reuter ,news ,agency1 which has its ramifications throughout all ,europe1 and is conducted with admirable skill and good management as a business enterprise1 is in the hands of ,jews2 its agents have peculiar relations with the governments which stand in need of their services1 and a system of mutual benefit is kept up between them2 in return for the monopoly of official news and other similar favors on the part of the governments1 the agents of the ,reuter company transmit only such intelligence as is agreeable to the governments1 and with such coloring as the governments wish4 ,the relations existing between the ,italian government and the ,reuter ,agency are understood to be especially intimate2 and certain it is that from no capital in the world has more false and distorted news been sent forth than that which all the world has received from ,rome since the ,italian occupation of that city4 ,as for the ,continental despatches taken from the ,london journals and sent to ,new ,york1 it should be remembered that not one of the ,london daily papers is in the ,catholic interest1 and that those whose despatches are most frequently sent to us--namely1 the ,times1 the ,daily ,news1 and the ,pall ,mall ,gazette--are inspired by a very lively hatred and fear of the church4 ,we believe that the conductors of our own daily journals are for the most part actuated by honest motives4 ,their heads are sometimes deplorably at fault1 but their hearts are generally right2 and1 with rare exceptions1 they are free from the guilt of wilfully misrepresenting facts and designedly deceiving their readers4 ,but too frequently they do permit themselves to be deceived or misled1 in the manner we have explained1 with respect to the true meaning and co-relation of political events on the continent of ,europe4 ,the facts mentioned are1 or should be1 perfectly well known in the editorial rooms of all our journals2 and it is certainly to be desired that our editors should cease to take their opinions at second-hand1 and should begin to exercise their own good and honest judgment upon events as they occur abroad4 ,if they were in the habit of doing this1 and if they were furnished with cable information of a correct and uncolored character1 they would not1 we are certain1 have fallen into the error of regarding the recent change of government in ,france as a wicked1 base1 and unprovoked conspiracy to destroy the republican institutions of that country1 but would have recognized in ,marshal ,mac,mahon's action the wise1 absolutely necessary1 and not too rapid determination of that ruler to save the republic1 if possible1 while it is still worth saving1 and at all events to save ,france and society generally throughout ,europe from the convulsion1 anarchy1 and destruction into which the revolutionists were so rapidly and surely dragging them4 ,it is by no means certain that ,marshal ,mac,mahon will now succeed in the task before him2 he may have waited too long4 ,nor are we concerned to prove that the motives of the ,marshal-,president in his dismissal of ,m4 ,jules ,simon1 and in his selection of his present advisers1 were unmixed2 but we are anxious to show to our readers that his action was necessary1 and that the good wishes of ,americans who reverence law and order1 who detest red-republicanism and communism1 who cherish religious liberty1 and who dread and abhor tyranny1 whether exercised in the name of many or of one1 should be on his side4 8,i am conscious10 said ,marshal ,mac,mahon nine days after the dismissal of ,m4 ,simon--8,i am conscious of having fulfilled a great duty4 ,i have remained1 and shall remain1 absolutely within the bounds of legality4 ,it is because ,i am the guardian of the constitution that ,i acted as ,i have acted4 ,to attribute to me an intention of assailing the constitution is a misconstruction of my character4 ,the country will soon comprehend that my sole aim is the salvation of ,france and of the government which she has given herself40 ,we believe that these are sincere and honest words2 and we shall have no difficulty at least in showing that ,marshal ,mac,mahon could not have acted otherwise than he did1 unless he had been prepared to surrender the virtual government of the republic into the hands of men who are leagued together to destroy the rights of property2 to degrade marriage2 to enslave1 if not wholly to overturn1 the church2 to cut her off from her connection with her earthly head2 to reduce her prelates1 if they were permitted to exist at all1 to the condition of servants of the civil power2 to exile her contemplative and teaching orders2 to take from her the right of educating her children2 and to drag ,france1 ere long1 into an alliance with the revolutionary associations in ,germany1 ,italy1 ,belgium1 ,spain1 and ,russia1 which dream of establishing on the ruins of religion and of society a new confederation from which ,god shall be banished1 and over which ,satan shall rule supreme4 ,comparatively few of the constituents of the ,gambetta party in the ,french ,assembly are aware of the designs of the leaders of this faction2 but enough light has within the past few weeks been thrown upon their machinations fully to justify the ,president in making a firm stand against their further progress4 ,m4 ,jules ,simon refused to aid the ,president in executing this determination2 and ,m4 ,simon was removed to give place to a minister who would co-operate with his chief4 ,so powerful had the ,gambetta faction become in the ,assembly that the whole of the cabinet followed ,m4 ,simon in his enforced retirement from office1 and the ,president was for the moment left alone4 ,the men whom he called to his aid1 however1 and who1 indeed1 had encouraged him to dismiss ,m4 ,simon1 were prompt in taking up the fallen reins of office1 and the government1 without a day's delay1 began its work of preserving ,france from her worst foes4 ,the task before them is a most arduous one1 and it has been begun none too soon4 ,let us show how it became necessary that it should be undertaken at all4 ,the ,french ,assembly was re-convened at ,versailles on the #ast of ,may after the usual ,easter recess4 ,during the vacation events had occurred which made it probable that the long-threatened rupture between the ,gambetta faction1 or ,extreme ,left of the ,chamber1 and the conservative elements in the executive department of the government1 could not be delayed much longer4 ,the administration had indeed gone to the very furthest point of concession in endeavoring to satisfy the demands of the ,left4 ,the consent of ,marshal ,mac,mahon had been given to these concessions1 but it was known that this assent had been extorted from him with difficulty1 and that he was personally of the opinion that the more was given to the ,gambettists the more would they ask1 and that the true and safe course was that of steady and uncompromising resistance to their unconstitutional and revolutionary demands4 ,the ,left1 by skilful management of the press in its interest2 by the manipulations of the local public functionaries who had from time to time been appointed at its request1 or whom it had been able to purchase2 by adroit misrepresentations and exaggerations of the policy of the conservative members of the ,assembly2 and by the not infrequent maladroit utterances and acts of certain of the imperialist and monarchical members1 had contrived to make an imposing show of their strength in the country as well as in the ,assembly4 ,it is no doubt true that1 all other things being equal1 a large majority of the ,french people would prefer a republic to any other form of government4 ,but the republic which would satisfy them is not at all the republic which would satisfy ,m4 ,gambetta and his friends4 ,the republic which the majority of the ,french people desire is a republic in which property would be safe2 in which law and order would reign2 in which ,god would be respected2 and in which the church would be free4 ,the republic of ,gambetta would possess none of these characteristics2 but ,gambetta and his lieutenants had been allowed to assume the attitude of the especial friends and defenders of republican institutions1 and many of their members in the ,assembly owed their election to the votes of good ,catholics and sober citizens4 ,they now felt themselves strong enough to advance further1 and to wrest from the administration a still greater share of power4 ,marshal ,mac,mahon was himself irremovable for three years longer1 only four years of his ,septennate having expired4 ,but it might be possible1 in the opinion of the ,gambettists1 to force him to accept a cabinet which should be dictated by themselves1 and which would hand over to them the virtual control of the government4 ,one of the members of the then cabinet1 they believed1 would be useful to them1 and their plans involved his retention4 ,what was the nature of the communications which are said to have taken place in secret between ,,mm4 ,gambetta and ,simon cannot at present be known4 ,nor can we unveil the mysteries of the correspondence which has been kept up during the last few years between the controlling members of the ,french ,extreme ,left and the revolutionary leaders in ,england and throughout the ,continent of ,europe4 ,the operations of the secret societies are seldom brought to light until after their work has been accomplished--and not always even then4 ,the once famous 8,international ,society of ,working-men0 has ceased to exist for all practical purposes2 but it1 at the best1 was only an engine invented and put in motion by men who still are laboring in the secrecy of ,masonic lodge-rooms and in the caucus-chambers of hidden political organizations to accomplish the destruction of ,christian society and ,christian government4 ,it cannot be doubted that a certain solidarity unites the socialists of ,france1 ,germany1 ,switzerland1 ,belgium1 ,greece1 ,hungary1 ,italy1 ,russia1 ,spain1 and ,portugal1 and that they have the means of acting together4 ,the ,gambetta faction in ,france by no means stood alone in their recent attempt to gain the upper hand in the administration of the republic2 they had the active sympathy and the moral support of their confrres throughout ,europe4 ,now1 the great bulwark of the conservative republic in ,france is the ,roman ,catholic ,church1 the ,roman ,catholic faith1 the ,roman ,catholic people4 ,so long as the church is free and undisturbed in ,france--free to pursue her work of educating her children1 preserving morality1 and saving souls--the ,french people1 of whom all but a small fraction belong to her1 will remain tranquil and happy1 and they would make short work of men who proposed to set up in ,france a communistic and atheistic republic4 ,they are quite well contented with the republic as it at present exists1 and are hopeful of its future2 under it the church for the first time has been allowed full right of teaching2 and the avidity with which ,catholics availed themselves of the privileges conferred by the new university law sufficiently attests at once their intelligence and their zeal4 ,still1 the ,catholics in ,france1 like the ,catholics throughout the rest of the world1 have a sorrow and a grievance2 and ,french ,catholics1 like all other ,catholics1 claim the right to express this sorrow and to do what is in their power to redress this grievance4 ,the earthly head of their church is a prisoner in his own city2 he has been despoiled of his patrimony and plundered of his crown2 his jailers threaten from time to time to deprive him of the little that is left to him2 there is positive danger that the freedom of the election of his successor will be assailed1 and that the church throughout the world may be subjected1 through the malice of her foes at ,rome1 to the gravest perils4 ,the ,french ,catholics conceive that it is their right and their duty to protest unceasingly against this state of things1 and to inspire their government to speak in their name--and1 if occasion arises1 to act in their name--for the purpose of protecting the ,holy ,father from further insults and oppression1 and of seeking to bring about the peaceable restoration of his independence4 ,in all this they are strictly within the limits of their constitutional rights as citizens of the ,french ,republic4 ,let us bring the matter home to ourselves4 ,suppose that a petition should be drawn up praying ,president ,hayes to instruct our minister at ,rome to represent to the government of ,italy that nine millions of ,american ,roman ,catholics felt themselves deeply aggrieved and injured by certain acts of the ,italian government towards the ,pope1 and that they considered these acts all the more unjustifiable because they were one and all in open and undisguised violation of the promises made by the ,italian government to the whole ,catholic world2 suppose that this petition should be signed by every ,catholic man and woman in the ,united ,states and sent to the ,president2 would it be said1 then1 that we were exceeding our rights as citizens1 and that we should be punished for our temerity8 ,the ,president might do as he pleased with the petition2 he might act upon it or cast it aside--that would be for him to decide2 but could we1 as citizens1 be blamed and punished for exercising the right of petition in order to make known our feelings upon a matter which touches us so closely8 ,yet this is all that the ,french ,catholics have done2 and it is because of the solidarity of interests and of purpose1 of hope and of fear1 which exists between the revolutionists and socialists of ,italy and of the other ,continental nations that the ,gambettists in ,france were spurred up to make this perfectly legitimate action of the ,french ,catholics the pretext for a new and desperate assault upon the liberties of the church in ,france--an assault under cover of which1 and aided by what seems to us very much like treachery on the part of ,m4 ,jules ,simon1 they hoped to compel ,marshal ,mac,mahon to capitulate to them4 ,the allocution of the ,pope issued on the #abth of last ,march had moved to the very depths the hearts of ,catholics in ,france1 as it had moved the hearts of the ,catholics of every other land4 ,they felt that it was impossible for them to remain silent after hearing that most pathetic and powerful appeal2 they wished that their reply should be as emphatic as possible1 and that it should consist of acts as well as of words4 ,they resolved to draw up addresses to the ,holy ,father2 to organize pilgrimages to convey these addresses1 with their gifts1 to ,rome2 and to devise means whereby they could express to their own government their anxious wish that it would use its influence with the government of ,italy in behalf of the restoration of the independence and freedom of the ,pope4 ,each of these projects was entered into with commendable zeal2 and early in ,april the ,bishop of ,nevers addressed a letter to ,marshal ,mac,mahon1 asking him1 in the name of his flock1 to use the influence of ,france at the court of ,king ,victor ,emanuel and at other courts for the protection of the ,pope and for the restoration of his rights4 ,the marshal's cabinet at this moment were greatly under the influence of ,m4 ,jules ,simon1 the ,president of the ,council2 they were imbued with the idea that it would not be safe for them to exasperate the ,gambetta faction2 and they persuaded the marshal to approve a letter addressed by the ,minister of ,public ,worship to the bishop1 in which entire disapproval of his appeal was expressed1 with the remark that 8the marshal1 as a sincere friend of religion1 saw with pain the clergy intervening in internal1 and still more in foreign1 politics40 ,the ,gambettists were encouraged by this mark of weakness on the part of the government1 and prepared to push their advantage4 ,but the ,catholics did not choose to take their views of duty from the dictates of a ,council whereof ,m4 ,simon was the chief2 and they continued to organize their pilgrimages and to draw up and circulate their addresses to the ,pope4 ,on the #aith of ,april the ,bishop of ,nevers1 not at all disconcerted by the rebuke which he had received from the ,cabinet1 addressed a letter to the ,mayor of the ,nivre1 in which he explained to that official what1 in his opinion1 was the duty of all good ,catholics occupying influential positions4 8,the ,pope being no longer free in ,rome10 wrote the bishop to the mayor1 8the result is that we ourselves are no longer free in our consciences1 and we consequently should use all our influence to obtain a change in such an abnormal state of things1 and the restoration to the sovereign of our souls of the independence which he absolutely requires in order to guide us4 ,we must first instil these views in the minds of the population whose interests are confided to us4 ,we must then concert together to cause similar convictions to prevail in the various councils of the country40 ,on the #bjth1 at a cabinet council1 the general petitions of the ,catholics addressed to the government were taken into consideration1 and it was proposed that1 in order to silence the complaints of the ,gambettists1 who were declaiming violently that the circulation and presentation of such memorials would embroil ,france in a difficulty with ,italy1 the bishops should be ordered to forbid the further exposure of these petitions in their churches for signature4 ,but the marshal on this occasion displayed a little more firmness and the matter was passed over without action4 ,a few days before this an event had occurred in ,italy that served to increase the distrust with which ,marshal ,mac,mahon already regarded the secret intentions of the leaders of the ,left4 ,in ,benevento1 near ,letino1 and again near ,rome1 the government had arrested a number of socialists who1 it appears1 were engaged in a conspiracy for the establishment of a ,red ,republic4 ,the papers found on the persons of the arrested men were of the usual inflammatory character1 and set forth1 among other things1 that 8man ought not to be subjected to any tyranny1 human or divine2 that the principle of private property is the climax of infamy1 because it creates inequality between men2 that the union between men and women ought to be free2 and that the state is the denial of the most sacred principles40 ,the chief leader of the band1 who was arrested with about fifty of his adherents1 was a young ,milanese named ,caffiero1 a man of wealth and position2 and an examination of his papers disclosed the fact that his association was only one of a large number of others spread throughout ,europe1 and that the names of some of the leading radical republicans of ,france appeared upon a list which was believed to enumerate the advisers and real leaders of the conspirators4 ,on the #bhth of ,april1 however1 the cabinet again induced the marshal to make another effort to conciliate the ,gambettists1 who had redoubled their agitation against the ,catholic movement1 which had by this time become very general throughout the whole country4 ,on that day the ,minister of the ,interior issued a circular to all prefects1 directing them to discourage the signature of the ,catholic protests and petitions by not allowing them to be publicly circulated within their respective jurisdictions4 ,the circular--to which ,marshal ,mac,mahon assented after much pressure--instructed the prefects to regard these petitions and protests as 8an unjustifiable and illegal interference in the legislative and domestic affairs of a friendly foreign state10 and to do all in their power to suppress them4 ,gambetta himself could scarcely have said more2 but the marshal was quite correct in his opinion that ,gambetta would still ask for more4 ,meanwhile1 the mot d'ordre to the ,gambettists had gone forth to strike terror into the hearts of their opponents by public manifestations4 ,the students of the ,sorbonne were instigated into making violent assaults upon the ,catholic universities2 on the #ast of ,may five hundred students assembled in front of the ,catholic university in the ,rue de ,vaugirard1 where they insulted the ,catholic students and professors by indecent harangues and by singing blasphemous parodies of a hymn to the ,sacred ,heart2 dispersed by the police1 they separated only to assemble again before the ,jesuit school in the ,rue de ,shomond1 where the same disorderly and disgraceful scenes were repeated until the police arrived and arrested the ringleaders of the mob4 ,in all the cities where the ,gambettists were sufficiently numerous manifestations against the church and her liberties were organized2 and in some cases the zeal of the disciples so far outran the directions of the leaders that it was with difficulty the latter prevented the former from outrages which would have alarmed and disgusted the whole country4 ,affairs were in this condition when the ,chambers reassembled on the #ast of ,may4 ,the ,left lost no time in bringing forward their guns and forcing the fighting4 ,m4 ,leblond was put up by them in the ,chamber of ,deputies to give notice of a question addressed to the government 8as to the measures which it proposed to take to repress ,ultramontane intrigues40 ,m4 ,jules ,simon1 hastening to comply with the demands of the men with whom1 as it now appears1 he was secretly in accord1 at once replied that the debate on the proposed question could take place on the next day4 ,the ,catholic members of the ,chamber seem to have already distrusted the sincerity of ,m4 ,simon4 ,one of them--the eloquent and fearless ,count de ,mun--announced that he and those who acted with him insisted upon a clear understanding of the position of the government4 8,we shall insist upon knowing10 said he1 8whether the government accept the responsibility for the campaign that is being waged by means of impure calumnies against the ,catholics of ,france4 ,the patriotism of ,french ,catholics cannot be called in question2 it is above suspicion4 ,in what we are doing--in what we wish to do--we are claiming but our rights4 ,we demand1 however1 that the government1 to which we give our support1 should free itself from the responsibility for the attacks made upon us1 which render our position intolerable40 ,m4 ,simon seems to have perceived that matters were growing serious1 and that he could not much longer continue to pretend to serve two masters2 but he resolved to struggle still to maintain his position4 ,on the following day1 after ,m4 ,leblond had put his question and supported it by a harangue in which he urged that the government should at once proceed to repress by the most stringent means 8the ,ultramontane intrigues10 ,m4 ,simon addressed the ,chamber in a speech highly disingenuous and full of double meanings4 ,it was virtually an appeal to the ,gambetta faction to permit him to remain in power in order that he might do their work2 while at the same time it was an attempt to throw dust in the eyes of the ,catholics by hypocritical professions of respect for religion and its rights4 ,the government had been blamed1 he said1 for permitting ,catholic newspapers to assail ,italy2 but the government could not prevent this2 the law would punish the writers1 if what they wrote was punishable under the law4 ,on the other hand1 the government would not tolerate any attack upon the ,catholic religion--8which it sincerely respected0--and would protect the rights and liberties of ,catholics4 ,in fact1 the church in ,france enjoyed to-day more freedom than at any previous time4 ,but it was necessary to limit this freedom4 ,for instance1 the government 8tolerates0 the existence of ,catholic societies so long as they are used only for the purposes set forth in their statutes1 but it had interdicted the ,catholic committees which were employed in political undertakings and which had 8formidable ramifications40 ,having gone thus far1 ,m4 ,simon thought he might as well go a little further1 and he proceeded to make a statement which was a direct insult to the intelligence of the whole ,catholic world4 8,the ,catholic petitions and the demonstration made by the ,bishop of ,nevers10 said he1 8were based upon a fiction--namely1 that the ,pope is a prisoner in the ,vatican02 8the law of guarantees has taken every care of the spiritual independence of the ,holy ,father06 ,and he then went on to condemn the petitions as 8an interference in the internal affairs of a neighboring country10 and to remind the ,chamber that the government had done all in its power to suppress these lawful manifestations of ,catholic feeling4 ,the government1 he added1 would continue to protect the clergy as long as they confined themselves to their spiritual duties1 but would in the future punish them severely 8if they encroached upon the civil power0--that is1 if they continued to exercise their freedom and to discharge their duty by protesting against the acts of the ,sardinian robbers1 and by seeking to enlighten the public mind and conscience as to the real condition of the head of the universal church4 ,this speech of the ,president of the ,council was a virtual surrender to the ,extreme ,left2 but ,m4 ,gambetta was determined to force a more formal and complete capitulation4 ,on the following day1 ,may #d1 he resumed the debate in a speech which he had carefully prepared1 and which he delivered with great eloquence and animation4 ,its spirit is expressed in the sentence which was received with the loudest applause by the ,extreme ,left3 8,it is time that lay society should drive back the church to that subordinate rank which belongs to her in the state40 ,m4 ,gambetta1 our readers will perceive1 is very far in advance of ,m4 ,cavour4 ,the ,italian statesman dreamed of 8a free church in a free state02 the ,french revolutionist demands an enslaved church in an atheistic and communistic state4 ,listen to him3 8,the church has set citizens by the ears1 alarmed ,france1 and troubled ,europe4 ,it is always thus3 the monarchy was often compelled to resist the encroachments of the church1 but the republic must do more1 for now the state is assaulted on all sides in the name of religion and her very existence is threatened4 ,the ,catholic leaders--ex-ministers1 senators1 and members of this ,chamber--have exalted the ,pope as the supreme ruler of ,france and of the world2 when the ,pope has issued an order they exclaim3 ',rome has spoken and must be obeyed4' ,the ,pope on the #abth of ,march commanded that an agitation in his favor should be everywhere set on foot2 immediately we behold deputations of ,catholic royalists calling upon the ,minister of ,foreign ,affairs1 convocations being held1 and petitions circulated in spite of the feeble pretences of the government to suppress them4 ,it will not do to say that the church in ,france must have the liberty which she enjoys elsewhere2 she shall not have it1 for the reason1 among others1 that here the church is bound to the state1 and the state is responsible for the language and the acts of the bishops4 ,no longer must it be permitted that the ,pope may address himself directly to ,france1 without having first obtained the sanction of the civil power1 and without first submitting to it his bulls1 briefs1 and allocutions4 ,no longer must the bishops be allowed to address themselves to mayors and prefects1 conveying to the civil functionaries of the republic orders received from ,rome4 ,it is useless to say that only a few of the bishops have done these things2 for these bishops represent the whole hierarchy1 the church is unanimous1 and its submission to ,rome is complete4 ,there is no such thing as resistance or opposition in the church2 the old ,gallican liberties have been swept away by the ,syllabus and by the ,vatican ,council4 ,the ,pope must not be permitted again to usurp the rights of the state1 as he has recently done in appointing one of his bishops chancellor of a ,french university and giving him the right of conferring degrees4 ,i cannot understand how it happened that the papal instrument making this appointment was ever permitted to enter ,france6 ,we must no longer endure these things2 we must drive back the church to the place where she belongs4 ,we need not fear that the people will not be on our side2 if there is one thing more than another that is repugnant to ,france1 it is the yoke of clericalism2 and it cannot be too strongly said that clericalism is the enemy of the country40 ,to this bitter harangue ,m4 ,jules ,simon had no reply2 he contented himself with declaring that he and the cabinet were not subject to the dictation of any power behind the throne1 and that perfect harmony existed between the marshal and himself4 ,he hastened to add that he would accept1 in the name of the government1 the order of the day proposed by ,m4 ,leblond1 which was in these words3 8,the ,chamber of ,deputies1 considering that the recrudescence of ,ultramontane manifestations constitutes a danger to the domestic and foreign peace of the country1 calls upon the government to make use of the lawful means which it has at its disposal40 ,this was adopted by a vote of #cfa against #aba2 thus ,m4 ,gambetta won his victory1 and1 so far as ,m4 ,simon could pledge it1 the government was pledged to carry out the demands of the foes of the church4 ,this was on the #dth of ,may4 ,marshal ,mac,mahon1 it appears1 hesitated as to his future course2 but it appears also that he was conscious he had been betrayed into an intolerable position4 ,he seems to have determined1 from that moment1 to dismiss ,m4 ,simon1 and to appeal to the country to sustain him in his refusal to comply with the unconstitutional and tyrannical demands of the revolutionists2 but1 with what may seem to some an unwise timidity1 he resolved to wait for some other act on the part of ,m4 ,simon which might be made the immediate ground for his dismissal4 ,he had not long to wait4 ,during the next few days the sittings of the ,chamber were characterized by great excitement and tumult4 ,m4 ,simon was made the target of continual attacks2 he was accused of having formerly belonged to the ,international ,society1 and of having been morally in league with the ,communists who assassinated the ,archbishop of ,paris4 ,he defended himself with vehemence1 but his affiliation with the ,gambetta faction became daily more apparent4 ,he promised to draw up and send to the bishops a stringent circular1 warning them that they would be held to a strict responsibility for all their future acts4 ,the ,committee of the ,budget1 on the #abth of ,may1 reported in favor of according the sum annually paid for the support of the church1 #aj1fbf1aii2 but it accompanied this recommendation with the remark that it was now the duty of the government to revive and enforce a number of obsolete and almost forgotten laws which had been enacted1 from time to time1 by various governments which had desired to enslave the church4 ,if these obsolete enactments should now be enforced1 no ,french bishop could visit ,rome without the consent of the government2 no subscriptions for the ,pope could be raised in ,france2 no papal brief or bull could enter ,france1 and no council or diocesan synod could assemble1 without the consent of the government2 and the ecclesiastical seminaries would be compelled to teach that the civil government is supreme in all things4 ,m4 ,simon1 it was understood1 was about to enforce these unjust and virtually abrogated restrictions1 and the ,gambettists were in high feather4 ,but their exultation was soon to be changed into disappointment and rage4 ,the ,chamber of ,deputies had before it a bill modifying the organization of municipalities1 and another measure for the repeal of the law on the restrictions of the press which had been passed two years ago to secure social order4 ,the cabinet had consulted upon these measures and had agreed upon the line which the ministers should take in opposing them4 ,to this agreement ,m4 ,simon was a consenting party2 it was well understood between him and the marshal that when these measures came up for decision ,m4 ,simon should explain that the government could not consent to them4 ,but the new masters of ,m4 ,simon held him to the engagement he had made with them2 and when these measures were brought forward ,m4 ,simon found it convenient to be absent from the ,chamber1 and the government was again betrayed4 ,the patience of ,marshal ,mac,mahon was now exhausted2 he was perhaps glad that ,m4 ,simon had so soon furnished him with a sufficient reason for his dismissal4 ,early on the morning of ,may #af the marshal1 having1 it is said1 passed a sleepless night1 addressed the following note to ,m4 ,simon1 and sent it to him without consulting with any of the other members of the government3 8,i have read in the ,journal ,officiel the report of last night's proceedings in the ,chamber of ,deputies4 ,i observed with surprise that neither you nor the ,keeper of the ,seals put forward from the tribune the reasons which might have prevented the repeal of a press law1 passed less than two years ago on the motion of ,m4 ,dufaure1 and which you yourself quite recently wished to see applied in the courts of law4 ,and yet it had been decided in several meetings of the cabinet1 and indeed in the council held yesterday morning1 that you and the ,keeper of the ,seals should undertake to oppose the motion for the repeal of the law4444 ,in view of such an attitude on the part of the chief of the cabinet1 the question naturally arises whether he retains sufficient influence to assert his views successfully1 ,an explanation on this point is indispensable2 for ,i myself1 although not1 like you1 answerable to ,parliament1 have a responsibility towards ,france which to-day more than ever must engross my attention40 ,m4 ,simon1 upon receiving this note1 saw that between his two stools he had fallen to the ground2 but he made one more effort to again deceive the marshal4 ,he repaired to the ,elyse with a letter of resignation in his pocket2 but before presenting it he asked the marshal if it were not possible that they should continue to act together4 8,no10 was the reply4 8,i have gone as far as ,i can possibly go in the wake of you and your allies2 ,i shall go no further40 ,m4 ,simon then presented his letter of resignation1 which was composed mainly of rather lame excuses for his absence from the ,chamber on the two occasions complained of by the marshal4 ,immediately afterwards the other members of the cabinet resigned1 in order to leave the marshal full liberty of action2 and by the time the ,gambettists had eaten their breakfasts they learned that they had overshot the mark1 and that1 instead of forcing ,marshal ,mac,mahon to accept their revolutionary programme1 they had driven him to dismiss from his councils the man on whom they most relied1 and in all probability to surround himself with men whom they could neither frighten nor purchase4 ,the excitement among all the members of the ,assembly was great as the news spread2 and a meeting of the ,gambettists was called for the same evening1 at which a line of action was laid down4 ,one of the first things to be done1 it was agreed1 was to use the machinery at their disposal 8in order properly to inspire foreign public opinion10 so that it might react upon ,france2 and during the night 8the republican leaders sent to foreign journals instructions to insert opinions upon the crisis0 which would have the effect of alarming the marshal by holding up before him the threat of the displeasure of ,germany and ,italy4 ,the ,london journals were especially inspired in this sense2 and it was thus that our own journals1 re-echoing this echo of the ,gambetta caucus1 gave their readers the idea that ,marshal ,mac,mahon had dismissed his cabinet in order to destroy the republic and to engage at once in a war against ,italy for the restoration of the temporal sovereignty of the ,pope4 ,the session of the ,chamber of ,deputies on the #agth was excited2 and ,m4 ,gambetta once more demonstrated the foolishness of those who1 deceived by his affected moderation and calmness during the last two years1 had believed that this fou furieux had become a decent and practical statesman4 ,he moved the resolution which had been adopted at the caucus the preceding night1 and supported it in a speech full of fire and venom4 ,the resolution1 which the ,chamber accepted by a vote of #cee against #aed1 simply declared that 8the confidence of the majority can only be enjoyed by a cabinet which is free in its action and resolved to govern in accordance with republican principles1 which can alone secure order and prosperity at home and abroad0--words with which no one can find fault4 ,but ,m4 ,gambetta1 giving full vent to his rage at finding himself foiled at the very moment when he was dreaming of victory1 declared that the dismissal of ,m4 ,simon had been brought about by the intrigues of 8a secret influence with which no ministry could cope40 8,it is not true10 he cried1 8that the ,president of the republic bears a responsibility over and above that of the ministry4 ,we must recall him to an exact observance of the constitution1 and deliver him from perfidious counsels4 ,the country wishes to be rid of the nightmare of those men of reaction who show their livid faces at all moments of uncertainty4 ,if the ,chambers are dissolved we have no fear of the result1 but the country may see in it a prelude to war4 ,criminals are those who would provoke it40 ,no one thinks of provoking war save ,m4 ,gambetta and his friends1 and they are the only criminals4 ,marshal ,mac,mahon was not at all dismayed by this loud talk2 on the same evening the new cabinet was announced4 ,the ,duke ,decazes and ,general ,berthaut1 ,ministers of ,foreign ,affairs and of ,war in the former cabinet1 retained their portfolios2 the ,duke de ,broglie was made ,president of the ,council and ,minister of ,justice2 ,m4 de ,fourtou1 ,minister of the ,interior2 ,m4 ,caillaux1 ,minister of ,finance2 ,m4 ,paris1 ,minister of ,public ,works2 ,m4 de ,meaux1 ,minister of ,agriculture2 and ,m4 ,brunet1 ,minister of ,public ,instruction4 ,the cabinet is a homogeneous and a respectable one2 as long as it remains in office the country may be certain1 at least1 that order will be maintained and that the plots of the ,reds will be frustrated4 ,during the morning of the #ahth the ,gambettists were very busy in preparing to give battle to the new cabinet4 ,but they found themselves again disconcerted by the firmness of the ,president1 who1 exercising his constitutional right1 sent a message to both houses1 adjourning their session until the #afth of ,june4 ,in this message ,marshal ,mac,mahon explains that he has scrupulously conformed to the constitution4 ,he appointed the cabinets of ,m4 ,dufaure and of ,m4 ,simon with the object of placing himself in accord with the majority in the ,chamber2 but neither of these cabinets were able to unite in the ,chamber a majority capable of causing constitutional and proper ideas to prevail4 8,i could not10 the marshal went on to say1 8take a further step on the same path without making an appeal to the republican fraction which desires a radical modification of all our institutions4 ,my conscience and my patriotism do not permit me to associate myself even distantly with the triumph of these ideas1 which can only engender disorder and the humiliation of ,france2 and so long as ,i hold power ,i shall use it within legal limits to prevent that consummation1 for it would be the ruin of the country4 ,but ,i am convinced the country thinks as ,i do4 ,it was not the triumph of these theories which the country desired at the last elections1 when all the candidates availed themselves of my name4 ,if it were to be again interrogated it would repudiate such a confusion of ideas4 ,i am firmly resolved to respect and maintain the existing institutions of the country4 ,until #ahhj ,i can propose no modification1 and contemplate nothing of the kind4 ,in order to allow the excitement to calm down1 ,i invite you to suspend your sittings for one month4 ,you will then be able to discuss the ,budget4 ,in the meantime we will watch over the maintenance of public peace4 ,we will suffer nothing at home tending to compromise it2 and it will be maintained abroad1 ,i am confident1 notwithstanding the agitations which disturb a portion of ,europe1 thanks to our good relations with all the powers and our policy of neutrality and abstention4 ,on this point all parties are agreed1 and the new cabinet holds the same views as the old4 ,if any imprudence in the language of the press compromises the concord which we all desire1 ,i shall repress it by legal means4 ,to prevent this ,i appeal to that patriotism which is wanting in no class in ,france40 ,violent were the scenes in both ,chambers when this message was read1 but they were cut short by the firmness of the new ministers4 ,m4 ,gambetta attempted to speak2 his voice was drowned by shouts of 8,down with the ,dictator60 ,in the ,senate ,m4 ,simon essayed to deliver an oration1 but the ,duke de ,broglie announced that no one could speak1 as the ,president had adjourned the session4 ,the houses separated in confusion1 and the ,gambettists occupied themselves during the next few days in issuing inflammatory appeals to the country4 ,the new government began without delay the task of strengthening itself by the removal of disaffected prefects1 sub-prefects1 and other department officials1 and this work has been carried out with the same thoroughness that is displayed in our own country after a radical administrative change4 ,all this is the prelude to an appeal to the country in the shape of a general election for a new ,assembly4 ,the people will be summoned to decide1 not whether they wish a republic or a monarchy1 but whether the republic shall be entrusted to the extreme radical party or to those who can and will save ,france from the ruin into which ,gambetta and his crew would engulf it4 ,the decision will be waited for with anxiety1 but without fear on our part4 ,the ,french people1 we believe1 are sound at heart1 and have no wish to resign themselves into the hands of men who fear not ,god nor regard man save as a convenient tool for their own ends4 ,meanwhile1 however1 the utmost circumspection should be exercised by the new government4 ,prince ,bismarck is enraged when he sees ,france strengthening herself2 he is delighted when he beholds her weakening herself by internal dissensions4 ,thus growls of displeasure at the check given to the ,gambetta party have already been heard from ,berlin1 and the ,german press has been instructed to represent that the new ,french administration intends 8to restore the ,papacy through the humiliation of ,germany40 ,the ,italian government1 troubled with a bad conscience1 indulges in similar anticipations2 and the first duty of the ,duke ,decazes has been to reassure these cabinets and to point out that the ,french government wishes simply to devote itself to the domestic interests and safety of ,france4 ,we believe that this is the plain truth4 ,if ,marshal ,mac,mahon and his present advisers are sustained1 ,france will be saved from domestic ruin1 and her salvation will go far towards checking the revolution in other countries4 ,the time will come1 no doubt1 when ,france will again assert herself in ,european affairs1 but with a wisdom gathered from her terrible reverses and humiliation4 ,for those reverses she had no one but herself to blame4 ,they were the bitter fruit of an overweening pride1 and of the desertion of those eternal principles of justice and right1 and of the faith that embodies them1 close adherence to which alone makes nations truly great4 ,france is coming back to her faith1 and with her faith will return her greatness1 her nationality1 her life4 ,before1 however1 she can make her voice heard in ,europe she must speak in clear1 calm1 and not discordant tones4 ,she must be united in herself1 one nation1 one people1 with one heart and one soul4 ,it is this that ,germany dreads of all things1 and consequently the threats and intrigues of ,germany and ,italy will be exerted to the utmost in aid of ,gambetta and his faction1 who1 indeed1 have much strength of their own4 ,while we are far from thinking that the contest will be an easy one1 we have little doubt as to the final issue4 ,the republic of order in ,france is the ,catholic republic4 ,the ,french nation is ,catholic4 ,all the real glories of ,france are indissolubly linked with the ,catholic name4 ,her greatest disasters are as fatally linked with the party of which ,gambetta is to-day the ostensible leader4 ,it is time for ,catholic ,france to gather herself together and arise in a strength that she never before had the opportunity of possessing4 ,the way is open4 ,she stands now quite untrammelled from alliances with any dynasty or name4 ,her fate lies in her own hands1 and the honest soldier who has guarded so well her truest interests will not betray the trust placed in him by his countrymen4 ,,new ,,publications4 ,,life ,,of ,,the ,,ven4 ,,clement ,,mary ,,hofbauer1 ,c4,,ss4,r4 ,by the ,author of the ,life of ,catharine ,mc,auley1 etc4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society4 #ahgg4 ,father ,hofbauer was a second ,st4 ,alphonsus in the ,congregation of the ,redemptorist fathers1 and the founder of the institute as existing outside of ,italy4 ,he will probably be canonized2 and it would not be a matter of surprise if the veneration for his memory in ,austria and the neighboring countries1 in case this solemn recognition is accorded to his sanctity by the ,holy ,see1 should equal that for ,st4 ,vincent de ,paul in ,france4 ,he was a plain1 simple man1 of humble origin1 moderate parts and learning1 but truly angelic purity and miraculous sanctity4 ,the influence he obtained and the good he accomplished are simply wonderful4 ,the history of his life is graphically portrayed by the religious lady who has written his biography4 ,we could wish that every priest and every ecclesiastical student in the ,united ,states might read it4 ,the scandal and mischief wrought by perverse men of brilliant intellectual gifts1 like ,gioberti and ,dllinger1 by apostate princes1 faithless prelates1 and unworthy or careless priests1 are best repaired by such worthy successors of the apostles as the ,venerable ,father ,hofbauer4 ,the study of their characters and actions is better than the most thorough course of polemics1 as an antidote to every kind of pseudo-,catholic liberalism4 ,,the ,,life ,,of ,,christopher ,,columbus4 ,by ,arthur ,george ,knight1 of the ,society of ,jesus4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society4 #ahgg4 ,christopher ,columbus is1 and always will remain1 one of the greatest figures in history and one of the grandest of ,catholic heroes4 ,he may be said to have passed through all human experience4 ,he was born in poverty and schooled in poverty4 ,his days were cast in one of those eventful periods in the world's history when 8the old order changeth1 yielding to the new40 ,with ideas in his mind just beyond his time1 and convinced himself of their truth and power1 he had to struggle hopelessly for years under the most adverse circumstances before he could imbue other minds with the ideas that possessed him4 ,he could only think and talk and plan4 ,he was powerless to act1 for lack of means4 ,he had the satisfaction of being regarded as a dreamer by the enlightened men of his time4 ,at last his ideas prevailed1 and resulted in the discovery of a new world4 ,then came his hour of triumph--a triumph unparalleled in history2 and after it1 more bitter than his early struggles upwards1 ingratitude1 contempt1 chains1 and misery4 ,there is nothing more romantic than this story1 nothing fraught with more solemn lessons4 ,through all1 through triumph as through adversity1 through poverty as through greatness1 stands out the true ,catholic1 who cherished his faith above all things1 who in all things looked first to the greater glory of ,god1 and who from first to last lived the life of a practical ,catholic4 ,indeed he was truly a holy man1 and strong efforts are now being made for his canonization4 ,it seems strange that this great ,catholic figure should have fallen so completely into ,protestant hands4 ,there are admirable histories of him in ,english1 works that have won deserved fame for their authors1 but they are all written by ,protestants1 who1 however well disposed they may be1 must in the nature of things make mistakes when treating of ,catholic subjects4 ,grave mistakes have been made1 not by ,protestants alone1 but by ,catholics also1 in the story of ,columbus' life4 ,it is with a view to rectify these mistakes1 and to present to the ,catholic reader the true story of a most important1 edifying1 and interesting life that ,father ,knight has written the present volume4 ,he has done his work thoroughly well1 and we have no doubt that the book will become a favorite with all classes of ,catholic readers4 ,,biographical ,,sketches ,,of ,,distinguished ,,marylanders4 ,by ,esmeralda ,boyle1 author of ,thistledown1 ,felice1 etc4 ,baltimore3 ,kelly1 ,piet ,co4 #ahgg4 ,this little volume is replete with interest4 ,it recalls in graceful language the memory of men who have honored by their upright lives and heroic actions the gallant ,state that gave them birth4 ,it is no small boast for ,maryland that no ,state in the ,union has produced more men distinguished for their ability1 patriotism1 and1 above all1 a high-toned chivalry which could never stoop to aught having the flavor of dishonor about it4 ,these were the men who first won for our country the recognition of ,european scholars and statesmen4 ,their lofty principles1 their graceful accomplishments1 their scholarly attainments1 and their dauntless courage drew on them the eyes of the world1 and earned for their mother ,state the proud reputation she now enjoys4 ,from the time that ,lord ,baltimore landed on her shores to the present day no public man has disgraced the fair record or blurred a page of the history of ,maryland4 ,and1 indeed1 the beginning of her civilized days was an eminently fit prelude to her whole subsequent career4 ,from out of the first colony established on the banks of the ,chesapeake flowed the doctrines of religious toleration and equal religious rights to all men irrespective of clime and color1 at a moment when witch-burning fires lighted up the settlements of ,massachusetts4 ,the ,indians of those times for once felt that ,christianity and civilization were blessings and not a cloak to avarice and tyranny4 8,from the records left to us10 says ,miss ,boyle1 8it is evident that these teachers endeavored by all mild and lawful means to elevate the hearts of the ,indians to a knowledge of the true ,god4 ,the ,indian of the present day1 dwelling on the border-lands of civilization1 deems the white man a traitor to his word1 an enemy to the ,indian race1 and a breaker of compacts1 whose perfidy must be retaliated upon the innocent by fire and tomahawks4 ,this is rather a sad commentary upon the savage or the ,christian of our times4 ,which is it80 ,miss ,boyle appropriately begins her series of biographical sketches with a notice of that truly grand historic figure1 ,daniel ,dulany1 the ,nestor of the ,maryland bar4 ,the unflinching advocate of probity and truth1 and a strong friend of freedom1 he distinguished himself fitly for the first time by counselling opposition to the famous ,stamp ,act4 ,his eloquence and fearlessness greatly helped the cause of the ,revolution2 for although he opposed immediate separation from ,england1 his burning words kindled the fires of opposition to ,british rule4 ,the name parce detortum is the same as ,delany and indicates the ,irish stock whence he sprang4 ,the paper on ,charles ,carroll of ,carrollton is extremely interesting4 ,it presents a very life-like picture of that great patriot1 statesman1 and devout ,catholic4 ,we behold the courtly and polished gentleman1 tinged with the airs and manners of an education acquired in the gay capital of ,france4 ,and though fashionable ,paris was at that time the hotbed of infidelity1 and ,voltaire ruled supreme1 young ,carroll never became so imbued with the madness of the hour as to abandon the strong ,catholic principles and spirit pious parents and teachers had early implanted in his heart4 ,his name will ever remain an honor to his native ,state1 and his virtues and loftiness of character an incentive to her children to cling to the highest standard of a true gentleman's life4 ,it is evident that ,miss ,boyle had abundant materials at hand1 for she is constrained at times to sacrifice method to condensation2 and this1 perhaps1 is the worst that can be said of her interesting volume4 ,the sketch of the ,most ,reverend ,john ,carroll1 first ,archbishop of ,baltimore1 is illustrative of this defect4 ,the writer labored under an embarras de richesses1 and passes too brusquely from one incident to another4 ,it is not generally known1 nor does ,miss ,boyle make mention of the fact1 which has been already announced in this magazine1 that at the time when ,john ,wesley1 the founder of ,methodism1 was supplicating ,george ,,iii4 to send more troops to ,america for the purpose of suppressing the unholy rebellion against his majesty's benign sway1 ,father ,john ,carroll1 the ,jesuit priest1 was on a mission to ,canada1 seeking the non-intervention of that colony in the efforts of the ,states to free themselves from the yoke of ,british tyranny4 ,and yet it is almost a ,methodist article of faith that the ,jesuits have ever been the enemies of the republic1 and the sons of ,john ,wesley its warmest friends4 ,william ,pinkney1 one of ,maryland's most gifted sons1 whose eloquence ranks him with ,pitt1 ,fox1 and ,burke1 receives a most fitting tribute from the pen of ,miss ,boyle4 ,the history of this wonderful man should be known and closely studied by the young men of our time2 for few lives exhibit a more perfect pattern of true manliness4 ,his struggles against early poverty and the numerous difficulties attending the efforts to acquire knowledge in those times gave earnest of his future success in life4 ,the late venerable ,chief-,justice ,taney spoke of him in these words3 8,i have heard almost all the great advocates of the ,united ,states1 both of the past and present generation1 but ,i have seen none equal to ,pinkney40 ,rufus ,king1 having once listened to him exclaimed in a burst of enthusiasm 8that the speech of ,pinkney had enlarged his admiration of the capacity of the human mind40 ,of such men is ,maryland justly proud1 and ,miss ,boyle has performed a timely and praiseworthy task in having brought us face to face with the heroes of a past generation1 whose memory their native ,state should ever delight to honor4 ,,sidonie4 7,fromont ,jeune et ,risler ,an47 ,from the ,french of ,alphonse ,daudet4 ,boston3 ,estes ,lauriat4 #ahgg4 ,we understand that this story has had an enormous circulation in ,france4 ,this circulation we are inclined to attribute rather to the author's name than to any special excellence in the book itself4 ,alphonse ,daudet is one of the pet ,french novelists of the day1 and it takes much to destroy a well-earned reputation4 ,sidonie is a repulsive story1 told with great skill1 and embellished throughout by those thousand and one delicate artistic touches1 lights and shades1 of which ,french writers alone seem to possess the secret4 ,m4 ,daudet is actuated by the very laudable design of punishing vice1 and showing in a very strong and real light the awful1 the tragic misery it brings upon the vicious and the good alike4 ,all very well4 ,novelists1 however1 who take up this kind of theme--and many are very fond of it--have an unpleasant and untrue habit of making their good people fools or simpletons4 ,it seems to us that1 as a rule1 good people1 particularly good women1 are remarkably keen in detecting falsehood and scenting rascality4 ,in ,sidonie it is all the other way4 ,one detestable little wretch of a woman1 who has not half an ounce of good in her whole system1 sets all the good people by the ears1 destroys the peace of happy families1 ruins a great business-house1 causes the suicide of several excellent and very charming characters1 and ends by retiring to that kingdom from which she should never have been called--,bohemia4 ,it seems to us a pity that an author of such real power and skill in delineation of character and plot as ,m4 ,daudet should waste himself on the unutterably mean4 ,we are not of the opinion that this world is given over to the dominion of the devil and his servants4 ,it is not heaven to any of us2 yet as between the good and the bad1 all things considered1 we believe that the good have the best of the battle even in this life4 ,of course novel-readers must have their villain1 male or female2 and the female villain must1 of course1 be very1 very bad4 ,their viciousness1 however1 could be shown sufficiently1 and the lesson it entails inculcated1 without making them the pivots on which the world turns4 ,it is the noble1 not the ignoble1 who really move the world2 and until the race of the noble is exhausted1 novelists may as well draw their heroes and heroines from that class4 ,at least we object to their being for ever depicted as fools4 ,the translation of ,sidonie is admirable4 ,it is from the graceful and cultivated pen of ,mrs4 ,mary ,neale ,sherwood4 ,,legends ,,of ,,the ,,blessed ,,sacrament4 ,gathered from the ,history of the ,church and the ,lives of the ,saints4 ,by ,emily ,mary ,shapcote4 ,london3 ,burns ,oates4 #ahgg4 7,for sale by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society47 ,this is in every sense a most beautiful and attractive volume4 ,the author has collected a large number of legends connected with the ,blessed ,sacrament4 ,these are abundantly and very handsomely illustrated1 and the letter-press itself is admirable4 ,there is much more1 however1 than legends in the volume4 ,the devotion of the church to the ,blessed ,sacrament is traced down to the very days of the apostles1 verified by ample quotations1 and illustrated by pictures taken from the ,catacombs and the earlier monuments of ,christian art4 ,this is indeed an excellent and most valuable feature of the work4 ,the whole is in keeping4 ,the devotion is brought up to our own days1 and its wonderful growth and development brought out in a clear and most interesting manner4 ,the author has done her work skilfully1 gracefully1 and reverently4 ,the admirable preface shows how much she is inspired by real love for and devotion to the ,blessed ,sacrament4 ,the last picture in the volume is a large and admirably-executed portrait of our ,holy ,father ,pope ,pius ,,ix4 ,,the ,,discipline ,,of ,,drink3 ,an ,historical ,inquiry into the principles and practice of the ,catholic ,church regarding the use1 abuse1 and disuse of alcoholic liquors1 especially in ,england1 ,ireland1 and ,scotland1 from the sixth to the sixteenth century4 ,by the ,rev4 ,t4 ,e4 ,bridgett1 of the ,congregation of the ,most ,holy ,redeemer4 ,with an introductory letter to the author by ,his ,eminence ,cardinal ,manning1 ,archbishop of ,westminster4 ,london3 ,burns ,oates4 #ahgg4 ,the best notice we can give of this valuable work will be to make a few extracts from ,cardinal ,manning's letter4 ,his ,eminence says it is 8the first attempt to collect the counsels and judgments of ,catholic pastors and writers on the use of wine and on the sin of drunkenness40 ,he believes the book will be 8of signal use in clearing away a multitude of prejudices1 and perhaps some more reasonable censures1 which have impeded the efforts we are making to check the spread of intoxication40 ,these 8more reasonable censures0 have been called forth by the words and acts of associations not in the unity of the ,catholic ,church1 and particularly by ,catholics having joined such societies and adopted their 8wild talk1 worthy of the ,manichees40 ,father ,bridgett's book1 then1 8will show how broadly the ,catholic ,church has always taught the lawfulness of using all things that ,god has made1 in all their manifold combinations1 so long as we use them in conformity to the law of ,god4 ,drunkenness is not the sin of drink1 but of the drunkard40 ,on the other hand1 8in every utterance of the church1 and in every page of ,holy ,scripture1 wine is surrounded with warnings10 says his ,eminence1 and adds that our author has 8done well to point out that a new and more formidable agent of intoxication even than wine has in the last three centuries confirmed its grasp1 chiefly upon the ,teutonic and ,anglo-,saxon races40 ,so that 8no exact precedents can be found in the past action of the church as to the way of dealing with an evil new in its kind1 and so far more formidable both in its spread and in its intensity02 while at the same time 8the principles of the church are always the same1 and1 in bringing forth things new and old1 forms may vary1 but the mind and action are immutable40 ,the cardinal then proceeds to give his own views of what should be done4 ,he is in favor of 8a widely-extended organization10 and advocates total abstinence as the only hope for multitudes1 and a specially meritorious act of self-denial in those who do not need it themselves1 but embrace it for the sake of others4 ,but--and to this we would call particular attention--the 8widely-extended organization0 should comprise1 in his opinion1 those who are not total abstainers4 ,he expresses satisfaction at ,father ,bridgett having quoted in the appendix some words of his own4 ,we quote them1 too1 because we most heartily agree with them3 8,now1 my dear friends1 listen6 ,i will go to my grave without tasting intoxicating liquors2 but ,i repeat distinctly that any man who should say that the use of wine or any other like thing is sinful when it does not lead to drunkenness1 that man is a heretic condemned by the ,catholic ,church4 ,with that man ,i will never work4 ,now1 ,i desire to promote total abstinence in every way that ,i can4 ,i will encourage all societies of total abstainers4 ,but the moment ,i see men not charitable attempting to trample down those who do not belong to the total abstainers1 from that moment ,i will not work with those men4 ,i would have two kinds of pledge3 one for the mortified who never taste drink1 and the other for the temperate who never abuse it4 ,if ,i can make these two classes work together1 ,i will work in the midst of them4 ,if ,i cannot get them to work together1 ,i will work with both of them separately40 ,father ,bridgett has given in his appendix 8a summary of the principal ,catholic organizations which have lately been set on foot in these countries0 7,england1 ,ireland1 and ,scotland74 ,some of these organizations include partial abstinence in their rules4 ,another society is mentioned as existing in some parts of ,germany1 and approved by ,his ,holiness ,pius ,,ix4 and enriched with indulgences4 ,the members of this last promise total abstinence from distilled liquors1 and sobriety in the use of fermented drinks4 ,we hope this labor of love from the pen of ,father ,bridgett will have the circulation it deserves4 ,,spirit ,,invocations2 or1 ,prayers and ,praises publicly offered at the ,banner of ,light circle-room free meetings by more than one hundred different spirits1 of various nationalities and religions1 through the vocal organs of the late ,mrs4 ,j4 ,h4 ,conant4 ,compiled by ,allen ,putnam1 ,a4,m41 author of ,bible ,marvel-,workers1 ,natty3 a ,spirit1 etc4 ,boston3 ,colby ,rich4 #ahgf4 ,quos ,deus vult perdere prius dementat would be an appropriate motto for this hodge-podge of nonsense and lunacy4 ,imagine a sane man being called on to believe that he is listening to prayers offered by the spirits of ,tom ,paine and ,cardinal ,cheverus through the same set of 8vocal organs06 ,it is evident that the 8prayers0 were all ground from one mill1 as there is the utmost sameness pervading them4 ,tom ,paine condescending to come down from the pedestal of his celestial greatness1 and praying with unctuous fervor to the ,god he blasphemed on earth1 is a spectacle highly refreshing2 but more astonishing still is it to find him surpass ,father de ,smet and ,cardinal ,cheverus in the ecstatic intensity of a mystical devotion4 8,we pray not for more blessings10 exclaims the pious ,thomas2 8we only pray that we may appreciate those already received2 and when we lift up our souls in prayer1 asking that thy kingdom may come on the earth1 we do but ask that thy children in mortal may know themselves and their relations to thee40 ,it is evident that the author of the ,age of ,reason has materially changed his 8spirit0 since he exuviated his mortal coil1 or perhaps he has deftly substituted that of ,mr4 ,putnam1 ,a4,m41 for his own4 ,this1 we rather suspect1 is the case4 ,theodore ,parker1 too1 has been to camp-meeting up above2 for a great change has come over the 8spirit0 of the frigid founder of ,new ,england transcendentalism4 ,he prays with a vim that no leader of a revival at ,sea ,cliff or ,sing ,sing could ever hope to emulate1 and appears shamefully unlike the ,rev4 ,o4 ,b4 ,frothingham's ideal of a hero4 ,some of the prayers are quite touching1 and sound as if they had been pilfered from ,catholic books of devotion4 ,,known ,,too ,,late4 ,by the author of ,tyborne1 ,irish ,homes and ,irish ,hearts1 etc41 etc4 ,baltimore3 ,kelly1 ,piet ,co4 #ahgg4 ,this little volume bears the impress of patient and painstaking care4 ,the author is the happy possessor of a pure and pleasant style1 and yet throws off nothing carelessly1 as too many with facile pens are disposed to do4 ,the narrative is done in subdued colors1 and nowhere is good taste shocked by the utterance of extravagant or whimsical sentiments4 ,the plot of the story unfolds itself quite naturally1 and1 though the dnoment is a hard one to bring about1 it is done so ingeniously as not to appear at all violent4 ,we can conscientiously say of this little book that it is a shade in advance of ,catholic stories generally and is well deserving a perusal4 ,,the ,,paradise ,,of ,,the ,,christian ,,soul4 ,by ,james ,merlo ,herstius1 of the ,church of the ,b4 ,virgin ,mary in ,pasculo ,pastoris1 at ,cologne4 ,a new and complete translation4 ,by lawful authority4 ,london3 ,burns ,oates4 7,for sale by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society47 ,a most complete manual of prayer for ordinary use4 ,one cannot tire of it4 ,the present edition is illustrated2 but the illustrations might easily have been improved4 ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,,vol4 ,,xxv41 ,no4 #adi4--;,,august1 #ahgg4 ,,the ,,political ,,crisis ,,in ,,france ,,and ,,its ,,bearings4 ,i4--,,question ,,stated4 ,the attention of the world at large is at present fastened on two important movements--the war between ,russia and ,turkey and the recent political changes in ,france4 ,both of these have the same origin1 but the aspect of each is different4 ,no one will dispute that both are fraught with most momentous interests1 that their development will be watched with great concern1 and that it is not impossible that their final issue may change the religious features no less than the territorial limits of ,europe4 ,our purpose in this article is to confine the attention of our readers to the affairs of ,france2 not with the design of narrating the successive events which brought about the present crisis1#ic but with a view to the principles involved in the struggle and their bearing on the great interests of ,europe1 actual and prospective4 ,footnote #ic3 ,see ,,the ,,catholic ,,world1 ,july1 #ahgg3 8,marshal ,mac,mahon and the ,french ,revolutionists40 ,what agitates ,france at this moment is not an 8ultramontane0 and 8clerical intrigue0 to restore 8the temporal princedom of the ,pope10 or an 8anti-republican0 plot of legitimists to place ,henry ,v4 on the throne of his ancestors1 as our daily newspapers of all political parties and the weekly ,protestant journals of every sect would have the public believe4 ,the real political leaders in ,france today are representative of none of these parties1 nor are they champions of their distinctive principles or advocates of their cherished measures4 ,they have other fish to fry4 ,some of the newspaper writers and correspondents would persuade their readers that the change of front in ,france by the government is owing to the influence exerted by ,madame ,mac,mahon over the ,president of the ,republic1 her husband4 ,drowning men catch at straws1 and men who lack common sense clutch at any flimsy pretext to bolster up a foolish project4 ,the day of the supremacy of such influence in great state affairs is gone by2 and1 even were it not1 the character of the men engaged in this weighty piece of political strategy is not made of stuff that would incline them to be led by the nose by a woman1 whatever may be her reputation for piety or her supposed or declared inclinations for legitimacy4 ,we venture the opinion that the most estimable ,christian wife of the ,marshal-,president of the ,republic of ,france is not wasting her time in fruitless political intrigues1 but employs it better in telling her beads1 in taking care of her children1 and in works of charity to her neighbor4 ,all these are random shots4 ,the raising of such false issues1 however1 serves the purpose of their inventors in throwing the public attention off the true scent1 and thereby prolonging the opportunity for them to invent new schemes against public order and society under the restored leadership of the octogenarian1 ,m4 ,thiers4 ,this was their manuvre in #ahga1 and 8,prince ,bismarck regretted the fall of ,m4 ,thiers1 because he would have infallibly thrown ,france into the arms of ,m4 ,gambetta and anarchy40#id ,they also afford them additional chances of escape from the due and certain punishment which is impending over them4 ,footnote #id3 ,see ,count von ,arnim's pamphlet1 ,pro ,nihilo4 ,these pretexts show also the craft of those who make them and the simplicity of their dupes4 ,for they are well aware that there is a large class of persons1 especially in ,protestant communities1 whose prepossessions are stronger than their attachment to ,christianity1 and there are no absurdities too great for them to swallow1 provided only you bait them with the cry of 8,popery60 8,vaticanism60 8,clericalism60 ,as for those who are caught by the cry of 8anti-republicanism10 they appear not to understand that a king without the popular instincts of a people in his favor is a mere cipher1 and that the age is past and never again to return1 at least in ,europe1 when1 as an ,eastern despot1 the king dare say3 8,l',etat1 c'est moi40 ,the transformation that has taken place in the nations of ,europe1 the expansion of their narrow lines of policy into broader political principles1 has been so rapid and powerful that its force in our day has passed beyond all possible human control4 ,these principles have become profound convictions1 and for not heeding them the people of ,france dethroned ,charles ,x4 and ,louis ,philippe2 and were ,henry ,v4 placed to-day upon the throne of ,france with the intention of attempting to restore the ancient rgime1 it would be as vain1 even though he should have ,marshal ,mac,mahon and the army at his command to back him1 as an effort to stem and throw back the mighty torrents that pour their waters over the precipice of ,niagara4 ,the tendency of modern society to a political equality1 without distinction of the privileges of birth or rank1 has its root in the spirit of ,christianity4 ,the ,catholic ,church1 in this sense1 is the most democratic institution that has ever existed upon this earth4 ,there is no barrier in the path for its humblest member to become its chief in power and dignity4 ,it is not seldom1 too1 that those who have risen from the lowest walk in life have been elected to this high position4 ,the spirit of an age1 rightly interpreted1 is the breath of the ,almighty stirring within men's souls1 which finds its utterance in their voices1 even in spite of themselves4 ,nowhere has the ,catholic ,church been given such fair play1 though this is yet imperfect1 as in the democratic republic of the ,united ,states4 ,this fact has been recognized by the supreme pastor of the faithful1 ,pius ,,ix41 and again and again he has called the attention of the world to it4 ,france has the opportunity under the presidency of ,marshal ,mac,mahon1 if she only knew how to profit by it1 of forming a political government adapted to the genius and character of her people and in harmony with her present wants and future greatness2 to govern herself1 if she wishes it1 independently of an emperor or a hereditary monarch2 and this task will be accomplished1 unless hindered by that enemy of all rational liberty--a destructive radicalism4 ,if the young ,napoleon1 or the ,count of ,paris1 or ,henry ,v4 ascends the throne of ,france1 it will be due to the ,thierses1 the ,simons1 and the ,gambettas and their abettors4 ,,ii4--,,two ,,movements ,,in ,,the ,,world4 ,there have been from the beginning only two fundamental movements in this world1 and these are becoming in ,europe more and more distinct1 powerful1 and antagonistic4 ,the one has its source in the ,catholic ,church1 which is the concrete form of the direct action of ,god on society in view of man's true destination4 ,the other consists in rebellion against this divine action1 and finds on earth its headquarters and expression in heresies1 in despotisms1 and1 more particularly in recent days1 in organized secret societies4 ,,iii4--,,first ,,movement4 ,the order and stability of modern society and civilization are based upon the truths which find their root and support in the doctrines unswervingly taught and uncompromisingly upheld by the ,catholic ,church4 ,among these great truths are the divinity of ,christ and the divine establishment and perpetuity of his church upon earth2 the unquestionable responsibility of both kings and peoples to the law of ,god2 the indissolubility of the marriage tie and the sacredness of the family2 the reign of the law of justice between man and man1 and1 when violated1 the strict obligation of restitution2 the sacredness of oaths and the equality of all men1 without distinction of rank1 color1 or race1 before ,god4 ,by the undeviating application of these and other great first truths of divine revelation and of human reason1 at the cost of the lives of millions of her children2 by withstanding the fierce attacks of the barbarians of the northern forests of ,europe2 by her contest with ,mahomet and his followers2 and by her resistance to the errors and vices of her inconsistent and disobedient children1 the ,catholic ,church formed the conscience of modern society1 founded the nations of ,europe1 united them in a universal commonwealth called ,christendom1 in view and as the means of establishing the reign of ,god in men's souls and upon earth1 as preliminary to the kingdom of heaven hereafter1 issuing finally into the ,christian cosmos4 ,such has been the work of the first movement4 ,,iv4--,,second ,,movement4 ,all heresies1 all despotisms1 all secret societies have this postulate in common3 that the overthrow of the ,catholic ,church is a sine qua non to their attaining ultimate success4 ,hence there is an instinctive and unanimous sympathy among their adherents whenever there is an attack aimed against the ,catholic ,church--an unmistakable sign of their common origin and an unquestionable proof of their parentage4 ,peoples of countries distinguished for their profession of universal toleration and championship of the right of every individual to the enjoyment of his own religious convictions will applaud to the skies the violation of these principles1 provided the persecuted be only ,catholics6 ,every right guaranteed by constitutional law1 every principle of divine and human justice1 may be trampled under foot--yea1 with sympathy and applause--provided those who do so are animated with hatred for the ,catholic ,church6 ,witness the public sympathy1 both in ,england and the ,united ,states1 with the war of imprisonments1 fines1 and banishments waged against ,catholics1 with murderous intent against their church1 by the 8iron and blood0 chancellor of the ,hohenzollern ,empire2 witness the confiscations and sacrilegious spoliations by the crew of infidels of ,italy1 led by a ,mancini1 against the church2 witness the banishment of all the ,catholic priests without exception from its district1 in violation of the federal constitution1 by the canton of ,berne1 and the robbery of the churches built by the sacrifices of loyal ,catholics1 which are given over to the use of a rebellious and insignificant faction by the authorities of the ,swiss so-called republic2 witness1 to come nearer home1 the assassination1 by the agents of secret societies1 of the ,president of ,equador1 and1 within a few weeks1 the poisoning of the ,archbishop of ,quito at the altar6 ,there are none to raise a voice1 not to say a cry of horror or indignation1 among these sticklers for liberty and justice1 in condemnation of this wholesale tyranny1 these cruel persecutions1 and this secret and deadly violence4 ,this is well known by the atheists1 who aim at the ruin of all ,christian institutions3 that to delude a large class in these so-called liberty-loving countries1 and gain their sympathy1 material aid1 and the use and support of their press1 all that is required to make them run like an enraged bull at a red rag is to shout lustily1 8,ultramontanism60 8,vaticanism60 8,popery60 ,herein lies also the interpretation of the assertion of the governments actuated by an anti-,christian spirit and under the influence of members of secret societies1 to whom they are bound to trim1 that the present attitude of ,france is dangerous to the peace of ,europe4 ,that is1 the secret designs of radicalism are detected1 and their plots are in danger of being checkmated4 8,let the galled jades wince40 ,at the same time it gives the explanation of the motives of ,marshal ,mac,mahon1 which is nothing else than to head off the efforts of these anti-,christian conspirators1 and prevent ,france from falling into their hands and the civilized world from witnessing the repetition of the atrocities of the ,commune of the petroleuse notoriety of #ahga4 ,a large portion of the people1 and with them the press1 of ,england and the ,united ,states1 is duped by cunning and designing men2 and probably1 if all were known1 a portion of ,bismarck's ,reptile ,fund has found its way to their shores and done some service4 ,the present crisis in ,france is fraught with her deliverance as well as that of ,europe from the most desperate and wide-spread organized conspiracy that has ever existed in the world4 ,they fail to interpret rightly public events and to discern the signs of the times who take it to mean anything less than the saving of ,christianity and modern civilization in ,europe4 8,let order die6 99 99 99 99 99 ,let one spirit of the first-born ,cain ,reign in all bosoms1 that1 each heart being set ,on bloody courses1 the rude scene may end ,and darkness be the burier of the dead40 ,such is their aim1 and it is also their undisguised and outspoken word2 for these men 8know not how to blush40#ie ,footnote #ie3 ,if any of our readers wish authentic information on this point1 they will find it abundantly in a book entitled ,les ,libraux ,peints par ,eux-,mmes4 ,par ,g4 ,lebrocquez4 ,paris3 ,victor ,palm1 #ahgf4 ,and these are the chief characteristics of the second movement4 ,v4--,,the ,,lines ,,of ,,battle4 ,the explosion of the first mine laid by secret societies has been heard in the outbreak of the war between ,russia and ,turkey1 if we are to credit ,disraeli1 than whom no man is in a position to be better informed of the decisions gone forth from their secret revolutionary headquarters4 ,unless thwarted by a counter movement1 prompted by the instincts of self-preservation on the part of all the ,christian and conservative elements of ,european society1 we may expect to hear1 as in #ahdh1 the successive explosions of revolution in ,paris1 ,vienna1 ,rome1 ,madrid1 and ,berlin2 and being more skilfully planned1 and more extensively spread1 and more powerful1 a revolutionary upheaving of the populations in ,st4 ,petersburg and ,london as well as in the lesser centres of ,europe1 is not improbable4 ,men who read in consequences their causes will not fail to see the significance of the position taken by the ,president of the ,republic of ,france2 for1 whatever may be his reputation as a politician1 his military sagacity and strategical genius are unquestioned4 ,president ,mac,mahon's change of cabinet is the first declared1 earnest1 and decided step taken to avert from ,france and all ,europe this great and threatening catastrophe4 ,for ,jules ,simon surreptitiously attempted to insert the edge of the radical wedge1 whose butt end is made up of socialism1 communism1 and anarchy1 into the ,republic of ,france1 which ,m4 ,gambetta1 his aspiring and designated successor1 would have energetically and logically driven home and riven her asunder1 to the delight of her enemies and to the advantage of her foes4 ,let us hope that the ,president of ,france has taken time by the forelock4 ,the die is cast2 there can no longer be any neutrality or secondary motives to divide one's allegiance between these two distinctly-drawn camps4 ,he is a traitor to ,christ and a renegade ,christian who stands aloof or hesitates which side to take when a battle is fairly drawn between ,christianity and atheism4 ,every ,christian1 whatever may be his peculiar tenets1 will make common cause when the primary truths of divine revelation and the first principles of morality are at stake4 ,all political party designations will be sunk into oblivion by men who intelligently and disinterestedly love their country and their race1 when both society and civilization are endangered4 ,the present crisis in ,france is a call to both religion and patriotism1 in their best and widest sense1 to unite in a common defence of their truest and highest interests4 ,there is no alternative1 and he who does not see this battle imminent in ,europe is like an officer on board of a ship1 lulled in a dream of false peace or disputing about the rigging of his vessel when the enemy is fastening a torpedo to its bow that will in a few seconds blow them all into atoms and send their vessel to the bottom of the ocean4 ,the conservative elements1 if not from higher motives1 will be forced to unite from the instinct of self-preservation to save their property from the petroleurs and their necks from the guillotine4 ,,vi4--,,the ,,issue ,,of ,,the ,,battle4 ,this movement in its weak beginnings in ,france1 regarding only impending dangers to the state1 will not exhaust itself until it has restored the ,catholic ,church to her normal position in ,europe4 ,this final result is no more intended by the leaders of the movement than it was the design of the ,allied ,powers to restore the ,papacy at the downfall of the first ,napoleon4 ,it is a divine law that man acts1 but ,god directs4 8,there's a divinity that shapes our ends1 ,rough-hew them how we will40 ,there is1 then1 this increasing purpose running through the history of ,god's dealings with the human race3 to bring into clearer light the divine character of his church1 his spouse1 rendering it less and less possible for men to recognize his existence and not be ,christians1 and1 being ,christians1 not to be ,catholics4 ,this is the key of universal history4 ,there is not an 8ultramontane10 a 8clerical10 or a 8papist10 in the sense in which these words are used by those hostile to the actual movement in ,france2 and if its final outcome be favorable to the ,catholic ,church1 it is because this is the nature of things4 ,,vii4--,,errors ,,of ,,modern ,,philosophy4 ,europe for the past century has been in the state of transition to a new epoch--a renewal of ,catholicity4 ,this statement is in flat contradiction with the assertions of some modern thinkers who claim the title of philosophers4 ,they would have us believe that religious motives--or1 as they term it1 8theological motives10 which is the same thing2 for theology is nothing else than the scientific statement of religion--are exhausted4 ,this is equivalent to saying that human nature is exhausted2 for religion is what lies deepest in human nature1 and consequently all other motives will be exhausted before those of religion4 ,religion is the very essence of man's nature2 for it springs from the intellectual sense of his entire dependence for existence on an absolute cause4 ,religion is1 in its last analysis1 reason's recognition of ,god and man's fulfilment of his relations to ,god4 ,religion and reason are1 therefore1 correlative4 ,men who pretend that religious motives have ceased to have a strong hold upon human nature labor under a complete hallucination4 ,first they fancy that those faculties through which ,god acts on the soul1 and which bring the soul in contact with ,god1 have by some strange freak suddenly become defunct4 ,that religious motives to an almost incredible extent have become extinct in some men's souls we1 with pain and pity1 admit2 that this is the case with the bulk of mankind is an egregious mistake4 ,there has seldom been an age when religious questions occupied so large a share of intellectual attention as our own2 and religious motives still influence the bulk of mankind in their conduct4 ,it is too true1 however1 that a class of men have fatally succeeded1 by a false education and an erroneous philosophy1 in paralyzing the action of the noblest faculties of the soul2 but this disease is confined to a small class4 ,deluded men6 they would have the rest of mankind to esteem their descent as a privilege and count their defect an honor4 ,the second form in which the symptoms of this malady manifest themselves is the eschewing of the first principles of sound logic4 ,as 8,god is a provisionary idea10 or 8man's intuition of himself projected into space10 or 8the creation of a wish0--so runs their premise2 and the religious faculties of the soul having become extinct1 they jump to the most absurd of all conclusions3 8,god is extinct10 8the soul's immortality is a fable10 and 8religion is a worn-out superstition06 ,the inspired ,psalmist wrote in his day that none but 8the fool said in his heart1 ,there is no ,god40 ,were he now to come upon earth1 he would be surprised to see the fools of his time dressed in the garb of philosophers and proclaiming from the house-tops as the highest wisdom1 8,god is extinct60 ,these delirious minds are like the ostrich1 which1 when on the point of being captured1 blinds its eyes by thrusting its head under the sand1 and foolishly fancies1 because of its incapacity to see1 it has destroyed its pursuers and escaped all danger4 8,le nid n'a pas cr l'oiseau40 8,i tell thee1 friend1 a speculating churl ,is like a beast some evil spirit chases ,along a barren heath in one perpetual whirl1 ,while round about lie fair1 green pasturing places40 ,the eternal ,god is1 and in him is all that lives1 moves1 and exists1 and his providence directs all things to the end for which he called them into existence4 ,the world is not out of joint1 nor is the responsibility of setting it right placed upon the unsteady and feeble shoulders of inventors of absurd religions1 the cogitators of false philosophies1 or the dreamers of sterile ,utopias4 ,god is not ousted from his creation as easily as these ambitious philosophers1 who are so ready to occupy his place in the universe1 would have the world believe4 ,,viii4--,,mistake ,,of ,,modern ,,philosophers4 ,the mistake of a class of speculative thinkers consists in regarding the state of transition of society from one epoch to another--in interpreting a phase of religion--as the change and vanishing of the indestructible elements of all religion4 ,a certain class of truths suits one age1 awakens the greatest enthusiasm and profoundest devotion1 and in another epoch falls dead almost upon the ears of men and hardly calls forth an audible response4 ,epochs differ from epochs in their aspirations and instincts1 like those of individuals2 and this is a law of the providential education and growth of the human race4 ,one race of men differs from another in its capacity to seize hold of1 appreciate1 and give the proper expression to certain truths1 and in turn is brought to the front ranks in the providential march of humanity4 ,and this is the intention of the ,author of the human family4 ,men of the same race differ also greatly from each other2 for in the wide universe there are no two things in all respects precisely alike1 and in this is seen displayed ,god's creative power4 ,these separate epochs1 this variety of races1 and these differences among men afford to ,christianity the opportunities and means of giving expression to the great truths contained in all religions of which she is the adequate representation4 ,for ,christianity is the synthesis of all the scattered truths of every form of religion which has existed from the beginning of the world1 and the ,catholic ,church is its complete organic1 living form4 ,christianity is the abstract expression of the ,catholic ,church1 which1 in the successive centuries of her existence1 has come in contact with every race of men1 and has known how to ,christianize and retain them in her fold in harmony with their natural instincts4 ,she has met humanity in every stage of its development1 from the intellectual and refined ,greek to the man-eating savage1 and1 by working on the foundations of nature1 she has captivated them to the easy yoke of ,christ4 ,the ,catholic ,church alone has known how to supply the defects of human nature and correct its vices while giving free play to its instincts and retaining the charm of its native originality--not by a superior human sagacity or a preternatural craft1 as sophists would make the world believe1 but because in her dwells that divine ,spirit which breathed into man's nostrils the breath of life1 and made him a living1 rational1 immortal soul1 and in whom he lives1 moves1 and has his being4 ,god is not extinct nor are religious motives effete4 ,the mistake of these theorizers consists in supposing that the present is the finality of ,christianity1 whereas the hand of ,god is opening the way by purifying his church1 by directing the movements of nations and the issues of the world1 in order that she may shape the coming future beyond all past experience in her progressive approach to the perfect realization of her divine ,ideal4 8,an age comes on1 which came three times of old1 ,when the enfeebled nations shall stand still ,to be by ,christian science shaped at will40 ,,ix4--,,new ,,united ,,christendom4 ,are the intelligent ,christians of our day sufficiently aware of the serious character and the extent of the dangers which are now impending8 ,do they appreciate the import of the questions which engage and agitate the active intellect of their contemporaries8 ,are they sensible of the weight of their responsibilities1 and ready to lift their minds and hearts to the grandeur of the mission of the age in which their lot is cast8 ,he who can see things as they are throughout the world where the ,christian faith has spread1 and appreciate them rightly1 cannot help seeing that a fresh unfolding of the great design of ,christianity in all its simplicity1 vastness1 and splendor1 and a stricter application of its principles in the several spheres of life1 alone are adequate to meet all the genuine aspirations and satisfy the honest demands of this age4 ,the attack is against the primary truths of reason no less than the essential truths of divine revelation1 and the defence1 to be adequate and victorious1 must at least be equal to the attack4 ,thus the law of reaction is forcing upon the leading ,christian minds a reaffirmation of natural and revealed truths with a completeness and a force which the world has not up to this time witnessed4 ,there can be no compromise with the false principles of atheists in religion1 revolutionists in the state1 and anarchists in society4 ,their errors must be refuted and their movements counteracted4 ,the positive side of truth must be brought out and clothed in all its beauty4 ,the true picture must be presented and contrasted with the false1 so as to captivate the intelligence and enlist the enthusiasm of the active minds of the youth of the age4 ,this is the great work that1 in the economy of ,god1 is mainly left to the initiative of individual minds of the members of his church4 ,it is the work of ,catholic genius illuminated by the light and the interior inspirations of the working of the ,holy ,spirit4 ,the ,church1 in every critical or important epoch in her history1 has always given birth to providential men2 these are her ,gregories1 ,augustines1 ,benedicts1 ,bernards1 ,francises1 ,neris1 ,ignatiuses1 ,vincents of ,paul4 ,as in the past1 so in the present1 a new phase of the church will be presented to the world--one that will reveal more clearly and completely her divine character4 8,it is the divine action of the ,holy ,spirit in and through the church which gives to her organization the reason for its existence4 ,and it is the fuller explanation of the divine side of the church1 and its relations with the human side1 giving always to the former its due accentuation1 that will contribute to the increase of the interior life of the faithful1 and aid powerfully to remove the blindness of those--whose number is much larger than is commonly supposed--who only see the church on her human side40#if ,footnote #if3 ,an ,exposition of the ,church1 in view of recent ,difficulties and ,controversies and the present ,need of the ,age4 ,london3 ,pickering4 #ahge4 ,,the ,,catholic ,,world1 ,april1 #ahge1 p4 #abh4 ,the reintegration into general principles of the scattered truths contained in the religious1 social1 and political sects and parties of our day would reveal to all upright souls their own ideal more clearly and completely1 and at the same time present to them the practical measures and force necessary to its realization4 ,by this process sects and parties and antagonisms would become as far as possible extinct--not by way of antagonism1 but by the power of assimilation and attraction4 ,just as the lesser magnet is drawn to the greater by cords of attraction identical with its own1 only more intense1 more powerful1 and all-embracing1 so the fragmentary truths contained in error1 when reintegrated in their general principles1 will be drawn to them and their division disappear4 ,christianity once more will be perfect in one1 and1 uniting its forces for the conversion of the world1 will direct humanity as one man to its divine destination4 ,x4--,,the ,,kingdom ,,of ,,god ,,on ,,earth4 ,is not such a consummation the answer to the devout aspiration of all sincere ,christian souls8 ,is it not also the promise of ,christianity1 and was it not the object of the most earnest prayer of its ,founder when upon earth8 ,the ,son of ,god did not pray in vain4 ,underneath all the errors and evils found among men of all times is the prime desire for the knowledge of the truth and the native hunger for the good4 ,now1 the absolute truth which contains all truth1 and the absolute good which contains the supreme good1 is ,god4 ,god is therefore the ideal of the rational soul1 the term of all its seeking1 and the end of all its wishes4 ,the perfect union of the soul with ,god is bliss4 ,again1 ,christianity does not confine itself to the reign of ,god in the soul2 it seeks to establish the reign of ,god upon earth4 8,thy kingdom come2 thy will be done on earth as it is in heaven10 was the petition of ,christ to his heavenly ,father4 ,his life was not confined to contemplation and preaching2 he 8went about doing good40 ,genuine contemplation and action are inseparable4 ,he who sees truth loves truth1 and he who loves truth seeks to spread the knowledge and the practice of truth4 ,divine love is infinitely active1 and1 when it has entered the human heart and has set it on fire1 it pushes man to all outward perfection and visible justice4 ,no men have labored so zealously and so efficiently for their fellow-men1 for the establishment of ,god's kingdom upon earth1 as the saints of ,god4 ,the love of ,god and the love of man are one4 ,god promises his reward not to the ignorant1 or to the indolent1 or to the indifferent1 but to those who visit the prisoner1 feed the hungry1 give drink to the thirsty1 clothe the naked1 to the doing of good works as the evidence of the true faith4 ,the ,catholic ,church teaches to men their true relations to ,god and to their fellow-men1 and by the practical application of the principles which govern these relations are removed the errors and vices which hinder the establishment of the reign of ,god in men's souls and everywhere upon earth4 ,the history of civilization since the moment of the church's institution on the day of ,pentecost is nothing else than a record of the several steps of progress of society1 under the guidance of the ,catholic ,church1 in reaching this goal4 ,whatever elements the nineteenth century possesses superior to ,judaism1 paganism1 barbarism1 and ,islamism are due to the uninterrupted action of ,christ upon the world through the ,catholic ,church4 ,modern civilization may be defined as the result of nineteen centuries of action of the ,holy ,spirit dwelling in the ,catholic ,church in establishing the reign of ,god in men's souls and the kingdom of heaven upon earth4 8,god is now taking the dross out of the crucible1 so as to render his people free from all alloy1 and once more to clothe the church for which our ,lord delivered himself up with beauty resplendent with glory4 ,and when ,god shall have accomplished this1 he will remove the rod of his justice from the church1 and1 that his divine name may no longer be blasphemed1 he will give her victory1 a victory far more brilliant than her sufferings have been terrible4 ,may this triumph not be delayed60#ig ,footnote #ig3 ,letter of ,pope ,pius ,,ix4 to ,mgr4 ,lachat1 ,april #bg1 #ahgf4 ,,xi4--,,the ,,catholic ,,idea ,,of ,,heaven4 ,the ,catholic ,church teaches that the road to a blessed hereafter is by striving to establish the kingdom of heaven upon earth2 it is after a life spent in practical good works that the soul merits to hear the words1 8,well done1 good and faithful servant3 enter thou into the joy of thy ,lord40 ,but then do all the soul's interests cease the moment it has left this world and entered upon its future life8 ,is it true that the only thought of a true ,christian is to get well out of this world and all that belongs to it1 and give it no further concern8 ,is this the ,catholic idea8 ,not at all4 ,the ,catholic idea is that as our transformation in ,god is perfected1 so do all the faculties of the soul increase4 ,the soul knows more1 loves more1 and does more infinitely in the blessed land than when upon this earth4 ,the lives of most of us while here are only a little better than a sleep4 ,the soul's vision of the divine ,essence1 and its participation in the divine ,nature1 render it1 like the angels1 8,god's coadjutor0 in the realization of his ideal in the vast universe4 ,so far from the knowledge of this globe1 and the affection towards its inhabitants or interests in its concerns1 being lessened or lost by the citizens of heaven1 the knowledge acquired and the affections formed during their life upon earth are essentially retained1 and are enlarged and intensified2 and on this truth is based the ,catholic doctrine of the communion and invocation of saints4 ,hence to this knowledge and affection and constant interest taken by the souls in heaven in the welfare of this world1 and of those from whom they are corporally but not really separated1 and to their power to aid them1 is owing the adoption of angels and saints as patrons by ,catholic nations1 cities1 villages1 towns1 and by every individual ,catholic4 ,he who is ignorant of the ,catholic doctrine of the communion of saints1 and who is not within the ,catholic fold1 can have no conception of the intimate and intense1 uninterrupted spiritual intercourse between the soul of a truly devout ,catholic and the angelical and saintly inhabitants of heaven4 ,the church militant and the church triumphant are substantially one1 form one communion1 and their action is inseparable4 ,the ,catholic idea1 then1 is this3 that the power of the soul1 on entering into heaven1 to aid man upon earth in the realization of his true destiny is redoubled2 and that this power is most efficaciously employed in our favor by the souls of the eternally blessed4 ,the retrospective action of the inhabitants of the other world on the welfare of this world greatly accelerates its progress1 and1 compared with their direct action while upon earth1 it is immeasurably greater and free from all alloy4 ,,xii4--,,false ,,accusations ,,of ,,modern ,,infidels4 ,the ,catholic ,church places no gulf between ,god and humanity1 or divorce between heaven and earth1 or antagonism between revelation and reason1 or religion and science2 and she repudiates the doctrine which emphasizes faith at the expense of good works4 ,hence the accusation of modern infidels against ,christianity1 as confining itself exclusively to man's happiness hereafter--8a post-mortem happiness0--while ignoring his actual1 present good--8ante-mortem happiness0--may have some show of reason as against ,protestant sects1 especially of the ,calvinistic sect2 but it is altogether false1 and must be set down to defective knowledge1 when made against the ,catholic ,church4 ,it is through the faithful reception of the divine action of the ,catholic ,church by individuals and society that the highest good possible for man here and hereafter can be surely attained2 and this needs only clearly to be seen to restore to her true and visible fold all the descendants of the members separated from the ,catholic ,church by the religious revolution of the sixteenth century1 who are in good faith4 ,and it is the bringing out into a clearer light the divine side of the church1 and to the front those truths which eliminate the errors rife in our day and their stricter application to present evils1 that1 by the instinct of the ,holy ,spirit1 now preoccupies the active intelligent mind of ,catholics throughout the world1 especially in countries where the dangers are most imminent1 such as ,france1 ,germany1 and ,italy4 ,,xiii4--,,promises1 ,,false ,,and ,,true4 ,there are two controlling forces1 explain their origin as we may1 visible in the conflicting movements of human affairs in this world4 ,the one places man in possession of the ,supreme ,good1 and makes him a co-worker with his ,creator in the realization of the ideal for which ,god called this great universe into existence4 ,the other is instigated by the enemy of ,god and the human race1 seeking by false promises to lead man astray4 8,you shall be as gods1 knowing good and evil10 was ,satan's promise to our first parents4 ,this promise contained what was desirable for man2 ,god had implanted in the human soul the aspiration for its fulfilment4 ,but what the enemy promised he had not the power to perform1 and the road that he pointed out as leading to the fulfilment of the promise led in a wrong direction4 ,the right answer of our first parents to ,satan would have been3 8,we know that ,god has made our souls in his own image and likeness1 and that we shall be made participators of his divine ,nature1 and thereby deified2 and as our ,creator has endowed us with the gift of intelligence1 we shall also gain the knowledge of good and evil--for this is its proper object4 ,and we know also with certitude that we shall gain these great rewards by following the paths which ,god has pointed out to us40 ,had they thus spoken1 they would have1 in the strength of their innocence and conscious rectitude1 added3 8,begone1 tempter6 ,thou art a liar2 for what thou dost promise it is not thine to give2 and instead of wishing our elevation1 thou seekest to accomplish our fall and utter ruin60 ,as in the beginning1 so now1 ,satan seizes hold of the noblest aspirations of the soul1 and1 by deceiving men under the guise of a real good1 leads them quite astray4 ,for what underlies the promises of ,protestantism and its innumerable sects2 and rationalism1 so-called1 and its different phases2 and the secularists1 positivists1 scientists1 atheists1 radicals1 materialists1 spiritists1 revolutionists1 evolutionists1 socialists1 pessimists1 free-religionists1 communists1 internationalists1 optimists1 theists1 nihilists1 kulturkmpfer1 agnostics1 intuitionists1 transcendentalists1 and other sects and parties too numerous to mention--for their name is legion1 and their confusion of tongues is as great as that of ,babel--what underlies their promises is in one aspect true and in a sense desirable4 ,the right answer to all their fine promises is this3 8,you affirm undoubted truths and you hold out a desirable good2 but the way that you point out for realizing the one and attaining the other is subversive of all truth and the supreme good1 and it will not reach even what you aim at1 but end in entire disappointment and anarchy4 ,put together the fragmentary truths affirmed by each of your different religious sects1 and you will find them all contained in ,catholicity4 ,make a list of all the honest demands for ameliorations and reforms in man's social1 industrial1 and political condition--it will not be a short one--and you will discover that they have their truth in the spirit1 and are justified by the teachings and the practice1 of the ,catholic ,church40 ,o sincere seeker after truth6 did you but know it1 the path lies open before you to a perennial fountain of truth1 where you can slake to the full that thirst which has so long tormented your soul4 ,o sincere lover of your fellow-men6 there is a living body which you may see and co-operate with1 whose divine action is realizing a heavenly vision for the whole human race1 brighter and more beautiful than the ideal which so often haunts your lonely dreams6 ,the divine ideal is a ,god-given aspiration to your soul1 but the way to realize it is not by building up a tower of ,babel4 ,,xiv4--,,conclusion4 ,the evolution of ,catholicity which is now coming slowly to the light will gather up all the rich treasures of the past1 march in response to every honest demand of the interests of the actual present1 and guide the genuine aspirations of the race in the sure way to the more perfect future of its hopes4 ,this sublime mission is not the self-imposed work of any man or party of men1 but the divinely-imposed task of religion1 of the present1 visible1 living body of ,christ1 the church of ,god4 ,none other has the power to renew the world1 unite together in one band the whole human race1 and direct its energies to enterprises worthy of man's great destiny4 ,marshal ,mac,mahon1 ,duke de ,broglie1 or any one else1 legitimists1 imperialists1 ,orleanists1 republicans1 anti-republicans1 these men and these parties in ,france may contribute more or less as instruments to the initiation of the new order of things in ,europe1 but that is all4 ,they will betray the cause of ,god and the interests of humanity1 if they should attempt to turn it to any individual account or to any partisan triumph1 whether called religious or political4 ,the enemies of the church may place hindrances in her way1 but they cannot stop her in reaching her goal4 ,god alone rules and reigns4 ,god has spoken his 8thus far shalt thou go1 and no further0 to his enemies and to all the persecutors of the church of ,christ4 ,when ,god arises1 his enemies will flee and be scattered4 ,their strength1 compared with that of his children1 is as the strength of a rope of sand4 ,their power is gained by secrecy1 and their influence by threats and deeds of violence2 for their real numbers constitute but a small fraction of the ,french1 ,german1 ,italian1 and ,spanish or any other people4 ,the present struggle will render this fact evident to all the world4 ,strange destiny that of ,france1 to be the leader of ,europe both for good and for evil6 ,france was the first nation converted to ,christianity in western ,europe1 and the first to proclaim herself1 as a nation1 infidel4 ,france will be the first to recover from her errors and give the initial blow that will end in the overthrow of the enemies of modern civilization and ,christianity4 ,the ,marshal-,president of the ,republic of ,france1 the brave soldier1 the man without fear or reproach1 is not the man to betray his high trusts through any personal ambition1 or to any party1 legitimist1 ,orleanist1 imperialist1 ,gambettist1 or whatever may be the name which it bears on its banner4 ,the mission of the ,president of ,france is to keep ambitious men and partisans at bay1 and afford the best elements and the truest interests of all ,france a fair expression and the opportunity of forming a stable and suitable political government4 ,the ,catholic ,church has been made to suffer too much and too long from crowned emperors1 royal dynasties1 and political factions in ,france and elsewhere to identify her great cause with theirs4 ,france1 under the providence of ,god1 is slowly being taught to stand on her own feet1 to assert her true manhood1 and to practise self-government4 ,the political virtues the ,french people have practised1 and the self-control they have displayed1 since the formation of the republic1 have discomfited their enemies1 increased the admiration of their friends1 and won the applause of the civilized world4 ,france never was so really great as she is at this moment4 ,the purity of the motives of the ,president of the ,republic1 the disinterested love of his country1 and his undaunted valor have never been impeached1 nor has his escutcheon ever borne the slightest stain4 ,his sagacity and prudence have never been at fault4 ,that he has a will ,jules ,simon has learned to his cost4 ,patrick ,mac,mahon1 the marshal of the armies of ,france and the first ,president of her ,republic1 possesses evidently all the distinguishing qualities of the first commander-in-chief of the ,american army and the first ,president of the ,republic of the ,united ,states--,george ,washington4 ,the ,french people can safely trust for one term1 and not unlikely for a second1 their liberties1 their interests1 and their honor to the keeping of such a man4 ,france will find in her president a providential man1 and his name will go down to posterity with the title of our own great patriot1 the noblest of all titles--8,mac,mahon1 the ,father of his ,country40 ,the turning point of a new era for ,europe and of the renewal of ,catholicity is entrusted by divine ,providence to the hands of the eldest daughter of his church--,france6 ,in the answer of ,france to the present issue lies the secret of the weal or the woe of the future of ,europe4 ,,phil ,,redmond ,,of ,,ballymacreedy4 8,whisht60 exclaimed the blind hostler attached to the ,derralossory ,arms4 8,there's a car rowlin' along the ,bray ,road1 an'1 from the sperrit that's in the baste1 it's ,luke ,finnigan that's dhrivin' him4 ,ay1 faix10 he added with a self-satisfied chuckle1 8an' that's ,luke ,finnigan's note4 ,i'd know it from this t' ,arklow40 ,a wild whoop and a sound of wheels in the direction indicated announced the approaching vehicle1 and1 ere the sightless hostler could grope his way from the snug corner in which he had been ensconced by the roaring kitchen fire--it was the middle of ,july--an outside car dashed up to the principal door of the hotel1 stopped with a jerk as if on the edge of a precipice1 and the driver1 throwing the reins upon the neck of the panting horse1 cried out as he gaily entered the hostelry3 8,now1 thin1 ,misther ,murphy1 be nimble wud the liquor4 ,there's a rale gintleman goin' for to stand1 an' ,i'm as dhry as a cuckoo40 ,upon the vehicle sat a young man whose exquisitely-fitting frock-coat1 faultless linen1 diamond studs1 soft hat1 and square-toed boots bespoke the ,american4 ,he was fair1 with soft and expressive eyes1 and wore a ,henri ,quatre beard which admirably became his long and pensive face4 8,yer welkim to the ,county ,wicklow1 sir10 cried the hostler1 who had approached the car and was engaged in giving a drink to the jaded animal4 8,it's an illigant place for rocks an' rivers an' threes an' scenery4 ,sorra a forriner that cums into it but is loath for to lave it4 ,it takes a hoult av thim40 8,it is a very1 very beautiful place10 exclaimed the new-comer enthusiastically1 as he sprang to terra firma4 8,so green1 so fresh1 so--but you cannot enjoy it1 my poor fellow60 suddenly perceiving the sightless orbs which were turned toward him4 8,it's many a day sence ,i seen it1 sir10 responded the man1 with a weary moan in his utterance--8many an' many a day40 8,thrue for him10 added the driver1 emerging from the hotel and swabbing his mouth with the back of a bronzed and blistered hand1 while bright beads twinkled like fallen stars in his merry eyes4 8,he's dark sence he was a gossoon6 ,an' it's a sight for to see him along wud the horses in the stable2 he'll go into stalls1 an' the bastes kickin' thim to smithereens1 but sorra a word they'll say to him1 though they'd be afther knockin' sawdust out av any other tin min4 ,he thravels the roads day an' night4 ,to be sure it's all wan to him in regard to his bein' dark1 but he'll work his way down to ,lake ,dan below--ay1 an' to the ,sivin ,churches1 begor40 8,god is good to me1 sir10 said the hostler2 8an' whin it plazed him for to take me eyesight1 he gev me sight in me ears an' hands40 8,here1 my poor fellow40 ,and the stranger placed a coin in the other's horny palm4 8,a five-shilling bit6 ,och1 thin1 may the saints light ye to glory1 an' may ye never die till they sind for ye6 ,it's lonely they'll be till ye go to thim40 ,by this time the car was surrounded by a motley group of tatterdemalions of all ages1 sizes1 and sexes1 in every stage of decrepitude and every variety of raggedness4 8,throw a few coppers to an ould widdy1 an' the ,lord reward ye60 exclaimed one4 8,ye'll never miss a fourpenny bit10 added another4 8,a sixpince to an orfin will take a bag o' coals from undher ye in purgathory10 chimed in a third4 8,give us the price av an ounce av tay10 droned a fourth4 8,more power to the stars an' sthripes6 ,three cheers for ,ameriky1 boys60 roared a leathern-lunged dwarf1 throwing a rabbit-skin cap into the air4 ,this appeal was responded to with an enthusiasm that brought the fire into the stranger's eye4 ,turning round upon the steps of the hotel--along1 thatched1 whitewashed1 two-storied building--he made a sign as if desirous of addressing the assemblage4 8,be jabers6 he's going for to spake40 8,i riz him wud the stars an' sthripes10 joyously chuckled the dwarf4 8,faix1 it's more nor a speech we want10 wheezed a little old fellow on crutches4 8,the ,home-,rulers has stuffed us like turkeys40 8,ordher6 ,ordher in the coort60 yelled the dwarf4 8,be aisy1 ,billy ,mc,keon4 ,lave off scroogin' me1 ,mary ,nayle1 an' let the cripples in front40 ,a few additional faceti1 and the silence became complete4 ,the new-comer had removed his hat1 and his massive white forehead stood out from beneath his soft brown1 curly hair4 8,i thank you for the cheer which you have given for the country of my birth40 78,that's half a crown to me1 anyhow10 muttered the dwarf47 8,i hope that cheer was an honest one4 ,it was not my intention to bestow ten cents among you1 as ,i do not encourage mendicants2 and once a beggar1 always a beggar40 ,this was received with very audible manifestations of dissatisfaction4 8,musha1 but ye've come far enough for to tell us that10 growled the old man with the crutches4 8,i have come a long way to tell it to you10 retorted the stranger1 8and ,i'll tell you more4 ,it is positively sickening to travel through this beautiful country1 on account of you and the like of you4 ,from ,cork to ,killarney1 from ,killarney to ,dublin1 from ,dublin to--0 8,boys1 let's make up a subscription for him10 interrupted a little fellow whose rags depended for support upon a straw rope--technically termed a 8suggawn0--fastened around his waist4 8,th' hostler 'll hed it wud five shillin's10 observed a bystander with a droll1 malicious grin4 8,begorra1 we'll tell the landlord for to put it in the bill40 8,are ye goin' for to give us anything80 demanded the dwarf4 ,this query was backed up by a unanimous murmur of approval4 8,i am40 8,well1 that's raysonible1 anyhow40 8,i'm going to give you some sound1 wholesome advice10 said the stranger4 ,a yell of anger1 disappointment1 dissent1 and derision followed this announcement4 ,crutches were brandished1 sticks flourished1 fists shaken1 and general denunciations upon this 8nagurly0 conduct were indulged in1 in terms as pungent as they were personal4 8,you won't hear me80 he resumed during a lull in the storm4 8,sorra a hear40 8,well1 good-afternoon40 ,and making them a low bow1 he turned into the house1 whither execrations loud1 prolonged1 and deep rapidly followed him4 ,the accommodations at the 8,derralossory ,arms0--for so the hostelry was named--were somewhat pretentious4 ,opening a door with the word 8coffee-room0 imprinted thereon in brazen letters1 the new-comer found himself in a long1 low-ceilinged apartment4 ,a cracked mirror1 the surface of which was scratched from frame to frame1 like an ice rink1 by amorous owners of diamond rings1 stood over the mantel-piece1 and above it a smoke-dried card containing the announcement of the meets of the ,wicklow ,harriers of the preceding season4 ,upon a mahogany sideboard shone a brave array of glassware interspersed with pickle-jars and some mysterious specimens of the ceramic art4 ,facing the sideboard was a huge antiquated sofa whose springs revealed themselves like the ribs of a half-starved horse1 and opposite the sofa an ancient but uncompromisingly upright pianoforte4 ,but not upon the mirror1 sideboard1 sofa1 or piano did the eyes of the stranger continue to rest4 ,the window had been lowered1 and a young girl was leaning her arms upon the sash1 gazing out upon the tatterdemalion crowd beneath4 ,her figure was petite1 but of that faultless outline which no amount of drapery can conceal4 ,a long plait of lustrous brown hair hung down her back4 ,she was attired in black1 and a huge ,puritan cambric collar and cuffs adorned her wrists and neck4 8,if her face is as her figure1 she must be enchanting10 thought the new-comer4 8,he should have given them something10 she murmured half aloud4 8,poor creatures6 hoping and fearing is weary1 weary work40 ,and she slowly faced him4 ,he gazed at features as regular as the classic model1 and whose paleness almost imparted to them the calm1 impassive beauty of marble4 ,she flushed and was about to withdraw when he blurted forth3 8,i--,i beg your pardon1 but ,i overheard what you said4 ,i am not so mean as you think40 ,and striding to the window and attracting the attention of the mob1 who received him with a yell of derisive defiance1 he flung a handful of silver among them4 ,a scarlet flush mantled over her face and throat4 8,i was but speaking to myself1 thinking aloud--and--but nevertheless on the part of those poor miserable people1 ,i beg to thank you1 sir4 ,i am sorely to blame1 and your generosity only rivets the fetters that bind them to beggary40 ,and with a low courtesy1 old-fashioned but witching grace itself1 she swept from the apartment1 leaving the stranger lost in admiration4 8,what is that young lady's name who was here just now80 he asked4 8,her name is ,miss ,o',byrne--wan av th' ould anshint ,o',byrnes that fought hard agin' the ,danes an' ,crummle--bad cess to thim1 body an' bones60 replied the waiter4 8,does she live near this place80 8,beyant four mile1 over be the side o' ,lake ,dan4 ,it's an illigant place1 wid no ind av ruins1 an' a darlin' ghost that walks whinever sorra is comin' to the race2 an' be me song1 they've supped lashins av it40 8,is ,mr4 ,o',byrne wealthy80 8,well1 now0--here the waiter scratched a very shock head--8he's not rowlin' in goold1 but he's warm and0--brightening up--8as proud as a paycock4 ,but there1 ,i'm forgettin' me message to ye40 8,to me8 exclaimed the stranger with a start1 half hoping it might be from ,miss ,o',byrne4 8,yes1 sir4 ,there's two gintlemin cum here in regard o' the fishin'1 though sorra a haporth they ketch2 an' they cum regular wud rods an' hooks an' nets1 an' all soarts av cumbusticles4 ,wan av them is an attorney1 a gay man1 an' th' other houlds a situation in the ,four ,coorts beyant in ,dublin1 an' he's as nice a mannered man as there's in the four walls o' ,wicklow this blessed minit40 8,but the message80 interrupted the stranger4 8,that's it4 ,yer to dine wud thim--no less4 ,misther ,minchin tould me to prisint his respects an' to hope ye'd favor him wud yer company2 an' don't be hesitatin'1 mind ye0--here the waiter winked an indescribable wink1 such as an augur might have indulged in consequent upon a successful omen2 8there's lovely chickens1 an' the elegantest bacon1 wud a filly av cabbage1 an' a dancing leg o' lamb40 8,but ,i don't know these gentlemen1 and--0 8,permit me to introduce myself1 sir10 exclaimed a small1 elderly man with a merry eye1 a bulbous nose1 a very stiff1 old-fashioned stock1 and a stiffer rim of shirt-collar which kept his head as erect as though he was hung up by the chin1 entering and bowing very courteously4 8,minchin--,dominick ,minchin4 ,hearing from this shock-headed retainer that you were a stranger1 and having experienced on more occasions than one1 especially during piscatorial excursions1 the thrice-accursed loneliness of an inn1 ,i beg1 sir1 that you will favor us by coming where glory waits you and--a bit of dinner40 ,this was uttered with a quaint cheeriness that bore everything before it4 8,really1 sir1 ,i am quite impressed by your consideration1 and accept your invitation most gratefully4 ,my name is ,philip ,redmond40 ,and he handed the other his card4 8,redmond is not an ,american name1 sir80 8,no1 sir2 my father was ,irish40 8,anything to the ,redmonds of ,ballymacreedy80 8,i am ,redmond of ,ballymacreedy40 ,mr4 ,minchin seized him warmly by both hands and shook them repeatedly4 8,by ,jupiter1 sir6 this is positively glorious--sublime1 sir6 ,i knew your father well2 and when he thought fit to part with his property--0 8,his property parted from him1 ,mr4 ,minchin4 ,it is gone1 and ,i am now here to try and repurchase it at any cost4 ,however1 we'll talk of that by and by4 ,i feel that dinner is not very far off1 and that you are only half as anxious about it as ,i am40 ,mr4 ,o',hara1 ,mr4 ,minchin's companion1 was a tall1 handsome1 florid-faced man of about five-and-thirty1 with a profusion of sandy hair which stood out from his head like quills upon the fretful porcupine1 and a smile like sunlight4 ,in five minutes ,redmond was as much at home with the two anglers as if he had known them all his life1 and had planned two excursions with them4 8,i'm afraid you'll have some trouble about getting back this property10 observed ,o',hara4 8,it's now in the possession of a man who doesn't want money1 and who would call you out if you proposed to purchase it40 8,every man has his price1 has he not1 ,mr4 ,o',hara80 asked ,redmond4 8,true2 but there are exceptional circumstances connected with this case which hedge it round with an impenetrable chevaux de frise40 8,of what nature80 8,family pride1 which will never consent to confiscate the old acres40 8,but the lands of ,kilnagadd and ,derralossory belonged to our family40 8,that may be1 ,mr4 ,redmond1 but they were part and parcel of other territory before the ,redmonds came north of ,vinegar ,hill4 ,i know all about them1 as ,i rented a fishing lodge from one of the tenants1 and1 being anxious to purchase it1 inquired into the title40 8,i made my dying father a solemn promise that ,i would get back the old place4 ,money is no object1 ,mr4 ,o',hara4 ,my father operated both in real estate and in gold1 and died wealthy1 so that a few thousands will not balk me40 8,you can try it10 was the rejoinder1 accompanied by a shake of the head4 ,it was late when they separated1 ,minchin warbling 8,the young ,may moon10 and insisting upon shaking hands with the 8young boss10 as he designated him1 over and over again4 ,the summer's morning was bright and balmy1 and ,redmond1 after a yeoman's breakfast--consisting of trout fried with bacon1 fresh eggs1 and tea in which the cream was pre-eminent--started out into the glorious sunlight which was irradiating hill and dale1 mountain and valley4 ,the forget-me-nots told their tale to the crystal pools1 the graceful ferns languidly embraced the lichen-covered stones1 an occasional cur basking in the heat and glow opened a lazy eye as ,phil passed along the road1 and compromised a bark with a prolonged yawn4 ,the hawthorns threw their shadows across the path1 and the 8blossoming furze unprofitably gay0 sent forth that fresh1 quaint1 and delicious perfume that tells us with speechless eloquence that we are out in the bright green country and away from the heat and turmoil and loathsomeness of the over-crowded human hive4 ,having promised to join his newly-found friends at ,lough ,dan1 ,phil took the steep and romantic road that leads to the lake direct from the village of ,roundwood4 ,far away to the left in the summer haze lay the picturesque village of ,annamoe1 and farther still the sweet1 sad valley of ,glendalough1 guarded by the giant ,lug na ,culliagh1 while the deep-tinted groves of ,castle ,kevin lent a delicious contrast to the purple heights of the heather-covered ,derrybawn2 on his right the grim gray crags of ,luggelaw1 and1 as he gained the crest of the hill1 the blue waters of ,lough ,dan lay mirrored beneath him1 reflecting the giant shadows of ,carrig-na-,leena4 ,the exquisite loveliness of the scene fell upon the young ,american like a dream or a perfume4 ,it was refreshing1 yet almost intoxicating4 ,he thought of the color glories of the ,hudson in the fall1 of the blood-reds and orange-yellows and wine hues of the autumn foliage1 and they seared his mental vision when he came to contemplate the soft1 cloudy green1 the odor-laden atmosphere1 pure yet filmy as a bridal veil1 and the delicious completeness of the coup d'il1 so satisfying1 so soothing1 and so enravishing4 ,somehow or other he associated all this perfection with the fair young girl whose pale face and mantling blush still haunted his imagination like a sweet strain of music4 ,these scenes were a suitable setting for her beauty4 ,she would comprehend them1 she would commune with nature in this wild1 secluded spot1 so lonely and yet so lovely4 ,as his ideas glided in this rosy channel1 his revery was suddenly disturbed by the sound of wheels1 and close upon him came a basket-phaeton attached to a very diminutive pony4 ,his heart gave one violent bound--the object of his immediate and gushing thoughts was the occupant of the vehicle4 ,would she pass without noticing him8 ,there had been no introduction4 ,he could expect no recognition1 and yet-- ,chance fills up many a gap in life1 solves many riddles1 and hastens many dnoments4 ,the pony1 evidently a wilful1 over-petted1 hand-fed little brute1 took it into its stubborn head that a rest at this particular spot in the road would admirably suit his inclinations2 and as he feared no whip1 and1 save a gentle chuck upon the reins and a solemn admonishment from his fair mistress1 his whim could be indulged in with comparative impunity1 he proceeded forthwith to carry his idea into execution1 and stopped with a jerk right opposite where ,philip ,redmond stood4 8,do go on1 ,doaty60 exclaimed ,miss ,o',byrne1 shaking the reins4 8,do go on1 there's a pet4 ,you shall have a lump of sugar when we get to stable40 ,doaty shook his head and stolidly gazed at the lake beneath him4 8,permit me to try and persuade him10 said ,phil1 stepping forward and lifting his hat1 which1 by the way1 doubled up in his hand1 clumsily concealing his face and utterly destroying his bow4 8,oh6 thanks2 ,i seem destined to give you trouble1 sir40 ,this was a delicate recognition4 8,i have to thank you for making me the most popular man in ,roundwood10 retorted ,redmond4 8,i feel like the lord lieutenant4 ,i held quite a leve this morning40 8,and your courtiers1 instead of looking for place1 were seeking for pence40 8,a distinction without much difference40 8,except in the viceroy10 she laughed4 ,doaty was as good as gold--at least so thought one of the party--and manifested no intention of budging an inch4 8,what a tiresome pony60 exclaimed ,miss ,o',byrne4 8,i shall have to beat him40 8,let me try and get him along40 ,and ,phil1 taking hold of the shaggy mane1 lugged the unwilling ,doaty along in the direction of the lake4 8,this is really too bad1 sir10 remonstrated ,miss ,o',byrne4 8,i cannot tax you in this way40 8,it is no tax1 ,i assure you4 ,i have nothing on earth to do but to revel in the especial sunshine of this moment40 ,this was said with ever so slight an emphasis2 nevertheless it bore a scarlet blossom in the rich blush which came whispering all over the young girl's charming pallor4 8,you--you are a stranger here80 8,i am1 and yet ,i ought not to be40 8,this savors of a riddle40 8,very easily solved4 ,my fore-fathers hunted these hills and fished that lake4 ,my father was reckless1 extravagant1 and new men came into possession of the old acres4 ,my father emigrated1 and made a great deal of money in ,new ,york1 and--0 8,i have been in ,new ,york10 interposed the young lady4 ,here was a bridge for thought-travel4 ,here was a market for the disposal of mutual mental wares4 8,did you like it80 he asked4 8,like it60 she exclaimed enthusiastically4 8,who could dislike it8 ,it is the most charming city1 perhaps excepting ,paris1 that ,i have ever lived in4 ,and how are ,fifth ,avenue and ,broadway1 and the ash-boxes80 she added with a ringing laugh4 ,doaty made another stop1 and no earthly inducement would stir him until he so willed it himself4 ,his fair mistress relinquished the idea and the reins1 and1 stepping from the vehicle1 clambered1 with the assistance of ,redmond1 to a moss-grown bank1 from which she pointed out some objects of special interest in the scenery4 8,that is ,billy ,doyle's cottage at ,shinnagh1 down far in the valley by the edge of the lake4 ,see the amber thatch glowing in the sunlight1 and the red flag4 ,that flag shows that poor ,mr4 ,fenler is on the lake fishing40 8,who is poor ,mr4 ,fenler80 asked ,phil4 8,he is a man who was a great merchant in ,dublin1 but who lost all his property1 and his wife and all his children4 ,he saved as much from the wreck as enabled him to purchase one-half of that cottage--the slated half--and to support himself4 ,he came here seven years ago1 having made a vow never to leave the valley again40 8,and has he kept it80 8,religiously4 ,he goes nowhere1 and spends his whole time in fishing4 ,do you see that golden strand at the head of the lake80 8,yes40 8,well1 there is a legend about that which you should hear4 ,any old crone in the valley will do it ample justice40 8,i should prefer to hear it from a fairy on the hill10 said ,redmond gallantly4 8,pas des compliments1 although yours was nearly ,french40 8,you beat me at my own weapons10 laughed ,redmond4 8,but whose palatial residence is that right over in the cleft between those two hills80 ,the fire lighted up in the young girl's eye1 the delicate nostril expanded1 the rich1 ripe lips quivered1 as she proudly replied3 8,that is my home40 ,her home--the nest in which she had been nurtured4 ,what a precious flower in that gloomy valley6 ,what a world of love and joy and beauty in that lone and sequestered spot6 8,i envy you10 murmured ,phil4 8,the tranquil loveliness of your home is--0 he was going to send the words from his heart to his lips1 but luckily they encountered ,prudence upon the road1 and altered themselves to suit that cold1 passionless1 interfering busybody--8is--just as it ought to be4 ,you have made no vow to leave this valley80 he added4 8,no1 but ,i have often thought it40 8,such a determination would be a calamity1 ,miss ,o',byrne40 8,how do you know my name80 she quickly demanded4 8,i asked the waiter after you had left40 8,now for an exchange10 she laughed4 8,let us trade4 ,what is your name80 8,philip ,redmond1 son of ,redmond of ,ballymacreedy40 8,why1 that is ,ballymacreedy10 exclaimed the young girl1 pointing to a fir-covered mountain1 upon the side of which1 as though perched on a shelf1 stood a gaunt1 uncompromising-looking1 square-built mansion1 all roof and windows4 ,phil ,redmond's feelings1 as he gazed on the home which he had never known save by hearsay1 were of a very varied and conflicting nature4 ,he had pictured it a feudal stronghold towering over an extensive lake such as ,america boasts of--a diminutive ocean--a battlemented castle1 with keep and moat and drawbridge1 ivy-grown in the interests of the picturesque1 and plate-glassed in the interests of modern sunlight4 8,good heaven60 he exclaimed involuntarily1 8how unlike what ,i conceived it to be4 ,what a cruel disappointment60 ,so rudely were his ideas shattered1 and so bitterly the pride of baronial halls mortified1 that the poor fellow's heart felt quite crushed4 ,whether ,miss ,o',byrne saw this or whether ,doaty saw it is not the question here2 but certes1 that admirable little brute gave a loud neigh as a trumpet-call to ,redmond's scattered senses1 and evinced for the first moment during the preceding half-hour a desire to proceed upon his homeward journey4 8,papa does not visit1 ,mr4 ,redmond10 said ,miss ,o',byrne as she grasped the reins upon resuming her seat in the basket upon wheels1 8but ,i shall ask him to call upon you1 when ,i may hope for something like a formal introduction4 ,how half an hour flies upon the wings of sans crmonie60 ,and with a delicious inclination of the head1 half-saucy1 half-dignified1 and wholly piquante1 she disappeared at a turn of the road leading into the valley4 8,heigh-ho60 sighed ,philip ,redmond of ,ballymacreedy4 ,while all this--shall we say nonsense8--was going on upon the hill1 ,mr4 ,minchin and his fidus ,achates1 ,o',hara1 were busily occupied upon the lake2 and although not a single rise greeted their longing vision1 like true sportsmen they lived in hope4 8,that's a very good style of man10 observed ,o',hara4 8,redmond80 8,yes40 8,the son of an ,irish king1 sir4 ,by ,jupiter6 a fine fellow4 ,a noble fellow60 exclaimed ,minchin1 whacking the lake with his line in emphasis4 8,he'll go back to ,new ,york without as much of his father's property as would sod a lark40 8,you are still of opinion that the ,o',byrne will not sell80 8,he'd burn the land first10 was the sententious rejoinder4 8,well1 sir1 the next best thing that ,redmond can do is to purchase ,glenasluagh4 ,it adjoins ,ballymacreedy1 and he will enjoy the right of fishing the ,clohogue--an enjoyment fit for the gods4 ,yes1 by ,george6 fit for the gods40 8,i never thought of that4 ,are you sure it's for sale80 8,a scoundrelly attorney1 one of those pitiful miscreants with whom it is my bane to be officially associated1 knowing that ,i loved the gentle sport1 endeavored to curry favor with me by mentioning this4 ,i listened to the scoundrel and made inquiries elsewhere--in fact1 ,i own ,i felt my way towards the ,clohogue myself1 but the figure was too high1 sir40 8,we must put ,redmond on to it at once40 8,there's our man crossing the bridge4 ,george6 how ,i envy him his sensations upon beholding this cherished spot1 'where all save the spirit of man is divine4'0 ,and ,minchin glowed again in the summer light4 ,redmond instinctively paused upon the quaint old lichen-covered bridge1 in the worn interstices of which dainty little ferns of emerald green toyed with the pale blue loveliness of the forget-me-not1 and gazed across the sheening waters of the tranquil lake4 ,all was sleeping in sunlight1 even the deep1 clear shadows of the purple-covered mountains1 while the melodious hum of glowing insect-life lent its peculiar charm to the peaceful surroundings4 ,the boat1 by direction of ,mr4 ,minchin1 was turned for the bridge1 and a few lazy strokes from the oar of the ragged urchin who acted as waterman brought it bump against a projecting bowlder which served as a landing-place4 8,the top of the morning to you1 ,mr4 ,redmond60 cried ,minchin4 8,you are just in the nick of time4 ,nature abhors a vacuum1 and we were about to pass the rosy4 ,this1 sir1 is a very dry country40 ,and the cheerful old biped laughed until the crags of ,shinnagh re-echoed his jovial hilarity4 ,at this moment a cart attached to a donkey appeared upon the bridge1 and two formidable-looking hampers jostled each other for supremacy4 8,jump in1 ,mr4 ,redmond4 ,we shall take our pick on that lovely little neck of land just under the stronghold of the ,o',byrnes yonder40 8,have you room for two friends of mine80 asked ,phil4 8,any friend of yours is my friend1 sir10 exclaimed ,minchin with the pompous mannerism of the old school4 8,then lend a hand10 to the boat-boy1 8to get these hampers on board40 8,what does all this mean80 asked ,minchin as the baskets were safely stowed away4 8,a liberty ,i have taken10 said ,philip4 8,i want you and ,mr4 ,o',hara to lunch with me to-day1 as ,i dined with you yesterday40 8,o',hara10 exclaimed ,minchin1 8what shall we do with this dog8 ,pitch him into the lake1 hampers and all80 8,i should say not10 laughed the other4 8',my foot is on my native heath1'0 cried ,redmond2 and1 taking an oar1 a pull of twenty minutes keel-grated them upon a silvery strand beneath the shady foliage of a gigantic horse-chestnut tree4 8,a lobster-salad1 ,george60 cried ,minchin1 unloading the basket4 8,a chicken-pie1 ,jupiter6 ,a magmain of salmon6 ,why1 hang it1 man6 this never was raised at the ,derralossory ,arms40 8,how was it done80 asked ,o',hara4 8,i sent a man into ,dublin for it40 8,ah60 with a long-drawn breath of admiration4 8,you ,americans do things in the right way40 8,by the nine gods6 champagne10 ejaculated ,minchin as he extracted the golden-necked bottles from their wicker cradles4 8,heidsieck extra dry4 ,i am extra dry too4 ,per ,bacco1 ,redmond6 you are the son of an ,irish king40 ,where is the mortal who does not enjoy a picnic8--that picnic where the food is laid upon the grass1 and with the green leaves or the sky for a canopy2 where fingers do service for forks1 and the wild flowers for napkins2 where the food is ambrosia and the drink nectar4 ,ay de m1 we have changed all that1 and now we must have silver and cutlery and napery1 and servants to wait upon us1 and hot dishes ad nauseam4 ,we must don our best and encase our sweltering hands in delicate-hued gloves1 and icy etiquette now reigns where nature's happy freedom heretofore presided4 ,they were busily engaged with the chicken-bones1 and ,redmond1 as host1 was uncorking the second bottle of champagne1 when ,minchin exclaimed3 8,jupiter ,olympus6 here's the ,o',byrne and his daughter40 ,now1 to be caught1 under ordinary circumstances1 in a stooping posture1 wrestling with an infrangible wire1 almost black in the face1 and with the drumstick of a chicken stuck saltier-wise in your mouth1 your hat anywhere1 and your hair in the wildest and most elfin disorder1 is embarrassing enough in all conscience2 but1 in the condition of feeling under which our romantic hero labored1 to be thus detected was simply horrible4 ,as ,redmond beheld the tall and stately form of a man of about fifty1 with a pair of fierce black eyes beneath still fiercer brows1 advancing towards him1 and by his side1 gliding with that graceful undulation which is almost exclusively confined to the women of ,spain1 the young girl for whom the portals of his heart had been cast wide open1 his desire to sink beneath the daisies was about the only sensation left to him4 8,we have invaded the land of the ,o',byrnes10 said ,minchin1 rising and bowing to the chtelaine4 8,you seem tolerably well armed10 observed the ,o',byrne1 casting a comical glance at the champagne bottles4 8,permit me the honor of crossing swords10 cried ,minchin4 ,at this moment ,miss ,o',byrne interposed by exclaiming3 8,that gentleman is ,mr4 ,redmond of ,ballymacreedy40 ,the ,o',byrne took a short1 sharp survey of ,philip from beneath his shaggy brows1 and1 advancing with outstretched hand3 8,mr4 ,redmond1 ,i am glad to meet one of the old stock4 ,you resemble your father very strongly40 8,you knew my father1 sir80 asked ,redmond eagerly4 8,yes40 ,the monosyllable spoke for itself4 ,it shut down on the subject like an iron door4 8,the old stock are thinning out1 like my brown hairs10 laughed ,minchin4 8,apparent rari nantes in gurgite vasto10 was the rejoinder4 8,per ,bacco6 you must taste the ,falernian4 ,i am ,dominick--0 8,minchin10 interposed the ,o',byrne1 8the best angler in ,wicklow4 ,we disciples of the rod and reel scarcely need a formal introduction40 ,somehow or other1 while the ,o',byrne and ,dominick ,minchin were bandying quaint and courtly compliments1 ,philip managed to pull himself together and to engage in conversation with the daughter of the house4 8,you perceive1 ,mr4 ,redmond1 how fate is against our being introduced--so dead against as to compel me to make you and my father acquainted as if you and ,i were old friends40 8,i do feel as if ,i had known you for ever so long1 and that a void--0 8,do look at the trout jumping4 ,what perfect circles they make in the still water60 ,she had interrupted with a woman's tact4 ,redmond was unversed in the subtle distinctions which form the rungs of the ladder of love4 ,most of the girls whom he met in society were as so many agreeable nothings--exquisitely-attired statuettes1 whose ideas were bounded by silk1 satin1 feathers1 and lace4 ,with them he had nothing in common save the weather and ice-cream2 and being imbued with a feeling of aversive contempt for the whole sex1 the revelation of light and love which now burst upon him revolutionized his whole being and begat an enthusiasm that forgot impossibilities4 ,a child of nature sounds very well in poesy1 but the article attired in broadcloth is very rapidly put down as a bore1 if not a nuisance4 8,i drink with you on one condition10 said the ,o',byrne to ,minchin1 who presented a bottle at his head4 8,condition me no conditions1 chieftain60 8,i shall2 and the condition is this3 that you1 with ,mr4 ,redmond and ,mr4 ,o',hara0--to whom he had been introduced by ,minchin--8will help me to punish a cooper of claret after a seven o'clock dinner40 ,o',hara excused himself on the plea of being compelled to reach ,dublin by the night mail from ,rathdrum4 ,minchin called a number of the ,olympian deities to witness that so superb an offer should not be lightly considered1 and ,redmond thought of his dress and hesitated to say yes1 when his whole soul was in that solitary word4 8,i want to have a gossip about ,new ,york1 and surely you will not refuse me that boon80 urged ,miss ,o',byrne1 and this decided the question4 8,are you of the true faith1 ,mr4 ,redmond80 she asked1 as some hours later1 in acting as cicerone through the old castle1 she took him to the private chapel4 8,i should be a recreant ,redmond if ,i were not10 was his proud reply4 ,coolgreny1 the stronghold of the ,clan ,o',byrne1 was as picturesque as a round tower1 an ivied keep1 a battlemented outer wall1 a dry moat1 a veritable carpet of bright flowers1 solemn old yew-trees whose branches had supplied many a sturdy bow wherewithal to resist the incursions of the ,o',tooles1 and a rookery1 could make it4 ,as he crossed the drawbridge and gazed at the oaken door with its rusty iron rivets1 at the massive archway telling an imperishable tale1 at the inner quadrangle1 its gray stone lighted up by blood-red geraniums and deeply1 darkly1 desperately blue forget-me-nots1 and from thence to the high-bred-looking girl by his side1 ,philip ,redmond felt the old blood in his veins as the old1 old story began to whisper itself to his heart4 ,they passed into the old banqueting-hall1 rich in oaken tracery and wainscoted up to the ebon-colored ceiling4 ,portraits of doughty warriors in the grim panoply of battle-axe and shield1 suits of ,milan steel1 and buff jerkins of the later periods adorned the walls--formidable ,o',brinns who stood in many a gap1 and fought the rocky defiles of ,auchavana inch by inch2 who displayed their prowess on many a tented field2 who followed the fortunes of the luckless house of ,stuart even after the unhappy disaster at the ,boyne2 and who1 nobly fighting1 fell against the hated usurpation of the ,orange ,william4 ,here1 too1 were soft1 silken-bearded representatives of the house who attached themselves to the ,irish ,brigade and covered themselves with glory at ,lannes and ,fontenoy4 8,now for the ladies1 monsieur60 exclaimed ,miss ,o',byrne4 8,i see that you are lost in admiration of my male ancestors4 ,prepare now to be enchanted by the beauty of their wives and daughters40 8,i need no preparation10 said ,phil with a low bow4 8,i see all their perfections concentrated in their charming descendant40 8,admirably done60 cried the young lady1 with heightened color2 8but 'bide a wee4' ,look at that little dame4 ,there is fire for you4 ,she was ,countess of ,ovoca in her own right--a ,geraldine4 ,she defended this castle against two attacks of ,cromwell's crop-eared curs1 and when it was intimated to her that the defence jeopardized her husband's life1 she navely replied3 ',i could replace my husband1 but ,i could not replace ,coolgreny4' ',wasn't that complimentary to that ill-looking fellow opposite leaning upon his sword8 ,i do believe that he steps out of that frame occasionally for the purpose of upbraiding her1 poor dear60 ,redmond laughed heartily as he replied that he thought the cavalier was likely to get the worst of it4 8,here is a ,lely--my great1 great1 great1 ever-so-great grandmamma4 ,isn't she lovely8 ,look at her cool blue pastoral drapery1 her bright brown hair1 her matchless eye1 and her ivory complexion40 8,i am looking at her10 said ,redmond1 gazing earnestly at ,miss ,o',byrne1 8and she is lovely40 ,it was as if the portrait had been painted for herself4 8,mr4 ,redmond1 you are incorrigible4 ,i absolutely refuse to act as cicerone4 ,tyrconnel was madly in love with her40 8,of course he was2 and if he wasn't he ought to have been10 laughed ,philip4 8,pray who is that sparkling brunette1 with the color glowing beneath her swarthy skin1 and with the head and hair of ,cleopatra80 8,that is ,mistress ,lettice ,o',byrne1 who received ,king ,james in this very hall1 as1 blood-stained and travel-sore1 he honored our poor house by resting here after the disaster of the ,boyne4 ,he heard ,mass in our little chapel before he started at daybreak40 ,they wandered from portrait to portrait1 she chatting gaily1 brilliantly1 until they came directly opposite that of a very young man attired in a gorgeous hussar uniform4 8,this is a picture of today10 said ,redmond4 8,who is he80 ,a bright diamond-drop welled into her eyes as she replied3 8,it is my only brother4 ,he took service with our kinsman1 ,field-,marshal ,nugent1 in ,austria1 and fell at ,magenta4 ,god be merciful to him60 8,amen60 ,and the response was a prayer1 so fervently and reverentially was it uttered4 8,let us go to the chapel and say an ,ave ,maria for the repose of his soul40 ,and1 leading through a long1 dark passage1 and thrusting aside a scarlet velvet curtain which hung over the entrance1 she ushered ,redmond into the church4 ,pure ,gothic1 the oaken traceries of its pulpit and chancel rails were worthy of the hand of ,verbruggen1 while the altar1 of white marble1 was decorated with constellations of the rarest hot-house flowers and plants4 ,as they emerged from the chapel the hideous clamor of a gong announced that dinner would be served in a quarter of an hour1 and ,redmond was ushered by his host to an apartment to prepare as best he might for the all-important ceremony4 ,for after all 8the dine0 is a very serious piece of business1 and it is only such foolish young fellows as ,redmond--who spoiled his appetite at luncheon--or such delicately-nurtured young ladies as ,miss ,eileen ,o',byrne1 who can afford to turn up their noses at the mention of the word1 and wish with a sigh that the noble institution yclept eating had never been invented4 ,when ,redmond descended to the drawing-room he was formally presented to the ,rev4 ,father ,o',doherty1 the parish priest 8of as wild a district as lies between this and ,new ,york10 gaily added his reverence4 8,i am proud to meet you1 sir2 and let me tell you that the ,redmonds of ,ballymacreedy have left a name behind them respected1 loved1 and honored4 ,have you come to stop with us80 8,not--that is1 ,i'm--,i'm so enchanted with all that ,i have seen of ,ireland1 and with all whom ,i have met here0--he sought the eye of his hostess 7it should be mentioned that her mother had died in giving birth to ,eileen7--8that if ,i do not return to it1 it will not be my own fault40 ,this was doing pretty well--much better than he could have hoped4 ,it was very prononc1 but ,phil liked to be understood4 ,he was straight in everything1 and was perfectly prepared to step into the ,o',byrne's library and explain himself right away4 ,but he was not to get the chance4 ,father ,o',doherty took the chtelaine into dinner and presided at the foot of the table4 ,the dinner was not la ,russe1 and1 although served with extreme elegance1 the guests were allowed the privilege of seeing what they were about to partake of1 and to make a judicious selection according to palate4 ,the wine was1 as ,minchin subsequently remarked1 8of the rarest and choicest vintage40 ,to hear her speak1 to listen to the music of her laugh1 to gaze upon her when her looks were turned in another direction1 was rapture to poor ,philip1 who drank his wine1 eating nothing1 being wholly and solely absorbed in the radiance of her presence4 ,it was rack and torture to him when she arose to leave the room1 and1 as he opened the door to permit her egress1 the words1 8,do not remain too long over your wine10 rang into his senses like a peal of sweet bells4 8,push the claret1 ,mr4 ,redmond10 exclaimed his host2 8you may get richer but you won't get softer wine across the ,atlantic40 8,per ,bacco6 this is bottled velvet10 said ,minchin1 smacking his lips--8the odor of the violet1 and the gentle tartness of the raspberry4 ,by the nine gods6 a bottle of this makes a man look for his wings to fly1 sir--to fly like a bird40 ,after some considerable time1 during which ,minchin and the ,o',byrne had indulged in a very serious potation of the ,chteau ,lafitte1 8,are you here on a pleasure trip1 ,mr4 ,redmond80 asked ,father ,o',doherty4 8,well1 my good fortune has made it one of pleasure1 but ,i came originally on business4 ,i came to endeavor to rescue some of my poor father's property10 replied downright ,phil4 8,what do you mean by rescue1 ,mr4 ,redmond80 asked the ,o',byrne1 flushing darkly red4 8,i mean1 to purchase it from the man who now holds it40 8,oh60 ,and his host tossed off a bumper of the wine4 8,do you refer to ,ballymacreedy80 8,i do1 and to the lands of ,kilnagadd and ,derralossory40 ,the beetling brows of the ,irish chieftain met in a black scowl4 8,and suppose this man who holds these lands were unwilling to sell80 8,oh6 every man has his price10 said the unconscious ,philip4 ,the ,o',byrne rose1 and1 stretching himself to his full height1 haughtily exclaimed3 8,when ,i sell one rood of ,ballymacreedy1 ,kilnagadd1 and ,derralossory1 may ,i be shattered into fragments like that wine-glass10 casting1 as he spoke1 the crystal goblet upon the oaken floor1 where it shivered into ten thousand pieces4 ,had a thunderbolt fallen upon the pergne1 and1 splitting roof and ceiling1 descended into their midst1 the luckless hero of this narrative could scarcely have been less scared and astonished4 ,the admonitory winkings of ,minchin1 the ankle-rubs of the good priest1 had been lost upon him4 ,he had rushed upon his fate and had impaled himself4 ,fool that he was1 never to have conjectured that the haughty possessor of the land of his ancestors was the fiery1 fierce old chieftain who now sat scowling at the ceiling and quaffing goblet after goblet of the rich red wine6 ,everything pointed to the fact--the conversation of the previous evening1 the exclamation of ,eileen upon the hill overlooking ,lough ,dan1 the references of ,father ,o',doherty4 ,he was a senseless idiot1 and had planted the thorn of offence where he would have sown the bright seed of friendship4 ,could he apologize8 ,how8 ,could he explain8 ,he must4 8,the fact is--0 he commenced1 when his host pulled him up3 8,a word of advice to you1 ,mr4 ,redmond4 ,when you enter a man's house do not turn appraiser and play the amateur auctioneer40 8,but-0 burst in ,phil4 8,pardon me4 ,if you consider that because you have scraped a few greenbacks together--,heaven knows how2 ,i don't want to inquire--that you can come over here to dictate insulting terms to a man with reference to his own goods and chattels1 upon his own hearth1 let me tell you1 sir1 that--0 8,hear me10 exclaimed ,father ,o',doherty4 8,i am certain that our young friend had no intention of giving annoyance when he made those observations40 8,on the honor of a man10 roared ,redmond1 who was in a white heat of mortification1 8,i meant no offence1 and furthermore--0 8,let us drop the subject1 sir1 and go to the drawing-room for coffee10 said the ,o',byrne1 rising4 8,but ,i will not drop the subject until ,i explain myself40 8,mr4 ,redmond1 do not press my endurance in my own house40 ,and the haughty host motioned to the door4 8,not a word10 whispered ,father ,o',doherty4 8,you can make it all right by and by1 and if you fail ,i will succeed40 ,still1 ,philip was not satisfied4 ,he was the outraged party4 ,he demanded redress for a cruel wrong4 ,was he to remain in the pillory and be pelted with the mistrust and dislike of the man whom of all others he was most desirous of conciliating4 ,what would she think of him when her father came to tell her his version of the affair8 ,would he not suffer and stand convicted1 however innocent he might be8 ,it was maddening1 and ,redmond1 following his host1 brusquely demanded a few minutes' conversation4 8',forbid it1 ,heaven1 the hermit cried6'0 exclaimed ,minchin1 playfully seizing our hero by the shoulders and twisting him teetotum-fashion1 while the priest engaged the attention of the ,o',byrne in another direction4 8,are you mad1 ,redmond80 said ,minchin in a low tone4 8,on this subject he has a craze4 ,why1 in the name of ,jupiter ,olympus1 did you introduce it80 8,am ,i to lie under the imputation of being a peddler1 an auctioneer1 a blackguard80 asked the other excitedly4 8,the thing will be as dead as ,queen ,anne in five minutes1 if you will only let it cross the ,styx40 8,but ,i did not know that ,mr4 ,o',byrne was the present proprietor of ,ballymacreedy40 8,then why didn't you say so80 8,i would not be listened to40 8,it's easily explained40 ,when ,redmond entered the drawing-room the host was speaking to his daughter1 and that it was about him he had little doubt from the expression of surprise1 pain1 and anger which flitted across her face4 ,determined not to be baffled in his purpose this time1 he strode across the apartment1 and1 confronting the ,o',byrne1 said3 8,if you will kindly permit me a word of explanation--0 8,do take a cup of coffee1 ,mr4 ,redmond10 interrupted ,miss ,o',byrne2 8and--and you will excuse me if ,i--,i wish you good-night40 ,and courtesying very low1 she turned from him and swept out of the room4 ,a choking sensation seized our hero4 ,a something in his throat--anger1 mortification1 bitter mortification--clutched him and held him fast4 8,i'll be hanged if ,i'll stop here any longer60 he said2 and so earnest was his rage that1 without waiting to bid his host farewell or to hint his intention to ,minchin1 he strode out into the quadrangle1 through the arched entrance1 across the drawbridge1 and onwards he knew not in what direction1 reckless1 hopeless1 and hatless4 ,why had he met her8 ,his path had been calm and peace4 ,why had she treated him in this way8 ,what had he done to her8 ,he knew how her father would vamp up his version of the story4 ,was ever innocent man so deeply wronged8 ,he would leave ,ireland next day1 and place the broad ,atlantic between him and this--ay1 this lovely1 bewitching girl4 ,why was she so captivating8 ,where did the charm lie8 ,thoughts all-conflicting1 all-contradictory surged through his brain as he marched onward4 ,the summer dew failed to soothe his fevered mind2 the soft night-wind sighing across the ,shaughnamore mountain did not cool his burning brow4 ,the gray dawn of glorious day still found him plodding onwards1 and the sun was high above the horizon when he entered the picturesque little village of ,enniskerry4 ,he had left ,coolgreny fifteen ,irish miles behind him across the mountains4 ,when he had succeeded in arousing the inmates of the ,powerscourt ,arms1 he demanded writing materials and a messenger4 8,is it pin an' ink at this time o' day1 sir80 demanded the sleepy handmaiden4 8,yes2 here's half a crown for you4 ,open your eyes and hurry up40 ,he wrote the following note to the ,o',byrne1 and despatched it by a ragged gossoon1 who started on his errand1 up the hill that leads by the ,dargle1 like a mountain deer4 ,he also forwarded an order for his luggage to the landlord of the ,derralossory ,arms4 ,,sir3 ,as you would permit me no explanation last night1 ,i insist upon making it now4 ,i did not know that you were the possessor of the lands of my forefathers until you yourself announced it4 ,in thanking you for your hospitality ,i cannot refrain from saying that ,i wish ,i had never enjoyed it1 as it has been a source of intense pleasure and likewise of bitter pain4 ,i am1 sir1 ,your obedient servant1 ,,philip ,,redmond4 ,the messenger returned in a few hours with his luggage4 8,did you deliver my letter at ,coolgreny80 8,i gev it to wan av the boys1 sir40 8,did you see any of the--family80 8,none o' them1 barrin' ,miss ,eileen's pony that does be dhruv be her in a sthraw shay1 yer honner40 ,happy pony6 thought ,redmond1 as he gazed into the past and beheld ,doaty coming to a standstill despite the musical remonstrances of his mistress4 8,they axed me if your honner's name was ,ridmond1 an' ,i sed ,i didn't know2 an' ,i was axed if ye cum wudout a hat1 an' ,i sed yis4 ',that's him1' sez ,luke ,byrne1 the boy4 ',a low-sized man1' sez he4 ',no1' sez ,i1 'he's a cupple o' yards high anyhow'2 an' ,luke tould me they wor draggin' the lake beyant at ,shinnagh for ye1 an' that ,miss ,eileen was roarin' an' bawlin' the whole mornin'40 ,a thrill went through every fibre in ,redmond's body as this last announcement fell upon his ear2 and although the idea was coarsely expressed1 that the tender girl might be sorrowing for him caused an unutterable sensation of joy4 ,she could not believe him capable of insulting her father beneath the same roof which shut the stars from her2 and yet--pshaw6 he would shake the whole thing off as a disagreeable yet delightful dream4 ,his immediate resolve was to proceed to ,dublin1 and from thence to ,queenstown and back to his native shores2 but second thoughts1 always so sober1 so full of judicious counsel1 whispered that the long1 lonely days and nights upon the ,atlantic would but serve to increase his fever1 and that his best chance lay in the distracting influence of ,european travel4 ,seven o'clock that evening found him on board the mail steamer for ,holyhead2 and as he gazed at the soft outlines of the ,wicklow hills receding from his wistful glance1 and thought of her in that secluded1 peaceful valley1 he would willingly have parted with a moiety of his existence to be once again in the sunlight of her presence4 99 99 99 99 99 ,while our hero was on the road to ,enniskerry ,father ,o',doherty found an opportunity for comparing notes with ,minchin1 and1 fully convinced of the truthfulness of the young ,american's statement1 proceeded at once to disabuse the diseased mind of the ,o',byrne4 ,this he ultimately succeeded in doing1 but not without a deal of powerful and full-flavored argument4 8,i do believe1 ,father1 ,i took too much wine4 ,where is ,mr4 ,redmond1 until ,i make the amende honorable80 8,strolling about the grounds1 ,i believe40 8,let us go in search of him40 8,you can go1 ,o',byrne2 ,i want to have a chat with my fair young child10 said the clergyman1 who had witnessed ,eileen's stately courtesy and exit4 ,minchin and ,o',byrne strolled out into the summer night1 making sure of finding ,redmond on the terrace overlooking the moat4 8,we have bail for his appearance10 said ,minchin1 8as his hat is decorating the antlers of a lordly stag in the entrance hall40 ,the two gentlemen smoked their cigars as they leisurely went in quest of the missing one1 and from terrace they proceeded to garden1 from garden to pleasaunce1 and from pleasaunce to gate-house1 but no trace of him could be found4 8,he is in the stables10 suggested the ,o',byrne2 and they returned to the enormous quadrangle in which the houses were quartered1 but none of the helpers had seen him1 and the stables were all locked for the night4 8,he is a romantic1 hot-headed young dog1 and is just taking a cooler4 ,he will turn up by and by1 ,i warrant me2 or mayhap he has hied him to my lady's bower40 ,and ,minchin laughed at the conceit4 8,where is ,redmond80 asked ,father ,o',doherty1 as they regained the drawing-room4 8,we were going to ask you10 said the ,o',byrne4 8,where is ,eileen80 8,the poor child has a bad headache and has gone to lie down40 8,come along1 ,mr4 ,minchin1 and we'll take our cruiskeen lawn4 ,in the meantime ,i shall send some of the men to scour the wood in pursuit of this invisible guest4 ,i needn't ask you to join us1 father80 8,no1 sir2 a little wine at dinner is my quantum40 ,as the night rolled over considerable uneasiness was felt about ,philip's non-appearance2 but ,minchin's theory1 that he had1 in his agitation1 returned to the ,derralossory ,arms minus his hat1 was gladly accepted1 and the ,o',byrne insisted upon driving with ,minchin into ,roundwood in order to set matters right4 ,it is scarcely necessary to say that the worthy proprietor of the hostelry had nothing of ,redmond's but a small nickel-mounted valise1 which he described as set in solid silver4 ,this increased the anxiety1 and as a portion of the lands of ,coolgreny abutted upon the lake in sheer precipices of two and three hundred feet1 fears began to be entertained that poor ,philip in his ignorance of the country might have taken this unfortunate path4 ,there was nothing for it but to await the advent of daylight1 and then to scour the country1 and1 if necessary1 to drag the lake at this particular place4 ,the morning brought no ,redmond1 and as traces of recent footsteps were very distinct in the neighborhood of the precipice1 and the heather rudely torn away at the edge of the cliff1 as though by a despairing clutch1 the idea that he had fallen into the lake grew into a certainty4 ,a grapnel was got ready1 and the melancholy process of dragging rapidly commenced4 ,the relief which ,redmond's letter brought produced immediate reaction4 ,father ,o',doherty at once started with his car to ,enniskerry1 with a very courteous note from the ,o',byrne and a message from ,eileen1 but arrived about an hour after our hero had quitted the village4 ,later on1 when the good priest had returned with this intelligence1 the ,o',byrne telegraphed to the ,shelborne ,hotel1 ,dublin1 on chance1 writing also to that address4 ,philip was on board the steamer when the telegram arrived1 and in ,london when the missive reached ,ireland's capital4 ,had he received either1 he would have flown back to ,coolgreny2 but it was not to be4 99 99 99 99 99 ,it was ,sunday forenoon1 and a great human wave surged out of the ,madeleine ,church1 ,paris4 ,instinctively one pauses beneath that noble portico and gazes across the ,place de la ,concorde1 taking in the glittering ,boulevard and the whole brilliancy of the coup d'il4 ,philip ,redmond had been amongst the worshippers1 and was now on his way to the ,htel du ,louvre1 so different in every respect to the white-washed1 thatch-covered hostelry in the heart of the ,county ,wicklow1 and at the door of which he was introduced to the reader4 ,he had indulged in a lazy tour1 commencing with the quaint old cities of ,belgium1 whence he proceeded to ,cologne and up the ,rhine to ,mayence1 and after a wandering of two months found himself in the gay and fascinating capital of the world4 ,philip's wound had been healed2 his heart ceased to throb at the recollection of the 8tender light of a day that was dead02 and if the image of ,eileen ,o',byrne did come back to him1 he felt inclined to place himself in the pillory of his own thoughts and pelt himself with ridicule4 ,it was a delightful thing to be heart-whole4 ,he had played with fire and had passed through the red-hot furnace1 badly burnt1 no doubt1 but cured at once and for ever4 ,he used to amuse himself by imagining what the effect of his letter upon the haughty chieftain might be1 and would not her vanity be ruffled by the utter absence of the mention of her name8 ,he had done his devoir in stating that the day was one of intense enjoyment2 this she could easily translate by the aid of her own dictionary4 ,heigh-ho6 it was a pity the dream did not last a little longer1 he thought1 as he prepared to descend the steps of the church upon that lovely ,august forenoon4 ,as he descended1 his foot became entangled in the skirt of a young girl right in front of him4 ,he turned to apologize--his heart gave one fearful bound and his brain reeled till he became dizzy4 ,he felt himself grow pale and cold1 but1 lifting his hat with a cold salutation1 he passed down and onwards4 ,it was ,eileen ,o',byrne6 ,when he reached the hotel--and he felt as if treading on air--he repaired to his apartment and flung himself into a chair in a whirl of conflicting emotion4 ,the old wound which he had imagined healed had broken out afresh beneath the sad1 reproachful glance of those lovely gray ,irish eyes4 ,there was but one chance left1 and that was to fly4 ,to be in the same city1 country1 hemisphere with her would be torture4 ,he felt as if some great sea should divide them1 and then that the joyous serenity of the last few weeks would be restored to him4 ,he had very little packing to do1 as he had not unpacked1 and he at once proceeded to the bureau to settle his bill4 ,as he was passing along a corridor in order to reach the vestiaire1 he became almost rooted to the ground4 ,a turn in the passage brought him face to face with her whom he was doing his uttermost to avoid4 ,she was deadly pale1 and she passed him with a scarcely perceptible inclination of the head1 cold1 glacial1 haughty4 ,there was a cry of anguish in ,phil ,redmond's heart1 and1 acting upon an unconquerable impulse1 he turned after her and almost fiercely demanded3 8,what have ,i done to deserve this80 ,the same bright rush of crimson which flashed across her face like a rosy sunset when first he met her covered her now as she panted forth3 8,you seemed to wish it so40 8,i60 ,and ,phil ,redmond blurted out something with reference to explanation and unfair treatment in his usual brusque way4 99 99 99 99 99 ,it was chill ,october1 and a huge log burned in the cavernous fire-place in the banquet-hall at ,coolgreny4 ,the claret was upon the ebon-colored oak table1 and round it sat no less a party than that which was assembled upon the memorable night when ,phil ,redmond so innocently brought the wrath of his host upon his devoted head4 8,to think10 said ,minchin in a state of ecstatic glow1 8that we should meet here under such remarkable circumstances4 ,ye gods60 8,yes10 said the ,o',byrne1 rising1 8,i wanted the same party exactly1 and ,i have been fortunate4 ,you all heard me swear that ,i would never sell a rood of ,ballymacreedy1 ,kilnagadd1 or ,derralossory2 but0--with a smile--8that oath does not prevent my giving them away1 and1 please ,god1 when you1 ,father ,o',doherty1 unite my honest young friend ,philip ,redmond to my only child1 he shall be restored to the lands of his fathers through his wife40 ,,the ,,beginning ,,of ,,the ,,pope',s ,,temporal ,,principality4 ,the ,vicar of ,jesus ,christ is by virtue of his office1 and by divine right1 of necessity in his own person a sovereign4 ,he is exempt from all subjection to any temporal power1 and perfectly free in respect to his own person and the full exercise of his spiritual supremacy1 to which kings are as much subject as other baptized persons1 and nations as individuals4 ,the right of acquiring property and domain1 in a manner which does not violate any other human right1 is inherent in this personal sovereignty1 and carries with it all the rights of eminent domain1 so that whatever is acquired in this way becomes inalienable except by a voluntary cession4 ,the possession of actual sovereign dominion over a sufficient territory is evidently the logical and natural complement of this personal sovereignty1 yet is not acquired except by some legal1 human act1 similar to that which subjects any given domain in particular to any other given individual or corporation4 ,the possession of spiritual sovereignty united with the temporal dignity and power of a civil monarch is1 manifestly1 the most dangerous and liable to abuse of all the attributions which any individual ruler or dynasty of supreme rulers can be supposed to have received as a stable and permanent right4 ,the danger is increased in proportion to the magnitude and duration of the spiritual empire and the political monarchy united with it4 ,we are obliged1 therefore1 to believe that ,jesus ,christ1 as the ,sovereign ,lord of the world1 when he founded such an institution1 provided efficaciously for the protection of ,christian society against this danger and liability to abuse4 ,this he could not do without exercising a special and supernatural providence over his earthly vicariate1 the ,papacy4 ,yet1 according to the analogy of all other departments of the divine government1 this special providence ought to be reduced to a minimum and made as little miraculous as possible1 by a wise ordering of natural and secondary causes in reference to the desired effect4 ,in point of fact1 we see1 from the history of the ,papacy1 that ,god has permitted it to exhibit as much of the weakness and imperfection of all human things as was consistent with the fulfilment of the end of its institution4 ,his supernatural overruling of the natural course of events has been limited to this result4 ,and the preservation of the ,holy ,see from perversion by human passions into a merely earthly power1 an empire of this world1 has been accomplished in great part by the difficulties and struggles which have always environed the possession of the greatest of human dignities and powers--the papal sovereignty4 ,from ,nero to ,constantine the ,popes were obliged to struggle with the heathen emperors in order to conquer their liberty at the cost of martyrdom4 ,from ,sylvester to ,gregory the ,great they were obliged to struggle with civil and ecclesiastical princes for the recognition and maintenance of their spiritual supremacy4 ,the temporal and civil domain necessary for the stable possession and exercise of the personal1 sovereign independence of the ,pope as ,supreme ,pastor of the church was not given until its necessity became manifest4 ,it came in the natural course of events1 without violence or miracle4 ,its tenure was precarious and constantly disputed1 and has so remained until the present day4 ,our present purpose is to sketch the history of the struggles by which the first ,popes who were kings of ,rome secured the dominion of the patrimony of ,st4 ,peter as an inalienable right recognized by the international law of ,christendom4 ,the temporal domain of the ,popes began with the natural and gradual acquisition of landed property1 which in those times carried with it princely authority over the tenants and inhabitants of estates4 ,not only the ,popes but the principal bishops in ,italy and other countries became in this way dukes and counts4 ,the sovereign rights of the emperors lapsed through a long-continued neglect to fulfil the essential duties of sovereignty1 and there was no other royal power in ,italy which succeeded to them in a legitimate manner4 ,the ruling power devolved naturally upon the local princes4 ,the ,roman people turned toward the ,pope as their immediate bishop2 just as the people of ,ravenna1 ,milan1 ,treves1 ,cologne1 and many other cities did to their own bishop1 because he was the chief of their aristocracy1 and also the protector of the people1 and was the only one who was both willing and able to take the place vacated by their former rulers4 ,the ,western ,roman ,empire ceased to exist when the ,heruli under ,odoacer took and sacked ,rome1 making themselves masters of ,italy4 ,odoacer was in turn conquered and killed by the ,ostrogoth ,theodoric1 who was nominally the lieutenant of the ,greek emperor1 but in reality conquered ,italy for himself4 ,when the empire revived under the able administration of ,justinian1 the kingdom of the ,ostrogoths was subdued and overthrown by the great general ,belisarius4 ,a new invasion of ,lombards1 or ,long-beards1 from ,germany put an end once more to the imperial dominion in ,italy1 with the exception of a certain part called the exarchate1 which had its capital at ,ravenna4 ,the authority of the ,lombard kings was very limited and precarious1 and under their sway the duchies and marquisates and independent municipalities of ,italy assumed that character of autonomy which made ,italy ever after incapable of anything except a federative unity4 ,the ,lombards were at first ,arians1 but the conversion of their beautiful and accomplished queen1 ,theodolinda1 by ,st4 ,gregory the ,great was the beginning of a general reconciliation of the whole people to the ,catholic ,church1 and of the complete extinction of the ,arian heresy in ,italy4 ,the ,popes never acknowledged the sovereignty of the ,lombard kings over the city and duchy of ,rome4 ,the ,greek exarch at ,ravenna1 as the representative of the emperor1 was recognized as having lawful jurisdiction1 and a magistrate delegated by him1 called a duke1 resided in ,rome4 ,the actual authority of these representatives of the ancient imperial power and of their master at ,constantinople became1 however1 continually more and more a restricted and almost nominal formality1 until it was altogether extinguished by the fall of the ,greek exarchate4 ,a few passages from the ,italian historian ,cant will show in a clear and brief manner how the temporal sovereignty of the ,popes in ,rome resulted naturally and necessarily out of the new order of things which issued from the universal disorder and confusion that prevailed3 8,at the time of the descent of the ,lombards upon ,italy the country lacked a head possessing general authority1 and the ,roman people1 as well that portion of them who had been subjugated as those who were still free1 had no other eminent personage to whom they could look except the ,pope4 ,he possessed immense domains in ,sicily1 ,calabria1 ,apulia1 the ,campagna1 the ,sabine territory1 ,dalmatia1 ,illyria1 ,sardinia1 in the ,cottian ,alps1 and even in the ,gauls4 ,these domains being cultivated by farmers1 he exercised over them a legal jurisdiction1 appointed officers and gave orders2 and1 besides1 his revenue enabled him to distribute succors in times of dearth1 to furnish asylum to refugees1 and to pay troops4 ,after the conquest had interrupted the communications between ,rome and the exarch of ,ravenna1 the ,pope remained the de facto head of the city where he resided2 he corresponded directly with the ,byzantine court2 made war and peace with the ,lombard kings2 and1 moreover1 by putting himself in an attitude of resistance to their conquests1 he became the representative of the national party4 ,the chair of ,st4 ,peter awaited only a pontiff who should feel all the importance and display all the dignity of his high position4 ,such a man was ,gregory the ,great0 7#ehj-fjc74 8,italy1 at this time1 had no more stability in its civil institutions than ,france4 ,the ,lombards had occupied a large part of it in the first burst of invasion2 but the partition which they made among several dukes1 though it served to consolidate their possession1 prevented them from completing their conquest4 ,as the king was elected from among these different nobles1 without any hereditary right1 there was a revolution at every vacancy2 moreover1 the dukes obtained continually more considerable privileges by favoring one or another among the competitors--so much so that those of ,benevento and ,spoleto acquired complete independence4 ,the only thing they all desired was to remain in tranquil enjoyment of absolute authority in their particular domains1 or to make war for their own personal aggrandizement in power and wealth1 and not in obedience to the king's command2 so that the king could with difficulty induce them to follow him in any military enterprise against the ,greeks for the purpose of expelling these from ,italy1 or against the ,franks1 who molested them unremittingly1 either for the sake of pillage or at the instigation of the ,eastern emperors4444 ,the ,greek exarch's administration extended over the ,romagna1 the marshy valleys of ,ferrara and ,comacchio1 over five maritime towns from ,rimini to ,ancona1 and five other towns between the shore of the ,adriatic and the ,apennine slope1 over ,rome1 ,venice1 and almost all the cities on the sea-coast4 ,some cities1 for instance ,venice1 made themselves independent1 while others were constantly menaced and often invaded by the ,lombards4 ,when these latter were involved in foreign or civil wars1 the exarchs would avail themselves of the chance to repossess the places they had lost1 but were always speedily driven back into narrow limits1 without ever enjoying peace1 and subject to the necessity of making every year short truces1 for which they frequently had to pay a tribute of three hundred livres in gold4 ,when the means failed for paying tribute and the wages of the soldiers1 they ran down to ,rome and plundered the treasury of the church1 or pillaged the sanctuary of ,st4 ,michael at ,monte ,gargano1 which was an object of great veneration to the ,lombards4444 8,another power remained in ,italy1 as yet imperceptibly growing up1 but destined to be developed during the course of the century and to cast lasting roots amid the ruins of the others4 ,the ,popes had always shown themselves hostile to the ,lombard domination and desirous of preserving the invaded provinces to the empire4 ,gregory the ,great had employed for this effect his authority1 his eloquence1 his treasure1 and his skill in the arts of diplomacy2 his successors followed his example1 and whenever they were menaced by the ,lombards they implored without delay the aid of ,constantinople4 ,preserving toward the emperor the submission which they had constantly exhibited while ,rome was the capital of the world1 they asked his confirmation of their election1 paid him a fixed tribute1 and kept at his court an apocrisiarius1 who treated with him respecting their affairs2 but their dependence on distant sovereigns and feeble exarchs1 upon whom the people looked with an evil eye1 kept on continually diminishing4 ,thus the authority of the ,popes1 who were at the head of the municipal institutions which had been preserved in the city1 rendered that of the ,duke of ,rome almost a nullity1 and approached to a species of sovereignty40#ih ,footnote #ih3 ,cesar ,cant's ,univ4 ,hist41 ,french translation1 vol4 vii4 p4 #dah1 vol4 viii4 p4 #bad4 ,alboin1 the first ,lombard king1 was murdered soon after his conquest by his own wife1 in revenge for the death of her father1 ,cunimond1 chief of the ,gepid4 ,he was succeeded by ,clefis1 who was assassinated after reigning eighteen months4 ,the ,lombard dukes were disposed to do without a king1 and elected no successor to ,clefis1 until the necessity of uniting in war against their enemies compelled them to elect ,autharis1 the son of ,clefis1 the prince whose wife was the celebrated ,queen ,theodolinda4 ,autharis died one year after his marriage1 and ,theodolinda was requested by the dukes to choose a new spouse and king from among their number4 ,the choice fell upon ,agilulph1 ,duke of ,turin4 ,his son and successor1 ,adoloald1 was deposed and ,ariovald1 ,duke of ,turin1 elected in his place1 to whom succeeded ,rotharis1 ,duke of ,turin1 the second husband of ,gundeberga1 widow of ,ariovald1 and who was followed by his son ,rodoald1 the last of the descendants of ,theodolinda4 ,the nobles and people were so much attached to the memory of this pious queen that they sought for a new king in her family1 although it was not ,lombard1 and elected her nephew1 ,aribert of ,asti1 of the ,agilolphingian tribe settled in ,bavaria4 ,at his death the kingdom was divided between his two sons1 from whom it was wrested by ,grimoald1 ,duke of ,benevento4 ,his son ,garibald was dispossessed by ,perthurit1 one of the sons of ,aribert4 ,cunibert1 ,luitpert1 ,ragimpert1 and ,aribert ,,ii4 completed the list of the ,agilolphingian kings4 ,ansprand1 a partisan of ,luitpert1 who had been dethroned by his rival ,ragimpert and imprisoned by ,aribert1 conquered ,aribert1 and after a short reign of three months was succeeded by his son ,luitprand1 who reigned thirty-two years 7#gab to #gdd7 and was the greatest of the ,lombard kings4 ,with the reign of ,luitprand begins the epoch of the decisive events which resulted in the final severance of all the bonds of political dependence which united ,rome with the ,greek ,empire1 in the establishment of the formal and legal monarchy of the ,popes1 and the overthrow of the ,lombard dominion in ,italy by ,charlemagne4 ,luitprand was a sovereign in the strict sense of the word1 through his ability and energy of character even more than by the recognized title to the royal dignity which was vested in his person4 ,he undertook and carried out a thorough reformation in the political administration of his kingdom1 re-established order1 extirpated the germs of disunion and civil war1 secured the obedience of his subordinate dukes1 and preserved a good intelligence with the ,popes and the church4 ,his ultimate aim was the union of all ,italy in one kingdom under his own laws1 including all the remaining ,greek possessions and the city and principality of ,rome4 ,the first great step toward the fulfilment of this design must obviously be the conquest of the ,greek exarchate4 ,in this undertaking he had the sympathy of the ,roman aristocracy and people1 though not that of the ,popes4 ,the remnant of the old ,roman nation existed at this time almost entirely in the ancient capital and its adjacent territory4 ,the ,roman ,empire really perished from no other cause than the general extinction of the ,roman race4 ,as the barbarians swarmed into ,italy the best part of the old ,italians took refuge in ,rome1 where the old spirit1 the old manners and institutions--so to speak1 the ,roman essence--was concentrated and preserved to effect a new and peaceful conquest of the world4 ,this ,roman nation desired to have its own autonomy and to be subject neither to the ,roumanians of the east nor the barbarians of the west4 ,they had no thought of accepting ,lombard sovereignty over themselves1 yet they were eager to see the ,greek domination in ,italy terminated1 and therefore desired ,luitprand's success in the enterprise of overthrowing the exarchate4 ,for ,rome they desired independence4 ,the ,popes1 however1 would not take any measures for making ,rome a sovereign state1 until divine ,providence directed the course of events to this end as a natural and necessary result1 without any positive act on their part renouncing civil allegiance to the empire4 ,the course of events actually favored most opportunely and remarkably the designs of ,luitprand and the wishes of the ,roman people4 ,the unutterable folly of the ,emperor ,leo the ,isaurian drove him to an attack on the religion of the ,romans and the sacred person of the pontiff4 ,he ordered the exarch ,paul to enforce submission to the heresy of the ,iconoclasts by military power4 ,pope ,gregory ,,ii4 excommunicated ,leo and exhorted all the ,catholic princes and people of ,italy to stand firm in defence of the faith and discipline of the church4 ,they obeyed his voice so readily and with so much zeal that the absolute and final extinction of the ,greek dominion in ,italy was only averted by the mediation of the ,pope himself4 ,as ,luitprand and the ,lombards1 profiting by the general uprising against the imperial authority1 became stronger and advanced toward a more entire subjugation of ,italy1 they became more dangerous to the independence of the ,holy ,see than were the feeble dukes and exarchs who represented the distant emperor4 ,the king even allied himself with the exarch for the subjugation of the proud republic which disdained to be subject to either ,greek or ,lombard1 and besieged the city of ,rome4 ,pope ,gregory ,,ii4 went to ,luitprand's camp1 and the majesty of his presence1 together with the force of the arguments which he addressed to the noble and ,catholic mind of the king1 produced such an effect upon him that he cast himself at the feet of the pontiff1 imploring his benediction and promising peace4 ,in company with the ,pope1 ,luitprand went to ,st4 ,peter's ,church1 where he laid upon the tomb of the apostle his royal mantle1 bracelets1 coat of mail1 dagger1 gilded sword1 golden crown1 and silver cross as a gift to ,st4 ,peter and the church4 ,nevertheless1 he renewed his attempt to make himself master of ,rome ten years later during the pontificate of ,gregory ,,iii41 and continued during the pontificate of ,zacharias his occasional irruptions into the exarchate of ,ravenna and the duchy of ,rome1 although in every instance he yielded to the voice of his conscience and of the ,vicar of ,christ1 desisting from his purpose as often as he renewed it1 and making restitution of the towns which he had conquered4 ,his successor1 ,rachis1 undertook anew the enterprise of subjugating the exarchate1 but was so much affected by the remonstrances of the ,pope that he abdicated his dignity and withdrew with his wife and children into a monastery4 ,his brother and successor1 ,astolpho1 actually achieved the conquest of the exarchate1#ii and put an end to the ,greek dominion in that part of ,italy4 ,henceforth the ,byzantine emperors had no authority in ,italy except in ,calabria and ,sicily4 ,astolpho next turned his attention toward ,rome and made a formal demand of allegiance on the senate and people1 supported by a large army4 ,the city was strongly fortified1 and all its people were determined to make a stubborn defence of their independence4 ,astolpho would not lend his ear to any negotiation1 help was demanded in vain from the ,greek emperor1 and in these sore straits ,pope ,stephen ,,iii4 betook himself for aid and succor to ,pepin1 the ,king of the ,franks4 ,footnote #ii3 ,the term exarchate is here used in its restricted sense4 ,gregory ,,iii4 had once before invoked the help of ,charles ,martel without any result4 ,since that time the ,frankish nobles had referred to ,pope ,zacharias the question of their right to set aside the effete dynasty of the ,merovingians and to substitute in its place the family of ,charles ,martel4 ,the ,pope had answered that the royal title ought to be given to the one who actually possessed and exercised the royal authority and functions4 ,the new ,carlovingian dynasty was thus formally established in ,france with the sanction and benediction of the ,pope4 ,and the time was now come for these powerful kings1 ,pepin and ,charlemagne1 to step forward as the eldest sons of the church1 to secure the temporal sovereignty of the ,pope1 and to inaugurate that close relationship which has ever since existed between the kingdom of ,france and the ,holy ,see4 ,pope ,stephen1 although old and in extremely feeble health1 went to ,france1 where he was received with a spontaneous and splendid ovation by all ranks of the people1 from the highest to the lowest4 ,the ,pope performed the solemn ceremony of the anointing of the king1 the queen1 and the royal princes1 and conferred upon ,pepin the dignity of patrician of ,rome4 ,a solemn assembly of the magnates of the kingdom was held at ,quiercey1 at which the king and nobles bound themselves to place the ,pope in possession of the sovereign dominion of ,rome and the exarchate4 ,pepin first attempted peaceful negotiations with ,astolpho1 and1 these being absolutely refused1 crossed the ,alps with an army1 and compelled him to make a treaty of peace with the ,pope1 by which he renounced all claim upon the ,roman principality and the exarchate4 ,astolpho1 however1 disavowed and violated his engagements as soon as ,pepin had withdrawn his army4 ,again 7#gee7 ,pepin crossed the ,alps and suddenly appeared with an overwhelming force before ,pavia4 ,severer conditions of peace were this time imposed upon ,astolpho--a mulct of one-third of his treasure1 a yearly tribute of #ab1jjj gold solidi1 and hostages for the fulfilment of his promises4 ,french and ,lombard commissaries were appointed to visit the whole territory assigned to the ,pope and receive the keys of all the cities4 ,pepin made a solemn and festal entry into ,rome amidst universal jubilation1 and laid a formal document of investiture of the pontifical domain1 together with the keys of the towns1 upon the tomb of ,st4 ,peter4 ,astolpho died suddenly from an injury received by a fall from his horse1 very soon after these events 7#gef74 ,rachis came out of his cloister with the design of regaining the crown which he had resigned4 ,the majority of the princes favored the election of ,didier1 ,duke of ,brescia1 who secured the influence of the ,pope and of the envoys of ,pepin in his favor by a solemn promise under oath to execute the treaty made by ,astolpho and to cede some additional territory to the ,holy ,see4 ,he was accordingly elected ,king of ,lombardy1 but failed to fulfil his engagements and passed the seventeen years of his reign in perpetual efforts to secure an undivided sovereignty over all ,italy4 ,at last1 taking advantage of the death of ,pepin and of ,pope ,stephen ,,iii41 and of cabals and factions among the ,romans in reference to a new election1 he made an open and violent effort to seize the dominion of ,rome and the entire principality4 ,he was deterred from actually consummating his intention by an armed entry into the city1 where there was no force which could have prevented it1 simply by the threat of excommunication1 and withdrew to ,pavia4 ,the end of the ,lombard kingdom was now near at hand4 ,pope ,adrian1 the ,italian people1 ,charlemagne1 and all except a few adherents of ,didier were in accord on this subject4 ,charles crossed the ,alps with a large army1 evading the troops which guarded the passes by means of a secret defile1 and easily took possession of the whole territory1 ,pavia only excepted1 which held out for a year under ,didier and his gallant son1 ,adelchis4 ,pavia at length surrendered1 the ,lombard kingdom was abolished1 ,didier was confined in a ,french monastery1 where he became a monk in earnest for the rest of his life1 the donation of ,pepin to the ,holy ,see was confirmed1 and ,charles returned home to prosecute that brilliant career which made him before the end of the century the monarch of almost the whole of ,europe4 ,the temporal kingdom of the ,pope was now established in a definite and stable manner1 with the universal recognition of ,catholic ,christendom4 ,nevertheless1 as a civil institution it was still exposed to the inward and outward vicissitudes and dangers to which all states are liable from the very nature of things4 ,it was necessary that some great political power1 distinct from the papal sovereignty1 should hold over the ,see of ,st4 ,peter the gis of protection4 ,the providence of ,god1 therefore1 soon raised up that power which was consecrated by the name of 8,,the ,,holy ,,roman ,,empire40 ,during the last year of the eighth century ,adrian's successor1 ,pope ,leo ,,iii41 was obliged to implore the aid of ,charlemagne to repress the turbulence of ,roman factions4 ,leo was received by ,charlemagne at ,paderborn1 in the midst of a brilliant assemblage of nobles and a vast army1 with all possible veneration and honor1 and returned to ,rome escorted by princes and prelates and a guard of honor1 to await the promised visit of the king4 ,in ,december1 #gii1 ,charlemagne came to ,rome1 a great council was assembled1 and all the measures which were necessary for restoring and confirming order in the pontifical state were adopted4 ,the ,christmas festivities were celebrated with the greatest possible pomp and splendor1 and while ,charlemagne was kneeling before the tomb of the apostles ,leo suddenly and unexpectedly approached him and placed on his head a golden diadem4 ,the people burst forth into the acclamation3 8,life and victory to ,charles1 the great and pacific ,roman emperor60 ,in the bull which ,leo published on the same day he says3 ,quem ,carolum auctore ,deo1 in defensionem et provectum sanct universalis ecclesi ,augustum hodie sacravimus4 ,in a former article#ajj we have sketched an outline of the destinies and vicissitudes of ,rome during the period of the decline of the ,carlovingian dynasty and the rise of the ,german ,empire4 ,we have1 therefore1 now presented in a general view the history of the rise and consolidation of the temporal sovereignty of the ,popes between the two great eras of ,st4 ,gregory ,i4 and ,st4 ,gregory ,,vii4 ,from that time forward the political history of the ,papacy relates chiefly to the rise and subsequent decline of the temporal power of the ,pope over all ,christendom1 until at last1 in the disruption of political unity among ,european states1 the ,holy ,see is once more subject to the same struggle for independence in its immediate patrimony which preceded the period of its medival power4 ,the confederate union of the ,european nations under the moral presidency of the pope and the political primacy of the emperor was gradually transformed1 by the waning of the imperial power which became restricted to ,germany and at last subsided into a mere royal dominion over ,austria1 and the diminution of the spiritual power of the ,holy ,see by the schism in ,christendom1 into a weaker sort of alliance1 held together by common interests and mutual treaties4 ,so long as this continued the ,pope retained his place among the other sovereigns as one of the ,italian princes1 with a personal pre-eminence and a moral influence derived from his spiritual supremacy over the ,catholic nations1 and over the ,catholic population in those nations which were not ,catholic4 ,sound policy and the necessity of preserving an equilibrium in ,europe caused the powerful monarchs of the great states to protect the independence of the ,pope against one another1 and to restore it when it was invaded4 ,the disruption of the last bonds of ,european alliance in our own day has left the ,holy ,see and the church once more a prey to secular tyranny exercised by a new ,german emperor1 and a new ,lombard king1 without protection or defence from any political power4 ,as ,rome and ,christendom went up together1 so they have gone down together4 ,and if a regeneration or restoration in the actual present or the future is destined for ,europe and the rest of the world1 it must be accomplished in both together2 for they are inseparable parts of one whole4 ,the history of the past is therefore a guide for judging the present and forecasting the future4 ,the question of the temporal sovereignty of the ,pope in the ,roman state is essential and pre-eminent in the discussion of the principles of a reconstitution of the family of civilized and ,christian nations4 ,the complete independence and liberty of the ,pope as supreme head of the church1 and of the church itself1 are intrinsically the most important of all rights and interests2 and with these the temporal sovereignty of the ,pope is necessarily connected so intimately that it becomes indirectly and extrinsically of equal importance1 being1 in fact1 practically identified with them4 ,we have1 therefore1 in our preceding historical sketches prepared the way for showing how this sovereignty of the ,pope over ,rome and the whole territory which he claims as subject to his crown is an indubitable and inalienable right1 which must be restored and secured to him as the indispensable condition of religious and political order and well-being4 ,footnote #ajj3 8,the ,iron ,age of ,christendom10 ,,the ,,catholic ,,world1 ,july1 #ahgg4 ,we shall not attempt to reconcile this proposition with the doctrine of a divine or natural right of sovereignty inhering in the multitude of every nation or a majority of them4 ,at the present time this doctrine is not maintained by sensible and moderate advocates of a constitutional form of government and of popular franchises4 ,the sovereignty may lawfully reside in the multitude politically organized1 as it does in our republic1 but it is not by virtue of divine or natural right coalescing from the separate1 individual rights of the units who make up the mass4 ,the right of ,mr4 ,tilden to the ,presidential chair was not asserted on the ground that he received a majority of the popular vote1 which he did receive without question1 but on the ground that he received a majority of the votes of the electors who were really competent to vote for the appointment of a ,president1 according to the ,constitution4 ,we might make a plausible argument to show that the ,roman people have always consented to the papal sovereignty1 except during intervals of political madness1 and actually at the present time would re-establish it1 if they were free to do so4 ,but the right of the ,pope cannot be maintained on a theory1 which would reduce it to a popular concession revocable at any time by the will of his subjects4 ,some good ,catholics may hold the doctrine of popular sovereignty as above defined1 but they do so inconsistently2 for1 although it is not directly contrary to the ,catholic faith1 it is incompatible with the principles and practice of the ,holy ,see and the church1 and the doctrine of every authority respected by sound and loyal ,catholics who are instructed in the science of political ethics4 ,in certain circumstances the will of the people suffices1 alone or in concurrence with other causes1 to convey or transfer lawful dominion4 ,we have shown how1 in the case of the papal sovereignty1 the ,roman people did1 voluntarily1 withdraw or refuse allegiance to all other princes and eagerly give it to the ,pope4 ,we have shown1 also1 how other causes concurred in establishing his right as a fact1 and placing him in actual possession of the sovereignty1 without prejudice to any other really existing legitimate right4 ,the ,pope possessed all the rights belonging to his position as the chief land-owner and prince among the ,roman princes4 ,he possessed the right1 as head of the church1 to have no temporal prince placed over him who could control or hinder the exercise of his spiritual supremacy4 ,moreover1 he possessed a great many imperfect rights or claims upon the allegiance of the ,roman people arising from the services he had rendered to the state in preserving1 defending1 and succoring it in circumstances when it was near extinction1 from his superior ability to govern the state1 and the fitness of things making it expedient1 and even necessary1 for the public good that sovereignty should be vested in his person4 ,the action of ,pepin was that of one who defended the ,roman people in the right of their independence against tyrants and aggressors1 and defended the general right of his own and other nations to the independence and tranquillity of the ,roman ,church as the centre of ,christendom4 ,the action of ,charlemagne was similar1 and his overthrow of the ,lombard kingdom was justifiable by the right of conquest1 the consent of the greater part of the people of ,italy1 and the necessity of providing for the welfare not only of ,italy but of all ,europe4 ,his final act of settlement in the beginning of the year #hjj had still greater force and legitimacy as the act of the king of ,europe1 in which all the great estates of his realm concurred1 the whole people of ,western ,christendom applauding1 and the ,eastern empire tacitly consenting4 ,the possession of a temporal principality by the ,pope became thus a fact1 which was so connected with natural and divine rights of various kinds that it became a perpetual and inviolable right4 ,this is the only way in which sovereign rights can become vested in any kind of lawful possessor or political person4 ,there is no such thing as a right to civil sovereignty immediately delegated by ,god or springing out of the constitution of nature directly4 ,scarcely any one can be found1 even among legitimists1 who maintains any such origin for sovereign rights4 ,there is a natural and divine right to good government inherent in the social and political order4 ,there is a divine right1 having a natural basis1 in the ,catholic ,church to good government1 which is specifically secured by the divine appointment of the form of government1 as a hierarchy subordinated to a supreme head4 ,this right takes precedence of all others4 ,as those rights which are more particular cede to the more general1 all rights whatever must give way to the universal right of all ,christians and all mankind1 that the ,vicar of ,christ shall be left free and independent in the possession and exercise of his spiritual supremacy1 and that all men shall have liberty of obeying him as the vicegerent of ,god on earth4 ,the ,roman people have a right to good government1 the ,italian people have a right to national well-being1 all ,europe has a right to the advantage of a due political equilibrium and alliance among nations4 ,all these advantages were secured by the establishment of the sovereignty of the ,pope in ,rome4 ,it grew up and became strengthened1 and sustained itself for ages1 as an essential part of the political constitution of ,europe4 ,whatever pretence to right1 legitimacy1 stability1 or sanction of any kind can be made by any ,european institution1 the same is applicable to the temporal principality of the ,pope4 ,but1 beyond all this1 it is necessary to the spiritual independence of the ,holy ,see1 and therefore protected by the sanction of a higher right and a higher law4 ,it has been given to ,god and accepted by his vicegerent1 and has thus become sacred1 inviolable1 irrevocable4 ,it is like a cathedral1 an altar1 the sepulchre of a saint4 ,it is the property of the universal church1 of ,christendom1 and of ,god4 ,as such it is under the protection of ecclesiastical1 international1 and divine law2 it is within the domain of right and of morality1 and therefore appertains to the ,catholic religion2 is included in the order which is subject to the spiritual supremacy of the ,pope4 ,in this order he is the supreme judge and lawgiver1 infallible in defining and declaring the law1 sovereign in the judgments and decrees by which he applies it to particular questions and concrete matters4 ,the ,pope is therefore the supreme judge1 the ,catholic episcopate being associated with him in the same tribunal1 by whom alone the right and the necessity of the temporal sovereignty of the ,holy ,see can be determined4 ,the consent of the ,catholic people adds moral weight to this determination1 and the political action of states gives it the necessary physical force for its execution4 ,but there is no appeal from the judgment of the ,pope himself on his own rights as sovereign in the ,roman principality1 either to bishops1 sovereigns1 or people4 ,his own judgment has settled the right of the ,roman question1 and it is the duty of all ,catholics to adhere to that judgment4 ,the ,pope will not cede his sovereignty1 and the ,catholic people will not consent to its cession or to its violent occupation by any usurper4 ,the history of the destinies of ,rome in the past shows that the recent calamities of the ,holy ,see do not warrant the expectation that its temporal sovereignty has passed away to return no more4 ,it has proved itself to be indestructible amid all the vicissitudes of ,europe4 ,when ,rome is shaken and disturbed1 the civilized world is thrown into commotion4 ,as we are writing1 the ,russian army is crossing the ,pruth1 and it cannot be doubted that we have reached one of the most momentous epochs of history4 ,when our readers are perusing what has been written1 another fold of the scroll of time will have been unrolled1 perhaps thickly written over with records of great events4 ,we have read this morning the significant utterance of ,von ,moltke on the necessity of arming more ,german troops for the defence of the empire4 ,some may take ,chteaubriand's gloomy view of things and think that ,europe is hastening on a funeral march to the tomb4 ,if this be so1 then there is no refuge for the ,pope but the catacombs4 ,if atheism1 despotism1 revolution1 and anarchy are going to hold a wild revel amid the ruins and monuments of a ,christendom which was but is no more1 then ,rome will be involved in the common ruin4 ,but 8when ,rome falls1 the world40 ,however1 we do not feel obliged1 as yet1 to despair of ,europe1 ,christianity1 or civilization4 ,if there is a resurging movement after a temporary convulsion1 ,rome will be the centre of it1 and the successor of ,pius ,,ix4 will reap the advantage of his long watch by the tomb of ,st4 ,peter4 ,we believe in the triumph of the ,catholic ,church over infidelity1 heresy1 schism1 revolution1 and despotism2 over ,judaism1 ,mohammedanism1 and heathenism4 ,the restoration of the ,pope's temporal kingdom is necessary to this triumph1 and therefore we believe it will be restored4 ,we hope for a pacification of ,europe after the war which has now begun is terminated4 ,civilized mankind is tired of war1 and the almost bankruptcy which is universally produced by the enormous military establishments of the nations of ,europe1 it would seem1 must enforce at length disarmament and bring about a period of amicable alliance and devotion to the arts of peace1 the study of the welfare of the people as the end of government1 the moral sway of principles which are not only patriotic but ,christian and ,catholic4 ,in such a state of things the moral influence of the ,holy ,see would naturally rise to a higher point than it attained even under the medival system4 ,as for ,rome and ,italy1 their temporal prosperity1 so far from being sacrificed1 would be promoted1 by the re-establishment of the pontifical state and the overthrow of the visionary fabric of ,cavour and ,mazzini4 ,we certainly desire to see all just national aspirations of the ,italians satisfied4 ,we are glad that ,austrian domination in ,italy has ceased4 ,but all history seems to show that a confederate unity of distinct states is the only order suited to ,italy1 and that a monarchical unification is foreign and hostile to the genius and conditions of the ,italian people4 ,but1 whatever may be done by the ,italians and the ,european princes who will be left masters of the situation and arbiters of national interests after the conflict now impending1 in respect to the rest of ,italy1 the domain of the ,pope must be restored to him in its integrity and placed under the protection of the law of nations4 ,this is the indispensable condition of the restoration of ,europe from the condition of decadence into which it has fallen1 and no doubt the providence of ,god will force upon the rulers of the world the recognition of this truth in due time and by the course of events wholly beyond their foresight or control4 ,,alba',s ,,dream4 ,,by ,,the ,,author ,,of 8,,are ,,you ,,my ,,wife80 8,a ,,salon ,,in ,,paris ,,before ,,the ,,war10 ,,etc4 ,,part ,,ii4 ,when it was known in the country that ,m4 le ,marquis had joined the army as a common soldier1 the consternation was great2 but when it was known why he had done so1 surprise gave way to bitter indignation and regret4 ,the ,marquis de ,gondriac gone to risk his life for the son of a low plebeian1 generally supposed to have been a pirate6 ,the marvel was how the world stood still while such a scandal was enacted in its face4 ,as to the widow1 nobody thought of congratulating her4 ,if ,marcel had gone out and been shot1 they would have pitied her1 within reasonable bounds2 but now every man's hand was against her and her son--even the women felt the sweet font of pity dried up within them when they thought of what might come of this4 ,but the people1 despite their wrath1 were loath to take so gloomy a view of the future4 8,the bullets have a sense of their own10 said ,peltran2 8they know who to hit first and who last1 and who never to hit4 ,look at ,m4 le ,comte1 how they respect him6 ,he has seen more fighting than ever the ,caboffs did1 and yet the bullets have never touched a hair of his head4 ,it's my belief the things are alive and know what they are about40 ,no one contradicted this sapient remark2 for ,peltran was not a pleasant person to contradict4 ,marcel ,caboff had never been popular1 but from this time forth he was branded as a sort of potential malefactor2 if ,m4 le ,marquis died1 ,marcel would be his murderer1 and ,marcel's life would not be worth an old song in ,gondriac4 ,the only people who did the young man justice and had the courage to take his part were ,virginie and ,alba4 ,since the night of the storm a friendship had sprung up between ,marcel and ,alba which had grown to more than friendship on his side4 ,alba was a lovely maiden now2 impulsive1 untutored as the waves that her nature seemed attuned to1 wild as the sea-birds whose lot she sometimes envied when they beat their wings1 rose up from the rocks1 and took flight across the sea4 8,i wonder you can stay here and live this idle1 humdrum life when you might be away seeing the great world10 ,alba said to him one day1 as they met upon the cliff and walked on together4 8,you wish ,i were away1 do you80 8,oh6 no2 only ,i wonder you don't go4 ,i should1 if ,i were a man40 8,it is harder on me than you think10 said ,marcel bitterly4 8,i did my best to get away2 but mother went on her knees and said ,i would kill her if ,i went4 ,it was hard to resist that2 but it makes me feel angry with her when ,i think of what has come of it4 ,i know the people hate me and call me a coward4 ,alba10 he said1 turning suddenly round1 8you don't think me a coward1 do you80 8,no1 ,marcel2 if you had not been braver than any man in ,gondriac1 except your father1 you would not have come out in the boat that night4 ,how dare they call you a coward when they remember it60 8,they don't remember it4 ,everybody has forgotten it but you40 8,m4 le ,marquis has not forgotten it40 8,i wish he had4 ,that is what has brought all this misery about4 ,if he had not remembered1 ,i should be away with the grande arme now1 and should either die a glorious death like my brothers1 or come home by and by with the cross1 and perhaps a wound or two4 ,then everybody would know ,i was a brave man1 and mother would have had something to be proud of40 8,yes10 said ,alba dreamily2 she was watching a ship that flecked the horizon far away like a great swan1 its white sails flapping against the sky1 the sea-gulls following in its wake1 as it cleaved the wave4 8,would you have been proud of me80 asked ,marcel4 8,yes1444 perhaps40 8,you would not have cared a straw1 ,i believe10 he said1 angry and hurt at her indifferent tone4 8,if you had been killed8 ,indeed ,i should1 ,marcel4 ,i should have been very sorry2 but what is the good of being sorry now1 when it is never going to happen8 ,look at that ship out there6 ,with what a dip she shears the water6 ,how fast she goes6 ,her sails are like wings4 ,i wish ,i had wings60 8,you are always wishing for impossible things10 said ,marcel1 huffed at this summary dismissal2 8you were wishing you were a man a little while ago1 and now you want to be a bird4 ,why don't you wish for something ,i could give you80 8,you give me6 ,you could not give me any one of the things ,i wish for60 ,alba flung back the waves of swart hair from her low1 broad brow and laughed derisively4 8,how do you know that8 ,i have plenty of money1 and money can buy everything--everything reasonable1 that is4 ,suppose a fairy were to come and say she would give you whatever you wished2 what would you ask for80 8,i would ask her first to make me perfectly beautiful1 perfectly good1 and perfectly happy10 began ,alba4 8,why1 you are all that already1 you foolish girl60 8,you think so2 but you know nothing about it4 ,i would ask her to make me as rich and powerful as a queen1 and to make everybody pay me homage--not because ,i was rich and powerful1 but because they loved me6 ,oh6 ,i should like to be loved more than anybody ever was in this world before4 ,and ,i should like to live in a beautiful castle1 like the castle yonder1 and ,i should fill it with beautiful things1 and make it a real fairy palace to live in40 8,and who would you like to live in it with you8 ,you would not care to live in it all alone80 inquired ,marcel1 bewildered by these ambitious aspirations that left himself and his money-bags altogether out of the reckoning4 8,well1 first1 ,i should like to have petite mre1 of course2 then 444 then ,i should ask the fairy for a brave and handsome prince1 who would come and woo me as they do in the story-books2 he should be handsome and clever and good1 or ,i should not care for him2 but if he was all that1 ,i should love him with all my heart and soul1 and we should be as happy as the days are long60 ,marcel heard her to the end1 and then began to consider if there was not some one item in the capacious list that came within his possibilities4 8,if another castle would do instead of this one--you know you never could have this one--,i would go and buy it for you1 ,alba1 and you might have as many pretty gauds to fill it as you liked4 ,we have lots of gold and silver things and pictures up there0--nodding towards the ,fortress--8and if ,i asked mother she would give them to us--to you1 ,i mean40 ,alba's laugh rang like a silver echo all along the cliff4 8,and the prince--where would you get him80 8,must he be a prince8 ,would not a brave man who loved you and was ready to do your bidding in everything1 who would spend his whole life in trying to make you happy--would not that do instead8 ,must he be a prince1 ,alba80 ,he took her hand and held it1 and she did not struggle to release it4 ,they were standing at the foot of a rock that cast a long1 black shadow far out upon the sea2 the west wind blew into their faces2 ,alba's scarlet hood had fallen back1 and her hair drifted in a heavy stream behind her1 as ,marcel bent over her1 waiting to hear his fate4 ,he might have read it in her blank1 scared looks1 in her startled1 reluctant attitude4 ,if there had been hope for him1 would she have shrunk away and drawn closer to the rock1 as if asking it to protect her8 8,i have been too hasty10 said the young man penitently2 8,i should have spoken to ,mre ,virginie first4 ,forgive me1 ,alba1 and say only if ,i may go to her now and ask you for my wife80 ,he still held her hand1 and1 mistaking her silence1 made an effort to slip his arm around her4 ,the movement acted on ,alba like the sting of a snake2 she escaped from him with a cry1 and sped along the cliff like a deer flying from the hunters4 8,my child1 you have been foolish1 and so has ,marcel2 but there is no need to cry or be unhappy about it10 said ,mre ,virginie when ,alba had sobbed out the terrible story on her breast4 ,but ,alba was not to be comforted4 ,she had been living in dreamland1 and now awoke to find the hard ground under her feet instead of golden clouds4 ,of course she had dreamt of love and lovers1 and her heart1 or that vague yearning which as yet took its place1 had become enamored of the dreams1 visions that lay safe beyond the disenchanting present1 wrapped in the golden haze of distance2 and now this rude awakening had dispelled them1 and brought home to the dreamer that she had reached that border-land that lies between the mystery of morning and the revelation of noon2 the pearly mists had rolled away in an instant1 and the blaze of the mid-day sun was upon her1 chasing the fairy phantoms and making sober realities pitilessly clear4 ,she had been dreaming of a lover in some remote time and place1 and1 lo6 he was at her side2 he had been close to her all along--an ugly1 common man1 who seemed made on purpose to mock the visions of her fancy4 ,and yet this incident1 which threw ,alba into such despair1 had been for many a day the fond anticipation of her mother's heart4 8,why need it frighten you to find that ,marcel loves you and wants to have you for his little wife1 my child80 said ,virginie4 8,don't shudder and cling to me as if he were going to drag you away this very moment6 ,you shall never leave me1 unless you do it of your own free will4 ,but remember1 darling1 that ,i may have to leave you2 and then what will become of you80 8,you leave me1 petite mre80 ,and ,alba looked up at her in dismay4 8,it must come to that some day4 ,i am old and you are young4 ,i have a trouble here that reminds me of this often1 and then ,i lie awake of nights1 thinking of my little one1 and praying ,god to give her a friend1 the best and truest friend a woman can have in this world1 to take care of her before ,i am called away40 8,mother1 if you go ,i will go too4 ,i could never live without you6 ,what should ,i do here if you were gone8 ,nobody wants me1 nobody loves me in the whole world but you40 8,marcel loves you1 my child1 and he will be that good friend1 if you will let him40 8,marcel6 ,marcel6 ,as if he could replace you6 ,i don't love him2 ,i don't care if he went to the wars and never came back again40 8,if you married him you would soon learn to love him2 his goodness would soon win your love4 ,and then remember1 ,alba1 how happy he could make you4 ,you often long to have beautiful things--pearls and jewels and splendid dresses--and you sigh to go away in the ships that we see setting sail for distant lands1 and to see fair cities1 and the great mountains1 and the countries where it is always summer and the flowers never die4 ,marcel would give you all these wishes2 and then he would let you be so good and generous to the poor60 8,i should not care for pearls and pretty things1 if ,i had to marry ,marcel10 said ,alba4 8,i should not like to go to distant cities with him2 and if he loved me like a real lover1 he would let me be good to the poor without making me his wife40 ,how was the anxious woman to argue with this sweet1 foolish innocence8 ,if she could but teach the child to believe in the happiness that was at her feet1 and persuade her to become ,marcel's wife1 how easy it would be to die6 ,how terrible it was to have to leave her unprotected and alone6 ,virginie's heart overflowed in tears as she thought of it1 and the hot drops trickled down her face and fell on ,alba's4 ,alba looked up quickly4 8,petite mre60 she said4 ,throwing her arms round ,virginie and kissing the wet cheeks again and again1 8,i will marry him6 ,i will do anything1 only don't be unhappy1 don't cry6 ,o mother1 mother6 what is it80 she cried1 starting up in terror2 for ,virginie had fallen back and was gasping for breath4 ,she pressed the child's arm1 and with her eyes bade her be still4 ,the spasm of pain passed away after a while2 but when she tried to speak the words came faintly in broken sentences4 8,petite mre6 what is it80 entreated ,alba1 scarcely reassured4 8,may ,i call ,jeanne8 ,shall we send for the doctor80 8,no1 my darling1 it is nothing2 ,i am well now10 said ,virginie1 with a sickly smile that belied her words4 ,the sharp pang had1 it is true1 subsided1 but she was still ashy pale and could only speak under her breath4 ,alba watched her intently for some minutes1 and then1 twining her arms round ,virginie's neck1 she laid her head upon her breast1 nestling to her like a bird4 8,mother10 she whispered1 8would it really make you happy if ,i were to marry ,marcel80 8,my darling1 it would make me happier than anything else in this world40 8,then ,i will marry him1 petite mre40 8,my child60 ,virginie's face lighted up with a beaming joy4 8,i will marry him to please you4 ,there1 now1 promise me not to be unhappy1 not to lie awake at night fretting1 and never to have any more pains at your heart60 8,but1 my darling1 ,i would not have you do it to make me happy4 ,it is your happiness ,i am thinking of1 not my own4 ,don't you think you could learn to love ,marcel after a while80 8,petite mre6 how can you ask me8 ,foolish1 ugly ,marcel1 whom everybody laughs at and calls a coward6 ,but never mind4 ,i will marry him1 since he wants me and you wish it2 ,i promise you ,i will40 8,you are a foolish child to speak of ,marcel so10 said ,virginie2 8those who laugh at him are the fools1 and you know he is not a coward4 ,as to his ugliness1 what does that matter1 if he is faithful1 and fond1 and good80 ,alba pondered this philosophy for some minutes2 then she said3 8,when will he want to marry me1 petite mre80 8,not for a long while yet1 my darling4 ,you are both very young2 there's time to wait40 8,how old am ,i80 8,you were sixteen in ,september40 8,and how long will you let me wait80 8,till your seventeenth birthday is passed1 at least40 8,nearly a whole year6 ,then ,i have all that time to be free and happy60 8,and if at the end of that time you have not learned to care for ,marcel1 ,i shall not ask you to marry him at all10 said ,virginie4 ,the ecstasy which the reprieve had called forth sent a pang through her heart1 and made her ask herself whether1 after all1 she was doing wisely and well in forcing upon the child a lot from which her sympathies recoiled so violently4 8,not marry him at all60 repeated ,alba in amazement2 but she added quickly1 with one of those sudden changes of manner that were familiar to her sensitive and mobile nature3 8,i think1 petite mre1 ,i had better not wait for the year4 ,instead of growing easier1 it might grow harder by thinking over it all that time4 ,you know you always tell me that when one has a disagreeable thing to do1 it is better to do it at once and be done with it2 one only makes it worse by looking at it4 ,i think it would be better if ,i were to marry ,marcel at once and get it over40 ,virginie was aghast at the combination of strength and utter childish ignorance of the true nature and bearings of the sacrifice in contemplation which ,alba's reasoning revealed4 ,in the bottom of her heart the mother believed this repugnance would pass away1 and there was no cruelty in coercing the child's will at the outset1 in order to bend it to her real happiness2 but unless it could be so bent1 ,virginie would rather die trusting her treasure to ,god's guardianship than force it into any man's keeping4 8,we will say no more about it for the present1 my child10 she said2 8we will leave it in the hands of ,god for another year40 8,and you will be happy now1 petite mre80 8,yes4 ,i feel more tranquil about my darling's future40 8,and ,marcel--must ,i tell him80 8,no1 you must not mention to him or to any one what we have been saying4 ,i will speak to him myself40 ,so there was no engagement1 no promise exchanged2 not a word of thanks or of rejoicing passed between him and ,alba2 but ,marcel knew how docile she was to the power of love1 and she loved her mother with a strength and depth of feeling that knew no limits and measured no sacrifices4 ,he did not mean to be accepted as a sacrifice4 ,he had faith enough in his love to believe that before the year was out it would have conquered the coy heart of his lady-love and brought her a willing captive to his side4 ,meantime1 he would leave none of the stratagems and tactics of honorable warfare untried4 ,alba was fond of books2 he sent for all those he could hear of that were likely to interest her1 and she and ,virginie read them together in the long evenings1 and talked over them1 until their days were brightened by the scenes of travel and story which the books described4 ,he knew she loved jewels and shining silks1 and he went to ,paris himself and selected pretty trinkets of every kind--a necklace of pearls1 and rings of emeralds and rubies1 and silks of soft and brilliant colors--and he would carry them to the cottage1 and shyly lay them down without saying a word4 ,alba seldom noticed them till he was gone1 when she would open the parcel and examine its contents2 but ,mre ,virginie seemed to take more pleasure in the gauds than she did4 ,this went on for three months4 ,then1 one morning1 ,alba1 who had been out since sunrise1 sitting on the rocks and watching the tide come in and the creamy surf break upon the shore1 entered the cottage and said abruptly3 8,mother1 ,i won't take any more presents from ,marcel1 and ,i want to give him back all those we have4 ,i can't keep them2 ,i can't indeed40 8,you have made up your mind never to marry him80 8,i will marry him whenever you wish it4 ,it is not that1 only ,i can't take his gifts2 they make me miserable4 ,i hate them60 8,my darling1 ,i will send them back to him1 if you wish2 but it will hurt him very much1 poor fellow6--he took so much trouble to get them for you1 and you used to love pretty things4 ,how often have ,i not heard you long for the rings and flowers and shining silks we have seen in the fine shops at ,x----8 ,many a time you have wished a fairy or a lover would come and give them to you6 ,do you forget80 8,ah6 that is just it10 said ,alba1 with a light laugh that was full of pain2 8if a lover gave them to me1 ,i dare say ,i should like them well enough40 8,but ,marcel is your lover80 8,poor ,marcel6 ,it is so funny trying to think of him like that4 ,he is so awkward and stupid and ugly2 a real lover would be quite different4 ,but ,i don't want one now2 ,i don't indeed1 petite mre4 ,only please send ,marcel back his gifts4 ,they make me feel as if he were bribing me to be fond of him1 and ,i should not care a bit more for him if he gave me the loveliest jewels in ,france4 ,i don't care any more for jewels4 ,i used to long to be happy myself1 but now ,i only care to make you happy4 ,you promised me to be very happy when ,i married ,marcel80 ,this was dreadful4 ,this was not what the mother meant when she prayed for the marriage that ,alba contemplated with such pathetic resignation1 as if it were a sacrifice or a torture that every day brought nearer to her4 ,there were still eight months between her and the dreaded fate1 and ,virginie was strongly moved to tell her at once that she was released4 ,it seemed cruel to poison the child's life all that time on the chance1 which apparently grew less as the months went on1 of her getting to love ,marcel at the end of the year4 ,but1 again1 this marriage was the one prospect of security and happiness which the future opened out--quiet1 substantial happiness such as the mother longed to see her in possession of4 ,if ,alba flung it away1 there was nothing before her but a lonely1 loveless life of unprotected poverty4 ,it was best to be patient1 to keep silence a little longer4 ,virginie1 meantime1 had faith in the power of her own love1 and she would never cease imploring heaven to take the destiny of her darling into its safe-keeping4 99 99 99 99 99 ,hermann de ,gondriac had now been five years absent1 and those years had been an uninterrupted series of triumphs for him2 he had borne a charmed life on every battle-field1 and come off unharmed where all around him were stricken4 ,but the chances of war prevailed at last1 and the news came to ,gondriac that ,m4 le ,comte had been seriously wounded and was coming home4 ,his left arm had been shattered1 and1 though the skill of the emperor's surgeon had saved him from amputation1 he was in great suffering and condemned to the severest precautions4 ,a few bonfires were lighted on the cliffs to bid the home-comer welcome1 but this was all the people ventured on4 ,m4 le ,marquis1 it was said1 had been in the same engagement with his son1 but had come out of it unhurt4 ,that winter was a fierce one all through ,france1 and ,gondriac suffered terribly2 the bleak gray sea in a perpetual roar1 and the winds beating on its wild1 open coast4 ,food and fuel were scanty1 and but for the presence of the young lord at the castle many amongst the fishermen's families must have perished and starved4 ,no one had yet seen him2 the great physician1 who came from ,paris at intervals1 forbade his going beyond the southern side of the park until spring came with sunshine and blossoms4 ,but ,hermann could not have been more actively present amongst his people had he been walking daily in the midst of them4 ,he seemed to know by inspiration what they wanted1 and food and clothing were dealt out from the castle in unlimited supplies4 ,there were toys for the children1 and medicine and strengthening wine for the sick1 and books for those who could enjoy them1 until the people came to think that the bird of the fairy-tale must be true1 and that their young master had the tell-tale messenger at his orders4 ,alba busied her poetic fancy in making pictures of what ,hermann was like4 ,she had not seen him since she was a child and he a tall1 slim lad4 ,now that he was a man and a hero1 she longed to behold him again4 ,even to look at a hero from a distance would be something--life was so tame1 and all the people she knew were so commonplace4 ,was he proud and stern and abrupt in speech1 as they said the emperor was8 ,or was he gentle and honey-tongued like the knights of old8 ,one morning a man rode in from ,x---- to the castle bearing important news to ,m4 le ,comte4 ,important news indeed3 the emperor was coming the next day to inspect the fortifications of a neighboring seaport4 ,it was settled at once in ,gondriac that ,m4 le ,comte would go to meet his majesty4 ,no physician could hinder him in that1 come what might of it4 ,alba had heard nothing of this great event which was stirring the country for fifty miles round4 ,she and ,virginie lived a life apart up in their sea-nest1 and old ,jeanne was not given to gossip1 but did her marketing without waste of words1 and brought home little news in her basket4 ,it was a lovely morning2 the sun shone brightly on the sea2 the breakers were scampering in1 not loud and angry1 but tossing over one another in masses of creamy foam4 ,alba loved these laughing seas1 and would sit for hours on the rocks1 watching the tide ride in on the silver horses4 ,to-day the salt breath of the ocean and the mellow west wind excited her like wine1 and carried her off to the old dreamland where she seldom ventured now4 ,she was away on the dancing billows1 sailing to the land of the sun with a noble knight by her side4 ,virginie sat there with maidens serving her2 there was music on shore1 and crowds waving glad farewells4 ,alba began to sing as she walked briskly along the cliff1 building her castle in fairy-land4 ,but the ,fortress standing out like a spectral prison1 with the ivy blown inside out on its grimy walls1 sent a sudden chill through her and put out the sunlight4 ,there was a figure at the window watching her4 ,she turned hastily back1 walking quickly until she got down the slope1 when she almost flew across the moor1 on and on till she was safe in the shelter of the park4 ,o that figure1 how it pursued her6 ,how the ,fortress threatened her6 ,if she could but fly from them for ever1 and never hear of ,marcel ,caboff any more6 ,she had fancied latterly that the prospect of being his wife and living with old ,mme4 ,caboff in the gloomy1 rat-haunted place was less odious to her than it used to be2 but to-day the thought nearly drove her mad4 ,she had sped along as if some evil fate were behind her1 and she was tired2 there was a moss-grown oak close by1 and she sat down on the trunk to rest4 ,the wind rustled the dead leaves at her feet and swept the topmost branches of the pines2 then the anthem died softly away and all was silent4 ,the place was very still2 nothing stirred but the insects in the grass1 and the zephyr high up above her head1 as it rose and fell in swift1 olian breathings4 ,in the distance1 with a forest of trees between1 lay the castle1 its battlements and towers and flying buttresses rising majestically against the sky--a high romance of chivalry and war chronicled in stone2 to ,alba the door of an enchanted realm whose portals she might never pass4 ,no wonder men were heroes who lived in homes like this2 how easy it must be to lead grand lives where the very walls are heralds and witnesses urging to noble and knightly deeds6 ,the present owner of this splendid house was worthy in all this of his proud ancestors4 ,what a royal act of heroism it was of the old ,marquis to enlist as a common soldier out of gratitude to a dead man and pity for his widow6 ,then ,alba thought of ,marcel1 of the poor1 tame creature he showed beside this race of knightly nobles1 and she despised him1 and fell to wondering how it would be when she was his wife4 ,gradually the castle melted away1 and in its place rose the ,fortress1 dark and frowning1 and it lowered on her like a doom1 and ,marcel and his grim old mother stood at the window beckoning her to advance4 ,alba flung herself down upon the trunk and buried her face in the moss1 and began to cry passionately4 ,she cried a long time1 being full of pity for herself1 and there was no one within reach that she need check her sobs4 8,what has happened8 ,what is the matter with you1 child80 said a voice close to her4 ,she started up in terror4 ,yet the speaker was not at all terrible to look at--a gentleman in the brilliant uniform of the ,imperial ,guard1 young and handsome1 with a most commanding air1 and carrying his left arm in a sling4 ,when ,alba rose it was his turn to start4 ,lying there in an attitude of child-like abandon1 shaken with sobs1 her scarlet hood thrown back and her masses of black hair falling in loose coils over her neck and face1 he had taken her for a little girl2 he had called her child1 and1 lo6 she was a full-grown maiden1 and lovely beyond words1 despite her tears and her dishevelled mien4 ,he bowed to her as he might have done to a queen4 8,you are ,m4 le ,comte60 said ,alba1 pretty much as she might have said to a celestial apparition1 8,you are the ,archangel ,gabriel60 8,hermann de ,gondriac1 your humble servant1 mademoiselle40 ,she stared at him through the big tears that hung like dew-drops from her lashes1 her soft1 large glance modest1 yet unabashed as if it were gazing on a picture4 ,the knighthood in ,hermann recognized the maidenhood of that fearless gaze and did it reverence1 but he could not quench the glowing admiration of his own4 ,how liquid and pure they were1 those black stars with which she stared at him1 those soul-lit eyes that met his without dismay1 too innocent to quail beneath their burning light6 ,why should they quail8 ,were they not looking at a vision1 a dream transmuted into substance8 ,this was the young chief whom she had pictured to herself so often1 whose lineage and prowess were the pride of all the people4 ,only how much grander the reality was than anything she had fancied6 ,what a martial air he wore in his gold-embroidered uniform1 with his spurs and clanging sword and plumed helmet1 the stars upon his breast--every inch a warrior and a knight6 8,you have hurt yourself1 mademoiselle2 you are in pain10 said ,hermann4 8,can ,i send to the castle for assistance for you80 8,thank you1 monseigneur2 ,i have not hurt myself40 8,yet you were crying80 8,it was not with pain40 ,this time ,alba dropped her lids and blushed4 8,forgive me2 ,i did not mean to intrude upon you40 ,alba stood looking down like a guilty child1 her cheeks aflame1 her lips quivering with the sudden conflict between fear and shame1 and a strange emotion that thrilled her like sweet music4 8,who is she80 thought ,hermann4 ,he remembered1 years ago1 a child whom his father raved about1 wondering how a plebeian stem could have put forth so fair a flower4 ,could this be she8 ,the cur had told him of the girl's rare beauty as a sad and anxious burden on his mind1 and of the mother's being ill and in need of generous wine1 and he had ordered the best in his cellar to be sent to her4 ,half unconsciously1 as when we try to catch some forgotten air by humming it under our breath1 he murmured1 8,alba44440 ,she looked up with a start1 and then they both smiled4 8,how did you guess ,i was ,alba80 she said1 her shyness gone in an instant4 8,i did not guess1 ,i remembered40 8,how wonderful6 ,i should never have remembered you1 monseigneur40 8,that is not surprising4 ,i am changed since you saw me40 8,and so am ,i1 am ,i not80 8,yes1 more changed than ,i could have believed40 8,ah80 ,did he mean for the better or the worse8 ,the man read the question in her eyes and answered it3 8,you are far more beautiful than ,i expected40 8,beautiful60 she repeated1 and her face lighted up4 8,i was frightened when ,i saw you2 ,i took you for a fairy princess10 said ,hermann1 yielding to the irresistible temptation of pleasing her4 ,alba's face clouded over4 8,now ,i know you are laughing at me1 monseigneur2 you don't believe in fairies1 and you know very well ,i'm not a bit like a princess40 8,i have seen many a one who would have given a great deal to be like you10 said ,hermann4 8,like me6 ,i thought princesses were all so happy60 ,hermann smiled4 8,sometimes they have hearts10 he said4 8,sometimes6 ,and does that make them unhappy80 ,he turned to walk under the trees1 tacitly inviting her to do the same4 8,it endows them with the power of loving10 he answered absently4 8,but ,i thought44440 ,she hesitated2 it was difficult to put the thought into the right words4 8,you thought that love always led to happiness80 said ,hermann1 finishing the sentence for her1 while he looked at her with a curious glance4 ,why had she come to cry in this lonely place8 8,i don't know what it leads to4 ,i shall never know10 said ,alba very gravely4 ,m4 le ,comte smiled4 8,tell me1 ,alba1 why were you crying so bitterly just now80 ,she turned away her head and made no answer4 8,tell me1 sweet ,alba10 persisted the young man2 8perhaps ,i can help you if you are in trouble4 ,trust me with your secret4 ,as ,i am a soldier and a gentleman1 ,i will defend you if ,i can4 ,tell me1 is there some one you care for who does not know it80 ,she shook her head4 8,it is not ,i who care4444 ,i wish ,i could1 but ,i have tried my best and ,i cannot love him60 ,the tears welled up again and were flowing freely4 8,who is forcing you to love him8 ,tell me his name and ,i will protect you from him4 ,i swear to you ,i will60 ,and ,hermann1 with a soldier's instinctive gesture1 put his hand to his sword1 while his eye kindled with chivalrous anger4 ,alba thought him the ideal of a noble knight1 as she looked at him1 terrified and enchanted4 8,he is not forcing me1 monseigneur10 she said1 8and you can do nothing to help me4 ,i have promised to marry1 and ,i must keep my word40 8,you shall not1 by heaven1 if it makes you wretched6 ,he is a cowardly dog who would hold you to your word against your will10 protested the count hotly4 8,he is not forcing me2 but ,i have promised10 repeated ,alba4 8,and you cannot love him80 8,no6 and ,i have tried so hard4444 ,but mother says that when ,i am his wife it will be different44440 8,yes1 it will be worse1 a thousand times worse6 ,alba1 tell me this man's name2 trust me with your secret10 said ,hermann1 changing his angry tone to one of soft persuasion4 8,i dare not10 said ,alba in a frightened whisper2 8you would go and kill him40 ,the great1 swart eyes were looking up at him1 full of trust and admiration4 8,kill him1 child6 ,do you think me so terribly wicked8 ,do ,i look like a murderer80 8,it would not be murder in you4 ,you are a warrior2 you don't think it wrong to kill men4 ,that is what warriors are for2 but ,i should not like you to kill poor ,marcel40 8,marcel6444 ,marcel6 ,i seem to know that name10 said the count1 musing4 8,has he no other80 8,yes1 ,marcel ,caboff10 replied ,alba in a confidential tone2 8but you must not hurt him1 monseigneur4 ,oh6 ,i wish ,i had not told you40 ,hermann started and muttered something between his teeth which she did not hear1 but his look frightened her4 8,marcel ,caboff6 the fellow whom my father ransomed at the risk of his own life60 said the count4 8,and he would force you into marrying him6 ,by heaven6 he shan't4 ,i will foil him there40 8,o monseigneur1 monseigneur6 you will not kill him10 pleaded ,alba1 clasping her hands and appealing to the murderer with a scared face4 8,it is not his fault--it is not indeed1 monseigneur60 8,i don't mean to kill him2 ,i would not touch a hair of his head10 said ,hermann4 8,but why do you say it is not his fault8 ,does he not love you8 ,does he not want you to marry him80 8,he does1 oh6 so dreadfully4 ,but ,i should not mind that4 ,it is mother whom ,i have promised4 ,it is to please her that ,i must marry him10 said ,alba1 and her breast heaved with big sobs1 and all the floods were let loose again4 ,hermann longed to draw her to his breast and kiss away the tears--she was such a child in spite of her sixteen summers and their full-blossomed beauty6 ,but he checked the impulse4 ,there is no majesty so imposing as the majesty of childhood4 8,alba10 he said1 8,i will save you from ,marcel ,caboff without hurting him or any one4 ,you shall not marry him1 unless you come to wish it yourself4 ,are you sure that if he gave you up you would not change your mind and wish him back again80 ,this was ,hermann's estimate of woman's nature2 true1 his experience had been gathered among types as different from the one before him as the flowers of a hot-house are from the primrose of the woods4 8,i should never wish him to come back2 ,i could never love him10 said ,alba--8never1 never1 never40 8,then ,i swear to you on my sword you shall not marry him60 said the count impetuously4 8,now tell me1 ,alba10 he resumed1 seeing that she did not speak1 8is there not some one you would like to marry better than this fellow ,caboff8 ,tell me the truth4 ,if you had a brother1 you would not mind telling him4 ,try and fancy ,i am your brother40 ,fancy him her brother6 ,alba's fancy had taken many an aerial flight1 but never such a one as this4 8,who is he8 ,what is his name80 said ,hermann in a whisper1 bending closer to her4 ,but she shook her head4 8,there is no one1 monseigneur40 8,oh6 ,i don't believe that2 you are afraid to trust me4 ,there is surely some one else who wants to marry you80 8,no one1 monseigneur1 but ,marcel40 8,alba1 look at me60 ,she turned and looked at him like a docile child4 8,have you never seen any one whom you could love or whose heart you would care to win80 ,he was gazing deep down into the two dark pools of light1 as if he thought to see into her soul through them4 ,she did not shrink from the searching glance1 but dwelt in it for one long moment2 then1 as if the flame in ,hermann's eyes leaped out and flashed upon her with too intense a radiance1 revealing the spring of some sweet mystery in her heart and his1 the white lids quivered and dropped1 and a deep blush rose to ,alba's face4 ,they were alone4 ,the voices of the wood were hushed2 the dead leaves ceased to rustle at their feet2 the zephyrs paused in the branches overhead2 the silence grew and deepened1 filling the solitude with an overpowering presence1 till each seemed to hear the beating of the other's heart4 ,suddenly the sound of a horn1 followed by a noise of wheels crushing the gravel in the distance1 broke the spell and admonished ,hermann that he must be gone4 ,he lifted ,alba's hand to his lips1 and without a word of farewell turned from her and struck across the park towards the castle4 ,alba watched him out of sight1 and then turned and wended homewards4 ,her heart beat with wild throbs of joy2 the spirit that had been dead within her all these miserable months woke up1 quickened to a new birth1 and overflowed in song4 ,the flute-like voice trilled out over the lonesome moor like the carol of a bird let loose2 but as she drew near the confines of the heath the ,fortress came in sight and checked her song4 ,was it so certain that ,hermann could set her free8 and how8 ,what would her mother think of it8 how of this wonderful meeting and monseigneur's promise8 ,alba slackened her steps and took to pondering4 ,a moment ago she was impatient to pour into ,virginie's ear the story of the interview1 to repeat every word ,hermann had said1 to convey1 as far as it was possible1 the impression he had made upon her1 to describe his manly beauty1 his warlike aspect1 his gentle courtesy1 the incomparable sweetness of his voice1 the chivalrous kindness of his manner1 never doubting but that ,virginie would sympathize in this new delight1 as she had done in every little joy that had gladdened her child's young life4 ,but suddenly a change came over ,alba--something vague1 and undefined2 a sense of doubt1 of warning1 of intangible fear4 ,she had done nothing wrong1 and yet the still1 small voice was whispering inaudible reproach as if she had4 ,could ,virginie be angry with her for speaking to monseigneur8 ,how could she have avoided it1 how refuse to answer his persistent questions1 so kindly and so courteously put8 ,he had entreated her to trust him6 ,alba stood amidst the breezy waves of heather1 and recalled him as he bent near her and lowered his voice and bade her look at him4 ,how he had seemed to read her through and through6 8,have you never seen any one whose heart you would care to win80 ,she murmured the words softly to herself1 and the sound of them was like the echo of his voice1 and called up the hot blush to her cheeks again4 ,there was nothing wrong in monseigneur's asking her the question4 ,why1 then1 did she feel afraid to tell her mother of it8 ,musing for a moment on this mystery1 ,alba remembered how he had said3 8,try and fancy ,i am your brother40 ,virginie could not be angry at that1 surely4 8,i will tell her that1 and say nothing about the other10 muttered ,alba to herself2 and1 satisfied that this was a safe way out of the difficulty1 she walked on briskly till she was close upon the confines of the moor4 ,then the sound of a carriage coming down the road made her stop till it should pass4 ,it was an open calche preceded by outriders4 ,alba recognized the occupant at once1 even before his hand was raised in courtly salutation as he flashed by4 ,her heart beat fast1 and sent the blood to her cheeks and brow1 dying them crimson4 8,perhaps ,i had better say nothing at all to petite mre10 was her reflection as she crossed the road and began to climb the cliff4 8,he told me to trust him2 perhaps he would be angry if ,i spoke until he bade me40 ,and so it was decreed4 ,the tyrant had stepped in1 and at his first whispered prompting the discipline of a life gave way4 ,it was not many days after this wonderful morning when an event occurred which threw all the sweet romance of life into the shade1 and made ,alba forget her own cares and hopes in concern for the great sorrow of another4 ,m4 le ,marquis was dead4 ,he had died1 not actually on the field1 but of a wound received in battle4 ,the young lord's grief was like a madness1 they said4 ,those about him said that in the first frenzy of despair he had called on ,marcel ,caboff and cursed him as the murderer of his father4 ,whether this was true or not1 ,gondriac believed it1 and bitter words were spoken against the widow's son in all the country round4 ,bitter words are like the wind2 they fly1 and have a faculty for reaching those whose aching nerves most dread their sting4 ,the widow heard what was said of her son and felt it keenly2 it was cruel1 yet it was just2 it was a hard price to pay for ,marcel's safety1 but she could not reckon it too high4 ,if only she might pay it alone6 ,they are all alike1 these mothers4 ,mme4 ,caboff was a vain1 hard woman1 but the mother in her was all soft and generous and beautiful4 ,she came to ,virginie for sympathy--not for herself1 but for ,marcel4 ,it was her doing1 ,m4 le ,marquis' death1 not his4 ,why would not people visit her sin upon herself1 and not upon her boy8 ,but ,virginie and ,alba would be kind2 they had always said that ,marcel was no coward4 ,virginie gave the poor woman what comfort she could2 but ,alba was not there4 ,she could not bear the sight of ,marcel's mother2 for the thought of ,marcel was now unendurable to her4 ,it might be unjust1 and yet it was true to say that he was the murderer of ,m4 le ,marquis1 of ,hermann's father4 ,the news had thrown her into such a paroxysm of distress that ,virginie was terrified1 not holding the key to it4 ,it was right that she should be sorry1 and natural that she should be shocked1 but this agony of grief was unaccountable4 ,virginie took her in her arms1 and soothed her with caresses and endearing words1 and then bade her go and rest awhile4 ,but ,alba1 as if instinct warned her of the coming visit1 hastened out of the house1 and fled across the moor until she was safe in the shelter of the park1 and then she flung herself down on the moss-grown trunk that had a memory of its own1 and buried her face in the primroses and cried her heart out in pity for ,hermann4 ,after this it was impossible to mention ,marcel ,caboff's name in her presence4 8,i loathe the very thought of him1 mother6 ,i would rather die than marry him60 she said2 and ,virginie felt that ,providence was against her1 and surrendered4 ,marcel took back his gifts1 and quarrelled with his mother1 and went away from ,gondriac4 ,people said it was shame and remorse that drove him forth2 but ,alba knew this was not true1 and1 now that he had set her free1 she pitied him4 99 99 99 99 99 ,m4 le ,marquis was borne to the grave amidst such honors as the proudest ,crusader of his name might have envied4 ,it was with the jubilant pomp of a coronation rather than the mournful pageant of a burial that they laid him to rest4 ,for his people would have it that he was a martyr2 he had gone out to die of his own free will1 sacrificing himself out of gratitude to the dead and charity to the living4 ,the population flocked in from thirty miles round to attend the funeral4 ,five hundred men followed the crimson-draped car with palms and laurel branches2 children clad in white bore crimson banners that fluttered in the breeze1 while their voices rose in hymns of victory1 giving glory to ,god and the ,christian soldier2 the voices of the multitude made response in chorus1 and the waves1 breaking in low thunder against the rocks1 sounded their everlasting amens as the procession wound its way by the sea-shore to the cemetery4 ,and now ,hermann de ,gondriac was alone1 the head of an ancient house1 wealthy and young1 but as poor in that which makes life rich as the poorest of his peasantry4 ,if he could but have girded on his sword1 and1 escaping from solitude1 have drowned his grief in the excitement of the camp6 ,spring came1 and the fields were carpeted with wild flowers1 and the woods were full of music4 ,but ,hermann was seldom seen abroad2 he lived indoors1 amidst his books1 the people said2 but1 in truth1 the young lord's chief companions were his thoughts1 angry1 rebellious thoughts1 that made him chafe most bitterly against his forced inaction4 ,the park was vast as a forest1 and he never went beyond it4 ,often1 in his moody walks1 he strayed to that spot close upon the moor where he had first seen ,alba lying upon the mossy trunk4 ,the charm of her beauty and her daisy-like simplicity had wrought upon his heart more deeply than he was aware4 ,for days after that meeting she had been ever in his thoughts4 ,he said that he was thinking only of how he might rescue her from a cruel fate2 no doubt it was to help him to this issue that he returned to the spot where she had stood1 and conjured up her image1 till the nymph-like figure with the dark eyes and witching smile seemed to float visibly before him1 and listened for her voice until he thought he heard it in the sighing of the wind4 ,then came the thunderbolt of his father's death1 and ,alba and all the world were forgotten4 ,but grief cannot hold its sway in human souls beyond a given time4 ,as the days go by they bear away its sting upon their wings1 that touch the bleeding places with a balm4 ,hermann was young1 and as the weeks passed youth vindicated itself1 and rebelled against the stagnant1 lonely life1 and longed for action and for the sweet companionship of kindred youth4 ,if he could not fight1 he could at least love2 but who was there at ,gondriac to love8 ,the merry comrades of the bivouac were out of call1 and when he returned to the midst of them he would find his place filled up2 others would have come and gone again1 and risen in command and won place and distinction1 while he was out of sight1 a prisoner to a stiff arm1 as good as a dead man4 ,he hated himself with bitter vexation4 ,one morning he betook himself in one of these savage moods to wander in the park1 and1 not heeding which way he went1 strayed to that lonely walk under the shadow of the old trees near the moor4 ,some one1 meanwhile1 was watching him1 crouched timidly behind a furze-bush1 admiring his quick1 military stride1 thinking how grand and lion-like was that angry toss of the head which every now and then relieved his bitter thoughts4 ,the air was fresh1 and yet warm with that delicious warmth of some spring days that come like heralds of the summer1 gathering up all the sweets of earth into one fragrant breath1 wooing us with soft1 furry zephyrs1 and the scent of opening blossoms1 and the melody of young birds learning to sing4 ,alba had been tempted across the heath to the park1 where the trees had put out their bright green foliage that looked so lovely sparkling in the sunlight4 ,perhaps1 too1 though she did not own it1 there was a lurking hope in her heart that she might catch a glimpse of ,hermann in the distance4 ,if so1 she was not disappointed4 ,there he was1 walking under the pine-trees1 but1 happily1 with his back to the heath1 so that he did not see her6 ,she dipped quickly behind a furze-bush1 and disappeared from view just as he turned1 and1 coming through the trees at an angle1 stepped out on the pathway4 ,a nightingale began to sing in the distant copse2 but ,alba1 as she cowered behind her bush1 thought the crystal trills and the loud call-note less musical than the sound of ,hermann's foot-fall crushing the gravel close to her hiding-place--so close she almost feared he would note the shadow of her pink skirt upon the grass1 or mayhap overhear the palpitation of her heart4 ,but presently the foot-falls died away1 and the nightingale and the zephyrs had it all to themselves again4 ,she waited some minutes--an hour it seemed to her--before she ventured to look up2 but at last she did1 and there1 within a few paces1 straight before her1 stood ,hermann4 ,he had left the pathway and taken to the noiseless grass under the trees4 8,alba60 ,there was a ring of joy in the greeting1 as the young lord came forward1 holding out his hand4 8,why have you never come8 ,i have been here again and again in hopes of seeing you60 ,he was a true knight and meant no harm2 but in his joy at seeing the sunbeam on his path he forgot that he had no right to be so glad or to let ,alba see it4 8,i did not forget my promise10 he said1 leading her into the park and turning to walk by her side2 8but ,i learned soon after that there was no need for me to interfere4 ,caboff left the place1 they told me40 8,yes1 monseigneur1 people said0 444 she hesitated4 8,they were all so sorry for you1 and ,marcel could not bear it1 because they hated him--poor ,marcel6 ,it was not his fault2 he never was a coward40 8,you are sorry now that he is gone6 ,perhaps he will come back8 ,no doubt he will1 if you ask him40 8,i will never ask him2 but ,i am sorry for him10 she replied1 and then1 looking up at ,hermann with those soul-lit eyes that had a language of their own like music1 she added timidly3 8,but ,i was more sorry for you1 monseigneur40 8,alba60 ,he took her hand and kissed it4 ,it was very sweet to be so near him1 ,alba thought4 ,they walked on together1 hand in hand1 without speaking for a while4 ,the grass was soft beneath their feet1 and the trembling sunbeams stole through the trees and touched their faces with golden shadows1 thrilling and pure and full of gladness1 as the touch of nature is when it stirs the chords of young vibrating hearts4 8,if ,i could but comfort him60 she was thinking1 till the thought grew so loud within her she feared he would overhear it4 ,but we are deaf to those voices that lie 8upon the other side of silence40 ,hermann1 as he held the warm1 soft hand within his own1 was wondering how it came to pass that yonder on the barren cliffs a flower so rare and delicate had grown1 and been trained to so much grace and ease by a woman who was called ,mre ,virginie4 ,then he remembered his father's words about the royal flower on the plebeian stem1 and1 thinking of him1 he sighed4 ,alba looked up quickly1 offering all her soul's wealth of sympathy through her eyes1 and ,hermann bethought to himself how delightful it would be to have this sympathetic creature always at his side4 ,but he thought also of the emperor and the world1 and wondered what these potentates would say were he to pick up the jewel from the dust and set it in his coronet4 ,bonaparte had a way of choosing mates for his officers as he chose sites for his battles1 and ordering them to marry as he ordered them to charge2 but ,hermann felt he was not one to be cowed by the imperial match-maker1 and there was something rather inspiriting in the idea of defying the despot if he attempted to meddle with his life outside the camp4 ,why should he not gather this wild flower1 if he chose8 ,had his father lived1 it would have been different2 but now he was free1 there was no one to whom he need sacrifice the promptings of his heart1 be they wise or foolish4 ,the world and the court might laugh2 it was not from amongst them he cared to take a wife2 he wanted to be loved1 to be wed for his own sake1 and not for the good things he had to offer4 ,but did ,alba love him8 8,alba10 he said1 8now that ,marcel is gone1 who is to be the favored suitor80 8,no one1 monseigneur2 ,i told you so before40 8,but ,i did not believe you4 ,i don't believe you now40 8,why should ,i tell you a lie8 ,i never told one in my life40 ,she spoke without anger or offended pride2 but ,hermann saw that he had pained her1 and there was a purity of truth about her that rebuked his denial1 though it was spoken in jest4 8,forgive me1 dearest6 ,i wanted to hear you say it again4 ,i wanted to be certain there was no one else you cared for40 ,he bent toward her caressingly1 and1 looking under her hood1 saw two big tears slowly trickling down her cheeks4 8,alba44440 ,what an idle boast seems this about the freedom of the human will6 ,our most pregnant words1 our weightiest actions1 spring far oftener from impulse than from deliberate resolve2 a touch1 light as the feather floating on the summer breeze1 will stir the fountain and make its waters overflow2 a word spoken when we had meant to be silent will change the current of our life1 and push us to a step that can never be retraced4 ,an hour ago ,hermann de ,gondriac no more dreamed of offering his hand to ,alba than he did of burying himself in the ,grande ,chartreuse2 but those two tears were the drops that made the fountain overflow1 and1 in the sudden flood of tenderness1 pride1 prudence1 everything but love was swept away4 8,alba10 he whispered1 clasping her in his arms and gathering her to his breast--8,alba1 ,i love you4 ,will you come to me and be my wife80 ,was she awake1 with the solid earth under her feet1 or were those whispered words the music that our fancy makes in dreams8 ,but the music did not die away1 nor did the clasping arm melt from her1 as do the embraces of those loved ones who visit us in sleep4 8,you love me60 she said1 looking up into his face with her large1 warm glance1 pure and trusting as a child's--8you love me60 ,and the sunbeams went on singing it in shadow music on the grass1 and the cuckoo called it through the woods1 and the trees in their murmurous song repeated it1 and the clouds1 as they sailed over the zenith1 traced it in silver lines upon the sky--8,you love me60 ,,to ,,be ,,concluded ,,next ,,month4 ,,magdalen ,,at ,,the ,,tomb4 ,deep sombre clouds roll up to shroud the night1 ,for in the silence of a guarded tomb ,rests the rich promise of a ,virgin's womb2 ,and hearts that hoped are shrunk as buds by blight1 ,till1 like a soul which gains from ,heaven delight1 ,the radiant morn dispels the woeful gloom1 ,and casts o'er hungry ,earth a new perfume4 ,a white-robed ,angel1 pinion-fring'd with light1 ,beside the empty grave bade one rejoice1 ,who1 coming from the cross1 outran the morn1 ,in loving haste the body to adorn2 ,but found it gone--and wept4 ,oh6 hasty choice ,of tears1 for one who was the first to turn ,her eyes upon her ,lord1 and hear his voice4 ,,from ,,the ,,medea ,,of ,,euripides4 ',a free translation4 ,,by ,,aubrey ,,de ,,vere4 ,the ,chorus dissuades ,medea from slaying her children4 ,,strophe ,i4 ,o race renowned in ancient story1 ,race from the blest ,immortals sprung1 ,athenians1 ye who all day long1 ,feeding on wisdom and on glory1 ,walk lightly through that climate fine1 ,where1 as the fabling poets say1 ,the yellow-tressed ,harmonia ,brought forth the ,muses nine2 ,that sage and virgin choir whose shell ,you hear so often1 love so well3-- ,,antistrophe ,i4 ,to you white ,aphrodite sends ,her ,loves1 to make you wise and kind2 ,for they are ,wisdom's choicest friends2 ,and here they say the goddess wreathed ,her fragrant locks with rosy twine2 ,and here they sing that1 passion-fraught ,and o'er ,cephisus' stream reclined1 ,along the flowery vale she breathed ,sweet airs from that cold current caught ,upon her balmy lips divine4 ,,strophe ,,ii4 ,medea1 dream not that the city ,of sacred founts and streams can e'er ,give harbor to a wretch like thee3 ,pity them1 ruthless mother1 pity6 ,see but thy guilt as others see2 ,by all things great and good1 forbear6 ,we clasp thy knees1 and bid thee spare ,the babes that laughed upon thy knee6 ,,antistrophe ,,ii4 ,they are thy children6 ,they will call ,aloud1 aloud upon their mother6 ,how can'st thou hear that pleading cry8 ,in vain thou striv'st3--thou can'st not smother ,a mother's love4 ,thy hand will shake2 ,thy heart will bend2 thy heart will break1 ,thy frenzy melt away and die1 ,when twining round thy feet they fall ,in that despairing agony4 ,,the ,,story ,,of ,,the ,,gothic ,,revival4 ,when1 centuries hence1 historians endeavor to delineate the characteristics of the present century1 it is more than probable that the features that will most strike them will be those of innovation and change4 ,progress in every science1 rapid advance in material prosperity1 sweeping reforms in laws and governments1 political and social changes not a few1 will appear to have pretty well filled up the records of the busy century that is fast drawing to its close4 ,to those1 however1 who look more closely into the minor though oftentimes important details that contribute in a great measure to influence the character of an age1 it will be evident that1 if change and revolution have to a large extent reigned paramount in this century1 neither has it been altogether wanting in a just recognition of the past1 and in a serious revival of some of the best features of that past4 ,these thoughts have been suggested by the perusal of ,sir ,charles ,eastlake's ,history of the ,gothic ,revival in ,england--a work in which is displayed a thorough knowledge of the subject combined with an agreeable style and a high artistic taste1 which cannot fail to interest even those whose predilections are for other styles of architecture4 ,the revival which it describes has not been confined to ,england2 in both ,france and ,germany progress in ,gothic art has made rapid strides during the last thirty years4 ,in the production1 indeed1 on the history and theory of the pointed style ,france is perhaps in advance of ,england2 but nowhere else has the revival been so universal and so practical as in the latter country1 nowhere else has it reached a point which could justify an author in attempting its history4 ,so many ,catholic associations are linked with ,gothic architecture1 so many fond recollections of a glorious past are called up by the mere name1 that it is only natural that ,catholics should take a special interest in its revival1 should feel justly proud of the large part that some of their co-religionists have had in that revival1 and should refer with feelings of pleasure to the influence brought to bear upon it by the adoption of many ,catholic doctrines and practices by their ,protestant brethren4 ,american readers cannot be indifferent to the history and fortunes of edifices where their ancestors prayed in those happy days when unity of faith prevailed2 nor can they fail to take an interest in the history1 which we propose to sketch1 of those years during which a handful of earnest men struggled1 and struggled successfully1 to revive the glories of a style that had been rendered for ever illustrious by such names as ,cologne and ,chartres1 ,amiens and ,salisbury1 ,notre ,dame and ,york ,minster4 ,many were the fair buildings that graced the broad lands of merry ,england at the commencement of the reign of ,henry ,,viii42 stately churches and splendid monasteries adorned her towns and nestled among her wooded hills and valleys2 the one same principle of art had presided over their structure--happy symbol of the one faith to whose service they ministered4 ,before the end of that reign what a transformation had come over the face of the land6 ,one of the first acts of the ,reformation had been the suppression of the monasteries and confiscation of their property4 ,cromwell and his band of impious followers but too faithfully carried out the orders of their royal master2 the venerable and beauteous piles on which the pious munificence of ages had lavished their skill and their treasures were soon reduced to bare and crumbling ruins4 ,nor did the spoliation end here2 the zealous reformers of ,god's church were not slow in condemning as idolatrous the rich and brilliant decorations and ornaments that filled the cathedrals and churches1 and thus these sacred edifices were shorn of all the costly treasures that devotion had accumulated to honor the abiding presence of a heavenly ,king1 in order to fill the coffers of a licentious monarch4 ,it was not1 however1 the material ruin and desecration of its finest buildings that struck the severest blow at ,gothic art2 it was rather the loss of that faith which had witnessed its earliest efforts and had inspired its grandest works4 ,when the cold blast of ,protestantism swept away one after another each ,catholic dogma and each ,christian belief1 the sources of ,gothic inspiration were dried up1 its very raison d'tre ceased to exist4 ,not that the ,catholic ,church has in any way adopted one style of architecture as the only fitting one for her use2 she has equally sanctified by her solemn ritual and her sacred ceremonies the colonnades of the ,greek temple1 the dome of the ,italian basilica1 and the pointed arch of the ,gothic cathedral4 ,but this last1 if we may use a comparison1 seems somehow more especially her own child2 the others are but children of adoption--wayward children that she has rescued from pagan parents4 ,she has not watched over them from their birth1 nor seen them grow up under her fostering care to the vigor and strength of manhood4 ,it naturally took some time before the spirit of a form of art which was then the only form could completely disappear from the country2 for we must recollect that in ,england at the time of the ,reformation not only ecclesiastical but civil and domestic architecture was entirely ,gothic4 ,as there were for several centuries no new churches built--for the usurped edifices of ,catholic days more than sufficed for the needs of ,protestant piety--it was in domestic structures that the spirit of the style lingered longest in a practical form4 8,even down to the reign of ,james ,i4 the domestic architecture of ,england1 as exemplified in the country-houses of the nobility1 was ,gothic in spirit1 and frequently contained more real elements of a medival character than many which have been built in modern times by the light of archological orthodoxy4 ,inigo ,jones himself required a second visit to ,italy before he could thoroughly abandon the use of the pointed arch4 ,but its days were numbered when in #afcc the first stone was laid for a ,roman portico to one of the finest cathedrals of the middle ages1 and ,gothic architecture as a practical art received what was then no doubt supposed to be its death-blow40#aja ,footnote #aja3 ,eastlake1 p4 #e4 ,from this period the practice of ,gothic art gradually died out4 ,classic and ,italian architecture1 which had received a fresh impulse from the ,french ,renaissance1 rapidly came into fashion4 ,architects studied no other style1 for the very good reason that the public admired no other4 ,it was henceforth considered the criterion of good taste to abuse as barbarous all the productions of medival art1 and the test of good ,protestantism to look upon them as superstitious and popish4 ,it is indeed surprising that so many of the wonderful productions of a period no longer understood or appreciated should have been allowed to come down to us unaltered by 8classical0 remodelling4 ,what saved them and at the same time preserved the spirit of the old art from total extinction is thus told by ,sir ,c4 ,eastlake3 8,by a strange and fortunate coincidence of events1 however1 it happened at this very time1 when architects of the period had learned to despise the buildings of their ancestors1 a spirit of veneration for the past was springing up among a class of men who may be said to have founded our modern school of antiquaries4 ,sometimes1 indeed1 their researches were not those of a character from which much advantage can be expected4444 ,but1 luckily for posterity1 the attention of others was drawn in a more serviceable direction4 ,up to this time no work of any importance had been published on the architectural antiquities of ,england4 ,a period had arrived when it was thought necessary1 if only on historical grounds1 that some record of ecclesiastical establishments should be compiled4 ,the promoters of the scheme were probably little influenced by the love of ,gothic as a style4 ,but an old building was necessarily a ,gothic building1 and thus it happened that1 in spite of the prejudices of the age1 and probably their own sthetic predilections1 the antiquaries of the day became the means of keeping alive some interest in a school of architecture which had ceased to be practically employed40#ajb ,footnote #ajb3 ,history of the ,gothic ,revival1 p4 #f4 ,amongst the earliest names that attained to a certain celebrity by their researches and writings may be mentioned those of ,mr4 ,r4 ,dodsworth and ,mr4 ,w4 ,dugdale1 joint authors of the ,monasticon ,anglicanum1 a work first published in #afee1 and which still retains much interest for the modern student1 as it includes many records and views of buildings which have long since perished4 ,another writer whose name deserves mention was ,antony ,wood1 born #afaa1 whose ,history of the ,antiquities of ,oxford was a book of considerable importance1 connected as it was with a university where ,gothic architecture was so nobly illustrated and where the traditions of the style lingered long after its true principles were forgotten4 ,during the next two hundred years the annals of ,gothic art are indeed meagre2 from time to time we have the record of some antiquarian research1 and at rare intervals we hear of some uncouth attempts at ,gothic building remarkable only for the egregious mistakes they display4 ,early in the eighteenth century we find the name of a remarkable man connected with one of these crude attempts at medival art--that of the celebrated ,horace ,walpole1 ,earl of ,oxford1 the author of the first work of modern fiction whose scene is laid in the middle ages4 ,his labors in the fields of literature and art were not profound4 ,eccentricity seemed the most marked feature of his taste2 and1 as may be well imagined1 his famous ,gothic house1 ,strawberry ,hill1 which has remained almost unaltered to the present day1 is a strange monument of what debased art can achieve4 ,the fact1 however1 that a man of his position1 and enjoying the reputation he did1 could patronize a form of architecture which had fallen into almost universal contempt could not have been without a powerful effect on the public mind--an effect which may be traced in the erection during the next fifty years of a certain number of mansions throughout the country in that style which ,pugin loved so much to call 8,brummagem ,gothic40 ,towards the end of the century some useful books on architectural archology appeared1 such as ,carter's ,specimens of ,ancient ,sculpture and ,painting1 ,hearne's ,antiquities of ,great ,britain1 ,gough's ,sepulchral ,monuments1 ,halfpenny's ,gothic ,ornaments of the ,cathedral of ,york1 ,b4 ,willis' ,history of ,gothic ,architecture in ,england4 8,it was something at least to draw attention to the noble works of our ancestors1 which had long been neglected and despised2 to record with the pencil or with the pen some testimony1 however inadequate1 of their goodly form and worthy purpose2 to invest with artistic and historical interest the perishing monuments of an age when art was pure and genuine40#ajc ,footnote #ajc3 ,history of the ,gothic ,revival1 p4 #ga4 ,when the nineteenth century opens1 we find these works already producing practical fruits2 for we see several architects of note1 such as ,wyat1 ,nash1 and ,smirke1 attempting1 and not without some success1 the erection of edifices of ,gothic design4 ,nearly always1 however1 their efforts were confined to domestic structures for private individuals--a proof how completely the taste was confined to the upper classes and was still unappreciated by the general public4 ,if they did not often attempt to build new churches1 unfortunately they did not hesitate to restore and improve the venerable cathedrals and churches of the past4 ,wyat in particular has a heavy burden of responsibility to bear on this score2 for many were the noble buildings that long bore the traces of acts of vandalism and ignorance associated with his name4 ,how1 indeed1 could we expect better things in ecclesiastical architecture at a time when religion was at so low an ebb in ,england8 ,as each generation had passed away the lingering memories of the old faith and the old ritual had vanished one by one2 the last remnants of ,catholic feelings and practices had disappeared under the influence of the cold formalism of the ,puritans and the colder indifferentism of those who succeeded them4 ,when we read the following description1 given by ,sir ,c4 ,eastlake1 of a ,protestant church and ,protestant worship as he recollected them during the early years of the present century1 we cannot feel surprised that there was a lack of inspiration among church architects3 8,who does not remember the air of grim respectability which pervaded1 and in some cases even still pervades1 the modern town church of a certain type1 with its big bleak portico and muffin-capped charity-boys8 ,enter and notice the tall1 neatly-grained witness-boxes in which the faithful are empanelled2 the 'three-decker' pulpit placed in the centre of the building2 the lumbering gallery which is carried round the three sides of the interior on iron columns2 the wizen-faced pew-opener eager for stray shillings2 the earnest penitent who is inspecting the inside of his hat2 the hassock which no one kneels on2 the poor-box which is always empty4 ,hear how the clerk drones out the responses for a congregation too genteel to respond for themselves4 ,listen to the complicated discord in which the words of the ,psalmist strike the ear after copious revision by ,tate and ,brady4 ,mark the prompt1 if misdirected1 zeal with which old ladies insist on testing the accuracy of the preacher's memory by turning out the text4 ,observe the length and unimpeachable propriety1 the overwhelming dulness1 of his sermon40 ,alas6 as far as exterior worship was concerned1 the ,catholic chapels of this period were in an equally sad condition2 but from how different a cause6 ,centuries of persecution had not been able to stamp out the ,catholic faith1 but penal laws still in force1 though not rigorously carried out1 forced it to hide away in back streets and lanes1 always avoiding whatever might attract public notice1 lest it might awaken again the dormant flames of bigotry4 ,add to this the state of poverty to which1 in many places1 the ,catholic body was reduced1 and we need not wonder at the desolate aspect of the chapels1 if the miserable structures that oftentimes were used for divine service deserved the name4 ,they possessed1 however1 the presence of that ,god who had not disdained the poverty of a stable nor the humble offerings of poor shepherds2 in like manner he looked with indulgence on the mean and scanty ornaments that in these sad times decorated his altars1 and on the cold and desolate walls within which persecution had forced him to make his dwelling4 ,he was pleased to await the time when happier days and gentler laws should once again permit his worship to be freely celebrated with all the glory and pomp of by-gone years4 ,such days were rapidly advancing1 and ,catholics were not slow in availing themselves of each relaxation of penal statutes1 each favorable turn of ,protestant bigotry1 to improve their churches and to carry out more fully their sacred ceremonies--a task of no small difficulty on the part of a community so ill supplied with the riches of this world1 and so long1 from cruel necessity1 forced to content themselves with a simplicity almost akin to that of the early ,christians4 ,the dawn of the revival1 which was now at hand1 was marked by some writers of eminence whose theoretical works contributed much to prepare the way for it4 ,their writings were distinguished from those of the earlier antiquarians by a more practical knowledge of building and a more exact delineation of the details of the edifices they describe4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,britton may be looked upon as a link between the two schools1 as he had some of the characteristics of both4 ,he was the author of numerous works on the ,english cathedral and other ,gothic edifices1 all illustrated with really artistic drawings4 ,they were1 however1 more designed to create a taste for ancient art among the reading public than to assist the professional architect4 8,while ,britton was thus enlisting the sympathy of the amateur world two architects were engaged in preparing a practical and valuable work for the use of professional students4 8,the examples of ,gothic architecture which had hitherto been selected for publication were chiefly those which either served to illustrate a principle in the history of the style1 or possessed some picturesque attraction in the way of general effect4 ,but neither of these were of real service to the practical architect1 who required geometrical and carefully-measured drawings of ancient roofs1 doors1 and windows to guide him in his designs and to help him in reviving a style the details of which had been as yet most imperfectly studied4 ,pugin's 7father to the celebrated ,welby ,pugin7 and ,wilson's specimens of ,gothic architecture supplied this want4 ,it was a happy accident which brought these men together1 the one eminently qualified as a draughtsman for the task1 the other equally fitted to undertake its literary labor40#ajd ,footnote #ajd3 ,eastlake1 page #hh4 ,the writer whose name next appears on the roll of champions of ,gothic art is one whose memory is enshrined in the hearts of all ,english ,catholics--,dr4 ,milner1 ,vicar-,apostolic of the ,midland district1 better known to most people for his holy life1 his ardent zeal1 and his controversial power than as a writer on architecture4 ,in this latter capacity1 however1 he deserves a foremost place among those who prepared the way for the great revival which unfortunately he did not live to see accomplished4 ,his ,survey of the ,antiquities of ,winchester revealed much erudition and a thorough appreciation of ancient art2 but by far the most important part of it was the short but now famous essay it contained1 8,on the ,rise and ,progress of the ,pointed ,arch40 ,in it the author uses for the first time the appellation now become so general as applied to the architecture of the middle ages--viz41 the pointed style4 ,his next work was an important ,treatise on the ,ecclesiastical ,architecture of ,england during the ,middle ,ages4 ,in this work the author not only proves himself an antiquary but a man of taste4 ,a work more important still1 and one productive of the most serious results1 was a short pamphlet entitled ,a ,dissertation on the ,modern ,style of ,altering ,ancient ,cathedrals1 as ,exemplified in the ,cathedral of ,salisbury4 ,in it he protests in vigorous language against the miserable degradation of the old churches accomplished under the name of restoration2 nor does he spare ,wyat1 the leading spirit in these unfortunate improvements4 ,no one before the days of ,welby ,pugin had so enthusiastically entered into the spirit of the old art1 so thoroughly appreciated its beauties1 and so ably defended its principles1 not only against its avowed enemies1 but against the ignorance of many of its would-be admirers4 ,so outspoken1 indeed1 was ,dr4 ,milner's language in this pamphlet that it shocked the staid members of the ,society of ,antiquaries1 before whom it was to have been read1 and was in consequence withdrawn--not1 however1 to lie mouldering in its author's desk1 but soon to appear in print1 and to work even more important effects on the future than its author ever contemplated4 ,dr4 ,milner died in #ahbf1 the very year that ,w4 ,pugin1 then a youth of fourteen1 was displaying one of the earliest proofs of his taste for medival art in devoting long hours to the studying and sketching of the old castle of ,rochester4 ,how little did the gray-haired bishop dream of the wonderful revolution this youth1 as yet unknown to fame1 was to accomplish within a few years4 ,little did he think1 when he saw arising the humble walls of his ,gothic chapel at ,winchester1 that the day was not far distant when a ,catholic architect would revive throughout the land the glories of that style which ,dr4 ,milner had so well defended in days when it was neglected and abused4 ,one more name of importance must be mentioned before we attempt to trace the outline of ,pugin's career2 we again quote from ,sir ,c4 ,eastlake3 8,midway in point of time between ,milner and ,pugin1 and possessing1 though in a minor degree1 the talents of both1 ,thomas ,rickman1 as an architect and author1 plays no unimportant part in the history of the revival4 ,his churches are perhaps the first of that period in which the details of old work were reproduced with accuracy of form4 ,up to this time antiquaries had studied the principles of medival architecture1 and to some extent classified the phases through which it had passed1 while architects had indirectly profited by their labors when endeavoring to imitate in practice the work of the middle ages4 ,rickman united both functions in one man4444 ,in the science of his art he will not1 of course1 bear comparison with ,willis4 ,in the analyzing of its general principles he must yield to ,whewell4 ,in capability of invention he ranks1 even for his time1 far below ,pugin2 but it may be fairly questioned whether1 if we consider him in the twofold capacity of a theorist and a practitioner1 he did not do greater service than either his learned contemporaries or his enthusiastic disciple40#aje ,footnote #aje3 ,page #abb4 ,had ,rickman done no more than write his ,attempt to discriminate the ,styles of ,english ,architecture1 he would have been worthy of a high place among those who contributed to revive ,gothic art4 ,he supplied by this book a want long felt by architects and by those interested in architecture4 ,of learned1 or rather unlearned1 dissertations on the origin of the pointed style there were plenty1 but of those short and useful volumes to which have been aptly given the name of hand-books there was a complete absence4 ,rickman's book gave in a small compass a very complete history of the various phases of ,gothic architecture in ,england2 the main divisions into periods which he adopted being so good that they have remained unaltered to the present day4 ,the work was illustrated with very fair engravings1 and no architect who had perused it could any longer plead ignorance as an excuse for the monstrosities that were so often produced in those days under the name of ,gothic4 ,his work on ,french ,gothic1 the fruits of a journey through the ,north of ,france with his friend ,whewell1 afterwards the famous ,master of ,trinity1 is full of interest and contains an elaborate and carefully-drawn comparison between the medival remains in ,france and ,england4 ,with ,rickman ends that gloomy night which had so long1 with faint flashes of light now and again1 enveloped the science and art of ,gothic architecture2 a dawn as sudden as it is bright foretells a day of more than ordinary brilliancy4 ,ignorance and prejudice1 which had so long reigned supreme in ,england in all matters concerning true religion and true art1 were fast giving way before the researches of conscientious science1 and as a result we see two great movements marking the first quarter of the present century--the ,tractarian movement and the ,gothic revival2 the one religious1 the other artistic4 ,of the first it does not enter into our plan to speak here1 though it would no doubt afford a highly interesting study to trace out the mutual influence these two movements have exercised on one another2 for it is impossible not to perceive that1 on the one hand1 the inquiry into the principles and form of ancient art led naturally on to an inquiry into the ancient formularies and practices of the faith which had inspired that art2 and that1 on the other hand1 the revival of the long-forgotten ritual of the old faith led directly to the restoration and refurnishing of those temples that were so intimately connected with it4 ,before entering on the life of ,pugin1 which constitutes the culminating point in the great artistic revival we are attempting to sketch1 we cannot do better than quote the opening words of the chapter in which ,sir ,c4 ,eastlake traces his career1 as it clearly proves the importance he attaches to the labors of this great man3 8,however much we may be indebted to those ancient supporters of pointed architecture who1 faithfully adhering to its traditions at a period when the style fell into general disuse1 strove earnestly1 in some instances ably1 to preserve its character2 whatever value in the cause we may attach to the crude and isolated examples of ,gothic work which belong to the eighteenth century1 or to the efforts of such men as ,nash and ,wyat1 there can be but little doubt that the revival of medival design received its chief impulse from the energy and talents of one architect whose name marks an epoch in the history of ,british art1 which while art exists at all can never be forgotten40#ajf ,footnote #ajf3 ,p4 #ade4 ,augustus ,welby ,pugin1 the architect to whom these words apply1 was born in ,london on ,march #a1 #ahab4 ,we have already spoken of his father1 and of the important place his illustrated works occupy in the history we are tracing2 he was a ,french refugee and a ,protestant1 and his son was brought up a ,protestant4 ,although the elder ,pugin had little professional practice1 he seems to have attained to a position of ease by the sale of his works and the instruction of pupils4 ,his son was educated at ,christ's ,hospital1 on leaving which he entered his father's office1 having from his earliest years shown a great taste for drawing4 ,he soon mastered the first elements of his profession and became of much use to his father1 already showing that earnestness in all he undertook that was so characteristic of him in later years4 ,his taste for medival art received a fresh impulse from a professional tour he made in #ahbg with his father through ,normandy1 which gave him the opportunity of studying the beauty of ,gothic ornament in some of its most splendid productions4 ,while still a mere youth his cleverness in designing attracted attention1 and he received a commission from the royal upholsterers to prepare designs for the new furniture for ,windsor ,castle1 which it was determined should partake of the character of the building4 ,the drawings he gave were probably better than what most architects of the day could have produced1 yet in the writings of his after-years he always frankly pointed out their faults4 ,a love of variety and a strong taste for roving interrupted for a short period his architectural studies4 ,he devoted for a time his energies to scene-painting1 and with much success when the subjects were of a medival character4 ,next we find him carried away by an extraordinary passion for the sea1 and he actually for a certain period commanded a merchant schooner trading between ,england and ,holland4 ,having been wrecked1 however1 on the ,scotch coast1 his seafaring ardor was somewhat cooled1 and he returned to the labors of his original profession4 ,his talents were soon rewarded by increasing practice1 many architects being glad to avail themselves of his wonderful1 one might almost say innate1 knowledge of ,gothic ornament4 ,a most serious and important event in ,pugin's life1 and one having much influence on his future career1 occurred about this time--his conversion to the ,catholic religion4 ,there can be no doubt that his intense love of the past and his enthusiastic admiration of the glorious monuments of the ages of faith strongly biassed his mind towards this determination1 though of course it was not these considerations alone that led him to take so important a step4 ,his after-life proved how thorough was his faith and how sincere his piety4 ,this change of religion affected1 in more ways than one1 the professional career of ,welby ,pugin4 ,from a pecuniary point of view it probably made little difference to him--as his talents were such as to insure for him constant work1 and he already possessed independent means4 ,but by this step he sacrificed what was far dearer to him1 his future fame as an architect4 ,never was there a more splendid opening for architectural talent than that very time when ,pugin1 in the first dawn of his genius1 embraced the ,catholic faith4 ,everything had combined to prepare a revival of ,gothic art4 ,the materials were already collected and awaited but the hand of a man of genius to make a practical use of them4 ,the ritualistic movement had awakened the desire to restore the old and to build new churches4 ,rich men were ready to give unbounded wealth to further the enterprise4 ,had ,pugin remained a ,protestant1 had he preferred fame to conscience1 he might have found an easy road to it by availing himself of an opportunity so worthy the gifts of one eminently fitted to be a leader in a movement that combined religion and art4 ,he preferred to return to the faith that had inspired those medival times he so fondly loved1 and to risk his future reputation by offending that feeling which is so strong in ,protestant ,england against converts4 ,the ,catholic who for centuries has kept his faith they can tolerate1 nay1 admire2 but one who was their own and deserts them they find it hard to forgive4 ,not only did ,pugin1 in thus affronting public opinion1 bias the judgment of his contemporaries and of future critics1 but he actually1 by attaching himself to the poorest religious body in ,england1 deprived himself of the means of adequately displaying his power4 ,during the next years that composed the short career of ,pugin we find him working with an activity and enthusiasm that showed how all labor connected with his art was to him a labor of love4 ,his pen and his pencil were alike devoted to its service4 ,in #ahcf he published his celebrated ,contrasts--a work in which he compares with keen irony and scathing satire the buildings and institutions of the past with those of the present2 in the sketches which illustrate it he delineates with wonderful humor all the weak points of modern architecture4 ,his style of writing was flowing and easy1 always highly picturesque and enthusiastic1 but sometimes slightly inclined to exaggeration and eccentricity4 ,it was this that made it so difficult for him to write without giving offence sometimes even to his own friends and co-religionists4 ,his next work was his ,true ,principles of ,pointed ,architecture4 ,it is but a short volume1 consisting of two lectures delivered at ,st4 ,mary's ,college1 ,oscott1 but it forms a most complete elementary treatise on ,gothic art1 founded on the two great principles enunciated in its first page3 8#a4 ,that there should be no features about a building that are not necessary for convenience1 construction1 or propriety2 #b4 ,that all ornament should consist of enrichment of the essential construction of the building40 ,it is clearly shown that in these principles lies the true secret of all correct pointed construction and ornament1 and that any analysis of ,gothic work undertaken without taking them into consideration must inevitably lead to erroneous conclusions4 ,the truth of these principles is now universally admitted in works that treat of pointed architecture1 but to ,pugin belongs the honor of having first laid them down and having shown how important they were to the right understanding of the lessons handed down to us in the wondrous structures of the past4 ,his next work was ,an ,apology for the ,revival of ,christian ,architecture in ,england4 ,it is a brilliant defence of ,gothic art1 intended specially to prove that it is still 8the only correct expression of the faith1 the wants1 and climate of our country40 ,as a specimen of ,pugin's amusing style when describing the incongruous productions of modern architecture1 we cannot do better than quote the description of a nineteenth-century cemetery contained in this book2 we only wish we could reproduce the delightful picture that accompanies the text3 8,there are a superabundance of inverted torches1 cinerary urns1 and pagan emblems1 tastefully disposed by the side of neat gravel walks1 among cypress-trees and weeping willows4 8,the central chapel is generally built on such a comprehensive plan as to be adapted 7in the modern sense7 for each sect and denomination in turn as they may require its temporary use2 but the entrance gate-way is usually selected for the grand display of the company's enterprise and taste1 as being well calculated from its position to induce persons to patronize the undertaking by the purchase of shares or graves4 ,this is generally ,egyptian1 probably from some associations between the word catacombs1 which occurs in the prospectus of the company1 and the discoveries of ,belzoni on the banks of the ,nile2 and nearly opposite the ,green ,man and ,dog public-house1 in the centre of a dead-wall 7which serves as a cheap medium of advertisement for blacking and shaving-strop manufacturers71 a cement caricature of the entrance to an ,egyptian temple1 two and a half inches to the foot1 is erected1 with convenient lodges for the policeman and his wife1 and a neat pair of cast-iron hieroglyphical gates which would puzzle the most learned to decipher2 while1 to prevent any mistake1 some such words as ',new ,economical ,compressed ,grave ,company's ,cemetery' are inscribed in ,grecian capitals along the frieze1 interspersed with hawk-headed divinities1 and surmounted by a huge representation of the winged ,osiris bearing a gas-lamp40#ajg ,footnote #ajg3 ,an ,apology for the ,revival of ,christian ,architecture1 p4 #ab4 ,in #ahdd he published his next important work1 ,the ,glossary of ,ecclesiastical ,ornament and ,costume4 ,it is a thoroughly practical book1 designed to supply correct descriptions and patterns for the use of those who manufacture the various ornaments employed in the ritual of the church1 which were at that time of the most incorrect forms and in the worst taste4 ,his other literary productions were numerous but of less importance1 being for the most part of a controversial character1 and we pass on to examine1 as far as our limited space permits1 ,pugin's career and influence as a practical architect4 ,catholic emancipation1 in freeing the church from the galling restraints to which she had been so long subjected in ,england and ,ireland1 opened for her a new era of liberty and prosperity in those countries4 ,true1 she did not regain that wealth which had been sacrilegiously torn from her at the ,reformation2 still1 she was enabled1 through the generosity of her children1 to expend large sums in the construction of churches somewhat more worthy of the august mysteries she celebrates than those poor edifices she had been so long forced to use4 ,as a ,catholic of undoubted talents1 ,pugin soon found that his architectural capacity was appreciated by his co-religionists1 who entrusted to him the construction of all their principal churches4 ,few among them1 indeed1 were1 by their size or importance1 calculated to give full scope to ,pugin's genius2 nevertheless1 to the smallest building he always devoted long study and attention and a scrupulous fidelity to the principles he had laid down in his writings1 although in many cases it was extremely difficult to do so1 owing to the small amount of money that could be expended on the work4 ,among the many churches he designed we may mention1 as the best specimens of his skill1 the cathedrals of ,birmingham1 ,southwark1 ,nottingham1 ,killarney1 and ,enniscorthy2 the churches of ,st4 ,wilfrid's1 ,manchester2 ,st4 ,marie's1 ,liverpool2 ,st4 ,giles'1 ,cheadle2 ,st4 ,bernard's ,abbey1 ,leicestershire2 ,st4 ,augustine's1 ,ramsgate4 ,in all these churches the exterior beauty has been more or less sacrificed to interior ornament and decoration1 ,pugin preferring to devote all the money possible to beautifying those parts which were most closely connected with the presence of his ,god1 when the funds did not permit him to adorn fully both exterior and interior4 ,this has often led his critics to misjudge his capacity as an architect2 even ,sir ,c4 ,eastlake falls into this error1 and1 though a sincere admirer of ,pugin1 does not hesitate to assert that 8of constructive science he probably knew but little40 ,that his greatest power lay in ornament and detail may no doubt be true2 still1 we are fully convinced that had he found the same opportunities of displaying his knowledge as a scientific architect1 and had he not been trammelled by the constant necessity to keep down expense1 he would have amply proved to the world how unfounded were these accusations4 ,in comparing ,pugin with the architects who have succeeded him people often forget the difficulties he had to contend against4 ,he had to revive and educate the whole series of artisans whose combined labors are required to construct the smallest ,gothic edifice--sculptors1 carvers1 iron-workers1 painters1 and decorators4 ,when he began his career as a practical architect he had to design every smallest item required for his buildings1 and1 what is more1 often personally to superintend their manufacture2 a lock1 a screw1 a nail of correct pointed design were then things that had no existence4 ,if we take up now a book of that period1 we can scarcely believe that ignorance and absurdity could go so far as to call ,gothic the designs we see there depicted under that appellation4 ,it is solely to ,pugin's untiring energy1 to his conscientious love of his art1 and to his wonderful fertility of invention--gifts which even his adversaries cannot deny him--that we owe the change that has been wrought in a few years4 ,the important progress in metal work1 which now places at the disposal of the architect and builder material and designs almost equalling the best products of the middle ages1 is completely due to him2 in this1 as in another long-lost branch of art--glass-staining--he found in ,mr4 ,j4 ,hardman1 of ,birmingham1 one thoroughly competent by his practical knowledge and refined taste to assist him in carrying out his reforms4 ,how many other branches of industry1 connected directly or indirectly with medival art1 could be mentioned in which the influence of ,pugin's labors can be traced6--the production of encaustic tiles1 silk embroidery1 wood-carving1 the manufacture of church plate and furniture of all kinds1 even household articles and jewelry4 ,sir ,c4 ,eastlake truly remarks3 8,those establishments which are known in ,london as ecclesiastical warehouses owe their existence and their source of profit to ,pugin's exertions in the cause of rubrical propriety40#ajh ,he might have added with equal truth that the many beautiful objects we admire in them owe their existence to the principles he established by his writings and to the endless models which his unrivalled facility of invention placed at the disposal of the public4 ,footnote #ajh3 ,history of the ,gothic ,revival1 p4 #aec4 ,if a proof were wanting of the hold that the revival of which ,pugin was the leading spirit was taking on public opinion1 it is the fact that a ,parliamentary committee1 in drawing up the terms of the competition for the plans of the new ,houses of ,parliament1 stipulated that the designs should be ,gothic or ,elizabethan4 ,it has often been regretted that ,pugin did not take part in this competition1 and his reasons for not doing so have never been quite satisfactorily explained4 ,barry1 the architect selected for the new buildings1 showed his appreciation of ,pugin's capabilities and his esteem for his talents by applying to him for designs for all the important interior decorations and furniture4 ,the beauty of these parts shows how well suited he was for the task2 many consider them the most perfect parts of the edifice1 the exterior1 notwithstanding its real merits1 having numerous faults--some of them1 it is true1 inherent to the style adopted--,tudor or perpendicular4 ,besides the many churches and other religious edifices which ,pugin designed1 he devoted considerable attention to domestic architecture2 and among the best specimens he left may be mentioned ,bilton ,grange1 ,adare ,manor1 and ,scarisbrick ,hall1 ,chirk ,castle and ,alton ,towers2 the last two he only restored and altered4 ,but perhaps his happiest effort in this style was his own house at ,ramsgate1 which is1 in every detail1 a perfect specimen of a medival residence1 strongly illustrating how deeply imbued ,pugin was with the spirit and traditions of the past4 ,so thoroughly ,gothic were all his feelings and tastes that we firmly believe it would have been impossible for him to design a building in any other style4 ,with ,pugin's death1 which occurred in #ahed1 we shall terminate this short sketch of one of the most wonderful revivals of the present age4 ,we have told how ,gothic architecture became extinct as a practical art1 how its theory was forgotten and misunderstood for centuries1 its very name kept in remembrance only by a few rare lovers of antiquity4 ,we have traced the first dawn of a change in public taste1 originated by the serious works of men versed in the history of ancient art1 and inspired by a love of its grand productions4 ,in what a different position we leave it now6 ,the master spirit that had breathed a new life into its almost inanimate form has passed away2 his mortal remains are sleeping in the hallowed transept of that beautiful church at ,ramsgate1 the designing and decorating of which had been to him such a labor of love2 but1 unlike many reformers1 he had lived to see his cherished dreams realized2 he had lived to see the mystic steeple and the high pitched roof once more ascend to heaven from the crowded cities and the wooded fields of his country2 he had lived to see a long array of distinguished names consecrate their gifts to that one style he had loved and for which he had labored4 ,,along ,,the ,,foot ,,of ,,the ,,pyrenees4 ,we followed the old ,roman way along the foot of the ,pyrenees--a delightful route1 picturesque on one side and fair on the other1 and everywhere abounding in historic and legendary memories4 ,every age has left its impress here1 as every geological period has left its strata in the mountains4 ,many of the cultivated hills are crowned with the ruins of feudal times4 ,the plains are blooming with a thousand traditions and marvellous events that have sprung up from the contests with the ,moors in the eighth century4 ,numerous remains of ancient art are constantly coming to light from the soil to prove that1 during the ,roman occupancy of the land1 many wealthy patricians established themselves in this region1 at once attractive to the eye and favorable to health4 ,the ,visigoths also1 who once held possession of the country1 have left behind them memorials of their barbarity in the martyrs who are still honored2 and the ,huguenots and ,revolutionists ruined churches and cloisters that are still deplored4 ,at length we came to ,martres-,tolosanes--the ancient ,callagorris--an industrious place on the left bank of the ,garonne containing about two thousand inhabitants4 ,clouds of smoke hover over it by day1 and flames and sparks stream up at night1 from the numerous potteries which supply all the neighboring region with dishes and tiles1 and pave all the by-roads with broken crockery4 ,the streets are narrow1 and the begrimed houses seem inclined to stray off on the road to ,spain1 as if to breathe the pure mountain air4 ,there is an interesting old church here that was consecrated in the year #acji4 ,the baptismal font is an ancient sarcophagus1 set up on four pillars1 its sides divided by colonnettes1 between which are holy emblems and other carvings4 ,in one chapel there is a sculptured retable over the altar1 with the shrine of ,st4 ,vidian supported by chained ,moors--not covered with precious stones1 or a work of art1 like so many of the shrines of ,italy1 but a mere urn of gilded wood4 ,on great festivals this is taken down and placed before the grating of the sanctuary1 surrounded by lights and flowers4 ,the bust of the saint is placed above it1 the head shaded by nodding white plumes to give it a martial character1 in view of ,st4 ,vidian's achievements1 the face painted more or less after nature1 the shoulders covered with a gilded mantle of imperial fashion1 and the neck adorned with a collar1 or necklace1 of blue and white crystal--probably the offering of some devout peasant4 ,in another chapel1 on such days likewise full of flowers and tapers1 is ,st4 ,vidian's ivory comb exposed in a kind of monstrance1 as if the object of particular veneration4 ,it is rudely carved1 and the teeth which used to disentangle the long blond locks of the warrior after battle are of portentous size and length1 and jagged from the conflict4 ,but those were not days of gentle measures4 ,this comb is of considerable celebrity in the country1 not merely on account of its original use1 but also because of the curious tale that hangs around it4 ,in the golden ages1 when kind ,heaven directly intervened in human affairs more frequently than is thought to be the case now1 and did not suffer sacrilegious deeds to go unpunished1 a peasant woman of the neighboring canton of ,cazres1 who had come to ,martres to attend ,st4 ,vidian's fair1 went into the church to pay her devotions at the shrine1 and1 finding it empty1 was induced by some diabolical inspiration to steal the wondrous comb1 which was not then kept under glass as now4 ,she hid it under her scarlet capulet1 and1 rejoining her husband at the market-place1 set out for home4 ,the afternoon was drawing to a close4 ,some rays of the declining sun still brightened the gray tower of ,mauran among the mountain oaks1 but the evening shadows had begun to gather in the valley below4 ,accordingly1 they hurried along the road that bordered the river1 the irons on their shoes clattering over the stones and giving out an occasional spark4 ,the woman's feet1 however1 often faltered1 and1 contrary to custom1 her tongue was mute4 ,but this was no affliction to her husband1 and he pretended not to observe it4 ,at length1 on crossing the boundary that separates ,martres from ,cazres1 he suddenly found himself alone1 and1 hearing a cry1 looked around4 ,his wife remained fastened on the line1 as if by some invisible influence1 with one foot in the parish of ,martres and the other in that of ,cazres1 without the power of moving4 ,he hurried back to her assistance1 but1 in spite of herculean efforts1 he could not move her an inch1 more than if she had been ,lot's wife4 ,night was now coming on fast4 ,not a ray of the sun was left on ,st4 ,michael's tower1 and they were only half way home4 ,a cart from the mountains came by1 drawn by three cows1 and he begged the driver's assistance4 ,the woman seized hold of the cart4 ,the driver goaded the cows4 ,they were usually gentle and tractable1 as becomes the female nature1 but they now set off as if suddenly gone mad1 leaving the poor woman behind1 her arms nearly dislocated with her efforts1 but her feet still glued to the ground4 ,then came along some ,spaniards with their mules covered with gay tassels and bells4 ,new efforts were made to remove her4 ,she clung desperately to bridle and harness1 but the mules so reared and kicked that she was obliged to give up the attempt4 8,certainly the devil must have a hand in this10 said the husband4 ,the woman rent the mountains with her cries1 and at length was forced to confess the deed she had done4 ,it was evidently a case in which the spiritual powers alone could be of any avail1 and1 as she could no more go back than forward1 her husband sent to ,martres to make known the case and ask the benefit of the clergy4 ,as ,st4 ,vidian would have it1 they were all keeping solemn vigil at his shrine1 and1 taking the torches that stood around it1 they came hastening out with cross and banner1 and as soon as they took possession of the relic the woman had stolen1 her feet recovered their liberty4 ,after this the comb was kept under lock and key1 and1 at a later day1 was placed in the reliquary where it now is4 ,of course so stupendous an event caused a great sensation in the valley1 which had not been so stirred up since the ,norman invasion1 and made the comb not only an object of universal curiosity but of increased veneration4 ,the legend is related to this day4 ,it is pretended that the women of ,cazres are a little spiteful about it1 and dress their shining black hair with much more care than their neighbors at ,martres1 probably to show they have no need of the comb of ,st4 ,vidian4 ,st4 ,vidian figures everywhere in this region4 ,charming legends1 handed down from father to son for ages1 have thrown quite a veil of poetry over numberless places4 ,they are not very clear as to the precise place of the saint's birth1 but they are quite positive that he was one of the preux who served under ,charlemagne1 and had even a dash of imperial blood in his veins4 ,in his youth he became a hostage for his father1 who had been taken prisoner by the ,basques of ,luceria1 then idolaters4 ,they sold the young ,frank as a slave4 ,an ,englishman bought and adopted him1 and as soon as ,vidian was sufficiently inured to the use of arms he organized a crusade against ,luceria1 which he pillaged and completely destroyed4 ,of course such a feat recommended him to his imperial kinsman4 ,charlemagne invited him to his court and created him duke4 ,about this time the ,saracens crossed the ,pyrenees and began to ravage the plain of ,toulouse4 ,vidian joined the imperial hosts who came to the rescue of the land1 and entrenched himself with his followers at ,martres1 then called ,angonia4 ,he defended the place so bravely against the enemy that for a while it was supposed saved1 but1 surprised by an ambuscade near a fountain where he had gone to stanch his wounds1 he was slain after a stout resistance1 and the town taken and devastated4 ,when it rose from its ruins it took the name of ,martres in memory of those who were martyred in trying to defend it4 ,it is certain that all this part of ,france was once overrun by the ,moors4 ,they1 and the ,normans after them1 probably destroyed not only most of the ancient ,christian churches1 but the monuments left by the ,romans4 ,history has not recorded all the efforts made to repel them1 but a confused memory of the struggle has been left in the minds of the people1 and1 colored by time and the warm southern imagination1 these memories have become a genuine cycle of poetic traditions1 not the less founded on fact because only written with the sword and blood of their ancestors4 ,the country around ,martres is full of character and beauty4 ,the ,garonne1 fresh from its mountain sources1 winds through the verdant plain4 ,to the south are broad terraces and wooded hills1 and behind is the grand barrier of mountains1 their summits all crystal in the morning light1 and at evening all rose and amethyst4 ,no wonder the ,romans thought it rivalled ,italy1 and established themselves here4 ,on one of the neighboring plateaus have been found the remains of a magnificent ,roman villa that must have belonged to some wealthy person of luxurious and cultivated tastes1 to judge by the objects brought to light from time to time4 ,in #ahbf a vault was found by a laborer1 and excavations were systematically made which led to the discovery of sumptuous apartments paved with mosaics and marble1 with remains of columns1 statues1 and bas-reliefs1 and fine bathing-rooms with furnaces and earthen pipes1 and all the accessories of ,roman luxury4 ,among the works of art that have been found here are about forty busts and medallions of ,roman emperors and empresses from ,augustus down2 a white marble statue of a reclining naiad2 the beautiful head of another statue called the ,venus de ,martres2 medallions of ,jupiter1 ,juno1 ,minerva1 ,cybele1 and ,atys2 large bas-reliefs of ,serapis1 the labors of ,hercules1 etc41 and several bronzes4 ,these form quite a gallery of ancient art in the museum at ,toulouse1 where we saw them in the old cloister of ,augustinian friars4 ,beneath one of the plateaus is a pretty fountain with a cross near it1 in the midst of gentle undulations of verdure1 shaded by a grove4 ,here ,st4 ,vidian had his encounter with the ,moors and was slain4 ,the pebbles in the spring are said to be still stained with his blood4 ,every year his exploits are celebrated here by a mimic battle between the ,moors and ,christians1 in which nearly all the male population take part4 ,it is said the brilliant costume of the ,saracens is so attractive to the younger portion that they show a lamentable disposition to enter the service of the infidel4 ,however1 by dint of cautious measures1 both armies are kept about equal4 ,they consist of nearly one hundred and twenty-five men each1 of whom fifty are horsemen4 ,the ,moorish cavaliers wear red and white turbans with silver trimmings2 green stomachers adorned with a yellow crescent2 orange coats turned out with red facings2 girdles of scarlet silk2 and blue pantaloons of ,oriental amplitude4 ,it will at once be perceived that nothing could be more gorgeous4 ,the infantry are less pretentious4 ,they content themselves with the white pantaloons of the ,french hussar1 but make up for this with bright orange vests a ,mameluke might envy4 ,the ,christian knights wear a black pasteboard helmet with a silver cross on the front1 a blue tunic1 and a tin cuirass that is quite dazzling in the sun4 ,the foot-soldiers are dressed in gray1 with blue caps1 and a silver cross on their breasts4 ,both armies are furnished with tall lances1 and each has its standard4 ,that of the ,moors is green and orange4 ,on it gleams the ominous silver crescent4 ,the ,christians' is blue and bears the redoubtable figure of ,st4 ,vidian4 ,the battle takes place on ,st4 ,vidian's day4 ,the relics of the saint are exposed in the church4 ,high ,mass is celebrated with the utmost pomp4 ,even the followers of ,islam are so unfaithful to their traditional intolerance as to attend and present arms at the ,elevation of the ,host1 in utter disregard of the ,prophet4 ,mass over1 the clergy and people go in procession to the miraculous fount1 bearing the shrine and chanting the hymn of ,st4 ,vidian4 ,there they bathe the bust of the saint in memory of his wounds4 ,these traditional services concluded1 the military ardor of the soldiers begins to assert itself4 ,the two armies draw up on the neighboring field4 ,prodigious acoustic performances are made on the drum of the commune4 ,military evolutions begin4 ,the banners fly4 ,red1 yellow1 and blue uniforms flash across the green field4 ,the cavaliers show themselves true paladins4 ,such curveting and prancing have not been seen since the days of ,charlemagne and ,haroun al ,raschid2 at least1 on such steeds--mostly farm horses the worse for wear4 ,sometimes the contest becomes too warm and real4 ,however1 their ardor never lasts longer than is warranted by tradition4 ,the ,moorish flag is invariably captured by the ,christians1 and the battle-field deserted till the next anniversary of ,st4 ,vidian's martyrdom4 ,vigilantius1 the first heresiarch that troubled the peace of ,christian ,gaul1 was a native of ,callagorris4 ,he was of a roving turn and a lover of novelty4 ,in early life he crossed over into ,spain and there became an inn-keeper4 ,then we hear of him as a priest at ,barcelona4 ,he made the acquaintance of ,st4 ,paulinus 7afterwards of ,nola7 in ,spain1 who was induced to give him a letter of recommendation to ,st4 ,jerome4 ,furnished with this1 he went to the ,holy ,land1 but there he took sides with the enemies of ,st4 ,jerome and attacked the monastic life1 celibacy of the clergy1 the veneration of relics1 the use of candles in the daytime1 etc4 ,st4 ,jerome1 sarcastically referring to his original calling1 told him the faculty of testing wine and that of expounding the ,scriptures were not quite the same1 and advised him to acquire the elements of grammar and the other sciences1 and then learn to be silent4 ,his countrymen do not seem to have been influenced by his example1 however1 but have always been remarkable for their confidence in the saints and veneration for relics4 ,five or six miles beyond ,martres we came to ,st4 ,martory1 so named from a holy monk of the ,east whose beautiful legend is related by ,st4 ,gregory4 ,one evening this saint1 on his way to a neighboring monastery1 overtook a poor leper forced by fatigue and disease to rest by the wayside4 ,filled with intense compassion1 ,st4 ,martyri1 as he is otherwise called1 spread his cloak on the ground1 placed the leper thereon1 and1 carefully wrapping him up1 took him on his shoulder and proceeded on his way4 ,the abbot of the monastery1 seeing him coming1 cried3 8,hasten1 my brethren1 to open the gates4 ,behold ,brother ,martyri coming1 bearing the ,lord40 ,while they were gone to execute his command the leper descended from the good monk's shoulders1 and1 taking the form under which the ,redeemer is usually represented1 he addressed him in these words3 8,martyri1 thou hast had pity on me on earth2 ,i will glorify thee in heaven40 ,and1 while the monk was gazing at him in speechless amazement1 he ascended to heaven4 ,when ,st4 ,martyri entered1 the abbot asked what he had done with the person he was carrying4 ,the saint replied3 8,oh6 had ,i known who he was1 ,i would have held him by the feet60 ,and he related how light he had seemed on the way4 ,the body of ,st4 ,martory is still revered in the church4 ,not long after leaving ,st4 ,martory we came in sight of the towers of ,st4 ,gaudens at one end of a broad plateau1 once the place of a ,roman encampment4 ,behind it are the mountains that enclose the beautiful valleys of ,aure and ,campan1 the ,pic du ,midi1 and the whole of the mighty chain that binds sea to sea4 ,below is a vast plain1 fertile and smiling1 supposed to be the bed of a lake in which the waters of the ,neste once mingled with those of the ,garonne4 ,on the other side are to be seen the ancient thermal place of ,labarthe1 overlooked by a feudal tower and a village that dates from the fourth century1 called ,valentine1 in honor1 it is said1 of ,valentinian ,,ii41 who was assassinated in ,gaul ,narbonnaise in #cib4 ,here and there in the fields are found remains that attest the importance of the place under the ,romans--fragments of tombs1 bas-reliefs1 and antique vases4 ,at one corner of the church of ,valentine is the head of a ,roman soldier with his helmet on1 and near it a white marble urn4 ,inserted in the wall of the church is a marble slab with a ,latin inscription1 thought to be of the fourth century1 which may be thus rudely rendered3 8,nymphius1 whose limbs are cold and stiff in eternal sleep1 reposes here4 ,his soul is in heaven4 ,it contemplates the stars1 while his body is left to the repose of the tomb4 ,his faith dispelled the darkness that seemed to envelop it4 ,o ,nymphius6 the renown of thy virtues raised thee to the very stars and placed thee in the zenith4 ,thou art immortal1 and thy glory will be perpetuated in ages to come4 ,the province honors thee as its father4 ,the entire population made vows for the preservation of thy life4 ,at the celebration of the games due to thy munificence the spectators on the gradations of the arena testified their joy by acclamations4 ,once thy beloved country1 at thy command1 assembled its magistrates and spoke worthily by thy lips4 ,now our cities1 deprived of thee1 are plunged in mourning1 and the senators1 in consternation1 are incapable of action4 ,they are like the human body that1 deprived of its head1 falls lifeless and inert1 or a flock without its shepherd that knows not which way to direct its steps4 ,serena1 thy spouse1 abandoned to grief1 erects this monument to thee1 and finds in this pious duty a slight solace for her pain4 ,thy companion for eight lustres1 she only thought and acted by thee4 ,at thy side life seemed sweet4 ,now1 abandoned to her sorrow1 she sighs for the eternal life1 hoping that which she now possesses may be brief40 ,what a tale might be woven out of the epitaph of this old ,roman1 who died fourteen hundred years ago in this remote valley--made up of domestic bliss1 political honors1 the happiness that virtue alone can bestow1 and an untimely death mourned by the public and1 above all1 by the gentle-hearted ,serena6 ,the ,romans knew how to choose their sites4 ,nothing can exceed the charm of this region1 especially in the month of ,may1 when we visited it for the first time4 ,the fresh valleys1 the clear streams1 the unexpected views at every turn1 the harmonious outlines of the landscape1 are a perpetual delight to the eye4 ,the fertile plain of ,valentine especially is so lovely that all the mountain-tops seem crowding together to gaze at and admire it1 and they send down their purest streams to preserve its freshness and beauty4 ,on the sides of the plateau that overlooks ,valentine a young shepherd1 named ,gaudentius1 led his flocks to pasture in the latter part of the fifth century4 ,his mother1 a holy woman of the name of ,quitterie1 had brought him up in the practice of the most fervent piety4 ,the country at that time was in possession of the ,visigoths4 ,euric had succeeded to the throne by slaying his brother1 ,theodoric ,,ii4 ,he was a man of great military genius1 who extended his conquests in ,gaul from the ,loire beyond the ,rhone1 and carried war beyond the ,pyrenees with so much success that he conquered most of the ,peninsula4 ,toulouse was thus made the capital of an immense empire that extended from ,provence to ,andalusia4 ,euric was a fanatical ,arian1 and1 attributing his success to his fidelity to his principles1 he began a violent persecution of the ,catholics1 though they constituted a large part of his subjects4 ,executioners were frequently his missionaries1 and one of these summarily opened heaven to the young shepherd ,gaudentius1 who1 refusing to apostatize1 gave a last look at his mother1 who encouraged him1 and submitted to martyrdom4 ,his remains were carefully transported to the place of his residence1 and1 after the downfall of the ,visigoths1 an oratory was erected over his grave4 ,such miracles were now wrought through the instrumentality of ,st4 ,gaudens that his fame extended all through the country1 people came to live around his tomb1 and a village soon sprang up that took his name4 ,more than a thousand years passed away without diminishing the affluence at ,st4 ,gaudens' tomb1 but in the sixteenth century the town was taken by ,montgomery the ,huguenot1 the church stripped of its ornaments and greatly injured1 the statues broken1 the tombs desecrated1 and most of ,st4 ,gaudens' relics thrown into the flames4 ,but that was a way of reforming the ,huguenots had4 8,n'est ce pas rformer1 quand on trouve une glise ,trop riche1 lui ravir ses trsors anciens80 says the old ,plainte de la ,guienne of #aegg with a bitterness that is quite natural4 ,the bullet-holes made in the church are still pointed out4 ,this is a noteworthy building of the ,romanesque style1 with round arches1 clustered columns1 and carved capitals4 ,each aisle ends in a chapel1 and a choir is at the apsis4 ,over the altar is a statue of the ,virgin that1 before the ,revolution1 belonged to the neighboring abbey of ,bonnefont1 now completely destroyed4 ,this statue is the production of ,pierre ,lucas1 the founder of the academy of art at ,toulouse4 ,a priory was formerly attached to the church of ,st4 ,gaudens1 dependent on the abbey of ,st4 ,sernin at ,toulouse1 but it has been totally destroyed4 ,the old cloister of ,pyrenean marble1 built by ,bernard ,i41 ,bishop of ,comminges1 and of the race of its counts1 has also been destroyed4 ,of the tombs that once lined the arcades1 only one here and there is left1 with its touching medival inscription1 and perchance some consoling emblem of religion1 such as a cluster of grapes on a vine branch1 recalling the ,saviour's words1 8,i am the vine and ye are the branches02 the monogram of ,christ2 the ,alpha and ,omega1 etc4--symbols of hope graven on the cold marble tomb4 ,and there is an ancient portal over which used to hang the horseshoes of ,abderahman's steed1 which1 according to tradition1 plunged and reared when his master attempted to pillage the shrine of ,st4 ,gaudens1 and thus lost its shoes4 ,the horse of ,montgomery seems to have been of a coarser nature1 and as insensible as his ferocious owner to the spiritual influences around the tombs of the saints4 ,there is a kind of mournful pleasure in sitting down among the ruins of such old cloisters1 listening to the echoes of past times1 and trying to decipher the pious inscriptions on the tombstones among the rank grass1 and to divine the history of those who lie beneath--once centres of fond affection1 but now forgotten and unknown4 ,through the rifts in the wall is seen the peaceful rural valley1 with the ,pyrenees in the distance1 resplendent in the light2 and the contrast between all that is graceful and sublime in nature1 and the desolation of this spot once beautified by art and hallowed by religion1 is exceedingly touching4 ,how peaceful1 how religious1 this cloister must have been1 where paced the silent1 prayerful monk among the tombs6 ,and there is a sacredness in its present desolation that appeals to the heart2 if the solemnity of the ancient arches is wanting1 there is no lack of beauty in the lovely vistas among the picturesque mountains and delicious valleys4 ,st4 ,gaudens is a place of four or five thousand inhabitants1 with old blackened houses full of industry4 ,the country around is densely populated1 and at certain seasons many go into the neighboring districts to add to their slender earnings4 ,the young men have a commercial taste1 and all through the ,pyrenees you meet peddlers and colporteurs from ,st4 ,gaudens1 hawking their small wares with amusing pertinacity4 ,the girls1 too1 in harvest-time descend to the neighboring valleys to offer their services1 and there are many popular rondeaux that allude to them4 8,las fillos de ,sen ,gaoudens nou n'an d'argent1 ,las qui nou n'an qu'en boulren3 ,faridoundaino1 qu'en boulren40 --,the girls of ,st4 ,gaudens are penniless1 and those without money desire it4 ,tum-te-tum1 yes1 desire it4 8,aou pays bach1 anem6 anem6 ,coill d'argent6 ,en sega blat et dailla hen1 ,faridoundaino1 n'en gagnaren40 --,down to the valleys let us go1 go6 ,money to seek1 by reaping grain and raking hay4 ,tum-te-tum1 we shall gain some4 ,on the outskirts of ,st4 ,gaudens is shown the house where ,st4 ,raymond was born--the celebrated founder of the order of ,calatrava1 which rendered such glorious services to ,spain1 and thereby to all ,christendom1 in the struggle with the ,moors4 ,it is a humble birthplace for one who gathered under his banner the haughtiest grandees of ,spain4 ,his companion1 ,durand1 was also a native of ,st4 ,gaudens4 ,they both became monks at the noted abbey of ,escale-,dieu1 where they inured themselves by austerities for the mission ,providence had in reserve for them4 ,there would seem to be but little in common with the peaceful pursuits of the ,cistercians and the valiant exploits of the knights of ,calatrava1 to those who know nothing of the bracing discipline of monastic life4 ,not far from ,st4 ,gaudens is the chapel of ,notre ,dame du ,bout-du-,puy--a place of pilgrimage1 enriched with indulgences by ,pope ,innocent ,,xi4 ,it is under the continual guardianship of a hermit4 ,this ,madonna is particularly invoked by people in danger of death4 ,among the ex votos on the wall is the picture of a child carried away by a neighboring torrent1 the mother kneeling on the bank with eyes and arms raised towards heaven1 where ,mary appears1 commanding the waves to bring back her child4 ,we have mentioned the tower of ,labarthe4 ,the viscounts of this name were the lords of the ,four ,valleys for several centuries1 and played an important rle in the history of ,bigorre4 ,the fifth ,vicomte de ,labarthe married the grand-daughter of ,eudoxia1 the daughter of ,emmanuel ,comnenus1 ,emperor of ,constantinople1 who died at ,rome in the odor of sanctity1 and was buried at the church of the ,vatican4 ,geraud de ,labarthe1 ,archbishop of ,auch1 put on the cross and accompanied ,richard the ,lion-hearted to the ,holy ,land as the prefect of his army4 ,one of the glories of this race is ,marshal ,paul de ,labarthe1 ,lord of ,thermes1 who lived in the sixteenth century and saw six kings succeed each other on the throne of ,france4 ,he took part in the siege of ,naples1 and1 made prisoner by the corsairs1 endured a severe captivity for two years4 ,he afterwards distinguished himself in the ,piedmont war and fighting in ,scotland against the ,english1 and was finally created ,marshal of ,france4 ,he was so noted for his humanity that the ,huguenots said he could not hold his place as governor of ,paris because he was 8too little inclined to slaughter40 ,some of his descendants still live in ,bigorre4 ,on our way to ,bagnres de ,bigorre we stopped to visit the abbey of ,escale-,dieu1 at the bottom of a deep valley enclosed among the hills4 ,the name is derived from ,scala ,dei--the ladder of ,god--a ladder to aid man in his ascent to heaven6 ,no name could be more appropriate for a monastery where1 as ,wordsworth says1 paraphrasing the words of ,st4 ,bernard3 8,man more purely lives2 less oft doth fall2 ,more promptly rises2 walks with nicer tread2 ,more safely rests2 dies happier2 is freed ,earlier from cleansing fires2 and gains withal ,a brighter crown40 ,this abbey is on the banks of the ,arros1 a river noted for its impetuous character and sudden overflows4 ,it has its source in the valley of ,oueil1 the ancient ,vallis ,oculi--so called from its shape1 where it is said three barons once could breakfast together without leaving their own domains4 ,near by is a little hamlet called ,mayleu1 on the edge of a torrent1 where on stormy nights pale lights are said to wave to and fro on the current1 which the mountaineers say are caused by the soul of an old miser that agitates the waters--emblem of his restless life1 spent in grasping the goods of others with insatiable avidity4 ,his influence surely extends all along the ,arros4 ,the valley of ,escale-,dieu was given to a community of ,cistercian monks in the twelfth century by ,beatrix1 ,countess of ,bigorre1 in order1 as she says in her charter1 that she 8might be accounted as a sister in ,christ by the brethren of ,escale-,dieu in their watchings1 and fastings1 and prayers1 and obtain the redemption of her soul1 her husband's1 her father1 ,centulle's1 her mother1 ,amable's1 and other relatives'40 ,the ,cistercians were famous as agriculturists1 and in bestowing on them large tracts of land the old lords of the middle ages ensured the best means of bringing the country under cultivation and humanizing the inhabitants4 ,the monks built a church here under the invocation of ,,ss4 ,peter and ,paul1 which was consecrated ,october #bc1 #aadb1 by the ,archbishop of ,auch1 in the presence of the ,countess ,beatrix and her husband1 many abbots and neighboring lords1 and an immense crowd of people4 ,this church became the ,st4 ,denis of the counts of ,bigorre1 who doubtless thought to rest here in peace till the end of the world2 for the abbey was at that time so remote from the highways of travel that its solitude was almost unbroken4 ,the ,countess ,beatrix was one of the first to be buried here1 but her tomb was broken open at the ,revolution1 and the remains1 spared by centuries1 fell into dust at contact with the air4 ,the first abbot of ,escale-,dieu was a son of the ,vicomte de ,labarthe1 and his successors1 over forty in number1 were mostly from the great families of the country4 ,the house was immediately dependent on the ,holy ,see1 and the ,sovereign ,pontiff forbade any one to rob1 burn1 make any arrest1 commit murder1 or do any violence on its domains4 ,one peculiarity about its history is that1 contrary to most great monasteries1 no town or village ever sprang up around it4 ,it remained solitary in its valley1 studying 8the secret lore of rural things0 and pruning the wings of ,contemplation1 unconscious that ,providence was to give it a mission in the world seemingly incompatible with the spirit of the order4 ,the monks became so numerous1 however1 that two colonies were sent across the ,pyrenees under the charge of ,st4 ,raymond and ,durand1 to found the abbeys of ,yergo and ,fitero4 ,in #aadg the town of ,calatrava1 the bulwark of ,andalusia1 was taken by ,alfonso1 ,king of ,castile1 and entrusted to the care of the ,knights ,templars1 who held it for ten years4 ,then the success of the ,moors made them fear they would not be able to defend it any longer1 and they resigned the place to the king4 ,the latter1 embarrassed at having it thrown on his hands1 offered it to any one who would undertake its defence4 ,st4 ,raymond1 indignant to see knights1 vowed to the defence of religion1 thus abandon the post of danger1 asked the honor of taking their place4 ,the king willingly consented4 ,st4 ,raymond went through the provinces preaching a kind of crusade1 and twenty thousand soldiers ranged themselves under the ,cistercian banner4 ,their success made him conceive the idea of cementing the union of the knights with his order4 ,the abbot of ,escale-,dieu did not at first approve of the design4 8,what an idea10 said he1 8for solitaries by profession to convert a monastery into a school of war1 and flatter themselves tumultuous exercises can be combined with the silence of prayer and the chanting of ,psalms60 ,a chapter of the ,cistercian order was held1 but the ,kings of ,france and ,castile1 and the ,duke of ,burgundy1 overcame the scruples of the abbot1 and the pope issued a bull authorizing the affiliation of the ,knights of ,calatrava with the ,cistercian ,order as lay brothers4 ,all the houses in ,spain were subjected to the rule of the abbot of ,escale-,dieu1 who had the right of visiting and inspecting them till the secularization of the knights4 ,the most brilliant era in the history of ,escale-,dieu is the thirteenth century4 ,two saints had sprung from the house 7for we must not forget ,st4 ,bertrand of ,comminges1 one of the most popular saints of the ,pyrenees1 whose tomb is still honored in the town called by his name72 it held rule over ten monasteries in ,spain2 and it was greatly enriched by the neighboring lords1 particularly by the counts of ,bigorre1 who made it their burial-place4 ,the ,countess ,petronilla1 so famous for her five husbands1 was a great benefactress of the house4 ,besides endowing it during her life1 she bequeathed it1 at her death1 all her gold and silver vessels and reliquaries1 her jewels1 rings1 and precious stones1 her dresses 7probably for vestments71 sheets1 and blankets4 ,her first husband was ,gaston1 ,viscount of ,bearn1 who took sides with ,count ,raymond of ,toulouse1 but was reconciled to the church before his death4 ,the second was ,nuez ,sancho of ,aragon1 whom she repudiated under pretext of consanguinity4 ,the third was ,guy de ,montfort1 son of the great opponent of the ,albigenses1 who was killed at the siege of ,castelnaudary4 ,the fourth1 ,aymar de ,ranon1 who died about the same time as her second husband4 ,and finally1 ,boson de ,matas1 ,lord of ,cognac4 ,after these five chapters she died at the ,abbey of ,escale-,dieu in great need1 it is thought1 of expiatory prayers and good works4 ,henry ,,iii4 of ,england was captivated by the beauty of her daughter ,amate1 and three other princes sought to obtain her hand in marriage2 but she married ,gaston ,,vii4 of ,bearn1 and two of her daughters1 by the intermediation of ,abbot ,bernard of the house of ,castelbajac1 married princes of ,aragon4 ,one of the viscounts of ,lavedan also became a benefactor to the abbey1 and in his deed of conveyance declares he gives it the soil1 the rocks1 the vegetation1 the fruit1 leaves1 all that rises from the land towards heaven1 and all it contains in its depths4 ,rising over the valley of ,escale-,dieu are the ruins of the old feudal castle of ,mauvezin1 like a vulture's nest on the cliff1 overlooking the whole country4 ,it was once considered impregnable1 and was1 after that of ,lourdes1 the most important fortress in ,bigorre4 ,from this castle went many a valiant knight to the ,crusades4 ,one of them1 in making his preparations to go beyond the seas with ,st4 ,louis1 gave to 8,god and ,madame ,st4 ,mary of ,escale-,dieu0 fifty sols of ,morlaas money#aji from the rents of the thermal springs of ,capvern4 ,footnote #aji3 ,a sol ,morlaas was worth about #b4d francs4 ,in early times the abbey found a kind protector in the castle2 but when1 at a later period1 it became the stronghold of freebooters1 who only issued forth to pillage the lowlands and fat abbeys1 the good monks of ,escale-,dieu had reason to call it a ,mauvais ,voisin--a bad neighbor--a name that has ever since clung to it4 ,when the ,english took possession of the country after the treaty of ,brtigny1 the ,black ,prince established a garrison of soldiers here1 who rendered themselves as famous for their brigandage as for their heroic exploits4 ,when the ,duke of ,anjou and ,duguesclin went to the ,pyrenees in #acgd to root the ,english out of the land1 the castles of ,lourdes and ,mauvezin long resisted their stoutest efforts4 ,the latter was besieged by eight thousand men1 but the castle was so strong that it would have held out a long time1 had not the supply of water been cut off by the capture of the outer cistern4 ,the garrison now suffered all the horrors of thirst under a burning sun4 ,froissart says the weather was excessively warm1 and not a drop of rain had fallen for six weeks4 ,there was no choice but to surrender4 ,captain ,raimounet de l',epe1 the commander of the fortress1 like the true ,gascon he was1 made the best of his fate1 and offered to yield up the castle on conditions that were the most advantageous to himself and his soldiers4 ,unwilling to lose any of his plunder1 he stipulated that they should be allowed to depart in freedom1 taking with them all they and their sumpter-horses could carry4 ,the duke consented1 saying3 8,go about your business1 every man to his own country1 without entering any fort that holds out against us2 for1 if you do1 and ,i get hold of you1 ,i will deliver you up to ,josselin the executioner1 who will shave you without a razor40 ,raimounet had fought well for the ,english1 but he had an eye to the main chance1 and he now showed the nature of his bravery by entering the service of the ,duke of ,anjou and continuing1 under the fleurs-de-lis of ,france1 the pillaging he had so long practised under the leopards of ,england4 ,what he had not seized in the name of ,st4 ,george he now took in honor of ,st4 ,denis1 and thus filled both pockets at once4 ,he died fighting by the side of the ,duke of ,anjou under the walls of ,naples4 ,the sixteenth century1 so fatal to innumerable churches and monasteries in ,france1 did not spare the abbey of ,escale-,dieu4 ,the ,huguenots now invaded the peaceful valley and proved far worse than the old troopers of ,raimounet de l',epe4 ,the first band came in #aeah and burned the stables and the abbot's residence4 ,in #aefg a more formidable company appeared that put the monks to flight and took possession of the abbey1 which they made the centre of their operations1 issuing suddenly forth from time to time1 like birds of prey1 to plunder some church1 or monastery1 or well-garnished priest's house4 ,blasphemies now resounded beneath the arches only accustomed to the voice of prayer and psalmody4 ,all religious emblems were destroyed4 ,the sanctuary angels feared to tread witnessed their orgies4 ,at length1 by the combined efforts of some of the lords of ,bigorre1 they were routed from the abbey1 but before leaving they set fire to it and nearly destroyed it4 ,in this destruction was included the fine old ,romanesque church of the twelfth century1 where ,st4 ,raymond and ,st4 ,bertrand had so often prayed1 and the cloister they had so often paced in silent meditation4 ,it is a poor comfort to know that the leaders of this sacrilegious deed were taken and executed at ,toulouse4 ,the monks returned to ,escale-,dieu1 but only to find it in ruins4 ,in the course of time1 however1 it was rebuilt1 but in an inferior style1 as suited their diminished means1 and the house led a precarious existence till the ,french ,revolution1 when it was once more ravaged1 the very tombs violated1 and the monks for ever dispersed4 ,the abbey is now owned by a layman who is more interested in agriculture than archology4 ,it contains1 however1 but little that is ancient4 ,at the end of a long file of poplars you see the dome and white walls of the church1 a building of the seventeenth century1 now a grange4 ,there is a flower-garden on the site of the ancient cloister1 and in the walls are encrusted a few of the old columns with palm-leaves sculptured on the capitals1 emblem of spiritual victory4 ,and the hallowed name of ,escale-,dieu1 which once gave laws to ,spanish knights1 is now degraded to a mere post station4 ,mauvezin itself became the hold of the ,huguenots under ,captain de ,sus in #aehd1 and they made the castle more than ever worthy of its name4 ,they extended their ravages as far as ,st4 ,bertrand of ,comminges1 and the name of their leader became a terror in the land4 ,now the castle is in ruins1 which are as melancholy as its history4 ,the square1 massive tower that withstood so many attacks is roofless1 windowless1 and dismantled4 ,beneath is the vaulted dungeon where the prisoner once groaned in vain--dark and hopeless as the tomb4 ,over one of the doors of the tower is an escutcheon on which the arms of ,foix are quartered with those of ,bearn1 with the inscription ,fbus m f--,phbus made me2 for here lived for a time the famous ,gaston ,phbus of ,bearn4 ,the kite and the osprey inhabit it now4 ,the hoarse notes of birds of prey well suit the place where once resounded the war-cries of ,raimounet de l',epe and ,captain de ,sus4 ,two leagues from ,mauvezin is ,bagnres de ,bigorre1 one of the most popular watering-places in the ,pyrenees4 ,here 8,esculapius est sans barbe et sans rides0 says the poet ,lemierre4 ,long before you arrive you see the tower of the ,jacobins rising into the air light and slender as a column4 ,it is a clean1 attractive town in a circular valley surrounded by hills cultivated to the very top1 or covered with woods whose shady paths are full of mystery4 ,the valley is watered by several streams1 and cooled by mountain breezes that are delicious in summer4 ,numerous canals convey the waters of the ,adour through most of the streets of the town1 giving a certain freshness to the air1 and a supply of water for domestic purposes4 ,an old author attributes the foundation of the place to ,venus and ,hebe1 and says it was here the god ,mars came to be healed when wounded at the siege of ,troy4 ,it was1 at least1 frequented by the ,romans1 who gave it the name of ,vicus ,aquensis4 ,their homages to the nymphs who guard the springs are still to be seen graven on marble1 such as3 ,nymphis pro salute sud1 ,sever4 ,seranus ,v4 ,s4 ,l4 ,m4 ,like most of the towns of this region1 ,bagnres was formerly held by the ,visigoths1 ,saracens1 ,normans1 and ,english one after the other1 but seems to have been spared by the ,huguenots1 who perhaps were more afraid of offending the water-nymphs than the saints4 ,the people1 it is said1 propitiated their leaders by sending them occasionally a tribute of butter and maize4 ,the town1 notwithstanding its antiquity1 has but few ancient remains4 ,there is a feudal tower or two that formed part of the old fortifications1 necessary when1 as ,froissart says1 it was so often worried and beset by the garrison at ,mauvezin4 ,the old church of the ,templars is standing1 but used for profane purposes4 ,there are many agreeable promenades around ,bagnres4 ,one of these is to a green hollow among abrupt cliffs1 called the ,elyse-,cottin1 from ,madame ,cottin1 who was very fond of this quiet nook4 ,it was here she is said to have conceived the noble character of ,malek ,adhel1 which so delighted us in our youth1 and wrote not only ,mathilde but some of her other works4 ,it is a charming retreat with a fountain in the bottom of the valley1 in her time shaded by fine beeches and ash-trees1 which have since been cut down4 ,the ,alle ,maintenon is so called in honor of ,mme4 de ,maintenon1 who accompanied the ,duc du ,maine here for his health4 ,this ,alle begins at the end of the town1 and1 climbing a steep hill1 proceeds along the plateau of ,pouey till it comes to a spot where you can see the whole plain of ,bigorre1 and the waters of the ,adour dashing down the steep sides of the mountains4 ,here1 taking the road to ,campan1 you soon come to the place where once stood the ,capuchin convent of ,mdoux1 founded in the sixteenth century by ,susanne de ,grammont1 ,marchioness of ,monpezat4 ,it was particularly renowned for a miraculous statue of the ,virgin1 honored under the name of ,sancta ,maria in ,melle dulci1 corrupted into ,notre ,dame de ,mdoux4 ,the convent was destroyed during the ,revolutionary period1 but the ,madonna1 so dear to popular piety1 was saved and now adorns the high altar of the church of ,ast4 ,the people say it was miraculously transported through the air and thus saved4 ,it is of white marble1 and a genuine work of art1 by an ,italian sculptor4 ,it was the gift of one of the viscounts of ,ast1 who were generous patrons of the monastery4 ,the expression and pure outline of the face1 the dignity of the attitude1 and the graceful flow of the drapery excite the admiration of every visitor4 ,a modern villa now occupies the place of the convent4 ,it is in the midst of a fine park watered by a stream that comes pouring out of a cool grotto4 ,nothing could be more delightfully rural4 ,not far off is an old feudal tower1 and beyond is ,baudeau1 the birthplace of ,larrey1 the favorite surgeon of ,napoleon4 ,the ,vicomte de ,castelbajac has sung the beauties of this spot where once stood 8,une chapelle hospitalire ,toujours ouverte au plerin1 ,jamais il n'y frappait en vain2 ,et le malheur et la misre1 ,la pauvre veuve et l'orphelin1 ,y trouvaient toujours la prire ,et l'aumne du ,capucin40 8,,cathedral ,,woods10 ,,manchester1 ,,massachusetts4 ,hushed grow our voices as our footsteps fall ,these darksome woods' high fretted roof beneath1 ,whose living arches1 sprung from living sheath1 ,are organ-pipes for winds to play withal4 ,we leave1 without1 the meadow's autumn glare-- ,its ,tyrian wealth of asters prodigal1 ,its pomp of scarlet-robed cardinal1 ,its gentian that doth heaven's livery wear4 ,so leave we1 too1 the sparkle of the sea1 ,and land-locked beach where waves break lazily4 ,herein we seem among the hills at rest2 ,their balm by breath of salt wind undefiled2 ,freshness of streams1 and strength of great rocks piled1 ,seem by our souls in this calm shade possessed1 ,where hemlocks stretch their dusky branches o'er ,the scattered rocks1 whereto the green moss clings1 ,catching the prisoned sunbeam as it flings ,a miser's portion of its golden store1 ,as if it feared to break the shadow deep1 ,to mar some vigil these grave giants keep4 ,here only mountain incense seeming fills ,the lofty arches1 by sea-wind unbent1 ,that rise as if with height still nobler blent3 ,some peak1 cloud-piercing1 'mid the sunlit hills ,whose glamour holds us fast1 whose blossoms lie ,the darkness of the broken rocks amid1 ,whose written speech in these lithe ferns is hid1 ,whose forests whisper in the winds' low sigh4 ,should any bird this inland silence break1 ,sure in his song the mountains' soul would wake4 ,hearken6 breaks through the silence soft a sound ,faint as the thought of half-forgotten dream4 ,not speech so sad is that of mountain stream ,that from all loftiest heights doth reckless bound1 ,scattering its broken life in shining drift ,of constant dew that mocketh at the sun4 ,nor breathes the wind in such low1 measured tone ,when doth it lightly leafy branches lift-- ,this wakes and dies in mournful monotone3 ,the sea's vast life dashed out against a stone6 ,some law this chant seems ever to obey-- ,advancing1 swells1 now sinketh in retreat1 ,sad-voiced like life that knoweth but defeat1 ,yet still with patient purpose keeps its way4 ,joy-burdened silence of the hills1 farewell6 ,and salt sea-wind1 thy carven choir reclaim6 ,brave sun1 set all these dusky trunks aflame6 ,lost are our mountains in yon ceaseless swell ,that1 shoreward rolling1 lapsing quietly1 ,holds all the strength of the untiring sea4 ,the land grows little1 and we crave the blue ,no earthly shade e'er shutteth from the sun1 ,the barren sands whereon the light waves run ,but rest not1 bidding evermore adieu1 ,and evermore returning1 bringing gifts ,they give and take1 and still give o'er again4 ,we crave the vastness of the salty plain6 ,as sea-bird on unbreaking billow drifts ,our hearts with that soft plashing throb in time-- ,longing1 we list our dim cathedral chime4 ,one well might paint the hemlock solitude1 ,the quiet shadow that the sunshine breaks2 ,even in color give the song that wakes ,at windy touch amid the peaceful wood4 ,limned all might be1 indeed1 so cunningly ,that one should hear the babble of glad stream1 ,e'en catch the climbing mountains' happy gleam2 ,but--who could paint the murmur of the sea8 ,who dream1 amid these dark boughs closing o'er1 ,the song eternal of the broken shore8 ,,juliette3 ,a ,,norman ,,story4 ,i4 ,marriage is in one respect not unlike greatness3 some are born to it1 some achieve it1 some have it thrust upon them4 ,and the last-named some are apt to find it as unprofitable an acquisition as to ,napoleon the ,little it proved to be the nephew of his uncle4 ,now1 ,m4 de ,boisrobert was a born bachelor1 and1 left to himself1 a bachelor he would have died4 ,but who shall gainsay fate8 ,upon him gayly baccalaureating ,fate fixed her eagle eye and made up her mind that he should marry4 ,not without reason has ,fate been made a female4 ,when a person of that charming but inflexible sex makes up her mind that any bachelor of her acquaintance shall marry1 we know what happens4 ,married ,m4 de ,boisrobert accordingly was1 with what direful consequences to the poor gentleman the reader shall see4 ,up to his forty-fifth year ,messire ,guillaume ,georges de ,boisrobert1 ,sieur de ,boisrobert and ,saintange1 had lived the happy life of a country gentleman upon his estates in ,normandy1 near ,evreux1 satisfied with himself and with the world4 ,indeed1 he had every reason to be satisfied1 possessing as he did a fine chteau1 a princely income1 an honorable name1 an easy conscience1 and the respect of all who knew him4 ,from the summit of his towers1 look which way he would 7and his sight was keen1 as so good a sportsman's should be71 he could scarce fix the boundary of his domains4 ,farms1 meadow-land1 and woodland1 his broad acres stretched for many a mile along the blue waters of the ,eure2 upon his pastures fed sheep and cattle by the hundred2 in his stables neighed scores of gallant steeds4 ,yet1 strange to say1 with all his wealth1 envy had no word for him1 nor was he even decried more than it was fitting a rich and handsome bachelor should be4 ,certain maiden ladies of uncertain age1 to whose charms he had1 perhaps1 been ungallantly cold1 sometimes1 indeed1 made light among themselves of his pretensions to noble birth4 ,that1 truly1 was the simple gentleman's weakness1 and he loved to style himself after the stately fashion written above4 8,he ,de ,boisrobert1 forsooth60 ,mlle4 ,rein might say over her tatting 7or is it tattling the ladies call it874 8,he was never aught but plain0 78plain indeed60 ,mlle4 ,gudule would giggle1 pointing the mot with her crochet-needle4 ,ah6 thou thoughtest otherwise1 fair ,gudule1 of his beauty when the embroidered slippers1 and watch-pockets1 and what-nots worked by thy own fair fingers--or thy maid's--deluged the chteau and made largesse for its kitchen67--8plain ,guillaume ,robert till his father1 the notary1 got an army contract and left him money enough to buy the wood in which his dismal old chteau is buried--the stingy old hunks60 ,now1 this was not entirely true2 and these fair ,ariadnes were1 to say the least1 uncharitable4 ,but it must be remembered1 for the credit of the sex1 that these events took place very long ago--so long ago1 indeed1 as the time of that great and glorious monarch1 ,louis ,,xiv4--8le doyen des ,rois10 as he called himself--whose majesty was like the sun 7which orb1 indeed1 depicted in the act of illuminating the world1 he modestly took for his device71 and whose grandeur was indisputably shown in the fact that he could eat more for dinner than any man in his kingdom4#aaj ,in point of fact1 no small number of his loving subjects1 owing to their sovereign's majestic and princely appetite1 had rarely anything to eat at all4 ,but to return to our sheep4 ,footnote #aaj3 ,read the monarch's usual menu in the memoirs of the ,princess ,palatine1 who seems to look with a certain nave admiration on the trencher prowess of her august kinsman3 8,the king devours with ease at a single meal four basins of different kinds of soup1 a pheasant whole1 a partridge1 a dish of salad1 two slices of ham1 some mutton with gravy1 a plate of pastry1 and for dessert 7,o dura messorum ilia67 a quantity of hard-boiled eggs and fruits of every sort1 the whole washed down with abundance of wines40 ,here1 at least1 he might justly claim to be nec pluribus impar4 ,m4 de ,boisrobert was not stingy4 ,on the contrary1 his open-handed1 and even profuse1 hospitality endeared him to all the men about him1 who had1 no doubt1 their own private reasons for liking him1 as some of the women had theirs for looking upon him with a different feeling4 ,the manner of his living was almost lordly2 and when he was at home1 it was nothing but junketing and merriment from month's end to month's end4 ,an enthusiastic sportsman himself1 his stables and his kennels contained the best that money could buy2 while his huntsmen1 his gamekeepers1 and his beaters were a small army in themselves4 ,being so rich and so generous1 he was naturally looked upon with great respect1 and even liking1 through all the country round2 and many a man who had little reverence for aught besides would doff his hat most humbly to the well-furnished larder of that excellent ,m4 de ,boisrobert4 ,it must be said1 however1 that in his case--what is unhappily not always true--this respect was rightly his1 for better reasons4 ,amiable1 simple1 and sincere1 a scrupulous observer of his word1 his charity was greater than his hospitality1 and his piety was as unbounded as his wealth4 ,every morning he was first at ,mass in the little village church of ,boisrobert1 whose excellent cur was his favorite and1 it may be said1 his only intimate associate4 ,his best friends1 indeed1 he counted among that admirable class1 whose sterling and unobtrusive virtues he thoroughly appreciated4 ,it was strange that so worthy a penchant was destined to lead him into the great danger of his life4 ,of the great folks our friend was a little shy2 and as for the small farmers and hobereaux1 or 8squireens0 7to borrow from the familiar speech of ,ireland a word which alone fitly translates it71 who made the bulk of the neighboring landed proprietors1 their tastes and habits were little congenial to his own4 ,so good ,father ,bernard and he were much together2 and a pleasant sight it was to see the two friends placidly angling1 side by side1 for the fish which somehow a ,french angler seems quite as well satisfied never to catch2 or1 in the bright summer evenings1 playing bowls with all the zest of school-boys on the village green4 ,no more welcome guest than ,father ,bernard entered the gates of the ,chteau de ,boisrobert2 and when the ,november nights grew chilly1 and the logs were piled high and glowing in the wide ,norman hearth 7its owner always quoted ,horace at such times1 and old ,mre ,chicon1 the housekeeper1 knew as well as any one that dissolve frigus was the ,latin for 8stir up the fire and fetch a bottle of ,burgundy10 and had had1 indeed1 many bouts thereanent with the village schoolmaster1 in which that worthy was not always triumphant71 our hero liked nothing better than to engage his friend in a contest at chess1 or trictrac1 or piquet1 or1 over a jug of ,norman cider or the aforesaid ,burgundy1 to discuss the movements of the court1 with which he professed to be in constant communication4 ,that was1 as we have said1 the honest gentleman's foible--almost his sole one2 he secretly worshipped rank1 and often sighed to think that he1 who might--and1 he sometimes added to himself1 should--have been a ,de ,rohan was only a ,de ,boisrobert1 barely a gentleman1 by virtue of the lands his money had bought4 ,yet1 if not the rose1 he had at least lived near the rose4 ,the son of a notary himself1 he was yet distantly connected with one of the noblest names in ,france1 as he was by no means slow in making folks aware4 8,my good cousin1 ,de ,beaumanoir10 he would say in an off-hand way1 pronouncing the name tout sec1 like the provincial ladies in the ,roman ,comique1 though to his face he never ventured to address him otherwise than as ,m4 le ,comte--8my good cousin ,de ,beaumanoir writes me that he is to visit ,saint-,aignan at his country-seat1 and will have me to be of the party40 ,or1 mysteriously3 8,the army--but this1 you conceive1 my friend1 is between ourselves--a secret1 mind you1 of state--the army moves on ,flanders this week4 ,i have it direct from ,beaumanoir40 ,it was then1 as you may read in ,scarron's sprightly pages1 a common ambition of provincial gentlemen to be thought on familiar terms with the great folks of the court4 ,truly1 an extraordinary time6 ,at these nave confidences the cur1 who knew his friend's failing1 but respected his virtues1 smiled1 if at all1 to himself4 ,but ,m4 de ,boisrobert's reverence for his noble kinsman went further than talking of him in season and out of season4 ,he gave a more substantial proof of his regard in making him his sole heir4 8,the money should go with the title10 he said2 8the family must be kept up40 ,it seemed to him a little price to pay for the privilege of being admitted for a month or two in the year to the rather frigid hospitality of the ,htel ,beaumanoir1 of being nightly snubbed by the bluest blood in ,france1 and of having down a great man or two for a day in the shooting season1 to convert the ,chteau ,boisrobert to his enamored fancy into a new ,versailles4 ,his noble cousin he would gladly have had stay longer2 but the count1 after yawning through forty-eight hours of ennui1 invariably left4 ,the lands of ,boisrobert he wanted2 its simple and placid life he could not stomach4 ,his palate was seasoned to higher flavors4 ,not to put too fine a point on it1 ,m4 the ,count de ,beaumanoir was as insolent1 imperious1 and ungrateful a scoundrel as was to be found in a court where gentry of his pattern were rather a drug4 ,had it not been that he enjoyed the confidence and familiarity of a still greater rogue than himself--no less a one1 to wit1 than ,monsieur1 the brother of the ,most ,christian ,king--he would long since have come to grief4 ,he was more than suspected of a share in the mysterious poisoning of the hapless ,henrietta of ,orleans1 and it was only the credit of his patron and his own well-known courage and skill as a swordsman that kept these doubts from taking form4 ,such was the heir whom our worthy ,m4 de ,boisrobert had selected for the reversion of his vast estates2 and his promise once given1 the count determined that it should be kept4 ,,ii4 ,daybreak of a pleasant morning in ,october1 #afha4 ,in the court-yard and stables of the ,chteau de ,boisrobert1 and in the great farm-yard near by1 all is bustle and confusion4 ,grooms and footmen1 herdsmen and farm-servants1 are scurrying to and fro1 with lanterns and lighted torches1 through the gray dawn1 tumbling over one another in their haste1 shrieking out contradictory orders at the top of their lungs1 clamoring and making all the noise possible1 as though they had taken a contract for the purpose and felt they had but a limited time to fulfil it4 ,in the farm-yard the heavy ,norman horses are being harnessed1 with collars that would be in themselves a load for a horse of our degenerate days1 to the unwieldy ,norman carts1 already loaded with huge sacks of wheat and barley2 further on1 in the barns1 a prodigious lowing and bleating and bellowing tell where ,pierrot and ,hugues are marshalling their herds2 in the court-yard1 saddled and bridled1 are stamping and snorting the steeds which shall bear ,m4 de ,boisrobert and his bodyguard of two armed domestics to the great fair of ,moulin-la-,fort4 ,himself booted and spurred for the journey1 that gentleman stands upon the terrace of the chteau1 overlooking these preparations2 chiding here1 encouraging there1 animating all by word and gesture4 ,m4 de ,boisrobert has not been a nobleman long enough to forget that he is a farmer1 and prefers to be his own steward4 ,he finds it saves time and temper as well as money4 ,by dint of much exhortation and shrill volubility of expletives in the curious ,norman patois all is at last in readiness1 and they are off1 with many tender partings and tearful embraces between ,blaise and ,madelon1 and much scolding from ,mre ,chicon the housekeeper1 and fervent adjurations to the ,bon ,dieu to bring them a good market and a safe return4 ,the latter prayer may seem superfluous1 as the distance is but thirty miles and they are a stout party4 ,but it is the day of the famous ,mandrin1 most redoubtable of robbers1 and of the terrible chauffeurs who extort the farmer's hidden hoard by roasting his feet at his own fire2 so there is some room for trepidation in the bosoms of the simple peasant-girls whom this animated company soon leave behind4 ,we have not space to follow the great cavalcade as it goes bellowing and baaing and shrieking and sacrring over the white roads between the hedges and the apple-orchards to the great fair4 ,we cannot even stop with ,m4 de ,boisrobert at the tidy little auberge of the ,pomme d',or for the welcome djeuner of soupe aux crotes1 to be followed by ham1 and perhaps a poulet with the freshest of eggs and salad1 and the most delicious of cheeses1 and a most refreshing draught of cool cider from the great stone jug4 ,nor can we do more than glance at the humors of the fair--much like other fairs1 for the matter of that--with its inevitable jugglers and tumblers and charlatans1 swallowing flames as if they were sausages1 and pulling endless yards of ribbon from their mouths1 to the delight of gaping rustics2 its gipsies and gingerbread hawkers2 its shrill-voiced peasant women1 in high ,norman caps1 selling eggs and poultry2 its shriller-voiced ballad-singers piping out3 8,si le roi m'avait donn ,paris sa grand' ville10 or some other favorite chanson of the time4 ,these joys we must pass lightly by1 to say that1 before the afternoon was well over1 ,m4 de ,boisrobert had already sold his entire venture at an excellent profit1 and it was rumored about the fair that he would go home richer by #bj1jjj francs 7equal to #hj1jjj now7 than when he came4 ,the interest in the lucky capitalist increased2 it extended even to his horses1 and one or two simple rustics went so far as to push their way1 during the temporary absence of the grooms1 into the stables1 there to gaze in open-mouthed admiration upon the steeds that had the honor of bearing--so history renews itself--,m4 ,csar de ,boisrobert and his fortune4 ,the hour for departure drew nigh4 ,as the days were getting short and the homeward ride was long and lonely1 and1 as already hinted1 far from safe--few roads in ,france were safe in those days after nightfall--,m4 de ,boisrobert commanded an early start4 ,he himself was to ride on ahead1 attended only by his two mounted valets1 leaving the wagoners and herdsmen to follow more leisurely with the carts4 ,the horses were accordingly brought forth and saddled1 and the worthy squire was just setting foot in stirrup when he was accosted by a cur1 who1 calling him by name1 politely craved leave to ride with him1 as their road lay in the same direction4 ,m4 de ,boisrobert assented more than gladly1 for not only was company desirable1 but a cur the company he most desired1 and which could be accepted1 as would not have been the case with every comer1 without suspicion4 ,so they set forth together4 ,the cur turned out a most agreeable travelling companion1 and ,m4 de ,boisrobert secretly felicitated himself on the chance which had thrown them together4 ,so charmed was he with his new-found friend that1 when the latter pressed upon him the offer of a supper and a bed at the vicarage1 he wavered1 until reminded by the sum he had about him of the wisdom of pushing on4 ,but even while he doubted came a most distressing mishap4 ,the horse ridden by one of the servants stumbled1 fell1 and1 before his rider had fairly scrambled to his feet1 rolled over stone dead4 ,there was nothing for it but to mount ,blaise behind ,constant1 and so get on as best they might4 ,but1 lo and behold6 scarcely had ,constant drawn rein for the purpose than1 with what seemed to the startled hearers almost a shriek1 the beast he bestrode set off at a furious gallop1 which soon left his luckless rider on the ground with a broken leg4 ,and1 strange to say1 the poor animal had run but a few yards further when he too stopped1 staggered1 and--pouf6 before one could say ,jack ,robinson1 or its equivalent in ,norman ,french1 he is as dead as the very deadest of door-nails or herrings4 ,whatever ,m4 de ,boisrobert may have thought of this odd coincidence1 he had little leisure to dwell upon it2 for the next instant his own steed was in convulsions1 and1 barely giving him time to spring from the saddle1 like the others rolled over dead4 ,how account for so singular a fatality8 ,had some poisonous weed got into their fodder8 had some venomous reptile stung them in their stalls8 or--uneasy doubts crept into the good gentleman's mind--had they been foully dealt with by reptiles in human form who meant to waylay and rob1 if not murder1 the travellers8 ,if the latter1 it would be indeed most prudent to accept the good cur's hospitality4 ,his house was luckily not far off1 and the disabled servant being first made comfortable in a wayside cabin1 and the sound one despatched to the nearest town for a surgeon1 ,m4 de ,boisrobert and the cur took their way to the home of the latter4 ,night had fallen when they reached it1 but enough light still remained to show that it was a partly-ruined chteau1 dating probably from the time of the ,crusades4 ,one wing had been so far reconstructed as to be habitable1 and the ancient chapel1 the cur explained1 had also been put in order to serve as the village church4 8,my parish10 he added with a sigh1 8is too poor to build a better40 ,a moat1 still filled with green and stagnant water1 surrounded the walls2 a few planks served for a pathway across it1 where once had hung the feudal drawbridge2 a dark and snake-like ivy crawled up the crumbling walls2 dense woods cast about it a funereal gloom4 ,altogether its outward aspect was sombre and forbidding in the extreme1 and ,m4 de ,boisrobert could not repress a shudder or stifle a sinister presentiment as he looked upon his quarters for the night4 ,had his host been anybody but a cur1 he would have felt like drawing back even then4 ,a little old man1 who filled in the modest household by turns the comprehensive functions of butler1 valet1 groom1 gardener1 waiter1 cook1 and general factotum1 took their horses in silence1 but with a curious glance at the visitor the latter could not help remarking1 and the cur led the way to the drawing-room4 ,this was a lofty1 vaulted apartment almost bare of furniture1 on the walls of which flapped dismally a few tattered pieces of tapestry1 the relics of old-time grandeur4 ,a faggot or two crackled and sputtered feebly on the gloomy hearth4 ,near it1 busied apparently over woman's work of some kind1 were seated an old woman of repulsive aspect and a young girl1 the latter of whom the cur introduced as ,juliette1 his niece1 and1 briefly requesting her to entertain their guest1 excused himself to see to the latter's entertainment for the night4 ,and now1 as the heroine of this exciting history has at last arrived--a little tardiness1 as you know1 messieurs1 must be forgiven to her sex--it seems only becoming that she should have a chapter to herself4 ,,iii4 ,lovely8 ,of course she is lovely4 ,what a ridiculous question6 ,who ever heard of a heroine who wasn't lovely1 still less a heroine who was also the niece of a rob--,peste6 ,the cat was almost out of the bag that time--so nearly out1 in fact1 that we may as well slip the noose and let her go at once4 ,scat6 ,and now1 the author's mind being freed of an enormous load1 he breathes more freely and announces that our luckless ,m4 de ,boisrobert has literally fallen into a den of thieves4 ,for what purpose otherwise that artful hint about the rustics prying into the stables1 the horses falling dead upon the way1 the elaborate setting forth of the gloom and desolation hanging like a pall over the ruined chteau--to what end1 do you suppose1 was all this expenditure of literary artifice1 except to prepare the reader's mind for some blood-curdling and harrowing event8 ,but the cur8 the cur8 ,why1 simply no cur at all3 a wolf in sheep's clothing1 as there were then but too many in ,france4#aaa ,footnote #aaa3 ,it should be said here that the main incident on which this tale is founded is true1 and that this sacrilegious disguise was in those days frequently assumed by ,french robbers the better to disarm suspicion4 ,the fact is in itself a striking testimony to the implicit confidence which the clergy of ,france have always inspired1 and deserved4 ,of this1 however1 as yet ,m4 de ,boisrobert knew nothing4 ,filled with vague forebodings of evil he could neither define nor reason down1 he felt but little in the humor for talk1 and still less--being1 as you remember1 in his tenth lustrum--for flirtation4 ,so1 after one or two wise remarks upon the weather1 or the state of the crops1 or the latest opera1 or whatever other topics gentlemen-farmers then chose to break the ice of conversation with a pretty girl1 had been answered more virgineo with shy blushes1 or faltering monosyllables1 or embarrassed and embarrassing silence1 ,m4 de ,boisrobert betook himself to the window to look out upon the surrounding country4 ,a full moon threw upon every object a lustre like that of day1 and--ha6 what is this he sees in the court-yard8 ,can that be his host1 the cur1 talking so confidentially to those exceedingly sinister-looking chaps 7one of whom he now remembers to have had pointed out to him at the fair as a coiner of base money1 the other as a more than suspected thief71 and handling those three exceedingly long and ugly-looking poniards6--ugh6 how their keen edges glitter in the moonlight as the rascals run their dirty thumbs along to try their temper4 ,m4 de ,boisrobert turned from the window with a gesture of affright and despair1 and beheld ,juliette standing before him1 no longer a timid child but a lovely and courageous woman1 one finger upon her lip1 the other pointing to the ill-featured duenna1 who had had the good manners to go to sleep4 ,in a few rapid whispers1 and still more eloquent gestures1 she explained the danger and her unalterable resolve to save him or perish in the attempt4 ,whether it was her words or her beauty1 ,m4 de ,boisrobert felt instantly reassured4 ,indeed1 had he known anything of the course of such adventures1 he must have felt so from the moment he laid eyes on her4 ,for what other purpose except to save him could he suppose so lovely a creature was to be found in so vile a den8 ,and let it here be said for the benefit of scoffers that the present writer is well aware how often this incident has been used for purposes of fiction--at least ten thousand times in the ,english language alone4 ,yes2 but does not the very frequency of its use prove it to be founded on fact1 that some time or other it was true8 ,very well2 this is the time it was true4 ,besides1 who has said that ,juliette is to succeed in her noble but rash endeavor8 ,suppose--now just suppose--she were to fail2 in which of your fictions do you find a stroke of originality like that8 ,if the historian were revengeful2 if he had a mind to distort facts1 as historians in very remote ages are said sometimes to have done--well1 well1 we shall see4 ,in her hurried warning ,juliette had made shift to tell ,m4 de ,boisrobert that it was meant to put a sleeping potion in his wine1 and afterwards to enter his chamber and kill him while still under the influence of the drug4 8,do not for your life refuse to drink10 she added1 8but be careful to eat the apple ,i shall offer you after it1 and which will contain the antidote to the drug40 ,scarcely had she ended when the pretended cur came in with his precious comrades1 whom he introduced as parishioners4 78,a fit flock for such a shepherd60 thought poor ,m4 de ,boisrobert47 ,supper was served at once1 and all went as the young girl had foretold4 ,the wine was drunk and the apple duly presented and eaten with a confidence that must seem truly sublime under the circumstances1 remembering1 too1 that one of ,m4 de ,boisrobert's remote ancestors had lost his entire patrimony through accepting a similar gift from a near female relation4 ,feigning weariness and sleep1 the traveller begged to be excused and was shown to his room4 ,no sooner was he alone than he began to examine his means of defence and offence4 ,the flints1 of course1 were taken from his pistols and the bolts removed from the door--they would be poor robbers1 totally unworthy the attention of an enlightened reader1 who would neglect such obvious precautions as these4 ,somewhat disconsolately ,m4 de ,boisrobert looked under the bed and into the wardrobe1 but found no comfort there4 ,then he piled all the furniture against the door1 drew his sword1 said his prayers1 set his teeth1 thought of ,juliette 7,o middle-aged and most forlorn of ,romeos671 and awaited the conspirators4 ,he had not long to wait4 ,scarcely had he taken position when a stealthy tread outside1 a fumbling at the latch1 and probably a strong odor of garlic penetrating through the keyhole1 announced their arrival4 ,the door was first softly1 then strongly1 pushed1 and then1 as the unlooked-for resistance showed their plot was discovered1 a furious volley of oaths was followed by an onset that made the barricade tremble4 ,now should we dearly love to entertain the reader with the description of a terrific combat l'outrance--also la ,dumas--wherein ,m4 de ,boisrobert1 calmly awaiting his foes' approach1 falls upon them with such ferocity that in a twinkling he has one spitted like a lark1 another cloven to the chine1 and the third in headlong flight and bawling lustily for mercy1 but pricked sorely in tender places by the relentless sword4 ,but1 alas6--such is the fatal limitation of your true story--nothing of the sort took place4 ,on the contrary1 our hero was in all probability horribly frightened and thoroughly glad to see a secret panel suddenly slide back1 and a white hand thrust through the opening1 while the sweetest voice he had ever heard begged him to make haste4 ,to seize that hand--and who shall blame him if he pressed it to his lips8--to dart through the opening--quick6 quick6 good ,jean6--to close the panel1 is the work of an instant4 ,scarcely is it shut when cr-rack6 crash6 bang6 go door and barricade1 and the foiled assassins are heard stamping and swearing furiously about the deserted room4 ,if you could but have seen their faces and heard--no1 it would not have been edifying to hear their language4 ,but the fugitives are safe4 ,need it be said that the foresight of the faithful ,jean 7who1 of course1 follows his young mistress1 having1 indeed1 waited this long time in the robber's den only for a chance to be on hand in this emergency7 had provided horses1 on which they soon reached ,evreux1 where they lodged an information1 which1 there being no police there to speak of1 led to the prompt arrest of the ruffians4 ,placing the lovely ,juliette in a convent1 ,m4 de ,boisrobert returned home4 ,but it was observed that he hunted less than formerly1 that he was often closeted with ,father ,bernard and his notary1 and that he spent much time in settling his affairs4 ,need the result be told8 ,what in the world is a middle-aged bachelor to do whose life is saved by a lovely maiden of spotless virtue8 ,for1 be it known1 the fair ,juliette1 left an orphan only a week before1 had1 by her dying father1 a rich farmer of ,brzolles1 been consigned to the guardianship of this wicked brother1 whose evil courses he was far from suspecting4 ,all that is as plain as a pikestaff2 as it is that in less than six months after1 just long enough to get the trousseau ready 7from the ,worth of the day1 of course7 and to see the wicked uncle comfortably hanged1 the bells of ,friar ,lawrence's--we should say of ,father ,bernard's--little church at ,boisrobert rang out a merry answer to the problem last propounded4 ,when the distant echoes of these wedding chimes reached the ears of ,m4 le ,comte de ,beaumanoir at ,paris1 he was not at all angry1 as people thought he would be4 ,oh6 dear1 no4 ,on the contrary1 he only smiled1 showing a remarkably fine set of teeth4 ,so that people said he was a brave man1 this poor ,m4 le ,comte1 and not by any means as black as he was painted4 ,and1 indeed1 a great many folks began to commiserate him and to abuse ,m4 de ,boisrobert4 ,,iv4 ,well8 ,well what8 ,why1 what came of ,m4 de ,beaumanoir showing his teeth8 ,oh6 that8 ,nothing--just nothing at all4 ,that's the trouble1 you see1 of telling a true story3 one's imagination is hampered at every step4 ,it would have been most delightful and exciting to have invented a frightful tale of the count's vengeance2 how he slew his recalcitrant kinsman1 immured his weeping bride in a dungeon for life1 and laid waste the lands of ,boisrobert with fire and sword1 etc41 etc4 ,but the truth is1 he did nothing of the kind4 ,indeed1 his teeth were speedily drawn1 and he was glad to get away with his worthless life4 ,the false cur confessed before his death that the count had suborned him to kill his kinsman as he returned from the fair1 promising him a sum equal to that which he would be sure to find on ,m4 de ,boisrobert's person1 and even suggesting the disguise4 ,he little thought that the very scheme he fondly imagined was to secure him his coveted inheritance was destined really to lose it to him for ever4 ,so ever come to grief the machinations of the wicked6 ,this last escapade was a little too much even for courtly morals1 and ,monsieur was quietly advised to hint to his murderous favorite that his health would probably be the better for a change of air4 ,and the fatal consequences resulting from this marriage8 ,yes1 yes1 of course2 how stupid to forget it6 ,well1 a cynic might say that for a bachelor to marry at all1 especially at forty-five--but never mind the cynic4 ,their married life was surely not unhappy8 ,let us hope not4 ,do ,romeo and ,juliet ever throw teacups at each other over the breakfast-table because that duck of a spring bonnet is not forthcoming8 ,in romances certainly not2 but in true stories--hem6 ,let us trust1 however1 that peace reigned eternal over the domestic hearthstone at the ,chteau de ,boisrobert4 ,but his marriage had cost its owner an illusion--a life-long illusion2 and that is a painful thing at forty-five4 ,disenchantment seems to come harder as one gets older and has anything left to be disenchanted of4 ,he ceased to believe that rank and birth are the same as goodness1 or even greatness1 and it cost him many a pang1 and no doubt a great deal of real though whimsical unhappiness1 to be forced thus suddenly and radically to readjust his scheme of life4 ,but1 in spite of the adventure which gave him a wife1 perhaps because of it1 he never lost his faith in curs or in ,juliette2 and the games of bowls and of trictrac were all the pleasanter for the sweet face that thenceforth lit them up1 and the romping curly-pates that disturbed them and in time effaced from their fond father's memory his lingering regret for the loss of a noble heir4 ,,to ,,aubrey ,,de ,,vere4 ,,after ,,reading 8,,poems ,,of ,,places--,,italy10 ,,edited ,,by ,h4 ,w4 ,,longfellow4 ,i stood in ancient church1 ruined and vast1 ,whose crumbling altar of its ,lord was bare1 ,whose shattered windows let in all the glare ,of noonday heat1 and noise of crowds that passed ,with careless jest1 of malice not assoiled4 ,within1 fast-fading angels still lent grace ,of art1 believing1 to the holy place ,that cruel hands of its best gift despoiled4 ,with weary feet ,i trod the broken floor1 ,with tearless eyes the maimd aisles gazed down1 ,when1 lo6 afar a waxen taper shone1 ,burning a hidden altar clear before3 ,here hastened ,i1 here knelt--,o poet true6 ,thine was the light that shone my sorrow through4 ,,colonization ,,and ,,future ,,emigration4 ,god has apparently chosen the ,united ,states as the theatre for the demonstration of the truth that the ,catholic ,church is the church of the people4 ,she has always been the church of the people2 many of her most severe persecutions have been caused by the stand she has taken in behalf of popular rights and individual freedom against the tyranny of kings and the exactions of nobles4 ,but never before has she been furnished with so large a field for the manifestation and development of her popular and democratic character as has been prepared for her here4 ,it is her destiny1 we believe1 to save the republic from the ruin to which the sects and their offspring1 the atheists1 would lead her4 ,even those of our ,catholic readers who may not fully share this belief will admit that1 to all seeming1 the ,catholic ,church is destined to play an important part in the future history of our country--at least that she has grown in numbers1 material wealth1 and social influence during the last thirty years to an almost marvellous degree4 ,a better or more certain method of accomplishing the work of the church in the ,united ,states could scarcely have been devised than the congregation of a large share of the ,catholic emigration in our great cities4 ,the ,catholic ,church in the ,united ,states is not 8a foreign church0 in any other sense than the ,bible1 or ,shakspere's plays1 or ,homer's poems are 8foreign0 books2 she is1 as they are1 and far more than they are1 the common inheritance of all1 and she is as much at home here1 and as rightfully at home1 as she is or ever was in any other land4 ,indeed1 the church of ,god is not and cannot be foreign to any of ,god's creatures4 ,but a large proportion of her children in the ,united ,states at present are either of foreign birth or are the descendants of foreign-born persons in the first or second generation4 ,these people did not bring the ,catholic ,church with them to ,america3 they found her here2 she had always had an existence here since ,christopher ,columbus planted the cross upon ,san ,salvador1 and since the ,jesuit priests sailed up the ,st4 ,lawrence and down the ,mississippi rivers4 ,if1 however1 the emigration which has poured into this country since #ahdj had not arrived1 or had it come from non-,catholic countries1 and had the growth of the church here been dependent wholly1 or even chiefly1 upon the natural increase of ,american ,catholic families and upon converts from ,protestantism or heathenism1 the church in ,america to-day would have been numerically insignificant2 which is only the same as to say that1 if emigration had ceased after the first ,european exodus1 the population of the ,united ,states to-day would be equally insignificant4 ,we may form some idea of what the progress of the church under these conditions would have been here by remembering what it has been in ,england since the cessation of the active persecutions which followed the ,reformation4 ,there are about #a1hjj1jjj ,catholics in ,england to-day4 ,of these not less than #hjj1jjj are ,irish1 ,french1 ,german1 ,spanish1 and ,italian emigrants or their children2 the remaining #a1jjj1jjj represent all the converts of ,english birth1 as well as the descendants of the old ,catholic families who always retained the faith4 ,half a century has elapsed since the ,english ,catholics were emancipated from the last remnant of the persecuting and restrictive legislation which had oppressed them since the days of ,elizabeth4 ,during this half-century the church in ,england has been free--free in its own government1 free in its work of propagating the faith and of bringing back the ,english people to the religion which their fathers had cherished for a thousand years4 ,yet1 with some advantages that ,catholics in the ,united ,states did not and do not yet possess1 the growth of the church in ,england during the last fifty years has been vastly less than the progress she has made in this country during the same period4 ,in #ahcj there were more ,catholics in ,england than in the ,united ,states2 since then the church in both countries has been equally free1 with the advantages at the start on the side of ,england4 ,but now the ,catholics in the ,united ,states outnumber those in ,england more than fourfold4 ,in #ahcj1 according to the most trustworthy estimates1 there were #fjj1jjj ,catholics in ,england and #dge1jjj in the ,united ,states2 now they number two millions there and from six to seven millions here4 ,in ,england to-day the church has a cardinal1 twelve suffragan bishops1 and #b1jfd priests2 in the ,united ,states she has a cardinal1 #ff archbishops and bishops1 and #e1big priests4 ,in ,england1 according to the ,english ,catholic ,directory for last year1 there were #iig ,catholic churches1 #g theological seminaries1 #cab ecclesiastical students1 #ae colleges1 #ch asylums1 and #e hospitals4 ,in the ,united ,states1 according to the ,american ,catholic ,directory for the same year1 there were #e1bib ,catholic churches1 #cd theological seminaries1 #a1bag ecclesiastical students1 #fb colleges1 #bai asylums1 and #ie hospitals4#aab ,footnote #aab3 ,these figures1 as far as they relate to the institutions of the church in ,england1 are probably not entirely correct4 ,the ,register from which we have quoted contains no tabular statement of these institutions1 and we have been compelled to arrive at the totals by an enumeration of our own1 the accuracy of which has been rendered doubtful by the confused manner in which the statistics of each diocese were given4 ,however1 our figures cannot be very greatly at fault4 ,we have drawn out this comparison for the purpose of accentuating our former remark that the marvellous growth of the church in the ,united ,states during the last half-century has been mainly due to emigration from ,catholic countries4 ,had it not been for these accessions1 it is doubtful1 in our opinion1 whether the church in the ,united ,states would to-day equal in numbers the church in ,england4 ,but would its growth have been so great1 so pronounced1 so commanding to the attention of all beholders1 had this emigration been directed away from the cities and dispersed throughout the rural and agricultural sections of the country8 ,a little reflection will1 we think1 show that this question must be answered in the negative4 ,it would have availed the church nothing had these emigrants been placed in their new homes under conditions where the preservation of their faith in any practical form would have been almost impossible2 where they would have been deprived of the care and counsel of their spiritual guides and of the sacraments necessary for salvation2 where their children would have remained unbaptized1 their marriages have been degraded to civil contracts1 and their souls starved and enfeebled by the absence of the ,bread of ,life4 ,yet that this would have been the fate of the great majority of them1 had they not congregated in the cities1 cannot be doubted1 unless1 indeed1 ,god had chosen to work another miracle in their behalf and to create for them a miraculous supply of priests--a supply so large that every little hamlet in the far-off wilds of the ,west and ,north should have been furnished with a spiritual director4 ,some boast of having even nine millions of ,catholics in the republic2 but it can be shown that there are perhaps half as many more ,americans now living who are the children of ,catholic parents in the first or second generation1 but who have lost their faith and grown up as ,protestants or without any religion at all1 chiefly because their parents had gone into districts where there were no priests1 and where the exercise of their religion1 save as a spiritual meditation1 was impossible4#aac ,it was only when the ,catholic emigrants began to arrive here in large numbers1 and to dwell together by hundreds and thousands and tens of thousands in the great cities1 that it became possible1 humanly1 to provide for their religious wants and for their ,catholic education4 ,how nobly they have themselves furnished the material means for this work the statistics given above show4 ,they have mainly done it for themselves4 ,in ,england the ,irish ,catholics1 in their works of charity and in the erection of their churches1 have often been aided by the contributions of their wealthy ,english fellow-,catholics2 but in ,america the foreign-born and the descendants of the foreign-born ,catholics have for the most part built their own churches1 their own convents1 seminaries1 and schools1 and have received but little aid from their co-religionists of native ancestry4 ,indeed1 in some instances within our own knowledge it is the latter who have been the beneficiaries of the former2 and many an ,american ,catholic to-day is indebted to the charity and self-denial of ,german1 ,french1 and ,irish ,catholics for the services of the priest who was the means of his conversion1 and for the erection of the church in which he hears ,mass4 ,we repeat that all this was made possible by the congregation of our ,catholic emigrants in the cities1 and that the most deplorable consequences would have followed had not this congregation taken place4 ,footnote #aac3 ,a very ingenious statement was published some time ago in one of our journals1 setting forth what was believed to be 8the constituent elements of the population of the ,united ,states in #ahgj40 ,this statement may be thus summarized3 ,in #aghd the entire white population of the ,united ,states was #c1agb1jjj persons2 of these #a1ada1ibj were of ,irish birth1 #gea1bhj were of other ,celtic races1 #hda1hjj were of ,anglo-,saxon extraction1 and #dbg1jjj were of ,dutch and ,scandinavian birth4 ,the total immigration to the ,united ,states from #agij to #ahgj was #h1aii1jjj persons1 of whom #c1bdh1jjj came from ,ireland1 #gif1jjj from ,anglo-,saxon races2 and #d1aee1jjj from all other sources4 ,the total population in #ahgj was #ch1ejj1jjj2 and this vast number was thus analyzed3 ,joint product in #ahgj of ,irish colonial #ad1cbe1jjj elements and subsequent ,irish immigration1 including that from ,canada ,joint product in #ahgj of ,anglo-,saxon #d1ebb1jjj colonial elements and subsequent ,anglo-,saxon immigration ,joint product in #ahgj of all other #ai1fec1jjj colonial elements and all subsequent immigration1 including the negroes ---------- #ch1ejj1jjj ,from these figures was drawn the somewhat startling deduction that the population of the ,united ,states in #ahgj was composed of #bd1jjj1jjj of ,celtic birth or origin 7,irish1 ,scotch1 ,french1 ,spanish1 and ,italian71 and that of these #ad1cbe1jjj were of ,irish birth or origin1 #d1ebb1jjj of ,anglo-,saxon birth or origin1 and that the remaining #i1igh1jjj were of neither ,celtic nor ,anglo-,saxon extraction4 ,we are not in any way responsible for the accuracy of these figures2 but that they express at least an approximation to the truth we do not doubt4 ,it is not1 moreover1 in spiritual matters only that our emigrants have been wise in congregating in the cities4 ,one must remember the condition in which the great majority of them landed here during the years when emigration was at the flood-tide1 and then compare with that their present state and the future which is before them and their children4 ,they were desperately1 or apostolically1 poor1 because they came from lands where it was impossible for them to acquire anything beyond the means of bare subsistence4 ,they were uneducated1 because they had been the subjects of governments whose studied policy it was to keep them in ignorance4 ,they had neither the capital nor the knowledge necessary to render them successful as independent agriculturists4 ,labor was most abundant in the cities1 and in the cities they remained4 ,what have they done there8 ,if you seek their monument1 look around you6 ,behold not only the #eg ,catholic churches 7#ab of them built almost or quite exclusively by ,germans1 #a by ,poles1 #a by ,italians1 #a by ,bohemians1 #a by ,frenchmen1 and #cj by ,irishmen71 the #ag monasteries1 the #bb convents1 the magnificent ,protectory1 the theological seminary1 the #c colleges1 the #bb select schools1 the #ai asylums1 the #d homes for aged men and women1 the #d hospitals1 and the #he parochial schools of which the city and diocese of ,new ,york alone boast2 but the great business houses1 the large manufactories1 the numberless smaller though important factories1 stores1 and shops belonging to the foreign-born and foreign-descended population of this metropolis2 make a similar examination of what this class of our citizens have done in ,brooklyn1 ,baltimore1 ,boston1 ,hartford1 ,portland1 ,springfield1 ,cincinnati1 ,detroit1 ,milwaukee1 ,st4 ,paul1 ,albany1 ,buffalo1 ,newark1 ,philadelphia1 ,st4 ,louis1 ,chicago1 ,san ,francisco1 and twoscore more of our large cities2 and then compare these truly magnificent religious1 moral1 charitable1 commercial1 and industrial results with all that the same people could have accomplished had they been scattered as sheep without shepherds throughout our ,western and ,northern wilds1 destined to lose their faith1 deprived of the support and strength which common association and common interest afford1 and doomed1 most probably1 to lives of hopeless poverty and unremunerative struggle4 ,god has been too good to them1 and to the country in which they have become so important a factor1 to permit this1 and what the arrogance of man has so often stigmatized as folly has proved to be the highest and best wisdom both for eternal and for temporal ends4 ,the whole number of foreign emigrants who have landed in the ,united ,states during the first #ge years of this century was #i1ebf1iff4 ,we showed in a former article#aad what proportion of these has remained in the cities2 and we have now pointed out some of the results of this congregation4 ,footnote #aad3 8,the ,european ,exodus10 ,,the ,,catholic ,,world1 ,july1 #ahgg4 ,we must not be understood1 however1 to convey the idea that a very considerable proportion of our foreign-born ,catholic citizens have not made homes for themselves in the rural districts of the country1 under conditions which rendered it possible for them to continue the active exercise of their religion1 and that the happiest results have not followed4 ,in the ,new ,england ,states1 in ,new ,york1 ,new ,jersey1 and ,pennsylvania1 in ,illinois1 ,indiana1 and ,ohio1 in ,wisconsin1 ,iowa1 ,missouri1 and ,minnesota1 the number of ,irish and ,german ,catholic farmers--well-to-do1 prosperous1 and faithful--is very large4 ,in the ,new ,england ,states the increase of this class has of late been marked4 ,the farms throughout this section are generally small2 their native owners1 especially when they are young men1 find it difficult to extract from them incomes large enough to supply their desire for the luxuries of life2 they are often anxious to try their fortunes in the cities or in the ,west2 whenever one of them offers his little estate for sale the purchaser is most likely a ,german or ,irishman1 whose wants are more modest1 and who finds it quite possible to derive from a farm of twenty or thirty acres a comfortable subsistence for his family4 ,this change in the proprietorship of the soil in ,new ,england has gone on to an extent much larger than is generally known2 and one would labor under a serious mistake who supposed that the foreign-born and foreign-descended population of ,new ,england was altogether1 or even unduly1 congregated in the cities4 ,there are in ,new ,england1 according to the last ,catholic ,directory1 #eci ,catholic priests1 #ejh churches1 #afg chapels and stations1 with a ,catholic population of about #hij1jjj souls2 and it is evident from an examination of the list of the churches that a large proportion of them are in the small towns and rural districts of these ,states4 ,it may be unwelcome news to our ,protestant readers1 but it is true1 that nearly #be per cent4 of the present population of ,new ,england is composed of ,roman ,catholics4 ,it may be still more unpleasant for them to learn that nearly #gj per cent4 of the births in that region are those in ,roman ,catholic families4 ,new ,england1 indeed1 promises to be the first portion of the country which is likely to become distinctively ,roman ,catholic4 ,the immigration into ,new ,england is small1 but it is mostly composed of ,catholics2 the increase of population is very largely ,catholic2 the emigration is almost entirely non-,catholic4 ,from this digression from our main subject we return with the remark that the rural ,catholic population in the ,middle and ,western ,states--a population largely composed of foreign-born citizens and their descendants--constitutes a most important factor in the material strength of the ,catholic body1 and that1 as we shall show1 the future course of foreign emigration should1 and most probably will1 tend mainly to increase this class4 ,the late decline in emigration to the ,united ,states1 and the present lull1 amounting almost to stagnation1 which has taken place in it1 together with the fact that there is abundant reason to suppose that this lull is but temporary and that emigration will again ere very long pour in upon us1 suggest some reflections respecting the changed character which that emigration will probably assume1 the changed conditions under which it will be carried on1 and the changed duty of the ,catholic body in the ,united ,states towards it4 ,what was so essentially necessary in the past will be necessary1 under these new conditions1 no longer2 what was so often impossible in the past will now become generally easy of accomplishment4 ,the ,catholic ,church in the ,united ,states has passed through the stage of its infancy and feebleness1 and has entered upon the period of its manhood and strength4 ,firmly planted throughout the land1 it fears nothing and can watch over and abundantly protect the faith and the education of its children4 ,in every ,state and ,territory1 save ,alaska1 at least one bishop2 in seven ,states two bishops2 in five ,states three bishops2 in one ,state six1 in another ,state eight bishops1 and with more than #e1jjj priests--surely with this army of shepherds the sheep and the lambs of the flock can be fed and guarded from the wolves of infidelity1 sectarianism1 and bigotry4 ,god has built up his church in the republic in the manner1 and chiefly through the agencies1 which we have pointed out1 and has thus fitted her1 armed her1 and made her strong for the great work which still lies before her4 ,that work is the conversion of the non-,catholic portion of our fellow-citizens2 the nurture of ,catholic children2 and the care1 the protection1 and1 if need be1 the conversion of the emigrants who1 in the future1 are to come to us from the ,old ,world4 ,it is only with this latter branch of her duty that we now deal4 ,emigrants to the ,united ,states have hitherto arrived here chiefly as isolated individuals1 or at best as isolated families4 ,there have been some attempts at colonization--that is1 in bringing in one company a large number of individuals and of families1 destined to migrate together to a spot already selected for them1 and which they are to occupy as a community4 ,most frequently these attempts at colonization have been successful4 ,where they have failed the failure has been due to some incapacity or dishonesty on the part of the agents who had the matter in charge1 and not to any vice in the system itself4 ,there is evidence to show that emigration in future will be to a great extent1 and may be almost wholly1 conducted on the colonization principle4 ,we have already said that emigration from ,ireland in the future would most probably be confined within small limits2 but if anything could stimulate it1 it would be the development in ,ireland of wise plans for colonization1 carried out by men of probity1 experience1 and practical wisdom4 ,our chief sources of emigration1 however1 for some years to come1 are likely to be ,england1 ,scotland1 ,germany1 ,france1 ,austria1 ,bohemia1 ,switzerland1 ,sweden1 ,denmark1 ,belgium1 ,italy1 ,poland1 and ,russia4 ,there are causes at work which even now are stimulating emigration from each of these countries1 and these causes may attain great strength4 ,as an instance of the curious manner in which apparently insignificant causes1 originating at a distance1 produce large effects1 we may mention the fact that the shipping of fresh meat from this country to ,great ,britain--an enterprise only in its infancy--has already so seriously unsettled the relations existing between landlords and farmers in ,england and ,scotland that the latter are declaring their inability to make both ends meet1 and are turning their thoughts towards emigration4 ,so general and so serious is this feeling that the leading journal of ,scotland has sent to this country a trusted member of its permanent staff 7the editor of its agricultural department for many years71 with instructions 8to make the fullest possible inquiry into everything connected with the stock-raising department of agriculture0 in the ,united ,states1 extending his researches to ,texas1 8where he proposes to examine thoroughly the system of cattle and sheep breeding and raising carried on in that ,state on so immense a scale1 and to obtain all the information that is to be had with respect to the breeds of cattle1 the methods taken to improve the quality of the stock1 and ,texan agricultural methods and circumstances generally40 ,he is then to visit other ,states for the same purpose1 and 8all along his route he will take note of all the phases and conditions of agriculture1 and of the suitability of the ,states for advanced farming40 ,the results of his investigations1 published in ,scotland and ,england1 will enable the farmers there 8to determine the full significance of the competition of ,american cattle-growers in the ,british dead-meat market10 and in all probability determine many of them to emigrate to this country1 with their capital and their skill1 to engage in this competition on the ,american side4 ,farming in ,england and ,scotland--especially in ,scotland--has long been a precarious and hazardous business2 and now the reduction of four or six cents a pound in the price of beef which has been caused by the importation of about #a1jjj tons of ,american beef and mutton every week at ,glasgow and ,liverpool1 threatens to be the last straw to break the back of at least the ,scotch farmer4 ,irish agriculturists likewise depend to a great extent for their profits upon the money received for their cattle1 and they1 too1 will feel as severely as their ,scottish friends the ruinous consequences1 to them1 of a reduction of twenty-five per cent4 in the market value of their principal commodity4 ,thus the emigration of the well-to-do farmers of the ,united ,kingdom is likely to be stimulated1 and these agriculturists1 most probably1 would need but little persuasion to induce them to emigrate1 if they emigrated at all1 in colonies1 and not as isolated families or individuals4 ,so1 also1 as respects the future emigration from the ,continent of ,europe4 ,different causes are at work in each of the countries above named1 but they all tend to the same result4 ,we have already hinted that the emigration of the future will be of a different class from the emigration of the past4 ,at the present moment1 and probably for some time to come1 it would be dishonest1 cruel1 and unwise to encourage the emigration to this country of people without capital--those who must earn daily wages in order to live4 ,hitherto the great majority of our emigrants have been people of this class1 and most fortunate is it that they came in such vast numbers4 ,the time will again arrive1 no doubt1 when this class will be once more necessary and welcome among us1 and when they will come1 as they have come before1 in thousands and tens of thousands4 ,but at present they are not needed here2 to bring them hither would be cruel to us as well as to themselves4 ,the emigrants whom we need1 and who are for some time most likely to come1 are those who possess considerable worldly wealth at home1 but who1 like the ,english1 ,scotch1 and ,irish farmers of whom we have spoken1 find it difficult to provide sufficiently for their increasing families1 or wish to secure for them1 in the ,new ,world1 better fortunes than they can hope for in the ,old4 ,on the ,european ,continent1 and especially in ,germany1 other causes are at work which are morally certain to promote emigration4 ,the war in the ,east may be localized--although all the probabilities point to a different conclusion--but even now it has increased the burdens which oppress the ,german people1 and rendered the 8blood-tax0 that they are compelled to pay heavier and harder to bear4 ,there is probably no intelligent man in ,germany who does not look forward to a not distant day when that country will be again engaged in a desperate conflict2 and meanwhile the military service exacted from every ,german citizen1 and the cost of maintaining the army1 press with a crushing weight upon the country4 ,a thoughtful and experienced writer in one of our daily journals--a writer who1 if we mistake not1 has himself had extensive experience in the organization of emigration enterprises--thus treats of this subject3 8,but it is in ,germany that the fears awakened throughout ,continental ,europe will contribute most powerfully to a renewal of interest in the subject of emigration among classes to whom this country even now presents all requisite advantages4 ,the stern methods employed by ,bismarck to repress emigration movements--his interference with the freedom of ,american citizens who dared to speak of the attractions held out by the fertile ,west1 and his suppression of whatever seemed likely to facilitate emigration to the ,united ,states--were all called forth by the anxious desire of people to escape the liability to military service4 ,the military glories of the empire had charms for the cities1 which acquired delusive appearances of prosperity4 ,among the population of rural districts the situation was different4 ,the burdens and penalties of war1 and of a system which exacts incessant preparation for war as a condition of national safety1 have among these people stimulated the feeling in favor of emigration to a degree which the action of the ,imperial ,government has imperfectly controlled4 ,the dread1 vague before1 will now be a reality4 ,what1 as a mere contingency1 has sufficed to foster the wish to leave the ,fatherland is now so near a certainty that the movement in favor of emigration needs but a guiding hand to assume large proportions4 ,and the emigration available is of the description which1 discreetly operated upon1 should be attracted rather than repelled by the considerations which have driven wage-earners back to ,europe4 ,those who would gladly get out of ,germany to save their sons from service in the army look to the land for a livelihood1 and would form valuable accessions to the ,western ,states4 ,as far as ,germany is concerned1 the difficulty is in reaching this class4 ,agencies that might be freely used in ,england or ,holland are in ,germany unavailable4 ,all that seems possible there is to provide authentic information through channels which would not conflict with local law or incur the suspicion which1 in view of recent experience1 interested representations are likely to excite4 ,might not our consular agencies be utilized1 not as emigration bureaux1 but as means of supplying to those who seek it information in reference to lands and farms in the ,west and ,south1 and to other matters connected with the opening or purchase of farms1 and stocking and working them8 ,the laborious head of the ,statistical ,bureau some years ago compiled a volume of statistics which to the working-men of the ,old ,world was invaluable4 ,the manual at present needed would deal with the phases of the emigration question1 and would be much more than an accumulation of figures4 ,it would be more legitimate than half the matter which emanates from the department and is printed at the public cost2 and it would contribute to a revival and increase of the only immigration which can be honestly encouraged in the face of hard times40 ,the ,french have never shown much anxiety for emigration2 but the arrivals of emigrants from that country have increased during late years1 and were slightly larger last year than in #ahge4 ,in ,france the burdens which are felt in ,germany are also a cause of suffering1 if not of complaint2 and emigration from ,france1 if the proper means for stimulating and directing it were employed1 might reach large proportions4 ,in ,holland causes like those to which we have alluded as potent in ,great ,britain exist4 ,the emigration from ,russia has hitherto been of a peculiar character2 it has consisted mainly of the ,mennonites1 whose anti-war principles impelled them to escape from the military service exacted from all ,russian subjects1 and from which only the temporary and partial concessions of the czar exempted some of them4 ,the mission now undertaken by ,russia is of a character which will compel her ruler1 ere he has finished his task1 to press every one of his subjects into the military service1 directly or indirectly4 ,the desire for emigration from ,russia may be expected to increase1 although some time will probably elapse before large results can be hoped for from it4 ,the emigration from ,austria has thus far been small4 ,the total arrivals of emigrants from that country at the port of ,new ,york during the last #cj years have been only #ba1fgg1 of whom #a1baj came last year and #a1jhh in #ahge4 ,but ,austria is a country especially fit to emigrate from1 and the incentives which are powerful in ,germany will ere long be felt in ,austria also4 ,from ,switzerland1 ,norway1 ,sweden1 ,belgium1 ,denmark1 and ,poland emigration of the better class may with reason be anticipated2 and even from ,italy1 which has sent us #db1gfi emigrants since #ahdg1 considerable accessions may be expected4#aae ,footnote #aae3 ,during the year ended ,december #ca1 #ahgf1 #aeg1ddj immigrants arrived in the ,united ,states1 of whom #ajb1ifj were males and #ed1dhj females4 ,their ages were3 under fifteen years1 #bf1fjh2 fifteen and under forty1 #aaa1gfd2 forty years and upward1 #ai1jfh4 ,the countries of last permanent residence or citizenship of the immigrants were3 ,england1 #ba1jea2 ,ireland1 #af1ejf2 ,scotland1 #d1chc2 ,wales1 #bid2 ,isle of ,man1 #h2 ,guernsey1 #a2 ,germany1 #ca1cbc2 ,austria1 #f1jdg2 ,hungary1 #dge2 ,sweden1 #e1bjd2 ,norway1 #f1jca2 ,denmark1 #a1fbd2 ,netherlands1 #gji2 ,belgium1 #ded2 ,switzerland1 #a1egb2 ,france1 #f1gbc2 ,italy1 #b1ihj2 ,malta1 #b2 ,greece1 #bd2 ,spain1 #eig2 ,portugal1 #haf2 ,gibraltar1 #af2 ,russia1 #f1ghg2 ,poland1 #hed2 ,finland1 #bb2 ,turkey1 #ei2 ,arabia1 #ac2 ,india1 #bb2 ,burmah1 #i2 ,china1 #af1hgi2 ,asiatic ,russia1 #hc2 ,japan1 #f2 ,asia1 not specified1 #ad2 ,egypt1 #c2 ,liberia1 #ad2 ,algeria1 #i2 ,africa1 not specified1 #ag2 ,quebec1 #ae1ede2 ,nova ,scotia1 #c1bjj2 ,new ,brunswick1 #a1did2 ,prince ,edward ,island1 #dcg2 ,newfoundland1 #eh2 ,british ,columbia1 #dhd2 ,mexico1 #ecb2 ,central ,america1 #ad2 ,u4 ,s4 of ,colombia1 #bj2 ,venezuela1 #cg2 ,guiana1 #c2 ,brazil1 #bh2 ,argentine ,republic1 #f2 ,chili1 #bj2 ,peru1 #aa2 ,south ,america1 #aj2 ,cuba1 #hhj2 ,porto ,rico1 #ag2 ,jamaica1 #bc2 ,bahamas1 #eei2 ,barbados1 #cb2 other ,west ,india ,islands1 #dc2 ,curaoa1 #ad2 ,azores1 etc41 #ifj2 ,bermudas1 #bi2 ,iceland1 #cj2 ,mauritius1 #c2 ,sandwich ,islands1 #bj2 ,australasia1 #a1bfa2 ,east ,indies1 #af2 and born at sea1 #bc4 ,during the month ended ,april #cj1 #ahgg1 there arrived at the port of ,new ,york #g1cec immigrants1 of whom #d1eec were males and #b1hjj females4 ,the countries or islands of last permanent residence or citizenship of the immigrants were as follows3 ,england1 #a1ejj2 ,scotland1 #aia2 ,wales1 #df2 ,ireland1 #a1cfd2 ,germany1 #b1ahd2 ,austria1 #bhf2 ,sweden1 #dae2 ,norway1 #fg2 ,denmark1 #aga2 ,france1 #bda2 ,switzerland1 #ahc2 ,spain1 #eh2 ,italy1 #cej2 ,holland1 #fj2 ,belgium1 #bf2 ,russia1 #ce2 ,poland1 #cd2 ,hungary1 #cg2 ,quebec1 ,ontario1 ,nova ,scotia1 and ,newfoundland1 #be2 ,cuba1 #ai2 ,sicily1 #ah2 ,india1 #ad2 ,mexico1 #h2 ,u4 ,s4 of ,colombia1 #d2 ,venezuela1 ,bermuda1 and born at sea1 #c each2 ,greece1 ,china1 and ,peru1 #b each2 ,turkey and ,iceland1 #a each4 ,we have before us a collection of documents relating to colonization in the ,west and ,northwest4 ,one of them describes the admirable plan of the ,coadjutor-,bishop of ,st4 ,paul for ,catholic colonization in ,minnesota4 ,in a powerful letter addressed1 on the #afth of ,september last1 to the ,president of the ,board of ,colonization of the ,irish ,catholic ,benevolent ,union1 the bishop dwells upon the evils which have followed the settlement of our ,irish emigrants in the large cities--evils which we have no wish to belittle2 but he also confesses that the misfortunes of those who went into the rural districts were equally deplorable4 ,he remarks3 8,those who--exceptions to the rule--did move forward into the country1 in search of homes on the land1 suffered in many instances from the absence of proper and systematic direction no less than their companions in cities4 ,they lost their faith4 ,they strayed away from church and priest1 from ,catholic associations1 and in certain ,states to-day there are whole districts where you hear the purest of ,celtic names1 and where1 nevertheless1 not one man proclaims himself a ,catholic or smiles at the mention of the old land40 ,and then1 after a charming picture of a certain little ,irish ,catholic colony in the ,west1 of which he says that1 beginning in poverty and hardship twenty years ago1 8,to-day those families are prosperous--rich2 their children are as innocent and as true as if they had always breathed the atmosphere of the most ,catholic of lands2 the number of families has doubled1 through mere natural increase2 their district of country is for ever secured to the church10 ,bishop ,ireland goes on to say that the results of his own colonization labors in ,minnesota may be thus described3 8,we began last ,february4 ,our first step was to secure the control of #aag1jjj acres of land1 situated in ,swift ,county1 belonging to the ,st4 ,paul and ,pacific ,railroad4 ,there was at the time in the county about as much more vacant government land open for settlement under the pre-emption and homestead acts4 ,the price of the railroad land was fixed1 so that during the time it was to remain under our control the company could not advance its figures4 ,we at once placed a priest in the colony1 whose duty it was to direct and advise the immigrant as well as to minister to his spiritual wants4 ,an office was opened in ,st4 ,paul1 where the immigrant would be received on his arrival from the ,east1 and where all letters of inquiry would be answered4 ,two weeks after publication of our plans had been made in the ,catholic press1 immigrants commenced to arrive1 and up to the date at which ,i am writing over eight hundred entries have been made by our people on government land1 and about #fj1jjj acres of railroad land have been occupied4 ,we permit no speculation1 so that each quarter section generally represents a family1 persons1 as a rule1 being allowed to take more land only when they have grown sons1 who soon will themselves need a home40 ,he then gives a letter from the register of the ,land ,office1 showing that the number of land entries made in ,swift ,county from ,january #a to ,june #a1 #ahgf1 was #a1cag1 and saying that over #hjj of these were made by 8your people40 ,the register adds3 8,in this connection allow me to bear testimony to the intelligence1 integrity1 and good order always manifested by your colonists in all their business relations with this office4 ,i can now call to mind no instance in which one under the influence of liquor has been in this office4 ,cases of profanity are extremely rare2 in no instance have we had trouble or contention with any one4 ,they are model colonists4 ,i know this opinion to be shared by all who come in contact with them40 ,the bishop adds3 8,we have already in the colony two churches2 one more will be built in spring4 ,two promising towns have sprung up--,de ,graff and ,randall4 ,in ,de ,graff there are some forty houses1 stores or residences1 a large brick-yard1 a grist-mill2 a grain elevator and a convent school are to be put up during the winter4 ,the settlers1 whom ,i had the pleasure of visiting a month ago1 are full of hope and delighted with their prospects4 ,last spring ,swift ,county was a wild1 untenanted prairie2 to-day on every side new houses and freshly-broken ground meet the eye4 ,our expenses in organizing and directing the colony were large2 still1 we were able to meet them by direct revenue from the colony itself4 ,each settler paid a small entrance fee1 and we sold town lots4 ,we have also reserved from sale some choice sections of land1 which can at any time1 if there is need1 be disposed of at a high advance over the original price2 so that we are safe against all losses in our enterprise4 ,as soon as a settlement is formed the land advances at once in value2 one farm bought in ,swift ,county last spring at two dollars per acre has been sold since at nine dollars per acre1 and a settlement that embraces three or four hundred families always affords room for a valuable town-site4 ,the two excellences which ,i deem our ,minnesota plan possesses are the following3 ,we had control of the land2 this is necessary to ward off speculation and preserve the land for our own colonists4 ,no sooner would twenty families be settled in a district than the surrounding land would be bought up by speculators or strangers1 if you had not complete control over it in some manner4 ,next1 we began the colony with a priest on the spot2 the presence of a priest does more than any other agency to attract immigrants and to encourage them in their difficulties4 ,we have been so well satisfied with our work in ,swift ,county that our programme for next year includes the opening of two new colonies40 ,our space does not permit us to summarize even the accounts of the other ,catholic colonization movements which have come under our notice4 ,these movements are serious and important1 and those engaged in them should take every possible precaution to prevent them from falling into the hands of careless1 incompetent1 or dishonest persons4 ,the work1 it appears1 will have two chief departments--the home and foreign agencies4 ,the former will undertake and supervise the task of selecting and securing proper localities for colonies1 and of procuring as settlers families and individuals already resident here1 but whose interests would be promoted by their translation to these new homes2 the foreign agencies would be employed in diffusing the necessary information among the classes in ,europe who would be most likely to emigrate1 and who would be the most desirable emigrants1 and in inducing them to join new colonies already established or to form others of their own4 ,the ,catholic ,advocate1 of ,louisville1 ,ky41 in some well-considered remarks on the subject1 says3 8,now1 it is our opinion that a great impetus could be given to this good work if the directors of the colonization project could so manage as to awaken the ,irish people at home to the value of the movement2 if they could have their plans placed in all their development before that class in ,ireland from which emigration recruits its numbers4 ,this could be best and most efficiently done by inducing the formation of corresponding organizations in the old country4 ,there are very many thousands of people in ,ireland1 with farming-stock worth two and three and four hundred pounds sterling1 holding their lands by an insecure tenure and at a rack-rent1 who would come out to this country to-morrow1 with all their valuables converted into gold1 if they knew or understood the advantages of the colonization scheme4 ,as it is now1 they only hear about it4 ,it comes to them by newspapers1 as a kind of far-off echo4 ,it is not brought forcibly to their notice4 ,its benefits are not urged upon them personally4 ,there is no persuasion about it1 and it is as a dead interest to the great majority of the people1 who1 if they only knew and understood it thoroughly1 would grasp at it4 ,the ,british government was very earnest in its efforts to colonize ,australia and ,new ,zealand some years ago1 and the advantages it had to offer were far and far away from those offered by the ,catholic colonization movement amongst us4 ,but how did the ,british government act8 ,it sent agents amongst the ,irish and ,english and ,scotch1 prepared with maps and pamphlets and lectures1 to impress the value of their project upon the people at home and put it immediately before their eyes4 ,what was the consequence8 ,numbers of emigrants came forward1 and of a class which had the means to colonize1 and they settled in ,brisbane1 ,queensland1 and ,new ,zealand1 where they are to-day prosperous and promising4 ,we do not say that paid agents should be sent to ,ireland for the purpose we indicate1 but it would be very easy to communicate with influential persons there to put before them the value of forming organizations in connection with ,bishop ,ireland's scheme1 with the ,st4 ,louis scheme1 and any others that may be started4 ,what is required is emigrants with some capital1 and this is the way to get them40 ,bishop ,ireland1 in the letter from which we have already quoted1 sets forth at some length what such a body as the ,irish ,catholic ,benevolent ,union could do in this work4 ,it could constantly agitate the subject of colonization1 and it could establish a national bureau of information1 which would collect information1 publish pamphlets1 secure the co-operation of bishops and priests1 and open colonies of their own4 ,but the 8crowning stone in the work of colonization10 in the bishop's opinion1 would be 8the formation of joint-stock colonization societies40 ,he says3 8,by no other means can the poor among our people--those most in need of homes--be colonized4 ,however successful our ,minnesota plan may seem to have been1 it does not reach the poor4 ,we have received hundreds of letters from most deserving persons1 to whom we were obliged to answer that we had no place for them in our colony4 ,how many there are who have simply means to bring them ,west1 but who can neither pay for land nor maintain themselves while waiting for the first crop6 ,a joint-stock company would give them land on long time1 at reasonable rates of interest1 and would also advance them small sums to assist them in opening their farms4 ,the plan might be somewhat as follows3 ,the executive power of the company should be in the hands of most reliable business men4 ,stockholders would be promised that their money would be paid back in five years1 with interest at six per cent4 per annum1 and1 in order that men of all classes might take part in the work1 shares would be put at low figures4 ,the inducement to take shares is that good is done to our fellow-countrymen without any loss to ourselves4 ,the company purchases a tract of land2 cash in hand1 the land would cost but little4 ,immigrants1 in purchasing it from the company1 would give back a mortgage1 promising to pay the full price in four or five years1 with interest at eight per cent4 per annum4 ,an industrious settler could not fail to meet such obligations4 ,if he failed to do so1 the land reverts to the company1 worth much more than it was when first purchased4 ,the company derives its expenses from the two per cent41 which it charges the settlers over what it pays its shareholders2 but to protect itself the better it could sell the land at a slightly increased figure1 especially a few choice pieces2 it could also lay out for its profit a town-site1 and sell the lots4 8,there should be colonies in every ,state where cheap lands are to be found4 ,the movement should be made general1 our entire ,irish ,catholic people entering into it3 one class coming forward with advice and money1 the other profiting1 for their own good and that of their religion1 of the assistance offered to them4 ,what is to be done must be done quickly4 ,the time is fast passing when cheap lands can be had in ,america4 ,already the tide of immigration--bearing1 alas6 but a small number of our people--has crossed the ,missouri1 leaving in its wake but inconsiderable portions of unoccupied land1 and reaching even now the limits of the arable lands of the continent4 ,patriotism and religious zeal are two great incentives to action for ,irish ,catholics4 ,colonization is a work upon which both can be most easily brought to bear40 ,already one such joint-stock company has been formed--on the #ajth of ,april last--in ,st4 ,paul1 in which the bishop and the coadjutor-bishop of that see have taken shares4 ,it will henceforth be the duty of the church in ,america to see that no ,catholic family landing on our shores and seeking a new home in our ,western ,states and ,territories shall be permitted to stray beyond her control1 but shall be conducted to localities where her priests are already prepared to receive them1 and where their fellow-citizens will be bound to them by the ties of faith4 ,catholics in this land are already about as one in six4 ,we receive accessions every day from the ranks of the ,protestant sects2 few1 if any1 of our own number fall away from us2 the emigration of the future1 to a great extent1 will be in our hands4 ,thus will the church in ,america--where to-day1 to use his own words1 our ,holy ,father 8is more truly ,pope than in any other land0--grow in strength and beauty1 and thus will she be prepared1 when the hour comes1 to save the republic for which her sons1 from the hour of her birth until now1 have shed their blood1 and given their toil and their prayers1 in unstinted measure4 ,a ,,thrush',s ,,song4 ,underneath a leafy cover1 ,green with morning-wealth of ,june1 ,wanting still1 like gift of lover ,craving even greater boon1 ,deeper chords of light to perfect summer's fulness1 love's high noon2 ,just apart from all the glitter ,of a busy crystal world ,where1 amid quick human twitter1 ,pond'rous engine huge arms hurled1 ,leaping shuttle wrought bright fancies1 girded wheels obedient whirled2 ,just a little from the glimmer1 ,from the footfalls' tuneless tread-- ,with the distance ever dimmer-- ,rose1 so calm o'ershadowd1 ,sound of lusty drum and hautboy1 with clear flute voice interlaid1 ,notes exultant loud outpouring ,chant of nations1 lightly bound ,with frail melody1 up soaring ,o'er the people gathered round1 ,resting from the glare a little1 from the wearing sight and sound4 ,ears of loyal ,briton tingling ,hark'ning there1 8,god save the ,queen02 ,erin's children's tears commingling ,at 8,the ,wearing of the ,green10 ,thinking of a loveless bondage1 truer trust that might have been4 ,sounds of wrathful people seeming ,storming through the 8,marseillaise10 ,stirred a land1 nigh dead in dreaming1 ,through ,hortense's song of praise1 ,through its wailing sadness tolling bells of old chivalric days4 ,through sad ,france's slumber breaking ,germany's triumphant hymn1 ,armed peoples1 eager waking1 ,watching ,rhine-lights growing dim1 ,hearing clear a weary nation struggling sore with spectres grim4 ,in the nations' anthems swelling ,ever twanged some chord of wrong3 ,broken notes in anguish welling ,even in our starlit song-- ,shadowy notes from swamp and prairie mingling with the suffering throng4 ,stilled at last the music's clamor1 ,drum and hautboy laid to rest1 ,softly through the silence' glamour ,stole the light wind of the west1 ,gently parted the green branches1 tenderly each leaf caressed4 ,and a sudden thrill of sweetness1 ,mellow1 careless1 glad1 and clear1 ,love's noon-song in its completeness1 ,poured in peaceful nature's ear ,from a thrush's throat of silver--happy song without one tear-- ,fell like precious1 heav'n-dropped token ',mid the elements of strife1 ',mid the melodies1 grief-broken1 ,blare of trumpet1 shriek of fife-- ,only with undarkened blessing was the thrush's singing rife4 ,where the ways were broad and ordered ,england's ,indian blossoms flamed2 ,here1 where guarding thickets bordered1 ,bloom of ,may ,june's sunshine claimed1 ,lifting1 'mid the throngs of people1 glance1 half-fearing1 half-ashamed2 ,trembling at the cymbals' crashing ,through the ancient solitude1 ,till the thrush's sweetness flashing1 ,with its wild-wood joy imbued1 ,seemed a covenant from heaven1 arc of promise1 rainbow-hued4 ,in the upper silence singing1 ,hidden minstrel1 unafraid1 ,in the sunlit branches1 swinging1 ,by the west wind1 whispering1 swayed1 ,all the lower tumult silenced in the clear1 blue depths o'erhead2 ,whence the peace of heav'n1 descending1 ,filled the bird's song1 true and clear1 ,lightsome duty sweetness lending1 ,joy o'erbrimming in its cheer1 ,freedom on his pinions resting1 sunshine soft1 and heaven near4 ,careless strength and free heart blending ,in each note's melodious mirth1 ,calm within a pure soul bending ,praising for its heavenly birth1 ,for its gift of soaring pinions1 lightening so the bonds of earth4 ,with that clear and sudden sweetness ,sober fancies swept along1 ,and its wild-wood1 perfect meetness ,seemed our country's truer song-- ,sunshine soft1 and heaven near it1 and no undertone of wrong4 ,so1 methought1 her clear voice1 ringing1 ,should in strength of freedom rise1 ,with the sweetness of its singing ,every evil exorcise2 ,blessing for her children winning through her nearness to the skies4 ,,philadelphia1 ,june1 #ahgf4 ,,the ,,congregation ,,of ,,cluny4 ,,translated ,,from ,,schoeppner',s 8,,character-,,bilder ,,der ,,geschichte ,,des ,,mittelalters40 ,at the close of the ninth century the great wealth of the ,benedictine ,order in ,france had produced a relaxation of discipline and a departure from regular observance in many of its monasteries which brought it into a state of decadence4 ,one principal source of this degeneracy lay in the want of all organic union binding together the distinct monasteries1 each one of which was exclusively subject to its own abbot4 ,it is true that in earlier times the bishops exercised a certain jurisdiction over them2 but this was seriously impeded by the fact that the abbot was frequently equal to the bishop in power and in external consideration4 ,the pope was too distant2 disorder could strike deep root before any information would reach him1 and even then he was ordinarily able to employ only indirect methods of remedying the evil4 ,this seems to have been felt by all those who1 from the tenth century onwards1 endeavored1 by various additional statutes1 explanations1 and stricter applications of the ,rule of ,st4 ,benedict1 to bring back those who were subject to it to a more conscientious fulfilment of the obligations of their religious profession4 ,at the time when the ,carlovingian dynasty1 represented in the person of ,charles the ,simple1 was verging toward extinction1 ,william the ,pious1 ,duke of ,aquitaine and ,count of ,auvergne1 in concert with his duchess1 ,ingeburga1 formed the plan of founding a new monastery4 ,he took counsel respecting the carrying out of his design with ,hugh1 ,abbot of ,st4 ,martin's at ,autun4 ,in company with the duke and duchess ,hugh made an exploration of their domains in search of a suitable location1 and selected a meadow on the banks of the little river ,grosne1 near an agreeable cascade1 where a chapel in honor of the ,blessed ,virgin and ,st4 ,peter had been already erected4 ,the duke objected that this was his favorite hunting-ground1 and that the noise and tumult of deer-chasing would frequently disturb the quiet of the monastery4 8,well1 then10 replied the abbot1 8drive away the hounds and bring in the monks2 you well know which of the two will bring you the most favor with ,god40 ,the duke cheerfully assented to this proposition1 and took measures for the erection of a monastery in honor of the apostles ,,ss4 ,peter and ,paul upon this territory1 of which he had but recently acquired the possession4 ,at the recommendation of ,hugh1 ,berno was invited from a neighboring monastery to become the first abbot4 ,he was succeeded by ,odo1 the son of a ,frankish knight1 who had been brought up at the court of ,duke ,william1 had afterwards devoted himself to the religious state1 and was at the time of his election in the maturity of his manhood4 ,odo saw that in many monasteries the end of the religious vocation had been entirely forgotten1 and1 in order that he might restore the primitive discipline of ,st4 ,benedict1 he determined to reform the monastic state in accordance with its original spirit and intention1 and to induce the monasteries in his own vicinity to adopt his reformation4 ,he was a man well fitted to undertake such a task1 by his personal austerity1 his self-devotion to the good of others1 and his extraordinary charity1 which was so great that he was ready at any time to bestow all he had upon the poor1 without any thought of reserving on one day what might be necessary for the next4 ,the influence of his personal character1 and the effect of his active efforts during a prolonged life1 were so great that a number of monasteries became affiliated to the one over which he immediately presided4 ,he is1 therefore1 properly speaking1 the founder of the ,cluniac ,order4 ,his meek and humble successor1 ,aymard1 won for himself by his amiable virtues the confidence of all the brethren of the order1 and the favor of the great and powerful1 who were profuse in conferring upon it liberal gifts1 charters of protection and privilege4 ,his successors in office1 ,majolus1 ,odilo1 and ,hugh ,i41 were all equally eminent by their able administration1 their great influence in all the most important ecclesiastical and political movements of their time1 and their high favor with emperors1 kings1 and princes4 ,emperors1 kings1 popes1 and bishops maintained intimate relations with the abbots of ,cluny1 and all the great and powerful nobles of the country sought their advice in matters of importance4 ,three ,sovereign ,pontiffs were taken from ,cluny to fill the chair of ,st4 ,peter4 ,when the son of a king was obliged to become a fugitive1 he sought for a refuge at ,cluny1 and princes who were weary of life and disturbed by remorse of conscience came there to do penance among the brethren4 ,the rulers of foreign countries were lavish of their donations to the order1 the popes were equally munificent in conferring marks of their high favor1 and bishops were eager for the affiliation of the most important monasteries in their dioceses with ,cluny4 ,the immense revenues which flowed into its coffers from all countries in the world became at last proverbial4 ,the internal discipline and external splendor of ,cluny were maintained in an undisturbed permanence and stability for a period of two centuries4 ,at the end of that time both were grievously shattered by the disastrous administration of the unworthy ,abbot ,pons1 a man of worldly levity in character and manners1 haughty and ambitious in his disposition1 whose whole course of official conduct was such as to threaten the complete downfall of the order4 ,after a length of time he was formally impeached and tried at the tribunal of ,rome1 by which he was deposed from his office as abbot4 ,disregarding this sentence1 he seized anew on the possession of the monastery of ,cluny by force of arms1 but was soon after overpowered and cast into a prison1 where he was carried off by a sudden attack of fever4 ,after a short period of only three months1 during which the abbatial chair was occupied by ,hugh ,,ii41 ,peter the ,venerable was placed over the ,cluniac ,order1 which he ruled for thirty-nine years1 precisely during the period of ,st4 ,bernard1 who was his intimate friend1 and whom he survived about three years4 ,his activity1 prudence1 and universal reputation1 the intellectual power1 deep learning1 and exalted virtue which merited for him the appellation of ,venerable by which he is designated in history1 sufficed not only to heal ,cluny from the wounds inflicted on it by the ,abbot ,pons1 but to raise the whole order to its highest summit of importance1 and to make the monastery which was its centre flourish in a state of unexampled spiritual and temporal prosperity4 ,if we consider the many journeys which this great abbot undertook on affairs of the utmost importance connected with the public interests of the day1 it would seem that he was exclusively a statesman2 his vast correspondence seems sufficient to have employed the time of one whose whole attention was given to counselling all sorts of persons seeking his advice by letters2 his theological works are like the productions of one actively occupied in study2 the strictness with which he observed and enforced upon his subjects in the cloister the monastic rule indicates a contemplative ascetic2 his administration of the temporalities of his monastery presents him in the light of an able financier and man of business4 ,the world was filled with his fame1 and his order attained the highest zenith of its glory during his administration1 which ended at his death1 during the ,christmas-tide of the year #aaef4 ,all the special rules of the ,cluniac ,order were based upon the ,rule of ,st4 ,benedict4 ,the ecclesiastical chant and the service of the choir employed much more time and attention1 according to the customs of ,cluny1 than in other ,benedictine monasteries4 ,as far as possible1 uniformity was enforced in the different houses after the model of the mother-house4 ,besides the special prayers which each one said according to his own devotion1 one hundred and thirty-eight psalms were prescribed to be recited daily1 which was usually done while engaged in performing the various tasks2 and even in the great heats of summer1 on the days when talking was permitted1 there was only time for a recreation of half an hour4 ,every negligence or mistake in the choir-service received instantly a reproof4 ,this was regarded as a spiritual military service1 in which no individual caprice or negligence could be tolerated4 ,special care was exacted on the greater festivals of the church1 and their high importance was recognized by the greater length of the choral song1 the reading of longer lessons1 and a more fervent devotion4 ,during ,high ,mass no ,low ,masses were allowed to be said1 so that no one could in that way consult his own convenience and escape from the public and solemn celebration4 ,the moment of the departure of one of the brethren from this world was treated as a specially solemn occasion4 ,as soon as he had received ,extreme ,unction a wooden cross was put under his head in place of a pillow4 ,all who could possibly attend were obliged to assist at the last agony of the dying man1 and1 although at other times running through the corridors was strictly forbidden1 it was specially ordered whenever the passing-bell announced that one of the brethren was about to depart this life4 ,special revenues were devoted to all charitable purposes1 and their conscientious expenditure strictly enjoined4 ,there was a particular endowment for eighteen poor men who were perpetually supported by the mother-house4 ,six brothers were appointed for the service of the poor1 one of whom waited on them1 another acted as porter of their hospital1 two others furnished the wood out of the forest for their fires1 and two had charge of ovens for baking bread1 to be given away in alms to the poor4 ,everything remaining on the tables of the refectory after the meals was taken by the almoner for distribution among the poor4 ,a cover was laid for each one of the most distinguished benefactors at every meal1 even though they were living at a great distance or had been long dead1 and all their portions were taken for the poor4 ,twelve loaves1 each weighing three pounds1 were prepared each day for widows1 orphans1 feeble and aged persons4 ,on ,holy ,thursday the ceremony of foot-washing was performed for as many poor men as there were brothers in the community1 all of whom were afterwards served at dinner4 ,on certain special occasions1 and on all the festivals when the table of the brethren was better served than usual1 more abundant alms were distributed4 ,the almoner was bound to make a weekly visitation of the houses in the village near the monastery1 that he might find out every poor person who was sick1 and furnish him with food1 wine1 and medicines4 ,the number of poor persons who regularly received aid was estimated at seventeen thousand4 ,the ,abbot ,odilo sold the ornaments of the church and a crown presented by the ,german emperor ,henry ,,ii4 in order to relieve the wants of the people during a famine4 ,the subordinate monasteries were required to imitate in this generous alms-giving the example of ,cluny1 and a similar observance of hospitality was also exacted4 ,precise rules were laid down for the reception of visitors of different ranks and conditions1 who were continually arriving at the monastery on foot or on horseback4 ,if they were ecclesiastics1 they were not only invited to partake of the hospitality of the monastery1 but also to participate in its religious exercises4 ,every one who travelled on foot received a certain amount of bread and wine on his arrival and at his departure4 ,if the poverty of the house did not permit anything more than a temporary shelter and a friendly reception1 this1 at least1 was to be cheerfully given to every one4 ,the prior was not to consider what was within his means1 but to go beyond them in providing for the wants of strangers4 ,frequently1 when they had consumed all the provisions of the larder1 the monks had to endure hunger until new supplies1 which often came unexpectedly1 were furnished by royal and noble benefactors4 ,the life of the monastic brethren was austere4 ,besides the regular and very long choir-service1 which no one was dispensed from attending1 the fasts were frequent4 ,the flesh of quadrupeds was never allowed1 and on the ferial days and the entire period from ,septuagesima to ,easter1 not even fat could be used in preparing the food4 ,the principal article of their daily diet was beans1 with an occasional allowance of eggs and cheese1 and more rarely of fish4 ,after night prayers no one could taste food or drink anything without special necessity and permission4 ,the violation of these rules and of the law of strict poverty was considered as a grievous transgression1 exposing the offender to excommunication and privation of ,christian burial4 ,obedience1 the pivot of all the virtues of an ecclesiastic1 was regarded as having a higher and more extended obligation for religious4 ,its disregard was esteemed worthy of the severest punishment1 and the incorrigible were subject to expulsion4 ,priors and other officials were twice admonished1 and afterwards deposed without any hope of restitution4 ,the observance of a strict rule of silence was regarded as a specially efficacious help to the acquisition of perfect spiritual virtues1 and1 in the opinion of the ,abbot ,odo1 monastic life was utterly worthless without it4 ,absolute silence was invariably observed during meal-times1 and during all times of the day throughout ,lent and several other penitential seasons4 ,the ,cluniac monks became so expert in the use of the sign-language through their disuse of speech that they might have dispensed with talking altogether without the least inconvenience4 ,the most perfect silence and stillness1 undisturbed even by hasty and noisy walking through the cloisters1 reigned throughout the monastery4 ,every fault must be expiated by penance1 or at least an acknowledgment before the abbot4 ,those who were late must remain standing or prostrate until a sign was given to them to repair to their places4 ,the tardy at table received also a penance4 ,public offences received public penances1 in order that every one might have sensible evidence that the community was vigilant in observing the behavior of each individual member4 ,smaller offences were punished by solitary confinement1 making a station at the church-door1 or exclusion from the common exercises4 ,those which were more serious were punished by flagellation1 and1 if the offence had been public1 the penance was administered at the door of the church while the people were assembling for ,mass1 and the cause of it announced to them by an official of the monastery4 ,for the gravest faults the culprit was put in irons or imprisoned in a dark1 underground dungeon4 ,st4 ,hugh's maxim was that a monastery is not dishonored by the faults of its members1 but by their impunity4 ,several brothers were appointed to make the rounds of the monastery at intervals1 and to declare in chapter every disorder which they observed1 whereupon due penance was inflicted on the delinquents4 ,this duty devolved on the prior for the first hour of the night1 and at intervals during its progress1 with a special charge of watching that all the doors were properly closed and fastened4 ,such a special care was observed in regard to cleanliness that the most particular housekeeper could not be more thorough or exact in a well-regulated private family than were these monks of ,cluny in their domestic arrangements4 ,this care for cleanliness showed a deep psychological insight into the close connection between this exterior virtue and interior purity1 which is often endangered and damaged by a slovenly disregard of outward propriety4 ,articles of clothing and all the bed and table furniture were regularly changed according to an invariable rule4 ,careful supervision was observed towards the novices in respect to their personal neatness in such minute particulars as washing1 combing their hair1 etc41 and conveniences for these purposes were provided in abundance for all1 that they might easily make use of them when they came in from work to go to the choir or the refectory4 ,the clothing was very plain1 in contrast to the worldly elegance and vanity in dress which prevailed in many other religious communities1 but all the different articles of dress were provided in abundance1 with two complete outfits for each one4 ,the winter clothing was made to suit the season and the climate1 warm and comfortable2 for the men who made the regulations of ,cluny were not so narrow-minded as to adhere scrupulously to purely exterior customs which were suitable to ,italy but utterly unfit for the ruder climate of the ,north4 ,the sick were cared for with the most tender solicitude1 six brothers were deputed to the service of the infirmary1 and the best ass in the stables was set apart to haul wood for the fire4 ,the infirmarian was always provided with spices and wholesome herbs to make the food of the sick more appetizing and wholesome4 ,meat was provided for them every day1 and even on fasting-days4 ,a certain part of the presents made to the monastery was assigned to the purchase of comforts and delicacies for the sick and weakly4 ,they were dispensed from the rule of silence1 and only required to refrain from abusing the privilege of talking4 ,the abbot and grand-prior were required to make frequent visits to the sick1 and the cellarer was bound to see each one1 in company with the infirmarian1 every day1 and inquire what kind of food he wished for and in what way it should be prepared4 ,as soon as one was released from the infirmary he came to the chapter1 and1 standing up1 said to the prior3 8,i have been in the infirmary and have not kept the rules of the order according to our obligation40 ,the prior answered3 8,may ,god pardon you60 whereupon the convalescent brother went to the place of the penitents and recited the seven penitential psalms or seven ,pater ,nosters4 ,as for the interior legislation and administration of the order1 a general chapter was held at ,cluny once a year1 where all the abbots1 priors1 and deans of the entire congregation were bound to appear under pain of deposition1 those only who lived in distant countries being exempted from attendance oftener than once every two years4 ,every question which related to the rules was submitted to this chapter1 and to the votes of all the brethren of the monastery of ,cluny4 ,each one was obliged to make known in the chapter1 without any regard to personal considerations1 whatever he had noticed in any of the houses or in any individual member of the order which was worthy of censure1 and was protected from any unpleasant consequences which might possibly ensue afterwards to himself from his disclosures4 ,all priors whose administration or personal conduct was censurable were deposed by the chapter2 and1 finally1 they made an examination of all the novices of the congregation4 ,as soon as the chapter was dissolved the supreme power reverted to the abbot of ,cluny4 ,he appointed all the priors and confirmed all the abbots-elect1 being strictly forbidden to receive any presents or perquisites in connection with any such official act4 ,he could make such regulations as he saw fit in all the houses2 all his sentences upon individual delinquents which were in conformity with the canons were binding2 and in the interval between the capitular assemblies he could depose from all offices without appeal4 ,he was bound to share as much as possible in the common life of the other monks1 to be with them in the common dormitory and at the common table1 and to use the same food1 the only mark of distinction being that he was served with wine of a better quality and with two loaves at dinner4 ,next in rank and authority came the grand-prior1 appointed by the abbot with the counsel of the elders of the monastery and the assent of the chapter4 ,under the abbot's supreme direction he presided over all the spiritual and temporal offices of the monastery1 with a special oversight of those brothers who were charged with out-door employments on the cloistral domains4 ,every year1 after the vintage1 he made an inspection of all the farm-lands1 examined the stores laid up in the barns and cellars1 and directed the division of the fruits of the harvest for the use of those who resided in the outlying farm-houses1 and for the general use within the monastery4 ,the interior order of the house was under the oversight of the prior of the community1 who had several assistants1 and in case of absence a deputy4 ,the rule prescribed that no account should be taken of birth or other personal considerations of human respect in the choice of prelates and officers1 but only of moral virtue1 experience1 and prudence4 ,no abbot or prior1 not even the abbot-general of the congregation1 was allowed to travel without some of the brethren in his company1 as witnesses of his conduct and associates in fulfilling the devotions prescribed by the rule4 ,we can form some estimate of the extent of the monastic buildings of ,cluny from the circumstance related in history1 that in the year #abde ,pope ,innocent ,,iv41 with twelve cardinals and his entire suite2 also two patriarchs1 three archbishops1 eleven bishops1 with their respective suites2 farther1 the king of ,france1 with his mother1 wife1 brother1 and sister1 and the whole of their retinue2 the emperor of ,constantinople1 the crown-princes of ,aragon and ,castile1 several dukes and counts1 and a crowd of knights1 ecclesiastics1 and monks1 were accommodated within the precincts of the monastery without encroaching on any part of it which was ordinarily occupied by the community or incommoding any of the brethren4 ,the fine arts were made to contribute to that which is their highest end--the service of religion--in the ,cluniac ,order more than in any other contemporary institute4 ,they were all employed in harmony and unity with each other to enhance the splendor of the divine service4 ,the candles and lamps by which the church was lighted were placed in costly hoops beset with precious stones4 ,instead of candelabra1 trees artistically wrought in bronze stood near the altar1 having the lighted candles prescribed for the solemn ceremonies blazing among their branches4 ,paintings covered the walls2 the windows were richly ornamental and filled with colored glass4 ,costly tapestry and hangings1 beautifully-carved stalls1 a decorated pavement1 chimes of bells of unusual size1 reliquaries of gold whose beauty of workmanship even surpassed their costliness1 chalices1 ciboriums1 and monstrances of gold1 sparkling with jewels1 vestments heavy and stiff with cloth of gold1 and all else that was magnificent in sacred art and decoration1 made the church of ,cluny a theme of praise and admiration throughout all ,france4 ,it was probably at the date of its erection the largest in the world1 and rested upon sixty-eight columns1 each eight and one half feet in diameter4 ,thirty-two of these pillars supported the vast dome1 and the whole edifice1 which was built in the peculiar form of an archiepiscopal cross1 was regarded as one of the most splendid monuments of the ,roman style of architecture in ,france4 ,sculpture1 carving1 and painting rivalled each other in the decoration of this magnificent church1 and there still remained at the beginning of the present century a representation of the ,eternal ,father on a gold ground in the vaulting of the apse1 ten feet in height1 which retained all its original brilliancy of color4 ,the choir-stalls1 which were of a comparatively late period1 were two hundred and twenty-five in number at the time of the suppression--showing how numerous the community had become--and the towers were filled with a great many bells1 the largest of which were melted down to cast cannon during the religious wars4 ,at present but little remains of this grand structure in a state of ruin4 ,during the ,french ,revolution the whole was sold for building material for the sum of twenty thousand dollars1 and thus rude force destroyed this grand work of the spirit of ,christianity4 ,the cultivation of science was fostered in the ,cluniac ,order with much greater care and zeal than in some of the other monastic bodies4 ,its founders were more solicitous for the promotion of intellectual labor than for material industry4 ,the ,abbot ,peter wrote3 8,in virtue of a special privilege1 the abbots of ,cluny from ancient times promoted literary occupations with zeal and energy4 ,it is not the desire of winning a high reputation which stimulates them to write books1 but the feeling that it would be shameful to neglect the imitation of their predecessors1 the holy ,fathers of the church1 and thus to prove themselves degenerate sons40 ,under such superiors the brethren were not deterred by any ill-grounded scruple from applying themselves to the study of the heathen classics1 and in fact considered this study as a valuable auxiliary to the investigation of the ,sacred ,scriptures4 ,the works of the great ecclesiastical writers were fully appreciated and diligently perused1 and the valuable manuscripts collected in the library of ,cluny were not considered as a mere assortment of curiosities for the sake of show1 but as useful implements for the cultivation of science1 and in a generous spirit of liberality were freely lent to other monasteries for the sake of making copies or recensions4 ,the books used for the church service were written out in a beautiful1 ornamental text1 richly adorned with initial letters executed in the most elaborate style of art2 and those who were engaged in this kind of work1 if it would not admit of interruption1 were excused from choir for the time being4 ,the ability and industry of the ,cluniac monks in collecting manuscripts and preserving precious monuments of ancient history have been recognized even in later times1 and abundant documents of that zeal for the promotion of science which was not damped by the earnestness with which religious discipline was enforced have come down to our own day4 ,the confraternity of ,cluny1 which had speedily risen to a high consideration throughout ,france1 attained to a higher and more solidly-established reputation during the period extending through nearly forty years of the administration of ,peter the ,venerable4 ,the renovation of the ,benedictine ,order in its original spirit which had been effected by the ,cluniac reform became renowned in other countries as well as in ,france1 and awoke the desire of attempting to accomplish the same happy results elsewhere by the use of similar methods4 ,every founder of a new monastery in ,france desired to introduce the rule and submit to the supremacy of ,cluny4 ,kings1 princes1 and bishops urged upon the already existing monastic communities1 especially when they had fallen into disorder1 incorporation with the ,cluniac congregation4 ,during the rule of ,peter the ,venerable it was increased by the addition of three hundred and fourteen monasteries1 collegiate foundations1 and churches1 and at its most flourishing period it embraced within its limits more than two thousand distinct houses4 ,at the time of the ,crusades it extended itself even beyond the sea4 ,cluniac houses were founded in the valley of ,josaphat and on ,mt4 ,tabor1 and in the time of ,abbot ,peter a monastery in a suburb of ,constantinople was united to the mother-house1 over which he presided4 ,men of all conditions who desired to do penance for their sins1 to seek a refuge from the dangers of the world1 or to find spiritual direction and come under a holy influence for their own sanctification1 sought to make reparation and deserve the grace of ,god by rich gifts to ,cluny1 to consecrate themselves to ,god in some house of the order by the religious vows1 or to secure for themselves by becoming affiliated to it a share in the sacrifices and prayers perpetually offered within its sacred enclosures4 ,it is related that ,count ,guy of ,macon1 who had been a bitter persecutor of the order1 one day presented himself at the gates of ,cluny in company with his son1 several grandsons1 thirty knights1 and the wives of each one of the noble group respectively1 all of whom demanded permission to take the vows of religion4 ,under the sixth abbot1 ,hugh ,i41 three thousand monks were present at one general chapter4 ,the crowd of applicants for admission became so great that ,hugh ,,vi4 was once compelled to issue an edict forbidding the reception of any new candidates during a term of three years4 ,under ,peter the ,venerable the number of monks resident at ,cluny increased from two hundred to four hundred and sixty1 some of whom1 however1 led a solitary life as hermits in the neighboring forests4 ,the popes were lavish in their grants of privileges to ,cluny and the monasteries connected with it4 ,alexander ,,ii4 decreed that no bishop or prelate should have the right of excommunication in respect to the ,cluniac congregation4 ,urban ,,ii4 allowed the use of episcopal insignia to the abbot1 and ,calixtus ,,ii4 conceded to him the special privileges of a cardinal4 ,the brethren of the order were even permitted to have the celebration of ,mass continued for their own benefit during an interdict4 ,there is nothing which shows more clearly the high esteem in which ,cluny was held than the decree of ,pope ,innocent ,,iv4 in the third session of the ,council of ,lyons3 that accredited copies of all the official documents relating to the diplomatic intercourse of emperors1 kings1 and other princes with the ,roman ,church should be deposited in its archives4 ,this important and precious collection was still in existence at the outbreak of the ,revolution4 ,the history of ,cluny has a very great importance in connection with the general history of the medival period1 but especially with the great ecclesiastical reformation of ,gregory ,,vii41 which was prepared by the interior working of the order within the church4 ,for many prudential reasons the fact that the great ecclesiastical movement of the eleventh century had its source in the monastery of ,cluny was kept out of sight as much as possible2 but it is proved by abundant evidence1 and ,gregory ,,vii4 himself1 who was its prior when ,st4 ,leo ,,ix4 persuaded him to return with him to ,rome in #ajdi1 speaks of the peculiar and intimate relations between ,cluny and the ,holy ,see4 ,,the ,,brides ,,of ,,christ4 ,,vii4 ,,st4 ,,agatha4 8,she hath no breasts--is cruelly maimed withal3 ,what shall we do for her1 when spoken for1 ,our little sister8 ,sheathe her1 if a door1 ,in boards of cedar2 if she be a wall1 ,build up a house of silver1#aaf and instal ,her worship0--so the monks4 ,o bleeding core ,of maidenhood1 thy ,spouse and ,king shall pour ,balm in thy wounds1 the lilies' growth recall6 ,when ,etna belched forth ,phlegethon1 and rolled ,its molten flanks upon ,catania1 ,the saint's veil they did reverently unfold ,and wave it in the face of fire--,behold6 ,piled black against the convent's wall to-day1 ,that ,red ,sea curdled by ,saint ,agatha6 ,footnote #aaf3 ,song of ,solomon viii4 #h1 #i4 ,,viii4 ,,st4 ,,lucia4 8,what's this8 ,two human eyes upon a dish8 ,wretch6 what dost mean80 8,lucia sends thee these2 ,she greets thee3 ',be no longer ill at ease2 ,they are thine6 ,when mine1 a spirit devilish1 ,with them1 with pink bloom and pale limbs1 did fish ,for men's souls4'0 ,quick6 to her--ere horror freeze4 ,her wan lips smiled beneath the bandages3 8,thou hast languished for mine eyes--have1 then1 thy wish60 ,she raised the fillet--the youth dropped as dead4 8,look up60 a sweet voice spake1 8and praise the ,lord60 ,he obeyed trembling--,o illumined head6 ,low with an altered spirit he adored4 ,thenceforth an angel's eyes1 her own instead1 ,lighted her to her martyrdom's reward4 ,,ix4 ,,st4 ,,ursula4 ,a bower of woven palms6 ,in white arrayed1 ,marshalled beneath that verdant canopy ,by fair-haired ,ursula of ,brittany1 ,eleven thousand martyrs1 each a maid6 ,for ,england's heir1 ,etherius1 had obeyed ,his bride's will1 honoring her virginity4 ,to ,rome on pilgrimage1 by river and sea1 ,they sailed1 and prettily the bold mariner played4 ,saint1 dear to tender years6 thou and thy doves ,fell pierced with many arrows1 and the ,rhine ,with blood of innocents ran red as wine-- ,still teach that to the pure ,death's kiss is ,love's6 ,still teach it1 though thy mortuary shrine ,may moulder1 while the stream to ocean moves6 ,,the ,,unknown ,,eros4#aag ,footnote #aag3 ,the ,unknown ,eros1 and ,other ,odes4 ,london3 ,george ,bell ,sons4 #ahgg4 ,there seems a growing and lamentable tendency among ,english poets in these days to divide themselves up into schools4 ,we have the ,tennysonian1 the ,swinburnian1 the ,rossettian1 as a little earlier we had the ,lake school1 the ,byronic1 and so on4 ,in these schools of poetry1 as in schools of painting1 there are certain marked features peculiar to each and forming1 as it were1 the common property of that one4 ,certain tones and colors belong to this3 subdued grays1 royal purples1 dim and far-away lights on meadow and mere4 ,another is a lustier flesh-and-blood school3 its men and women are decidedly1 though musically1 improper4 ,the choice expressions and tender care that the other lavishes on the beauties of nature this one devotes to a maiden's hair1 or her cheek1 or her nose1 the droop of her lashes1 or the arch of her brow4 ,a third affects the mystic in matter and form2 the more incomprehensible it is1 the finer the poetry4 ,it is like the 8vague school0 in painting4 ,one is sometimes puzzled to know whether the picture be a battle-piece1 a landscape1 a portrait1 or a nightmare on canvas4 ,and so they go on4 ,this follow-my-leader tendency is unquestionably a mark of feebleness4 ,it would be so in any art2 it is obviously so in an art that springs from inspiration1 and is thus necessarily original4 ,a poet is comprehensible2 a school of poets is absurd4 ,imagine a school of ,homers1 of ,virgils1 of ,dantes1 of ,shaksperes1 of ,miltons1 of ,byrons6 ,why1 the world could not hold them4 ,weak as our days may be in original poets1 they are strong at least in numbers4 ,probably1 unless in the days of good ,queen ,anne1 never before did such a constant and voluminous stream of ,english verse roll through the press4 ,most of it falls still-born on the market2 yet nothing seems to discourage the poets4 ,from ,tupper to ,tennyson they publish and publish and publish all the time4 ,yet there is not a living ,english poet to-day--unless ,aubrey de ,vere1 whose best work has been his latest--who did not establish whatever fame he has almost a quarter of a century ago1 and whose poems since that period have not shown a marked and steady decline4 ,in the author of ,the ,unknown ,eros we find a man who has certainly something new to say2 who follows no leader2 who has thoughts1 and a mode of expressing them1 all his own2 who cares less for how than for what2 whose work compels attention1 and who depends in nowise on the jingle of words1 the tricks of adjective and rhyme--the ballet-dancing1 so to say1 of the ,english language--for his attraction4 ,indeed1 in respect of form he is far behind the other poets of the time4 ,he almost disregards it4 ,yet1 as will be seen1 the strange dress that he has chosen for his creation fits it admirably1 and moulds itself at will to the strenuous freedom of the combative athlete1 the scorn of a man of fine feelings and bright intelligence1 the meditative mood of the student1 or the softer movements of a lover4 ,his instrument is now a clarion call to battle1 now a lover's lute1 now a dirge4 ,it has the strength and simplicity of the ,gregorian chant1 which in a few notes and changes expresses the heights of inspiration and exultation1 the depths of dread1 the saddest sorrow of the human heart4 ,the volume is a collection of odes1 written at various and long intervals apparently1 and in a style of metre resembling somewhat that of the minor poems of ,milton4 ,it has often the regular irregularity of the ,greek chorus1 with much of the latter's elasticity1 brightness1 flexibility1 and crystalline texture4 ,in all this it is novel--markedly and successfully so4 ,it is more novel1 however1 in subject-matter4 ,it is refreshing to come across a man1 a poet especially1 who can drop out of the commonplace1 and do it without affectation4 ,so accustomed have we grown1 however1 to the commonplace that we follow him at first with difficulty4 ,his 8,eros0 is indeed an unknown god to the run of readers4 ,he is no ,cupid rosy-red1 with flowery bow and fire-tipped dart to smite and melt the hearts of sweet young lovers4 ,he does not slumber in summer meads1 or rove listlessly by laughing streamlets1 or roguishly haunt the bosky dells1 or float adown the slanting sunbeam to flame on the unwary and capture their hearts and kindle them into passion while they languish in the soft arms of ,mother ,nature4 ,his ,god is not this pagan deity4 ,he is remote1 obscure1 harsh-seeming4 ,the poet's song is no pleasing love-tune4 ,it is martial1 high1 far away1 up on crags remote and to be reached only by thorny paths with bleeding feet and straining eyes1 and hearts that faint many times on the way4 ,true love is banished from the earth1 the poet seems to think2 and in place of him1 high1 pure1 serene1 with his head lifted up and bathed in the clear light and refulgence of heaven1 and his feet only touching the earth1 men have set a toy1 a plaything1 a fair bestiality4 8,what rumored heavens are these10 he asks1 8,which not a poet sings1 ,o1 ,unknown ,eros8 ,what this breeze ,of sudden wings ,speeding at far returns of time from interstellar space ,to fan my very face1 ,and gone as fleet1 ,through delicatest ether feathering soft their solitary beat1 ,with ne'er a light plume dropp'd1 nor any trace ,to speak of whence they came1 or whither they depart8 99 99 99 99 99 ,o1 ,unknown ,eros1 sire of awful bliss1 ,what portent and what ,delphic word1 ,such as in form of snake forebodes the bird1 ,is this8 ,in me life's even flood ,what eddies thus8 ,what in its ruddy orbit lifts the blood ,like a perturbed moon of ,uranus ,reaching to some great world in ungauged darkness hid2 ,and whence ,this rapture of the sense ,which1 by thy whisper bid1 ,reveres with obscure rite and sacramental sign ,a bond ,i know not of nor dimly can divine2 ,this subject loyalty which longs ,for chains and thongs ,woven of gossamer and adamant1 ,to bind me to my unguess'd want1 ,and so to lie1 ,between those quivering plumes that thro' fine ether pant1 ,for hopeless1 sweet eternity80 ,the hard questions here put the poet answers1 to some degree at least1 in other odes4 ,in the 8,legem ,tuam ,dilexi0 7p4 #dc7 he sings3 8,the ',infinite4' ,word horrible6 at feud ,with life1 and the braced mood ,of power and joy and love2 ,forbidden1 by wise heathen ev'n1 to be ,spoken of ,deity1 ,whose ,name1 on popular altars1 was ',the ,unknown1' ,because1 or ere ,it was reveal'd as ,one ,confined in ,three1 ,the people fear'd that it might prove ,infinity1 ,the blazon which the devils desired to gain2 ,and ,god1 for their confusion1 laugh'd consent2 ,yet did so far relent1 ,that they might seek relief1 and not in vain1 ,in dashing of themselves against the shores of pain40 ,was there ever a truer picture painted by man of the curse of lost souls and the hopeless relief they find 8in dashing of themselves against the shores of pain0--that relief that the demented seek in beating their weary brains out or letting out the stream of the tired and useless life into the dark ocean of infinity1 severing with maddened and sacrilegious hand the little knot that separates ,time from ,eternity8 ,and what stronger picture of the prevalence of evil and the inherent tendency in the fallen world to rebel than this3 8,nor bides alone in hell ,the bond-disdaining spirit boiling to rebel4 ,but for compulsion of strong grace1 ,the pebble in the road ,would straight explode1 ,and fill the ghastly boundlessness of space4 ,the furious power1 ,to soft growth twice constrain'd in leaf and flower1 ,protests1 and longs to flash its faint self far ,beyond the dimmest star4 ,the same ,seditious flame1 ,beat backward with reduplicated might1 ,struggles alive within its stricter term1 ,and is the worm40 ,and here follows the response to the search after the 8,unknown ,eros03 ,and the just ,man does on himself affirm ,god's limits1 and is conscious of delight1 ,freedom and right1 ,and so ,his ,semblance is1 ,who1 every hour1 ,by day and night1 ,buildeth new bulwarks 'gainst the ,infinite4 ,for1 ah1 who can express ,how full of bonds and simpleness ,is ,god1 ,how narrow is ,he1 ,and how the wide waste field of possibility ,is only trod ,straight to ,his homestead in the human heart1 ,and all ,his art ,is as the babe's1 that wins his mother to repeat ,her little song so sweet6 99 99 99 99 99 ,man1 ,darling of ,god4 ,whose thoughts but live and move ,round him2 ,who woos his will ,to wedlock with ,his own1 and does distil ,to that drop's span ,the attar of all rose-fields of all love6 ,therefore the soul select assumes the stress ,of bonds unbid1 which ,god's own style express ,better than well1 ,and aye hath borne1 ,to the ,clown's scorn1 ,the fetters of the three-fold golden chain44440 ,what 8the three-fold golden chain0 is that binds 8the soul select0 to ,god no ,catholic needs to be told4 ,free and loyal self-sacrifice1 in a world where self-sacrifice1 whether we like it or not1 is necessary and must be endured1 brings us nearest and makes us likest to ,him1 the true ,eros who 8emptied himself for us40 ,these lines will help us to read the riddle of the 8,unknown ,eros10 8some note0 of whose 8renown and high behest0 the poet thinks might thus 8in enigma be express'd03 8,there lies the crown ,which all thy longing cures4 ,refuse it1 ,mortal1 that it may be yours6 ,it is a spirit though it seems red gold2 ,and such may no man1 but by shunning1 hold4 ,refuse it1 though refusing be despair2 ,and thou shalt feel the phantom in thy hair40 ,this thought again is more fully wrought out in the conclusion of the same ode1 8,legem ,tuam ,dilexi03 8444 ,for to have naught ,is to have all things without care or thought6 99 99 99 99 99 ,and lastly bartering life's dear bliss for pain2 ,but evermore in vain2 ,for joy 7rejoice ye ,few that tasted have67 ,is ,love's obedience ,against the genial laws of natural sense1 ,whose wide self-dissipating wave1 ,prison'd in artful dikes1 ,trembling returns and strikes ,thence to its source again1 ,in backward billows fleet1 ,crest crossing crest ecstatic as they greet2 ,thrilling each vein1 ,exploring every chasm and cove ,of the full heart with floods of honeyed love1 ,and every principal street ,and obscure alley and lane ,of the intricate brain ,with brimming rivers of light and breezes sweet ,of the primordial heat2 ,till1 unto view of me and thee1 ,lost the intense life be1 ,or ludicrously display'd1 by force ,of distance1 as a soaring eagle1 or a horse ,on far-off hillside shown1 ,may seem a gust-driv'n rag or a dead stone40 ,to those who read these lines carefully it will not be necessary to say that the author is a ,catholic4 ,his name1 though modestly withheld from the present volume1 is not unknown4 ,it is many years ago since ,coventry ,patmore sang his sweet love-songs1 ,the ,betrothal and ,the ,espousals4 ,they were received favorably enough by the critics--far more favorably1 indeed1 than have been many higher and greater poems on their first appearance3 ,keats' ,endymion1 for instance4 ,then a strange silence struck the poet1 and he was dumb4 ,if the present volume is the growth of all these silent years1 ,mr4 ,patmore has not suffered by his solitude4 ,between his earlier work and the present there is no comparison4 ,indeed1 it takes a very careful reading of the first to detect therein the germ of the strong growth and most beautiful flower that compel admiration to-day4 ,those were nothing more than the story1 told with all the fond minuteness of a gentle1 ardent1 intelligent1 and chivalrous young lover1 of his first true love2 of the flowery paths and pleasant ways that led up to it2 of the gracious nothings that make that time so sweet and ever memorable to the lovers2 the lone communings1 the tremulous doubts1 the bitter-sweet emotions1 the sun and shade1 the laughing ,april showers that weave ,love's many-colored web and make a brief paradise for the new ,adam and ,eve1 with no serpent lurking in the grass--all this is told delightfully and with delight4 ,the verse is sweet and pleasant and flowing as the subject2 but it is a song to while away a drowsy hour1 not to cause us to halt and listen in the busy march and fierce strife of life4 ,we glance over them with lazy pleasure as we watch the gambols of children in the sun4 ,these later poems are of a far different and more solemn nature4 ,the poet has lived much1 felt much1 suffered much1 joyed much1 thought and meditated much in this long interval4 ,he has been lifted to the heights of heaven2 he has been dashed back to the gates of hell4 ,he has been tossed on the waves of ,doubt and felt the brotherhood of ,despair4 ,he has lost her who first taught him to sing2 whose gentle glances thrilled the tender chords of his nature and moved them to utter sweet music4 ,here is her picture3 8,but there danced she1 who from the leaven ,of ill preserved my heart and wit ,all unawares1 for she was heaven1 ,others at best but fit for it4 ,i mark'd her step1 with peace elate1 ,her brow more beautiful than morn1 ,her sometime air of girlish state ,which sweetly waived its right to scorn2 ,the giddy crowd1 she grave the while1 ,although1 as 'twere beyond her will1 ,about her mouth the baby smile ,that she was born with linger'd still4 ,her ball-dress seemed a breathing mist1 ,from the fair form exhaled and shed1 ,raised in the dance with arm and wrist ,all warmth and light1 unbraceleted4 ,her motion1 feeling 'twas beloved1 ,the pensive soul of tune express'd1 ,and1 oh1 what perfume1 as she moved1 ,came from the flowers in her breast60#aah ,footnote #aah3 8,the ,angel in the ,house10 ,the ,espousals1 p4 #fa4 ,here is she ten years later3 8,her sons pursue the butterflies1 ,her baby daughter mocks the doves ,with throbbing coo3 in his fond eyes ,she's ,venus with her little ,loves2 ,her step's an honor to the earth1 ,her form's the native-land of grace1 ,and1 lo1 his coming lights with mirth ,beauty's metropolis1 her face6 ,of such a lady proud's the lord1 ,and that her happy bosom knows2 ,she takes his arm without a word1 ,in lanes of laurel and of rose40#aai ,footnote #aai3 ,the ,espousals1 p4 #gc4 ,and here at last is her 8,departure10 as told in the latest volume3 8,it was not like your great and gracious ways6 ,do you1 that have naught other to lament1 ,never1 my ,love1 repent ,of how1 that ,july afternoon1 ,you went1 ,with sudden1 unintelligible phrase1 ,and frighten'd eye1 ,upon your journey of so many days1 ,without a single kiss or a good-by8 ,i knew1 indeed1 that you were parting soon2 ,and so we sate1 within the sun's low rays1 ,you whispering to me1 for your voice was weak1 ,your harrowing praise4 ,well1 it was well1 my ,wife1 ,to hear you such things speak1 ,and see your love ,make of your eyes a growing gloom of life1 ,as a warm south wind sombres a ,march grove4 ,and it was like your great and gracious ways ,to turn your talk on daily things1 my ,dear1 ,lifting the luminous1 pathetic lash ,to let the laughter flash1 ,whilst ,i drew near1 ,because you spoke so low that ,i could scarcely hear4 ,but all at once to leave me at the last1 ,more at the wonder than the loss aghast1 ,with huddled1 unintelligible phrase1 ,and frighten'd eye1 ,and go your journey of all days ,with not one kiss or a good-by1 ,and the only loveless look the look with which you pass'd1 ',twas all unlike your great and gracious ways40#abj ,footnote #abj3 ,the ,unknown ,eros1 pp4 #fc-fe4 ,it goes without saying that such a loss must tell with incalculable force on a man of intense sensibility4 ,trials of this kind best prove a man4 ,some they crush2 others they humiliate only to exalt4 ,if we may judge by the silent testimony of the book before us1 his great loss made this man greater4 ,he felt1 if not for the first time1 more keenly than ever before1 how uncertain and passing is all merely human happiness4 ,the known ,eros that had charmed his life suddenly passed away 8with sudden1 unintelligible phrase10 and in the darkness that fell upon his soul his humbled eyes were opened to the unknown ,eros who was near him all the while4 ,but1 beyond and beside this1 between the publication of his earlier poems and the latest his conversion to the ,catholic faith took place4 ,so we judge1 at least1 from internal evidence in the books4 ,here was a new and most powerful agent introduced to act upon his nature4 ,moreover1 the world had moved in the interval4 ,many and mighty changes had taken place in the world1 and they did not pass unfelt or unobserved by the silent poet4 ,but before we come to these we will give one more response to his questioning of the oracle before whom of all he burns his incense4 ,in the 8,delici ,sapienti de ,amore0 he sings joyously3 8,love1 light for me ,thy ruddiest blazing torch1 ,that ,i1 albeit a beggar by the ,porch ,of the glad ,palace of ,virginity1 ,may gaze within1 and sing the pomp ,i see4444 99 99 99 99 99 ,bring1 ,love1 anear1 ,and bid be not afraid ,young ,lover true1 and love-foreboding ,maid1 ,and wedded ,spouse1 if virginal of thought2 ,for ,i will sing of naught ,less sweet to hear ,than seems ,a music in their half-remember'd dreams4 99 99 99 99 99 444 ,the heavens themselves eternal are with fire ,of unapproach'd desire1 ,by the aching heart of ,love1 which cannot rest1 ,in blissfullest pathos so indeed possess'd4 ,o1 spousals high2 ,o1 doctrine blest1 ,unutterable in even the happiest sigh2 ,this know ye all ,who can recall ,with what a welling of indignant tears ,love's simpleness first hears ,the meaning of his mortal covenant1 ,and from what pride comes down ,to wear the crown ,of which 'twas very heaven to feel the want4 99 99 99 99 99 ,therefore gaze bold1 ,that so in you be joyful hope increas'd1 ,thorough the ,palace portals1 and behold ,the dainty and unsating ,marriage-,feast4 ,o1 hear ,them singing clear ',cor meum et caro mea' round the ',i am1' ,the ,husband of the ,heavens1 and the ,lamb ,whom they for ever follow there that kept1 ,or1 losing1 never slept ,till they reconquer'd had in mortal fight ,the standard white4 99 99 99 99 99 ,gaze and be not afraid1 ,young ,lover true and love-foreboding ,maid4 ,the full noon of deific vision bright ,abashes nor abates ,no spark minute of ,nature's keen delight4 ',tis there your ,hymen waits6 ,there where in courts afar all unconfused they crowd1 ,as fumes the starlight soft ,in gulfs of cloud1 ,and each to the other1 well-content1 ,sighs oft1 '',twas this we meant6' ,gaze without blame1 ,ye in whom living ,love yet blushes for dead shame4 ,there of pure ,virgins none ,is fairer seen1 ,save ,one1 ,than ,mary ,magdalene4 99 99 99 99 99 ,love makes the life to be ,a fount perpetual of virginity2 ,for1 lo1 the ,elect ,of generous ,love1 how named soe'er1 affect ,nothing but ,god1 ,or mediate or direct1 ,nothing but ,god1 ,the ,husband of the ,heavens3 ,and who ,him love1 in potence great or small1 ,are1 one and all1 ,heirs of the ,palace glad ,and only clad ,with the bridal robes of ardor virginal40 ,the ,love that our poet has been seeking1 has found1 and here hymns in strains that at times are truly little short of seraphic1 will now be known to the reader2 and we leave this high1 ethereal ,court of ,love that is human indeed1 yet more than human1 to glance at other and more ordinary1 though still lofty1 subjects which the poet has touched4 ,in a sense it is really refreshing to find that he is not always in the skies2 that he is very human and made of flesh and blood like ourselves4 ,indeed1 so human is he that he openly confesses1 in a poem of matchless beauty and delicacy1 to having found a substitute for his dead wife4 ,ordinary men1 who are not poets1 yet who nevertheless have hearts1 will give a rough reading to the exquisite ode1 8,tired ,memory0 7p4 #ic71 wherein the poet1 lamenting his wife1 and confessing truthfully1 albeit sadly1 that 8,in our mortal air ,none thrives for long upon the happiest dream10 and seeking round 8for some extreme of unconceived1 interior sacrifice1 whereof the smoke might rise to ,god10 cries in agony3 8,my ,lord1 if thy strange will be this1 ,that ,i should crucify my heart1 ,because my love has also been my pride1 ,i do submit1 if ,i saw how1 to bliss1 ,wherein ,she has no part40 8,and ,i was heard10 he adds1 let us hope untruthfully2 for the 8crucifixion of his heart0 took the shape apparently of a second wife1 thus3 8,my heart was dead1 ,dead of devotion and tired memory1 ,when a strange grace of thee ,in a fair stranger1 as ,i take it1 bred ,to her some tender heed1 ,most innocent ,of purpose therewith blent1 ,and pure of faith1 ,i think1 to thee2 yet such ,that the pale reflex of an alien love1 ,so vaguely1 sadly shown1 ,did her heart touch ,above ,all that1 till then1 had woo'd her for its own4 ,and so the fear1 which is love's chilly dawn1 ,flush'd faintly upon lids that droop'd like thine1 ,and made me weak1 ,by thy delusive likeness doubly drawn1 ,and ,nature's long-suspended breath of flame1 ,persuading soft1 and whispering ,duty's name1 ,awhile to smile and speak ,with this thy ,sister sweet1 and therefore mine4440 ,but this is not so much the humanity to which we referred4 ,we think that three characteristics will strike the readers of these odes3 #a1 the high spiritual nature of many2 #b1 the deep pathos and human love of others2 #c1 the lofty scorn and fierce sarcasm displayed1 mistakenly sometimes1 in certain of the odes4 ,the poet is an ,englishman of ,englishmen1 and1 only for his ,catholic faith1 it seems to us that he would be one among the prophets of despair1 whose name is legion and whose day is the present4 8,o1 season strange for song60 he cries in the ,proem2 8,is't ,england's parting soul that nerves my tongue ,as other kingdoms1 nearing their eclipse1 ,have1 in their latest bards1 uplifted strong ,the voice that was their voice in earlier days8 ,is it her sudden1 loud and piercing cry1 ,the note which those that seem too weak to sigh ,will sometimes utter just before they die80 ,to speak frankly1 we do not think it is4 ,we do not think ,england's soul is parting yet4 ,we think there is much good left in this world for ,england to do2 at the very least there is much atonement to be made for the many and great evils and national crimes--among others that greatest of all1 apostasy--for which that soul has to answer4 ,she can do much1 she has done something1 toward making this atonement2 and the time of grace was never nearer to her than at present4 ,nevertheless1 it is impossible to deny the intense pathos and exquisite beauty of the following sad lines3 8,lo1 weary of the greatness of her ways1 ,there lies my ,land1 with hasty pulse and hard1 ,her ancient beauty marr'd1 ,and1 in her cold and aimless roving sight1 ,horror of light44440 ,in the sixth ode1 entitled 8,peace10 he returns to this theme3 8,o ,england1 how hast thou forgot1 ,in dullard care for undisturbed increase ,of gold1 which profits not1 ,the gain which once thou knew'st was for thy peace6 ,honor is peace1 the peace which does accord ,alone with ,god's glad word3 ',my peace ,i send you1 and ,i send a sword4' 99 99 99 99 99 ,beneath the heroic sun ,is there then none ,whose sinewy wings by choice do fly ,in the fine mountain-air of public obloquy1 ,to tell the sleepy mongers of false ease ,that war's the ordained way of all alive1 ,and therein with good-will to dare and thrive ,is profit and heart's peace8 99 99 99 99 99 ,remnant of ,honor1 brooding in the dark ,over your bitter cark1 ,staring1 as ,rispah stared1 astonied seven days1 ,upon the corpses of so many sons1 ,who loved her once1 ,dead in the dim and lion-haunted ways1 ,who could have dreamt ,that times should come like these60 ,we do not altogether go with ,mr4 ,patmore in this invective1 however much we may admire its form4 ,england has certainly acted meanly in many important ,european questions of late years4 ,she will probably so act in many more in the future1 if she finds it advisable or profitable4 ,and it is a poor excuse to ask what other ,european nation has not acted or would not act1 had it the chance1 equally meanly with ,england4 ,we may be very wrathful about the matter2 we may have some very hard things to say against ,england for not drawing the sword in certain cases2 yet between the nation that is too ready to fight and the nation that guards severely what are strictly its own primary interests without fighting1 we certainly prefer the latter4 ,the bloody road is a sad road to glory1 and its end is never seen4 ,while1 then1 we may for the moment side with the passionate poet who sits down in his studio and hurls his wrath in words of flame against the ministry for not leading the country into war and reviving ancient glories1 as they are called1 on second thoughts1 while still1 perhaps1 thoroughly disgusted with the ministry and the meanness of their ways1 we become gradually reconciled to the situation1 and thank ,heaven1 though of course not the ministers1 that we can sleep quietly in our beds4 ,it may be an ignoble sense--doubtless it is2 yet if it prevailed a little more generally throughout the world just now1 the world would not1 in the long run1 be the sufferer from it4 ,there is another peace against which ,mr4 ,patmore declaims in no measured terms in 8,the ,standards40 ,this was written soon after the launching of ,mr4 ,gladstone's first pamphlet1 not so much against 8the ,english ,catholics10 as the author states in a note--he would do well to remember that the world is a little larger than ,england--but against ,catholics3 against the ,catholic ,church and its chief4 8444 ,that last1 ,blown from our ,zion of the ,seven ,hills1 ,was no uncertain blast6 ,listen3 the warning all the champaign fills1 ,and minatory murmurs1 answering1 mar ,the ,night1 both near and far1 ,perplexing many a drowsy citadel ,beneath whose ill-watch'd walls the ,powers of ,hell1 ,with armed jar ,and angry threat1 surcease ,their long-kept compact of contemptuous peace6 ,lo1 yonder1 where our little ,english band1 ,with peace in heart and wrath in hand1 ,have dimly ta'en their stand1 ,sweetly the light ,shines from the solitary peak at ,edgbaston1 ,whence1 o'er the dawning ,land1 ,gleam the gold blazonries of ,love irate ',gainst the black flag of ,hate40 ,this call is most spirited and trenchant and bold4 ,we can only find space for the strong end3 8,the sanction of the world's undying hate ,means more than flaunted flags in windy air4 ,be ye of gathering fate ,now gladly ware4 ,now from the matrix1 by ,god's grinding wrought1 ,the brilliant shall be brought2 ,the white stone mystic set between the eyes ,of them that get the prize1 ,yea1 part and parcel of that mighty ,stone ,which shall be thrown ,into the ,sea1 and ,sea shall be no more40 8#ahfg0 is a poem strongly written and of marked character1 but with which we cannot agree4 ,it was called out apparently by the passage of the bill extending the suffrage by the conservative ministry under the leadership of ,mr4 ,disraeli4 ,it is--so we read it1 and we see no possibility of reading it otherwise--a direct and bitter attack on a rational extension of the popular liberties1 which we take to be radically wrong in conception3 8,in the year of the great crime1 ,when the false ,english ,nobles and their ,jew1 ,by ,god demented1 slew ,the ,trust they stood twice pledged to keep from wrong1 ,one said1 ,take up thy ,song1 ,that breathes the mild and almost mythic time ,of ,england's prime6 ,but ,i1 ,ah1 me1 ,the freedom of the few ,that1 in our free ,land1 were indeed the free1 ,can song renew80 99 99 99 99 99 ,let us here say that if a man cannot attack ,mr4 ,disraeli1 or the ,earl of ,beaconsfield1 on higher and fairer ground than on that of his being 8a ,jew10 he may as well let that statesman alone4 ,a man who adopts this very small1 very cheap1 and very common mode of attack is not worthy the hearing of sensible men4 ,addressing the 8outlawed ,best0--by the bye1 the poet is very arbitrary and perplexing in his use of capitals--,england's nobles1 presumably1 ,mr4 ,patmore says3 8,know1 'twas the force of function high1 ,in corporate exercise1 and public awe ,of ,nature's1 ,heaven's1 and ,england's ,law1 ,that ,best1 though mix'd with ,bad1 should reign1 ,which kept you in your sky60 ,does he mean that the 8,best0 are restricted to the ,english nobility8 ,if he does mean this1 he is quite wrong2 if he does not mean it1 then the lines immediately following are meaningless3 8,but1 when the sordid ,trader caught ,the loose-held sceptre from your hands distraught1 ,and soon1 to the ,mechanic vain1 ,sold the proud toy for naught1 ,your charm was broke1 your task was sped1 ,your beauty1 with your honor1 dead40 ,and so the ode goes on to hope that 8,prayer perchance may win ,a term to ,god's indignant mood ,and the orgies of the multitude1 ,which now begin44440 ,we cannot help thinking1 if ,god's name must be introduced in the matter1 that he is not especially indignant with ,mr4 ,disraeli and the ,english nobles and people at the extension of the suffrage1 and that for this reason to stigmatize #ahfg as 8the year of the great ,crime0 is nonsense4 ,as for 8the sordid ,trader10 there has always been a considerable admixture of the 8,trader0 in the composition of the ,english government1 noble or ignoble4 ,the first ,napoleon's estimate of the ,english as 8a nation of shopkeepers0 was not an ill-judged one2 and never was that government1 at least since ,reformation times1 so pure and its members so honest as to-day1 when 8the sordid ,trader0 has a large hand in the administration4 ,we do all honor to the spirit of chivalry2 we do not object to class distinctions in countries where such distinctions are historic and hereditary2 but we recognize manhood wherever we find it1 and set it above all accidents of time or clime or artificial restrictions4 ,at the end of the ode1 however1 the poet rises above his smaller self to a strain that is noble and true3 ',and now1 because the dark comes on apace ,when none can work for fear1 ,and ,liberty in every ,land lies slain1 ,and the two ,tyrannies unchallenged reign1 ,and heavy prophecies1 suspended long ,at supplication of the righteous few ,and so discredited1 to fulfilment throng1 ,restrain'd no more by faithful prayer or tear1 ,and the dread baptism of blood seems near ,that brings to the humbled ,earth the ,time of ,grace1 ,hush'd be all song1 ,and let ,christ's own look through ,the darkness1 suddenly increased1 ,to the gray secret lingering in the ,east40 ,we could linger with delight over many passages in these odes1 and dwell with pleasure on the peculiar depth1 conciseness1 and expressiveness of the phrases used1 the mere words often which the poet chooses4 ,his power of condensation and deep philosophic comprehension and observation constantly strikes one4 ,the concealed art of the whole is marvellous4 ,but this1 we have no doubt1 will1 from the copious extracts we have given1 strike the reader as it has struck us4 ,and we hasten on to quote a few more passages and take leave of the book4 ,we have called attention to the poet's scorn4 ,it is very bitter1 and is at its best when it attacks not so much persons or matters which are at least open to question as when it deals with obvious shams and pretentious littleness4 ,what could be better than this placid treatment of the modern scientific school which can see nothing more than its telescope and its instruments disclose to it8 8,not greatly moved with awe am ,i ,to learn that we may spy ,five thousand firmaments beyond our own4 ,the best that's known ,of the heavenly bodies does them credit small4 ,view'd close1 the ,moon's fair ball ,is of ill objects worst4 ,a corpse in ,night's highway1 naked1 fire-scarr'd1 accurst2 ,and now they tell ,that the ,sun is plainly seen to boil and burst ,too horribly for hell4 ,so1 judging from these two1 ,as we must do1 ,the ,universe1 outside our living ,earth1 ,was all conceiv'd in the ,creator's mirth1 ,forecasting at the time ,man's spirit deep1 ,to make dirt cheap4 ,put by the ,telescope6 ,better without it man may see1 ,stretch'd awful in the hush'd midnight1 ,the ghost of his eternity4 ,give me the nobler glass that swells to the eye ,the things which near us lie1 ,till ,science rapturously hails1 ,in the minutest water-drop1 ,a torment of innumerable tails4 ,these at least do live4 ,but rather give ,a mind not much to pry ,beyond our royal-fair estate ,betwixt these deserts blank of small and great4 ,wonder and beauty our own courtiers are1 ,pressing to catch our gaze1 ,and out of obvious ways ,ne'er wandering far40 ,at other times his strong humanity seems to die in him1 the struggle of life seems small and profitless1 and the many ends that move us weak and purposeless as children's plans4 8,here1 in this little ,bay10 he says3 8,full of tumultuous life and great repose1 ,where1 twice a day1 ,the purposeless1 glad ocean comes and goes1 ,under high cliffs1 and far from the huge town1 ,i sit me down4 ,for want of me the world's course will not fail2 ,when all its work is done1 the lie shall rot2 ,the truth is great1 and shall prevail1 ,when none cares whether it prevail or not40 ,of course we need not remind the poet that it is just the duty of honest men to see that the truth prevails and the lie rots1 for his poems are a very pan of ,truth and its high offices2 but in this as in others of the odes he gives complete expression to the weariness that at times creeps over all who are struggling for the right4 ,it is like the song of the tired mariners in ,tennyson's ,lotos-,eaters4 ,again he sings3 8,join1 then1 if thee it please1 the bitter jest ,of mankind's progress2 all its spectral race ,mere impotence of rest1 ,the heaving vain of life which cannot cease from self1 ,crest altering still to gulf ,and gulf to crest ,in endless chase ,that leaves the tossing water anchor'd in its place6 ,ah1 well does he who does but stand aside1 ,sans hope or fear1 ,and marks the crest and gulf in station sink and rear1 ,and prophesies 'gainst trust in such a tide3 ,for he sometimes is prophet1 heavenly taught1 ,whose message is that he sees only naught6 ,nathless1 discern'd may be1 ,by listeners at the doors of destiny1 ,the fly-wheel swift and still ,of ,god's incessant will1 ,mighty to keep in bound1 tho' powerless to quell1 ,the amorous and vehement drift of man's herd to hell40 ,we can quote no further at any length1 though we find something to attract us in every ode2 and the more we read the odes the more we find in them1 the more we admire them1 and the clearer they become4 ,though independent of each other1 a secret string of purpose1 of aim and aspiration1 of a yearning after something that the poet has not yet quite caught or cannot as yet fully express1 becomes apparent4 ,to this is due much of the obscurity and dimness that at first offend the eye4 ,closer study1 however1 reveals a throbbing passion1 a high ideal1 gleams of light from heaven1 the flashes of a bright intelligence warmed by a pure heart and looking from and through all things earthly heavenwards4 ,we have seen no man of late who can lash the follies and lay bare the falsehoods of the time so thoroughly4 ,a man of intense and rooted convictions1 he may make mistakes sometimes1 but at least he makes them nobly4 ,he is very human1 as we have already said4 ,indeed1 there are touches here and there in some of the odes that are strongly sensuous1 and the two last poems1 8,the ,rosy ,bosom'd ,hours0 and 8,the ,after-,glow10 were better omitted from the volume4 ,their littleness offends and breaks with a discordant jar on the high and serene atmosphere through which we have been passing4 ,it is almost like what the introduction of one of ,offenbach's airs would be into a solemn ,mass4 ,from the poet whose 8,proem0 is pitched in so high a key as this3 8,therefore no 'plaint be mine ,of listeners none1 ,no hope of render'd use or proud reward1 ,in hasty times and hard2 ,but chants as of a lonely thrush's throat ,at latest eve1 ,that does in each calm note ,both joy and grieve2 ,notes few and strong and fine1 ,gilt with sweet day's decline1 ,and sad with promise of a different sun10 we certainly expected no such stuff as the following1 addressed to his bride3 8,at ,dawlish1 'mid the pools of brine1 ,you stept from rock to rock1 ,one hand quick tightening upon mine1 ,one holding up your frock4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i thought1 indeed1 by magic chance1 ,a third day from ,heaven to win1 ,but as1 at dusk1 we reach'd ,penzance1 ,a drizzling rain set in40 ,there is so much that is high and noble and full of great promise in this new writer--for such he really is--and we have been so honest in our admiration of it1 that we feel all the more at liberty to point out some of the blemishes that mar a work of rare excellence and strange beauty4 ,here and there throughout the volume are lines and couplets that linger lovingly in the memory2 as1 for instance3 8,pierce1 then1 with thought's steel probe the trodden ground ,till passion's buried floods be found44440 ,and again3 8,till inmost absolution start ,the welling in the grateful eyes1 ,the heaving in the heart40 ,what could be more tenderly and naturally expressive than those two last lines8 ,or than this3 8,winnow with sighs1 and wash away ,with tears the dust and stain of clay40 ,often have we heard aspirations of the following kind1 but never sweeter than this3 8,ye ,clouds that on your endless journey go1 ,ye ,winds that westward flow1 ,thou heaving ,sea ,that heav'st 'twixt her and me1 ,tell her ,i come44440 ,the poet yokes all ,nature to the wings of his fancy1 and makes it the loving slave of his ,love4 ,how simple1 yet how subtly told1 is this great truth3 8,who does not know ,that good and ill ,are done in secret still1 ,and that which shows is verily but show60 ,and this deep reflection contains a volume3 8,how high of heart is one1 and one how sweet of mood3 ,but not all height is holiness1 ,nor every sweetness good40 ,here is a proverb1 only too often verified3 8,one fool1 with lusty lungs1 ,does what a hundred wise1 who hate and hold their tongues1 ,shall ne'er undo40 ,in 8,victory in ,defeat0 he says--how truly6-- 8,life is not life at all without delight1 ,nor has it any might2 ,and better than the insentient heart and brain ,is sharpest pain2 ,and better for the moment seems it to rebel1 ,if the great ,master1 from his lifted seat1 ,ne'er whispers to the wearied servant1 ',well6'0 ,we hope to hear again and soon from ,mr4 ,patmore4 ,if he can avoid a certain obscurity that will repel many who would be sincere and honest admirers of so noble a writer1 it will be better for himself and those whom he addresses4 ,even as his work now stands we are happy to say of it1 in closing our review1 what a true poet whose name often adorns these pages has said3 8,many parts of the book seem to me both to ascend higher and descend deeper than almost anything we have had for a long time40 ,,new ,,publications4 ,,priesthood ,,in ,,the ,,light ,,of ,,the ,,new ,,testament4 ,by ,e4 ,mellor1 ,d4,d4 ,new ,york3 ,a4 ,s4 ,barnes ,co4 ,the author in the preface of the book before us says that his lectures were prepared at the request of the ,committee of the ,congregational ,union of ,england and ,wales1 and though not considered as exhausting the subject1 yet they furnish a contribution toward the settlement of the question of the priesthood and its claims2 which settlement in the author's aim means toward doing away altogether with the priesthood and its claims4 ,after a careful perusal of the volume1 we must confess that we think the contribution exceedingly small1 and not calculated to settle anything at all in the reverend gentleman's sense4 ,for the doctor's lectures are a rehash of all the old objections brought forward against the priesthood1 from the time of the ,reformation downwards2 and which have been time and again triumphantly refuted by our controversialists2 but of which refutation the author takes no heed1 as if such men as ,bellarmine1 ,petau1 ,suarez1 ,thomassin1 and a host of others down to our day had never existed4 ,if the author had wished to bring towards the settlement of the subject a real contribution1 the proper course for him to pursue would have been to state the objections1 to bring forward the answer to each one of them given by our controversialists1 to show the futility and untenableness of their answer1 and to conclude that the objections yet hold good against the subject4 ,his having1 therefore1 of a set purpose1 or most innocently1 ignored those answers leaves the question just where it was1 and no one the wiser or better by the author's lectures4 ,it is not possible for us in the brief space of a passing notice to attempt a refutation of all the objections he rehashes so carefully4 ,it will suffice to remark that all his objections1 even if nothing at all could be said against them1 would prove nothing positive against the priesthood4 ,for they may be classified under two heads4 ,the first are those of purely negative character1 which1 as they prove nothing in favor of the priesthood1 neither do they prove anything against it4 ,under this head we put the old objection1 drawn from the ,epistle of ,st4 ,paul to the ,hebrews1 which exalts the priesthood of ,christ above the ,jewish priesthood1 and which says at least nothing against the ,christian priesthood1 which is identical with that of ,christ4 ,the other class of objections is when our author examines the positive proofs brought in favor of the ,christian priesthood4 ,these proofs1 so clear1 so satisfactory1 so weighty1 the author dismisses very summarily by throwing doubt on the meaning of the words1 after the fashion of the ,protestant method4 ,one example will suffice to prove our assertion4 ,examining the text1 8,receive ye the ,holy ,ghost3 whose sins you shall forgive1 they are forgiven them2 and whose sins you shall retain1 they are retained10 he disposes of it as follows3 8,it is not needful to enter into a consideration of the meaning of the words as if the question was not just about the meaning of the words2 or as if our ,lord was speaking merely for a joke which set forth the high powers of the apostles2 whether the sins they were to remit or retain were spiritual sins are there any corporal sins81 or ecclesiastical ones1 or both4 ,the question before us is1 be the function here referred to what it may1 to whom was it accorded and by whom was it meant to be exercised8 ,almost every word in the passage has been a battle-field40 ,we would remark on this passage that there is no reason for waiving the question1 be the function here referred to what it may1 when our ,lord says expressly it is to remit or to retain sins2 that it is evident from the text1 if words or language mean anything any more1 that this function was to be exercised by those to whom our ,lord spoke1 and by those whom they preceded1 as the apostles were essentially first and representative men2 but it is useless4 ,we only wish to call the attention of our readers to the fact that1 if a text clear and palpable in itself1 proving a truth or a dogma1 can be disposed of in this manner1 no ,christian truth can stand any longer1 and we may as well have done with all ,christian revelation4 ,for suppose we want to bring a contribution towards the settlement of the question of the ,divinity of ,christ1 all we have to do is to throw doubts on the meaning of the words of those texts which assert it1 and the contribution is made1 and so on to the end of the chapter4 ,we think we have made our statement good1 that our author has proved nothing in his book against the ,christian priesthood1 as all his objections are of a negative character4 ,but we will exceed him in liberality1 and grant for a moment that those texts by which we assert the nature and prerogatives of the priesthood prove nothing in its favor1 as his negative objections prove nothing against it4 ,what then8 ,has he gained anything by our concession1 or has he made any step forward towards the settlement of the question8 ,not at all4 ,there will always be the fact of the existence of the priesthood1 in the full exercise of all its claims1 staring him in the face4 ,how to account for that fact8 ,our author sees the difficulty1 and admits that to account for it by urging an ambitious conspiracy on the part of the presbyters or bishops is absurd1 that such a conspiracy could not have succeeded in establishing itself 7page #gd71 and endeavors to account for it by a bias of humanity towards the priesthood identical with a bias towards selfishness and sins4 ,and he goes on developing the thought by saying that the priesthood was called into being by ill-defined terrors of the future1 by a fear of ,god not yet cast out by love1 by the irksomeness of the duties of self-discipline1 by the intolerable oppressiveness of the sense of personal responsibility seeking relief by its transference to others4 ,whether all these reasons can produce a bias towards the priesthood in humanity identical with the bias it has unfortunately towards selfishness and sin1 we will leave to the author to assert4 ,we think that all those reasons1 when well understood and stated properly1 dispose humanity towards the priesthood--in fact1 create an instinct for it--and that that instinct is a legitimate1 noble1 generous craving of the human heart2 and to say that they create a bias identical with a bias to sin is to show the most supine ignorance of human nature1 of the history of mankind1 and the true philosophy of history4 ,but let that pass2 do all these reasons account for the existence and claims of the priesthood8 ,according to the author himself they do not4 ,for he says himself all this contributed to prepare the way for a transformation of that religion which knows no earthly mediator 7page #ge74 ,well1 ,dr4 ,mellor1 you have accounted for the preparation of the way1 but not for the fact of the existence of the priesthood4 ,when and how did it come into existence8 ,who were the first who hatched it8 ,where was it established first8 ,who were the first ,christians they imposed it upon8 ,how did they succeed in persuading them to accept it8 ,was there any opposition on the part of the ,christians who first heard of such a thing8 ,must not the imposition on any ,christian people of a priesthood well organized into a compact body1 strong and valiant1 and exceedingly sensitive about its rights and claims1 have been brought about by a conspiracy of somebody or other8 ,and have you not said--page #gd--that to account for the existence of the priesthood by a conspiracy is absurd8 ,we wish to advert to another theory before closing these remarks4 ,he is not satisfied to have proved more suo that the priesthood has no place in the ,new ,testament2 he strives to prove that it was congenial with the whole spirit and nature of it1 and the proof1 he alleges1 is drawn from the words to the ,samaritan woman3 ,god is a spirit1 and in spirit and truth he must be adored2 that is1 by having recourse to an invisible church1 is the sense he attaches to those words4 ,of course1 if the church is not a visible body1 the mountain placed on the top of mountains1 we must necessarily do away with the priesthood and sacraments1 etc41 for they can have no scope in an invisible1 abstract thing4 ,but in that case why not abolish ,christ the ,emmanuel1 the ,god-man8 ,we could easily enough prove the congeniality of the priesthood with ,christianity by showing to the reverend doctor that all the works of ,god are permanent4 ,that the ,incarnation is permanent in the church1 and that ,christ the ,high-,priest is permanent in the ,catholic priesthood1 and discharges all the functions necessary to bring all men to salvation in all time and space1 in it1 and through it1 and so forth4 ,but we fear the reverend gentleman has not philosophy enough to understand us1 and we forbear4 ,we will not1 however1 conclude our remarks without thanking the reverend lecturer for the polite courtesy which he uses towards the ,catholic priesthood3 first1 using the nom de guerre popish whenever he has occasion to make mention of it2 and1 secondly1 for associating it with the priesthood of the ,english ,episcopal ,church4 ,in the lecturer's mind1 perhaps1 it was to do honor to the ,catholic priesthood by confounding it with the other4 ,it is a goodly company1 no doubt1 and we ought to be highly flattered2 but we respectfully decline through excess of modesty such unmerited honor1 and would rather keep by ourselves1 if it is all the same to the reverend doctor4 ,,thirty-,,fifth ,,annual ,,report ,,of ,,the ,,board ,,of ,,education ,,of ,,the ,,city ,,and ,,county ,,of ,,new ,,york1 ,,for ,,the ,,year ,,ending ,,december #ca1 #ahgf4 ,much has been written on the school question within the past few months2 not1 however1 by opponents of the public schools as they exist here1 but by those who pay for them--the taxpayers4 ,four million dollars for the ,department of ,public ,schools alone is a great load4 ,this tax increases yearly1 and no doubt will soon reach the fifth million4 ,the strange enthusiasm that led sects to trample on the religious convictions of their neighbors also led them to make light of the burden that came with the victory4 ,but five millions is terrifying4 ,why not six8 ,will there be no end to the increase8 ,perhaps the originators of the present school system recognized the moral baseness of severing the instruction which may enable the child to act with judgment from the training which teaches him moral responsibility for the judgment as well as for the action springing from it4 ,they certainly desired to accomplish indirectly the chief end of education by placing the school machinery in the hands of philanthropists who serve without pay or emolument4 ,the result has been a gradual complication of the common-school system1 so as to include technical education1 and even the higher branches of learning4 ,years ago a ,free ,college was successfully engrafted4 ,next came a ,normal ,college for young ladies4 ,in order to render this latter offshoot permanent1 it was deemed necessary to provide the graduates with positions in the common schools4 ,the first step was to raise the standard of proficiency for a teacher's certificate2 the next1 to declare that the college diploma was sufficient evidence of qualification1 without a public examination by the city superintendent4 ,the report tells us that 8under the by-law by which the graduates are licensed to teach without a second examination1 the city superintendent and the president of the college have performed their duties in perfect harmony40 ,when the mode of testing the qualification of applicants who are not ,normal ,college graduates is discussed1 the report states1 8a system of rigid examinations in the superintendent's office precludes the possibility of incompetent persons being foisted upon the system through political or social influence40 ,nor is this the only injury to the common schools4 ,the favored graduates are not to be allowed to work for the low salaries received by primary teachers during the past thirty-five years4 ,an adjustment of salaries is demanded4 ,these primary teachers must receive as large a sum as grammar-school teachers4 ,this simply means an increase in the cost of the common-school system4 ,if that system1 as it now exists here1 answer to the purposes for which it was intended1 it is high time for that fact to appear4 ,yet the gentlemen who have charge of the board1 from the president down1 seem strangely to disagree on most important matters4 ,without committing ourselves to one side or the other in the discussion1 we take a few instances4 ,the grammar schools surely form a very important branch of the system4 ,here is how the president treats of them in the report3 8,our primary-school teachers have a lower rate of pay than our grammar-school teachers1 and the primary schools have been used as training places for the better-paid positions in the grammar schools4 ,the plan for uniformity in salaries in these two departments has received serious consideration by a committee of the board1 and deserves to be carried out4 ,the majority of our pupils receive all the education they have in the primary1 and never enter the grammar schools4 ,this majority deserves the first consideration4 ,instruction and discipline are no more difficult in one than in the other1 and in neither department is the range of knowledge required to be mastered extensive40 ,the president asserts that the common-school system only succeeds in furnishing primary instruction to a majority of pupils1 and he would seem to imply that the enormous sum of four million dollars should be spent on the primary schools1 reserving1 of course1 a sufficient sum for the ,normal ,college4 ,lest his opinions as to the range of knowledge required in a teacher should dishearten those who are toiling through ,normal ,college1 he inserts a few lines for their benefit3 8,an erroneous idea seems to prevail that a primary teacher can dispense with the higher studies4 ,the truth is that this class of teachers more than any other class needs trained faculties and sound judgment1 and these are only obtained by the discipline of hard and close study4 ,normal study and normal practice1 to be effective1 must be based on the broad foundation of a liberal education40 ,compulsory education the city superintendent pronounces a complete failure1 while those who are paid to enforce it consider it successful4 ,in the discussion some interesting facts are brought to light4 ,the city superintendent states3 8,many parents1 finding that our schools are unable to govern their wilful and unruly children1 send them to the parochial schools4 ,in connection with this1 it is proper to call the attention of the board to the fact that1 while the average attendance of pupils in the schools immediately under its care has1 during the past year1 increased less than two and a half per cent41 in the corporate schools it has increased more than five per cent4 ,it is also of interest to observe that1 at the close of #ahge1 the number of pupils enrolled in the ,catholic parochial schools was #cj1gcb1 while in #ahfg it was only #af1cdb1 showing an increase1 in less than ten years1 of nearly #ij per cent42 while the increase in the attendance of the pupils in the public schools has1 during the same time1 been only about #ac per cent4 ,the increase in attendance at the corporate schools1 during the same period1 has been more than #eg per cent4444 ,the question1 therefore1 very properly suggests itself1 why should a system for compelling pupils to attend the schools be sustained at great expense to the city while there is no effective means of controlling and educating those children after they have been brought into the schools80 ,these are but a few of the spots uncovered in this interesting report4 ,never was the want of harmony in the system more manifest4 ,the iniquity of taxing a people for what it cannot use1 and turning over the amount collected to the keeping of gentlemen who care more for pet schemes than for the real object for which the tax was levied1 becomes more and more apparent4 ,higher education1 technical education1 and compulsory education are battling vigorously for larger shares of the funds2 and the battle seems likely to end when the funds are made large enough to satisfy all demands4 ,in the meantime the common-school system is slowly dying out4 ,the primary schools are becoming departments for the employment of normal school graduates1 and the grammar schools feeders for the colleges4 ,a ,,question ,,of ,,honor3 ,a ,,novel4 ,by ,christian ,reid1 author of ,a ,daughter of ,bohemia1 ,valerie ,aylmer1 ,morton ,house1 etc4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton ,co4 #ahgf4 ,a well-written novel1 thoroughly ,american in its tone1 its incidents1 and its characters1 and yet availing itself of none of the peculiar 8isms0 which form the chief stock in trade of our native novelists--shunning alike the 8woman question0 and the shallow metaphysics of 8free thought10 depending for no share of its interest upon suggested immorality or social license1 and vivacious in its dialogues without any reliance upon the slang which generally does duty in place of wit--was something for which some sad experience in recent fiction had forbidden us to hope4 ,that ,christian ,reid is already well known to the novel-reading public is evident from the title-page of ,a ,question of ,honor1 but that is the only one of her stories which we have read4 ,we find in it everything to praise and nothing to condemn4 ,it is thoroughly well written1 to begin with1 its descriptions of scenery being particularly artistic and well done4 ,the author attempts nothing ambitious in the way of character-drawing1 but her men and women live and have a true individuality4 ,their souls are not dissected after the manner with which the ,new ,england school of fiction has made us too familiar for our comfort1 but their manner of life and speech and thought is indicated with a firm1 graceful1 and un-provincial touch which is extremely pleasant4 ,altogether1 the book belongs to the best class of light literature4 ,there is nothing in it to shock taste or to jar prejudice1 and everything in the way of grace of style and purity of thought to recommend it4 ,so much being said by way of praise1 we may add that the author1 who is evidently a ,catholic1 has drawn a picture of social life which is1 no doubt1 true to a reality of a better kind than the ordinary novel of the day aims at1 but which is nevertheless un-,christian4 ,her characters are neither underbred nor vicious2 with two exceptions1 they are simply a rather pleasing variety of pagans4 ,we do not quarrel with that1 considered as a faithful transcript of reality4 ,but we shall find it a cause for real regret if a writer so graceful and possessing so much genuine ability does not some day give us something better than a mere transcript of lives that might have been lived and ideals that might have been attained had the ,creator never stooped to the level of his creatures in order to show them the one way in which he would lift them to himself4 ,,biographical ,,sketches4 ,by the graduating class of ,st4 ,joseph's ,academy1 ,flushing1 ,l4 ,i4 7,translated from the ,french of ,mme4 ,foa47 ,new ,york3 ,p4 ,o',shea4 #ahgg4 ,translation from the ,french is a literary exercise which cannot be too highly commended to young students4 ,the publication in book-form of such students' translations can scarcely be too severely condemned4 ,young ladies and young men 8graduate10 as it is called1 at an age ranging from seventeen to twenty or twenty-one4 ,they are then popularly supposed to have 8finished0 their education1 whereas not much more has been done than to set them on the right road of learning and appreciating what real education is4 ,indeed1 if so much has been accomplished1 both the pupils and their teachers may be congratulated4 ,to set these young persons straightway at book-making is a grave mistake--how grave may be gathered from the following specimens of translation which half a glance at the volume before us reveals4 ,the cover informs us that these are 8,gems of ,biography40 ,the first gem is entitled 8,michael ,angelo ,buonarotti40 ,the opening page introduces us to 8an old domestic0 and 8a young man of fifteen or sixteen0 8at the door of the ,castle of ,caprese40 ,in page #b the 8young man0 of fifteen is a 8young interlocutor40 ,in the same page 8to intercept the passage0 is used in the sense of to block up the passage4 ,in page #c1 8to cover his curiosity0 is used in the sense of to hide or conceal his curiosity4 ,in page #d we have this elegant sentence3 8,i don't think that either of you does anything wrong in the place you go40 ,in page #e the young man of fifteen1 who was an ,italian of four centuries back1 indulges in this peculiar bit of slang3 8,one is not perfect at it right away40 ,a little lower on the same page he says of ,michael ,angelo3 8,he is even quicker than ,i in piecing his man40 8,mr4 ,francis ,graciana0 and 8,mr4 ,michael ,angelo ,buonarotti0 occur quite frequently4 8,canosse0 is always made to do duty for ,canossa1 8,politien0 for ,politian or ,poliziano1 etc4 ,such phrases as 8,you are not de trop1 ,signor ,graciana10 constantly occur2 but we have no patience to examine further4 ,expressions such as these--and they characterize the book1 with the exception of 8,the ,mulatto of ,murillo10 which runs fairly enough--should not have been allowed to pass in a written composition2 but to embalm them in a printed volume is simply an act of cruelty4 ,the sketches in themselves are good for nothing and were not worth the trouble of translating1 inasmuch as they have been far better given in ,english over and over again4 8,flushing ,series0 is the threatening legend on the cover4 ,if this volume be a specimen of what is to come1 we trust sincerely that we have seen the last of the 8,series40 ,catholic education is too serious a subject for trifling4 ,,the ,,wonders ,,of ,,prayer3 ,a remarkable record of well authenticated answers to prayer4 ,by ,henry ,t4 ,williams4 ,new ,york3 ,henry ,t4 ,williams1 ,publisher4 ,it is not often that an author is his own publisher4 ,in the present case this may have been a matter of necessity2 but it should not have been so1 for the volume is interesting enough4 ,it is a collection of anecdotes1 the authenticity of which ,mr4 ,williams personally vouches for1 showing that ,god answers in an immediate and direct manner the requests of those who in faith ask him for temporal blessings4 8,they demonstrate10 says the author1 8to a wonderful degree the immediate practical ways of the ,lord with his children in this world2 that he is far nearer and more intimate with their plans and pursuits than it is possible for them to realize40 ,we have no disposition to scoff at the stories related by ,mr4 ,williams1 although the style in which they are told often provokes one to mirth4 ,there is but one true faith in the world1 but there are many people who hold more or less of this faith without knowing it4 8,souffrons toutes les religions1 puisque ,dieu les souffre10 said ,fnelon2 and our ,holy ,father1 the ,pope1 has not unfrequently expressed his affection as well as his pity for good ,protestants4 ,no doubt many of the people who are spoken of in this book were very good ,protestants4 ,and we are glad to observe in it this passage3 8,the present is the age of miracles as well as the past4 ,fully as wonderful things have been and are constantly being done this day by our unseen ,lord as in the days of old when he walked in the sight of his disciples40 ,,the ,,little ,,pearls2 ,,or1 ,,gems ,,of ,,virtue4 ,translated by ,mrs4 ,kate ,e4 ,hughes4 ,new ,york3 ,p4 ,o',shea4 #ahgg4 ,will be found very entertaining and instructive reading for our young folks1 and we recommend it as suitable for a present at the distribution of school prizes4 ,we think1 however1 that the name of the writer whose work is translated should have appeared on the title-page4 ,,beside ,,the ,,western ,,sea3 ,a ,collection of ,poems4 ,by ,harriet ,m4 ,skidmore 78,marie074 ,new ,york3 ,p4 ,o',shea4 #ahgg4 ,this gifted lady has done well to collect her scattered poems into a volume4 ,they are chiefly of a devotional character1 and1 though unequal1 none of them are without merit1 some of a very marked kind4 ,she has the gift of song1 and she sings easily and gracefully on almost any subject4 ,the following1 though one of the shortest and least ambitious of the collection1 strikes us as a very sweet poem1 and affords a fair idea of the author's powers4 ,its title is 8,the ,mist03 8,i watched the folding of a soft white wing ,above the city's heart2 ,i saw the mist its silent shadows fling ,o'er thronged and busy mart4 ,softly it glided through the ,golden ,gate ,and up the shining bay1 ,calmly it lingered on the hills1 to wait ,the dying of the day4 ,like the white ashes of the sunset fire1 ,it lay within the ,west1 ,then onward crept above the lofty spire1 ,in nimbus-wreaths to rest4 ,it spread anon--its fleecy clouds unrolled1 ,and floated gently down2 ,and thus ,i saw that silent wing enfold ,the ,babel-throated town4 ,a spell was laid on restless life and din1 ,that bade its tumult cease2 ,a veil was flung o'er squalor1 woe1 and sin1 ,of purity and peace4 ,and dreaming hearts1 so hallowed by the mist1 ,so freed from grosser leaven1 ,in the soft chime of vesper bells could list ,sweet1 echoed tones of heaven2 ,could see1 enraptured1 when the starlight came1 ,with lustre soft and pale1 ,a sacred city crowned with 'ring of flame1' ,beneath her misty veil40 ,,roman ,,legends3 ,a ,collection of the ,fables and ,folk-lore of ,rome4 ,by ,r4 ,h4 ,busk1 author of ,sagas from the ,far ,east1 etc4 ,boston3 ,estes ,lauriat4 #ahgg4 ,these are very graceful and interesting legends4 ,they furnish glimpses that could not otherwise be well obtained of the peculiar constitution1 habits of mind and thought1 of the common people in and about ,rome4 ,for the most part they are such as have not hitherto found their way into literature1 being taken as they fell from the lips of narrators to whom they had been household words1 handed down from one generation to another4 ,the task of eliciting them seems to have been no easy one1 but its results are pleasant enough to earn honest gratitude for the years of labor which have been spent in gaining them4 ,the tales themselves range under four categories1 concerning which the author notes that the ,romans are rigidly exact in adhering to1 never by any chance giving a fairy-tale if asked for a legend1 or a fairy-tale if inquired of concerning ghosts4 ,they comprise legends2 ghost-stories and local and family traditions2 fairy tales and ciarpe1 or gossip4 ,the book is particularly rich in stories of ,st4 ,philip ,neri4 ,,philip ,,nolan',s ,,friends3 ,a story of the change of ,western ,empire4 ,by ,edward ,e4 ,hale4 ,new ,york3 ,scribner1 ,armstrong ,co4 #ahgg4 ,this volume traces the course of a journey into the heart of the great ,south-west at the beginning of the present century4 ,this tract was still the border-land of the ,aztec kings4 ,throughout its vast extent ,spanish heroes had wasted their lives in ignis-fatuus searches4 ,rich discoveries of gold did not reward their diligence1 and they resigned so inhospitable a region to a new order of pioneers4 ,even to this day the names of places bear token that the zeal of the ,spanish missionaries was in no way inferior to that of the sons of ,loyola along the ,st4 ,lawrence4 ,such was their indomitable perseverance that twenty-seven missions had been established in this region previous to #afbf1 and a century later the missionary spirit carried the ,gospel among the ,apaches1 ,moquis1 and ,navajoes4 ,the heroine's escort through this terra incognita to ,americans is ample1 the weather delightful1 and we do not care to question the adequacy of the motive for the expedition4 ,nor does it matter that we are led to believe that ,philip ,nolan possesses a sterling character1 though what he says or does1 or what apparent influence he has over the course of events1 would hardly justify this conclusion4 ,the novel is readable1 but not by any means artistic4 ,the author lacks the power to create a character that can think and act like a human being4 ,he wishes us to believe his heroine possesses beauty1 sensibility1 and vivacity2 but he lacks the subtle power to invent actions and conversations which impress individuality1 and we gather our notions of the lady more from his suggestions than from the movement of the story4 ,this seems to be the author's weakness3 his figures act and he suggests the motives and impulses4 ,his male characters miss no opportunity to abuse the missionaries4 ,they regard the 8black-gowns0 as the cause of ,indian rascality and ,spanish treachery4 ,ill-luck is always traced to them1 and the torrents of abuse poured on the servants of ,god lend the only touches of nature that may be found in the author's passive figures4 ,of course these outbursts of hatred reveal the true character of the adventurers4 ,they are border ruffians4 ,the book is partly historical4 ,it treats of a transition period4 ,the allegiance of the inhabitants had suffered a violent dissolution4 ,a border element existed1 mainly recruited from the ,united ,states4 ,this element was of service in manufacturing public opinion1 and1 in this way1 might have hastened the transfer of the ,louisiana tract to its natural owner1 the ,united ,states4 ,we are inclined to the opinion that ,southern interests would have brought about the transfer without the assistance of ,european complications or scenes of border treachery4 ,,reply ,,to ,,the ,,hon4 ,r4 ,w4 ,,thompson1 ,,secretary ,,of ,,the ,,navy1 ,,addressed ,,to ,,the ,,american ,,people4 ,by ,f4 ,x4 ,weninger1 ,d4,d41 of the ,society of ,jesus4 ,new ,york3 ,p4 ,o',shea4 #ahgg4 ,in this pamphlet of eighty-six pages ,father ,weninger has undertaken the almost unnecessary task of replying to ,mr4 ,thompson's book1 ,the ,papacy and the ,civil ,power4 ,if there is anything in that book to refute1 it refutes itself4 ,mr4 ,thompson1 however1 over and above the rashness of attempting such a book at all1 was rash enough to quote ,father ,weninger4 ,the natural result is the present pamphlet4 ,the pamphlet is addressed to 8the ,american people40 ,if the ,american people take it up1 they will be rewarded by some lively reading4 ,the reverend author says at the conclusion3 8,we have handled our adversary throughout the whole discourse without gloves40 ,no reader of the pamphlet will be inclined to dispute that statement4 ,,the ,,pearl ,,among ,,the ,,virtues2 ,,or1 ,,words ,,of ,,advice ,,to ,,christian ,,youth4 ,by ,p4 ,a4 ,de ,doss1 ,s4,j4 ,translated from the original ,german by a ,catholic priest4 ,baltimore3 ,john ,murphy ,co4 #ahgg4 ,this work1 written by one of the ,jesuit ,fathers banished from ,germany1 is an excellent treatise on the angelic virtue1 which he considers from almost every point of view in a solid1 instructive1 and highly interesting manner4 ,no more useful book could be placed in the hands of the youth of either sex4 ,,god ,,the ,,teacher ,,of ,,mankind3 ,a ,,plain1 ,,comprehensive ,,explanation ,,of ,,christian ,,doctrine4 ,by ,michael ,mller1 ,c4,,ss4,r4 ,new ,york1 ,cincinnati1 and ,st4 ,louis3 ,benziger ,brothers4 #ahgg4 ,we have received advance sheets of this new and most interesting work by the indefatigable ,redemptorist father to whom ,catholics in this country are so much indebted for works that are really useful as well as popular4 ,the book is too important in itself and on too important a subject to be dismissed with a hasty notice4 ,we shall return to it later4 ,,edmondo3 ,a ,sketch of ,roman ,manners and ,customs4 ,by ,rev4 ,fr4 ,antonio ,bresciani1 ,s4,j41 author of ,the ,jew of ,verona1 etc41 etc4 ,translated from the ,italian4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,j4 ,sadlier ,co4 #ahgg4 ,this is a powerfully-written story that cannot but excite the liveliest interest on account of its faithful and beautiful description of ,roman scenery and vivid delineation of ,roman life and customs4 ,the translation is well rendered1 but we do not approve of the omission of two chapters from the writings of such an author as the learned ,bresciani4 ,such men do not write anything that can be cast aside without loss to their readers and admirers4 ,,dora4 ,by ,julia ,kavanagh4 ,,bessie3 ,,silvia4 ,by the same author4 ,d4 ,j4 ,sadlier ,co4 ,we have not read any one of these three stories1 and can only acknowledge their receipt4 ,from others that we have read by the same author we think it safe to recommend these to persons who are fond of novels4 ,julia ,kavanagh is1 to our thinking1 one of the purest1 most graceful1 and most interesting story-writers of the day4 ,,the ,,catholic ,,keepsake4 ,a gift-book for all seasons4 ,baltimore3 ,john ,murphy ,co4 #ahgg4 ,the best encomium we can bestow on this collection is to say that it is worthy of its name4 ,the numerous sketches and stories are short1 entertaining1 and very agreeably written1 even though a little ancient4 ,,bessy2 ,,or1 ,,the ,,fatal ,,consequence ,,of ,,telling ,,lies4 ,by the author of ,the ,rat-,pond2 or1 ,the ,effects of ,disobedience4 ,baltimore3 ,kelly1 ,piet ,co4 #ahgg4 ,a plain1 simple story for children1 and1 as the title designates1 with a moral attached4 ,,the ,,story ,,of ,,felice4 ,by ,esmeralda ,boyle4 ,london3 ,trbner ,co4 #ahgc4 ,,songs ,,of ,,the ,,land ,,and ,,sea4 ,by ,esmeralda ,boyle4 ,new ,york3 ,e4 ,j4 ,hale ,son4 #ahge4 ,in these poems ,miss ,boyle displays much true poetic feeling and a gift of melodious utterance4 ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,,vol4 ,,xxv41 ,no4 #aej4--,,september1 #ahgg4 ,,among ,,the ,,translators4 ,,virgil ,,and ,,horace4 ,the number of versified translations of ,greek and ,latin poets which the ,english presses continually put forth must be a never-ending surprise to the practical ,american mind--if1 that is to say1 the practical mind ever thinks of so manifestly useless and absurd a thing at all4 ,authors are supposed to write and publishers to print for the purpose of making money2 that either should work to any other end is a proposition which to the practical mind is simply bewildering4 ,yet one would think there can be but little money in laboriously turning into ,english a quantity of school-books which no one reads except at school1 and whose only value is in their being in a foreign tongue4 ,original poetry is bad enough2 the verdict of the practical mind on that point is pretty apt to be one with the view taken by ,heine's rich uncle1 to whom the poet1 at the height of his fame1 was but a ,dummkopf 7may not the uncle1 alas6 have been right872 but poetry at second hand1 the 8old clo'0 of the ,muses1 ,apollo's second table1 the cold victual of ,parnassus1 a disaerated ,helicon--the practical mind can only gasp at the notion 7which1 by the way1 strikes it in quite another shape than the poetical one we have chosen to give it1 but just as effectively7 and seek to renew its faith in human nature over the credit column of its ledger4 ,another class of minds1 too1 not quite so practical--a class that has been at college1 we will say1 that knows ,virgil and ,horace by name1 or even by certain quotations 7arma virumque1 pallida mors pulsat1 atra cura1 etc471 and can read ,greek letters at sight1 but on the whole thinks ,huxley a greater force in the world to-day than ,homer--the cultured class1 in short1 about which some of our newspapers make so much to-do--can understand why the great classic poets should be turned into ,english verse 7for the benefit of those who have not been at college71 but not at all why such versions should be multiplied4 ,if you want ,virgil in an ,english dress1 there's your ,dryden2 or ,homer1 there's ,pope--say our person of culture is from an extreme northern latitude1 geographically or mentally1 he will perhaps put ,chapman here1 and pooh-pooh ,pope with a reference to ,bentley4 ,do you desire ,horace in the vulgar1 there's good old ,francis--pray1 what better do you ask8 ,what better1 indeed1 can you expect to get8 ,just look at your ,cyclopdia ,septentrionalis and see what it tells you6 ,so what is the use or the meaning1 what is the reason of being1 of your ,theodore ,martins and your ,coningtons1 your ,morrises and ,cranches8 ,what is there to be had of them all but vanity and vexation of spirit1 and time and money mislaid8 ,somewhat in that way1 we take it1 a good many folks1 even of the book-buying1 nay1 of the book-reading1 sort1 must feel over every fresh announcement of a translation of one or other of the favorite classic poets4 ,and as the supply of such things is in the long run1 by a beneficent law of nature1 tempered to the demand1 and the mind of the book-buying many reacts upon1 and often rules1 the ardor of the book-making few--8book0 in ,lamb's sense1 be it understood--it is not surprising that the list of ,american translators should be of the scantiest4 ,mr4 ,cranch's bold venture of last year--a blank-verse rendering of the neid--had few precursors or precedents4 ,there is ,mumford's blank-verse ,homer1 which ,professor ,felton praised1 and ,professor ,arnold1 strange to say1 seems not to have seen2 and ,mr4 ,bryant's blank-verse ,homer1 which everybody praised and a smaller number read4 ,then1 some years since1 a ,philadelphian gentleman put forth still another version of the ,iliad in what he said was ,english verse1 although the precise metre of such lines as 8,for ,agamemnon insulted ,chryses02 8,but ,agamemnon was much displeased02 8,wounded is ,diomed1 ,tydeus' son1 ,ulysses1 also1 and ,agamemnon40 unless it be hexameter--everything you cannot scan in ,english verse is hexameter1 just as everything you cannot parse in ,greek is second aorist--we have been unable to determine4 ,we have heard1 also1 of a version of ,horace by a professor in some ,southern university1 but this we have not seen4 ,are there any others8 ,mr4 ,e4 ,c4 ,stedman ten years ago printed specimens of a projected translation of ,theocritus1 in ,english hexameters1 of considerable merit2 but his reception does not seem to have encouraged him to go on4 ,and that is all1 a little ,spartan band of four or five to oppose to the great host of ,british translators from ,phaer to ,morris4 ,the practical mind may feel reassured of its country4 ,it is true that these ,english versions are often reprinted here2 but it is only the chiefs of the army--those who shine pre-eminent among their fellows1 8sicut inter ignes ,luna minores10 or who are already known to fame for triumphs in other fields4 ,prof4 ,conington made something of a critical furor by the bold breaking away from rule and precedent in his choice of a metre1 though ,dr4 ,maginn1 in his ,homeric ballads1 had given him the hint4 ,in like manner our booksellers have reprinted and our book-buyers bought ,mr4 ,morris' neid 7we beg his pardon--neids71 not because it was a new translation of ,virgil1 but because it was a new work of the latest popular poet2 just as they printed and bought ,mr4 ,bryant's ,homer because it was the latest work of our oldest living poet1 as they printed and bought ,lord ,derby's ,iliad because it was the work of a nobleman1 and not only that1 but of a leading ,european statesman1 and therefore1 in both aspects1 a very surprising and desirable thing for our people1 who have never been used to connect that sort of accomplishment with the idea they had formed of a nobleman1 still less with their notion of a statesman4 ,but we did not reprint or buy ,mr4 ,worsley's1 or ,prof4 ,newman's1 or ,prof4 ,blackie's1 or ,mr4 ,wright's ,homer2 and even if we printed1 it is to be feared we did not extensively buy1 ,mr4 ,cranch's neid1 although in the way of buying ,english neids we might have done worse4 ,why8 ,not1 certainly1 because any of the versions named lacked merit1 but because they appealed to us on their merits simply1 without any outside helps to popularity1 and we would none of them4 ,the fact is1 we do not care in the least for ,homer or ,virgil1 and we care a great deal for ,morris and ,bryant--that is to say1 while they are topics of talk2 and it is one of the social duties1 which persons of culture would die almost sooner than fail in1 to have something1 or even nothing1 to say about the ordained subjects of fashionable gossip4 ,but in ,england it is otherwise4 ,there is in that country a large class always to be counted on to buy any translation of a favorite classic which has successfully run the gauntlet of the reviews4 ,this class is made up of diverse elements4 ,first1 the translators themselves1 who in ,england form no inconsiderable percentage of the literary public2 for every other graduate of either university who has not been a stroke-oar--that is honor enough to win or give--seems to feel within him a sacred void unfilled1 a mysterious yearning unsatisfied1 a clamorous duty unperformed1 until he has translated some classic author in whole or in part4 ,every translator1 of course1 buys the publications of every other translator to chuckle over his failures or--let us do them justice--to applaud heartily and generously the happy dexterity which conquers a difficult passage4 ,then1 too1 even scholars who have ,homer and ,horace at their fingers' ends1 who think in ,latin and dream in ,greek1 who dare to take liberties with the digamma and speak disrespectfully of the second aorist--even they to whom the best translation of a classic is as corked claret8 or skim-milk--may still buy ,prof4 ,conington's neid or ,lord ,lytton's ,horace for a better reason than the pleasure of finding fault with it4 ,they know1 none better1 that1 as the former puts it1 a translation by a competent hand is itself an 8embodied criticism0 and commentary2 and even scholars1 after twenty centuries or so of criticism and commentary1 and even of mutual vituperation1 have not yet quite made up their minds as to the meaning1 or at least the shades of meaning1 straight through of any poet of antiquity4 ,this is not to say that we have not here1 too1 scholars who might buy a translation for the same reason2 but in neither country1 perhaps1 are there so many as to be much of a stand-by in themselves4 ,but the mainstay of the ,english translator is that sort of fashionable sentiment in favor of classical learning necessarily fostered in a country where the university is a working element and influence in political1 social1 and literary life4 ,this sentiment is not so powerful or wide-spread as it once was2 as it was1 let us say1 when a couplet made ,mr4 ,addison a secretary of state1 or a burlesque made ,mr4 ,montague a minister and ,mr4 ,prior an ambassador--an improvement still on the age when ,sir ,christopher ,hatton danced himself into the chancellorship4 ,but it is still powerful2 and the university is still such a force in ,english life as it never has been1 as it probably never will be1 here4 ,the ,oxford and ,cambridge debating clubs used to be regularly looked to1 and are still1 perhaps1 now and again beaten up1 by experienced huntsmen for embryo statesmen1 much as the metropolitan manager will scour the provincial stage for an undiscovered star4 ,university men edit the leading organs of public opinion2 university men fill the desks in ,downing ,street and the ,parliamentary benches in ,westminster ,hall2 university men yawn day after day in the club-windows of ,pall ,mall1 and night after night in the dancing and supper rooms of ,belgravia--no1 not the supper-rooms2 that is1 perhaps1 the one spot of the fashionable world where young ,england forgets to yawn4 ,like enough1 the learning of many of these sages is no deeper than the lore of our own pundits from ,yale and ,harvard2 and not a few of them1 no doubt1 would be far more at home criticising the boat-race in the ,fifth neid 7the contestants in which they would probably characterize1 in their delightful idiom1 as 8duffers07 than construing the ,latin it is told in4 ,such is the proud result of modern university education in a free and enlightened ,anglo-,saxon community4 ,nevertheless1 though the university may not actually give learning1 it creates a sentiment in favor of learning2 it develops almost unconsciously a taste for it4 ,one may say that it is next to impossible for any man to go through college without taking in some sense of classical culture--through the pores1 as it were--which shall ever after give him a feeling of companionship1 a kind of ,freemasonry1 with authors he could never read4 ,to have lived among books1 in an atmosphere of books1 is itself in some sort an education4 ,now1 with this feeling for learning diffused throughout a great nation1 showing itself in its chief organs of public opinion1 in its selection of public officers1 and even to some extent in its popular elections1 and centring above all in a great city1 the headquarters of all the social1 political1 and literary activity of the nation--its book-making1 book-branding1 book-buying centre--we come to see why translations from the classics should have more vogue across the water than with us4 ,if a cabinet minister choose to beguile his leisure by turning ,aristophanes into ,english1 it is but fit that society1 before having him in to dinner1 should know something about it1 if only to avoid such a slip as is told of ,catalani4 ,the prima donna was seated1 as a great compliment1 next to ,goethe at a state dinner1 but not knowing the divine ,wolfgang--or1 indeed1 much of anything but some operatic scores--gave her mind to the potage rather than to the poet4 ,a friend nudged her3 8,why do you not talk to ,m4 ,goethe80 8,i don't know him1 and he's stupid40 8,what6 not know ,m4 ,goethe1 the celebrated author of the ,sorrows of ,werther80 8,the ,sorrows of ,werther6 ,ah6 ,m4 ,goethe10 cried the diva with empressement1 turning to the great man1 8how can ,i ever thank you enough for your charming ,sorrows of ,werther6 ,i never laughed so much at anything in my life40 ,she had seen a parody of that immortal work in a farce at ,paris4 ,here1 when our cabinet minister lets loose his intellectual surplus on exposures of ,popery1 society runs no great risk4 ,everybody can talk a little ,popery--an easier subject1 on the whole1 to talk or write about than ,aristophanes2 and one knows pretty well what our cabinet minister's book is about without the fatigue of failing to read it4 ,of the feeling we have mentioned the taste for quotation in ,parliamentary debate is a good test4 ,an apt illustration from ,horace or ,virgil had at one time almost the force of an argument4 8,pitt10 says the late ,lord ,lytton1 in the excellent preface to his unrhymed version of ,horace's ,odes1 8is said never to have more carried away the applause of the ,house of ,commons than when1 likening ,england--then engaged in a war tasking all her resources--to that image of ,rome which ,horace has placed in the mouth of ,hannibal1 he exclaimed3 8',duris ut ilex tonsa bipennibus ,nigr feraci frondis in ,algido1 ,per damna1 per cdes1 ab ipso ,ducit opes animumque ferro4'0#aba ,footnote #aba3 8,even as the ilex1 lopped by axes rude ,where1 rich with dusky boughs1 soars ,algidus1 ,through loss1 through wounds receives ,new gain1 new life--yea1 from the very steel40 --,horat4 ,carm4 iv4 #d1 ,lord ,lytton's ,trans4 ,pitt1 indeed1 is famous for such felicities4 ,in his speech on resigning the chancellorship in #aghb1 after claiming 8to have used his best endeavors to fulfil with integrity every official engagement10 he continued3 8,and with this consolation1 the loss of power1 sir1 and the loss of fortune1 though ,i affect not to despise1 ,i trust ,i shall soon be able to forget40 8,laudo manentem3 si celeres quatit ,pennas1 resigno qu dedit 444 444 probamque ,pauperiem sine dote quro40#abb ,footnote #abb3 8,constant ,i praise her1 but resign ,with equal mind her gifts4 ,when1 swift deserting me and mine1 ,her ready wing she lifts1 ,and1 wrapped up in my virtue1 wait ,fair ,poverty's undower'd estate40 --,horat4 ,carm4 iii4 #bi4 ,the original of the line italicized ,pitt modestly omitted4 ,sir ,robert ,walpole had worse luck in attempting a like feat on his retirement1 made not so gracefully in the shadow of a threatened impeachment4 8,nil conscire sibi1 nulli pallescere culp10#abc ,footnote #abc3 8,conscious of no wrong done1 no crime to pale at remembered40 --,horat4 ,ep4 #a4 i4 he quoted1 and was at once taken up by his rival1 ,pulteney1 who offered to bet him a guinea that the line read ,nulla pallescere culpa4 ,walpole lost1 and1 tossing the coin to ,pulteney1 the latter1 before pocketing it1 held it up to the ,house with the grim remark3 8,it is the first money ,i have received from the treasury for many years1 and it shall be the last40 ,it may well be that there is less of this sort of thing nowadays1 when ,parliamentary illustrations1 among the younger members at least1 seem to be drawn more extensively from natural history than from ancient poetry4 ,yet it is but a few years since ,mr4 ,gladstone1 on going out of office1 created a sensation in his turn by his application of ,virgil's fine line1 8,exoriare aliquis nostris ex ossibus ultor40#abd ,footnote #abd3 8,rise from our ashes thou unknown1 the predestined avenger40 ,we cannot very well imagine a leading ,congressman summoning ,horace to enforce his argument1 say1 on the vital necessity to the nation of repealing the ,seventh ,commandment until such time as his constituents at ,podunk can get enough of their neighbors' currency to make resumption and patriotism convertible terms4 ,not only would he be doubtful of being understood1 but he would be awed by that practical-minded public opinion at home which severely discourages in its chosen representatives such frivolities as unknown tongues4 ,he would see behind the ,speaker's desk the grim phantom of the honest ,granger transfixing him with a spectral finger1 and asking him in hollow tones if he was sent to ,congress to talk gibberish or to get that little appropriation2 he would see the still more appalling phantom of the local editor grimly sharpening his quill and squaring himself for another of those savagely sarcastic articles about our erudite ,congressman1 who spends his time--the time we pay for1 etc4--muddling his brains--the few brains1 etc4--over obsolete rubbish in the ,congressional ,library1 while he neglects his constituents' interests and allows that little bill1 etc41 etc4 ,he sees all this1 and1 instead of ,horace1 he quotes ,josh ,billings1 and everybody is satisfied4 ,now1 this is not meant to the dispraise of either the ,congressman or his constituents1 but only to show that here political is divided from literary life in a way quite unknown in ,england4 ,the scholar in politics is a fond illusion of youthful enthusiasm4 ,our politicians do not write2 our literary folks do not go to ,congress4 ,a stray editor1 to be sure1 now and then gets in1 tumbling over1 as it were1 from the ,reporters' ,gallery1 or a flourish is made of sending ,mr4 ,motley or ,prof4 ,lowell minister to some foreign court2 but these are spasmodic exceptions1 and usually result in a way to confirm the rule4 ,we have no counterparts to ,disraeli1 or ,gladstone1 or ,mr4 ,lowe1 or ,sir ,george ,cornewall ,lewis1 or the ,duke of ,argyle4 ,perhaps1 however1 a new era is dawning with the present ,secretary of the ,navy1 who spells his literature with a 8,p40 ,we have said enough--the reader may think more than enough--to show why translations from the classics should flourish better in ,england than here1 and also1 by implication at least1 why of all classic authors1 with the one exception of ,homer1 ,horace and ,virgil should most have taken the translators' attention4 ,from one or other of these are all the ,parliamentary quotations we have given2 and it is indeed1 we believe1 considered what our ,english friends call 8bad form0 to quote in debate any other ,latin or ,greek4 ,the cause of this popularity it is easy to see4 ,horace and ,virgil1 in the usual college curriculum1 are put into the student's hands just as he has got over his initial struggles with the language1 and his mind is a little freed to feel some of the beauties as well as the difficulties of the author--to know that the rose has fragrance as well as thorns4 ,homer1 on the contrary1 from his comparative ease1 comes much earlier in the ,greek course1 and becomes so much the more distasteful to the learner as ,greek is harder than ,latin2 its very letters are aliens to his eyes1 its alphabet is a place of briers and brambles4 ,it is hard to get over these early dislikes4 ,st4 ,augustine confesses a hatred for ,homer thus implanted in his school-days which he could never overcome1 while he declares ,virgil to be the greatest and most glorious of poets--a censure echoed by ,voltaire1 who pronounced the neid1 le plus beau monument qui nous reste de toute l'antiquit1 and asserts that if ,homer produced ,virgil1 it was his finest work4 ,both in ,virgil and ,horace there is much to captivate a youthful mind and everything to keep the affections won4 ,the story of the neid is not only full of life and color and motion1 with plenty of fighting1 which all boys love of course1 but1 despite its later-discovered want of a reasonable hero or heroine1 its episodes--the ,trojan horse and the sharp street-fight in fallen ,ilium1 the mysterious journey through the shades under a spectral moon1 the races in the ,fifth ,book1 the midnight scout of ,nisus and ,euryalus1 the plucky young ,iulus fleshing his maiden shafts at the siege in ,book ,ninth1 the gallant onset and tragic fate of the young champions ,lausus and ,pallas--all are apt to take the boyish imagination2 and in older years the haunting melody of the verse1 the pensive grace that suffuses the telling of the story1 renew and rivet the early charm4 ,horace1 too1 is full of matter that even boyhood can taste and manhood never tires of4 ,the lovely bits of rural landscape scattered like so many cabinet pictures through the odes--the sweltering cattle standing knee-deep under the oak-boughs in the pool of ,bandusia1 the bickering1 pine-arched rivulet by whose side ,dellius takes his nooning2 the sunny slopes of ,lucretilis dotted with sheep2 the romantic beauty of the ,happy ,isles--do we not all recall the delight we felt when these enchanting little sketches first smiled on us from the weary drudgery of ,tacitus and ,thucydides like vistas of fresh meadow and woodland and cascade caught by the wayfarer from the hot and dusty highway8 ,we did not so well relish then1 in that out-door time of life1 the warm little interiors that contrast and set off these3 the glowing fire-side piled high with logs1 made merry with old ,falernian1 and laugh and joke and friendly talk1 while the rain beats upon the roof and the snow whirls about ,soracte1 and1 drawing closer to the cheery blaze1 we hug ourselves in the 8tumultuous privacy of storm02 the jolly dinner-parties1 where we help to quiz ,quinctius for his gravity or chaff that harebrain ,telephus out of his affectation of wisdom2 the more sober feasts with ,mcenas or ,virgil at the little ,sabine ,farm--but these1 too1 we soon get to know1 and linger over them with fond familiarity4 ,then1 too1 we win to the secret of that genial though pagan philosophy which comes home to the 8business and bosoms0 of all of us1 and whose precepts are so pithily expressed we cannot forget them if we would3 that there is a time when folly is the truest wisdom2 that he alone is happy who is content with little2 that a wise man takes care of the present and lets the future take care of itself1 because1 as ,cowley puts it1 8,when to future years thou extend'st thy cares1 ,thou dealest in other men's affairs02 that we must pluck the blossom of to-day1 or we may never have a chance at the morrow's4 8,gather ye rosebuds while ye may1 ,old ,time is still a-flying10 says ,herrick1 a later ,horace4 ,as we grow older and graver his sympathetic companionship keeps pace with us still1 and in his deeper tones there are hints which even ,christian civilization need not disdain to add to its scheme of a lofty and noble life4 ,so it is that ,england for three centuries back--indeed1 ever since she began to have a literature to house them in--has been trying to naturalize and domesticate these ,roman poets4 ,in this1 however1 ,virgil had nearly a century the start of ,horace1 owing1 no doubt1 to the nature of his great work1 which appealed to the romantic impulses of that early time4 ,indeed1 long before either the neid or the ,iliad was generally known in ,europe1 the stories of both had been made over into the form of romances3 the former by ,guillaume de ,roy in ,french1 the latter by ,guido de ,colonna in ,spanish4 ,de ,roy's ,livre d',eneidos1 translated into ,english and printed by ,caxton1 8no more resembles ,virgil10 cries the good ,bishop of ,dunkeld wrathfully1 8than the devil does ,st4 ,austin40 ,it was probably to clear the fair fame of his beloved poet that the bishop brought out his own quaint and spirited ,scotch version in #aeac4 ,the first complete ,english translation came out in #aeeh2 but in the previous year appeared the ,second and ,fourth ,books1 done into blank verse by the ,earl of ,surrey1 notable as the first-known blank verse in the language1 unless we are to take as such the unrhymed1 alliterative metre used by ,longland in ,the ,vision of ,piers ,ploughman4 ,it is thought to have been ,surrey's design1 had he lived1 to translate the remaining books4 ,had he done so1 he would have added an ornament to our literature4 ,as it is1 the distinction of giving the first full translation of the neid to the language rests with a ,welshman--,dr4 ,thomas ,phaer4 ,he himself1 however1 did only the first nine books and part of the ,tenth2 when dying1 the work was taken in hand and finished1 with the ,thirteenth or supplementary book of ,maffeo ,veggio1 by another physician1 ,dr4 ,thomas ,twynne4 ,english doctors then and afterwards seem to have had a propension towards the ,muse4 ,dr4 ,borde1 ,dr4 ,thomas ,campion 78,sweet ,master ,campion071 and ,dr4 ,thomas ,lodge--they seem to have had a propensity to be named ,thomas also--were only the first of a long line of tuneful leeches1 ending with our own ,drs4 ,holmes and ,joyce4 ,is there any occult connection between physic and ,parnassus1 between rhyme and rhubarb1 between poetry and pills8 and is ,castaly a medicinal spring8 ,phaer's version1 which is printed in black-letter1 is in rhymed fourteen-syllable verse1 or 8long ,alexandrines0--a metre which ,chapman afterwards took for his ,homer1 and to which ,mr4 ,morris1 the latest translator of the neid1 has reverted4 ,the long ,alexandrine has perhaps as much right as any to be called the ,english national metre in the sense in which we call the ,saturnian verse the national metre of the ,latins4 ,chaucer took his heroic couplet from the ,italian or ,french1 and ,surrey1 no doubt1 had from the same source1 or perhaps the ,spanish1 the hint for his blank verse4 ,a curious parallel might be drawn between ,surrey and ,ennius1 who1 like him1 introduced a new or 8strange metre--the ,greek hexameter--and1 like him1 by doing so revolutionized the versification of his country4 ,another point in common is that each has been reproached for his action4 ,ascham impliedly finds fault with ,surrey because he did not choose hexameters or unrhymed ,alexandrines instead of his unrhymed verse of ten or eleven syllables2 and certain of those dreadful ,german scholars1 who know everything and a few things besides1 assure us that ,ennius dealt a fatal blow to ,latin poetry when he foisted on it a metre unsuited to its genius4 ,one can hardly help speculating on the result had ,virgil had to content himself with the horridus numerus ,saturnius as the vehicle of his tenderness and elegance1 or if ,hamlet had had to soliloquize in the metre of ,sternhold and ,hopkins4 ,would the rude instrument have cramped the player1 or would the genius of the player have elevated the instrument8 ,as ,macaulay points out1 the old nursery line1 8,the queen is in her parlor eating bread and honey10 is a perfect ,saturnian verse on ,terence's model3 8,dbnt mlm ,mtll ,nv pt40 ,how would ,mr4 ,gladstone's menace1 8,exoriare aliquis nostris ex ossibus ultor10 have sounded in that shape8 ,should we recognize1 do you think1 those 8,daffodils ,that come before the swallow dares1 and take ,the winds of ,march with beauty10 done up in long ,alexandrines or in such hexameters as those of ,master ,abraham ,fraunce1 which moved ,ben ,jonson to dub him a fool3 8,now had fiery ,phlegon his dayes revolution ended1 ,and his snoring snout with salt waves all to be-washed10 or even in ,sidney's or ,spenser's1 which were1 in truth1 little better8 ,no doubt ,virgil and ,shakspere1 being great poets1 would have subdued what they worked in to their own artistic uses4 ,yet all the same let us be thankful to the humbler artisans who furnished to their hands pipes fit for them to play on1 and to make such music as the world shall never tire of hearing4 ,it should be added that the likeness between the ,english and the ,latin reformer does not extend to the degree of refinement attained by each4 ,in this respect ,surrey is much the more advanced4 ,ennius never got over the barbarism of excessive alliteration which seems to mark the early metrical efforts of all peoples4 8,sicut si quando vincleis venatica velox02 8,sicut fortis equus spatio qui forte supremo02 8,quai neque ,dardaneis campeis potuere perire ,nec cum capta capei1 nec cum combusta cremari40 ,the last passage ,virgil copied1 as he did many others1 and it is instructive to see how his more polished taste tones down his predecessor's jingle3 8,num ,sigis occumbere campis1 ,num capti potuere capi8 num incensa cremavit ,troja viros80#abe ,footnote #abe3 8,was there no dead man's place for you on that ,sigeian plain8 ,had ye no might to wend as slaves8 ,gave ,troy so poor a flame ,to burn her men44480 --neid1 vii4 #bid seq41 ,morris' ,trans4 p4 #age4 ,surrey's blank verse has the quaintness of his age1 but not its defects of taste4 ,martial1 writing about two centuries after ,ennius1 sneers at him1 much as ,ennius had sneered at his predecessor1 ,nvius--he who lamented that ,latin poetry was to die with him6 8,ennius est lectus1 salvo tibi ,roma ,marone40#abf ,footnote #abf3 8,and ,rome reads ,ennius while ,virgil lives60 ,pope1 writing nearly the same length of time after ,surrey1 has only praise for him3 8,surrey1 the ,grenville of a former age8--at least1 ,pope meant it for praise40 ,to return to ,phaer4 ,it may be of interest to the reader to contrast the manner of the earliest and latest ,english translators of the neid4 ,venus' admonition to neas 7ii4 #fjg7 is thus given by the ,welsh doctor3 8,then to thy parent's hest take heede1 dread not1 my mind obey3 ,in yonder place where stones from stones and bildings huge to sway ,thou seest1 and mixt with dust and smoke thicke stremes of reekings rise1 ,himselfe the god ,neptune that side doth furne in wonders wise3 ,with forke three tinde the wall vproots1 foundations allto shakes2 ,and qvite from vnder soile the towne1 with ground-works all uprakes4 ,on yonder side with ,furies most1 dame ,juno fiercely stands1 ,the gates she keeps1 and from the ships the ,greekes1 her friendly bands1 ,in armour girt she calles4 ,lo6 there againe where ,pallas sits1 on fortes and castle-towres1 ,with ,gorgon's eyes1 in lightning cloudes enclosed1 grim she lowres1 ,the father-god himself to ,greekes their mightes and courage steres1 ,himselfe against the ,troyan blood both gods and armour reres4 ,betake thee to thy flight1 my sonne1 thy labours' ende procure1 ,i will thee never faile1 but thee to resting-place assure4 ,she said1 and through the darke night shade herselfe she drew from sight2 ,appeare the grisly faces then1 ,troyes en'mies vgly dight40 ,mr4 ,morris gives it thus3 8,and look to it no more afeard to be ,of what ,i bid1 nor evermore thy mother's word disown4 ,there where thou seest the great walls cleft and stone turn off from stone1 ,and seest the waves of smoke go by with mingled dust-cloud rolled1 ,there ,neptune shakes the walls and stirs the foundings from their hold ,with mighty trident1 tumbling down the city from its base4 ,there by the ,scan gates again hath bitter ,juno place ,the first of all1 and wild and mad1 herself begirt with steel1 ,calls up her fellows from the ships4 ,look back6 ,tritonian ,pallas broods o'er topmost burg on high1 ,all flashing bright with ,gorgon grim from out her stormy sky2 ,the very ,father hearteneth on1 and stays with happy might ,the ,danaans1 crying on the gods against the ,dardan fight4 ,snatch flight1 ,o son1 whiles yet thou mayst1 and let thy toil be o'er2 ,i by thy side will bring thee safe unto thy father's door4 8,she spake1 and hid herself away where thickest darkness poured4 ,then dreadful images show forth1 great godheads are abroad1 ,the very haters of our ,troy40 ,the half-lines respond to the imperfect verses in ,virgil1 which1 in the fashion of the ,chinese tailor1 both ,mr4 ,morris and his forerunner conscientiously copy4 ,phaer has other oddities1 such as 8,sybly0 for ,sibylla1 8lymbo0 for ,hades1 8,dei ,phobus0 for ,deiphobus1 and 8,duke neas02 while every book is wound up with a ,deo ,gratias by way of colophon4 ,let us hope it was not too fervently echoed by his readers4 ,indeed1 ,phaer's version is better than its fame4 8,after the associated labors of ,phaer and ,twynne10 says ,warton in his ,history of ,english ,poetry1 8it is hard to say what could induce ,richard ,stanihurst1 a native of ,dublin1 to translate the first four books of the neid into ,english hexameters40 ,the remark shows less than the wonted perspicuity of the historian of ,english poetry4 ,what induces any translation1 except the belief 7the fond belief67 that the work it aims to do has not yet been done8 ,master ,stanihurst1 like many other learned men then and since1 was firmly persuaded that the hexameter was your only measure for a translation of ,virgil4 ,but there are hexameters and hexameters1 and ,master ,stanihurst's were unluckily of the other sort4 ,a poet who proclaims his intention to 8chaunt manhood and ,garboiles10 and gives us 8,with tentive list'ning each wight was settled in hark'ning0 for 8,conticuere omnes intentique ora tenebant10 or 8,you bid me1 princesse1 to scarifie a festered old sore0 as an equivalent for 8,infandum1 regina1 jubes renovare dolorem10 must be content with 8audience fit though few40 ,sir ,philip ,sidney and ,gabriel ,harvey and a few other choice spirits1 all bitten with the same flea1 patted poor ,stanihurst on the back and told him that what ,nash called 8his and their foul1 lumbring1 boisterous1 wallowing measures0 had 8enriched and polished their native tongue40 ,but the rest of the world laughed with ,nash1 and may still for that matter2 for ,stanihurst's version is full of conceits even droller than ,phaer's4 8,bedlamite0 for furiat mente1 8,dandiprat hop-thumb0 for parvulus1 ,jupiter 8bussing his pretty1 prating parrot0--i4e41 ,venus--and ,priam girding on his sword ,morglay1 are some of them4 ,the last shows how the glamour of the ,gothic romances1 in which ,virgil figured sometimes as a magician--the ,sortes ,virgilian long outlived their origin--still hung about even the learned1 of whom ,stanihurst was indisputably one-- 8eruditissimus ille nobilis0 ,camden calls him4 ,it may be interesting to add that he was a ,catholic1 a friend of ,campion the martyr1 and died in exile because of it4 ,stanihurst seems to have played the part of horrible example to all after-translators2 for although ,surrey's metre has been repeatedly used1 and ,phaer's of late by ,mr4 ,morris1 and we might add by ,prof4 ,conington 7for his octosyllabic verse is but a variation of the ,alexandrine1 which skipped capriciously from twelve syllables to sixteen#abg71 the hexameter has never again1 so far as we know1 been applied to rendering the neid4 ,yet the measure which in ,english goes by that name seems far better adapted1 pace ,mr4 ,arnold1 to the pensive grace of ,virgil than to the grave majesty of ,homer4 ,it may be true1 as scholars contend1 that it by no means reproduces the effect of the ,greek or ,roman hexameter1 and it may be equally true1 as other scholars tell us1 that we have no conception of what was the effect of the ,greek or ,roman hexameter on the ,greek or ,roman ear--though the second objection might1 in malicious hands1 prove an embarrassment for the first4 ,yet as we read ,homer and ,virgil there is no doubt that hexameters can be--indeed1 that such have been--constructed which do go far to reproduce the effect of ,homer and ,virgil1 according to the modern reading1 upon the modern ear4 ,grant that this is an entirely wrong effect2 that either ,homer or ,virgil1 hearing his verses read in modern fashion1 would be sure to clap hands to ear1 and cry out in an agony with ,martial3 ,footnote #abg3 ,see ,warton1 ,hist4 ,e4 ,p4 sec4 #a4 8,quem recitas1 meus est1 ,o ,fidentine1 libellus2 ,sed male cum recitas1 incipit esse tuus02#abh ,footnote #abh3 8,my piece you've been spouting6 ,i ne'er should have known3 ,next time1 if you love me1 do say it's your own40 --,mart4 ,epigr4 i4 #ci4 it is yet the only effect we are ever likely to get until the day of judgment2 and what are you going to do about it8 ,of course it is hopeless to try to imitate ,homer's sonorous harmonies--the 1 as ,maximus ,tyrius calls them1 the lovely ,homeric words--the and 4 ,it is not in ours or any other tongue but ,homer's own to do it4 ,but ,mr4 ,arnold has shown that we can imitate afar off his rhythm and metrical effect1 and why should we not do that8 ,if anybody can give us hexameters that please the ,english ear and make it fancy1 without being conscious of too much elongation1 that it is listening to the faintest echo of ,homer's mighty lyre or ,virgil's silver string1 why1 let us have them1 prithee1 and a fico for the grammarians4 ,in this desultory review of ,virgilian translators we mean to confine ourselves to the neid2 but we may say in passing that the ,eclogues were1 about #aehg1 put into unrhymed ,alexandrines by ,abraham ,fleming1 who thus nearly anticipated the metre ,prof4 ,newman1 after much experimenting1 hit on as the proper one to render ,homer1 and which1 as ,prof4 ,marsh says1 has the disadvantage 7or the merit87 to ,american ears of suggesting our own epic strain of ,yankee ,doodle4 ,fleming1 however1 as will be seen from the following quotation1 taken from the beginning of his ,fourth ,eclogue1 only dropped into our national music occasionally3 8,o ,muses of ,sicilian ile1 let's greater matters singe6 ,shrubs1 groves1 and bushes lowe delight and please not every man4 ,if we do singe of woods1 the woods be worthy of a consul40 ,while ,virgil was thus engrossing the attention of ,elizabethan scholars ,horace lay comparatively neglected1 although it was an era of translation1 as transitional periods in the literature of a country are apt to be4 ,nearly all the ,latin poets then extant were done into ,english before the beginning of the seventeenth century1 and the ,greek series began sonorously with ,chapman's ,homer soon after4 ,even that most perfect of all actual or possible poets1 as her courtiers called her--,queen ,elizabeth--tried her hand at it in a translation of part of the ,hercules teus of ,seneca4 ,but no complete version of ,horace seems to have appeared prior to ,creech's towards the end of the seventeenth century4 ,in #aefg1 however1 ,thomas ,drant published ,horace1 his ,arte of ,poetrie1 ,pistles1 and ,satyres ,englished4 ,in his preface is one quaint remark1 to the truth of which all ,horatians will bear witness3 8,neyther any man which can judge can judge it one and the like laboure to translate ,horace and to make and translate a love booke1 a shril tragedie1 or a smooth and platleuyled poesye4 ,thys ,i can truly say1 of myne owne experyence1 that ,i can sooner translate twelve verses out of the ,greeke ,homer than sixe out of ,horace40 ,the first version of the ,odes was that of ,sir ,thomas ,hawkins1 about #afcj4 ,this1 though it seems to have been popular enough to go through several editions1 was far from complete1 the lighter odes being omitted as being 8too wanton and loose40 ,our own edition1 which is the fourth1 dated #afch1 contains about two-thirds of the odes and epodes4 ,here and there we find a tolerably good verse3 8,what man1 what hero ,clio wilt thou raise ,with shrillest pipe or ,lyra's softer lays8 ,what god whose name in sportive straine ,echo will chaunt thee back againe80#abi ,footnote #abi3 ,carm4 i4 #ab4 ,this will compare not too disadvantageously with the latest version--,lord ,lytton's--which1 indeed1 is not especially good3 8,what man1 what hero1 or what god select'st thou1 ,theme for sweet lyre or fife sonorous1 ,clio1 ,whose honored name shall that gay sprite-voice1 ,echo1 ,hymn back rebounding80 ,as a rule1 however1 ,sir ,thomas is stiff--a fault common to almost all translations of the easiest of lyrists up to a much later period4 ,yet in this century there were many versions of single odes1 epistles1 and satires1 some of which have scarcely ever been surpassed4 ,such1 for instance1 were ,ben ,jonson's rendering of ,ode ,,iv4 #a1 ,ad ,venerem1 and ,milton's of ,i4 #e1 ,ad ,pyrrhum1 severally included by ,mr4 ,theodore ,martin and ,lord ,lytton in their respective versions as beyond their skill to better2 ,dryden's fine paraphrase of ,,iii4 #bi1 ,to ,mcenas1 which ,mr4 ,martin1 non sordidus auctor1 pronounces finer than the original2 and1 on a lower plane1 however1 ,roscommon's version of the ,art of ,poetry4 ,of these1 ,milton's has been said to touch the high-water mark of translation1 and is indeed very elegant and close4 ,ben ,jonson's set translations are often injured by a rigid strictness which ,horace might have warned him against3 8,nec verbum verbo curabis reddere1 fidus ,interpres10#acj ,footnote #acj3 8,nor word for word translate with painful care40 --,horat4 ,de ,arte ,poet41 ,francis' ,trans4 and which evoked ,dryden's protest against 8the jaw-breaking translations of ,ben ,jonson40 ,yet even in fetters he danced better than most2 and some of his translations1 notably the one mentioned above and one of ,martial1 ,liber1 amicorum dulcissima cura tuorum1 it would be hard to pick flaws in4 ,in ,jonson's day1 however1 there was no mean between word-for-word rendering and the loosest paraphrase1 until ,denham laid down something like the true rule in his verses to ,fanshawe on the latter's translation of ,guarini3 8,that servile path thou nobly dost decline ,of tracing word for word and line for line4444 ,a new and nobler way thou dost pursue ,to make translations1 and translators too4 ,they but preserve the ashes1 thou the flame1 ,true to his sense1 but truer to his fame40 ,cowley1 who translated largely from ,horace1 runs to the opposite extreme from ,jonson3 his versions are as much too free as ,jonson's are too close4 ,yet some of his single lines are unmatched for felicity and force3 8,hence ye profane1 ,i hate ye all1 ,both the great vulgar and the small0 7a phrase which has passed into a proverb7 for ,odi profanum vulgus et arceo2 8,the poor rich man's emphatically poor0 for ,magnas inter opes inops2 8,from his toucht mouth the wanton torment slips0 for ,fugientia captat ,flumina2 and1 best of all1 perhaps1 8,he loves of homely littleness the ease0 for ,martial's ,sordidaque in parvis otia rebus amet--which shows how a deft translator can1 without leaving his original1 breathe into it1 so to speak1 a beauty it scarcely had--such lines as these make us regret either that ,cowley did not translate more or that he was unable to transfer to his own poetry more of the same simple elegance of thought and word4 ,all of ,cowley's contemporaries were not so happy1 however1 as he in their attempts to better ,horace1 though many tried it4 ,one of them1 ,sir ,edward ,sherburne1 claps a periwig on ,mt4 ,soracte3#aca ,footnote #aca3 ,horat4 ,carm4 i4 #i4 ,one of the best versions of this ode is that of ,allan ,ramsay1 in the ,scotch dialect4 8,seest thou not how ,soracte's head 7,for all his height7 stands covered ,with a white periwig of snow1 ,while the laboring woods below ,are hardly able to sustain ,the weight of winter's feathered rain80 ,he had evidently been reading and1 with ,dryden1 admiring ,sylvester's ,du ,bartas3 8,and when the winter's keener breath began ,to crystallize the ,baltic ,ocean1 ,to glaze the lake1 to bridle up the floods1 ,and periwig with snow the bald-pate woods40 ,the conceited style then in vogue was not well fitted to do justice to ,horace's simplex munditiis1 although he was now universally read and esteemed--8,the next best poet in the world to ,virgil10 ,cowley calls him--and has left the mark of his genial influence on all the writers of the time4 ,one finds the ,horatian sentiment running like a golden thread through the minor poetry of ,james and ,charles ,i41 at times informing whole poems with a pithiness of phrase and a dignity which ,horace might call his own4 ,such are ,marvell's ode on ,the ,return of ,cromwell1 such ,shirley's 8,the glories of our blood and state0 and 8,victorious men of earth1 no more0--all three among the finest productions of their kind in the language4 ,after the ,restoration the business of translation was resumed with vigor4 ,dryden in his ,virgil1 and1 somewhat later1 ,pope in his ,homer1 set a fresh model which was followed by all their successors until ,cowper's ,miltonic ,iliad came to break the spell and pave the way to the modern style1 which aims to combine freedom with fidelity1 ease of manner with correctness of meaning1 and so far as possible to reproduce the author himself1 form as well as matter4 ,creech's ,horace was hardly a success1 being stiff and ungainly without being particularly close1 and1 while showing in its metre some sense of the poet's rhythmical grace1 scarcely attempted to render the characteristic delicacy of his wording--that curiosa felicitas we all have heard of4 ,in this--and indeed in every--respect the version of ,dr4 ,francis1 which came out about half a century later1 was greatly superior as a whole to any previous one1 and took with ,horatians a position the best of its successors has found it hard to shake4 ,indeed1 with such of the poet's lovers as date from the golden age of ,consul ,plancus1 ,francis is still the paramount favorite1 and you will talk to them in vain of the merits of ,robinson or ,lytton1 of ,conington's fluent ease or ,martin's sprightly grace4 ,francis is in the main faithful1 generally pleasing1 and always respectable at least1 but1 like most of his rivals1 he lacks a certain lightness of touch1 an airy gayety of treatment in the minor odes which no one1 we think1 has hit off so well as ,mr4 ,theodore ,martin4 ,they are1 as that accomplished writer says1 in many instances what would be called now vers de socit1 and their chief value rests in the poet's inimitable charm of manner4 ,unless some notion of this can be given1 the translator's labor is lost1 and he offers his readers but a withered posy from which color and perfume alike are fled4 ,,alba',s ,,dream4 ,,by ,,the ,,author ,,of 8,,are ,,you ,,my ,,wife80 8,a ,,salon ,,in ,,paris ,,before ,,the ,,war10 ,,etc4 ,,part ,,iii4 ,gondriac had seen many strange things come to pass of late years3 stupendous things1 as when ,m4 le ,marquis climbed up the cliff like a common man to condole with old ,caboff2 wonderful things1 as when ,m4 le ,marquis was rescued by old ,caboff in the storm2 tragic things1 as when he went forth and died in the place of young ,caboff2 but nothing so untoward as this had ever happened at ,gondriac before3 ,m4 le ,marquis was going to marry ,alba4 ,the wonder was both lessened and heightened by the romantic story concerning ,alba's birth1 which was spread through the village simultaneously with the announcement4 ,the fatherless girl1 who had owned no name but ,alba1 was the daughter of a nobleman1 who had been affianced by his family to a great heiress1 but who fell in love with a penniless orphan and married her secretly2 a few months after his marriage he was ordered off to ,egypt with ,bonaparte and was killed in his first engagement4 ,the young wife lived to give birth to her child1 and then died1 leaving it to the care of an old friend of her mother1 a childless widow1 whom the ,revolution had ruined1 and who now gained her bread by needlework4 ,virginie accepted the charge1 and adopted as her own the little one1 whose sole provision was a pittance which the father had been able to secure to his wife as a dower4 ,her heart1 hungering for some one on whom to lavish its great capacity for loving1 bestowed upon the baby more than a mother's tenderness2 she loved it with a love that seemed to gather up into one passion all the loves that a woman's heart can hold4 ,she left the shelter of her native place1 where all had known her from her childhood1 and where1 in spite of her poverty1 she held her head high1 and went to live at ,gondriac1 where no old familiar face would smile upon her1 but where her secret would be secure1 and none would know that she was not ,alba's mother4 ,this was the story she told ,hermann when he asked her for ,alba's hand4 8,i thought to let the secret die with me10 she said1 8and that the child might have loved me to the end as her own mother2 but now she must hear the truth4 ,to me she will always be my child1 my very own--as truly mine as if ,i had given her birth40 8,let her know nothing until she is my wife1 and then ,i will break it to her10 replied the young lord2 8and ,i doubt but she will love you more dearly still when she learns the truth40 ,alba was very happy--so happy at times that it was more than she could bear2 she would often heave great sighs for very bliss as she sat upon the rocks1 her hand clasped in ,hermann's4 8,why do you sigh1 my ,alba80 he asked her once reproachfully4 8,are you afraid ,i shall not make you happy80 8,i am afraid of being too happy2 ,i am so happy now that ,i could die of it4 ,and by and by1 when ,i am your wife1 and you will never leave me1 and that all ,i used to long for when ,i believed in fairies shall be mine--,i feel as if the joy of it must kill me4 ,hermann1 we will try to be very good together1 will we not8 ,we will do our best to make everybody good and happy4 ,there shall be no poor people here1 and when they are sick we will have a good doctor to come and take care of them1 and ,i will go and nurse them myself4 ,i hope they will all love me4 ,do you think they will8 ,sometimes ,i am frightened lest they shouldn't care for me any more when ,i am a great lady1 living in a castle40 8,you foolish child6 ,they will care ten times more for you then10 said ,hermann1 8because you will be able to do so much for them40 ,then1 looking at her with a smile at once tender and suspicious1 8,what a greedy little thing it is for love60 he said4 8,you can't care for me as ,i do for you1 ,alba1 or else my love would be enough for you2 ,i don't long for anybody's love but yours40 8,it is not so much that as that ,i long to make them happy10 explained ,alba2 8and how can ,i do that until ,i can make them love me80 ,they quarrelled over this philosophy of hers1 and then made plans for the future4 8,you will take me to see all the beautiful places you have told me of1 will you not80 said ,alba4 8,i will take you round the world1 if you like it--that is1 if you don't get tired of it before we are half way40 8,tired6 with you8 ,i should never be tired--never1 never1 never40 ,she repeated the word in a low voice1 as if speaking to herself1 while looking dreamily out over the sea1 where a ship1 with her white sails set1 was drifting away into the sunset4 8,where shall we go to first80 said ,hermann4 8,to ,egypt1 ,i think2 or perhaps to ,italy--,i am dying to see the city with the streets of water1 and ,spain1 where the palaces grow1 and ,moorish temples2 but let us go first of all to ,germany and see the countries where you won the battles4 ,i should like that best4 ,o ,hermann1 ,hermann6 how happy we shall be40 ,and then1 as if her heart were overfull of joy1 she began to sing4 ,hermann liked this better4 ,those silent1 rapturous moods sometimes frightened him1 as if they were a demand for something that he could not give4 ,m4 de ,gondriac was as much in love as a man could be1 and so far he would have no difficulty in making his wife's happiness his chief concern2 but he was quite aware that this was not to be achieved by the usual commonplace means4 ,something more than ordinary love1 let it be ever so tender and chivalrous1 was needed to satisfy the cravings of a heart like ,alba's4 ,she worshipped him as the noblest of men2 and it was no easy thing to realize this ideal4 ,would he be able to achieve it1 to live up to her exalted standard through the coming years1 when the glamour of young love's idealizing mists should have cleared away1 and his wife would be at leisure to observe him with her clear1 intelligent eyes8 ,but a cloud was gathering over these sunny days of courtship4 ,m4 de ,gondriac was summoned to ,paris by the chief of the ,war ,office4 ,the call1 of course1 brooked no delay4 ,his arm1 though nearly healed1 still incapacitated him from joining his regiment2 but he must go in person and certify to this4 ,though they might admit him unfit for active service1 he might be retained in attendance on the emperor2 ,bonaparte liked to have high-sounding names upon his personal staff4 ,but ,hermann would not alarm ,alba by suggesting this possibility4 ,they parted in sweet sorrow1 looking forward to meeting soon again4 ,alas6 is it a decree of fate that the course of true love never shall run smooth8 ,are poets prophets1 or do the loves of all humanity conspire to make their voice an oracle8 ,the days went by1 and ,alba waited2 but ,hermann neither came nor wrote1 and they could get no tidings of him4 ,had he been ordered to the frontier1 in spite of his disabled arm1 and killed or taken prisoner8 ,doubts crowded upon ,alba's heart until they almost stopped its pulses4 ,but ,virginie feared even worse than this1 and1 if her fears were true1 there was no comfort in store4 ,m4 de ,gondriac had felt strong enough to brave the emperor's displeasure at a distance2 but how when he stood face to face with it1 with the power of that magnetic will1 with the ridicule of his equals1 with the blandishments of refined court ladies8 ,was his love of the metal to challenge these antagonistic forces and prevail8 ,spring passed1 and summer1 and now it was harvest-time2 the reapers waded through the yellow fields1 the sickle was singing in the corn1 the grapes hung heavy on the vine4 ,but no news came from ,hermann4 ,alba pined and drooped1 and at last fell ill4 ,the doctor came from ,x---- and saw her1 and said that it would be nothing2 it was weakness and oppression on the heart2 she wanted care and nourishment4 ,but no care revived her4 ,she grew weaker and weaker1 and the low fever came1 and there was no strength left to battle with it4 ,but ,virginie would not see the danger2 when the neighbors came for news1 she would answer1 with a smile on her wan face3 8,thank ,god6 no worse4 ,the child is very weak2 but last night she slept a little40 ,thus twenty days went by1 and then there came a change1 and on the twenty-first day1 as the ,vesper bell was tolling1 the cur came1 and ,alba was anointed as a bride for heaven4 ,the old man wept like a child as he blessed her and departed4 8,god comfort you1 ,mre ,virginie60 he said1 laying his hand heavily on the mother's head4 ,but ,virginie was like one in whom the faculty of pain or of despair was paralyzed4 8,she will not die1 ,m4 le ,cur4 ,god is merciful2 his heart is kind10 she said4 ,when the sun was going down1 ,alba spoke3 8,mother1 bring me his picture and the pearls he gave me2 ,i should like to wear them once before ,i go44440 ,they brought the pearls and decked her in them2 they smoothed back the moist1 dark hair and crowned her with the queenly coronet2 they clasped the necklace round her throat and the bracelets on her arms1 while she lay quite passive1 as if unconscious of what they were doing4 ,never had she looked so beautiful as at this hour in the deepening twilight1 with the shadow of death stealing on her and touching her features with a celestial pathos4 ,virginie could not but see it now4 ,alba was going from her4 ,but1 no6 it should not be4 ,no1 there was a ,god in heaven1 a merciful1 all-powerful ,god2 it should not be4 ,he would save her child even at this extremity4 ,she had not cried to him loud enough before1 but now she would cry and he should hear her1 now that she knew how dire was her need of him4 ,she knelt down at a little distance from the bed and began to pray4 ,it was terrible to see her2 to see how despair and faith wrestled within her4 ,the agony of the strife was visible in her face2 it was pale as death1 and the big drops stood upon her brow1 that was contracted as by breathless pain2 her eyes were open1 fixed in a rigid stare as on some unseen presence2 her white lips1 drawn in1 were slightly parted1 as if to let the words escape that she could not articulate2 her hands were locked together1 bloodless from the fierce grip of the fingers4 ,old ,jeanne cowered in the corner as she watched her4 ,an hour went by4 ,the tide was coming in2 the waves were washing on the shore with the old familiar sound4 ,the moon rose and stirred the shadows on the plain2 its light stole through the latticed window and overflowed in a silver stream upon the bed1 illuminating it like a shrine in the darkened chamber4 8,mother60 murmured ,alba faintly4 8,my child60 8,kiss me1 mother4444 ,i am going44440 8,alba6 my child6444 ,o ,god6 ,o ,god6 have pity on me44440 ,but ,alba had passed beyond the mother's voice4 99 99 99 99 99 ,there are cries1 we sometimes say1 that might wake the dead--cries that sound like a disembodied spirit1 as if a human soul had broken loose with all its terrors and hopes and concentrated life of love and agony1 and1 escaping in a voice1 traversed the void of space and pierced into the life beyond4 ,those who have heard that cry will remember the silence that followed it--a silence like no other1 infinite1 death-like1 as if the pulse of time stood still1 hearkening for the echo on the other side4 ,the neighbors came and grieved4 8,how beautiful she is60 they whispered to one another1 as they stood by the couch where ,alba lay smiling in her death-sleep and decked in her bridal pearls4 8,no wonder our young lord loved her4 ,how strange that he should have left her6 ,has she died of love1 ,i wonder80 ,many thought more of ,virginie than of ,alba4 8,she will die of grief10 they said4 ,for ,virginie had not shed a tear1 not uttered one wail of lamentation1 since that great cry that followed ,alba into the dark beyond4 ,she and ,jeanne had arrayed her in her bridal dress--those splendid robes of silk and lace which her lover in his pride had prepared for her2 it was a foolish fancy1 but the mother1 remembering how her lost one had loved these splendors1 seemed filled with a vague idea that they might even now give her some pleasure4 ,when this was done she sat with her hands lying loosely locked together on her knees1 gazing on the dead face1 as mute and motionless as if she were dead herself4 ,yet some said they noticed a strange look like a gleam of disbelief in her eyes now and then1 as if she thought death but mocked her with some kind intent4 ,the night and the day passed1 and the night again1 and to-day at noon the dead bride was to be borne away4 ,friends crowded in for a last look2 then1 as the hour drew near1 there was a movement without1 a sound of voices chanting in the distance1 the tramp of feet approaching1 and they knew it was time for them to go4 ,but ,virginie still sat there1 pallid1 immovable1 like a statue set up to stir pity and reverence in the hearts of the beholders4 ,mme4 ,caboff laid a hand upon her arm and pressed her gently to come away4 8,the child is not dead1 but sleepeth10 she said2 8take comfort in that thought40 ,then ,virginie rose like one waking from a trance1 and that strange gleam of disbelief which some had noticed in her eyes was now visible to all4 8,go ye away1 my friends10 she said1 8and leave me here awhile with my child and ,god40 ,there was no murmur of dissuasion1 though many thought that grief had made her mad2 the majesty of grief subdued them to obedience1 and one by one they passed out of the room in silence4 ,then ,virginie knelt down and lifted up her voice in a last supreme appeal to ,god4 8,she is not dead1 but sleepeth6 ,was that a message from thee1 ,lord8 ,thou hast whispered it to my heart before4 ,and what if she were dead--are not death and sleep alike to thee8 ,canst thou not wake from one as easily as from the other8 ,she is not dead1 but sleepeth6 ,when the ,jews laughed thee to scorn1 thou didst glorify thy ,father and raise the dead girl to life again1 and all the people blessed thee4 ,thou didst pity the widow and restore her son1 though she knew not of thy presence nor believed in thee4 ,wilt thou be less pitiful to me1 who believe and cry to thee8 ,son of ,david1 look down upon me1 have pity upon me1 and awake my child6 ,she is not dead1 but sleepeth4 ,canst thou not wake her from this sleep as readily as thou didst raise ,lazarus from the grave where he had lain four days8 ,christ crucified6 ,redeemer6 ,saviour6 ,father6 hearken to my prayer and have mercy on me6 ,by thy pity for the widow1 and for ,lazarus' sisters1 and for thy own ,mother at the foot of the cross1 and for ,john and ,magdalen1 and for thy murderers1 have pity on me and call back my child6 ,she is not dead1 but sleepeth4 ,father6 by the birth of thy dear ,son1 by his thirty-three years' toil and poverty1 by his bloody sweat1 by his scourging1 by the nails that were hammered into his hands and feet1 by the lance that cut into his heart1 by his death and sleep in the sepulchre1 by his victory over the grave1 by his resurrection and his reign of glory at thy right hand1 hear me and give me back my child6 ,she is not dead1 but sleepeth4 ,lord6 ,i believe in thy name1 ,i believe in thy love1 ,i believe in thy mercy and omnipotence4 ,i believe2 ,o ,god6 help thou my unbelief4 ,the child is not dead1 but sleepeth40 ,she rose from her knees1 and1 pressing the crucifix with one hand on the breast of the dead1 she held the other uplifted with priest-like solemnity4 ,there was a pause of intense and awful silence2 the chanting without had ceased2 every ear was strained1 every heart stood still1 listening to the prayer they dared not say amen to4 ,then ,virginie's voice arose again1 sounding not like hers1 but rather like a voice that came from some depth of life within1 beyond her1 and making the mute void vibrate to its solemn tones3 8,alba6 in the name of the living ,god1 awake64440 ,then silence closed upon her speech1 and every pulse was stilled to a deeper hush4444 ,the white lids quivered1 the sleeper's breast heaved beneath the pressure of the cross1 sending forth a soft1 long sigh1 and ,alba was awake4 8,mother60 ,and now a cry arose from without the cottage which must surely have been heard in heaven2 for the rocks took it up and bore it out to sea1 and the waves rolled it back to the reverberating shore1 and deep called unto deep1 and louder and louder it rose and rang1 until it thrilled the welkin1 and heaven sent back to earth the shout of jubilee and praise4 ,but there was one who did not join in it4 ,when the first ecstasy of her thanksgiving was past1 and ,virginie had clasped the loved one in her arms1 and felt the warm blood returning to the cold lips under her kisses1 she saw that ,alba was like one whose spirit was not there2 her eyes were open in a wide1 intense gaze1 as if straining to see beyond their ken1 her ears were deaf to the sounds around her1 hearkening for a voice that others could not hear4 8,my child1 my darling1 let us give thanks together60 ,virginie said when they were once more alone4 ,but ,alba turned her eyes upon her mother with that far-off gaze that seemed to reach beyond the veil4 8,mother10 she said1 speaking in low1 fearful tones--8mother1 why did you call me back8 ,did you not know ,i was with ,god8 ,i was with ,god10 she continued in the same hushed tones2 8,i was in heaven with the angels and all the blessed ones1 so full of happiness that ,i have no words to speak of it40 8,tell me what you saw1 my child4 ,it was a dream2 but ,god sometimes gives us visions in a dream40 8,it was no dream1 mother4 ,i was dead4 ,my soul had left my body and taken flight into eternity4 ,i stood before the throne and saw the vision of ,god4 ,but of this ,i cannot speak40 ,alba paused like one whom reverence made dumb1 and then continued3 8,i sang4 ,o the joy of victory that thrilled through me as ,i lifted up my voice1 and heard it amongst all the voices of the blessed6 ,that was the wonder4 ,voice upon voice uprose1 till all the hosts of heaven were singing1 and yet you heard each singer distinct from all the rest2 each voice was different1 as star differeth from star when all are shining4 ,and there was room in the vast space for silence4 ,i heard the silence1 deep1 palpitating1 as when we hold our breath to listen1 and ,i heard the songs as they rolled out in full organic numbers from the countless choir4 ,i heard my own voice1 clear and sweet and loud like the clarion of an archangel2 thousands of nightingales singing as one bird in the stillness of the summer night were nothing to it6 ,and then the joy of recognition and of love--the very air was warm with love4 ,every spirit in the angelic host--the saints1 the prophets of the old law1 the martyrs and confessors and virgins--all loved me and knew me with an individual knowledge1 and ,i knew them4 ,and--,i know not how it was--though all were resting in a halcyon peace1 none were idle2 they were busy at some task in which the faculties of mind and soul1 new-born and glorified and quickened a thousand-fold1 were eagerly engaged4 ,i seemed to see that they were governing the world and caring for the souls of men--of those chiefly whom they loved on earth4 ,for this ,i know3 that no true bond is broken by death2 the loves of time live on into eternity2 the sorrows of earth are felt and pitied up in heaven1 and the blessed clasp us in their cherishing sympathies closer than they did on earth4 ,for the life in heaven is manifold1 and1 while the blessed citizens toiled1 and sang as if their very being were dissolving into music1 their souls were dwelling in the light of the vision of ,god1 feeding on its beauty in unbroken contemplation4 ,all was activity1 and a fulness of life compared to which our life is death1 yet all was steeped in peace1 in rest unutterable4 ,o mother6 why did you call me back from it80 8,it was a dream1 my child2 your soul was in a trance2 perhaps it was at my prayer ,god woke you from it in time4 ,but1 ,alba1 are you not glad to be with me again8 ,it seems to me that even in heaven ,i should have missed you60 8,i did not feel that ,i was parted from you2 you seemed nearer to me there than when ,i was on earth4 ,but1 mother1 ,i saw standing near the martyrs1 yet not of them1 a soul arrayed in crimson--that flaming light that ,i call crimson1 not knowing its real name--and she stretched forth her arms to greet me with a greater joy than all the rest1 and she called herself my mother80 ,virginie's heart stood still4 ,had heaven betrayed her secret8 ,if so1 it were vain to try to hide it any longer4 ,she told the truth to ,alba4 8,and now10 she said1 8you will love that mother in heaven better than you love me60 ,there was a look of humble1 beseeching misery in her face as she said this that was most pitiful4 ,but ,alba did not answer2 that far-off gaze was in her eyes again4 ,at last1 slowly turning them upon ,virginie1 she said3 8,now ,i can understand why you called me back4 ,if you had been my real mother you would have let me go2 your love would have been brave enough to part with me1 to suffer when you knew that ,i was happy40 ,there was no anger in her voice1 no reproach in her look2 but the words held the bitterness of death to ,virginie1 and pierced her heart like blades of poisoned steel4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the mystery of the young lord's silence ceased to occupy the first place in local gossip1 now that a more exciting theme had been provided1 but it held its place in ,virginie's mind and was seldom out of her thoughts4 8,would it not be a great joy to you to see him again80 she said to ,alba4 8,i should be glad of it1 mother2 but the time is so short it matters little whether ,i see him here or not40 8,you never loved him1 ,alba40 8,i loved him with my whole soul2 ,i loved him too well4 ,i would have died for love of him40 ,she had died for love of him1 the mother thought4 8,and yet you do not care to see him again80 8,i am satisfied to wait until we meet in heaven40 ,the spark was dead2 it was useless trying to blow the cold ashes into a flame4 ,virginie devoured her heart in uncomplaining silence4 ,if ,alba's reproach was merited1 if her love had been at fault1 tainted in its origin with egotism and cowardice1 then it was meet that she should suffer and expiate the sin4 ,but ,hermann1 meantime1 was on his way to ,gondriac4 ,he had not been killed or wounded or faithless2 he had been confined at ,vincennes by order of the emperor1 in hopes that solitude might help him to see the folly of this intended marriage1 and bend his stubborn fancy to the reasonable will of his imperial master4 ,the experiment had failed4 ,the emperor was dethroned1 a captive now himself1 and ,m4 de ,gondriac was free and speeding on the wings of love to claim the reward of his fidelity4 ,before he reached the cottage on the cliff he had learned the story of ,alba's--resurrection1 was it8--of her having passed in spirit through the gates of death1 and come back to life so changed men hardly knew her for the same4 8,it was a trance10 the cur said1 when ,hermann stopped on the road to take his greeting4 8,it was death1 monseigneur10 said the fishermen who gathered round his saddle-bow4 8,she died of love1 and the mother's prayer called her back to life2 but the child left her heart in heaven and pines to be gone again40 ,hermann sent his horse on to the castle and made his way up the cliff1 pondering this strange story4 ,she had died of love of him1 they said in their simple superstition1 and was pining to die again4 ,sweet ,alba6 ,he would make her life such a paradise of love that she should have no reason to regret her glimpse of heaven4 ,as he drew near the low1 thatched cottage the purr of ,virginie's spinning-wheel came to him with the old familiar welcome4 ,he opened the door and entered unannounced4 8,monseigneur60 ,she dropped her yarn with a cry4 ,the glad surprise subsided1 ,hermann in a few words explained all1 and then heard the details of the wonderful tale ,virginie had to tell4 8,you will find her somewhere on the rocks10 she said4 8,it may be that the sudden sight of you will startle her dead heart into life and bring back a thrill of the old happiness2 if not1 ,i pray ,god to take her to himself1 for the sight of the child's patient misery is killing me40 ,but ,m4 de ,gondriac had no such dismal apprehensions as he went out to seek his beautiful one4 ,how would she meet him8 ,would it be with the old shy glance of pleasure1 giving him her hand to kiss1 and forbidding any tenderer caress by that air of virgin pride that sat on her so queenly8 ,or would joy break down the barriers and send her bounding into his arms8 ,he trod the sandy grass with a quick1 strong step1 but the sound of his footfalls fell upon her ear unheeded2 she sat motionless1 with her face set towards the sea till he was at her side4 8,alba60 ,then she looked up1 and a pale blush1 faint as the heart of a white rose1 clouded her face4 8,hermann60 ,he caught her in his arms and kissed her1 and she took his caress as she might have done a brother's4 ,the placid tenderness of her manner chilled him4 8,alba6 my wife6 ,you are glad to see me back again60 he said1 still holding her close to him and looking into her eyes for some answering sigh1 some flash of the old coy1 shrinking fondness2 but they looked back into his limpid1 calm1 passionless as a dove's4 ,she smiled and lifted up her face to kiss him4 ,he bent down to receive it1 but that proffered kiss was like the iron entering into his soul4 ,the ,alba whom he had left was not here2 she had gone1 he knew not whither1 and in her place another being had come--a shadow of the woman who had loved him with all a woman's tenderness4 ,he sat down beside her and related the history of his life since they had parted1 all he had suffered for her sake1 and how light he held the suffering now that the reward was his2 and she listened calmly1 and spoke her gratitude with a gentle humility that was very touching4 ,then they were silent for a while1 ,alba apparently not caring to speak1 ,hermann longing to do so1 but not daring to say what his mind was full of4 ,at last ,alba broke the spell4 8,you know that ,i was dead10 she said2 8,i should be in heaven now1 if mother had not called me back40 8,my darling6 ,i will make a heaven for you on earth40 8,i once thought that was possible4 ,i thought that heaven could give me nothing better than your love2 but now ,i know that all the love of earth is but a shadow1 a mockery compared to the love of heaven4 ,it is nothing1 nothing beside it6 ,o ,hermann6 when we talk of happiness we are like blind fools4 ,we don't know what happiness means40 8,alba6 you have ceased to love me1 or you would not speak so60 8,i love you as well as ever--nay1 better than ,i did before2 but1 ,o ,hermann6 ,i should have loved you so infinitely better up in heaven4 ,if you knew what the life of love is there60 ,she clasped her hands1 and her dark eyes shone with a supernatural light1 as if the brightness of glory1 invisible to him1 were reflected there4 8,you will tell me about it1 darling1 but not now10 he said1 a terrible dread seizing him4 8,i want you to think of me a little now1 and not so much of heaven4 ,we must fix our wedding-day2 it shall be soon1 shall it not8 ,there is no need for any delay40 8,no1 there is no need10 she repeated4 ,then1 after a pause1 she said1 looking calmly into his face3 8,hermann1 why should we not wait to wed one another in heaven80 8,there is no marrying or giving in marriage there10 he replied3 but he had grown ashy pale1 and the chill of a horrible fear was in his heart1 deepening with every word that ,alba spoke4 8,you are angry with me10 she said1 misunderstanding his pallor and the changed expression of his face4 8,o ,hermann6 don't think that ,i have ceased to love you4 ,i love you with all my heart4 ,i have never loved any one1 never could love any one1 but you4 ,say you are not angry with me60 8,no1 darling1 ,i am not angry2 but ,i thought we were to be so happy together1 and ,i see that you are changed4 ,but1 ,alba1 ,i will not hold you to your promise2 you shall not marry me unless you wish it40 8,i do wish it4 ,i wish to make you happy4 ,i have no other wish on earth now40 ,he kissed her without answering1 and they went home4 ,the terrible fear which for a moment possessed him was soon dispelled4 ,alba was not mad4 ,whatever was the mysterious change that had come over her1 her reason was unimpaired4 ,but all else was changed3 the conditions of life had become reversed1 the spiritual relations between the seen and the unseen were in some way disturbed1 and things thrown out of their natural proportion4 ,but the nature of the experience by which this change had been wrought eluded ,hermann's grasp1 baffling reason while it compelled belief4 ,belief in what8 ,had ,alba's spirit1 infringing the laws that rule our mortal state1 broken loose from its prison1 and been permitted to stand before the gates of pearl and taste of those joys which it hath not entered into the heart of man to conceive1 and then been sent back to earth1 home-sick as an exiled angel8 ,was this thing possible8 ,is anything not possible to ,him who bids the lilies blow and the stars shine1 and who holds the sea in the hollow of his hand8 ,hermann de ,gondriac did not stop to investigate the mystery4 ,his was one of those human souls whose deepest convictions lie dormant in their depths1 not only unanalyzed but unrecognized1 for want of a voice to question them4 ,he loved ,alba1 and he would trust to his love to mend the broken spring and reconcile to the happiness of earth this heart enamored by the bliss of heaven4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the wedding-day rose bright and fair2 a golden glow was on the flood2 the sun shone on the breakers1 turning the green to sapphire blue1 while the tide flowed in1 swelling the anthem of the dawn2 the yellow woods round ,alba's home glistened like a golden zone1 fit symbol of the enchanted life awaiting her within their magic ring4 ,no sad ,vesper bell was tolling2 merrily the silver-footed chimes1 like messengers of joy1 tripped on to meet her on the morning air1 as she came forth1 once more arrayed in bridal pearls4 ,a train of little children1 clad in white and piping canticles1 went on before1 strewing flowers upon her path4 ,pale as a lily in her snow-white robes was ,alba1 her dark eyes glowing with a light that was most beautiful2 and when the bridegroom turned to greet her at the altar1 her smile1 they said1 was like the smile of an angel4 ,the wedding rite began2 the ring was passed1 the solemn words were spoken3 8,until death do part ye44440 ,then ,alba1 with a cry of joy1 as when we greet some vision of delight1 fell forward and was caught in ,hermann's arms4 8,farewell1 beloved6444 ,mother1 farewell64440 8,alba6 my wife6 ,o ,god6 can it be possible84440 ,but loud above the lover's wail and that of all the people ,virginie's voice was heard in tones more of jubilee than lamentation3 8,thy will be done1 ,o ,lord6 ,blessed be the name of the ,lord60 99 99 99 99 99 ,that night the moon rose late2 the sea-gulls1 poised above the purple flood1 heard the waves wash softly on the noiseless shore2 the stars came out and looked into the shining sea below2 the rocks gleamed white as snow-peaks in the moonlight1 and all the land lay listening to the silver silence4 ,from out its depths a voice was calling1 though only those who hearkened heard it1 and the voice said3 8,thou shalt see ,his face1 444 and night shall be no more1 and they shall not need the light of the lamp1 nor the light of the sun1 because the ,lord ,god shall enlighten them1 and they shall reign for ever and ever40 ,,the ,,end4 ,,italy4 ,,written ,,after ,,reading 8,,poems ,,of ,,places--,,italy10 ,,edited ,,by ,h4 ,w4 ,,longfellow4 ,i4 ,amid those shining ways of ,italy ,i thought of one who walks with bandaged eyes1 ,led by some loving guide who1 in sweet guise ,of eloquent speech1 makes blinded vision see ,the very lines that make tall towers fair1 ,the peaceful saints that guard cathedral door-- ,in death still keeping watch the people o'er-- ,lifting tired souls to holy heights of prayer4 ,even frail nest familiar form doth wear ,built far above upon the shoulders broad ,of sculptured friar1 bearing light the load ,his brother birds give1 trustful1 in his care4 ,so1 poet-led1 seemeth scarce need of eyes1 ,pictured earth's loveliness in words so wise4 ,,ii4 ,the blinded wanderer sees the far-off light ,of shadowy ,alp1 and his the lingering glow ,that breathes in western skies along the low ,and gleaming marshes darkening with the night4 ,not bluer to fond eyes that see most clear ,are ,naples' waves than break they in his sight2 ,nor floats ,st4 ,peter's dome in softer light1 ,seen from the ,pincian1 than its image fair ,rests in the pilgrim's heart that in ,rome sings ,its ,nunc dimittis1 whether it hold dear ,for ,brutus' sake the city1 or revere ,the holier presence shadowing with strong wings ,the mighty one1 earth's new ,jerusalem1 ,whose virtue fills her very garment's hem4 ,,iii4 ,he sees the shadows o'er the valley creep-- ,nay1 even knows he1 through his guide's clear speech1 ,where1 at each hour1 the ilex shade shall reach4 ,though blinded1 he can feel the sunshine steep ,the hill he climbs2 fair ,italy's soft air ,grow yet more soft with pity for poor eyes ,that only feel the brightness of her skies1 ,not know the infinite depths that glisten there4 ,and quick his ears catch sound of falling stream1 ,twitter of leaves in ,vallombrosan woods1 ,bird-carol flung from chestnut solitudes2 ,while soft-voiced waves1 like music in a dream1 ,now tread with rippling touch ,sorrento's shore1 ,now rise and fall ,venetian stairway o'er4 ,,iv4 ,he hears in ,roman mouth the ,tuscan speech2 ,hears ,naples chant the light of ,syracuse1 ,siena's tongue1 in guileless praise let loose1 ,in its pure utterance ancient glory teach4 ,and tells the poet to the wondering heart ,old histories of older ,latin days2 ,of distraught ,italy's sad1 stormy ways ,when feud and treason tore her sons apart1 ,when ,dante ate the exile's bitter bread1 ,when eagles dark swept down upon the land1 ,and lilies white1 that should all stain withstand1 ,with deeds unworthy were discolord4 ,while from the ,vaudois' shivering mountain crown ,the echoes of their bard-sung wars sweep down4 ,v4 ,singeth the poet of still nearer days ,when all the little lands fade one by one1 ,like wan stars melting 'neath ,sardinia's sun-- ,while1 for her crowning1 'mid the strangers' praise1 ,hastes ,italy unto the ,capitol4 ,life of her sons laid down for her new life1 ,maidens their soldiers arming for the strife1 ,weeping the field where love and banner fall4 ,sings he of carbine and of bayonet ,that gleam and darken on ,perugian hills1 ,of sorrow that a frightened city fills1 ,and priestly robe with blood defenceless wet4 ,white ,roman robe earth's shadow marketh dark-- ,world-licensed target for the poets' mark6 ,,vi4 ,the pilgrim hearkens to his guide's strong words1 ,basks in their sunshine1 thanketh for their dew1 ,yet wonders1 could his eyes behold the blue ,as well as ears can mark the song of birds1 ,if something still he lacks he might not find-- ,some perfect key of heavenly harmony ,that should attune all sad discordancy1 ,in true accord the clashing fragments bind4 ,soft fall the ,angelus bells on listening ear1 ,the ,miserere1 in distress divine1 ,wails from the heart of city ,leonine4 ,feels he the light that makes his darkness clear1 ,grasps he the chord of pure and infinite blue ,his picture lacks to make its color true4 ,,vii4 ,so1 poet-led1 ,i trod ,italian ways1 ,seeing the glimmer of pale olive-trees1 ,drifting1 entranced1 o'er warm ,sicilian seas1 ,hearkening ,siena's perfect speech of praise1 ,drinking of ,trevi's fountain1 o'er and o'er1 ,yet craving ever something still more rare1 ,some gift of grace that ,italy must wear ,to make her so the heart's-best evermore2 ,some crown above her hills1 than her blue seas ,more luminous1 beyond her painters' fame1 ,or passionate poets' soaring words of flame1 ,more than all proudest earthly destinies4 ,so drowned1 amid the peal of ,saxon bells1 ,thought of that life wherein her true soul dwells4 ,,viii4 ,seemed it as if the poet built a shrine-- ,lifting its towers in the radiant air ,the doves might haunt to make it seem more fair1 ,lifting its columns that an art divine ,with watching saints should crown1 setting its floor ,in firm mosaic1 where1 alas6 inwrought ,should forms misshapen of ungentle thought ,sadden the ,roman sunshine wandering o'er1 ,that1 creeping onward1 still should hope to kiss ,the gladder sunshine of ,st4 ,philip's feet4 ,heaped high the altar with all flowers sweet-- ,rich ,italy's unstinted loveliness-- ,kindled the lamp before the inmost shrine1 ,withheld the presence of the ,guest ,divine6 ,,the ,,seven ,,valleys ,,of ,,the ,,lavedan4 ,on the #dth of ,july1 #ahgf--the day after the coronation of ,notre ,dame de ,lourdes1 la plus noble dame qui fut jamais1 to use the expression of an old chronicler--we set out for the springs of ,cauterets4 ,south of ,lourdes the mountains seem to stand apart to afford a passage to the headlong ,gave4 ,here begins the ,lavedan1 the old ,pagus ,lavitanensis1 which comprises seven valleys that extend to the very frontier of ,spain4 ,this was the ancient country of the ,sotiates1 who were famous for their horsemanship1 as ,lavedan has always been for its horses4 ,in the middle ages it became a vicomt1 which dated from the early ,carlovingians and flourished for more than seven centuries4 ,the vicomtes of ,lavedan figured in all the great wars of their time1 particularly against the ,moors in ,spain1 and became so powerful as to defy the ,count of ,bigorre1 their own liege lord4 ,they displayed great valor1 too1 against the ,english1 who for sixty years held the citadel of ,lourdes that commanded the entrance to their valleys1 as well as several fastnesses among the mountains4 ,we find members of their race among the bishops1 abbots1 and ,knights-,templars of the province1 as if able in every path of life to assert their capacity4 ,the last of the old lords fought with ,dunois the brave under the banner of ,joan of ,arc at ,orleans4 ,his only grandchild married ,charles de ,bourbon1 a favorite of ,henry ,,iv4's4 ,the glory of this family1 however1 is mostly confined to the ,pyrenees1 and might never have come down to modern times had it not been for the faithful chroniclers of the ,lavedan monasteries4 ,it is1 in fact1 first mentioned in #ide in a cartulary of the abbey of ,st4 ,savin1 of which it was a benefactor4 ,hardly had we entered the valley of the ,lavedan before we saw1 on an isolated mount at the left1 the dismantled tower of ,hieou1 one of the signal-towers that1 in times of border warfare1 used to transmit messages from the ,spanish frontier to the heart of ,france4 ,the shores of the ,gave were deliciously fresh1 but the mountains on both sides are at first treeless and uninteresting4 ,nothing grows on them but the purple heather1 and patches of odorous shrubs that perfume the valley4 ,here and there on their sides are great heaps of black slate from the numerous quarries4 ,but these mountains have a certain austere charm of their own1 not unbefitting sentinels that guard the approaches to the grotto of the ,virgin4 ,we passed group after group of pilgrims returning from the recent celebration1 with red crosses fastened to their breasts1 or blue-and-white badges of the ,immaculate ,conception1 saying their rosaries or singing a hymn4 ,they invariably saluted us politely as we drove past1 and two bronzed mountaineers whom we stopped for information sped us on our way with the pious wish3 8,may ,god accompany you60 ,after several leagues the mountains became wooded1 and a bend of the river1 along which we kept1 brought us into the delightful basin of ,argels1 one of the valleys of the ,lavedan4 ,this is the ,eden of the ,pyrenees4 ,on the mountain slopes grow the walnut and the oak4 ,the roads are shaded with long lines of ash-trees4 ,the meadows were covered with rich harvests4 ,the thickets were blooming with roses4 ,the houses were almost buried among fruit-trees of all kinds4 ,every now and then we came to a tall cross with the insignia of the ,passion1 or some wayside niche with its ,virgin and fresh flowers before her4 ,we passed the square tower of ,vidalos on a height1 and farther on came to the ancient castle of ,vieuzac1 once a military post that kept alive the signal-fires in troubled times4 ,on every hand were quaint-looking villages with pretty chapels half-hidden in the folds of the mountains1 each with some old monument1 or older tradition1 to which it fondly clings4 ,from ,agos to ,pierrefitte1 only about six miles1 there are ten charming villages set in a framework of mountains no poet could describe4 ,they close around this happy valley1 as if to shield it from all outward influences4 ,during the ,huguenot ascendency in the neighboring province of ,barn it is said no taint of the new religion ever found its way into this valley4 ,at the north is ,mount ,balandra1 easily ascended1 that affords a fine view of the country1 which is full of wonderful contrasts4 ,the ,gave winds swiftly through the most beautiful of valleys2 on every hand are the mountains1 sometimes like a vast rampart of verdure1 sometimes swelling up1 one after the other1 like great waves1 with a high peak occasionally1 jagged as a saw1 and in the distance the eternal glaciers glittering in the sun and feeding the numerous cascades and torrents that lash the mountain sides4 ,to this peaceful valley came ,st4 ,orens from his native ,spain1 in the fourth century1 before whom1 according to the ,spanish legend1 a supernatural light burned and a mysterious hand pointed the way4 ,and it was yonder umbrageous mountain that1 when he sought to escape from the fame of his sanctity1 opened at his approach and hid him in its bosom4 ,here1 too1 four centuries after1 came ,st4 ,savin1 son of the ,count of ,barcelona1 when he forsook the grandeurs of the world for a cell in the wilderness4 ,a few years since there were vestiges of his cell at ,pouey ,asp1 after a thousand years2 and tradition points out the fountain that sprang up from a blow of his staff when the stream that flowed past his cell dried up in the summer4 ,his tomb is still honored in the abbey church of ,st4 ,savin1 which is one of the most conspicuous objects in the landscape1 with its queer steeple1 shaped like an extinguisher4 ,no tourist fails to visit ,st4 ,savin3 the archologist on account of its old ,romanesque church of the tenth century2 the artist for its picturesque site2 the pious to honor one of the most popular saints of the seven valleys2 and the political economist because1 in the middle ages1 this abbey was the nucleus of a little republic of eight villages1 called the ,pascal of ,st4 ,savin1 the inhabitants of which had from time immemorial the right of universal suffrage1 and where even the women1 without the advantages of modern progress1 were admitted to vote6 ,the abbey of ,st4 ,savin--that is what remains of it--stands on the side of a mountain amid dense groves of chestnut-trees4 ,according to the old cartularies1 it was founded by ,charlemagne on the site of the ,palatium milianum erected by the ,romans after the conquest to keep the country in subjection1 but ruined by the ,saracens4 ,roland himself is said to have received hospitality from the monks4 ,pulci1 in his ,rotta di ,roncisvalle1 relates how he delivered them from the giants ,alabastre and ,passamonte1 and their brother ,morgante only escaped being cleft in two by submitting to be baptized in the church4 ,this monastery1 renowned in legend and song1 was burned to the ground by the fierce ,normans1 and it was more than a century before it rose from its ashes4 ,it was restored by ,raymond ,i41 ,count of ,bigorre1 about the middle of the tenth century4 ,he gave the house to the monks of ,st4 ,benedict1 and bestowed on them the valley of ,cauterets1 on condition that they would build a church there in honor of ,st4 ,martin1 and provide accommodations for those who should frequent the springs4 ,he also made over to them his rights to the game in the pascal valleys1 as well as certain claims on the produce of the dairy4 ,the abbey became likewise an object of bounty to other neighboring lords1 who confided in ,st4 ,savin when alive1 and in death wished to lie near his hallowed shrine4 ,cornelia de ,barbazan1 grandmother of a ,vicomtesse de ,lavedan1 had great devotion to ,st4 ,savin1 and gave the monastery one-half the abbey of ,agos4 ,the other half belonged to ,arnaud de ,tors1 a lord who only had two children1 and they were deaf mutes4 ,he offered them both to ,god and ,st4 ,savin1 and subsequently his wife1 himself1 and all he possessed4 ,cornelia's husband outlived her1 and on his death-bed asked the monks of ,st4 ,savin for the monastic habit1 and gave them also all he owned at ,agos4 ,the kings of ,navarre1 the vicomtes of ,barn1 and ,henry ,,iv4 himself proved themselves the zealous patrons of this monastery4 ,the abbey of ,st4 ,savin became the intellectual as well as moral centre of the valleys around4 ,several of the abbots were noted for their sanctity1 and most of them were from good families4 ,they figured among the great lords of the province1 and when they visited the little states of their republic the people came out to meet them with young maidens bearing flowers in a basket4 ,they had certain feudal rights over the eight villages1 but bound themselves1 on taking possession of their office1 to respect the customs and privileges of the inhabitants1 believed to have been handed down from the beginning of time4 ,the people were none of them serfs1 but all free citizens who had the right of deciding by majority of votes every question that affected the interests of the republic4 ,each village was a little state by itself1 and sent its representatives to the general assembly1 which was held in the cloister of ,st4 ,savin4 ,the women themselves1 as we have said1 had a voice in public affairs4 ,an old record of #acaf says that when the people of ,cauterets came together in the porch of the church to decide whether they should yield to the abbot's proposition to change the site of the town and baths1 they all consented1 except one strong-minded woman1 named ,gaillardine de ,frchou1 who stoutly held out against the lord abbot4 ,women seem to have been regarded in these valleys as something sacred4 ,in the old statutes of the country1 drawn up by the abbot of ,st4 ,savin and other dignitaries of the province1 one of the articles declared that if a criminal took refuge under a woman's protection1 his person was safe1 on condition of his repairing the damage4 ,she gave him asylum1 as if a temple1 or had something of the nature of a divinity6 ,this code also forbade the creditors seizing the oxen and agricultural implements of the laborer4 ,the people elected seven judges to try all criminal cases1 but the abbot exercised the higher prerogatives of justice4 ,he never stained his hands with blood1 however2 it was the ,count of ,bigorre alone who could impose the sentence of death4 ,the abbot had special rights1 also1 which he jealously guarded as a means of revenue4 ,the pastors of the eight villages could say ,low ,mass for their flocks and administer the ,holy ,communion1 but ,high ,mass had to be attended at ,st4 ,savin1 where the children were also brought to be baptized and the dead for burial1 unless in exceptional cases4 ,the obligation of baptism and burial at ,st4 ,savin was not confined to the ,pascal1 but extended to the sixty villages of the valleys of ,argels and ,azun4 ,the people had the privilege of hunting in the forests and fishing in the streams--and the game and trout are not to be despised in these days--but the abbot had a right to the skins and a shoulder of certain animals1 and an annual tribute of fish4 ,the monks of ,st4 ,savin were noted for their hospitality1 and they often received visits from those who frequented the baths of ,cauterets4 ,in the sixteenth century they welcomed ,catharine of ,navarre in spite of her ,contes and taste for the doctrines of ,calvin2 and in the seventeenth the poet ,bertin1 who1 in his light1 scoffing way1 has celebrated 8the long dinner and short ,mass of the good abbot of ,st4 ,savin10 though he does not seem to have attended the latter1 brief as it might have been4 ,margaret of ,navarre had been staying at ,cauterets1 where she is said to have composed the ,heptamron4 ,she set out thence for ,tarbes1 but the bridges had all been carried away by rains1 which she says were 8so marvellous and great that it seemed as if ,god had forgotten his promise to ,noe not to destroy the earth again by water40 ,the preface to her work says3 8,after riding all day she and her suite towards evening espied a belfry1 where1 as well as they could1 but not without great trouble and difficulty1 they succeeded in arriving1 and were kindly received by the abbot and monks of the abbey1 called ,st4 ,savin4 ,the abbot1 who was of an excellent family1 lodged them very honorably1 and1 as he conducted them to their rooms1 made inquiries as to the dangers they had undergone4 ,after listening to their account he told them they were not alone in their misfortunes1 for there were two young ladies in another apartment who had escaped great danger4 ,these poor ladies1 at half a league from ,pierrefitte1 had met a bear descending from the mountain1 from which they fled at such speed that their horses fell dead on arriving at their place of refuge40 ,when the princess left ,st4 ,savin the abbot furnished her party with 8the best horses in ,lavedan1 thick ,barn cloaks1 substantial provisions1 and excellent guides across the mountains1 which they were obliged to traverse partly on foot1 in spite of the horses1 and1 after great sweat and labor1 arrived at ,notre ,dame de ,sarrance40 ,the sceptical poet ,bertin1 too1 thought his visit worthy of recording3 8,we chose that day to pay our brief devotions at the ,abbey of ,st4 ,savin2 that is to say1 to dine there at the expense of ,st4 ,benedict4 ,the steeple of the ,abbey comes in sight between ,pierrefitte and ,argels4 ,the road ascends amid the trees1 a little rough1 but cool1 impenetrable to the rays of the sun1 and watered by an infinite number of living streams that come down from the mountains4 ,it may be well to say that some of us were in a carriage and others on horseback1 but the greater part were perched1 well or ill1 as the case might be1 on donkeys4 ,our arrival was triumphant4 ,the ladies were received by the prior to the sound of the organ1 the only instrument he could strike up1 thanks to the talent of his cook4 ,he likewise presented them a bouquet of flowers and made them a compliment4444 ,the house is well built1 spacious1 and in the finest position in the world4 ,from the upper terrace of the garden the eye wanders over the magnificent plain of ,argels1 which bears comparison1 to say the least1 with the famous valley of ,campan4 ,the day was spent very agreeably1 but almost wholly at table4 ,we returned a little late in the evening1 without any other accident but the loss of one of our donkeys1 which took it into its head to die on the way1 under the pretext that he had been overworked in the morning and could go no farther4 ,we celebrated in couplets1 half sad1 half merry1 to which every one contributed3 8',le trpas de la veielle nesse1 ,qu'on magntisa1 mais en vain 7,trop sotte tait la sotte espce72 ,le long dner1 la courte messe1 ,la chre fine1 et le bon vin1 ,l'enjoment et la politesse ,du bon prieur de ,st4 ,savin4'0 ,none of the local traditions or documents contain anything to the disparagement of the monks of ,st4 ,savin1 and their memory is still dear to the inhabitants of the valley4 ,madame de ,motteville1 lady of honor to ,anne of ,austria1 when she came to the ,pyrenees on the occasion of ,louis ,,xiv4's marriage1 visited ,st4 ,savin1 and thus speaks of it3 8,there is an abbey here of great importance and renown4 ,it is well built and the monks lead an exemplary life40 ,the abbatial church escaped at the ,revolution1 and the tomb of ,st4 ,savin was respected4 ,but it became the property of the government1 and it was not till #ahgd that it was purchased by the ,bishop of ,tarbes4 ,the greater part of the abbey has disappeared4 ,the old chapter-hall1 however1 is still standing4 ,it is of the twelfth century1 and has six low arches supported by two central pillars1 cylindrical in form4 ,this hall opened into the cloister1 which has been totally destroyed4 ,the fine ,romanesque church is in good preservation4 ,around the deep embrasures of the entrance are symbolic animals of evil import somewhat coarsely sculptured1 such as the scaly dragon of adverse influence1 a bear devouring a sinless child1 and the screech-owl1 symbol of ,jews1 traitors1 and the foul fiend3 8,en cest oisel sunt figur ,li felon ,jeve maleur0 --by this bird is figured the felon ,jew malign4 ,and1 in fact1 the ,jews closed their eyes1 like the owl1 to the light1 not to recognize the ,messias4 ,we descended by several steps into the church1 into which the sun was streaming from the rose window at the west4 ,the tomb of ,st4 ,savin is at the apsis1 beneath a gilded canopy of rich design4 ,it is of schist1 about six feet long and three broad1 and rests on double columns of marble1 which have carved capitals4 ,it was long used as an altar1 according to the custom of the early church4 ,above is an ancient statue of the ,virgin1 said to have been brought from the ,east by the ,crusaders1 and in another part of the church is a revered crucifix of great antiquity4 ,one of the most interesting ornaments is a painting in eighteen compartments that presents a complete epitome of ,st4 ,savin's life1 and is curious for its details of costume and architecture4 ,here we are told how ,st4 ,savin was sent by his mother1 the ,countess of ,barcelona1 to complete his education at the brilliant court of her brother1 the ,count of ,poitiers1 who received him with great favor and entrusted his son to his care4 ,st4 ,savin1 for whom1 young as he was1 life had no illusions1 inspired his cousin to lead a simple1 unostentatious life in the midst of worldly luxuries1 and the latter1 not satisfied with this taste of self-renunciation1 soon betook himself to the convent of ,ligug1 near ,poitiers4 ,his mother1 in despair1 threw herself at ,st4 ,savin's feet1 crying3 8,give me back my child6 ,it is you who have robbed me of him4 ,you have a mother2 think of her grief should you abandon her for ever40 ,alas6 this was the very thing the saint was thinking of1 but he could not resist a higher will4 ,he soon followed his cousin's example1 and they took the monastic habit together4 ,st4 ,savin's heart1 however1 yearned for a more profound solitude1 and a celestial inspiration directed his steps toward the ,pyrenees4 ,coming to the valley of the ,gave1 he followed its windings till he reached a spot overshadowed by three lofty mountains that were covered with snow nearly all the year round--cold1 stern1 wrapped in gray mists1 and infested with wild beasts4 ,here he looked down on the lonely valley once inhabited by his countryman1 the great ,st4 ,orens1 and resolved to build his cell in a place so favorable to meditation and prayer1 and give himself up to a life of austerity4 ,he trod the rough mountain paths with bare feet--he who had been brought up in the court of princes4 ,his only garment lasted him thirteen years4 ,he dug a grave seven feet long and five deep1 and there he slept1 or lay buried in divine contemplation4 ,chromasse1 a neighboring lord1 angry to see a stranger on his lands1 sent a servant to drive him away1 but the latter only rendered ,st4 ,savin incapable of obeying by the blows he inflicted on him4 ,both master and servant were punished for their cruelty4 ,the former was struck blind1 and the latter became possessed by the devil4 ,the moral condition of the servant particularly excited the compassion of the saint1 who obtained his deliverance by the power of prayer4 ,an old legend says that when ,st4 ,savin wished to have a light in his cell he used to hold a torch to his breast1 and in that furnace of divine love it was at once lighted4 ,this torch used to burn all night long without being consumed1 and only grew pale when the morning light came to surprise the saint lost in prayer4 ,st4 ,savin1 in his last illness1 was attended by ,sylvian and ,flavian1 two monks from the neighboring abbey4 ,when he felt his end was drawing near he requested to see ,abbot ,forminius1 who1 detained by important business1 sent word that he would come on the following day4 ,the dying hermit replied that the morrow would be too late1 for then a higher occupation would engross him4 ,as soon as his condition became known a great number of priests and monks hastened to his cell4 ,he received the ,body of the ,lord1 and1 with his arms stretched towards heaven and a face radiant with joy1 he fell asleep in the midst of a prayer which he finished in heaven4 ,all the people of the neighboring valleys followed ,st4 ,savin's body to the grave4 ,the repentant ,chromasse himself joined the procession1 and1 pressing close to the bier1 he touched with trembling hands the body of the saint1 and his eyes1 so long closed to the light1 instantly recovered their sight4 ,such is the legend of ,st4 ,savin1 who became of so much repute in these mountains that it is not surprising his name should be given to the abbey where he was buried4 ,from a terrace before the church is a superb view of the vale of ,argels1 around which rises mountain above mountain2 the lowest rich with vegetation1 the upper peaks bare and covered with eternal frosts4 ,not far off are the remains of the old feudal castle of ,baucens1 formerly inhabited by the ,vicomtes de ,lavedan1 lords of the ,seven ,valleys4 ,madame de ,motteville1 who stopped here1 compares it in her ,mmoires to the palace of the fairy ,urgande4 ,just below ,st4 ,savin is the village of ,adast with the chteau de ,miramon1 the heiress of which married ,despourrins1 the bucolic poet of the ,pyrenees1 who composed here1 in the idiom of the valley1 pastoral songs full of grace and feeling1 which have made his name popular in the mountains1 where they are still sung by the herdsmen4 ,barn and ,bigorre contend for the honor of being his birthplace1 as the ,greek cities of old for that of ,homer4 ,here ,boieldieu1 struck by the beauty of the country and its poetic associations1 wished to found an academy of artists4 ,his plan was1 as he wrote his friend ,berton in #ahcb1 8to buy an old chteau in the beautiful valley of ,argels1 as finely situated as that of the poet ,despourrins4 ,the sight of so glorious a landscape would rouse the torpid imagination1 and perhaps awaken in the exhausted brain fresh inspirations that might rival the vagaries of certain artists of the new school4 ,the sky of the ,pyrenees ought to be as propitious as that of ,italy4 ,the ,pic du ,midi is not a volcano1 but it is covered with flowers4 ,and ,marbor1 the ,brche de ,roland1 and the ,cirque de ,gavarnie1 with its cascade that falls down twelve hundred feet1 are monuments capable of electrifying the imagination as well as ,st4 ,peter's1 the ,coliseum1 and the ,pantheon at ,rome40 ,on a promontory near ,miramon is the votive chapel of ,pitad1 with its ,romanesque lucarnes and low arches1 that dates from the ninth century4 ,it was saved at the ,revolution by the mountaineers1 among whom1 as in ,spain1 ,our ,lady of ,sorrow 7or of ,piti1 as she is called here7 is especially popular4 ,there is1 too1 the chapel of ,soulon1 with its crenellated tower1 and near by the hermitage of ,st4 ,aoulari1 with its ,roman apsis--a rural oratory1 once supported by the offerings of pilgrims and a field that yielded three sacks of wheat1 but where services are now held only on certain festivals of the ,virgin4 ,on the other side of the ,vale of ,argels stood the hermitage of ,st4 ,orens between two cliffs1 where1 in the tenth century1 the ,countess ,faquilie of ,bigorre built a monastery1 that this great saint might come to her aid on the dread day of judgment2 but only a few picturesque ruins now remain on the edge of a frightful abyss4 ,an old charter enumerates the gifts of the countess for the support of this abbey1 called ,st4 ,orens of ,lavedan3 fields1 vineyards1 books1 vestments1 and sacred vessels4 ,nay1 more3 twenty cows with their calves1 six horses1 cattle1 sheep1 swine1 and a donkey4 ,the neighboring lords verified the boundaries of the land she gave1 and swore thereto by six saints popular in the mountains3 ,st4 ,saturnin1 ,st4 ,paul1 ,st4 ,andrew1 ,st4 ,martin1 and ,st4 ,orens4 ,st4 ,orens rivals ,st4 ,savin in popularity in southwestern ,france1 where many churches and convents still bear his name4 ,nor is his fame confined to this region4 ,st4 ,hugo consecrated a chapel to his memory in the magnificent church of ,cluny4 ,in ,spain there is a church bearing his name at ,huesca1 which claims to be his native place4 ,in it is the tomb of ,st4 ,patience1 his mother4 ,and we remember seeing a marble statue of ,st4 ,orens beside the shrine of ,st4 ,isidro in one of the finest churches of ,madrid4 ,the ,spanish say ,st4 ,orens was the brother of the great ,st4 ,lawrence1 so honored by the church universal2 but the traditions of ,france only speak of him as the son of the ,duke of ,urgel1 who crossed the ,pyrenees to bury himself in the solitude of the mountains4 ,here he found a cave in a melancholy valley--the ,val ,caprasie--where the only noise to break the everlasting silence was the torrent that escaped from ,lake ,isaby4 ,no place could have been better suited to the poetic soul of ,st4 ,orens2 for a poet he was4 ,his hymns and other writings are still admired in our day1 and his ,latin poem1 entitled ,commonitorium1 has recently been translated into ,french4 ,fortunatus mentions it3 8,paucaque perstrinxit florente ,orientius ore40 ,this is a treatise of ,christian morality in elegiac measure4 ,it is pleasant to read it in the place where it was written and among people whose ancestors probably first read it4 ,we quote one passage1 worthy of being written over the doors of the hospitable monasteries that bear his name1 in one of which we have so often found shelter3 8,fail not to receive under thy hospitable roof the traveller overtaken by darkness4 ,when thou art naked1 thou desirest a garment to cover thee2 thirsty1 a cup to refresh thee4 ,let similar wants1 therefore1 excite thy compassion4 ,share thy mantle1 thy loaf with the unfortunate40 ,it is said that this saint1 so benevolent to others1 exercised such severity towards himself as to gird his body with an iron chain and recite the ,psalter daily standing in the icy waters of ,lake ,isaby4 ,he may be cited as an early example of the benefit of hydropathy1 for he lived to a good old age in spite1 or in consequence1 of the rigors of penance4 ,he erected a flour-mill on the borders of the lake for the use of the people around1 which tradition says lasted most miraculously seven centuries without ever needing the slightest repair4 ,the remains of it are still pointed out with respect by the herdsmen of the valley4 ,and the stone on which the saint used to kneel in his cave has been carefully preserved2 for nothing can exceed the tenacity with which these mountaineers cling to their ancient traditions and memorials4 ,it is worn by the knees of generation after generation who have knelt to pray where ,st4 ,orens prayed fourteen hundred years ago4 ,st4 ,orens became noted throughout the province for his sanctity and eminent abilities1 and the inhabitants of ,auch1 after three days of fasting and prayer1 chose him as their bishop4 ,the messengers they despatched to the mountains found him cultivating the earth4 8,deign1 ,o ,lord60 cried he1 planting his spade in the ground1 8deign1 ,i beseech of thee1 to manifest thy will in an unmistakable manner40 ,and in an instant the handle became a bush1 which put forth branches and was covered with foliage4 ,the saint no longer hesitated1 but departed with the messengers4 ,when he entered the city of ,auch all the sick are said to have been instantly healed4 ,he found his diocese partly under the influence of paganism1 and showed his zeal in demolishing the altars of the false gods4 ,he saved it also from the ravages of the ,vandals at the beginning of the fifth century1 and was deputed by the king of the ,visigoths to avert the danger that threatened ,toulouse1 on which the ,romans were marching4 ,he is believed to have saved that city by his prayers1 and his statue was afterwards placed over one of its gates out of gratitude4 ,a portion of his relics is likewise borne through the streets in the magnificent annual processions for which ,toulouse is famous4 ,st4 ,orens is said to have regretted the solitude of this peaceful mountain valley1 and once1 when overwhelmed with the responsibility of his office1 he secretly escaped and fled to his cave4 ,his people1 however1 went in pursuit of him and succeeded in bringing him back4 ,but the time of release came4 ,on his death-bed he had a wondrous vision of ,christ surrounded by a multitude of angels1 and while in mystic converse with them his soul took flight for heaven4 ,he was buried in the church of ,st4 ,jean de l',aubpine at ,auch1 and his tomb became famous for miracles1 particularly in cases of epilepsy and diabolical possession4 ,a ,benedictine monastery was built here in the tenth century and called ,st4 ,orens' ,priory4 ,its third prior1 ,bernard de ,sdirac1 afterwards ,archbishop of ,toledo1 had the remains of ,st4 ,orens exhumed and placed in a coffer covered with silver bas-reliefs relating to the saint's life4 ,this chsse was suspended on the wall of a chapel behind the high altar1 and could only be reached by means of a ladder4 ,notwithstanding1 it was robbed of its silver covering some time after by two soldiers1 one of whom exclaimed in the true modern spirit3 8,what6 workest thou miracles at this late hour80 ,but he speedily expiated his sacrilege4 ,he was seized inwardly with a terrible fire that soon consumed him4 ,after this the pavement beneath was covered with bristling iron spikes to prevent another profanation4 ,but the relics of ,st4 ,orens1 that had escaped the ,moor and the ,norman1 and were even spared by the iconoclasts of the sixteenth century1 were less fortunate at the ,revolution1 when the church of which they were the glory1 with its tombs of the early bishops1 and the mausoleum of ,sancho ,mitarra1 the scourge of the ,moors1 from whom sprang the great family of the ,armagnacs1 so celebrated for their power and their misfortunes1 was mostly destroyed1 together with a part of ,st4 ,orens' ,priory4 ,the last prior of this monastery was a member of the illustrious house of ,montesquieu1 one of the most ancient in the province4 ,his brother1 a writer of some merit1 when the family name and arms were claimed by the sires of ,boulbne1 instituted a lawsuit against them1 and wrote a work to prove his descent from ,clovis1 which led the ,count de ,maurepas to exclaim with affected alarm after ,m4 de ,montesquieu had gained his suit3 8,now1 we really hope you are not going to claim the throne of ,france60 ,and among the epigrams that rained on him when he was made a member of the ,french ,academy was the following3 8,montesquiou-,fezensac est de l',acadmie4 ,quel ouvrage a-t-il fait8 ,sa ,genalogie60 ,the prior was one of the deputies of the ,etats-,gnraux1 and made himself conspicuous for his mild1 persuasive eloquence4 ,one day ,mirabeau1 perceiving the effect of his discourse1 cried out3 ,mfiez-vous de ce petit serpent3 il vous sduira6 ,after being in exile twice he was1 at the ,restoration1 made a duke and peer of ,france4 ,how dear ,st4 ,orens' memory still is in the diocese he once governed we well know who have spent several years of our life there4 ,how joyous is the #ast of ,may1 on which his festival falls6 ,his relics are exposed at the priory1 a procession1 with lights and music1 gathers around the place where his shrine once stood1 and at night bonfires are lit on the other side of the ,gers and the people dance in the open air4 ,but to return to the pastoral valleys of the ,lavedan4 ,out of ,argels you pass into the valley of ,azun1 one of the least known1 but one of the most picturesque in the ,pyrenees4 ,it is high up among the mountains and divided by the deep and turbulent ,gave4#acb ,the entrance was once defended by the castle of ,vieuzac1 the ruins of which remain1 associated with the memory of the too famous ,barre4 ,the valley is inhabited by people of primitive manners with few artificial distinctions4 ,here every year1 at ,carnival time1 is to be seen the peculiar dance of the country called the ,ballade1 performed by the young men1 who often assemble from different villages in short vests gaily adorned with ribbons1 with the most efficient balladeur at their head1 playing on the fife and tambourine and waving their flags4 ,the tambourine of the ,pyrenees is a primitive instrument of pine wood1 as simple as the lyre of ,apollo1 and with the same number of strings1 which the performer beats with a little rod4 ,these dancers are escorted to the edge of their villages by young girls1 who welcome them at their return and lavish praises on those who have distinguished themselves4 ,they are presented with eggs1 ham1 and butter in all the villages they pass through1 on which they feast the following day4 ,footnote #acb3 ,gave is the general name of these mountain streams4 ,among the curious old usages of this valley1 before #agic1 was the tribute of butter to the shrine of ,st4 ,bertrand of ,comminges1 a popular saint in the ,pyrenees1 where he labored in the eleventh century4 ,the people of ,azun were then almost out of the bounds of civilization1 and for what religious instruction they had they were chiefly indebted to the holy hermits of the neighboring mountains4 ,it is said that when ,st4 ,bertrand came to preach among these rough mountaineers1 he was treated with so much indignity that the tail of his mule was cut off1 for which the land was cursed with sterility for several years4 ,touched by the repentance and sad condition of the inhabitants1 the saint1 by his prayers1 obtained the cessation of their punishment1 and they1 in their gratitude1 promised to give him henceforth all the butter made the week before ,whitsuntide4 ,this vow was kept for nearly seven centuries4 ,a canon and two prebends from ,st4 ,bertrand's came every year to the valley in acknowledgment of this tribute1 bringing with them water that had been passed through the saint's pastoral staff while chanting some orison in his honor4 ,this they gave to the people as a remedy for disease among cattle4 ,these deputies never failed to pass before the house1 which is still standing1 where ,st4 ,bertrand had been so disrespectfully treated4 ,the master stood in the door and humbly prayed them to enter and partake of the refreshments he had prepared1 which they did with emotion1 like angels of peace and reconciliation4 ,at the farther end of the valley of ,azun1 not far from the ,spanish frontier1 rise the dome and square tower of ,notre ,dame de ,pouey-la-,hun1 that stands on an isolated peak overlooking the village of ,arrens1 between the two roads that lead to ,spain and the province of ,barn4 ,the present edifice is comparatively modern1 but its foundation is so remote as to be lost in obscurity4 ,you enter by a fine porch supported by four marble pillars1 and are at once surprised at the richness of the interior4 ,the walls are brown and gold1 and the pillars1 carvings1 statues1 and the very mouldings of the blue arches are all gilded1 producing a most brilliant effect4 ,around the nave are two galleries1 one above the other1 for the men1 who are generally separated from the women in the churches of ,bigorre2 at least1 in the villages4 ,the pavement is the unhewn granite cliff1 which is worn quite smooth by the feet of so many generations of worshippers4 ,it descends like an amphitheatre1 enabling every one to see the altar distinctly4 ,across it is a groove1 worn by a mountain stream at certain seasons of the year4 ,all the joys and sorrows of the valley are brought to the feet of ,notre ,dame de ,pouey-la-,hun1 and numerous pilgrimages are made here at certain seasons of the year4 ,in #agic orders came to destroy this venerated chapel1 but when the emissaries entered it they were saluted by mysterious voices among the arches1 as if reproaching them for their blasphemies and imprecations1 and1 terrified by the unearthly sounds1 they at once made their escape4 ,there was nothing supernatural in this1 however4 ,it was a mere stratagem on the part of the peasants to save their beloved chapel1 and they boast of it to this day4 ,during the troubles with ,spain this chapel was used as a military post1 and consequently much injured4 ,as soon as it was no longer needed for this purpose the government again decided to demolish it and sell the materials4 ,the people became excited1 and the women assailed with stones the agents sent to examine the building1 who fled for their lives4 ,then a pious widow1 to save it from further profanation1 bought it for about fifteen thousand francs1 which was nearly all she had1 and1 when she died1 bequeathed it to her nephew1 a priest1 till better days should arrive4 ,time and neglect were beginning to leave their traces on the chapel when ,queen ,hortense came to the ,pyrenees4 ,she had just lost her son1 the ,prince ,royal of ,holland1 and the wild1 melancholy grandeur of these mountain valleys harmonized with her sadness4 ,she was particularly pleased with the quaint village of ,arrens and its picturesque chapel1 and made a sketch of the landscape herself4 ,the devotion of the people to the ,virgin of ,pouey-la-,hun touched her1 and she sympathized in their wish it should be reopened for public worship4 ,she went there to offer her vows1 and founded an anniversary ,mass for her son1 which was to be celebrated with all possible solemnity1 as recorded by the authorities of the place4 ,this was shortly before the birth of ,louis ,napoleon4 ,she never forgot her visit to ,pouey-la-,hun4 ,she alludes to it in her travels1 and excited the interest of the government in its neglected condition4 ,in #ahcf it was made over to the ,bishop of ,tarbes1 who founded a seminary here under the care of missionaries from ,garaison1 who have rendered it one of the most popular chapels in the ,pyrenees4 ,but to return to the basin of ,argels4 ,the valley of ,cauterets begins at ,pierrefitte4 ,a carriage-road has been hewn along the steep mountain side on the very edge of a precipice1 three or four hundred feet deep1 at the bottom of which rushes a fierce torrent that breaks into foam over the sharp rocks that encumber its bed4 ,on each side of this gulf rise steep cliffs almost perpendicularly1 down which dash here and there miniature cascades1 all in a foam4 ,a bend in the river enables you to look back through the gorge over the wild ,gave1 the waters of which are of the color of beryl4 ,nothing could be more delicate than the tint of the foam4 ,beyond the bold arch of the bridge at ,pierrefitte can be seen the fair vale of ,argels1 forming a lovely picture framed by the lofty palisades of this wild pass4 ,we left the carriage and wandered on afoot1 gathering the eglantine and other wild flowers1 inhaling the delicious mountain air1 and drinking the cool waters of its numerous streams4 ,by moonlight the scene is particularly sublime4 ,the gloom of this narrow gorge shut in by the lofty mountains1 the deep shades of the forests that cover them1 and the abyss below1 with the ceaseless rush of the mad stream1 produce a profound impression on the mind4 ,we remember driving through it on one occasion at midnight4 ,the full moon hung over the mountains of ,gavarnie1 its light streaming down here and there into the gorge with mysterious1 enchanting effect4 ,before us was the peak of ,pgure1 like an enormous pyramid with one tremulous star above1 its summit bathed in the soft radiance1 while its furrowed sides and unfathomable gulfs were veiled with a thousand shadows4 ,as you wind up the ,cte du ,limaon1 the whole ,gave is beaten into spray among the huge rocks4 ,here the lateral mountains recede somewhat1 and you shortly come to the triangular valley of ,cauterets1 completely shut in among majestic mountains4 ,its springs were well known to the ,romans1 and some pretend that ,csar himself visited them4 ,it is more certain that the kings of ,aragon and ,navarre did1 as well as the ancient lords of ,bigorre and ,barn4 ,the little town is more sumptuous now than when under the rule of the abbot of ,st4 ,savin4 ,wooden cabins have been replaced by marble edifices1 and the artificial appliances of modern times substituted for the primitive observances of ,st4 ,orens4 ,but one gives a sigh now and then for the good old simple days when the lord abbot1 to prevent all imposition on the stranger and the poor1 forbade the sale of provisions except on the public square4 ,the wine1 too1 which had to be of good quality1 could only be sold a liard more on a pint than at ,st4 ,savin1 and if false measure was given a fine of ten crowns was imposed on the vender1 one-half of which went to the poor and the rest to the abbot4 ,cauterets is a very agreeable residence in the season4 ,here you meet strangers from all parts of the world1 and there is a certain charm in the unrestrained intercourse4 ,at certain hours1 of course1 every one goes to partake of the waters and to bathe4 ,there are pleasant walks along the banks of the ,gave1 and fatiguing ones up the steep mountain sides4 ,at table you have trout from the river and game from the forests1 fowl and vegetables from ,argels1 apples and plums from ,st4 ,savin's1 peaches from ,barn1 and berries of rare flavor from the mountains4 ,buried in this quiet valley1 away from all human agitations1 in daily communication with nature1 that puts on here its fairest aspect1 the invalid returns to a simple1 inartificial life which produces more effect than the waters4 ,rousseau thought no violent agitation whatever1 no vapors of the mind1 could long resist such a place of residence1 and he was astonished that the salutary air of the mountains was not numbered among the chief remedies of medical and moral science4 ,the valleys of ,barges and ,gavarnie also belong to the ,lavedan4 ,another gorge near ,pierrefitte leads to them1 which is even gloomier and more savage than that of ,cauterets4 ,a little more than a century ago it was inaccessible to carriages1 but since1 by a miracle of engineering1 a road has been constructed along the edge of the precipice1 and when it cannot find room on one side it springs boldly across the abyss to the other by means of a bridge from which you look down a terrific depth at the ,gave1 that roars and struggles along with scarcely room enough in its bed4 ,the road thus crosses and recrosses the river seven times4 ,it was completed in #agdf1 when a carriage was for the first time seen in the gorge4 ,anything more wild and melancholy than this defile cannot be conceived4 ,the mountains rise perpendicularly up on both sides1 with nothing growing on them but a few wretched pines twisted by the winds4 ,the height of these grim walls1 the depth of the abyss over which you hang1 the gloom1 the silence only broken by the roar of the torrent1 appall4 ,from time to time you see an isolated house1 and at length the village of ,viscos1 hanging like an eagle's nest on the rocks4 ,there are two ferruginous springs in the gorge1 but they cannot be utilized on account of their position4 ,just as you are beginning to yield to the horrors of this wild pass1 it opens1 and you soon come to the sweet1 fresh valley of ,luz1 one of the most beautiful in the ,pyrenees4 ,it is three thousand feet higher than the ,vale of ,argels4 ,here the ,gave is a peaceful1 well-behaved stream4 ,its shores are planted with long lines of decorous poplars4 ,the meadow is dotted with trees and covered with harvests4 ,lofty mountains keep guard around1 the lower ones wooded and crowned with the ruins of some old castle1 the upper covered with glaciers4 ,in the depths of this valley is the town of ,luz1 with narrow1 tortuous streets1 and at the right1 on the side of the mountain1 is the fashionable watering-place of ,st4 ,sauveur4 ,the church of ,luz1 built by the ,knights-,templars in the twelfth century1 looks like a fortress with its battlements and great square tower4 ,as in many churches of this region1 there is a low1 narrow door1 now walled up1 by which the ,cagots--those unhappy pariahs of the ,pyrenees--were once obliged to enter4 ,this proscribed race is known to have existed in the time of the early ,french monarchy4 ,it is said that they descended from the ,goths or some vanquished nation1 which made them an object of contempt4 ,they were denied citizenship and obliged to live apart and wear a red badge on their breasts1 shaped somewhat like a duck's foot4 ,the church endeavored to triumph over this prejudice by reminding the people that all men are brethren4 ,she would not allow the ,cagots1 though they were deemed infectious1 to be banished from the churches1 but gave them a separate place till they should be regarded with more favorable dispositions4 ,they had their own stoup1 and it was a defilement to pass through their door4 ,in one church of the diocese of ,tarbes the archdeacon with the other clergy1 to do away with this odious distinction1 passed through their door at some public procession1 and the people were obliged to follow4 ,from that time they passed indifferently through either door4 ,the race is nearly extinct now1 or has gradually become almost identified with the other inhabitants4 ,ascending one of the church towers to the battlements1 you find broken lances1 stirrups1 and other accoutrements--perhaps left behind by the old ,knights4 ,there are also four cannons placed here by the ,leaguers to defend the edifice against the ,huguenots1 who always made churches the principal object of attack4 ,east of ,luz1 on a high mount1 are the picturesque ruins of the ,castle of ,sainte ,marie1 which once defended the valley1 likewise attributed to the ,templars4 ,this was one of the last holds of the ,english in ,bigorre4 ,it is also associated with ,burke of the 8,sublime and ,beautiful10 who surely found both in this incomparable valley4 ,was it in ,france that he found reason to prefer 8the furniture of ancient tyranny1 even in rags10 to the torrent of liberty that swept it violently away8 ,st4 ,sauveur is built in a curve of the mountain side1 and its houses on the cliffs and terraces produce a charming effect4 ,it is only ten minutes' walk from ,luz1 through a long avenue of ,lombardy poplars1 across a marble bridge over the ,gave1 and then up a spiral rampe which affords a new and more extensive view at every step4 ,you see the verdant meadow1 pretty hamlets on the mountain slopes1 foaming cascades1 on every hand a landscape varied1 brilliant1 and imposing4 ,the first to discover the virtues of the thermal springs of ,st4 ,sauveur was a bishop of ,tarbes who took refuge here when his diocese was ravaged by the ,huguenots of ,barn in the sixteenth century4 ,surely he had need to drink of their soothing waters6 ,after experiencing their virtues he placed the following inscription over the principal spring3 ,vos haurietis aquas de fonte ,salvatoris1 whence the name of ,st4 ,sauveur4 ,but the place did not become a fashionable resort till the present century4 ,at the ,restoration the ,french aristocracy1 diplomatic highnesses1 and military officers flocked hither to enjoy the scenery and allay the fever of their uncertain political life by drinking of the sulphurous waters4 ,not far from ,luz1 on a verdant hill1 are the ruins of a hermitage where from time immemorial lived a succession of hermits down to the end of the eighteenth century4 ,beside it was the chapel of ,st4 ,pierre1 held in great veneration by the mountaineers1 who1 on solemn occasions1 went there to pray for some special blessing or be delivered from some evil4 ,the statutes of ,luz forbade under severe penalty any person over twelve years of age to ring the bells of this chapel without orders4 ,they required1 moreover1 a general procession to be made here on ,st4 ,mark's day in order to 8obtain a blessing on the fruits of the earth1 peace with the neighboring valleys1 power to resist the devil and all wickedness1 and strength to perform those works agreeable to ,god by means of which is attained the glory of ,paradise--,amen40 ,when the bells rang out on the #beth of ,april1 the master and mistress of every house in the valley were to present themselves1 as well dressed as possible1 in the church of ,luz1 and thence proceed1 reciting a prescribed number of ,paters and ,aves1 to the hermitage1 where the ,mass of ,st4 ,mark was said and a portion of the four ,gospels read4 ,those who failed to take part in the procession of 8,monsieur ,saint ,marc10 without a legitimate excuse1 were obliged to pay a fine of two quarts of wine and half a pound of wax4 ,st4 ,peter's chapel was latterly restored by ,napoleon ,,iii4 under the name of ,st4 ,pierre de ,solferino4 ,the last hermit who lived here was a ,capuchin named ,father ,ambrose1 who consecrated himself to ,god at the age of sixteen and was all his life a model of holiness4 ,when he took possession of his cell he exclaimed3 8,i wish to live here as in a tomb--to be counted as nothing--to live unknown1 a simple1 prayerful1 abject life1 in utter ignorance of all that is passing in the world40 ,how complete his renunciation of the world was1 how profound the peace he found here1 may be seen by two works he left behind1 which breathe the deep piety of his nature4 ,they are entitled3 ,trait de la ,paix ,intrieure and ,trait de la ,voie de l',ame4 ,in the latter he says3 8,it is in the silence of the passions1 interior calmness1 exemption from unruly desires1 and the government of one's self that true happiness consists40 ,this work acquired great renown4 ,the ,queen of ,france accepted the dedication1 and nine or ten editions were published during the author's life without disturbing his profound humility or love of solitude4 ,he died here in the odor of sanctity1 in #aggh1 at the advanced age of seventy4 ,one of the excursions generally made from ,luz is to the hermitage of ,st4 ,justin1 the first bishop of ,tarbes1 who fled from persecution to the summit of this lofty mountain1 where he and his companions built three cells and gave themselves up to austerities and prayer4 ,they were succeeded by other hermits for ages4 ,the ruins of their cells are still to be seen4 ,st4 ,justin1 says the ,martyrology1 8rendered himself glorious by the multiplication of his talents40 ,at the foot of the castle of ,sainte ,marie is the gorge to the valley of ,barge along the river ,bastan1 which you follow a few miles1 through the poplars and willows1 till you come to the village at the head of the valley1 which is here so narrow as to leave barely room for a single street4 ,nothing could be sterner and wilder1 and the place would long ago have been abandoned to the bears and the elements but for the reputation of its mineral waters4 ,it is1 in fact1 nearly abandoned in the winter1 when a part of the village is generally carried away by the avalanches or the inundation of the most insubordinate of streams4 ,it was ,madame de ,maintenon who came here with the ,duc du ,maine1 that gave a reputation to the springs of ,barges4 ,louis ,,xv4 built a military hospital here1 as the waters are efficacious in the healing of wounds4 ,the heiress of ,barges in the middle ages married a knight named ,d',ossun1 but the mountaineers1 unable to tolerate the rule of a stranger1 resolved to slay him4 ,he was warned and took flight4 ,all the mountain passes were guarded1 but he had1 says the legend1 a wonderful horse1 by means of which he leaped from cliff to cliff1 and thus made his escape4 ,this place is still called the ,pas d',ossun4 ,the house of ,ossun was famous for its warriors4 ,pierre1 a member of this family in the sixteenth century1 was a great captain and chiefly contributed to the victory at ,dreux4 ,disheartened at one moment1 he followed the example of his fellow-soldiers who were flying from the battle-field1 but a feeling of honor brought him back and he covered himself with glory4 ,he could not1 however1 forgive himself for a moment of weakness1 and1 in punishment1 suffered himself to die of hunger4 ,there are numerous hollows among the ,pyrenees called ,oules 7a word in patois signifying a large pot or kettle71 around which the mountains rise almost perpendicularly4 ,these basins are also called ,cirques4 ,the most famous1 as well as most perfect1 is that of ,gavarnie1 surrounded by the mighty walls of ,marbor with its towers and embattled summit4 ,the emotion that seizes one in this sublime spot is unparalleled4 ,but its chaos of terrific aspect1 its mountains with their glaciers1 the famous ,brche de ,roland1 and the thread-like cascade that falls down so many hundred feet--the source of the ,gave that flows past the grotto of ,lourdes--have too often been depicted to need repetition4 ,the scene is to be felt1 not described4 ,here end the seven valleys of the ,lavedan on the very boundaries of ,spain4 ,,job ,,and ,,egypt4#acc ,footnote #acc3 ,v4 ,le ,rdempteur et la ,vie ,future1 dans les ,civilisations ,primitives4 ,par ,m4 l',abb ,ancessi4 ,paris3 ,leroux4 ,there is perhaps no fact more important in the history of the human race1 or which1 in its striking corroboration of revealed truth1 is worthy of higher consideration1 than the accumulation of proof1 resulting from the exhumation of past ages by modern research1 that there are certain beliefs which are the inalienable inheritance of the great human family--beliefs which modern scepticism attacks by a process of false reasoning incomprehensible to any simple and upright nature4 ,for some years past the sacred texts have been put to the proof by tests of a character as severe as they were unexpected2 and thus1 from the moment that the key was obtained for deciphering the inscriptions of a far-remote antiquity1 it was not without eager anxiety that the judgment was awaited which science was about to pronounce4 ,but on this occasion1 as always when interests of this description are at stake1 the first conclusions were too hastily arrived at1 and precipitation led to mistakes4 ,after the vain attacks made on the one hand1 and the groundless anxieties raised on the other1 with regard to the question of the zodiacs1 it was soon found that greater circumspection as well as more accurate criticism must be brought to the examination of evidence before it could be quoted in proof or disproof of any theory4 ,since that time the lapse of a century has witnessed a vast accession of documentary testimony1 and it may be affirmed that up to this moment the whole concurs in establishing the veracity and authenticity of the ,holy ,scriptures4 ,as the inscriptions of the kings of ,assyria bear witness to the fidelity of the ,bible narrative1 and the ,babylonian tradition of the ,creation1 the ,fall1 the ,tree of ,life1 the ,tower of ,babel1 and the ,deluge confirm the grander1 more logical1 and simpler account given in the ,book of ,genesis1 so do the annals and theological teachings of ancient ,egypt testify to the truth of those doctrines contained in the inspired writings of which they are the traditional echo--an echo mute for ages1 and but now reawakened as if to add its protest against the miserable scepticism which is one of the signs of a degenerate and decaying world4 ,m4 l',abb ,ancessi1 whose work on the sacerdotal vestments of ,israel and ,egypt we have already noticed1#acd has lately published one of more extensive interest1 the object of which is to establish from the most ancient documents in existence1 outside the ,holy ,scriptures1 that the dogmas necessary to the religious and moral life of man were1 from the very origin of society1 the heritage of our forefathers1 and that1 more than a thousand years before ,moses1 well-nigh all our doctrines and all our hopes existed in the most remote civilization in the universe2 and from thence to draw the conclusion that these doctrines and principles would not have remained indestructible in the human mind1 diversified and restless as it is1 had they not been a part of itself1 the foundation of its nature1 and one final reason of its being4 ,footnote #acd3 ,,the ,,catholic ,,world1 ,nov41 #ahgf1 p4 #bac4 ,the author proceeds to group the ,egyptian belief with respect to ,god1 a ,redeemer1 and the life to come around the well-known text in which ,job1 overwhelmed by the reproaches of his friends and the weight of his misfortunes1 despairing of consolation in this world1 declares his certainty of a life to come1 where1 after death1 he will meet with a powerful ,avenger1 who will put his enemies to shame and make his cause triumph1 end his trials1 and recompense his virtues by the supreme blessedness of the ,vision of ,god4 ,the argument of ,baldad the ,suhite1 put briefly1 is that ,the impious man is always unfortunate in this world1 with its counterpart1 ,whoever is unfortunate is impious2 but1 in spite of this most imperturbable of theorists1 ,job is conscious of his own innocence1 and after listening to a long outpouring of eloquent imagery1 amid the desolate splendors of which there shines no ray of hope or comfort for him1 he bursts forth like a tempest3 8,how long1 then1 will you afflict my soul1 and break me in pieces with your words8444 ,have pity1 have pity upon me1 at least you my friends1 for the hand of the ,lord hath touched me4444 ,who will grant me that my words may be written8 who will grant me that they may be marked down in a book with an iron pen1 and in a plate of lead2 or be graven with an instrument in the rock8 ,for ,i know that my ,redeemer liveth1 and that he shall stand at last upon the dust4 ,that these bones shall again be covered with their skin2 that in my flesh ,i shall see ,god4 ,i myself shall behold him2 mine eyes shall behold him1 and not another40 ,this rapid incursion into the world beyond the tomb1 with which the ,semitic races were never familiar1 and which they appeared in thought to avoid with a singular reserve1 contains all the solution of the redoubtable problem2 but though the question was settled1 the arguments of the pitiless sages began again with renewed volubility1 until the voice of ,god himself interposed1 on behalf of his servant1 to silence them4 ,the words quoted above contain evident allusions to traditions and dogmas which appear to have become obscure or been forgotten among the ,semitic races4 ,this profession of faith remains isolated1 without a precedent which explains it2 there is1 in fact1 nothing analogous to it in the most ancient texts of the ,pentateuch1 in the ,songs of ,israel1 or the promises and teachings of the prophets4 ,in the family of ,israel1 with the ,mosaic legislation1 the primitive world closes and another begins4 ,the doctrines and hopes freshly implanted by ,god develop like a plant from its seed1 each part being necessary to the other parts2 but amidst all the ,hebraic literature the ,book of ,job and his profession of faith remain isolated1 and on this account the value of both have been disputed by persons interested in lessening their importance4 ,from this point of view1 therefore1 it is of moment to find an analogous doctrine in the outlying records of a remote antiquity1 and to discover the edifice from which this fragment has been detached4 ,on the rolls of linen and papyrus preserved in the tombs of ,thebes or of ,serapeum we find not only the belief mentioned in the ,book of ,job1 but the very expressions there made use of4 ,on these rolls not only is this belief repeated in a multitude of forms1 but a community of traditions in the two great families of ,sem and ,cham is also proved4 ,long centuries had elapsed since their dispersion2 they were separated not only by their intervening deserts1 but by their difference of language1 customs1 laws1 and worship2 and yet1 where the ,semitic text is obscure1 we have but to compare it with the writings left by the old ,egyptians to make clear its meaning4 ,the opening words of the quotation above apparently allude to some contemporary usage well known to the patriarch and his friends1 but still not in use among themselves3 8,who shall grant that my words may be written 444 and engraved in the flint-stone80 ,m4 ,ancessi asks if we have not here an allusion to the styles or small obelisks which then abounded in the temples and tombs of ,egypt1 and which1 if not in use among the tribes of the land of ,uz1 had nevertheless been seen by these families of shepherds in their distant wanderings4 ,besides the great inscriptions commemorating the conquests of the ,pharaos1 there are1 in or near the ,egyptian temples1 at the gates of the tombs1 or within the sepulchral chambers1 innumerable smaller monuments placed there by private individuals1 and inscribed with their confession of faith4 ,of this we shall speak further on4 ,numerous passages in the ,book of ,job seem to indicate that he had visited the land of ,egypt1#ace and1 among these1 allusion is made to the tombs of the 8kings and counsellors of the earth10 with whom he would fain 8be at rest10 and 8with princes1 who possess abundance of gold and fill their dwellings with silver0#acf 7alluding to the ,egyptian custom of heaping precious objects in the tombs for the use of the departed at the resurrection74 ,like them1 ,job desired to leave his tablet1 in which1 after the manner of the commemorative obelisks of the valley of the ,nile1 he would declare the innocence of his life1 his faith in a divine ,avenger1 in the resurrection of the body1 and the vision of ,him who recompenses the just and punishes the wicked4 ,footnote #ace3 ,job viii4 #b4 ,take1 for instance1 the description of the papyrus 7,job viii4 #aa72 the allusion to the rush-boats which are used on the ,nile 7ch4 ix4 #bf71 and to the hippopotamus1 under the name of ,behemoth1 the ,hebrew translation of the ,egyptian pihmout1 or river-horse1 and which is described as 8sleeping in the shadow of the lotus1 in the covert of the reeds1 and in the marshes2444 compassed about by the willows of the brook0 7,job xl4 #af74 ,again1 in ch4 xxviii4 #a-aa1 there may be an allusion to the mines worked by the ,egyptians on ,mt4 ,sinai1 where also are numerous inscriptions left by that people on the rocks4 ,footnote #acf3 ,job iii4 #ac-ae4 ,in the papyri of ,neb-,qed in the ,louvre1 in a gallery parallel to the great hall where the sarcophagus is placed1 we see a coffer1 a mirror1 a collyrium-case1 a pair of sandals1 a cane1 a vase for unguent1 another for ablutions1 a third for perfumes4 ,the kings and queens took with them into the tomb also their jewels and richest garments1 so sure were they of their resurrection4 ,the ordinary dwellings of the ,egyptians were small1 built of wood or unbaked bricks1 but their tombs1 the 8,eternal ,abodes10 were of granite4 ,not a house1 not a palace of ancient ,egypt is now standing1 but their tombs and sepulchral pyramids will probably last as long as our planet4 ,the ,hebrews1 after the example of the ,egyptians1 appear to have had treasure buried with them4 ,josephus relates that ,herod1 being in want of money1 made a nocturnal descent into the tomb of ,king ,david4 ,he found there no money1 but 8aurea ornamenta multumque supellectilis prtios1 qu omnia abstulit40--,ant4 ,jud4 lib4 xiv4 cap4 vii4 p4 #gbd1 ,ed4 ,oxford4 ,the funereal inscriptions of ancient ,egypt are of two kinds3 those written on rolls of papyrus or linen bands1 enveloping the body of the mummy or enclosed with it inside the sarcophagus2 and the incised monuments of stone or granite1 erected in the chambers or cut in the walls of the tombs and temples and at the entrance of the pyramids4 ,almost all the texts#acg found upon the mummies are extracts from a book which ,champollion called the ,ritual1 but which is now styled the ,todtenbuch1 or ,book of the ,dead2 the term 8ritual0 being confined to the liturgical manuals relating to the ceremonies of inhumation1 etc41 some curious copies of which may be seen in the ,louvre4 ,footnote #acg3 ,the faithful in the middle ages were frequently interred with their profession of faith1 the ,credo and ,confiteor1 or sometimes also the very text from the ,book of ,job which we are about to consider4 ,the ,todtenbuch is a collection of hymns1 prayers1 and theological instructions1 divided into one hundred and sixty-five chapters1 with their titles and rubrics4 ,these rubrics1 as in the ,catholic missals and breviaries1 consist of a few words in red ink to guide the celebrant4 ,the titles of the chapters are also in red4 ,the lines are usually vertical1 and1 in the richer copies1 the upper margin of the roll is adorned1 by the side of the title of each chapter1 with an illustration or vignette representing the subject there treated4 ,finally1 a whole page is taken up by a picture of the judgment of souls and the ingathering of the harvest in the blessed fields of ,ker-,neter4 ,these texts were to be recited by the soul during its journey1 as a safeguard from danger and to purify it at the moment of the solemn judgment which should decide its eternal destiny4 ,the manuscript is intended to assist the memory of the departed4 ,under the twelfth dynasty these texts were often engraved on the sarcophagus itself4 ,thoth1 the ,god of ,wisdom1 was said to have dictated the ,book of the ,dead1 the greater portion of which ,bunsen does not hesitate to relegate to prehistoric times4#ach ,footnote #ach3 ,bunsen1 ,egypt's ,place in ,universal ,history1 vol4 v4 p4 #aaj4 ,in support of this supposition1 ,m4 ,deveria notices two very ancient annotations4 ,the first of these1 at the sixty-fourth chapter1 states that this portion of the ,book of the ,dead was found at ,hermopolis1 written in blue1 on a cube of ,baakes1 under the feet of the god1 where the royal son ,hardanouef found it in the time of ,king ,menkera when making the inventory of the temple4 ,the second annotation tells that chapter one hundred and thirty was found#aci in the pylone of the great temple in the reign of ,king ,housapti1 who was the fifth monarch of the first dynasty1 and ,menkera built the third pyramid4 ,thus1 at these periods1 certain parts of the ,todtenbuch were discovered as antiquities1 the memory of which had been lost2 and certainly we find on the wooden mummy-coffins of the eleventh dynasty long passages from it1 proving1 therefore1 its composition to have been long anterior to the ,shepherd ,kings1 and consequently long before ,abraham4 ,footnote #aci3 ,catalogues des ,,mss4 ,egyptiens1 p4 #ea4 ,the obelisks1 or inscriptions in stone1 have not1 however1 the impersonal and theological character of the writing on the rolls4 ,on the obelisks the name of the departed is usually inscribed side by side with the names of his family1 parents or children1 and his titles and occupation are there given4 ,at the head of the monument he is represented making an offering to ,osiris1 his judge1 or his children are there depicted offering libations before the image of their father and reciting the liturgical hymns for his soul4 ,it is not rare to find the dead himself asking for prayers4 ,the funereal obelisk of ,neb-oua at ,boulag ends thus3 8,to the living2 to the ancients of the earth2 to the priests2 to the panegyrists2 to the divine fathers2 to all who see this obelisk3 make for me your songs1 beloved of ,osiris1 the ,eternal ,king4 ,say3 ,may the delicious breath of life breathe in the face of ,neb-oua1 the first prophet of ,osiris1 the acknowledged just one40#adj ,footnote #adj3 ,notice des ,princip4 ,monum4 ,par ,m4 ,mariette4 ,again1 on the lid of a sarcophagus in the same museum 7,no4 #igh7 we find a 8,prayer to be said by every person who draws near to this tomb3 ,may ,god give thee light1#ada and may its beams shine into thine eyes2 may he breathe into thy nostrils the breath which thou must breathe to live40 ,footnote #ada3 ,as this formula recalls the ,lux perpetua liceat eis of the ,catholic1 so also we find on the tombs of ,egypt the ,requiescat in pace4 ,the personal details1 which vary upon every obelisk1 are accompanied by formul taken from the ,book of the ,dead1 which recall the faith of the departed in the resurrection of the body2 the rewards and punishments of a future life2 the judgment1 presided over by ,osiris1 his redeemer2 and the hope of an eternity of happiness flowing from the beatific vision4 ,here we have1 in fact1 the profession of faith of the patriarch ,job1 a further examination of which will show us that the analogy is carried into the minutest details4 ,in regard to it we will first consider briefly the ,egyptian doctrine about ,god and the ,redeemer4 ,although nothing was originally more simple than the theology of ,egypt1 yet nothing could well be more confused and perplexing than it became as the commentaries of the schools and the mythological superfetations of each temple developed in the course of time4 ,from its earliest to its latest days ,egypt believed in one ,god1 personal1 uncreated1 almighty1 the author and watchful preserver of the universe4 ,how1 then1 it may be asked1 can its exuberant polytheism be reconciled with this doctrine8 ,in traversing the galleries filled with long ranks of the ,egyptian deities--,thoth with the head of an ibis and the hawk-headed ,horus being conspicuous among them--we pass along the stony piles of these antique and impenetrable monstrosities as if under the influence of a nightmare1 while the words of liberated ,israel echo from distant ages in our ears3 8,os habent et non loquentur2 oculos habent et non videbunt2 manus habent et non palpabunt2 pedes habent et non ambulabunt2 non clamabunt in gutture suo40 ,and we ask what there can be of just and true behind the strange forms of these old-world phantoms4 ,the answer is contained in the fact that the ,egyptians attributed to ,god different names and forms1 according to the aspects and attributes to which they wished to give prominence1 while1 under each of these names and forms1 ,god1 in his inalienable infinity1 remained always the same2 and1 as if they had anticipated our perplexities at the sight of these battalions of divinities1 they have taken exceeding pains to instruct us on this point4 ,as the ,eternal1 ,god had one name2 as ,creator1 he had another2 as ,providence or ,preserver1 another2 and as ,judge and ,redeemer of souls1 the name of ,osiris4 ,in each sanctuary the one ,god of the whole country1 living in a ,triad which1 without division of substance1 expressed the phases of his threefold existence1 was worshipped under a particular form and name4 ,he had a special worship1 rites1 chants1 and ceremonial1 unknown in the neighboring temples2 but the hymns and inscriptions constantly dwell on the fact that each temple and each ritual was in honor of the only ,god1 to whom belong all temples1 and to whom all prayers are addressed4#adb ,footnote #adb3 ,an historical fact which exercised considerable influence on the religion of ,egypt1 and which helps to explain the multiplicity of the names given to the ,deity1 was that the whole of ,egypt which ,menes united under his sceptre was divided into nomes1 each having its capital city2 and each of these regions had its principal god1 designated by a special name1 but under these different names the same doctrine always remains of a divine unity4 ,thus by the side of the political there was also a kind of divine feudality4 ,tum reigned at ,heliopolis1 ,osiris at ,theni and later at ,abydos1 ,ammon was over ,thebes1 and over ,memphis ,phtah4 ,each of these gods1 identical in substance with the gods of the other nomes1 easily allowed this fundamental identity4 ,ammon of ,thebes gave hospitality in his temple to ,min or ,khem of ,coptos1 to ,tum of ,heliopolis1 and to ,phtah of ,memphis1 who on their part received ,ammon with equal readiness into their own sanctuaries4 ,illustration3 ,the ,one who alone is3 there is of him no second4 ,the ,egyptians knew that the ,deity is an unfathomable mystery and can have no name4 8,his name10 say the texts1 8is mysterious as his being40 ,considered from this point of view1 he is called ,the ,hidden ,one--,ammon1 whose image is enveloped in an impenetrable veil4 ,in his uncreated essence ,god is invisible1 but he has revealed himself in his acts1 expressive of his wisdom1 power1 and goodness1 and each of these attributes presents an accessible side1 by which the mind can take hold of the incomprehensible1 see the invisible1 and name the nameless ,one4 ,having in himself all powers and every form of greatness1 his names and forms are without number1 and the texts1 as in the ,hymn to ,ammon1 expressly designate him as ,the ,many-,named--the ,multitude by the ,names4#adc ,footnote #adc3 8,the habit of reuniting in one worship the different forms of the ,divinity continually led to their fusion into one personality4 ,sevek1 of ,fayom1 associated with ,ra1 became ,sevek-,ra2 ,phtah was fused with ,sokari under the name of ,phtah-,sokari1 and ,osiris1 being afterwards joined to these1 made ,phtah-,sokar-,osiris4 ,all the divine types were reciprocally interpenetrated and absorbed into the supreme deity4 ,the names and forms of ,god were indefinitely multiplied1 but ,god1 never40--,g4 ,maspero1 ,hist4 ,anc41 ch4 i4 p4 #bi4 ,the true name of ,god appears to have been1 with the ,egyptians as with the ,hebrews1 the greatest of mysteries4 ,probably it was not allowed to be written2 in any case1 as in the papyrus ,harris1 its utterance was forbidden4 8,i am ,he who makes trial of the warriors1 he whose name is known to none4 ,his name must be kept in silence on the borders of the river3 whoso shall utter it1 he shall be consumed4 ,his name must be silent upon earth40 ,we find this in the hymn to ,ammon1#add and the remainder of this text leads us further into the doctrine of a ,trinity which ,egyptian theology had preserved amidst other primeval traditions4 ,footnote #add3 ,see papyri in the museum of ,boulag4 8,creator of the pastures whereon the cattle feed1 and of the plants which nourish man2 he who provides for the fishes of the sea and the birds of heaven1 who gives the breath of life to the germ yet hidden in the egg1 who feeds the flying insect and the creeping thing1 who provides the stores of the mouse in his retreat and of the birds in the forest#ade--;homage to thee1 the author of all1 who alone art1 444 who watchest over men when they repose1 and seekest the good of thy creatures2 ,god1 ,ammon1 the preserver of all2 ,tum and ,armachis worship thee in their words1 and say1 ,homage to thee1 because of thy immanence in us2 prostration before thy face1 because thou producest us2 444 the gods bow before thy majesty1 and exalt the soul of him by whom they were produced1 happy in the immanence of their generator10 etc4 ,footnote #ade3 ,conf4 ,job xxxviii4 #ci-da4 ,it will be perceived that ,tum and ,armachis appear to form1 with ,ammon1 a triad1 of which the persons are distinct without being separate1 each person being represented as reposing in one divine substance1 of which each is an aspect1 of which each expresses an attribute1 and of whose indivisible essence each forms a part4#adf ,footnote #adf3 ,at ,heliopolis the divinity appears under three forms3 ,atoum1 the ,inaccessible ,god2 ,choper1 the ,creator 7the scarabus ,god72 and ,ra1 the ,manifestation of ,god--the visible sun4 ,it was not until later that we find a feminine divinity4 ,it is not to be supposed1 however1 that this lofty and abstract conception was appreciated by the multitude1 with whom1 on the contrary1 the numerous names and forms of their deity degenerated into a monstrous polytheism1 and who1 in spite of the reiterated affirmations of the hymns and inscriptions1 crowded their altars with fantastic idols4 ,but for the depositaries of the sacred doctrine there was but one ,god1 living in the midst of the divine triads1 uncreated1 and the principle of life4 ,he was also the principle of truth3 8,hold nothing as truth but the ,eternal and the ,just4444 ,man is only the appearance2 and the appearance is the supreme lie4444 ,what is the ,first ,truth8 ,he who is one and alone1 the ,lord of ,truth and ,father of the gods40 ,the explanation to this formula is to be found in the other text which supposes the ,word to be the principle of the divine persons3 ,illustration3 ,giving utterance to the ,word1 exist the gods4 ,hermes ,trismegistes1 commenting upon the above1 says3 8,he who made the world made it not with his hands1 but with his word40 ,and again3 8,the luminous ,word 7,verbum71 which emanates from the ,intelligence1 is the ,son of ,god4444 ,the ,intelligence of life and light engendered1 by the ,word1 another creative ,intelligence1 the god of fire and fluids1 who in turn formed seven ministers1 enveloping in their circles the sensible world1 and governing it by what is called destiny4 ,this spirit is necessary to all2 he gives life to all1 sustains all4 ,he flows from the holy source1 and unceasingly comes to the aid of the spirits and of all things living40#adg ,footnote #adg3 ,we seem to have here a vague idea of the ,holy ,spirit1 with his ,seven ,gifts1 which are resplendent in the world of nature as well as in the world of grace4 ,this spirit1 ,tum1 or ,tum ,cheper 7creator71 is described in the texts as 8,master of understanding1 444 giving to all things their motion3 when he wrought in the abyss of the waters1#adh then was produced the gladsomeness of the light4 ,the gods rejoiced at its beauty40 ,footnote #adh3 8,and the spirit of ,god moved over the waters0 7,gen4 i4 #b74 8,and ,god saw the light that it was good0 7,gen4 i4 #d74 ,the ,author of the universe is also worshipped as the principle of ,goodness under the name of ,oun ,nofr--the ,good ,being2 and the inscriptions reiterate the appellation3 ,illustration3 ,the good ,god2 greatly beloved 444 greatness of loves4 8,his love is in the south3 his graces in the north3 all hearts are transported with his beauty4444 ,when he traverses the heavens in his bark1 and travels in peace through celestial space1 his rowers are in gladness40#adi ,footnote #adi3 ,hymn to ,ammon-,ra4 ,again1 in the wisdom of his secret counsels1 ,god is described as holding in reserve all that may happen in the future4 8,he is that which is1 and that which is not10 says the ,todtenbuch2 8for that which is1 is in my hand1 and that which is not is in my heart40 ,it has been necessary to dwell at some length on the ,egyptian doctrines respecting the nature of ,god and his relation to the world before approaching another feature of exceeding interest in their theology--namely1 the history and office of the ,redeemer4 ,this mighty ,liberator1 the first hope of whom was given by ,god to our first parents1 appears under various forms in the traditions of all the peoples of a distant antiquity1 and among these traditions the most ancient and the most pure is certainly that of ,osiris1 whose noble and beneficent attributes raise him above all the divinities of other nations1 represented as coming to bring succor to man4 ,the ,doctors of the church were themselves struck with admiration before this august figure1 and did not hesitate to identify the name of ,osiris with that of our ,lord ,jesus ,christ1#aej being convinced that the belief respecting him was but an echo of the primitive revelation4 ,it would indeed be difficult to explain otherwise its correspondence to the ,messianic prophecies given later to the chosen people1 or the analogies of the ,osirian teaching with the accomplishment1 in the life of our ,lord1 of the hopes which1 during long centuries1 it kept alive in the countless generations of ,egypt4 ,footnote #aej3 ,this fact1 which appeared inexplicable temerity on the part of ,tertullian1 is justified by what has of late years been discovered from original documents1 which correct the classical misrepresentations of ,egyptian theology4 ,the special attribute of ,osiris is goodness2 it is he who is ,oun-,nofre the ,good ,being par excellence2 it is he who1 with ,tum 7or ,phtah7 and ,thoth1 partakes of the divine essence1 and is called1 like ,ammon1 ,neb-oua--the ,lord alone4 ,in the papyrus #cbib in the ,hall of ,tombs in the ,louvre is the following passage3 8,hail to thee1 ,osiris1 444 the great eldest ,son of ,ra1 ,father of fathers1444 ,king of immeasurable time and lord of eternity4444 ,none knows his name2 innumerable are his names in the cities and the nomes4#aea444 ,hail to thee1 444 the one who didst rise from the dead4 ,he is the lord of life1 and we live by his creations2 none can live without his will40 ,the second aspect of the life of ,osiris is his sojourn upon earth in human form1 his death1 and passage into the land of the departed4 ,plutarch tells us that ,osiris1 lord of time1 made himself man and reigned on earth1 giving his people wise and holy laws2 that he taught them agriculture and reverence to the gods1 going through all the country to instruct his subjects1 whose attention he won and whose manners he softened by the penetrating charm of his words and by music4#aeb ,footnote #aea3 ,it is of these innumerable names that the ,egyptians formed their long litanies1 which are1 as it were1 the type of those of the ,catholic ,church4 ,m4 ,ancessi mentions having heard at ,cairo some wandering musicians chanting under his window an old legend in the simple rhythm in which the melodic phrase1 incessantly repeated1 has a close resemblance to the ,catholic litanies4 ,the following is a comparatively small portion of the papyrus of ,neb-,qed1 where the departed1 arrived in the hall of ,supreme ,justice1 enumerates the faults which he has avoided1 proclaiming1 at the same time1 some of the titles of ,osiris3 8,o thou who marchest1 who art come forth from ,an6 ,i am without fault4 8,o consumer of shadows6 come forth from the double retreat2 ,i have not slain any man4 8,o purity of the face6 come forth from ,rastou2 ,i have committed no fraud on the measures of corn4 8,o ,two ,lions6 come forth from heaven2 ,i have committed no fraud in the dwelling of justice4 8,o ,flame6 come forth in turning backwards2 ,i have told no lie4 8,o ,rampart6 come forth from the mysterious abode2 ,i have done nothing worthy of condemnation4 8,o thou that vivifiest the flame6 come forth from ,hat-,phtah2 my heart has had no evil intentions4 8,o thou that turnest back the head 7etc76444 ,i have been no detractor4 8,o mystery of the leg6 come forth from the night2 ,i have not given way to anger4 8,o light of the senses6 come forth from the mysterious region2 ,i have had no intercourse with a married woman4 8,o blood6 come forth from the chamber of the lotus2 ,i have not been depraved4 8,o thou who perpetually renewest that which is6 issued from ,khem2 ,i have not been violent4444 8,o thou who hidest words6444 ,i have not been prodigal of words4 8,o ,nofre-,toum in ,ha-,phtah-,ka4 ,i have not committed abomination4 8,o thou who art unchanging6 issued from ,dadou2 ,i have done no outrage against the gods4 8,o thou who sendest forth the heavenly river6 come forth out of ,sas2 ,i have not made the slave to be maltreated by his master4 8,o thou who vivifiest intelligent beings6 ,i have not defrauded the loaves in the temple4 8,o beautiful ,neb-,ka6 ,i have not profaned the meat of the gods4444 ,i have not taken off the wrappings of the mummies4444 ,i have not taken away milk from the mouth of the infant4 8,o thou whose eyes are like a sword6 ,i have committed no fraud in the abode of justice40 ,each title given to ,osiris alludes to some mystery or teaching in the ,egyptian theology4 ,footnote #aeb3 ,music amongst the ancients was1 far more than it is with us1 an agreeable pastime4 ,socrates declares that philosophy is nothing but a sublime music3 4 ,in the third book of his ,republic ,plato goes much further1 and affirms that the musician alone is truly a philosopher3 4 ,the chanted poems and traditions were for ages the depositaries of the laws1 ritual and history of a nation4 ,even according to the myths1 however1 righteousness does not long prosper upon earth4 ,the ,principle of ,evil1 enraged against him1 compassed his painful death when his life upon earth had attained twenty-eight years#aec--often represented by twenty-eight lotus-flowers in the inscriptions1 and fixed by the traditional age of the ,apis4 ,footnote #aec3 ,it has hitherto been difficult to discover the circumstances of the death of ,osiris1 or the primitive tradition of his sufferings1 about which several legends have successively prevailed4 ,the one given by ,plutarch cannot be of great antiquity4 ,in the ,isle of ,phil1 which1 if we may so express it1 had a special devotion to ,osiris1 the history of his life is given in a series of bas-reliefs in a small sanctuary on the west of the great temple1 his death and resurrection forming the principal subjects4 ,there is a splendid passage relating to this god in ,plutarch1 ch4 lxxix41 ,treatise on ,osiris and ,isis4 ,but for ,osiris1 as for the true ,saviour1 the hour of death is the hour of victory4 ,he rises again1 and reigns henceforth1 king of an eternal kingdom4 ,the priests and faithful of ,osiris could not endure the attempts made by travellers and philosophers to find a resemblance between this pure and lofty divinity to any of their own disreputable gods1 or to fix in the depths of the earth and the abode of the dead the dwelling-place of him who had 8no kind of communication with substances subject to corruption and death40 ,no other god had in ,egypt so many temples and worshippers as this the favorite deity of the country1 since1 besides its own local divinity1 each of the nomes worshipped ,osiris and ,isis1 and thus the 8,protector of souls0 was1 from the ,mediterranean to the cataracts1 the god of all the ,egyptians4 ,the anniversary of the death of ,osiris#aed was every year observed with lamentations throughout the land1 until the hour of his resurrection1 which was hailed with joy1 festivities1 and triumph2 this people1 always so anxious and interested about the future beyond the tomb1 having for the 8,lord of the life to come0 the most deep and tender devotion4 ,for1 of all the phases of his worship1 that which occupied the largest place and exercised the profoundest influence on the religious life of this great nation is connected with the office of ,osiris in regard to each separate soul4 ,all the funereal inscriptions dwell upon this4 ,osiris was not only their saviour but their judge4 ,in the paintings and sculptures1 and the vignettes of the ritual1 he is usually represented enthroned in the ,hall of the divine ,justice1 where1 enveloped1 all but the face and hands1 in the shroud which had enfolded him in the tomb1 and holding in his right hand the hyk1 or pastoral staff 7not unlike an episcopal crosier71 and in the left a double-thonged scourge1 he awaits the soul of the departed4 ,at his feet are the divine balances1 wherein will be weighed the heart of the dead4 ,at the threshold of the hall ,maat1 the symbol of justice and truth1 receives the soul and presents it to the ,judge4 ,footnote #aed3 ,most nations of antiquity have known the traditional mystery of a god suffering1 dying1 and rising again4 ,the worship of ,adonis1 long prevalent among the ,syrian races1 penetrated1 under the name of ,thammuz1 even into the sanctuary of ,israel 7,ezek4 viii4 #ad74 ,macrobius speaks of it also among the ,assyrians1 and of the lamentations of ,proserpine2 and the same belief is to be found in the long poems of ,india4 ,it is also probable that the ,moabite worship of ,beelphegor was analogous to that of ,osiris1 ,adonis1 and ,thammuz 7see ,numb4 xxv4 #b74 ,women are here1 as in ,egypt1 at ,byblos1 and ,athens1 especially charged with his worship4 ,the soul's first words on being brought into the presence of its ,god were3 8,i am the ,osiris such a one10 giving his earthly name4#aee ,footnote #aee3 ,in the papyrus ,neb-,qed we find as follows3 8,words1 on entering the ,hall of ,double ,justice to see the face of the gods1 spoken by the ,osiris ,neb-,qed4 ,he said3 ,hail to thee1 great ,god1 ,lord of justice6 ,i come into thy presence to behold thy beauties 444 on the day of the giving account of words before the ,good ,being4 ,i place myself in your presence1 my lords2 ,i bring you the truth40 ,this assimilation of the faithful worshipper with his divine type is one of the most elevated and touching characteristics of the ,egyptian doctrine2 nor does anything analogous to it exist in any other religion of antiquity--it is only in ,christianity that we find it again4 ,in the same way that the ,christian is a living member of ,christ1 sharing in his life1 rights1 and merits1 bearing his name1 taking refuge behind the person of his ,saviour1 so does the worshipper of ,osiris become a living member of his liberator1 and another ,osiris2 and at the hour of death the soul calls for aid from him who had also passed its dark portal and come forth again victoriously4 ,nothing is more touching than the prayers addressed by these suppliant souls to their protector2 thus we read1 in a papyrus of the ,louvre3 8,amensaouef the departed says to ,osiris3 ,receive in peace this ,osiris1 ,amensaouef justified4444 ,open to him thy gates1 that ,i may enter there when my heart shall desire3 may the guardians of thy pylones not fight against me1 and may ,i not be thrust back by thy guards1 that ,i may see ,god in his beauty2 that ,i may serve him in the place where he dwells40 ,to obtain a right to these favors1 the soul1 as in the litany already quoted from the ,book of the ,dead1 recalled its innocent life2 in the ,book of the ,breathings the dead continues his justification by enumerating his good works3 8,o gods who dwell in the lower hemisphere6 listen to the voice of the ,osiris such a one2 he is come before you4 ,there is in him no fault2 no testimony arises against him4444 ,he gave bread to the hungry and water to the thirsty2 he gave clothes to the naked2#aef he offered peace-offerings to the gods and oblations to the manes40 ,footnote #aef3 ,cf4 ,job xxix4 #ab-ag1 and xxxi4 #af-bb4 ,according to the result declared by the unerring balances1 judgment was given1 and the name of the righteous written down by ,thoth in the ,book of ,life4 ,the just had right to enter into the 8,mysterious ,retreat10 the place of eternal bliss1 to eat the fruit of the tree of life1 ,astu1 and rest in its shadow2 to drink the waters of the river of life1 to sit down at the heavenly feast with ,osiris1 and to find the fulness of happiness in the contemplation of the face of ,god4 ,the impious were driven to endless punishment in the fiery gulfs of ,amma1 while 8intermediate souls0 were purified1 by an expiation proportioned to their faults1 in the ,lake of ,fire4 ,the most curious document1 after the ,todtenbuch1 which ,egypt has bequeathed to us on the subject is the long ,,ms4 entitled ,the ,book of that which takes place in the ,lower ,hemisphere4#aeg ,the author there describes1 as if he himself had visited them1 all the various localities of these regions of darkness4 ,in it we advance1 with ,osiris and his dead1 along the gloomy paths which frequently remind us of the wanderings of ,dante4 ,the way is divided into twelve 8,hours0 with their corresponding stations1 and is peopled with mysterious phantoms and mythological forms1 who sometimes stop the travellers and at others favor their progress4 ,it is said at the seventh hour3 8,who knows this1 the panther devours him not40#aeh ,the name of this hour is1 8,he who repulses the reptile1 who wounds the serpent ,ha-her40#aei ,footnote #aeg3 ,m4 ,deveria has given a summary of this book1 in his ,notice des ,manuscrits du ,muse du ,louvre4 ,footnote #aeh3 ,it is also a panther that ,dante encounters at the entrance of the forest which is the commencement of the mysterious realm of ,death4 ,the ,egyptian texts mention also the lion1 of which the ,catholic liturgy retains the remembrance in the ,offertory for the ,mass for the ,dead3 ,domine ,jesu ,christe1 libera animas defunctorum 444 de ore leonis1 ne absorbeat eas ,tartarus4 ,footnote #aei3 ,each hour of this night has a name1 according to the mystery accomplished in it4 ,the eighth hour is characterized by the defeat of the great serpent1 cast into the abyss4 ,one of his names is ,apep--he who lifts the head1 the proud one1 represented by a serpent pierced with arrows4 ,the most detailed description of the ,egyptian hell is given in the third register of the eleventh hour4 ,there we are shown seven goddesses standing1 each armed with a sword2#afj the flames which spring from their mouths fall into seven gulfs1 wherein condemned souls1 hieroglyphic symbols of spirits1 heads cut off1 etc41 are confusedly mingled amidst the fire4 ,each gulf is designated in retrograde characters by the word ,had1 reminding one of the ,greek ,hades2 and each goddess has a name which indicates her powers and functions4 ,it was this hell that was called also the second death--an expression preserved by tradition to the days of ,christianity1 and repeated by ,st4 ,john in the ,apocalypse1 in which we find almost all the ancient formul of the religious beliefs of primitive times4 ,footnote #afj3 8,in that day1 fear ye before the sword2 the vengeance of the sword is burning2 that ye may know that there is a judgment0 7,job xix4 #bi74 ,we have now briefly to consider ,osiris under the aspect of the ,risen ,one4 ,when1 like the sun overcoming the shades of night1 he rises from the dead1 he is called ,horus2 and although the texts insist upon the absolute identity of the divine personality who manifests himself under these two aspects1 ,horus nevertheless1 in the mythological form of the doctrine1 is called his son--the ,avenger of his father ,osiris4 ,this formula1 8,i am ,horus1 the ,avenger of his father10 occurs repeatedly throughout the ,todtenbuch2 the ,avenger being the ,god himself awakening from the tomb under a new form1 and taking possession of the second life that knows death no more2 that which happened to ,osiris being repeated in each departed soul1 of whom he was the type and the ,saviour4 ,later on ,egyptian mythology furnished ,osiris with assistants for this combat with death4 ,the ,book of the ,lower ,hemisphere represents1 at the tenth hour of the journey through the lands beyond the tomb1 and at the moment when the trial is about to end1 four gods1 each bearing a bow and arrows1 with the legend3 8,these with their bows and arrows1 going before the great ,god1 open to him the eastern horizon of heaven4 ,this great ,god says3 ,choose out your arrows1 draw your bows2 wound for me mine enemies who are in darkness at the gate of the horizon40#afa ,this combat is renewed for each soul1 and the avenging ,god invariably intervenes with his attendant spirits4 ,m4 ,ancessi considers that we have here an unexpected and natural commentary upon the words of ,job1 8,i know that my ,avenger liveth10 and proceeds to examine the sense of the word goel1 or avenger1 of the ,hebrew text4 ,footnote #afa3 ,cat4 of ,egypt4 ,,mss41 ,book of the ,lower ,hemisphere1 p4 #ae4 ,in the social order of the wandering tribes a traditional law regulated that1 in case of murder1 it rested with the family of the victim to take vengeance on the murderer4 ,it was for the son to avenge his father1 or1 in default of a son1 the nearest relative1 who thus became the goel of the slain4 ,it is easy to imagine the terrible effects of this fatal law1 which still prolongs itself through centuries1 and sometimes does not end before a whole tribe has been cut off4 ,but besides the earthly avenger1 there was another--,god himself1 who intervened at the hour of death to adjudge the punishment of the wicked and take in hand the cause of the departed4 ,such is1 in fact1 the character of the mysterious protector whose aid is claimed by ,job when he exclaims1 8,i know that my ,goel is living02 he can count upon him1 as in his tribe he counts upon the never-failing avenger of the cause of the oppressed4#afb ,footnote #afb3 ,osiris surrounded his children with so much solicitude that he is represented as even sending his attendants to visit their sepulchres4 ,we find1 for instance1 the following in papyrus #cbhc of the ,louvre3 8,said by ,osiris to the gods of his suite3 ,go1 then1 and see this dwelling of the departed1 that it may be thus constructed2 hasten it for the moment of his heavenly birth with you2 respect him2 salute him1 for he is honorable40 ,it is curious to find so early the dies natalis of our martyrologies4 ,we need only allude to the frequency with which1 in all poetical and imaginative nations1 a metaphor becomes a myth1 to perceive the facility with which the idea of the resurrection of ,osiris became the birth of ,horus in the cradle of his father's tomb4 ,thus there was a violent death2 there was a son2 the next step naturally transforms ,horus into the avenger4 ,how often is it the case that a word of apparent unimportance1 having found its way into a dogmatic explanation1 ends by entirely disfiguring its sense1 like a graft left by an unknown hand in the bark of a tree1 and which produces a complete change in its fruit6#afc ,thus1 as time goes on1 we find grouped around ,osiris1 ,horus the ,avenger1 who is called his son1 ,isis and ,nephtys1 who are his sisters1 forty terrible assessors who surround his tribunal and aid him as judge1 besides a multitude of details which compromise and disfigure the ancient doctrine2 while the text of ,job preserves the mysterious germ of the ,osirian doctrine in its simplicity and grandeur1 and then applies it in prophetic allusion to the death and resurrection of ,messias the ,redeemer4 ,footnote #afc3 8,how often would the ,catholic faith have hopelessly foundered amidst the innovations which the heretics and sectaries of all times have attempted to foist upon her1 had not an infallible authority watched over her and secured her integrity6 ,i know nothing more convincing as to the necessity of this doctrinal magistracy than the incessant variation of the religions of antiquity4 ,from a distance1 and at first sight1 they seem to have changed the least2 whereas1 on the contrary1 their history has been nothing but a gradual and perpetual change1 the laws of which it may not be impossible some time to discover40--,le ,rdempteur et la ,vie ,future4 ,an additional probability that the words of ,job contain an allusion to this doctrine is to be found in the remarkable identity of the remaining portion of this text with the formula of the ,egyptian papyri4 ,after his affirmation of faith in a living ,redeemer ,job immediately adds1 with the theologians of ,egypt3 8,in my flesh ,i shall see ,god1 whom ,i1 ,i shall see for myself2 mine eyes shall see him1 and not those of another40 ,the passages in the ,todtenbuch and funereal inscriptions are numberless in which we find it said of the departed3 ,illustration3 ,this glorious spirit1 in his flesh1 he himself1 he sees 7,god74 ,again3 8,i come to thee1 ,lord of gods and men2 ,i come to contemplate thy beauties40 8,i behold the great ,god in the interior of his tabernacle2 in this day of the judgment of souls40 ,the resemblance is so striking between the ,hebrew and ,egyptian texts that comment is needless2 nevertheless1 we would guard against the supposition that the ideas uttered by the patriarch were borrowed from ,egyptian theology2 for1 besides that in the words of ,job there is the absence of any myth or secondary personage whatever1 it appears certain that these doctrines1 preserved in greater purity in their primitive form among the ,semitic races1 may be traced back to the time of the separation of the families of ,sem and ,cham1 whom they respectively accompanied into their distant wanderings as their most precious heritage2 but whilst the scribes and doctors of ,egypt gradually enveloped them in an exuberant mythology1 the pastoral tribes of ,sem preserved them in the simplicity of the first ages4 ,and yet all these doctrines1 which are proved to be the heritage of humanity1 would have been lost and buried with the ,egyptian dead had it not been for the intervention of ,christ4 ,in vain for three centuries did the loftiest intelligences of ,greece weary themselves in studies whose result was to prove that man was incapable of forming true notions of ,god1 the soul1 and our destinies from the chaos of systems which enveloped the original revelation when our ,lord brought to the human race the realization of its venerable traditions and the faith of its earliest days4 ,let it not be objected that the doctrines of the ,redeemer were more ancient than his advent and known to man before he taught them upon earth2 for man having always had the same duties to fulfil in regard to his future destiny1 of necessity ,god did not leave him in ignorance of them from the time of his origin2 and when1 later on1 they were forgotten1 and the whole world lay in darkness1 then arose the ,light of which a faint reflection in the firmament had long heralded the approach1 though clouded most before the dawn4 ,,millicent4 ,i4 ,about two years ago we were sitting in our sunny salon in the ,avenue ,gabrielle1 my mother and ,i1 she reading1 ,i at my harp1 when ,tomlins1 our ,english maid1 opened the door1 her face all alight with suppressed laughter4 8,well1 ,tomlins80 said my mother4 8,please1 ma'am1 it were such a joke60 said ,tomlins4 8,i was a-comin' past the porter's lodge when ,i 'eard a gentleman trying that 'ard to explain himself1 and he 'adn't 'alf a dozen words o' ,french1 he 'adn't2 and the concierge he could make neither 'ead nor tail of what he was wanting to say2 and it was that funny ,i couldn't for the life of me but burst out a-laughin'60 8,that was a shame6 ,you should have gone to the gentleman's assistance1 instead of laughing at him10 said my mother reprovingly2 8he would have done so had he seen you in a difficulty40 8,i think he was ,hamerican1 ma'am10 said ,tomlins1 in a tone which clearly indicated that she thought this fact an extenuating circumstance of her misbehavior4 8,that makes no difference10 said my mother2 8you know enough of ,french1 such as it is1 to have been useful to him1 and you should have come forward4 ,but how do you know he was an ,american80 8,he wore a white 'at1 ma'am1 and that's what ,henglish gentlemen don't use to1 leastways not this time of year4 ,he be the family that has took the flat down-stairs for the winter40 8,oh6 he is a neighbor1 then60 remarked my mother2 and1 turning to me1 she added3 8,perhaps ,i ought to go down and see if we can be of any use to them80 8,indeed1 mamma10 ,i replied hastily1 8you will do nothing of the sort6 ,we have had enough of ,american acquaintances4 ,these are most likely enormously rich people1 whose neighborhood1 if we knew them1 would be nothing but a bore40 8,we have known some very rich ones who were exceedingly pleasant10 urged my mother4 8,yes1 and that is why ,i have registered a vow never to know another--not if ,i can help it1 at least10 ,i replied4 8,just as you have grown to care for them they sail away across the ,atlantic1 and you never see them again6 ,no1 please1 let us have nothing to do with these people down-stairs6 ,they may be perfectly charming1 and1 if they are1 all the more reason for keeping clear of them40 8,this is all very selfish and not at all like you10 persisted my mother4 8,these people are at our door1 strangers1 and at the mercy of the concierge1 who will fleece them and worry them till they are driven wild2 it is a real act of charity to come to their rescue4 ,i will send ,tomlins down with my card40 ,i gave up the contest4 ,i knew that1 when there was an act of kindness to be done1 it was no use trying to oppose my mother1 especially on such selfish grounds as my present ones4 ,the card was sent accordingly with a message1 and about ten minutes later up came the whole tribe--,dr4 ,segrave1 ,mrs4 ,segrave1 and ,miss ,sybil ,segrave4 ,they were simply beside themselves with gratitude4 ,their delight on discovering that there was a deliverer at hand1 under the same roof with them1 was quite affecting4 ,how they ever found the courage to come and face the situation at all1 with such a lively horror of its consequences1 was a matter of great surprise to us4 ,miss ,segrave spoke ,french fluently1 but this accomplishment apparently was reserved solely for ornamental purposes2 her disconsolate parents had evidently not thought of pressing it into such vulgar service as parleying with the concierge and the cook--two domestic enemies before whom they had already learned to shake in their shoes4 ,there was something about the three that smote my heart at once4 ,there was a freshness1 a frankness1 a spontaneous trustfulness that it was difficult to resist4 ,i made a stand for it1 nevertheless1 and was as coldly unresponsive to their exuberant warmth of manner as was consistent with politeness4 ,the doctor1 however1 took me by storm1 and in one minute and a half ,i had capitulated4 ,he was only doctor by courtesy2 he had taken every degree that could be taken1 but he had only practised as an amateur1 being1 as my prophetic soul had warned me1 8enormously rich40 ,he was about fifty-five years of age1 tall1 slim1 dark1 but he had a quizzical expression of face1 a twinkle in his eye1 and a spring in his manner that made you forget he was not a boy4 ,mrs4 ,segrave was a complete contrast to him4 ,middle-sized1 stout1 and unfashionable in appearance1 she had the gentleness and the kindliness of half a dozen mothers rolled up into one2 her voice was low1 her manner simple almost to homeliness1 but full of that easy self-possession that stamped her at once as a lady--a most winning woman4 ,sybil--,o ,sybil6 ,how shall ,i describe her8 ,she was not a beauty1 and yet she made the effect of being one4 ,there was a brilliancy about her that is indescribable2 it lighted up the room the moment she entered4 ,pull her to pieces1 and she was nothing2 take her as a whole1 and she dazzled you4 ,her features were irregular1 her complexion was nothing particular1 but there was a sparkle1 a glow1 a grace about her altogether that were more striking than the loveliest coloring or the most perfect symmetry4 ,i can see her now as she appeared to me that first day1 standing on her high heels1 a little behind the doctor and ,mrs4 ,segrave1 her black eyes glancing right and left like flashes of lightning1 her scarlet feather1 set like a flame in her black velvet hat1 illuminating her olive skin1 and her gold-brown silk dress glistening like a separate patch of sunshine in the sunlit room4 ,a most picturesque creature she looked4 ,i longed to hear her speak4 ,no one was kept long waiting for this in ,sybil's presence4 8,this is the very kindest thing ,i ever heard of60 said ,mrs4 ,segrave1 holding out her fat little hand to my mother4 8,you have saved a family man from suicide1 my dear madam60 said the doctor in the heartiest tone4 8,father60 protested ,sybil1 8there you are making such a character for us6 ,mrs4 ,wallace will set us down as a family of mad ,americans4 ,i assure you1 ,mrs4 ,wallace1 we are all perfectly in our right minds1 and very grateful to you40 ,this sortie broke the ice into splinters4 ,we all laughed1 shook hands1 and sat down1 and the doctor began forthwith to pour out his troubles4 ,their name was legion4 ,he had not been twenty-four hours in the house1 and the concierge had already driven him to the verge of insanity4 8,if ,i could speak to the rascal1 ,i'd be a match for him1 and soon make him know ,i would stand no nonsense10 he went on to explain4 8,but that's where he has me on the hip1 as ,shakspere says2 he keeps jabbering on1 and ,i can't answer the fellow4 ,i know what he's driving at1 ,i know he's robbing me2 but what aggravates me most is that he thinks he's fooling me40 ,my mother poured all the oil she could on these angry waters1 and in ten minutes ,i could see that she and the doctor were sworn friends4 ,sybil listened so far to the conversation with an air of amused interest1 just as ,i was doing2 then abruptly turning from it1 as if she had had enough of the subject1 8,you are a musician1 ,i see10 she said--my harp and piano stood open ready for action4 8,i am perfectly devoted to music6 ,i will come up and play duets with you1 if you let me80 ,i said ,i should be delighted4 8,but ,i like talking ten thousand times better than music10 she went on4 8,music is a way of expressing one's self with another instrument than one's tongue2 but one tires of it after a while4 ,one never tires of talking2 ,i never do40 ,i could readily believe this1 but assented as to a general proposition4 8,do you read a great deal80 she continued4 8,i don't4 ,i find life is too absorbing1 too full2 one has no time left for reading4 ,have you8 ,human beings are the books ,i enjoy most4 ,i am so intensely interested in my fellow-creatures6 ,i like to study them1 to turn them inside out1 to analyze their characters1 to exchange views with them4 ,i do so enjoy discussing life4 ,don't you80 ,this time she did 8pause for a reply10 and ,i was able to make one4 ,it was not very satisfactory4 8,no1 really6 ,you don't care for discussing life6 ,well1 ,i am surprised at that4 ,dangerous6 ,what a funny idea6 ,but if it were1 that would only make it ten times more interesting to me2 there is such an excitement in danger6 ,if ,i had been a man ,i should have been passionately devoted to tiger-hunting4 ,now1 life is a kind of tiger-hunt1 when one comes to think of it2 one can always get some excitement out of it--watching other people at the hunt1 ,i mean4 ,don't you think so8 ,people take such different views of life4 ,good gracious6 one would never get to the end of one's friends' views1 if one began1 even on one particular subject4 ,take love and marriage1 for instance2 what can be more intensely interesting than to discuss marriage with a person who holds views diametrically opposite to one's own80 ,she rattled on in this way for half an hour3 it was very amusing4 ,i felt very tame beside her1 and ,i fancied she must have found me insufferably dull and unsympathetic4 ,i found out afterwards that ,i was mistaken in this2 her estimate had been very flattering4 ,on reflection it need not have surprised me2 there is nothing a great talker likes so much as a good listener4 ,we all parted most cordially1 with mutual congratulations on the chance that had brought us together4 8,i feel as bold as a lion10 said the doctor as he shook hands with my mother4 8,i am ready to brave an army of concierges40 8,oh6 keep the peace2 keep friends with him at any cost4 ,if you make him your enemy1 he will worry your life out10 was her parting injunction4 8,well10 she said1 when the door had closed on our new acquaintances1 8what do you think of them80 8,i think them perfectly odious60 ,i replied4 8,my dear ,lilly60 8,yes4 ,they are just the kind of people we are sure to get fond of1 to make a friendship with1 and then away they will fly1 and we shall never hear or see them for the rest of our lives40 8,you are determined to make a tragedy out of it1 so ,i will not contradict you10 said my mother4 8,meantime1 ,i shall enjoy the pleasant neighborhood1 and trust to its not ending so badly4 ,they are here for six months certain1 and if they like it1 and the countess likes to renew their lease1 they may remain for six months more4 ,they intend to make themselves very comfortable1 meantime1 and to receive a good deal40 8,humph6 ,they will be sending us invitations to their entertainments1 ,i suppose10 ,i said4 8,that is very likely40 8,they will have their share in their thanks1 as far as ,i am concerned10 ,i said2 and ,i sat down to my harp again4 8,i have no fancy to go and figure as a housemaid amongst their magnificent ,american toilettes40 8,i am vain enough to flatter myself that my child would look like a gentlewoman1 whatever her surroundings might be10 observed my mother quietly1 8and that she does not depend on dress for her individuality40 ,what else could ,i do but jump up and kiss her for this speech1 and declare myself ready to go and sport my white muslin and pink ribbons in the midst of all the latest wonders of ,worth ,company8 ,it was not many days before ,i had an opportunity of putting this heroic resolve into execution4 ,you may laugh2 but it was heroic4 ,i realized this distinctly1 even before the supreme crisis of the eventful evening came4 ,sybil herself came up with the card of invitation4 8,mamma was putting it into an envelope to send it by ,pierre10 she said2 8but ,i said that was the veriest nonsense1 and that ,i would take it myself4 ,of course you are disengaged8 ,you must be disengaged60 8,unfortunately1 we are10 ,i replied4 8,why1 ,lilly ,wallace1 what do you mean60 screamed ,sybil4 8,just this3 that ,i am a trifle proud1 and just vain enough not to care to look a guy wherever ,i go1 and that ,i am pretty sure to look that at your house on the #bb;d4 ,you will all be dressed to kill1 as you say--rigged out in the very newest fashions by the most expensive dressmakers in ,paris--and ,i shall have to appear like a school-girl in plain white muslin4 ,i never wear anything else2 mamma can't afford it4 ,i shall have a new one1 and she will give me a handsome sash and fresh flowers2 but that is all4 ,she will appear herself in plain black velvet1 without either old point or diamonds4 ,if you think we will make too hideous a blot on your splendor1 say so honestly1 and we will spare you the disgrace40 8,lilly1 you are the very oddest girl ,i ever came across in the whole course of my life60 protested ,sybil4 8,why1 how can you talk so8 ,you will look perfectly lovely in your sheer white muslin4 ,i only wish we ,americans were not such fools as to spend all our money on our backs as we do2 ,i can tell you most of us hate it and think it awfully hard to have to do it4 ,but we can't help it2 we should get so laughed at if we went to a ball in white muslin that we should die of shame40 8,well1 that's a pleasant lookout for me60 ,i remarked4 8,oh6 it's quite a different thing with you10 ,sybil declared1 and with a warmth ,i felt was sincere2 indeed1 ,i felt she was sincere all through4 8,you are ,english1 and we know perfectly well you have a different standard in those things40 8,and my mother80 ,i said4 8,what sort of effect is she likely to produce in her plain black velvet80 8,she will look like a queen--that's all2 you know she will1 ,lilly40 ,i did know it2 ,i had known it as long as ,i could remember4 ,i had been brought up by my mother in a black velvet dress1 and believed1 nay1 knew1 that she looked as beautiful and queenlike in it as if its soft and sombre simplicity had been embroidered in gems and beflowered by all the ,worths in ,christendom4 ,i confess1 nevertheless--and ,i do so with shame--that ,i felt mortified at her having to present herself in this splendid gathering of ,transatlantic rank and fashion in the attire which had borne her triumphantly through many a stately ,parisian crowd4 ,i was really dazzled by the splendor of the dresses when we stood in the midst of them4 ,there was no distinguishing the young from the old1 the maid from the matron2 silks1 satins1 laces1 jewels glistened indiscriminately on all4 ,there was a great deal of beauty amongst the women--there is sure to be in an ,american assembly2 but the richness of their dresses surpassed anything ,i ever beheld4 ,in a ,french salon you may expect to meet a great deal of elegance--some dresses that stand out from the common level of taste and becomingness by their more brilliant hues and elaborate trimmings2 but here all were brilliant1 all were elaborate1 all were magnificent4 ,i really did feel an anachronism as ,i stood there in my innocent1 fluttering muslin1 while these superb1 many-colored birds-of-paradise floated and rustled all round me1 sweeping the dark carpet with miles of silk1 and satin1 and velvet1 and lace of every hue in the rainbow4 ,it was like being shut up in a kaleidoscope2 the pattern shifted1 flashing into new forms before my eyes at every turn1 until ,i felt fairly bewildered by the moving glory4 ,what kind of conversation could go on under external conditions like these8 ,how were people1 women at any rate1 to collect their thoughts to converse on any possible subject except the one that was under their eyes1 brought before them in such victorious1 fascinating guise8 ,if they were not talking of dress1 their own dress1 their friend's dress1 dress in general or in particular1 they were most assuredly thinking of it4 ,and small blame to them4 ,i know ,i1 for one1 could think of nothing else4 ,nothing could exceed the courtesy of our hosts4 ,they led up guest after guest to introduce to us2 all the magnates were presented to my mother1 all the young ladies to me4 ,they were very gracious1 every one of them1 but we did not get on well after the first exchange of commonplaces4 ,how could we8 ,what interest could a white-muslin creature like poor me have in the eyes of these sumptuously-attired young ladies8 ,i said simply nothing to them1 ,i suggested nothing2 ,i was a blank4 ,sybil never sat down for a moment4 ,she was untiring in her efforts to make everybody happy and pleasant and at home4 ,she kept flitting about from room to room1 bringing young gentlemen up to young ladies1 seeing that no one was overlooked1 that congenial elements were drawn together1 that antagonistic ones were kept asunder4 ,there probably were some antagonistic ones1 though they were invisible beneath the gay1 harmonious surface--that pale1 stately-looking girl1 for instance1 whom ,i had noticed sitting apart beside a large console that separated her from the gaudy group standing close by4 ,i knew she was a great friend of ,sybil's1 because ,i had seen her photograph in a dainty gilt frame in the place of honor on her writing-table4 ,i saw ,sybil making a dart to her side every now and then1 and interchanging a few hurried words in a tone of close confidence2 and yet she took no pains to bring her forward or to introduce people to her4 ,there was something peculiar about the girl's air and countenance that drew my attention and made me wish to speak to her4 ,i seized the first opportunity to whisper this wish to ,sybil4 8,the pale girl in the corner8 ,whoever do you mean8 ,oh6 ,millicent ,gray4 ,yes1 by and by4 ,i don't think you would care much to talk to her2 ,i mean ,i don't think you and she would hit it off very well10 said ,sybil in a hesitating way2 and somehow it was borne upon me that she thought exactly the contrary2 that we should hit it off too well1 and that she preferred1 for reasons of her own1 not to bring us together4 ,i there and then resolved that ,i would make ,millicent ,gray's acquaintance before ,i left the room--or die4 ,did ,sybil see this in my face1 ,i wonder8 ,she had a way of flashing a look at you with her round black eyes that suggested a power of reading you through and through which was sometimes uncomfortable4 ,i felt it so now1 and1 trying to assume an air of supreme indifference1 ,i observed1 looking in another direction3 8,then never mind4 ,i only fancied talking to her because no one else has been doing so2 she looked lonely40 ,sybil's rose-colored skirts floated away in the direction of ,millicent ,gray1 and for a moment ,i half-expected she was going to bring her up to me4 ,i was mistaken2 she bent over her friend1 and began talking in animated tones1 gesticulating with her fan in an excited manner4 ,millicent listened apparently with more surprise than approval2 there was a faint expression of sarcastic resentment on her pale1 thoughtful face1 and an imperceptible movement of her shoulders seemed to shrug away some remark of ,sybil's with smiling dissent2 as she did so1 her eyes turned towards me and our glances met4 ,there was a mute recognition in them which we both felt4 ,i blushed1 feeling rather guilty for watching her so closely2 she smiled1 and1 in spite of myself1 ,i obeyed a law of nature and smiled too4 ,the rooms were now so full that it was difficult to move about2 there was small chance of the crowd swaying me across towards ,millicent1 and she sat on1 surveying the scene from her nook with a face that was more expressive of quiet observation than enjoyment4 ,she was dressed in white silk1 with waves of tulle flowing over it1 but without further ornament--neither ribbons nor flowers2 she wore one large crimson rose in her hair1 a long traine of leaves dropping down from it and entangling a rich curl of her dark hair4 ,the relative simplicity of the dress singled her out as a very remote cousin to my white muslin1 and ,i felt more than ever convinced we should prove sympathetic to each other4 ,how was ,i to make good my vow to speak to her or die8 ,the chances were that ,i should die1 for just at this moment ,sybil bore down on me from the rear1 and took me in tow through the billows of silks and lace into her own boudoir1 which was two rooms off from the central salon where my pensive heroine abided4 8,are you having a good time of it1 ,lilly80 she inquired1 darting her bright black eyes through me1 when we came to a little breathing space4 8,what do you think of our ,american society8 ,are our women as handsome as yours8 ,are our young men as agreeable80 8,four questions in one breath60 ,i cried1 pretending to gasp4 8,let me answer the first--the only one ,i can meet on such short notice3 ,i am having a capital time of it4 ,you are the best hosts ,i ever saw1 all three of you4 ,but1 ,sybil1 do introduce me to that girl in white silk40 8,no1 ,i won't10 said ,sybil4 8,you must want some refreshment4 ,i don't believe you've taken so much as an ice2 ,i've seen you let the trays pass a dozen times untouched4 ,come into the supper-room and have something4 ,stay10 and she bent close to me and went on in a whisper3 8,i will make ,mr4 ,halsted take you in4 ,you see that young man with the fuchsia in his buttonhole8 ,he is perfectly charming4 ,i have had such a delightful talk with him just now60 8,about what80 8,good gracious6 ,about everything40 8,you have been discussing life with him80 8,precisely40 8,and what has come of it8 ,has he proposed1 or is he only hovering on the brink1 poor wretch80 8,how absurd you are1 ,lilly1 with your ,english ideas60 cried ,sybil1 still in a sotto voce1 although the music drowned everybody's voice4 8,you won't understand that one may discuss life with a young man without meaning any harm60 8,harm8 ,to his heart1 do you mean80 8,or to one's own40 8,have you got one1 ,sybil80 ,i asked quite seriously4 8,yes1 ,i have1 and a very sensitive one too1 let me tell you10 she said in her vehemently emphatic way4 8,mr4 ,halsted1 will you take my friend to have some refreshment8 ,mr4 ,halsted--,miss ,wallace40 ,and off ,i went with this perfectly charming young man4 ,the first person ,i met in the supper-room was my mother1 whom the doctor had just taken in and was plying with some delicious nectar of an ,american drink4 8,my dear1 ,i was beginning to wonder what had become of you10 she said4 8,it is growing rather late1 is it not80 ,the doctor protested1 but we made good the opportunity as soon as his hospitable back was turned1 and disappeared from the brilliant scene4 ,and ,millicent ,gray8 ,i was of course in honor bound to die1 as ,i had not spoken to her2 but ,i thought it better to live1 and try and make good my resolution in some other way4 ,chance favored me unexpectedly4 ,a few days after the magnificent reception on the first floor ,i went down to discuss life quietly with ,sybil for half an hour1 when the servant said she had been obliged to run out for a few minutes to her aunt's1 next door1 but that she would be back presently1 and had begged ,i would go in and wait for her4 ,i had not been many minutes in the salon when the doctor came in4 ,he had been 8down town0 to ,galignani's1 and had gleaned all the news that was abroad1 what steamers were signalled1 which had come in1 which had sailed1 and who had come in by the last arrival4 ,the doctor was a terrible flirt4 ,he sat down on the sofa beside me1 and began to repeat verses from ,tommy ,moore about my 8bright eyes that were his heart's undoing10 and ,i know not what besides4 ,mrs4 ,segrave heard us laughing1 and came in to see what it was all about4 8,ah6 my dear10 she said1 8he whispered those very same verses to me five-and-twenty years ago4 ,don't believe him2 he's a gay deceiver4 ,charles dear1 did you ask ,mrs4 ,wallace what we were going to do about this claim the concierge is making of twenty francs a month extra for bringing up our letters80 8,no1 ,i did not10 said the doctor4 8,in fact1 ,i had not time yet2 but ,i dare say ,miss ,lilly can tell us just as well60 8,oh6 if it's anything about the concierge you had much better appeal to mamma10 ,i said to ,mrs4 ,segrave4 8,she is at home now1 and if you go up you will find her alone40 8,i see how it is3 you want to get me out of the way60 said ,mrs4 ,segrave4 8,you want to hear what more ,charles has to say about your bright eyes4 ,well1 well1 ,i'll go2 ,i'll not be a spoil-sport40 ,she was going to open the door when ,pierre opened it1 and in walked--,millicent ,gray4 ,after the usual greetings ,mrs4 ,segrave said1 turning to me3 8,you know ,sybil's friend1 ,miss ,gray1 of course8 ,no6 ,i was sure you had met4 ,then let me introduce you--0 ,as soon as we had got 8well into conversation10 the doctor proposed that he and ,mrs4 ,segrave should leave us young ladies together1 and go up to consult my mother about this new imposition of the concierge4 ,when ,millicent and ,i found ourselves alone there was an awkward pause for a moment2 we felt as conscious as a pair of lovers thrown together for the first time4 ,at last we looked at each other and began to laugh4 8,i am so pleased to meet you10 ,i said4 8,not so much pleased as ,i am10 she replied4 8,i have been entreating ,sybil to make me acquainted with you1 and she would not4 ,we came near quarrelling over you the other evening40 8,so did she and ,i6 ,what could have been her motive80 ,i said4 8,did she not tell you80 8,no40 8,and you don't guess80 8,no6 ,pray tell me1 if it is not a secret10 ,i said4 8,oh6 no1 it's no secret10 replied ,millicent1 laughing4 8,you are a ,catholic4 ,she was afraid to let me know you40 8,lest ,i should contaminate you60 8,lest you should convert me40 ,i was silent from sheer surprise4 8,you see what a dangerous person she thinks you60 said ,millicent1 laughing4 8,i don't see why she should10 ,i replied1 rather nettled4 8,i never tried to convert her40 8,perhaps because you felt it was a hopeless case10 said ,millicent1 who could not apparently see the thing in a serious light2 for she was laughing still1 and looked altogether highly amused4 8,i don't know whether ,i felt about it one way or the other10 ,i said4 8,i am utterly bewildered that ,sybil should have laid hold of the idea of my being so dangerous in that line2 from the moment ,i discovered what her notions on religion were ,i avoided even touching on the subject directly or indirectly1 and yet she looks upon me as a lion or a fox going about and seeking whom ,i may devour60 8,no1 no2 you must not think that10 protested ,millicent4 8,she looks upon you as dangerous1 but in quite another sense from proselytizing4 ,she suspects me--very unjustly1 ,i assure you--of having what she calls ,roman ,catholic proclivities2 and when ,i expressed a wish to know you--she raves about you in the most enthusiastic way--she said nothing would induce her to make us acquainted2 that you were just the kind of person to whisk me into the ,catholic ,church before ,i knew where ,i was40 ,there was something at once so absurd and so thoroughly characteristic of ,sybil in this remark that1 in spite of myself1 ,i burst out laughing4 8,i promise solemnly10 ,i said1 8that ,i will not whisk you in without giving you due warning1 and1 moreover1 having your full and free consent to the operation beforehand40 8,thank you4 ,that is generous10 said ,millicent2 8and to prove my sense of it ,i solemnly promise not to whisk you into my church without having your full and free consent beforehand40 8,yes1 by the bye10 ,i said1 8it never seems to have occurred to ,sybil that the danger might be mutual2 that ,i ran a risk as well as you by our becoming acquainted80 ,millicent was hesitating in her answer when we heard a loud ring at the door1 and in an instant ,sybil burst into the room4 ,she stood for an instant looking at us1 and then cried out in her ringing tones3 8,well1 is it all over with you8 ,has she done it80 8,done what80 ,i said4 8,miss ,gray has not attempted to do anything except to make herself exceedingly agreeable40 ,sybil laughed merrily4 8,i call that exceedingly smart--quite worthy of a ,yankee60 she cried4 8,by the way1 it puts the thing in a new light4 ,milly1 turn on the guns and try and convert her40 ,and she pointed to me with her chinchilla muff4 8,that would be a feather in one's cap6 ,good gracious60 8,then why should you not try for it yourself80 ,i inquired4 8,sybil1 ,i am inclined to be very angry with you for making me such a reputation4 ,you know perfectly well ,i have never had a word of controversy with you since we have known each other2 never done the least thing to try and make a ,catholic of you4 ,you know ,i have not60 8,i know nothing of the sort10 protested ,sybil4 8,i know this3 that you and your mother are the very most dangerous pair of ,catholics ,i have ever met--just the kind of ,catholics to knock one's prejudices on the head with one blow40 ,and she banged the table with her pretty little muff4 8,you never preach1 either of you1 or talk controversy1 or do any mortal thing to put one on one's guard2 but you do every conceivable thing to make one fall in love with your religion3 you are the very milk of human kindness1 you never speak ill of any one1 you are always ready to help people1 you spend your time going after the poor1 nursing the sick1 and heaven knows what besides2 for you are up at cock-crow1 and out by candlelight saying your prayers1 when we are fast asleep in our beds4 ,milly ,gray1 now mark my words0--and she faced round and confronted ,millicent with uplifted muff1 in a ,sibylline attitude of warning--8mark my words3 this is none of my doing1 and whatever comes of it is not to be laid at my door40 8,sybil1 ,i promise that1 whatever catastrophe the future of this day may have in store1 it shall not be visited on you10 said ,millicent4 8,you have warned me of my peril1 and1 you know1 he who is forewarned is forearmed4 ,tell me1 now1 what have you done with ,mr4 ,halsted80 8,done with him8 ,what did you want me to do with him80 8,either kill him or cure him40 8,i should kill him1 if ,i could10 said ,sybil4 8,i never knew so perverse a man in the whole course of my life40 ,she dragged out the last words with an emphasis that might have led one to suppose the course of her life embraced a period of at least ninety-nine years4 8,what is he perverse about80 inquired her friend4 8,he won't change his politics1 he won't go back to the ,states1 and he won't marry the girl he ought to marry40 ,she enumerated these grievances with a gusto of indignation that made us scream with laughter4 8,i thought his politics were on the right side--that is1 on your side10 said ,millicent when she had recovered her gravity4 8,that's the wrong side10 said ,sybil2 8her politics are strongly ,democratic1 and there is not the ghost of a chance for him1 unless he turns ,democrat too40 8,but if he does not want a chance80 ,i ventured to put in4 8,but he ought2 ,i want him to want it4 ,she's the very sweetest girl in the whole of the ,united ,states2 and her father is the dearest old man1 and would give her a splendid fortune if ,mr4 ,halsted would marry her4 ,and everybody believed he would2 only old ,nick put it into his head to come out to ,europe1 and he has gone and fallen in love with another girl60 8,who won't marry him80 suggested ,milly4 8,certainly not60 declared ,sybil4 ,at this juncture ,dr4 and ,mrs4 ,segrave came in1 bringing my mother with them4 ,she was dressed for me to go out with her1 so ,i had to run off to equip myself1 having first cordially invited ,millicent ,gray to come and see me as soon as possible4 ,she came the next day1 and on a strange errand1 considering the warnings of ,sybil4 8,i am anxious to be of some use to the poor10 she said1 after we had talked some little time1 8and ,i don't know how to go about it here4 ,i suppose there are no ,protestants to visit1 or at least they must be very few2 would there be any objection to my visiting ,catholics80 8,not the slightest10 ,i replied1 8unless you intend to whisk them into the ,protestant ,church before they know where they are2 in that case ,i don't think ,m4 le ,cur would care to enlist your services40 8,i have no sinister designs of that sort1 ,i assure you10 said ,millicent2 8and to prove it1 ,i want you to let me go with you on your rounds4 ,i will make myself useful in any way you appoint1 and ,i will do exactly as you tell me--as far as ,i know how1 that is40 ,i said1 of course1 that ,i should be delighted to have her as a companion1 and that we should begin our partnership to-morrow2 but my mother came in as we were settling about the hour we were to meet1 and unexpectedly put a spoke in the wheel4 8,does ,mrs4 ,gray approve of this arrangement1 my dear80 she inquired4 8,i have not mentioned it to her10 replied ,millicent1 her ,american ideas of independence evidently a little shocked by the question2 8but she is sure to approve of it when ,i do4 ,is there any reason why she should not80 8,there may be4 ,you are a ,protestant1 and this scheme of visiting the poor with my daughter must bring you in contact with ,catholics of various classes--the poor1 the ,sisters of ,charity1 perhaps incidentally with ,m4 le ,cur and other priests4 ,before you embark on these perils ,i should prefer that your mother's consent was secured4 ,we ,english mothers have ,old-,world prejudices about parental authority1 you perceive10 added mamma1 smiling2 8you will not mind humoring mine in this case40 ,millicent declared her perfect readiness to do so4 ,she looked like one who would gladly humor everybody's wishes4 ,i was already in love with her4 ,the charm which attracted me that night amidst the gay crowd had not fled 8like the talisman's glittering glory0 on a nearer approach4 ,i was at a loss to see where the point of mutual attraction lay between her and ,sybil2 but ,sybil was one of those creatures who spirited away your sympathies before you had time to challenge the thief or lay a protecting hand upon your treasure4 ,she was a siren1 who drew you to her cave and did not devour you4 ,millicent was a complete contrast to her in appearance as well as in character2 her eyes were deep blue1 and her hair1 which was very dark1 whitened her fair complexion to the transparency of alabaster1 and gave a stronger individuality to her delicate features than blond hair1 which seemed their natural birthright1 could have lent them4 ,she was very tall1 and her small1 beautifully-formed hands and feet put the seal on the character of singular refinement which pervaded her whole exterior4 ,my mother was greatly taken with her4 8,you have committed yourself more seriously in this case1 it strikes me10 she remarked when ,millicent had taken leave4 8,they are settled in ,paris permanently10 ,i replied2 8,i asked her that at once4 ,i should not have embarked on an intimacy with her1 if they had been only birds of passage40 ,mrs4 ,gray made no difficulty about ,millicent's joining me in my visits to the poor2 she observed1 indeed--very naturally1 ,i thought--that 8,mrs4 ,wallace ran just the same risk in allowing her daughter to associate with ,millicent40 ,millicent returned next morning quite jubilant with this message1 and we set out on our first walk together4 ,we agreed that we were not to improve this or any future opportunity to convert each other4 ,was ,i quite sincere when ,i entered on this agreement8 ,looking back on it1 ,i think ,i can honestly say ,i was4 ,i meant that ,i would not discuss religion or say anything to prejudice ,millicent against her own2 that ,i would rigidly avoid controversy2 and in all this ,i kept my word4 ,but ,i did not disguise from myself that ,i had a great longing to see her a ,catholic1 and that ,i should do my best in another way to bring about this result4 ,for this purpose ,i had her name put down at ,notre ,dame des ,victoires for prayers4 ,i asked several of my friends to pray for the same intention1 and ,i made a point of praying every day for it myself4 ,i took her to see ,sur ,lucie1 a ,sister of ,charity ,i was very fond of1 and ,i interested her in the same object4 ,i counted a good deal1 too1 on the impression which the faith of the poor was likely to make on her4 ,i was just then much occupied with a poor woman named ,mme4 ,martin1 who was dying1 who had been dying these five years of a very painful malady4 ,i think she was the first person ,i took ,millicent to see4 ,she lived in a room on the sixth floor--that is1 in the attic--of a house where her mother was concierge4 ,she had been better educated than the generality of her class1 having been brought up as a teacher of singing4 ,this pursuit had subsequently thrown her into the society of persons much above her in position1 and the contact had contributed still more to educate and refine her4 ,she had consequently acquired something of the varnish of a lady1 and1 without being really educated1 she had gained that increased capacity for suffering which even imperfect education gives4 ,her illness had thrown her back into her original position and surroundings1 and these were perfect misery to her4 ,she could not bear the society of the servants--her constant one now1 owing to that horrible ,french system of stowing away the servants of every flat in the same house into pigeon-holes under the roof1 old and young1 men and women1 innocent1 honest girls and vicious old veterans in dishonesty1 all crammed higgledy-piggledy in a proximity full of dangers to both soul and body4 ,this population of the pigeon-holes was insupportable to ,mme4 ,martin2 she had nothing in common with them nor they with her4 ,they pitied her--for the ,french are always kind-hearted--but they resented her evident superiority1 and often showed their pity in a way that hurt more than it soothed4 ,she writhed under the compassion of these coarse1 vulgar-minded men and women1 whose conversation turned chiefly on the domestic concerns of their masters1 how they cheated them1 the tricks they practised on them4 ,they came to see1 after a while1 that she did not care for their society1 and they ceased to inflict it on her1 and ,mme4 ,martin came gradually to be as isolated as if she had been living in a desert4 ,she was glad of it in one way4 ,we most of us prefer solitude to unsympathetic company2 we had rather be left alone than intruded on by those loud voices and heavy steps that jar so painfully on the nervous atmosphere of a sick-room2 but there were times when her loneliness weighed terribly on her1 when she longed for any hand that would but raise her paralyzed limbs from a posture that had grown agonizing from prolonged immobility1 that would give her the drink that was just beyond the reach of her arm4 ,her mother could come to her but very seldom2 she dared not absent herself during the busy portion of the day from her lodge downstairs4 ,sur ,lucie was very kind1 and came as often as she could2 it was she who had taken me to her and begged me to look after her4 ,i was the better able to do so that ,mme4 ,martin lived only five minutes' walk from our house4 ,i don't think ,i ever came in contact with a sufferer who edified me more than this poor woman4 ,it was not that she was so wonderfully pious1 or heroic1 or resigned2 she was all three by turns1 but none constantly4 ,perhaps it was this very fluctuation that made one realize so vividly the supernaturalness of the struggle she was carrying on4 ,you saw the power of the sacraments1 the action of grace working on her soul1 almost as visibly as that of medicine on the body4 ,she was a woman of very strong passions1 acute sensibilities1 and ardent imagination2 you can fancy what it was to such a nature to be immured in a room about twelve feet long by eight1 with a roof slanting to the floor at one side1 and a window in the slant1 incapable of moving in her bed without help1 dependent on charity for even that bed and for the bread she ate4 ,for the first years of her illness this misery was so unendurable1 she told me1 that she thought it would have driven her mad1 and the terror of this prospect was the most unbearable thing of all4 ,she had not the consolations of religion then4 ,her artist life1 with its alluring perils1 its wild companions1 its passionate aspirations1 had led her away from the realities of the faith and gathered a mist before her eyes4 ,but she fell ill1 and then the mist began to clear away4 ,the ,sisters of ,charity found her out1 and the old sacred memories of childhood were awakened2 her ,first ,communion1 with its sweet1 pure joys1 its lovely1 solemn pageant1 the bright companionship of kindred hearts starting with the fervent promise to the divine ,guest whose first coming was the grand event1 the supreme crisis of their little lives1 the goal to which1 thus far1 their lives had tended--all this came back like a well-remembered dream at the sight of the gray habit and the white cornette4 ,it was the old1 old story3 the prodigal had wandered into a strange country1 and had grown homesick and turned back1 and the ,father had met him half way on the road4 ,she had not fed upon the husks of swine1 poor ,mme4 ,martin2 only 8forgotten to eat her bread10 and hunger had driven her home4 ,she spoke to me of her conversion in terms of such deep humility and compunction that ,i might have fancied her the most appalling sinner who had ever lived1 if ,sur ,lucie had not told me the exact history of it4 ,but it was not all sunshine and smooth waters even after this blessed welcome home4 ,there were dreadful battles to be fought yet4 ,she fought bravely1 but not always with a smiling face and a glad heart4 ,oh6 no4 ,there were days1 of such terrific anguish1 such utter1 black despair1 that it used to seem to me sometimes that her faith must fail this time1 that nothing short of a miracle could save her now4 ,and nothing else did4 ,what greater miracle is there than the triumph of ,god's grace over our corrupt and fallen nature1 the victory of sacraments over the devil that holds our soul8 ,it was a greater wonder to me every time ,i witnessed it in ,mme4 ,martin4 ,this presence of an evil spirit in her--a real though invisible presence of tremendous1 almost omnipotent power--was so palpable that ,i used to feel something like the kind of terror one would feel near a person possessed4 ,i always felt perfectly helpless while the crisis lasted1 and would sit there and listen dumbly while she uttered her bitter1 fierce words1 not raving in loud1 wild accents1 but with a sort of hard1 suppressed anger1 a deep-down rebellion against the cruel1 all-powerful will that was torturing her4 ,there was no use arguing or preaching1 or trying to make her see the sinfulness and the stupidity of it all2 one could do nothing but bear with it1 praying silently to ,god to come to her1 and lay his finger on the wounded soul1 and speak with his voice1 and bid the winds be still4 ,one thing struck me with peculiar significance3 no matter how fiercely rebellious she was towards ,god1 she could always turn with a softened glance towards his ,blessed ,mother4 ,there was an old print of the ,mater ,dolorosa on the wall over her bed1 and it was the strangest thing to see the poor sufferer lift her dark1 vindictive eyes to it with a tender1 compassionate1 entreating glance1 while words of almost savage petulance against the ,son were still hot on her lips4 ,once ,i remember her bursting into tears as she turned towards it in one of these sudden appeals4 ,the fiend was exorcised for that day4 ,i sat beside her till she had cried herself to sleep like a tired1 naughty child4 ,these terrible days were invariably followed by periods of compunction1 humble self-reproach1 and love so fervent and consoling that it used to seem to me they could never pass away1 that the darkness could never return1 that this time the rescue was complete and irrevocable4 ,the humility with which she would beg my pardon for the scandal she had given me1 the way she would upbraid herself for her base ingratitude to our ,blessed ,lord1 were more touching than ,i can describe4 ,she would look up fondly towards the ,mater ,dolorosa with such an expression of tenderness on her haggard1 sunken face1 and say1 as if apostrophizing it3 8,ah6 ,i knew she would gain the victory4 ,i knew she would not desert me6 ,pauvre mre6 ,elle a tant souffert60 ,the first day that ,i took ,millicent ,gray to see her she was in one of these blessed1 penitential moods4 ,it had lasted through several days--days of fearful suffering1 and nights of sleepless weariness4 ,she uttered an exclamation of joyous welcome when ,i appeared4 8,que le bon ,dieu est bon6 ,i knew he would not keep me waiting much longer4 ,my little stock of patience was just coming to an end60 ,and she smiled good-humoredly4 8,what is it you want80 ,i inquired4 8,i was dying with thirst10 she said1 8and ,i managed to draw this cup to me by hooking my finger in the handle1 but ,i was in such a hurry to drink it that it slipped from me1 and ,i am all wet and half-perished60 ,and1 indeed1 she was trembling with cold2 her hands were like ice and her teeth chattered4 ,i hastened to lift her up on her pillows and repair the accident1 ,millicent helping very dexterously4 ,i had prepared ,mme4 ,martin for her visit1 so merely introduced her as a friend of mine1 who would be glad to come and see her sometimes1 if she allowed it4 ,when we had settled her in some degree of comfort1 ,millicent and ,i sat down and began to converse4 ,mme4 ,martin was in too great pain to join in the conversation1 except by throwing in a word now and then to show she was following it1 but one could see she was interested in what we were saying4 ,there was an unusual brightness and peace about her1 in the expression of her face and the tone of her voice2 ,i rejoiced that ,millicent should see it1 for ,i knew it could not fail to impress her4 8,was last night as bad as the preceding ones80 ,i said when we were going away4 8,yes2 it was very bad4 ,i did not get a moment's rest till it was daylight10 she said2 and she smiled quite serenely4 8,my poor friend6 ,how cruelly tried you are60 ,i could not help exclaiming4 8,may ,god give you courage60 8,he does6 he does60 she cried fervently4 8,it is a miracle how good he is to me--a miracle40 8,we must ask him for another one1 that your courage may be rewarded by a cure10 said ,millicent kindly4 8,oh6 no4 ,don't ask for that6 ,i don't want it60 said ,mme4 ,martin quickly1 as if she were frightened the miracle was going to be wrought on the spot4 8,i don't want to be cured1 only to be sustained1 and to go on suffering a long time--as long1 that is1 as ,he likes--that ,i may prove ,i am not ungrateful2 that ,i love him a little bit after all he has done for me6 ,all he has done for me60 ,there was a look almost of ecstasy on her features as she said this1 her face slightly upturned1 but her eyes closed as if she were looking within her1 into that sanctuary of her soul where ,god was present4 ,i felt1 rather than saw1 ,millicent turn a sudden1 startled glance towards me4 8,that is the most precious and most beautiful of all miracles10 ,i said presently1 8that our hard hearts should be softened by the cross1 and that we should come to love it for ,his sake2 is it not80 8,yes10 she replied2 8it is the one ,i have most prayed for4 ,it is to her ,i owe it40 ,and she turned to the ,mater ,dolorosa4 8,in my worst moments ,i always felt for her2 that my cross was nothing compared to hers--nothing6 ,pauvre mre60 ,when we were out of earshot1 on the landing about half way down the narrow stair1 ,millicent stopped1 and1 looking round at me1 said3 8,her brain has begun to be affected2 she is a little mad1 poor creature1 is she not80 8,yes10 ,i replied1 8she is2 she has got what we call the madness of the cross4 ,many of our saints have died of it3 la folie de la croix40 ,millicent stared at me for a moment with an expression that suggested some vague alarm as to my own sanity1 but she made no further remark until we had got out into the street4 8,what did she mean by saying it was the ,virgin ,mary that worked the miracle for her80 she then asked4 8,she meant that the ,mother of ,sorrows had prayed for her and obtained a great grace for her40 8,but ,god would have given it to her1 if she had asked him1 without going to any creature for it1 would he not80 answered ,millicent4 8,perhaps2 but he would be more willing to grant it to a creature who was sinless and his ,mother1 and who had stood by the side of his cross1 than to a poor weak1 rebellious creature who had sinned a thousand times and more4 ,does it not seem likely80 8,oh6 putting it in that way10 said ,millicent dubiously4 8,but he is ,god1 our ,saviour2 he must love us more than she does4 ,he died for us2 the ,virgin ,mary did not die for us80 8,well1 really1 ,millicent--almost10 ,i said1 and1 stopping1 ,i looked her straight in the face4 8,fancy a mother that loved her son1 her only son1 as ,mary must have loved him1 standing by while he was being executed--,i don't say scourged1 and beaten1 and hammered with nails to a gibbet1 murdered piecemeal with the rage of devils let loose from hell1 but simply hanged1 or even beheaded2 would it not be worse to her than any death that ever a mother died8 ,and then fancy her blessing the men that murdered him1 praying for them1 adopting them6 ,and you can say the ,mother of ,god did not die for us80 ,millicent made no answer1 but walked on in silence4 ,we said no more until we got to my door1 and then ,i asked if she would not come up and rest a while4 8,no1 ,i prefer to go home1 thank you10 she said1 putting out her hand4 ,she held mine for a moment1 as if she were going to say something2 but she did not1 and we parted silently4 ,she seemed strangely moved4 ,,ii4 ,i did not see ,millicent until the following ,sunday1 when she came to ask me if ,i would go for a walk in the afternoon4 ,sybil happened to be there when she came in4 8,what hour do you go to church1 ,milly--the morning or the afternoon80 asked ,sybil4 ,i saw the drift of the question3 she suspected ,millicent had been to church with us4 8,i generally go in the morning2 mamma likes it best10 replied ,millicent4 8,she was not well this morning1 so we are going to late service4 ,and you80 8,me8 ,i don't go to late or early4 ,i stay at home and think it over10 said ,sybil4 8,think what over80 ,i asked4 8,the service80 8,services in general1 religion in its cause and effect--life altogether1 in fact10 summed up ,sybil4 8,will you two let me join you in your walk this afternoon1 or shall ,i be in the way80 ,we both protested we should be delighted to have her2 and at four o'clock we were assembled down-stairs in her boudoir1 ready to start1 when a loud ring sounded at the door4 8,good gracious60 screamed ,sybil2 and she dropped into a chair1 the picture of astonishment and vexation4 8,i'll bet any mortal thing you like that that is ,mr4 ,halsted6 ,was there ever anything so provoking6 ,i so wanted to have a walk with you60 8,why need his coming prevent you80 ,i said4 8,the doctor and ,mrs4 ,segrave are at home1 are they not80 8,why1 ,lilly1 how can you talk so60 she exclaimed4 8,what does that matter to ,mr4 ,halsted8 ,he comes to see me60 8,then you throw us overboard80 ,i said4 8,that's complimentary4 ,what do you say1 ,millicent80 ,millicent laughed4 ,she was not sorry at heart1 ,i could see1 that we were to be left to a tte--tte4 ,perhaps ,sybil saw it1 too1 for she said1 starting up suddenly3 8,i won't throw you overboard4 ,let him call again4 ,let him come with us1 if he likes4 ,have you two any objection80 ,millicent said she had none4 ,i1 however1 demurred4 8,you will think it absurdly priggish10 ,i said1 8but you know ,i am half-,french--at least1 ,i live amongst the ,french1 so ,i can't afford to knock against their hautes convenances2 and if ,i were seen walking with a gentleman without my mother or some married chaperon1 it would make quite a scandale40 8,how inconceivably ridiculous60 cried ,sybil1 staring at me with round1 shining eyes4 8,what a grand privilege it is to be a free-born ,american woman6 ,i wouldn't be a slave like you--no1 not for the empire of ,france1 ,lilly60 ,pierre came to the door to announce ,mr4 ,halsted's arrival1 and we all sallied into the drawing-room4 ,sybil burst out into regrets at having to go out1 and then1 pointing a finger of scorn at me1 8,only fancy60 she cried--8you'll hardly believe it1 but it's a fact--,miss ,wallace says she dare not come out for a walk with you without her mother1 lest it should make a scandal in the town6 ,did you ever hear anything so preposterously absurd1 ,mr4 ,halsted80 ,i crimsoned to the roots of my hair1 and longed to choke ,sybil on the spot4 ,happily1 gentlemen being the same in all countries1 ,mr4 ,halsted saw my embarrassment and turned it off with easy good breeding4 8,miss ,wallace has been brought up in ,france10 he said4 8,it is quite natural she should have adopted the notions and manners of the country2 but it's rather hard on us poor fellows4 ,we are cut off from our most cherished prerogatives here in this centre of civilization4 ,may ,i call this evening8 ,you promised to teach me the ,polish mazurka80 ,sybil hesitated4 ,there was to be a dinner-party that evening1 so the dancing lesson could hardly take place1 and ,i knew he wanted to figure in the mazurka at a ,polish house the next night4 8,i can't this evening10 she said musingly2 then1 as if moved by a sudden inspiration1 she flung down her muff4 8,i see ,i must victimize myself for my country's sake1 and give up my walk to save you from making an exhibition of yourself to-morrow before the assembled nations4 ,you two go and take your walk alone40 ,mr4 ,halsted entered a feeble protest1 which ,sybil did not even so much as notice1 but proceeded to take off her bonnet and prepare for the dancing lesson4 ,we were not long on the road together when ,millicent opened the subject of religion2 ,sybil's idea of 8thinking it over0 being the ostensible pretext4 8,i wonder you don't talk to her about it10 she said2 8you might do a good work in that direction1 if you tried40 8,by making a ,catholic of ,sybil80 8,by making a ,christian of her40 8,poor ,sybil6 ,is she as bad as that80 ,i said1 laughing4 8,she is more in your line than mine1 at any rate4 ,she hates popery like fire2 ,i would as soon try to convert the ,great ,mogul40 8,you are a great puzzle to me1 do you know10 said ,millicent1 looking at me with a glance of searching curiosity4 8,catholics as a rule are such ardent proselytizers1 and you seem to have no taste in that direction at all40 8,have you known a great many ,catholics before me80 ,i asked4 8,you are the first ,i may say ,i have ever known40 8,then how can you answer for what we are as a rule80 8,i have always understood it10 she replied4 8,you have understood1 or rather misunderstood1 many things about us10 ,i remarked4 8,is ,mr4 ,halsted in love with ,sybil1 do you think80 8,mr4 ,halsted is nothing of the kind4 ,nice conversation for the ,sunday afternoon60 said a sharp1 bright voice1 and ,millicent and ,i leaped half a mile asunder as ,sybil popped her scarlet feather in between us4 8,i made sure you would be discussing theology10 she cried1 8instead of which ,i find you discussing me60 8,and why are not you discussing the mazurka with ,mr4 ,halsted80 demanded ,millicent and ,i together4 8,because ,i thought better of it10 was ,sybil's terse explanation1 nor could we extract any other from her4 8,what were you talking about before you began about ,mr4 ,halsted and me80 she inquired1 flashing her lightning glances from one to another4 8,we were talking about you and the ,great ,mogul10 ,i replied1 8and ,i was considering which of you ,i should first set about converting40 8,you had better begin with him10 said ,sybil4 8,have you done for ,milly already80 8,not--quite--0 ,i said4 8,i should like to have it out with you once for all1 ,lilly10 she said1 8and just hear from beginning to end what your religious views are1 and how far exactly they differ from mine40 8,you have views on religion1 then80 ,i said in a tone of surprise4 8,certainly ,i have1 ,lilly ,wallace10 retorted ,sybil with indignant emphasis1 8and ,i should like very much to compare them with yours40 8,that would be difficult10 ,i replied1 8for ,i have no views40 8,what60 8,not the ghost of one10 ,i repeated4 8,we ,catholics never have2 we listen to the church and accept all she teaches4 ,there is not such a thing amongst us as a view2 we would not know what to do with one40 8,good gracious6 ,that reasonable beings should let themselves be so gul--so--that you should--in fact1 it's beyond belief60 8,no1 that's just what it is not beyond2 it is our belief that binds our reason and puts views out of the question10 ,i said4 8,we have our faith propounded to us by the church1 and the church is the infallible witness of the truth2 we have not to make out a creed for ourselves1 as you ,protestants have40 8,then why did ,god give us brains1 if we are not to make use of them80 demanded ,sybil4 8,i would not hand over my conscience to any man or any body of men living2 ,i would rather take my ,bible and make out the right and the wrong of it myself40 8,suppose you make it out all wrong--for you admit there is a right and a wrong to it--what then80 ,i said4 8,it does not much matter1 so long as our intention is good4 ,god ,almighty does not expect us to be infallible40 8,certainly not60 ,i replied2 8that is precisely why he made his church infallible1 to save us from our own fallibility and teach us what to believe and what not to believe4 ,if ,i believe black and you believe white1 we can't both of us be right2 one or other must be in error1 and ,god1 who is ,truth itself1 can't approve equally truth and error80 8,i tell you what it is1 ,milly10 said ,sybil1 turning round sharply on ,millicent1 who was walking on the other side of her1 8it is very bad for you to be discussing theology with ,lilly ,wallace in this way4 ,mind what ,i tell you1 no good will come of it60 8,why1 ,i've not opened my lips60 protested silent ,milly4 8,it is you who are discussing it2 it was you began it60 8,if ,i had not1 you would10 retorted ,sybil2 8you are perfectly crazed on religious discussion4 ,i see how it is going to end60 ,i burst out laughing4 ,millicent1 however1 looked amazed4 8,i will tell you what ,i see10 ,i said3 8that you had much better have stayed at home and discussed life with ,mr4 ,halsted than come out here to bully us4 ,it would be serving you right if ,i made a papist of you on the spot40 ,sybil saw that ,millicent was vexed1 and1 adroitly dropping the subject1 burst out into vehement denunciation of ,french conventionalities4 ,if it had been any other country in the universe1 ,mr4 ,halsted might have come out for a walk with us1 and we should have had an excellent time of it2 for he was the very best company she knew4 ,we continued1 nevertheless1 despite his absence1 to enjoy a very pleasant walk1 and to steer clear of burning subjects the rest of the way4 ,the incident1 however1 left its mark on us all three1 and from that day forth there was an imperceptible but a very decided change in ,millicent's 8views40 ,as to ,sybil's1 ,i never got a glimpse of them1 so it may not be rash judgment to express a doubt whether she had any4 ,i kept to my promise of avoiding controversy with ,millicent1 and she1 seeing my reluctance to gratify her curiosity on this point1 gave up trying to overcome it4 ,we talked very freely on religious customs and institutions1 but whenever she demanded my reasons for believing this or that ,i evaded controversy by that inexorable ,catholic answer so aggravating to a ,protestant--8,the church teaches it40 ,the winter passed1 and the spring1 and my mother and ,i were preparing to leave ,paris to spend the month of ,june in ,london4 ,one of my greatest difficulties in going away was how poor ,mme4 ,martin was to get on in my absence4 ,millicent had come with me once a week to visit her4 ,she would continue to do this when ,i was gone1 ,i had no doubt2 but the poor soul was in a state that required a visit every day1 and ,i hardly dare ask or expect that ,millicent would break from her mother and her own occupations regularly every day for this purpose1 or that ,mrs4 ,gray would allow it4 ,i told her of my trouble1 and the next morning she ran in looking quite radiant4 8,mamma says she will allow me to go every morning from eleven to twelve and sit with ,mme4 ,martin and do all she wants2 is it not good of her60 she exclaimed1 embracing me4 8,it is60 ,i cried1 8and very good of you1 dear ,milly4 ,you can't think what a relief it is to my mind6 ,i was miserable at the thought of leaving her without some one to take my place of a morning2 and she is so fond of you1 poor soul6 ,she is so touched by your charity--above all in a heretic60 ,i added1 laughing4 8,charity covereth a multitude of sins10 said ,millicent4 8,i suppose the sin of heresy is included80 ,it was quite true3 ,mme4 ,martin was wonderfully taken with her4 ,she admired her grace1 the quiet distinction of her manner1 the subdued elegance of her dress--a ,frenchwoman has an eye for la toilette so long as the breath of life is in her--and most of all the gentle kindness with which ,millicent performed the little services of the sick-room4 ,it was quite beyond her comprehension that so much sweetness and goodness should exist in anybody who was not a ,catholic2 it was most amusing to see her naf wonder at this phenomenon1 and her surprise that ,i did not abolish it4 8,but1 mademoiselle1 why do you not explain to her how dreadful it is not to be in the true church80 she would urge again and again2 and to my answer1 8,i have tried1 but she cannot see it10 she would return the same wondering exclamation1 8,est-il-possible60 ,she evinced as much pleasure as surprise when ,i told her that ,millicent was to come every day during my absence1 and read to her and put things tidy in the little room4 8,now10 ,i said1 8you must pay back all this kindness by getting the grace of the faith for her40 8,oh6 if ,i could but do it10 she exclaimed heartily4 8,you may do a great deal10 ,i said2 8your prayers ought to be very powerful with our ,blessed ,lord1 because you are on the cross40 ,she shook her head4 8,if ,i lay on it lovingly1 as he did10 she said2 8but ,i don't--not always1 at least4 ,i wriggle1 and kick1 and try to slip off it every now and then40 ,and she heaved a deep sigh4 8,you are not a saint10 ,i said2 8of course you have your ups and downs1 but you would rather stay on the cross for any length of time than get off it1 if you could1 against the will of ,god1 would you not80 8,oh6 yes1 that ,i would10 she answered impulsively4 8,then you are all right10 ,i said4 8,never mind the wriggling and the kicking2 your heart is loyal to ,god1 and that's what he looks to4 ,set about asking for ,mademoiselle ,gray's conversion1 and he will not refuse it to you4 ,offer up all your sufferings for it from this time forth1 and ,i feel perfectly certain our ,lord will grant it to you40 8,well1 ,i will try10 she said1 in an accent of simplicity and earnestness that sounded already like a guarantee of success2 and then1 looking at her ,mater ,dolorosa1 she added suddenly3 8,i will ask her to get it60 ,i had brought some fresh flowers1 and was arranging them in a pretty vase that ,millicent had given her1 when my eye fell upon a new book that lay beside it4 ,it was ,notre ,dame de ,lourdes1 which ,sur ,lucie had brought her the day before4 8,i will get ,mademoiselle ,gray to read me some of it every morning10 said ,mme4 ,martin2 8they say it is beautiful4 ,do you think she will mind reading it80 ,i thought not1 and was delighted with the suggestion4 8,i have a beautiful life of ,st4 ,francis de ,sales which ,i will bring you10 ,i said1 8and you will ask her to read it to you when this is finished4 ,he was a charming saint1 and had a great deal to do with converting ,protestants2 ask him to help you40 ,we consulted what other books it would be advisable to get1 and what snares were to be set in other ways for ,millicent4 ,sur ,lucie was1 of course1 to be actively established in the service1 the orphans were to be set to pray--nothing was to be left undone1 in fact1 for the capture of the unsuspecting soul4 ,of course this was all very treacherous and base1 and we were no better than a pair of designing ,jesuits--so our ,protestant friends will say1 if they should happen to light on my little story4 ,i cannot help it if they think so4 ,we left ,paris1 my mother and ,i1 and during the three months of our absence ,millicent devoted herself like a real ,sister of ,charity to the service of our poor friend4 ,the weather became intensely hot1 but she never let this deter her2 she never missed a day4 ,she was inexhaustible in her devices for amusing and comforting the poor paralyzed invalid3 she made her bed1 and dusted her room1 and kept it fragrant with flowers2 she brought her little delicacies of every sort2 she read to her by the hour--for1 though it had been understood that she was only to devote from eleven to twelve to this visit of charity1 she managed generally to spend double that time there4 ,all this kindness called out passionate love and gratitude from ,mme4 ,martin4 ,she longed with the most intense longing to requite it by drawing down a blessing upon ,millicent2 she told me afterwards that the yearning to obtain the faith for her grew to be a kind of thirst that never left her day or night4 ,she offered her sufferings--and they were manifold and terrible--her weary1 sleepless nights1 her long days of feverish loneliness1 every pain and trial of soul and body1 not once nor many times a day1 but constantly1 for her dear benefactress' conversion1 till it became an ide fixe that was never absent from her mind1 and found vent continually in interior aspirations or ejaculatory prayers2 waking or sleeping1 there it was1 a part of herself1 something that never left her4 ,if she lay awake at night1 restless and throbbing with pain1 she comforted herself with the thought that it was so much suffered for this dear object2 she fell asleep praying for it1 and woke up to pray for it again4 ,we returned to ,paris just as ,mrs4 ,gray and ,millicent were getting ready to start for some watering place1 from which they were to proceed to the south and not return until the spring4 ,their departure was a real sorrow to me4 ,i had grown sincerely attached to ,millicent1 and she to me4 ,i had struggled at first to keep my feelings within the proper bounds1 not to let myself slip into bondage and so prepare the day of reckoning that waits on all human affections2 but the chains had coiled round me unawares1 and when it came to saying good-by ,i found myself hopelessly a captive4 ,we parted with full hearts and promises of mutual remembrance4 ,millicent was afflicted with that common vice1 hatred to letter-writing1 which so many of our friends make us suffer from1 so we exchanged no vows in this respect1 ,i steadily refusing to write unless my letters were answered4 ,our separation was therefore likely to be complete4 8,you will pray for me1 at all events80 she whispered as we embraced4 8,yes10 ,i said1 8but on condition that you pray for me40 ,sybil went with me to the railway station to see the ,grays off4 ,she was sorry to lose ,millicent1 but ,i could see at the same time that she was glad to have her out of the way4 8,i never expected to see ,milly come so safely out of it60 she exclaimed as we turned away1 after watching the train puff out of the station4 8,i could have staked my head on it that you would have made a ,romanist of her by this40 8,you would have lost your head1 then1 and1 such as it is1 you would be worse off without it10 ,i answered crossly4 8,one really would imagine1 to hear you talk1 ,sybil1 that the faith was a disease that people caught like measles or the small-pox40 8,and so it is--that is--,i don't mean exactly that--but it certainly is contagious2 everybody says it is1 and that there is nothing so dangerous as living amongst good ,catholics4 ,i was terrified out of my life for ,milly2 ,i told her so over and over again1 and did my very best to protect her4 ,but ,i must say you have behaved very honorably1 ,lilly2 ,i suppose there is hardly a ,roman ,catholic you know who would have behaved as well40 8,you mean to be complimentary1 so ,i suppose ,i ought to say 'thank you1'0 ,i replied1 while ,i could not but laugh at her impertinence4 8,just tell me one thing1 ,sybil10 ,i said3 8,you admit the right of private judgment1 don't you80 8,do ,i8 ,why1 ,i admit nothing else60 screamed ,sybil4 8,then if ,protestants1 in right of their private judgment1 choose to believe in the ,catholic ,church1 what have you to say against it80 8,only this3 that in becoming ,catholics they don't exercise their private judgment1 they renounce it10 said ,sybil4 8,after they become ,catholics2 but in the first instance8 ,the act of renunciation involves an exercise of the judgment1 does it not80 8,oh6 if you are going to be metaphysical1 ,i give in10 said ,sybil2 8,i hate and detest metaphysics60 8,well1 just answer me this much10 ,i pleaded3 8,do you think ,catholics are all certain to be damned80 8,good gracious6 ,i don't believe one of them will be damned4 ,not the good ones1 at any rate--not such as you1 ,lilly60 replied ,sybil with extraordinary vehemence4 8,then why1 in the name of wonder1 should you have such a horror of any one becoming a ,catholic80 ,i asked4 8,why8 ,why1 because it's a dreadful thing to 444 change one's religion1 and the ,roman ,catholic religion is full of superstitions1 of mistakes of all sorts4444 ,but look6 ,i declare that's ,mr4 ,halsted on the other side of the street1 and he sees us and is coming across60 8,in time to rescue you from metaphysics10 ,i said4 8,i hope he won't stand and speak to us2 do you think he will80 8,i won't let him2 ,i'll make him walk on at once with us10 said ,sybil4 8,o ,sybil60 ,i cried1 8you must not do that2 mamma would be very angry if ,i were seen walking with him alone40 8,what nonsense6 ,you're not alone2 ,i'm here10 said ,sybil4 8,you don't count10 ,i said2 8you know you don't40 8,well1 you talk of being complimentary10 protested ,sybil1 8but that beats all ,i ever said in the way of polite compliments40 8,you must dismiss him at once10 ,i said hurriedly1 for he was close on us now2 8if you don't1 ,i'll call a cab and go home alone40 ,mr4 ,halsted1 serenely unconscious of being a cause of terror or contention1 approached1 smiling1 with his hat in the air4 ,he rather affected the extreme of ,french courtesy in his demeanor towards ladies2 which was a mistake1 for his native ,american urbanity1 frank and free from grimace and palaver1 was much more formidable1 if he had but known it4 ,strange to say1 it had not occurred to me before that he was here on invitation2 but this fact flashed on me suddenly as ,i noticed ,sybil's embarrassment4 ,it was certainly hard on her to have to turn him away after inviting him to meet her4 ,i saw but one way to rescue her and myself4 8,i am so glad you have come2 you will accompany ,miss ,segrave10 ,i said4 8,i am rather tired1 and shall be thankful now to drive home4 ,will you kindly call a cab80 ,there was a little pretence of protest1 from ,sybil1 of offering that we should both drive1 but ,i overruled this and had my own way4 ,i was glad to be alone4 ,i wanted to think about ,millicent1 to look back over the short history of our intercourse1 to look forward to its possible issue4 ,i felt disappointed4 ,i had hoped to find her1 if not a ,catholic1 at least very near it1 on my return2 ,i had built so much on ,mme4 ,martin's prayers1 on the example of her patient piety1 and the living triumph of the faith which she presented4 ,then ,i began to reflect that after all ,i was quite in the dark as to how far these hopes had been disappointed4 ,i had had scarcely any opportunity of judging4 ,millicent and ,i had not been once entirely alone since my return1 and it was impossible to enter on the subject in a room where others were present4 ,by the time ,i reached home ,i had cheered up1 and began to take a more hopeful view of things4 ,god works slowly1 ,i said to myself2 what are three months to his eternal patience8 ,mme4 ,martin was full of hope1 though1 like myself1 the delay seemed long to her4 ,her own day of trial was drawing to a close4 ,i found her very much weaker1 and altogether more worn and exhausted than when ,i left4 ,her soul1 on the contrary1 seemed to have risen to a higher and purer region1 and to be breathing the air from the heavenly hills2 her spirit of detachment1 her love of the cross1 had reached those heights where ,i could only follow her with a gaze of wondering1 awe-stricken admiration4 ,i had always felt a poor creature by the side of her1 but ,i had felt justified in offering her sometimes what little help ,i could1 reminding her of consolations and truths that temptation or overpowering physical pain had momentarily obscured4 ,from this time forth ,i never dared to do so4 ,indeed1 the opportunities which she herself had formerly furnished for it never occurred4 ,that folly of the cross which had been a source of mild scandal to ,millicent on the occasion of their first meeting had come to be her normal state4 ,she had chewed the bitter wood until it had become sweet4 ,the winter wore on and brought no change in her condition1 except the gradual1 almost imperceptible decay of strength which foretold the approaching close of the struggle4 ,she continually asked for news of ,millicent2 ,i was able to tell her that she was well and happy4 ,there were some ,american families at ,cannes who wrote now and then to the ,segraves1 and generally reported of mutual friends2 but ,millicent herself perversely refrained from writing to me4 ,i half suspected that there was a motive in this4 ,i said so to ,mme4 ,martin1 and it consoled her greatly4 8,yes1 it is very possible10 she remarked4 8,i often fancied ,mademoiselle ,gray wished to speak more openly to me than she did2 the life of ,st4 ,francis of ,sales evidently made a great impression on her4 ,sometimes1 when she was reading to me1 she would stop and look up as if she were going to ask a question1 but1 after hesitating a moment1 she would go on without saying anything40 8,you must pray harder than ever10 ,i said2 8there is nothing else to be done40 8,when ,i am in purgatory1 please ,god1 ,i will pray for her10 she replied4 8,i hope you may go straight to heaven without going through purgatory at all10 ,i said2 8you have suffered so long and so patiently60 ,but she shook her head1 and answered1 with a look of austere humility ,i shall never forget3 8,what are my sufferings compared to my sins--compared to the holiness of ,god80 8,do you long very much to see heaven--to know what it is like80 ,i said1 after we had been silent a while4 8,no2 ,i can't say ,i do10 she replied4 8,i only long to see ,god40 8,do you realize at all what the vision will be80 ,i asked4 8,no10 she said1 and her black eyes1 so deep-sunk in their sockets1 were lifted up with an expression of eager1 tender yearning that was indescribable4 8,i realize nothing2 but when ,i try to do so1 ,i feel the most wonderful peace stealing over me--a sense of safety1 of rest1 of happiness4 ,i can't describe it2 but it is like a foretaste of the bliss of ,paradise--to see ,god6 ,that is what makes ,paradise60 ,she was speaking rather to herself than to me1 in a low voice1 scarcely above a murmur4 ,i felt that ,god was very near to her2 the low-roofed attic was filled with an august1 unseen ,presence that touched us with a thrilling solemnity4 ,presently ,i said3 8,you will remember me when you see ,god1 will you not8 ,you will pray for me by my name80 8,oh6 yes1 that ,i will10 she answered1 with a loving smile2 8after my mother1 you are the first person ,i shall name4 ,i shall tell our ,lord how kind you have been to me for his sake2 ,i shall beg him to pay it all back to you40 8,there is very little to pay10 ,i said2 8it has been a privilege and a delight to me to come and see you4 ,but ,i will ask you to do some commissions for me the first thing when you get into heaven40 ,i gave her the commissions4 ,there were three4 ,millicent ,gray's conversion was the second on the list4 ,she promised me solemnly that she would execute them1 either in heaven1 if she was so happy as to go there straight1 or else in ,purgatory1 if this were possible4 ,it was wonderful to see the calmness with which she lay there discussing the prospects of the life beyond1 the simplicity and childlike fearlessness with which she watched the approach of death1 while at the same time her soul was filled with a sort of awful reverence at the thought of appearing before ,god4 ,it was impossible to witness it without having one's faith quickened4 ,christmas came4 ,the winter was unusually severe1 and the intense cold1 from which it was impossible to protect her fully in her miserable room close under the thin roof1 brought terrible aggravation to ,mme4 ,martin's sufferings4 ,it interfered1 too1 with my daily visits2 when the snow came ,i was compelled to limit them to one or two a week4 ,this was a privation to both of us4 ,i had grown not only deeply interested in her1 but sincerely attached to her1 and she1 on her side1 had come to love me with a love of sympathy as well as gratitude that was very precious4 ,it was like being in the companionship of a soul in purgatory2 she seemed so loosened from this life1 so lifted up1 as if the nearness of ,god were all but a visible reality to her4 ,the more the shadow of death closed round her1 the more fully the light from the heavenly mount seemed to shine upon her4 ,my visit was the solitary break in her long day--the only little breeze of human sympathy and comfort that came to refresh her4 ,i knew it was a great trial to her to be deprived of it2 she had often said the sound of my steps on the stairs was like a drink to her when she was parched with thirst2 sometimes she greeted me playfully with the salutation1 8,bonjour1 mon verre d'eau frache60 ,but she had now grown so strong in sacrifice that it was difficult to trace the slightest symptom of regret in her4 ,she would reproach me for coming out in the severe weather1 declaring that she would rather never see me than have me take cold2 that it was wrong of me to run such risks2 and that there was no necessity for it1 because she wanted for nothing1 her mother came up twice a day to look after her1 and so on4 ,one day she asked me if ,i had any news of ,millicent4 ,i had heard that very morning from ,sybil that she was figuring with great success in some private theatricals at ,mentone4 ,but ,i did not like to tell ,mme4 ,martin this2 ,i feared it might shock her1 or at least jar painfully on her present mood4 8,she is very well10 ,i said4 8,you know she is very bad at writing letters2 ,i only hear of her through friends40 8,i was dreaming of her last night10 she answered musingly4 8,how ,i wish she might become a ,catholic before ,i die6 ,it would be such a consolation to me to hear of it60 8,you will hear of it in the next world1 please ,god10 ,i said4 8,you think souls know what goes on on earth80 she inquired4 8,of course they do60 ,i said4 8,how could there be joy in heaven for the return of the sinner unless they heard of it80 8,ah6 yes1 in heaven1 to be sure2 but ,i was thinking of purgatory4 ,do you think they know there what happens here below80 8,i see no reason for not believing it10 ,i replied4 8,many saints and doctors have believed it2 why should not our guardian angels carry messages from us to the angels of holy souls1 if not to themselves direct1 and tell them when we are helping and praying for them1 and ask their prayers for us in return8 ,it is a belief that fits in perfectly with the doctrine of the communion of saints40 8,it is a most consoling idea10 she said4 8,i shall be longing for a message from your guardian angel to tell me ,i have obtained all your requests40 8,pray hard1 then1 that you may not have long to wait10 ,i said1 kissing her face1 that was looking up at me with a smile4 ,i smoothed her pillows once more1 and fussed about the bed and the room1 with a pretence of busily setting things to rights1 but in reality to hide an emotion that ,i could neither explain to myself nor master4 ,i remember turning back1 as ,i was closing the door1 to have a last look at her4 ,she made a sign with her head1 and answered me with an affectionate smile4 ,on the stairs ,i met ,sur ,lucie4 8,she seems just the same1 ma sur10 ,i said4 8,how long do you think it will last like this80 8,oh6 not very long now10 she replied4 8,this cold will soon bring it to an end4 ,she may be carried off at any moment40 ,my heart gave a great thump against my side4 ,i could not realize it1 and yet it had been borne in upon me that this was the last visit ,i should pay her4 ,the longing to kiss her once more1 to say good-by with the full consciousness that it was to be for the last time1 was so strong that ,i could not resist it4 ,i turned back with ,sur ,lucie1 and went up again to her room4 ,she did not seem surprised--at least1 she said nothing about my reappearance4 ,i waited a moment while ,sur ,lucie questioned her1 and then kissed her and said good-by4 8,au revoir10 she said1 8au revoir4 ,i will not forget your commissions2 and mind you pray for me always40 ,i was laid up with a violent attack of neuralgia for several days after this4 ,one afternoon1 about four days after ,i had seen her1 a messenger came from ,sur ,lucie to say that ,mme4 ,martin was dying2 she was to receive the ,viaticum and ,extreme ,unction in an hour1 and had expressed a wish that ,i might be present4 ,the doctor was in the room when the message was delivered4 ,i entreated him to let me get up and go1 if it was possible4 8,you will do as you wish10 he replied1 8but you will do it against my emphatic prohibition4 ,i won't answer for the consequences1 if you attempt it40 ,of course this settled the question4 ,had ,i been rash enough to try to disobey him1 my mother was there to prevent it4 ,i was greatly distressed4 ,i had looked forward for so long to being with her at the last1 to receiving her last kind word of farewell1 and helping her with my love and my poor prayers through the great passage4 ,my mother saw how pained ,i was1 and volunteered to go and take my place1 and tell ,mme4 ,martin how grieved ,i was at being prevented4 ,she just arrived as the room was being made ready for the coming of the priest4 ,the dying woman had insisted on being taken out of bed and placed sitting up in a chair1 that she might receive our ,lord more befittingly on this his last visit to her2 this was done accordingly with great difficulty and immense suffering to herself4 ,she insisted1 too1 on being washed1 and dressed in her best clothes1 and1 what struck me as still more characteristic at such a moment1 she entreated her mother to put on her ,sunday clothes1 and to wear a cap which was only taken out on very great occasions4 ,when all was ready1 and the three assistants sat praying in silence1 ,mme4 ,martin signed to my mother that she wished to speak to her4 8,give my love and thanks to ,mlle4 ,lilia10 she whispered1 8and tell her ,i will not forget her commissions40 ,then1 after a short silence1 she said1 as quickly as she could gasp out the words3 8,he is coming6 ,make haste6 ,light the candles60 ,they did so1 but waited still full ten minutes before the tinkle of the silver bell was heard on the stairs4 ,sur ,lucie told me this incident was not such a rare occurrence with the dying2 that frequently they announce the approach of the ,blessed ,sacrament when the priest is yet a long way off1 as if their senses were quickened by some spiritual faculty that is only awakened in death4 ,the solemn1 magnificent rite was performed1 but it was too late to think of ,holy ,communion4 ,the priest gave the last absolution and began the prayers for the dying4 ,before he had finished them the long struggle was over4 ,mme4 ,martin was at rest4 ,about five weeks after her death ,i received a letter from ,millicent1 informing me that she had become a ,catholic4 8,it has been all so quickly done2 ,i seem to have been so completely taken up and lifted into the church10 she said1 8that ,i cannot help thinking some powerful supernatural agent has been at work all along overruling my own will4 ,i had no more idea of becoming a ,catholic than ,i had of turning ,mohammedan--although all my sympathies had been quite gained over to the church by you and ,mme4 ,martin--when one evening ,i went to act ,racine's ,athalie at the house of a friend here4 ,when it was all over1 and the people were crowding round me with compliments and congratulations1 a gentleman1 a ,catholic priest1 came up and spoke to me2 he thought ,i was a ,catholic1 and began at once to discourse on the grandeur of the ,bible narrative and ,racine's interpretation of it4 ,i undeceived him as soon as ,i had the chance2 he seemed sorry and surprised1 but went on talking very pleasantly1 and1 when we were saying good-evening1 ,i said3 ',my mother will be happy to see you1 ,m4 l',abb1 if you would not object to call upon a heretic6' ,i cannot to this day tell what moved me to say this4 ,the next moment ,i thought ,i must have been out of my mind4 ,he replied good-humoredly that he was not afraid of heretics1 and was very glad when they were not afraid of him4 ,my dear ,lilly1 if the heretics only knew1 they would fly from that man as the devil does from holy water6 ,he came to see us next day2 it so happened mamma was out1 so ,i saw him alone4 ,i met him several times again1 and--well1 dear1 before the month was out ,i was a ,catholic4 ,when ,i look back on it1 it seems to me that ,i was in a dream1 and that ,i was led on and on without any conscious will or action of my own1 but just let myself follow the lead of some invisible attraction1 some magnet that drew me in spite of myself1 and here ,i am safe in ,st4 ,peter's net and happily landed in his bark4 ,are people often converted in this way8 ,tell me if the church has invisible fishermen who go about casting nets and catching wayward1 silly souls thus1 or is it a special dispensation of mercy invented for me80 8,dear1 grateful ,mme4 ,martin6 ,how quickly and well you have executed my commission6 ,make haste and fulfil the others now60 ,i cried out to my dead friend on reading ,millicent's letter4 ,she has kept me waiting for the other two2 but ,i have not a doubt they will come in good time4 ,you can imagine ,sybil's feelings on hearing of this event4 ,i shall certainly not attempt to depict them4 ,yet1 in the midst of her genuine displeasure1 there was a high note of satisfaction--the exultation of a prophet who had lived to see his prophecy fulfilled4 ,i am sure this was a great comfort to her4 ,we did not quarrel1 though she let me plainly see she looked upon me as a kind of spiritual murderer4 ,on the other hand1 she took a more merciful view of it3 ,it was to be1 it was written2 ,i was the appointed1 or the permitted1 instrument of ,millicent's destiny1 and if ,i had not come some one else would2 ,millicent was doomed from the beginning4 ,in the spring my fears were realized3 the doctor and ,mrs4 ,segrave and ,sybil sailed away to ,new ,york4 ,a few days before they left ,paris ,sybil burst into my room in high excitement4 8,will you believe it60 she cried4 8,mr4 ,halsted has taken his place in the ,tiger and is going back with us60 8,well1 and why not80 ,i said4 8,you and he will have delightful opportunities for discussing life on deck every day40 ,soon after their arrival ,i had a letter from her informing me that they had discussed it to the issue ,i had long since foreseen3 she was to be married to him in a month4 ,,the ,,madonna-,,and-,,child ,a ,,test-,,symbol4 ,among the most beautiful of ,american lakes is one in the northern part of ,new ,york ,state4 ,the old ,indian name for it was ,horicon1 or ,holy ,lake--called so1 perhaps1 from the transparency of its water4 ,its banks abound with historic memories4 ,they have been a battle-ground for ,english and ,french1 and again in the war of ,independence4 ,but what specially endears it to ,catholics is its consecration by the ,jesuit missionary ,father ,jogues1 who gave it1 on the ,eve of ,corpus ,christi1 in the year #afdf1 the name of ,lac du ,saint-,sacrement--,lake of the ,blessed ,sacrament4 ,unhappily1 the name it bears at present is the one conferred upon it by ,sir ,william ,johnson1 who1 courtier-like1 dubbed it ,lake ,george1 after ,george ,i4 of ,england4 ,may its ,catholic name soon be restored6 ,as an earnest whereof there now stands on the right shore--about a mile and a half from the head--a building known as 8,st4 ,mary's of the ,lake10 from which1 through the summer months1 a silvery bell rings out the ,angelus at morning1 noon1 and evening4 ,strangers are informed that this building is 8the monastery02 but a front view of it presents one feature which dispenses with all need of inquiry as to the creed of its occupants3 not the cross upon the roof--for heresy has stolen that2 but an unmistakable 8encroachment of popery0 in the shape of a ,madonna-and-,child4 ,among the curious who have ventured upon visiting 8the monastery10 a certain good woman was one day discovered standing before the house and looking up at the statue4 ,on being asked what she thought of it she replied1 in the accent of ,vermont3 8,waal1 it gives me a feeling as if something was crawling all over me to see the ,virgin so big and the ,saviour so small6 ,it's the ,saviour that ought to be big40 ,now1 this sentence1 absurd as it sounds1 contains1 we may say1 an entire theology4 ,to one who has never been a ,protestant it is unintelligible1 no doubt2 but to one who has1 or has had1 that misfortune it expresses1 though poorly1 an idea of which he is1 or has been1 himself conscious4 ,our friend was sufficiently familiar with the ,gospel story to know that the figures before her represented the ,virgin ,mary and the ,child ,jesus4 ,her remark1 too1 evidenced her belief in that story4 ,she meant to tell us1 in her simple way1 that we made almost everything of the ,virgin and almost nothing of the ,saviour4 ,perhaps1 had she been better educated1 she would have expressed a preference for seeing the ,saviour alone1 and not as a child but as a man4 ,such1 at least1 would have been the writer's own sentiment1 years ago1 when he was a ,protestant4 ,not but that we should have felt more at ease had there been no image there at all2 for the genius of ,protestantism dislikes images3 it is essentially iconoclastic4 ,but1 certainly1 we would rather have seen any image than a ,madonna-and-,child4 ,here are two points for investigation3 ,why ,protestantism is essentially iconoclastic2 and why it is particularly uneasy and bitter in the presence of a ,madonna-and-,child4 ,the heresy of the ,iconoclasts1 or ,image-breakers1 was ,eastern1 and raged in the eighth and ninth centuries2 even reviving1 for a time1 after its condemnation by ,pope ,adrian ,i4 and the ,seventh cumenical ,council4 ,it sought to abolish sacred images and pictures1 on the ground of their being idolatrous4 ,originating with an ignorant soldier1 ,leo the ,isaurian1 who had become ,emperor of ,constantinople1 and 8manifesting itself0 7to borrow the words of ,dllinger7 8as a blind and senseless hatred of the imitative arts10 we wonder that such a fanaticism could gain footing at all4 ,but1 in fact1 it developed into a persecuting heresy which 8shed more blood10 says the same writer1 8than any which had preceded it40 ,now1 ,protestantism has been said to partake of all the previous heresies2 and we1 for one1 can testify to the truth of the accusation2 for1 after becoming a ,catholic1 we discovered1 in the course of study1 that our mind had entertained1 at some time or other--though not always culpably1 we trust--nearly every heresy ever known4 ,but that ,protestantism has especially distinguished itself by its iconoclastic zeal will be questioned by no one who is acquainted with its history4 ,we say1 then1 that ,protestantism1 as such1 is necessarily iconoclastic4 ,and1 first1 from the negative attitude which its very name implies--from its principle of asserting the right of private judgment to the rejection of extrinsic authority4 ,man1 having a body as well as a soul1 and living in an order of the visible and the palpable1 naturally seeks to image his ideas--to place them outside of himself in a representative form4 ,and particularly does he feel this need in matters of religious belief4 ,whence we find the use of symbolic representations in all the ancient religions4 ,the ,egyptian1 ,greek1 and ,roman minds were peculiarly fertile in symbolism--most so the ,greek 7the word 8symbol0 is ,greek74 ,but a creed1 if it can be called a creed1 which consists of negations--which finds its vitality in protesting against authority--cannot consistently use symbols2 for1 obviously1 it has nothing to symbolize4 ,protestantism1 therefore1 instinctively dislikes images1 seeing in them the symbolic representation of what is positive1 affirmative1 dogmatic4 ,again1 ,protestantism started with another principle which gave it a tradition of iconoclasm--the principle of a false supernaturalism4 ,the supernatural was exaggerated1 to the destruction of the natural4 ,our nature was declared to be totally depraved1 so that even free-will was wanting to us4 ,consequently1 instead of being able to co-operate with grace and acquire merit1 we had to be justified by 8faith only02 the righteousness of ,christ had to be 8imputed0 to us--thrown over our depravity like a cloak over a leprous body4 ,now1 of course1 as an immediate result of this doctrine1 away went the saints2 for they were no better than ordinary mortals--possessing no merit of their own and nothing to be venerated for4 ,and with them away went their images4 ,furthermore1 this exaggerated supernaturalism involved elimination of the visible and the material from the economy of grace4 ,for the natural being evil1 the visible and the material were evil too1 as a part of the natural1 and therefore incapable of forming a system intermediary and sacramental between the soul and grace4 ,hence1 away went the idea of a visible church1 and away went sacraments and sacramentals4 ,now1 images--representations of any kind--come under the sacramental system1 inasmuch as1 by raising our thoughts to their originals1 they help us to commune with the unseen1 and put us in mind the more constantly to invoke that mercy or intercession from or through which graces flow to us4 ,therefore1 again1 away went images with the rest of the sacramental system4 ,but1 now1 does not all this hostility to the visible and the material as elements of religion look very much like a misunderstanding on the subject of the ,incarnation8 ,if ,christ is ,god-,man1 he is ,god made visible--,god with a human soul and a material body4 ,surely1 then1 to maintain that ,christianity has nothing to do with the visible or the material is to betray an unfamiliarity with the meaning of the ,incarnation4 ,this unfamiliarity will become the more apparent when we shall have considered an objection to what has been said on the iconoclastic tendencies of ,protestantism4 ,we may not unreasonably be reminded that ,protestantism has passed through various important changes in the course of its career1 and especially within the last half-century2 that the doctrine of total depravity has long gone out of fashion and is practically extinct2 and1 again1 that ,protestants do use symbols now--such as the cross and the triangle--while some of them encourage painted windows1 and even images1 in their churches4 ,very true4 ,and the change is not surprising--what with unnaturalness of doctrine on the one hand and conflict of principle on the other4 8,naturam expellas furca1 tamen usque recurret10 says ,horace--8,you may drive nature off with a pitchfork1 yet she will keep running back40 ,then1 as to principles1 logic1 like murder1 8will out40 ,the doctrines of the ,reformation1 though negations of ,catholic dogmas1 took a positive aspect for themselves2 and the right of private judgment1 which had made them1 was only consistent in destroying them4 ,within the last half-century--and particularly within the last quarter--the principle of self-sufficiency has found its extreme in the complete rejection of the supernatural4 ,its votaries who have not reached that terminus are drifting thither1 if unconsciously4 ,and hence a reaction1 in favor of what are called 8orthodoxy0 and 8churchmanship10 is perceptible among all earnest ,protestants who retain belief in ,christianity as something more than philanthropy1 something with a divine meaning4 ,not that they at all suspect 7except those in the front ranks of the movement--the ,ritualists1 who openly avow it7 that they are going back upon the ,reformation4 ,but they are4 ,and as they advance they take in ideas which are less and less compatible with genuine ,protestantism4 ,one of these ideas is symbolism1 the representation of doctrines by signs or images--as the triangle signifies the ,blessed ,trinity and the cross the ,redemption4 ,our argument1 therefore1 that ,protestantism1 as such1 is necessarily iconoclastic or hostile to images1 holds good in spite of the fact that modern ,protestants are returning to the use of symbols4 ,this return means that they have abandoned the position taken by the ,reformers1 and have set their faces--how little so ever they think so--,romeward and homeward4 ,here1 then1 comes in a very appropriate question4 ,if ,protestants are gradually relinquishing their old iconoclastic spirit--if nowadays they set up the cross to express their faith in the ,atonement1 and use the triangle as an affirmation of their belief in the ,trinity--where is their symbol for the ,incarnation8 ,of course they acknowledge the ,incarnation4 ,they bracket it with the ,trinity as a fundamental doctrine of ,christianity4 ,then why do they not equally symbolize it8 ,evidently1 their not even attempting to do so--their having no symbol for it--is abundant proof of what has been just said1 that1 while they profess to receive the doctrine1 they are strangers to its meaning4 ,they understand by it merely the divinity of ,christ1 and beyond this keep it in the background and give it no practical bearing4 ,the ,atonement is everything with them2 the ,incarnation nothing4 ,but ,christianity is the religion of the ,incarnation4 ,for call it1 if you will1 the religion of the cross1 that term does not designate it as a whole4 ,the truth expressed by the cross depends on the truth of the ,incarnation2 and so does every other ,christian dogma4 ,christianity1 therefore1 is either the religion of the ,incarnation or it is nothing4 ,as that it must stand or fall4 ,and if we would express it as a whole1 we must symbolize the ,incarnation4 ,now1 the crowning proof 7were any needed7 that the ,incarnation1 rightly understood1 has no place in ,protestant theology lies in the fact that1 besides not attempting to symbolize the doctrine themselves1 all ,protestants agree in a common aversion 7not to say abomination7 to the only symbol possible1 which is--the ,madonna-and-,child4 ,and why is the ,madonna-and-,child the only symbol of the ,incarnation8 ,because the ,incarnation means that ,god is man2 but how can we express the truth that ,god is man1 except by showing that he has a ,mother8 ,in his divine nature he has no mother2 then1 if he has a mother1 he is man4 ,whence the creeds do not merely say that ,christ is the ,son of ,god1 or that the ,son of ,god was made man1 but affirm that he was 8born of the ,virgin ,mary02 8,incarnate of 7or from7 the ,virgin ,mary0--thus setting forth the same divine ,person as at once the ,son of ,god and the ,son of ,mary4 ,that is1 they show us ,incarnate ,god as a ,child in his ,mother's arms2 they symbolize the ,incarnation 7a creed is called a 8symbol07 by the ,madonna-and-,child4 99 99 99 99 99 ,thus far1 then1 we have seen that the genius of ,protestantism is hostile to images in general1 and to the ,madonna-and-,child in particular1 because it is out of joint 7so to speak7 with the genius of the ,incarnation4 ,we have here a very singular spectacle3 a vast body of professing ,christians1 who hold1 with us1 the doctrine of the ,incarnation1 and have not formulated any heresy about it in their 8confessions of faith0 7we are not including ,unitarians among ,christians2 for they have no more right to the name than ,mohammedans72 a body of ,christians who say with us that they 8believe in ,jesus ,christ 444 born of the ,virgin ,mary02 who keep 8merry0 ,christmas1 too1 with us--,christmas1 the feast of the ,madonna-and-,child--who yet1 for all this1 instead of dwelling with delight on a representation of the ,infant ,saviour in the arms of his ,blessed ,mother1 invariably show that they are not at home with it as a religious symbol4 ,can it be that they are insensible to what is beautiful and touching8 ,no2 their hearts are as human as ours4 ,any other mother and child by an artist of moderate skill could scarcely fail to interest them4 ,moreover1 it is fashionable with cultivated ,protestants to admire this ,mother and ,child where the question is one of art1 not of religion4 ,they display a very creditable taste for the ,madonnas of ,raphael and other great painters4 ,or if the association of religion add a charm1 it is nothing more to them than the glamour which invests a symbol of pagan superstition4 ,and in saying this we speak from experience4 ,when1 as a school-boy1 the writer became acquainted with the mythologies of ,greece and ,rome1 he found them full of poetry1 and soon came to envy the religion of those old pagans--a religion so much in contrast with the aridity of his own4 ,so1 too1 when1 a year or two later1 he first saw ,catholic worship 7it was ,benediction1 of all lovely rites71 he remarked as he came away3 8,that religion is full of poetry40 8,yes10 was the answer--8of pagan poetry40 ,and then he was told how all the 8corruptions0 of ,rome had been introduced from paganism2 and1 as an instance1 the ,madonna was cited4 8,they call her the ,mother of ,god10 said the informant 7a clergyman of the ,church of ,england1 who had learnt his lesson well74 8,you remember ,cybele1 the 'mother of the gods'8 ,well1 there's their ,madonna--the ,virgin ,mary in place of the goddess ,cybele40 ,he was told this and other things of like nature1 and so became imbued with the idea that the ,catholic religion was a paganized ,christianity4 ,still1 for this very reason 7as we are free to confess71 it had a fascination for us2 and the greatest charm of all was its supposed goddess-worship4 ,at sixteen1 again1 our attraction to the ,madonna was greatly increased by some stanzas of ,lord ,byron1 in which that most wonderful of poets1 inspired by the beauties of the ,mediterranean twilight1 and with some famous painting in his mind1 thus apostrophizes ,our ,lady3 8,ave ,maria6 ,over land and sea1 ,that heavenliest hour of heaven is worthiest thee6 8,ave ,maria6 ',tis the hour of prayer6 ,ave ,maria6 ',tis the hour of love6 ,ave ,maria6 ,may our spirits dare ,look up to thine and to thy ,son's above6 ,ave ,maria6 ,o that face so fair6 ,those downcast eyes beneath th' ,almighty ,dove6 ,what tho' 'tis but a pictured image strike1 ,that painting is no idol--'tis too like6 8,ave ,maria6 ,blessed be the hour1 ,the time1 the clime1 the spot1 where ,i so oft ,have felt that moment in its fullest power ,sink o'er the earth1 so beautiful and soft6 ,as swung the deep bell in the distant tower1 ,and the faint dying day-hymn stole aloft3 ,while not a breath crept thro' the rosy air1 ,yet all the forest leaves seem'd stirred with prayer60 ,perhaps1 too1 we were even more impressed by a single stanza in another canto of the same poem1 where1 in his description of ,norman ,abbey 7his own ,newstead71 he recalls a solitary ,madonna-and-,child which had been standing amid the ruins3 8,but in a higher niche--alone1 but crown'd-- ,the ,virgin-,mother of the ,god-born ,child1 ,with her ,son in her blessed arms1 look'd round3 ,spared1 by some chance1 when all beside was spoil'd4 ,she made the place beneath seem holy ground4 ,this may be superstition1 weak or wild3 ,but ev'n the faintest relics of a shrine ,of any worship wake some thoughts divine40 ,lord ,byron1 it is true1 was not a ,protestant1 but a deist4 ,but this makes it all the more evident how full of poetry the ,catholic religion is--and particularly in its worship of the ,madonna--when it could so attract a mind that rejected ,christianity altogether4 ,other non-,christian poets have proved the same thing1 and none more so than our own great ,unitarian poet1 ,longfellow1 whom1 when we first read 8,evangeline0 and 8,hiawatha10 we supposed to be a ,catholic4 ,but ,protestant poets1 too1 and of various persuasions1 have evinced a sympathy with particular features of the ,catholic religion as it appears to those outside of it1 and especially with the ,madonna4 ,these see an ideal in our ,virgin-,mother4 ,and none has expressed this higher view so well as ,wordsworth in his celebrated sonnet--to which1 perhaps1 we are indebted for our own first glimpse of her as an ideal4 ,it is one of his ,ecclesiastical ,sonnets1 and comes among a series in which1 as a true poet1 he is forced to lament the destructive work of the so-called ,reformation4 8,mother1 whose virgin bosom was uncrost ,with the least shade of thought to sin allied3 ,woman above all women glorified-- ,our tainted nature's solitary boast6 ,purer than foam on central ocean tost3 ,brighter than eastern skies at daybreak strewn ,with fancied roses3 than the unblemished moon1 ,before her wane begins on heaven's blue coast6 ,thy image falls to earth4 ,yet some1 ,i ween1 ,not unforgiven the suppliant knee might bend1 ,as to a visible ,power1 in which did blend ,all that was mix'd and reconciled in thee ,of mother's love with maiden purity-- ,of high with low--celestial with terrene60 ,clearly1 therefore1 it is not an obtuseness to the beautiful1 or even to the ideal1 that alienates the ,protestant mind from our symbol of the ,incarnation4 ,no2 the key to the puzzle is this3 that the system of ,christianity known as ,protestantism cannot see in the ,madonna-and-,child a symbol of itself--has nothing in it capable of being symbolized by either ,madonna or ,child4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,incarnation1 once more1 is ,god made visible4 ,as such it must needs create for itself a visible kingdom on earth3 a kingdom over body as well as over soul--a kingdom in the world of mind1 and equally into the world of sense and matter4 ,the kingdom thus created will1 of course1 be in harmony with that which created it--the ,incarnation--and1 therefore1 with the symbol of the ,incarnation--the ,madonna-and-,child2 and so will find in the ,madonna-and-,child the symbol of itself--the mould upon which it was cast4 ,here1 then1 the reader will perceive what we mean by calling the ,madonna-and-,child a test-symbol4 ,whatever system of ,christianity is not at home with this symbol1 or not entirely in harmony with it1 is thereby convicted of being false1 as not the kingdom of the ,incarnation4 ,so that1 to demonstrate the true ,christianity1 out of all existing systems calling themselves ,christian1 we have only to confront them with the ,madonna-and-,child4 ,let us do this4 ,and1 first1 we will call up all the ,protestant communions1 and particularly the two most important and respectable--the state church of ,england and her daughter in ,america2 excluding on the one hand whatever sects deny the divinity of ,christ1 and on the other that party in the said ,episcopalian churches which is working1 more or less consciously1 to bring back 8popery without the pope40 ,neither of these extremes is genuine ,protestantism4 ,all classes of genuine ,protestants1 when confronted with the ,madonna-and-,child1 acknowledge it1 of course1 the representation of an historic fact in which they believe--the birth of ,jesus ,christ from the ,virgin ,mary--but instinctively feel that it means a great deal more4 ,they principally object to the ,madonna1 as giving the ,blessed ,virgin too much prominence4 8,we all know10 they argue1 8that she is the ,mother of our ,saviour2 but1 beyond this1 what is she to us80 ,they are not accustomed to speak of her1 except when they mention her in the ,creed2 or even to think of her1 except when they pity or abuse their 8idolatrous0 fellow-,christians4 ,at the same time neither do they care to see the ,child1 particularly in ,mary's arms or by her side4 8,he did not remain a child all his life10 they say4 8,it was not as a child that he came out in public to work miracles and preach the ,gospel2 it was not as a child that he suffered and died4 ,then what is his childhood to us80 ,in a word1 our symbol of the ,incarnation reminds them of nothing with which they are familiar4 ,the secret is1 they are not within the visible kingdom of the ,incarnation2 they are outside the visible church4 ,each sect will call itself a church1 no doubt2 and the ,episcopalians have something to show for theirs1 because1 in its outward form1 it is a fair imitation of a real hierarchy4 ,but when they say in the ,creed1 with us1 8,i believe in the ,holy ,catholic ,church10 they do not mean at all what we mean4 ,to them the ,catholic ,church of the ,creed is the collective multitude of omnigenous believers in ,christ1 instead of signifying a visible institution divinely endowed to teach and govern1 and standing to them in the relation of a mother--carrying them in her arms and feeding them at her breast4 ,if they did mean this by the ,catholic ,church1 they would recognize at once in the ,madonna-and-,child a symbol of that church with them in her arms1 and would1 so far1 feel at home with the ,madonna-and-,child4 ,neither1 again1 have they the ,blessed ,sacrament--that lovely 8second infancy0 of ,jesus--or they would joyfully acknowledge in the ,madonna-and-,child an image of the church with the ,blessed ,sacrament in her keeping4 ,but especially would their attitude towards ,our ,lady be different from what it is now4 ,believing in a visible church1 they would not insist1 as now1 on having nothing between themselves and ,christ1 who1 by instituting the church1 chose to place an entire system between himself and them4 ,and1 seeing the type of this church in ,mary1 they could not vituperate our doctrine of the latter's maternal mediation2 not only because of the church's mediation1 but also because ,mary1 as the type of mother church1 must needs be ,mother ,mary4 ,now1 to the writer this is all the more clear because it is the history of his conversion4 ,having come--and1 thank ,god6 not so late as it might have been--to feel the necessity of a visible church as a mother and guide1 at whose feet we could sit child-like and learn from her 8the words of eternal life0--to hear whom would be to hear ,christ2 to go to whom1 to go to ,christ--we gradually discovered that the ,church of ,england1 in which we had been reared1 and to whose ministry we were looking forward1 was no such mother and guide1 nor ever could be4 ,we found that she did very well as a state church1 a moral police1 a 8part of the civil service02 but that her success in being fashionable was owing--not to any divine commission1 not to her speaking 8as one having authority10 not to her teaching one definite body of doctrine--but1 on the contrary1 to her being the creation of ,parliament2 to her disclaiming all authority to teach1 except as a fallible human witness2 and to her leaving the utmost latitude for every variety and contradiction of opinion1 so that her clergy were equally at liberty to hold or deny such vital doctrines as baptismal regeneration1 the ,real ,presence1 sacerdotal absolution1 and apostolical succession4 ,added to these doctrines--which we had come to believe from joining first the moderate ,high-,church party1 and then the extreme1 or the ,ritualists--was a parallel attraction to the ,blessed ,virgin1 whom we had discovered to be truly the ,mother of ,god4 ,and the two ideas of a mother in the church and a ,mother in the ,blessed ,virgin rose together and grew together1 till we found them both realities in the kingdom of the ,incarnation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,and now we may let ,protestantism go4 ,its votaries are loud in exhorting us to return with them to the purity of primitive ,christianity4 ,but when we take them back with us over the centuries to the very cradle of ,christianity--to the cave of the ,nativity at ,bethlehem--and enter that sanctuary on the first ,christmas morning1 are they or we more at home there1 in the presence of the ,madonna-and-,child8 ,so far1 then1 from establishing its clamorous pretensions to be the only unalloyed ,christianity1 ,protestantism is ruled out of court by our test-symbol1 as neither the kingdom of the ,incarnation nor any part of that kingdom1 and therefore--virtually and logically--not ,christianity at all4 ,the ,catholic ,church1 however1 has not the field all to herself yet4 ,there is the ,russo-,greek1 including some half-dozen independent communions4 ,is not she in harmony with our test-symbol8 ,while on the road to ,rome we were much attached to the ,greek ,church4 ,most ,anglicans of the 8,high0 school are--because they know very little about her4 7,a case where 8distance lends enchantment0--and a very hazy distance1 to boot47 ,there is one thing1 though1 which ,anglicans ought to know about the ,greek ,church1 and which we did know3 the fact that her worship of the ,blessed ,virgin is more 8excessive0 7to use their own phrase7 than that of the ,roman ,church4 ,we say we knew this1 and confess that1 instead of being repelled by it1 we were the more attracted4 ,so far1 therefore1 the writer was consistent1 at least--unlike other ,anglicans1 who protest especially against our 8,marian system0 7as they call it71 and at the same time babble and dream 7for dream it is7 of union with the ,greek ,church4 ,what we were afraid of in the ,roman ,church was not the ,blessed ,virgin1 but the ,pope4 ,we had been so thoroughly imbued from boyhood with the notion that the ,pope was 8,antichrist0 and the 8,man of ,sin10 that the influence of this monstrous superstition haunted us1 in some shape1 to the very eve of our conversion4 ,we say in some shape4 ,we had come1 since a ,ritualist1 to believe that ,antichrist was yet to appear1 and that the ,pope could not possibly be he4 ,nevertheless1 we took it for unquestionable that the ,papacy was a usurpation2 had caused the separation of the ,greek ,church from the ,latin2 and was also to blame1 in a great degree1 for ,england being out of communion with the other western churches4 ,while under instruction for reception into the church we read ,mr4 ,allies' ,see of ,peter2 and our amazement at the evidence for the ,papacy was only equalled by our indignation at the unblushing impudence which had assured us1 and with such pretence of patristic learning1 that there was not a single proof from the first six centuries for the supremacy of the ,bishop of ,rome4 ,well1 then1 the ,greek ,church is in harmony with our test-symbol to a certain and considerable extent4 ,in the first place1 she holds the ,catholic doctrine of the ,incarnation1 and by no means keeps it in the background1 but gives it due prominence in her catechism and liturgy4 ,and since she teaches the devotional use of representations1 particularly of pictures1 her people are no less familiar than we are with the ,madonna-and-,child as the symbol of the ,incarnation4 ,secondly1 although 7as must be the case7 they have not the same tender mother in their church that we have in ours1 still1 all who are in good faith being by intention ,catholics1 they can speak1 with us1 of 8our mother the church40 ,and1 again1 though they are made much less familiar with the ,blessed ,sacrament than we are1 yet1 having a true priesthood 7not a sham one like the ,anglican71 a true altar1 and a true ,mass1 the ,real ,presence is a living fact with them4 ,so that they may see in the ,madonna-and-,child the church and the ,blessed ,sacrament as we do4 ,the ,madonna-and-,child1 however1 being1 as we have said1 the mould upon which the church is cast1 makes a law which must not be violated in any single particular4 ,if1 therefore1 this self-styled 8orthodox0 ,greek ,church be found out of harmony with our test-symbol in even one point1 she is no more the kingdom of the ,incarnation than if she were in harmony with it at no point4 ,now1 she does fail to correspond with it in one most important point3 viz41 in her theory of the church as a whole4 ,she holds1 like the ,anglican ,ritualists1 the theory of a divided church4 ,but the ,madonna can no more represent a divided than an invisible church1 and those who say1 with us1 in the ,nicene ,creed1 8,i believe one ,catholic and ,apostolic ,church10 yet maintain that she need not be visibly 8one10 are more illogical than those who use the words in the sense of an invisible church4 ,that a visible church1 of which oneness is a mark1 need not be visibly one6--could absurdity1 in the shape of theory1 go further8 ,again1 if this theory of the church as a whole--that she is no longer visibly one as her divine ,author made her--renders it impossible to see the type of such a church in the ,madonna separately1 what meaning will it find in the ,madonna-and-,child together8 ,it beholds in the ,madonna a unity which it denies2 and in the ,child--either nothing at all1 or something which it consciously rejects4 ,what makes a church1 according to the apostolic constitution8 ,all churches which have that constitution agree that the essentials of a church are a bishop with a clergy and laity in his communion4 ,the bishop is its nucleus1 and makes the church in the sense in which the head makes the body4 ,a bishopless church is a headless body4 ,we say this is what all ,christians agree upon who believe in apostolical succession4 ,so that even the recent contemptible sect calling themselves 8,old ,catholics0 were bound to procure a bishop for their schism1 albeit they set at defiance both authority and logic4 ,a bishop1 then1 and the church in his communion are the normal or representative church4 ,now1 we see in this representative church the form of the ,madonna-and-,child4 ,to some this may seem fanciful4 ,it is not4 ,every priest is 8another ,christ0--in the celebrated words of ,st4 ,bernard2 and the bishop is the complete priest1 as having the power to confer the priesthood4 ,if1 then1 the ,madonna typifies the church1 the ,christ-child typifies the priesthood1 and1 if the priesthood1 still more the episcopate4 ,again1 as ,christ has in ,mary not only a ,mother1 but a ,daughter and a ,spouse--for he is her ,father by creation 7whence ,chaucer and ,dante exclaim1 8,daughter of thy ,son607 and her ,spouse as the ,spouse of all elect souls1 among whom she is 8as the lily among thorns0--so1 too1 has the priest in the church at once a mother1 a daughter1 and a spouse2 and therefore still more does the bishop stand in this threefold relation to the church4 ,and1 once more1 as ,christ is 8the first-born among many brethren10 his ,mother being ours also1 so is the priest an elder brother1 ruling his brethren from the arms of their common mother2 and1 if the priest1 much more the bishop4 ,there is nothing fanciful1 then1 in our view of the ,madonna-and-,child as a symbol of the normal or representative church4 ,but what does this mean1 if not that the collective church1 consisting as it must of a multitude of single churches1 has equally the form of the ,madonna-and-,child--is equally capable of being symbolized thereby8 or1 in other words1 that all single episcopates must be subordinated to one universal episcopate8 ,now1 the ,russo-,greek ,church1 while affecting 7at least in theory7 the principle of hierarchical subordination from the bishop up to the patriarch1 stupidly contradicts her own assertion of this principle1 and destroys the church as a whole1 by rejecting the supremacy of the ,pope4 ,she is1 therefore1 in this all-important point1 as much out of harmony with our test-symbol as the ,anglican and the other ,protestant sects2 and is ruled out of court1 in her turn1 as neither the kingdom of the incarnation nor any part of that kingdom4 99 99 99 99 99 ,so at last we have only the ,roman ,church to contrast with the ,madonna-and-,child4 ,and small need have we to show how harmoniously at all points she corresponds with our test-symbol4 ,the ,catholic recognizes in the ,madonna-and-,child not only the ,incarnation but its kingdom4 ,he sees there the church with the ,blessed ,sacrament in her hands2 and1 again1 the church our mother with her ,christ-child at her breast2 and1 lastly1 this same mother as our lady and queen1 with her eldest son the ,pope ruling his brethren from his throne on her heart1 the ,sancta ,sedes4 ,with regard to this last point we think it strange that controversialists have made so little use of the ,madonna-and-,child of the ,apocalypse4#afd ,we proposed to conclude our subject with a proof of the ,papacy from this vision1 but must reserve it for a separate article4 ,footnote #afd3 ,chap4 xii4 ,,college ,,education4 ,the schools of the country have held their days of exhibition or of graduation1 the young men are enjoying their holidays1 and the teachers are preparing themselves for a new year of work4 ,it would seem to be a favorable moment to say a word about the question that more or less occupies all who think seriously of the future--education4 ,this word1 so often used1 conveys different ideas1 according to the person who speaks4 ,its etymology undoubtedly gives it a certain definite meaning3 educo1 erudiri are two words that signify the bringing forth from a negative state to a positive one--from ignorance and rudeness to knowledge and culture4 ,but this general idea does not cover the whole matter4 ,we have to consider the end to which this process is directed in order to have an adequate idea of what it should be4 ,now1 this end we shall have clearly before us if we call to mind the end for which man is here on earth4 ,christians all acknowledge and teach that man is here to know1 love1 and serve ,god and save his soul4 ,these two1 therefore--redemption from ignorance and a rude state1 and the end for which man is here--give us the right idea of what education ought to be4 ,the appreciation of both will enable us to avoid two fatal obstacles--presumption and error4 ,the proper state of mind of any one beginning a course of education is the recognition of his want of knowledge4 ,there is nothing so hurtful as a spirit of pride2 for this blinds the mind1 makes one overweeningly confident of his powers1 attached to his own opinions1 and loath to receive instruction4 ,we have heard in our day young people discussing the question whether a man were not able to work out the most difficult problems of human science of himself2 whether he absolutely stood in need of the guidance of others2 and whether there were any branch of human knowledge or achievement of past times any one might not be able to attain to or accomplish1 provided he turned his attention to it1 and circumstances were favorable4 ,and when a young man had succeeded in mastering a certain amount of learning or science1 we have been witnesses of the very remarkable phenomenon of seeing him set himself up as one whose opinion should cut short every discussion1 and form the law of belief or action for those around him4 ,any one having had any experience of truly learned men1 who even may not have been models of virtue1 must have been struck at the humility of mind they give proof of4 ,they1 more than others1 appreciate how little they know of what it is possible to know2 they see the vast field of knowledge of which they individually can but cultivate a part1 and common sense keeps them from thinking themselves possessed even of all that can be known of what they are actually engaged in4 ,they agree in spirit with the celebrated master of ,plato1 whose saying is familiar to us3 8,i know only this3 that ,i know nothing40 ,the first requisite1 therefore1 for sound education is a humble state of mind1 a disposition to be taught and receive the lessons with docility--a disposition not only needful in a beginner1 but required even more the further one advances into the domain of knowledge4 ,when one adds to the original and relative ignorance of us all the further fact of the ease with which we go astray1 fall into error--a facility so great as to have given rise to the adage in universal use1 8,humanum est errare0--it is impossible a man of sense should not recognize the necessity of keeping down the spirit of pride and self-confidence1 and confess that1 in not having controlled himself in this respect1 he has given the most complete proof of the adage in his own case4 ,we are therefore all in the same condition1 all in need of learning1 and stand in want of a teacher to instruct us and lead us in the path of truth4 ,what is the truth we are to seek after1 who the teacher we are to go to1 results from the study of the end to which education is to be directed4 ,we have seen that the end of man is to know1 love1 and serve ,god and save his soul1 and this tells us what education should be4 ,anything that conflicts with this end is to be rejected2 whatever aids us in attaining it is to be embraced2 and as all truth is in harmony with that end1 it follows that education can embrace all sciences that are truly such1 while it must eliminate all error2 for error has a logical effect of keeping us from the attainment of that end1 especially where that error regards the higher branches of speculative education4 ,here1 then1 comes in the most important element in the education of man--religion2 religion1 that is1 to teach his head and train his heart4 ,if1 as is most certainly the fact1 man was made for ,god and for immortal life hereafter1 education that would exclude this element--religion--which regulates the relations of man with ,god1 and teaches him how he may gain that everlasting state for which he has been created1 is wanting most deplorably in the one thing needful4 ,such an education fits a man only for matter2 is of the earth earthy4 ,it has no higher aim than the objects around him2 it is a guide that does not bring into the presence of the ,king1 but takes one no further than the domain over which the ,king's power is exercised4 ,however much it may delight the eye with grandeur of scenery1 proofs of power and of wisdom1 it has no right or ability to introduce into a close communion with the ,sovereign1 the source of all it beholds4 ,it is simply an unworthy servant banished for ever from the face of his ,master4 ,this kind of education1 which we shall style secular1 professedly excludes all religious control of any kind whatsoever1 and it consequently relies only on reason and scientific examination4 ,now1 reason has been found wanting4 ,in the brightest examples of pagan times1 familiar to students of history1 are to be found not only actions nature itself condemns1 but principles laid down by them subversive of natural society and of all ,christian virtue--pantheism and immorality4 ,and we owe it to ,christianity that we have been rescued from the social life in which such principles prevailed and were in practice4 ,any one nowadays who knows something of men will bear witness to the fact that both the one and the other--pantheism and immorality--are on the increase and show themselves publicly in the speech of the men and women of to-day4 ,this can be owing only to one cause--the divorce of religion from education4 ,and because this is so1 because secular education does not lead us to ,god1 but takes us from him1 a dividing line must be drawn between religious education and secular education2 an insuperable barrier exists between them1 which must and ought to keep all that believe in revelation on the side of a training under the eye of religion4 ,and if this be the case with regard to all who profess belief in ,christ1 how much truer is it with reference to those who have given their names to the ,catholic ,church and look to her infallible voice for their guidance6 ,in saying this we do not wish to speak disparagingly of the learning1 the ability1 or the zeal of those engaged in the cause of education who are not with us4 ,we respect all those who are striving to increase the treasure of human knowledge or dispense it to their fellow-men4 ,we join hands with all who are earnest in their study of true science1 and rejoice in their success4 ,we have no right to question their sincerity4 ,but between their efforts and success in discovery1 or in acquiring and imparting learning1 and the way in which they educate1 there is a difference most vital and essential4 ,the one investigates the works of the ,creator1 while the other leads men practically1 where it does not absolutely tell them as much1 to ignore the ,creator himself4 ,godless science can only fill a man with himself1 while it offers no guarantee for the preservation of his morals and the attainment of his last end4 ,on the other hand1 religion goes before the education which is allied with her4 ,with her torch of faith she illumes the darkness of men's minds4 ,she shows them how much more beautiful is the ,author of all the beautiful things they contemplate than are the objects themselves4 ,she makes them behold in him the original essential beauty of which the universe is only a faint participation1 and yearn for the possession of that ,beauty and sovereign ,good she tells them is within their reach2 and she shows them how1 under her direction1 they may not be carried away by transient allurements1 by what they see around them1 but attain to an indissoluble union with that ,beauty and sovereign ,good--with ,god himself4 ,but it may be said religion has nothing to do with natural science2 it cramps man's mind1 fetters his intellect1 stops his investigation4 ,it will do well enough in its sphere1 but its action is hurtful to scientific pursuits4 ,is this true8 ,it is not true2 and we can refute the charge by principle and by fact4 ,all that exists belongs to ,god4 ,all science1 all truth comes from him1 the great ,first ,cause1 from whom all things proceed1 in whom there can be no contradiction4 ,his works1 therefore1 cannot contradict him nor contradict each other4 ,natural truth and revealed truth must1 then1 be in harmony1 and we do not fear a conflict between them4 ,the ,catholic student of science is as fearless an investigator as is his rationalist confrre2 but the former will not rashly give himself up to speculations the other's further experience will oblige him to retract4 ,the facts of science will never be in opposition to revelation1 though the interpretation of scientific men may be1 to their discomfiture later on4 ,even if the teacher of revelation1 the church1 should by any possibility1 as is asserted in the case of ,galileo1 fail in a disciplinary decree with regard to scientific research1 such decrees not being infallible utterances of the ,holy ,see1 there remains always the remedy of a reversal when the incontestable proof of the contrary1 such as he did not bring forward1 shall be produced4 ,so spoke ,cardinal ,bellarmine1 one of ,galileo's judges4 ,though we may safely say that those in charge of the interests of the church do well in being exceedingly careful how they interfere with scientific investigation1 it nevertheless may become necessary at times to curb the license of those who undertake to interpret the truths of revelation according to their ideas or appreciation of science4 ,how many scientific theories fall to pieces every day6 ,and is it not reasonable that those who believe in a revelation should not be left at the mercy of every clever scientific man who is pleased to have a tilt against it8 ,let any scientific truth be fully proved1 and the ,catholic ,church will be the first to applaud1 for it redounds to the glory of her ,head4 ,we need not1 however1 confine ourselves to this negative way of advocating the cause of revelation as friendly to science1 for there is no dearth of positive proof of the fact4 ,revelation is positively of advantage to the study of science4 ,it is clear that any one who keeps me1 when on a journey1 from going out of my way saves me an amount of time and trouble4 ,instead of wandering in the woods and bypaths1 ,i am enabled to keep the highway and so reach sooner my destination4 ,this is one of the important services revelation renders science4 ,it tells us3 ,don't direct your attention hither or thither2 for you will find out you are wrong1 after losing precious time and making yourself a laughing-stock4 ,don't go in search of the 8missing link10 for you won't find it4 ,don't divide the unity of the human race1 for it is one--of one man and one woman4 ,don't grovel with the materialists2 for man has a spirit1 and he is destined for a better life hereafter4 ,such like warnings we have from revelation1 and1 instead of going astray with evolutionists and so-called philosophers1 we employ our time and talents on points that are serious and practical in science and nature2 and ,heaven knows there are plenty of these to engage us4 ,the result is useful knowledge that does not undo but builds up society and perfects civilization4 ,for this our grateful thanks are due revelation4 ,then1 again1 revelation opens up to us new fields of thought4 ,it gives us an insight into what we could not otherwise know4 ,it is as if chance discovered to us some principle of art or science no one had before suspected4 ,once presented1 reason can occupy itself on it1 explore it as far as possible1 make deductions and applications4 ,how much human ethics have gained in clearness and usefulness by the light of the command to love our neighbor1 and by the example of the ,redeemer of man6 ,how much speculative philosophy with regard to personality1 responsibility1 good and evil1 and the future life6 ,the crude theories of pagan times excite our compassion nowadays1 though we honor the ability of their original propounders2 yet these same theories we see now broached by those who have cast aside revelation1 but often with less depth and less wisdom than the pagan in whose mind not all the light of natural religion was quenched4 ,no6 revelation is the friend of science2 science divorced from religion1 the vaunted glory of to-day1 is the enemy of progress2 retrograde in all save the energetic talent that is lost in its service4 ,a few examples will show what revelation or the church has done and is doing for the cause of education2 whether it has checked the development of man or favored it4 ,we will go to the 8dark ages10 in which those who oppose the church as an educator are wont to find their cheval de bataille1 their bugbear to frighten off those inclined to trust her4 ,we say nothing of the unfairness of ,protestants who wilfully ignore the sad state of the ,roman world consequent on the barbarian invasions of the fifth1 sixth1 and seventh centuries1 and the struggles with the ,saracens1 who penetrated even into ,italy--a condition of things most inimical to the quiet requisite for study2 who pass over the conquest of those barbarians and their civilization by the church2 who pretend to know nothing of what was done by the monks to preserve learning in their monasteries1 to whom the preservation of the classic1 philosophic1 and ascetic works of antiquity and of the early church--the ,bible among them--is due4 ,we come to the thirteenth century4 ,there we see1 burning with a light that is celestial1 a luminary not of the church only but of human reason--,st4 ,thomas ,aquinas1 the ,angelic ,doctor4 ,there was hardly a branch of intellectual pursuit of which he was not a master4 ,his works are wonderful1 and have always been a precious and useful legacy in every subsequent age4 ,his great work1 the ,sum of ,theology1 has remained the text-book of theologians4 ,in fact1 no theologian is master of his subject who has not made ,st4 ,thomas the object of his constant study4 ,though at times somewhat neglected1 we may safely say that at present there is an increasing appreciation of his works4 ,certainly this is true of his philosophical treatise ,contra ,gentiles4 ,there is now a wide-spread movement in all civilized nations to return to the use of the metaphysical and ethical teachings of ,st4 ,thomas1 and it will be the means of regenerating such philosophical studies in this epoch of individual self-assertion1 of ipse dixits1 when every man of talent who lists puts forth his own hazy speculations as the truth1 and strives to force down his deductions as the ne plus ultra of science4 ,domenico ,soto1 at the ,council of ,trent1 defined scholastic theology to be reason illumined by faith2 we may1 like him1 style scholastic philosophy reason kept in its right path by the torch of faith4 ,in the works of ,st4 ,thomas will be found the refutation of the pantheism of ,spinoza and the present ,german school1 of the materialism of ,hobbes and ,bchner1 of the utilitarian ideas of ,mill1 ,spencer1 and others of the followers of ,puffendorf4 ,we shall find1 too1 in his writings the ablest defence of revelation1 and the sound principles that will enable us to put to flight the whole host of mythical theorists of the age4 ,so much for theology1 metaphysics1 and ethics4 ,if we wish to speak of the work of the church in poetry1 science1 and literature1 we have a monument of what she could do1 even in the middle ages1 in ,dante4 ,we hardly know which to admire most in this extraordinary man--his native genius1 his extraordinary powers of imagination1 the beauty of his imagery1 the remarkable knowledge of theology and philosophy he exhibits in his writings1 or the beauty of the language he created4 ,his culture was due to the church2 his inspiration was drawn from revelation2 and his science he drank in at the great schools established and carried on by the church in ,italy1 in ,france1 and in ,england4 ,so pre-eminent is this writer1 philosopher1 and poet1 that even in the nineteenth century our own poet whose works are read and justly appreciated wherever the ,english language is spoken--,henry ,w4 ,longfellow--has deemed it well worthy of his own genius to be his translator4 ,yet ,dante is the product of the ,catholic ,church4 ,but the fashion to-day is to extol physical science4 ,of a truth1 physical science does not hold1 and should not hold1 the first place4 ,if man were only matter1 it might and should2 but he has a soul1 and the spiritual and intellectual world is his proper sphere4 ,scientific knowledge is useful for the arts that serve to make commerce prosper1 and should be sought after2 but to make commerce and what pertains to it1 and the material comforts of man1 the main object of his thoughts and aims is a monstrous disorder4 ,however1 even in this sphere of physical science the church is not afraid of her competitors4 ,we leave to one side old ,friar ,bacon and other patriarchs of science1 and we come to our own day4 ,the church can point to ,angelo ,secchi1 one of the first of living astronomers and physical scientists1 and a member of a society that counts among its members men distinguished in every branch of human knowledge--the ,society of ,jesus4 ,so great is the pre-eminence of this distinguished savant in his native ,italy that1 since the city of ,rome has been in the hands of the present rulers1 they have left nothing undone to gain him over to their side4 ,and it is a pleasure to us to pay this public tribute to the noble fidelity he has shown to his faith1 his church1 and his society1 giving as he does a splendid example of the alliance between the most advanced physical science and the ,catholic ,church4 ,as faithful adherents to revelation1 though not ,catholics1 we may mention the late ,prof4 ,faraday and the no less distinguished ,dr4 ,carpenter1 who show that revelation and science do not war against each other4 ,but we need not content ourselves with showing that the church is not hostile to human learning4 ,it is easy to bring forward facts that put her before the world in her true character as the real friend of man1 the guardian of his dignity1 the zealous protectress of the truth of his intellect and of the freedom of his will4 ,in medio stat virtus--,virtue avoids extremes4 ,our tendency to go wrong is by doing too much or too little1 and we need something to keep us from either of these two extremes4 ,it is here the church comes in to fulfil this friendly and much-needed office4 ,there was in the fourth and fifth century an intellectual movement that attributed more than its due to human nature4 ,the ,pelagian errors gave to man a power he does not possess1 and those errors are very widely spread in this nineteenth century4 ,they ignore the efficacy of grace1 or the help the will stands in need of to serve ,god4 ,grace1 according to their most favorable view1 was only a light for the intellect4 ,here was an excess2 too much was claimed for human nature4 ,such doctrine is contradicted by ,scripture and by the ,fathers4 ,our ,lord tells us3 8,i am the vine1 and you are the branches2 without me you can do nothing40 ,and ,st4 ,paul says3 8,we are not able to think of anything conducive to salvation of ourselves2 but our sufficiency is from ,god40 ,and ,st4 ,augustine1 against those who spoke of some of the precepts as impossible1 writes3 8,god does not command what is impossible2 but commanding thereby counsels us to do what we can1 to ask for aid to do what is beyond our power1 and aids us that we may be able to do it40 ,in this case we have the church curbing human pride and keeping the intellect and will within its true limits4 ,in the sixteenth century there was a movement1 resulting from pride and rebellion1 that had its own punishment in the degradation to which it reduced man's nature4 ,luther's dogmatic system had1 and has--for it lives in ,protestantism--the effect of so debasing human nature as to deny light to the intellect and power to the will to do anything that was not sinful2 for he held that the will of man is essentially changed1 so that it depends on who directs it1 ,god or the devil2 and1 besides1 whatever it does is sinful1 though covered by the merits of ,jesus ,christ1 which1 like ,esau's garments1 prevent the knowledge or sight of the true state of things and the imputation of sin4 ,here was a defect2 human nature was denied some of its powers4 ,the church fulminated this doctrine1 and taught formally that man's intellect and will1 though weakened by sin and passion1 are not essentially changed1 and that all man's acts are not sinful4 ,she recognized something of his original dignity in man4 ,hers is the spirit of the great ,st4 ,leo1 whose eloquent words made the ,christians and ,romans of his day remember their origin1 and the height to which they had been raised by the ,incarnation4 ,he exclaims3 8,remember1 ,o man6 thy dignity1 and1 having been made a partaker of the divine nature1 return not by degenerate conversation to thy former vileness40 ,she bade man remember that his nature1 never essentially corrupt1 had been purified by the grace of ,god1 and that 8in those that please ,god there is nothing defiled40 ,luther's teachings shed a sinister influence far and wide that tainted even ,catholic universities and affected writers who still professed to be in union with the church4 ,in the former ,university of ,louvain ,jansenius went so far as to say that some of the gospel precepts were impossible1 and that no grace was given to fulfil them4 ,the words that were used by ,st4 ,augustine to refute the ,pelagians were turned against ,jansenius1 and the voice of the church was heard anew vindicating man from the necessity of committing sin4 ,later on came ,baius1 of the same university1 teaching also a doctrine of universal depravity2 and the ,sovereign ,pontiff proclaimed that negative infidelity--that is1 idolatry in good faith--is not a sin2 that consequently those who have not grace or the illumination of faith can do many good actions1 though such actions have not the merit of those which are made available through the merits of ,christ4 ,thus again did the church prove herself the friend of human dignity4 ,further on we meet those who1 suffering the infection of the air caused by the doctrines of universal depravity1 deny to the intellect the power of discovering the truth by itself4 ,the traditionalists wish to trace everything to an original revelation2 man has nothing he has not received from outside4 ,even his knowledge of ,god comes from tradition4 ,and this doctrine the church1 through her supreme teacher1 discountenanced4 ,she bade them recall to mind the words of the ,book of ,wisdom and of ,st4 ,paul1 where we are told that ,god can be known from the contemplation of this visible world4 ,we will crave indulgence if we go so far as to venture the assertion that the doctrines of ,malebranche and his school had their origin in this same depreciation of the powers of the human intellect4 ,it may be said that the idea of intuition is a nobler one than that of painful analysis and deduction2 that intuition--vision--is the lot of the blessed1 and therefore a higher state4 ,but this is a state above nature1 for the blessed2 not a natural state in our present condition4 ,moreover1 there are reasons to make us believe that ,malebranche did not escape the infection of the world of thought prevalent in his day--the disesteem of human nature2 an infection not1 indeed1 logically connected with the system of ,luther4 ,it was1 if we may be permitted so to speak1 a psychological effect--a habit of mind being induced1 whereby one was led so to think4 ,this would appear to be evidenced by his doctrine of occasionalism1 which made ,god always acting because man could not--a doctrine the authority of the church obliged him to modify1 for he would thereby have made ,god the author of sin4 ,though no official condemnation of the theories of ,malebranche1 regarding the primary mode of knowing truth1 has ever been given by the church1 or is at all likely to be given1 the deductions of certain of his followers have been condemned2 and it is well known that the weight of the influence of the ,holy ,see has been cast in the scale of the psychological theories of ,st4 ,thomas1 whose principle1 clearly laid down1 is3 8,operatio intellectus prexigit operationem sensus0--8,the operation of the intellect prerequires the operation of sense0--,i4 #b1 qust4 iii4 art4 #c1 resp4 ,and in his first part1 qust4 xviii4 art4 #b1 he writes3 8,intellectus noster qui proprie est cognoscitivus quidditatis rei ut proprii objecti1 accipit a sensu2 cujus propria objecta sunt accidentia exteriora4 ,et inde est1 quod ex his qu exterius apparent de re1 devenimus ad cognoscendam essentiam rei0--8,our intellect1 that properly takes cognizance of what a thing is 7its essence7 as its proper object1 receives of the senses1 the proper objects of which are external accidents4 ,hence it is that from what appears externally in a thing we come to know its essence40 ,of course sense is to be taken in its widest meaning1 so as not to exclude the perception of the modifications going on in our internal being1 which are the accidents of our spiritual essence4 ,man1 therefore1 has no natural revelation1 but he arrives at knowledge by the essentially inherent powers of his mind--perception1 abstraction1 generalization4 ,god sees by intuition everything in himself--this is essential in him2 created intellects see what is1 or intellectual truth1 the archetype in ,god1 reflected from creation as from a mirror4 ,from these instances1 then1 it is evident that the church has always been the friend of human nature1 asserting for it the possession of faculties denied it1 protecting it from error1 and guiding it in the search of truth4 ,she is1 therefore1 worthy of the gratitude of mankind for what she has done in the cause of education1 as well as of the confidence of men as an instructor of youth in the future4 ,we come now to a more directly practical part of our assumed task1 and shall consider it our duty to speak plainly1 and perhaps in a way to be censured by some2 but we do it in what seems to us the interest of our people and country4 ,the ,rev4 ,father4 ,t4 ,burke1 ,o4,s4,d41 while in this country some years ago1 addressing a society of young men1 told them that ,americans could not expect to take their position among the civilized nations of the world unless they studied1 and studied not superficially but well4 ,for our part1 we thank him for this word4 ,it is time to put out of our heads that we are the most cultivated1 civilized1 well-informed people of the world4 ,we are not4 ,alongside the generality of the educated men of ,europe the generality of the educated men of ,america do not appear to advantage4 ,who and what is to blame for this8 ,in the first place1 we blame parents4 ,they ought to know better2 they have had experience of the world4 ,they are the natural guardians of their offspring1 and should provide by their experience a remedy for the inexperience of youth4 ,yet they1 and especially ,catholic parents1 are those who put the greatest obstacles in the way of those engaged in teaching4 ,they want their boys hurried through school2 they can't see the use of ,latin1 much less of ,greek4 ,as for philosophy1 a man can make a fortune without philosophy2 as if a fortune were the only thing worth living for6 ,if that were the case1 your ,california stage-driver who has struck a 8bonanza0 is the type of what a man should be intellectually4 ,heaven save the mark6 ,we have had such men say to us3 8,i assure you1 sir1 it is a very great misfortune my education was neglected2 ,i have wealth and don't know how to enjoy it40 ,there are numbers of unhappy wealthy ,americans travelling in ,europe whose children are looking forward to brilliant futures1 but who themselves rush from one place to another1 tortured by the necessity of having to come in contact with educated people and learn daily their own inferiority4 ,we have met such people1 and1 out of sheer pity for their unhappy lot1 have done what was in our power to make them forget for a while their troubles4 ,the fact is1 no greater boon can a wealthy parent bestow upon his child than a thorough1 careful education1 and every effort should be made to secure such education4 ,and one of the first steps to be taken is that parents second the efforts of zealous educators in our ,catholic institutions4 ,these institutions have their defects1 but those defects can hardly be remedied without the co-operation of parents4 ,what that co-operation should be will be seen further on4 ,there are defects in our institutions of education4 ,this is our next point4 ,these defects are in the manner of teaching and in what is taught4 ,we acknowledge that there have been great improvements in the manner of teaching since we were boys2 but with all this the want of uniformity1 scarcely attainable in this country1 will always leave the door open to defects in teaching4 ,as a rule1 the mind of a boy is too much taxed with speculative matter1 and his memory comparatively neglected4 ,the memory is one of the first faculties to show itself active1 and it is also capable of wonderful development4 ,in the earlier education of the child the exercise of the memory should predominate2 as little strain as possible should be put on the mind yet tender4 ,as the education progresses the exercise of the memory should be kept up2 choice extracts from the best poets and writers should alternate with the useful storing in the mind of facts and definitions4 ,the preliminary education should consist in the learning of languages1 which are means of acquiring further knowledge by intercourse and reading1 not by any means the sum total of education4 ,we wish our ,catholic parents would understand this2 for when a boy succeeds in knowing a little ,french and ,german they seem to think everything done4 ,these languages are only the keys to the treasures locked up in the writings of other nations4 ,they are principally to be acquired by memory2 and1 in fact1 this is the way the most successful and generally used method--that of ,ollendorf--adopts4 ,there is no reason why the boy should not be put at a very early age to learning foreign languages4 ,there is1 too1 one great advantage in this3 that his work at such languages will be lighter and less absorbing when he comes to be engaged in scientific study4 ,again1 care should be taken not to put into the hands of a child books of an abstruse or relatively difficult character2 for excessive caution against straining the mind of such a scholar can scarcely be taken4 ,a great deal of harm is sometimes done from the too high standard exacted by school-boards of the various categories of boys4 ,we have never ceased to praise the judicious interference of our father1 who1 finding us with an analytical arithmetic put into our hands at seven years of age1 took it away and placed it on the highest shelf of his closet4 ,when a boy is well under weigh in the languages--we do not speak of religious education1 which we take for granted--he may very properly be introduced to the study of experimental science and the more difficult problems of analytical arithmetic and mathematics4 ,but these branches should not be arranged in such a way as to compete1 as it were1 with that much-neglected study1 so lightly thought of--mental philosophy4 ,if one visits our different ,catholic institutions of learning1 and examines their system1 still more looks into the practical working of it1 he will find that the year of philosophy1 much talked of1 is employed in a most perfunctory manner4 ,we would not be understood as attributing any culpa theologica to the instructors4 ,we consider this state of things owing first to parents1 and consequently to their children1 and in part to the want of appreciation of the need of such philosophical training on the part of the teachers2 though also1 sometimes1 to want of competency in the teachers themselves1 whose previous education has been on the old plan4 ,we conceive that too great attention and zeal cannot be expended in the correction of these defects4 ,corrected they can be1 and they must be1 if we wish to take and keep our proper standing4 ,we cannot have a university for the present1 and therefore it is all important that the one essential thing a university can give--a higher mental training--should be given to our young ,catholic men4 ,they must receive this in our colleges2 they will not have it elsewhere4 ,of the need of it there can be no question4 ,the great number of able1 educated ,europeans who1 from political causes1 have had to leave their native country and come to us1 and the large number of ,americans who nowadays study in ,european universities1 all of whom1 in conversation and through the press1 retail to us the wildest phases of infidel1 metaphysical1 and social doctrine1 is a sufficient argument to decide the matter1 should any one hesitate4 ,the church1 to be sure1 is our infallible guide1 but there are many questions she does not treat1 or1 if she has treated them1 her decisions can be understood only by careful study and explanation in the language of philosophy4 ,so far from discouraging the study of philosophy1 of metaphysics1 and of ethics--possibly the more important of the two--she encourages us to make a good use of this handmaid of theology4 ,it is therefore a duty incumbent on those in whose hands is placed the education of our young men to pay more attention than ever to this kind of instruction4 ,we know of efforts in some instances that have been made in this direction1 but which have failed4 ,we are afraid they were not very numerous4 ,in some instances a tincture of metaphysics was deemed enough2 ethics were wholly neglected4 ,how this could be has always been a puzzle to us4 ,but it should not be any longer4 ,a careful course of metaphysics that would embrace particularly the refutation of pantheism and materialism1 besides establishing thoroughly the existence of ,god and the spirituality and immortality of the soul2 and an equally careful course of ethics that would refute the utilitarians and socialists of the day1 while making clear the claims of authority1 the nature of law1 the origin of right in the eternal fitness of things as seen in the divine ,mind1 and such kindred questions1 should be the object of the most earnest solicitude of the superiors of our ,catholic colleges4 ,the young students should be made to apply their knowledge thus received either by short compositions in addition to the repetition of the lessons taught2 or1 far better still1 by academic exercises in which one student defends in the school-room before his teacher and fellow-students a thesis or proposition already explained1 while one or two others object against it all they can think of or learn1 and this1 too1 in strict syllogistic form4 ,exercises such as these would be of the greatest advantage in training the mind to the ready use of logic1 and to refuting the arguments possible to be urged against sound doctrine4 ,nothing better than this would tend to take away the reproach so often1 and perhaps in some cases most unjustly1 made against our educational institutions1 of incompetency for thorough education4 ,did it depend on us to have the recasting of the system of education1 we should be inclined to add on a year of further study as a requisite for graduation1 and during the last two years of a young man's course we would employ him entirely in the study of metaphysics and ethics1 including the principles of political economy1 of the philosophy of history--in which the great questions of history1 as far as possible1 might be reviewed--and in the further polish of his literary ,english training4 ,the philosophy of history is most important1 for it is a powerful teacher4 ,history is not to be studied as a bare narrative of facts2 the facts have a language of their own which needs an interpreter4 ,the polish of literary education is of great necessity1 as it is the one thing those educated in the non-,catholic colleges may be said to excel us in4 ,we do not dwell much on scientific education1 because that is really of secondary importance1 and it is impossible to give boys more than an elementary training in this branch1 which may serve as a ground-work for further pursuit of it1 if one is destined to turn his attention in that direction4 ,to enable the superiors of our colleges to carry out such a plan would depend upon the parents of young students having the fortitude to oblige their sons to remain the requisite time and make a diligent use of their opportunities4 ,herein lies their co-operation in the great work of the future education of the young ,catholic men of ,america2 and our word for it1 if they follow this counsel1 they will never have cause to repent4 ,they will give us1 too1 far abler champions of truth than our young men have shown themselves to be in the past4 ,,the ,,dancing ,,procession ,,of ,,echternach4 ,,from ,,the ,,revue ,,generale4 ,in the year of our ,lord #fij a vessel from the island of ,britain left upon the coast of ,catwyk1 in ,holland1 twelve young ,anglo-,saxons who had abandoned their newly-converted country to carry the blessing of the ,gospel to their brethren of the ,continent4 ,chief among these young men1 several of whom were of noble birth1 was ,willibrord1 predestined from his mother's womb to be a glory to the church and famous in the estimation of men4 ,the young strangers separated1 to work1 each in his own way1 in the vineyard of the ,father4 ,willibrord began that very day the long and heroic apostolate of fifty years which ceased only with the pulsations of his heart4 ,if we except his two journeys to ,rome1 where the great servant of the ,papacy twice received the blessing and encouragement of the ,sovereign ,pontiff1 he did not relax for a single day his labors in the vast region which stretches from the mouths of the ,elbe and the ,rhine to the banks of the ,moselle4 ,at his voice nations sitting in darkness rose up to behold the light1 idols crumbled before the amazed eyes of their worshippers1 churches arose from the soil and gathered about their altars multitudes of ,christians1 lay society organized itself little by little after the model of spiritual society4#afe ,footnote #afe3 ,v4 ,alcuin in ,vita ,willibrordi ap4 ,mabillon4 ,acta ,sanctorum1 ,ord4 ,s4 ,benedicti1 t4 iii4 p4 #efg1 ,venetian edition4 ,tradition and history show us by turns the great ,anglo-,saxon apostle in ,friesland as the master of ,st4 ,boniface2 in ,denmark1 preceding by more than a century the famous ,st4 ,anscarius2 in the island of ,helgoland1 destroying the idol of ,fosite and braving ,king ,radbod's wrath2 in the ,isle of ,walcheren1 where he nearly fell a victim to his heroism and apostolic zeal2 in ,campine as the friend of ,st4 ,lambert1 another untiring athlete of ,christ2 and1 finally1 in ,luxembourg1 where even more than elsewhere his name is glorified and revered4 ,for half a century he stood with ,lambert and ,boniface in the breach1 the father of civilization in ,western ,germany and one of the most signal benefactors of mankind4 ,the common people1 though they forget great poets and great generals1 preserve the memory of saints4 ,seventeen churches in ,belgium and fifty-eight in ,holland are under his patronage1 without counting those in the valleys of the ,moselle and the ,rhine1 where his fame is equally wide-spread4 ,sixty-three leagues apart1 a small section of ,st4 ,willibrord's vast itinerary1 two villages to-day preserve in their own names the undying memory of his works3 ,wilwerwiltz on the sterile moors of the ,german ,ardennes1 and ,kleemskerk on the low1 fertile plains of maritime ,flanders4#aff ,drawn1 as it were1 from nothingness by this great man1 these two localities1 were other witnesses wanting1 would tell to later ages the glory of their sublime founder4 ,answering one to the other across the whole extent of ,belgium1 they testify to his vast labors and his devotion to the ,roman ,church1 which we unworthily defend to-day against the barbarism conquered by him twelve centuries ago4 ,footnote #aff3 ,wilwerwiltz is a contraction of ,willibrordswiltz4 ,as to ,kleemskerk 7,clement's ,church71 we know that in ,rome ,willibrord received the name of ,clement1 as did ,winfrid that of ,boniface1 under which he is venerated4 ,i4 ,during his apostolic missions through the forests of ,luxembourg ,willibrord remarked one of the most charming and romantic spots in that fine country4 ,it was at a turn of the ,sre1 which even to-day flows on beneath the shade of savage rocks and deep forests4 ,the valley1 widening at this place1 must at that time have presented a most imposing aspect1 while it offered every facility for a settlement of human habitations4 ,indeed1 the dwellings were even then of ancient date4 ,the place bore a name recalling incontestably its first ,celtic occupants3 ,epternacum4 ,there1 too1 the ,romans had left traces of their passage4 ,a short league from ,echternach archologists may still read beneath the great shadowy oaks and thick brushwood that half hide it the following inscription engraved on the base of a monument3 ,,de ,,dian ,q4 ,,postvmivs ,,potens4 ,v4 ,s4 ,the upper part of the monument is gone1 but enough remains to show that it represented two persons--no doubt the goddess and her worshipper1 with a hunting-dog crouched at ,diana's feet4 ,he who overthrew the false gods of ,helgoland and ,walcheren must have crushed in holy ire this monument of the paganism he had just destroyed4#afg ,at all events1 the image of ,diana1 once proudly throned above the valley at the edge of the wood1 now hides1 degraded and mutilated1 in the dank gloom of brambles and brushwood--an eloquent emblem of ,st4 ,willibrord's work in this country4 ,echternach1 where even then two little ,christian oratories stood on the site of the two churches of to-day1 attracted the great man's attention and heart4 ,he built there a ,benedictine monastery1 which was favored from its foundation by the bounty of two royal families1 the ,merovingians and ,carlovingians4 ,around this focus of ,christian life habitations gathered1 and1 as always happened1 the monastery expanded and became a town4 ,such was the origin of the commune of ,echternach1 one of the most flourishing in that happy country of ,luxembourg which knows neither great cities nor great miseries4 ,footnote #afg3 ,this1 at least1 is the plausible conjecture of a scholar of the first rank--,f4 ,alexander ,wiltheim--in his fine book1 ,luxemburgum ,romanum4 ,the monastery of ,echternach was always dearer to its founder than his other foundations4 ,there he loved to pass his rare hours of repose4 ,there1 on the #fth of ,november1 #gci1 at the age of eighty-one years1 he reached the term of his mortal career4 ,his remains were laid in the basilica of the abbey among his monks and his people4 ,even in the tomb he continued to be the father of that country and to exercise over men the sovereign authority which his virtues and labors had won4 ,death has no hold upon the saints2 when we lower their bodies into the grave we rear their images upon our altars4 ,st4 ,willibrord1 more than any other patron of the country1 is one whose sepulchre may be called glorious4 ,few tombs have inspired a veneration so extraordinary1 attracted the faithful in such crowds1 excited acts of faith so intense4 ,no sooner was he laid in his grave than multitudes came to invoke the apostle of ,luxembourg1 and frequent miracles bore witness to his powerful protection4 ,a century had not elapsed when this wonderful devotion was spoken of by the greatest writer of his time--,alcuin1 the biographer of our saint4#afh ,his festival was celebrated by an immense concourse1 who filled the air with his praise4 8,see1 brethren10 says ,st4 ,alcuin4 8,behold the glory of serving ,god4 ,our holy patron1 for love of ,christ1 left his native country and led the life of a pilgrim4 ,he trampled under foot the riches of this world2 he loved1 he clung to poverty4 ,and you know the glory he acquired among men4 ,but preferable far is that which he possesses for all eternity among the angels40#afi ,and the illustrious friend of ,charlemagne1 speaking to his contemporaries of facts of which he had been an eye-witness1 told of the iron fetters on the wrists and ankles of devout pilgrims which burst asunder when they came to do penance for their sins at the venerated tomb4#agj ,footnote #afh3 ,ibi usque hodie divin operante misericordia signa et sanitates ad sancti viri et sacerdotis reliquias fieri non cessant4--,alcuin ,o4,c41 iii4 p4 #ega4 ,footnote #afi3 ,id4 in ,mabillon1 iii4 p4 #ege4 ,footnote #agj3 ,id4 ib4 iii4 p4 #egb4 ,two centuries afterward the voice of ,theofrid1 ,st4 ,willibrord's successor and later biographer1 echoes the powerful voice of ,alcuin and tells of the ceaseless devotion which brings crowds to ,echternach every year4 ,he1 too1 bears witness to the saint's miracles--so numerous1 he says1 that a yoke of oxen could not drag the chariot that would hold the votive offerings of wax and metal4 ,and among these wonders1 as in ,alcuin's day1 were to be seen broken chains and instruments of torture worn by slaves1 which were shattered into splinters4#aga ,no miracle is oftener recorded of our saints than this one4 ,i confess ,i never read the record in the quaint and simple narrative of our ancient hagiographers without emotion4 ,wherever they went the breakers of idols were also breakers of fetters2 that word which called men to the knowledge of the true ,god called them also to the enjoyment of true liberty4 ,christus nos liberavit4 ,therefore the church has been honored by the opposition of all the tyrants who have wished to subjugate nations4 ,they have felt that liberty could be easily destroyed1 if they could destroy her who is the fertile mother and the fearless guardian of freedom4 ,but nothing can avail against the church nor against the liberty which is her offspring1 which her voice called into life1 which she has bathed in the blood of her idol-breakers4 ,footnote #aga3 ,theofridus vita ,s4 ,willibrordi1 c4 #bd 7sc4 xii47 ,this life of ,st4 ,willibrord is still unpublished2 only a few fragments having appeared in ,mon4 ,germ4 ,hist41 t4 xxiii4 ,script4 ,the fact ,i mention is taken from ,m4 ,krier's pamphlet1 ,die ,springprocession1 p4 #cc1 from the ,,ms4 life4 ,it was ,st4 ,willibrord's destiny to see crowned heads bow among the crowds that pressed around his altars1 and the imperial purple of ,germany trailing in the dust before his coarse robes of haircloth4 ,in the imposing procession of generations marching towards the saint's tomb it is difficult to distinguish the royal forms mingling with the crowd of pilgrims1 so petty seem to him who gazes from the altar the earthly grandeur which sets them apart from other ,christians4 ,many a time in earlier days the ,carlovingians had come to pray and humble themselves in the sanctuary at ,echternach4 ,they came with hands filled with gifts1 and1 by one of those strange vicissitudes which the finger of ,providence points out1 it was one of their number who1 blind1 outcast1 and bereft1 came later to eat the bread of ,st4 ,willibrord and seek refuge in the shades of his monastery4 ,history hardly mentions the wretched ,carloman1 rebel son of ,charles the ,bald1 whose eyes were put out by his father's orders1 and who received in charity from his uncle ,louis the ,abbey of ,echternach ad subsidium vit4#agb ,the families who succeeded the ,carlovingians in ,germany never forgot the saint or the duty of paying him homage4 ,in the year #ajjj the list of imperial pilgrimages was opened by ,otto ,,iii41 the young and brilliant prince who planned so many great expeditions1 and whom death had already marked with his mysterious seal4 ,lothaire of ,saxony1 and ,conrad of ,hohenstaufen1 came in their turn to pray before the saint's relics1 the one in #aaca1 the other in #aade4 ,then1 in #aeab1 ,maximilian joined in the procession1 and in memory of his visit gave to the town the bell which bears his name and still rings on feast days4 ,thus1 except the sacrilegious house of ,franconia1 all the dynasties of the ,german ,empire seem to have been represented at ,echternach1 and to have paid court to this prince of peace1 greater and more respected than they4 ,footnote #agb3 ,m4 ,g4 xxiii4 ,script41 ,catalogus abbatum ,epternacensium primus4 ,echternach was always the capital of ,st4 ,willibrord's peaceful realm4 ,there was his tomb2 there rose convent and basilica1 perpetual heralds of his great deeds4 ,the convent was a city in itself1 and the basilica is a most precious relic of eleventh-century architecture--a veritable pearl which alone would make the reputation of a town4 ,i will not be drawn into further details1 for fear of leaving my subject4#agc ,it suffices to remember that this wonderful monument1 a victim of revolutionary vandalism1 had been sold as national property1 and was falling into decay1 when the piety and patriotism of the people of ,echternach snatched it from certain destruction4 ,they formed1 under the name of ,willibrordus ,verein1 a society whose aim was to recover the basilica and restore it to worship4 ,this society1 founded in #ahfb by a few citizens in a little town of four thousand souls1 now numbers its members by hundreds4 ,it has already devoted more than one hundred thousand francs to the basilica1 and will soon crown its work by bringing back the shrine of the saint1 now preserved in the parish church4 ,all reverence to the intelligent ,christian people who guard their honor so faithfully and understand so well the interests of their own glory6 ,inspired by the three-fold love of religion1 country1 and art1 the ,willibrordus ,verein is one of the finest institutions that ,i know4 ,it does honor to the whole of ,luxembourg1 and will leave a lasting memory4 ,of how many associations of our day can as much be said8 ,footnote #agc3 ,on the basilica of ,echternach read a good notice by ,prof4 ,namur inserted in t4 xxii4 of ,annals of the ,archological ,academy of ,belgium2 and another by ,m4 ,bock1 in ,rheinlands ,baudenkmale des ,mittelalters4 ,the entire town of ,echternach has retained that stamp of antiquity so eagerly sought by artists1 and so much despised by our petty1 material generation4 ,surrounded by the fantastic hills that form the valley1 whose strange summits look like crumbling castles2 still enclosed by three-quarters of its ancient fortifications1 with here and there a ruined tower1 it strikes the beholder with a surprise which only increases as he penetrates to the interior of the town4 ,passing through crooked and narrow streets1 where each house has an architecture of its own which is often very impressive1 he reaches the public square1 where stands the antique town-hall1 known by the more ancient name of ,dingsthal1 an interesting building which rests on ,gothic arcades4 ,the parish church is equally worthy of attention for its old ,romanic architecture and its beautiful position upon the summit of an eminence overlooking the town4 ,what especially tends to give to ,echternach its peculiar character is the habits of its population1 so in harmony with the tranquil1 cheerful country and its medival monuments4 ,here more than elsewhere ,catholic faith has impregnated the life of the people4 ,all their actions reflect its powerful simplicity1 its generous hardihood1 its customs of ten or fifteen centuries back4 ,the poetry of the past1 that exquisite influence of ancient times which we inhale with delight1 is here an incense ever ascending from this happy valley4 ,in this respect nothing can equal the dancing procession of ,echternach1 which takes place always on ,whit-,tuesday1 in honor of ,st4 ,willibrord1 and attracts those who come especially to invoke his aid for nervous diseases4 ,this procession has taken place for more than five hundred years4 ,it can be traced back to the fourteenth century1 and may be perhaps of even earlier origin4 ,the dance has been explained in various ways3 sometimes as expressing the joy of a ,christian people coming to venerate the relics of their patron saint2 sometimes as a symbolical representation of nervous attacks1 epilepsy1 and other maladies of the kind1 from which the country was delivered by ,st4 ,willibrord's intercession in the fourteenth century4 ,it is this ceremony1 whose original and picturesque character is quite unique in the ,christian world1 which ,i am about to describe to the reader4 ,,ii4 ,when ,whit-,sunday comes an amazing animation rouses the little town from its habitual tranquillity1 and the excitement only increases on the ,monday4 ,hotels and private houses are thronged with guests2 many travellers1 unable to get lodgings1 camp out in the neighboring villages or go back to die ,kirch1 to return by railway the next day4 ,the streets are thronged with dusty tourists3 gentlemen of leisure regarding everything with a patronizing smile1 peasants in rustic garb1 rich strangers arriving in spruce equipages1 and respectable jaunting-cars with three rows of seats1 conveying the opulent farmers of the neighborhood4 ,booths are planted everywhere1 blocking up the streets and setting their backs against every available corner4 ,mountebanks and charlatans1 who come to levy their tithe on public piety1 stun with their piercing outcries the busy folk running about to look for lodgings4 ,religion preludes the imposing solemnities of the following morning4 ,the faithful flock to religious offices and sermons4 ,all day long they are at prayer before the sarcophagus where lies the body of the saint4 ,there you will see the most fervent2 and by their attitudes1 the expression of their faces1 and the ardor of their gaze1 it is plain that they have some great favor to implore and hope not to go away unsatisfied4 ,prostrate before the altar1 these rude laborers from the ,eyfel and the ,ardennes1 with their great horny hands and tanned faces1 opening their whole hearts to ,god and absorbed in prayer1 are beautiful to look upon4 ,they seem to symbolize the destiny of mankind1 born to labor1 to suffer1 and to pray4 ,it is pleasant to ponder and pray in the stillness of that little ,romanic church1 beside the greatest man of the country4 ,it was an humble church with vaulted roof1 ,the church we entered in1 ,where for eight hundred years the sons of men ,had wept and prayed 'gainst sin4 ,there1 on the hill sacred for so many ages1 under the shade of the lindens that screen the courtyard of this modest edifice1 in the presence of the wide and peaceful landscape1 the heart feels at ease1 the mind is in repose4 ,it is like a haven of rest or like some enchanted country4 ,the hideous1 infernal tumult of the church's enemies dies away in this ,catholic oasis4 ,man and nature are in harmony2 the serenity that reigns in this lovely country sinks into the most stormy heart4 ,here ,dante would have found the peace he sought under the vaulted roof of the monastery at ,monte ,corvo4 ,evening fell2 the chants for ,benediction rang through the church as ,i entered4 ,thousands of voices1 accompanied by the grave and solemn tones of the organ1 were singing the beautiful litany of ,st4 ,willibrord1 which is like the national air of ,echternach1 and has a peculiar sweetness in a language that admits of saying thou to ,god and to the saints3 ,st4 ,willibrord1 shining star of our country1 ,st4 ,willibrord1 ornament of the ,roman ,church1 ,st4 ,willibrord1 breaker of idols1 ,pray for us4 ,i cannot describe the effect of this chant1 rising on so many voices in accents of plaintive supplication1 penetrating the heart with its expression of love and trust4 ,these people love ,st4 ,willibrord and treat him with a sweet familiarity4 8,who and what was he that men should come every year to kneel before his relics and pay him honors so exceptional8 ,what had he more than others1 and by what was he distinguished8 ,by beauty1 genius1 science1 riches80 ,such was the idea of the sermon which followed ,benediction1 and was heard by that whole multitude in breathless attention1 some standing1 others kneeling on the flags--for all the chairs had been taken away4 ,the sacred orator developed his theme with remarkable skill1 and1 after proving that ,st4 ,willibrord had shone by none of these gifts1 he concluded that he had reached this exceptional glory on earth and in heaven because he had understood and applied better than others the divine command1 8,love ,god above all things1 and thy neighbor as thyself40 ,o grandeur of ,christianity6 ,o eternity of the church6 ,a thousand years ago ,alcuin said the same in his panegyric2 the modern preacher's noble words were like the lingering echo of the same ,christian voice sounding through ages--of that voice which ever repeats itself1 and yet is always fresh1 for it is the voice of truth4 ,thus1 at the two extremities of this decade of centuries1 the friend of ,charlemagne and the young priest of ,luxembourg were the two ends of a chain whose every link is an extinct generation1 and which brings down to our own day the unchangeable1 immortal tradition4 ,one thousand years hence other pilgrims will come to contemplate these great lessons of time and pray before the sacred tomb1 treading beneath their feet the ruins of our civilization and modern society4 ,after ,benediction ,i went to walk on the heights above the town4 ,the night was clear and the moon hung calmly serene in the heavens4 ,every time ,i pass through ,echternach ,i climb these hills2 the place is full of calm and refreshment1 and ,i always feel happy there4 ,looking down upon the town1 with its spires and ancient roofs mirrored in the peaceful river1 ,i listened to the last sounds dying away in the streets2 for the town went to rest as early that night as on any other4 ,heaven and earth seemed so quiet1 so infinitely peaceful6 ,if at that hour propitious to dreams you would evoke in spirit the memory of the past1 it would rise like a gigantic phantom4 ,one glance cast into the domains of fancy would show the wild valley heaped with ,druidic stones1 crowned with altars and ,roman monuments1 and traversed by the swift1 silvery flood of the ,sre1 which seems to pierce like a dart the mysterious depths of the ancient ,ardennes4 ,on the summit of the height appears a wonderful man1 who breaks the ,gallic and ,roman idols1 and with their fragments builds ,christian oratories2 he levels the forest and cultivates the valley2 builds dwellings around the church1 calls men1 and they come at his bidding2 and this new ,orpheus1 with no lyre but his voice1 leads in his train ,barbarism1 conquered1 charmed1 converted4 ,the next day ,i breakfasted between five and six o'clock in one of the many pretty pleasure-gardens of the town4 ,the evening before had been very warm2 the day dawned under the same auspices1 but perfectly clear4 ,the people of ,echternach declare that it cannot rain on the day of their procession1 or1 at least1 that the rain must stop before they enter the church4 ,on all sides resounded clear and full the voices of pilgrims coming in procession from villages near by and chanting the litany of ,st4 ,willibrord4 ,these aerial tones1 coming to us in the freshness of dawn through blossoming trees1 opened the day very pleasantly4 ,i went out4 ,through every street there poured a stream of country people1 preceded by crosses and banners4 ,whole parishes came with their pastors2 they had left home at daybreak and walked several leagues1 with prayers and chants rousing the wondering birds1 unused to hear human voices praise the ,creator in advance of them4 ,the nearest villages came in procession2 others1 who could not send a solemn train1 furnished a large number of pilgrims1 who marched in isolated groups4 ,without counting the pilgrims of the ,luxembourg1 ,belgium1 ,france1 and ,russia are represented every year4 ,the number of devout ,christians whom each anniversary brings to the sacred tomb varies from #ab1jjj to #ae1jjj1 leaving out those who come without having made a vow1 some from religious feeling1 others from mere curiosity4 ,about #bj1jjj strangers in all crowd into the narrow precincts of the little town every ,whitsuntide4 ,for whole hours you see the flood of humanity ascend and descend the steps of the parish church2 for all the pilgrims on their arrival go first to kneel at the saint's shrine4 ,about eight o'clock the multitudes pass over to the other bank of the ,sre1 where the procession is to begin4 ,the ,sre forms the boundary between the territory of ,luxembourg and ,prussia4 ,just there the procession falls into line of march4 ,at the foot of the hills1 beside a little stone cross1 they erect a temporary pulpit1 from which a priest addresses the people before the ceremony begins4 ,thousands had collected to await the coming of the clergy4 ,some walked about1 others sat along the edge of the road or leaned against the parapet of the bridge4 ,the crowd1 scattered in picturesque confusion and disorder1 buzzed like a hive of bees4 ,the throng increased2 along every road came hosts of pilgrims ploughing their way4 ,from afar came vague1 indistinct sounds of singing1 and along the valley1 through the narrow road traced between the ,sre and the hills1 there advanced a long column4 ,banners floated in the sunshine and gleamed through the trees2 the procession undulated and unrolled its length as it followed the windings of the river4 ,the voices1 as they drew nearer1 became distinct1 and soon the head of the procession appeared4 ,they were pilgrims from ,prm1 in the ,eyfel1 more than twelve leagues from ,echternach1 coming to make their annual devotions to ,st4 ,willibrord4 ,these good people had set out on ,sunday evening2 they had walked part of that night and of the next day1 praying and chanting4 ,on ,monday evening they had disbanded1 scattering about through fields and in barns a few leagues from ,echternach1 and had resumed their march early in the morning4 ,tanned1 heated1 dusty1 clad in coarse raiment1 they came on in good order1 forming an almost interminable train4 ,it seemed as if the whole village had come4 ,their accoutrements were rustic1 fantastic even2 the men carried crosswise over their backs an umbrella fastened by a string which passed over their breasts1 crossing the strap of a large leathern valise hanging on the other side4 ,the women had baskets on their arms4 ,these valises and baskets held the provisions for that journey of four or five days4 ,it is remarkable that this pilgrimage of the people of ,prm is voluntary and a popular movement2 the clergy take no part in its organization1 and seldom join it1 the parishioners making it their own affair4 ,on this occasion1 indeed1 a priest was with them1 but the order of march and the devotions were directed by a certain number of men placed at intervals in the procession4 ,they carried1 as the insignia of office1 a red staff surmounted by a little copper cross4 ,the priest1 who closed the procession1 walked between two young men clad in quaint and antique garb1 with hats turned up and trimmed with flowers4 ,one carried the cross1 the other a large votive candle adorned with emblems1 the annual gift of their village to the patron of ,echternach4 ,the procession advanced in perfect order4 ,indifferent to curious looks1 turning their eyes neither to the right nor to the left towards the human hedge that lined their path1 they passed on1 saying their rosary aloud and repeating after each ,ave this familiar salutation1 full of simplicity and grace3 8,st4 ,willibrord1 we are coming to thy tomb60 ,i loved to see and hear them4 ,their fervor in prayer and contempt of fatigue1 their rustic dress and primitive manners1 their indifference to all but their one object1 made these peasants a people set apart1 and their pilgrimage a type of the pilgrimage of human life as it ought to be made4 ,i watched the pious train until it entirely disappeared on the other side of the bridge2 for1 before returning to the ,prussian bank to take part in the sacred dance1 the people of ,prm were going to kiss the shrine and pray before the relics of the saint4 ,at last1 about nine o'clock1 a numerous band of clergy appeared1 and the ceremony opened with the accustomed sermon4 ,fancy the scene3 the lovely morning and beautiful country1 the vast host of listeners intent on the words of the priest4 ,for a frame there were the high hills on one side1 on the other the silvery course of the ,sre1 and below the spires of the town4 ,not less wonderful was it to hear on ,prussian ground a ,catholic voice calling upon thousands of the faithful to pray for the ,holy ,father and the persecuted church4 ,and while the priest was speaking there came from all the heights belated pilgrims hastening to the ceremony4 ,they were seen afar off1 coming down the steep paths bordered with flowering hedges2 and the bells rang out full peals1 and the word of ,god was scattered among the multitude with the song of birds4 ,when the sermon was ended1 the clergy1 in white surplices1 formed in line of march and opened the procession4 ,behind them came the musicians1 and afterwards the immense throng of those who were to join in the dance4 ,at first there was much crowding4 ,leaning against the parapet of the bridge1 ,i had to ply my elbows lustily to prevent the multitude from suffocating me1 and farther on1 when the train began to defile through the narrow street which leads to the ,sre1 the pressure was quite frightful4 ,there were not ushers enough to preserve order4 ,a few firemen and policemen had to be everywhere at once1 and were swallowed up in the billows of the confused crowd4 ,the cause of the disorder was the impatience of some people1 who1 instead of waiting until the street should be cleared for the beginning of the dance1 went forward to post themselves higher up in the procession4 ,this choked the way in some places1 and there was terrible pushing4 ,women screamed2 several were nearly suffocated4 ,i saw some men1 who1 as they awaited their turn with philosophic patience1 set their backs against walls and rowed with their arms against the human flood to save themselves from wreck4 ,a hospitality1 as unexpected as it was welcome1 rescued me from the tumult to become a peaceful spectator in a neighboring house instead of an actor in the scene4 8,it is sweet10 says ,lucretius1 8when the sea is swollen and tossed by rough winds1 to look from the shore upon the distress of others1 not finding pleasure in their troubles1 but in our own exemption from them40 ,i felt1 in selfish enjoyment1 the spirit of these lines1 gazing at my ease from an upper window upon the undulation of several thousand heads floating apparently upon a liquid expanse4 ,actually1 a needle thrown from above would not have reached the ground4 ,order was soon restored4 ,the police got angry and used their fists unsparingly to force back into their places the intruders1 who continued to leave the ranks and insinuate themselves in among the front rows of the procession4 ,all this went on while the head of the cortge disappeared at the turn of the street1 dancing to the traditional air played by the musicians4 ,it was a quaint tune1 rather quick in measure and old-fashioned4 ,it was hard to say whether it expressed joyful excitement or the emotions of grief2 for music1 with its wonderful suppleness1 may sometimes speak to us of our joys and sorrows1 according to the mood in which we listen4 ,and now this melody1 centuries old1 set in motion a dancing multitude4 ,the sight was strange1 striking1 indescribable4 ,to an unaccustomed spectator the first moment is of stupefied amazement4 ,his fancy enters a new world2 the movement of all these heads bending and rocking in a rhythmic measure produces a fantastic effect that no words can convey4 ,i do not know whether ,i can tell exactly what ,i saw1 or if my sketch will give even a faint idea of a scene which defies analysis and description4 ,think of a stream of twelve thousand persons in a street where only eight can walk abreast2 fancy all these people1 in rows of four1 six1 or eight1 advancing1 held together by handkerchiefs or staves to keep order in the ranks and measure in the dance2 fancy them1 ,i say1 executing a dance which consists of three steps forward and two back1 and which moves the whole multitude from end to end with one unceasing action of ebb and flow4 ,the interminable train stretched over about fifteen hundred metres from the bridge of the ,sre to the parish church4 ,it took not less than four hours to accomplish that quarter of a league by dancing1 and under the direct rays of the sun1 without a moment's rest4 ,it is easy to imagine that order and regularity were sometimes disturbed1 but what was lost in symmetry was gained in picturesque originality of detail4 ,there were almost as many different styles of dancing as there were various groups1 everybody managing his own affairs4 ,the groups just behind the musicians succeeded best1 being kept in step by the music2 and in general the people of ,echternach danced more harmoniously and correctly than the others4 ,as the bands were few and stationed quite far apart1 the pilgrims who could not hear them hopped about in utter confusion1 while the rest had a certain harmony of movement4 ,these eccentricities of choreographic movement were worth seeing2 here they glided with light step1 elegantly and smoothly2 there they jumped about with heavy tread and immense exertion4 ,watching carefully those who seemed to have best preserved the tradition1 ,i thought that the most pure and 8classic0 rhythm consisted in five steps of a dance1 quite slow and without turning1 three forward and two back1 made by gliding rather than bounding4 ,the whole character was grave1 solemn1 and suited to a religious dance4 ,a band from ,echternach opened the march and played the tune for the first pilgrims4 ,the others danced to the strains of a few isolated instruments4 ,each cortge had its own musicians1 and1 as each parish danced separately1 they had their local players4 ,it is needless to say that variety reigned among the instruments--drums1 violins1 flutes1 clarionets1 and hautboys--all hard at work and producing combinations hardly grateful to musical ears4 ,but the good fellows did not pretend to be artists4 ,they worked for conscience' sake2 they piped and they blew1 they beat and they scraped1 with all the accumulated force of lungs1 fists1 and bows4 ,st4 ,willibrord is not fastidious2 he takes the will for the deed1 and if there be here and there some cockney scandalized by this cacophony1 so much the worse for him4 ,ill though they play the melody1 it is a good work to make the attempt1 and the worthy pilgrims accommodate themselves to circumstances4 ,formerly no fiddler was allowed to play in village fairs1 if he had not paid for the privilege at the procession of ,echternach that same year4 ,this custom1 with many others1 is obsolete1 but many musicians remain faithful to tradition4 ,this year1 while the procession was crossing the town1 there came marching through a cross-street a brilliant band of music preceded by a banner2 it was a philharmonic society from ,remich on the ,moselle1 and was received with acclamation4 ,it joined the procession1 and its fine execution came as a welcome reinforcement to the poor musicians1 who were nearly exhausted4 ,i could not take my eyes off the wonderful scene1 sometimes taking in the whole picture at a glance1 sometimes pausing to examine details in all their picturesque variety4 ,most attractive of all was the sight of the children of ,echternach1 dancing at the head of the procession just behind the village band2 they put such life into the affair1 and felt it such a festive occasion4 ,it was refreshing to watch the rosy-cheeked1 laughing rogues1 usually in their shirt-sleeves1 bounding merrily 8for ,st4 ,willibrord40 ,then came the grown folk of ,echternach1 then the various parishes1 each1 as ,i said1 forming a distinct group with its own musicians4 ,the sexes were separated4 ,formerly the pilgrims from ,prm and ,waxweiler1 who came from the most distant points1 had the right of opening the procession1 while the inhabitants of ,echternach1 through courtesy1 took the last place4 ,now there is no fixed order2 the parishes take their places at hap-hazard1 and many people leave the ranks to join the front rows at the risk of throwing the whole procession into confusion4 ,i saw the good people of ,prm1 with their monumental green and blue umbrellas capable of sheltering whole households4 ,now they were unstrung from their proprietors' backs1 and1 bound two and two1 served as a balustrade to be grasped by three or four persons to keep them even in the ranks and regulate their step4 ,here and there1 amid the rhythmic movement of these thousands of heads1 ,i descried some unhappy being afflicted with ,st4 ,vitus' dance1 shown by wild1 spasmodic springs1 violent excitement1 and the pitiful rocking of all the limbs4 ,they were usually women1 young girls stricken with this terrible disorder4 ,i noticed one in particular whom every one looked at with earnest sympathy4 ,she leaped in a wild1 feverish way1 supported under the arms by her mother1 whom ,i knew by the look of anxiety and sadness imprinted on her face4 ,the kind people of the town stood ready at their doors with refreshing beverages for these poor creatures2 but they hardly stopped to drink before continuing their dance under the whip of the sun1 as the great ,alighieri says1 whose words came to my mind more than once at sight of these miseries4 ,so drawn along by this weird dance1 the pilgrims appeared and vanished1 as wave follows wave1 and the monotonous melody carried on ten thousand people to the sound of its fantastic cadences4 ,add one or two thousand pilgrims who1 not joining in the dance1 followed the procession1 saying their beads or reciting the litany1 and you have in all twelve thousand ,christians of both sexes and of every age and rank1 who1 through four whole hours1 formed ,st4 ,willibrord's triumphal procession and visited his sacred tomb4#agd ,footnote #agd3 ,according to the ,echternachter ,anzeiger of ,june #e1 the number of dancers was #aj1fjj2 of other pilgrims #a1hjj4 ,this does not include #ahh musicians1 #gb priests1 #a1ajj chanters1 and various corporations4 ,there were1 moreover1 #ad1jjj or #ae1jjj spectators1 making a total of about #cj1jjj people4 ,comparing these numbers with those of former years1 we shall see that the ancient ceremony increases in importance and clat4 ,this conclusion is correct1 as ,m4 ,krier's statistics show1 ,die ,springprocession1 p4 #adh4 ,since the beginning of this century the number of dancers had not before reached #aj1jjj4 ,all the energy of the vigorous ,luxembourg sinews is required to bring to a successful close this long and fatiguing pilgrimage1 whose difficulties increase as they near their end2 for ,i forgot to say that the procession danced up the sixty-two steps which lead to the parish church4 ,not every one can go to ,corinth1 says the proverb4 ,the same is true of ,echternach1 though in a different sense1 thank ,god6 ,but it would be a mistake to think that the famous ceremony demands anything excessive or superhuman4 ,the calm1 grave character of the dance1 and the numerous pauses which are made necessary by the blocking of the way1 suffice to husband the pilgrim's strength4 ,their vow1 though hard and laborious1 is not impossible or dangerous4 ,the proof of this is that many children in the procession dance the whole length of the way twice over4 ,no sooner do they reach the church at the head of the procession than they scamper back to join the rear and begin the exercise over again4 ,pilgrims who1 on arriving at ,echternach1 do not feel equal to executing their vow1 and yet wish to contribute to the brilliancy of the festival1 give a few sous to one of these children1 and the indefatigable little fellows acquit themselves of their task with imperturbable seriousness and charming grace4 ,but prodigious people are again the people of ,prm4 ,they arrive at the town1 to use a familiar expression1 with twelve leagues in their heels2 and at once they set to work and dance four long hours4 ,then1 when their devotions are ended1 they take barely time to eat their modest fare out doors or at an inn table1 and go home singing and praying to the high table-lands and extinct volcanoes of their wild country4 ,one should be in the church when the procession pours in by traditional custom through the left aisle1 to pass round the altar in the choir and go out through the right aisle4 ,the dance does not cease an instant as they pass through the sanctuary2 the orchestra goes on playing the quaint1 archaic melody1 the dancers make the old ,romano-vaulted roof ring with the clang of their measured steps4 ,the pilgrims do not think their vow fulfilled until1 after making the tour of the church1 they find themselves in the courtyard before an old wooden cross1 where they break ranks4 ,nothing can be more fantastic than this irruption of dancing and music in the house of ,god4 ,the spectacle in the church is beyond description2 you feel as if you were dreaming1 and your spirit floated in the domain of the impossible4 ,what do the people mean8 ,have they come to pillage and destroy8 ,is this tumultuous throng the prey of a sudden delirium1 of a dancing mania8 ,or1 if it be worship1 does it not revive the solemn orgies of ancient ,greece1 where certain deities of ,oriental origin were honored by the leaps1 the cries1 and the races of their idolaters8 ,no2 to the first instant of amazement there succeeds a more correct and complete judgment4 ,beneath the external agitation1 beneath the noise and movement1 you see the religious calm which fills these souls1 and the solemnity pervading the expression of their inner feelings4 ,it is this contrast which gives to the singular ceremony its character of deep originality4 ,no doubt we have lost the sense of mysterious symbolism in the sacred dance2 we no longer see its true motive or significance2 we only know or divine that the devout thought which first inspired it animates it at the present day4 ,among various ideas suggested by this astonishing experience1 there was one that ,i could not get rid of1 and which returned to me on the festival and its eve again and again4 ,while multitudes knelt before the altar1 kissed the shrine1 touched it with objects of devotion1 and filled the church with their prayers1 you would have said that the great man must be there1 present among the faithful1 speaking to them and listening to them4 ,what glory equals that of the saints8 ,what other son of ,adam enjoys such honors8 ,those whom the ,catholic ,church has crowned with eternal palms do not reign only in heaven2 the human glory which they despised is given to them abundantly1 and these little ones1 who passed through life obscure and despised1 see themselves suddenly surrounded with an amazing glory with which ,csar1 ,homer1 ,archimedes1 and ,plato do not shine4 ,the world rings with their name1 and the least and most ignorant of human beings know1 love1 and revere them4 ,they are not only illustrious1 they receive solemn veneration1 they share in a certain way the honors of ,god himself4 ,their names are uttered with bended knee1 nations flock to their tombs1 and they are gloriously enthroned in ,christian hearts4 ,beside such a destiny is it worth while to try to immortalize one's name and to flutter1 as the poet says1 upon the lips of men8 ,what is the greatest name on earth1 unless it be encircled with the aureole of sanctity8 ,ignored by the crowd1 uttered coldly by most of those who know it1 respected by a few1 but invoked by no one with clasped hands and heart uplifted to him who bore it4 ,the name of the least saint prostrates in the dust all human generations through the long succession of ages1 and resounds like a word of life on all lips4 ,the church alone is the dispenser of glory1 and even among secular names the noblest and most lasting are those of ,catholic associations4 ,,iii4 ,the reader asks1 no doubt1 what is the final impression produced by the spectacle of the dancing procession1 and how we should estimate this strange ceremony8 ,i will try to answer the double question clearly4 ,in the first place1 one must see the procession with one's own eyes to judge it fairly4 ,the public must beware of newspaper reports1 which are numerous and usually wholly incorrect1 not to use a more uncivil term4 ,there is no name which certain papers have not applied to the subject2 for correspondents of a farcical turn amuse themselves every year at the expense of a credulous public4 ,we may say1 en passant1 that no class of beings can be more contemptible than reporters hunting for a sensation--travelling bagmen of the press who are allured by scandal as the vulture is by a carcase4 ,it is easy to fancy what the ceremony at ,echternach must have become under their pen4 ,the very name of dancing procession makes them scent a topic1 and1 devoid of all religious feeling1 they describe first and judge afterwards a spectacle they are incapable of understanding4 ,their descriptions are so unfaithful that you doubt whether the good people ever saw the procession1 or whether they did not write the account before going to the ceremony4 ,they give caricatures of a mass of humanity entangled in frightful confusion and bounding with all their strength to the sound of a gigantic hubbub4 ,the ranks get mingled2 the dancers crush each other and spring about1 regardless of the toes of their neighbors1 who scream for mercy4 ,with rubicund faces streaming with perspiration1 and with eyes starting from the sockets1 these wretched fanatics would die rather than pause4 ,on all sides numbers give up in despair and drop breathless among their barbarous companions4 ,sometimes they are drawn out of the crowd by compassionate persons and restored to life1 but no one in the procession stops for anything1 and the pitiless ,catholic bamboula goes on and on1 sowing devastation at every step4 ,i spare the reader further details and give only the canvas of an embroidery more or less varied according to the imaginative powers of the correspondent4 ,in short1 despite the diversity of some details easy to add1 this fancy sketch has appeared in nearly all the anti-religious papers in ,belgium1 and will end in being stereotyped4 ,it is needless to say that it is false throughout4 ,among ten thousand persons who were dancing ,i did not see one give out4 ,also1 contrary to another assertion1 the number of epileptics and other invalids in the procession is very small4 ,i saw in all five or six persons evidently afflicted with nervous diseases4 ,after reading this high-toned description1 flavored with a few ,voltairean jests of the old type1 it is natural to pronounce the procession of ,echternach an absurdity4 ,the sarcasms of free-thinkers annually assail the venerable ceremony1 but without injuring it4 ,in fact1 it is irreverent enough in this nineteenth century to increase in importance4 ,eye-witnesses of the strange spectacle always retain an impressive memory of it4 ,i confess to having been rather prejudiced against the grotesque scenes ,i expected to see4 ,at the end of a quarter of an hour ,i was convinced of the powerful religious character of this great public act1 and ,i remarked that all the spectators shared my feeling4 ,any one must have a singularly empty mind and heart not to be struck by the grandeur of the scene4 ,those who always take a petty view of things1 because they can take no other1 may laugh at the discordant music and the clumsy dancing of some of the pilgrims4 ,for myself1 when ,i see the same belief1 centuries old1 translated by thousands of men into bold1 spontaneous action1 ,i cannot restrain my admiration4 ,before the intrepidity with which these men1 trampling under foot all human respect1 honor with consecrated rites their patron saint1 ,i feel moved and impressed4 ,where is there such faith left in ,israel8 8,when ,i hear the old tune10 said one of the most honorable bourgeois of ,echternach to me1 8and when ,i see the first pilgrims arrive1 ,i feel something circulate between my flesh and skin that makes me fairly shiver40 ,a young student of the town said to me very prettily3 8,i do not care much for the dancing of the grown people1 but the sight of the dancing children carries me back to my own happy childhood1 and my eyes fill with tears40 ,these feelings are unanimous4 ,you see once in a while in the crowd a travelling clerk on his vacation hazarding a timid and colorless sarcasm which a generous public passes over unnoticed4 ,beyond dispute1 the sight of the procession exercises a moral and religious influence4 ,like incredulity1 faith is contagious2 timid spirits feel strengthened in this region where the breath of ,catholic life circulates so freely2 sick hearts come out renewed from the spectacle of thousands of ,christians revealing the true remedy for human woe4 ,the people of ,luxembourg1 essentially serious and meditative1 understand the aim of the ceremony2 its quaintness does not prevent them from seeing it as it really is--a great and solemn affirmation of faith1 at once an act of penance and a prayer1 to be preserved in the original form out of respect to their ancestors and veneration for the saint4 ,whatever the origin of this ancient custom1#age it deserves to be preserved not only because it fosters and develops religion in the people1 but because it revives before our eyes1 in the most picturesque way1 the manners of our fathers1 whose least traces historians and archologists are jealous to discover4 ,a ,luxembourg writer says well on this subject3 8,we preserve with scrupulous fidelity old monuments and objects of antique art4 ,why not do our best to preserve in its original type this remarkable procession1 this monument graven in the living hearts of our brethren80#agf ,footnote #age3 ,i have given the two current opinions on the origin of the dancing procession4 ,i share neither1 and hope my different explanation clear by weight of proof4 ,footnote #agf3 ,krier1 ,dancing ,procession1 p4 #ee4 ,this author wrote his work first briefly in ,french1 then in ,german with more details4 ,the latter is a serious and interesting work as regards the ceremony4 ,it is also an edifying appeal from a ,christian priest to his brethren4 ,the intelligent town of ,echternach perfectly understands that it is incumbent upon its honor to respond to this wish4 ,it has neglected nothing in the cause1 and at various times has had to surmount great obstacles4 ,the administrative prohibitions of ,joseph ,,ii41 the brutalities of the ,french ,revolution1 the petty opposition of the ,dutch government1 have not discouraged them2 they have held faithfully to their patriotic tradition1 and have no cause to repent it1 for they find in this devotion a source of great prosperity4 ,their unalterable attachment is the more remarkable because even the clergy have often been opposed to the procession4 ,in #aggg the ,prince ,elector of ,treves1 ,clement ,wenceslaus--under the reign of the ,febronians1 ,i should add--actually forbade the dance1 and thus furnished excuse to ,joseph ,,ii4 to forbid it also a little later4 ,to-day quite a number of the clergy look unfavorably on these extraordinary demonstrations of faith4 ,they think religion is compromised by associating it with practices which1 without being bad in themselves1 may provoke the mockery of the incredulous and alienate them farther from the church4 ,this opinion1 based1 of course1 on a sincere devotion to religious interests1 appears to me an unconscious and useless concession to the petty spirit of the age1 which is never satisfied with half-measures4 ,anti-religious fanaticism will not be appeased by our throwing to it as a sop a small portion of ,catholic treasure4 ,what it wants is the entire suppression of religion4 ,to yield any point whatever will only serve to whet its appetite and augment its pretensions4 ,far from sharing these fears1 ,i think that in these days of struggle it is important to oppose the faith as a whole to unbelief as a whole1 and not yield an inch of ground1 unless we wish to lose all4 ,from the earliest days of ,christianity there have been people who took scandal at faith which goes beyond what is strictly necessary2 among ,christ's apostles there were those who blamed ,magdalen for anointing the feet of her ,master with precious ointment4 ,it is instructive to remember that it was ,judas who showed himself most shocked by what he called useless expense4 ,we may be sure that1 as a general rule1 the enemies of the church detest all her practices and would like to see them every one abolished4 ,give them the dance of ,echternach to-day2 to-morrow they will demand the suppression of the procession itself1 and soon after they will wish to close the church where the saint's relics are venerated4 ,we know something of this in ,belgium4 ,because we submitted to the proscription of jubilee processions last year1 we have had to resign ourselves this year 7#ahgf7 to seeing ,god in the ,eucharist confined to the temple2 and we shall see worse things still1 if we do not guard against them in time4 ,it would1 therefore1 be mere folly to sacrifice to interested claimants a venerable custom1 dear to whole populations and full of poetry and originality4 8,but why dance80 you ask4 8,cannot faith be shown in some other way80 ,of course it can4 ,do not let us kneel down to pray1 or stand uncovered before holy images1 or make the sign of the cross1 or do a hundred other things equally useless1 strictly speaking4 ,yet who would propose to give them up8 ,there is in the heart of man a powerful1 mysterious tendency to express the inner feelings of the soul by symbolical actions4 ,thence come these many ceremonies which have no sense in themselves1 and all owe their worth to a hidden significance4 ,the dance of ,echternach has no other origin2 it is the symbolical representation of the sentiments of joyful confidence which the people feel in the holy patron of their town4 ,in every age joy has been expressed by dancing1 and among those who blame the custom of ,echternach may there not be some one who has danced for joy at hearing good news8 ,many examples could be cited since ,david danced before the ,ark of the ,alliance down to our own days1 so readily do these impetuous emotions of the soul translate themselves into movements of the body4 ,still1 the church1 while introducing into her ceremonies a rich and varied symbolism1 has never admitted dancing2 and this prudent reserve is to be admired because dancing1 harmless in itself1 is one of those dangerous things which can1 according to time and place1 produce deplorable abuses4 ,with the same wise moderation she has not absolutely forbidden it2 and where the practice has been introduced naturally1 and has become a part of popular devotion1 she has tolerated it1 as at ,echternach1 and even encouraged it because she saw in it clearly a religious element4 ,nothing is more wonderful in the church than this perfect wisdom1 this superior good sense1 with which she regulates great social and political questions and decides the petty details of individual life4 ,her attitude towards this ancient ceremony is as clear and correct as possible2 she mildly favors it in spite of its strange forms1 and refuses to blame these unless they become an occasion of scandal4 ,from the moment that the dance should lose its traditional character of austere and respectable devotion1 and become a pretext of pleasure and disorder1 it would be at once condemned by the church and would fall into discredit4 ,thank ,god6 that day is not near1 and the procession of ,echternach will still outlive many a kingdom and empire4 ,as a matter of course1 it will be discussed as long as it lasts1 and will always have adversaries and partisans4 ,prose and poetry will for ever dispute over human society1 and will seek to model it after two opposite fashions4 ,we live to-day in a prosaic age4 ,prose triumphed with the ,french ,revolution and has passed through western ,europe with a hammer1 destroying1 together with works of art1 all the flower of ,catholic institutions and habits4 ,they will revive1 but slowly1 and this generation will not see their complete restoration4 ,now1 despoiled of all which lent a charm to existence1 society languishes in a desert of monotony4 ,rhythm1 so to speak1 has disappeared from our lives with that glorious succession of festivals1 customs1 memories1 and hopes which surrounded us from the cradle to the grave4 ,all that was ,catholic poetry2 it enlivened the existence of the poor laborer1 and made of a peasant1 attached to the soil and toiling for his master1 a happier man1 more contented with himself1 than workmen in the cities who get a good salary and enjoy their independence4 ,there is in the human soul a sublime aspiration after beauty and poetry which nothing can destroy1 and its wings grow strong as they meet with resistance4 ,does not the tedium which has devoured the last generation betray a sense of want and an aspiration after ,catholic life with its artistic magnificence and poetic influences8 ,humanity is tending in that direction1 and has already met the enemy who would bar the way4 ,thence comes the loud and terrible struggle which tears the whole earth1 and of which we may1 without presumption1 hope to see the close4 ,the procession of ,echternach1 like the mysteries of ,oberammergau in ,upper ,bavaria1 is a precious relic of the old popular poetry of ,catholicity translated into the habits of life4 ,that is its true and complete meaning4 ,it is neither more nor less2 it is not an act of worship nor a vulgar profanation4 ,it stands on that boundary line where the church condescends to popular feeling and makes the hard road through life easier by her help4 ,it is the natural fruit of popular devotion which sprang from a religious feeling and has been preserved with respectful piety4 ,it could not be imitated or transplanted2 like generous wine1 it would lose the flavor of the soil if it were cultivated on strange land4 ,it is only possible there where all is harmonious with it4 ,one must have a studied hostility towards religious things to fail to see its sthetic character1 even without recognizing the sincerity and the venerable tone of the old custom4 ,some people fall into ecstasies over ,grecian theories and the beautiful religious dances sculptured on the metopes of the ,parthenon4 ,others devote their lives to the study of the chorus in ancient tragedies and its evolutions on the stage4 ,i do not say that the dance of ,echternach1 as such1 is comparable to these choreographic works of art1 but why refuse to a ,christian practice in use among our fathers the benevolent attention lavished on pagan society8 ,has it not a double claim to study in the fact that we received it from our ,catholic ancestors8 ,for five centuries1 at least1 it has lived and flourished among the populations of the ,ardennes and its surroundings4 ,every year it draws from their homes thousands of these sedentary peasants2 it furrows with the steps of pilgrims the long1 white1 desert roads of ,luxembourg2 it draws together in fraternal relations men far removed from each other1 by the same prayers and the same emotions2 it lifts towards heaven in unalloyed joy their faces bowed pitilessly earthward all the rest of the year4 ,it teaches them to know beyond their own fireside and parish the great ,christian family of which they are members1 and leaves in their memory for all the rest of the summer and through the long winter evenings ineffaceable impressions of peaceful happiness4 ,that is poetry1 it seems to me1 and of the best kind2 more is the pity for those who cannot feel it4 ,as the name of plerinard is not one that frightens or mortifies me1 ,i will assert that the ancient procession of ,echternach inspired me with unlimited admiration1 that it edified1 moved1 and consoled me1 and appeared to me a most charming episode in the great1 mournful epic of human life4 ,,the ,,pan-,,presbyterians4 ,after two years of careful preparation the great ,pan-,presbyterian ,council has assembled2 has eaten seven luncheons in public and at the public expense1 and a corresponding number of breakfasts1 dinners1 and suppers in private and at private cost2 and has dispersed2 its members talked much--but these were their only deeds4 ,the labor of the ,pan-,presbyterian mountain brought forth not even a mouse4 ,its promise was large2 its performance was ludicrously small--so small that the leading journals of ,england appear to have been almost unaware of the existence of the ,pan-,presbyterians1 while the principal organ of opinion in the ,scotch city where the council was held--8close to the grave of ,john ,knox1 the founder of ,presbyterianism0--gave to the record of its proceedings not so much space as it often devotes to the report of a local synod1 and dismissed it at its close with good-humored but contemptuous ridicule4 ,here1 however1 the ingenuous reader may inquire1 8,who are the ,pan-,presbyterians1 and for what purpose were they in council80 ,the question would be a natural one1 and he who propounds it need not blush for his ignorance4 ,the people of ,scotland may be presumed to know all that is worth knowing about ,presbyterianism in all its forms2 but it appears that in certain rural districts of that very ,presbyterian land the impression prevailed that ,pan-,presbyterian was the title of a new sect indigenous to ,america1 and recently smuggled into ,scotland like the ,colorado beetle2 while in the more learned circles of ,edinburgh this bucolic delusion was derided by erudite philologists1 who explained that 8,pan-,presbyterianism is a learned form of stating that ,presbyterianism is ,everything1 and that a ,pan-,presbyterian is a person who holds that comprehensive yet exclusive doctrine40 ,in point of fact1 however1 the ,pan-,presbyterians were simply three hundred and twenty-five gentlemen1 most of them with the handle of reverend to their names1 who claimed to be the delegated representatives of the various ,presbyterian sects throughout the world4 ,from time to time some of the almost innumerable ,protestant sects show that they are ashamed of their sectarianism4 ,those of them who recognize at all the fact that ,jesus ,christ established one church in the world are uneasy when they remember that they are members only of a sect which has a human origin4 ,this feeling1 if rightly nurtured and obeyed1 would lead those who entertain it into the fold of the church2 but prejudice1 pride1 ignorance1 and self-interest too often stand in the way1 and lead to attempts to satisfy the natural ,christian yearning for unity by projects for the amalgamation of a few of the sects into one body4 ,thus we have had a ,pan-,anglican ,congress1 a ,bonn ,conference1 and an ,evangelical ,alliance2 and now this ,pan-,presbyterian ,council4 ,presbyterianism has a history of about three hundred and twenty-five years1 and in this period it has succeeded in dividing and subdividing itself1 until even its own doctors do not know with exactness how many different kinds of ,presbyterians there may be1 or in what manner the points of doctrine which separate them should be formulated4 ,it was suggested at the council that accurate information upon this subject was desirable1 and the task of obtaining it was entrusted to a committee1 who hope they may be able to report in three years' time4 ,the project for the ,pan-,presbyterian ,council was originated by an eminent ,american ,presbyterian minister--,president ,mc,cosh1 of ,princeton 7,new ,jersey7 ,college2 and it took definite shape at a meeting held in ,london in #ahge1 when 8the alliance of the reformed churches throughout the world holding to the ,presbyterian system0 was organized4 ,before the council could be summoned1 however1 careful precautions had to be taken in order to prevent the assemblage1 which was to meet for the promotion of unity1 from breaking up in a row and resulting in the establishment of one or more new schisms4 ,a charm of novelty was thus imparted to the undertaking2 every one felt that a ,presbyterian synod which could hold its sessions without a free fight would indeed be a new spectacle4 ,the harmony of the council was to be assured beforehand by forbidding it to exercise any authority whatsoever4 ,it was especially prohibited from attempting to 8interfere with the existing creed or constitution of any church in the alliance1 or with its internal order or external relations40 ,thus the door was opened for the admission of the representatives of sects who are almost as wide apart from each other in what they believe and teach as they are from the church4 ,so long as they called themselves ,presbyterians1 or 8held to the ,presbyterian system of church government10 it was enough4 ,there is a ,presbyterian sect in ,holland whose pastors1 at least1 teach that the ,bible is not an inspired book1 and who deny the divinity of ,christ2 there is a ,presbyterian sect in ,france which avows the boldest rationalism2 there are ,presbyterian sects in the ,united ,states who rejoice with exceeding great joy in the belief that there are millions of infants not a span long frying in hell2 and there are others who have recoiled so far from ,calvinism that they have fallen into ,universalism4 ,in ,scotland itself bitter strife prevails between the various ,presbyterian sects on such questions as the connection of the state with the church1 the binding force of the 8,standards10 and the extent and nature of the ,atonement2 and there is a large party which is declaring that if a certain reverend professor1 who has written to prove that parts of the ,bible are forgeries1 myths1 or fables1 is disciplined for that expression of opinion1 they will revolt and help him to set up a sect of his own4 ,but the ,pan-,presbyterians resolved to concern themselves with none of these things4 ,everything unpleasant was to be avoided2 unity was to be talked about1 but no attempt to effect it by defining truth or denouncing error was to be made4 ,even with these restrictions the promoters of the council realized the danger of their experiment1 and at the last moment they diminished its perils by enacting that no one should speak twice on the same subject1 and that the discourses should be limited from twenty to ten minutes each4 ,the latter provision1 which was stringently enforced1 more than once saved the council from painful scenes4 ,we had occasion1 when writing in these pages six months ago1#agg to show that in the ,presbyterian body in ,scotland theoretical infidelity had made such headway and had obtained so firm a foothold that to deny the inspiration of the ,bible1 and to cast doubt upon the authenticity of the miraculous events recorded in its pages1 was regarded by a powerful section as an evidence of profound scholarship and of a fearless love for truth1 rather than as a proof that the advocates of these opinions had ceased to be worthy of the name and position of ,christian teachers4 ,in a word1 the condition of the ,presbyterian sects throughout the world was such that a general council of its leading men was highly desirable1 provided that there remained in the sects anything worth saving1 and they possessed in themselves the power of saving it4 ,for ourselves1 we believe that the mutilated fragments of ,christian truth still retained by the majority of the ,presbyterian laity and by a considerable number of the ,presbyterian ministers are well worth saving2 but we fear that the ,presbyterians themselves will not1 or cannot1 save them4 ,if these ,pan-,presbyterians were truly representative men1 then1 we should say1 it is all up with ,presbyterianism4 ,the spirit which conceived the council and which governed its proceedings was the spirit of cowardice1 of temporary expediency1 of prophesying smooth things1 and1 if we must speak with entire plainness1 the spirit of utter and base unfaithfulness to ,god's revealed truth1 even to that version of his revealed truth which the ,presbyterians profess with their lips1 and which they have formulated in their own creeds1 confessions1 and catechisms4 ,in the face of the fact that on the ,continent of ,europe their co-religionists are rapidly becoming ,unitarians1 rationalists1 and infidels2 that in ,scotland ,german rationalistic philosophy has won its way into their theological schools and poisoned the very fountains of their ecclesiastical learning1 so that it has now become notorious that a large share of their ministers either do not believe what they preach or else preach that which is in irreconcilable antagonism to the 8,standards02 and that in ,america the ,presbyterian bodies are drifting into ,socinianism on one hand1 and back into the hardest and most repulsive form of ,calvinism on the other--in view of all these undeniable facts1 or rather with assumed and predetermined blindness to them1 the chosen representatives of the ,presbyterian sects assemble1 spend seven days in talking with each other1 and separate without uttering a word or performing an act in affirmation or defence or vindication of absolute and divine truth4 ,no6 ,that was not in the programme2 it was only on condition that nothing of the kind should be attempted that the council was got together at all2 it was only because this promise was observed that the council managed to do its talking and to disperse in peace4 ,at one of its meetings a curious scene occurred4 ,a woman--an earnest ,presbyterian of the old sort1 a spiritual descendant of ,jennie ,geddes--had made her way into the council1 and had listened to the debate for some time in silence2 but her emotions at last overcame her1 and1 rising to her feet1 she politely informed the chairman that she hoped ,god's lightning would come down and strike the assembly for its unfaithfulness4 ,this irate lady was indiscreet2 but she only expressed1 we suppose1 the feelings of many an honest ,presbyterian4 ,the council1 however1 was wise in its generation1 and it must be confessed that it acted upon strictly ,protestant principles4 ,the essence of ,protestantism is a revolt against supreme authority2 it is the affirmation of the idea that one man's opinion is as good as another's1 and perhaps better4 ,an attempt to provide means for an organic unity of the sects represented would have ended in a free fight2 the affirmation of positive truths condemnatory of the heresies which honey-99comb the sects was impossible so long as the bargain by which these heresies were to be ignored was carried out4 ,footnote #agg3 ,see ,,the ,,catholic ,,world for ,april4 ,the official programme of the work of the council was thus conceived3 8,to consider questions of general interest to ,presbyterians2 to strengthen and protect weak and persecuted churches2 to explain and extend the ,presbyterian system2 and to discuss subjects of church work--evangelization1 training of ministers1 use of the press1 colportage1 suppression of intemperance1 observance of the ,sabbath1 systematic beneficence1 and the suppression of ,romanism and infidelity40 ,we must here record1 with a grateful heart1 that 8,romanism0 came off very lightly4 ,we are not certain that for this crowning mercy we are not indebted to those wily fellows1 the ,jesuits4 ,for it was observed that1 whenever one of the speakers began to adduce evidence that the ,pope was ,antichrist1 the chairman suddenly discovered 8that time was up02 and it was likewise remarked that more than one soul-stirring revelation of the diabolical seductions of the ,scarlet ,woman was cut short by the announcement that 8the luncheon hour had arrived1 and that ,bailie ,mc,tavish would preside0--an intimation which never failed to empty the hall4 ,now1 there are ,jesuits in ,scotland--no less than a score of them--and that they are quite equal to the task of devising means like these for their protection cannot be doubted by any enlightened ,protestant mind4 ,as for the twin sister of ,romanism--infidelity--that escaped almost scot free4 ,the learned and pious delegates fought shy of the subject2 it was felt to be a dangerous one4 ,the council began its sessions in the ,free ,assembly ,hall1 ,edinburgh1 on the #dth of ,july4 ,it was found to consist of #cbe members1 of whom #bch were regularly-appointed delegates1 and #hg were honorary1 or associate1 delegates4 ,thirty-one of the delegates were from the ,continent of ,europe2 ,scotland1 ,england1 ,wales1 and ,ireland sent #ib delegates2 the colonies #cj2 and the ,united ,states #he4 ,the ,american delegates had brought with them #cb 8associates02 and it was1 perhaps1 in order to guard against bulldozing on the part of the ,americans that the ,scotch delegates appointed on the spur of the moment #dh 8associates0 to sit with their delegates and thus maintain a proper balance of power4 ,the precaution was not unnecessary2 even after it had been adopted the ,americans did far more than their share of the talking4 ,the established church of ,scotland1 in appointing its delegates to the council1 had instructed them to take a high and mighty attitude1 and to refrain from doing or saying anything which would imply that they had been sent there to treat on terms of equality with the representatives of the other sects4 ,the ,american delegation was respectable for its ability1 and the ultra-orthodox element was dominant in it4 ,the two hostile camps into which the handful of ,french ,presbyterians are divided were both represented2 and so were the two ,presbyterian sects of ,holland4 ,there were enough ,presbyterians in ,belgium to send one delegate1 and no more4 ,the ,german ,presbyterians declined to be officially represented1 and the three ,german members of the council came as volunteers4 ,bohemia and ,hungary had their delegates2 ,switzerland sent some gentlemen who were rather sat upon2 the modern inheritors of the old ,waldensian heretics were the constituents of a delegate who had little to say2 and the remainder of the thirty-one ,european delegates were representatives of 8the missionary churches0 in ,italy1 ,spain1 and ,greece4 ,as nearly as could be ascertained1 there are about fifty different ,presbyterian sects1 and it was estimated that more than half of these were represented in the council4 ,but the delegates were not endowed with any power to act1 or even to speak officially1 in the name of their respective constituents4 ,those of the sects in ,switzerland1 ,germany1 ,bohemia1 and ,hungary which have a connection with the state had either refused to be represented at all or had permitted their members to attend only as individuals4 ,this complete absence of everything like legislative or judicial power in the council is a sufficient apology for its failure to promulgate new decrees or to define any dogma4 ,but had the ,pan-,presbyterians been of one mind and heart1 they might at least have lifted up their united testimony1 in some shape or other1 in defence of those cardinal truths of ,christianity which are now assailed1 all the world over1 by men in their own ranks4 ,this they did not venture to do1 for the reason that1 had they tried to do it1 their congress would have ended in a row4 ,the opening sermon of the council was preached by ,professor ,flint1 who took for his text the prayer of our ,lord for the unity of his church1 and whose discourse was an argument to the effect that when the ,founder of the church prayed that his followers 8all may be one10 he intended that they should be all divided4 8,a universal church10 says ,professor ,flint1 8was as grandiose and diseased a dream as was a universal empire02 and he warned the council against striving after organic unity even among the fifty separate ,presbyterian sects4 ,the adoption of the rules of order1 which provided that the meetings 8should be opened shortly with prayer10 caused a member to complain that it was very awkward to use the word 8shortly0 in connection with prayer2 but the chairman replied that while it was awkward it was very necessary1 else they would have nothing but praying4 ,the first subject of discussion was 8,harmony of ,reformed ,confessions10 which were divided into three classes--ante-,calvinistic1 ,calvinistic1 and post-,calvinistic4 ,these originally were not intended to be formulas1 but only apologies--8vindications of the ,protestant faith against ,romish misrepresentation and slander40 ,for a while these confessions maintained their supremacy1 but now 8they have lost their authority in almost every country except ,england1 ,scotland1 and the ,united ,states02 and each church interprets the ,scriptures to suit itself1 even upon such grave questions as 8reprobation and infant salvation40 ,should the council leave this matter in its present indefinite state1 or should it undertake to formulate a new confession to which all ,presbyterians should subscribe8 ,a ,swiss delegate ventured the startling suggestion that if such a confession were formulated 8the ,divinity of ,christ should be the central stand-point in it02 and another delegate produced the draught of a new dogmatic constitution1 in thirty-one articles1 which had been obligingly formulated by ,professor ,kraft1 of ,bonn1 who had patched it up from the various confessions and had sent it to the council with his compliments4 ,principal ,brown1 of ,aberdeen1 remarked that it would be extremely desirable that this or some other similar constitution should be adopted1 or something else done1 chiefly 8in order to silence--no1 it would not do that--but to put to shame the calumny of the ,church of ,rome1 which said that the ,reformed churches were divided into as many distinct and conflicting religions as there were sects of them4 ,the more intelligent ,romanists knew this was false0 7then we cannot be classed among the more intelligent ,romanists71 8but it suited them all the same to say it and repeat it1 because it had a certain pithy and plausible sound4 ,and ,presbyterians were there to testify that it was false1 and that in all that was substantial and vital in ,christianity the ,reformed churches were practically one40 ,after this bold declaration it would have been naturally in order to take the step necessary to prove it4 ,but canny ,professor ,brown hastened to add that1 on second thoughts1 he was of the opinion that the council had better leave the matter alone and not attempt any unity save that of 8sympathy40 ,professor ,candlish lamented that 8there was not now that lively sense of the unity and harmony of the ,reformed confessions that there once was40 ,in fact1 no one knew exactly what changes the various churches had made in the 8,standards10 and he thought it would be interesting1 at least1 to collect information on that point1 so as to ascertain how many different ,presbyterian beliefs there were4 ,dr4 ,lang1 of ,glasgow1 warned the council that it was treading on dangerous ground4 8,there were deeper issues involved than merely touching the surface of their confessions3 there was the whole question as to the authority and place of the ,bible1 and behind that the whole question of the supernatural40 ,the widest differences of opinion existed on these questions--every one knew that--but as long as possible let them be kept in the background4 ,by covering them up1 and avoiding 8a restless and continual nig-nagging at the matter10 a sufficient degree of harmony could be maintained1 at least for the present4 ,a lay delegate1 a lawyer1 said that if the council once ventured to deal 8with the very complicated1 delicate1 and difficult question of creeds10 there might be found many who would propose to solve the difficulty by dispensing with all creeds4 ,dr4 ,begg at this point boiled over1 and read the council a severe lecture1 expressing the disgust with which he had listened to some of the statements which had been made and apparently accepted4 8,every age had its own theology6--7laughter and applause7--he did not in the least believe that4 ,theology had been the same since the days of ,eden4 ,the idea of having a new theology at every stage was a blunder4 7,laughter47 ,they heard of discoveries being made2 but these discoveries were only resurrections of old errors4 7,laughter47 ,he found a revolt against the divine authority and the divine ,word--and the rebels were the discoverers of these new theologies40 ,the discussion was now growing warm1 but as it was announced that 8the hour for luncheon had arrived1 and that ,mr4 ,stevenson1 ,m4,p41 would preside10 the threatened fight was averted1 and the subject was disposed of at a subsequent meeting by the passage of the following resolution3 8,that this council appoint a committee with instructions to prepare a report to be laid before the next ,general ,council1 showing1 in point of fact--#a4 ,what are the existing creeds and confessions of the churches composing this alliance1 and what have been their previous creeds and confessions1 with any modifications thereupon1 and the dates and occasions of the same from the ,reformation to the present day4 #b4 ,what are the existing formulas of subscription1 if any1 and what have been the previous formulas of subscription used in those churches in connection with their creeds and confessions4 #c4 ,how far has individual adherence to those creeds by subscription or otherwise been required from the ministers1 elders1 or other office-bearers respectively1 and also from the private members of the same4 ,and the council authorize the committee to correspond with members of the several churches throughout the world who may be able to give information2 and they enjoin the committee1 in submitting their report1 not to accompany it either with any comparative estimate of those creeds or with any critical remarks upon their respective value1 expediency1 or efficiency40 ,there was an unhappy and heated controversy concerning the appointment of some of the members of this committee1 but this excitement was unnecessary4 ,the information can all be obtained by the purchase of a few books and pamphlets2 and as the committee is forbidden to accompany its report with 8any critical remarks10 the presence upon it of a few rationalists or ,universalists can do no mischief4 ,the remainder of the time of the council--and it sat thrice a day for a week--was occupied with talk4 ,nothing was done that was worthy of the name of action4 ,extracts from scores of religious essays were read2 hundreds of little religious or semi-religious speeches were made2 and that was all4 ,we do not know what the ,presbyterians here and elsewhere expected2 but if they expected anything practical they have been sadly disappointed4 ,some of the little speeches were comic--as1 for example1 that of 8the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,robinson1 of ,louisville1 ,u4 ,s410 who seems to have pursued antiquarian researches with startling results1 since he has ascertained that ,presbyterianism began with ,abraham2 that ,moses was a member of the presbytery of ,egypt2 and that ,elisha and ,ezechiel were the moderators of the ,presbyterian synods of ,samaria and ,jerusalem4 ,presbyterianism was the true form of government in the ,jewish ,church1 and it was the general assembly of the ,presbyterian ,church of ,judea that passed sentence of death on ,jesus of ,nazareth4 ,nay1 according to this sprightly ,kentucky divine1 heaven itself will be a ,presbyterian community1 governed by a presbytery of four-and-twenty members4 ,to listen to such excellent fooling as this2 to read the essay laboriously prepared at home in ,peoria or ,dundee1 and carefully rehearsed to admiring wife and wondering bairns for months before starting2 to discuss1 even in ten-minute speeches1 such thrilling and novel themes as the uses of elders1 the sinfulness of ,sabbath-breaking1 the advantages of assemblies1 the wickedness of the ,pope1 and the unquestionable mental1 moral1 and religious superiority of ,presbyterians in general1 and ,pan-,presbyterians especially1 over all the rest of mankind--all this1 no doubt1 was pleasant enough to the participants2 but it was scarcely the entertainment to which the outside world had been invited4 ,true1 there was voted1 at the close of the council1 and after an unusually hearty luncheon at which the brethren tarried long1 8an address to the queen10 accompanied by what an ,edinburgh journal irreverently describes as 8unanimous votes of thanks to the ,deity1 ,mr4 ,a4 ,t4 ,niven1 ,c4,a41 and the lord provost40 ,probably her majesty will never read the address1 as it is a long one and does not call for a reply4 ,but if she should peruse it1 she will scarcely thank its authors for suggesting that she1 too1 is a ,pan-,presbyterian1 or that she changes her religion every time she crosses the ,tweed4 ,it appears something like an impertinence in the ,pan-,presbyterians to write thus to the queen3 8,we venture to indicate the deep interest which we take in the circumstance that1 while residing in ,scotland1 your majesty joins in the ,presbyterian worship and communion40 ,the queen goes to a ,presbyterian church when in ,scotland because ,presbyterianism is the religion of the state in ,scotland1 of which she is the head2 and she goes to an ,episcopalian church when in ,england because episcopacy is the religion of the state in ,england4 ,if she were in ,india1 and ,mohammedanism were the state religion there1 she would probably go to a mosque with the same good grace that she displays when sitting under the parish minister near ,balmoral4 ,the council also appointed a committee to see whether money could be raised for the publication of a mass of old treatises and essays upon ,presbyterianism which no private publisher has ever thought of reprinting2 and another committee to 8consider0 what could be reported to the next council--which1 by the way1 is to be held at ,philadelphia in #ahhj1 if the world and ,pan-,presbyterianism be then in existence4 ,that portion of the programme which promised 8the suppression of infidelity0 was not carried out2 a day was spent in talking about the best methods of getting the better of ,spencer1 ,darwin1 ,huxley1 ,bradlaugh1 and the like1 but the matter ended with the acceptance of the remark of ,prof4 ,cairns1 that disputation with such people is rather worse than useless1 since they are well skilled in argument1 and that the only thing to be done with them is to pray for them4 ,as ,americans we record with justifiable pride the encomiums bestowed upon the ,american delegates by the great ,dr4 ,phin1 and the still greater ,dr4 ,begg4 8,sound ,christian doctrine10 said the first1 8in this land has received a most powerful impulse from the addresses of the ,american brethren02 and ,dr4 ,begg 8rejoiced because of the firm tone which had characterized the addresses of the ,american speakers1 as we require in ,scotland an ecclesiastical tonic to brace us up to a firm maintenance of our own ,scriptural principles40 ,the firm tone was not backed up by firm action1 nor by any action at all2 but1 all the same1 ,dr4 ,begg is of the opinion that if the orthodox ,presbyterians in ,scotland could talk as their ,american brethren do1 there would soon be an end to the croaking of 8the frogs of infidelity that are coming into our churches like the frogs that went into ,pharao's bed-chamber40 ,but it may prevent some disappointment in the future to our ,american ,presbyterian friends if we convey to them the warning uttered by the ,edinburgh ,scotsman at the end of the council--a journal whose opinion on the affair is all the more valuable from the fact that its editor is a ,presbyterian clergyman of renown who has abandoned the pulpit for the press3 8,meanwhile10 says the ,scotsman1 8what with choking 'frogs' and covering up disputable subjects1 the appearance of a complete1 if not a completely beautiful1 harmony was unquestionably produced4 ,but it is only right to warn the ,pan-,presbyterians that if they leave us with the notion that1 because all is peaceful now1 unity is established1 they are the victims of a delusion4 ,they may depart to their ,swiss hamlets or their ,transatlantic cities with psalm-tunes sounding peace within ,jerusalem ringing in their ears1 and imagine that after this most refreshing time the millennium has come when ,dr4 ,phin and ,dr4 ,blaikie will lie down together1 and ,dr4 ,marcus ,dods and ,dr4 ,moody ,stewart will kiss each other4 ,but1 alas6 shortly after they have told their deeply-affected flocks at home of the harmony which prevails in ,bible-loving ,scotland1 some morning when ,dr4 ,rufus ,choate examines his ,chicago ,trumpet1 and ,dr4 ,brunnelhanner lays down his meerschaum to take up his paper1 they will find that all the old dissensions have broken out again with alarming violence2 that ministers who agreed on a platform of wood can agree upon no other2 that ,dr4 ,blaikie has attacked ,establishments from love of their members1 and has ,dr4 ,pirie's head in ,chancery2 that ,dr4 ,phin has a new scheme to 'dish' the ,dissenters2 that those who led the devotions are now leading the fray2 that those who were at peace are not on speaking terms1 or on terms in speaking which are very bad indeed2 while those who lauded the agreement between confessions cannot agree amongst themselves as to what these confessions mean to say4 ,the visit of the ,pan-,presbyterians may1 after all1 share the fate that generally overtakes the other numerous excursionists who appear among us about this season4 ,for the moment we may be struck by their numbers and their banners with their strange devices1 and be moved to the heart1 or even deeper1 by their bass-drum and their instruments of brass2 but when they have gone1 if any memory of them remains1 it is only of something that was loud and singular1 but what it was or what it did there is nothing palpable to show40 ,the ,pan-,presbyterians repeated very often that1 while they did not expect1 or even desire1 to effect 8organic unity0 between their various sects--that unity being1 in their opinion1 opposed to the will of ,god--they were1 all the same1 8one in spirit and in sympathy40 ,but the hollowness of even this pretence was manifested when an attempt was made to induce them to unite in what they call 8partaking of the ,lord's ,supper40 ,toward the close of the council it was announced that 8,dr4 ,moody ,stewart and his session invited the members of council to communion at half-past twelve on ,saturday40 ,now1 from a ,catholic1 or 8,romanist10 point of view1 it is rather surprising that a convention of eminent ,christian ministers1 assembled for what they professed to regard as the most important purposes1 should have already spent several days without performing this supreme act of ,christian devotion4 ,but ,pan-,presbyterian ways are not as our ways4 ,nevertheless1 one would have supposed that1 being thus invited to do what they had neglected1 they would at least have received the invitation kindly4 ,on the contrary1 a most unhappy scene followed4 ,the ,orthodox ,pan-,presbyterians were willing to talk with their unorthodox colleagues2 they would eat luncheons with them1 make speeches and read papers to them1 and even listen to their speeches and papers in return2 but when it came to 8partaking of the sacrament0 with them1 they would not do it at any price4 ,dr4 ,phin at once protested against the idea that he1 for one1 could thus be yoked unevenly with unbelievers4 8,he happened to entertain certain old-fashioned ideas with respect to the dispensation of the ,lord's ,supper0 which would prevent him from joining in it unless he knew his company4 ,for instance1 there should be 8the fencing of the tables02 and this fencing would surely shut out either the sheep or the goats4 ,the 8fencing of the tables10 it appears1 is a curious custom prevalent in ,scotland1 and may be thus explained3 an invitation to 8the communion0 is given1 and then every one who wishes to receive it is scared off either by terrific denunciations of the awful guilt incurred by those who partake unworthily1 or is compelled to pass a severe competitive examination as to the soundness of his faith and his acceptance of the 8,standards40 ,dr4 ,phin was1 no doubt1 correct in supposing that the application of these tests would produce unpleasant results1 and his conscience would not permit him to assist at a communion where they were not applied4 ,dr4 ,begg took the same view1 and 8regretted that the invitation had been given40 ,the chairman--who on this occasion happened to be ,dr4 ,ormiston1 of ,new ,york--sought to get over the difficulty by suggesting that 8it would be understood that nobody was committed except the gentlemen who took part in it10 and he added the remarkable declaration that 8as members of council not one of them had any responsibility to the weight of a hair40 ,a lay member 8protested against any administration of free communion in connection with the council02 and ,dr4 ,blaikie said the committee had 8taken every precaution that the council should not be committed in any way40 ,with this assurance the subject 8was allowed to drop10 and when the time for the communion arrived only one hundred and thirty of the three hundred and twenty-five ,pan-,presbyterians presented themselves to receive it--and among these neither ,dr4 ,phin nor ,dr4 ,begg was seen4 ,the ,continental ,pan-,presbyterians made a pitiful show for themselves during the council4 ,few of them could speak ,english2 and the linguistic accomplishments of the majority of their colleagues being limited1 they were compelled1 when they spoke at all1 to express themselves through an interpreter1 which is not generally an exhilarating process4 ,one of the ,french delegates said there were forty ,presbyterian congregations in ,france without pastors1 and he suggested that a collection might be made to aid in hiring men to fill these vacancies2 but this hint was not taken4 ,a volunteer member from ,berlin read a sensible paper upon 8missions10 in which he ridiculed the present system of ,protestant missions1 and said that their only fruits were the inculcation of hypocrisy and of pauperism among the so-called converts4 ,on this same subject1 by the way1 one of the members put forth the novel idea that the conversion of one ,jew was worth more than the salvation of a hundred pagans4 ,dr4 ,hoedemaker1 of ,amsterdam1 said that the ,presbyterians there had long been poisoned with the virus of rationalism1 and that forty years ago 8there were very few who preached the living ,christ in his church02 but now1 he hoped1 there was some improvement4 ,m4 ,decoppet1 of the ,french ,presbyterian body1 complained that the sect could make no progress there1 8because they were not allowed by the law to give a tract on the street or to deliver public lectures02 but still he was confident that 8,france would soon become a ,protestant nation0--by the aid of ,m4 ,gambetta and the ,reds1 we presume4 ,the representative of the ,waldensian heretics apologized for the bad character of some of its ministers1 but said that as fast as the false shepherds were detected they were expelled from the fold4 ,politeness1 perhaps1 would command us to express our acknowledgments of certain courteous1 sensible1 and truthful things which were said about the church--as1 for example1 that 8she was the mother of infidelity0 and the fountain and origin of all civil1 moral1 and religious evil4 ,but1 on the whole1 we think our readers will have had enough of the ,pan-,presbyterians4 ,dr4 ,begg1 at the last meeting of the council1 said that 8they saw the shadow of the great eclipse of ,romanism again cast over the country40 ,we take this to be the ,beggonian method of expressing the fact that the few ,christians who remain in ,scotland are on the way to return to the church of their forefathers--the church which civilized and ,christianized ,scotland1 and which had the unhappiness to nurture in her bosom the apostate priest who was the father of ,scotch ,presbyterianism4 ,dr4 ,begg is not an infallible prophet1 but such events as the ,pan-,presbyterian council are calculated to hasten the event which he predicts4 ,for the council has shown that the ,presbyterian ,church throughout the world1 as represented by its chosen men1 is undermined by infidelity1 and that its existence1 in their opinion1 depends upon concealing this fact and pretending that no one has the right to proclaim it4 ,,translation ,,from ,,horace4 ,,ode #ad1 ,,book #b4 ,eheu6 fugaces1 ,postume1 ,postume6 ,alas6 my ,posthumus1 our years ,glide silently away2 no tears1 ,no loving orisons1 repair ,the wrinkled cheek1 the whitening hair1 ,that drop forgotten to the tomb3 ,pluto's inexorable doom ,mocks at thy daily sacrifice2 ,around his dreary kingdom lies ,that fatal stream whose arms enfold ,the ,giant race accursed of old2 ,all1 all alike must cross its wave1 ,the king1 the noble1 and the slave4 ,in vain we shun the fields of war1 ,and breakers dashed on ,adria's shore2 ,vainly we flee1 in terror blind1 ,the plague that walketh on the wind2 ,the sluggish river of the ,dead1 ,cocytus1 must be visited2 ,and ,danas' detested brood1 ,foul with their fifty husbands' blood2 ,and ,sisyphus1 with ghastly smile ,pointing to his eternal toil4 ,all must be left3 thy gentle wife1 ,thy home1 the joys of rural life2 ,and when thy fleeting days are gone1 ,th' ill-omened cypresses alone ,of all those fondly-cherished trees ,shall grace thy funeral obsequies1 ,cling to thy loved remains1 and wave ,their mournful shadows o'er thy grave4 ,a lavish but a nobler heir ,thy hoarded ,ccuban shall share1 ,and on the tessellated floor ,the purple nectar madly pour1 ,nectar more worthy of the halls ,where ,pontiffs hold their festivals4 ,s4 ,e4 ,,de ,v4 ,,new ,,publications4 ,,public ,,libraries ,,in ,,the ,,united ,,states ,,of ,,america2 their ,history1 ,condition1 and ,management4 ,special ,report4 ,department of the ,interior1 ,bureau of ,education4 #ahgf4 ,in #ahgd the ,commissioner of the ,bureau of ,education in the ,department of the ,interior at ,washington began the preparation of a complete ,report on the ,public ,libraries in the ,united ,states2 on the #cast of ,august1 #ahgf1 the report was submitted2 it was printed1 and it makes a volume of #a1ahg pages4 ,a careful study of the contents of this unique work compels us to express1 in the first place1 our most cordial appreciation of the great labor which has been expended upon it1 and of the value of the information which it contains4 ,the size of the volume1 we fear1 has deterred many into whose hands it has fallen from more than glancing over its pages2 we confess for ourselves that we shrank1 for a while1 from the task of reading it4 ,but we have been amply repaid for our toil1 which soon became a pleasure2 and we may say here that we have seen in foreign periodicals and journals a number of highly eulogistic and discriminating reviews of the report4 ,we propose to make our readers share in the satisfaction we have derived from our study of this work2 but our space will permit us only to give a condensed summary of a portion of its contents4 ,no less than #acb pages of the report are taken up with a table giving the statistics of all the 8public libraries0 in the ,united ,states and ,territories numbering #cjj volumes or more1 excepting common or district school libraries4 ,the table is as complete as it could be made from the returns received in #ahge-gf2 but it is incomplete1 because many of the libraries named in it do not report the date of their foundation1 their average annual increase in books1 their financial condition1 or their yearly expenditures4 ,but with all these defects the table is extremely valuable4 ,it shows1 to begin with1 that the total number of these libraries is #c1fdg1 having as their total number of volumes #ab1bgf1ifd4 ,we pause here for a moment to say that the report also shows that in the district-school libraries1 not included in the table1 there are #a1cfe1djg volumes1 and that in all the libraries there are about #a1ejj1jjj pamphlets not classed as 8volumes40 ,the census of #ahgj showed that there were #ajg1fgc private libraries1 containing #be1ega1ejc volumes1 exclusive of those which may be in the ,state of ,connecticut1 from which ,state no returns on this subject were received4 ,here1 then1 we have a total of #ci1bac1hgd volumes of books in the public1 private1 and school libraries of the country--a mass of printed matter large enough1 estimating each volume to weigh a pound1 to fill nine merchant vessels of #b1jjj tons burden each4 ,let us also in this place give the following list of the number of volumes in several noted libraries in other countries1 with the remark that1 as the statistics of these libraries differ widely according to different authorities1 we have in each case taken the highest number given1 and that this number relates only to books1 and not to manuscripts or pamphlets1 fugitive publications1 etc43 ,bibliothque ,nationale1 ,paris #b1jjj1jjj ,mazarin ,library1 ,paris #afj1jjj ,royal ,library1 ,madrid #bjj1jjj ,convent ,library of the ,escorial1 ,madrid #acj1jjj ,vatican ,library1 ,rome #a1jjj1jjj ,magliabecchana ,library1 ,florence #bjj1jjj ,laurentian ,library1 ,florence #abj1jjj ,museo ,borbonico1 ,naples #bjj1jjj ,university ,library1 ,bologna #bjj1jjj ,brera ,library1 ,milan #bjj1jjj ,ambrosian ,library1 ,milan #adj1jjj ,university ,library1 ,turin #aej1jjj ,royal ,library1 ,berlin #gjj1jjj ,royal ,library1 ,dresden #ejj1jjj ,university ,library1 ,breslau #cej1jjj ,university ,library1 ,gttingen #djj1jjj ,ducal ,library1 ,wolfenbttel #cjj1jjj ,university ,library1 ,freiburg #bej1jjj ,royal ,library1 ,stuttgart #dej1jjj ,royal ,library1 ,munich #ijj1jjj ,royal ,library1 ,copenhagen #eej1jjj ,bodleian ,library1 ,oxford #gjj1jjj ,advocates' ,library1 ,edinburgh #cjj1jjj ,university ,library1 ,edinburgh #acj1jjj ,imperial ,library1 ,st4 ,petersburg #a1ajj1jjj ,city ,library1 ,augsburg #aej1jjj ,university ,library1 ,cambridge #djj1jjj ,city ,library1 ,frankfort #aej1jjj ,ducal ,library1 ,gotha #bdj1jjj ,city ,library1 ,hamburg #cjj1jjj ,city ,library1 ,leipsic #agj1jjj ,university ,library1 ,leipsic #cej1jjj ,british ,museum1 ,london #a1jbj1jjj ,in these #cc libraries in the ,old ,world there are #ad1aaj1jjj volumes1 exclusive of manuscripts1 or #a1hcc1agf more volumes than we have in all of our #c1fdg public libraries4 ,we say nothing of the comparative value of the collections1 for of course there is no comparison between a collection which has been accumulating for a thousand years and one which was made yesterday4 ,but we have no reason to be ashamed of our ,american public libraries2 on the contrary1 as the report which we are reviewing abundantly shows1 we have every reason to be proud of them4 ,we take from this report the following table3 ,whole number of public libraries #c1fdg ,whole number of volumes #ab1bgf1ifd ,average number of volumes #c1cff ,yearly additions 7#a1eaj reporting7 #dcd1cci ,yearly use of books 7#gdb reporting7 #h1hgi1hji ,amt of permanent fund 7#a1gbb reporting7 #f1aje1eha ,yearly income 7#hcj reporting7 #a1cih1gef ,yearly expenditures for publications #efb1djg 7#gfi reporting7 ,yearly expenditures for salaries1 etc4 #fhb1aff 7#fdc reporting7 ,the #c1fdg libraries are distributed among the various ,states and ,territories as follows2 and here we make our only complaint against the report--to wit1 that its laborious and faithful editors have not furnished the footings1 which we have been compelled to make for ourselves3 ,alabama1 #ca libraries2 ,alaska1 #a 7the post library at ,sitka1 and now removed since the garrison has been withdrawn72 ,arizona1 #c 7two of them being military libraries72 ,arkansas1 #f2 ,california1 #hg2 ,colorado1 #h2 ,connecticut1 #abe2 ,dakota1 #d 7two being military libraries72 ,delaware1 #ah2 ,district of ,columbia1 #eg 7#ca of them belonging to the federal government72 ,florida1 #f2 ,georgia1 #dd2 ,idaho1 #a2 ,illinois1 #agg2 ,indiana1 #acc2 ,indian ,territory1 #d 7two of them military libraries72 ,iowa1 #hj2 ,kansas1 #ai2 ,kentucky1 #gb2 ,louisiana1 #ca2 ,maine1 #he2 ,maryland1 #gg2 ,massachusetts1 #dec2 ,michigan1 #hi2 ,minnesota1 #ci2 ,mississippi1 #bc2 ,missouri1 #hg2 ,montana1 #b2 ,nebraska1 #ad2 ,nevada1 #f2 ,new ,hampshire1 #hf2 ,new ,jersey1 #ia2 ,new ,mexico1 #d 7one of them a military library1 and two of the others belonging to ,catholic academies72 ,new ,york1 #fag2 ,north ,carolina1 #cg2 ,ohio1 #bbc2 ,oregon1 #ad2 ,pennsylvania1 #cfg2 ,rhode ,island1 #ef2 ,south ,carolina1 #bf2 ,tennessee1 #ga2 ,texas1 #db2 ,utah1 #e2 ,vermont1 #fe2 ,virginia1 #fc2 ,washington ,territory1 #b 7one of them a ,catholic library72 ,west ,virginia1 #bc2 ,wisconsin1 #gc2 and ,wyoming ,territory1 #c4 ,these figures are suggestive in various ways1 and many interesting and valuable inferences might be drawn from them4 ,but a careful analysis of the other portions of the table would also be necessary in order to avoid mistakes2 and the wholly unknown quantity in the problem--the comparative value of different collections--would imperil the accuracy of any deductions which might be made from the statistics in this table4 ,for instance1 the #ca libraries in ,alabama contain #fj1fae volumes--nearly #e1jjj less than are in the ,new ,york ,society ,library alone4 ,a library is a library1 for the purposes of this report1 if it contain #cjj or more volumes1 just as a book is a book although there may be nothing in it4 ,who is to say whether some of the smaller collections in the ,south are not really more valuable than the larger and newer libraries in the ,north8 ,we fear it is not so2 but there is no test by which to decide the question4 ,if we leave this point1 and turn our attention to the statistics relating to the principal libraries1 we shall come upon more satisfactory ground4 ,the thirty-eighth chapter of the report1 filling #bgc pages1 is devoted to a review of the public libraries of ten principal cities--,baltimore1 ,boston1 ,brooklyn1 ,charleston1 ,chicago1 ,cincinnati1 ,new ,york1 ,philadelphia1 ,st4 ,louis1 and ,san ,francisco4 ,in these ten cities there are #dga public libraries with #c1ddg1fbh volumes1 viz43 ,name of ,city4 ,no4 of ,libraries ,volumes4 ,charleston #f #bf1fjj ,chicago #bc #ada1iaj ,san ,francisco #cj #afd1bbh ,brooklyn #ba #afe1aab ,st4 ,louis #ca #agj1hge ,cincinnati #cj #aig1hij ,baltimore #ch #bcj1cdb ,philadelphia #ajb #gjg1fbg ,boston #fh #gcd1gda ,new ,york #abb #ijf1bjc --- --------- ,total #dga #c1dde1ebh ,to this list we add1 in order that the ,south may have justice done to her3 ,name of ,city4 ,no4 of ,libraries ,volumes4 ,new ,orleans #ae #id1jhj ,louisville #f #fe1hig ,richmond #ag #fc1ebf ,a library containing #aj1jjj volumes or more1 if well selected1 may be said to be a respectable collection4 ,now1 there are no less than #bff libraries of this class in the ,united ,slates1 and they contain a total of #f1ihd1hhb volumes--an average of #bf1bei volumes in each4 ,these #bff libraries1 it will be seen1 account for more than one half of the total number of volumes in all the public libraries1 and they reduce the average number of volumes in the remaining #c1cha libraries to #a1efe4 ,but even a library with #a1ejj good books is not to be despised4 ,the largest library in the ,united ,states is that of the ,national ,congress at ,washington1 which has #cjj1jjj volumes2 and then follow3 ,social ,law ,library1 #bii1hfi ,boston ,harvard ,university #bbg1fej ,mercantile1 ,new ,york #afj1fac ,astor1 ,new ,york #aeb1ddf ,mercantile1 ,philadelphia #abe1ffh ,house of ,representatives1 #abe1jjj ,washington ,yale ,college #aad1bjj ,athenum1 ,boston #aje1jjj ,these are the only libraries which have #ajj1jjj volumes and more4 ,those which have #ej1jjj and less than #ajj1jjj volumes are the ,state ,library at ,albany #ie1jjj ,new ,york ,society1 ,new #fe1jjj ,york ,antiquarian ,society1 #fj1dig ,worcester ,peabody ,institute1 #eg1deh ,baltimore ,apprentices'1 ,new ,york #ec1jjj ,dartmouth ,college #eb1eej ,mercantile1 ,brooklyn #ej1beg ,state ,university1 ,baton #ej1jjj ,rouge ,there are #aj libraries having more than #dj1jjj and less than #ej1jjj volumes2 #bc1 with more than #cj1jjj and less than #dj1jjj2 #di1 with more than #bj1jjj and less than #cj1jjj2 #eb1 with more than #ae1jjj and less than #bj1jjj2 #ajj1 with more than #aj1jjj and less than #ae1jjj2 #bfd1 with more than #e1jjj and less than #aj1jjj2 #aef1 with more than #d1jjj and less than #e1jjj2 #bcf1 with more than #c1jjj and less than #d1jjj2 #cfb1 with more than #b1jjj and less than #c1jjj2 #gfb1 with more than #a1jjj and less than #b1jjj2 and #ibe1 with more than #ejj and less than #a1jjj4 ,of the whole number of #c1fdg public libraries mentioned in this report1 we find #bba which we recognize as those of ,catholic institutions4 ,there are no doubt others in the list1 but there is no mark by which they can be certainly recognized4 ,of these #bba distinctively ,catholic libraries the following are the chief3 ,place4 ,name4 ,origin4 ,vols4 ,san ,francisco1 ,st4 ,ignatius' ,college1 #ahee #aa1jjj ,santa ,clara1 ,santa ,clara ,college1 #ahea #aj1jjj ,georgetown1 ,georgetown ,college1 #agia #cb1bfh ,washington1 ,gonzaga ,college1 #aheh #aj1jjj ,new ,orleans1 ,libraire de la famille1 #ahgb #ae1jjj ,baltimore1 ,archiepiscopal1 4444 #aj1jjj ,baltimore1 ,loyola ,college1 #ahec #ba1ejj ,baltimore1 ,st4 ,mary's ,seminary1 #agia #ae1jjj ,hagerstown1 ,st4 ,james' ,college1 #ahdb #aa1jjj ,worcester1 ,college of the ,holy ,cross #ahdc #ab1jjj ,st4 ,louis1 ,college of the ,christian #ahfj #bb1jjj ,brothers1 ,brooklyn1 ,st4 ,francis' ,college1 4444 #ac1igj ,fordham1 ,st4 ,john's ,college1 #ahdj #ae1jjj ,new ,york1 ,st4 ,francis ,xavier's #ahdg #ba1jjj ,college1 ,cincinnati1 ,mount ,st4 ,mary's1 #ahdi #ae1ajj ,cincinnati1 ,st4 ,xavier's ,college1 #ahdj #ag1jjj ,latrobe1 ,penn41 ,st4 ,vincent's ,college1 #ahdf #ac1jjj ,in these #ag ,catholic libraries there are #bfd1hch volumes4 ,it is a very respectable number1 and1 when the probable quality of the books contained in these collections is taken into account1 the value of such comparatively small libraries will be seen to be great4 ,the number of volumes in the other #bjd ,catholic libraries1 as we have ascertained by a laborious examination of the tables1 is #ddh1fhh1 so that the total number of volumes in the distinctively ,catholic libraries is #gac1ebf4 ,it is a large number of books2 but one might complain that it was not larger4 ,we are not sure that these complaints would be well founded4 ,as ,catholics we establish our own libraries1 but as citizens we aid in the labor and share the cost of forming the general libraries1 and we have our part in the advantages which they afford4 ,it will always be our duty1 of course1 to exert our influence in preserving these collections of books from the contamination of the works of authors whose aim is to undermine morals and to destroy faith2 and to introduce to their shelves the writings of the best and most able defenders and advocates of truth and religion4 ,but this duty being well performed1 we are free to aid in the work of building up our general libraries and in enjoying the pure intellectual delights which they may afford4 ,thirty-eight pages of the report before us are devoted to a chapter upon ,theological ,libraries4 ,a table is given of #dd of the principal theological libraries in the ,united ,states2 they contain #ebh1jbd volumes4 ,eight of them belong to ,catholic theological seminaries and contain #ga1fjj volumes4 ,the two largest of the theological libraries are those of the ,union ,theological ,seminary of ,new ,york1 and the ,andover ,theological ,seminary1 each of which contains #cd1jjj volumes4 ,the report states that1 with a few exceptions1 the public theological libraries in this country are the libraries of theological seminaries4 ,the exceptions are the ,general ,theological ,library in ,boston1 established in #ahfj1 and now containing #ab1jjj volumes2 and the library of the ,congregational ,association in the same city1 which contains #bb1jjj volumes and #hj1jjj pamphlets4 ,none of the theological libraries are #ajj years old4 ,the eldest of all of them is the library of ,st4 ,mary's ,theological ,seminary of ,st4 ,sulpice in ,baltimore1 founded in #agia by the ,sulpician ,fathers4 ,it now contains #ae1jjj volumes4 ,the report devotes considerable space to a dissertation upon 8,catholic ,libraries10 and its remarks upon this head are conceived in a kindly and enlightened spirit4 8,all learning10 writes the reporter1 8is welcome to the shelves of ,catholic libraries1 and nothing is excluded from them that should not equally be excluded from any reputable collection of books4 ,nor will anti-,catholic works be found wanting to them1 at least such as possess any force or originality4 ,the history of the church being so interwoven with that of the world since the days of ,augustus ,csar1 there is no period which is not redolent of her action1 and consequently no history which does not have to treat of her1 either approvingly or the reverse4 ,in regard to general literature1 she preserved 444 all that has come down to us from classic sources1 and therefore works of this character can be no strangers to shelves of ,catholic libraries4 ,still less can the ,sacred ,scriptures be1 which ,catholic hands collected1 authenticated1 and handed down for the use of the men of our time4 ,nor will the sciences be overlooked by ecclesiastics in forming their libraries2 for in past ages it was the care of their brethren1 with such limited facilities as were at their command and in days inauspicious for scientific investigation1 to cultivate them40 ,no new truths these2 but they are well expressed1 and it is worth something to have them set forth in a volume prepared by federal authority and published with federal approval4 ,the report goes on to speak of the general characteristics of ,catholic theological libraries4 ,they contain1 it says1 abundant versions of the ,sacred ,scriptures in all languages1 with copious commentaries and expositions2 and the writer adds that the professors of our ,catholic theological institutions 8are generally graduates of the best theological schools in ,europe40 ,he thus proceeds3 8,next in authoritative rank come the ,fathers and ,doctors of the church1 from those who received instruction from the apostles themselves and committed their doctrine to writing1 down to almost our own day2 for ,st4 ,alphonsus ,liguori1 the latest on whom the ,holy ,see has conferred the title of ,doctor of the ,universal ,church1 died only in the latter part of the last century1 and his authority is that which is principally followed in the treatment of moral questions4 ,works also by later writers1 principally on dogmatic subjects1 are constantly appearing4 ,the study of dogma embracing an investigation into all revealed truths1 and therefore essential to those who are to instruct others authoritatively1 involves a reference to many learned books in which proofs and illustrations are elaborated to the last degree of exactness1 side by side with every possible difficulty or objection that can be brought to bear against each doctrine treated of4 ,some works are occupied with the discussion of but a single point2 others take in a wide range1 and some voluminous authors have published an entire course of dogma44440 8,the study of moral1 the other great branch of ,catholic theology1 embraces a scrutiny into every question of morals that needs to be investigated by those who have the direction of consciences1 or whose duty it is1 in the tribunal of penance1 to adjudicate upon matters affecting the rights of others4 ,as solutions in these cases are sometimes attended with considerable difficulty1 and a grave responsibility is attached to the delivery of an opinion1 authorities for reference must be ample and exhaustive4 ,such authorities will be found in the theological libraries1 and are relied upon in proportion to their world-wide repute1 as representing the opinions of prudent1 learned1 and experienced men40 ,the report goes on to speak of the reasons why every complete ,catholic library must have copies of the published acts of the general councils of the church1 and of national and provincial councils1 as well as of the decisions and solutions of the various congregations at ,rome1 and other documents emanating from the ,holy ,see4 ,the supply of 8works on ritual10 and those necessary for a thorough course of rational philosophy1 must be ample1 and there must be works on mathematics1 physics1 astronomy1 meteorology1 chemistry1 and other sciences4 ,we again quote3 8,the attention given in these schools to sacred eloquence--for practice in which students are required to prepare and deliver sermons in presence of the community--calls for the best models of sacred oratory1 besides works on rhetoric and elocution4 ,as models of composition1 arrangement1 and intrinsic solidity1 the sermons of the ancient fathers share equal attention with those of the great ,french orators of the last century1 and no library for the use of ecclesiastics will be without a copious supply of the works of those and others of the best pulpit orators in the church4 ,catholic libraries in general--and not those alone which are attached to theological schools--will be found amply supplied with controversial works written by ,catholic authors4 ,these are needed1 however1 not so much for the use of the owners as for that of non-,catholic inquirers who wish to be enlightened in regard to some controverted point1 or who desire to learn the evidences upon which the ,catholic ,church bases her claims to the credence of mankind4 ,catechetical works1 of which there are a great number1 answer this purpose still better when the polemic spirit has been allayed1 and it is impossible to conceive of a ,catholic library1 large or small1 without an abundance of both these classes of books4 ,the controversial works discuss every objection which can be alleged against the church or the practice of members of it1 and are necessarily very numerous4 ,every age has left behind it these testimonies to the controversies that agitated it1 and the present age is no less prolific than its predecessors1 though the grounds of dispute are shifting now rather from dogma to historical questions and matters of science1 indicating the lessening hold which doctrine has on the non-,catholic mind40 ,and again3 8,ecclesiastical history1 of course1 forms an important element in ,catholic libraries2 but this history not only includes the exhaustive tomes of writers who take in the whole history of the church1 but of others who illustrate a particular age1 country1 event1 or transaction4 ,works concerning the history of the church in the ,united ,states1 or in particular ,states1 form a growing collection4 ,the current of contemporary ,catholic history is well shown forth through the monthly and weekly publications which appear in many countries and languages4 ,the ,catholic quarterlies1 however1 and some of the monthly publications1 are devoted chiefly to literary or scientific criticism4 ,the ,catholic weeklies in this country are now so numerous that their preservation in libraries is seldom attended to4 ,if this apology is needed for the absence from such libraries of publications that will form an important reference hereafter for others besides ,catholics1 it ought to be coupled with the suggestion proper to be made in a work which will be placed in the hands of persons of all religions3 that a general ,catholic library ought to be established at some central point where every ,catholic publication1 at least among those issued in this country1 may have a place4 ,materials for history would gather in such a collection that might not readily be found combined in any other4 8,having thus touched upon the more important characteristics of ,catholic libraries1 it would be well1 perhaps1 to observe that while the leading ones in this country are attached to seminaries1 colleges1 or religious houses1 there are many private collections of considerable value1 especially those in episcopal residences1 or belonging to gentlemen of the clergy or laity who1 together with literary tastes1 possess the means to gratify them4 ,catholic libraries are also beginning to be formed in cities and towns1 chiefly under the auspices of associations that seek to provide a safe and pleasant resort for young men in the evenings4 ,in these libraries will be found the lighter ,catholic literature1 to which no reference has so far been made in this paper--travels1 sketches1 poems1 tales1 etc41 a few of which are by ,american and some ,irish authors1 but the majority by ,english writers1 chiefly converts1 or translated from the ,french1 ,german1 ,flemish1 and other ,continental languages4 ,finally1 it would be well to observe that ,catholic libraries are accessible for reference1 if not for study1 to all inquirers4 ,in most cases non-,catholic visitors would doubtless be welcomed to them with great cordiality4 ,those who have these libraries in keeping rather invite than repel scrutiny into whatever is distinctively ,catholic in their collections40 ,we regret that the limits of our space forbid us to dwell further upon the contents of this really fascinating volume4 ,to use such an adjective in speaking of a 8,blue-,book10 or an official report1 may seem extravagant1 but in this case it is not so4 ,its chapters upon the growth of libraries in the ,united ,states2 college libraries2 law1 medical1 and scientific libraries2 libraries in prisons and reformatories2 libraries of the general and ,state governments2 libraries of historical societies2 and upon 8catalogues and cataloguing10 are crammed with useful and important information2 and whatever may have been the sins of omission or commission that may be laid at the door of the 8,department of the ,interior at ,washington10 we are willing to bear witness that its ,bureau of ,education1 in the preparation and publication of this report1 has done much to atone for them4 ,,elements ,,of ,,geometry4 ,by ,g4 ,m4 ,searle1 ,c4,s4,p4 ,with an ,appendix containing ,problems and ,additional ,propositions4 ,new ,york3 ,john ,wiley ,sons4 #ahgg4 ,the object of this work is to place geometry on a more perfectly logical basis than it has been usually considered worth while to adopt in text-books4 ,geometers at the present day generally agree as to the unsatisfactory nature of the axioms usually adopted1 some being superfluous1 and others1 especially the famous one about parallels1 not being clearly self-evident4 ,the reduction in the number of axioms has of course introduced some complexity into the reasoning in this book1 and the difficulty about parallels is not completely removed2 nor does the author pretend completely to remove it4 ,some new views1 however1 are presented which may be worthy of consideration4 ,,elements ,,of ,,ecclesiastical ,,law4 ,adapted especially to the ,discipline of the ,church in the ,united ,states4 ,by ,rev4 ,s4 ,b4 ,smith1 ,d4,d41 formerly ,professor of ,canon ,law1 author of 8,notes10 etc41 etc4 ,new ,york1 ,cincinnati1 ,st4 ,louis1 and ,einsiedeln3 ,benziger ,brothers1 ,printers to the ,holy ,apostolic ,see4 #ahgg4 ,this work of ,dr4 ,smith's cannot fail to be a welcome addition to any theological library4 ,there are a great many works on canon law1 it is true1 but very few which give much information on the discipline of the church here1 which is what priests in this country and those who are preparing for the priesthood principally need to understand4 ,the present volume goes far to supply this deficiency1 and the author promises to supplement it soon by another1 for which we shall look with interest4 ,he has made a good choice in writing in ,english2 there seems to be no need of choosing ,latin for a book on this subject1 and intended for this nation chiefly4 ,transcriber's ,notes3 ,missing or obscured punctuation was corrected4 ,typographical errors were silently corrected4 ,spelling and hyphenation were made consistent when a predominant form was found in this book2 otherwise it was not changed4 ,text in italics is enclosed by underscores 7italics74