,a ,,%eaf                               
,,by                             ,,john 
,,galswor?y                             
,illu/ration                            
,,london                                
,,william ,,he9emann                    
,london3 ,william ,he9emann4 #aiaf4     
,to                                     
,,william ,,ar*]                        
,,au?or',s ,,note   ,?is volume is b a  
g>n]+ ( non-creative writ+s2 mo/ly pleas
 ( "s sort or o!r--wild oats ( a        
noveli/1 :i* he has be5 ask$ to b9d up4 
,he _c say t he _h any wanton pleasure 9
 s[+ any ( !m2 & le/ !re be o!rs ( !    
same op9ion z ! anonym\s g5tleman :o ?us
 joy\sly address$ him la/ ,july3 8,b    
!re--,i suppose y are gett+ a bit out ( 
x4 ,m5 ( y\r calibre w d any?+ = fil?y  
lucre--y old & cunn+ reptile60--he      
m5tions t he has n1 p]sonally1 pr(it$ a 
p5ny by any?+ 9 ?is volume1 & t ! future
 proce$s !refrom w be giv5 to ,/4       
,dun/an's1 & ! ,national ,in/itute = !  
,bl9d1 ,london4  ,9 ^! days ( manifold  

human mis]y1 _m w be impati5t read+ "s (
 ! pleas writt5 be=e ! w>2 b ! w> w n   
la/ = ev]1 & 9 ! peace t foll[s life w  
be r\gh]1 ! ne$ = ^? pleas ev5 m insi/5t
 ?an x 04  ,! writ+s h be5 prun$ a      
little1 & a few h n yet met ! public    
eye4  ,to ! _m ,editors ( ,j\rnals &    
,reviews :]e9 ! o!rs h appe>$--cordial  
?anks4                                  
,j4 ,g4  ,augu/1 #aiaf4                 
,,cont5ts                               
,,page                           ,,mu*  
,,cry--,,little ,,wool            ,,on  
,,! ,,treatm5t ,,( ,,animals            
#c           ,,conc]n+ ,,laws           
#gg           ,,on ,,prisons ,,&        
,,puni%m5t                         #ie  
,,on ,,! ,,position ,,( ,,wom5          
#acj           ,,on ,,social ,,unre/    
#adh           ,,on ,,peace             
#afj                                    
,,! ,,w>            ,,valley ,,( ,,!    
,,%ad[                             #afi 
,,cr$o                                  
#afi           ,,france                 

#aga           ,,reveille               
#agc           ,,fir/ ,,?\ghts ,,on     
,,?is ,,w>                       #age   
,,! ,,hope ,,( ,,la/+ ,,peace           
#ahh           ,,diagnosis ,,( ,,!      
,,engli%man                      #aid   
,,our ,,lit]ature ,,& ,,! ,,w>          
#bjd           ,,art ,,& ,,! ,,w>       
#baj           ,,tre ,,cime ,,di        
,,lav>$o                                
#bai           ,,second ,,?\ghts ,,on   
,,?is ,,w>                      #bbc    
,,totally ,,disabl$                     
#bdc           ,,c>toon                 
#bdg           ,,h>ve/                  
#bdi                                    
,,&--,,aft]8            ,,prelude       
#bee           ,,fre$om ,,& ,,privilege 
#bfj           ,,! ,,nation ,,& ,,tra9+ 
#bff           ,,heal?1 ,,humanity1 ,,& 
,,proc$ure                  #bgf        
,a ,,la/ ,,^w                           
#bhc           ,,! ,,isl&s ,,( ,,!      
,,bless$                       #bhi     
,,mu* ,,cry--,,little ,,wool            

,,on ,,! ,,treatm5t ,,( ,,animals       
,i                             ,,=      
,,love ,,( ,,bea/s               7,a    
,pap] 9 ! ,pall ,mall ,gazette1 #aiab47 
#a4  ,we _h left my rooms1 & 7 walk+    
briskly d[n ! /reet t[>ds ! riv]1 :5 my 
fri5d /opp$ be=e ! w9d[ ( a small %op & 
said3  8,gold-fi%60  ,i#a look$ at him v
 d\btfully2 "o _h kn[n him s long t "o  
nev] look$ at him 9 any o!r way4  8,c y 
imag9e10 he w5t on1 8h[ any sane p]son c
 f9d pleasure 9 ! sight ( ^? swift ?+s  
swimm+ = ev] & ev] 9 a b[l ab\t twice ! 
l5g? ( _! own tails80  8,no10 ,i said1  
8,i _c--?\gh1 ( c\rse1 !y're v pretty40 
8,t is1 no d\bt1 ! reason :y !y are kept
 9 mis]y40  ,aga9 ,i look$ at him2 !re  
is no?+ 9 ! _w ,i di/ru/ s mu* z irony4 
8,p don't ?9k ab\t ^! ?+s10 ,i said4    
8,y are "r10 he answ]$1 8!y d n4 ,let me
 give y "s evid5ce ( t4 4 4 4 ,i 0      
travell+ la/ spr+ 9 a f> c\ntry1 & made 
an exp$ition to a c]ta9 woodl& spot4    
,outside ! little =e/ inn ,i notic$ a r+
 ( p & dogs ga!r$ r\nd a gray animal r  

l>g] ?an a cat4 ,x _h a %>p-nos$ head   
too small = its body1 & bright black    
eyes1 & 0 mov+ re/lessly r\nd & r\nd a  
pole to :i* x 0 te!r$ by a *a94 ,if a   
dog came ne>1 x hun*$ its bu%y back &   
made a ru% at him4 ,except = t x seem$ a
 %y-s\l$1 timid little ?+4 ,9 fact1 by  
its eyes1 & ! way x %rank into itself1 y
 c\ld tell x 0 sc>$ ( ev]y?+ ar\nd4 ,n[1
 !re 0 a small1 ?9-fac$ man 9 a :ite    
jacket hold+ up a tub on end & expla9+  
to ! p t ?is 0 ! little creature's      
habitat1 & t x want$ to get back        
und]nea?2 &1 sure en\gh1 :5 he held !   
tub )9 its rea*1 ! little animal /ood up
 at once on its h9d legs & paw$1        
evid5tly try+ to get ! tub to fall d[n &
 cov] x4 ,! p all laugh$ at ?is2 ! man  
laugh$ too1 & ! little creature w5t on  
paw+4 ,at la/ ! man said3 #8,m9d y\r    
back-legs1 ,patsy6' & let ! tub fall4 ,!
 %[ 0 ov]4 ,b pres5tly ano!r lot came   
up2 ! :ite-coat$ man lift$ ! tub1 & x   
began all ov] aga94  8#8,:at is t       
animal8' ,i ask$ him4  8#8,a 'coon4'    

8#8,h[ old8'  8#8,?ree ye>s--too old to 
tame4'  8#8,:]e did y cat* x8'  8#8,9 ! 
=e/--lots ( 'coons 9 ! =e/4'  8#8,d !y  
live 9 ! op51 or 9 holes8'  8#8,up 9 !  
trees1 sure2 !y only gits 9 ! holl[s :5 
x ra9s4'  8#8,oh6 !y live 9 ! op58 ,!n  
isn't x que] %e %\ld be s fond ( h]     
tub8'  8#8,oh1' he said1 #8%e d t to git
 away f p6' & he laugh$--a g5ial little 
man4 #8,%e n l p & dogs4 ,%e too old to 
tame4 ,%e "k me1 ?\gh4'  8#8,i see1' ,i 
said4 #8,y take ! tub (f h]1 & %[ h] to 
! p1 & put x back aga94 ,yes1 %e w\ld "k
 y6'  8#8,yes1' he repeat$1 r pr\dly1   
#8%e "k me--,patsy1 ,patsy6 ,pres5tly1 y
 bet1 we cat* lot m1 & make a cage1 &   
put !m 94'  8,he 0 gaz+ v k9dly at !    
little creature1 :o on h] gray h9d legs 
0 anxi\sly begg+ = ! tub to come d[n &  
hide h]1 & ,i said3 #8,b isn't x r a    
mis]able life = ?is poor little devil8' 
8,he gave me a v que] look4 #8,!re's    
lots ( p1' he said--& 8 voice s\nd$ z if
 ,i'd hurt him--#8nev] gits a *ance to  
see a 'coon'--& he dropp$ ! tub ov] !   

racoon4 4 4 4  8,well6 ,c y conceive    
any?+ m pitiful ?an t poor little wild  
creature ( ! op51 begg+ & begg+ = a tub 
to fall ov] x & %ut out all ! light &   
air8 ,doesn't x %[ :at mis]y cag$ ?+s h 
to g ?r\gh80  8,b1 surely10 ,i said1 8^?
 o!r p w\ld feel ! same z y4 ,! little  
:ite-coat$ man 0 only a s]vant40  ,he   
seem$ to run !m ov] 9 8 memory4 8,n "o60
 he answ]$ sl[ly4 8,n a s+le "o6 ,i am  
sure x nev] ev5 occurr$ to !m--:y %\ld  
x8 ,!y 7 !re to enjoy !mselves40  ,we   
walk$ 9 sil5ce till ,i said3  8,i c't   
help feel+ t y\r little :ite-coat$ man 0
 act+ good-he>t$ly accord+ to 8 lights40
  8,q6 ,& aft] all :at are ! suff]+s ( a
 racoon comp>$ ) ! enl>gem5t ( ! human  
m9d80  8,don't be extravagant6 ,y "k he 
didn't mean to be cruel40  8,does a man 
ev] mean to be cruel8 ,he m]ely makes or
 keeps 8 liv+2 b to make or keep 8 liv+ 
he w d any?+ t does n absolutely prick  
to 8 he>t ?r\gh ! sk9 ( 8 indol5ce or 8 
obtus5ess40  8,i ?9k10 ,i said1 8t y    
might h express$ t less cynically1 ev5  

if x's true40  8,no?+ t's true is       
cynical1 & no?+ t is cynical is true4   
,indiff]5ce to ! suff]+ ( bea/s always  
comes f ov]-absorption 9 our own com=t40
  8,absorption1 n ov]-absorption1       
p]haps40  8,ha6 ,let u see t6 ,v soon   
aft] see+ ! racoon ,i 0 /ay+ at ! mo/   
celebrat$ heal? resort ( t c\ntry1 &1   
walk+ 9 its gr\nds1 ,i came on an avi>y4
 ,9 ! upp] cages 7 can>ies1 & 9 ! l[]   
cage a spl5did hawk4 ,x 0 z l>ge z our  
buzz>d hawk1 br[n-back$ & w+$1 light    
und]nea?1 & ) ! f9e/ d>k-br[n eyes ( any
 bird ,i ev] saw4 ,! cage 0 q t5 feet   
ea* way--a noble all[ance = ! v s\l (   
fre$om6 ,! bird _h e luxury4 ,!re 0     
wat]1 & a l>ge piece ( raw meat t hadn't
 be5 t\*$4 ,yet x 0 nev] /ill = a mom5t1
 fly+ f p]* to p]*1 & dropp+ to ! gr\nd 
aga9 & aga9 s lightly1 to run1 lit]ally 
run1 up to ! b>s to see if p]haps--!y 7 
n !re4 ,its face 0 z intellig5t z any   
dog's----0  ,my fri5d mutt]$ some?+ ,i  
c\ldn't cat*1 & !n w5t on3  8,t aft]noon
 ,i took ! drive = :i* "o visits t      

hotel1 & x occurr$ to me to ask my      
*auffeur :at k9d ( hawk x 04 #8,well1'  
he said1 #8,i a9't j too sure :at x is  
!y've got cag$ up n[2 !y *anges 'em s   
(t54'  8#8,d y mean1' ,i said1 #8t !y   
die 9 captivity8'  8#8,yes1' he answ]$1 
#8!m big birds soon gits m\lty & g (f4' 
,well1 :5 ,i paid my bill ,i w5t up to !
 semblance ( proprietor--x 0 "o ( ^?    
e/abli%m5ts :]e ! only creature         
responsible is #8,co4'--& ,i said3      
8#8,i see y keep a hawk out !re8'       
8#8,yes4 ,f9e bird4 ,q an attraction6'  
8#8,p l to look at x8'  8#8,j s4 ,!y're 
uncommon--t sort4'  8#8,well1' ,i said1 
#8,i call x cruel to keep a hawk %ut up 
l t4'  8#8,cruel8 ,:y8 ,:at's a hawk1   
anyway--cruel devils en\gh6'  8#8,my de>
 sir1' ,i said1 #8!y e>n _! liv+ j l m51
 )\t c>+ = o!r creatures' suff]+s4 ,y   
are n %ut up1 app>5tly1 = do+ t4        
,good-bye4'0  ,z he said ?is1 my fri5d  
look$ at me1 & add$3  8,y ?9k t 0 a     
lapse ( ta/e4 ,:at w\ld y h said to a   
man :o cloak$ ! cruelty ( 8 comm]cial   

in/9cts by blam+ a hawk = be+ :at       
,nature _h made him80  ,!re 0 su* feel+ 
9 8 voice t ,i hesitat$ long be=e       
answ]+4  8,well10 ,i said1 at la/1 89   
,engl&1 anyway1 we only keep su*        
creatures 9 captivity = sci5tific       
purposes4 ,i d\bt if y c\ld f9d a s+le  
in/ance n[adays ( its be+ done j z a    
comm]cial attraction40  ,he />$ at me4  
8,yes10 he said1 8we d x publicly &     
sci5tifically1 to enl>ge ! m9d4 ,b let  
me put to y ?is "q4 ,:i* d y consid] has
 ! l>g] m9d--! man :o has satisfi$ 8    
idle curiosity by />+ at all ! cag$     
animals ( ! e>?1 or ! man :o has be5    
br\ght up to feel t to keep su*         
indomitable creatures z hawks & eagles1 
wolves & pan!rs1 %ut up1 to gratify m]e 
curiosity1 is a dreadful ?+80  ,to t    
s+ul> "q ,i knew n :at to answ]4 ,at la/
 ,i said3  8,i ?9k y und]rate ! pleasure
 !y give4 ,we ,engli% are s awfully fond
 ( animals60  -----  #a ,= 8,i0 read    
8almo/ anyone40--,j4 ,g4                
#b4  ,we _h ent]$ ,batt]sea ,p>k by n[1 

& s9ce my rem>k ab\t our love ( bea/s we
 _h n spok54 ,a wood-pigeon :i* _h be5  
/rutt+ be=e u j !n flew up into a tree &
 began puff+ out its brea/4 ,seek+ to   
break ! sil5ce1 ,i said3  8,pigeons are 
s complac5t40  ,my fri5d smil$ 9 8      
dubi\s way1 & answ]$3  8,d y "k ! #8blue
 rock'80  8,no40  8,ah6 !re y h a pigeon
 :o has less complac5cy ?an any liv+ ?+4
 ,y see1 x dep5ds on circum/ances4      
,suppose1 = in/ance1 t we happ5$ to keep
 ,our ,selves--p]haps ! mo/ complac5t   
class ( human be+s--9 a l>ge space      
enclos$ by iron rail+s1 fe$+ !m up      
c>efully1 until _! natural in/9cts caus$
 !m to run up & d[n at a consid]able    
spe$ f side to side ( ! enclosure4 ,&   
suppose :5 we notic$ t !y _h atta9$ !   
full spe$ & /r5g? ( _! legs we took !m  
out1 hold+ !m g+]ly 9 ord] t !y might n 
become exhau/$ by /ruggl+1 & plac$ !m 9 
little t9 comp>tm5ts s d>k & /uffy t !y 
w\ld n c>e ( _! own accord to /ay !re1 &
 !n /ood back ab\t ?irty paces ) a %ot  
gun & press$ a spr+ :i* let ! t9        

comp>tm5t collapse4 ,& !n1 z ea* "o (   
,our ,selves ran out1 we let fly ) ! "r 
b>rel & pepp]$ him 9 ! tail1 :]eon1 if  
he fell1 we s5t a dog out to fet* him 9 
by ! slack ( 8 bree*es1 & aft] hold+ him
 idly = a m9ute by ! neck we gave x a   
wr+ r\nd2 or1 if he did n fall1 we pray$
 ,heav5 at once & let fly ) ! left      
b>rel4 ,d y ?9k 9 ^! circum/ances ,our  
,selves w\ld be complac5t80  8,don't be 
absurd60 ,i said4  8,v well10 he repli$1
 8,i w come to #8blue rocks'--d y /ill  
ma9ta9 t !y are s complac5t z to des]ve 
_! fate80  8,i don't "k--,i "k no?+ ab\t
 _! fate40  8,:at ! eyes d n swall[1 !  
he>t does n ?r[ up6 ,!re are o!r places1
 b--h y be5 to ,monte ,c>lo80  8,no1 &  
,i %\ld nev] ?9k ( go+ !re40  8,oh1     
well10 he answ]$1 8x's a great place2 b 
!re's j "o little ?+ ab\t x1 & t's 9 !  
matt] ( ^? #8blue rocks4' ,y'll agree1  
,i suppose1 t "o c't compla9 ( p amus+  
!mselves 9 any way !y l s long z !y hurt
 no "o b !mselves----0  ,i caught him   
up3 8,i don't agree at all40  ,he smil$3

 8,y\rs is p]haps ! ,engli% po9t ( view4
 ,/ill----0  8,x's m important t !y     
%\ldn't hurt !mselves ?an t !y %\ldn't  
hurt pigeons1 if t's :at y're driv+ at10
 ,i said4  8,!re w\ldn't appe> to y1 ,i 
suppose1 to be any connection 9 !       
matt]80  8,i tell y10 ,i repeat$1 8,i "k
 no?+ ab\t pigeon-%oot+60  ,he />$ v    
/raight be=e him4  8,imag9e10 he said1  
8a blue sea1 & a half-circle ( grass1 ) 
a l[ wall4 ,imag9e on t grass five      
traps1 f :i* lead pa?s--l ! rays ( a    
/>--to ! c5tral po9t on ! base ( t      
half-circle4 ,& imag9e on t c5tral po9t 
a g5tleman ) a d\ble-b>rell$ gun1 ano!r 
man1 & a retriev] dog4 ,& imag9e "o ( ^?
 traps op5+1 & a little daz$ gray bird  
7n a bit l t fell[ y saw j n[7 em]ge &  
fly p]haps six y>ds4 ,& imag9e ! s\nd ( 
! gun & ! little bird dipp+ 9 its       
flight1 b /ruggl+ on4 ,& imag9e ! s\nd (
 ! gun aga9 & ! little bird fall+ to !  
gr\nd & wriggl+ on along x4 ,& imag9e ! 
retriev] dog run =w>d & pick x up & walk
 sl[ly back ) x1 /ill quiv]+1 9 8 m\?4  

,or imag9e1 once 9 a way1 ! little bird 
drop dead z a /one at ! fir/ s\nd4 ,or  
imag9e aga9 t x w9ces at ! %ots1 yet    
c>ries on ov] ! b\nd>y1 to fall into !  
sea4 ,or--b ?is v seldom--imag9e x w+ up
 & out1 unhurt1 to ! fir/ fre$om x has  
ev] kn[n4 ,my fri5d1 ! joke is ?is3 ,to 
! man :o lets no little bird away to    
fre$om comes mu* hon\r1 & a nice r\nd   
sum ( money6 ,d y /ill ?9k !re is no    
connection80  8,well10 ,i said1 8x      
doesn't s\nd too sportsman-l4 ,& yet1 ,i
 suppose1 look+ at x q broadly1 x does  
m9i/] 9 a sort ( way to ! law ( !       
survival ( ! fitte/40  8,9 :i*          
species--man or pigeon80  8,! sportsman 
is necess>y to ! expansion ( ,empire4   
,besides1 y mu/ rememb] t "o does n     
expect high /&>ds at ,monte ,c>lo40  ,he
 look$ at me4 8,d y nev] read any sport+
 pap]80 he ask$4  8,no40  8,did y ev]   
hunt ! c>t$ /ag80  8,no1 ,i nev] did40  
8,well1 y've be5 c\rs+1 anyway40        
8,c]ta9ly2 b !re's no comp>+ t )        
pigeon-%oot+40  8,9 c\rs+ ,i admit10 he 

said1 8!re's pleasure to ! dogs1 & "s   
*ance = ! h>e1 :o1 besides1 is n 9      
captivity4 ,also t :]e !re is no c\rs+  
!re are few h>es1 9 ^! days4 ,&         
yet----02 he seem$ to fall into a       
rev]ie4  ,!n1 look+ at me 9 a que]1     
m\rnful sort ( way1 he said sudd5ly3    
8,i don't wi% to attack t sport1 :5 !re 
are s _m mu* worse1 b by way ( %[+ y h[ 
liable all ^! ?+s are to contribute to !
 improvem5t ( our species ,i w tell y a 
little exp]i5ce ( my own4 ,:5 ,i 0 at   
college ,i 0 9 a r sport+ set2 we hunt$1
 & play$ at rac+1 & lov$ to be #8au     
c\rant' ) all t sort ( ?+4 ,"o ye> x s  
happ5$ t ! uncle ( "o ( u won ! ,wat]loo
 ,cup ) a greyh\nd ^: "n 0--nev] m9d4   
,we became at once ard5t lov]s ( ! sport
 ( c\rs+1 consum$ by ! desire to hold a 
,wat]loo ,cup ,meet+ 9 m9iature1 )      
rabbits = h>es & our own t]ri]s =       
greyh\nds4 ,well1 we held x2 sixte5 ( u 
nom9at+ our dogs4 ,n[ k9dly note t ( ^? 
sixte5 eight at lea/ 7 memb]s ( !       
ari/ocracy1 & all _h be5 at public      

s*ools ( /&+ & repute4 ,= ! purposes (  
our meet+1 ( c\rse1 we requir$ fifte5   
rabbits caught & kept 9 bags4 ,^! we    
ord]$ ( a local blackgu>d1 ) a due m>g9 
ov] to provide aga9/ su* ( ! rabbits z  
might die ( fright be=e !y 7 let out1 or
 be too t]rifi$ to run aft] be+ loos$4  
,we made ! fell[ ^: uncle _h won !      
,wat]loo ,cup judge1 apportion$ among   
ourselves ! o!r (fic]s1 & assembl$--!   
judge on horseback1 9 case a rabbit     
might happ5 to run1 say1 fifty y>ds4    
,assembl$ ) u 7 _m local cads1 two      
f\r?-rate bookies1 our excit$1 yapp+    
t]ri]s1 & tw5ty-f\r bagg$ rabbits4 ,!   
c\rse 0 cle>$4 ,two ( u advanc$1 hold+  
our t]ri]s by ! lo9s2 ! judge sign$ t he
 0 ready2 ! fir/ rabbit 0 turn$ d[n4 ,x 
crept out ( ! bag1 & squatt$1 close to !
 gr\nd1 ) its e>s laid back4 ,! local   
blackgu>d /irr$ x ) 8 foot4 ,x crept two
 y>ds1 & squatt$ clos]4 ,all ! t]ri]s   
began %riek+ _! little s\ls out1 all !  
cads began to yell1 b ! rabbit did n    
move--its he>t1 y see1 0 brok54 ,at la/ 

! local blackgu>d took x up & wrung its 
neck4 ,aft] t "s rabbits ran1 & "s did  
n1 till all 7 kill$6 ,! t]ri] ( "o ( u 0
 judg$ victor by him ^: uncle _h won !  
,wat]loo ,cup2 & we w5t back to our     
colleges to dr9k ev]ybody's heal?4 ,n[1 
my fri5d1 m>k6 ,we 7 sixte5 dec5t y\?s1 
conv]t$ by infection into sixte5        
rabbit-cat*+ cads4 ,two ( u are dead2 b 
! re/ ( u--:at d we ?9k ( x n[8 ,i tell 
y ?is little incid5t1 to confirm y 9 y\r
 feel+ t pigeon-%oot+1 c\rs+1 & ! l1 t5d
 to improve our species1 ev5 "h 9       
,engl&40                                
#c4  ,be=e ,i c\ld comm5t on my fri5d's 
n>rative we 7 spatt]$ ) mud by pass+    
rid]s1 & /opp$ to repair ! damage to our
 coats4  8,jolly = my new coat60 ,i     
said4 8,d y notice1 by ! way1 t !y are  
cutt+ m5's tails long] ?is spr+8 ,m     
becom+ to a fell[1 ,i ?9k40  ,he rais$  
^? quizzical eyebr[s ( 8 & murmur$3  8,&
 horses' tails %ort]4 ,did y see ^? t   
pass$ j n[80  8,no40  8,!re 7 none60    
8,nons5se60 ,i said4 8,my de> fell[1 y  

really are obsess$ ab\t bea/s6 ,!y 7 j  
ord9>y40  8,q--a few scrubby hairs1 & a 
wriggle40  8,n[1 please10 ,i said1      
8don't beg9 to talk ( ! cruelty ( dock+ 
horses' tails1 & tell me a /ory ( an old
 horse 9 a pond40  8,no10 he answ]$1 8= 
,i %\ld h to inv5t t4 ,:at ,i 0 go+ to  
say 0 ?is3 ,:i* d y ?9k ! great] fools 9
 ! matt] ( fa%ion--m5 or wom580  8,oh6  
,wom540  8,:y80  8,!re's always "s s5se 
at ! bottom ( m5's fa%ions40  8,ev5 (   
dock+ tails80  8,y c't comp>e x1        
anyway10 ,i said1 8) su* a fa%ion z !   
we>+ ( #8aigrettes4' ,t's a cruel fa%ion
 if y l40  8,ah6 ,b y see10 he said1 8! 
wom5 :o we> !m are ignorant ( its       
cruelty4 ,if !y 7 n1 !y w\ld nev] we>   
!m4 ,no g5tlewoman we>s !m1 n[ t ! facts
 h come out40  8,:at is t y say80 ,i    
rem>k$4  ,he look$ at me gravely4  8,d y
 mean to tell me10 he ask$1 8t any woman
 ( g5tle in/9cts1 :o kn[s t !           
#8aigrette1' z !y call x1 is a nuptial  
plume sport$ by ! :ite egret only dur+ !
 ne/+ season--& t1 9 ord] to obta9 x1 ! 

"m-birds are %ot1 & t1 aft] _! dea?1    
practically all _! "y die f hung] &     
exposure--d y mean to tell me t any     
g5tlewoman1 kn[+ t1 we>s !m8 ,:y6 mo/   
wom5 are mo!rs !mselves6 ,:at w\ld !y   
?9k ( gods :o %ot wom5 ) babies 9 arms =
 ! sake ( obta9+ _! :ite sk9s or _! crop
 ( hair to we> on _! heads1 eh80  8,b1  
my de> fell[10 ,i said1 8y see ^! plumes
 ab\t all ov] ! place60  8,only on p :o 
don't m9d we>+ imitation /uff40  ,i gap$
 at him4  8,y ne$ n look at me l t10 he 
said4 8,a woman goes into a %op4 ,%e    
kn[s t real #8aigrettes' mean kill+     
"m-birds & />v+ all _! ne/l+s4 ,!re=e1  
if %e's a real g5tlewoman %e doesn't ask
 = a real #8aigrette4' ,b /ill less does
 %e ask to be suppli$ ) an imitation    
article s good t p w take h] = ! we>] ( 
! real ?+4 ,i put x to y1 w\ld %e want  
to be kn[n z an enc\rag] ( su* a        
practice8 ,y c nev] h se5 a lady we>+ an
 #8aigrette4'0  8,:at60 ,i said4 8,:at80
  8,s mu* = ! woman :o kn[s ab\t        
#8aigrettes1'0 he w5t on4 8,n[ = ! woman

 :o doesn't4 ,ei!r1 :5 %e is told ^!    
facts ab\t1 #8aigrettes' %e sets !m d[n 
z #8hy/]ical /uff1' or %e is simply too 
#8out ( x' to "k any?+4 ,well1 %e goes 9
 & asks = an #8aigrette4' ,d y ?9k !y   
sell h] ! real ?+--,i mean1 ( c\rse1 9  
,engl&--kn[+ t x involves ! %oot+ (     
"m-birds at bre$+ "t8 ,i put x to y3    
,w\ld !y80  ,8 inability to grasp ! real
 issues a/oni%$ me1 & ,i said3  8,y & ,i
 happ5 to h read ! evid5ce ab\t         
#8aigrettes' & ! op9ion ( ! ,h\se (     
,lords' ,committee t ! fea!rs ( egrets  
import$ into ,great ,brita9 are obta9$  
by kill+ ! birds dur+ ! bre$+ season2 b 
y don't suppose1 d y1 t p ^: comm]cial  
int]e/s are b\nd up ) ! sell+ (         
#8aigrettes' are go+ to read x1 or      
believe x if !y d read x80  8,t10 he    
answ]$1 8is cynical1 if y l4 ,i feel    
sure t1 9 ,engl&1 p d n sell suspect$   
articles ab\t :i* !re has be5 s mu* talk
 & inquiry z !re has be5 ab\t           
#8aigrettes' )\t exam9+ 9 good fai? into
 ! facts ( _! orig94 ,no1 believe me1   

none ( ! #8aigrettes' sold 9 ,engl& c h 
gr[n on birds40  8,?is is fanta/ic10 ,i 
said4 8,:y6 if :at y're say+ is true1   
!n--!n real #8aigrettes' are all        
artificial2 b t--t w\ld be *eat+60      
8,oh1 no60 he said4 8,y see1            
#8aigrettes' are 9 fa%ion4 ,! ^w #8real'
 has !re=e become p>liam5t>y4 ,p don't  
want to be cruel1 b !y mu/ h #8real     
aigrettes4' ,s1 all ^! #8aigrettes' are 
#8real1' unless ! cu/om] has a qualm1 & 
!n !y are #8real imitation aigrettes4'  
,we are a highly-civiliz$ p60  8,t is v 
clev]10 ,i said1 8b h[ ab\t ! /ati/ics (
 real egret plumes import$ into ?is     
c\ntry80  ,he answ]$ l a fla%3 8,oh1 ^?1
 ( c\rse1 are only br\ght "h to be      
export$ aga9 at once to c\ntries :]e !y 
d n m9d confess+ to cruelty2 yes1 all   
export$1 except--well1 ^? t ar5't60     
8,oh60 ,i said3 8,i see6 ,y h be5 speak+
 ironically all ?is "t40  8,h y grasp$  
t80 he answ]$4 8,capital60  ,aft] t we  
walk$ 9 sil5ce4  8,! fact is10 ,i said1 
pres5tly1 8ord9>y p1 %opm5 & cu/om]s    

alike1 nev] bo!r _! heads ab\t su* ?+s  
at all40  8,yes10 he repli$ sadly1 8!y  
take ! l9e ( lea/ resi/ance4 ,x is j t  
:i* gives ,fa%ion its *ance to make su* 
fools ( !m40  8,y h yet to prove t x    
does make fools ( !m40  8,i ?\ght ,i _h2
 b no matt]4 ,take horses' tails--:at's 
left ( !m--d y def5d t fa%ion80         
8,well10 ,i said1 8,i----0  8,w\ld y if 
y 7 a horse80  8,if y mean t ,i am a    
donkey----80  8,oh1 no6 ,n at all60     
8,x's go+ too f>10 ,i said1 8to call    
dock+ cruel40  8,p]sonally10 he answ]$1 
8,i don't ?9k x is go+ too f>4 ,x's     
pa9ful 9 itself1 & ,heav5 alone kn[s :at
 irritation horses h to suff] f flies   
?r\gh be+ tailless4 ,i admit t x saves a
 little bru%+1 & t "s p are "u !        
delusion t x av]ts c>riage accid5ts4 ,b 
put cruelty & utility aside1 & look at x
 f ! po9t ( view ( fa%ion4 ,c anybody   
say x doesn't spoil a horse's looks80   
8,y "k p]fectly well10 ,i said1 8t _m p 
?9k x sm>t5s him up trem5d\sly4 ,!y     
reg>d a c]ta9 k9d ( horse z no?+ ) a    

tail2 j z "s m5 are no?+ ) be>ds40  8,! 
p>allel ) man does n hold1 my fri5d4 ,we
 are n %av$--) or aga9/ our wills--by   
demi-gods60  8,exactly6 ,& isn't t 9    
itself an admission t we are sup]ior to 
bea/s1 & h a "r to "s say 9 _!          
appe>ance80  8,i w n10 he answ]$1 8= "o 
mom5t all[ t m5 are sup]ior to horses 9 
po9t ( looks4 ,take y\rself1 or any o!r 
p]sonable man1 & /& him up aga9/ a      
?or\ghbr$ & ask y\r fri5ds to come &    
look4 ,h[ mu* ( _! admiration d y ?9k y 
w get80  ,x 0 n ! sort ( "q ,i c\ld     
answ]4  8,i am n speak+ at r&om10 he w5t
 on2 8,i h se5 ! av]age "l walk+ beside 
! av]age w9n] ( ! ,d]by40 ,he cackl$    
disagreeably4  8,b x's j on ?is po9t (  
looks t p def5d dock+10 ,i said4 8,!y   
bre$ ! horses1 & h a "r to _! own ta/e4 
,_m p dislike long swi%y app5dages40    
8,& bull-t]ri]s1 or ,york%ires1 or      
,great ,danes1 ) natural e>s2 &         
fox-t]ri]s & spaniels ) uncut tails2 &  
wom5 ) m]ely ! middles s small z ,nature
 gave !m80  8,if y're simply go+ to     

joke----0  8,i nev] 0 m s]i\s4 ,! :ole  
?+ is ( a piece1 & summ$ up 9 ! ^w      
#8sm>t1' :i* y us$ j n[4 ,t ^w1 sir1 is 
! gu>dian angel ( all fa%ions1 & if y   
don't m9d my say+ s1 fa%ions are !      
gu>dian angels ( vulg>ity4 ,n[1 a horse 
is n a vulg> animal1 & ,i c nev] get    
away f ! ?\ght t to dock 8 tail mu/ hurt
 8 feel+s ( ref9em5t40  8,well1 if t's  
all1 ,i d>e say he'll get ov] x40  8,b w
 ! man :o does x80  8,y mu/ come ) me to
 ! ,horse ,%[10 ,i said1 8& look at ! m5
 :o h to d ) horses2 !n y'll "k if su* a
 ?+ z dock+ ! tails ( ^! creatures c d  
!m h>m or n4 ,&1 by ! way1 y talk (     
ref9em5t & vulg>ity4 ,:at is y\r te/8   
,:]e is ! /&>d8 ,x's all a matt] (      
ta/e40  8,y want me to def9e ^! ?+s80 he
 ask$4  8,yes40  8,v well6 ,d y believe 
9 :at we call ! in/9cts ( a g5tleman80  
8,( c\rse40  8,su* z--! in/9ct to be    
self-controll$2 n to be rude or         
intol]ant2 n to #8slop-ov]'2 n to fuss1 
nor to cry out2 to hold y\r head up1 s t
 p refra9 f tak+ lib]ties2 to be ready  

to d ?+s = o!rs1 to be *>y ( ask+ o!rs  
to d ?+s = y1 & grateful :5 !y d !m80   
8,yes10 ,i said1 8all ^! ,i believe 940 
8,:at c5tral tru? d y imag9e t ^!       
in/9cts come f80  8,well1 !y're all su* 
a matt] ( c\rse--,i don't ?9k ,i ev]    
consid]$40  8,if by any *ance10 he      
repli$1 8y ev] d1 y w f9d !y come f an  
innate wor%ip ( balance1 ( ! j mean2 an 
inborn rev]5ce = due proportion1 a      
natural s5se ( h>mony & rhy?m1 & a      
consequ5t mi/ru/ ( extravagance4 ,:at is
 a b\nd]8 ,j a man )\t suffici5t s5se ( 
proportion to "k t he is n s important 9
 ! s*eme ( ?+s z he ?9ks he is60  8,y   
are "r !re60  8,v well4 ,ref9em5t is a  
quality ( ! individual :o has--& con=ms 
to--a true 7n a conv5tional7 s5se (     
proportion2 & vulg>ity is ei!r ! natural
 conduct ( p )\t t s5se ( proportion1 or
 ( p :o imitate & reproduce ! tricks (  
ref9em5t :olesale1 )\t any real feel+ = 
proportion2 or aga91 x is m]e consci\s  
dep>ture f ! s5se ( proportion = ! sake 
( cutt+ a da%40  8,ah60 ,i said2 8& to  

:i* ( ^! k9ds ( vulg>ity is ! fa%ion (  
dock+ horses' tails a gu>dian angel80   
8,imag9e10 he answ]$ gravely1 8t y dock 
y\r horse's tail4 ,y are ei!r horribly  
defici5t 9 feel+ = a p]fectly           
proportion$ horse1 or y imitate :at y   
believe--goodness kn[s :y--to be ! ref9$
 cu/om ( dock+ horses' tails1 )\t       
consid]+ ! "q ( proportion at all40     
8,yes10 ,i said2 8b :at makes s _m p d  
x1 if !re isn't some?+ 9 x1 ei!r useful 
or ornam5tal80  8,because p z a rule d n
 love proportion2 !y love ! grotesque4  
,y h only to look at _! faces1 :i* are v
 good indications ( _! s\ls40  8,y h    
begg$ ! "q10 ,i said4 8,:o are y to say 
t ! p]fect horse is n ! horse----80  8,)
 ! imp]fect tail80  8,imp]fect8 ,aga91  
y're begg+40  8,z ,nature made x1 !n4   
,oh60 he w5t on ) vehem5ce1 8?9k ( !    
luxury ( hav+ y\r own tail4 ,?9k ( !    
cool swi% ( x4 ,?9k ( ! real beauty ( x6
 ,?9k ( ! %e] hide\sness ( all t great  
front balanc$ beh9d by a few scrub hairs
 & a wriggle6 ,x became #8sm>t' to dock 

horses' tails2 & sm>t to we>            
#8aigrettes4'                           
#8,sm>t'--#8neat'--#8effici5t'--= all   
except ! horse & ! poor egrets40  8,y\r 
argum5t10 ,i said1 8is practically no?+ 
b /hetics40  ,he fix$ 8 eyes ^u my hat4 
8,well10 he said sl[ly1 8,i admit t     
nei!r on horse nor on man w\ld long     
tails g at all well ) t b[l] hat ( y\rs4
 ,odd h[ all ( a piece ta/e is6 ,f a    
man's hat1 or a horse's tail1 we c      
recon/ruct ! age we live 91 l t sci5ti/1
 y rememb]1 :o recon/ruct$ a ma/odon f  
its funny-bone40  ,! ?\ght w5t %>ply    
?r\gh my head3 ,is 8 next tirade to be  
on ma/odons8 ,till ,i rememb]$ ) relief 
t ! animal 0 ext9ct1 at all ev5ts 9     
,engl&4                                 
#d4  ,) b little fur!r talk we _h ne>ly 
rea*$ my rooms1 :5 he said abruptly3    
8,a l>k6 ,c't y he> x8 ,ov] !re1 9 t    
wret*$ little gold-fi% %op aga940  ,b ,i
 c\ld only he> ! s\nds ( traffic4  8,x's
 y\r imag9ation10 ,i said4 8,x really is
 too lively on ! subject ( birds &      

bea/s40  8,i tell y10 he p]si/$1 8!re's 
a cag$ l>k !re4 ,v likely1 half-a-doz540
  8,my de> fell[10 ,i said1 8suppose !re
 are6 ,we c\ld g & buy !m & set !m free1
 b x w\ld only enc\rage ! dem&4 ,or we  
c\ld assault ! %opm54 ,d y recomm5d t80 
8,i don't joke on ?is subject10 he      
answ]$ %ortly4  8,b surely10 ,i said1   
8if we c't d any?+ to help ! poor ?+s we
 _h bett] keep our e>s f he>+40  8,& our
 eyes %ut8 ,suppose we all did t1 :at   
sort ( _w %\ld we be liv+ 980  8,v mu* !
 same z n[1 ,i expect40  8,blasphemy6   
,rank1 hopeless blasphemy60  8,please   
don't exagg]ate60  8,i am n4 ,!re is    
only "o possible def5ce ( t attitude1 & 
x's ?is3 ,! _w is--& 0 delib]ately meant
 to be--divid$ into two halves3 ! half t
 suff]s & ! half t b5efits by t suff]+40
  8,well80  8,is x s80  8,p]haps40  8,y 
acquiesce 9 t def9ition ( ! _w's nature8
 ,v well1 if y belong to ! fir/ half y  
are a poor-spirit$ creature1 consci\sly 
acquiesc+ 9 y\r own mis]y4 ,if to !     
second1 y are a brute1 consci\sly       

acquiesc+ 9 y\r own happ9ess1 at !      
exp5se ( o!rs4 ,well1 :i* are y80  8,i h
 n said t ,i belong to ei!r40  8,!re are
 only two halves to a :ole4 ,no1 my     
fri5d1 disabuse y\rself once = all ( t  
*eap & com=table philosophy ( %utt+ y\r 
eyes to :at y ?9k y c't rem$y1 unless y 
are will+ to be labell$ #8brute4' #8,he 
:o is n ) me is aga9/ me1' y "k40       
8,well10 ,i said1 8aft] t1 p]haps y'll  
be good en\gh to tell me :at ,i c d by  
mak+ myself mis]able ov] ?+s ,i c't     
help80  8,i w10 he answ]$4 8,9 ! fir/   
place1 k9dly consid] t y are n liv+ 9 a 
private _w ( y\r own4 ,ev]y?+ y say & d 
& ?9k has its effect on ev]ybody ar\nd  
y4 ,= example1 if y feel1 & say l\dly   
en\gh1 t x is an inf]nal %ame to keep   
l>ks & o!r wild song-birds 9 cages1 y w 
infallibly infect a numb] ( o!r p ) t   
s5tim5t1 & 9 c\rse ( "t ^? p :o feel z y
 d w become s num]\s t l>ks1 ?ru%es1    
blackbirds1 & l9nets w no long] be      
caught & kept 9 cages4 ,:]eas1 if y     
m]ely ?9k3 #8,oh6 ?is is dreadful1 q too

 dreadful1 b1 y see1 ,i c d no?+2 !re=e 
consid]ation = myself & o!rs dem&s t ,i 
%all /op my e>s & hold my tongue1' !n1  
inde$1 no?+ w ev] be done1 & l>ks1      
blackbirds1 etc41 w cont9ue to be caught
 & prison$4 ,h[ d y imag9e x ev] came   
ab\t t be>s & bulls & badg]s are no     
long] bait$2 cocks no long] op5ly       
enc\rag$ to te> ea* o!r 9 pieces2       
donkeys no long] beat5 to a pulp8 ,only 
by p go+ ab\t & %\t+ out t ^! ?+s made  
!m uncom=table4 ,h[ did x come ab\t t m 
?an half ! population ( ?is c\ntry are n
 /ill class$ z #8s]fs' "u ! law8 ,simply
 because a few ( our ance/ors 7 made    
unhappy by see+ _! fell[-creatures own$ 
& treat$ l dogs1 & r\ndly said s--9     
fact1 7 n a%am$ to be s5tim5tal         
humanit>ians l me40  8,t is all obvi\s4 
,b my po9t is t !re is mod]ation 9 all  
?+s1 & a "t = ev]y?+40  8,by y\r leave10
 he said1 8!re is little mod]ation      
desirable :5 we are face to face ) real 
suff]+1 &1 z a g5]al rule1 no "t l !    
pres5t40  8,b !re is1 z y 7 say+ j n[1  

su* a ?+ z a s5se ( proportion4 ,i _c   
see t x's my bus9ess to excite myself   
ab\t ! cag+ ( l>ks :5 !re are s _m mu*  
great] evils40  8,=give my say+ s10 he  
answ]$1 8b if1 :5 a cag$ l>k comes "u   
y\r nose1 excitem5t does n take hold (  
y1 ) or aga9/ y\r w1 !re is mighty      
little *ance ( y\r gett+ excit$ ab\t    
any?+4 ,=1 consid] :at x means to be a  
cag$ l>k--:at p9+ & mis]y = t little    
creature1 :i* only lives = its life up 9
 ! blue4 ,consid] :at blasphemy aga9/   
,nature1 & :at an insult to all t is    
high & poetic 9 man1 x is to cage su* an
 exquisite ?+ ( fre$om60  8,y =get t x  
is done out ( love = ! song--to br+ x   
into t[ns :]e p c't o!rwise he> x40  8,x
 is done = a liv+--& t p )\t imag9ation 
may squeeze out ( unhappy creatures a   
little gratification60  8,x is n a crime
 to h no imag9ation40  8,no1 sir2 b     
nei!r is ! lack ( x a ?+ to pride       
oneself on1 or pass by 9 sil5ce1 :5 x   
inflicts suff]+40  8,i am n def5d+ !    
cu/om ( cag+ l>ks40  8,no2 b y are      

responsible = its cont9uance40  8,i80   
8,y6 & all ^? o!r p :o believe 9 m9d+ _!
 own bus9ess40  8,really10 ,i said2 8y  
mu/ n attack p on t gr\nd4 ,we _c all be
 busybodies60  8,! sa9ts =bid60 he      
answ]$4 8,b :5 a ?+ exi/s :i* y really  
abhor--z y d ?is--,i d wi% y w\ld       
consid] a little :e!r1 9 lett+ x /rictly
 alone1 y are m9d+ y\r own bus9ess on   
pr9ciple1 or because x is s jolly       
com=table to d s40  8,speak+ =          
myself----0  8,yes10 he broke 92 8q6 ,b 
let me ask y "o ?+3 ,h y1 z a memb] ( ! 
human race1 any feel+ t y %>e 9 !       
advancem5t ( its g5tl5ess1 ( its s5se ( 
beauty & ju/ice--t1 9 proportion z !    
human race becomes m lovable & lovely1 y
 too become m lovable & lovely80        
8,naturally40  8,!n is x n y\r bus9ess  
to support all t y feel makes = t       
advanc+ p]fection80  8,i don't say t x  
isn't40  8,9 t case x is n y\r bus9ess  
to /op y\r e>s1 & %ut y\r eyes1 & hold  
y\r tongue1 :5 y come across wild       
song-birds cag$40  ,b we _h rea*$ my    

rooms4  8,be=e ,i g 910 ,i said1 8!re is
 j "o little ?+ ,i've got to say to y3  
,don't y ?9k t1 = a man ) y\r #8s5se (  
proportion1' y exagg]ate ! importance ( 
bea/s & _! happ9ess80  ,he look$ at me =
 a long "t )\t speak+1 & :5 he did speak
 x 0 9 a que]1 ab/ract$ voice3  8,i h   
(t5 ?\ght ov] t10 he said1 8& hone/ly ,i
 don't believe ,i d4 ,= ,i h obs]v$ t   
be=e m5 c be g5tle & broad-m9d$ ) ea*   
o!r1 !y are always g5tle & broad-m9d$   
ab\t bea/s4 ,^! dumb ?+s1 s             
beautiful--ev5 ! pla9 ones--9 _! diff]5t
 ways1 & s t\*+ 9 _! dumbness1 d draw u 
to magnanimity1 & help ! w+s ( our he>ts
 to gr[4 ,no2 ,i don't ?9k ,i exagg]ate1
 my fri5d4 ,mo/ surely ,i don't want to2
 = !re is no diss]vice "o c d to all ^! 
helpless ?+s s great z to ride pa/ !    
h\nds1 to fly s f> 9 front ( public     
feel+ z to cause nausea & reaction4 ,b  
,i feel t mo/ ( u1 deep d[n1 really love
 ^! furr$ & fea!r$ creatures t _c save  
!mselves f u--t are l our own *ildr51   
because !y are helpless2 t are 9 a way  

sacr$1 because 9 !m we wat*1 & ?r\gh !m 
we und]/&1 ^? greate/ bless+s ( !       
e>?--,beauty & ,fre$om4 ,!y give u s    
mu*1 !y ask no?+ f u4 ,:at c we d 9     
return b sp>e !m all ! suff]+ we c8 ,no1
 my fri5d2 ,i d n ?9k--:e!r = _! sakes  
or our own--t ,i exagg]ate40  ,:5 he _h 
said ^? words he turn$ away1 & left me  
/&+ !re4                                
,,ii                           ,,rev]ie 
,,( ,a ,,sportsman                  7,f 
! ,=tnightly ,review1 #aiae47   ,i set  
out "o morn+ 9 late ,augu/1 ) "s pott$  
gr\se s&wi*es 9 "o pocket & a magaz9e 9 
! o!r1 = a tramp t[>d ,causdon4 ,i _h n 
be5 9 t p>ticul> "p ( ! moor s9ce ,i us$
 to g snipe-%oot+ !re z a boy--my fir/  
introduction1 by ! way1 to sport4 ,x 0 a
 v lovely day1 almo/ too hot2 & ,i nev] 
saw ! c>pet ( ! moor m exquisite--hea!r1
 f]n1 ! silv]y :ite cotton grass1 d>k   
peat turves1 & gre5 bog-moss1 all m ?an 
cu/om>ily cle> 9 hue "u a v blue sky4 ,i
 walk$ till two o'clock1 !n sat d[n 9 a 
little scoop ( valley by a ?read (      

/ream1 :i* took its rise f an           
awkw>d-look+ bog at ! top4 ,x 0         
wond]fully quiet4 ,a h]on rose bel[ me &
 flapp$ away2 & :ile ,i 0 eat+ my pott$ 
gr\se ,i he>d ! h>% *eep ( a snipe1 &   
caught sight ( ! twi/+ bird vani%+ aga9/
 ! l9e ( sky above ! bog4 8,t mu/ h be5 
"o ( ! bogs we us$ to %oot10 ,i ?\ght2 &
 hav+ f9i%$ my snack ( lun*1 ,i roll$   
myself a cig>ette1 op5$ ! magaz9e1 &    
idly turn$ its pages4 ,i _h no s]i\s    
int5tion ( read+--! calm & sil5ce 7 too 
s$uctive1 b my att5tion became rivet$ by
 an excit+ /ory ( "s man-eat+ lions1 &  
,i read on till ,i _h foll[$ ! adv5ture 
to ! dea? ( ! two f]oci\s brutes1 & f\nd
 my cig>ette actually burn+ my f+]s4    
,cru%+ x out aga9/ ! dampi% roots ( !   
hea!r1 ,i lay back ) my eyes fix$ on !  
sky1 ?9k+ ( no?+4  ,sudd5ly ,i became   
consci\s t betwe5 me & t sky a lea% (   
snipe high up 7 flight+ & twi/+ &       
gradually com+ l[]2 ,i appe>$1 inde$1 to
 h a sort ( attraction = !m4 ,!y w\ld   
da% t[>d ea* o!r1 seem to ex*ange ideas1

 & ru% away aga91 l flies t waltz toge!r
 = h\rs 9 ! c5tre ( a room4 ,z !y came  
l[] & l[] ov] me ,i c\ld almo/ swe> ,i  
he>d !m :isp] to ea* o!r ) _! long      
bills1 & pres5tly ,i absolutely caught  
:at !y 7 say+3 8,look at him6 ,! f]oci\s
 brute6 ,oh1 look at him60  ,amaz$ at   
su* an extraord9>y violation ( all !    
laws ( ,nature1 ,i began to rub my e>s1 
:5 ,i di/9ctly he>d ! 8,g-back1 g-back0 
( an old cock gr\se1 &1 turn+ my head   
cauti\sly1 saw him p]*$ on a hea!ry knob
 )9 tw5ty y>ds ( :]e ,i lay4 ,n[1 ,i    
knew v well t all ef=ts to introduce    
gr\se on ,d>tmoor h be5 q unsuccessful1 
s9ce = "s reason connect$ ) ! quality ( 
! hea!r1 ! nature ( ! soil1 or !        
ov]-mild dampness ( ! air1 ?is k+ ( game
 birds mo/ un=tunately refuses to become
 domicil$ !re2 s t ,i c\ld h>dly cr$it  
my s5ses4 ,b sudd5ly ,i he>d him also3  
8,look at him6 ,g back6 ,! f]oci\s      
brute6 ,g back60 ,he seem$ to be speak+ 
to some?+ j bel[2 & !re1 sure en\gh1 0 !
 fir/ h>e ,i _h ev] se5 out on ! full ( 

! moor4 ,i h always ?\ght a h>e a jolly 
bea/1 & n infrequ5tly felt sorry :5 ,i  
roll$ "o ov]2 x has a way ( cry+ l a    
*ild if n kill$ outright4 ,i confess !n 
t 9 he>+ x1 too1 :isp]3 8,look at him6  
,! f]oci\s brute6 ,oh1 look at him60 ,i 
exp]i5c$ ! s5sation t comes ov] "o :5 "o
 has n be5 q fairly treat$4 ,j at t     
mom5t1 ) a w>m /irr+ ( ! air1 !re pit*$ 
)9 six y>ds ( me a magnific5t old       
black-cock--! v spit ( t spl5did fell[  
,i %ot la/ season at ,balnagie1 ^: tail 
my wife n[ we>s 9 h] hat4 ,he 0         
accompani$ by f\r gray-h5s1 :o1 settl+ 9
 a semi-circle1 began at once3 8,look at
 him6 ,look at him6 ,! f]oci\s brute6   
,oh1 look at him60 ,at t mom5t ,i say ) 
c&\r t ,i regrett$ ! _m times ,i h sp>$ 
gray-h5s ) ! sportsmanlike desire to    
enc\rage _! bre$4  ,= sev]al bewild]$   
m9utes aft] t ,i c\ld n turn my eyes )\t
 see+ "s bird or o!r alight close by me3
 m & m gr\se1 & black game1 pheasants1  
p>tridges--n only ! excell5t ,engli%    
bird1 b ! v sport+ ,hung>ian v>iety--& t

 unsatisfactory r$-legg$ ,fr5*man :i*   
runs any di/ance r ?an get up & give y a
 dec5t %ot at him4 ,!re 7 woodcock too1 
^? twi/+ delights ( ! sportsman's he>t1 
^: t9y w+-fea!r trophies h always giv5  
me a di/9ct s5sation ( a*ievem5t :5 p9n$
 9 ! side ( my %oot+-cap2 wood-pigeons  
too1 v %y & difficult1 ow+ to ! ?ickness
 ( _! brea/-fea!rs--&1 aft] all1 only   
com+ "u ! head+ 8sundry02 wild duck1 )  
_! snaky d>k heads1 t ,i h %ot *iefly 9 
,canada1 lurk+ among ru%es 9 twilight at
 flight+ "t--a delightful sport1 excit+1
 z ! d>kness gr[s2 excell5t eat+ too1 ) 
r$ pepp] & slic$ oranges 9 oil6 ,c]ta9  
o!r sundries kept com+ also2 l&rails1 a 
plump1 delici\s little bird2 gre5 &     
gold5 plov]2 ev5 "o ( ^? que] little    
creatures1 moorh5s1 t always amuse "o by
 _! quick1 quiet movem5ts1 pla9tive     
note1 & qua9t curiosity1 ?\gh n really1 
( c\rse1 fit to %oot1 ) _! niggl+ flight
 & fi%y flav\r6 ,pt>migan1 too1 a bird  
,i admire v mu*1 b h only once or twice 
succe$$ 9 br++ d[n1 %y & sc>ce z x is 9 

,scotl&4 ,&1 side by side1 ! alpha &    
omega ( ! birds to be %ot 9 ^! isl&s1 a 
cap]cailzie & a quail4 ,i well rememb]  
%oot+ ! latt] 9 a turnip-field 9        
,l9coln%ire--a scrap ( a bird1 ! only "o
 ,i ev] saw 9 ,engl&4 ,ap>t f !         
pleasurable s5sation at its r>ity1 ,i   
recollect feel+ t x 0 almo/ a m]cy to   
put ! little ?+ out ( its lonel9ess4 ,x 
ate v well4 ,!re1 too1 0 t loon or      
nor!rn div] t ,i %ot ) a rifle (f ,d5man
 ,isl& z x swam ab\t fifty y>ds f !     
%ore4 ,h&some plumage2 ,i /ill h ! hat x
 made4 ,"o bird only seem$ to refuse to 
alight1 rema9+ up !re 9 ! sky1 & utt]+  
cont9ually t trill+ cry :i* makes x     
p]haps ! mo/ spiritual ( all birds t c  
be eat5--,i mean1 ( c\rse1 ! curlew4 ,i 
c]ta9ly nev] %ot "o4 ,!y fly1 z a rule1 
v high & seem to h a m ?an natural      
di/ru/ ( ! human be+4 ,?is curlew--ah6 &
 a blue rock 7,i h always despis$       
pigeon-%oot+7--7 ! only two w+$         
creatures t "o c %oot = sport 9 ?is     
c\ntry t did n come & sit r\nd me4  ,!re

 mu/ h be51 ,i %\ld say1 z _m hundr$    
altoge!r z ,i h kill$ 9 my "t--a        
trem5d\s numb]4 ,!y sat 9 a sort ( r+1  
mov+ _! beaks f side to side1 j z ,i h  
se5 p5gu9s do+ on ! films t explor]s br+
 back f ! ,ant>ctic2 & all ! "t repeat+ 
to ea* o!r ^? amaz+ words3 8,look at    
him6 ,! f]oci\s brute6 ,oh1 look at     
him60  ,!n1 to my increas$ a/oni%m5t1 ,i
 saw beh9d ! circles ( ! birds a numb] (
 o!r animals besides ! h>e4 ,at lea/    
five k9ds ( de]--! r$1 ! fall[1 ! roe1 !
 common de]1 ^: "n ,i've =gott51 :i* "o 
f9ds 9 ,vanc\v] ,isl&1 & ! ,s\? ,african
 spr+bok1 t sw>m 9 f ! ,k>oo at c]ta9   
seasons1 among :i* ,i _h t happy week   
once 9 ,namaqual&1 %oot+ !m f horseback 
aft] a gallop to cut !m (f--v good eat+ 
z camp f>e goes1 & mak+ nice rugs if y  
sew _! sk9s toge!r4 ,!re1 too1 0 ! hy5a 
,i miss$1 probably n altoge!r2 b he got 
(f1 to my *agr9--que]-look+ brute6      
,rabbits ( c\rse _h come--hundr$s &     
hundr$s ( !m4 ,if--l ev]ybody           
else--,i've done su* a lot ( x1 ,i c't  

hone/ly say ,i've ev] c>$ mu* = %oot+   
rabbits1 ?\gh ! effect is neat en\gh :5 
y get !m j "r & !y turn head ov]        
heels--& anyway1 ! prolific little      
brutes h to be kept d[n4 ,!re1 too1     
actually 0 my wild o/ri*--! "o ,i       
gallop$ s h>d aft]1 lett+ (f my ,w9*e/] 
at half a mile1 only to see him vani%   
ov] ! horizon4 ,next him 0 ! be> ^: lair
 ,i came across at ! ,nanaimo ,lakes4   
,h[ ,i did lurk ab\t to get t fell[6 ,&1
 by ,jove6 close to him1 two c\g>s4 ,i  
nev] got a %ot at !m1 nev] ev5 saw "o ( 
! brutes all ! "t ,i 0 camp+ 9 ,vanc\v] 
,isl&1 :]e !y lie flat along ! bran*es  
ov] y\r head1 wait+ to get a *ance at   
de]1 %eep1 dog1 pig1 or any?+ h&y4 ,b !y
 _h come n[ sure en\gh1 gl>+ at me ) _! 
gre5i% cats' eyes--p[]ful-look+         
creatures6 ,& next !m sat a little      
me]kat--n mu* l>g] ?an a weasel--)\t its
 head6 ,ah yes6--t trial %ot1 z we      
trekk$ out f ,r\s' f>m1 & ,i want$ to   
try ! little new rifle ,i _h borr[$4 ,x 
0 sitt+ ov] its hole fully sev5ty y>ds f

 ! wagon1 q unconsci\s ( dang]4 ,i j    
took aim & pull$2 & !re x 01 )\t its    
head1 fall5 across its hole4 ,i rememb] 
well h[ pleas$ our 8boys0 74 ,& ,i too6 
,n a bad little rifle1 t6  ,outside ! r+
 ( bea/s ,i c\ld see foxes mov+1 n mix+ 
) ! /ation>y creatures1 z if afraid (   
sugge/+ t ,i _h %ot !m1 in/ead ( be+    
pres5t at _! dea?s 9 ! prop] fa%ion4    
,"o1 q a cub1 kept limp+ r\nd on ?ree   
legs--! "o1 no d\bt1 ^: pad 0 giv5 me1  
out cubb+1 z a boy4 ,i put t wret*$ pad 
9 my hat-box1 & =got x1 s t ,i 0        
compell$ to ?r[ ! :ole /9k+ %[ away4    
,!re 7 q a lot ( gr[n foxes2 x c]ta9ly  
%[$ delicacy on _! "p1 n sitt+ d[n ) !  
o!rs4 ,!re 0 really a trem5d\s cr[d (   
creatures altoge!r by ?is "t6 ,i %\ld   
?9k e bea/ & bird ,i ev] %ot1 or ev5 _h 
a *ance ( kill+1 mu/ h be5 !re1 & all   
:isp]+3 8,look at him6 ,! f]oci\s brute6
 ,oh1 look at him60  ,animal lov]1 z e  
true sportsman is1 ^? words hurt me4 ,if
 !re is "o ?+ on :i* we sportsm5 pride  
ourselves1 & legitimately1 x is a humane

 feel+ t[>d all furr$ & fea!r$          
creatures--&1 z e "o kn[s1 we are =emo/ 
9 all ef=ts to dim9i% _! unnecess>y     
suff]+s4  ,! corroboree ab\t me :i* !y 7
 obvi\sly hold+ became1 z ,i grew us$ to
 _! mann] ( talk+1 increas+ly audible4  
,b x 0 ! quail's words t ,i fir/        
di/+ui%$4  8,he c]ta9ly ate me10 he     
said2 8said ,i 0 good1 too60  8,i d n   
believe0--?is 0 ! fir/ h>e speak+--8t he
 %ot me = t reason2 he did %oot me1 & ,i
 0 jugg$1 b he w\ldn't t\* me4 ,& ! same
 day he %ot elev5 brace ( p>tridges1    
didn't he80 ,tw5ty-two p>tridges ass5t$4
 8,& he only ate two ( y all told--t    
proves he didn't want u = food40  ,!    
h>e's words _h giv5 me relief1 = ,i     
someh[ dislik$ int5sely ! glutton\s     
notion convey$ by ! quail t ,i %ot m]ely
 9 ord] to dev\r ! result4 ,any "o ) !  
fa9te/ in/9cts ( a sportsman w be> me   
out 9 ?is4  ,:5 ! h>e _h spok5 !re 0 a  
murmur all r\nd4 ,i c\ld n at fir/ make 
out its significance1 till ,i he>d "o ( 
! c\g>s say3 8,we kill only :5 we want  

to eat02 & ! be>1 :o1 ,i notic$1 0 a    
lady1 add$3 8,no be> kills any?+ %e _c  
dev\r02 &1 q cle>1 ,i caught ! quack+   
words ( a wild duck4 8,we eat e worm we 
cat*1 & we'd eat m if we c\ld get !m40  
,!n aga9 f ! :ole ?rong came t %iv]+    
:isp]3 8,look at him6 ,! f]oci\s brute6 
,oh1 look at him60  ,9 spite ( _!       
numb]s1 !y seem$ afraid ( me1 seem$     
actually to hold me 9 a k9d (           
horror--me1 an animal lov]1 & )\t a gun6
 ,i felt x bitt]ly4 8,h[ is x10 ,i      
?\ght1 8t n "o ( !m seems to h an inkl+ 
( :at x means to be a sportsman1 n "o ( 
!m seems to compreh5d ! in/9ct :i* makes
 "o love sport j = !--er--dang] ( x80 ,!
 h>e spoke aga94  8,foxes10 x murmur$1  
8kill = ! love ( kill+4 ,man is a k9d ( 
fox40 ,a viol5t diss5t at once rose f ! 
foxes1 till "o ( !m1 :o seem$ ! elde/1  
said3 8,we c]ta9ly kill z mu* z we c1 b 
we %\ld always c>ry x all (f & eat x if 
man gave u "t--! f]oci\s brutes60 ,y _c 
expect mu* ( foxes1 b x /ruck me z      
especially foxy t he %\ld put ! wanton  

"* ( 8 de/ructiv5ess (f on man1         
especially :5 he mu/ h kn[n h[ c>efully 
we pres]ve ! fox1 9 ! be/ int]e/s (     
sport4 ,a pheasant ejaculat$ %rilly3    
8,he kill$ sixty ( u "o day to 8 own    
gun1 & w5t (f t same ev5+ )\t eat+ ev5 a
 w+60 ,& aga9 came t %iv]+ :isp]3 8,look
 at him6 ,! f]oci\s brute6 ,oh1 look at 
him60 ,x 0 too absurd6 ,z if !y c\ld n  
realize t a sportsman %oots almo/       
entirely = ! m\?s ( o!rs6 ,b ,i *eck$   
myself1 rememb]+ t altruism is a purely 
human attribute4 8,!y get a big price = 
u60 said a woodcock1 8especially if !y  
%oot u e>ly4 ,i fet*$ sev]al %ill+s40   
,really1 ! ignorance ( ^! birds6 ,z if  
mod]n sportsm5 knew any?+ ( :at happ5s  
aft] a day's %oot+6 ,all t is left to ! 
butl] & ! keep]4 ,beat]s1 ( c\rse1 &    
c>tridges mu/ be paid =1 to say no?+ ( !
 s9 ( wa/e4 8,i w\ld n ?9k !m s mu*     
worse ?an foxes10 said a rabbit1 8if !y 
didn't (t5 hurt y1 s t y take h\rs dy+4 
,i 0 sev5 h\rs dy+ 9 great agony1 & "o (
 my bro!rs 0 twelve4 ,w]5't y1 bro!r80  

,a second rabbit nodd$4 8,b p]haps t's  
bett] ?an trapp+10 he said4 8,rememb]   
"m60 8,ah60 a p>tridge mutt]$1 8foxes at
 all ev5ts d bite y\r head (f clean4 ,b 
m5 (t5 break y\r w+1 or y\r leg1 & leave
 y60 ,& aga9 t %iv]+ :isp] rose3 8,look 
at him6 ,! f]oci\s brute6 ,oh1 look at  
him60  ,by ?is "t ! :ole ?+ 0 s gett+ on
 my n]ves t if ,i c\ld h ris5 ,i %\ld h 
ru%$ at !m1 b a weight z ( lead seem$ to
 b9d me to ! gr\nd1 & all ,i c\ld d 0 to
 ?ank ,god t !y did n seem to "k ( my   
condition1 =1 ?\gh !re 7 no man-eat]s   
among !m1 ,i c\ld n tell :at !y might d 
if !y realiz$ t ,i 0 helpless--!        
s5tim5ts ( *ivalry & g5]osity be+ conf9$
 to man1 z we all "k4  8,yes10 said !   
cap]cailzie sl[ly1 8,i am a %y bird1 & 0
 (t5 %ot at be=e ?is "o got me2 & ?\gh  
,i'm /rong1 my size is s aga9/ me t ,i  
always took a pellet or two away ) me2 &
 :at c y d !n8 ,^? f]oci\s brutes take !
 %ot out ( _! faces & h&s :5 !y %oot ea*
 o!r by mi/ake--,i've se5 'em2 b we h no
 *ance to d t40 ,a snipe said %rilly3   

8,:at ,i object to is t he doesn't eat u
 till he's _h too mu* already4 ,i come 9
 on toa/ at ! fif? c\rse2 x hurts "o's  
feel+s40  8,f]oci\s brute1 kill+ ev]y?+ 
he sees40  ,i felt my blood fairly boil1
 & long$ to cry out3 8,y bea/s6 ,y "k t 
we don't kill ev]y?+ we see6 ,we leave t
 to cockneys1 & =eign]s40 ,b j z ,i _h  
no p[] ( movem5t1 s ,i seem$ to h no p[]
 ( spee*4 ,& sudd5ly a little voice1    
high up ov] me1 pip$ d[n3 8,!y nev] %oot
 u l>ks40 ,i h always lov$ ! l>k2 h[    
grateful ,i felt to t little            
creature--till x add$3 8,!y d worse2 !y 
take & %ut u up 9 little traps ( wire   
till we p9e away6 ,f]oci\s brutes60 ,9  
all my life ,i ?9k ,i nev] 0 m          
disappo9t$6 ,! second c\g> spoke3 8,he  
once pass$ )9 spr+ ( me4 ,:at d y say1  
fri5ds2 %all we g = him80 ,! %iv]+ answ]
 came f all3 8,g = him6 ,f]oci\s brute6 
,oh1 g = him60 ,& ,i he>d ! s\nd (      
hundr$s ( s(t w+s & pads ruffl+ &       
%uffl+4 ,&1 kn[+ t ,i _h no p[] to move 
an in*1 ,i %ut my eyes4 ,ly+ !re        

motionless1 z a beetle t %ams dead1 ,i  
felt !m creep+1 creep+1 till all r\nd me
 & ov] me 0 ! s\nd ( no/rils sniff+2 & e
 second ,i expect$ to feel ! nip ( tee? 
& beaks 9 ! fle%y p>ts ( me4 ,b no?+    
came1 & ) an ef=t ,i reop5$ my eyes4    
,!re !y 71 hide\sly close1 ) an         
expression on _! faces t ,i c\ld n read2
 a sort ( wry look1 e nose & beak turn$ 
a little to "o side4 ,& sudd5ly ,i he>d 
! old fox say+3 8,x's impossible1 ) a   
smell l t2 we c\ld nev] eat him60 ,f e  
"o ( !m came a sort ( sniff or sneeze z 
( disgu/1 & z !y began to back away ,i  
di/9ctly he>d ! hy5a mutt]3 8,he's n    
:olesome--n :olesome--! f]oci\s brute60 
,! relief ( t mom5t 0 swamp$ by my      
natural indignation t ^! impud5t birds &
 bea/s %\ld presume to ?9k t ,i1 a      
,briti% sportsman1 w\ld n be good to    
eat4 ,!n t bea/ly hy5a add$3 8,if we    
kill$ him1 y "k1 & buri$ him = a few    
days1 he might be tol]able40  ,an old   
cock gr\se call$ out at once3 8,g back6 
,let u hang him6 ,we are always well    

hung4 ,!y l u a little decay$--f]oci\s  
brutes6 ,g back60 ,& once m ,i felt1 f !
 /ir & %uffle1 t my fate hung 9 !       
balance2 & ,i %ut my eyes aga91 le/ !y  
might be tempt$ to beg9 on !m4 ,!n1 to  
my inf9ite relief1 ,i he>d ! c\g>--h we 
n always be5 told t !y 7 ! fri5ds (     
man8--mutt]3 8,pah6 ,x's cle> we c\ld   
nev] eat him fre%1 & :at we d n eat at  
once we d n t\*60  ,all ! birds cri$ out
 9 *orus3 8,no6 ,t w\ld be cr['s "w40 ,&
 aga9 ,i felt t ,i 0 sav$4 ,!n1 to my   
horror1 t inf]nal loon %riek$3 8,kill   
him & h him /uff$--specim5 ( ,f]oci\s   
,brute6 ,or fix 8 sk9 on a tree1 & look 
at x--z he did ) me60  ,= a full m9ute  
,i c\ld feel ! curr5ts ( op9ion sway+   
ov] me1 at ?is infam\s proposal2 !n !   
old black cock1 ! "o ^: tail is 9 my    
wife's hat1 said %>ply3 8,specim56 ,he's
 n good en\gh60 ,& once m1 = all my     
indignation at t gratuit\s insult1 ,i   
brea!d freely4  8,come60 said ! lady be>
 quietly3 8,let u dribble on him a      
little1 & g4 ,! f]oci\s brute is n wor? 

m60 ,&1 dur+ :at seem$ to me an et]nity1
 "o by "o !y came up1 deposit$ on me a  
little saliva1 look+ into my eyes ! :ile
 ) a sort ( horror & contempt1 !n vani%$
 on ! moor4 ,! la/ to come up 0 ! little
 me]kat )\t its head4 ,x /ood !re2 x    
c\ld nei!r look at me nor drop saliva1 b
 someh[ x contriv$ to say3 8,i =give y1 
f]oci\s brute2 b ,i 0 v happy60 ,!n x1  
too1 )drew4 ,& f all ar\nd1 out (       
invisible pres5ces 9 ! air & ! hea!r1   
came once m ! %iv]+ :isp]3 8,look at    
him6 ,! f]oci\s brute6 ,oh1 look at     
him60  ,i sat up4 ,!re 0 a trill+ s\nd 9
 my e>s4 ,above me 9 ! blue a curlew 0  
pass+1 utt]+ its cry4 ,ah6 ,?ank        
,heav56--,i _h be5 asleep6 ,my day-dream
 _h be5 caus$ by ! pott$ gr\se1 & !     
pressure ( ! ,review1 :i* _h la91 face  
d[nw>ds1 on my *e/1 op5 at ! page :]e ,i
 _h be5 read+ ab\t ! man-eat+ lions1 & !
 dea? ( ^? f]oci\s brutes4 ,x %[s :at   
tricks ( disproportion little ?+s w play
 ) ! m9d :5 x is n "u reasonable        
control4  ,&1 to get ! un:olesome ta/e (

 x all out ( my m\?1 ,i at once jump$ up
 & />t$ = home at a r\nd pace4          
,,iii                     ,,! ,,slaught]
 ,,( ,,animals ,,= ,,food               
7,pap]s 9 ! ,daily ,mail1 #aiab47b   ,! 
?+ is horrible1 b x is necess>y4 ,:y !n 
drag x out into ! light8 ,:y make our   
?\ghts mis]able ) contemplation (       
horrors :i* mu/ exi/8  ,if x 7 true t ! 
pres5t me?ods ( slaught]+ animals = food
 9 ?is c\ntry 7 necess>y1 if all !      
suff]+ !y involve 0 inevitable1 ,i %\ld 
be ! fir/ to say3 8,let u %ut our eyes60
 ,=1 ne$less suff]+--ev5 to             
ourselves--is /upid4 ,x is j because ?is
 p>ticul> suff]+ is avoidable1 & easily 
avoidable1 t "o feels we mu/ face !     
matt] if we want to call ourselves a    
dec5t p4  ,i am a meat-eat]--we are     
ne>ly all meat-eat]s4 ,well6 ,we _c sit 
d[n at pres5t to a s+le meal )\t        
complicity 9 me?ods t produce a l>ge    
am\nt ( prev5table suff]+ to creatures =
 :om ! lea/ s5sitive among u has at he>t
 a c]ta9 fri5dly feel+4 ,=1 to ^? :o say

 t !y d n c>e = animals1 or t animals1  
ev5 dome/ic ones1 h no rights except su*
 z = our own advantage we accord !m1 let
 me at once reply3 ,i d n agree1 b = !  
sake ( argum5t1 grant$2 & !n conceive1  
if y c1 a _w )\t cattle1 %eep1 & pigs1 &
 tell me hone/ly :e!r y d n miss some?+ 
fri5dly4 ,no6 ! fact is1 we1 :o are !   
desc5dants ( c\ntless g5]ations to :om  
^! animals h be5 lit]ally ! brea? (     
life1 _c--ev5 n[ t we h become su*      
highly civiliz$ t[nsm5--disclaim all    
s5sibility 9 _! reg>d4  ,consid] !      
magnitude ( ?is matt]4 ,! calculations (
 an exp]t give ! foll[+ approximate     
numb]s ( animals annually kill$ = food 9
 ,engl& & ,wales3 #a1hej1jjj bea/s1     
#h1ejj1jjj %eep1 & #c1bjj1jjj pigs4 ,^! 
figures are h>d to come at1 & may be a  
million or s out1 "o way or ! o!r1 b ev5
 if !y be1 is !re any feature ( !       
national life :i* c t\* ?is =           
possibilities ( prev5table physical     
suff]+8 ,& is !re any dep>tm5t s        
neglect$ by public op9ion & ! law8      

,save ! eat+ ( bread1 h we any practice 
9 our lives s consi/5t z t ( eat+ meat1 
or any f :i* we1 p]haps wrongly1 consid]
 t we d]ive m b5efit1 or any ab\t ^:    
conditions1 sanit>y or humane1 we are s 
c>eless8  ,if a donkey is beat5 to dea?1
 a dog /on$1 or a cat kill$ ) a         
rid+-:ip1 ! *ances are t a prosecution w
 ensue or a "q be ask$ 9 ,p>liam5t2 =   
public op9ion & ! law lay x d[n t !     
infliction ( unnecess>y suff]+ on       
animals is an (f5ce puni%able by f9e or 
imprisonm5t4 ,b if 9 slaught]-h\ses "s  
#h1jjj1jjj %eep are kill$ ye>ly1 )\t    
fir/ be+ /unn$1 by a me?od :i*1 ev5 9 ! 
h&s ( an exp]t1 produces "s seconds (   
acute suff]+ 7,report ( ! ,admiralty    
,committee on ,humane ,slaught]+ (      
,animals1 #aijd72 if ?\s&s ( cattle     
require two or m bl[s ( t primitive     
in/rum5t1 ! pole-axe 7if ev5 only "o 9 a
 hundr$ cattle requires a second bl[ x  
means #ah1jjj 9 a ye>72 if pigs are     
driv5 9 gangs into a small space & !re  
kill$1 "o by "o1 ) ! o!rs squeal+ 9     

t]ror r\nd _! dead bodies2 if all ?is   
prev5table suff]+ is inflict$ daily 9   
our slaught]h\ses1 :at does public      
op9ion "k ( x1 & :at does ! law c>e8    
,!re 0 a "t 9 ?is c\ntry :5 m5 beat _!  
donkeys1 set cocks fight+1 bait$ be>s & 
badg]s1 ti$ t9 pots to dogs' tails1 ) ! 
lighte/ ( light he>ts & no consci\sness 
at all t !y 7 outside ! pale ( dec5cy 9 
do+ s4 ,we1 _! desc5dants1 n[ look on ! 
unnecess>y suff]+ involv$ 9 su* do+s )  
av]sion2 b we /ill all[ our %eep & pigs 
to be kill$ )\t /unn+1 our pigs to be   
driv5 9 gangs into ! slaught]+ *amb]1 & 
! unc]ta9 pole-axe to be us$ =          
cattle--all )\t a qualm4  ,:y %\ld ?is  
enorm\s field1 :]e9 does occur su* an   
am\nt ( easily prev5table suff]+1 be    
left s unpatroll$ by ! law1 :i* has     
int]e/$ itself 9 w>d+ (f all ne$less    
suff]+ f cats & dogs & horses8 ,well6 ,!
 law /&s idle p>tly because ! animals we
 kill = food are n s ne> & de> to u z ^?
 o!rs4 ,we %\ld nev] /& ! horses & dogs 
& cats we make su* pets ( be+ kill$ :5  

_! "t comes 9 ! mann] 9 :i* we kill our 
%eep & pigs4 ,& p>tly ! law /&s idle    
because 9 ! case ( horses & dogs & cats 
!re is no l>ge leagu$ int]e/1 su* z t ( 
! meat trades1 unconv9c$ ( ! ne$ =      
improvem5t4  ,i am told t ! meat trades 
con/itute ! /ronge/ body 9 ! k+dom4 ,&  
well !y may1 consid]+ ! va/ proportions 
( _! bus9ess4 ,! meat trades are        
controll$ by m5 l ourselves--z humane1 &
 undesir\s ( inflict+ unnecess>y suff]+4
 ,surely !y w reconsid] _! convictions &
 accept su* simple1 elem5t>y safegu>ds  
aga9/ unnecess>y suff]+ z 7 outl9$ by ! 
,admiralty ,committee on ,humane        
,slaught]+1 ( #aijd4 ,!re is no?+ really
 prejudicial to _! int]e/ 9 ^!          
sugge/ions4 ,no?+ extravagant1 or       
exp]im5tal4 ,! case has be5 prov$ up to 
! hilt4 ,:at is ! good ( appo9t+ a      
gov]nm5tal committee ( fir/-rate m5#c to
 exam9e into facts if _! ,report is to  
be paid ab\t z mu* att5tion to z "o w\ld
 pay to ! sugge/ions ( sev5 lunatics8   
,:y set go+ a labori\s inquiry1 =       

negligible or puny results8 ,x c no     
long] be pret5d$ t humane-kill]s are n  
effective1 9 ! face ( s mu* evid5ce f   
abroad2 9 ! face ( num]\s te/imonials f 
but*]s 9 ?is c\ntry2 9 ! face ( ! fact t
 ,mr4 ,*ri/oph] ,ca% 7= ^: consi/5t     
advocacy ( humane slaught]+ ! ?anks ( u 
all are due7 9 ! ye> #aiaj _h #d1jjj    
animals1 ! prop]ty ( ?irty but*]s1 kill$
 by 8humane0 me?ods1 & ?\gh he 0 9 e    
case will+ to pay full comp5sation = any
 injury he might d to a c>case1 _h n "o 
s+le claim made on him4 7,f a pamphlet  
entitl$ 8,! ,humane ,slaught]+ (        
,animals = ,food10 by ,*ri/oph] ,ca%4   
,issu$ by ! ,r4,s4,p4,c4,a474  ,but*]s &
 slaught]m5 p]=m a necess>y task f :i*  
mo/ ( u w\ld %r9k1 & x is bo? unbecom+ &
 nons5sical to sugge/ int5tional cruelty
 on _! "p4 ,i d n = a mom5t4 ,b ,i d say
 t x is ! bus9ess ( ! law s to control !
 me?ods ( slaught] z to obviate to !    
utmo/ all ne$less suff]+1 h[ev]         
un9t5tionally x may be inflict$4  ,9 !  
foll[+ brief summ>y ( our want ( sy/em  

,i am n deal+ at all ) ! ,jewi% me?od ( 
kill+1 = n be+ a ,jew1 ,i _c pret5d to  
be qualifi$ to discuss a cu/om :i*      
appe>s to h be5 necess>y hi!rto to !    
peace ( ! ,jewi% m9d4 ,i only urge a p 9
 "s respects m humane ?an ourselves to  
se>* _! consci5ces1 & see if !y c /ill  
endure ?is me?od4 ,nei!r am ,i speak+ z 
to ,scotl&1 :i* is ahead ( u1 hav+      
provid$ by ! ,burgh ,police ,act1 (     
#ahib1 t :]e !re are public !re %all be 
no private slaught]-h\ses2 & :]e--at all
 ev5ts 9 ,ed9burgh--!y h abattoirs t    
comp>e1 ,i am told1 ) ! be/ on !        
,cont95t4  ,! foll[+ is a r\gh outl9e ( 
:at at pres5t seems good to a nation :i*
 prides itself on be+ at once ! mo/     
practical & ! mo/ humane 9 ! :ole _w3-- 
,a mix$ sy/em ( private & public        
slaught]-h\ses--?\s&s     ( private     
slaught]-h\ses 7"s ( !m highly          
insanit>y7     alongside ( a few        
municipally controll$ abattoirs4        
,no regulation t :]e !re are public     
abattoirs !re %all     be no private    

ones2 h5ce great difficulty 9 mak+ ^!   
public slaught]h\ses pay _! way4        
,inspection ( private slaught]-h\ses1 9 
spite ( all ! good     int5tions ( local
 au?orities & m$ical (fic]s1 admitt$    
to be v ineffici5t 9 s f> z condition ( 
meat & me?od     ( slaught] are conc]n$4
      ,sup]vision ( public              
slaught]-h\ses mu* hamp]$ by !          
pres5t widespread cu/om ( all[+ but*]s  
to s5d 9 _!     bea/s ) _! own          
slaught]m54      ,no g5]al /atutory     
regulations z to me?od ( slaught]4      
,model by-laws h be5 drawn up by !      
,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d     & recomm5d$  
to local au?orities--b !y are n         
compulsory & h be5 z yet b sp>sely      
adopt$4      ,slaught]m5 n lic5s$2      
nor--except 9 slaught]h\ses     directly
 controll$ by a ,gov]nm5t ,dep>tm5t 7su*
 z !     ,admiralty7--requir$ by law to 
be pr(ici5t be=e !y     comm5ce         
slaught]+4  ,^! are ! me?ods ( slaught] 
we adopt at pres5t3--  ,,cattle are     
almo/ univ]sally /unn$ be=e _! ?roats   

are cut4 ,s f>--good6 ,b !y are /ill1 = 
! mo/ "p1 /unn$ ) ! pole-axe4 ,?is      
weapon produces complete unconsci\sness 
at ! fir/ bl[1 if well wield$4 ,if n    
well wield$----6 ,i h be5 assur$ t !    
cases ( misfire am\nt to a v small      
p]c5tage4 ,b ,i c only say1 on ! fir/   
two bea/s slaught]$ be=e my eyes ! fir/ 
bl[ ( ! pole-axe--wield$ 9 ea* case by  
an exp]i5c$ slaught]man--desc5d$ )\t    
effect4 ,! animals moan$1 & wait$ = !   
second & successful bl[4 ,?anks to !    
ef=ts ( ! ,royal ,society = ,prev5tion (
 ,cruelty to ,animals1 ! ,c\ncil (      
,ju/ice to ,animals1 ! ,humanit>ian     
,league1 ( ,mr4 ,*ri/oph] ,ca%1 & o!rs1 
!re are n[ a consid]able numb] ( improv$
 in/rum5ts = /unn+ cattle 9 use--!      
,gre5] & ,behr pi/ols2 ! ,royal ,society
 = ,prev5tion ( ,cruelty to ,animals    
humane-kill] & l>ge captive-bolt pi/ol2 
! ,sw$i% ,cattle-kill] 7us$ ?r\gh\t     
,sc&9avia71 & o!rs4 ,b ! numb] ( ^!     
improv$ in/rum5ts 9 use at pres5t is    
only a fr+e to ! mass ( "t-hall[$ &     

unc]ta9 pole-axes4  ,,calves4--8,! usual
 practice 9 ?is c\ntry appe>s to be to  
run ! animal up fir/ 7by a tackle fa/5$ 
to its h9d legs7 & !n to /un x1 previ\s 
to ble$+40 7,report ( ! ,admiralty      
,committee47 ,on ?is me?od ! ,committee 
?us comm5t$3 8,?is ord] ( proc$ure is n 
s humane1 & appe>s to be unnecess>y40 4 
4 4 8,calves %\ld fir/ be /unn$ by a bl[
 on ! head ) a club0--i4e41 be=e be+ run
 up4 ,:5 ?is ,committee conduct$ its    
inve/igation 9 #aijd1 ! be/             
humane-kill]s _h n be5 inv5t$1 or 7 n   
kn[n "h4  ,,%eep1 ) few exceptions1 are 
n /unn$ be=e !y are bl$4 ,! me?od (     
kill+ !m & ! am\nt ( suff]+ !y und]go   
are ?us summ$ up 9 ! ,report ( !        
,admiralty ,committee3      8,! usual   
me?od 9 ?is c\ntry is to lay ! %eep on a
     wood5 #8crut*' & !n to ?ru/ a knife
 ?r\gh ! neck     bel[ ! e>s1 & ) a     
second motion to ins]t ! po9t     f )9  
betwe5 ! jo9ts ( ! v]tebrae1 ?us sev]+  
! sp9al cord4 ,9 ! h&s ( an exp]t ?is   
me?od is fairly     rapid b some:at     

unc]ta91 ! "t :i* elapses betwe5     !  
fir/ ?ru/ ( ! knife & complete loss (   
s5sibility     v>y+1 accord+ to         
,pr(essor ,/>l+'s obs]vations1 f        
five to ?irty seconds4 ,9 ! h&s ( an    
inexp]t op]ator x     may be "s "t be=e 
dea? sup]v5es1 & !re c be     little    
d\bt t ?is me?od mu/ be v pa9ful to !   
%eep     z long z consci\sness rema9s4  
8,at ! be/ x is a some:at difficult     
op]ation & yet 9     practice is (t5    
entru/$ to ! y\ng] & less exp]i5c$      
h&s 9 ! slaught]-h\se1 ! probable reason
 be+ t     %eep are easy to h&le1 & d n 
/ruggle or give tr\ble     :5 /uck4 4 4 
40  ,9 o!r words1 ! m helpless !        
creature ! less ne$ = humanity6      8,9
 ,d5m>k & _m p>ts ( ,g]many & ,switz]l& 
! law     requires t %eep %all always be
 /unn$ previ\s to be+     /uck1 & !     
,committee h satisfi$ !mselves1 by      
practical     exp]im5ts & obs]vation1 t 
?is c be done exp$iti\sly     & )\t     
difficulty4 ,a small club ) a heavy head
 %\ld be     us$1 & ! %eep %\ld be /ruck

 on ! top ( ! head     betwe5 ! e>s4    
,?is po9t is important1 z x is almo/    
impossible to /un a %eep by /rik+ x on !
 =ehead4 4 4 4     ,x 0 also cle>ly     
demon/rat$ t ! /unn+ caus$ no     injury
 to ! %eep's head or to ! #8scrag (     
mutton' :i*     c\ld 9 any way          
depreciate _! m>ket value40  ,not)/&+   
?is recomm5dation1 ! ,local ,gov]nm5t   
,bo>d _h 7up to #aiae7 omitt$ f _! model
 by-laws 7:i*1 z be=e said1 are n       
obligatory7 a regulation requir+ ! /unn+
 ( %eep4 ,9 #aiae1 h[ev]1 !y add$ !     
foll[+ alt]native clause3      8#i 7b74 
,a p]son %all n 9 a slaught]-h\se proce$
 to     slaught] any animal until ! same
 %all h be5     effectually /unn$ ) a   
me*anically op]at$ in/rum5t     suitable
 & suffici5t = ! purpose40  ,& 9 _!     
memor&um !y say3      8,at ! pres5t "t !
 ,bo>d und]/& t a #8humane-kill]'     c 
be got :i* is adapt$ = /unn+ any k9d (  
animal1     reasonable 9 co/1 &         
effective & simple 9 op]ation4 ,x       
appe>s1 too1 t ! use ( ! improv$        

in/rum5ts c     readily be le>nt1 s t no
 prolong$ tra9+ is ne$$ =     _! prop]  
manipulation40  ,"o c only hope t e     
,local ,au?ority w n[ adopt ?is clause1 
& insi/ on ! /unn+ ( %eep z well z ( all
 o!r animals4      ,,pigs4--8,!         
,committee asc]ta9$ t x is ! usual      
practice     9 l>ge e/abli%m5ts 9 ,engl&
 to /un pigs by a bl[ on     ! =ehead   
previ\s to /ick+ !m1 & !re is no        
difficulty 9 c>ry+ ?is out1 z ! pig's   
head is s(t z     comp>$ ) t ( ! %eep4  
,! ,committee are ( op9ion     t !      
prelim9>y /unn+ %\ld be en=c$ 9 all     
cases1     ! evid5ce t5d+ to %[ t ?is   
op]ation is (t5     limit$ to pigs :i*  
are s l>ge or /rong z to give tr\ble1   
or to cases :]e1 ow+ to ! location ( !  
slaught]-h\se1     ! squeals ( ! /uck   
pigs cause annoyance to !               
neighb\rhood4 ,! ,committee feel t      
consid]ations (     humanity are at lea/
 z important z ^? above m5tion$40  ,a   
s5tim5t ) :i* mo/ ( u w presumably      
agree4 ,note1 h[ev]1 t ! ,admiralty     

,committee ref] above only to l>ge      
e/abli%m5ts4 ,pigs /ill appe> to be     
kill$ 9 ways t ! foll[+ quotation       
describes3      8,i1 ) ano!r witness1   
saw five pigs kill$--?ree small ones    
& two l>ge ones4 ,! pigs 7 #8knif$' "o  
at a "t &     all[$ to w&] r\nd !       
slaught]-h\se ble$+ & 9 a     drunk51   
reel+1 roll+ /ate1 & at ! same "t utt]+ 
mo/ pla9tive cries40 7,f a lett] to a   
daily j\rnal47  ,& ,mr4 ,r4 ,o4 ,p4     
,paddison 7"o ( ! =emo/ work]s 9 ! cause
 ( humane slaught]+7 ?us describes !    
me?od adopt$ 9 mo/ ( our bacon          
factories3      8,fir/ ! animals are    
hung up alive head d[nw>ds by a *a9     
fa/5$ to a h9d foot1 & !n !y are /uck & 
ble$ to     dea?4 ,! "w is done quickly 
9 a collective s5se--at !     rate      
possibly ( #ajj to #bjj pigs an h\r1 b  
ea* individual     pig suff]s f =ty     
seconds to two or ?ree m9utes1 &        
sev]al pigs /ruggle & %riek at ! same   
"t40  ,i h n p]sonally witness$ ei!r ( !
 me?ods s describ$4  ,i und]/& t "s     

bacon-cur]s consid]1 or did consid]1    
/unn+ cruel1 on ! gr\nd t sev]al bl[s 7 
(t5 requir$4 ,! use ( humane-kill]s     
disposes ( ?is objection4  ,! late em95t
 physiologi/1 ,sir ,b5jam9 ,w>d         
,ri*>dson1 9 a pap] read be=e ! ,m$ical 
,society ( ,london "s ye>s ago1 says3   
8,pigs1 ,i h said1 suff] a m5tal t]ror (
 dea?1 & to     !m commonly is also giv5
 a sev]e degree ( physical     pa94 4 4 
4 ,:5 !y are kill$ by ! knife alone !y  
die by     a hmorrhage t may ext5d )    
p]si/5t consci\sness ov]     ?ree or f\r
 m9utes ( "t40  ,9 relation to ! pig's  
m5tal horror ( dea?1 ,i myself saw !    
foll[+ sight3--,fifte5 or s pigs 9 a    
slaught]+ *amb] j l>ge en\gh to hold !m 
& ! slaught]]4 ,( ^! pigs ?ree or f\r _h
 already be5 /unn$ & knif$ & lay dead & 
ble$+ among _! liv+ bre?r51 :o ) manife/
 t]ror 7 squeal+ & /ra9+ "h & !re aga9/ 
! walls1 :ile ! slaught]] mov$ ab\t     
among !m select+ ! next victim4 ,a bl[1 
a cut1 & !re 0 ano!r dead pig1 & ?is    
w\ld g on1 no d\bt1 till ! :ole fifte5 7

 despat*$ & _! bodies %ot d[n ! slide4  
,t]ror ( dea?6 ,yes6 ,at all ?is1 by !  
way1 a boy ( ab\t ?irte5 0 look+ on--&  
?is 9 a public slaught]-h\se ) a good   
sup]9t5d5t & "u municipal control4      
,,segregation ,,( ,,animals ab\t to be  
slaught]$ f     slaught]+               
op]ations4--8,x appe>s to be ! common   
practice1 ev5 9 mod]n & well-regulat$   
slaught]-h\ses1 to     keep ! animals1  
:i* are imm$iately await+ slaught]1 9   
p5s :i* are m]e annexes to ! slaught]   
*amb] itself1 &     9 _m cases 9 full   
view ( all t goes on inside 4 4 4       
,!re is no po9t :i* ! ,committee h m    
c>efully     inve/igat$ ?an ! "q z to   
:e!r animals d or d     n suff] f fe> f 
?is contact1 & ! evid5ce (     ^? be/   
qualifi$ to judge is s conflict+ t no   
absolute     v]dict c be giv5 4 4 4 ,!  
animal %\ld be giv5 ! full     b5efit ( 
! d\bt40 7,report ( ! ,admiralty        
,committee47  ,b ! animal is n giv5 !   
b5efit ( ! d\bt4 ,:atev] ! degree (     
consci\sness ( animals await+ slaught]  

7sometimes = a :ole h\r7 j divid$ by a  
door :i*1 all regulations to ! contr>y1 
is f> f always %ut1 :e!r !y "k or n t x 
is dea? :i* awaits !m1 any spectator    
accu/om$ to animals 9 _! normal /ate has
 only to look at _! eyes1 z !y /& wait+1
 to feel sure t !y are 9 fe> ( some?+4  
,su* !n1 9 brief & 9 r\gh1 are !        
conditions & me?ods ( slaught] :i* /ill 
seem good to u4 ,:5 ! ,admiralty        
,committee issu$ _! report 9 #aijd !y   
made ! foll[+ recomm5dations3--      7a7
 ,all animals 7cattle1 calves1 %eep1    
lambs1 & pigs7     )\t exception mu/ be 
/unn$ or o!rwise r5d]$     unconsci\s   
be=e blood is drawn4      7b7 ,animals  
await+ slaught] mu/ be s plac$ t !y     
_c see into ! slaught]-h\se1 & ! doors (
 ! latt]     mu/ be kept clos$ :ile     
slaught]+ is go+ on4      7c7 ,! dra9age
 ( ! slaught]-h\se mu/ be s arrang$     
t no blood or o!r refuse c fl[ out )9 ! 
sight or     smell#d ( animals await+   
slaught]1 & no su* refuse %all     be   
deposit$ 9 proximity to ! wait+ p5s4    

7d7 ,if m animals ?an "o are be+        
slaught]$ 9 "o     slaught]-h\se at "o  
"t !y mu/ n be 9 view ( ea*     o!r4    
7e7 ,none b lic5s$ m5 %all be employ$ 9 
or ab\t     slaught]-h\ses4  ,:at has   
be5 done to c>ry out ^! recomm5dations1 
! fruit ( mo/ ?or\gh & labori\s         
inve/igations c>ri$ out at a consid]able
 exp5diture ( public money & presumably 
) "s object1 by m5 well qualifi$ = _!   
task8  ,j ?is mu* has be5 done4 ,!      
recomm5dations h be5 adopt$ & are work$ 
successfully by ! ,admiralty !mselves1 &
 !y =m ! basis ( c]ta9 clauses 9 !      
,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d's ,volunt>y      
,model ,bye-laws1 to :i* att5tion is    
only j beg9n+ to be paid4  ,see+ t !    
condition ( affairs is su* z ,i h       
detail$2 see+ t ! ,admiralty ,committee 
made ! foll[+ wise rem>ks3 8,h[ev]      
humane & sci5tific 9 !ory may be !      
me?ods ( slaught]1 x is inevitable t    
abuses & cruelty may result 9 practice1 
unless !re is a prop] sy/em ( (ficial   
inspection02 &3 8,9 ! int]e/s n only (  

humanity1 b ( sanitation1 ord]1 &       
ultimate economy1 x is highly desirable 
t1 :]e circum/ances p]mit1 private      
slaught]-h\ses %\ld be replac$ by public
 abattoirs1 & t no kill+ %\ld be p]mitt$
 except 9 ! latt] "u (ficial            
sup]vision02 see+ ! enorm\s dim5sions ( 
?is matt]1 & t our me?ods are beh9d ^? (
 ne>ly e ,cont95tal c\ntry1 & v mu*     
beh9d ^? ( ,d5m>k1 ,switz]l&1 & ,g]many1
 x w\ld occur to ! simple m9d t "h 0    
em95tly a case = broad & sweep+ action  
on ! "p ( ! ,legislature4  ,i h n ev5   
?\ght x wor? :ile to dwell on !         
insanit>y aspect ( ! pres5t sy/em1      
because ! ,royal ,commission on ,food f 
,tub]cul\s ,animals 7aga9 at a          
consid]able exp5diture ( public money7  
report$ ?us--8,! actual am\nt (         
tub]cul\s disease among c]ta9 classes ( 
food animals is s l>ge z to af=d to man 
frequ5t occasions = contract+ tub]cul\s 
disease ?r\gh 8 food4 ,we ?9k x probable
 t an appreciable "p ( ! tub]culosis t  
affects man is obta9$ ?r\gh 8           

food0--practically )\t effect6 ,if !    
public likes to sp5d its money on       
asc]ta9+ a risk to itself & likes to    
disreg>d t risk to itself :5 asc]ta9$1  
f> be x f me to ga9say ! public4 ,b if  
any "o be int]e/$ 9 ! sanit>y side ( our
 want ( sy/em1 let him g to ! sup]9t5d5t
 ( "s l>ge public slaught]-h\se & ask   
:at p]c5tage ( meat is condemn$ daily2  
!n let him ask "s m$ical (fic] ( heal?  
h[ f> x is possible to inspect !        
condition ( c>cases 9 private           
slaught]-h\ses2 & !n let him g home &   
?9k6 ,!re ,i leave ! matt]4 ,=1 frankly1
 x is n ?is1 b ! disreg>d by ! public ( 
ne$less suff]+ inflict$ on helpless     
creatures1 br$ & kill$ = its own        
advantage1 t moves me4 ,surely no "o c  
call ! foll[+ sugge/ions unreasonable3  
,no animal to be bl$ be=e be+ /unn$ 7or 
o!rwise     r5d]$ in/antane\sly         
ins5sible74      ,no animal to be       
slaught]$ 9 sight ( ano!r animal4       
,no slaught]-refuse & blood to be all[$ 
)9 sight or     smell ( an animal await+

 slaught]4      ,no /unn+ or slaught]+  
implem5t to be us$ t has n     be5      
approv$ by ! ,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d4    
,! lic5ce ( no slaught]-h\se to be r5ew$
 unless x     possesses ^! approv$ /unn+
 & slaught]+ implem5ts1 a     copy (    
(ficial in/ructions h[ to use !m1 & c   
prove     t x does use !m & !m alone4   
,all (f5d]s aga9/ ^! regulations to be  
liable to     p5alties on summ>y        
conviction4  ,:y has n ?is simple       
h>mless m9imum ( dec5t humanity be5--z 9
 o!r c\ntries--long ago adopt$8 ,= !    
usual reasons3 ,dislike ( *ange2 dislike
 ( a little extra tr\ble & a little     
extra exp5se2 lib]ty ( ! subject4 ,to   
take ! la/ po9t fir/4 ,dictate to a man 
h[ he %all slaught] 8 own animals--:at  
next6 ,well6 ,i am all = lib]ty ( !     
subject4 ,i am = lett+ him hurt himself 
z mu* z ev] he likes4 ,i ev5 g s f> z to
 say t prosecutions = attempt$ suicide  
are wrong & ridicul\s2 b :]e ! subject  
claims to hurt ! helpless ) impunity1 !n
 x seems to me "t to hurt ! subject4  ,i

 fancy t 9 mo/ m5's m9ds !re lurks !    
feel+3 8,oh6 a little extra suff]+ to   
animals :o are go+ to die anyway 9 a    
m9ute or two--:at does x matt]8 ,n[1 if 
y 7 to put x on ! gr\nd t x hurts !     
slaught]]1 !re'd be some?+ 9 x60 ,yes6  
,x c]ta9ly may hurt ! morale ( !        
slaught]]--b n mu*1 = he inflicts !     
ne$less suff]+ )\t consci\sness (       
cruelty2 & ill actions ( :i* "o is n    
consci\s only negatively det]iorate     
morale1 9 s f> z !y are a wa/e ( "t 9   
:i* good actions might h be5 p]=m$4 ,b  
to say t x does n matt] :e!r we         
ne$lessly hurt ! %eep or pig because !y 
are go+ to die anyway is really to say t
 no suff]+ matt]s1 h[ev] unnecess>y1    
s9ce we mu/ all die & x w be all ! same 
a hundr$ ye>s h5ce4 ,x is at all ev5ts n
 a say+ t ,i c imag9e com+ out ( ! m\? (
 a human be+ 9 p]fect heal? & !         
possession ( all 8 faculties1 ) a knife 
go+ 9 j beh9d 8 "r e> & wiggl+ ab\t 9 8 
neck & head till x f9ds 8 sp9al cord    
betwe5 ! jo9ts ( 8 v]tebr4 ,& ?\gh y may

 ?9k t ! infliction ( "s seconds (      
excruciat+ torture on an animal does n  
really hurt ! animal because %e _c tell 
y t x does--x conceivably might hurt y a
 little to feel x 0 ne$lessly inflict$4 
,! meat-trades & but*]s g5]ally d5y !   
ne$ = *ange1 & claim t ! humanity (     
exi/+ me?ods _c be improv$ on4 ,i really
 _c und]/& ?is4 ,take = example two     
conv]sations ,i _h ) q humane but*]s4   
,i3 8,s y nev] /un y\r %eep be=e ble$+  
!m80  ,fir/ ,but*]3 8,oh6 no40  8,:y n80
  8,x isn't necess>y40  8,n to avoid    
pa980  8,oh6 no2 !re's no pa940  ,t5    
m9utes lat]3--  ,i3 8,y always /un y\r  
cattle be=e ble$+ !m80  ,same ,but*]3   
8,oh6 yes1 always40  8,:y60  8,oh6 x    
avoids a lot ( pa940  ,to ! second      
but*]3--  ,i3 8,!n y nev] /un y\r %eep  
be=e ble$+ !m40  ,second ,but*]3 8,no1  
nev]40  8,:y n8 ,is !re any objection80 
8,no1 ,i don't see any objection2 only  
x's nev] done4 ,i've nev] se5 a %eep    
/unn$40  8,j cu/om80  8,yes1 j t40  ,!  
old1 ignorant prejudice t animals d n   

ble$ freely if /unn$ fir/ is n[1 ,i ?9k1
 nev] advanc$4  ,s mu* = cu/om & dislike
 ( *ange4  ,b n[ we come to :at is      
p]haps ! real gravam5 ( ! resi/ance--a  
little extra tr\ble1 a suspicion ( extra
 exp5se4 ,?is t\*es all ! po9ts 9 !     
irr$ucible m9imum ( re=m4 ,= in/ance1 ! 
v>i\s ,r4,s4,p4,c4,a4 humane-kill]s co/ 
ab\t ?irty-five %ill+s2 ! ,sw$i%        
cattle-kill] t5 %ill+s & sixp5ce1 )     
c>tridges f\r %ill+s p] hundr$4 ,y mu/  
sp5d p]haps an h\r 9 le>n+ h[ to use !m1
 & five m9utes or s p] day 9 clean+ !m4 
,!y are /ill new ?+s--8fads0--al?\gh !y 
h pass$ all te/s1 be5 prov$ by doz5s (  
te/imonials f but*]s 9 ?is c\ntry to be 
p]fectly effici5t2 & ! ,sw$i%           
cattle-kill] is us$ ?r\gh\t sev]al      
c\ntries4  ,aga91 x is conv5i5t n to h  
to be c>eful to %ut doors betwe5        
slaught]+ *amb]s & animals await+       
slaught]1 or to h to pave y\r floors s t
 blood runs well away f ! wait+ p5s4 ,x 
is h&y 7especially 9 ill-con/ruct$      
slaught]-h\ses7 to kill animals 9 sight 

( ea* o!r4 ,x is always1 9 fact1 a      
nuisance to make any *ange t involves   
readju/m5t4 ,& un=tunately animals h no 
=ce beh9d !m1 are n repres5t$ on !      
public bodies ( ! c\ntry2 _c lobby 9 !  
,h\se ( ,commons1 )draw votes or commit 
outrages2 _c in/ruct c\nsel2 h no rights
 save ^? :i* m]e *ivalry %all give !m4  
8,besides10 says ,def5ce1 8ev]y?+ is    
already done z well z x c be done4      
,switz]l&1 ,d5m>k--:o kn[s :e!r !y are  
really bett]8 ,! ways ( our own c\ntry  
are good en\gh = u--! good old-fa%ion$  
me?ods--if !re 7 any real ne$ = re=m we 
%\ld be ! fir/ to und]take x60          
,wa/e-pap]1 !n1 ! ,admiralty ,report6   
,wa/e-pap]6  ,i h reckon$ t 9 ! case (  
%eep alone ! am\nt ( ne$less suff]+     
inflict$ mu/ am\nt to "s #cc1jjj h\rs ( 
solid1 un9t]rupt$ dea? agony ea* ye>    
7numb] ( %eep slaught]$ )\t /unn+1      
#h1jjj1jjj2 p]iod ( suff]+1 five to     
?irty seconds--,admiralty ,committee's  
report7--all prev5table by a few /rokes 
( ! legislative p54  ,b ! tru? is we    

don't reflect2 or if by any *ance we d1 
we pass on ) ! ?\ght3 8,no?+ c be done  
till ! but*]s !mselves are conv9c$60 ,is
 t true8  ,j ?is f> true3 ,z 9 e o!r    
case ( new law1 !re w\ld be requir$ at  
fir/ a little special activity4 ,x is   
only a "q ( />t+ a new /&>d4 ,9 two     
ye>s' "t1 if ^! simple1 h>mless         
regulations conc]n+ ! slaught] ( animals
 = food 7 en=c$--n m]ely recomm5d$1 z   
n[--!re w\ld h>dly be an animal 9 ?is   
c\ntry bl$ )\t fir/ be+ /unn$ by humane 
me?ods1 or any bea/s wat*+ _! fell[s be+
 kill$4  ,i attack no "o 9 ?is matt]2 ,i
 blame no "o1 = ,i am n 9 a position    
to--! *>ge ( call\sness falls heavily on
 my own %\ld]s1 :o h eat5 meat all ^!   
ye>s )\t ev] tr\bl+ z to :at w5t be=e x4
 ,nor c ,i hope t ^! words w d m ?an    
ruffle ! n]ves ( ! public2 b ,i d tru/ t
 su* ( our legislators z may *ance to   
read !m may be mov$ to feel t x is _! "p
 to save pati5t creatures1 :o _c plead 9
 _! own behalf1 f all suff]+ t ! prop]  
satisfaction ( our wants does n compel u

 to inflict on !m4  ,if :at ,i h writt5 
has seem$ extravagant1 he :o reads has  
only to g & see = himself4 ,& let ^? :o 
w\ld attack ?is plea tra9 _! guns on !  
,report ( ! ,admiralty ,committee1      
#aijd4 ,= ,i h b conv5i5tly summ>iz$ !  
unanim\s v]dict ( able & dis9t]e/$ m51  
:o1 (ficially appo9t$ to exam9e ! :ole  
matt]1 held _m sitt+s1 he>d _m          
witnesses1 saw ) _! own eyes1 & made _! 
own exp]im5tal inve/igations4 ,i h1 9   
fact1 done no?+ b give an add$ publicity
 to ! delib]ate conclusions ( an        
imp>tial tribunal1 :i* _h an unique     
opportunity ( =m+ & deliv]+ a           
compreh5sive1 dispassionate judgm5t1 &  
deliv]$ x--to :at end8  -----  #b ,?+s h
 mov$ a little1 ,i believe1 b n ne>ly   
en\gh4--,j4 ,g4  #c ,! ,admiralty       
,committee on ,humane ,slaught]+1 #aijd 
,*airman1 ,mr4 ,ar?ur ,lee1 ,m4,p4  #d  
,i believe x is ! smell ( blood1 r ?an !
 sight1 :i* affects animals4--,j4 ,g4   
,,iv                           ,,on     
,,p]=m+ ,,animals                       

7#a7                  7,a ,lett] to !   
,daily ,express1 #aiac47  ,writ+ f !    
/&po9t ( "o ^: love ( animals at "o "t  
caus$ him to enjoy ! spectacle ( !m     
p]=m+ tricks & cap]s1 into ! educational
 hi/ory ( :i* he nev] ?\ght ( go+1 ,i   
believe ,i well und]/& ! attraction ( 8!
 animal %[0 9 music-halls or circuses4  
,nor d ,i d\bt t !re are animal tra9]s )
 su* a natural gift & love ( bea/s t !  
process ( tra9+ becomes almo/           
pleasurable to creatures :o are n by    
nature int5d$ to ape mank9d4  ,i ev5    
believe t !re may be animals1 especially
 among dogs1 :o gr[ to appreciate !     
glam\r ( ! footlights1 & ! s5se ( _! own
 importance4 ,b :5 all ?is is said1 ,i h
 come to abom9ate ! ?\ght ( ! :ole ?+1 &
 ,i fancy t any "o :o takes ! tr\ble to 
?9k ! matt] out1 any "o :o does n all[ 8
 natural delight 9 animals to run away )
 8 s5se ( proportion & ! fitness ( ?+s1 
mu/ come to ! same conclusion4  ,to     
simply br+ a horse1 a dog1 a cat1 or ev5
 an elephant or camel on ! /age z "p ( !

 atmosph]e or ma*9]y ( a play1 treat+ x 
) ! k9dness t is inv>iable ,i believe 9 
su* cases1 is "o ?+1 & ,i by no means   
object to x4 ,b ! delib]ate tra9+ & use1
 = ! purpose ( mak+ a liv+ out ( !m1 (  
numb]s ( animals1 tak+ !m f place to    
place1 hall to hall1 suitable or        
unsuitable1 is a v diff]5t              
8proposition10 z ,am]icans w\ld say4  ,!
 v nature ( x invites suff]+4 ,& ,i d n 
well see h[ any am\nt ( inspection & !  
grant+ ( lic5ces is go+ to d away ) !   
great] "p ( a wret*$ness t comes f =c+  
creatures away f m or less natural to   
highly unnatural conditions ( life2 nor 
c ,i see h[1 = ! purpose ( grant+       
lic5ces1 satisfactory evid5ce is ev] go+
 to be obta9$ t tra9+ 7:i* is & mu/ be q
 a private affair betwe5 tra9] & animal7
 is n accompani$ by cruelty4  ,9 a ^w1  
,i w\ld l to see ! 8animal %[0 aboli%$ 9
 ?is c\ntry4 ,x is too ironical altoge!r
 t our love ( bea/s %\ld make u tol]ate 
& ev5 enjoy :at our common s5se1 :5 we  
let x loose1 tells u mu/1 9 ! ma91 spell

 mis]y = ! creatures we pr(ess to be s  
fond (4                                 
7#b7               7,a ,spee* made at   
,k5s+ton ,t[n ,hall1 #aiac47  ,i am "h  
to say a v few words on ! :ole "q ( !   
treatm5t ( animals by our civiliz$      
selves4 ,= ,i h no special k1 l "s :o w 
speak to y1 ( ! tra9+ ( p]=m+ animals2  
,i h only a c]ta9 k ( human & animal    
natures1 & a common s5se :i* tells me t 
wild animals are m happy 9 fre$om ?an 9 
captivity--dome/ic animals m happy z    
companions ?an z cl[ns4 ,&1 q ap>t f !  
def9ite "q ( inhumanity1 x is p]fectly  
cle> to me t ^! animal %[s are among !  
_m surviv+ evid5ces1 ! l+]+ symptoms1 ( 
a cre$ t--?ank ,heav56--is beg9n+ to    
pass1 & mu/ pass1 f u4 ,t cre$ said3 ,we
 human be+s h ! "r1 = our pleasure1     
conv5i5ce1 & di/raction1 to disreg>d1 9 
! matt] ( dumb creatures1 ^? pr9ciples  
:i* our religion1 morality1 & education 
fix z ! guid+ />s ( our conduct t[>ds   
human be+s4 7,please note t ,i d n t\*  
on ! "q ( our rights ov] dumb creatures 

9 s f> z our actual self-pres]vation is 
conc]n$2 ,i limit my words to pleasure1 
conv5i5ce1 pr(it1 & di/raction47  ,n[1  
8,d unto o!rs z y w\ld !y %\ld d unto   
y60 is n only ! fir/ pr9ciple (         
,*ri/ianity1 b ! fir/ pr9ciple ( all    
social conduct--! ess5ce ( t true       
g5tility :i* is ! only sav+ grace ( m5 &
 wom5 9 all ranks ( life4 ,& ,i am c]ta9
 t ! ^w 8o!rs0 _c any long] be limit$ to
 ! human creature4 ,:e!r or no animals h
 :at are call$ 8rights0 is an academic  
"q ( no value :atev] 9 ! consid]ation ( 
?is matt]4 ,b1 le/ !re be any "o :o     
wi%es to take up ?is po9t ( ab/ruse     
philosophy1 ,i admit at once t animals h
 no m rights ?an h babies "u ! age :5 !y
 may be said to h duties 7on :i* rights1
 we are told1 dep5d71 t animals h no m  
rights ?an imbeciles1 or ^? :o are deaf1
 dumb1 & bl9d4 ,rights or no rights1 ,i 
c>e n2 ! fact rema9s t by s mu* z we    
inflict on s5ti5t creatures unnecess>y  
suff]+1 by s mu* h we outrag$ our own   
consci5ces1 by s mu* fall5 %ort ( t     

secret /&>d ( g5tl5ess & g5]osity1 t1   
believe me1 is ! "o firm gu>d ( our     
social exi/5ce1 ! "o bulw>k we h aga9/  
relapse into savag]y4 ,once admit t we h
 ! "r to inflict unnecess>y suff]+1 & y 
h de/roy$ ! v basis ( human society1 z  
we "k x 9 ?is age4 ,y h committ$        
blasphemy1 ! only blasphemy t really    
matt]s--aga9/ y\r consci5ce4 ,= ! true  
consci5ce ( ?is c\ntry is prov$ by !    
word+ ( ! law1 ) its rul+ t ! infliction
 ( unnecess>y suff]+ is an (f5ce2 & 9 a 
c\ntry l ?is1 ! law does n prec$e1 b    
foll[s1 consci5ce4 ,let me quote ! law1 
& ! late/ judicial dictum ^u x4         
,section #a 7#a7 ( ! ,protection (      
,animals ,act1 #aiaa3      8,if any     
p]son 7a7 %all cruelly ill-treat any    
animal 4 4 4 or     be+ ! own] %all by 4
 4 4 unreasonably do+ or omitt+ to     d
 any act 4 4 4 cause any unnecess>y     
suff]+10 he %all be     guilty ( an     
(f5ce4  ,& ,mr4 ,ju/ice ,d>l+1 on       
,novemb] #ai?1 #aiac1 said3      8,:]e  
unnecess>y suff]+ is caus$ by "s act (  

an own]1     x _c be ju/ifi$ on ! gr\nd 
( old cu/om1 & (     b5efit to comm]cial
 p]sons40  ,no?+ s endang]s ! f95ess ( !
 human he>t z ! possession ( p[] ov]    
o!rs2 no?+ s corrodes x z ! call\s or   
cruel ex]cise ( t p[]2 & ! m helpless ! 
creature ov] :om p[] is cruelly or      
call\sly ex]cis$1 ! m ! human he>t is   
corrod$4 ,x is recognition ( ?is tru?   
:i* has br\ght ! consci5ce ( our age & )
 x ! law1 to say t we _c any long] )    
impunity reg>d ourselves z lic5s$       
tortur]s ( ! re/ ( creation2 t we _c1 = 
our own sakes1 af=d x4  ,9 all ?is      
matt]1 !n1 ( ! treatm5t ( animals x     
comes to ! def9ition ( ! words          
8unnecess>y suff]+40 ,& ,i say ?is3 ,all
 suff]+ t is inflict$ m]ely = our       
pleasure1 di/raction1 & ev5 = our       
conv5i5ce1 & pr(it1 z di/9ct f our      
pres]vation1 is unnecess>y & an         
abom9ation4 ,& ! fact t x is inflict$ on
 creatures unable to raise h& to help   
!mselves1 or voice to tell u :at !y     
suff]1 makes x ev] ! m abom9able4 ,:e!r 

x be ! de/ruction ( "m-birds 7) _! :ole 
families ( ne/l+s7 = ! sake ( ! nuptial 
plumes to be worn 9 ! hats & hair (     
human mo!rs1 or ! pa9ful dock+ ( ! tails
 ( horses1 _! sole weapon aga9/ ! torm5t
 ( /++ flies1 = ! sake ( an ugly fa%ion2
 :e!r x be ! trea*]\s sale ( horses worn
 out 9 our s]vice1 ! sn>+ ( rabbits 9   
ne$lessly cruel traps1 ! turn+ adrift ( 
fri5dly b unwant$ dogs & cats2 :e!r x be
 ! unnecess>ily sl[ & pa9ful slaught]+ (
 animals = food1 ! wret*$ keep+ 9       
captivity ( wild song-birds1 ! prison+ (
 eagles1 hawks1 & _m ano!r creature t _c
 be> conf9em5t1 9 zoos & o!r places2    
:e!r x be any ( ^!1 or ?is sometimes    
di/ress+ & always unnatural tra9+ (     
p]=m+ animals1 9 all suff]+ is inflict$ 
= our pleasure1 di/raction1 conv5i5ce or
 pr(it1 & all ( x is unnecess>y1 all    
aga9/ ! consci5ce ( ! age4  ,to ^? :o1  
tempt$ by ! devil ( irreflection1 say   
8,b ?is is ! cre$ ( s5tim5t & s(tness10 
,i return ! answ]1 8,sirs1 no man ev]   
became a /oic1 & acquir$ ! virtues (    

=titude & c\rage1 by inflict+ pa9 on    
o!rs40 ,!re is no?+ 9 ?is new cre$ t    
prev5ts any "o f inflict+ on himself z  
mu* h>d%ip1 risk1 & privation z he      
consid]s ne$ful to inspire him )        
=titude4  ,let me draw y\r att5tion to  
an anomaly1 :i* acc\nts = mo/ ( our     
call\sness t[>ds ! suff]+s ( animals4   
,ne>ly e "o :o witnesses ) 8 own eyes ! 
infliction ( ne$less pa9 on an animal   
feels revolt$1 & ev5 ha/5s to !         
creature's aid2 yet ^! same m5 & wom51  
or ! va/ majority ( !m1 m]ely he>+ or   
read+ ( su* ?+s1 pass by on ! o!r side1 
) ! feel+ t to pay att5tion w\ld be ei!r
 cr$ul\s or s5tim5tal4 ,n[1 9 reg>d to  
cr$ul\sness1 note t x is h>dly ev] to ! 
int]e/ ( any "o to draw att5tion to     
cruelty--c]ta9ly n to fabricate su* a   
*>ge2 v mu* ! contr>y4 ,& 9 reg>d to    
s5tim5t1 !re seems to be a slight       
confusion z to ! mean+ ( t ^w4 ,a man   
only mov$ by cruelty se5 ) 8 own eyes is
 no :it less s5tim5tal ?an ! man :o     
takes fire at ! m]e recital ( x2 he is  

only m defici5t 9 und]/&+1 m cauti\s 9  
judgm5t1 or m sluggi% 9 blood4 ,j z     
s5tim5tal1 b less s5sitive4 ,! long] ,i 
live ! m ,i become conv9c$ t p only use 
t fav\rite reproa*--s5tim5tal--to       
/igmatize sympa?y ) suff]+s t !y        
!mselves h be5 unwill+ or unable to     
realize4 ,! mom5t !y d realize1 !y      
become j z 8s5tim5tal10 j z mov$ by pity
 & ang]--= t is :at s5tim5tal means--z  
^? at :om !y sne]4  ,ah6 b--says !      
public--ev5 if !re be suff]+ = animals1 
! pleasure t _! freaks or _! fur or _!  
fea!rs give u is great] ?an ?is suff]+2 
we are entitl$ to weigh ! "o aga9/ !    
o!r4 ,yet few ( t same public w\ld dream
 ( say+ ?is if ) _! own eyes !y saw !   
tortures2 = !n ! pleasure !y talk ( w\ld
 h vani%$ 9 ! memory ( ^? quiv]+        
visions4 ,out ( %e] sluggi%ness (       
imag9ation1 out ( m]e laz9ess ( m9d1 !n1
 is made t r pitiable plea--our pleasure
 is great] ?an _! suff]+4  ,yes6 ,ne>ly 
all ! suff]+ we inflict1 :e!r on human  
be+s or on animals1 comes f our n ?9k+4 

,_m p gravely di/ru/ t practice4 ,= all 
t1 ,i v5ture to sugge/ t a little m     
?\ght w d no h>m to any ( u4  ,we pass  
?is way b once1 b once tread ?is _w1 &  
live 9 communion ) ^! furr$ & fea!r$    
?+s1 _m ( !m beautiful1 9 a ?\s& ways s 
l ourselves1 (t5 fri5dly if we w\ld let 
!m be1 & yet :o1 "o & all1 are s simple 
& helpless 9 ! face ( our =ce & +5uity4 
,%all we1 z we vani%1 say3 8,i h liv$ my
 life z a true "l ( creation1 tak+ toll 
f ! captivities & suff]+s ( e creature t
 _h n my /r5g? & cunn+60 ,or %all we    
pass out ) ! ?\ght3 8,i wi% ,i _h n giv5
 ne$less pa9 to any liv+ ?+60           
,v                                      
,,vivisection ,,( ,,dogs                
7,lett]s to ,! ,times1 #aiac47          
7#a7  ,:atev] "o's beliefs conc]n+ !    
:ole "q ( exp]im5ts on ! liv+ body1 !   
vivisection ( dogs is a /range anomaly4 
,ev5 if x be grant$ t ! dog1 by reason (
 its intellig5ce & n]v\s organisation1  
is m fitt$ ?an o!r animals = c]ta9      
vivisectional exp]im5ts 7?\gh ,i believe

 ?is is disput$71 !re are yet basic     
consid]ations :i* make su* treatm5t ( ! 
dog a sc&al\s betrayal4 ,man1 no d\bt1  
fir/ b\nd or br$ ! dog to 8 s]vice &    
companion%ip = purely utilit>ian        
reasons2 b we ( to-day1 by immemorial   
tradition & a s5tim5t t has become almo/
 z inh]5t 9 u z ! s5tim5t t[>ds *ildr51 
give him a place 9 our lives utt]ly     
diff]5t f t :i* we accord to any o!r    
animal 7n ev5 except+ cats72 a place t  
he has won = himself ?r\gh\t ! ages1 & t
 he ev] increas+ly des]ves4 ,he is by f>
 ! ne>e/ ?+ to man on ! face ( ! e>?2 ! 
"o l9k t we h spiritually ) ! animal    
creation2 ! "o dumb creature into ^:    
eyes we c look & tell pretty well =     
c]ta9 :at emotion1 ev5 :at ?\ght is at  
"w )92 ! "o dumb creature :i*--n z a r>e
 exception1 b almo/ always--/eadily     
feels ! s5tim5ts ( love & tru/4 ,?is    
special nature ( ! dog is our own       
h&iwork1 a ?+ in/ill$ into him ?r\gh    
?\s&s ( ye>s ( intimacy1 c>e1 & mutual  
s]vice1 delib]ately & ev] m c>efully    

fo/]$2 extraord9>ily preci\s ev5 to ^? (
 u :o pr(ess to be )\t s5tim5t4 ,x is "o
 ( ! prime factors ( our daily lives 9  
all classes ( society--?is mute p>tn]%ip
 ) dogs2 &--we are /ill vivisect+ !m6   
,i am told t pro-vivisectioni/s are     
fight+ too? & nail aga9/ ! ,bill 7n[ 9  
committee /age 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons7 :i*
 has = object ! exemption ( dogs f all  
vivisectional & inoculative exp]im5ts4  
,if x inde$ be s1 ,i ask !m3 8,w\ld y1  
any "o ( y1 give y\r own dog up to !    
vivisector's knife1 or respect a man :o 
gave or sold y 8 dog = y\r exp]im5ts80  
,i take x !y w\ld reply3 8,we w\ld n    
give our own dogs4 ,we %\ld ?9k poorly (
 ! man :o sold or gave u 8 dog4 ,! dogs 
we use are homeless1 ma/]less1 dogs40 ,&
 9 turn ,i w\ld answ]3 8,!re are no dogs
 born 9 ?is c\ntry )\t home or ma/]4 ,! 
dogs y use are ^? :o h already fall5 on 
cruelty or mis=tune1 :om z k9dly m5 y   
pity or %\ld pity2 ^! are ! dogs1 ! lo/ 
dogs t y take = y\r exp]im5ts1 to make  
_! ends m wret*$ ?an _! lives h be560   

,if ?is be s5tim5t1 x is n m]e cultur$  
s5tim5t1 b bas$ on a v real & simple    
s5se ( :at is dec5t4 ,m9]s1 f>m]s1      
%eph]ds1 little %opm51 gamekeep]s1 &    
humble m5 ( all sorts1 :o own dogs1 h   
precisely ! same feel+--t ! dog is      
ess5tially ! fri5d ( man1 des]v+ loyal  
treatm5t4 ,we all h ?is feel+2 yet1 :5 =
 our alleg$ b5efit we want to violate x1
 we c /ill say3 8,oh6 x does n matt]2   
?is dog is already d[n60 ,9 a ^w1 :at we
 w\ld n d ) our own dogs we h no "r to d
 ) dogs t h n _h ! luck to be ours4 ,x  
is n s mu* a "q ( love ( dogs z ( good  
fai? 9 m54  ,i d n wi% to ent] "h into !
 g5]al "q ( vivisection1 b ,i d plead t1
 :e!r we believe 9 vivisection or n1 we 
are b\nd1 9 common hon\r1 to make a     
clean & :ole-he>t$ exception ( ! "o     
creature :om we h tra9$ to really tru/ &
 love u4 ,by n do+ s we injure ! human  
_s4                                     
7#b7  ,i answ] ! rejo9d]s to my plea = !
 exemption ( dogs f vivisection 9 no _s 
( ho/ility to sci5ce1 ) all respect =   

inve/igators :o are inspir$ by ! desire 
to less5 ! sum ( suff]+ 9 ! _w1 & n at  
all assum+ t ^? :o support ! vivisection
 ( dogs mu/ ne$s be )\t fondness = _!   
companion%ip4  ,i sugge/ t !re is a     
di/9ction betwe5 be+ 8vivisect$0 7& 9 t 
^w ,i include inoculations7 to save y\r 
own life or less5 y\r own suff]+ & be+  
vivisect$ by y\r neighb\rs to save _!   
lives or less5 _! suff]+s4 ,! di/9ction 
inde$ might almo/ be call$ pr(\nd4 ,& if
 my cont5tion t ! dog has e>n$ = himself
 a consid]ation f man1 ,i d n say equal1
 b analog\s1 to t :i* man has = 8 own   
species1 be admitt$1 x w\ld foll[ t if  
we approve ( cutt+ up & inoculat+ ! dog1
 n = 8 individual b5efit1 b = our b5efit
 & = t ( 8 fell[-dogs1 we mu/ also      
approve ( cutt+ up & inoculat+ our      
*ildr5 & ourselves1 n = our individual  
b5efit1 b = ! b5efit ( ! race1 hav+     
reg>d to ! immeasurably m direct results
 :i* sci5ce w\ld secure f vivisections &
 inoculations on ! human body4 ,x is    
possible1 inde$1 t "s vivisectors are   

prep>$1 9 ! int]e/s ( ! sci5tific       
treatm5t ( disease1 to say3 8,i am s    
entirely1 s def9itely1 conv9c$ ( !      
b5efits to ! human race ( ^! exp]im5ts t
 ,i am ready to give n only my dog b my 
*ild1 my wife1 myself if necess>y1 = !  
good ( mank9d40 ,b ,i p]sonally--& ,i   
v5ture to ?9k !re may be o!rs ( ! same  
op9ion--am n prep>$ to g s f>4 ,& ,i    
plead simply t if we are n ready to make
 m>tyrs ( our *ildr5 & h]oes (          
ourselves1 ! "t has come :5 we are no   
long] entitl$ to make m>tyrs ( dogs4 ,! 
issue rais$1 9 fact1 is :e!r or no ! dog
 has rea*$ a position :]e x becomes     
une?ical to treat him z if he _h n rea*$
 t position4  ,!re are innum]able p 9   
all ranks ( our civiliz$ _w :o w\ld e*o 
! words ,i he>d la/ night3 8,if ,i 7    
condemn$ to sp5d tw5ty-f\r h\rs alone ) 
a s+le creature1 ,i w\ld *oose to sp5d  
!m ) my dog40 ,grant+ t mo/ p w\ld make 
two or ?ree human exceptions1 ! say+    
expresses a true feel+4 ,!re is a quiet 
com=t 9 ! companion%ip ( a dog1 ) its   

ev]-ready t\*+ humility1 :i* human      
companion%ip1 save ( ! ne>e/1 does n    
br+2 & ,i ass]t t ?is boon1 to mank9d--(
 dog's companion%ip--does raise ! dog on
 to ! peculi> plane ( e?ical            
consid]ation :i* we apply to ourselves4 
,!re is no ne$ to adduce /ories ( h[    
8,da%0 or 8,don0 sav$ ! g>d5]'s baby f  
sett+ h]self on fire1 or swam to !      
rescue ( little ,?omas :o 0 dr[n+2 we h 
only to wat* dogs 9 h\se or /reet4 ,i   
not$ ?ree ye/]day aft]noon1 ! only ?ree 
9 ! /reet at ! mom5t4 ,! fir/1 a        
fox-t]ri]1 0 trott+ along q by himself )
 an air ( ma/]y ( ,london t c\ld n h be5
 excell$ by ! be/ 8man ( ! _w0 among/ u4
 ,no o!r sort ( animal c\ld h ev5 begun 
to walk ! /reets ( man ) t quiet busy   
confid5ce4 ,! second1 a spaniel1 0 look+
 up at 8 mi/ress--x is n (t5 t *ildr5 & 
_! mo!rs h ! confid5ce 9 ea* o!r t ^?   
two c]ta9ly _h4 ,! ?ird1 a retriev]1 0  
t[+ an infirm old g5tleman4  ,yes1 !    
position ( ! dog is unique4 ,we h made  
him intellig5t2 & x is s9i/] e?ics to   

*oose him = vivisections or inoculations
 because ( ! v intellig5ce we h         
implant$4 ,we h taught him fai? & love1 
& ,i feel are ourselves b\nd by :at we h
 taught him4 ,into o!r animals we h n   
in/ill$ ^! qualities1 we are !re=e n    
b\nd to ! same special fai? ) !m t we   
owe to ! dog4  ,my plea be+ simply t m5 
_c make fri5ds ( dogs & !n treat !m z if
 t relation%ip did n exi/1 ,i am n      
conc]n$ to discuss ! disput$ "q ( :e!r  
or n special b5efit does arise f        
exp]im5ts on dogs2 b1 9 reg>d to suff]+ 
9 su* exp]im5ts1 take ! ,home ,(fice    
,returns = #aiaa3 8,dogs & cats         
exp]im5t$ ^u )\t an/hetics1 #deb4 ,dogs 
& cats all[$ to recov] aft] s]i\s       
op]ations1 #cic02 & ! words ( ! ,report 
( ! ,royal ,commission on ,vivisection3 
8,x is cle> t ev5 if ! initial proc$ure 
may be reg>d$ z trivial1 ! subsequ5t    
results ( ?is proc$ure mu/ 9 "s cases1  
at any rate1 be productive ( great pa9 &
 mu* suff]+40  ,aft] all1 we h n only   
bodies b spirits1 & :5 our m9ds h once  

become alive to e?ical d\bt on a "q su* 
z ?is 7!re are #hgj1jjj signatures to a 
petition = ! total exemption ( dogs f   
vivisection71 :5 we are no long] sure t 
we h ! "r s to treat our dog comrades1  
!re has fall5 a %ad[ on ! human         
consci5ce t w surely gr[1 until1 by     
adju/m5t ( our actions to our e?ical    
s5se1 x has be5 rem$i$4                 
,,vi                                    
,,horses ,,9 ,,m9es                     
7#a7                      7,a ,lett] to 
,! ,times1 #aiaj47  ,! exp]i5ce :i* has 
j befall5 ! #cjj horses & ponies        
imprison$ und]gr\nd dur+ ! /rike riots  
at ,clyda* ,vale spurs me to an appeal  
to all own]s ( colli]ies & m9es to      
ab&on1 z f> z possible ! use ( horses & 
ponies bel[ gr\nd4  ,! "q ( ! treatm5t (
 pit ponies has ( late attract$ mu*     
att5tion1 & is "u exam9ation by ! ,royal
 ,commission on ,m9es4 ,into discussion 
( ! tru? ( p>ticul> /ories ( cruelty ,i 
d n int5d to ent]4 ,i h no fir/-h& k1 &1
 %ort ( becom+ a pit-pony driv]1 or m9e 

inspector1 no real *ance ( obta9+ any4  
,i wi% simply to draw ! att5tion ( own]s
 & manag]s ( colli]ies & m9es to c]ta9  
consid]ations t ne$ n 9 ! lea/ hurt a j 
belief 9 _! own humanity or t ( _!      
employees4  ,ap>t f ! ab]rations ( human
 brutes1 :o fl\ri% z well above gr\nd z 
bel[1 cruelty 9 ^! days is n delib]ate1 
b requires = its exi/5ce ?ree prim>y    
fo/]+ conditions3 ! fir/1 an ov]driv5 or
 irritat$ /ate ( n]ves2 ! second1       
secrecy2 ! ?ird1 a helpless object4  ,! 
fir/ ( ^! conditions is always m or less
 pres5t 9 m9e "w1 n only because ( !    
atmosph]e & unnatural environm5t1 b also
 because a c]ta9 am\nt ( "w has to be   
got ?r\gh "u difficulties 9 a c]ta9     
am\nt ( "t4 ,! second ( ^! conditions is
 always pres5t to a great] ext5t ?an    
almo/ any:]e above gr\nd4 ,! ?ird ( ^!  
conditions is obvi\sly pres5t4 ,9 m9es &
 colli]ies1 !re=e1 we h human nature1   
nei!r bett] nor worse und]gr\nd ?an x is
 above1 work+ cont9ually "u circum/ances
 9 :i* ! ?ree prim>y fo/]+ conditions ( 

cruelty are pres5t4 ,we1 ?us h a prim   
facie case = suppos+--all o!r ?+s be+   
equal--t !re mu/ be m cruelty 9 !       
treatm5t ( animals und]gr\nd ?an on !   
surface4 ,if !re 7 n1 x w\ld mean t m9]s
 7 n only z humane z ! re/ ( mank9d1 :i*
 is freely admitt$1 b mu* m humane1 :i* 
is n likely4 ,! exi/5ce ( ^! ?ree prim>y
 fo/]+ conditions 9 p]petual comb9ation1
 9 fact1 r5d]s ! conclusion1 ap>t f all 
actual evid5ce1 z inevitable z a *emical
 equation4  ,b f> beyond all ?is we h ! 
fact t h]bivor\s animals1 accu/om$ to   
daylight & fre% air1 are kept f ! age ( 
f\r to ! age at :i* !y are ab\t to die 9
 a place :]e no gre5 ?+ ( any sort c    
gr[1 :]e ! air is /range & d>k1 & !re is
 nei!r ra9 nor sun%9e4 ,&1 fur!r1 we h  
^? occasional cata/rophes1 su* z t :i* s
 ne>ly did to dea? ! un=tunate #cjj     
horses 9 ,clyda* ,vale4  ,"o assumes z a
 matt] ( c\rse t m9e own]s are z        
p]sonally humane 9 _! treatm5t ( animals
 z ! re/ ( u2 t !y d n lack desire to   
see t _! ponies & horses und]gr\nd are  

treat$ well2 t !y w\ld recoil f ! sight 
( neglectful treatm5t ( f\r-legg$       
creatures t came "u _! own eyes4 ,i     
m]ely appeal to !m to consid]1 ap>t f ! 
breezes & contradictions ( a vex$ "q1 ! 
pla9 common s5se ( ! matt]4 ,!re are1 no
 d\bt1 ?\s&s ( well-f$1 well-treat$1    
well-kept ponies employ$ 9 pits2 b )    
human nature & animal nature fix$       
quantities1 & ! conditions :at !y are1  
mu/ !re n inevitably be f> m suff]+1 on 
! :ole1 9 _! lives und]gr\nd ?an 9 !    
lives ( animals employ$ on ! surface8 ,!
 he>t ( ! matt] lies 9 ! unnatural      
conditions4  ,small eng9es are us$ )    
success bo? "h & abroad = "s k9ds ( m9e 
traction4 ,= o!r k9ds ( m9e traction    
animals may always h to be employ$--?\gh
 t is a h>d say+1 see+ :at human +5uity 
c accompli%4 ,b surely a great deal m ( 
! traction 9 ,engli% colli]ies & m9es   
c\ld be done by eng9es ) safety &       
economy4 ,is x too mu* to beg k9dly m5 t
 !y %\ld d _! utmo/ to sub/itute1 s f> z
 possible1 ?is me*anical traction = !   

lab\r ( ^? f\r-legg$ creatures ^: lives 
und]gr\nd mu/1 ev5 9 ! be/ circum/ances1
 be unnatural & sad4  ,x is no m        
desirable = human be+s ?an = animals to 
h to sp5d _! lives und]gr\nd2 & :at m5 c
 put up ) animals c]ta9ly c4 ,b m5 h at 
all ev5ts "s *oice 9 ! matt]1 & !y d    
sp5d half ! week at lea/ on ! surface4  
,! unnatural conditions ( our own lives 
d n ju/ify u 9 employ+ animals "u       
unnatural conditions :]e we c avoid x4  
,i take x we all wi% to see suff]+ r$uc$
 to its irr$ucible m9imum4              
7#b7                      7,a ,lett] to 
,! ,times1 #aiac47  ,! inspectors       
appo9t$ to c>ry out ! provisions ( !    
,coal ,m9es 7,regulation7 ,act 9 reg>d  
to pit ponies are to be six 9 numb]3 "o 
= ea* division 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 :i*   
conta9s #c1cbe coal m9es4  ,i und]/& t  
?is provision is bas$ on ! gr\nds t !   
ord9>y m9e inspectors1 ( :om !re are _m1
 w n be !reby absolv$ f t "p ( _!       
duties2 & t ! multiplication ( (ficials 
is an exp5sive & undesirable ?+4  ,i wi%

 to po9t out t ! ord9>y inspectors w1   
almo/ to a man1 feel t ! appo9tm5t (    
special inspectors1 9 reg>d to a        
p>ticul> bran* ( _! duties1 relieves !m 
f :at is a v ?ankless job4 ,x is only   
human nature n to want to spy on "o's   
own k9d if "o is n absolutely oblig$4   
,"u ! ord9>y sy/em ( inspection1 !      
figures = ! ye> #aijg give only         
tw5ty-two prosecutions = cruelty to     
animals1 und]gr\nd1 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom4  
,tak+ ! boys & m5 employ$ 9 m9es z      
av]age k9dly folk1 nei!r m nor less giv5
 to cruelty ?an ! re/ ( u1 ?is numb] (  
prosecutions w\ld "w out1 relatively to 
opportunity1 at extraord9>ily bel[ !    
numb] ( prosecutions above gr\nd4 ,& we 
c only d$uce f ?is ! fact t ! conditions
 9 m9es are su* t acts :i* above gr\nd  
w\ld lead to prosecution pass unnotic$  
und]gr\nd4  ,i d beg ! ,home ,secret>y  
to reconsid] ?is aspect ( ! "q--t is to 
say1 ! c]ta9ty t ! appo9tm5t ( special  
inspectors ( animals w 9 practice br+ a 
feel+ ( absolution to ! ord9>y inspector

 f ! duty ( report+ on animals4  ,=1 if 
?is is admitt$1 ! numb] ( six special   
inspectors is %[n to be ludicr\s4 ,x    
means ab\t two m9es a day all ! ye> r\nd
 = ea* inspector4 ,^? ( u :o h be5 d[n  
coal m9es "k h[ p]functory su*          
inspection mu/ be4  ,x is c]ta9ly       
undesirable to multiply (ficials )\t due
 cause2 b !re really is a po9t ( common 
s5se & compromise :i* w h>dly be rea*$  
ev5 if twelve in/ead ( six special      
inspectors are appo9t$4  ,! new         
regulations are admirably wide & direct$
 to bett]+ ! lives ( ^! un=tunate little
 bea/s2 =1 putt+ ev]y?+ at ! be/1 !y    
rema9 un=tunate comp>$ ) _! bre?r5 above
 gr\nd4 ,b ^! regulations w want a lot (
 look+ aft]1 especially at fir/1 if !y  
are n to be a dead lett]4  ,! great bulk
 ( our mat]ial com=t comes out ( our    
coal m9es2 surely we c sp>e a little m (
 x ?an ?is to gu>antee s f> z we c !    
welf>e ( ! ponies4                      
,,vii                        ,,! ,,dock+
 ,,( ,,horses' ,,tails                  

7,=eword to a ,pamphlet1 #aiac47   ,9 ! 
ye> ,a4,d4 #ghe ! ,c\ncil ( ,cel*y?--x  
seems--?us address$ our ance/ors3       
8,f ! influ5ce ( a vile & unbecom+ cu/om
 y de=m     & mutilate y\r horses4 4 4 4
 ,y cut (f _! tails2 &     :5 y enjoy !m
 un9jur$ & p]fect1 y *oose r to     maim
 & blemi% !m1 s z to make !m odi\s &    
disgu/ful     objects to all :o see !m4 
4 4 4 ,?is y are admoni%$ to            
r5\nce40  ,?us ! ,c\ncil ( ,cel*y? 9    
,a4,d4 #ghe4 ,! ,c\ncil ( ,we/m9/] 9    
,a4,d4 #aiac has n yet be5 mov$ to      
admoni% u1 9 ! only way x c--by law--to 
r5\nce ?is 8vile & unbecom+ cu/om0 (    
dock+ ! tails ( horses4  8,vile &       
unbecom+60 ,if x be n1 /ill1 vile to    
mutilate a def5celess bea/ 7sometimes at
 co/ ( acute suff]+7 = ! sake ( a       
fa%ion1 & ( a m>ket value dictat$ by t  
fa%ion2 if x be n1 /ill1 vile to deprive
 a v s5sitive animal ( its natural      
protection aga9/ /++ insects1 & aga9/ ! 
exposure ( :at ought to be protect$--by 
:at ^w %all we describe ?is practice8 ,&

 if x be n1 /ill1 unbecom+ to de/roy !  
unt\*$ sweep & grace ( "o ( ! mo/       
beautiful ( creatures1 & turn :at is    
natural & dec5t into ! indec5tly        
grotesque--:at significance has all our 
talk ( beauty1 & all our s-call$ ta/e8  
,! idea t a natural tail causes c>riage 
accid5ts is an explod$ my?4 ,! plea t a 
dock$ tail saves tr\ble 9 clean+ is     
readily met1 if ne$ be1 by %ort5+ ! hair
 ( ! tail z f> z ! end ( ! 8dock0 or    
bone ( ! tail1 )\t t\*+ ! bone itself4  
,! tail w !n be z %ort z ev5 a /able h& 
c reasonably desire1 ! horse n mutilat$1
 & ! hair ready to gr[ aga94  ,9 c]ta9  
exceptional circum/ances x may be       
necess>y to dock a horse4 ,b1 to make a 
fa%ion ( x4 4 4 46  ,ye gods6 ,:at a    
s5se ( beauty & ( dec5cy we mu/ h1 to   
approve ! mis]able /umps left on our    
horses by ?is 8disgu/ful0 practice6 ,if 
we mu/ indulge 9 mutilation = ! sake (  
8beauty0 let u p]=m on ourselves2 tattoo
 our faces1 p]=ate our lips1 flatt5 our 
craniums1 ) o!r devices suitable to     

savages4 ,b let u leave ! horse alone1  
:o 9 8 unmutilat$ /ate is f> less 9 ne$ 
( 8decoration0 ?an we4  ,!re are "s     
cu/oms t seem to spell despair4 ,h[ f>1 
inde$1 are we remov$ f savages1 :5 we c 
bl9dly foll[ a cu/om s ?\ghtless &      
torm5t+1 s /upid & ugly8                
,,viii                                  
,,aigrettes                 7,a note 9  
,pe>son's ,magaz9e1 #aiac47   ,am ,i 9  
fav\r ( legislation prohibit+ !         
importation ( plumage into ,great       
,brita98  ,i _c conceive ( any "o1 man  
or woman1 ) imag9ation1 & k ( ! facts1  
:o w\ld n be 9 fav\r ( su* legislation4 
,t ,engli% wom5--,engli% ladies--aft]   
ye>s ( revelation conc]n+ ?is dismal    
matt]1 %\ld cont9ue to support by _!    
dem&s ! kill+ ( myriads ( beautiful     
birds at bre$+ season is ! mo/ disc\rag+
 in/ance ,i "k ( ! bl9dness ( ! human   
creature ^: vanity is ?reat5$4  ,am]ican
 law has bann$ ! aigrette2 :y does      
,engli% law lag beh9d8  ,n "o ( our     
legislators w\ld torture a bird1 yet    

because a few ?\s& miles sep>ate !m f ! 
sc5es ( ?is but*]y1 !y seem ei!r unable 
to imag9e :at x means or to f9d "t to   
put a /op to x4 ,i comm5d to "o & all ! 
,report ( ! ,h\se ( ,lords ,committee :o
 exam9$ ! :ole "q "s ye>s ago1 & said3  
8,! evid5ce has be5 su* z to %[         
conclusively1 9 !     op9ion ( !        
,committee1 t n only are birds ( _m     
species slaught]$ recklessly1 b also t !
 me?ods     employ$ = slaught] are su* z
 9 _m cases1 & especially     9 t (     
egrets1 to involve ! de/ruction ( ! "y  
birds     & eggs4      8,birds are1 z a 
rule1 9 _! f9e/ plumage at ! "t (       
ne/+1 & h be5 %[n to be especially !    
prey (     hunt]s at t season40  ,su*   
,committees %\ld n be appo9t$ if _!     
conclusions are n to be paid att5tion   
to4                                     
,,conc]n+ ,,laws                        
,i                         ,,on         
,,proc$ure ,,9 ,,p>liam5t               
7,a ,lett] to ,! ,times1 ,m>*1 #aiad47  
,i am mov$ to speak out :at1 ,i am sure1

 _m are feel+4 ,we are a s-call$        
civiliz$ c\ntry2 we h a s-call$ ,*ri/ian
 religion2 we pr(ess humanity4 ,we h an 
elect$ ,p>liam5t1 to ea* memb] ( :i* we 
pay #djj a ye>2 s t we h at lea/ "s "r  
to say3 8,please d our bus9ess1 & t     
quickly60  ,& yet we sit & suff] su*    
b>b>ities & mean cruelties to g on      
among/ u z mu/ dry ! he>t ( ,god4 ,i    
cite at r&om a few only ( ! abhorr5t ?+s
 done daily1 daily left undone--done &  
left undone1 )\t a %ad[ ( a d\bt1 aga9/ 
! consci5ce & g5]al w ( ! community3--  
7#a7 ,sweat+ ( wom5 work]s4      7#b7   
,insuffici5t fe$+ ( *ildr54      7#c7   
,employm5t ( boys on "w t to all int5ts 
ru9s _!     *ances 9 aft]-life4         
7#d7 ,f\l h\s+ ( ^? :o h z mu* "r z y & 
,i to     ! fir/ dec5cies ( life4       
7#e7 ,consignm5t ( paup]s 7t is1 ^? )\t 
money or     fri5ds7 to lunatic asylums 
on ! c]tificate ( "o     doctor--!      
c]tificate ( two doctors be+ ess5tial 9 
!     case ( a p]son :o has money or    
fri5ds4      7#f7 ,export ( horses worn 

out 9 "w4 ,export t1 = a few     pieces 
( blood-money1 deliv]s up old & fai?ful 
s]vants to     wret*$ness4      7#g7    
,mutilation ( horses by dock+1 s t !y   
suff]1 (f5d     ! eye1 & are def5celess 
aga9/ ! attacks ( flies4      7#h7 ,cag+
 ( wild ?+s1 especially wild song-birds1
 by ^?     :o !mselves ?9k lib]ty !     
brea? ( life4      7#i7 ,slaught] = food
 ( millions ( creatures e ye> by        
me?ods t c easily be improv$4      7#aj7
 ,importation ( ! plumes ( ru?lessly    
sla9 wild birds1     mo!rs ) "y 9 ! ne/1
 to decorate our wom54  ,su* z          
^!--%ameful b>b>ities done to helpless  
creatures--we suff] among/ u ye> aft]   
ye>4 ,!y are admitt$ to be ana!ma2 9    
fav\r ( _! abolition !re w\ld be f\nd at
 any mom5t a r\nd majority ( unfett]$   
p>liam5t>y & g5]al op9ion4 ,"o & all !y 
are removable1 & _m ( !m by small       
exp5diture ( p>liam5t>y "t1 public      
money1 & exp]t c>e4 ,x is pitiable t1 = 
m]e want ( p>liam5t>y "t1 we _c get     
manife/ sores su* z ^! treat$ & bani%$  

once = all f ! nation's body2 pitiable t
 due ma*9]y _c be devis$ to deal ) ^! & 
o!r b>b>ities to man & bea/1 conc]n+    
:i*1 9 ! ma91 no real controv]sy exi/s2 
sc&al\s t _! removal %\ld be left to !  
m]cy ( ! ballot1 to private memb]s'     
,bills--= ev] liable to be ob/ruct$2 or 
to ! hamp]$ & inadequate ef=ts (        
societies unsupport$ by legislation4    
,rome1 ,i "k1 0 n built 9 a day4        
,p>liam5t works h>d1 has work$ h>d] dur+
 ^! la/ ye>s ?an ev] p]haps be=e2 all   
hon\r to x = t6 ,x is an augu/ assembly 
( :i* ,i wi% to speak ) all respect4 ,b 
x works )\t s5se ( proportion1 or s5se (
 hum\r4 ,ov] & ov] aga9 x turns ?+s     
already talk$ into _! graves2 ov] & ov] 
aga9 li/5s to ! same p>tizan bick]+s1 to
 argum5ts :i* ev]ybody kn[s by he>t4 ,& 
all ! "t ! fires ( live mis]y t c\ld1   
mo/ ( !m1 s easily be put out are rag+1 
& ! reek !re( is go+ up4  ,x is ,i1 (   
c\rse1 :o w be mock$ at = lack ( ! s5ses
 ( proportion & hum\r4 ,b if ! tale (   
h\rs sp5t on c]ta9 p>ty measures be set 

aga9/ ! tale ( h\rs n yet sp5t on       
measures ( heal? & humanity1 ! mock]s w 
yet be mock$4  ,i am n "o ( ^? :o       
believe we c d )\t p>ty2 b ,i d see & ,i
 d say t p>ty bus9ess absorbs f> too mu*
 ( ! "t t our common s5se & common      
humanity dem&s = ! r$ress ( cry+ %ames4 
,& if laym5 see ?is ) grief & ang]1 h[  
mu* m poignant mu/ be ! feel+ ( memb]s (
 ,p>liam5t !mselves1 to :om alone rem$y 
has be5 entru/$6                        
,,ii                             ,,!    
,,nature ,,( ,,laws                     
7,writt5 9 #aiad47   ,among comm5ts on !
 =ego+ lett] !re occurr$ aga9 & aga9    
criticisms conv5i5tly summ$ up 9 a      
s5t5ce f an ,am]ican j\rnal3 8,x is n ! 
"p ( ,gov]nm5t to make m5 moral40  ,"o  
:o is g5]ally blam$ = (f]+ no practical 
rem$ies = ! h>d cases he provides is n q
 s fooli% z to ?9k m5 are to be made    
into angels by law4 ,cut-&-dri$ =mul are
 h>dly 8 little gods2 & he kn[s well t  
f> m important ?an *ange & re=m ( laws &
 sy/ems is improvem5t 9 ! _s ( ! m5 :o  

adm9i/] !m4 ,= all t1 x is fatal to ?9k 
t public feel+ c be divorc$ f law 9 !   
social organism4 ,9 effect ^! critics   
say3  8,x is impossible to dim9i%       
cruelty & inju/ice by law2 any attempt  
to d s w only div]t ! cruelty or        
inju/ice bann$ to ano!r =m (            
expression40 ,v well6 ,x is !re=e       
demon/rably ne$less & ev5 ridicul\s to  
prohibit1 by law1 murd]1 rape1 & !      
delib]ate torture ( *ildr54 ,! murd]]1 !
 ravi%]1 & ! tortur] %\ld be all[$ to   
v5t _! cruelty 9 ^! =ms1 = fe> t if !y  
are n s all[$ !y w v5t x 9 o!r =ms6 ,t  
is ! r$uctio ad absurdum implicit 9 all 
su* an>*i/ic doctr9e2 & h[ f> x is      
really held by ^? :o talk ( ! futility (
 pass+ laws aga9/ inhumanity "o mu/     
leave to _! own consci5ces4 ,9 any case1
 ! doctr9e takes no acc\nt ( ! real     
nature ( laws4 ,9 a democratic society1 
su* z ours1 only public op9ion1 or1 ,i  
w\ld r say1 ! true secret cons5sus (    
g5]al ?\ght1 makes laws possible--,i am 
speak+ ( laws aga9/ inhumanity4 ,& laws 

s made are b con/ant rem9d]s to e "o t  
public op9ion is aga9/ su* & su* a ?+4  
,laws 7 made aga9/ murd] & rape because 
public feel+ aga9/ su* acts became s    
/rong t1 until ! laws 7 made1 normal    
individuals did n re/ till !y _h torn to
 pieces p]sons :o act$ 9 su* abnormal   
ways4 ,x 0 !re=e consid]$ m conv5i5t t  
c]ta9 recogniz$ pr(essional p]sons %\ld 
und]take ! "w ( puni%m5t4 ,& s on ?r\gh 
all ! gamut ( laws d[n to ^? aga9/ q    
m9or cruelties1 :i* w\ld n p]haps       
provoke individual retaliation1 b :i*   
nev]!less w\ld evoke pity & ang] f a    
majority ( ^? :o ) _! own eyes saw !m   
inflict$4 ,admitt+ t ! /ate ( public    
feel+ t[>d a p>ticul> =m ( cruelty mu/  
always be m or less a matt] (           
discretion>y judgm5t = legislators1 x is
 yet q wrong to suppose t laws mu/ wait 
until ! majority ( individuals 9 a      
community h op5ly decl>$ a feel+ ( :i*  
p]haps1 nev] hav+ be5 te/$ p]sonally1 !y
 are n consci\s4 ,:5 "o urges ! pass+ ( 
laws to prohibit c]ta9 cruelties1 "o is 

only urg+ t ! ,legislature %\ld give    
concrete expression to :at x believes   
w\ld be ! g5]al op9ion ( ! c\ntry1 if e 
man & woman !re9 c\ld be tak5           
ap>t--isolat$1 z juries are--& !n       
actually put face to face ) in/ances (  
^! cruelties1 s t !y might judge !m ) ! 
fre% & g5u9e feel+s ( unfett]$ m5 &     
wom54 ,"o is1 9 fact1 only urg+ !       
record+ ( a judgm5t :i* he believes to h
 be5 secretly deliv]$2 ask+ t ?is secret
 judgm5t %\ld be publi%$ 9 ! =m ( law z 
a daily & =cible rem9d] t "s ?+s are 8n 
done40  8,/ill60 w\ld say ^! critics :o 
want to see no m laws made because m5 _c
 be made humane by law1 & :o c]ta9ly    
%\ld logically wi% all our pres5t laws  
remov$ by law 7= ?is criticism is       
radical & n "o ( degree674 8,/ill60 !y  
w\ld say1 8all y h done is to make ,a4 &
 ,b4 me*anically avoid1 = example1 cag+ 
wild song-birds1 or dock+ horses' tails2
 b ! devil ( natural man is s /rong 9   
,a4 & ,b4 t !y w in/antly set to "w to  
inv5t "s o!r =m ( torture40 ,?is is too 

cynical4 ,_m ( ! cruelties t c be       
prohibit$ by law--t is to say1 ^? = ^:  
prohibition ! true & secret public feel+
 is ripe--are cruelties t come r f lack 
( ?\ght ?an f a natural savag]y4 ,& x is
 a v l>ge ord] to say t1 because y /op  
,a4 & ,b4 f 8n ?9k+0 9 a c]ta9          
direction1 _! lack ( ?\ght mu/ result 9 
o!r cruelties4 ,true1 ! reason = _!     
8lack ( ?\ght0 is (t5 t !y pr(it by x2  
b1 ev5 s1 x does n foll[ t if "o *annel 
( ?\ghtless & pa9-provok+ pr(it be cut  
(f1 !y mu/ necess>ily seek ano!r4 ,z a  
fact1 _m social cruelties 7su* z !      
sweat+ ( wom51 f\l h\s+1 & ! h>mful k9d 
( *ild lab\r7 are b dubi\s s\rces (     
pr(it 9 ! long run2 & "s cruelties      
practis$ on animals 7su* z ! we>+ (     
c]ta9 fea!rs1 or ! dock+ ( horses'      
tails7 are b ! outcome ( 8fa%ion40  ,to 
put x ano!r way4 ,we feel !re are c]ta9 
?+s our neighb\rs mu/ n d--we ev5 feel t
 we ourselves mu/ n d !m2 & we pass laws
 to put x out ( our own rea* to yield to
 ! temptation ( pr(it or temp]6  ,take a

 p]son :o is guiltless ( ?\ght or       
temptation 9 ! matt]1 & %[ him fir/ a   
numb] ( wild song-birds 9 fre$om1 & !n a
 bird fanci]'s %op1 ) ! same k9ds (     
birds 9 _! t9y cages1 & ask him :e!r or 
no he ?9ks !y ought to be kept l t4 ,9  
n9e cases out ( t5 he w say3 8,poor     
little begg>s6 ,no40  ,if !n1 !         
,legislature passes a law to p5alize su*
 cag+1 ?is law w be effective & w 9 "t  
/op wild birds f be+ cag$1 because !    
secret feel+ ( ! majority is really     
aga9/ su* a practice4  ,b pass a law to 
p5alize ! mod]ate smack+ ( small naughty
 *ildr51 x w simply be disreg>d$1       
because n9e out ( t5 p d n see any h>m 9
 ei!r _! neighb\rs or !mselves mod]ately
 smack+ _! imps4  ,_s & body 7t is1     
public feel+ & ! law7 9 ! social        
organism are z inextricably conjo9t z ! 
_s & body ( a man--public feel+ ne$+ its
 prop] clo?+ ( laws1 z our s\ls ne$ due 
clo?+ by our bodies4 ,& if m5 _c be made
 k9d by law1 !y c & are by law rem9d$ t 
!y mu/ n1 "u temptation1 d :at1 9 cool &

 dis9t]e/$ blood1 !y disapprove ( _!    
neighb\rs do+4  ,b !re is ano!r & p]haps
 m conv9c+ answ] to ^! critics4 8,y say 
x's no good pass+ laws4 ,if m5 are      
prev5t$ f ill-treat+ "o object1 !y'll   
only ill-treat ano!r40 ,s be x6 ,is t   
any reason = n try+ to save ! victims ( 
su* cruelty z we c actually see4 ,are we
 9 fact to disreg>d ! suff]] because 8  
tortur] may break out 9 a fre%          
direction4 ,t w\ld be z mu* z to say t a
 man wat*+ ano!r mak+ 8 bea/s g fa/] to 
m>ket by jabb+ !m ) a pit*-=k mu/ pass  
by on ! o!r side & d no?+ to help !     
creatures1 because if ! prodd] be       
prev5t$ he may to-morr[ cut (f ! tail ( 
8 horse to improve ! poor brute's value4
 ,no6 ,:]e y see cruelty1 /op x6 ,on t  
pr9ciple ! individual & ! ,/ate "k :]e  
!y are2 ! opposite is b t3 8,:at's !    
good ( anyf9k--:y6 n(f9k60 philosophy   
:i*1 purg$ f all ne$ = ef=t1 9 a _w (   
facts1 is s truly e!real & pleasant to  
hold6  ,"s ( ^! critics1 no d\bt1 w\ld  
c>ry ! matt] fur!r4 8,we don't ?9k ( !  

object10 !y w\ld say1 8because ! weak   
mu/ g to ! wall1 cruelty be+ inh]5t 9 ! 
/ruggle = exi/5ce40 ,well6 ,! sort (    
cruelties we h any *ance ( legislat+    
aga9/ are c]ta9ly n necess>y to !       
pres]vation ( our exi/5ce2 !y are       
luxuries1 excresc5ces1 or t k9d (       
%ort-cut :i* (t5 takes "o r\nd ! long]  
way4 ,! /ruggle = %e] exi/5ce we _c1 (  
c\rse1 annul2 x goes on1 & always w4 ,b 
9 ?is age ! human be+ is surely b\nd to 
say3 8,i am n only ?ankful t ,i am      
alive1 b t all ^! o!r creatures are     
alive2 ,i am n only ?ankful t ,i am )\t 
pa91 b t none ( ^! o!rs are 9 pa9 ei!r4 
,i wi% ! _w to be a dec5t place = !m z  
well z = myself60  ,& if ^! critics1    
return+ to _! mutton1 say3 8,q s1 sir1  
we desire t z mu* z y1 p]haps m2 we only
 tell y t y c't make m5 feel l t by     
law60 ! answ] once m is3 8,freely       
admitt$6 ,b if y d n concrete & record 9
 laws su* humane feel+s z y secretly &  
truly h1 if y d n keep ! body ( ! social
 organism 9 "t & tune ) its s\l1 y are  

h&icapp+ ! gr[? ( y\r humane feel+ =    
want ( signbo>ds aga9/ temptation to    
pr(it at ! exp5se ( o!rs2 & y are pass+ 
by on ! o!r side in/ead ( go+ to ! help 
( ^? y see be+ ill-treat$40             
,,iii                                   
,,pass+                 7,f ! ,we/m9/]  
,gazette1 #aiad47   ,i 0 /&+ on !       
,bridge be=e dawn ( ! summ] morn+2      
heat-mi/ d[n on ! wat]1 & ! bright face 
( ,big ,b5 up !re1 disjo9t1 set z x 7 9 
sky--s d>k x 04  ,i _h be5 !re "s "t1   
seek+ :at air !re might be 9 ! t[n1 />+ 
vaguely d[n ! broadway ( blackness      
betwe5 ! mi/$ lights ( ! riv] banks1    
?9k+ idle ?\ghts1 dream+ p]haps a       
little1 :5 sudd5ly ,i became consci\s ( 
some?+ on ! p>apet4 ,x seem$ to be p]*+ 
!re1 a ?91 gray %ape1 )\t face or limbs2
 &1 pe]+ at x1 ,i sidl$ along1 till ,i  
f\nd t ,i 0 gett+ no ne>]6 ,/>tl$1 ,i   
said3  8,:at is t8 ,:o is x80  ,only a  
fa9t sigh answ]$4  ,i call$ aga93 8,:o  
are y80  ,a s(t voice repli$3 8,don't be
 al>m$1 sir1 ,i am ! ,plumage ,bill40   

,its %ape _h gr[n no cle>]2 b 9 %e]     
amazem5t ,i w5t on speak+ z ?\gh x 7 a  
be+4  8,:at are y do+ out "h8 ,:y ar5't 
y 9 !re80 ,& ,i po9t$ to ,big ,b54  ,!  
voice answ]$ aga93 8,!y h no "t = me1   
sir4 ,i am re/+ a mom5t be=e ,i pass40  
8,b10 ,i said1 8y #8pass' 9 !re1 n out  
"h60  ,i c\ld h sworn ,i he>d x laugh1  
mu* z a dy+ *ild w laugh if y %[ x a    
jump+ toy3 8,oh6 no1 sir6 ,x is "h we   
pass into no?+ & ! summ] night40  ,&1 z 
x spoke1 ar\nd me came ! mo/ extraord9>y
 beat+ & vibration 9 ! air1 a k9d (     
:ite-gray wond] ( invisible w+s :eel+ & 
hov]+4 ,! :ole ( d>k space seem$ full ( 
millions ( ^! invisible w+s1 s t ,i /ood
 utt]ly bewild]$4 ,!n f out ( t         
noiseless swirl rose sudd5ly hundr$s (  
?\s&s ( t9y voices z ( birds too "y to  
fly1 call+1 cry+1 call+4 ,&1 fl++ up my 
h&s1 ,i press$ !m aga9/ ! drums ( my e>s
 till ,i ?\ght ,i %\ld break !m 92 b    
/ill ,i he>d ! hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( %rill  
little voices cry+1 & cry+4 8,hu%60 ,i  
call$ out3 8,= heav5's sake1 hu%60 ,b on

 !y w5t1 feeble & %rill amid t invisible
 swirl ( w+$ mo!rs try+ to rea* & fe$   
!m2 !n1 j :5 ,i ?\ght ,i c\ld be> x no  
long]1 ! mi/ on ! wat] curl$ ov] & broke
 l a wave1 some?+ sigh$ out 8,f>ewell60 
& ! ?9 gray %ape 0 no long] !re4  ,all 0
 /ill once m4 ,! ,bridge /ret*$ empty4  
,big ,b5 gl[$ 9 ! sky4 ,i drew a long   
brea? & turn$ to look d[n at ! wat]4    
,!re1 on ! p>apet1 0 t ?9 gray %ape     
aga96  8,n gone80 ,i cri$4  ,a voice    
answ]$3 8,sir1 ,i h only j come4 ,i am !
 ,bill ( ! ,worn-out ,horses40  8,:at60 
,i cri$2 8_h !y no "t ev5 = y80  ,&1 z  
,i spoke1 ,i he>d ! s\nd ( ?\s&s ( ho(s1
 & saw1 pass+ me sl[ly on ! d>k air1 !  
gaunt %apes ( horses4 ,f side to side1  
up1 d[n--horses dragg+ worn feet1 halt+1
 pass+--_! heads l[] ?an _! ho(s4  ,& ,i
 cri$ out3 8,= ,*ri/'s sake1 pass60  ,! 
voice answ]$3 8,we pass1 sir4 ,f>ewell60
  ,) a s\nd ( plung+ ! wat] rose black  
?r\gh ! mi/ to ! level ( ! ,bridge1 fell
 aga91 & all 0 once m /ill4  8,i'm      
haunt$60 ,i ?\ght2 & cross$ to ! o!r    

side4 ,!re1 aga91 be=e me on ! p>apet 0 
a gray %ape t said3 8,i am ! ,bill ( !  
,slaught]$ ,bea/s40  ,&1 on ! in/ant1   
!re came at me 9 ! air1 z ?\gh ,i 7 !   
c5tre ( a :eel1 a million spokes (      
bea/s1 great bea/s & little1 snort+1    
wri?+1 quiv]+1 ) a s\nd ( ! gurgl+ (    
blood4 ,& 9 t]ror ,i cri$3 8,pass60  ,! 
voice answ]$3 8,we pass1 sir4 ,f>ewell40
  ,& ! riv] ran by bel[1 swoll5 to !    
height ( a hill--all r$4  ,i began to   
run1 cry+ out3 8,en\gh60  ,b /ill !re on
 ! p>apet be=e me 0 ! ?9 gray %ape1 &   
its voice said3 8,i am ! ,bill ( ! ,cag$
 ,wild ,songbirds40  ,& f ! d>kness     
above came ! flutt] ( myriads ( t9y     
he>ts madd5$ ) t]ror1 & a s\nd su* z no 
o!r man c h he>d--( ?\s&s on ?\s&s (    
little w+s /ruggl+1 beat+1 /ruggl+ aga9/
 cage wires4 ,t s\nd came slant+ d[n to 
! wat] l a swall[ dipp+1 &              
pass$--invisible z w9d4  ,on ei!r       
p>apet1 be=e me1 beh9d1 7 _m1 _m ?9 gray
 %apes1 l r[s ( p5gu9s4 ,!y sigh$ &     
wav$1 mov+ ?is way & t1 z ?\gh say+     

f>ewell1 !n "o by "o div$ & pass$ into !
 d>k wat] bel[4 ,& ! :ole air 0 alive ) 
! sobb+ ( m5 & wom51 ( *ildr51 & ! cries
 ( pa9 & t]ror f bea/s & birds4 ,& j z  
,i ?\ght t ,i1 too1 w\ld leap d[n into !
 wat] & escape1 ! dawn broke 4 4 4  ,i  
rubb$ my eyes4 ,no?+ !re1 save ! riv]   
runn+ quiet & full1 ) a gray %e5 on x2 t
 bright clock jo9$ once m to e>? by its 
t[]2 & ! sky fleck$ f pole to pole ) t9y
 :ite cl\ds4 ,a breeze fann$ my face4   
,beside me on ! ,bridge a g5tleman 9 top
 hat & black coat 0 /ret*+ himself1 &   
brea?+ deeply4 ,i turn$ to him4  8,did y
 see !m1 sir80  8,see :at80  8,!        
,bills40  8,:at ,bills80  8,! ,bills (  
,suff]+6 ,!re1 on ! p>apet2 ?9 gray ?+s1
 pass+ into no?+ & ! summ] night80  ,he 
look$ at me1 & ,i saw he ?\ght ,i 0     
dem5t$4 ,!n1 ) a smile on 8 pleasant r$ 
face1 he po9t$ to ! ,clock ,t[]1 & said3
  8,bills6 ,i get en\gh ( !m 9 !re60    
8,didn't y ev5 he> !m80  ,he answ]$     
coldly3  8,my de> ,sir1 ,i am a         
matt]-(-fact & h>d-work$ man1 ) no "t to

 #8see' ?+s2 ,i h se5 & he>d no?+4 ,i   
came out "h = a brea? ( air aft] sitt+  
!re all night60 ,& p\nd+ ) 8 cl5*$ fi/  
at ! air1 he add$3  8,we h j _h a       
glori\s scrap60  ,und]/&+ !n t ,i mu/ h 
dream$1 ,i begg$ 8 p>don & mov$ t[>ds   
home1 pass+ ! ,clock ,t[]4              
,,iv                 ,,! ,,mod]n ,,/oic3
 ,,an ,,ill-,,natur$ ,,duologue4        
7,f ! ,outlook1 #aiac47   8,well1 ,i c  
only say t to my m9d x's j ano!r appeal 
to false emotion2 p&]+ to ! s(tness (   
our times4 ,?is mawki% humanit>ianism is
 und]m9+ our virility4 ,i prote/ aga9/  
all ?is agitation & rot ab\t suff]+40   
8,suff]+ ( o!rs is :at y mean1 ,i       
believe80  8,h[ d y "k !y suff]80       
8,=give me1 b :]e !re is all ! prim     
facie evid5ce ( suff]+1 x is surely     
#8up' to y to prove its non-exi/5ce4    
,n[1 if y y\rself 7 to try ^! v>i\s     
exp]i5ces ( animals :i* y tell u x is   
mawki% to conc]n ourselves ab\t1 !n :5 y
 say !y are no?+1 we %all p]haps believe
 y40  8,ah6 ,w y be good en\gh to sugge/

 h[ ,i c d t80  8,get y\rself *a9$ to   
y\r /udy *air--z a wat*dog is to its    
k5nel--= a ye> or s4 ,y c\ld !n write   
conv9c+ly on our morbidity = desir+ to d
 away ) y\r *a9 by law4 #8,x is no?+1' y
 w\ld say2 #8no virile p]son----' ,or1  
bett]1 cause y\rself to be tak5 d[n a   
m9e & kept !re all y\r life work+       
goodness kn[s h[ _m h\rs a day1 l "o (  
^? pit ponies1 to gu% ab\t ^: suff]+s y 
told me 0 effem9ate4 ,! pap]s w\ld be   
delight$ to get a lett] f y\r dea?-b$   
say+ t x 0 all greatly exagg]at$40      
8,y\r sugge/ions don't excite me1 s f>40
  8,v well4 ,:y n1 9 ! int]e/s ( sci5ce1
 submit y\r body to "s ( ! less exact+  
vivisections1 9 ord] t y may re9=ce f   
p]sonal exp]i5ce y\r rem>ks ab\t !      
squeami%ness ( cranks1 & ! efficacy (   
cur>e4 ,=1 ?9k h[ mu* m valuable to u   
all exp]im5ts on ! human y w\ld be6 ,i  
won't g s f> z to sugge/ t y %\ld be    
kill$ = food2 = ev5 "u ! comp>atively   
sl[ pres5t me?ods1 :i*1 9 contempt (    
morbid s5sibility ,i suppose y w\ld     

uphold1 y w\ld n be 9 a condition 7?\gh 
y might possibly h "t7 to write a lett] 
to ! pap] say+ t y\r suff]+ 0 really    
no?+4 ,no6 ,i %\ld r advise y to h      
little bits cut (f y\r e>s--a pity y h n
 a tail6--b ! effect c well be got by   
hav+ y\r h&s ti$ beh9d y on a hot day 9 
a fly-infe/$ field4 ,we %\ld !n get f y 
a def9ite pron\ncem5t t ! suff]+s ( be+ 
nick$ & dock$ are no?+1 in/ead ( ! m]e  
contemptu\s sil5ce ) :i* y at pres5t    
reg>d our mawki% attempts to /op ^!     
processes4 ,oh6 !re are lots ( ?+s y    
c\ld exp]i5ce1 s t y\r lett]s to !      
,press might acquire t conv9c+ quality  
:i* at pres5t seems to me r lack+40  8,q
 f9i%$8 ,y =get a little1 don't y1 t a  
human be+ is n an animal2 s t if ,i     
foll[$ y\r *>m+ sugge/ions ,i %\ld /ill 
be no ne>] kn[+ :e!r or no animals      
suff]1 z y say !y d40  8,oh6 !re's no   
necessity = y to re/rict y\r exp]i5ces  
to ^? :i* y advocate = animals4 ,i've   
notic$ t y are always compla9+ ( !      
morbid twaddle talk$ ab\t ! suff]+s (   

crim9als1 ! unhappily m>ri$1 & ! poor4  
,x w\ld v mu* increase our respect = y\r
 pron\ncem5ts if y w\ld cause y\rself to
 be conf9$ 9 a space eight feet by      
twelve1 9 y\r own company1 = tw5ty-?ree 
h\rs out ( tw5ty-f\r1 = ^? n9e mon?s1 ^:
 r$uction n long ago1 9 ! case (        
convicts1 ,i rememb] y disapprov$ (4 ,or
 aga91 if y w\ld m>ry a hopeless        
inebriate1 or m]ely gr[ to hate y\r     
wife--a lett] f y to "s well-kn[n j\rnal
 to say t x 0 all really ( no consequ5ce
 w\ld !n be ( incalculably great] value 
?an x is at pres5t4 ,or d>e ,i hope t y 
might be induc$ to embrace ! c>e] ( mak+
 mat*-boxes1 or c>d+ buttons1 or sew+   
%irts or tr\s]s =1 say1 twelve or fifte5
 h\rs a day1 on a wage ( sev5 %ill+s or 
s a week1 9 ord] t we might h ! b5efit (
 kn[+ t y\r /r5u\s rem>ks ab\t !        
mawki%ness ( believ+ t ! poor really    
suff] 7 inspir$ by a ?or\gh & p]sonal k 
( ! subject40  8,y're un=tunate 9 y\r   
*oice ( suff]+s4 ,^? y m5tion are all   
necess>y--society be+ :at x is40  8,oh6 

!n y admit t !y are suff]+s80  8,to an  
ext5t--mu* exagg]at$40  8,v well6 ,y h n
 yet1 ,i p]ceive1 grasp$ my po9ts3      
,fir/1 :at gives y ! "r to say ^!       
suff]+s are necess>y to society1 & to   
int]f]e ) our attempts to r$uce !m s f> 
z we c8 ,secondly1 :at makes y an       
au?ority at all on ! nature & degree (  
suff]+80  8,i refuse to answ] y\r fir/  
"q1 :i* ,i consid] insol5t4 ,z to !     
second1 :i* is also insol5t1 ( :at use  
is "o's imag9ation1 if n to gauge !     
exp]i5ces ( o!rs )\t exp]i5c+ !m        
oneself80  8,my de> sir1 imag9ation is  
n1 believe me1 a m]e capacity = fail+ to
 grasp :at y h n y\rself exp]i5c$4 ,x is
 an active quality1 & ev5 :5 /ret*$ to !
 utmo/ is a little liable to fall %ort (
 ! poignancy ( exp]i5ce4 ,let me rem9d y
 ( ,poe's tale ab\t ! man on :om ! walls
 ( a room gradually clos$ 94 ,t tale1 ,i
 am sure1 made ev5 y feel t 8 suff]+s   
might n be nil--?\gh ,i hone/ly believe 
x only r\s$ y because x 0 s obvi\sly    
romance4 ,b d y ?9k y\r imag9ation :5 y 

read ! /ory really provid$ y ) !        
int5sity ( ! s5sations ( t man1         
especially at ! mom5t :5 ! walls 7 gr9d+
 8 bones80  8,t 01 z y say1 romance4 ,b 
y humanit>ians are always magnify+ &    
di/ort+ into ! dreadful :at is v ord9>y 
exp]i5ce2 y\r imag9ations are y\r ma/]s1
 n y\r s]vants4 ,:at y want is to be    
famili>iz$ ) ! ord9>y sights ( ,nature1 
& ! look ( blood2 we %\ldn't !n h all   
?is namby-pambyism to put up )40  8,y   
recomm5d t we %\ld be famili>iz$ ) !    
sight ( blood8 ,might ,i sugge/ t no    
blood c\ld be s educative z t ( "o :o   
prop\nds ! doctr9e3 ,suff]+ is nil6 ,let
 y\r own blood fl[ = our enlight5m5t4   
,believe me1 we %all pay a mu* m rapt   
att5tion to x ?an we %\ld to t ( any o!r
 creature40  8,t1 z y well "k1 is an    
absurd sugge/ion40  8,yes6 ,q4 ,b :at ,i
 want y to appreciate is1 h[ t9y !      
diff]5ce betwe5 u is4 ,we ?9k1 t a man  
%\ld make light ( 8 own suff]+1 b make  
light ! suff]+ ( o!rs4 ,n[1 transpos+ t 
fir/ #8(' w\ld make our philosophy      

id5tical ) y\rs40  8,& h[ d y "k t ,i h 
n suff]+s1 made light (--hidd5 f e "o80 
8,h y8 ,we h1 y see1 no means ( kn[+2 & 
y mu/ prove x if y wi% = ! luxury ( hav+
 att5tion paid to y :5 y make light (   
suff]+ = o!rs4 ,b if inde$ y h1 are y n 
a mo/ unhappy p]son 9 t y d n let a     
fell[-feel+ make y wondr\s k9d80  8,ah6 
,i ?\ght t 0 com+4 ,%all ,i tell y my   
op9ion ( y1 sir8 ,y are a sickly        
s5tim5tali/40  8,my feel+ ab\t y1 is n s
 hackney$4 ,) y\r philosophy (3 #8,i am 
all "r4 ,let !m suff]6'--y are--! ,mod]n
 ,/oic40                            ,,on
 ,,prisons ,,& ,,puni%m5t               
,i                            ,,solit>y 
,,conf9em5t                             
7#a7      7,an ,op5 ,lett] to ! ,home   
,secret>y--at t "t1 ,may1 #aiji1     !  
,"r ,hon4 ,h]b]t ,john ,glad/one1       
,m4,p4--pr9t$ 9 ,!     ,nation47        
,,sir1--,9 address+ y1 ,i desire to say 
t ,i d s ) a gratitude & respect t mu/  
be %>$ by ^? :o "k h[ mu* y h already   
done = ! improvem5t ( our prison sy/em4 

,i head ?is lett] 8,solit>y ,conf9em5t0 
because1 ?\gh ! expression has long be5 
(ficially ab&on$ 9 fav\r ( ! t]m        
8,sep>ate ,conf9em5t10 x m adequately   
def9es ! seclusion und]gone by prison]s 
9 clos$ cells1 & di/+ui%es t sy/em f a  
practice obta9+ 9 local prisons ( sett+ 
prison]s to "w sep>ately 9 _! cells )   
op5 doors 7:5 x is impossible to f9d !m 
"w 9 association74  ,solit>y1 or        
clos$-cell1 conf9em5t--t is to say1     
complete seclusion e day = ne>ly        
tw5ty-?ree h\rs out ( tw5ty-f\r--is n[1 
sir1 z y1 b n all m51 "k1 endur$ by e   
convict 7p]sons s5t5c$ to p5al s]vitude 
= ?ree ye>s & ov]7 dur+ ! fir/ ?ree1    
six1 or n9e mon?s ( 8 s5t5ce1 accord+ to
 class--/>1 int]m$iate1 or recidivi/1 & 
= ! fir/ mon? ( _! s5t5ce by all        
prison]s 7except juv5iles7 s5t5c$ to h>d
 lab\r4 ,clos$-cell conf9em5t = wom5    
convicts la/s f\r mon?s4  ,x is ! object
 ( ?is lett] to urge on y ! complete    
ab&onm5t ( ?is clos$-cell conf9em5t1    
save :]e x is r5d]$ necess>y by !       

conduct ( ! convict or prison] aft] 8   
arrival 9 prison4  ,9 ord] to demon/rate
 ! weakness ( ! case = its ret5tion1 ,i 
%all fir/ quote c]ta9 p>agraphs f !     
,report ( ! ,dep>tm5tal ,committee1     
#ahie1 ov] :i* y1 sir1 presid$4 7,!     
italics are my own47      #eb4 8,we d n 
agree ) ! view t sep>ate conf9em5t is   
desirable1 on ! gr\nd t x enables !     
prison] to     m$itate on 8 misde$s4 ,we
 are1 h[ev]1 dispos$ to agree     t !   
sep>ate sy/em z a g5]al pr9ciple is ! "r
     policy4 ,! sep>ate sy/em re/s on   
two consid]ations only4 ,x     is a     
det]r5t1 & x is a necess>y safegu>d     
aga9/     contam9ation4 ,b we are n ( ! 
op9ion t association     = indu/rial    
lab\r "u prop] conditions is productive 
(     h>m4 ,on ! contr>y1 we believe t !
 advantages l>gely     outweigh !       
disadvantages4 4 4 4 ,subject to ?is    
condition0     7c>eful sup]vision7 8& to
 a prop] sy/em ( classification1        
,colonel ,g>sia1 a prison (ficial (     
great exp]i5ce1 /at$ 9     8 evid5ce t  

!re 0 no dang] :atev] 9 associat$       
"w4 4 4 40      #ec4 84 4 4 ,we ?9k t   
?is limit$ =m ( association is          
desirable = sev]al reasons4 7#a7 ,x is a
 welcome relief to     mo/ prison]s f ! 
dull & we>y+ monotony ( !     con/ant   
isolation :i* =ces m5 back on !mselves1 
& 9     _m cases leads to moral &       
physical det]ioration4 7#b7 ,x     c be 
made 9 ! nature ( a privilege liable to 
susp5sion1     & w\ld be1 !re=e1 a      
satisfactory addition to ! be/     k9d (
 available puni%m5t4 7#c7 ,x mat]ially  
less5s !     difficulty ( provid+ &     
organis+ indu/rial lab\r 9     prisons4 
,prison]s c be taught trades 9 classes1 
& !y c     !n "w 9 association "u prop] 
& economical sup]vision     9 regul>    
work%ops or halls provid$ = ! purpose4  
7#d7 ,x     is m heal?y4 ,x is desirable
 t cells %\ld be     unt5ant$ = "s h\rs 
9 ! day1 & 9 any case x is     bett] t  
"w :i* produces du/ %\ld n be c>ri$ on 9
     ! cells40      #ee4 8,9 recomm5d+ a
 wid] adoption ( associat$ "w1 we       

mu/ admit t sev]al compet5t witnesses   
express$     disapproval ( ! pr9ciple4 4
 4 4 ,b ^u cross-exam9ation1     x did n
 appe> t !y c\ld su/a9 _! objection to  
associat$ lab\r prop]ly sup]vis$1 & !y  
seem$ to u to     h =m$ _! op9ion r     
because sep>ation has be5 !     accept$ 
rule ( ! prison sy/em ?an on any        
exp]i5ce (     failure ( ! associat$    
sy/em4 4 4 40      #gf4 8,9 !           
consid]ation ( sev]al matt]s conta9$ 9 !
     ref]5ce we _h to t\* ^u ! practice 
( conf9+     convicts = n9e mon?s'0 7n[1
 #aiji1 ?ree1 six or n9e7     8solit>y  
imprisonm5t ei!r 9 local or convict     
prisons4 4 4 4     ,! hi/ory ( x is     
int]e/+ & sugge/ive4 ,x 0     orig9at$ 9
 #ahdb by ,sir ,james ,graham1 !n ,home 
,secret>y4 4 4 4 ,we %all %[ h[ complete
 a *ange 9 !     app>5t object ( !      
practice has s9ce occurr$40      #gg4 84
 4 4 ,! convict 0 to und]go eighte5     
mon?s' solit>y     imprisonm5t1 b he 0  
to be freely visit$ by *apla9 &         
prison (ficials 4 4 4 he 0 to be kept 9 

a /ate (     *e]fulness2 hope1 en]gy1   
resolution1 & virtue 7 to be     imp>t$ 
to him1 & he 0 to be tra9$ to be fully  
compet5t     to make 8 own way & become 
a respectable memb] 9 ! p5al            
settlem5ts4 4 4 40      #gh4 8,9 #ahdh x
 0 det]m9$ t1 eighte5 mon?s be+ too     
long a p]iod = isolat$ conf9em5t1 a     
sy/em %\ld be     introduc$ bas$ on a   
p]iod ( sep>ate conf9em5t1 foll[$     by
 a t]m ( associat$ lab\r1 ) a maximum ( 
twelve mon?s4     ,?is 0 r$uc$ by ,"l   
,palm]/on 9 #ahec to n9e mon?s4 ,!      
orig9al int5tion ( ,sir ,j4 ,graham1 :i*
 0 t ?is p]iod     %\ld be prim>ily ( a 
re=matory "*1 appe>s fifte5     ye>s    
lat] to h be5 lo/ sight (4 4 4 40       
#gi4 8,x w\ld appe> f ,sir ,j4 ,jebb's  
evid5ce 9 #ahec t     ! ma9 object ( !  
sep>ate 7solit>y7 conf9em5t _h come     
to be det]r5ce4 4 4 40      #hj4 8,9    
effect1 ?is is ! purpose :i* x mu/ be   
reg>d$     z n[ design$ to s]ve4 4 4 4  
,x is c]ta9ly a practical     conv5i5ce 
9 ! s5se t ! exp5se ( s5d+ convicts     

imm$iately aft] s5t5ce to convict       
prisons1 ei!r s+ly or     9 small       
deta*m5ts1 is curtail$ by ! sy/em (     
ga!r+     prisons4 ,?is consid]ation    
alone is n suffici5t to ju/ify     !    
practice4 ,! argum5t t x is a necess>y  
discipl9e     = p5al s]vitude1 if true1 
is no argum5t = s5d+ !     convicts to  
local prisons4 ,we d n reg>d ! sy/em )  
fav\r4 ,we see no objection to %ort     
p]iods ( det5tion 9     local prisons = 
! purpose ( collect+ p>ties = transf]   
to ! convict prisons2 b if ! sy/em is a 
good "o at     all1 we ?9k x ought1 z f>
 z possible1 to be work$ out 9     !    
convict prisons f fir/ to la/4 ,we ?9k x
 _c be     d5i$ t cases occur 9 :i* a   
n]v\s condition1 agitat$     by remorse 
& by a long cont9uance ( ! sep>ate      
sy/em1 may     be injuri\sly affect$ by 
x4 ,f ! evid5ce be=e u1 we     h no     
reason to believe t su* cases are ( o!r 
?an     exceptional occurr5ce4 ,we ?9k x
 is wor? consid]+ :e!r     ! sev]ity ( !
 sy/em might n be mitigat$ by a         

sub/antial r$uction 9 ! p]iod (         
sep>ation4 4 4 40  ,^!1 sir1 7 !        
conclusions ( y\r ,committee z f> back z
 #ahie4 ,i submit t1 z a :ole1 !y po9t  
to ! exi/5ce ( v grave d\bts 9 ! m9ds ( 
its memb]s z to ! wisdom ( reta9+ ?is   
sy/em ( clos$-cell conf9em5t at all4    
,s9ce !n great /rides h be5 made 9 !    
direction ( ! classification ( prison]s1
 & ( associat$ lab\r1 & ! :ole sl[ tr5d 
( ?\ght & ef=t 9 reg>d to prisons has   
be5 9 ! direction ( re=mation ( !       
prison]4  ,! late ,sir ,edmund ,du      
,cane1 ?\gh "o ( its *ief support]s1 has
 call$ solit>y conf9em5t 84 4 4 an      
artificial /ate ( exi/5ce absolutely    
oppos$ to t :i* ,nature po9ts out z !   
condition ( m5tal1 moral1 & physical    
heal? 4 4 40 78,! ,puni%m5t & ,prev5tion
 ( ,crime10 p4 #ach47 ,its effect on a  
highly-/rung temp]am5t is ?us describ$  
by a "y woman :o _h s]v$ a long t]m (   
p5al s]vitude4      84 4 4 ,x is l no?+ 
else 9 ! _w--x is impossible to         
describe x2 no words c pa9t its mis]ies1

 no?+ t ,i c     say w\ld give any idea 
( ! horrors ( solit>y     conf9em5t--x  
madd5s "o ev5 to ?9k ( x4 ,no "o :o has 
n be5 ?r\gh x c conceive ! awful angui% 
"o endures     :5 %ut up 9 a liv+ tomb1 
?r[n back ^u y\rself 4 4 4     ,!       
ov]p[]+ s5sation is "o ( suffocation4 ,y
 feel y     mu/ & c sma% ! walls1 bur/  
op5 ! doors1 kill     y\rself6 4 4 40   
,add to ?is ,sir ,rob]t ,&]son's        
description ( 8 s5sations 7,n9ete5?     
,c5tury1 ,m>*1 #aijb71 aft] he _h caus$ 
himself to be lock$ up = only a few h\rs
 ) a political prison]4 8,i seem$ to be 
9 a pit4 ,!re 0 no want ( air1 & yet ,i 
felt smo!r$4 ,my n]ves w\ld n h long    
/ood ! /ra9 ( x40  ,?is is ! conclusion1
 f p]sonal exp]i5ce1 ( ,h4 ,b4          
,montgom]y3      8,! :ole ( ?is         
proc$ure0 7solit>y conf9em5t7 8is cruel 
& b>b>\s1 unwor?y ( a humane or civiliz$
 nation4 ,to my     k x drives _m m5    
mad1 & ev5 :5 x does n     induce       
lunacy1 m5tally affects a l>ge          
proportion ( ^?     subject$ to x 4 4 40

 ,&3 8,! less a prison] is ?r[n 9 on    
himself & ! m he is enc\rag$ to fo/] 8  
home ties1     ! less likely is he to   
desc5d into t condition ( despair     & 
demoralization :i* are su* pot5t factors
 9 driv+ m5     to p]dition40  ,^! are !
 words ( ,colonel ,bak]1 ( ! ,salvation 
,army1 be=e y\r ,dep>tm5tal ,committee (
 #ahie3      8,z to convicts on dis*>ge1
 ,i %\ld l to say t we f9d     a great  
numb] ( !m incapable ( pursu+ any ord9>y
     occupation4 ,!y are m5tally weak & 
wa/$1 requir+     c>eful treatm5t =     
mon?s aft] !y h be5 receiv$ by     u4 ,9
 sev]al cases !y are m5 :o are only fit 
to be s5t     (f home or to a hospital40
  ,^!1 aft] p]sonal exp]i5ce1 are !     
comm5ts ( ,w4 ,b4 ,n4 9 8 mod]ate1 &    
/oical1 book 8,p5al ,s]vitude03      84 
4 4 b1 at ! be/1 ! sy/em ( #8sep>ate    
conf9em5t' is     a v bad "o4 ,x is only
 solit>y conf9em5t slightly     improv$1
 & x has "s ( ! wor/ effects ( t t]rible
     puni%m5t4 ,! int5tion ( x1         
d\btless1 is to impress !     prison] ) 

! gravity ( 8 (f5ce aga9/ society1 & to 
br+ him to a bett] /ate ( m9d4 ,b 9 "s  
cases1 ,i am     conv9c$1 x has q !     
opposite result4 ,! solitude &     !    
hopeless monotony1 ) no?+ to ?9k ( b !  
long     ye>s ( suff]+ & disgrace ahead1
 produces n]v\s     irritation approa*+1
 9 "s cases1 to fr5zy1 & in/ead (       
s(t5+ ! man br+s out all ! evil !re is 9
 him4 ,"u     su* conditions1 ! wor/    
companions he c\ld h are 8 own          
?\ghts4 ,9 m5 ( a diff]5t temp]am5t1    
aga91 x dead5s     all s5sibility1 s t  
!y d n c>e a /raw :at happ5s            
aft]w>ds1 b w\ld j z soon become        
habitual crim9als z     n4 ,x is ?is    
sull5 hatr$ ( !mselves & ( ev]ybody     
else eng5d]$ & fo/]$ dur+ ! long dismal 
mon?s (     sep>ate conf9em5t t makes ! 
mo/ dang]\s &     tr\blesome prison]s at
 a lat] /age4 ,!re are a ?ird class1    
:o1 hav+ no crim9al in/9cts1 nor any    
/rong in/9cts at     all1 m]ely give way
 m5tally1 )\t any acute di/ress1 &      
become little bett] ?an half-witt$ by ! 

"t _! sep>ate     conf9em5t is at an    
end4 4 4 40  ,^! are ! rem>ks (         
,pr(essor ,pr9s1 ,inspector-,g5]al (    
,belgian prisons3      8,solitude       
produces 9 him 7! vacu\s-m9d$1 erratic1 
&     animal p]son :o is usually !      
crim9al7 no intellectual     activity & 
no se>*+ ( consci5ce2 x s]ves to deep5 8
     m5tal vacuity & to deliv] him ov]  
to unnatural indulg5ce     9 ! "o animal
 appetite ( :i* he _c be depriv$40      
78,! ,crim9al10 ,havelock ,ellis1 p4    
#cbh47  ,beltrani-,scalia1 =m]ly        
,inspector-,g5]al ( ,prisons 9 ,italy1  
is ( ! same op9ion1 & rem>ks t 8!       
cellul> sy/em looks ^u man z a bro!r (  
,la ,trappe40 78,! ,crim9al10 p4 #cbi47 
,! foll[+ passage1 tak5 f ,pr9ce        
,kropotk9's 8,memoirs ( a               
,revolutioni/10 ref]s to a peasant      
conf9$ solit>ily 9 a cell b5ea? him 9 ! 
,=tress ( ,pet] & ,paul1 & ) :om he & 8 
neighb\r c\ld communicate by knock+4    
8,soon ,i began to notice1 to my t]ror1 
t f "t to "t     8 m9d w&]$4 ,gradually 

8 ?\ghts became m & m     confus$ & we  
two p]ceiv$1 /ep by /ep1 day by day1    
evid5ces t 8 reason 0 fail+1 until 8    
talk became at     la/ t ( a lunatic4   
,frightful noises & wild cries came     
next f ! l[] /orey2 our neighb\r 0 mad4 
4 4 4 ,to     witness ! de/ruction ( a  
man's m9d "u su* conditions     0       
t]rible40  ,f9ally1 ?is is ! judgm5t ( !
 rector ( ,/4 ,m>ylebone1 ,dr4 ,w4 ,d4  
,morrison 7aft] m ?an t5 ye>s' exp]i5ce 
z ,prison ,*apla973 8,x t5ds to h a     
demoralis+ effect ^u _m classes (       
prison]s40  ,su* evid5ce might be       
multipli$ indef9itely4  ,n[1 sir1 9     
reg>d to ! object ( solit>y conf9em5t we
 h surely no ne$ to g beh9d ! f9d+ ( y\r
 committee3  8,x w\ld appe> t ! ma9     
object ( ! sep>ate0 7clos$-cell7        
8conf9em5t _h come to be det]r5ce 4 4 4 
,9 effect ?is is ! purpose :i* x mu/ be 
reg>d$ z n[ design$ to s]ve40  ,9 reg>d 
to its nature1 we h1 z surely1 no ne$ ( 
o!r description ?an its support]'s1 !   
late ,sir ,edmund ,du ,cane's 8,an      

artificial /ate ( exi/5ce absolutely    
oppos$ to t :i* ,nature po9ts out z !   
condition ( m5tal1 moral1 & physical    
heal?40  ,! que/ions aris+1 !n1 are     
two3--      7a7 ,is ?is practice (      
solit>y conf9em5t1 9 fact1     det]r5t8 
7b7 ,has a civiliz$ nation ! "r to reta9
 (f5d]s =     mon?s 9 a /ate ( exi/5ce  
absolutely oppos$ to m5tal1     moral1 &
 physical heal?1 ev5 = ! purpose (      
det]r5ce8  ,z to "q 7a74 ,no support c  
be ga!r$ = ! plea ( det]r5ce f !        
/ati/ics ( p5al s]vitude2 m]e sev]ity ( 
puni%m5t has nev] be5 prov$ to be a     
factor ( det]r5ce4 ,:5 m5 7 hung = horse
 or %eep /eal+ ^? (f5ces 7 f> m preval5t
 ?an !y are n[4 ,moreov]1 ! nature ( _! 
com+ puni%m5t is too vaguely kn[n to ^? 
:o h nev] be5 9 prison = ! ?\ght (      
solit>y conf9em5t to h any det]r5t      
effect on n9ety-n9e out ( a hundr$ fir/ 
(f5d]s4 ,inde$1 t x is n suffici5tly    
pres5t to any man's m9d is %[n by ! fact
 t s humane a public z ours kn[s & ?9ks 
s little ab\t ! suff]+ ( solit>y        

conf9em5t z to h all[$ x to rema9 "p (  
_! prison sy/em4  ,! effect ( a p]iod ( 
solit>y conf9em5t :i* comes at ! beg9n+ 
( long ye>s ( imprisonm5t is inevitably 
wip$ out by ! monotony ( ! prison life  
:i* foll[s4 ,me*anical adju/m5t to      
environm5t is always go+ on 9 ! human   
be+4 ,solit>y conf9em5t is a smo!r+     
process to :i* ! m9d mu/ adapt itself1  
or p]i%4 ,! m5tal demoralization rema9s 
aft] ! conf9em5t comes to an end1 b !   
consci\sness ( t m5tal ru91 !           
consci\sness ( ! suff]+1 has become     
dull$2 f 8 clos$ cell ! convict passes  
on to ! ord9>y prison life1 actually    
unable to appreciate ! ext5t ( ! mis]y  
he has und]gone4 ,obvi\sly1 moreov]1    
det]r5ce 7if !re be det]r5ce7 paid = by 
m5tal & moral weak5+ is n true det]r5ce2
 = ! acquir$ p[] ( resi/ance to crime1  
if any1 is nullifi$ ?r\gh det]ioration (
 ! prison]'s fibre4  ,! true det]r5ce ( 
imprisonm5t lies 9 ! g5]al fe> ( loss ( 
lib]ty2 9 t nightm>e ( a ?\ght all      
details ( imp5d+ puni%m5t 7ev5 if kn[n7 

me*anically m]ge4  ,?is solit>y         
conf9em5t1 h[ev]1 is sometimes ju/ifi$  
on ! gr\nd t x is necess>y to buoy !    
convict up ) hope4 ,x is ?\ght t by     
plac+ him at ! outset 9 ! sev5? hell (  
pa9 we less5 8 suff]+s 9 ! m9or hells   
:i* await him at ! expiration ( ^? fir/ 
dire mon?s4 ,t1 sir1 is humanity ) a    
v5geance4 ,imag9e ?is pr9ciple logically
 appli$ to social life4 ,! husb& w\ld   
beat ! wife t %e might n s greatly feel 
! inevitable we> & te> ( matrimony2 ! "m
 w\ld />ve ! *ild t x might exp]i5ce ) m
 equanimity ! ord9>y pangs ( hung]2 !   
ma/] w\ld )hold wages t ! s]vant might m
 duly appreciate ! receipt ( :at 0 due  
to him4 ,x appe>s1 inde$1 to be almo/   
:at is call$ a vici\s pr9ciple4  ,to "q 
7b7--,:e!r a civiliz$ c\ntry has ! "r to
 reta9 its (f5d]s 9 a /ate ( exi/5ce    
absolutely oppos$ to m5tal1 moral1 &    
physical heal?1 ev5 = ! sake ( a suppos$
 det]r5ce--,i conceive1 sir1 b ?is "o   
answ]3 ,only s long z we d n realize :at
 ?is solit>y conf9em5t means4  ,six     

mon?s 7to take ! mean s5t5ce7 is a %ort 
"t to a free man2 x is an et]nity to a  
prison] conf9$ 9 solitude4 ,"o hundr$ & 
eighty days--f\r ?\s& h\rs1 ( utt]      
solitude & sil5ce 9 a cell1 :i*--9 !    
words ( ,sir ,rob]t ,&]son 7,n9ete5?    
,c5tury1 ,m>*1 #aijb7--8;diff]s f e o!r 
sort ( ap>tm5t design$ = human          
habitation 9 t all view ( ext]nal       
nature1 su* z might soo!1 & possibly    
alleviate1 ! m9d1 is1 ) elaborate c>e1  
exclud$0--solitude brok5 only by "o h\r 
a day1 ( *apel1 & walk+ up & d[n a y>d1 
by ! sight ( a w>d]1 ?ree times or s a  
day1 br++ 9 food2 by a t5 m9utes' visit 
p]haps f *apla9 or gov]nor4  ,f\r ?\s&  
h\rs ( utt] solitude 9 a clos$ space    
?irte5 feet by sev5--) ! prospect (     
any?+ f two to tw5ty ye>s ( monoton\s   
r\t9e & loss ( lib]ty to foll[6 ,c a    
,public ,op9ion1 :i* succe$s 9 br++ ^!  
facts home to its imag9ation1 ju/ly say 
t two & a half to tw5ty ye>s ( loss (   
lib]ty1 ) all t ?is means 9 prison1 is n
 suffici5t puni%m5t = any crime t man c 

commit1 )\t ! prelim9>y agony ( f\r ?\s&
 h\rs ( solitude 9 a clos$ space ?irte5 
feet by sev58  ,sir1 ,public ,op9ion has
 nev] yet succe$$ 9 realiz+ :at ?is     
s-call$ sep>ate conf9em5t means4 ,9 !   
ye> end+ ,m>*1 #aijg1 we set #a1jce     
p]sons1 ( :om #fia _h nev] be5 s5t5c$ to
 p5al s]vitude be=e1 to endure ^! h\rs (
 agony & demoralization4 ,9 ! ye> end+  
,m>*1 #aijh1 we set ano!r #a1agi to     
endure ! same1 #gdi ( !m = ! fir/ "t4   
,at ! pres5t mom5t ano!r ?\s&1 m or     
less1 are und]go+ x4  ,9 ?us subject+   
ye> by ye> a ?\s& p]sons to n9e1 six1 or
 ?ree mon?s ( an 8artificial /ate (     
exi/5ce absolutely oppos$ to t :i*      
,nature po9ts out z ! condition ( m5tal1
 moral1 & physical heal?10 we are       
annually committ+ an (f5ce aga9/ our    
reason1 ( :i* we reap ! full rew>d 9 !  
m5tal1 moral1 & physical det]ioration ( 
p]sons already demoraliz$ en\gh2 & an   
(f5ce aga9/ our humanity 9 reality z    
great z if we _h plac$ !m on ! rack4  ,i
 by no means lose sight ( ! fact t ?is  

clos$-cell conf9em5t falls ) diff]5t    
effect on diff]5t temp]am5ts2 x falls1  
no d\bt1 f> less heavily on ! sluggi% & 
! brutaliz$ ?an on ! n]v\s types1 ( :i*1
 h[ev]1 we are n[ bre$+ great numb]s4   
,b1 sir1 ev5 ! habitual                 
crim9al--popul>ly suppos$ to dread      
flogg+ m ?an any?+--has be5 kn[n :ile   
endur+ solit>y conf9em5t to beg = ! la% 
9 place ( x4 ,sir ,j4 ,jebb1 giv+       
evid5ce be=e ! ,p5al ,s]vitude ,acts    
,commission 9 #ahfc1 uses ^! words3 8,) 
burgl>s & reckless *>act]s ,i ?9k t     
sep>ate conf9em5t is dread$ m ?an any   
o!r k9d ( discipl9e40 ,& 9 reg>d to o!r 
effects on ! habitual crim9al1 ! words (
 ,pr(essor ,pr9s1 above quot$1 are      
significant4 ,! sluggi% brutality ( _m  
recidivi/s is produc$ 9 ! fir/ place by 
?is v process ( clos$-cell conf9em5t4   
,man1 ev5 ! l[e/ type ( man1 is a social
 & greg>i\s animal--all t is be/ 9 him  
dep5ds on1 & is br\ght out by1 contact )
 8 fell[-creatures2 if t be n s1 our    
religion & :ole social s*eme are falsely

 conceiv$4 ,deprive man ( all contact ) 
8 fell[-man1 %ut him 9 ^u himself1      
hopelessly1 utt]ly1 mon? by mon?1 & he w
 come out ( t artificial exi/5ce l[] & m
 brutal ?an :5 he ent]$ x4 ,prolong$    
/>vation & agony ( ! m9d is worse ?an   
/>vation & agony ( ! body1 c>ry+1 z x   
does1 ! wreck ( ! body ) x4  ,we h ! "r 
to re/ra9 (f5d]s & to safegu>d society2 
9 do+ ?is we unavoidably puni% ) t      
already t]rible puni%m5t 8loss (        
lib]ty40 ,b1 sir1 we h--surely--n ! "r  
to inflict unnecess>y & h>mful suff]+4  
,i recognise to ! full t !re is no lack 
( humanity among ^? :o "w our prison    
sy/em2 recognise to ! full t !y w\ld n  
will+ly inflict any suff]+ t !y         
ackn[l$g$ to be unnecess>y2 b 9 e       
dep>tm5t ( life ^? :o adm9i/] a sy/em   
are1 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 ) r>e exceptions1
 too habituat$ to t sy/em1 too close to 
x1 to be able to see x 9 due p]spective4
  ,i ask y1 sir1 & ,i ask ! common s5se 
( ! public1 :e!r h>mful & unnecess>y    
suff]+ mu/ n inevitably be endur$ by !  

m9d1 & ?r\gh ! m9d by ! body1 ( a human 
be+ dur+ ^! ?\s&s ( h\rs ( clos$-cell   
conf9em5t4 ,to answ] t "q fairly ea*    
memb] ( ! public has b to ask :at w\ld  
be ! effect on himself or h]self ( n9e  
or six or ev5 ?ree mon?s' utt] seclusion
 7except = "o h\r ea* day7 f all sight &
 s\nd n only ( human be+s1 b ( animals1 
trees1 fl[]s1 & f ! sight ev5 ( ! sky1  
all b a pat* no bigg] ?an a tea-tray4   
,we are on ! :ole a humane p2 & x is n s
 mu* a "q ( our humanity z ( our        
imag9ations4 ,! position is pla9ly ?is3 
,^? :o h to "w our prison sy/em p]haps  
c\ld n d s at all if !y all[$ _!        
imag9ations fair play4 ,! community are 
too alo( to realize :at t prison sy/em  
means4 ,& s ! unnecess>y demoralization 
& suff]+ caus$ by ?is clos$-cell        
conf9em5t goes on at ! rate ( 7=        
convicts alone7 m ?an f\r million h\rs a
 ye>6  ,i d n base ! appeal ( ?is lett] 
s mu* on humanity z on common s5se4 ,:y1
 :5 we are fac$ ) appall+ /ati/ics (    
crim9ality1 ) appall+ difficulties 9    

deal+ ) & re=m+ crim9als1 d we          
delib]ately cont9ue a practice :i* bo?  
evid5ce & reason tell u contributes to !
 m complete demoralization ( su* z are  
already demoraliz$8  ,9 ! ,report ( y\r 
,dep>tm5tal ,committee ( #ahie occur ^! 
words3      8,x %\ld be ! object ( !    
prison au?orities1 ?r\gh !     prison   
/aff & any suitable auxili>y ef=t t c be
     employ$1 to humanize ! prison]s1 to
 prev5t !m f     feel+ t ! ,/ate m]ely  
*a9s !m = a c]ta9 p]iod     & c>es no?+ 
ab\t !m beyond keep+ !m 9 safe cu/ody   
& "u iron discipl9e40      ,& aga93 84 4
 4 x /r5g!ns our belief t ! ma9 fault   
( our prison sy/em is t x treats        
prison]s too mu* z     irreclaimable    
crim9als in/ead ( reclaimable m5 &      
wom540  ,i submit t no unprejudic$ man c
 reg>d ?is clos$-cell conf9em5t z a     
humaniz+ influ5ce1 except 9 ! r>e/      
cases1 or ma9ta9 t x helps to reclaim m5
 & wom54  ,i ref] aga9 to ?is p>agraph 9
 ! ,report ( y\r ,committee3      8,x0  
7! det5tion ( convicts 9 clos$-cell     

conf9em5t at     local prisons7 8is     
c]ta9ly a practical conv5i5ce 9 !       
s5se t ! exp5se ( s5d+ convicts         
imm$iately aft]     s5t5ce to convict   
prisons1 ei!r s+ly or 9 deta*m5ts1 is   
curtail$ by ! sy/em ( ga!r+ prisons4    
,?is     consid]ation alone is n        
suffici5t to ju/ify ! practice40  ,i am 
cr$ibly in=m$ t ! :ole matt] is "o (    
adm9i/ration1 & c be modifi$ )\t ,act ( 
,p>liam5t4 ,i appeal1 !n1 to y1 sir1 :o 
h already done s mu* t[>ds re=m+ our    
prison sy/em1 to "w = ! ab&onm5t ( ?is  
cu/om ( conf9+ convicts 9 clos$ cells = 
n9e1 six or ?ree mon?s1 or any less     
p]iod1 ei!r 9 local or 9 convict        
prisons2 to sub/itute !re=e "w 9        
association f ! comm5cem5t ( s5t5ce2 or1
 :]e su* is n imm$iately possible1 "w 9 
sep>ate cells ) op5 doors4 ,& ,i w\ld   
fur!r appeal to y to advocate ! r$uction
 ( ! tw5ty-eight days1 clos$-cell       
conf9em5t endur$ by prison]s s]v+       
s5t5ces ( h>d lab\r4  ,?an ?is great &  
necess>y re=m ,i c conceive none t w1 at

 a s+le /roke1 remove s mu* h>mful &    
unnecess>y suff]+1 or d m to reconcile  
our ,p5al ,laws ) ,ju/ice & ,common     
,s5se4                                  
7#b7      7,f a ,lett] to ,sir ,evelyn  
,ruggles ,brise1 ,k4,c4,b41 ,prison     
,commission1 ,:itehall1 ,july1 #aiji47  
84 4 4 ,i 0 at ,x4 ,prison on ,tuesday1 
at ,y4 ,prison ye/]day4 ,saw all !      
(ficials1 & talk$ ) twelve convicts4 4 4
 4  8,x 0 sugge/$ to me at ,x4 t ,i     
ought to /ay "s days !re & see e        
convict4 ,i w\ld be will+1 if y w all[  
me1 to /ay "s days at ,x4 ,prison1 see e
 convict1 & keep record ( ! answ]s      
obta9$ f ea* "o z to ! effect on him (  
sep>ate conf9em5t4 ,i ?9k !y w\ld speak 
to me freely4 ,f all ,i he>1 & c]ta9ly f
 its situation & g5]al air9ess &        
lightness1 ,x4 ,prison is ! be/ ( ! f\r 
collect+ prisons1 & !re w\ld be no dang]
 ( gett+ an impression m unfav\rable to 
sep>ate conf9em5t ?an ,i %\ld get f see+
 ea* convict 9 all f\r prisons4  8,an   
expression us$ dur+ our conv]sation !   

o!r day leads me = a mom5t into ! deep] 
& wid] significance ( ?is "q4 ,x 0 !    
expression #8a d[nright enemy ( society'
 us$ ( a c]ta9 class ( prison]4 ,i h be5
 ?9k+ ov] t phrase #8a d[nright enemy ( 
society' to see if "o m m$itation on x  
w\ld correct ! conclusions ( a hundr$   
previ\s m$itations1 b ,i d n feel t x   
has4 ,i ?9k ( x l ?is3 ,e n[ & !n1      
seldom en\gh b /ill too frequ5tly1 we   
come across *ildr51 9 all classes1 :o1 f
 ! age :5 !y beg9 to act at all1 %[ t   
!re is some?+ 9 !m w>p$1 di/ort$1       
inh]5tly inimical to goodness4 ,x is 9  
!m1 ( !m1 a ta9t 9 _! blood1 a lesion ( 
_! bra94 ,!y gr[ up4 ,!y are n insane1 b
 !y h a bl9d spot1 a place 9 _! s\ls or 
int]nal economy--or :atev] y l to call  
x--t "s my/]i\s1 r awful1 h& has d>k5$4 
,!y are doom$ f _! bir? by reason ( t   
bl9d spot soon] or lat] to become       
crim9als1 t is1 to commit "s action :i* 
is n consonant ) ! actions ( ^? :o are  
born )\t ?is bl9d spot2 "s are n f\nd   
out1 "s are4 ,:5 f\nd out !y are kn[n z 

#8! crim9al type4' ,!y =m a portion1 n  
p]haps a v l>ge "o1 ( our convicts4 ,c  
^?1 :o h _h ! good =tune to be born l _!
 fell[s1 puni% ^! un=tunates = ! sake ( 
puni%+ !m1 = ! sake ( av5g+ society8 ,i 
_c br+ myself to ?9k s4  8,^! are n1    
h[ev]1 ! bulk ( our convicts4 ,! great] 
"p ( !m are ^? :o are born m or less    
normal1 b ) :at is call$ a weak "*4#e ,i
 don't "k if y h ev] be5 mu* among/ ^?  
classes :i* supply ! va/ proportion (   
our crim9als2 if y h1 y w recognize1 z  
,i d1 :at a wond]ful ?+ x is t s small a
 proportion ( !m become crim9als4 ,y w h
 se5 ! v dreadful /ruggle !y h aga9/    
luck f ! "t :5 !y beg9 to "k any?+4 ,y w
 feel1 z ,i d1 t keep+ _! heads above   
wat] is1 & mu/ be1 t\* & g ) !m f day to
 day2 !y've j a plank betwe5 !m & go+   
d[n1 & a v little extra sea 7x runs high
 all ! "t7 tips t plank ov]4 ,_m ( !m   
are br$ 9 slums & g>rets :]e ! only real
 ,god is ,dr9k4 ,:5 !y g "u1 !y are     
sudd5ly up aga9/ ! mo/ inexorable ?+ 9  
life1 ,law & ,ord]1 to ^: m]cilessness e

 citiz5 subscribes 9 self-def5ce1 :e!r  
he w or no4 ,:5 !y h paid _! debt to    
,law1 !y em]ge into ! same conditions   
aga9/ :i* !y 7 too weak by nature to /& 
up be=e1 ) ! "o weapon !y _h1 "*1 ei!r  
gone or gravely damag$4 ,x is n         
rem>kable t !y g d[n aga91 & !n aga91 & 
s on1 until !y become #8enemies (       
society4'  8,x seems to me t g5tlem5 7,i
 speak 9 ! _s71 hold+ z _! cre$ ! duty (
 putt+ !mselves 9 ! place ( o!rs1 _c    
reconcile x ) t cre$ to puni% = ! m]e   
sake ( puni%+ ^? ^: *ances 9 life h be5 
s va/ly inf]ior to _! own4  8,^! g5]al  
consid]ations mu/ be platitudes to y1 & 
,i feel t y d n1 any m ?an ,i1 believe 9
 puni%m5t z a means ( rev5g+ society1 b 
m]ely z a means ( protect+ society by   
re/ra9+ & try+ to re=m ! (f5d]4 ,society
 7,i speak 9 ! wide/ s5se ( h]$ity &    
environm5t7 makes ! (f5d]2 x c re/ra91 b
 x _c ) ju/ice exact v5geance f !       
victims ( its own %ortcom+s4  8,all hope
 ( real dim9ution 9 crime & crim9als 79 
default ( bett] social conditions7      

dep5ds1 9 my belief1 n on ! infliction (
 #8det]r5t suff]+' 9 prisons1 b1 fir/1  
on ! ext5sion ( probation1 & y\r spl5did
 ,bor/al sy/em2 secondly1 on abolition (
 #8tickets ( leave1' & t vici\s pr9ciple
 ( n hav+ done ) ! (f5ce :5 y h paid !  
p5alty = x2 ?irdly1 on a mod]ate1       
humane1 & re=matory use ( ! pr9ciple (  
det5tion ( ! hopeless recidivi/2 f\r?ly1
 on ! increase ( humaniz+ influ5ces     
br\ght to be> on prison]s 9 prison4 ,i  
give full weight to ! necessity = n mak+
 prison life a treat1 & to !            
consid]ation t :at w\ld be hell to u may
 be comp>ative ease to ! habitual       
crim9al2 b ,i ?9k t1 ) #8clos$-cell'    
conf9em5t aboli%$1 society might /ill   
make its m9d easy4 ,! man :o w come back
 to prison life f *oice1 s long z he c  
get 8 bread 9 fre$om1 does n exi/2 !    
cumulative =ce ( h>d & regul> "w1 (     
sil5ce1 ( no tobacco1 ( no dr9k1 ( no k 
( :at is go+ on outside1 ( be+ ord]$    
ab\t f morn+ to night1 ( be+1 a numb]1 n
 a man1 ( los+ all t\* ) 8 family &     

fri5ds1 above all1 ( utt] monotony1 ( ! 
s5se at ! be/ ( be+ 9 s*ool1 at ! wor/ (
 be+ 9 slav]y1 ( ! feel+ ( hav+ :ole    
ye>s spong$ out ( 8 life 7= a man does n
 live 9 prison71 may n be easy to grasp 
= ^? :o live 9 lib]ty !mselves1 b x is  
none ! less trem5d\s4  8,x is p]haps    
sup]flu\s to rem9d y1 :o = s _m ye>s h  
be5 fight+ = & a*iev+ re=ms1 ( :at a    
que]1 hypnotiz+ influ5ce #8?+s z !y     
are'--9 fact1 ! exi/+ sy/em has on !    
m9ds ( ^? :o are con/antly confront$ )  
x2 & to beg y = t reason to take due    
disc\nt f ! evid5ce ( ^? :o are         
necess>ily "u t hypnotic influ5ce2 j z  
no d\bt y w1 )\t my begg+ y1 take       
disc\nt f my appeal on ! gr\nd t ,i am  
an outsid]4  8,i c't close ?is lett] )\t
 say+ t x's impossible to g ov] our     
prisons & n see t ! c\ntry has 9 y\rself
 a great re=m+ adm9i/rator2 ,i %all     
consid] x a r>e piece ( good =tune if   
any words ( m9e help to br+ ab\t 9 y\r  
m9d ! belief t ?is p>ticul> feature (   
our prison sy/em1 clos$-cell conf9em5t1 

requires imm$iate mitigation & ultimate 
elim9ation1 except 9 individual cases4 4
 4 40  -----  #e ,crim9ality1 ,i n[ ?9k1
 is z (t5 ! result ( too /rong a "*1 or 
r ( too mu* unbalanc$ self-w4--,j4 ,g4  
7#c7                      ,a ,,m9ute    
,,on ,,sep>ate ,,conf9em5t       ,=w>d$ 
to ! ,home ,secret>y & ! ,prison        
,commission]s1     ,septemb]1 #aiji4    
7,compil$ f visits paid to sixty        
convicts und]go+ sep>ate     conf9em5t 9
 ,x4 & ,y4 ,prisons1 ,july & ,septemb]1 
#aiji47  ,by ! c\rtesy ( ! ,prison      
,commission]s1 to :om my ?anks are due1 
,i visit$ ^! convicts 9 _! cells1 &     
conv]s$ privately ) ea* "o ( !m = f t5  
m9utes to a qu>t] ( an h\r4 ,i put c]ta9
 def9ite que/ions to ea* 9 reg>d to !   
effect ( sep>ate conf9em5t on !mselves1 
&1 s f> z !y c\ld tell me1 on o!r       
prison]s1 prefac+ ea* conv]sation by !  
in=mation t ,i 0 9 no way connect$ ) !  
prison au?orities4 ,my object 9 ! c\rse 
( ^! conv]sations 0 to get beh9d ! =mal 
"q & answ] to ! man's real feel+s4 ,i   

met ) no ho/ility1 defiance1 or consci\s
 evasion 9 any s+le case4 ,9 "s cases a 
^w or two 0 suffici5t to br+ a ru% (    
emotion4 ,sev]al m5 7 9 te>s ?r\gh\t !  
int]view4 ,9 ! majority ( cases1 h[ev]1 
,i f\nd x difficult to get ! prison]s to
 express !mselves2 & 9 "s cases =mal    
answ]s1 /olidly giv51 7 rev]s$ by "s    
sudd5 revelation ( feel+ evok$1 z x 71 9
 spite ( ! prison]'s self4 ,g5]ally     
speak+1 ,i judg$ t feel+s 7 und]/at$ r  
?an ov]/at$4  ,! summ>y ( ^! int]views  
is z foll[s3 7sixty convicts            
int]view$73--  ,( ^!3   ,eight pref]r$  
sep>ate conf9em5t to work+ 9            
,,category ,a4    association1 & 7 n    
consci\s ( h>mful   ,fifte5 w\ld pref]  
"w 9 association1 b         ,,category  
,b4    7#a7 ,hav+ suff]$ f _! sep>ate   
conf9em5t1    _h got m or less us$ to x 
7?ree cases74    7#b7 ,7 suff]+1 b ?\ght
 x 0 good = !m    7?ree cases74    7#c7 
,7 s incapable ( express+  _!           
exp]i5ces1 t  no def9ite answ] c\ld be  
got    f !m 7n9e cases74   ,?irty-sev5  

pref]r$ association2 suff]$ sev]ely     
,,category ,c4    f sep>ate  conf9em5t2 
& ass]t$ t !y    _h be5 h>m$2 t all     
prison]s 7 h>m$1 &    "s driv5 crazy4   
,( ! eight convicts 9 ,category ,a1 :o  
pref]r$ sep>ate3      ,f\r 7 educat$ m5 
7?ree ( :om ass]t$ a natural            
pref]5ce = _! own society 9 or out (    
prison74      ,"o 0 an old recidivi/ )  
five s5t5ces ( p5al     s]vitude4       
,two 7( a call\s type7 pref]r$ sep>ate  
conf9em5t because     !y _h no          
temptation to talk & get into tr\ble4   
,"o 0 ! only prison] ,i saw :o said he  
_h delib]ately     committ$ 8 (f5ce 9   
ord] to get into prison4  ,! foll[+     
phrases tak5 f notes made imm$iately    
aft] ea* int]view indicate ! g5]al      
nature ( ! suff]+ exp]i5c$ by prison]s  
sep>ately conf9$3      8,i us$ to look  
up at ! w9d[1 & some?+ seem$ to pull    
me back40      8,! fir/ mon? 0 awful1 ,i
 didn't h>dly "k h[ to keep     myself  
toge!r4 ,i ?\ght ,i %\ld g mad40        
8,x's made me v n]v\s4 ,! lea/ ?+ upsets

 me2 ,i 0 n     n]v\s be=e40      8,i've
 got a daught]1 & ,i grieve ov] h] all !
 "t2     !re's no?+ to take y\r m9d (f40
      8,i've nev] felt "r s9ce--x's got 
all ov] me40 7,?is man     cri$ all !   
"t4 ,he seem$ utt]ly unn]v$1 & brok5 up4
 ,a     ,/> ,class man47      8,i feel x
 dreadfully4 ,x gets worse z x goes on40
      8,x's no life at all4 ,i'd soon]  
be dead ?an "h40 7,?is man     0 v      
te>ful & quav]y47      8,my fir/ spell (
 #8sep>ate' ne>ly drove me rav+40 7,?is 
0     a recidivi/ s]v+ 8 ?ird t]m47     
8,x broke me d[n on my fir/ s5t5ce4 ,x  
de/roys a man40      8,i _h a cold      
lonely feel+4 4 4 4 ,n9e mon?s ( x is   
kill+     = mo/ m540      8,x's puni%m5t
 to %ut up a man = n9e mon?s40 7,?is is 
a     fair specim5 ( ! v g5]al          
"u-/atem5t ( evid5tly     acute feel+s47
      8,x'll s5d m5 #8up ! /ick4'0 7,(f 
_! heads47      8,i'm v mis]able &      
d[n-'e>t$4 ,y feel x m & m     z y get  
old]4 ,i h>dly "k sometimes :at ,i'm    
do+40 7,?is     0 f an old man (        

sixty-"o :o _h be5 tw5ty ye>s 9         
prison1 & said he did n expect to la/   
?r\gh ?is     s5t5ce4 ,he _h /ill six   
mon?s ( sep>ate to run1 &     /ruck me z
 v brok5 up1 & suff]+47      8,i keep   
#8pictur+' ?+s1 & walk+ ab\t4 ,x s5ds m5
 #8up     ! pole6'0 7,ano!r bad case ( a
 "y recidivi/ (     tw5ty-n9e1 ) five   
mon?s ( 8 #8sep>ate' /ill to run47      
8,walls seem to close 94 4 4 4 ,i get   
blankness 9 ! bra92     h to /op read+40
      8,x's hell ^u e>?40 7,an educat$  
prison]47      8,almo/ unbe>able        
depression40 7,an educat$ prison]47     
8,sleep's ! only com=t40      8,i sit   
!re sometimes at "w1 n kn[+ :at ,i'm    
do+40      8,i've good n]ves4 ,a man )  
bad n]ves w\ld soon snuff out 9         
#8sep>ate'40      8,if a man _h !       
spy-hole op5 ev51 s t he c\ld see out1  
x w\ld make a va/ deal ( diff]5ce4 4 4 4
 ,i've se5 numb]s     ( m5 come on !    
public works f _! #8sep>ate1' q         
silly40      8,i've se5 _m a man driv5  
que]40 7,?is recidivi/ _h s]v$     f\r  

t]ms ( p5al s]vitude47      8,i've se5  
m5 driv5 (f _! nuts40  ,i c\ld n get an 
admission f any prison] t ! suff]+ !y   
und]w5t 9 sep>ate conf9em5t det]r$ !m f 
com+ back to prison4 ,! two reasons !y  
assign$ = com+ back to prison 73        
7#a7 ,t !y _h s little *ance outside4   
7#b7 ,dr9k4  ,x is obvi\s1 h[ev]1 t !   
sep>ate p]iod is almo/ univ]sally reg>d$
 z mu* ! wor/ "p ( ! s5t5ce4  ,my       
reasons = believ+ t1 9 spite ( ?is1     
sep>ate conf9em5t is n1 9 fact1 det]r5t 
7 giv5 9 my op5 lett] to ! ,home        
,secret>y 7! ,nation1 ,may #a/ & ,may   
#h?1 #aiji72 ?is belief has be5 /r5g!n$ 
r ?an weak5$ 9 ! c\rse ( ?is            
inve/igation4 ,z a f9al result ( ^!     
visits ,i record my delib]ate conviction
 t no compet5t obs]v] ) any knack (     
gett+ at m5's feel+s1 & ! opportunity ( 
conv]s+ 9 private & z a private p]son1 )
 ! prison]s c\ld come to any o!r        
conclusion ?an t an imm5se am\nt (      
h>mful & unnecess>y suff]+ is inflict$  
by clos$-cell conf9em5t ext5d+ ov] !    

p]iods 7especially ! long] p]iods7 n[   
prevail+4 ,x is my belief t if !        
au?orities 7 able to adopt ?is me?od (  
gett+ at ! real /ate ( ! case ! sy/em   
w\ld n rema9 unalt]$ = a s+le day4      
7#d7      7,f a ,lett] to ! ,home       
,secret>y1 ! ,"r ,hon4 ,h]b]t     ,john 
,glad/one1 ,m4,p41 ,octob]1 #aiji47  84 
4 4 ,e day t passes ) ?is "q undealt )  
means s _m ?\s& h\rs ( solid1 tangible1 
h>mful1 removable mis]y4 ,!re is a      
di/9ction betwe5 ?is p>ticul> k9d (     
mis]y & any o!r exp]i5c$ by man 9 a /ate
 ( society su* z we n[ h 9 ,engl&4 ,!re 
is no o!r =m ( acute1 prolong$ mis]y    
en=c$ on p 9 su* a way z t !y c by no   
possibility avoid x4 ,! old say+1 #8,he 
des]ves all he'll get & m1' /ultifies   
itself ! mom5t x is look$ into2 ! plea (
 det]r5ce does n hold wat]2 & ?is mis]y 
/&s out />k--a survival f ! philosophy  
767 ( ! d>k ages4 4 4 40                
,,note4--,solit>y 7or sep>ate7 conf9em5t
 = convicts has be5     r$uc$ f n9e1    
six1 & ?ree mon?s to ?ree mon?s =       

8old h&s10 & "o mon? = ! o!r two classes
 (     convicts4 ,b ! writ] feels z     
/rongly z ev] t1 except     9 special   
cases1 x %\ld be done away )            
altoge!r4--,j4 ,g4                      
,,ii                          ,,! ,,_s  
,,( ,,puni%m5t               7,an       
,article 9 ! ,daily ,*ronicle1 #aiaj47  
,9 ! matt] ( our adm9i/ration ( ju/ice  
!re is a v simple "q to be ask$ by e man
 ( 8 own consci5ce3 ,:at d ,i believe is
 ! object ( puni%m5t8 ,until ?is "q has 
be5 ask$ & coh]5tly answ]$ by !         
community x is obvi\sly z mad to apply  
puni%m5t z = a man to set out to d9e ) a
 fri5d ( ^: address he has no k4 ,b by  
h[ _m p has ?is "q be5 ask$2 by h[ _m   
has x be5 coh]5tly answ]$8  ,! :ole     
adm9i/ration ( our ju/ice at pres5t     
treads ! quicks&s ( ambiguity z to !    
object ( puni%m5t4 ,! va/ majority ( u h
 nev] put to ourselves ! "q at all1 be+ 
q satisfi$ t ! object ( puni%m5t is to  
8s]ve p "r02 & out ( ! small m9ority :o 
h ask$ ! "q ! f> great] numb] h giv5    

!mselves no coh]5t answ]4 ,& yet x is   
only f a coh]5t & wise answ]1 grav5 9   
lett]s ( /one on our law c\rts &        
prisons1 9 lett]s ( feel+ 9 our he>ts1 t
 hope ( dim9ution 9 crime1 & 9 ! damage 
:i* arises f x1 bo? to ! community & to 
! (f5d]1 c come4  ,n[1 :atev] s5tim5tal 
relation !re be betwe5 puni%m5t & our   
deep in/9cts ( equity1 ! object (       
puni%m5t is ! protection ( society & !  
re=mation ( ! (f5d]4 ,t is ! only safe  
rule 9 practice2 & ev]y?+ 9 our         
adm9i/ration ( ju/ice :i* conflicts ) x 
is falsely conceiv$4 ,b x is ! commone/ 
?+ 9 ! _w = p to accept t def9ition )\t 
consid]+ 9 ! lea/ :at x means2 = exp]ts1
 aft] ?or\ghly agree+ ) x1 to sudd5ly   
rem>k t = su* & su* a crime !y1         
p]sonally1 w\ld h no m]cy2 = s5t5ces to 
be pass$ 9 :i* ! judge has obvi\sly     
fitt$ ! puni%m5t to 8 private views ( ! 
he9\sness ( ! crime1 )\t real reg>d = ! 
protection ( society1 or = ! re=mation (
 ! p]son s5t5c$4 ,all :i* is extremely  
natural1 & v bad4  ,! confusion arises f

 n keep+ ! idea ( ! protection ( society
 closely en\gh c\pl$ ) ! idea ( !       
re=mation ( ! (f5d]2 f dwell+ too mu* on
 ! pa/1 & n look+ en\gh to ! future2 f !
 cont9u$ exi/5ce ( ! old !ory1 8an eye =
 an eye0 condemn$ to dea? ov] n9ete5    
hundr$ ye>s ago1 b /ill dy+ v h>d 9 ?is 
,*ri/ian c\ntry4  ,! protection (       
,society includes ! adju/m5t ( puni%m5t 
s z n to leave on ! m9d ( ! injur$ p]son
 a crude s5se ( injury unheal$ by       
retribution4 ,x includes ! removal f    
individuals ( ! desire to take ! law    
into _! own h&s4 ,x is necess>y to      
pres]ve 9 puni%m5t a due elem5t (       
det]r5ce4 ,! ,/ate & ^? :o adm9i/] its  
functions h no bus9ess ) any?+ b !      
sci5tific application ( ! be/ means to d
 all ?is1 & re=m ! (f5d]4  ,yet 9 !     
glibbe/ way t gold5 rule 8protection (  
society & re=mation ( ! (f5d]0 is cit$  
to cov] all ! flaws 9 our adm9i/ration (
 ju/ice4  ,9 its "n m5 are prosecut$1 :5
 ) bett] compreh5sion !y %\ld be w>n$ or
 help$4  ,9 its "n fir/ (f5d]s are      

imprison$1 :5 ) bett] compreh5sion !    
imprisonm5t ( fir/ (f5d]s1 ( :atev] age1
 = :atev] (f5ce1 %\ld be unkn[n2 a mu*  
great] dang] to society arises1 &       
inf9itely less *ance ( re=m+ ! del9qu5t 
exi/s1 :5 t del9qu5t has once be5       
committ$ to prison4 ,place him on       
probation1 or s5d him to a re=matory    
in/itution su* z ,bor/al1 = :atev] fix$ 
p]iod may seem necess>y--b to a prison1 
z prisons n[ are1 nev]6 ,to s5d him !re 
is fatal1 hopeless1 uneconomic1         
unsci5tific4  ,9 its "n1 ! cont9uance ( 
clos$-cell conf9em5t is def5d$2 & we    
endeav\r to re=m m5 by consign+ !m to ! 
op]ation ( :at1 9 ! words ( its /aun*   
support] 7! late ,sir ,edmund ,du       
,cane71 is1 8an artificial /ate (       
exi/5ce1 absolutely oppos$ to t :i*     
,nature po9ts out z ! condition ( m5tal1
 moral1 & physical heal?40 ,we try 9    
fact to protect society by a me?od t    
does n re=m4 ,_m h rais$ _! voices aga9/
 ?is /range practice s9ce evid5ce1 giv5 
be=e ! ,select ,committee on ,prison    

,discipl9e1 #ahej1 describ$ clos$-cell  
conf9em5t z dang]\s to heal?1 & unju/ to
 ! prison] 8because x ?r[s him back into
 society ) dim9i%$ physical ability to  
enc\nt] ! v>iabl5ess ( climate1 !       
sev]ity ( lab\r1 & ! p9*+s ( want1 to   
:i* z a lab\r] 9 ! m>ket ( competition  
he mu/ ev] be liable40 4 4 46 ,yet 9 !  
"n ( ! gold5 rule ! practice l+]s on1   
help+ to rot m5 & wom54  ,9 ! "n ( ?is  
gold5 rule1 prison]s work+ 9 association
 are1 9 our prisons1 =c$ into an        
unnatural sil5ce1 = ev] furtively evad$4
 ,"s sil5ce may be good1 b p]petual     
sil5ce is too unnatural n to defeat     
itself4 ,classification is ! true       
prev5tive ( contam9ation1 n complete    
sep>ation1 nor p]petual sil5ce4  ,9 its 
"n ! h&icap ( ! ticket-(-leave 7n[1 ?ank
 heav51 modifi$7 is plac$ on ^? :o are  
desp]ately h&icapp$ already4  ,! idea   
beh9d ^! & o!r practices ( !            
adm9i/ration ( our ju/ice is t mu*      
det]r5t suff]+ is ne$ful = ! protection 
( society & ! re=mation ( ! (f5d]4 ,b ^?

 :o "k human nature "k t1 except 9 r>e  
cases1 human be+s _c be re=m$ by suff]+ 
inflict$ on !m aga9/ _! w1 & x is no use
 hav+ a sy/em ( puni%m5t b5eficial to ! 
few & h>mful to ! majority4 ,! late ,"l 
,col]idge once made ^! rem>ks3--        
8,!re are few ?+s m frequ5tly borne 9 on
 a judge's m9d     ?an ! little good he 
c d ! crim9al by ! s5t5ces he           
imposes4 ,^! s5t5ces (t5 d no?+ b unmix$
 h>m1     ?\gh ,i am sure t ?r\gh\t !   
c\ntry ! greate/ pa9s     are tak5 to   
make our prisons z useful z possible 9 !
 way     ( be+ re=matories4 ,b1 z a     
matt] ( fact1 !y are n     s40  ,great] 
pa9s are n[ tak5 ?an :5 ^? words 7      
spok51 b a man _c g ov] prisons 7,i d n 
speak ( ! ,bor/al in/itutions7 )\t see+ 
t !y are n1 _c be1 re=matory4           
,re=mation does n come f beat+ on !     
prison]'s fibre ) ! dull mallet (       
suff]+4 ,to re=m "o mu/ inspire4 ,!re is
 a sp>k ( good 9 e man's brea/2 ! only  
*ance lies 9 fann+ t sp>k4 ,b if we are 
n re=m+ m5 9 our prisons1 h[ c we be    

said to be protect+ society1 by s5d+ !m 
!re8 ,we are surely endang]+ society2 & 
nurtur+ ! _s ( crime4  ,! fact ( ! matt]
 is ?is3 ,rev5ge is /ill at ! back ( our
 m9ds4 ,let a man argue on ! subject )  
:omsoev] he w1 t5 m9utes w n h pass$    
be=e he makes t discov]y4 ,! ,/ate /ill 
feels t because a man has hurt x1 x mu/ 
hurt him4 ,& ?is feel+ de/roys all !    
economy & sci5ce ( our laws4 ,:5 a crime
 is committ$1 all we %\ld be conc]n$ )1 
9 our own int]e/s1 is ! application ( ! 
be/ possible means to m9imize ! results 
( t crime1 to ensure t society %all run 
! lea/ possible risk ( a repetition ( ! 
crime1 & ! (f5d] ! lea/ possible risk ( 
rema9+ a crim9al4  ,9 do+ ?is we _c1 9 v
 _m cases1 avoid ! det5tion ( our       
crim9als2 b we c1 & %\ld1 avoid inflict+
 suff]+ on ^? :om we deta91 beyond !    
already great suff]+ & deprivation      
insep>able f discipl9>y det5tion1 & all 
t discipl9>y det5tion implies2 = by     
delib]ately sup]add+ su* suff]+s z      
solitude1 or p]petual unreliev$ sil5ce1 

we d n to any appreciable degree det]   
o!rs f committ+ (f5ces1 & we d fo/] 9 ^?
 :om we imprison ! disposition to commit
 fre% (f5ces :5 !y are releas$4  ,t     
dim9ution ( crime1 dep5ds n on det]r5t  
puni%m5t1 b on wide & impalpable        
influ5ces--gr[? ( social feel+1 spread (
 education1 bett]m5t ( mann]s1 decrease 
( intemp]ance1 improvem5t 9 h\s+1 a     
hundr$ o!r causes--is pla9 f ! (ficial  
/atem5t lately issu$4 8,! memb]s ( !    
pr$atory classes are appreciably few]   
?an 9 #aheg1 9 spite ( ! fact t 9 !     
int]im population has almo/ d\bl$40 ,&  
?is 9 ! face ( admitt$ly mild] p5al     
measures6 ,= fur!r evid5ce t m]e sev]ity
 ( treatm5t does n det] we ne$ only look
 at ! comp>ative success ( ! ,elmira    
,re=matory 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & !       
,bor/al in/itutions "h4 ,"u ^! sy/ems1  
:i* all[ ! (f5d] "s k9d ( natural life1 
! p]c5tage ( ^? :o return to crime is   
mo/ notably small]4  ,crime is          
disease--if n 9 ! m$ical1 9 ! moral s5se
 ( ! ^w4 ,x is ei!r ! disease (         

weakness1 or ( unbalanc$ self-w1 or !   
disease ( inh]it$ ta9t4 ,we h f\ght     
aga9/ ?is conclusion because we /ill    
h>b\r ! _s ( rev5ge2 b z k advances we  
%all1 we mu/1 accept x4 ,& ! soon] we d 
accept x ! less money we %all wa/e1 !   
less h>mful & unnecess>y suff]+ %all we 
inflict4  ,! difficulties ( judicial &  
prison adm9i/ration are enorm\s1 ! =ce (
 prejudice enc\nt]$ by re=m+            
adm9i/rators t]rific--all ! m t]rific   
because ^! prejudices1 9 ! ma9          
consci5ti\s1 are :olly re9=c$ by ! fact 
t *ange means tr\ble & exp5se1 by fe>s (
 mak+ ?+s worse1 by all ! accumulat$    
mom5tum ( 8?+s z !y are40 ,= a man ) any
 und]/&+ 9 8 composition x is impossible
 n to sympa?ize ) ^? :o1 adm9i/]+       
ju/ice1 e>ne/ly desire to d _! be/1 &   
are (t51 "o is sure1 sick at he>t f !   
feel+ t :at !y are do+ is n ! be/4  ,x  
re/s ) public op9ion 9 ?is c\ntry to    
re-animate our attitude t[>ds crime2 to 
%ake itself free ( our muddl$           
conceptions ( ! object ( puni%m5t2 to   

scot* once = all ! _s ( rev5ge2 to rise 
to a high]1 m sci5tific & incid5tally m 
economic1 conception ( our duty t[>ds   
crim9als4 ,let u get rid ( ! idea t we  
are protect+ society & re=m+ (f5d]s by  
inflict+ suff]+ t we falsely call       
det]r5t4 ,let u *ange our prisons into  
,bor/al ,in/itutions1 & let u d x z soon
 z is humanly possible4 ,loss ( lib]ty  
is1 next to loss ( life1 ! mo/ dread$ ( 
all fates2 x has1 9 & by itself1 almo/  
all ! det]r5t =ce t is ne$ful4 ,!re may 
be "h & !re m5 :o pref] to be deta9$ "u 
/rict discipl9e to be+ at lib]ty2 b if  
!re be1 x c only be said t ! conditions 
( _! lives outside prison mu/ con/itute 
a disgrace to our civilization1 & t our 
p5al sy/em _c safely or ju/ly be all[$  
to re/ on any acquiesc5ce 9 t disgrace4 
,9 ! la/ annual report ( ! ,bor/al      
,association occur ! foll[+ words3      
8,x is n a namby-pamby me?od4 4 4 4 ,!  
panic-mong] :o     prophesies t !       
ambiti\s y\? ( ! work+ classes w        
/ill clam\r = admission ?r\gh ! gateway 

( crime to !     advantages ( ,bor/al1  
w\ld be reg>d$ z a humori/ by ^?     :o 
h be5 !re & #8h _h en\gh & le>nt s5se4'0
  ,let u1 !n1 take discipl9e & loss (   
lib]ty z our sole det]r5ts1 & on ^? :om 
we deprive ( lib]ty let u use all !     
res\rces ( a common s5se t %all refuse  
to apply to crim9als me?ods :i* w\ld be 
sc\t$ 9 ! re=m ( human be+s outside     
prisons4  ,all evid5ce %[s t m]e1       
s-call$ det]r5t1 sev]ity is useless4    
,let u no long] fly 9 ! face ( evid5ce4 
,let u con=m to facts4 ,if we s]i\sly   
desire to r$uce crime to its irr$ucible 
m9imum we mu/ g to "w l doctors4        
,,iii                           ,,an    
,,unpubli%$ ,,preface                   
7,writt5 9 #aiaj47   ,x is n my habit to
 write prefaces1 b !re are c]ta9 ?+s ,i 
want to say conc]n+ ! play 8,ju/ice10 z 
to its subject-matt]1 n its arti/ic     
qualities1 bad1 good1 or indiff]5t4     
,hold+ p]haps a m intimate k ( its      
au?or's m9d ?an c else:]e be obta9$1 ,i 
w\ld rem>k t ! play is no indictm5t or  

attack1 b a picture ( ! :ole process (  
,ju/ice z se5 by ?is pa9t]'s eye4 ,!re  
are ?ick5+s ( l9e "h1 & ?9n+s !re1      
occasion$ by lack ( te*nical k1 or dem&$
 by ! exig5cies ( dramatic craft1 b !   
spiritual ess5ce ( ! matt] is set d[n   
hone/ly1 z be/ x c\ld be p]ceiv$ by him4
  ,ju/ice 0 kn[n by ! anci5ts to be     
bl9d2 by ourselves is admitt$ bl9d2 w be
 acclaim$ bl9d by ! tongues ( our       
desc5dants4 ,x is bl9d because x is     
dep>t- or r comp>t-m5tal4  ,!           
prosecutor1 be he anci5t ,roman or      
,engli%man ( to-day1 _c gauge or control
 ! :ole effect on ! (f5d] & on society (
 ! process :i* he initiates4 ,! ,judge1 
be he ,solon or ,judge ( ! ,high ,c\rt1 
_c "k en\gh ( ! temp]am5t & antec$5ts ( 
a prison] to adequately apportion a     
s5t5ce :i* he _c see be+ c>ri$ out4 ,!  
prison (ficial is ti$ to ! t]ms ( !     
s5t5ce & ! conditions ( ! sy/em1 = "s   
sy/em !re mu/ be4 ,! ,public1 on !      
prison]'s release1 acts me*anically 9   
its own def5ce aga9/ a m>k$ man4 ,all   

see only _! own bits ( ! game4  ,f ?is  
g5]al bl9dness1 x foll[s t puni%m5t is  
almo/ always out ( proportion4 ,?is is  
:y x seem$ to me wor? :ile to make a    
picture ( ,bl9d ,ju/ice1 & to hang x on 
! wall4 ,!re are "s :o believe t ?is    
picture w rapidly become out ( date4 ,i 
am n s sangu9e4 ,%ort ( our all becom+ n
 only eag]1 b able1 to see t :i* does n 
lie und]nea? our noses1 ,i mu* fe> t ?is
 picture w rema9 valid = "s consid]able 
"t ,! conditions w *ange1 b ! _s w      
rema9--,ju/ice is too naturally &       
inevitably bl9d4 ,is t any reason :y we 
%\ld n occasionally be rem9d$ ( !       
evil--"o ( ! endur+1 b p]haps           
dim9i%able1 evils ( human life8 ,ev5 !  
adm9i/rators ( ?is ,ju/ice might l n[ & 
!n to glance at a picture ( its         
bl9dness4  ,"o ^w ab\t ! cell sc5e4 ,x  
has be5 call$ false & exagg]at$4 4 4 4  
,two bro!rs w5t to see ?is play4 ,at !  
end ( ! cell sc5e ! y\ng]1 :o /amm]s1   
turn$ to 8 eld] & said3 8,x's n-n       
s--j-j--olly z all t60  ,precisely6     

,prison]s d n commonly enjoy ! relief ( 
beat+ on _! cell doors1 ?\gh ! incid5t  
is n unkn[n4 ,b he :o c project himself 
into ! m9ds ( o!rs kn[s t prison]s1 9   
clos$ cells1 mop+ & brood+ week aft]    
week1 mon? aft] mon?1 %ut (f f all real 
di/raction1 f all t\* ) ! out] _w &     
ev]y?+ !y c>e =1 ) ! k ( ye>s (         
imprisonm5t be=e !m & ( brok5 lives :5  
!y come out--kn[s t su* prison]s1 ?\s&s 
( !m1 unse5 by any eye1 rea* a /ate (   
m9d :i* w\ld make !m con/antly fl+      
!mselves = relief on _! cell doors1 if x
 7 n = fe>4 ,no1 x is n s jolly z all t6
  ,! *>act]i/ics ( all prison life1 at  
all ev5ts 9 ,engl&1 are sil5ce &        
solitude1 physical or spiritual2 & ?is  
cell sc5e 0 select$ to convey z ne>ly z 
! limitations ( ! /age p]mitt$1 ^!      
commone/ *>act]i/ics ( det5tion4  ,= !  
tru? ( ?is picture ( ,bl9d ,ju/ice z a  
:ole ,i rely on ! te/imonial ( t !atre  
att5dant1 employ$ out ( *>ity1 :o1 hav+ 
be5 prosecut$1 s5t5c$1 imprison$1 &     
releas$1 knew1 let u hope1 m ( ! matt]  

spiritually1 ?an ^? :o criticize4 ,aft] 
! play on ! fir/ night1 to ! "q ( 8     
manag]1 8,well1 is x true80 he look$ up 
f 8 sweep+1 & said3 8,e ^w ( x1 sir40   
,i h only ?is to add4 ,if ea* sc5e is   
tak5 sep>ately & look$ on ) a           
dep>tm5tally pr(essional eye1 x mu/ ne$s
 seem out ( draw+1 = x 0 visualiz$ by an
 eye look+ on ea* dep>tm5t only 9       
relation to ! :ole4 ,:5 ! pr(essional   
read] or spectator ( ! ,c\rt or ,prison 
sc5e1 says 8,oh6 ?is or t is n true60 he
 is criticiz+ f ! dep>tm5tal1 & n f !   
bird's-eye po9t ( view1 :i* an au?or mu/
 ne$s assume4 ,ev5 if ! s5t5ce be m ?an 
typically sev]e1 ?\gh ,i d\bt t1 or !   
judgm5t n typically word$1 !y s]ve well 
en\gh z illu/rations ( t bl9dness :i*   
has accompani$ ! wise/ judgm5ts ( "o    
human be+ on ano!r s9ce ! _w began4     
,no1 ! only legitimate criticism :i* !  
pr(essional read] or spectator c pass is
 t ! p>ticul> bird's-eye view is wrong4 
,to t criticism ?is bird c make no      
answ]1 except to say ) def]5ce & c\rtesy

 t he mu/ believe 9 8 own eye--= x is   
all he has to see )4                    
,,on ,,! ,,position ,,( ,,wom5          
,i                          8,,g5tles1  
,,let ,,u ,,re/60                       
7,a ,pap] 9 ! ,nation1 #aiaj47   ,a man 
ask$ to def9e ! ess5tial *>act]i/ics ( a
 g5tleman--us+ ! t]m 9 its wide/        
s5se--w\ld presumably reply3 ,! w to put
 himself 9 ! place ( o!rs2 ! horror (   
=c+ o!rs into positions f :i* he himself
 w\ld recoil2 ! p[] to d :at seems to   
him "r )\t fe> ( :at o!rs may say or    
?9k4  ,!re is ne$ j n[ ( aid f ^!       
pr9ciples ( g5tility 9 a "q ( "s        
importance--! future position ( wom54   
,! gr\nd facts ( diff]5ce betwe5 ! sexes
 few are likely to d5y3  ,wom5 are n1 & 
9 all probability nev] w be1 physically1
 z /rong z m54  ,m5 are n1 nor ev] w be1
 mo!rs4  ,wom5 are n1 &1 p]haps1 nev]   
%\ld be1 w>riors4  ,to ^! gr\nd facts ( 
diff]5ce are commonly add$1 9 argum5t1  
_m o!rs ( m debatable "*4 ,b x is beside
 ! purpose ( ?is pap] to inquire :e!r   

wom5 h z mu* political s5se or aptitude 
z m51 :e!r a woman has ev] produc$ a    
ma/]piece ( music1 :e!r ! bra9 ( a woman
 ev] weigh$ z mu* z ! bra9 ( ,cuvi] or  
,turg5ev4  ,?is pap] designs to set =?  
"o c>d9al & ov]ma/]+ consid]ation1 9    
comp>ison ) :i* all ! o!r consid]ations 
affect+ ! "q seem to ?is writ] b z !    
little />s to ! full moon4  ,9 ! lives (
 all nations !re come mom5ts :5 an idea1
 hi!rto vaguely1 almo/ unconsci\sly1    
held1 assumes sculptur$ %ape1 & is      
manife/ly felt to be ( vital            
significance to a l>ge1 important1 &    
/eadily increas+ section ( ! community4 
,at su* mom5ts a spectre has begun to   
haunt ! national h\se--a gho/ :i* _c be 
laid till x has receiv$ quietus4  ,su* a
 gho/ n[ infe/s our home4  ,! full      
emancipation ( wom5 is an idea long     
vaguely held1 b only 9 ! la/ half-c5tury
 =mulat$ & press$ =w>d ) real =ce &     
conviction1 n only by wom51 b by m54 ,( 
?is full emancipation ( wom51 !         
political vote is assur$ly n1 z is r    

commonly suppos$ 9 a l& ( p>ty politics1
 ! be-all & end-all2 x is a symbol1 ^:  
practical importance--?\gh              
consid]able--is z no?+ beside !         
fulfilm5t ( ! idea :i* x symbolizes4  ,!
 ,w to ,p[] & ! ,w to ,love h be5 held  
up1 9 turn1 z ! animat+ pr9ciples ( !   
,univ]se2 b ^! are1 r1 correlative      
half-tru?s1 ^: rivalry is surely /ill$ &
 reconcil$ 9 a yet high] pr9ciple1 ! ,w 
to ,h>mony1 to ,balance1 to ,equity--a  
supreme adju/m5t1 or h>monis+ p[]1      
pres5t :]ev] a man turns2 by :i*1 9     
fact1 he is condition$1 = he c ) 8 m5tal
 app>atus no m conceive ( a ,univ]se )\t
 a ,w to ,equity hold+ x toge!r ?an he c
 conceive ! opposite ( ! axiom1 8,ex    
nihilo nihil fit40 ,!re is assur$ly no  
?\ght s /agg]+ z t1 if a blade ( grass  
or ! en]gy conta9$ )9 a s+le emotion    
7--n transmut$--b )drawn entirely f !   
,univ]se1 ! balance w\ld tip = ev] & !  
,univ]se crumble 9 our imag9ations to ?9
 air4  ,n[ social & political ,equity   
emanates sl[ly1 ) inf9ite lab\r1 f our  

dim consci\sness ( ?is s]5e & ov]lord+  
pr9ciple ( ,equity4 ,!re w\ld seem1 =   
example1 no fundam5tal reason :y limits 
%\ld ev] h be5 put to autocracy1 ! op5  
ballot de/roy$1 slav]y aboli%$1 save t  
^! ?+s came to be reg>d$ z inequitable4 
,9 all su* cases1 be=e rea*+ ! po9t (   
action ! society ( ! day puts =w>d      
practical reasons1 be+1 s to speak1     
unaw>e ( its own s5se ( div9ity4 ,b1    
und]nea? all ! seem+ matt]-(-factness ( 
political & social movem5ts1 ! _s (     
,equity is guid+ ^? movem5ts1 subtly1   
unconsci\sly1 a compell+ h& quietly pu%+
 humanity onw>d1 ev] unse5 save 9 ! r>e 
m9utes :5 ! spirits ( m5 gl[ & light up 
& ?+s are beheld = a mom5t z !y are4 ,! 
hi/ory ( a nation's spiritual developm5t
 is b ! tale ( its wi/ful grop+ t[>ds ! 
provision ( a ma*9]y ( ,/ate1 :i* %all1 
z ne>ly z may be1 accord ) ! dem& ( ?is 
_s ( ,equity4 ,society1 wor?y ( ! "n1 is
 ev] secretly %ap+ ar\nd x a temple1 )9 
:i* all ! natural weaknesses &          
limitations ( ! dwell]s %all be1 n      

exploit$ & emphasiz$1 b to ! utmo/      
levell$ away & m9imiz$4 ,x is ev]       
secretly provid+ = itself a ro( "u :i*  
!re %all be ! fulle/ & faire/ play = all
 human en]gies1 h[ev] unequal4  ,!      
de/9ies ( mank9d are se5 to be guid$1 v 
sl[ly1 by some?+ m coh]5t ?an political 
opportunity2 %ap$ /eadily 9 a giv5      
direction t[>ds ! completion ( t temple 
( ,ju/ice4 ,!re is no o!r way ( expla9+ 
! gr[? ( man f ! cave-dwell] to 8 pres5t
 case4 ,& ?is sl[ spiritual %ap+ t[>ds  
,equity proce$s 9 spite ( ! work+s ( !  
tw9 bodily ag5ts1 =ce & exp$i5cy4       
,social & political gr[? is1 9 fact1 a  
process ( evolution1 controll$1 direct$1
 spiritualiz$ by ! supreme pr9ciple (   
,equity4  ,?is is to /ate no crazy cre$1
 t because equality is ma!matically     
admirable1 equality %\ld at all times & 
9 all places =?) obta94 ,equality1      
balance1 is a dream1 ! greate/ ( all    
visions1 ! belov$ />--ev] to be         
wor%ipp$1 nev] q rea*$4 ,& ! long road  
t[>ds x travels ! illimitable l& (      

compromise4 ,x w\ld h be5 futile1 z x 0 
9 fact impossible1 to lib]ate slaves1 :5
 ! consci\sness ( ! inju/ice ( slav]y 0 
pres5t only 9 a few abnormal m9ds1 &    
incommunicable by !m to ! m9d ( !       
surr\nd+ society ( ! "t4 ,! process is  
sl[ & /eady4 ,equity well kn[s t !re is 
a "t = h]1 z = all o!r ?+s4 ,%e is l !  
bra91 say+ to ! limbs & s5ses3 ,y are   
full ( que] ways4 ,x is = me to ?9k out 
gradually ! be/ rule ( life1 "u :i* y   
mu/ get on z y c1 ! ,devil tak+ !       
h9dmo/2 & f try+ to devise ?is s*eme (  
p]fection ,i may n1 nor ev] %all1 re/4  
,social & political ju/ice1 !n1 advances
 by fits & />ts1 ?r\gh ideas--*ildr5 ( !
 "o great idea ( ,h>mony--:i* are       
sugge/$ n[ by "o1 n[ by ano!r1 section  
or phase ( national life4 ,! process is 
l ! con/ruction & %ap+ ( a "w ( art4 ,= 
an arti/ is ev] receiv+ vague           
impressions f p unconsci\sly obs]v$1 f  
feel+s unconsci\sly exp]i5c$1 till 9    
good "t he discov]s t he has an idea4   
,?is idea is b a g5]alization or        

h>moni\s conception d]iv$ subconsci\sly 
f ^! vague impressions4 ,be+ mov$ to    
embody t idea1 he at once beg9s grop+   
back to1 & ga!r+ 91 ^? v types &        
exp]i5ces f :i* he d]iv$ ?is g5]al      
notion 9 ord] adequately to %ape !      
vehicle--8 picture1 8 poem1 8 novel--:i*
 %all c>ry 8 idea =? to ! _w4  ,s 9     
social & political progress4 ,!         
exig5cies & inequalities ( exi/+ social 
life produce a crop ( impressions on    
c]ta9 receptive m9ds1 :i* sudd5ly bur/  
into fl[] 9 ! =m ( ideas4 ,! m9ds 9 :i* 
^! ab/ractions or ideas h fl[]$ seek !n 
to burgeon !m =?1 & _! me?od ( do+ s is 
to br+ to public notice ^? exig5cies &  
inequalities :i* 7 ! orig9al fuel ( _!  
ideas4 ,9 ?is way is ! se$ ( an idea    
spread among/ a community4 ,b :]ev] !   
se$ ( an idea falls x has to /ruggle up 
?r\gh lay]s ( prejudice1 to ov]come !   
rule ( =ce & exp$i5cy2 & if ?is idea1   
?is g5]alization f social exig5cies or  
inequalities1 be petty1 retrograde1 or  
di/ort$1 x )]s & dies dur+ ! /ruggle4   

,if1 on ! o!r h&1 x be l>ge1 consonant )
 ! future1 & ( true promise1 x holds fa/
 & spreads4  ,n[1 "o may v ju/ly say t  
?is is all a platitud9al explanation ( !
 crude process ( social & political     
developm5t4 ,9 tak+ a giv5 idea1 su* z !
 full emancipation ( wom51 ! fight only 
beg9s to rage r\nd ! "q :e!r t idea is 9
 fact hold+ fa/ & spread+1 &1 if s1 :e!r
 ! community is1 or is n1 yet           
suffici5tly p]meat$ ) ! idea to be      
safely entru/$ ) its fulfilm5t4 ,none ! 
less mu/ x be borne 9 m9d t if ?is idea 
c be prov$ to be surely spread+1 x mu/  
be an idea emanat+ f ! root div9ity 9   
?+s1 f ! ov]ma/]+ pr9ciple ( ,equity1 & 
sure ( ultimate fulfilm5t2 & ! only "q w
 !n be1 exactly h[ long ! rule (        
exp$i5cy & =ce may advisably po/pone its
 fulfilm5t4  ,n[1 9 ord] to discov] :e!r
 ! idea ( ! full emanicipation ( wom5 is
 9 accord ) ! great pr9ciple ( ,equity1 
x w be necess>y1 fir/1 to %[ ! pres5t   
inf]iority ( woman's political & social 
position2 secondly1 to consid] !        

ess5tial reason ( t inf]iority2 &1      
?irdly1 to see :e!r ! facts & figures ( 
! movem5t t[>ds ! removal ( t inf]iority
 cle>ly prove t ! idea has long be5     
hold+ fa/ & spread+4  ,to %[1 h[ev]1 t !
 pres5t political & social position (   
wom5 is n equal to t ( m51 x w c]ta9ly  
suffice to /ate two admitt$ facts4 ,wom5
 h n ! political vote4 ,wom51 :o c be   
divorc$ = "o (f5ce1 mu/1 be=e !y obta9  
divorce1 prove two k9ds ( (f5ce aga9/ _!
 husb&s4  ,& to asc]ta9 ! ess5tial      
reason ( ?is pres5t inf]iority we ne$   
h>dly g beyond ! gr\nd facts ( diff]5ce 
betwe5 m5 & wom5 already m5tion$3  ,wom5
 are n physically z /rong z m54  ,m5 are
 nev] mo!rs4  ,wom5 are n w>riors4  ,f  
^! gr\nd facts1 readily admitt$ by all1 
! reason = ! pres5t inf]iority ( wom5's 
position em]ges cle> & unmi/akable4     
,wom5 are weak] ?an m54 ,!y are weak]   
because !y are n 9 g5]al built s        
/rongly2 because !y h to be> & to re>   
*ildr52 because !y are un>m$4 ,!re is no
 gett+ away f x1 !y are weak]2 & "o _c  

d\bt = a mom5t t _! inf]ior position is 
due to ?is weakness4 ,b--s runs an      
immemorial argum5t--h[ev] equal _!      
opportunities might be1 wom5 w nev] be z
 /rong z m56 ,:y !n1 = s5tim5tal        
reasons1 di/urb ! pres5t ord] ( ?+s1 :y 
equalize ^? opportunities8 ,?is is !    
plea :i* 0 us$ be=e m>ri$ wom5 7 all[$  
sep>ate prop]ty1 be=e ! decision 9      
8,reg9a v]sus ,jackson10 :i* =bade a    
husb& to hold 8 wife prison]4 ,!        
argum5t1 9 fact1 ( exp$i5cy & =ce4  ,n[ 
!re are no f9] /atem5ts ( ! case = !    
full emancipation ( wom5 ?an ,mill's    
8,subjection ( ,wom510 & ,miss ,jane    
,h>rison's essay entitl$ 8,homo ,sum40  
,! reason+s 9 ! =m] "w are too          
well-kn[n1 b to ! ma9 !sis ( 8,homo     
,sum0 allusion mu/ "h be made4 ,! mo/   
common1 p]haps mo/ tell+1 plea aga9/    
rais+ ! social & political /atus ( wom5 
to a level ) t ( m5 is ?is3 ,m5 & wom5  
are already equal1 b 9 sep>ate sph]es ( 
activity4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 _! physical
 con=mation & functions und]lies ev]y?+ 

9 ! lives ( bo?4 ,! prov9ce & supremacy 
( wom5 are 9 ! home2 ! prov9ce &        
supremacy ( m5 9 ! ,/ate4 ,:y seek to   
alt] :at ,nature has orda9$8 ,a plea1 9 
fact1 :i* glorifies sex qua sex4  ,b !  
writ] ( 8,homo ,sum0 is at pa9s to %[ t 
8! spl5did & vital in/9ct ( sex10 ) all 
its 8s+ul> p[] ( int]p5etrat+ & re9=c+  
o!r en]gies10 is 9 ess5ce egoi/ic1      
exclusive1 anti-social2 & t1 besides &  
beyond be+ m5 & wom51 we are all human  
be+s4 8,! :ole wom5's movem5t10 ! writ] 
says1 8is j ! le>n+ ( t lesson4 ,x is n 
an attempt to arrogate man's pr]ogative 
( manhood2 x is n ev5 an attempt to     
ass]t & emphasize woman's privilege (   
womanhood2 x is simply ! dem& t 9 ! life
 ( woman1 z 9 ! life ( man1 space &     
lib]ty %all be f\nd = a ?+ bigg] ?an    
ei!r manhood or womanhood--= humanity40 
,9 fact ! spl5did in/9ct ( sex--= all   
its univ]sality1 = all t ?r\gh & by x   
life is p]petuat$1 = all its p[] ( br++ 
delight1 & ( reveal+ ! heights & dep?s (
 human emotion--is /ill ess5tially an   

ag5t ( ! rule ( =ce4 ,we _c b p]ceive t 
!re is 9 bo? m5 & wom5 some?+ m exalt$ &
 imp]sonal1 ak9 to ! supreme pr9ciple ( 
,equity1 to ! div9ity 9 ?+s2 & t ?is    
some?+ keeps m5 & wom5 toge!r1 z        
/rongly1 z inevitably1 z sex keeps !m   
ap>t4 ,:at is all ! ef=t ( civilization 
b ! gradual =tify+ ( t high] "p ( u--!  
exaltation ( ! pr9ciple ( ,ju/ice1 !    
*a9+ ( ! pr9ciple ( ,=ce8 ,! full       
emancipation ( wom5 w\ld be "o m /ep 9 !
 m>* ( our civilization--a sign t ?is   
nation 0 /ill s]v+ humanity1 /ill try+  
to be g5tle & j4 ,= if x has ceas$ to   
s]ve humanity1 we mu/ surely pray t !   
wat]s may rise ov] ?is isl&1 & t %e may 
g d[n all /&+6  ,if1 !n1 wom5's position
 is inf]ior to m5's1 if ! ess5tial      
reason ( ?is inf]iority is h] weakness1 
or1 9 o!r words1 ! /ill un*eck$ dom9ance
 ( =ce1 to :at ext5t d ! facts & figures
 ( ! movem5t t[>ds remov+ ! inf]iority (
 wom5's position prove t ! idea ( ! full
 emancipation ( wom5 is1 n petty &      
false1 )]+ & dy+1 b l>ge & true1 hold+  

fa/ & spread+8  ,9 #ahff1 a petition = !
 vote1 sign$ by #a1dii wom51 0 pres5t$  
to ,p>liam5t by ,john ,/u>t ,mill4  ,9  
#ahgc1 petitions = ! suffrage f #aa1jjj 
wom5 7 pres5t$ to ,glad/one & ,disraeli4
  ,9 #ahif1 an appeal 0 made to memb]s (
 ,p>liam5t by #beg1jjj wom5 ( all       
classes & p>ties4  ,9 #ahig1 #a1bhe     
petitions 9 fav\r ( a ,wom5's ,suffrage 
,bill 7 pres5t$ to ,p>liam5t1 be+ #hjj m
 petitions ?an ^? pres5t$ 9 fav\r ( any 
o!r ,bill4  ,9 #ahfg1 ,mill's am5dm5t to
 sub/itute 8p]son0 = 8man0 9 !          
,repres5tation ( ! ,p ,act 0 reject$ by 
a majority ( #aba4  ,9 #aijh1 ,/ang]'s  
,bill to enable wom5 to vote on ! same  
t]ms z m5 pass$ its second read+ by a   
majority ( #agi4  ,9 #ahic1 #ahid1 &    
#ahie1 ! fran*ise 0 grant$ to wom5 9    
,new ,zeal&1 ,colorado1 ,s\? ,au/ralia1 
& ,utah4  ,9 #aijj1 #aijb1 #aijc1 #aije1
 #aijh1 & #aiaj1 ! fran*ise 0 grant$ to 
wom5 9 ,we/]n ,au/ralia1 ,new ,s\?      
,wales1 ,tasmania1 ,f9l&1 ,norway1      
,victoria1 & ! ,/ate ( ,wa%+ton4  ,9    

#aijb1 a petition 0 sign$ by #gej wom5  
graduates4  ,9 #aijf1 a petition 0 sign$
 by #a1ecj wom5 graduates4  ,9 #aiaj1 ! 
memb]%ip ( ! v>i\s ,wom5's ,suffrage    
,societies1 & ( bodies ( m5 & wom5 :o h 
decl>$ 9 fav\r ( ! idea ( wom5's        
suffrage1 is e/imat$ by "s at ov] half a
 million--a figure subject1 no d\bt1 to 
great d$uction2 b c]ta9ly also to v     
great addition = sympa?is]s :o belong to
 no su* societies or bodies4  ,^!1      
briefly1 are ! ma9 facts & figures4 ,f  
!m b "o conclusion c be drawn4 ,! idea (
 ! full emancipation ( wom5 hav+        
fulfill$ ! requirem5ts ( /eady gr[? ov] 
a long space ( ye>s1 & giv+ e promise ( 
fur!r /eady gr[?1 is 9 accord ) !       
pr9ciple ( ,equity2 intr9sically j4 ,h[ 
long w x rema9 possible 9 ! s]vice (    
exp$i5cy & =ce to refuse to ?is idea its
 complete fruition2 h[ long w x be wise8
 ,= :5 ! limit ( wisdom is rea*$1       
exp$i5cy has obvi\sly become inexp$i5t &
 =ce unwor?y4  ,:5 out ( #fgj memb]s ( a
 ,h\se ( ,commons #djj h giv5 pl$ges to 

support wom5's suffrage2 :5 a measure = 
! enfran*isem5t ( wom5 on ! same t]ms z 
m5 has pass$ its second read+ by a      
majority ( #agi1 & 9 face ( ?is         
decl>ation ( s5tim5t ,gov]nm5t has      
refus$ to af=d facilities = c>ry+ x into
 law1 !re mu/ obvi\sly be "s def9ite    
ho/ile factor 9 ! political equation4 ,9
 a c\ntry gov]n$ z ours is1 x is b      
natural t ^? :o are1 s to speak1 tru/ees
 = its policy1 %\ld n look ) fav\r on   
any measure :i* may 9 _! op9ion         
def9itely set back t policy1 or affect x
 9 "s way :i* !y _c ) suffici5t cle>ness
 =esee4 ,! cause ( wom51 9 fact1 is a   
lo/ dog own$ by nei!r p>ty1 di/ru/$ by  
bo?4 ,:ile !re is yet dang] ( be+ bitt51
 ea* wat*es t dog c>efully1 hold+ out a 
m or less fri5dly h&4 ,b :5 ! door ( !  
h\se is safely clos$1 %e may h[l h] he>t
 out 9 ! cold4 ,! ,press1 too1 ) few    
exceptions is committ$ to "o or o!r ( ^!
 p>ties4 ,to ! ,press1 also1 !n1 ! cause
 ( wom5 is a homeless w&]] to :om x is  
prop] to give casual alms1 b :o c h>dly 

be br\ght 9 to ! fire1 le/ %e take up ! 
room ( ! *ildr5 ( ! h\se4 ,& s out ( !  
despair caus$ by ?is lo/ drift+ 9 a     
vici\s circle1 out ( a position creat$  
by p>ty exp$i5cy1 ! inevitable has come 
to pass4 ,militant suffragism has       
aris5--ironically1 &1 to my ?9k+1       
regrettably1 s9ce ! real spiritual      
significance & true national b5efit ( ! 
full emancipation ( wom5 w lie 9 !      
victory ( ju/ice ov] =ce2 & to employ   
:at mu/ ne$s be inf]ior =ce to a*ieve ! 
victory ( ju/ice ov] =ce is n only      
futile1 b s befogg+ to ! :ole matt] t ! 
ess5tial issue ( ,equity is m ?an ev]   
hidd5 f ! m9d ( ! public4 ,militancy may
 h s]v$ c]ta9 purposes1 b x has add$ "o 
m elem5t ( fixity to an impasse already 
exi/+1 = ! woman ( action is say+1      
8,until y give me ! vote ,i %all act l  
?is10 & ! man ( action is answ]+ h]1 8,s
 long z y act l t ,i %all n give y !    
vote4 ,to yield to y w\ld be to admit ! 
efficacy ( ?reats & e/abli% a bad       
prec$5t40  ,none ! less1 human nature   

be+ :at x is1 militancy 0 inevitable1 & 
! wise w look at ! situation1 n z x 01  
or might be1 b z x is4 ,we mu/ consid]  
:at effect t situation is hav+ on !     
national "*4 ,e little outrage committ$ 
on m5 by wom5 is met by a little outrage
 committ$ on wom5 by m52 & ea* "t "o (  
^! mutual outrages takes place1 t5s (   
?\s&s ( m9ds 9 ?is c\ntry are blunt$ 9 t
 mo/ s5sitive quality1 g5tl5ess4 ,x is  
idle to pret5d t wom5 h n /ood1 & d n   
/ill /&1 to m5 z ! *ief reason = be+    
g5tle2 t m5 h n1 & d n /ill /& to wom51 
9 ! same capacity4 ,by e little mutual  
outrage1 !n1 ! b5efic5ce ( sex is be+   
weak5$1 its malefic5ce awak5$ ?r\gh\t ! 
l&4 ,& ! h>m :i* is ?us be+ done is s   
impalpable1 s subtle1 z to be beyond !  
p[] ( mo/ to notice at all1 & surely    
beyond ! p[] ( /atesm5 to assess4 ,t is 
! mis*ief4 ,! sc5t is /eal+ away out ( !
 fl[] ( our urbanity4 ,x w be long be=e 
! g>d5]s discov] h[ od\rless & arid t   
fl[] has become4  ,= x is n s mu* !     
action ( ! militant wom5 !mselves1 nor t

 ( ^? :o are suppress+ !m1 :i* is do+   
?is subtle h>m4 ,x is ! effect ( ?is    
scrimmage on ! spectators2 ! co>s5+1 &  
h>d5+1 & g5]al embitt]m5t2 ! secret     
glorification ( ! wor/ side ( ! sex     
in/9ct2 ! con/ant exaltation ( ! rule ( 
=ce2 ! rapid gr[? ( a rankl+ s5se (     
inju/ice among/ t5s ( ?\s&s ( wom54 ,to 
say t hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( wom5 are oppos$1
 or indiff]5t1 to ! full emancipation ( 
_! sex is n1 9 tru?1 to say v mu*4 ,no  
civiliz+ movem5t 0 ev] br\ght to        
fruition save 9 ! face ( ! indiff]5ce or
 opposition ( ! majority4 ,:at          
proportion ( agricultural lab\r]s 7     
actively conc]n$ to w9 = !mselves !     
vote8 ,h[ small a fraction ( ! p        
actively dem&$ free education6 ,b :5 ^! 
privileges 7 won1 :at numb] ( ^? = :om  
!y 7 won w\ld h be5 will+ to resign !m8 
,if wom5 7 fully emancipat$ to-morr[1 _m
 w\ld c]ta9ly res5t :at !y w\ld deem a  
bl[ at ! influ5ce & p[] already wield$  
by !m 9 virtue ( _! sex4 ,b 9 two ye>s' 
"t h[ _m w\ld be will+ to surr5d] _!    

fre$om8 ,z c]ta9ly1 n t5 9 a hundr$6 ,to
 comp>e ! disapproval ( wom5 rais$ aga9/
 _! wills to a /ate ( emancipation 9 :i*
 !y c rema9 inactive if !y l ) ! bitt]  
res5tm5t spread+ l sl[ poison 9 ! ve9s (
 ^? :o fruitlessly dem& emancipation is 
to comp>e ! en]gy ( vani%+ w9t] sn[ ) t 
( ! spr+ sun :i* melts x4  ,9 an age :5 
spirituality has ev] a m desp]ate       
/ruggle to ma9ta9 hold at all aga9/ !   
inroads ( mat]ialism1 any increase (    
bitt]ness 9 ! national life1 any loss ( 
g5tl5ess1 aspiration1 & mutual tru/     
betwe5 ! sexes1 h[ev] sil5t1 secret1 &  
unmeasurable1 is1 surely1 a s]i\s ?+4   
,ju/ice1 neglect$1 works h] own insidi\s
 rev5ge4 ,e mon?1 e ye>1 ! g]ms (       
bitt]ness & brutality w be spread+4 ,if 
any ?9k t ?is p has g5tl5ess to sp>e1 & 
c af=d to tamp] ) ! heal? ( its _s1 !y  
are mi/ak54 ,if any ?9k t repression c  
put an end to ?is aspiration--aga9 !y   
are mi/ak54 ,! idea ( ! full            
emancipation ( wom5 is s root$ t no?+ c 
n[ uproot x4  ,b1 ap>t f ! political    

impasse1 !re are ^? :o1 satisfi$ t wom5 
h n ! political aptitude ( m51 are      
*iefly oppos$ to ! grant+ ( ! vote = fe>
 t x w come to mean ! return ( wom5 to  
,p>liam5t4 ,n[1 if _! conviction reg>d+ 
! inf]iority ( wom5's political capacity
 be s\nd--z ,i = "o1 speak+ g5]ally1 am 
incl9$ to believe--!re is no dang] (    
wom5 be+ return$ to ,p>liam5t save 9 su*
 small numb]s z to make no matt]4 ,if x 
be uns\nd--if ! political capacity (    
woman be equal to man's--x is "t        
,p>liam5t 7 re9=c$ by wom5's pres5ce4   
,new wat]s soon f9d _! level4 ,nor are  
su* z di/ru/ ! political capacities (   
wom5 qualifi$ to prophesy a flood4 ,to  
deb> wom5 = fe> ( _! competition is a   
policy ( little _s1 & n "o t ! m5 ( ?is 
c\ntry w consci\sly adopt1 unless we h  
inde$ lo/ ! fire ( our fa!rs4 ,!re are  
_m1 too1 :o believe t ! grant+ ( ! vote 
to wom5 w increase ! emotional elem5t 9 
an electorate ^: emotional side !y      
already di/ru/1 & !reby endang] our     
relations ) =eign ,p[]s4 ,b x has yet to

 be prov$ t wom5 are1 9 a wide s5se ( ! 
^w1 m emotional ?an m52 &1 ev5 conc$+ t 
!y are1 :y =get t !y w br+ to !         
consid]ation ( int]national matt]s !    
solid re9=cem5t ( two qualities--! fir/1
 a practical dome/ic s5se lack+ to m51 &
 likely to fo/] national reluctance to  
plunge into wild-cat w>s1 ! second1 a   
great] faculty = self-sacrifice1 t5d+ to
 =tify national det]m9ation to p]si/ 9 a
 w> once und]tak54 ,x is well kn[n t    
dur+ ! ,am]ican ,civil ,w> ! wom5 ( !   
,s\!rn ,/ates display$ a _s ( resi/ance 
ev5 m h]oic ?an t ( _! m5 folk4 ,b1 9   
any case1 to reta9 wom5 9 _! pres5t /ate
 ( social & political inf]iority =      
reasons :i* are s debatable sav\rs1     
surely1 some:at ( ! sultanic4 ,we h1 9  
fact1 yet to imbibe ! _s ( ,mill's wise/
 say+3 8,among/ all ! lessons :i* m5    
require = c>ry+ on ! /ruggle aga9/ !    
evid5t imp]fections ( _! lot on e>?1 !re
 is no lesson :i* !y m ne$ ?an n to add 
to ! evils :i* ,nature inflicts1 by _!  
jeal\s & prejudic$ re/rictions on "o    

ano!r40  ,9 f9e1 out ( ! practical      
p]plexities brood+ ov] ?is :ole matt]   
!re is no way save by resort to ! fir/  
pr9ciples ( g5tility4 ,x has be5        
uncontrov]tibly e/abli%$ t !re is 9 ?is 
c\ntry a great & ev]-increas+ body (    
wom5 suff]+ f a bitt] s5se ( inju/ice4  
,:at c\rse !n1 compatible ) true        
g5tility1 is left op5 to u m58 ,our :ole
 social life is 9 ess5ce b a long1 sl[1 
/riv+ = ! victory ( ju/ice ov] =ce2 &   
?is dem& ( our wom5 = full emancipation 
is b a sign ( t /riv+4 ,are we n b\nd 9 
hon\r to admit ?is simple fact8 ,%all we
 n at la/ give fulfilm5t to ?is idea--) 
! due caution t %\ld m>k all political  
exp]im5t8 ,has n1 9 tru?1 ! "t come = u 
to say3 ,f ?is resi/ance to ! claims (  
,equity2 f ?is bitt] & ungraci\s        
conflict ) ^? weak] ?an ourselves2 f ?is
 sl[ poison+ ( ! well-spr+s ( our       
national c\rtesy1 & k9dl9ess1 & s5se (  
fair play3 8,g5tles1 let u re/60        
,,ii                            ,,appeal
 ,,to ,,! ,,press                  7,a  

,lett] to ! ,daily ,news1 #aiaa47   ,i  
write z a support] ( woman's suffrage1 b
 n ( militant suffragism4 ,:5ev] ,i h   
remon/rat$ ) a militant ,suffragi/ ,i h 
receiv$ ?is answ]3      8,we c\ld n keep
 ! movem5t be=e ! eyes ( ! public       
)\t militant tactics1 because ! pap]s1 )
 two or ?ree     exceptions1 w\ld n     
report peaceful "w4 ,= ?is reason we    
adopt$ our me?ods1 & ! ev5t has ju/ifi$ 
u4 ,we h     advanc$ ! cause--simply by 
=c+ x on p's att5tion     9 ! only way  
op5 to u--m 9 ! la/ ?ree ye>s ?an     ^?
 :o pursu$ peaceful me?ods _h done 9 !  
la/ =ty40  ,:atev] may n[ be ! feel+s & 
int5tions ( ! militant ,suffragi/s1 ?is 
answ] did und\bt$ly set =? ! true reason
 = ! inception ( militant tactics4  ,all
 political & social movem5ts 9 ?is      
c\ntry dep5d = vitality on cat*+ ! eye &
 ! ?\ght ( ! community4 ,& we may draw  
"o ( two alt]native morals f t prolong$ 
sil5ce ( ! ,press t[>ds woman's suffrage
 :i* orig9ally br\ght ab\t ! campaign ( 
viol5ce3 ,ei!r1 t m5 hav+ possession ( !

 organs ( public op9ion1 delib]ately    
kept !m clos$ to ! discussion ( !       
political rights ( wom5--a supposition1 
,i %\ld pref] n to ent]ta94 ,or1 t      
reports ( viol5ce & s5sationalism are m 
s\ght aft] ?an tales ( reason &         
sobriety6 ,:i*ev] ! moral drawn1 x is v 
discr$itable to public feel+ 9 ?is      
c\ntry4  ,is x too late = ^? :o are     
responsible = ! ,press to take ! lead 9 
remov+ t /igma8 ,x is lugubri\s t1 9 our
 ,engl& ( free spee* & fair play1 9 ?is 
nation hi!rto suppos$ to excel 9        
political s5se1 wom5 %\ld h f\nd x      
necess>y to advocate & adv]tise by m]e  
s5sationalism a political & social      
movem5t ( m wide-rea*+ & univ]sal nature
 ?an any n[ be=e ! public2 a movem5t (  
su* epo*-mak+ "* t few p h at pres5t    
grasp$ its real significance4 ,surely x 
is important t ! p ( ?is c\ntry %\ld be 
educat$ 9 ! reason & ! rights ( a "q su*
 z ?is4 ,b 9 ord] t !y may be s educat$ 
x is necess>y t !y %\ld read1 n ! acc\nt
 ( h[ 8,s-&-s's w9d[s 7 brok510 or ( h[ 

8,su* an "o 0 arre/$10 b argum5ts       
pres5t$ 9 spee* & writ+ = & aga9/       
suffrage4  ,! ext5t to :i* ! =mation (  
public op9ion on any political measure  
dep5ds on ! publication 9 ! ,press (    
reason1 pro & con41 c be se5 f ! gr[? ( 
! ,t>iff ,re=m ,p>ty1 :i* a few ye>s ago
 0 a negligible faction4 ,! imm95ce &   
gravity ( ?is issue ( woman's suffrage c
 no long] be d5i$4 ,x has to be fac$4 ,x
 w h to be decid$4 ,does ! ,press ( ?is 
c\ntry wi% x to be decid$ by an         
electorate utt]ly unv]s$ 9 its m]its &  
dem]its8 ,w\ld ! ,press ( ?is c\ntry wi%
 any big political or social measure to 
be s decid$8 ,is x j1 g5]\s1 or politic 
t1 :5 wom5 try by peaceful &            
con/itutional means to promulgate _!    
cause1 !re %\ld be sil5ce8 ,if !re _h n 
be5 ?is sil5ce1 militant suffragism w\ld
 nev] h be5 born4 ,by ! removal ( ?is   
sil5ce militant suffragism may /ill be  
help$ t[>ds a natural dea?4  ,i appeal  
to all editors 7:e!r fri5ds or enemies (
 ! movem5t71 :o h already %[n !mselves  

alive to :at is rapidly becom+ !        
desp]ate importance ( ?is issue1 to     
comb9e & advocate an alt]ation ( ! g5]al
 ,press policy--to advocate ! ?r[+ op5 (
 all j\rnals to fair & full report1 n ( 
! s5sational1 b ( ! reasonable1 sides1 =
 & aga9/1 ( woman's suffrage4 ,=1 :e!r  
consci\sly or unconsci\sly1 ! g5]al     
,press policy has hi!rto be5 mo/        
un=tunate1 & is fa/ contribut+ to ! gr[?
 ( a bitt] feel+ betwe5 ! sexes1 9 ! la/
 degree noxi\s to ! national life4      
,,on ,,social ,,unre/                   
7,a ,pap] 9 ! ,daily ,mail1 #aiab47     
8,?is is a psy*ological "q1 a matt] (   
m5tal /ates0 7,h4 ,g4 ,wells74 ,x is4 ,&
 9 exam9+ ^! m5tal /ates !re are two1   
out ( _m factors1 on :i* ,i d n ?9k too 
mu* emphasis c be laid1 n only because  
!y are 9 !mselves vital to ! evil1 b    
because !y bo? arise f ! same prime     
und]ly+ defici5cy 9 our national life4  
,! fir/ is ! influ5ce on society at l>ge
 produc$ by ! great & rapid gr[? ( !    
fiduci>y elem5t 9 ! conduct ( comm]cial 

ent]prise & l&$ e/ates4 ,! ag5t1 !      
director1 ! manag]1 ! tru/ee1 h almo/   
entirely displac$ ! old-"t own]1 m]*ant1
 & manufactur]1 :o did bus9ess by & =   
!mselves4  ,a class has be5 creat$ :o1  
already 9 a /ate ( pr(essional altruism1
 are imp]vi\s1 & on ! face ( x rightly  
imp]vi\s1 to altruism ( any o!r k9d4    
,:at l>ge bus9ess n[adays is n conduct$ 
z a limit$ company by a bo>d ( directors
 appo9t$ & paid by ! %>ehold]s z tru/ees
 to produce = !m a maximum ( pr(it8 ,:at
 l>ge e/ate is n manag$ by a paid ag5t  
on ! same pr9ciple8 ,&1 h[ev] g5]\s our 
aspirations1 :i* ( u does n "k !        
deflect+ p[] ( tru/ee%ip1 rigidifi$1 z x
 is1 by law & by ! s5se t we are paid = 
! p]=mance ( a job inimical to g5]osity8
 ,true--! rates ( wages & ( r5t come n  
"u rules b "u ! broad head+ ( policy2 &1
 9 deep reality1 ,i suspect x to be     
equally true t ! maximum ( g5]osity     
m9i/]s 9 ! long run to ! maximum (      
/ability & pr(it2 nev]!less !re c be no 
d\bt :atev] t ! tru/ee sy/em n only     

befogs & dead5s ! human relation%ip     
betwe5 employ] & employ$1 b af=ds an    
ov]:elm+ support to our natural in/9ct  
to take ! imm$iate view & l9e ( lea/    
resi/ance4  ,broadly speak+1 :]e !re is 
tru/ee%ip1 z tru/ee%ip is n[ und]/ood1  
!re is no wide view ( ! relation (      
,capital to ,lab\r 9 ! light ( ! good ( 
,society z a :ole2 !re is only a        
fai?ful1 cold-blood$1 purbl9d s]vice = !
 b5efit ( a ce/ui que tru/1 :o is       
himself fre$ f a s5se ( p]sonal         
responsibility & f all app>5t ne$ = a   
wide & human outlook4 ,! tru/ee sy/em1  
if n already1 w soon be univ]sal1 & ,i  
see no means ( c\nt]act+ its secret1    
dang]\s1 & irritat+ effect on ! m9d (   
,lab\r1 save by su* process ( education 
z %all soak ! _s ( ! prosp]\s classes ) 
an altoge!r l>g] & san] feel+ ( !       
fundam5tal unity & int]dep5d5ce (       
,society1 ) a good-w s va/ly increas$ t 
! %>ehold] & ce/ui que tru/ %all no     
long] require ! director or tru/ee to   
consid] !m & !m alone1 b bid him in/ead 

consid] equally ! int]e/s ( ! employ$4  
,su* a mood ( altruism is n[1 r\ghly    
speak+1 abs5t f ! m9ds ( ! prosp]\s     
classes2 & to atta9 to x is a           
consummation t ,i fe> w nev] come ab\t  
"u our pres5t sy/em ( education4  ,!    
second influ5ce on :i* ,i w\ld lay great
 emphasis is ! /ate ( m9d produc$ by our
 sy/em ( education 9 ! "y ( ! prosp]\s  
classes at our private & public s*ools1 
&1 to a less ext5t1 at our univ]sities4 
,be=e dwell+ on ?is let me sugge/ two   
tru?s4 ,9 life1 :]e a =tunate p]son is  
br\ght into contact ) "o less =tunate1 !
 fir/ /ep t[>ds cordial relation%ip mu/ 
obvi\sly come f ! =tunate4 ,= human     
nature is happily s con/itut$ t ! less  
=tunate feels a%am$ to make advances    
:i*1 liable to miscon/ruction1 are n    
compatible ) self-respect4 ,e man ( any 
wor? c te/1 inde$ is te/+1 ?is tru?     
cont9ually 9 8 own life2 x _c inde$ be  
d\bt$4 ,aga91 :]e advances are made by !
 =tunate f %e] fri5dl9ess & )\t ult]ior 
motive1 !y mo/ c]ta9ly evoke response 9 

! same fri5dly _s f all save exceptional
 *urls4  ,n[1 s9ce ^! prim>y tru?s      
conc]n+ human nature und]lie ! :ole "q (
 ,lab\r ,unre/1 x becomes ( ! fir/      
importance to consid] h[ f> ! "y ( !    
prosp]\s classes are made actively      
famili> ) !m4 ,h[ f> are ! legions at   
our private & public s*ools 7^? legions 
f :om ! ranks ( ,capital are1 9 ! ma91  
recruit$7 made to und]/&1 &--m ?an      
und]/&--to feel t !y are =tunate1 t     
,lab\r is less =tunate1 t !y w h to live
 _! lives 9 int]dep5d5ce ) ,lab\r1 & t  
if !y d n make--out ( a free & f9e he>t 
make--! fir/ advances to good-fell[%ip )
 less =tunate ,lab\r1 ^? advances c--by 
a law1 & a good law1 ( human            
nature--nev] be made8 ,h[ f> are !y at  
pres5t br\ght up to see ?is8 ,i w\ld g s
 f> z to say--h>dly at all4 ,9 my day at
 a public s*ool--& ,i h no reason at all
 to hope t1 :atev] be ! exceptions1 !   
g5]al rule has greatly *ang$--! ,univ]se
 0 divid$ into ourselves & 8outsid]s10  
8b\nd]s10 8*aws10 8cads10 or :atev] m or

 less (f5sive "n be/ seem$ to u to      
*>act]ise ^? less =tunate ?an ourselves4
 ,x is true t we appli$ ! "n ma9ly to ! 
l[] ranks ( ,capital r ?an to actual    
,lab\r1 b ?is 0 only because we liv$ s  
f> away f indu/rial work]s t we nev] ev5
 ?\ght ( !m4 ,su* work+ folk z we       
actually came into p]sonal contact ) we 
nev] dream$ ( associat+ ) any su*       
(f5sive ?\ght 9 our m9ds or spee* on our
 tongues2 b1 g5]ally1 ! work+ man did n 
exi/ = u except z a p]son outside1      
remote1 & almo/ inimical4 ,f our homes1 
t\*$ already by ?is class feel+1 caught 
up f political talk by *ance ov]he>d1 we
 w5t to private s*ools1 :]e ! tea*+ (   
mann]s1 ma9ly "u cl]ical sup]vision1    
effectually b>r$ u f any contam9at+     
influ5ce2 s t if by *ance we enc\nt]$ ! 
8l[] class0 boy we burn$ to g = him &   
correct 8 8*eek40 ,!nce we 7 pass$ into 
! great 8ca/e0 factory1 a public s*ool1 
:]e ! feel+ became1 by m]e process ( be+
 left to itself1 z set & h>d z iron4 ,x 
is true t a levell+ process w5t on among

 ! boys !mselves1 s t a duke's son 0 no 
m acc\nt$ ( ?an a /ockbrok]'s1 b        
nev]!less all le>n$ to consid] !mselves 
8! elect40 ,( t5 public s*oolboys1 sev5 
h come f 8ca/e-0infect$ homes & private 
s*ools1 & h active prejudice already4 ,!
 rema9+ ?ree may /ill be op5-m9d$ or    
indiff]5t2 ( ^!1 two w infallibly foll[ 
! sway ( ! h]d in/9ct2 "o may p]haps    
develop a l9e ( 8 own1 or adh]e to !    
influ5ce ( a home inimical to 8ca/e10 & 
become a 8smug0 or ,radical4 ,9 result1 
fail+ def9ite su/a9$ ef=t to break up a 
n>r[ 8ca/e0 feel+1 ! public s*ool       
pres5ts a practically solid phalanx ( ! 
=tunate1 insulat$ aga9/ real k (1 or    
sympa?y )1 ! less =tunate4 ,?is phalanx 
m>*es out into ! pr(essions1 into       
bus9ess1 into ! univ]sities1 :]e1 x is  
true1 "s awak5 to a s5se ( wid]         
values--b n too _m4 ,f ! po9t ( view (  
any "o :o tries to see ?+s z !y are1 &  
see !m z a :ole1 !re is some?+ t]rific  
ab\t ?is automatic 8ca/e0 m\ld+ ( ! "y4 
,& 9 ! pres5t condition ( our c\ntry x  

is folly1 & dang]\s folly1 to bl9k x4#f 
,= all my love ( my old s*ool1 = all my 
realization ( ! fact t h] tra9+ equips  
h] *ildr5 ) c]ta9 qualities invaluable  
to public life & public s]vice1 ,i d    
feel t %e & all h] si/]s are diss]v+ !  
national welf>e by refra9+ f really     
active & resolute attempt to de/roy !   
bad side ( 8ca/e0 feel+4 ,!y let x gr[ (
 its own mom5tum ?r\gh ! h]d in/9ct till
 x bl9ds ! eyes & blunts ! feel+s ( ^?  
:o1 be+ =tunate1 mu/ by ! laws ( human  
nature make ! fir/ advances t[>d        
fri5d%ip ) ! less =tunate1 if ^?        
advances are to be made at all2 & mu/   
make !m n because to neglect !m is      
dang]\s1 b out ( bro!rly feel+ & a real 
he>ty wi% to give all ! help !y c to su*
 z are n s lucky z !mselves4 ,i d n mean
 t our public s*ools & univ]sities are  
consci\sly refra9+4 ,!y are n1 & _! v   
unconsci\sness 9 ! matt] is half !      
dang]4 ,& ,i d n say t !re are no ma/]s1
 or dons1 consci\s ( ! dang] & try+ _!  
be/ to remove x1 b ,i d say !re are n   

ne>ly en\gh4 ,a few swall[s d n make a  
summ]4  ,s9ce1 9 relation to ! =ego+1   
f\r objections1 at all ev5ts1 are b\nd  
to be made1 let me make !m myself1 &    
answ] !m too4 ,fir/3 ,x is n ! public   
s*ool & 'v>sity man :o is lack+ 9       
sympa?y & good-w t[>ds ,lab\r2 x is !   
self-made capitali/1 or ! gramm> s*ool  
man4 ,! tru? is t1 ) exceptions1 !y all 
are lack+4 ,b ! defect is m dang]\s &   
insidi\s )9 8! ca/e0 ?an )\t2 = n only  
is 8! ca/e0 homog5e\s1 & f> m influ5tial
 9 e way1 b x veils its lack ( sympa?y 9
 ?is v pret5sion ( hav+ sympa?y4 ,next x
 w be said3 8,y accuse u ( lack (       
sympa?y6 ,b we w\ld gladly be sympa!tic1
 if !y w\ld only let u60 ,n[ ?is 9 ! ma9
 is a p]fectly g5u9e belief 9 memb]s (  
8! ca/e0 :5 !y h once gone out into life
 & rubb$ (f ! rawness ( y\?ful ho/ility 
& prejudice4 ,b x is ! g5u9e belief ( p 
only passively incl9$ to fri5d%ip2 9 o!r
 words1 ! belief ( ! =tunate n imbu$ ) a
 _s suffici5tly high & g5]\s to take1 f 
! be/ motives1 active /eps t[>ds        

fri5d%ip ) ! less =tunate4  ,fur!r x w  
be said3 8,b ,lab\r is n really less    
=tunate ?an ourselves--x has fre$om f   
c>es1 responsibilities1 & exp5ses1 su* z
 we c nev] "k2 9 fact1 we are n sure t x
 is n really ! m =tunate class40 ,well6 
,ap>t f ! fact t n "o 9 t5 ?\s& ( 8!    
ca/e0 w\ld *ange places ) an indu/rial  
work]1 !re is ?is answ]3 8,on y\r       
hypo!sis1 evolution1 :i* is #8ca/e's'   
ma9 ju/ification1 is absurd & our sy/em 
is /&+ on its head4 ,if1 inde$1 y       
require ,lab\r to consid] itself at lea/
 z =tunate z y\rselves1 y mu/ set to "w 
at once & revalue ev]y?+1 alt] e pres5t 
ideal 9 y\r social life1 & annul !      
importance ( prop]ty4 ,are y prep>$ to d
 ?is80 ,f9ally x w be object$3 8,x may  
be z y say1 b ! evil is implicit &      
inevitable1 = ev]y?+ possible is already
 done by our educational au?orities to  
c\nt]act a n>r[ #8ca/e' _s & imbue !    
*ildr5 ( ! =tunate ) a bro!rly feel+    
t[>ds ! less =tunate40 ,! answ] to ?is  
is simply3 8,has ev]y?+ be5 done8 ,has  

any?+ l ev]y?+ be5 done8 ,= example1 is 
! dang] ( ?is n>r[ #8ca/e' _s ev] tak5  
into acc\nt 9 ! appo9tm5t ( ^! same     
educational au?orities80  ,besides be+  
8snobs0 9 ! be/ s5se ( t ^w1 boys are   
high-spirit$1 g5]\s1 & malleable        
creatures4 ,let any fair-m9d$ man ( 8!  
ca/e0 ask himself3 8,:at su/a9$ & really
 #8felt' ef=t did he enc\nt] f 8 own    
tea*]s 9 s*ool & college days to turn t 
high _s1 & g5]osity1 & malleability ( 8 
into a /ate ( m9d t reg>d$ 8 good =tune 
z a ?+ to be held 9 tru/ to %>e to !    
full ) ! less =tunate80 ,a few w answ]  
truly3 8,yes1 ,i h met ) su* ef=t40 ,b  
h[ few6  ,aga91 !n1 ,i am br\ght to !   
po9t ( say+3 ,!re is a g5]al abs5ce (   
active & su/a9$ ef=t to produce 9 ! "y (
 ! prosp]\s classes ?is 8good-w0 /ate ( 
m9d2 to *ange su* g5]al abs5ce ( ef=t   
into a g5]al pres5ce ( ef=t is a        
consummation t w nev]1 ,i ?9k1 be rea*$ 
"u our pres5t sy/em ( education4  ,bo?  
^! influ5ces1 !n1 contribut+ to ,social 
,unre/--! "o produc$ by ! increas+      

pres5ce ( ! fiduci>y elem5t1 & ! o!r by 
! un*eck$ gr[? ( a n>r[ 8ca/e0 _s--lead 
u to ! same prime und]ly+ defici5cy 9   
our national life1 ! lack ( "r purpose 9
 our education4 ,!y happ5 to be bo?     
incid5t to ,capital1 b x is probable t  
influ5ces incid5t to ,lab\r1 ( :i* ,i   
hesitate to speak1 s9ce ,i _c f p]sonal 
exp]i5ce & feel+1 may also 9 measure be 
trac$ to ! same und]ly+ defici5cy 9 our 
education4  ,no national improvem5t c   
come f outside4 ,x mu/ come f )91 f     
gradually improv$ feel+ 9 ! body        
politic4 ,to hope = gr[? )\t ?is        
improvem5t is to hope t a man %all raise
 himself f ! gr\nd by ! hair ( 8 own    
head4 ,b improv$ feel+ has no *ance (   
spread+ ?r\gh\t ! body politic )\t t    
ma*9]y ( infection :i* we "k by ! "n (  
education4 ,!re=e education is ! mo/    
sacr$ conc]n1 inde$ ! only hope1 ( a    
nation4  ,h[ d we n[ treat our          
education--?is sacr$ ?+1 ?is only hope8 
,9 reg>d to ! classes1 its direction &  
control are left entirely to ! haphaz>d 

beck & call ( ea* sep>ate s*ool or      
college1 )\t con=mity to or guidance f  
any pr(ess$ national aim1 pr9ciple1 or  
ideal4 ,9 reg>d to ! masses1 x is !     
conc]n ( a ,dep>tm5t ( ,/ate1 j z are   
,trade1 ! ,po/ ,(fice1 or ! ,navy1 & is 
treat$1 n z a spiritual matt] und]ly+   
all else1 b z a mat]ial affair4 ,!      
spiritual side ( education is suppos$ to
 be ! conc]n ( ! religi\s bodies2 b if  
we are q hone/ we h to confess t !      
religi\s bodies h no long] suffici5t    
hold on classes or masses to inspire 9  
ei!r su* wide mutual good-w & s5se (    
s]vice z w =w>d any real improvem5t 9 ! 
relations betwe5 ,capital & ,lab\r1     
betwe5 ! =tunate & less =tunate classes4
 ,! religi\s bodies1 let u say1 h tri$  
_! be/1 b1 s9ce our la/ /ate is worse   
?an our fir/1 !y mu/ be consid]$ to h   
fail$4 ,_! influ5ce1 inde$1 is too      
incoh]5t & disp]s$1 p]vasive "h & !re1 b
 )\t ei!r ! c5trality or =ce to promote 
9 u a great national *ange t[>ds t      
ess5ce ( ,*ri/ianity--mutual good-w &   

s5se ( s]vice4 ,!re is no long]1 ,i am  
afraid1 hope 9 t direction4  ,deep d[n1 
we "k all ?is1 b we h n yet be/irr$     
ourselves to f9d out :at x is t we are  
try+ to d ) our civilization1 or inde$  
:e!r we are try+ to d any?+ except j    
keep our heads above wat] f h\r to h\r4 
,& we h n yet be/irr$ ourselves1 p>tly  
because we are /ill brea?less & unc]ta9 
aft] t long & trem5d\s /ruggle )9 u     
betwe5 ,sci5ce & ,or?odox ,religion1 :i*
 has torn ! w+s (f bo?1 & p>tly because 
we are p>alys$ by ! ^w ,democracy4 ,we  
d>e n move = fe> ( end[+ education ) too
 mu* au?ority4 ,!re may1 ( c\rse1 be    
ano!r & f> m deadly reason :y we h n    
be/irr$ ourselves4 ,we may be too f>    
gone to devise any improv$ /&>d or      
ma*9]y ( education1 too flaccid to      
imp>t1 or ev5 to desire to imp>t1 to our
 education t spiritual quality1 t       
devotion to an ideal1 :i* is our only   
hope4 ,if s1 we mu/ resign ourselves to 
a desp]ate ,class /ruggle1 z to "s      
bitt]1 poison\s tonic1 f :i* we may     

p]haps ga9 /r5g? to deal ) our disease1 
b ( :i* we may take too mu* & die4      
,p]sonally--be+1 z !y say1 a            
pessimi/--,i pref] to ?9k t all is n yet
 lo/2 t we are /ill capable ( express+ 9
 ! =m ( a fai? ! aspiration t[>ds       
,p]fection t does1 t mu/1 lie           
in>ticulate )9 u2 /ill capable ( f9d+   
ma*9]y1 & m5 to "w x1 t %all drive ?is  
fai? into ! v he>t ( all classes4  ,at  
all ev5ts1 ,i refuse to believe t we _c 
d a good deal m ) education z a solv5t (
 our tr\bles ?an we h done hi!rto4 ,!   
ma9 & obvi\s difficulty--"o might say ! 
only real difficulty--9 education1 z 9  
all ! affairs ( life1 is to f9d ! m52 & 
to f9d ! m5 we c only make use ( ma*9]y 
:i* is acceptable to a democratic age4  
,yes1 we _c n[ g outside ,democracy1 & t
 is some?+ to be pr(\ndly grateful =4 ,!
 only tr\ble ) ,democracy is t x is sl[ 
& in>ticulate4 ,& ,i d n feel t !       
democratic pr9ciple--9 :i* ,i believe z 
mu* z any man--w ev] d itself ju/ice    
until x discov]s "s quick] way ?an x yet

 has ( %ap+ out ( itself its spiritual  
ess5ce1 "s swift] way ( extract+ f      
itself & utiliz+ = its own s]vice !     
highe/ aspiration & f9e/ feel+ )9 x4 ,x 
has succe$$ on ! :ole fairly well 9     
discov]+ & mak+ use ( its be/ bus9ess & 
adm9i/rative m9ds2 b s f> x has reg>d$  
spirituality z completely outside its   
prov9ce & delib]ately left x to religi\s
 bodies t h no long]1 nationally speak+1
 a real hold on u1 & are pr(ess$ly      
autocratic4 ,9 fact1 ,democracy at      
pres5t--& n only "h b 9 ,am]ica--(f]s ! 
spectacle ( a man runn+ d[n a road      
foll[$ at a m & m respectful di/ance by 
8 own s\l4  ,c our education any long]  
be safely treat$ 9 ?is casual way1 be   
safely left to ,*ur*es f ^: h& x has too
 f> slipp$2 be safely left z to !       
,classes to *ance & to ve/$ int]e/s2 z  
to ! ,masses to m]e bus9ess managem5t8  
,%\ld we n r tru/ x coh]5tly & z a :ole 
to ! f9e/ spirits & broade/ m9ds 9 !    
c\ntry2 to spirits t c be reli$ on to   
hold1 & to m9ds t c be reli$ on to      

apply1 a really high ideal2 reli$ on1   
too1 to select & tra9 ! be/ m5 available
 = ! propagation ( t ,ideal8 ,if by "s  
democratic process we c\ld sift out ^!  
m9ds f among u1 & end[ !m ) :olesale    
p[]s ( selection1 appo9tm5t1 & tra9+ (  
tea*]s1 we %\ld h e/abli%$ a sort (     
endless b& on :i* might travel a        
p]petual vitaliz+ curr5t ( ! be/ feel+  
)9 u4 ,to f9d ^! f9e/ spirits & broade/ 
m9ds we might conceivably use ! exi/+   
repres5tative ma*9]y ( ,p>liam5t1 or "s 
re=m$ repres5tative sy/em2 or we might  
in/itute a special /ra9+ & sift+        
process1 by means ( plebiscite )9       
plebiscite1 till we 7 reasonably sure ( 
arriv+ at ! m5 be/ fitt$ to be entru/$ )
 a high1 coh]5t plan ( education4 ,we h1
 !n1 to f\nd & place "u _! guidance a   
great tra9+ college1 :]e9 ! high] lead]s
 ( education may be imbu$ ) ! new _s1   
tra9$ 9 ! new /&>ds1 & pass out1 z po/s 
fall vacant1 to ! head%ip ( s*ools &    
colleges4 ,& if x be object$1 z x       
c]ta9ly w1 t ?is is to con/itute a too  

rigid spiritual bureaucracy1 ! answ] is 
two-fold3 ,?is is ! plan on :i* y ord]  
all y\r political1 y\r mat]ial life1 )\t
 reg>d+ x z 9 ! lea/ dang]\s or         
undemocratic4 ,&1 secondly1 y h at      
pres5t exactly ! same bureaucratic      
me?ods ( appo9tm5t 9 education1 only !y 
are ex]cis$ 9 a hole-&-corn] mann]1 q   
incoh]5tly1 & )\t any democratic *eck at
 all4  ,!re is no revolution 9 ?is idea1
 & x w c]ta9ly prove no imm$iate or     
quack rem$y4 ,x is1 9 few words1 a      
sugge/ion t we %\ld adopt = spiritual   
?+s1 = /ates ( m9d1 ! me?od t1 r\ghly   
speak+1 we h f\nd works be/ 9 mat]ial   
matt]s4 ,democracy w nev] really fl\ri% 
till x has tak5 *>ge1 & t "r he>tily1 ( 
its own spirituality4  ,life itself is !
 be/ education 9 spirituality a nation  
gets4 ,b ! plea "h is only = bett]      
ma*9]y to express & direct ! exp]i5ce & 
lat5t good-w :i* is implicit )9 !       
nation1 & is n n[ br\ght out into !     
light = ! nation's s]vice4 ,we are liv+ 
9 a p>*$ field "u :i* !re is pl5ty (    

wat]1 b we h sunk no well1 put up no    
pump+ ge>1 ) :i* to make our pa/ure     
gre54 ,is ! notion t we c /ill d ?is a  
prepo/]\s dream1 a m]e presumptu\s      
c\nsel ( p]fection8  ,we h at pres5t an 
air *>g$ ) tr\ble2 if we are n to %ut   
our eyes1 fold our h&s1 & drift1 all t  
we d mu/ be 9 ! direction ( improv+ our 
/ate ( m9d4 ,b !re is no way ( improv+ a
 /ate ( m9d save by f]tiliz+ x ) ! fai? 
& good-w ( a high] m9d4 ,our ma*9]y =   
do+ ?is has fail$ u4 ,inde$1 nationally 
speak+1 we no long] h any su* ma*9]y4   
,:at m useful ef=ts1 !n1 c we make ?an  
ef=ts 9 ! direction ( discov]+ a new    
ma*9]y8 ,& ! f9] ! spirits1 ! broad] !  
m9ds1 we place 9 *>ge !re(1 ! great] p[]
 we give !m1 always subject to !        
safegu>d ( election1 ! m we may hope to 
em]ge gradually f our s9i/] situation4  
-----  #f ,_m ?9k ! w> w alt] all ?is4  
,i only wi% ,i did4--,j4 ,g4            
,,on ,,peace                            
,i                             ,,! ,,w  
,,to ,,peace                      7,f ! 

,daily ,mail1 #aiji47   ,i 0 walk+ 9 !  
di/rict kn[n z ,nott+ ,dale look+ =     
signs ( ! ,mill5nium1 :5 ,i saw on a    
po/] ^! words3 8,:y ,engl& & ,g]many mu/
 g to w>40  ,i /ood gaz+ at !m 9 !      
company ( a woman ! worse = dr9k1 a     
brutal-look+ man1 a consumptive boy1 & a
 half-/>v$ horse h>ness$ to a c>t4 ,) ! 
exception ( ! horse1 ^! p]sons 7 soon   
replac$ by a little lab\r] ) a v sad    
face1 & a sick-look+ woman1 9 a ragg$   
%awl4 ,:5 !y1 9 turn1 pass$ on1 ,i 0    
jo9$ 9 front ( ! po/] by ?ree girls go+ 
home f "w--! s\nd ( ^: laught] 0 l !    
snapp+ ( dri$ /icks--& by a :isky-p]fum$
 man ) t peculi>1 braz5 look 9 ! eye :i*
 is liable to sudd5 eclipse4 ,^!1 too1  
/ay$ b a %ort "t1 & _! places be=e !    
po/] 7 fill$ by two y\?s 9 ragg$ clo!s1 
) dun-col\r$ faces1 & ! /umps (         
cig>ettes betwe5 pale lips4 ,_!         
foot-/eps & obsc5ity hav+ di$ away1 ,i 0
 left alone ) ! po/] & ! horse4 ,?is    
horse's ribs 7 conspicu\s1 & f ! size ( 
eggcup-%ap$ holl[s above eyes cov]$ ) a 

blui% film1 he _h evid5tly lab\r$ to !  
limit ( 8 capacity4 ,he 0 re/+ "o ?9    
leg--too hairless at ! knee1 too hairy  
at ! heel4 ,two v "y *ildr5 came n[1 &1 
hold+ ea* o!r's h&s1 flatt5$ _! noses   
aga9/ ! po/] 9 ! %op w9d[4 ,"o ( !m mov$
 h] feet cont9ually z if h] boots hurt  
h]1 :ile on ! feet ( ! o!r 7 ! wrecks ( 
boots4  ,& ,i said to myself3 ,9 hundr$s
 ( t[ns all ov] ! c\ntry1 p l ?is are   
/&+ be=e t po/]1 or pass+ by x4 ,"o ?ird
 ( ! population are bel[ ! l9e (        
reasonable subsi/5ce1 ano!r ?ird are    
able by ! con/ant employm5t ( e en]gy to
 keep _! heads j on t l9e4 ,we are !    
ri*e/ c\ntry 9 ! _w1 s t ev5 9 organis$ 
,g]many conditions little bett] may v   
well be preval5t4 ,?is po/] decl>es t   
,engl& & ,g]many mu/ g to w>4 ,& ?is    
po/] is no joke1 b ! indication ( a     
frame ( m9d4 ,moreov]1 ,i mus$1 cr$it = 
s9c]ity be+ due to all m5 until !       
opposite is prov$ aga9/ !m1 ?is frame ( 
m9d mu/ be hone/ & f\nd$ on g5u9e       
fe>--mu/ be1 9 fact1 ! conviction ( _m1 

n only 9 ?is c\ntry1 b 9 ,g]many4 ,!y   
contemplate a w> betwe5 two nations1 two
 ?irds ( ^: respective populations are z
 yet b>ely able to make a liv+2 a w> t  
means wa/+ _m hundr$ million p\nds & !  
e>n+ p[] ( _m hundr$ ?\s& lives2 a w> t 
w 9 six mon?s ca/ on to ! du/ heap tw5ty
 ye>s ( social progress2 a w> t may well
 h no semblance ( nobility1 no great    
motto1 no inspir+ cause1 b be a m]e     
sordid /ruggle betwe5 two bus9ess       
communities1 = s-call$ comm]cial ends2 a
 w> t may be unp>allel$ = cold-blood$   
horror & myopic pu]ility4 ,& ! po/]     
speaks ( ?is w> z if x 7 inevitable6    
,:]e1 ,i ask$ myself1 c ! p :o ?us ?9k &
 speak h liv$8 ,:]e h !y kept _! he>ts1 
& bra9s1 & eyes1 & noses8 ,c !y n see ^!
 millions ( gho/s 9 _! mid/8 ,or d !y   
?9k to fatt5 !m by w>8 ,d !y ?9k by w>  
to *eap5 ! price ( bread & coals1 to    
spread education1 to fo/] ! gr[? (      
sci5ce & ( ! arts8 ,w !y by w> pres]ve !
 /ronge/ males = ! improvem5t ( ! human 
/ock8 ,w !y by w> advance 9 any s+le way

 ! sl[ process ( humaniz+ a civilization
 :i* /ill produces 9 millions ! be+s :o 
h be5 /&+ ) me "h be=e t po/]8 ,no--,i  
?\ght--!y w c]ta9ly reply3 8,w> is an   
evil1 b x is necess>y2 = ! human race is
 divid$ into bre$s1 di/9ct f "o ano!r1 &
 plung$ into /ruggle f _! bir?s up4     
,only 9 ea* c\ntry's jeal\s pres]vation 
( itself c we look = ! welf>e ( ! :ole4 
,!re is no avail 9 dreams ( peace2 no   
use 9 prep>ation = x2 m5 h always kill$ 
ea* o!r = _! own advantage & always w2  
if !y did n s kill _! neighb\rs !y c\ld 
n !mselves survive4 ,life is s          
condition$2 !re is n en\gh = all4 ,we   
"k1 !re=e1 t ?is w> mu/ come4 ,we see x 
com+4 ,we h fa/5$ our eyes on x4 ,we _c 
get out ( its way4 ,we mu/ (f] ourselves
 up 9 holy sacrifice be=e ?is bloody1   
pr$e/9$ mon/]40  ,well6--,i ?\ght--if x 
is sacrifice y want1 look at t horse6   
,look at all ! p :o h /ood be=e ?is     
po/]6 ,!y w take all y\r p[]s (         
sacrifice be=e y h done ) !m6 ,& ,i1    
myself1 look$ at ! horse2 ) 8 ble>$ eyes

 & ! curves at ! corn]s ( 8 m\?1 ,i     
?\ght ,i _h nev] se5 su* a cynical-look+
 creature4 8,:at are y1 aft] all10 he   
seem$ to be say+ to me1 8b a set (      
sangu9>y tailless animals80  ,b sudd5ly 
! eyes ( my m9d travell$ beyond sight ( 
t po/]1 & z 9 a vision ,i seem$ to see  
all ! great lives m5 h liv$1 all ! high 
?\ghts !y h conceiv$1 all _! wond]ful   
+5uity & p]sev]ance & /r5g? ( w2 h[ !y h
 always f\nd a way to fulfil t on :i* !y
 h set _! he>ts4 ,& z backgr\nd to t    
vision !re seem$ disclos$ to me !       
untold1 unexploit$ weal? ( ! fields1    
woods1 & wat]s "u ! sun4 ,& ,i ?\ght3   
8,:at t po/] says is only true ( su* z w
 x to be true4 ,:]e !re is a w to peace 
!re is a way4#g ,w> betwe5 two su*      
c\ntries1 two tru/ees ( civilization ne$
 n be inevitable4 ,to believe t is to   
blaspheme2 to belittle human nature1 to 
d5y ! ,e>?40  -----  #g ,i recollect t !
 j\rnal :i* ?is po/] s]v$ to sell       
conta9$ an article propos+ to prove t w>
 betwe5 ,engl& & ,g]many 0 inevitable1  

because ( ! rivalry betwe5 _! trades4 ,i
 ?\ght !n1 & ?9k n[1 t su* a reason 0   
revolt+4 ,9 spite ( all ! bitt] cry =   
comm]cial w> t has n[ aris51 we did n   
beg91 we nev] %\ld h begun a w> )       
,g]many = su* a reason alone4 ,! w>     
t--alas6--has come1 has = u a bett]     
cause4 ,none ! less1 ,i freely admit n  
gaug+ rightly ! /ate ( m9d ( ,g]many's  
rul+ classes4 ,i always ?\ght ! "q ( w> 
or no w> 0 a great 8toss-up0 betwe5 !   
craze = armam5t & ! gr[? ( int]national 
feel+ ?r\gh social democracy4 ,i ?\ght !
 latt] w\ld w9 if p w\ld set _! wills on
 peace1 & we c\ld tide ov] ! next few   
ye>s4 ,i 0 wrong4--,j4 ,g4              
,,ii                                    
,,peace ,,( ,,! ,,air                   
7,a ,lett] to ,! ,times1 #aiaa47        
,beyond all ! v>y+ symptoms ( madness 9 
! life ( mod]n nations ! mo/ dreadful is
 ?is pro/itution ( ! conque/ ( ! air to 
! ends ( w>f>e4  ,if ev] m5 pres5t$ a   
spectacle ( %e] inanity x is n[--:51    
hav+ at la/ triumph$ 9 _! /ruggle to    

subord9ate to _! welf>e ! unconqu]$     
elem5t1 !y h /raightway comm5c$ to      
defile t elem5t1 s h]oically ma/]$1 by  
fill+ x ) eng9es ( de/ruction4 ,if ev] !
 gods 7 ju/ifi$ ( _! ironic smile--by ! 
gods1 x is n[6 ,is !re any ?9k] alive   
wat*+ ?is /ill utt]ly prev5table        
calamity )\t horror & despair8 ,horror (
 :at mu/ come ( x if n promptly /opp$2  
despair t m5 c be s bl9d1 s hopelessly &
 *ildi%ly ! slaves ( _! own m>vell\s    
inv5tive p[]s4 ,0 !re ev] s pat5t a case
 = scot*+ at bir? a hide\s developm5t ( 
! black arts ( w>f>e2 ev] su* an        
occasion = ! ,p[]s 9 conf]5ce to ban    
once & = all a new & gha/ly m5ace8  ,a  
little reason1 a gra9 ( common s5se1 a  
gleam ( sanity be=e x is too late2 be=e 
ve/$ int]e/s & ! *a9s ( a new habit h   
enslav$ u too hopelessly4 ,if ?is fre%  
devilry be n qu5*$ )9 ! next few ye>s1 x
 w be too late4 ,wat] & e>? are wide    
en\gh = m5 to kill ea* o!r on4 ,= ! love
 ( ! sun1 & />s1 & ! blue sky1 t h giv5 
u all our aspirations s9ce ! beg9n+ (   

"t1 let u leave ! air to innoc5ce6 ,w n 
^? :o h eyes to see1 good-w1 & ! p[] to 
put t good-w into practice1 be/ir       
!mselves :ile !re is yet "t1 & save     
mank9d f ?is la/ & wor/ ( all its       
follies8                                
,,! ,,w>                                
,,valley ,,( ,,! ,,%ad[                 
7,f ! ,nation1 #aiae47       ,god1 ,i am
 travell+ out to dea?'s sea1       ,i1  
:o exult$ 9 sun%9e & laught]1     ,?\ght
 n ( dy+--dea? is su* wa/e ( me6--      
,grant me "o com=t3 ,leave n ! h]eaft]  
,( mank9d to w>1 z ?\gh ,i _h di$ n--   
,i1 :o 9 battle1 my comrade's arm l9k+1 
,%\t$ & sang--life 9 my pulses hot      
,?robb+ & danc+6 ,let n my s9k+     ,9  
d>k be = naught1 my dea? a va9 ?+6      
,god1 let me "k x ! end ( man's fev]6   
,make my la/ brea? a bugle call1 c>ry+  
,peace o'er ! valleys & cold hills1 =   
ev]6                                    
,,cr$o                      7,f !       
,neutral ,press1 #aiad47   ,to love     
peace ) all "o's he>t4 ,to feel t w> is 

a black /a9 on ! humanity & fame ( man4 
,to hate milit>ism4 ,to g any l5g? to   
avoid w> = mat]ial int]e/s1 w> t        
involves no great pr9ciple1 di/ru/+     
pr(\ndly ! common mean+ ( ! phrase      
8national hon\r0--all ?is is my belief4 
,b !re is a national hon\r *>g$ ) !     
future happ9ess ( man2 loyalty is due f 
^? liv+ to ^? t w come aft]2            
civilization c only wax & fl\ri% 9 a _w 
:]e fai? is kept2 = nations1 z =        
individuals1 !re are laws ( duty1 ^:    
violation h>ms ! :ole human race2 9 sum1
 />s ( conduct %9e = peoples1 z =       
private m54  ,& s ,i hold t )\t t>ni%+  
true hon\r1 endang]+ civilization pres5t
 & to come1 & ru9+ all hope ( future    
tranquillity1 my ,c\ntry c\ld n h refus$
 to take up arms = ! def5ce ( h] little 
neighb\r ,belgium's outrag$ neutrality1 
:i* %e _h solemnly gu>ante$4  ,i claim f
 ! tr5d ( ev5ts1 & ( national "*1 dur+ !
 la/ c5tury t 9 democracy alone lies any
 coh]5t hope ( progressive civilization 
or any *ance ( la/+ peace 9 ,europe1 or 

! _w4  ,i believe t ?is democratic      
pr9ciple1 h[ev] imp]fectly develop$1 has
 s work$ 9 ,france1 9 ,brita91 9 !      
,unit$ ,/ates1 t ^! c\ntries are already
 ne>ly safe f incl9ation to aggress1 or 
to subdue o!r nationalities t h rea*$   
approximately _! /age ( developm5t4  ,& 
,i believe t :ile !re rema9 autocratic  
,gov]nm5ts bas+ !mselves on milit>ism1  
ho/ile at he>t to ! democratic pr9ciple1
 ,europe w nev] be free ( ! sur*>ge (   
swoll5 armam5ts1 ! nightm>e m5ace ( w>s 
l ?is--! p>alysis t creeps on           
civilizations :i* adore ! god ( =ce4  ,&
 s ,i hold t )\t betrayal ( tru/ee%ip1  
)\t %irk+ ! elem5t>y def5ce ( beliefs   
coil$ )9 its fibre1 or beliefs vital to 
! future welf>e ( all m51 my ,c\ntry    
c\ld n /& by & see ! ru9 ( ,france1 t v 
cradle ( democracy4  ,i believe t       
democratic culture spreads f ,we/ to    
,ea/1 t only by ma9t5ance ( consolidate 
democracy 9 ,we/]n ,europe c democracy  
ev] hope to pu% on & prevail till !     
,ea/]n ,p[]s h also t ideal "u :i* alone

 humanity c fl\ri%4  ,& s ,i hold t my  
,c\ntry is ju/ifi$ at ?is juncture 9 its
 alliance ) ! autocratic p[] ( ,russia1 
^: p w nev] "k fre$om till h] bord]s are
 jo9$ to ! bord]s ( a true democracy 9  
,c5tral ,europe4  ,i d n believe t      
jeal\s1 fright5$ j+oism has be5 m ?an ! 
dirty fr+e ( ,brita9's peace-lov+ temp]1
 & ,i pr(ess my sacr$ fai? t my ,c\ntry 
has gone to w>1 aga9/ h] w1 because %e  
mu/--= hon\r1 = democracy1 & = ! future 
( mank9d4                               
,,france                   7,f !        
,we/m9/] ,gazette1 #aiad47   ,france6   
,beautiful ^w6 ,beautiful l&6 ,:at a    
pr\d s\l lives 9 t ,france1 n[ rack$ &  
tortur$6 ,:at *imes w r+ :5 ! la/ invad]
 is pu%$ back ov] ! edge ( ! lo/        
prov9ces6 ,l& = :om1 :5 y are h>d driv51
 ! he>t mo/ a*es6 ,is x t y are ,woman1 
) a c>ess 9 y\r eyes1 & y\r float+ robe2
 ) my/]y 9 y\r cle>1 woman's smile1 & t 
promise ( et]nal con/ancy :i* ,man nev] 
(f]s8 ,is x t 9 y we feel1 z 9 no o!r   
,l&1 a ,pres5ce1 su* z 9 "s h\ses makes 

life assur$1 & lovely2 a ,pres5ce       
inhabit+ ! air ( e room1 m preci\s ?an  
its g>niture8 ,take away ! trapp+s1 make
 desolate t place ( all mat]ial ?+s1 &  
!re w yet be ! lov$ "o1 !re w yet be !  
graci\s ard5t _s4  ,france6 ,y1 ( all   
,c\ntries1 h ! gift ( ,liv+ ,=m1 ( a    
coh]5t grace1 l t ( y\r own fl[] (      
light1 or su* z haunts ,la ,gioconda1   
li/5+ to life4  ,:5 ,i ?9k ( y !re comes
 into my m9d ! image ( a lime-tree1 9 h]
 spr+ g>b ( buds delicate1 break+ to    
little gay leaves ec/atic 9 ea* w9d2 9  
h] summ] dress s full1 s p]fum$ )       
honey-col\r$ blossoms2 9 h] autumn robe 
( few gold5 leaves1 flat on ! cle> air1 
& trembl+1 trembl+ ) ea* brea? ( ! day2 
& 9 h] pale w9t] nak$ness--ev] ! same   
ess5tial goddess ( a tree1 p]fect 9 =m4 
,france6 ,x is y\r p[] to see t 8s\l 9  
?+s0 :i* we call ,ideals1 to br+ to life
 ! tru? y h se51 & s to concrete & %ape 
y\r vision t x becomes ! rock spiritual 
on :i* nations /&4 ,because y are ! liv+
 inc>nation ( y\r cle>1 unfl9*+ _s1 we  

o!rs love y4  ,y /& be=e ! _w1 true     
embodim5t ( y\r ?ree immortal words2 z  
y\r immortal tune is ! true voice ( a   
,l&'s ard\r & devotion4  ,y h sl\gh$ (f 
! gross & ! va+lori\s fle% ( nations6 ,y
 are ! flame 9 ! night6 ,9 ?is h\r we   
see1 & "k y6  ,great & t\*+ comrade6    
,cle>1 inv9cible ,france6 ,to-day1 9 y\r
 grave *ivalry1 y 7 nev] s high1 s      
desirable1 s true to y\rself & to       
,humanity6                              
,,reveille                      7,f ,k+ 
,alb]t's ,book1 #aiad47   ,9 my dream ,i
 saw a f]tile pla91 ri* ) ! hues (      
autumn4 ,tranquil x 0 & w>m4 ,m51 wom51 
*ildr51 & ! bea/s1 work$ & play$ & w&]$ 
!re 9 peace4 ,"u ! blue sky & ! :ite    
cl\ds l[-hang+1 great trees %ad$ !      
fields2 & f all ! l& rose a murmur z f  
bees clu/]+ on ! rose-col\r$ blossoms ( 
tall clov]4 ,9 my dream ,i roam$1 look+ 
into faces--prosp]\s & well-fav\r$--( p 
liv+ 9 a l& ( pl5ty1 dr9k+ ! joy ( life1
 c>+ no?+ = ! morr[4 ,b ,i c\ld n see _!
 eyes1 :i* seem$ ev] ca/ d[n1 wat*+ !   

progress ( _! feet ov] ! ri* grass & !  
gold5 leaves already fall5 f ! trees4 ,!
 long] ,i walk$ among !m ! m ,i wond]$ t
 ,i c\ld see ! eyes ( none1 n ev5 ( !   
little *ildr51 n ev5 ( ! bea/s4  ,&1    
:ile ,i mus$ on ?is1 ! sky began to     
d>k54 ,a mutt] z ( di/ant wat]s came    
travell+4 ,! *ildr5 /opp$ _! play1 !    
bea/s rais$ _! heads2 m5 & wom5 halt$ & 
cri$ to ea* o!r3 8,! ,riv] is ris+6 ,if 
x floods1 we are lo/6 ,our bea/s w dr[n2
 we1 ev5 we1 %all dr[n6 ,! ,riv]60 ,&   
wom5 /ood l images ( /one1 li/5+2 m5    
%ook _! fi/s at ! black sky2 ! bea/s    
sniff$ ! d>k5+ air4  ,!n ,i he>d a cle> 
voice call3 8,bro!rs6 ,! dyke is break+6
 ,l9k arms2 ) ! dyke ( our bodies we w  
save our homes6 ,l9k arms beh9d u1      
,si/]s6 ,*ildr5 close 96 ,! ,riv]60 ,&  
all t multitude1 :om ,i _h se5 tread+   
quietly ! grass1 came hurry+1 _! eyes no
 long] fix$ on ! ri* pla91 b lift$ 9    
tr\ble & defiance4 ,& ! ,voice call$3   
8,ha/56 ,! dyke is brok540  ,by ?\s&s & 
?\s&s !y press$1 %\ld] to %\ld]--m51    

wom51 *ildr51 & ! bea/s ly+ d[n beh9d1  
till ! liv+ dyke 0 =m$4 ,& ! black flood
 came travell+ till its wave cre/s gl9t$
 l ! :ites ( gl>+ eyes1 & ! h>% clam\r (
 ! wat]s 0 z a ro> f a million m\?s4 ,b 
! ,voice call$3 8,hold1 bro!rs60 ,& f ! 
liv+ dyke came answ]3 8,we hold60  ,!n !
 d>k wat] broke2 & f all ! wall ( bodies
 rose ! cry ( /ruggle4  ,b above x ev] !
 ,voice call$3 8,hold60  ,& ! answ] /ill
 came f ! m\?s ( dr[n+ m5 & wom51 ( ! v 
*ildr53 8,we hold60  ,b ! wat] roll$ ov]
 & on4 ,d[n 9 its black tumult1 b5ea?   
its cruel ru%1 ,i saw m5 /ill ) arms    
l9k$2 wom5 on _! knees1 cl++ to e>?2    
little *ildr5 drift+--all dead4 ,b !    
%ades ( ! dead ) arms yet l9k$ 7 front+ 
! edge ( ! savage wat]s4 ,none _h turn$ 
away 4 4 4  ,once m ,i dream$4 ,! pla9 0
 free ( d>kness1 free ( wat]s4 ,! ,riv]1
 %runk & muddi$1 fl[$ aga9 )9 its banks4
 ,& ,dawn 0 break+4  ,at fir/ x seem$ to
 me t only trees /ood on t pla92 !n1 9 !
 gr\nd mi/ fa/ cle>+1 ,i saw ! =ms ( m5 
& wom51 *ildr51 bea/s2 & ,i mov$ among  

!m1 look+ at _! faces--n broad &        
prosp]\s1 b grave f suff]+1 c>v$ &      
/rong4 ,& _! eyes 7 %9+4  ,:ile ,i /ood 
?us wat*+1 ! sun rose1 &1 above ! pla9  
clad 9 ! hues ( spr+1 ! heav5 bright5$  
to full morn+4 ,amaz$1 ,i saw t ! />s _h
 n gone 91 b %one !re 9 ! blue4  ,& cle>
 ,i he>d ! same ,voice call3 8,bro!rs6  
,behold6 ,! ,/>s are lit = ev]60        
,,fir/ ,,?\ghts ,,on ,,?is ,,w>         
7,f ,scribn]'s ,magaz9e1 #aiad47        
#a4  ,?ree hundr$ ?\s& *ur* spires rais$
 to ! glory ( ,*ri/6 ,?ree hundr$       
million human creatures baptiz$ into ,8 
s]vice6 ,&--,w> to ! dea? ( !m all6 8,i 
tru/ ! ,almighty to give ! victory to my
 arms60 8,let y\r he>ts beat to ,god1 & 
y\r fi/s 9 ! face ( ! enemy60 8,9 pray] 
we call ,god's bless+ on our valiant    
troops60  ,god on ! lips ( ea* pot5tate1
 & "u a hundr$ ?\s& spires pray] t      
tw5ty-two million s]vants ( ,*ri/ may   
receive f ,god ! bless$ /r5g? to te> &  
bl[ ea* o!r to pieces1 to ravage & burn1
 to wr5* husb&s f wives1 fa!rs f _!     

*ildr51 to />ve ! poor1 & ev]y:]e de/roy
 ! works ( ! _s6 ,pray] "u ! hundr$ ?\s&
 spires = ! bless$ /r5g? ( ,god1 to use 
! noble/1 mo/ loyal in/9cts ( ! human   
race to ! ends ( c>nage6 8,god be ) u to
 ! dea? & di%on\r ( our foes0--^: ,god  
,he is no less ?an ours6 ,! ,god :o gave
 ,8 only begott5 ,son to br+ on e>?     
peace & good-w t[>d m56 ,no sup]natural 
cre$--9 ^! days :5 two & two are put    
toge!r--c /& aga9/ su* reel+ subv]sion4 
,aft] ?is mon/r\s mock]y1 b5ea? ?is     
gr9n+ skull ( irony1 h[ %all !re rema9  
fai? 9 ?is p]sonal outside ,god1 :om we 
c ?us divide1 appropriate1 & invoke2 h[ 
rema9 fai? 9 ! articles1 ! =mal /ructure
 ( a religion prea*$ & practis$ to su*  
ends8 ,:5 ?is w> is ov] & reason resumes
 its sway1 our dogmas w be f\nd to h be5
 scor$ ?r\gh = ev]4 ,:atev] else be !   
outcome ( ?is bus9ess1 let u at lea/    
realize ! tru?3 ,x is ! dea? ( dogmatic 
,*ri/ianity6 ,let u w t x be ! bir? ( a 
,god )9 u1 & an e?ic ,*ri/ianity t m5   
really practise6                        

#b4  ,yes6 ,dogmatic ,*ri/ianity 0 dy+  
be=e ?is w> began4 ,:5 x is ov]1 or z   
soon z m5's reason comes back to !m1 x w
 be dead4 ,9 ,france1 ,engl&1 ,g]many1 9
 ,belgium1 & ! o!r small c\ntries1 dead2
 & only kept wond]+ly alive 9 ,russia & 
"s p>ts ( ,au/ria ?r\gh peasant         
simplicity4 8,tell me1 bro!r1 :at h !   
,japanese done to u t we %\ld kill !m80 
,s said ! ,russian peasant 9 ! ,japanese
 w>4 ,s !y may say 9 ?is w>4 ,& at ! end
 g back & resume praise ( ! tribal ,god 
:o f\ght = ,holy ,russia aga9/ ! tribal 
,god :o f\ght = valiant ,au/ria & !     
mail$ fi/s ( ,g]many4  ,?is sup]/itional
 ,*ri/ianity w n die 9 ! op5 & be buri$ 
) pomp & c]emony2 x w m]ely be dead--a v
 diff]5t ?+2 l ! n]ve 9 a too?1 t1 to ! 
outw>d eye1 is j z x 04 ,t :i* w take   
its place has already be5 a long "t     
prep>+ to come =w>d4 ,x w be too mu* 9  
e>ne/ to c>e = =ms & c]emonies4 ,& "o ?+
 is c]ta9--x w be f> m ,*ri/ian ?an !   
s-call$ ,*ri/ianity :i* has br\ght u to 
^! pres5t ends4 ,its cre$ w be a        

noiseless & passionate conviction t man 
c be sav$1 n by a f>-away1 despotic ,god
 :o c be enli/$ by ea* combatant = !    
de/ruction ( 8 foes1 b by ! ,div9e      
elem5t 9 man1 ! ,god )9 ! human s\l4 ,t1
 9 proportion z man is high1 s w ! life 
( man be high1 safe f %ames l ?is1 &    
devoid ( 8 old mis]y4 ,! cre$ w be a    
f]v5t1 almo/ secret application ( !     
say+3 8,love ?y neighb\r z ?yself60 ,x w
 be a%am$ ( appeal to ,god to put "r t  
:i* man has bungl$2 ( supplications to !
 deity to fight aga9/ ! deity4 ,x w h ! 
pride ( ! arti/ & ! artizan4 ,& x w h   
its own my/icism1 its own wond]1 &      
rev]5ce = ! my/]y ( ! all-embrac+       
,pr9ciple :i* has produc$ su* a creature
 z ?is man1 ) su* m>vell\s pot5tiality =
 ! mak+ ( f9e ?+s1 & ! liv+ ( f9e lives2
 su* h]oism1 su* savag]y2 su* wisdom &  
su* black /upidity2 su* a que]          
insup]able in/9ct = go+ on & on & ev]   
on6                                     
#c4  ,! ,we/]n _w has _h its lesson     
n[--! lesson indelibly writ 9 dea?3 ,!re

 is no long] room 9 civilization =      
despotic ,gov]nm5ts4 ,9 ,g]many1 9      
,au/ria1 9 ! c\ntry :]e despotism mo/   
reigns supreme--our ally1 ,russia--!y   
are doom$ 9 !ory1 if n z yet 9 fact4  ,!
 ,slav is no m by nature ! enemy ( !    
,teuton ?an is ! ,briton ( ! ,frank4 ,t 
enmity is a fo/]$ ?+ ( imp]ial &        
bureaucratic dreams4  ,:at /&s out f all
 ?is welt]8 ,! ambiti\s diplomacy ( !   
despotic ,p[]s1 9 pursuit ( s-call$     
8national ideals10 a diplomacy begott5 (
 vici\s traditions & ! misconceptions ( 
egomania1 remov$ by a r+ f5ce f ! p ( ! 
nations = :om x pr(esses to speak4 ,an  
ambiti\s & cynical diplomacy1 batt5+ on 
! k t x c at almo/ any "t raise = its   
ends a :irlw9d ( feel+ out ( ! love m5  
ev] h = ! l& :]e9 !y are born4  ,x is ! 
divorce ( executive p[] f popul>        
sanction t has made possible ?is greate/
 ( all ! disa/]s 9 hi/ory4 ,9 democratic
 c\ntries ! aggressive faculty is       
imp]ceptibly yet cont9ually weak5$ by ! 
obscure b real l9k betwe5 m9i/]s elect &

 ! p4 ,only 9 ^? c\ntries :]e1 "u a     
cloak p]haps ( democratic =ms1 !        
adm9i/rative =ce is responsible to none 
save an imp]ial director1 is a ru?less &
 un*eck$ pursuit ( s-call$ national     
dreams1 an aggressive p>ade ( s-call$   
national hon\r1 possible4  ,if only     
autocracies--masqu]ad+ or nak$--g d[n 9 
! wreckage ( ?is w>6                    
#d4  ,! sup]/ition t unmilit>iz$ nations
 suff] f fatty deg5]ation ( ! he>t has  
p]i%$ 9 ! =ty-f\r? ye> ( its age1 at !  
siege ( ,lige1 bl[n away by ! h]oism ( a
 little unmilit>y nation6  ,democracy & 
citiz5 armies6 ,if ?is w> br+s t 9 its  
tra9 its horror w n h be5 all hateful4  
,b s surely z ,/ates rema9 autocratic at
 he>t w ! dire _s t animates almighty   
bureaucracy re> its head aga9 & dem&    
rev5ge4 ,s surely w ?is w> br+ ano!r1 & 
yet ano!r6 ,9 ^! la/ tw5ty ye>s         
civilization has n ev5 m>k$ "t2 x has   
gone backw>d "u ! curb & pressure (     
pr(essional armam5ts masqu]ad+ "u !     
words 8,si vis pacem1 p>a bellum40 ,!   

pr9ciple ( univ]sal s]vice by m5 n      
pr(essionally soldi]s1 ! pr9ciple t no  
man %all be call$ to fight "o /ep       
outside 8 native l&--save z "p ( an     
int]national ,police to en=ce ! au?ority
 ( a ,league = ,peace--^! are ! only    
pr9ciples t w 9 ! future /ill ! gnaw+s (
 anxiety & gradually gu>antee ! peace ( 
! ,we/4 ,!y are pr9ciples t1 ,i fe>1 w  
nev] obta9 :ile ,/ates are subject to   
milit>y bureaucracy & dyna/ic ambitions4
 ,if !y _c be purg$ ( ^! we are 8doom$  
to some?+ great0 e g5]ation--! greatness
 ( ! %ambles6 ,x is en\gh to make he>t  
/& /ill & bra9 reel = ev] if "o mu/     
believe t man is nev] to f9d bett] means
 ( keep+ 8 _s f ru/1 8 body f decay1 ?an
 ^! sporadic outbur/s ( 8greatness40    
8,w> is ! only cleans]60 ,ah6--because !
 ^w 8patriotism0 has s limit$ a mean+4  
,b--to believe t ?is mu/ always be 4 4 4
 6 ,:5 m5 h ceas$ to look on w> z !     
prop] vehicle = self-sacrifice1 w !y n  
turn to a greatness t is n soak$ ) blood
 & black ) ! cr[s ( dea?1 to save _!    

s\ls alive8 ,w !re n1 c !re n1 arise an 
emotion z /rong z ?is pres5t            
patriotism--a s5tim5t z passionate &    
sweep+1 be>+ m5 on to ! use ( e faculty 
& ! =getfulness ( self1 = ! salvation1  
in/ead ( ! de/ruction1 ( _! fell[-man8  
,or is ?is a dream1 & are we =ev] doom$1
 ea* g5]ation1 to ! greatness ( te>+ ea*
 o!r limb f limb8                       
#e4  ,?ree weeks be=e ?is w> began ,i 0 
9 "o ( ^? ,ea/ ,end ,london p>i%es ^:   
inhabitants exi/ f h& to m\? on casual  
employm5t & sweat$ lab\r2 :]e ! wom51   
poor1 ?91 ov]work$ s\ls1 h nei!r "t nor 
/r5g? nor incl9ation = cleanl9ess &     
comel9ess 9 p]son or h\se2 :]e ! m5 are 
und]siz$ & und]f$1 ) ! faces ( ^? )\t a 
future2 :]e pale & /unt$ *ildr5 play+ 9 
! gutt]s h a monopoly ( any mir?less    
gaiety !re is4  ,9 "o h\sehold ( two    
rooms !y 7 8free ( debt1 ?ank ,gawd60   
hav+ j come back f fruit-pick+1 & 7     
prep>+ to take up family exi/5ce aga9 on
 ! wife's mak+ ( mat*boxes at a maximum 
( six %ill+s a week1 ! husb& n hav+ f\nd

 a job z yet4 ,9 ano!r h\sehold1 ( "o   
room sw>m+ ) flies & f\l ) a sickly     
acrid od\r1 a baby 0 half-asleep on !   
few rags ( a b$ b]eft ( b$clo!s1 its    
lips press$ to some?+ rubb]y1 & flies   
ab\t its eyes2 dirty b[ls ( messes /ood 
ab\t2 an (fal heap lay 9 ! empty grate2 
& at a table 9 ! little w9d[ a pallid   
woman ( =ty ) a runn+ cold 0 desp]ately 
sew+ ! soles on to t9y babies' %oes4    
,beside h] 0 a small dirty boy1 :o _h j 
be5 lo/ & br\ght home by a policeman1   
because he _h rememb]$ ! "n ( ! /reet he
 liv$ 94 ,! woman look$ up at u         
wi/fully1 & said3 8,i ?\ght ,i'd lo/ 'im
 too1 ,i did2 l ! "o t fell 9 ! canal40 
,?\gh %e /ill _h sev51 ?\gh h] husb& 0  
out ( "w1 ?\gh %e only made five to six 
%ill+s a week1 %e c\ld n sp>e any ( !   
*ildr5 %e _h borne4  ,prices h gone up4 
,:at is happ5+ to su* z ^!8 ,!y exi/ 9  
all c\ntries4 ,y milit>y bureaucrats1 :o
 safegu>d & pursue 8national            
aspirations10 :o op5 ! gates ( ! k5nel &
 let loose ^! mad dogs ( w>2 :o rive    

husb&s f _! wives1 sons f _! mo!rs1 &   
s5d !m out by ! hundr$ ?\s& to become   
lumps ( bloody clay--sp>e a fraction (  
"t to see ! peoples = 8^: good0 y laun* 
?is glori\s murd]2 come & sniff = "o    
mom5t t sickly1 acrid smell 9 ! homes ( 
! poor6 ,& !n talk ( national           
aspirations & necessities6  ,!re is only
 "o national aspiration wor? ! "n1 only 
"o national necessity--to h f ro( to    
basem5t a clean1 heal?y1 happy national 
h\se4 8,w> ! cleans]6 ,)\t w>--no       
sacrifice1 no nobility60 ,i ref] y to t 
"m1 slav+ )\t hope & )\t glory1 />v$ &  
ill1 & slav+ 9 a w> ) dea? t la/s all h]
 life1 = ! *ildr5 %e has borne4         
#f4  ,! ,russian p is n ,russia1 unless 
x %\ld become s 9 ?is w>4 ,!re has      
hi!rto be5 an almo/ absolute divorce    
betwe5 ! ess5tially democratic nature ( 
! ,russian & ! despotic me?ods by :i*   
,russia is gov]n$4 ,we ,engli% & ,fr5*1 
fight+ n only = our lives1 b =          
democracy1 = ! dec5t pres]vation (      
treaty rights1 & a humanity t we believe

 c only fl\ri% "u democratic rule1 f9d x
 some:at ironical t we h ) u a          
despotism4 ,& !re is a pr(\nd reason :y 
x has be5 & w be difficult = ,russia to 
*ange its =m ( gov]nm5t4 ,! emotional1  
uncalculat+ ,russian has little s5se (  
money1 space1 or "t2 he falls an easy   
prey to ^? /]n]1 m matt]-(-fact ?an     
himself4 ,bureaucracy attracts ! h>d &  
practical elem5ts ( a population2 !re   
are1 or 71 _m ( ,teutonic orig9 mann+   
,russian (ficialdom4 ,& ,russia is s    
huge2 democratic rule w f9d x difficult 
to be swift en\gh2 9 dec5tralization !re
 is dang] ( disruption4 ,nev]!less1 we  
welcome ! help ( ,russia1 =1 if ,france 
& we 7 beat51 x w\ld n only be our own  
dea?s1 b ! dea? ( democracy & humanism 9
 ,europe--p]haps 9 ! _w4 ,! tide (      
democracy sets f ! ,we/4 ,x mu/ p]meate 
,g]many be=e x rea*es ,russia4 ,out (   
?is w> _m ?+s may come4 ,if ,fate grant 
t milit>y despotisms fall 9 any c\ntry1 
!y may well fall 9 all1 & our ally1     
,russia1 ga9 at la/ a ,con/itution & "s 

real measure ( democratic fre$om1 "s    
real coh]5ce betwe5 ! ,russian p &      
,russian policy4                        
#g4  ,:5 ! conscript s\ls disembodi$ by 
?is w> meet1 if !y meet at all1 h[ w !y 
talk ( ?is la/ madness8 ,p]haps "o 9 ea*
 hundr$ w be able to say f 8 he>t3 8,i 0
 happy ) a rifle or sword & "s ( y to be
 kill$ 9 front ( me60 ,! rema9+         
n9ety-n9e w say3 8,l y ,i lov$ ! sun1 & 
a woman1 & ! good ?+s ( life2 l y ,i    
meant well by o!rs2 ,i _h no wi% to kill
 any man2 no wi% to die4 ,b ,i 0 told t 
x 0 necess>y4 ,i 0 told t1 unless ,i    
kill$ z _m ( y z ,i c\ld1 my c\ntry w\ld
 suff]4 ,i don't "k :e!r 9 my he>t ,i   
believ$ :at ,i 0 told1 b ,i did "k t ,i 
%\ld feel disgrac$ if ,i did n take     
rifle & sword & try to kill "s ( y2 ,i  
knew1 too1 t unless ,i did1 !y w\ld %oot
 me = a des]t]4 ,s ,i w5t4 ,ne>ly all ! 
"t t ,i 0 m>*+1 or re/+ dead-tir$1 or   
ly+ 9 ! tr5*es1 ,i ?\ght2 #8,%all ,i ev]
 see home aga98 ,let me see home aga96' 
,b ,i knew t my fir/ duty 0 to kill y1 s

 t y %\ld nev] see home aga94 ,i did n  
want to kill y1 b ,i knew ,i _h to4 ,:5 
,i 0 "u fire or tir$ or hungry1 x is    
true ,i hat$ y s t ,i _h only a savage  
wi% to kill y4 ,b :5 x 0 ov] ,i _h an   
a*e 9 my he>t4 ,we us$ to s+ :ile m>*+1 
make jokes1 enjoy ! feel ( our comrades'
 %\ld]s t\*+ our own1 say to ourselves3 
#8,we're f9e fell[s1 s]v+ our c\ntry1   
do+ our duty6' ,b /ill ! a*e w5t on     
und]nea?1 v deep1 z if "o 7 asleep &    
c\ld n come to ! end ( a bad dream4 ,we 
seldom knew :at our bullets 7 do+1 b    
sometimes we came to fight+ h& to h&4 ,!
 fir/ "t1 ,i rememb]1 we _h advanc$     
?r\gh a wood "u %ell-fire1 & 7 ly+ d[n  
at ! edge4 ,i _h t a*e all ! "t ,i 0    
com+ ?r\gh ! wood2 x 0 f9e wea!r1 & !   
l>*es smell$ sweet4 ,b :5 ,i saw y *>g+ 
d[n on u ) ! sun gleam+ on y\r bayonets1
 x left me2 ,i felt weak & que] d[n !   
backs ( my legs1 wond]+ :i* ( y1 yell+ &
 runn+ t[>ds me1 w\ld plunge 8 /eel into
 my /oma*4 ,!n my (fic] %\t$2 ,i fir$   
once1 twice1 ?ree times1 & began to run 

=w>d4 ,if ,i _h n1 ,i %\ld h turn$ &    
fl$4 ,i did n feel savage1 b ,i knew ,i 
mu/ move e bit ( me z quick z ,i c\ld1 &
 def5d myself & /ab4 ,!n our supports   
came ?r\gh ! wood1 & y 7 beat54 ,my     
bayonet 0 bloody4 ,"o or m ( y ,i mu/ h 
kill$2 ,i _h be5 brave1 we _h won2 ,i   
felt excit$ & yet sick4 ,9 ! ev5+ :5 ,i 
lay d[n my a*e 0 worse ?an ev]4 ,all my 
life ,i _h be5 taught t to kill a       
fell[-man 0 ! wor/ ?+ man c d2 x did n  
come natural to me to kill4 ,x 0 hav+ to
 risk my life s de> to me1 9 ord] t ,i  
might kill1 t gave me t a*e4 ,if ,i _h  
be5 risk+ x try+ to save y1 x w\ld h be5
 m natural2 ,i %\ld n h a*$ !n60        
#h4  8,! glories ( w>60  ,c\rage1       
devotion1 endurance1 contempt ( dea?6   
,^! are glories t ! unm>tial may n      
d]ide4 ,ev5 ! humble/ ( brave soldi]s is
 a h]o1 = all t 8 h]oism co9s ! mis]y ( 
o!rs2 b :at does ! soldi] "k1 see1 feel1
 ( ! real 8glories ( w>08 ,t k is conf9$
 to ! read]s ( newspap]s & books6 ,!    
,pressman1 ! romanc]1 ! hi/orian c )    

gl[+ p5 call up 9 ! read] a feel+ t w>  
is glori\s2 t !re is some?+ 9 itself    
desirable & to be admir$ 9 t lic5s$     
murd]1 arson1 robb]y t we call w>4      
,glori\s w>6 ,e p5ny ?rill ( ea* read] (
 ! newspap]1 e spasm ( ea* "o :o sees   
arm$ m5 pass+1 or he>s ! fifes & drums1 
is manufactur$ out ( blood & groans1    
wrung out ( ! torm5ts ( ! human he>t & !
 torture ( human fle%4  ,:5 ,i read 9 ! 
pap] ( "s glori\s *>ge & ! great        
slaught] ( ! enemy1 ,i feel a ?rill     
?r\gh e fibre4 ,x is gr&1 x is spl5did6 
,i take a deep brea? ( joy1 almo/ (     
rapture4 ,gr&1 spl5did6 ,t !re %\ld be  
ly+1 ) _! faces hagg>d to ! />s1        
hundr$s1 ?\s&s ( m5 l myself1 bett] m5  
?an myself6 ,hundr$s1 ?\s&s1 :o lov$    
life z mu* z ,i2 ^: wom5 lov$ !m z mu* z
 m9e love me6 ,gr&1 spl5did6 ,t ! blood 
%\ld be ooz+ f !m into grass t once     
smell$ z sweet to !m z x does to me6 ,t 
_! eyes :i* delight$ 9 sunlight & beauty
 z mu* z m9e1 %\ld be glaz+ fa/ ) dea?2 
t _! m\?s1 :i* mo!rs & wives & *ildr5   

are a*+ to kiss aga91 %\ld be twi/$ into
 gaps ( horror6 ,gr&1 spl5did6 ,t o!r   
m51 no m savage ?an myself1 %\ld h /r[n 
!m1 !re6 ,gr&1 spl5did6 ,t 9 ?\s&s (    
f>-(f h\ses wom51 *ildr51 & old m5 w    
soon lie quiv]+ ) angui%$ memories ( ^? 
ly+ !re dead4 4 4  ,pressm51 romanc]s1  
hi/orians--y h giv5 me a noble ?rill 9  
rec\nt+ ^! glories ( w>6                
#i4  ,?is is ! gr& defeat ( all         
,utopians1 dream]s1 poets1 philosoph]s1 
ideali/s1 humanit>ians1 lov]s ( peace & 
! arts2 bag & baggage !y are ?r[n out ( 
a _w t has = a "t no use = !m4 ,to !    
despot1 ! bureaucrat1 ! milit>i/1 ! man 
( affairs1 !y h always be5 hateful4 ,!y 
are s(t1 yet dang]\s1 because !y v5ture 
to hold up ano!r flag 9 ! face ( ! big  
flag ( =ce2 v5ture to di/ract m5's      
att5tion f dwell+ on ! beauty ( its     
size4 ,i believe solemnly t we ,engli% h
 _h to jo9 ?is c>nival ( =ce to gu>d    
democracy1 hon\r1 & ! sanctity ( treaty 
rights4 ,x 0 a sacr$ necessity2 let u   
keep x sacr$1 )\t ! loa?some reek ( a   

satisfaction t peace1 humanism1 & ! arts
 are d[n1 & ! c\ntry once m %[+ ! /uff (
 :i* x is made1 a tusky lov] ( a fight1 
z jeal\s & afraid ( a rival z ev]4  ,!  
ideali/ said 9 8 he>t3 ,! god ( =ce is  
dead1 or dy+4 ,he has be5 prov5 ! fool t
 ! man ( affairs & ! milit>i/ always    
said he 04 ,b ! fools ( ?is _w--g5]ally 
aft] !y are gone--h a way ( mov+ m5 :i* 
! wise & practical believ]s 9 =ce h n4  
,if !y _h n ?is p[] man w\ld /ill be1   
ye> 9 ye> out1 ! savage t ! believ]s 9  
=ce h = ! mom5t once m made him4 ,!     
battle betwe5 ! god ( love & ! god ( =ce
 endures = ev]4 ,fools ( ! =m] camp1    
drumm$ out & beat5 to _! knees1 9 due "t
 w get up aga9 & plant _! poor flag a   
little f>!r on4 8,all m5 %all be        
bro!rs10 said ! ,g]man fool1 ,s*ill]2 s 
%all ! fools say aga9 :5 ! "t comes2 &  
aga91 & aga91 aft] e beat+6             
#aj4  ,la/ night1 :5 ! half-moon 0 gold5
 & ! :ite />s v high1 ,i saw ! s\ls ( ! 
kill$ pass+4 ,!y came rid+ ?r\gh !      
d>k--"s on grey horses1 "s on black2 !y 

came m>*+1 :ite-fac$--hundr$s1 ?\s&s1   
t5s ( ?\s&s4  ,! night smell$ sweet1 !  
breeze ru/l$1 ! /ream murmur$2 & pa/ me 
on ! air ! s\ls ( ! kill$ came m>*+4 ,!y
 seem$ ( "o great company1 no long]     
enemies4 ,all _h ! same fix$ />e1 brav+ 
some?+ /range t !y 7 try+ t]ribly to pu%
 away4 ,all _h _! eyes n>r[$ yet fix$   
op5 9 _! grey-:ite1 smoke-grim$ faces4  
,!y made no s\nd z !y pass$4 ,:5ce 7 !y 
com+1 :]e go+1 trail+ ! gho/s ( guns1   
rid+ ! gho/s ( horses2 into :at riv] (  
oblivion--f> f horror1 & ! savag]y (    
man6  ,!y pass$4 ,! gold5 half-moon     
%one1 & ! high :ite />s4 ,! fields      
smell$ sweet2 ! w9d g5tly /irr$ ! trees4
 ,! moon & />s w\ld be %9+ ov] !        
battlefields1 ! w9d ru/l+ ! trees !re1 !
 e>? sleep+ 9 d>k beauty4 ,s w\ld x be  
all ov] ! ,we/]n _w4 ,! peace ( ,god do?
 inde$ pass our und]/&+6                
,,! ,,hope ,,( ,,la/+ ,,peace           
7,f a ,symposium on 8,nationality10     
#aiae47   ,9 ^! times "o dread lies     
heavy on he>t & bra9--! ?\ght t aft] all

 ! unimag9able suff]+1 wa/e1 & sacrifice
 ( ?is w> no?+ may come ( x1 no real    
relief1 no p]man5t b5efit to ,europe1 no
 improvem5t to ! future ( mank9d4  ,!   
pron\ncem5ts ( publici/s3 8,?is mu/ nev]
 happ5 aga910 8,conditions = abid+ peace
 mu/ be secur$10 8,! ,unit$ ,/ates (    
,europe mu/ be f\nd$10 8,milit>ism mu/  
cease0--all su* are ! natural outcome ( 
?is dread4 ,!y are proclamations        
admirable 9 s5tim5t & int5tion4 ,b1     
human nature be+ :at x has be5 & is     
likely to rema91 we mu/ face !          
possibility t no?+ w come ( ! w>1 save !
 re/oration ( ,belgium 7t1 at lea/1 is  
c]ta972 "s alt]ations ( b\nd>ies2 a long
 p]iod ( economic & social tr\ble m     
bitt] ?an be=e2 a sweep+ moral reaction 
aft] too great ef=t4 ,cosmically reg>d$1
 ?is w> is a debau* r ?an a purge1 &    
debau*es h always to be paid =4         
,confront+ ! situation 9 ?is _s1 we %all
 be ! m rejoic$ if any ( our wid] hopes 
%\ld by good =tune be atta9$4  ,leav+   
aside ! re/oration ( ,belgium--= :at d  

we cont9ue to fight8 ,we g on1 z we     
began1 because we all believe 9 our own 
c\ntries & :at !y /& =4 ,& 9 consid]+ h[
 f> ! pr9ciple ( nationality %\ld be    
exalt$1 "o mu/ rememb] t x is 9 ! ma9   
responsible = ! pres5t /ate ( ?+s4 ,9   
tru?1 ! pr9ciple ( nationality ( itself 
& by itself is a q insuffici5t ideal4 ,x
 is a m]e glorification ( self 9 a _w   
full ( o!r selves2 & only ( value 9 s f>
 z x =ms "p ( t l>g] ideal1 an          
int]national e?ic1 :i* admits ! claims &
 respects ! aspirations ( all nations4  
,)\t t e?ic little nations are 7z at !  
pres5t mom5t7 ! prey--&1 accord+ to !   
nak$ pr9ciple ( nationality1 !          
legitimate prey--( bigg] nations4       
,g]many absorb$ ,s*leswig1              
,alsace-,lorra9e1 & n[ ,belgium1 by     
virtue ( nationalism1 ( an ov]we5+      
belief 9 ! p]fection ( its national     
self4 ,au/ria w\ld subdue ,s]bia f mu* !
 same feel+4 ,france does n wi% to      
absorb or subdue any ,european p ( ano!r
 race1 because ,france1 z ev]1 a little 

9 advance ( h] age1 is already gr\nd$ 9 
?is int]national e?ic ( solid respect = 
! rights ( all nations :i* belong1      
broadly speak+1 to ! same /age (        
developm5t4 ,! same may n[ be said ( !  
o!r ,we/]n democratic ,p[]s1 ,brita9 &  
,am]ica1 8,to live & let live10 8,to    
dwell toge!r 9 unity10 are ! guid+      
maxims ( ! int]national e?ic1 by virtue 
( :i* alone h ! small] communities (    
m5--! ,belgiums1 ,bohemias1 ,pol&s1     
,s]bias1 ,d5m>ks1 ,irel&s1 ,switz]l&s ( 
,europe--any *ance ( security 9 !       
ma9t5ance ( _! national exi/5ce4 ,9     
%ort1 ! pr9ciple ( nationality1 unless x
 is prep>$ to s]ve ?is int]national     
e?ic1 is b a frank abettor ( ! devili%  
maxim3 8,might is "r40 ,all ?is is      
truism2 b truisms are (t5 ! fir/ ?+s we 
=get4  ,! :ole "q ( nationality 9       
,europe bri/les ) difficulties4 ,x _c be
 solv$ by !ory & rule ( ?umb4 ,:at is a 
nation8 ,%all x be det]m9$ by spee*1 by 
blood1 by geographical b\nd>y1 by       
hi/oric tradition8 ,! fre$om &          

indep5d5ce ( a c\ntry c & ev] %\ld be   
assur$ :5 ) "o voice x dem&s ! same4 ,x 
is seldom s simple z t4 ,belgium1 no    
d\bt1 is z "o man4 ,pol& is "o man 9 s  
f> z ! ,poles are conc]n$1 b :at ( !    
,au/rians1 ,russians1 ,g]mans settl$    
among !m8 ,:at ( ,irel& split into two  
camps8 ,:at ( ! ,g]mans 9 ,bohemia2 9   
,alsace2 9 ,s*leswig8 ,compromise alone 
is possible 9 _m cases1 go+ by fav\r (  
majority4 ,& !re w always rema9 ! v     
poignant "q ( ! rights & aspirations ( !
 m9orities4 ,let u by all means cle> !  
air by right+ gl>+ wrongs1 remov+       
palpable anomalies1 r$ress+ obvi\s      
inju/ices1 secur+ s f> z possible !     
indep5d5t national life ( homog5e\s     
gr\ps2 b let u n1 dazzl$ by ! glam\r ( a
 ^w1 dream t by re/or+ a few l&m>ks1    
alt]+ a few b\nd>ies1 & rais+ a pan to !
 ^w 8nationality0 we c bani% all cl\ds f
 ! sky ( ,europe & muzzle ! ambitions ( 
! /rong] nations4  ,9 my belief ! be/   
hope = la/+ peace1 ! *ief promise (     
security = ! rights & fre$om ( little   

c\ntries1 ! mo/ reasonable gu>antee (   
int]national ju/ice & g5]al humanity1   
lies 9 ! gradual gr[? ( democracy1 (    
rule by cons5t ( ! gov]n$4 ,:5 ,europe  
is all democratic1 & its civilization on
 "o plane--in/ead ( z n[ on two--!n & !n
 only we %all beg9 to draw ! brea? (    
real assurance4 ,!n only w ! little     
c\ntries sleep quietly 9 _! b$s4 ,x is  
conceivable1 nay probable1 t an ideal   
autocracy c\ld a*ieve m good = its      
c\ntry & = ! _w at l>ge 9 a giv5 "t ?an 
! rule ( ! mo/ enlight5$ democracy4 ,x  
is c]ta9 t ideal autocracies hold sway b
 once 9 a blue moon4  ,if pro( be ne$$ t
 ! preval5ce ( democracy w end          
aggression among nations t belong to !  
same /age ( developm5t1 secure ! rights 
( small peoples1 fo/] ju/ice & human5ess
 9 man1 let ! hi/ory ( ?is la/ c5tury & 
a half be well exam9$1 & let ! human    
probabilities be weigh$4 ,:i* is ! m    
likely to advocate w>s ( aggression8 ,!y
 :o1 by age1 position1 weal?1 are secure
 aga9/ ! daily pressure ( life1 !y :o h 

pass$ _! "t out ( t\* ) ! /ruggle =     
exi/5ce1 9 an atmosph]e ( dreams1       
ambitions1 & p[] ov] o!r m58 ,or !y :o e
 h\r are rem9d$ h[ h>d life is1 ev5 at  
its mo/ prosp]\s mom5ts1 :o h no?+ to   
ga9 by w>1 & all1 ev5 life1 to lose2 :o 
by virtue ( _! own /ruggles h a deep k (
 ! /ruggles ( _! fell[-creatures2 an    
in/9ctive repugnance to mak+ ^? /ruggles
 h>d]2 :o h he>d little & dream$ less ( 
^? s-call$ 8national int]e/s0 t are s   
(t5 m]e *im]as2 :o love1 no d\bt1 9 _!  
in>ticulate way1 ! c\ntry :]e !y 7 born 
& ! modes ( life & ?\ght to :i* !y are  
accu/om$1 b "k ( no traditional &       
artificial reasons :y ! m5 ( o!r        
c\ntries %\ld n be all[$ to love _! own 
l&s & modes ( ?\ght & life 9 equal peace
 & security8  ,assur$ly1 ! latt] ( ^!   
two k9ds ( m5 are ! less likely to fav\r
 ambiti\s projects & aggressive w>s4    
,accord+ z 8! p10 ?r\gh _!              
repres5tatives1 h or h n ! f9al decision
 9 su* matt]s1 ! future ( ,europe %all  
be made ( w> or peace1 ( respect or (   

disreg>d = ! rights ( little nations4   
,x is advanc$ aga9/ democracies t !     
work]s ( a c\ntry1 ignorant & prov9cial 
9 outlook1 h no grasp ( int]national    
politics4 ,true--9 a ,europe :]e        
national ambitions & dreams are /ill = !
 mo/ "p hat*$ & nurtur$ 9 ne/s p]*$ high
 above ! real ne$s & s5tim5ts ( ! simple
 work+ folk :o =m n9e-t5?s ( !          
population 9 ea* c\ntry4 ,b once ^? ne/s
 ( aggressive nationalism h fall5 f _!  
high trees1 s soon z all ,europe con=ms 
to ! pr9ciple ( rule by cons5t ( !      
gov]n$1 x w be f\nd--z x has already be5
 f\nd 9 ,france & 9 ?is c\ntry--t !     
g5]al s5se ( ! community in=m$ by gr[+  
publicity 7?r\gh means ( communication  
ev] spe$+-up7 is q suffici5t tru/ee (   
national safety2 q able1 ev5            
en?usia/ically able1 to def5d its c\ntry
 f attack4  ,x is said t democracies are
 liable to be swept by gu/s ( passion1 9
 dang] ( yield+ to ,press or mob        
s5tim5t4 ,b are n ! peoples ( democratic
 c\ntries z firmly c\nsell$ & held 9    

*eck by _! responsible m9i/]s & elect$  
repres5tatives z are ! peoples (        
autocratically gov]n$ c\ntries8 ,:at p[]
 ( initiative h 8! p0 9 ei!r case8 ,!y  
act only ?r\gh _! lead]s4 ,b _! lead]s  
are elect$--t is ! po9t4  ,repres5tative
 ,gov]nm5ts mu/ answ] = _! actions to _!
 fell[-m54 ,autocratic ,gov]nm5ts ne$   
only answ] to _! gods4 ,! eyes (        
repres5tative ,gov]nm5ts are turn$      
habitually inw>ds t[>ds ! condition ( ! 
p :om !y repres5t4 ,! eyes ( autocratic 
,gov]nm5ts may inde$ be turn$ inw>ds1 b 
:at !y usually see ( ! p :om !y d n     
repres5t is liable to make !m turn      
outw>ds4 ,9 o!r words1 !y f9d 9         
successful =eign adv5ture & imp]ialism a
 pot5t safegu>d aga9/ int]nal tr\bles4  
,! problem be=e ! _w at ! end ( ?is w>  
is h[ to elim9ate ! virus ( an          
aggressive nationalism t w lead to fre% 
outbur/s ( dea?4 ,x is a problem t ,i1 =
 "o1 fe> w beat ! p[]s & good-w ( all1  
unless !re %\ld come a radical *ange (  
,gov]nm5ts 9 ,c5tral ,europe2 unless !  

real p[] 9 ,g]many & ,au/ria-,hung>y    
passes into ! h&s ( ! p ( ^? c\ntries1  
?r\gh _! elect$ repres5tatives1 z       
already x has pass$ 9 ,france & ,brita94
 ,?is is 9 my belief ! only *ance = !   
defeat ( milit>ism1 ( t raw nationalism1
 :i*1 ev5 if beat5 d[n at fir/1 w ev] be
 ly+ 9 wait1 prep>+ secret rev5ge & fre%
 attacks4 ,h[ ?is democratization (     
,c5tral ,europe c be br\ght ab\t ,i _c  
tell4 ,x is f> (f z yet4 ,b if ?is be n 
at long la/ ! outcome ( ! w>1 we may    
/ill1 ,i fe>1 talk 9 va9 ( ! rights (   
little nations1 ( peace1 dis>mam5t1 (   
*ivalry1 ju/ice1 & humanity4 ,we may    
:i/le = a *ang$ ,europe4                
,,diagnosis ,,( ,,! ,,engli%man         
7,f ! ,am/]dam] ,revue1 #aiae47   ,aft] 
_m mon?s ( w>1 se>* = ! cause !re(      
bord]s on ! academic4 ,comm5t on !      
physical facts ( ! situation does n come
 )9 ! scope ( "o :o by disposition &    
tra9+ is conc]n$ ) /ates ( m9d4  ,b z to
 ! result3 ,! p]iod ( surprise is ov]2 !
 =ces kn[n2 ! issue fully jo9$4 ,x is n[

 a case ( 8,pull devil1 pull bak]60 & a 
"q ( ! fibre ( ! combatants4 ,= ?is     
reason x may n be amiss to try to pres5t
 to any :om x may conc]n z deta*$ a     
picture z "o c ( ! real nature ( t      
combatant :o is call$ ! ,engli%man4     
,ignorance 9 ,c5tral ,europe ( 8 "*     
tipp$ ! balance 9 fav\r ( w>1 &         
speculation z to ! future is useless )\t
 "r compreh5sion ( 8 nature4  ,!        
,engli%man is tak5 advis$ly1 because he 
repres5ts f\r-fif?s ( ! population ( !  
,briti% ,isles4  ,& fir/ let x be said t
 !re is no m unconsci\sly deceptive     
p]son on ! face ( ! globe4 ,! ,engli%man
 does n "k himself2 outside ,engl& he is
 b guess$ at4  ,racially ! ,engli%man is
 s complex & s old a bl5d t no "o c say 
:at he is4 ,9 "* he is j z complex4     
,physically1 !re are two ma9 types3 "o  
incl9+ to l5g? ( limb1 n>r[ness ( face &
 head 7y w see n[h]e su* long & n>r[    
heads z 9 our isl&s71 & bony jaws2 ! o!r
 approximat+ m to ! ord9>y 8,john       
,bull40 ,! fir/ type is ga9+ on !       

second4 ,!re is little or no diff]5ce 9 
! ma9 "* beh9d4  ,9 attempt+ to und]/& !
 real nature ( ! ,engli%man1 c]ta9      
sali5t facts mu/ be borne 9 m9d4  ,,!   
,,sea4--,to be surr\nd$ g5]ation aft]   
g5]ation by ! sea has develop$ 9 him a  
suppress$ idealism1 a peculi>           
imp]meability1 a turn = adv5ture1 a     
faculty = w&]+1 & = be+ suffici5t unto  
himself 9 f> & awkw>d surr\nd+s4  ,,!   
,,climate4--,:oso wea!rs = c5turies a   
climate t1 ?\gh heal?y & nev] extreme1  
is1 p]haps1 ! lea/ reliable & "o ( !    
wette/ 9 ! _w1 mu/ ne$s gr[ 9 himself a 
c\nt]-balance ( dry philosophy1 a       
defiant hum\r1 an en=c$ m$ium temp]ature
 ( s\l4 ,! ,engli%man is no m giv5 to   
extremes ?an is 8 climate2 aga9/ its    
damp & p]petual *anges he has become    
coat$ ) a sort ( bluntness4  ,,!        
,,political ,,age ,,( ,,8               
,,c\ntry4--,?is is by f> ! olde/ settl$ 
,we/]n ,p[]1 politically speak+4 ,=     
eight hundr$ & fifty ye>s ,engl& has    
kn[n no s]i\s milit>y di/urbance f )\t2 

= ne>ly two hundr$ %e has kn[n no s]i\s 
political turmoil )94 ,?is is p>tly !   
outcome ( h] isolation1 p>tly ! happy   
accid5t ( h] political con/itution1     
p>tly ! result ( ! ,engli%man's habit ( 
look+ be=e he leaps1 :i* comes1 no d\bt1
 f ! climate & ! mixture ( 8 blood4 ,?is
 political /ability has be5 a trem5d\s  
factor 9 ! =mation ( ,engli% "*1 has    
giv5 ! ,engli%man ( all ranks a c]ta9   
deep sl[ s5se ( =m & ord]1 an engra9$   
culture--if "o may pirate ! ^w--t makes 
no %[1 be+ 9 ! bones ( ! man1 z x 74  ,!
 ,great ,prepond]ance = ,sev]al         
,g5]ations ( ,t[n ov] ,c\ntry           
,life4--,tak5 9 conjunction ) c5turies (
 political /ability1 ?is is ! ma9 cause 
( a gr[+ in>ticulate human5ess1 (       
:i*--speak+ g5]ally--! ,engli%man appe>s
 to be r a%am$4  ,,! ,,public           
,,s*ools4--,?is pot5t elem5t 9 ! =mation
 ( ! mod]n ,engli%man1 n only 9 ! upp] b
 ( all classes1 is some?+ t "o r        
despairs ( mak+ und]/ood--9 c\ntries :i*
 h no simil> in/itution4 ,b6 ,imag9e "o 

hundr$ ?\s& y\?s ( ! weal?ie/1 heal?ie/1
 & mo/ influ5tial classes1 pass$1 dur+  
ea* g5]ation1 at ! mo/ impressionable   
age1 into a sort ( e?ical m\ld1 em]g+   
!refrom /amp$ to ! core ) ! impress ( a 
uni=m morality1 uni=m mann]s1 uni=m way 
( look+ at life2 rememb]+ always t ^!   
y\?s fill sev5-eigh?s ( ! important     
positions 9 ! pr(essional adm9i/ration (
 _! c\ntry & ! conduct ( its comm]cial  
ent]prise2 rememb]+ too1 t1 ?r\gh       
p]petual contact ) e o!r class1 _! /&>d 
( morality & way ( look+ at life filt]s 
d[n into ! v toes ( ! l&4 ,?is great    
"*-=m+ ma*9e is rem>kable = an          
unself-consci\sness :i* gives x enorm\s 
/r5g? & ela/icity4 ,n inspir$ by !      
,/ate1 x inspires ! ,/ate4 ,!           
*>act]i/ics ( ! philosophy x enjo9s are 
ma9ly negative1 &1 = t1 ! /rong]4 8,nev]
 %[ y\r feel+s--to d s is n manly1 &    
bores y\r fell[s4 ,don't cry out :5 y're
 hurt1 mak+ y\rself a nuisance to o!r p4
 ,tell no tales ab\t y\r companions & no
 lies ab\t y\rself4 ,avoid all #8swank1'

 #8side1' #8swagg]1' braggadocio ( spee*
 or mann]1 on pa9 ( be+ laugh$ at40     
7,?is maxim is c>ri$ to su* a pit* t !  
,engli%man1 except 9 8 ,press1          
habitually und]/ates ev]y?+47 8,?9k     
little ( money1 & speak less ( x4 ,play 
games h>d1 & keep ! rules ( !m1 ev5 :5  
y\r blood is hot & y are tempt$ to      
disreg>d !m4 ,9 ?ree words3 ,,play ,,!  
,,game0--a little phrase :i* may be tak5
 z ! *>act]i/ic und]/atem5t ( ! mod]n   
,engli%man's cre$ ( hon\r1 9 all        
classes4 ,?is great1 unconsci\s ma*9e   
has great defects4 ,x t5ds to ! =mation 
( 8ca/e02 x is a poor tea*] ( %e] le>n+2
 &1 /hetically1 ) its univ]sal          
suppression ( all int]e/+ & que]        
individual traits ( p]sonality--x is    
almo/ horrid4 ,yet x imp>ts a rem>kable 
incorruptibility to ,engli% life2 x     
cons]ves vitality1 by suppress+ all     
extremes2 & x implants ev]y:]e a k9d (  
unassum+ /oicism & respect = ! rules ( !
 great game--,life4 ,?r\gh its          
unconsci\s example1 & ?r\gh its cult (  

games1 x has va/ly influ5c$ ev5 !       
classes n directly "u its control4      
,?ree m ma9 facts mu/ be borne 9 m9d3-- 
,,ess5tial ,,democracy ,,( ,,gov]nm5t4  
,,fre$om ,,( ,,spee* ,,& ,,! ,,press4   
,,abs5ce ,,hi!rto ,,( ,,compulsory      
,,milit>y ,,s]vice4  ,^!1 ! outcome ( ! 
quiet & /able home life ( an isl& p1 h  
done m ?an any?+ to make ! ,engli%man a 
deceptive p]sonality to ! outside eye4  
,he has = c5turies be5 lic5s$ to        
grumble4 ,!re is no su* confirm$        
grumbl]--until he really has some?+ to  
grumble at2 & !n1 no "o p]haps :o       
grumbles less4 ,!re is no su* confirm$  
c>p] at ! condition ( 8 c\ntry1 yet no  
"o really s pr(\ndly conv9c$ t x is !   
be/ 9 ! _w4 ,a /rang] might well ?9k f 8
 utt]ances t he 0 spoil$ by ! fre$om ( 8
 life1 unprep>$ to sacrifice any?+ = a  
l& 9 su* a condition4 ,?reat5 t c\ntry1 
& ) x 8 lib]ty1 & y w f9d t 8 grumbles h
 meant less ?an no?+4 ,y w f9d1 too1 t  
beh9d ! app>5t slackness ( e arrangem5t 
& e individual are p[]s ( adaptability  

to facts1 ela/icity1 practical g5ius1 a 
_s ( competition am\nt+ almo/ to        
disease1 & a det]m9ation1 t are /agg]+4 
,be=e ?is w> began1 x 0 ! fa%ion among/ 
a numb] ( ,engli% to lam5t ! decad5ce ( 
! race4 ,^! v grumbl]s are n[ =emo/ 9   
prais+ ! _s %[n 9 e "p ( _! c\ntry4 ,_! 
lam5tations1 :i* pl5tifully deceiv$ !   
outside e>1 7 j ,engli% grumbles2 = if1 
9 tru?1 ,engl& _h be5 decad5t1 !re c\ld 
h be5 no su* univ]sal display = !m to be
 prais+ n[4 ,all ?is democratic grumbl+1
 & habit ( 8go+ z y please10 s]ve a deep
 purpose4 ,autocracy1 ,c5sor%ip1        
,compulsion1 de/roy hum\r 9 a nation's  
blood & ela/icity 9 its fibre2 !y cut at
 ! v ma9spr+s ( national vitality4 ,only
 if reasonably free f control c a man   
really arrive at :at is or is n national
 necessity1 & truly id5tify himself ) a 
national ideal by simple conviction f   
)94  ,two words ( caution to /rang]s    
try+ to =m an e/imate ( ! ,engli%man3   
,he mu/ n be judg$ f 8 ,press1 :i*1     
mann$ 7) c]ta9 exceptions7 by ^? :o are 

n typically ,engli%1 is mu*             
too-highly-col\r$ to illu/rate ! true   
,engli% _s2 nor c he be judg$ f 8       
lit]ature4  ,! ,engli%man is ess5tially 
inexpressive1 unexpress$4 ,fur!r1 he mu/
 n be judg$ by ! evid5ce ( 8 weal?4     
,engl& may be ! ri*e/ c\ntry 9 ! _w p]  
head ( population1 b n #e p] c5t4 ( t   
population h any weal? to speak (1      
c]ta9ly n en\gh to h affect$ _!         
h>dihood2 &1 ) inconsid]able exceptions1
 ^? :o h en\gh are br\ght up to wor%ip  
h>dihood4 ,= ! va/ proportion (         
,engli%m51 active milit>y s]vice is     
m]ely a *ange f "w z h>d1 & ev5 m       
monoton\s4  ,f ^! ma9 premises1 !n1 we  
come to :at ! ,engli%man really is4     
,:51 aft] mon?s ( travel1 "o returns to 
,engl&1 he c ta/e1 smell1 & feel !      
diff]5ce 9 ! atmosph]e1 physical &      
moral--! curi\s damp1 blunt1            
good-hum\r$1 happy-g-lucky1             
old-e/abli%$1 sl[-seem+ =mlessness (    
ev]y?+4 ,y hail a port]2 if y tell him y
 h pl5ty ( "t1 he muddles y\r ?+s       

amiably ) an air (1 8,x'll be all "r10  
till y h only j "t4 ,b if y tell him y h
 no "t--he w set himself to cat* t tra9 
= y1 & cat* x fa/] ?an a port] ( any o!r
 c\ntry4 ,let no =eign]1 h[ev]1 exp]im5t
 to prove ! tru? ( ?is1 = a port]--l any
 o!r ,engli%man--is incapable ( tak+ a  
=eign] s]i\sly 7aft] a ye> ( w> he is n 
ev5 yet tak+ ! ,g]mans s]i\sly72 &1 q   
fri5dly1 b a little pity+1 w lose him ! 
tra91 assur+ ! un=tunate t he c't       
possibly "k :at tra9 he wants to cat*4  
,! ,engli%man mu/ h a ?+ br\ght "u 8    
nose be=e he w act2 br+ x !re & he w g  
on act+ aft] ev]ybody else has /opp$4   
,he lives v mu* 9 ! mom5t because he is 
ess5tially a man ( facts & n a man (    
imag9ation4 ,want ( imag9ation makes    
him1 philosophically speak+1 r ludicr\s2
 9 practical affairs x h&icaps him at ! 
/>t2 b once he has 8got go+0--z we      
say--x is ( incalculable assi/ance to 8 
/am9a4 ,! ,engli%man1 p>tly ?r\gh ?is   
lack ( imag9ation & n]v\s s5sibility1   
p>tly ?r\gh 8 inbr$ dislike ( extremes &

 habit ( m9imis+ ! expression ( ev]y?+1 
is a p]fect example ( ! cons]vation (   
en]gy4 ,x is v difficult to come to !   
end ( him4 ,add to ?is 8 unimag9ative   
practicality1 & t5aci\s mod]ation1 8    
inh]5t _s ( competition--n to say       
pugnacity--a _s ( competition s extreme 
t x makes him1 z x 71 patronize ,fate2  
add ! sort ( vulg>ity t gr[s l fungus on
 p :o despise ideas & analysis1 & make a
 cult ( un9tellectuality2 add a peculi>1
 ironic1 8don't c>e0 sort ( hum\r2 an   
und]gr\nd human5ess1 & an a%am$         
idealism--& y get "s notion ( ! pudd+ ( 
,engli% "*4 ,x has a k9d ( t]rible      
coolness1 a r awful level-head$ness--by 
no means reflect$ 9 8 ,press4 ,!        
,engli%man makes con/ant small blund]s2 
b few1 almo/ no1 deep mi/akes4 ,he is a 
sl[ />t]1 b !re is no /rong] f9i%]1     
because he has by temp]am5t & tra9+ !   
faculty ( gett+ ?r\gh any job he gives 8
 m9d to ) a m9imum exp5diture ( vital   
en]gy2 no?+ is wa/$ 9 expression1 /yle1 
spread-eagleism2 ev]y?+ is in/9ctively  

kept z ne> to ! practical he>t ( ! matt]
 z possible4 ,he is--to ! eyes ( an     
arti/--di/ress+ly matt]-(-fact2 a tempt+
 m>k = satire4 ,& yet he is at bottom an
 ideali/1 ?\gh x is 8 nature to snub1   
disguise1 & mock 8 own inh]5t optimism4 
,to admit en?usiasm is 8bad =m0 if he is
 a 8g5tleman02 & 8swank10 or m]e wa/e ( 
good heat1 if he is n a 8g5tleman40     
,engl& produces m ?an its prop] p]c5tage
 ( cranks & poets2 ?is is ,nature's way 
( r$ress+ ! balance 9 a c\ntry :]e      
feel+s are n %[n1 s5tim5ts n express$1 &
 extremes laugh$ at4 ,n t ! ,engli%man  
is cold1 z is g5]ally suppos$ 9 =eign   
c\ntries--on ! contr>y1 he is w>m-he>t$ 
& feels /rongly2 b j z peasants1 = lack 
( words to express _! feel+s1 become    
/olid1 s does ! ,engli%man1 f %e] lack (
 ! habit ( self-expression4 ,!          
,engli%man's prov]bial 8hypocrisy0--t   
:i* ,i myself h dubb$ 8 8isl&           
,ph>isaism0--comes *iefly1 ,i ?9k1 f 8  
lat5t b fe>fully /rong in/9ct =         
competition :i* w n let him admit       

himself beat51 or 9 ! wrong1 ev5 to     
himself2 & f an +ra9$ s5se ( =m t impels
 him always to 8save 8 face02 b p>tly x 
comes f 8 p[]lessness to expla9 8       
feel+s4 ,he has n ! cle> & flu5t        
cynicism ( expansive natures1 :]e) to   
confess exactly h[ he /&s4 ,x is ! habit
 ( m5 ( all nations to want to h ?+s bo?
 ways2 ! ,engli%man wants x bo? ways1 ,i
 ?9k1 m /rongly ?an any2 & he is        
un=tunately s unable to express himself1
 ev5 to himself1 t he has nev] realiz$  
?is tru?1 mu* less confess$ x--h5ce 8   
8hypocrisy40  ,he is sometimes abus$ =  
be+ ov]-atta*$ to money4 ,8 isl&        
position1 8 e>ly discov]ies ( coal1     
iron1 & processes ( manufacture h made  
him1 ( c\rse1 a confirm$ indu/riali/ &  
trad]2 b he is m ( an adv5tur] 9 weal?  
?an a heap]-up ( x4 ,he is f> f sitt+ on
 8 money-bags--has no ve9 ( prop] av>ice
 7! humble ,engli%man is probably ! lea/
 provid5t man 9 ! _w7--& = national ends
 he w spill out 8 money l wat]1 if      
conv9c$ ( ! necessity4  ,9 ev]y?+ x     

comes to t ) ! ,engli%man--he mu/ be    
conv9c$2 & he takes a lot ( conv9c+4 ,he
 absorbs ideas sl[ly2 w\ld r n imag9e   
any?+ decid$ly till he is oblig$2 b 9   
proportion to ! sl[ness ) :i* he c be   
mov$1 is ! sl[ness ) :i* he c be remov$6
 ,h5ce ! symbol ( ! bulldog4 ,:5 he does
 see & seize a ?+1 he holds fa/4  ,= !  
p>ticul> situation :i* ! ,engli%man has 
n[ to face1 he is t]ribly well adapt$4  
,because he has s little imag9ation1 s  
little p[] ( expression1 he is sav+ n]ve
 all ! "t4 ,because he nev] goes to     
extremes he is sav+ en]gy ( body & _s4  
,t ! m5 ( all nations are ab\t equally  
end[$ ) c\rage & self-sacrifice1 has be5
 prov$ 9 ^! la/ six mon?s2 x is to o!r  
qualities t "o mu/ look = f9al victory 9
 a w> ( exhau/ion4 ,! ,engli%man does n 
look into himself2 he does n brood2 he  
sees no fur!r =w>d ?an is necess>y2 & he
 mu/ h 8 joke4 ,^! are fe>ful & wond]ful
 advantages4 ,exam9e ! lett]s & di>ies (
 ! v>i\s combatants1 & y w see h[ f>    
less imag9ative & reflect+ 7?\gh (t5    

%rewd1 practical1 & humor\s7 ! ,engli%  
are ?an any o!rs2 y w ga91 too1 a deep1 
a deadly conviction t beh9d !m is a     
fibre l rubb]1 t may be fray$ & b5t a   
little ?is way & t1 b c nei!r be p]meat$
 nor brok54  ,:5 ?is w> began1 !        
,engli%man rubb$ 8 eyes /eep$ 9 peace1  
he is /ill rubb+ !m j a little1 b less &
 less e day4 ,a pr(\nd lov] ( peace by  
habit & tradition1 he has actually      
realiz$ by n[ t he is 89 = x0 up to !   
neck4 ,to any "o :o really kn[s him--t  
is a port5t6  ,let x be freely confess$ 
t f an /hetic po9t ( view ! ,engli%man1 
devoid ( high lights & %ad[s1 coat$ )   
drab1 & sup]humanly /eady on 8 feet1 is 
n too attractive4 ,b = ! we>+1 te>+1    
sl[1 & dreadful bus9ess ( ?is w>1 !     
,engli%man--fight+ ( 8 own free w1      
unimag9ative1 humor\s1 competitive1     
practical1 nev] 9 extremes1 a dumb1     
invet]ate optimi/1 & t]ribly t5aci\s--is
 equipp$ ) victory4                     
,,our ,,lit]ature ,,& ,,! ,,w>          
7,f ,! ,times ,lit]>y ,supplem5t1       

#aiae47   ,= ! purpose ( ! foll[+       
speculations ! ^w ,lit]ature is us$ to  
describe ! imag9ative "w ( arti/s &     
?9k]s--t is1 ( writ]s :o h _h1 & w h1   
some?+ to say ( m or less la/+ value2 x 
leaves out ! "w ( ^? :o1 = v>i\s        
reasons1 su* z patriotic s5tim5t1 or !  
supply+ ( ! ,public ) :at x may be      
suppos$ to want1 w1 no d\bt1 di% up ! w>
 z a matt] ( necessity1 :e!r s]v+ x     
:olesale 9 eight c\rses1 or m]ely us+ x 
z sauce to ! cu/om>y meat & fi%4  ,h[ w 
our lit]ature1 ?us def9$1 be affect$ by 
! w>8 ,w x be affect$ at all8  ,"o mu/  
fir/ rememb] t to practically all       
imag9ative writ]s ( any quality w> is an
 excresc5ce on human life1 a mon/r\s    
calamity & evil4 ,! fact t !y recognize 
! gruesome inevitability ( ?is w>1 9 s  
f> z ! int]v5tion ( our c\ntry is       
conc]n$1 does n 9 any way less5 _!      
temp]am5tal horror ( w> 9 itself1 ( !   
wa/e & ! mis]y1 & ! %e] /upid brutality 
!re(4  ,! nature ( ! imag9ative arti/ is
 s5sitive1 impressionable2 impati5t (   

any?+ sup]impos$2 ?9k+ & feel+ = itself2
 recoil+ f conglom]ate views & s5tim5t4 
,x reg>ds ! :ole affair z a dreadful    
?\gh sacr$ necessity1 to be got ?r\gh   
someh[1 le/ !re be lo/ t humane fre$om  
:i* is ! life-blood ( any _w :]e !      
creative imag9ation & o!r ev5 m preci\s 
?+s c fl\ri%4 ,! po9t is t !re is no    
glam\r ab\t ! bus9ess--none :atev]1 =   
?is p>ticul> sort ( human be+4 ,writ]s  
to :om w> is glamor\s 7) ! few          
exceptions t prove ! rule7 are n ^? :o  
produce lit]ature4 ,we mu/ !re=e disc\nt
 at once prophecies t ! w> w lift       
lit]ature on to an epic plane1 cause x  
to gl[ & bl[ ) h]oic de$s1 & figures    
eight feet high4 ,!y come f ^? :o d n "k
 ! temp]am5t ( ! imag9ative arti/1 8    
fundam5tal indep5d5ce1 & habit ( revolt+
 aga9/ :at is expect$ ( him4 ,b ! :ole  
?+ is mu* deep] ?an t4  ,x seems to be  
=gott5 by "s :o write on ?is matt] t !  
produc] ( lit]ature has be5 giv+ ( 8 be/
 9 ! pa/1 & w be able to d no m 9 !     
future4 ,! fir/ ?+ t has matt]$ to him  

has be5 79 ! words ( de ,maupassant1 b  
:i* might h be5 ^? ( any o!r fir/-rate  
writ]7 8to make some?+ f9e1 9 ! =m t    
%all be/ suit him accord+ to 8          
temp]am5t40 ,no am\nt ( w>s c v>y = !   
arti/ t ideal--z x 0 = him1 s x w be4 ,x
 seems also to be ?\ght t ! w> has be5 a
 />tl+ revelation to ! imag9ative writ] 
( ! h]oism 9 human nature4 ,?is is giv+ 
him cr$it = v little imag9ation4 ,!     
con/ant trag$ies ( peace--m9]s entomb$1 
s9k+ l9]s1 volcanic eruptions1 outbreaks
 ( pe/il5ce1 toge!r ) ! long endurances 
( daily life1 are always br++ home to   
any s5sitive m9d ! inh]5t h]oism ( m5 & 
wom54 ,! v glut ( h]oism 9 ?is w> is    
likely1 z x 71 to put an arti/'s nature 
(f1 to blunt ! edge ( p]ceptions t are  
always grop+ aft] fre% s5sation1 t mu/  
be always grop+1 9 ord] t expression may
 be ( some?+ really felt--= novelty is1 
( all1 ! greate/ spur to %>p feel+4  ,! 
top notes ( human life & conduct c be b 
sp>+ly sung1 or !y grate on ! n]ves1 &  
j> ! he>+ ( ! s+]1 no less ?an ( 8      

li/5]4 ,by "s my/]i\s law frontal       
attacks to capture h]oism & imprison x 9
 art are almo/ always failures4 ,few ( !
 great imag9$ figures ( lit]ature are   
h]oic4  ,ano!r ?+ is =gott54 ,! real    
arti/ does n anticipate & c]ta9ly _c    
regulate ! impulses t %all move 8 bra9 &
 he>t & h&4 ,:at exactly />ts him (f1   
ev5 he _c tell4 ,he w nev] write h]oics 
to ! ord] ( ! ,public4  ,ah6 b he w n[  
be influ5c$ unconsci\sly 9 ! *oice (    
subjects by sympa?y ) ! f9e de$s ( !    
day1 a lift w come into 8 "w1 8 eyes w  
be rais$ to ! />s6 ,true1 p]haps1 = !   
mom5t2 b1 !n1 su* times z ^! are 9 _m   
ways unfav\rable to ! creative in/9ct2  
moreov] !y w leave 9 re/less1 s5sitive  
natures lassitude1 recoil1 a s5se (     
surfeit4 ,q probably ! w> may produce a 
real ma/]piece or two1 =m$ out ( its v  
/uff1 by "s eag] m9d innoc5t hi!rto (   
creative p[]s1 = :om actual exp]i5ce ( !
 sights & feel+s ( w> may be a baptism  
into art4 ,almo/ c]ta9ly !re w come ( x 
a ma/]piece or two ( satire4 ,b1 g5]ally

 speak+1 ?is welt] ( sacrifice & suff]+1
 ! sublimity & horror ( ^! days1 _!     
c\rage & _! cruelty1 are envelop+ !     
writ] l ! brea? ( a sirocco1 :irl+ 8    
bra9 & he>t ar\nd at ! mom5t1 b likely  
to leave him ) an int5se long+ = a deep 
draught ( peace1 & quiet sc5t$ w9ds4 ,on
 "o ^: :ole natural life is wov51 n (   
de$s1 b ( ?\ghts & visions1 moods &     
dreams1 all ?is int5sely actual viol5ce1
 product ( utt]ly diff]5t natures f 8   
own1 (fspr+ ( m5 ( action & affairs1 _c 
h ! p]man5t1 deep5+1 cl>ify+ influ5ce t 
long p]sonal exp]i5ce or suff]+ h _h on 
"s ( ! _w's greate/ writ]s--on ,milton 9
 8 bl9dness2 on ,do/oevsky1 repriev$ at 
! v mom5t ( dea?1 !n long imprison$2 on 
de ,maupassant 9 8 fe> ( com+ madness2  
on ,tol/oi 9 ! life-/ruggle ( 8 dual    
nature2 on ,bee?ov5 9 8 deafness1 &     
,nietzs*e 9 8 deadly sickness4 ,x is f !
 /uff ( 8 own life t ! creative writ]   
m\lds out = ! _w some?+ f9e1 9 ! =m t   
be/ suits him1 foll[+ 8 own temp]am5t4  
,8 mom5t>y &1 p]haps1 int5se            

id5tification ) ! /ruggle ( ?is w> has 9
 x some?+ spasmodic1 fev]i%1 & almo/    
false2 a k9d ( deep & tragic            
inconsi/5cy4 ,x is too =eign to ! real  
self )9 him4 ,at "o "t x 0 said ( c]ta9 
new troops3 8,!y're fir/-rate1 except = 
"o ?+--!y w n bayonet ! ,g]mans40 ,x is 
l t 9 ! arti/ writ]'s s\l--) ! "w ( 8   
h&s1 ! words ( 8 lips1 8 ?\ghts & !     
feel+s ( 8 he>t1 he id5tifies himself ) 
?is w> drama1 yet 9 ! v dep?s ( him he  
recoils4 ,:at w\ld y h8 ,! arti/-man has
 b "o nature4  ,= all ^! reasons ! w> is
 likely to h little deep or la/+        
influ5ce on lit]ature4 ,b "o imm$iate   
effect x may surely h4 ,let :o w snat* a
 mom5t 9 ^! days to be ) ,nature--let   
him g into a wood1 or walk d[n ! ,fl[]  
,walk 9 ,k5s+ton ,g>d5s1 ( a f9e        
aft]noon4 ,on ! /ill bir* trees a pigeon
 w be sitt+ motionless among ! grey twig
 trac]y2 ! c$>-bran*es are d>k & flat on
 ! air2 ! sun w>ms ! *eek1 & bright5s ! 
cream & p9k *e/nut & maple buds j op5+2 
! waxy hyac9?s deep5 9 hue1 & ! little  

gre5 %oots ev]y:]e swell z he gazes4 ,a 
s5sation ( delight beg9s to lift 8 he>t1
 he takes a deep brea?2 & sudd5ly1 f a  
b5* he he>s3 8,"o ( 'em's alive an'     
two's dead40 ,or3 8,! ,g]mans are mov9' 
'em60 ,gone is ! beg9n+ ( delight4 ,!   
heavy h& comes d[n aga94 ,no good6 ,!re 
is no ,spr+6 ,! sky is n bright4 ,! he>t
 _c rejoice4 ,z ) any man1 s1 & ev5 m1 )
 ! arti/-writ]4 ,:5 ! w> is ov] & !     
heavy h& lift$1 8 he>t & bra9 w ru% to t
 ( :i* he has be5 depriv$ too long--w   
ru% to ! beauty :i*1 = %e] pity &       
horror1 he _c n[ enjoy1 w ru% z a />v$ &
 ?ir/+ creature4 ,!re may well be an    
in/ant outbur/ ( joyful & s5su\s        
imag9+s2 a pa9t+ ( beauty1 n fak$ b     
really felt1 by bru%es at once m se>*+ &
 yet s(t]4  ,& v likely1 too1 !re w be a
 spurt ( ze/ & frankness1 z f m5 :o h   
be5 too long con/ra9$ to a s+le emotion 
"u ! spell ( a p[]ful drug4  ,"o m ?\ght
 may be jott$ d[n4 ,unless ! national   
unity n[ prevail+ la/s on into ! ye>s ( 
peace t foll[1 ! c\ntry w c]ta9ly pass  

?r\gh great int]nal /ress4 ,t /ress w   
mo/ likely h a m intimate & p[]ful      
influ5ce ^u lit]ature ?an ! w> itself4  
,if !re is to come any />tl+ *ange1 x   
%\ld be five or t5 ye>s aft] ! w> r ?an 
at once4                                
,,art ,,& ,,! ,,w>        7,f !         
,atlantic ,mon?ly & ,=tnightly ,review1 
#aiae47   ,monsieur ,rod9--p]haps !     
greate/ liv+ arti/--has lately def9$ art
 z ! pursuit ( beauty1 & beauty z 8!    
expression ( :at !re is be/ 9 man40     
8,man10 he says1 8ne$s to express 9 a   
p]fect =m ( art all 8 intuitive long+s  
t[>ds ! ,unkn[able40 ,8 words may s]ve z
 w>n+ to ^? :o imag9e t ! w> w loos5 "o 
root ( ! tree ( art--a tree :i* has be5 
gr[+ sl[ly s9ce fir/ s\l came into m5's 
eyes4  ,?is _w 7z all w admit7 is "o ( !
 innum]able expressions ( an ,unkn[able 
,creative ,purpose1 :i* colloquially we 
call ,god2 t :i* n e "o w admit is t ?is
 ,creative ,purpose works 9 its fa%ion+ 
n only ( matt] b ( :at we call _s1 ?r\gh
 friction1 ?r\gh ! rubb+ toge!r ( !     

noses1 ! ?\ghts1 & ! he>ts ( m54 ,:ile !
 mat]ial condition ( our planet--! heat 
or friction )9 x--rema9s fav\rable to   
human life1 !re w1 !re mu/ ne$s be1 a   
cont9ual cresc5do 9 ! /ature (          
,humanity1 ?r\gh ! ev]-increas+ friction
 ( human spirits "o ) ! o!r2 friction   
suppli$ by life itself1 &1 next aft]    
life1 by ^? transcripts ( life1 ^?      
expressions ( human long+1 :i* we "k z  
art4 ,art = art's sake--if x meant :at x
 said1 :i* is d\btful--0 always a va9 & 
silly cry4 ,z well cont5d t an arti/ is 
n a man4 ,art 0 ev] ! s]vant z well z ! 
mi/ress ( m51 & ev] w be4 ,civilization1
 :i* aft] all is b ! gradual conv]sion (
 animal man into human man1 has come    
ab\t ?r\gh art ev5 m ?an ?r\gh religion1
 law1 & sci5ce4 ,= ! a*iev$ 8expression 
( man's intuitive long+ t[>ds !         
,unkn[able1 9 m or less p]fect =ms (    
art0 has ev]--aft] life itself--be5 !   
*ief influ5ce 9 broad5+ m5's he>ts4  ,! 
aim ( human life no d\bt is happ9ess4   
,b1 aft] all1 :at is happ9ess8          

,effici5cy1 weal?1 mat]ial com=t8 ,_m by
 _! lives d s affirm2 few are cynical   
en\gh to say s2 & on _! dea?-b$s none w 
feel t !y are4 ,n ev5 fre$om 9 itself   
br+s happ9ess4 ,happ9ess lies 9 bread? (
 he>t4 ,& bread? ( he>t is t inw>d      
fre$om1 :i* has ! p[] to und]/&1 feel )1
 &1 if ne$ be1 help o!rs4 ,9 bread? (   
he>t are f\nd$ ju/ice1 love1 sacrifice2 
)\t x !re w\ld seem no special mean+ to 
any ( our ef=ts1 & ! tale ( all human   
life w\ld /ill be no m ?an t ( v gift$  
animals1 _m ( :om1 inde$1 are highly    
effici5t1 & h unity p>tly in/9ctive1    
p>tly f\nd$ on exp]i5ces ( ! utility    
!re(2 b none ( :om h t consci\s altruism
 :i* is )\t p]ception ( b5efit to self1 
& works f %e] recognition ( its own     
beauty4 ,9 sum1 human civilization is ! 
gr[? ( consci\s altruism2 & ! directive 
moral purpose 9 ! _w no?+ b our dim     
p]ception1 ev] gr[+ ?r\gh spiritual     
friction1 t we are all b\nd m & m t[>ds 
! und]/&+ ( ourselves & ea* o!r1 & all t
 ?is c>ries ) x4 ,to imag9e1 !n1 t a    

conflagration l ?is w>1 h[ev] va/ &     
helli%1 w d aught b mom5t>ily ret>d !   
cresc5do ( t und]/&+1 is to miss        
p]ception ( ! :ole sl[ process by :i*   
man has become less & less an animal    
?r\gh\t ! ages2 & to fe> t ! w> w scor* 
& )] art1 t *ief ag5t ( und]/&+1 is ei!r
 to id5tify oneself ) ! petty & eclectic
 views :i* m]ely produce /hetic         
excresc5ces1 or to be frankly ignorant (
 :at art means4  ,recognition ( !       
relativity ( art is con/antly neglect$  
by ^? :o talk & write ab\t x4 ,= "o     
s*ool ! audi5ce does n exi/2 = ano!r    
no?+ b ! audi5ce4 ,obvi\sly nei!r view  
is "r4 ,art may be v nave & /ill be     
art--/ill be ! expression ( a *ildi%    
vision appeal+ to *ildi% visions1 mak+  
*ildi% he>ts beat4 ,?us3          8,m>y 
_h a little lamb1            ,its wool 0
 :ite z sn[1          ,& ev]y:]e t ,m>y 
w5t            ,! lamb 0 sure to g10  is
 art to ! *ild ( five1 ^: he>t & fancy x
 affects4 ,&3          8,tig]1 tig]1    
burn+ bright          ,?r\gh ! =e/s ( ! 

night--          ,:at immortal h& & eye 
,fram$ ?y fe>ful symmetry80  is art to !
 writ] & ! read] ( ^! words4  ,on ! o!r 
h&1 ,tol/oi1 9 limit+ art to su* ( x z  
might be und]/&$ ( simple folk1 s]v$ 8  
purpose ( attack+ ! extravagant d&yisms 
( /heticism1 b fell lugubri\sly %ort ( !
 wide tru?4 ,! ess5ce ( art is ! p[] (  
communication betwe5 he>t & he>t4 ,yes6 
,b s9ce no "o %all say to human nature3 
8,be ( ?is or t patt]n10 or to ! waves (
 human und]/&+3 8,?us f> & no fur!r10 s 
no man %all say ^! ?+s to art4  ,anybody
 c draw a tree1 b few c draw a tree t   
o!rs c see is l a tree1 & n "o 9 a      
million c convey ! ess5tial _s ( ,tree4 
,! p[] ( gett+ ov] ! footlights to "s   
audi5ce or o!r is cle>ly necess>y be=e a
 man c be call$ an arti/ by any b       
himself4 ,b s soon z he has e/abli%$    
g5u9e connection betwe5 8 creation & !  
gratifi$ p]ception ( o!rs1 he is mak+   
art1 ?\gh x may be1 & usually is1 v     
*ildi% art4 ,! po9t to grasp is ?is1 &  
aga9 ?is3 ,art is root$ 9 life = its    

inspiration1 & dep5d5t = its exi/5ce z  
art on affect+ o!r human be+s1 soon] or 
lat]4 ,! /atue1 ! picture1 or ! book    
:i*1 hav+ be5 giv5 a prop] *ance1 has   
fail$ to move any b its creator1 is     
c]ta9ly n art4 ,x does n foll[ t ! arti/
 %\ld consid] 8 public1 or try to please
 o!rs ?an 8 own be/ self2 b if1 9 pleas+
 8 be/ self1 he does n succe$ 9 pleas+  
o!rs1 9 ! pa/1 ! pres5t1 or ! future1 he
 w c]ta9ly n h produc$ art4 ,n1 ( c\rse1
 t ! size ( 8 public is pro( ( an       
arti/'s m]it4 ,! public ( all "t is     
g5]ally b a small public at any giv5    
mom5t4 ,tol/oi seems to h =gott5 t1 & to
 h neglect$ ! significance atta*+ to !  
quality ( a public4 ,=1 if ! ess5ce (   
art be its p[] ( bridg+ betwe5 he>t &   
he>t 7z he admitt$71 its value may well 
be great] if at fir/ x only rea*es &    
f]tilizes ! he>ts ( o!r arti/s r ?an ^? 
( ! public1 = ?r\gh ^! o!r arti/s x     
sweeps out aga9 9 fur!r circles &       
ripples ( expression4 ,art is ! univ]sal
 travell]1 ess5tially int]national 9    

influ5ce4 ,reveal+ ! _s ( ?+s ly+ beh9d 
p>o*ial surfaces & circum/ance1 delv+   
d[n into ! common /uff ( nature & human 
nature1 & recreat+ !refrom1 x passes t5 
?\s& miles ( space1 t5 ?\s& ye>s ( "t1 &
 yet appeals to ! m5 x f9ds on ^? f>    
%ores4 ,x is ! "o possession ( a c\ntry 
:i* t c\ntry's enemies usually /ill     
respect & take delight 94               
,w>--de/ructive outcome ( ! side ( man's
 nature :i* is ho/ile to all bread? (   
he>t--c = ! mom5t p>alyse ! outw>d      
activities ( art1 b c x ev] *a9 its _s1 
or arre/ ! inn] f]m5t ( ! creative      
in/9ct8 ,= ?\s&s ( g5]ations w> has be5 
! normal /ate ( man's exi/5ce1 yet      
alongside w> has fl\ri%$ art1 reflect+  
man's myriad aspirations & long+s1 &1 by
 innum]able expressions ( individual    
vision & s5tim5t1 ev] unify+ human life1
 ?r\gh ! common factor ( imp]sonal      
emotion pass+ f he>t to he>t by ways m  
invisible ?an ! w9ds travel1 c>ry+ !    
se$s & poll5 ( h]b life4 ,if "o c\ld    
only see ^? c\ntless t5u\s bridges spun 

by art1 a dewy web ov] ! :ole lawn (    
life6 ,if = a mom5t we c\ld see !m1     
disc\ragem5t w\ld cease its uneasy      
buzz+4 ,:at c ?is w> d t a million w>s h
 n8 ,x is bigg]1 & m bloody--! reaction 
f x w b be ! great]4 ,if e "w ( art     
exi/+ 9 ! ,we/]n _w 7 oblit]at$1 & e    
arti/ kill$1 w\ld human nature return to
 ! animalism f :i* art has 9 a measure  
rais$ x8 ,n s4 ,art makes good 9 ! human
 s\l all ! positions t x conqu]s4  ,:5 !
 w> is ov]1 ! _w w f9d t ! ?+ :i* has   
*ang$ lea/ is art4 ,!re w be less money 
to sp5d on x2 "s arti/s w h be5 kill$2  
c]ta9 )]$ leaves1 w>ts1 & dead bran*es w
 h sl\gh$ (f f ! tree2 & t is all4 ,!   
w9d ( w> reek+ ) dea? w nei!r h w>p$ nor
 poison$ x4 ,! utility ( art1 :i* 9 ^!  
days ( blood & agony is mock$ at1 w be  
ris+ aga9 into ! view ev5 ( ! mock]s1   
almo/ be=e ! ?und] ( ! la/ %ell has di$ 
away4 8,beauty is useful10 says         
,monsieur ,rod94 ,aye6 x is useful6  ,:o
 kn[s :e!r1 ev5 9 ! full :irlw9d ( ?is  
mo/ gigantic /ruggle1 art "w may n be   

produc$ :i*1 9 sum ( its ultimate effect
 on mank9d1 w outlive & outweigh ! total
 net result ( t /ruggle1 j z ! "w (     
,euripides1 ,%akespe>e1 ,leon>do1       
,bee?ov51 & ,tol/oi outweigh$ ! net     
result ( ! ,peloponnesian1 sixte5?      
c5tury1 ,napoleonic1 & ,crimean w>s8 ,w>
 is s unutt]ably tragic1 because--)\t   
x--,nature1 giv5 "t1 w\ld h atta9$ !    
same ends 9 o!r ways4 ,a w> is !        
spasmodic upris+ ( old savage in/9cts   
aga9/ ! sl[ & gradual humaniz+ ( !      
animal call$ man4 ,x emanates f re/less 
& s-call$ virile natures fundam5tally   
intol]ant ( m5's progress t[>ds !       
und]/&+ ( ea* o!r--natures t (t5 pr(ess 
a blasphem\s belief 9 art1 a blasphem\s 
alliance ) ,god4 ,x /ill app>5tly       
suffices = a knot ( su* natures to get  
toge!r1 & play on mass fe>s & loyalties1
 to set a cont95t on fire4 ,& at ! end8 
,^? ( u :o are able to look back f ?irty
 ye>s h5ce on ?is tornado ( dea? w      
conclude ) a dreadful laugh t if x _h   
nev] come ! /ate ( ! _w w\ld be v mu* ! 

same4  ,x is n ! int5tion ( ^! words to 
d5y ! desp]ate importance ( ?is conflict
 n[ t x has be5 jo9$4 ,humanism &       
,democracy h be5 =c$ into a sudd5 &     
spasmodic dea?-grapple ) _! ar*-enemies2
 & ! end ( t /ruggle mu/ be br\ght into 
con=mity ) ! sl[1 sure1 g5]al progress (
 mank9d4 ,b if1 by bett] =tune1 ?is     
fe>ful conflict _h n be5 =c$ ^u         
civilization1 ! same victory w\ld h made
 good1 9 c\rse ( "t1 by o!r processes4  
,t is ! irony4 ,=1 ( a surety1 w>s or no
 w>s--! future is to ,humanism4  ,b art 
has no cause to droop its head1 nor     
arti/s to be disc\rag$4 ,!y are !       
s]vants ( ! future e bit z mu* z1 & m   
?an1 !y h be5 ! s]vants ( ! pa/2 !y are 
ev5 ! fai?ful s]vants ( ! pres5t1 = !y  
mu/ keep _! p[]s 9 tra9+1 & _! vision   
ke5 aga9/ ! "t :5 !y are once m acc\nt$ 
(4 ,a true picture is a joy t w move    
he>ts "s day1 ?\gh x may n sell n[1 nor 
ev5 = "s ye>s aft] ! w>2 beauty none !  
less 8! expression ( :at !re is be/ 9   
man0 because ! e>? is be+ soak$ ) blood4

  ,monsieur ,sologub1 ! ,russian poet1  
speak+ rec5tly on ! future ( art1 seems 
to h indicat$ 8 view t aft] ! w> art w  
move away f ! pa?s ( naturalism2 & he   
def9es ! naturali/s z 8p :o describe    
life f ! /&po9t ( mat]ial satisfaction40
 ,) t def9ition ,i d n at all agree1 b x
 is nev] good to argue ab\t words4      
,confusion 9 reg>d to ! mean+ ( t]ms    
describ+ art activity is s pr(\nd t x is
 well to sweep !m out ( our m9ds1 &1 9  
consid]+ :at =ms art ought to take1 g   
deep d[n to ! crit]ion ( communication  
betwe5 he>t & he>t4 ,! only ess5tial is1
 t vision1 fancy1 feel+ %\ld be giv5 !  
concrete clo?+ t %all be/ make !m       
p]ceptible by ! he>ts ( o!rs2 ! simpl]1 
! m direct & cle> & elem5tal ! =m1 !    
bett]2 & t is all y c say ab\t x4 ,to   
seek remote1 intricate1 & 8preci\s0     
clo?+s = ! imag9ation is b to h&icap    
vision & imp]il communication & appeal2 
! arti/s :o seek !m are n usually ( mu* 
acc\nt4 ,! greatness ( ,blake is !      
greatness ( 8 simpl] "w4 ,?\gh1 9 ?is   

connection1 x is z mu* affectation to   
pret5d t m5 are m *ildi% ?an !y are1 z  
to pret5d t !y all h ! subtlety ( a     
,rob]t ,br[n+4 ,if ! range ( an arti/'s 
vision1 ! ess5tial tru? ( 8 fancy1 & !  
heat ( 8 feel+ be great1 !n1 obvi\sly1 !
 simpl]1 ! m accessible ! =m he takes1 !
 wid] w be 8 rea*1 ! deep] ! emotion he 
/irs1 ! great] ! value ( 8 art4  8,:at  
is want$10 says ,monsieur ,sologub1 8is 
true art40 ,q s6 ,:at is want$ 9 a "w ( 
art is an un=c$ natural & adequate      
correspond5ce betwe5 fancy & =m1 matt] &
 _s1 s t "o %all n be di/ract$ by its   
naturalism1 my/icism1 cubism1 :atnotism1
 b %all simply be mov$ 9 a deep         
imp]sonal way by p]ception ( ano!r's    
vision4 ,two in/ances come into ! m9d3  
,a picture ( ,spr+1 by ,jean ,franois   
,millet1 9 ! ,l\vre4 ,!re91 by simple   
selection1 )\t any dep>ture :atev] f !  
normal repres5tation ( life1 ! v ess5ce 
( ,spr+1 ! brood+ & ! :ite fla% ( x1 !  
susp5se & /ir1 ! s5se ( ga!r$ torr5ts1  
all ! special emotion1 :i*1 e ,spr+ ( ! 

ye>1 is soon] or lat] felt by e he>t1   
has be5 /or$ by ! pa9t]'s vision &      
feel+1 & project$ f 8 eyes & he>t to o!r
 eyes & he>ts4  ,&3 ,^? *apt]s 9 a novel
 ( ,monsieur ,sologub's compatriot1     
,turg5ev--8,fa!rs & ,*ildr50--:i*       
describe ) ! simple/ naturalism ! dea? (
 ,baz>ov4 ,!re1 too1 is ! he>t-beat (   
emotion z univ]sal z x well c be1 r5d]$ 
s vividly t "o is n consci\s at all ( h[
 x is r5d]$4  ,^! are two cases ( t     
complete weld+ ( =m & _s :i* is all "o  
ne$ or %\ld dem& ( art2 ! re/ is a m]e  
"q ( ! arti/'s emotional quality &      
/ature4 ,art1 9 fact1 w take all pa?s   
aft] ! w> j z be=e2 & n[ & !n ! arti/ w 
fa%ion t true bl5d ( =m & fancy :i* is !
 a*ievem5t ( beauty4  ,= ,monsieur      
,rod91 beauty is ! adoration ( all t man
 p]ceives ) 8 spiritual s5ses4 ,yes4 ,& 
! task ( arti/s is to kneel be=e life   
till !y rive ! he>t f x & ) t he>t tw9e 
_! own2 out ( su* m>riages come preci\s 
(fspr+1 w+$ mess5g]s4  ,!re is a picture
 ( ,francesca's 9 ! ,l\vre1 too mu*     

re/or$--"s say x is n a ,francesca1 b if
 n1 !n nei!r are !y ,francescas 9 !     
,engli% ,national ,gall]y1 & ^?1 s f> z 
,i "k1 are n disput$--a picture ( !     
,virg91 ) h&s press$ toge!r1 be=e h]    
nak$ ,babe1 9 a l&scape ( hills & wat]s4
 ,h] kneel+ figure has 9 x ,i _c tell   
:at ( devotion & beauty1 :i* makes !    
he>t turn ov] )9 "o4 ,) 8 spiritual     
s5ses ! pa9t] has p]ceiv$1 & 9 adoration
 set d[n :at he has se51 m+l+ ) x !     
long+s ( 8 own he>t4 ,& !y :o look on t 
picture "k = ev]more :at devotion &     
beauty are4 ,& if !y be arti/s1 !y g    
away =tifi$ aga9 to ! tak+ up ( a long  
que/4  ,?is is ! utility ( art4 ,x plays
 betwe5 m5 l light1 %[+ ! heights &     
dep?s ( nature1 beckon+ on1 or w>n+ (   
de/ruction1 & ev] ?r\gh emotion reveal+ 
he>t to he>t4 ,x is ! prie/ess (        
,humanism1 confirm+ to u our future1    
reassur+ our falt]+ fai? 9 our own      
approa* to ! ,unkn[able1 till ! tides ( 
! ,creative ,purpose turn1 & our _w gets
 cold2 & ,man1 hav+ liv$ 8 day to !     

utt]mo/1 f9ds gradual sleep4            
,,tre ,,cime ,,di ,,lav>$o              
7,f ! ,book ( ,italy1 #aiaf47   ,mo/ ( u
 :o h liv$ a good long "t h f\nd "s "p (
 ! _w to look on z ! happy hunt+-gr\nd (
 our spirits1 ! place mo/ bless$ by     
memory4 ,& )9 t sacr$ circle !re w be "s
 spot1 above all o!rs1 en*ant$4  ,tre   
,cime di ,lav>$o6 ,drei ,z9n56 ,y ?ree  
rock m\nta9s above ,misur9a ( ! ,italian
 ,tyrol--h[ _m times h we n climb$ up1  
to lie on y\r high /ony slopes1 /eep+   
our eyes 9 wild =m & col\r1 :]efrom ev5 
a dull _s mu/ take w+s & so> a little6  
,wid? ( ?\ght is surely born1 9 "s sort1
 ( maje/ic sights--cl\d =ms1 & a burn+  
sky1 rock p9nacles1 & w&]+1 deep-d[n    
valleys1 ! gray-violet %ad[s on ! hills1
 ! froz5 s]5ity ( f> sn[s4 ,all !       
outspread miracle !re lies fan-%ap$ to !
 s\?1 s\?-ea/1 s\?-we/1 hav+ t w>m? :i* 
s makes ! he>t rejoice ! mom5t "o passes
 ov] & looks s\?w>d f any m\nta94 ,:at  
travell] does n feel /range lovel9ess   
/eal up into 8 s\l f s\!rn slopes8      

,domodossola bel[ ! ,simplon2 ,val      
d',ao/a beyond ! ,matt]horn2 ,bormio    
b5ea? ! ,/elvio2 & _m ano!r holy place4 
,x is n m]ely *>m & mell[ness--! ,s\? c 
be savage z ! ,nor?--x is "s add$       
poignancy ( =m & col\r1 & a look ( be+  
bless$4  ,tre ,cime di ,lav>$o6 ,music  
comes drift+ up y\r slopes1 f pa/ure f> 
d[n en\gh to give magic to c[-bells4  ,b
 n[1 :]e b ?ree ye>s ago we wat*$ a     
little :ite c[ lick+ its h]d's spra9$   
h&1 m5 are fight+ to ! dea?4 ,batt]ies  
mu/ be adorn+ t /eep =cella runn+ f !   
refuge hut4 ,a new k9d ( ?und]          
rev]b]ates1 9 ^: ro> ! /ones t 7 = ev]  
fall+ w h lo/ _! voices4 ,& ! bea/s1 !  
gray1 ! dun1 ! :ite1 mild-ey$--_! pa/ure
 bel[ mu/ be a des]t6 ,ev5 ! goats      
surely h gone4 ,or d !y & _! "y ma/]s   
att5d placidly on ^! new my/]ies1 j     
prick+ _! e>s n[ & aga9 at "s too rauc\s
 clap & clatt] ( guns8  ,let ^? :o are  
kill$ up !re be buri$ 9 _! tracks6 ,out 
( _! bodies on ! l[] slopes a few m     
fl[]s w spr+--g5tian1 m\nta9-d&elion1   

alp5-rose2 & high]1 ne>] ^? peaks1 !y w 
be grateful food = root ( edelweiss4 ,& 
may _! spirits--if m5 h su* aft]        
dea?--/ay up on ^? wild heights6 ,n[h]e 
else c\ld !y h su* free flitt+ space6   
,fri5d-_s1 foe-_s1 !y w fight no m1 b on
 ! w9t] nights 9 comrade%ip haunt !     
froz5 hills1 :]e no %r$ ( man or bea/ or
 bird or plant is left1 till ,spr+ comes
 aga94  ,to fight up "h1 :]e ,nature has
 design$ "o va/ demon/ration ( h] own   
fi]ce untam5ess1 ( all ! /ubborn face %e
 opposes to ! crafts ( man6 ,:at irony6 
,up 9 ?is wild /ony citadel1 among ^!   
rock m9>ets & r$-&-gold-/a9$ ba/ions1   
above rav9es remote f man--up "h1 :]e 9 
w9t] all is ice1 & ev5 9 summ] no gre5  
?+ gr[s2 on ^! inv9cible outpo/s ( an   
e>? n yet subdu$ by incalculable human  
toil ?r\gh\t a million ye>s2 among ^!   
sublime unconqu]$ monum5ts1 rem9d+ u (  
lab\r & p]il inf9ite 9 our long         
dea?-grip ) ,nature--up "h man has      
fell[-man by ! ?roat4 ,yea6 ,irony      
complete6 ,nor ! less p]fect 9 t ea*    

soldi] on ^! heights :o 9 duty clubs 8  
fell[-,*ri/ian's bra9s out1 or s5ds =? !
 %ell t %all m+le 8 body ) ! rock rubble
 & ! edelweiss1 & sets up a little      
cross1 p]haps1 to ! dep>t$ s\l1 is a    
true h]o1 hold+ 8 life 9 8 h&1 ?r[+ x   
d[n gr&ly = 8 c\ntry's hon\r4 ,v]ily we 
are /range animals1 we m5--little walk+ 
magaz9es ( too great vitality6 ,out (   
our %e] rampancy comes w>2 z ?\gh       
sup]fluity ( vital fluid 7 = ev]        
accumulat+1 to free ourselves ( :i* we h
 f\nd z yet no bett] way ?an ?is4 ,%all 
we nev] le>n to sp5d ! surplus ( our    
vital =ce 9 ef=ts ( salvation r ?an     
de/ruction8 ,if ! m\nta9s _c tea* u1 & !
 wide night skies above !m1 sp>kl+ ) o!r
 worlds1 !n no?+ w4 ,= on m\nta9s &     
b5ea? su* skies man feels at 8 greate/1 
flies f> 9 fancy1 dreams ( nobility2 yet
 does he p]ceive :at a puny midget ( a  
creature walks on 8 two feet1 glad ( any
 little help he c get or give1 glad (   
good-w f any liv+ ?+4 ,9 lonel9ess up "h
 he w\ld soon be froz5 & />v$1 or slip  

to dea?4 ,8 t9y /r5g?1 8 feeble cunn+1  
w\ld avail him b %ort span4 ,unrop$ to  
o!r m51 he is b a sigh 9 ! night1 a     
cross ( blea*+ lime 9 to-morr['s        
sunlight4 4 4 4  ,tre ,cime di ,lav>$o6 
,gold5 s\nds ( a gold5 spee*6 ,:51 if   
ev]1 we see y\r belov$ rocks aga91 t may
 be y\r only "n2 no long] p]haps w !    
words ,drei ,z9n5 compete = y 4 4 4 ,b w
 y "k ! diff]5ce8 ,z ( old1 gigantic1   
sil5t1 or1 clamor\sly1 9 ! loos5+ ra9s &
 heat1 ca/+ d[n y\r /ones--y w lift up  
y\r black defiance 9 ! cle> m\nta9      
nights1 y\r gr&eur to ! sun by day4     
,once we saw y ) ! "y moon fly+ t[>d1 l 
a :ite swall[1 l an arr[ aim$ at y\r    
he>ts1 z x might be 9 duel betwe5 bright
 swiftness & d>k /r5g?4 ,! moon 0       
vanqui%$--= %e flew into y t /ood       
unmov$4  ,tre ,cime di ,lav>$o6 ,y w    
outla/ ! race ( m5 ^u ?is e>?4 ,:5 we1  
qu>relsome midget h]oes t we be1 are all
 froz5 f ?is planet1 y w be !re1 :it5$ =
 ev] f head to foot4 ,y w h no "n1      
!n--nei!r ( ,nor? nor ,s\?6             

,,second ,,?\ghts ,,on ,,?is ,,w>       
7,f ,scribn]'s ,magaz9e1 #aiae47        
#a4  ,i w5t out into ! w9d--! fir/      
s\?-we/ w9d aft] _m days ( ea/]ly       
dr\ght4 ,all ! morn+ x _h ra9$1 b n[ !  
gray sky 0 torn2 ! sun %one1 & long :ite
 cl\ds 7 driv5 ov] pools ( blue1 or pil$
 up into heav5ly m\nta9s4 ,! l& ( moor &
 valley1 ! hills & fields & woods gleam$
 9 ! sunlight1 or 7 %ad[$ d>k by !      
drift+ cl\ds4 ,moss on ! top ( ! old    
gray walls 0 wet1 b w>m to ! t\*2 !     
birds--daws1 pigeons1 hawks--flung      
!mselves at ! w9d4 ,& ! sc5t6 ,e frond (
 ! brack51 ea* sprig ( ! gorse & !      
hea!r1 all ! s\gh+ b\ghs ( "y p9e-tree &
 oak1 & ! grass1 gray-p[d]$ ) ra91 7    
exhal+ _! fragrance s t ea* brea? drawn 
0 a draught ( wild p]fume4  ,& 9 "o's   
he>t rose an ec/asy ( love = ?is        
w9d-sweet5$ e>?1 = ! sun1 & ! cl\ds1 !  
ra91 & ! w9d1 ! trees & ! fl[]+ plants1 
= ! /reams & ! rocks--= ?is e>? :i*     
bre$s u all1 & into :i* we reabsorb1 a  
passion z untutor$1 wild1 & natural z ! 

love ( life 9 ! m]e/ dumb ?+ t kn[s no?+
 ( ideals1 ( c\ntry1 realms & policies1 
no?+ ( w>4  ,g]many calls ! w> 8?is     
,engli% w>20 we ,engli% z f]v5tly       
believe x a ,prussian w>1 hav+ deep root
 9 ,prussian w1 & hi/ory4 ,"o ?+ is     
c]ta93 ,at ! la/ mom5t ! _w1 desp]ately 
balanc+1 0 ?ru/ ov] ! edge ( ! abyss by 
a sudd5 swoop ( ! ,prussian w> p>ty4    
8,p\rtales 7,g]man ,ambassador to       
,russia7 call$ ,sazon(f's     att5tion 9
 ! mo/ s]i\s mann] to ! fact t n[adays  
measures ( mobilization w\ld be a highly
 dang]\s =m (     diplomatic pressure2 =
 9 t ev5t ! purely milit>y              
consid]ation ( ! "q by ! ,g5]al ,/affs  
w\ld f9d     expression1 & t if t button
 7 once t\*$ 9     ,g]many ! situation  
w\ld get out ( control40 7,c\nt         
,szap>y1 ,au/rian ,ambassador to        
,russia4 ,au/rian ,book1 ,no4     #bh47h
  ,9 a ,europe teem+ ) mutual fe>s a few
 m51 p]haps n a score 9 all1 h _h ! p[] 
to /rip f millions _! me$ ( life on ?is 
w9d-sweet5$ e>?6 ,= my?s conceiv$ 9 a   

few ambiti\s bra9s1 & ! 8/rike-fir/0    
!ory ( a knot ( /rategi/s1 ! :ole _w mu/
 pay ) grief & agony6 ,:at c we d1 :5   
?is w> is ov]1 to insure t we %all n    
aga9 be /amp$$ by pr(essional soldi]s1 &
 ^?--9 :atev] c\ntry--:o dream pap]     
dreams ( t]ritory1 trade1 & glory1 c>+  
no?+ = ! lives ( ! simple1 kn[+ no?+ ( !
 beauty ( ! e>? :i* is _! h]itage4      
-----  #h ,s9ce ?is 0 writt5 ,maximilian
 ,h>d5 9 8 pap] ,zukunft has us$ ^!     
words3 8,g]many is calumniat$ :5 x is   
said t %e want$ w>1 n to def5d h]self1 b
 9 ord] to conqu]4 ,b x is equally false
 to suppose t ,engl&1 ,france1 or       
,russia1 :o 7 ei!r n arm$ at all1 or    
only half ready 4 4 4 delib]ately plann$
 an attack4 ,! outbreak ( ! w> c\ld n be
 arre/$2 because at ! decisive mom5t !  
,w ( ! ,/rategi/s 0 /rong] ?an ! ,w ( ! 
,/atesm540                              
#b4  8,no corn plant$1 m m5             
want$60--words ( ! ,old ,dalmatian song6
  ,x is no use cry+ ov] spilt milk1 & no
 good ?r[+ d[n ! in/rum5ts 9 ! middle ( 

an op]ation4 ,b !re is e use 9 keep+    
be=e oneself p]petually ! ?\ght t ?is w>
 is an op]ation to excise ! trampl+     
in/9ct2 = !re are _m among u will+ to   
speak ( an op]ation :ile x s]ves _!     
purpose1 :o unconsci\sly believe 9 t :i*
 !y pr(ess to be cutt+ out4 ,human      
nature is mu* ! same all ! _w ov]4 ,!   
,prussian ,junk] is b a specially fav\r$
 v>iety ( a well-m>k$ type t gr[s 9 e   
l&4 ,& ! bus9ess ( o!r m5 is to keep    
circum/ances f be+ fav\rable to its     
developm5t & asc5dancy4  ,:5 we talk (  
safegu>d+ democracy1 lib]ty1 & ! rights 
( small nations1 we really only mean !  
muzzl+ ( ! ,junk]ism 9 human nature--!  
re/ra9t ( ?is trampl+ in/9ct4 ,:o w\ld  
give a ru% = ! immunity ( any nation f !
 resurg5ce )9 itself ( t in/9ct1 unless 
x wat*es ) lynx eyes8 ,i _c b ?9k t1 :5 
peace comes & ,prussian ,junk]ism is    
held h>mless = a span1 ,junk]ism 9 g5]al
 w h a bett] *ance ( pu%+ up its hydra  
heads ?an x _h be=e ?is w>4 ,times w be 
v h>d--! 8h nots0 & 8!y :o h0 w be v    

nak$ly set ov] aga9/ ea* o!r4           
,circum/ances w be fav\rable to civil   
/rife2 & civil /rife1 :i*ev] side w9s1  
fo/]s despotic lead]%ips & ! trampl+    
in/9ct4 ,^? n m]ely hop+ & mean+ to try 
= a bett] _w1 aft] ! w>1 b expect+ "o   
almo/ z a matt] ( c\rse1 =get t !       
devotion & unity1 :i* m5 display "u !   
%ad[ ( a great fe> & ! /imulus ( t mo/  
p[]ful & univ]sal emotion1 patriotism1 w
 slip away f !m :5 ! fe> & ! emotion are
 remov$4 ,if be=e ! w> m5 7 incapable ( 
ris+ to great & unit$ ef=t = _! own     
bett]m5t out ( %e] desire = p]fection1  
are !y ev5 z likely to be able :51 aft] 
! w>1 economic /ress puts a great] /ra9 
on ea* individual's good-w8  ,! words ( 
a c]ta9 prophet1 8,lit]ature1 ,art1     
,indu/ry1 ,comm]ce1 ,politics1          
,/atesman%ip w1 :5 ?is fight+ day is    
ov]1 come into a new & bett] era10 are  
soo?+ syrup4 ,let u by all means hope = 
& int5d ! be/1 b let u set ourselves to 
face ! wor/4                            
#c4  ,because p5s lie unus$1 or are b   

feebly wield$ ov] ! w>1 !y w\ld h u     
believe t mod]n lit]ature has be5 f\nd  
want+4 8,look10 !y say1 8h[ nobly !     
,greek & ! ,elizabe?an p5s rhym$ ! epic 
/ruggles ( _! ages4 ,:at a deg5]ate1    
n]veless creature is ?is mod]n p56 ,see 
h[ x fails :5 put to ! t\*/one ( great  
ev5ts & ! ?rill+ realities ( w>60 ,i ?9k
 ?is is nons5se4 ,! greate/ p5s ( ! pa/ 
7 /rang]s to ! glam\r ( w>4 ,euripides  
made x ! subject ( a dirge2 ,%akespe>e (
 casual treatm5t2 ,c]vantes ( 8 irony4  
,!y 7 9 advance ( ! feel+ ( _! day ab\t 
w>2 b n[ _! feel+ has become t ( mank9d 
at l>ge2 & ! mod]n p51 good1 bad1 or    
indiff]5t1 foll[s--longo int]vallo--_!  
prevision ( w>'s d[nfall+ glory4 ,9 !   
words ( a c]ta9 (fic]1 w> is n[ 8damn   
dull1 damn dirty1 & damn dang]\s40 ,! p 
( ,brita91 & no d\bt ( ! o!r            
c\ntries--h[ev] bravely !y may          
fight--are fight+ n because !y love x1 n
 because x is natural to !m1 b          
because--alas6--!y mu/4 ,?is makes !m ! 
m h]oic s9ce ! romance ( w> = !m is pa/1

 belong+ to crud] /ages ( ! _w's j\rney4
  ,9 our consci\sness to-day !re is a   
viol5t divorce betwe5 our admiration = !
 f9e de$s1 ! sacrifices1 & h]oisms ( ?is
 w>1 & our feel+ ab\t w> itself4 ,a     
%ad[y s5se ( awful wa/e hangs ov] x all 
9 ! m9d ( ! simple/ soldi] z 9 t ( !    
subtle/ p5man4 ,x may be real t we fight
 = our conceptions ( lib]ty & ju/ice2 b 
we feel all ! "t t we ought n to h _h to
 fight1 t ^! ?+s %\ld be respect$ ( !   
nations2 t we h gr[n out ( su* savag]y2 
t ! :ole bus9ess is a k9d ( mon/r\s     
madness sudd5ly let loose on ! _w4 ,su* 
feel+s 7 nev] 9 ! s\ls ( ord9>y m51 :e!r
 soldi]s or civilians1 9 ! days (       
,elizabe? or ,!mi/ocles4 ,!y f\ght1 !n1 
z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,9 ^? s-call$ h]oic  
ages 8! ?rill+ realities ( w>0 7 truly !
 realities ( life & feel+4 ,to-day !y   
are b a long nightm>e4 ,we h discov]$ t 
man is a creature sl[ly1 by means (     
?\ght & life & art1 evolv+ f ! animal he
 0 into ! human be+ he w be "s day1 & 9 
t desp]ately sl[ progression sl\gh+ (f !

 crav+ = physical combat & ! de/ruction 
( 8 fell[-man4 ,?is process does n      
app>5tly mean ! loss ( /oicism & c\rage1
 b r ! increase !re(1 z millions 9 ?is  
w>1 aft] ! mo/ peaceful c5tury 9 ! _w's 
hi/ory1 h prov$4 ,b we are a few paces  
f>!r on t[>d ! fully evolv$ human be+   
?an 7 ! compatriots ( ,!mi/ocles or     
,elizabe?4  ,! true realities ( to-day  
lie 9 peace4 ,! great epic ( our "t is !
 expression ( man's sl[ em]g5ce f !     
blood-lov+ animal he 04 ,to t great epic
 ! mod]n p5 has long be5 consecrate1 &  
is n likely to betray its tru/4         
#d4  ,"o day we read 9 our j\rnals h[ an
 enemy ,sociali/ or ,pacifi/ has rais$ 8
 voice aga9/ ! mob passions & w> spite (
 8 c\ntry1 & we ?9k3 8,:at an enlight5$ 
man60 ,& ! next day1 9 ! same j\rnals1  
we read t ,s-&-s has done ! same ?+ 9   
our own c\ntry1 & we ?9k3 8,my ,god6 ,he
 ought to be hung60 ,to-day we li/5 )   
en?usiasm to orations ( our /atesm5 ab\t
 ! la/ drop ( our blood1 & ! la/ p5nies 
9 our purses1 & we ?9k3 8,t is          

patriotism60 ,to-morr[ we read utt]ance 
by enemy notables ab\t arm+ ! cats &    
dogs1 & exclaim3 8,:at trucul5t         
insanity60 ,we le>n on ,monday t "s     
disguis$ fell[-c\ntryman has risk$ 8    
life to secure in=mation f ! he>t ( !   
enemy's c\ntry1 & we ?9k3 8,t 0 real    
c\rage60 ,& on ,tuesday our bile rises  
at discov]+ t an enemy has be5 arre/$ 9 
our mid/ = espionage1 & we ?9k3 8,!     
dirty spy60 ,our blood boils on         
,w$nesday at he>+ ( ! scurvy treatm5t ( 
"o ( ourselves resid5t 9 ! enemy's      
c\ntry4 ,& on ,?ursday we read ( !      
wreck+ by our mob ( ali5s' %ops1 & ?9k3 
8,well1 :at c\ld !y expect1 belong+ to t
 nation60 ,:5 "o ( our regim5ts has     
def5d$ itself ) exceptional brav]y1 &   
inflict$ great loss on ! enemy1 we ju/ly
 call x h]oism4 ,:5 "s enemy regim5t has
 done ! same1 we use ! ^w f]ocity4 ,!   
comic pap]s ( ! enemy guy u1 & we ?9k3  
8,h[ *ildi%60 ,ours guy ! enemy1 & we   
cry3 8,ah6 t's good60 ,our enemies use a
 hymn ( hate1 & we despise !m = x4 ,we d

 our hate 9 sil5ce1 & feel ourselves !  
bett] = ! practice4  ,%all we n r fight 
our fight1 & w9 x1 )\t ^! little        
ironies8                                
#e4  ,! fir/ ?+ he does :5 he comes d[n 
ea* morn+ is to read 8 pap]1 & ! mom5t  
he has f9i%$ breakfa/ he /icks !        
necess>y flags into 8 big map4 ,he began
 to d t v soon aft] ! w> broke out1 &   
has nev] miss$ a day4 ,x w\ld seem to   
him almo/ z if peace _h be5 decl>$1 & ! 
univ]se 7 sudd5ly unbottom$1 if any     
morn+ he omitt$ to alt] slightly ?ree   
flags at lea/4 ,:at w he d :5 ! end at  
la/ is rea*$1 & he c no long] te> ! pap]
 op5 ) a k9d ( trembl+ avidity2 no long]
 debate )9 himself ! que/ions ( /rategy1
 & ! absorb+ *ances ( ! field1 :5 he    
has1 9 fact1 to sweep 8 flags into a    
draw] & =get !y ev] 78 ,x w\ld haunt    
him1 if he ?\ght ( x4 ,b suffici5t unto 
8 day is ! good !re(4 ,yes6 ,x has almo/
 come to t ) him2 ?\gh he w /ill talk to
 y ( 8?is dreadful w>10 & nev] alludes  
to ! days z 8great0 or to ! times z     

8/irr+0 z "s folk d4 ,no1 he s9c]ely    
believes t he is di/ress$ beyond measure
 by ! cont9uance ( 8! abom9able         
bus9ess10 & w\ld n confess = worlds t he
 w\ld miss x1 t x has become = him a    
daily 8cocktail0 to 8 appetite = life4  
,x is n he1 aft] all1 :o is be+ sk9n$2  
to ! sk9n+ ( o!r eels ! individual eel  
is soon accu/om$4 ,by proxy to be 8mak+ 
hi/ory10 to be witness+ ! 8greate/      
drama0 kn[n to man s9ce ! beg9n+ ( !    
_w--aft] all x is some?+6 ,he w nev] h  
su* a *ance aga94 ,he /ill rememb]s ) a 
%udd] h[ he felt ! fir/ weeks aft] w> 0 
decl>$2 & ! m]e fact t he %udd]s %[s t 8
 pres5t feel+s are by no means :at !y 74
 ,aft] all1 "o _c rema9 = ev]           
prepossess$ ) suff]+ t is n "o's own1 or
 ) fe>s ( invasion indef9itely po/pon$4 
,true1 he has lo/ a nephew1 a second    
c\s91 ! sons ( sev]al fri5ds4 ,he has   
be5 duly sorry1 duly sympa!tic1 b !n1 he
 0 n dang]\sly fond ( any ( !m4 ,8 own  
son is play+ 8 "p1 & he is pr\d ( x4 ,if
 ! boy %\ld be kill$ he w feel poignant 

grief1 b ev5 !n !re is rev5ge to be     
consid]$4 ,8 pocket is suff]+1 b x is = 
! ,c\ntry2 & t almo/ makes x a pleasure4
 ,& he goes on /ick+ 9 8 flags 9 spots  
:]e ! e>? is a mu% ( mangl$ fle%1 & !   
air %rill ) ! :ir ( %ells1 ! moans ( dy+
 m51 & ! screams ( horses4  ,is ?is pure
 fantasy1 or does x hold a gra9 ( tru?8 
#f4  ,! w> br+s up ) ev] great] insi/5ce
 ! two antagoni/ic feel+s ( :i* "o 0    
always consci\s3 ,t m5 are radically    
alike4 ,& t !re are two k9ds ( m51      
subtly b hopelessly divid$ f ea* o!r4   
,m5 are radically alike 9 ! way !y meet 
dang] & dea?1 9 _! s5tim5t & 9 _!       
laught]1 9 _! endurance1 _! passions1 _!
 self-sacrifice1 _! selfi%ness1 _!      
sup]/itions1 & _! gratitude4 ,!y are    
radically divid$ by possession1 or n1 ( 
t extra s5sitiv5ess to proportion1 =m1  
col\r1 s\nd1 :i* we call ! s5se (       
beauty4 ,w\ld !re /ill be w> 9 a _w !   
mo/ ( ^: dwell]s _h ! s5se ( beauty8 ,i 
?9k n4 ,& !y :o h x1 s few by comp>ison1
 are tragically compell$ to live & be>  

_! "p 9 ?is hell1 creat$ by a _w ( :i*  
!y are n4  ,^! two k9ds ( m5 %ade subtly
 ! "o into ! o!r2 b ! division is real1 
= all t--! bri/les on ! backs ( ea* true
 specim5 on ei!r side ( ! l9e rise at   
sight ( ! o!r sort4  ,& ! w> ) its toil 
& h>d%ips1 its common humanity1 dea?s & 
dang]s & sacrifices %>$1 w n br+ !m "o  
jot ne>] "o to ! o!r4 ,is !re evid5ce = 
?9k+ t a s5se ( beauty is m common ?an x
 08 ,i am n sure4 ,b !re is c]ta9ly no  
*ance t ! s5se ( beauty c increase )9   
measurable "t1 s z to give its          
possessors a majority4 ,no *ance t w>s w
 cease f t reason4 ,! little _w (       
beauty-lov]s w = _m ages yet1 p]haps    
always1 be pitifully 9 t[1 half-dr[n$ by
 ! foll[+ surge ( ! big ins5sitive _w :5
 x loses = a "t :at little feel+ =      
h>mony x has1 & goes full spe$ ahead4   
#g4  ,"s argue e>ne/ly t :at really     
re/ra9s & regulates ! conduct (         
individuals is n =ce1 b ! g5]al s5se (  
dec5cy1 ! public op9ion ( ! community2 &
 t ! same rule applies to nations4 ,9   

o!r words1 t !re is no reason :y        
int]-,/ate morality %\ld be diff]5t f t 
prevail+ among/ ! individuals )9 a      
,/ate4  ,?is argum5t neglects to        
p]ceive1 fir/3 ,t ! public op9ion ( a   
community is1 9 reality1 lat5t =ce2 t 9 
a real community 8,"r is ,might10 up to 
a c]ta9 po9t4 ,&1 secondly3 ,t !re is z 
yet no community )9 :i* ! nations dwell4
  ,an individual _c pursue rank egotism 
to ! complete ov]rid+ ( 8 neighb\rs )\t 
kn[+ t ^? neighb\rs c & w give concrete 
expression to _! res5tm5t & suppress    
him4 ,?is lat5t =ce is at ! back ( all  
,/ate-law1 & ( all public op9ion1 :i* is
 b ,/ate-law unwritt54 ,! ess5ce ( its  
efficacy is ! fact t individuals d live 
9 community1 ea* "o p]ceiv+ ) !         
non-rampant "p ( him t ! re/ are "r 9   
squa%+ 8 rampancy1 s9ce life 9 community
 w\ld soon be impossible if !y did n4   
,he cons5ts1 subconsci\sly1 to be+      
squa%$ :5 he is rampant1 because he     
recognizes himself to be "p ( a :ole4   
,until nations h come to be p>ts (      

communities1 or gr\p-,/ates1 !re w be no
 really effective analogy betwe5        
individual morality & ,/ate morality4   
,!re is1 ( c\rse1 a gr[+ int]national   
dec5cy1 a rea*+ out t[>d co-op]ation1 a 
recognition t c]ta9 ?+s are 8n done02 b 
x is liable to be violat$1 z we h se51  
at any mom5t by any ,/ate :i* is1 or    
?9ks itself1 /rong en\gh to ov]ride laws
 :i* h no adequate lat5t =ce beh9d !m4  
,to create ?is lat5t controll+ =ce we h 
p>am\nt ne$ ( a sy/em ( gr\p-,/ates1    
lead+ on by sl[ degrees1 ?r\gh ! l9k+ ( 
"o gr\p ) ano!r1 to a ,unit$ ,/ates ( ! 
_w4 ,! necess>y l9e ( progression is    
suffici5tly disclos$ by ! violation (   
,belgian neutrality & o!r matt]s 9 ?is  
w>4 ,public op9ion n back$ by lat5t =ce 
has be5 prov$ useless4 ,!re is no su*   
?+1 ,i fe>1 z public op9ion wor? ! "n   
except )9 a def9ite community4 ,! task (
 /atesm5 :5 peace comes is ! =mation ( a
 ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,europe--l9k$ if       
possible ) ! c\ntries ( ,am]ica--!      
creation ( a real public op9ion back$ by

 a real1 if lat5t1 =ce4                 
#h4  ,nietzs*e 0 an individuali/1 a hat]
 ( ! ,/ate & ( ! ,prussians1 a sick man1
 a great arti/ 9 words to be read )     
delight &--y\r tongue 9 y\r *eek4 ,by   
qua9t irony 8 c5tral idea1 8!           
ego-rampant10 0 temp]am5tally suit$ to  
^? ,prussians :om he hat$4 ,!           
,neo-,g]man conception ( ! ,/ate1 7if "o
 may fairly judge x out ( ! m\?s ( c]ta9
 ,g]mans7 z a law unto itself1 dem&+ all
 f ! individuals :o compose x1 & tak+   
all x c get f ! _w at l>ge1 may be      
inv]t$ ,nietzs*eism1 b x is ! creature (
 ,prussian hi/ory1 & ( v diff]5t m54 ,x 
is bas$ on :at we o!rs1 & ,i %\ld imag9e
 _m ,g]mans1 ?9k is a transi5t & false  
notion ( :at ,/ates %\ld be4 ,we say !y 
%\ld n roam ! e>? consid]+ only _! own  
/r5g?4 ,true t1 9 ! abs5ce z yet ( !    
sy/em ( gr\p-,/ates1 ,/ates /ill c seize
 "h or seize !re1 if !y be /rong en\gh1 
b we emphatically d5y t !y %\ld d s on  
pr9ciple1 z ! new ,g]man philosophy     
seems to tea*1 & set ! robb]'s ideal1 ! 

robb]'s fa%ion ( morality1 = !          
individuals :o compose ^? ,/ates4 ,!    
philosophy1 n only ( ! re/ ( ,europe1 b 
( ,g]many1 be=e all1 9 ! days ( ,kant & 
,hegel1 presum$ t ! h>d-won morality (  
individuals among/ !mselves w\ld        
ultimately become ! morality ( ,/ates4  
8,! fact t ! s5se ( community among !   
peoples ( !     e>? has gone s f> t !   
violation ( "r 9 "o place     is felt   
ev]y:]e1 has made ! idea ( a ,citiz5%ip 
( !     _w no fanta/ic dream1 b a       
necess>y ext5sion ( !     unwritt5 ,code
 ( ,/ates & ,peoples40 7,kant47      8,!
 b9d+ cord is n =ce1 b ! deep-seat$     
feel+ (     ord] t is possess$ by u     
all40 7,hegel47  ,! new ,g]man          
philosophy has ano9t$ ! pres5t          
immorality ( ,/ates & !reby fix$ x z !  
morality = individuals4 ,i ?9k ^!       
philosoph]s 9 _! *>act]i/ic ,g]man      
exub]ance1 ) its habit ( ov]-/atem5t1 h 
be5 h>d on ,g]many4 ,= ! ,g]man p at    
l>ge h presumably be5 acquir+ ?r\gh\t ! 
ages "s su* in/9cts t[>d altruism z !   

peoples ( o!r c\ntries4 ,! new ,g]man   
philosophy has succe$$ to a dismal ext5t
 9 its inoculation ( ! ,g]man p1 b x _c 
9 ! long run impose its logical ideal ( 
! wild man 9 ! =e/1 ?\gh nev] s         
gorge\sly deck$ out1 on ! ,g]mans1 any m
 ?an ! old ,g]man philosophy made !     
,g]mans replicas ( ,*ri/4  ,man nev]    
atta9s to 8 philosophical ideal2 b x is 
j z well t he %\ld see cle>ly its       
apo!osis be=e he tries too h>d to rea*  
x4                                      
#i4  ,our enemy n[ proclaims t 8        
objective is ! cru%+ ( ,brita9's _w-p[] 
9 ! int]e/s ( mank9d4  ,are we ju/ifi$ 9
 reta9+ if we c :at1 9 a by no means    
un/a9$ pa/1 we h acquir$1 or %\ld we h& 
ov] our position1 well & ill-gott51 to  
?is new claimant1 ) 8 new culture1 = !  
b5efit ( ! _w8  ,man has a some:at      
incurable belief t he c manage 8 own    
affairs1 & we ,britons hold ! fai? t our
 "*1 ideals1 & exp]i5ce fit u to control
 our own lives & prop]ty = ! g5]al good 
( mank9d1 side by side ) o!r nations ( l

 m9d4 ,! =tunate possessors ( ! great]  
,empire & ! great] trade are n p]haps ! 
mo/ conv9c+ advocates ( ! pr9ciple      
8,live & let live40 ,= all t1 we f9d x  
impossible to admit ! "r ( any nation to
 an aggressive policy t[>d u4 ,g]many1  
aft] be+ petrifi$ ) surprise at our     
int]v5tion1 n[ accuses u ( hav+ plann$ !
 w> & delib]ately attack$ h]4 ,x is     
div9ely easy to claim ?+s bo? ways :5 y 
are at w>4 ,we all see j n[ r z 9 a     
glass d>kly4 ,& yet1 ) an imm5se        
,empire1 an imm5se trade1 & no?+ t we   
want$ any:]e1 ) a crop ( s]i\s social & 
political tr\bles on h&1 8a contemptible
 little army10 a tradition ( ab/5tion f 
,european qu>rels1 a ,free ,trade       
policy1 a democratic sy/em ( gov]nm5t1 a
 ,=eign ,m9i/] rem>kable up to !n = 8   
s]vices to peace1 & a 8deg5]ate1        
weal?-rott$1 huck/]+0 population1 x /ill
 seems to u 7always except+ our h&ful ( 
pre-w> ,j+oes7 z improbable z x once    
seem$ to ,g]many t we hat*$ & set on    
foot su* a wildcat ent]prise4           

#aj4  8,a w> ( exhau/ion40 ,h[ (t5 we   
use ^? words6 ,!y are curr5t 9 all !    
bellig]5t c\ntries1 & 9 all !y are      
unreally us$1 z yet4 ,b !y are1 ,i fe>1 
lit]ally true4 ,x is a w> :i*--save = "s
 happy *ance--c h>dly end till "o gr\p  
or ! o!r h no long] ! m5 to hold _!     
l9es4 ,! sway ( ! fight+ is ( no great  
mom5t2 x does n seem to matt] :]e       
precisely ! kill+1 maim+1 & captur+ g   
on1 s long z !y d g on ) a c]ta9        
ma!matical regul>ity4 ,a ye> or s h5ce1 
:5 ! total disablem5t is ne>] tw5ty ?an 
t5 millions1 ! mean+ ( ! words w be a   
little cle>]1 & !y w probably only !n be
 us$ by ! side ^: unit$ population is   
/ill m ?an twice t ( ! o!r side4 ,two   
ye>s h5ce !y w be se5 to h meant exactly
 :at !y said4 ,all ! sw++ f optimism to 
pessimism & back aga91 ! cock-a-hoop ( !
 ,press "o day1 ! dirge ( ! ,press !    
next2 ! al>ms & excursions ab\t !       
failure ( ?is or t--!y are all /orms 9  
teacups4 ,! wills ( ! nations fight+ are
 equally engag$1 & w n break2 ! en]gies 

w n break2 ! food w probably n q fail2 !
 money w be f\nd someh[2 b ! human fle% 
w give out1 9 "t--t is all2 on :i* side 
x w give out fir/ may be left to ! *ild 
:o c c\nt up to two4 ,no glory ab\t ?is 
bus9ess--j d+-dong %ambles6  ,if "o     
believ$1 ) a c]ta9 ,engli%man1 t !re 0  
no real /ruggle ( ideals involv$1 ^!    
words 8a w> ( exhau/ion10 mean+ :at !y  
really d1 w\ld be too intol]able ev5 to 
?9k (4 ,he :o d5ies ?is to be a /ruggle 
( ideals may h a brilliant intellect1 b 
he c surely h none ( t in/9ctive        
p]ception ( ! ess5ce & atmosph]e ( ?+s1 
:i* is a s mu* sur] guide ?an reason4   
,he has p]ceiv$ d\btless t autocrati/s &
 =ce-wor%ipp]s 9 ,engl&1 9 ,russia1 9   
,italy 7!re are b few 9 ,france7 are    
fight+ aga9/ ! ,c5tral ,empires z       
furi\sly z if !y 7 ! mo/ ard5t lov]s (  
lib]ty2 & t ! democrats & humani/s 9    
,c5tral ,europe are fight+ = _! c\ntries
 z devot$ly z _! =ce-wor%ipp+ rul]s1 &  
he has ?\ght3 8,?is is a m]e bl9d game (
 #8kill y\r neighb\r1' ) no?+ real at   

/ake save ! aggr&izem5t ( "o gr\p (     
c\ntries or ! o!r40 ,b beh9d all ?is is 
! psy*ological he>t ( ! matt]--! /ates (
 m9d 9 ! bellig]5t c\ntries be=e !y     
began to fight4 ,!re are racial         
temp]am5ts to :i* c]ta9 ideals are      
fatal4 ,! ,teuton ( all m5 requires !   
,*ri/ian1 or %all we say ! humani/ic1   
e?ic1 to modify some?+ sci5ce-ridd51    
ov]be>+1 & heady 9 8 s\l4 ,! ,teuton1   
be=e ! new philosophy ( self-expansion  
at all co/s laid hold on him1 0 welcome1
 f 8 _m great qualities1 9 a _w ( o!r   
m54 ,b 8 0 ! la/ nature t c\ld af=d to  
succumb :olesale to ! fai? t 8 race 0 ! 
only race t matt]$4 ,if he c\ld see     
himself he w\ld realize t ! v ?or\ghness
 & ov]-exaltation ( 8 nature made x     
ru9\s = him to tamp] ) ?is p>ticul>     
ideal1 = he 0 b\nd soon] or lat] to run 
x to dea?1 to ! dang] & al>m ( all o!r  
races4 ,no "o outside ,g]many1 unless 8 
m9d 0 w>p$1 c\ld miss ?is latt]-day     
,teutonic absorption 9 self2 ! ,teuton  
has d9n$ x into e e>1 & =gott51 9 s do+1

 t we %\ld n take (f disc\nt =          
temp]am5tal extravagance ( diction4 ,!  
,g]man imp]iali/ic patriot has done an  
incalculable1 p]haps fatal1 h>m to !    
c\ntry he loves s passionately4 ,b ev5  
disc\nt+ = rhodomontade1 no obs]v] :o   
has feel]s1 c fail to be aw>e ( !       
spiritual *ange 9 ,g]many4 ,i rememb] "o
 t9y in/ance out ( _m--a m]e /raw %[+ ! 
direction ( ! w9d4 ,! w9t] be=e ! w> !re
 7 9 a c]ta9 hotel 9 ,egypt f\r         
,teutons4 ,a quiet1 dignifi$ old man1 8 
t9y1 quiet1 dignifi$ wife1 & _! two big 
sons4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two g5]ations
 0 di/ress+4 ,9 ! old]1 su* an air (    
unassum+ goodness1 9 ! y\ng] a demean\r 
s intol]ant1 & dom9e]+2 ^? two sons 7   
respectful & good to _! fa!r & "m2 b    
t[>d ! re/ ( ! _w--to natives1 ,engli%1 
,am]icans1 & o!r small fry--!y display$ 
an a/\nd+ contempt4  ,! ,b]l9 ,concordia
 has j issu$ maxims ( conduct to !      
,g]man p1 9 a little book call$ 8,let   
,g]many ,le>n40 ,i cull two ( !m3 8,!   
s(t corn] 9 y\r he>t = ! =eign] w nev]  

give y 8 affection1 b only 8 contempt60 
,&3 8,ev]y?+ dep5ds on y\r own /r5g?40  
,x w\ld be easy to make out "s sort (   
case aga9/ any ( ! bellig]5t nations4 ,x
 w\ld n be easy to %[ t any nation save 
,g]many 0 9 t peculi> /ate ( full-blood$
 self-confid5ce :i* upholds ! ,w to     
,p[]1 & d5ies ! ,w to ,equity4          
#aa4  ,x seems c]ta9 t ! practice ( dop+
 soldi]s ) e!r or o!r _s be=e an attack 
has be5 l>gely resort$ to by c]ta9      
nations 9 ?is w>4 ,no?+ t is happ5+ s   
illum9ates ! nature ( mod]n w>f>e2      
illu/rates m utt]ly ! absorption ( human
 bodies & s\ls into ! ,ma*9es t are     
cra%+ into ea* o!r4 ,m5 h become m]e    
lumps ( coal to be conv]t$ into driv+   
p[]4 ,& 9 supreme mom5ts1 le/ ! bewild]$
 _s1 br\ght up to peace1 %\ld move h& or
 foot 9 prote/ or recoil1 t _s is fir/  
/ol5 away4 ,! usage is n prompt$ by     
motives ( m]cy1 yet has 9 x a k9d (     
awful humanity4 ,grant$ ! premises1 :o  
d>e grudge ?is anodyne to ! doom$8      
,v]ily on e man :o 9 "t ( peace speaks  

or writes "o ^w to fo/] bad _s betwe5   
nations a curse %\ld re/2 he is "p &    
p>cel ( t malevol5ce :i* at la/ sets ^! 
great ,eng9es1 f$ by lumps ( human coal1
 to cra% along1 & pile up aga9/ ea* o!r1
 9 spl9t]$ wreckage4 ,only too well he  
plays ! game ( ^? grim s*em]s to ^:     
acc\nt lie ! dea?1 ! dehumanization1 !  
despair ( millions ( _! bro!r m54       
#ab4  ,a wond]ful night to-night1 s t ! 
_s goes =? a little1 ent]s ! h>mony (   
?+s1 dr9ks ! magic ( ! _w4 ,h[ beauty   
moves ! he>t6 ,& w> _c de/roy x1 _c take
 f u ! feel+ t--liv+ or dead--we belong 
to su* p]fection4 ,x _c take ! voice f !
 /reams1 remove ! flight ( small w+s 9 !
 d>kness1 ! gleam ( moonlight1 ! :isp] (
 night ab\t u1 nor t bright />4 ,x _c   
take f )9 u ! s\l t vibrates to         
lovel9ess1 to ! univ]sal rhy?m r\nd u4  
,if 9 ?is w> ! figures ( cruelty & dea? 
h surpass$ !mselves 9 d>kness1 ! figure 
( ,humanity has nev] be5 s radiant & s  
lovely4 ,p]haps we d n "k en\gh :at man 
0 really l 9 pa/ ages to comp>e him )   

man to-day4 ,b x does seem z if he _h   
gr[n 9 p[] = evil1 & ev5 m 9 p[] = good4
 ,or p]haps x is only t1 be+ m s5sitive 
& highly /rung1 ! /ory ( 8 do+s is      
altoge!r m poignant4  ,f ! lett]s ( a "y
 ,fr5* pa9t]1 :o1 aft] mon?s 9 ! tr5*es1
 disappe>$ 9 an engagem5t on ,april #g?1
 #aiae1 ,i quote ^! say+s3  8,y "k :at  
,i call religion--t :i* b9ds toge!r 9   
man all 8 ?\ghts ( ! univ]sal & ( !     
et]nal1 ^? two =ms ( ,god6 4 4 4 ,don't 
let's lose hope2 ! trials ( hope are _m1
 b all beauty lives = ev]4 4 4 4 ,! dead
 won't hurt ! ,spr+6 4 4 4 ,did y see   
ye/]day's sun8 ,h[ noble ! c\ntry is1 & 
h[ good ,nature6 ,%e seems to say to him
 :o li/5s t no?+ w be lo/4 4 4 4 ,we "k 
n :e!r all ?is viol5ce & disord] may n  
be lead+ u t[>d a cr[n+ good4 4 4 4 ,out
 ( ?is torm5t we %all be left ) "o great
 aspiration t[>d pity1 frat]nity1 &     
goodness4 4 4 4 ,nev] has life br\ght me
 su* abundance ( noble feel+s2--nev]1   
p]haps1 h ,i _h su* fre%ness (          
s5sibility = _! record+2 su* a s5sation 

( safety 9 my _s4 4 4 4 ,we sp5d ! days 
l *ildr54 4 4 4 ,& ! good f ?is w> w be 
! mak+ "y aga9 ! he>ts ( ^? :o h be5    
?r\gh x40  ,& 8 la/ writt5 words3       
8,belov$ "m1 ,i s5d y all my love4      
,:atev] happ5s1 life w h be5 beautiful40
  ,n to _m is giv5 s cle> a s\l z ?is1 s
 f9e a _s4 ,peace & lovel9ess be ) him1 
& ) all :o die l him be=e _! "t1 foll[+ 
! light )9 !m4 ,& ) all :o live on 9 ?is
 _w ( beauty1 :]e ! ,dead h>m n ! ,spr+1
 may !re be--9 8 words--! long+ = pity1 
frat]nity1 & goodness6                  
,,totally ,,disabl$                     
7,f ,! ,obs]v]1 #aiaf47   ,if ,i 7 t6 ,n
 z "o gett+ into ! yell[ leaf1 b ) all !
 ,spr+-runn+ 9 me4 ,if ,i lay1 j turn+  
my eyes "h & !re6 ,h[ %\ld ,i feel8  ,h[
 d !y feel--^? helpless soldi]s &       
sailors already ly+ 9 ! old ball-room ( 
! 8,/> & ,g>t]08  ,9 t hospital w>d1 a  
gho/ly (fic] is ev] cry+3  8,/ick x1 m56
 ,/ick x6 ,only = life6 ,/ick x60  ,only
 = life--h[ _m ye>s6 ,9 ! ye> only ?ree 
hundr$ & sixty-five awak5+s2 only all ^?

 returns f m]ciful sleep6  8,/ick x1 m56
 ,/ick x60  ,totally disabl$--incurably 
helpless6 ,no6 ,"o c't realize :at x    
feels l to be caught "y & /rong 9 su* a 
net2 to be caught--n = y\r own folly &  
excesses1 n ?r\gh accid5t or h]$ity1 b z
 rew>d = giv+ y\rself body & s\l to y\r 
c\ntry4 ,bett] s1 m easily borne2 & yet 
h[ mu* m ironically tragic6  ,:o kn[s   
:at ! fre$om ( limbs means1 till he has 
lo/ x8 ,:o c measure ! ec/asy ( vig\r1  
till e p[] ( movem5t has be5 cut (f8 ,:o
 really grasps :at x's l to lie l a log 
dep5d5t = ev]y?+ on o!rs1 save ^? :o h  
to8 ,?9k ( ! tr\t 9 ! /reams1 ( ! birds 
( ! air1 ! w+$ creatures innum]able1 ?9k
 ( ea* bea/ & creep+ ?+--c "o ev5 imag9e
 !m )\t movem5t8 ,m51 also1 are meant to
 be free ( _! _w1 ma/]s ( _! limbs &    
s5ses4  ,!y :o lie helpless are no long]
 q bodies1 = ! ess5ce ( body is movem5t2
 already !y are almo/ spirits4 ,x is z  
if1 9 pass+1 "o look$ at m9ds1 ne>ly all
 9 ! heyday ( consci\sness & w4         
,sometimes ,i vaguely fancy t aft]      

viol5t dea? a man's _s may g on cl++    
above ! e>? j s long z 8 normal life    
w\ld h run2 t a _s riv$ be=e its "t w&]s
 till su* date z consci\sness w\ld h    
worn itself out 9 ! body's natural dea?4
 ,if t r&om fancy 7 true1 we to-day w\ld
 all be pass+ among unse5 cr[ds ( ^!    
riv$ spirits1 wat*+ u1 )\t envy p]haps1 
be+ fre] ?an ourselves4 ,b ^? :o lie    
hopelessly disabl$1 hav+ j miss$ t      
enfran*isem5t1 are ti$ to :at /ill      
exi/s1 & yet 9 tru? has di$ already4 ,( 
all m5 !y h ! *ance to prove ! mettle ( 
! human s\l--t my/]i\s consci\sness     
capable ( su* heights & dep?s2 no1 n a  
great] *ance ?an m5 tortur$ by long     
solit>y conf9em5t1 or ev5 ?an ^? :o     
?r\gh excess or ?r\gh h]$ity lie = ev]  
helpless--b yet s great a *ance t !y are
 halo$ = all ( u happi] ones1 :o are    
free ( our limbs & our lives4 ,"s among 
^? prison$ spirits mu/ ne$s %r9k &      
droop1 & become atrophi$ 9 ! long       
helplessness ( a brok5 body4 ,b _m w gr[
 f9]2 accord+ to _! natures--"s pursu+ !

 ideal ( recomp5se 9 ano!r _w2 "s1 9 !  
/oic belief t s]5ity & =titude are ! f9e
 fl[]s ( life1 unconsci\sly foll[+ !    
arti/'s cre$--t to make a p]fect ?+1 ev5
 if x be only ( 8 own _s1 is 9 itself   
all ! rew>d4  ,:i*ev] x be1 sl[ decay or
 sl[ p]fect+1 we o!rs approa* !m ) heads
 b[$1 9 z great rev]5ce z we give to !  
gre5 graves ( our brave dead4 ,& if     
pity--t pity :i* to "s1 x seems1 is b   
ignoble weakness--be n driv5 f ?is e>?1 
!n ) pity we %all n]ve our resolve t    
nev] %all any?+ be lack+ to support or  
com=t ^? :o gave all = u & are s brok5  
by _! sacrifice4  ,z ,i write ! sun is  
hot = ! fir/ "t ?is ye>1 & above ! sn[  
spr+ is 9 ! air4 ,"u ,ri*mond ,hill !   
riv] w be v bright1 w9d+ among trees n  
yet gre54 ,& ! helpless :o are ly+ !re  
already w be ?9k+ 8,i %all nev] walk "u 
trees aga9--nor by a riv]side40  ,if "o 
dwells too mu* on ! mis]ies ?is _w      
conta9s1 !re mu/ come a mom5t :5 "o w   
say3 8,life's n wor? liv+2 ,i w end x60 
,b by "s disp5sation few ( u rea* t     

po9t--too sanely selfi%1 or sav$ by !   
?\ght t we mu/ "w to r$uce ! sum (      
mis]y4  ,= ^! greate/ ( all suff]]s--^! 
helpless & incurable--c we d too mu*1   
ev] rea* ! ^w3 ,en\gh8  ,to y1 wom5 (   
,great & ,great] ,brita91 x has fall5 to
 raise on ,ri*mond ,hill ?is refuge &   
home = our soldi]s & sailors totally    
disabl$4 ,:]e ?irty-two are n[ ly+ !re w
 soon be two hundr$ m4 ,ne>ly all my    
life ,i h kn[n ! spot on :i* ?is home w 
/&2 & truly1 no happi] *oice c\ld h be5 
made4 ,if beauty consoles--& x c1 a     
little--x is !re 9 all ! seasons2 a     
b5ign ,engli% beauty ( fields & trees & 
wat] spread bel[1 "u a wide sky4  ,"o   
hundr$ ?\s& p\nds y ne$ to raise ?is    
monum5t ( m]cy 9 tribute to ! brave4 ,if
 x 7 five hundr$ ?\s& y w\ld give x2 =  
is n ?is monum5t to be ! record & tok5 (
 y\r gratitude1 y\r love1 & y\r pity8   
,ea* "o ( y1 ,i ?9k1 h[ev] poor1 mu/ wi%
 to lay "o brick or /one ( ! h\se t is  
to prove y\r m9i/]+4  ,if ! mis]y ?r\gh 
?is w> c\ld be balanc$ 9 scales1 ,i d n 

?9k m5's suff]+ w\ld pull d[n t ( wives1
 & mo!rs1 si/]s1 daught]s2 b ?is special
 suff]+ ( incurable disablem5t--?is has 
be5 sp>$ y1 :o yet by nature are bett]  
at endur+ ?an m54 ,x has be5 sp>$ y2 & 9
 return y h v[$ ?is home = ! helpless2 a
 m sacr$ place ?an any *ur*1 = )9 x e   
h\r ( day & night pa9 w be assuag$1     
despair be ov]come1 actual liv+ t5d]ness
 be lavi%$4  ,:5 y h built ?is refuge = 
! prison]s ( ,fate--:5 y h l$ !m !re to 
make out ! re/ ( _! lives z be/ !y      
c--rememb] ?is3 ,m5 :o are cut (f 9 _!  
y\? f life & love w prize beyond all ?+s
 woman's sympa?y1 & ! sight ( woman's   
beauty4 ,give--y\r money to build1 y\r  
h&s to lead !m home2 &1 :5 !y are !re1  
take !m y\r sympa?y1 take !m y\r beauty6
                                        
,,c>toon                          7,f ,!
 ,nation1 #aiaf47   4 4 4 ,i _c describe
 ! /reet ,i turn$ into1 !n1 l no /reet  
,i h ev] be5 92 s long1 s n>r[1 s       
regul>1 yet someh[ s unsub/antial2 "o _h
 cont9ually a feel+ t1 walk+ at ! gray  

h\ses on ei!r side1 "o w\ld pass ?r\gh  
!m4 ,i mu/ h gone miles d[n x )\t meet+ 
ev5 ! %ad[ ( a human be+2 till1 j z x 0 
gr[+ dusk1 ,i saw a "y man come sil5tly 
out1 z ,i suppose1 f a door1 ?\gh none 0
 op5$4 ,i c depict nei!r 8 dress nor    
figure2 l ! /reet he look$ unsub/antial1
 & ! expression on 8 %ad[y face haunt$  
me1 x 0 s l t ( a />v+ man be=e :om "o  
has set a meal1 !n snat*$ x away4 ,& n[1
 9 ! deep5+ dusk1 out ( e h\se1 "y m5 l 
him 7 />t+ =? 9 ! same my/]i\s mann]1   
all ) t hungry look on _! almo/         
invisible faces4  ,pe]+ at "o ( !m1 ,i  
said3  8,:at is x--:om d y want80  ,b he
 gave me no answ]4 ,x 0 too d>k n[ to   
see any face2 & ,i _h only ! feel+ (    
pass+ betwe5 pres5ces z ,i w5t along1   
)\t gett+ to any turn+ out ( t endless  
/reet4 ,pres5tly1 9 desp]ation1 ,i d\bl$
 9 my tracks4  ,a lamplight] mu/ h be5  
foll[+ me1 = e lamp 0 light$1 giv+ a    
fa9t flick]+ gre5i% gl>e1 z might lumps 
( phosphoresc5t matt] hung out 9 ! d>k4 
,! hungry1 phantom-l "y m5 _h all       

vani%$1 & ,i 0 wond]+ :]e !y c\ld h     
gone1 :5 ,i saw--"s di/ance ahead--a    
sort ( grayi% :irlpool /ret*+ across !  
/reet1 "u "o ( ^? flick]+ m>%-light     
look+ lamps4 ,a noise 0 com+ f t swirl1 
:i* seem$ to be rais$ above ! gr\nd--a  
gho/ly swi%+1 z ( feet among dry leaves1
 brok5 by ! grunt+s ( "s deep s5se      
gratifi$4 ,i w5t on till ,i c\ld see t x
 0 =m$ ( human figures sl[ly :irl+ r\nd 
! lamp4 ,& sudd5ly ,i /ood /ill 9       
horror4 ,e o!r figure 0 a skeleton1 &   
betwe5 danc$ a "y girl 9 :ite--! :ole   
swirl+ r+ 0 =m$ alt]nately ( skeletons &
 gray-:ite girls4 ,creep+ a little ne>] 
/ill1 ,i c\ld tell t ^! skeletons 7 ! "y
 m5 ,i _h se5 />t+ out ( ! h\ses z ,i   
pass$1 hav+ ! same look ( awful hung] on
 _! faces4 ,& ! girls :o danc$ betwe5 !m
 _h a wan1 wi/ful beauty1 turn+ _! eyes 
to _! p>tn]s ^: bony h&s grasp$ !irs1 z 
?\gh begg+ !m to return to ! fle%4 ,n "o
 notic$ me1 s deeply 7 !y all absorb$ 9 
_! my/ic revel4 ,& !n ,i saw :at x 0 !y 
7 danc+ r\nd4 ,above _! heads1 bel[ !   

gre5i% lamp1 a d>k ?+ 0 dangl+4 ,x swung
 & turn$ !re1 nev] /ill1 l a jo9t ( meat
 roa/+ be=e a fire--! clo!d body ( an   
eld]ly man4 ,! gre5i% lamp-light gl9t$  
on 8 gray hair1 & on 8 features1 e "t ! 
face came a?w>t ! light4 ,he swung sl[ly
 f "r to left1 & ! danc]s :irl$ f left  
to "r1 always meet+ t revolv+ face1 z   
?\gh to enjoy ! sight ( x4 ,:at did x   
mean--^! sad %apes ru/l+ r\nd ! obsc5e  
?+ susp5d$ !re6 ,:at /range & awful rite
 0 ,i wat*+ by ! lamp's gho/ly          
phosphoresc5ce8 ,m haunt+ ev5 ?an ^?    
hungry skeletons & wan gray girls1 m    
haunt+ & gruesome1 0 t dead face up !re 
) ! impress /ill on x ( bloat$ life2 h[ 
x gripp$ & horrifi$ me1 ) its pale1 fi%y
 eyes1 & its neck ?ick-roll$ ) flabby   
fle%1 turn+ & turn+ on its invisible    
spit1 to ! s\nd ( t weird swi%+ ( dead  
leaves1 & ^? grunt+ sighs6 ,:o 0 x !y _h
 caught & swung up !re1 l "s dead cr[1  
to sway 9 ! w9ds8 ,?is gibbet$ figure1  
:i* yet _h a look ( cold & fatt5$       
p[]--:at awful crime t[>ds ^! skeleton  

y\?s & b]eav$ gray-wan maid5s c\ld x be 
expiat+8  ,!n ) a %udd] ,i seem$ to     
recognize t grisly ?+--sudd5ly ,i knew3 
,i 0 wat*+ ! execution ( ! ,pa/6 ,!re x 
swung6 ,gibbet$ by ! ,future1 :om1 ?r\gh
 its manifold lu/s x _h done to dea?6 ,&
 seiz$ ) panic ,i ran =w>d ?r\gh !      
fabric ( my dream1 t sway$ & ru/l$ to   
left & "r ( me4 4 4 4                   
,,h>ve/                   7,f ! ,book ( 
! ,homeless1 #aiaf47   ,! sky to-night  
looks z if a million bright angels 7    
pass+--a gleam+ cl\d-me% drawn across ! 
heav54 ,"o />1 v cle>1 %9es beside a    
full moon :ite z ! globe-campion fl[]4  
,! hills & valleys1 ! corn-/ooks1 ca/+  
ea* its %ad[1 ! grey boles ( !          
bee*es--all h ! remot5ess ( an ineffable
 peace4 ,& ! pa/ day 0 s s(t1 s         
glamor\s2 su* a hum1 su* brightness1 & !
 h>ve/ go+ on4 4 4 4  ,^! la/ ye>s      
millions h di$ ) en]gy b "o ?ird sp5t2  
millions m unripe = dea? w yet h]ald u  
into ! long %ades be=e ^! %ambles       
cease--boys born j to be ! meat ( w>1   

spitt$ on ea* o!r's r$d5$ bayonets1 )\t 
inkl+ ( guilt or k4 ,to :at %all we turn
 t we may keep sane1 wat*+ ?is gre51    
unripe corn1 field on field1 be+ scy!d  
by ,dea? = none to eat8 ,!re is no      
solace 9 ! ?\ght t dea? is no?+6--save =
 ^? :o /ill believe !y g /raight to     
,p>adise4 ,to u :o d>e n "k ! work+s ( !
 ,unkn[able1 & 9 our he>t ( he>ts _c    
tell :at1 if any?+1 becomes ( u--to u1 !
 great majority ( ! mod]n _w--life is   
valuable1 good1 a ?+ wor? liv+ out = its
 natural span4 ,=1 if x 7 n1 long ere   
?is we %\ld h sat ) fold$ arms1 lift+ no
 h& till ! la/ sigh+ brea? ( ! human    
race _h :isp]$ itself out into ! w9d1 & 
a f9al d>kness come2 sat1 l ! ,h9du     
,yogi1 wat*+ ! sun & moon a little1 &   
expir$4 ,! moon w\ld be z :ite1 & ! sun 
z gold51 if we 7 gone1 ! hills & valleys
 z my/]i\s1 ! bee*-trees j z !y are1    
only ! /ooks ( corn w\ld vani% ) ^? :o  
g>n] !m4 ,if life 7 n good we %\ld make 
( ourselves du/ indiff]5tly--we human   
be+s2 quietly1 peacefully2 n 9 murd]\s  

horror reap$ by ! curv+ volleys1 m[n (f 
by ra9s ( %rapnel1 & ! long yell[ scy! (
 ! f\l gases4 ,b life is good1 & no liv+
 ?+ wi%es to die2 ev5 !y :o kill        
!mselves1 despair+1 resign out ( %e]    
love ( life1 out ( crav+ = :at !y h f\nd
 too mutilat$ & />v$1 out ( ye>n+ = _!  
me$ ( joy cruelly fru/rat$4 ,& !y :o die
 t o!rs may live are b ^? 9 :om !       
life-flame burns s hot & bright t !y c  
feel ! life & ! long+ to live 9 o!rs z  
if x 7 _! own--m ?an _! own4 ,yes1 life 
c>ries ) x a v passion = exi/5ce4  ,to  
:at1 !n1 %all we turn t we may keep     
sane1 wat*+ ?is h>ve/ ( too "y dea?s1 ! 
h>ve/ ( ! brave1 ^: /ooks are rais$ be=e
 u1 ca/+ ea* its %ad[ 9 ! ironic        
moonlight8 ,gre5 corn6  ,if1 hav+ wat*$ 
^? unripe blades reap$ (f & /ack$ s     
pitifully1 wat*$ ! great d>k ,wagon]    
cle> ^? unmell[$ fields1 we let _!      
sacrifice be va92 if we s[ n1 h]eaft]1 9
 a peaceful ,e>? t :i* %all become h>ve/
 m gold5 ?an ! _w has se5--!n ,%ame on  
u1 un5d+1 9 :atev] l& we dwell4 4 4 4   

,?is h>ve/ night is /ill4 ,& yet1 up    
!re1 ! bright angels are pass+4 ,"o ,/>6
                                        
,,&--,,aft]8                            
,,&--,,aft]8                         7,f
 ,! ,obs]v]1 #aiaf47                    
,i--,,prelude   ,peace6 ,! ?\ght ( x has
 become almo/ /range4 ,yet we mu/ face t
 ?\ght1 or we %all be z unprep>$ = x z  
we 7 = w>4 ,practical m5 are fight+ ?is 
w>1 practical m5 w make ! peace t comes 
"s day4 ,& ?is unpractical p5 v5tures no
 speculation on h[ x w be br\ght ab\t2 x
 jots d[n m]ely "s ( ! wid] ?\ghts t    
?rong1 :5 = a mom5t ! vision ( ,peace   
/>ts up be=e ! m9d6  ,/atesm5 h said t !
 sequel ( ?is w> mu/ be a ,league =     
,peace--a ,league = ! en=cem5t by       
int]national action ( int]national "r4  
,:e!r t c be br\ght ab\t at a ,r\nd     
,table ,conf]5ce ( ! bellig]5ts1 or :e!r
 ! ,league mu/ be =m$ by ! victori\s    
,allies ) ! adh]5ce ( ! neutral         
c\ntries1 & ! ,c5tral ,empires invit$ to
 fall 9 ) _! conclusions1 on pa9 (      

o/racism1 ,i haz>d "h no op9ion4 ,b1 by 
:i*ev] means ! ,league = ,peace is =m$1 
x w be valueless unless ?ree elem5ts (  
security are pres5t4 ,due ma*9]y to     
secure "t = ! arbitration ( dispute2 due
 =ce to secure submission to su*        
arbitration2 due int5tion on ! "p (     
individual nations to s]ve ! ,league    
loyally = ! good ( all4 ,& ! greate/ (  
^! ?ree is ! la/4  ,! /r5g? ( a ,league 
= ,peace w dep5d be=e all on ! conduct (
 ea* sep>ate nation4 ,we 9 ?is c\ntry _c
 control ! fai?1 conduct1 or /ability ( 
! o!r memb]s ( ! ,league2 we c control  
our own4  ,h[ev] x ends1 ?is w> mu/     
leave ! bitt]e/ feel+s4 ,league = ,peace
 or none1 !re w rema9 = ?is c\ntry a    
m5ace f )\t4  ,if ,g]many 7 :at is call$
 8cru%$0--a que] notion 9 connection )  
sixty-five millions ( p--%e w\ld sm\ld] 
) su* a fire ( v5geance t a victori\s   
,briti% nation1 slumb]+ 9 dreams (      
security1 wax+ fat & swoll5-head$1 w\ld 
9 a few ye>s "t be 9 z great dang] z    
ev]4 ,if ,g]many be m]ely %orn ( h]     

pret5sions & =c$ back )9 h] =m]         
b\nd>ies1 !n1 unless good =tune br+ h] a
 social revolution & ! comp>ative       
bless+s ( ,democracy1 ,g]many may be mu*
 ! same z %e has be51 a soldi]-ridd5    
,/ate1 quickly or sl[ly ga!r+ =ce1 to   
re=ge ! iron ma*9]y ( ! ,prussian s\l1 &
 lead ! arm\r$ dance aga94 ,/ung to !   
quick by memory ( mi/ake1 kn[+ t %e     
misjudg$ our nature & our p[]1 %e w n   
make mi/ake a second "t4 ,h[ev] ard5tly 
! successful may desire to =get--x takes
 two to bury ! hat*et4 ,let no "o ?9k t 
,g]many w =get4 ,%\ld we1 if we 7 beat51
 or ev5 badly ?w>t$8  ,! writ] is z     
great a lov] ( ,peace z any :o w res5t 8
 sugge/ion t enmity w n readily be      
*ang$4 ,b x is well to rememb] t ! m5ace
 f )\t is only increas$ by =gett+ t     
human nature is fundam5tally ! same all 
! _w ov]2 & /ill m increas$ by n        
rememb]+ t :at we dream & desire is n z 
a rule :at we c obta94 ,grant$1 t all   
mu/ hope & /rive = ! con/itution ( a    
,league = ,peace1 & aim at mak+ its     

conditions p]man5t1 x w /ill be folly to
 bl9k ! cont+5cy ( fur!r w> = ye>s to   
come4  ,! validity ( su* a ,league w    
hang on ! fir/ ye>s4 ,keep x intact1    
en=ce respect = its decisions1 get m5's 
m9ds us$ to x1 & aft] a %ort span no?+  
is m unlikely ?an t !y w =ego its       
bless+s4 ,b milit>ism w automatically & 
proportionately decrease only z m5 ga9  
confid5ce 9 ! ,league's au?ority1       
recogniz+ at la/ t an imp>tial ju/ice   
may apply to nations e bit z well z to  
individuals1 :5 !re is ! =ce ( g5]al    
cons5t beh9d x4 ,giv5 a g5]ation ( its  
rule1 & ! nations w no long] c>ry dagg]s
 to /ab ea* o!r 9 ! back1 or swords to  
av5ge _! 8hon\r40 ,!re is no ne$ =      
premature dis>mam5t4 ,recognition ( !   
m5ace f )\t w n h>m a ,league = ,peace  
dur+ its fir/ ye>s1 s long z we %y at   
all _s ( aggression1 & are loyal to its 
fir/ pr9ciple ( 8,all = "o1 & ,"o =     
all40  ,b ,peace w also br+ to u 9 ?is  
c\ntry ! m5ace f )9 :i* 0 ) u be=e ! w> 
began1 z x is ) e nation at :atev] "t ( 

life--! m5ace ( its individual fail+s1 (
 its rankness & its uncomplet$ ju/ice1  
its riot aft] ri*es at ! exp5se (       
national heal?1 its exagg]at$ p>ty      
/rife1 its p5ny wisdom & p\nd folly1 its
 lack ( an ideal1 & p]petual drift+ x   
kn[s n :i!r4 ,if :5 ! w> ends we rema9 a
 nation1 ma/]s ( our own lives--& !re is
 no ,briton :o is n conv9c$ t we %all--!
 m5ace f )9 mu/ aga9 be fac$2 fac$ ) a  
/\t] he>t & a quick] bra92 fac$ at la/ )
 "s sort ( corporate w to t victory ov] 
ourselves1 s mu* m difficult to w9 ?an  
ov] ho/ile fleets & =tresses4 ,to w9 !  
w>1 & !reaft] lose to our own weakness1 
w\ld cap ! ev5t ) irony inde$6  ,x is ! 
fa%ion ) "s to talk glibly ( ?is w> z if
 x 7 a purge t w dra9 f our ,/ate       
innum]able ills4 ,! w>'s hon\rable      
necessity none ( u dispute1 b = u x has 
9 tru? only ! "o advantage--( hav+      
reveal$ to ourselves our quality1       
re-e/abli%$ our fai?4 ,t quality1 t     
fai?1 to be ( any la/+ use1 w h to /& n 
only ! dreadful spasm ( w>1 b ! long    

exhau/ion1 ! manifold increase (        
economic /ress & social tr\ble t w      
infallibly beg9 :5 ! w> ends4 ,unless we
 are resolv$ to c>ry on our ef=t (      
sacrifice1 good-w1 & c\rage long into ! 
future1 ! la/ /ate ( ?is l& w be worse  
?an ! fir/4 ,! purge t we l to speak ( w
 be prov5 no?+ b a debau*1 paid =1 l all
 debau*es1 by lassitude & sple54  ,all  
national en]gy at ! mom5t is inevitably 
b5t to ! end+ ( a /ate ( ?+s dreadful to
 e man & woman liv+2 b1 :ile do+ ?is )  
all our might1 we ne$ to keep alive 9   
our m9ds ! feel+ t ! fight is n = m]e   
gratification ( ! passion to d[n our    
foes1 n j a spurt ( milit>y h]oism1 to  
be dr[n$ 9 ! dr9k & applause ( victory2 
b a fight = some?+ abid+ 9 ourselves & 9
 ! _w--= spiritual1 n mat]ial1 ends4    
,if1 ev5 :ile we are at w>1 we _c keep !
 feel+ t :at we are fight+ = is a       
p]man5t & /eady advance 9 ! j &         
reasonable life ( nations1 beg9n+ )     
ourselves1 we _h bett] nev] h f\ght1 =  
at ! end we %all b h add$ to our vanity1

 & tak5 f ! /ock ( our pati5ce1 our     
humanity1 & our s5se ( ju/ice4 ,& s !   
feel+s ( ! pres5t are l9k$ ) ! feel+s & 
necessities t w arrive ) peace4 ,if !   
f9e phrases we h us$1 & are /ill us+1   
ab\t ,lib]ty1 ,humanity1 ,democracy1 &  
,peace are n g5u9ely felt1 !y w come    
home to u & roo/ mo/ vilely4 ,by !      
outside _w we %all be judg$ accord+ to !
 measure ( actuality we give h]eaft] to 
! claim we n[ make ( be+ *ampion (      
,fre$om & ,humanity2 & only accord+ to  
our inw>d habit ( ?\ght dur+ ! w> %all  
we be able to act :5 x is ov]4 ,we c d  
no?+ n[ p]haps1 save prosecute ! fight  
to its appo9t$ end2 b1 if we are n to   
turn out fraudul5t aft] ! ev5t1 x is    
already "t to feel ahead--to accu/om our
 m9ds to ! ?\ght ( ! future ef=ts1      
,imp]ial & social1 ne$ful to meet future
 dang]s1 & to fulfil ! tru/s we %all h  
tak5 up4  ,f facile imag9+s & ,utopian  
dreams ( a purg$ social life & a =tifi$ 
morale to ! real conditions t ?is w> w  
leave is likely to be ! f>!/ cry any ( u

 w ev] he>4 ,we _c h x bo? ways4 ,if w>1
 z mo/ ( u believe1 is a t]rible        
calamity1 x w n leave an improv$ _w4 ,a 
sloppy optimism is n ! slighte/ good1 no
 m ?an a delib]ate pessimism4 8,x w be  
all "r aft] ! w>60 is1 no d\bt1 !       
attitude ( _m m9ds j n[4 ,x w only be   
all "r aft] ! w> if1 ) all ! might ( a  
su/a9$ national w1 we take c>e t x is4  
,a great & solemn opportunity1 ! greate/
 our c\ntry has ev] kn[n1 w be !re1 to  
be made or m>r$4 ,! records ( hi/ory are
 n too *e]+1 & exp]i5ce ( human nature 9
 ! pa/ br+s no v happy augury--= aft]   
too great ef=t comes reaction4 ,b ?is   
age has high] aspirations1 m            
self-consci\sness ?an any t has gone    
be=e4 ,to turn ! possible calamity ( ?is
 w> to bless+ we %all h to set our foot 
on ,fatalism4 ,!re is no real antagonism
 betwe5 ! doctr9es ( ,det]m9ism & ,free 
,w4 ,:5 ?+s h happ5$1 we see t !y mu/ h 
happ5$ z !y did2 b h[ does ?is affect ! 
fre$om ( our w be=e !y happ5--be=e we "k
 :i* way !y w turn out8 ,m5 & nations   

are :at !y make !mselves4  ,:at are we  
go+ to make ourselves--aft]8            
,,ii--,,fre$om ,,& ,,privilege   ,:at is
 ?is ?+ call$ ! ,briti% ,empire8 ,a     
family ( *ildr51 rul$ by a ,"m1 or a    
ga!r+ ( k9sfolk "u ! ro( ( "o ideal8 ,is
 x 9 reality an ,empire or a ,conf$]acy8
 ,x has be5 ! fir/1 x is fa/ becom+ !   
second4  ,imp]ialism is gov]n$ = good or
 ill by ! pr9ciple t und]lies x4 ,at !  
"t ( ! ,am]ican ,w> ( ,indep5d5ce       
,briti% gov]nm5t /ood = ! pr9ciple (    
,dom9ation2 ev5 s late z ! ,bo] ,w> !re 
is mu* d\bt :e!r1 = ! mom5t at lea/1 x  
/ood = any?+ v diff]5t4 ,a great *ange  
has come4 ,! ,briti% ,empire /&s n[1 z x
 nev] yet /ood1 = ! pr9ciple 8,live &   
let live02 = coh]5ce ?r\gh common ideals
 & affections1 r ?an = coh]5ce ?r\gh    
=ce4 ,9 ?is w> we h n ceas$ to ass]t t1 
besides ! pres]vation ( our own safety1 
we fight = ! indep5d5ce ( little        
c\ntries1 & ! rights ( nations to settle
 _! own affairs4 ,by ?is decl>$         
*ampion%ip1 unless we wi% to br+ d[n    

poetic ju/ice on our heads1 we h        
consecrat$ ! pr9ciple ( ,fre$om )9 !    
conf$]acy ( ! ,briti% ,empire2 we h     
abrogat$ ! "r ( co]cion4 ,:e!r we       
realize x or no1 we h fix$ our national 
attitude4 ,:5 ! w> is ov]1 ! feel+ (    
,brita9 t[>ds h] k9dr$ w be w>m] & m    
g5]\s ?an x has ev] be52 !y h /ood side 
by side ) u l m5 & bro!rs1 9 t\*+       
loyalty4 ,& ! feel+ 9 ! k9dr$ c\ntries w
 be w>m] & full] ( respect2 !y h se5 !  
,old ,c\ntry on h] trial1 h se5 t %e did
 n fail ( :at ! _w expect$ f h]2 se5 t  
%e _h /uff 9 h] beyond _! hopes--= a new
 c\ntry is ev] incl9$ to impati5ce1 ev5 
to a c]ta9 contempt1 = an old c\ntry4 ,x
 0 j z well = ,brita9's reputation ) h] 
k9sfolk t ?is w> came4  ,yes1 we %all be
 a true ,conf$]acy1 a great ,democratic 
,conf$]acy1 b\nd 9 hon\r to obs]ve t[>ds
 ! _w ! pr9ciples t x obs]ves t[>ds     
itself2 to keep its h&s clean ( n>r[ &  
prov9cial patriotism1 ( t raw ov]rid+ ( 
! rights & int]e/s ( o!rs1 ! ugl9ess (  
:i* we h j se5 9 ! violation ( ,belgium1

 ! ,nemesis ( :i* we are ab\t to see4   
,&1 look+ fir/ at home1 we h got to get 
us$ n[1 at once1 :ile we are /ill       
fight+1 be=e we h ! leisure & ! en]gy to
 revive old animosities & p>ty cries1 to
 ! idea t civil /rife 9 ,irel& aft] ?is 
w> is ov] w\ld be crim9al lunacy1 mak+ u
 ! playboy ( ! _w1 & de/roy+ ! pre/ige  
we %all h ga9$4 ,x seems t our /atesm5  
n[ recognize ?is4 ,b :atev] seems to    
settle ! ,iri% "q 9 "t ( w> may n       
survive ! /ra9 ( ! peace t foll[s4 ,if !
 lam5table cleavage 9 ,irel& reappe>s--z
 x well may1 = x is bas$ on su* real    
diff]5ces ( temp]am5t--let u 9 ,engl& be
 resolute n to be re-involv$ 9          
p>tizan%ip4 ,let u resolve to =ce nei!r 
"o p>ty nor ! o!r2 conf9e ourselves to  
insi/+ t ^? :o object s /r5u\sly to     
inclusion 9 an opposite camp %all be z  
lo? to include _! oppon5ts z !y are to  
be includ$4 ,only ( its own free w c    
,irel& ev] be made "o4 ,if ! halves be n
 =c$1 !y w become "o ! fa/]4 ,"t is !   
heal]2 "t & =be>ance1 giv5 an ela/ic    

ma*9]y to enc\rage & rip5               
reconciliation4 ,( a surety1 r5ew$      
tr\ble ov] ,irel& w\ld be ! v wor/      
augury = ! future ( an ,empire t /&s1 & 
is to /&1 = ,fre$om4  ,to be tru/ee = ! 
pr9ciple 8,live & let live02 wat*dog    
aga9/ aggression by h]self or any o!r2  
corn]/one ( a _w s built t all peoples1 
h[ev] small & weak1 may "k t !y c safely
 "w out _! own de/9ies--t w\ld be =     
,brita9 ! gr& ideal4 ,b ! ,briti%       
,empire c only hope to /& = x by keep+ !
 =m ( a ,free ,conf$]acy1 by ! mo/ rigid
 scrut9y ( its own conduct1 & by        
develop+ ! feel+ t x is b5ea? ,imp]ial  
dignity to wre/ mat]ial b5efit f !      
losses ( o!rs4  ,:5 ! w> began we 7 9   
:at is commonly call$ 8a tidy mess40 ,if
 we really want to extract f ! furnace (
 ?is fe>ful conflagration "s gold (     
com=t1 we %all see to x t we d n g back 
to ! deadlock ( futile & bitt] /rife t 0
 !n p>alyz+ ! c\ntry's s\l4 ,we %all see
 to x ov] ,irel&2 & ov] ! woman's "q4   
,/rife is ! v condition ( life & human  

progress1 b 9 ! "n ( reason let u h x   
ov] real live issues1 n ov] ^? on :i* ! 
national consci5ce has already 9 secret 
giv5 judgm5t4 ,w n ! fir/ act ( ju/ice  
be ! giv+ ( ! vote to wom5 on ! same    
t]ms z to m5--)1 p]haps1 "s limitation (
 age to equalize numb]s1 s9ce !         
prepond]ance ( wom5 is br\ght ab\t ma9ly
 by ! less dang]\s nature ( _! lives8 ,a
 m humiliat+ or poison\s relation ?an t 
:i* prevail$ betwe5 ! sexes 9 ?is c\ntry
 be=e ! w> ov] ! "q ( ! vote c h>dly be 
conceiv$4 ,9 ! supreme appeal to our    
patriotism1 t griev\s tr\ble1 t         
mis*iev\s irritation1 has vani%$4 ,! w> 
has exorcis$ mutual exasp]ation1 ref\nd$
 mutual fai?1 heal$ _m w\nds1 laid !    
gho/s ( _m d\bts & argum5ts4 ,! old     
bogeys are gone--t wom5 are m bellicose 
?an m52 t !y are less bellicose ?an m52 
t national safety w\ld be imp]ill$ "o   
way or ! o!r4 ,! old plea is gone--t1   
s9ce wom5 d n fight & suff] = ! ,/ate1  
!y are n wor?y to vote = h]--gone1      
disp]s$ by s]vice1 sacrifice1 & suff]+4 

,e man has _h to ask 8 he>t :i* he w\ld 
r d3 ,g1 z a man goes1 to ! tr5*es1 or  
sit at home1 z a woman has _h to d1     
wait+ = news ( 8 life or dea?4 ,& e man 
kn[s ! answ]4  ,! wom5 ( ,brita9 h put  
!mselves & _! claims aside1 to "w &     
suff] = ! c\ntry ( :i* !y are n yet     
citiz5s4 ,x w be too black altoge!r if1 
aft] all !y h gone ?r\gh1 !y are aga9   
refus$ admittance to t citiz5%ip4  ,wom5
 :o d n want ! vote ne$ nev] ex]cise x2 
wom5 :o ?9k ! vote bad = _! sex w /ill  
be free z air1 :5 ! vote has be5 giv51  
to organise _! sex aga9/ use ( ! deadly 
?+4 ,b to cont9ue aft] ?is w> to deb> f 
be+ citiz5s1 if !y s wi%1 ! hundr$s (   
?\s&s ( wom5 :o h s]v$ z loyally z m51 &
 suff]$ m2 to hang up aga9 9 hopeless   
*anc]y a measure ( common ju/ice t has  
long comm5d$ itself to ne>ly all ! be/  
m9ds 9 ! c\ntry1 a measure t1 b =       
political accid5ts1 w\ld h already be5  
grant$1 w\ld be an unspeakable piece (  
national folly & +ratitude4 ,!re is     
surely n[ a g5]al w to give ! vote4 ,:at

 our m9ds mu/ be turn$ to is ! ne$1 at !
 conclusion ( ! w>1 to h ready "s means 
by :i* t g5]al desire may be c>ri$ into 
effect1 & wom5 welcom$ into ! body      
politic1 be=e ! old deadlock            
difficulties & he>t-burn+s c beg9 aga94 
,x is n my "p to sugge/ to sup]ior      
wisdom :at ^? means %\ld be2 b p]haps "o
 may express ! p]sonal conviction t a   
measure ( univ]sal suffrage1 grant+ "o  
vote to e man above a c]ta9 age 7n      
necess>ily s "y z tw5ty-"o71 & "o vote  
to e woman--possibly ov] su* high] age z
 w\ld equalize ! vot+ p[] ( ! sexes1    
?\gh ,i myself d n fe> t inequality--t  
su* a measure w\ld n affect to any      
appreciable ext5t ! balance betwe5 !    
great p>ties 9 ! ,/ate1 & w\ld ensure t 
^? p>ties 9 future sprang f ! ma9       
cleavages ( human nature r ?an f !      
accid5ts ( privilege4 ,is x too mu* to  
hope t1 9 h]oic times1 su* a measure    
might be pass$ by cons5t8 ,too mu* to   
expect t aft] ?is /ruggle1 :]e all /&   
%\ld] to %\ld]1 we %all feel t a man1   

h[ev] poor1 & a woman1 h[ev] humble1 has
 a /ake 9 ! c\ntry :i* has done s little
 = him or h]1 yet = :i* he or %e is     
suff]+ p]haps m ?an ! re/ ( u1 &1 ext5d+
 ! h& ( fell[%ip1 say3 8,x is "t y /ood 
%\ld] to %\ld] ) u 9 peace z well z w>40
 ,! voteless man6 ,! woman6 ,h[ _m ( !  
fir/ w h giv5 _! lives2 h[ _m ( ! second
 _! he>ts6 ,h h]oism1 dea?1 sacrifice1  
gone by privilege ( prop]ty or sex1 9   
?is w>8 ,%all we really take ! lives1 ! 
w\nds1 ! suff]+s ( ! _m m5 deb>r$ f     
citiz5%ip by m]e lack ( prop]ty1 !      
s]vices & sacrifice ( innum]able wom51 &
 j say3 8,?ank y1 helots60 ,= 9 a real  
democracy :at is he or %e :o has no     
vote1 save a helot1 at ! absolute       
disposal ( ! enfran*is$ community8 ,x is
 z ! symbol ( fre$om t ! vote is s      
preci\s6 ,grant$6 ,b if f ! infancy (   
?is c\ntry we _h n be5 /ickl]s =        
symbols1 %\ld we n[ be ! free p t we    
are--z peoples g8  ,if !re is n to em]ge
 f ?is community ( suff]+ "s community (
 fell[%ip & gladness1 "s sweep+ out (   

old ranc\rs f our he>ts & ( prejudices f
 our bra9s1 & a resolve to fight !      
conte/s ( ! future ) a great]           
g5]osity--!n ,peace w be a sorry        
fe/ival4  ,!re is s mu* "w to be done1 s
 great a fight = ! nation's heal?1      
ahead4 ,x is "t ! decks 7 cle>$ ( lumb]6
                           ,,iii--,,!   
,,nation ,,& ,,tra9+   ,we h adopt$     
,compulsion1 become a milit>i/ ,p[]6    
,melan*oly consummation2 b = ! p]iod ( !
 w> x 0 always1 ,i ?9k1 a =egone        
conclusion4 ,:at is to happ5 aft]8 ,h[  
is national security to be gu>ante$ )\t 
p]man5t surr5d] to milit>ism8  ,assum+ t
 att5tion w be paid to reta9+ due comm& 
at sea & 9 ! air1 :at fur!r w be        
necess>y to fit u = our "p 9 a ,league =
 ,peace if x comes1 or1 if x does n     
come1 to make u safe8  ,!re w "h be put 
=w>d 9 r\ghe/ outl9e a notion--long 9 ! 
writ]'s m9d1 b = :i* !re has seem$      
hi!rto little *ance ( s]i\s             
consid]ation--) ! plea t !re is really  
no alt]native solution comm5surate ) !  

ne$ = be+ ?or\ghly prep>$1 no o!r       
adequate way1 9 fact1 out ( a dilemma1  
%ort ( reta9+ a measure ( ,cont95tal    
milit>ism1 repugnant to our traditions1 
& ru9\sly co/ly to a p 9 our position4  
,put ) ! utmo/ brevity x is ?is3 ,t all 
boys betwe5 ! ages ( f\rte5 & eighte51 n
 !n at s*ool1 %all pass f\r mon?s ye>ly 
9 camps1 :i* %all give !m cont9uation   
s*ool+ s f> z practicable1 te*nical     
education 9 ! craft1 trade1 or          
occupation = :i* ! boy is mo/ suit$ or  
int5ds to adopt1 toge!r ) tra9+ 9 all ! 
ess5tials ( a soldi]'s life4 ,at ! close
 ( _! f\r? tra9+ ! boys %\ld be         
affiliat$ to ,t]ritorial regim5ts1 &    
pass at once to "o def9ite p]iod (      
milit>y s]vice1 f ?ree to six mon?s1 z  
may be necess>y to conv]t !m into       
pot5tial soldi]s2 & t1 f t po9t on1 we  
%\ld rely1 z hi!rto1 on purely volunt>y 
s]vice4 ,f su* a nucleus a really       
effici5t ,t]ritorial =ce ( at lea/ a    
million c\ld probably be enroll$1 & !   
skeleton ( a mu* l>g] =ce kept 9 be+4   

,! s*eme is admitt$ly h]oic1 b x c\ld be
 z g+]ly introduc$ z seem$ good to m    
practical m5 ?an is ?is writ]4  ,!re are
 9 ,engl&1 ,scotl&1 & ,wales "s         
#a1ejj1jjj boys betwe5 ! ages ( f\rte5 &
 eighte52 !re are eight mon?s 9 ! ye> :5
 su* education & tra9+ c\ld be c>ri$ on4
 ,!re w be an inf9ity ( camps 9 be+ be=e
 ! w> is ov]4 ,& h[ev] unsuit$ ^! camps 
may be at ! mom5t = comb9+ te*nical     
in/ruction ) milit>y tra9+1 _m ( !m c\ld
 und\bt$ly be adapt$4 ,! *ance ( s mu*  
suitable mat]ial at h&1 s mu* organiz+  
capacity1 & s mu* s5se ( awak5$ public  
_s & necessity1 w nev] come aga94 ,"s   
plan m or less h]oic has got to be      
adopt$1 & x is submitt$ t no o!r c\ld   
possibly kill s _m birds ) "o /one4 ,=1 
to ! writ] ?is proposal is ev5 m        
important 9 relation to ! m5ace f )9 ?an
 9 relation to ! m5ace f )\t4  ,! wor/  
feature ( our social s*eme at pres5t--! 
mo/ dang]\s flaw 9 ! ma*9e--is ! wa/e1 !
 absolute ?r[+ away ( ! ye>s betwe5     
f\rte5 & eighte51 ! mo/ important p]iod 

( ! male life 7&1 = t matt]1 ( ! female 
life71 ! ye>s :5 physique & "* are =m+  
:5 ! in/rum5t is malleable2 ye>s = ! mo/
 "p n[ left to *ance & to bl9d-alley    
occupations4 ,if we want to be a /rong &
 heal?y nation1 ?is is ! weakness ( all 
o!rs to ov]come4 ,! foll[+ is tak5 f !  
introduction to ,mr4 ,arnold ,freeman's 
intimate & c>eful book3 8,boy ,life &   
,lab\r03--      8,:at we ne$ to consid] 
is n ! sacrifice ( a c]ta9     numb] (  
y\?s ?r\gh faulty indu/rial arrangem5ts1
 b     ! lack ( tra9+ & ! manufacture ( 
ineffici5cy 9 !     majority ( boys     
betwe5 s*ool & manhood4      8,at !     
pres5t "t x w\ld seem to be ! cons5sus (
     op9ion ( s*ool tea*]s1 employ]s1 & 
all ^? :o are     intimate ) ! problem t
 great masses ( boys are gr[+     up to 
manhood ineffici5t = adult "w1 &        
incapable (     p]=m+ ! elem5t>y duties 
( home life & citiz5%ip4     ,! tru]    
mode ( reg>d+ ! problem may be illu/rat$
 by     ! foll[+ quotation3             
8#8,accord+ to ! ma9 /ati/ical s\rces ( 

in=mation !     v s]i\s fact em]ges t   
betwe5 #gj & #hj p] c5t4 (     ! boys   
leav+ elem5t>y s*ools ent] unskill$     
occupations4     ,?us1 ev5 :5 ! boy     
ultimately becomes appr5tic$ or ent]s   
a skill$ trade1 ^? int]v5+ ye>s f !     
national po9t     ( view are entirely   
wa/$4 ,inde$ ! boy1 naturally react+    
f ! discipl9e to :i* s*ool accu/om$ him1
 usually )     abundance ( sp>e "t n    
suffici5tly utiliz$1 & )\t     educative
 "w1 is %ap$ dur+ ^! ye>s directly t[>ds
     evil4' 7,majority ,report ( ! ,poor
 ,law ,commission1 ,"p ,,vi41     ,*ap4 
,,vii470  ,n[1 if ! ri*] classes ( ?is  
c\ntry c\ld be br\ght face to face ) a  
sight ( _! own boys f f\rte5 to eighte5 
plant$ 9 ?is morass t boys ( ! poor]    
classes h z a matt] ( c\rse to /ruggle  
?r\gh1 !y w\ld m>vel t ! poor] classes h
 n long ago dem&$ t x be dra9$4         
,work+-class p>5ts h n dem&$ ?is *iefly 
because ! boy f f\rte5 to eighte5 has   
meant s _m scanty %ill+s 9 ! family     
pocket4 ,:5 %ill+s are sc>ce "o m or    

less seems vital4 ,b1 economically z    
well z nationally speak+1 su* rott+-d[n 
( ! boys is griev\sly %ort-sight$4 ,by  
?is s*eme1 ,i believe1 ! work+ classes  
w\ld be ! fir/ to b5efit1 &1 aft] a few 
ye>s1 ! la/ to wi% x giv5 up4 ,_!       
ultimate ga9 w\ld be incalculable1 &1   
collectively speak+1 _! imm$iate loss   
ev5 w\ld be small4 ,"o million five     
hundr$ ?\s& boys tra9+ f\r mon?s 9 ! ye>
 means a seem+ )drawal ( "o boy 9 ?ree1 
or half a million boys annually1 f      
lab\r4 ,b ! numb] ( boys betwe5 f\rte5 &
 eighte5 actually employ$ be=e ! w> 0   
only #a1bfd1jjj1 s t !re w\ld be        
available "s unemploy$ t[>ds fill+ !    
places ( ! half million )drawn4 ,9 !    
)drawal too1 ( s l>ge a numb] ( boys f !
 lab\r m>ket lies "s *ance ( solv+ a    
problem t w beg9 to loom z soon z ,peace
 comes3 ,h[ to f9d places = ! wom5 :om !
 w> has accu/om$ to "w & wages8 ,by ?is 
)drawal1 also1 old & unemploy$ m5 w\ld  
b5efit2 we %all want all ! help we c get
 to m9imize ! unemploym5t t w soon] or  

lat] foll[ ! w>4 ,s f> z ! lab\r m>ket  
is conc]n$1 ! problem1 9 fact1 w\ld be  
ma9ly "o ( adju/m5t1 b boys c\ld be     
pair$ = _! f\r ye>s ( tra9+1 "o tak+ !  
o!r's job--boy ,a4 work+ x eight mon?s !
 fir/ & ?ird ye>s & f\r mon?s ! second &
 f\r? ye>2 vice v]s ) boy ,b4 ,a nation 
:i* has a*iev$ 9 ^! la/ few mon?s su*   
miracles ( organization is surely equal 
to a task ( adju/m5t no h>d] (          
accompli%m5t ?an t :i* has long         
confront$ e milit>i/ c\ntry 9 "t (      
peace1 & :i* may at any mom5t confront  
?is c\ntry1 if x neglects adequate      
prep>ation = home def5ce on "s su* l9es4
  ,consid] ! life ( ! work+ man at      
pres5t4 ,! ,/ate provides him z a boy ) 
education up to ! age ( f\rte52 provides
 him z a man ) lab\r ex*anges1          
insurance1 & old-age p5sions4 ,! "o     
p]iod1 :i* 9 ! m =tunate ranks (        
,society is reg>d$ z above all          
prep>atory = life1 is ! "o p]iod ( :i* !
 ,/ate takes no acc\nt4 ,x is a fatal   
hole 9 ! ballot4 ,:y %\ld n ! work]s h !

 privilege = _! sons t belongs by m]e   
good =tune to ! weal?i] classes--!      
privilege ( a tra9+ t w give !m great]  
heal?1 great] k & te*nical skill1 bett] 
habits1 m self-respect1 & ! p[] z well z
 ! incl9ation to def5d _! c\ntry if ne$ 
be8  ,aft] ?is w> ! national readju/m5ts
 t take place to meet ! m5ace f )\t & ! 
m5ace f )9 mu/ surely h relation to     
fundam5tal necessities1 & n m]ely be !  
top-dress+ & timor\s exp$i5ts t         
accompany ! pip+ times ( a long-un%ak5  
peace4  ,9 ! exp5diture ( l>ge sums to  
a*ieve its ends ! ,/ate ne$ n look = its
 money back ?is ye> or next1 s long z   
!re is a c]ta9ty ( ! money back manifold
 t5 & tw5ty ye>s h5ce4  ,! exp5se ( a   
national s*eme = ! tra9+ & te*nical     
education ( all boys f f\rte5 to eighte5
 w\ld h be5 look$ on be=e ! w> z an     
insup]able objection4 ,b ! truly        
wond]ful example ( fai? %[n by !        
,russian ,gov]nm5t 9 cutt+ (f _! own    
colossal rev5ue f dr9k at ! outbreak ( !
 w>1 & ! imm$iate incalculable advantage

 to ! /r5g? ( ! ,russian nation t accru$
 !reby1 has knock$ p5ny-wisdom (f its   
p]*4  ,?is is n ! "t or place1 nor am ,i
 qualifi$ to exam9e ! co/ 9 detail4 ,b1 
:atev] t co/1 c !re be any d\bt t !     
increas$ physical & indu/rial effici5cy1
 c\pl$ ) ! national security gu>ante$ by
 su* tra9+1 w\ld br+ ! outlay back      
t5fold )9 a g5]ation8 ,& c !re be any "q
 t x w\ld cons]ve weal?1 :i* adult tra9+
 w\ld b dissipate8 ,:5 ! w> is ov] !re w
 be great numb]s ( m5 ^: lives h be5    
hopelessly jolt$1 :o h to f9d new       
occupations--m5 qualifi$1 & probably    
only too will+1 to take positions (     
te*nical in/ruction & milit>y tra9+ "u  
su* a s*eme4 ,& ! boys ( ! nation1      
already infect$ ) desire to /& = some?+ 
9 ! national security1 w\ld fall 9 )    
good _s4  ,ap>t f ! "q ( exp5se1        
opposition w\ld come1 no d\bt1 f !      
employ]s ( boy lab\r1 & f ! work+-class 
p>5ts ( boys :o are contribut+ to !     
family purse4  ,bo? ^! objections c     
surely be met 9 ! ma9 by c>eful         

organization & dovetail+ ( employm5t4   
,only half ! boys w\ld be tra9+ at once2
 & = ! w9t] mon?s1 ( greate/ /ress = !  
poor] classes1 none w\ld be tra9+2      
boy-lab\r is n highly-skill$ lab\r1 x is
 r>ely ( a nature t _c equally well be  
suppli$ by ano!r boy1 &1 fail+ t1 by    
wom51 or m5 pa/ ! prime ( "w4 ,) good-w 
& co-op]ation x %\ld n surpass ! wit    
ei!r ( employ]s or ( ! (ficials (       
special ,boy-,lab\r ,ex*anges to cope ) 
! dislocation4 ,a boy's e>n+s are n va/2
 :5 8 own keep has be5 paid !re rema9 b 
few %ill+s = ! family ex*equ]4 ,! value 
( ^! few %ill+s is 9 _m cases1 h[ev]1   
enorm\s2 ! loss might be made good by "s
 sy/em ( insurance4 ,nor is x           
inconceivable t camp "w w\ld produce a  
small wage t c\ld g to ! assi/ance ( !  
boys' families4 ,omelettes _c be made   
)\t break+ eggs2 &1 ev5 if di/ress 7    
caus$ at ! />t1 c x be s]i\sly weigh$   
aga9/ ! great ultimate b5efit to ! work+
 classes1 & ! ov]:elm+ advantages (     
rejuv5ation 9 ! blood & bra9 ( a :ole   

nation8 ,! w> has %[n :at ^? :o h _h to 
d ) camp life = boys knew well be=e--!  
va/ *ange t c be made 9 ! physique &    
be>+ ( "y fell[s by a few mon?s ( fre%  
air & tra9+4 ,if ^? mon?s are repeat$   
ye>ly = f\r ye>s1 ! tra9+ comb9$ ) civil
 in/ruction1 & foll[$ by a %ort spell ( 
full milit>y s]vice1 ! c\ntry w h n only
 pot5tial soldi]s1 b real m5 & citiz5s1 
at ! end4  ,?is is int]f]5ce ) ! lib]ty 
( ! subject4 ,yes2 b a boy is only a    
boy4 ,9 ! ri*] classes he is s5t to     
s*ool till he is eighte5 )\t any say    
:atev] 9 8 fate4 ,& z to int]f]5ce ) !  
lib]ty ( ! p>5ts3 ,are !y n n[          
completely int]f]$ )1 9 ref]5ce to _!   
*ildr5 up to ! age ( f\rte52 & is !re   
any sane reason :y t int]f]5ce %\ld n be
 cont9u$ p>tially1 = ! good ( ! boys1 & 
( u all1 up to ! age ( eighte58  ,!     
s*eme is no?+ b a =m ( milit>ism6 ,yes1 
b facts mu/ be fac$4 ,aft] ! lesson (   
?is w>1 its appall+ sudd5ness1 its      
complete disreg>d ( ! law ( nations1    
aft] ! hatr$ x has evok$ & ! burn+ =    

rev5ge x w leave1 are we prep>$ to tru/ 
our c\ntry & all t x /&s =1 to old-"t   
me?ods &--luck8 ,if n :at =m ( tra9+ c  
we h t w be less milit>i/ ?an ?is8 ,to  
relapse into our unprep>$ness is b to   
c\rt ! *ances ( an attack1 to %irk our  
%>e p]haps ( duty "u a ,league = ,peace2
 & to risk be+ =c$ into rank milit>ism1 
9 "o ( ^? panics c]ta9 to come freely   
aft] su* a w>4  ,if ,i ?\ght su* a s*eme
 ( boy-tra9+ w\ld bol/] up privilege1   
fo/] a dang]\s docility1 put p[] into ! 
h&s ( our ,junk]s1 & g5]ally conv]t our 
c\ntry into a k9d ( ,g]many1 ,i w\ld %un
 x l ! devil4 ,to keep boys ( t age at x
 all ! "t w\ld be dang]\s2 to tra9 !m = 
civil & milit>y life f\r mon?s 9 ! ye>1 
) "o %ort f9al p]iod ( milit>y          
s]vice--h>mless4 ,aft] ! w>--p]haps n at
 once1 b )9 a few ye>s--!re w almo/     
c]ta9ly be s]i\s civil tr\bles1 & any   
su* s*eme ( boy tra9+ w\ld ne$ to be    
inaugurat$ "u ! mo/ solemn engagem5ts n 
to employ ! y\? ( ! nation 9 ! quell+ ( 
/rikes1 civil riot1 or :at-n4 ,x w\ld be

 = ,lab\r to fix ^? gu>antees be=e !y   
gave adh]5ce to ! plan4 ,hav+ secur$    
!mselves1 ,i believe !y might look =w>d 
to no?+ b b5efit1 aft] ! fir/ rubs &    
jolts4  ,consid]1 too1 t except "u "s   
su* s*eme !re is practically no *ance ( 
putt+ into practice ano!r national      
dream--! resettlem5t ( ! l&4 ,by atta*+ 
f>m l&s to ^? camps1 t[n boys c\ld be   
in/ruct$ 9 ! difficult "w ( mod]n       
agriculture4 ,f>m work]s d n gr[ on     
?orn-trees1 or ev5 spr+ full-fl$g$ f !  
bra9s ( ard5t re=m]s4 ,!y are made1 n   
born1 & made 9 y\?4 ,x is "t to beg9    
mak+ !m1 if inde$ x is n already too    
late4 ,no adequate l& s*eme w fl\ri% )\t
 ma*9]y on a l>ge scale = educat+ boys 9
 mod]n f>m "w4  ,b !re is ano!r aspect (
 ?is matt] wor? m ?an pass+ att5tion4   
,if ! w> ends victori\sly1 ,great       
,brita9 w bulk v l>ge1 dang]\sly l>ge1 9
 ! eyes ( ! _w4 ,! ,g]man cry is3       
8,great ,brita9 is ! tyrant2 ! ,fleet ( 
,engl& is ! m5ace1 ?reat5+ e c\ntry60   
,no ef=t w be left untri$ to d9 t :isp] 

into e e>1 to implant t suspicion 9 e   
m9d4 ,to escape ! _w's jeal\sy w n be   
possible4 ,&1 if 9 addition to a dom9ant
 ,fleet1 & possibly a dom9ant air       
s]vice1 we pres]ve milit>ism on ! pres5t
 ,cont95tal l9es1 we %all excite--:atev]
 ! peaceful nature ( our conduct &      
int5tions--! mo/ pr(\nd uneas9ess & envy
 9 qu>t]s :]e we mo/ wi% to be reg>d$ ) 
p]fect equanimity4 ,on ! "o h&1 !n1 we h
 ! dang] ( relaps+ into a /ate (        
unprep>$ness t may provoke ano!r w>2 on 
! o!r1 ! dang] ( r\s+ too great fe> &   
envy by an o/5tati\s /r5g?1 & ( increas+
 a burd5 ( armam5t already too heavy on 
our %\ld]s4 ,betwe5 ^! dang]s lies a pa?
 ( safety 9 ! tra9+ ( our boys4 ,b !re  
lies mu* m ?an t4 ,!re lies ! gr&]      
social future ( our c\ntry--an          
incalculable physical1 moral & economic 
uplift+1 a nation m self-reliant & m    
eag]1 purg$ ( t don't-c>e look1 ( ! t[n 
blight :i* 0 settl+ on x fa/--!re is no 
nation suff]+ f t[n life to any?+ l !   
ext5t to :i* we suff] f x4 ,j n[ ! w>   

has lift$ t blight2 b ) peace x w come  
d[n aga91 unless we fight x4  ,is ?is   
lamely outl9$ plan a m]e dream1 or is x 
a possible1 nay1 a probable1 measure1 9 
times big ) *ances--9 times su* z we may
 nev] h aga91 = tun+ up our life1 =     
equaliz+ =tune1 remov+ f\l places1 &    
ess5tial weakness8  ,) ! sugge/ion t x  
is wor? ?9k+ ov]1 at any rate1 ! writ]  
leaves ! answ] to ^? less fatu\s ?an    
himself4                                
,,iv--,,heal?1 ,,humanity ,,& ,,proc$ure
   ,:at 7 already gl>+ national ills    
be=e ! w> w1 aft]w>ds1 be ills dem&+ !  
mo/ imm$iate1 su/a9$1 & resolute        
att5tion4  ,!re exi/s 9 ,am]ica a       
vehicle call$ ! 8rubb]-neck0 c>1 9 :i* !
 t\ri/ is tak5 & %[n ! int]e/+ features 
( ! neighb\rhood4 ,be=e ! political     
ma*9e settles d[n aga9 to "w1           
legislators1 editors1 bus9ess m51       
writ]s--we might all ) pr(it take a r\nd
 trip & see aga9 evils t our c\ntry has 
nev] really fac$ 9 ! pa/1 b w h to face1
 & griev\sly swoll5 at t1 9 ! future4   

,at ! back ( all lack ( ef=t is lack (  
realization4 ,/ati/ics ( national       
problems may fo/] an imp]sonal &        
sci5tific attitude1 b !y d no?+ to      
supply ! feel+ f :i* alone comes driv+  
=ce4  ,take our slums6 ,! p[]s ve/$ 9 ! 
,/ate or 9 local bodies = deal+ ) slum  
areas are obvi\sly ei!r n suffici5t or n
 suffici5tly put to use4 ,n1 ( c\rse1 t 
any quick or light-he>t$ trans=mation c 
be expect$2 ! roots ( ?is evil are too  
tortu\sly coil$ 9 economies & natural   
selfi%ness4  ,/ill1 j z realization (   
our c\ntry's dang] at ! h&s ( ,g]many   
has produc$ a m>vell\s crop ( ef=t &    
sacrifice1 s realization ( ! equally    
di/ress+ m5ace to ! c\ntry f )9 %\ld    
produce some?+ simil>1 :5 patriotic     
att5tion is once m free1 & "t & /r5g? at
 lib]ty1 = fight+ dang]s at home4  ,!   
h\s+ problem desp]ately ne$s att5tion2  
b1 ?\gh mu* c be done1 good gambl]s cut 
_! losses1 & ! adult g5]ation ( ! slums 
has got m or less to be cut1 t great]   
ef=t may be conc5trat$ on ! *ildr54  ,! 

w> has focuss$ att5tion on ! ne$ =      
arre/+ infant mortality4 ,good6 ,b !re  
is little use 9 sav+ babies if y are n  
go+ to fe$ !m dec5tly :5 !y are out (   
swaddl+ clo!s4 ,a big /ep =w>d has be5  
tak5 ( late ye>s t[>ds ! fe$+ (         
necessit\s *ildr51 bo? at s*ool & 9     
cr*es b _m m /eps ne$ to be tak54 ,if   
?is is n a ,/ate matt]1 !n no?+ is4 ,to 
neglect ! n\ri%m5t ( its *ildr5 is at   
once ! paltrie/ economy1 ! lea/ sagaci\s
 policy1 & ! wor/ inhumanity ( :i* a    
nation c be guilty4 ,! old-fa%ion$ idea 
t *ildr5 mu/ g hungry or be f$ s z to   
gr[ up rickety because _! p>5ts 7be+    
8rott]s0 already7 mu/ n be rott$ fur!r  
is a doctr9e devoid bo? ( common s5se & 
compassion4 ,a nation ei!r has a w t[>ds
 a future1 or x has none4 ,if x has     
none1 = :at are we fight+ ?is mo/ bloody
 w>8 ,:at does our hon\r matt]1 or our  
indep5d5ce ei!r8 ,b ! future ( a nation 
is its *ildr54 ,z !y gr[ up1 heal?y1    
clean1 hopeful1 effici5t1 s w our future
 be4 ,z !y gr[ up--half-f$1 dirty1 don't

 c>e1 & ignorant--s w ,brita96 ,if to   
look aft] ! *ildr5 makes worse paup]s ( 
! p>5ts1 well--let x6 ,h "s c\rage4 ,d n
 be hypnotiz$ by a ^w1 &1 grasp+ ! %ad[1
 lose ! sub/ance4 ,give ! *ildr5 blood 9
 _! little bodies1 & hope 9 _! little   
bra9s4 ,any dec5t p>5t w be ! bett] = t2
 ! indec5t p>5t is a loss already1 & mu/
 be cut4 ,work+-class mo!rs :o neglect  
to fe$ _! *ildr5 bett] ?an !mselves are 
b exceptions1 nor w a s\nd] sy/em (     
,/ate-help s]i\sly alt] ! deepe/ in/9ct 
( human nature4 ,! h]oism ( ,briti%     
soldi]s 9 ! tr5*es is no great] ?an !   
lifelong h]oism ( ,briti% mo!rs 9 !     
slums /ruggl+ aga9/ want4 ,?is is a     
matt] t %\ld n be left to ! discretion (
 local bodies4 ,once ! pr9ciple has be5 
admitt$--& :o c hone/ly d5y t x has8--! 
re/ %\ld be simply a "q ( fact m$ically 
c]tifi$ n "h & !re1 b all ov] ! c\ntry4 
,ei!r x is ju/ice & wisdom to fe$ !     
*ildr51 or x is n1 & ! scruples1 h[ev]  
philosophical1 ( g5tlem5 prep>$ to wat* 
o!r p's *ildr5 g hungry %\ld n any long]

 be indulg$4  ,! e/imat$ numb] ( s*ool  
*ildr5 9 ,engl& & ,wales be+ f$ by !    
,/ate 9 #aiaa-aiab 0 #bcj1jjj out ( a   
s*ool population ( #e1ceg1cfg4 ,!       
e/imat$ numb] ( ?is s*ool population %[+
 signs ( malnutrition is v>i\sly giv5 at
 f #aj to #bj p] c5t4 ,tak+ x at #ae p] 
c5t41 or #hjj1jjj *ildr51 we h m ?an    
half a million s*ool *ildr5 want+ meals 
& n gett+ !m4 ,?is is appall+4 ,!re is  
no o!r ^w = x4 ,b :5 ! *ildr5 "u s*ool  
age :o ne$ food & are n gett+ x1 are    
add$ to ?is numb]1 ! proportions ( ?is  
national folly & inhumanity /agg] !     
bra94 ,x does n yet seem to be grasp$ t 
^! *ildr51 :o are fight+ n only aga9/   
insuffici5cy ( prop] food1 b aga9/ bad  
air & bad h\s+1 gr[ up ) s mu* p] c5t4  
knock$ (f _! national value4 ,a /it* 9  
"t is suppos$ to save n9e4 ,a p\nd sp5t 
on ! age ( gr[? br+s back _m p\nds f !  
age ( /ability4 ,to ^? few :o ride !    
doctr9e ( ,lib]ty to ! dea? ( national  
heal? x may simply be said3 ,s long z y 
h no hope ( repeal+ compulsory          

education1 y h no "r to let *ildr5      
receive x 9 an unfit condition4         
,education & dec5t n\ri%m5t are         
insep>able2 & dec5t n\ri%m5t is z       
necess>y 9 ! ye>s t come be=e z 9 ! ye>s
 ( s*ool+4 ,no6 ,9 reality ! pr9ciple is
 n[ root$1 &1 l o!r ?+s1 x's all a "q ( 
money4 ,b a c\ntry ) a capital (        
#af1jjj1jjj1jjj & an income (           
#b1ajj1jjj1jjj _c really af=d to all[   
?is /ate ( affairs to                   
cont9ue--especially aft] ! gold-lett+ ( 
?is w>4 ,! /ate our national f9ances w  
be 9 makes x all ! m imp]ative t we %\ld
 h a well-n\ri%$ & effici5t population1 
or we %all nev] get out ( ! sl\gh4      
,dur+ ?is w> our h]oism has jibb$ at    
,liquor4 ,t jovial mon/] looms ne>ly z  
l>ge z ev]4 ,we %all h a ,national ,debt
 aft] ! w> ( ?ree or f\r ?\s& millions1 
p]haps m4 ,& yet ! *eape/ ?+ t c\ld     
possibly be done1 9 ! long run1 w\ld be 
to increase x & buy up ! ,liquor ,trade2
 a*ieve t dream ( ,joseph ,*amb]la91 8! 
total & absolute elim9ation ( any idea (

 private ga9 9 ! retail sale ( liquor02 
conv]t dr9k into food to ! tune ( "s    
eighty millions a ye>2 & va/ly dim9i% ! 
numb] ( *ildr5 t require ,/ate n\ri%m5t1
 & ! numb] ( und]f$ m5 & wom54 ,9 #aiaa1
 #afb1gig1bbi 0 ! dr9k bill ( ! nation2 
( :i* x is e/imat$ t ab\t #aaj1jjj1jjj 0
 sp5t by ! work+ class4 ,! work+ classes
 are no m incl9$ to liquor ?an ! re/ ( !
 population1 b !y h obvi\sly less to    
sp>e = ! indulg5ce ( _! incl9ation4 ,)  
prop] control ( ! liquor traffic !y w   
p]haps sp5d half :at !y sp5d n[1        
extract+ !refrom j z mu* enjoym5t1 & mo/
 ( ! o!r half w g into ! bodies (       
!mselves & _! *ildr5 9 ! =m ( food4     
,be=e ! w> "o-t5? ( our p 7 gett+ too   
little food2 two-t5?s m j balanc$ on a  
knife-edge ( b>e suffici5cy4 ,& ! great 
majority ( ?is ?ird ( our population 7  
too closely or too badly h\s$ = heal?4  
,:at is x go+ to be--aft]--unless our   
measures 9 reg>d to food1 to h\s+1 & to 
dr9k1 are h]oic8 ,= h]oic measures we   
%all ne$ a ke5] s5se ( ju/ice1 a l>g]   

humanity1 ?an we h ev] _h4 ,?\gh ! w>   
may conceivably n dim9i% humane feel+ 9 
^? :o fight1 x blunts ! s5sibilities (  
^? :o d n see its horrors at fir/-h&4   
,tales ( o!rs' suff]+s h become ! daily 
fodd] ( ! bra92 n>ratives ( dea? & mis]y
 ! companions ( e h\r4 ,alongside !     
brutalities & agonies ( ! w>1 ! inju/ice
 & cruelties ( normal civil live seem   
pale & tame4 ,man has only a c]ta9      
capacity = feel+2 "o expects call\sness 
n[ t[>ds civil inhumanities4 ,b mu/ t   
call\sness la/ aft] peace has come8 ,if 
s1 we are 9 a bad way4  ,:at is x t our 
mod]n ,/ate is rea*+ aft]8 ,presumably  
heal?1 & balance4 ,& :at are ^!         
qualities built on1 if n on ,ju/ice8 ,at
 ! back ( all social inhumanities w be  
f\nd a lack ( reasonable fre$om &       
opportunity = "s p1 & ! possession 9 o!r
 p ( too mu* fre$om & opportunity4 ,& = 
! swift r$ress ( social cruelties1 !    
?or\gh atta9m5t ( social ju/ice1 we h at
 pres5t n only to cont5d ) human nature1
 b ) an admitt$ defici5cy 9 our         

legislative ma*9]y4  ,:5 ! *ief ob/acle 
to laws is n ! call\sness ( public      
op9ion1 b a m]e block on ! l9es (       
proc$ure1 "s dra/ic *ange is due1 a new 
dep>ture want$4 ,be=e ! w> _m measures (
 re=m hung 9 ! w9d ye> aft] ye>1 n      
because !re 0 no public feel+ beh9d !m1 
n ev5 because !re 7 ! usual political   
cleavages conc]n+ !m1 b simply because  
"t c\ld n be f\nd 9 :i* to pass !m4 ,(  
su* 73 ,measures = ! fe$+ & education ( 
*ildr52 ! control ( dr9k2 rural h\s+2   
improvem5t ( slum areas2 fur!rance ( !  
m9imum wage2 re=m ( ! ,poor ,law2 ( !   
,divorce ,law2 ( ! disability t att5ds !
 ne$y 9 _! access to civil ju/ice2 ( !  
imprisonm5t ( poor p]sons = debt2 ( !   
proc$ure 9 reg>d to paup] lunatics2 ( ! 
prison sy/em2 ( provision = ! bl9d2     
measures = ! bett] treatm5t ( animals4  
,all ^! & o!rs hung 9 ! w9d2 are !y to g
 on hang+ ^? :5 ! w> is ov]8 ,want$     
be=e1 !y w be want$ /ill m badly !n1    
because ! g5]al conditions ( life w = "s
 ye>s1 p]haps _m ye>s1 be h>d]2 &       

economic pressure fo/]s r\gh & unju/    
treatm5t4  ,is x too e>ly = a unit$     
ef=t1 to ?9k out1 9 read9ess = peace1 a 
s*eme ( p>liam5t>y proc$ure :i* %all    
af=d "t = ! s]i\s & un9t]rupt$          
consid]ation ( non-p>ty measures1 & !   
fur!rance ( ne$$ re=ms8  ,p>ty no long] 
exi/s1 b !y :o ?9k x has gone = good    
dwell 9 a fools' p>adise4 ,z sure z fate
 x w spr+ up aga91 because x is root$ 9 
temp]am5tal diff]5ce4 ,b mu/ x come back
 ) all its old cat-&-dog prop5sities1 & 
wa/e ( national "t8 ,x w1 unless "s     
me?od be devis$ t w remove "s ( p>ty's  
unh&some opportunities & save x f       
itself4 ,politicians alone "k !         
difficulties1 _m & great1 9 ! way ( a   
bett] proc$ure4 ,surely1 :ile faction is
 9 abeyance1 ,p>liam5t w set its wits to
 ov]com+ ^? difficulties1 s t :5 ! w>   
ends we may n witness aga9 ! t$i\s &    
di/ressful block+ ( s _m ne$$ measures t
 prevail$ a=etime4 ,p>ty 0 made = !     
,c\ntry1 n ! ,c\ntry = ,p>ty2 & :at 0   
tol]at$ ) ,job-l pati5ce be=e ?is va/   

upheaval is n by any means likely to be 
tol]at$ aft]4 ,ne$s w be m insi/5t2 !   
s5se ( reality mu* great]2 ! aspiration 
t[>ds ,national ,heal? a live ?+1       
because x w be s desp]ately necess>y4   
,re=m ( p>liam5t>y proc$ure is obvi\sly 
! prime prec$5t = national re=m4 ,%all n
 !n ! "q be ev5 n[ giv5 all ! att5tion t
 c be sp>$ to x8 ,:at bett] mom5t--:5 m5
 ( all p>ties are fill$ ) ! "o great    
?\ght--,our ,c\ntry6                    
,v--,a ,,la/ ,,^w   ,"o m ^w be=e ^!    
vap\r+s cease4 ,! national task 9 ?is w>
 is /ill mighty en\gh to absorb all     
action1 b n q all ?\ght1 = x is no      
spasmodic ef=t1 mean+ no?+ to ! future4 
,to c>ry ! _s ( to-day into a long      
to-morr[1 mak+ ( our patriotism n a m]e 
torr5t soon sp5t & leav+ an arid pla91 b
 a life-giv+1 ev5-fl[+ riv]--= t "o mu/ 
n lose ! s5se ( cont9uity2 "o mu/ ?9k   
ahead4 ,m6 ,"o mu/ resolve--resolve t   
?is new unity %all /& n only ! /ra9 (   
w>1 b ! great] /ra9 ( ! com+ ,peace4    
,aft]--w come ! te/4 ,hav+ gu>ante$ our 

c\ntry = ! mom5t f de/ructive p[]s )\t1 
%all we at once r$eliv] x to !          
de/ructive p[]s )9--g back to /rife ov] 
,irel&1 ! ,suffrage1 ! ,wel% ,*ur*1 & ! 
,second ,*amb]8 ,or1 pres]v+ our        
new-f\nd unity1 settle g5]\sly & 9 a    
l>ge _s ^? di/ressful matt]s1 & pass on 
to ! real "w--to a wid] & fre] view (   
,empire1 to ! "r tra9+ ( ! nation1 ! "r 
fe$+ ( ! nation1 to secur+ = ea* man1   
woman1 & *ild a solid f\ndation ( heal? 
& hope2 to ! re/oration ( ! l& & ( our  
food supply2 to cle>ance ( mutual       
suspicions1 & ! /abli%+ ( a new         
tru/fulness betwe5 ,lab\r & ,capital2 to
 ! bani%m5t ( inhumanity2 ! free+ ( !   
eyes ( ,ju/ice2 & int]m5t ( ! privileges
 ( class8  ,%all we g back to roll+ 9 ! 
tr\ghs ( a dirty sea or set new sail &  
/e] out ) a true fai? 9 our de/9y z !   
,%ip ( ,fre$om & ,ju/ice8          8,:5 
! devil 0 sick1 ! devil a sa9t w\ld be1 
,b :5 ! devil got well1 ! devil a sa9t 0
 he60  ,is t to be our case8 ,let u n   
und]rate ! dang]4 ,at ?is mom5t & until 

! w> is ov]1 we are full ( patriotism & 
good-w4 ,we h to be4 ,!re's ! tr\ble4   
,once ,peace comes1 & ! unify+ =ce ( our
 common p]il is ov]1 :at !n8 ,is ! old  
raw p>ty _s to ramp among u aga98 ,if a 
man w\ld discov] :at dang] !re is ( a   
return to e k9d ( disunity1 let him take
 a def9ite national "q & see h[ mu* ( 8 
private int]e/ or conviction he is      
prep>$ to abate = ! sake ( ! public     
good4 ,mighty little6 ,are we to        
dissolve aga9 into ^? 8rascally         
,radicals0 & ^? 8inf]nal ,tories02 into 
8gr9d]s ( ! poor0 & 8discont5t$ devils02
 into 8brutal m50 & 8hy/]ical females0 )
 all ! o!r w>r+ tribes ( ! ,armag$don ( 
,peace8 ,are we to lose utt]ly ! inspir+
 vision ( our ,c\ntry1 9 ! squabbles (  
dome/ic life8 ,"s ( t int5se vision mu/ 
g1 alas6 ,b surely n all4 ,& yet all w g
 unless we keep 9 m9d ! ?\ght t ?is w>  
is n an end1 b ! means to an end1 :i*   
none ( u w see1 b all ( u c fur!r 9 "t (
 peace z well z 9 "t ( w>--an end = ^:  
atta9m5t ! blood & treasure n[ spill$ is

 b z a prelim9>y4  ,x w be he>t-break+  
if f ?is /up5d\s cataclysm no la/+ good 
to ! _w & to ,brita9 c be br\ght =?4    
,its horror1 ev5 n[1 few realize :o are 
n at ! front4 ,"o :o 0 _m mon?s on      
ambulance duty 9 ! ,fr5* l9es wrote ^!  
words3      8,!y talk ( ! w>6 ,let !m   
come close 96 ,let !m see     ly+ ar\nd 
emaciat$ heads ) no bodies )9 a c\ple ( 
hundr$ y>ds2 let !m see ! bloody        
confusion ( heads &     entrails & limbs
 :i* is %[]$ ar\nd :5 a tr5* is     m9$2
 let !m see ! heads ) e>s & noses bitt5 
(f z     if by mad dogs2 let !m see ! m5
 driv5 insane by ! sights     & s\nds ( 
! battlefield1 :o turn & r5d _! comrades
     & h to be %ot d[n by !m2 let !m    
come :]e hundr$s     ( w\nd$ m5 are ly+ 
on conte/$ gr\nd scream+ ! :ole         
night ?r\gh 7& n "o 9 a million has ev] 
he>d a man     scream67 & !n talk ( !   
w>60  ,if f ?is horror1 f\ght ?r\gh &   
endur$1 z we believe1 = ! future ( our  
,l& & ! future ( mank9d1 !re is to come 
no bless+1 no advance to fre$om & heal? 

& ju/ice4 4 4 4 ,:at !n8 ,no?+ w be     
easi] ?an to take up aga9 ! peace life (
 ,brita9 z x 01 & worse ?an x 01 because
 co>s5$ by ! passions ( w>1 & embitt]$  
by ! /ra9 ( a great] economic /ress4    
,no?+ w be easi] ?an to give re9 to !   
in/9cts ( gre$1 pugnacity1 & ranc\r1 n[ 
h>d held 9 by s5tim5t & ! common p]il2  
to /ep back & walk bl9dly 9 a c\ntry :]e
 all is faction2 :]e class %uns class1 &
 m5 & wom5 are bitt]ly oppos$2 :]e ! y\?
 ( ! nation is all ! "t runn+ to se$2   
:]e *ildr5 g hungry & millions ?r\gh\t !
 l& are mis]ably h\s$ & f$2 :]e ! access
 to ju/ice is (t5 /ill beyond ! rea* ( !
 poor2 :]e helplessness is n yet a      
gu>antee aga9/ ill-usage4 ,once ! w>    
ef=t is ov]1 no?+ w be easi] ?an--f a   
resolv$ & unit$ nation--to become a cr[d
 press+ ?is way & t1 )\t view & )\t     
vision1 seek+ purse & place1 or1 at !   
be/1 fulfilm5t ( small facti\s policies4
  ,no "o c tell yet :at w be ! _w-sequel
 ( ?is w>--:e!r x w br+ a long peace or 
o!r w>s2 ! enl>gem5t ( democracy or !   

h>d5+ ( autocratic rule2 ! ,unit$ ,/ates
 ( ,europe or a cong]y ( di/ru/ful ,p[]s
 work+ = ano!r 8,day40 ,only "o ?+ we   
"k1 t 9 our *>ge w be our own national  
life1 to make or to m>2 to prep>e aga9/ 
:atev] =tune ! out] _w %all brew1 to    
prep>e aga9/ ! subtle m>* ( inw>d       
dissolution4 ,our future does n lie on !
 knees ( ! gods2 x lies 9 our own h&s1 &
 he>ts1 & bra9s1 & ! use t we %all make 
( !m4  ,swift is ! desc5t to hell1 & no 
w+s fly s fa/ ?i!r z ! w+s ( mat]ial    
success4 ,%all we g t way8 ,or %all we1 
hav+ fix$ our eyes on a goal f> beyond !
 f9i% ( ?is w>1 quietly1 resolutely 9   
our conduct to ! out] _w & 9 our        
national life1 beg9 at once transmut+   
into de$s ^? words3 ,fre$om1 ,heal?1    
,ju/ice = ,all8  ,z a man ?9ks & dreams1
 s does he act4 ,x is "t to ?9k & dream 
a little ( ! future1 :ile ! _s ( unity  
is on u1 ! vision ( our ,c\ntry ) u2 s  
t1 :5 we see aga9 ! face ( ,peace1 we   
may cont9ue to act 9 unity1 hav+ 9 our  
he>ts ! good ( our ,l&1 & 9 our eyes !  

vision ( h]1 gr[+ ev] to tru] greatness 
& beauty4                            ,,!
 ,,isl&s ,,( ,,! ,,bless$       7,read  
at a ,conf]5ce on ! ,national ,life ( ! 
,alli$     ,c\ntries1 ,/rat=d-on-,avon1 
,augu/1 #aiaf47  ,i suppose !re are     
,britons :o h nev] se5 ! sea2 ?\s&s1    
p]haps--un=tunate4 ,b is !re a ,briton  
:o has n 9 "s sort ! feel+ t he is a    
memb] ( a great %ip's crew8 ,is !re "o  
:o nev] rejoices t 8 ,l& sails 9 space1 
unbo>d$1 unt\*$ by o!r l&s8 ,x mu/ be   
/range to be native ( a c\ntry :]e1     
/roll+ =?1 "o may pass into ! fields or 
woods ( ano!r race4 ,9 all t we are1 h  
be51 & %all be1 ! sea comes fir/--! sea1
 sigh+ up quiet bea*es1 ?und]+ (f       
headl&s1 ! sea blue & smil+ "u our :ite 
cliffs1 or la%+ ! long s&s1 ! sea out   
beyond =e%ore & gre5 fields1 or roll+ 9 
on w9d-bl[n rocks & wa/es4 ,! sea ) its 
smile1 & its fr[n1 & its re/less music2 
! grim1 loyal1 protect+ sea--our "m &   
our comrade1 our my/]i\s fri5d6  ,!     
anci5ts dream$ ( 8! isl&s ( ! bless$02  

we ( ^! gre5 & mi/y isles almo/1 ,i ?9k1
 believe t we inhabit !m4  ,a /range &  
abid+ s5se is love ( ,c\ntry6 ,?\gh     
reason may revolt1 & life "h be h>d1    
ugly1 ?ankless1 ?\gh "o may ev5 say1 8,i
 c>e no m = my own c\ntrym5 ?an = ^? (  
o!r l&s2 ,i am a citiz5 ( ! _w60 ,no    
use6 ,a /eal+ love has u fa/ b\nd2 a web
 ( :o kn[s :at memories ( mi/y fields1 &
 sc5ts ( clov] & turn$ e>?2 ( summ]     
ev5+s1 :5 s\nds are f> & cle>2 ( long   
/reets half-light$1 & t[n sights1 n     
beautiful b homely2 ( ! skies we 7 born 
b5ea?1 & ! roads we h trodd5 all our    
lives4 ,:at memories1 too1 ( names &    
tales1 small visions all upside d[n     
p]haps1 yet true & w>m to u because we  
li/5$ & saw :5 we 7 no old] ?an foals at
 _! dams' heels4 ,x is n our actual     
,c\ntry1 b its halo1 t we love--! halo  
ea* "o ( u has made = x4 ,!re are ev5+s 
"u ! moon1 dewy morn+s1 late aft]noons1 
:5 ov] field & wood1 ov] moor or p>k or 
t[n1 une>?l9ess hov]s2 s1 ov] our native
 l& hov]s a glam\r t burns bright] :5 we

 are abs5t1 & flames up 9 glory above h]
 :5 we see h] driv5 or h>d press$4 ,no  
man yet kn[s ! dep?s ( our love = ^!    
isl&s ( ! bless$4 ,may no man ev] "k x6 
,& to ea* ( u !re w be "s +le-nook :]e !
 _s ( our c\ntry mo/ inhabits1 :]e !    
fire ( he>? & home gl[s be/1 & draws u )
 its w>m? f w&]+s bodily or spiritual4  
,to "k t 9 ^! isles no native-born b has
 a quiet %r9e1 be x lovely1 or devoid ( 
e>?ly beauty1 :]e he or %e 9 fancy      
wor%ips ! :ole l&1 gives reality to ! ^w
 ,patriotism4  ,?is love ( c\ntry is s  
deep & sacr$ t we _c utt] x2 let u n    
=get t x is z deep & sacr$ to ! natives 
( o!r l&s6  ,look+ back into ! d>k (    
hi/ory1 h[ qua9t is our orig9--(fspr+ ( 
invad+ robb]s1 wave aft] wave1 = "s two 
?\s& ye>s be=e ! ,norman ,conque/6 ,if  
^! be n 9 tru? ! bless$ isl&s t !       
anci5ts dream$ (1 !y seem to h be5      
suffici5tly attractive4 ,:o our         
,neoli?ic =]unn]s 71 :5ce !y came1 or   
:e!r !y 7 "h be=e our isles cut loose f 
! ma9l& & set out on an endless voyage1 

we %all nev]1 ,i suppose1 "k4 ,a /ra9 ( 
_! blood1 m ?an we ?9k p]haps1 mu/ /ill 
be alive )9 u2 ! re/ ( x is freeboot+   
fluid--,celts & ,romans1 ,anglo-,saxons1
 ,danes1 ,normans1 all robb]s2 bl5t at  
la/--& 9 ,irel& n yet q bl5t--to !      
obs]vance ( hon\r among ?ieves4  ,ev]   
s9ce ! sea br\ght u "h--all b !         
,neoli?ic few--9 ! long-%ips ( ! pa/1   
:at a sl[1 ceaseless fus+ has gone to ! 
mak+ ( ! mod]n ,briton--t mo/ s+ul>     
among m56 ,i hold ! !ory--h[ f>         
sci5tifically t5able ,i "k n--t !       
cont9u$ vitality ( a race dep5ds on two 
ma9 conditions3 ! pres5ce ( _m /ra9s (  
blood n too viol5tly diff]+ "o f ! o!r1 
& ! abs5ce ( too mu* sun4 ,i hold t     
nations may become too inbr$2 or may h !
 sap dri$ out ( !m by heat4 ,9 ,brita9  
we _c yet h rea*$ ! po9t ( p]fect       
fusion--are n 9 dang] = a long "t (     
becom+ too inbr$4 ,nor c ! sun be call$ 
a desp]ate p]il4 ,we are 8game10 z !y   
say1 = c5turies yet2 unless----6 ,= our 
besett+ dang] is ano!r4  ,h[ _m ( u     

realize t f> beyond all o!r nations we  
are t[n dwell]s1 subject to t[n blight8 
,t is a new1 an insidi\s1 malady1 ^:    
virul5ce we h h>dly yet appreciat$ or _h
 "t to /udy4 ,c x be arre/$ by          
homopa?y--or mu/ sweep+ allopa?ic       
rem$ies be appli$8 ,w t[n blight be cur$
 by bett] t[n conditions1 & our gradual 
adaptation--or by go+ back to ! l&8 ,by 
bo?4 ,b1 if n by bo? )9 ! next          
half-c5tury1 !n--,i fe>--by nei!r4 ,t[n 
blight has _h z yet b two full g5]ations
 to lay its grip on u4 ,we h "t = its   
defeat if we h c\rage & s5se4 ,b x is an
 enemy m deadly ?an ! ,g]mans2 n s easy 
to see & to fight aga9/6  ,:5 *ildr5    
fir/ discov] gooseb]ries or o!r k9dly   
fruits ( ! e>?1 !y eat too quickly & too
 mu*4 ,we 7 ! fir/ p to discov] ! means 
to 8happ9ess0 kn[n z mod]n indu/rialism4
 ,) huge appetite we set ^u x1 & are    
caught by surfeit4 ,i h he>d ?is view ( 
our case s]i\sly c\nt]$--! ,cockney & ! 
nor!rn t[nsman are ?\ght to be our mo/  
vital types4 ,v]ily !y h a pretty       

c\rage2 b to su* z are light-he>t$ on   
?is matt] ,i w\ld say3 8,g1 9 summ]1 to 
"s seaside place :]e humble t[nsfolk h  
come to make holiday1 z heal?y & little 
pallid z !y ev] are1 &--wat*4 ,!n w+ (f 
to "s remote fi%+ village1 or c\ntryside
 :]e su* peasants z are left are n too  
badly (f1 &--wat*4 ,!n summon y\r c&\r1 
& tell 9 :i* ( y\r two fields (         
obs]vation y h se5 m vig\r ( limb1      
beauty ( face1 or at all ev5ts m fre$om 
f petty di/ortions & a look ( dw9dl+40  
,i _c expla9 exactly :at ,i mean by t[n 
blight4 ,x is n m]e pallor or weakl9ess1
 b r a loss ( balance--a t5d5cy to jut  
"h & be squa%$ 9 !re2 an ov]-n>r[ness ( 
head2 an ov]-developm5t ( ?is feature at
 ! exp5se ( t2 ) a look ( liv+ too fa/1 
( giv+ out m ?an is tak5 94 ,!          
modifications ( ! ,briton ?r\gh t[n life
 are c\ntless1 & all ! "t subtly go+ on4
 ,i d n d5y t !re is mu* good1 too1 9 ! 
trans=mation--! quick5+ ( a temp]am5t by
 no means quick2 a wid5+ ( sympa?ies 9 a
 "* n too sympa!tic2 ! deep5+ (         

human5ess & ! love ( ju/ice 9 a nature )
 an old ,adam 9 x ( brutality4 ,a frank 
humanit>ian & humani/1 l myself1 dwells 
*e]fully on t1 = x does seem1 :ile o!r  
*anges 9 human life are always          
arguable--su* z ! increase ( effici5cy  
pur*as$ by loss ( bread? & k9dl9ess2    
economic ga9 by loss ( heal? & balance2 
great] w-p[] by loss ( und]/&+ &        
tol]ance--t ! increase ( humane in/9ct1 
) :i* is b\nd up ! love ( ju/ice1 is    
alone %e] ga94 ,"s1 ,i "k1 ?9k x b\ght  
at ! exp5se ( :at is call$ 8virility40  
,to ^? ,i recomm5d a /eady glimpse at ! 
mod]n ,briti% sailor4 ,( late ye>s ,i h 
be5 read+ acc\nts ( ,arctic & ,ant>ctic 
exploration4 ,!re is no bett] /udy = ^? 
:o d\bt :e!r m5 c be brave & h>d & at ! 
same "t *ivalr\s & g5tle4 ,"o returns f 
m5tal travel ) ^? h]oes conv9c$ t true  
humanity & g5tl5ess & ju/ice actually   
dep5d on brav]y & /oicism4 ,pick$ m51 y 
say6 ,well1 g to ! ,briti% ,fleet1 or ! 
,briti% ,army--9 a ^w1 to ! ,briti% male
 population ( robu/ age--& y w come     

back1 ,i believe1 ) ! same g5]al        
conviction--t :]e ! true/ brav]y is !re 
also is human5ess--t ^! qualities gr[   
naturally tw9$ toge!r4 ,all evid5ce f ! 
w> proves t ! ,briton is z h>d a fight]1
 & f> bett] behav$1 ?an he ev] 04 ,bett]
 behavi\r "u w> conditions means no?+ b 
increase 9 ea* individual fight]1 ( j & 
humane in/9ct1 & t s5se ( p]sonal       
responsibility :i* is ! o!r ma9         
advantage com+ to u f t[n life4 ,9 t[ns 
a man f9ds 8 level1 acquires ! corporate
 s5se1 sees himself z "p ( ! civic :ole1
 le>ns t 8 own ills are %>$ by too _m1  
to be> ?9k+ ( save ) a t\* ( hum\r &    
contempt4 ,! ,briti% sailor ^: %att]$   
arm 0 be+ dress$ 9 ! battle ( ,jutl&    
well summ$ up :at ,i mean3 8,to hell )  
my arm1 doctor2 ,i want to get up !re   
aga9 & give ! boys a h&60 ,t w\ld seem v
 mu* ! _s ( ! mod]n t[n-br$ ,briti%4    
,n[1 is !re any?+ :i* 9 "s sort         
diff]5tiates ?is ,brita9 ( ours f o!r   
l&s8  ,a c\ntry is su* a huge           
conglom]ation ( types & qualities2 su* a

 see?+ mass ( en]gies6 ,x seems         
sometimes z impossible to ?read "o's way
 to ! he>t ( t maze z to fix ! patt]n ( 
a ?\s& gnats danc+ 9 a sunlit lane6 ,"o 
turns eyes "h1 !re1 foll[s ?is movem5t &
 t1 ?9ks "o has ! clue1 falls back gap+4
 ,is !re any ess5ce :i* sets ! ,briti%  
s\l ap>t1 z an oak is set ap>t f bee* or
 lime tree8 ,c !re1 inde$1 be any s+le  
ess5ce 9 a l& :]e ,ib]ian & ,celt1      
,saxon & ,norseman1 /ill qu>rel 9 !     
blood8 ,i ?9k !re is1 & w haz>d an      
attempt to ?r[ on ! scre5 "s fa9t %ad[ (
 ! elusive ?+4  ,take c]ta9 sali5t      
,briti% *>act]i/ics3 ,our peculi>       
national "u-emphasis & /olidity2 our    
want ( imag9ation2 t desire to h ?+s bo?
 ways--:i* is g5]ally call$ our         
8hypocrisy02 our turn ( ironic hum\r2   
our bulldog grip2 our lack ( joie de    
vivre2 our snobbi%ness--dy+1 b dy+ v    
h>d2 our p]petual desire = ! moral 9    
action or art2 our reg>d = 8good =m02   
our sl[ dumb idealism1 h& 9 h& ) our    
pr(\nd di/ru/ ( ideas2 our prop5sity =  

grumbl+ "u prosp]ity1 & our *e]9ess "u  
h>d%ip2 our passion = games1 & our cre$ 
( 8play+ ! game02 our love ( individual 
lib]ty--ev5 our p]v]sity & crank9ess4 4 
4 4 ,take !m all1 & consid] :e!r !re is 
n "s fundam5tal und]ly+ in/9ct4  ,i     
believe t ! ma9spr+ ( ! ,briti% s\l1    
conceal$ by a lay] ( m5tal laz9ess f    
sup]ficial scrut9y1 is no?+ b an        
invet]ate in/9ct = competition4 ,!      
,briton is ! mo/ competitive creature on
 ! face ( ! e>?--save possibly !        
,am]ican ( ,briti% desc5t4 ,true--we    
w\ld1 z !y phrase x on ! turf1 make a   
race ) a donkey1 = our climate has      
c]ta9ly slugg>d$ ! circulation ( our    
blood4 ,none ! less1 we h a p]petual    
secret it* = competition1 s bone deep t 
mo/ ( u d n ev5 "k ( x4 ,all ?r\gh our  
lives we are play+ a mat*4 ,:5 ! ,briton
 is n secretly pitt+ himself aga9/      
somebody or some?+1 he c h>dly be said  
to be alive4 ,i d n ?9k1 speak+         
racially1 t he c>es s mu* = :at he gets 
by ! game z = ! game itself & victory 9 

x4 ,he sets little /ore by ! p]fection (
 8 h&iwork s long z x beats ! h&iwork ( 
o!rs2 or--& ?is is ! sav+ grace--s long 
z 9 ! accompli%m5t he has defeat$ !     
slackness or c[>dice 9 8 own nature--won
 ! mat* )9 himself4  ,let u turn !m ov] 
"o by "o1 ^? sali5t ,briti% *>act]i/ics3
  ,/olidity6 ,"u-emphasis6 ,x is surely 
no?+ b contempt ( fuss2 & :at is fuss b 
all[+ too mu* importance to ! task or   
p]son y are up aga9/8 ,! in/9ct (       
competition =bids t 9 ! ,briton2 he is s
 competitive t he does n deign to let p 
see t he is /ret*+ himself4  ,want (    
imag9ation6 ,t is p>tly ! m5tal laz9ess1
 no d\bt1 eng5d]$ by our ?ick climate2 b
 mu* ( x1 ,i ?9k1 is only ! subconsci\s 
refusal by our competitive natures to   
see too quickly & cle>ly :at we h be=e  
u1 le/ we be disc\rag$4 ,a great        
help--to h muddl$ ?r\gh mo/ ( ! battle  
be=e y are aw>e ( ! size & l5g? ( x6    
,our r grim turn ( hum\r6 ,is x n       
g5]ally a je/ at ! exp5se ( a fate :i*  
?\ght x c\ld set u d[n8  ,our hypocrisy6

 ,"o w\ld n admit a physical defeat1 b  
cl5* ! tee? & h at x aga92 !n1 h[ admit 
moral defeat8 ,impossible6 ,face mu/ be 
sav$--in/9ctively aga91 unconsci\sly--= 
! la/ ?+ we plead guilty to is our      
8hypocrisy40  ,! bulldog grip--speaks = 
itself4  ,our lack ( joie de vivre6 ,we 
are play+ a mat*--we h no *ance or "t to
 relax1 to lie on our backs & let !     
sunlight w>m our faces4 ,we h n "t to   
give ourselves up to life2 !re is s mu* 
to beat--we are play+ a mat*4  ,our     
v5]ation = rank ( e k9d6 ,snobbi%ness6  
,?is is surely no?+ b our recognition ( 
! value ( atta9m5t2 ackn[l$gm5t (       
victories won1 if n 9 ! pres5t1 9 ! pa/2
 tacit confession t we1 too1 want to w9 
su* victories4  ,our crav+ = a moral6   
,well1 :at is a moral1 if n ! triumph ( 
:at we call 8good0 ov] :at we call      
8evil08 ,we crave t triumph--n only 9   
action1 b also1 ,i fe>1 9 art4 ,art mu/ 
n m]ely excite )9 u imp]sonal emotion2 x
 mu/ be useful to u 9 our mat* ) life--a
 pity6  ,our wor%ip ( 8good =m0 is p>tly

 dread ( t ridicule :i* w\ld be a pro( (
 our hav+ fall5 %ort1 & p>tly           
recognition by a p :o h long liv$ an    
exceptionally /able social life1 t ?is  
competitive in/9ct ( ours1 un*eck$ by   
rules1 becomes a nuisance to ourselves &
 o!rs4 ,9 ! same way1 8play+ ! game0 is 
b ! necess>y *eck on our passion = a    
mat*4  ,our invet]ate dumb idealism is (
 c\rse a prim>y con/itu5t elem5t 9 !    
fight+ nature2 & our di/ru/ ( ideas a   
natural lazy dread ( be+ pu%$ on too fa/
 by t idealism4  ,our grumbl+ habits1 :5
 !re is little or no?+ to grumble at1   
%[1 ,i ?9k1 t 9 slackness & prosp]ity we
 are really out ( our elem5t2 :ile our  
ironic *e]fulness "u h>d%ip--! cry 8,are
 we d[n-he>t$8 ,no-o60 proves t times ( 
/ress suit our competitive temp]am5t4   
,our love ( individual lib]ty6 ,a man1 !
 joy ( ^: life is w9n+ an ev5t ov]      
himself or o!rs1 naturally desires !    
utmo/ latitude = ^! p]petual conte/s4 ,&
 s ! ,briton becomes 8a crank0 m (t5 ?an
 memb]s ( any o!r race4  ,"o %\ld nev]  

drive !ory too f>1 b ,i s]i\sly believe 
t ! f\ndation ( ! ,briton's s\l is ?is  
dumb & utt] refusal to admit t he ev] c 
be beat51 ei!r by himself or any o!r4   
,he is conc]n$ to w91 r ?an to und]/& or
 to enjoy4 ,i d n "k :e!r ?is is        
admirable1 b ,i am pretty sure t x is   
true4 ,& beh9d & beyond all ! bett]     
reasons = pursu+ ?is w> to a victori\s  
end1 !re is always ! in>ticulate1       
int5se1 in/9ctive feel+1 t we mu/ w9 !  
mat*1 s9ce to fail w\ld mean n only     
defeat by ! ,g]mans1 b ! defeat )9 u (  
our w & ( our own nature4  ,if ,i am "r 
z to ?is ess5ce ( ! ,briti% s\l1 :at    
does x signify to ! _w ( our fri5ds &   
enemies8 ,x means1 ( c\rse1 a rock on   
:i* our fri5ds may build--x assures !   
fulfilm5t ( all pl$ges1 & endurance till
 ! day ( victory2 b x c>ries ) x a c]ta9
 elem5t ( dang]4 ,vice treads on ! heels
 ( ,virtue 9 ! competitive s\l4 ,h[ f>  
may our nature become a p]il1 n only to 
ourselves1 b to our ,allies & ! :ole _w8
  ,und]nea? all our resolution n to fall

 %ort ( su* measure ( victory z %all    
free ! invad$ l&s1 & prove to all t !   
ov]-rid+ ( a little h>mless neutral     
c\ntry has n paid2 und]nea? ?is absolute
 resolve1 :i* ( u does n long = a real  
peace1 an end ( a _w t is l a p[d]      
magaz9e :i* malevol5t or fooli% h&s c   
fire at any mom5t8 ,! difficulties t lie
 betwe5 u & su* a peace are v great2 f> 
be x f me to m9imize !m1 or bl9k ! seem+
 impasse ( ! situation ahead4 ,:5 ! end 
draws ne>1 9 e w>r+ l& ! great dumb     
mass-(-!-p's only ?\ght w be3 8,= ,god's
 sake1 h done ) x1 & let u get back to  
life60 ,b1 jutt+ out ( ?is mass1 9 ea*  
c\ntry1 & especially 9 our own1 !re w   
be1 on ! "o h&1 ideali/s & dream]s1 a   
little b&1 see+ a vision too vision>y1  
tell+ ( x to ! w9d2 on ! o!r1 a f> l>g]1
 l\d] b& ( m5 ( affairs1 judg+ ( matt]s 
) ! imm$iate eye1 = imm$iate pr(it1 or1 
z !y w r phrase x1 = p]man5t pr(it1 "u !
 wav+ flags ( patriotism2 ( m5 talk+ ( a
 la/+ peace & g5u9ely wi%+ = x--s long z
 x does n mean =ego+ any?+1 s long z !y 

may let g no advantage s de>ly b\ght4   
,already ! cry on bo? sides is = a      
comm]cial w> />t+ f ! f9al battle4 ,all 
t is /up5d\sly natural6 ,b 9 ?is m$ley (
 dem&1 h[ w /atesm5 /e]8 ,w !y1 :o h to 
remake ! _w1 h a l>ge vision1 & see t1  
vital be=e all else1 is ! seiz+ ( a     
*ance--t has nev] come be=e & may nev]  
come aga9--to e/abli% & set go+ a ,c\rt 
( ,nations1 back$ ?is "t by real =ce8 ,w
 !y grasp ! wisdom implicit 9 ! feel+ ( 
! great dumb multitudes3 8,= ,god's sake
 h done ) x1 & let u live60  ,we h n yet
 got to ! mom5t on :i* ! :ole future w  
hang4 ,:5 we d1 ,i fancy t ?is          
competitive s\l ( ours may want too mu* 
to h ?+s bo? ways4 ,:atev] ! t]ms ( !   
peace t comes1 t peace w n la/ )\t a    
,league ( ,nations to gu>antee x2 & su* 
a ,league we _c h unless imp>tiality be 
its backbone2 unless we mean t x %all   
judge ju/ly1 & en=ce judgm5t )\t fe> or 
fav\r2 unless we are will+ to accept its
 judgm5ts 9 all matt]s1 & n m]ely :5 x  
suits u4 ,a man does n gu>antee ! heal? 

( 8 body j by hold+ 8 neighb\r d[n2 & ! 
true pa? to security & a great future   
lies 9 ! ef=ts we make to improve       
ourselves1 r ?an 9 ^? we make to injure 
o!rs4 ,! fre$om & fair opportunity :i*  
are vital to a la/+ peace ne$ n b> u f  
national prep>$ness1 f intellig5t ef=t  
to save ourselves & our ,allies f unfair
 comm]cial competition1 ne$ n prev5t u f
 assur+ our safety & improv+ our        
corporate life4 ,b !y d mean t we mu/   
keep free ( a milit>i/ & tyrannical _s4 
,h[ f> w our competitive ,briti% s\l1 :5
 peace comes1 be pro( aga9/ t virus8    
,are we1 9 ! w9n+ ( milit>y victory1 go+
 quietly to accept moral defeat1 lett+  
our ideals turn turtle & float ) _!     
keels to ! />s8 ,i wond]4  ,?is ,league 
= ,peace we talk (--t ev5 /atesm5 talk  
(--w n be born ( viol5t m9ds1 b out (   
level & long-head$ness1 & ! desire to   
b5efit n only our own c\ntry1 b ! _w4 ,x
 is an und]tak+ fraught ) ! mo/ poignant
 difficulty4 ,if y imag9e x fl$g$ f     
bir?1 ) w+s full gr[n--if y imag9e a _w 

dis>m$1 imm$iately responsive to law--x 
is b an ,utopian dream4 ,! _w w assur$ly
 rema9 arm$2 at a s+le /ride "o _c /ep f
 hell to heav54 ,b arm$ness ne$ n prev5t
 ! nations f e/abli%+ proc$ure = ! delay
 ( w>like action--a tribunal to :i* all 
disputes mu/ be ref]r$2 ne$ n prev5t !m 
f pl$g+ !mselves to =cible support ( its
 decisions1 f decl>+ comm]ce sacro-sanct
 betwe5 memb]s ( ! ,league1 & puni%+ by 
blockade & o/racism any nation t betrays
 its memb]%ip1 or fl\ts a decision1 s t 
! sanctity ( a nation's comm]ce may 9   
future dep5d on t nation's loyalty to   
o!r nations2 nor ne$ x prev5t ,/ates f  
tak+ ! manufacture ( w> mat]ial out (   
private h&s4 ,only on ! prov$ efficacy (
 su* measures z ^! w ! dis>mam5t (      
nations foll[1 sl[ly1 surely1 equally2 =
 man w !n be act+1 z he loves to act1 n 
by rote & !ory1 b on ! evid5ce ( facts4 
,is all ?is a wild-cat notion1 or a m]e 
natural gr[? out ( :at w5t be=e ! w>1 & 
out ( ! t]rific trag$y ( ! w> itself--a 
plan t5tative & exp]im5tal1 t may       

gradually =ce its way to confid5ce1 till
 ! ,c\rt ( ,nations rea*es ! unque/ion$ 
au?ority & p]man5ce ( ea* individual    
nation's c\rts ( ju/ice8  ,we ( ! ,alli$
 c\ntries mu/ surely long = su* a plan2 
nor1 ,i ?9k c any neutral nation :i* has
 wat*$ & trembl$ at ?is w> be o!r ?an   
well-dispos$ t[>ds x2 &1 :atev] _! rul]s
 & j\rnali/s may desire1 ! peoples ( !  
,c5tral ,empires w n wi% to be left out4
 ,yet :5 ! "t comes = peace discussions 
"o sees only too well ! deadlock4 ,!    
,alli$ nations1 if victori\s1 w n want a
 r\nd table sance ) _! enemies & a cosy 
settlem5t4 ,! ,c5tral ,empires w n wi%  
to accept =c$ memb]%ip ( a ,league =    
,peace f\nd$ by _! enemies1 9 :i*--h[ev]
 mi/ak5ly--!y believe !y w always be    
outvot$4 ,?is vici\s deadlock1 h[ev]1 is
 less real1 ,i ?9k1 ?an x seems4 ,!re   
are new =ces at "w2 & if a ,league =    
,peace c make ev5 a lame & p>tial />t1 x
 may by ^! new =ces soon be =tifi$4     
,aft] ?is w>1 deep-plant$ 9 ! he>t ( e  
p1 :e!r fight+ or look+ on1 w be ! loa?+

 ( national aggressiv5ess6 ,su* a feel+ 
has nev] exi/$ be=e because m5 h nev]   
be=e be5 s /irr$1 s injur$1 & s         
fright5$4 ,we soon =get1 ( c\rse1 all   
save t ( :i* we are con/antly rem9d$2 b 
! aft]ma? ( ?is w> w be full ( />tl+    
revelations ( ! ru9 x has caus$2 ! _w w 
reek ) rem9d] t s-call$ national        
aspirations _c ) impunity be            
aggressively pursu$2 t s-call$ def5sive 
w>s _c be light-he>t$ly incept$4 ,dur+ !
 m>* ( a w>1 h[ev] t]rible1 ! fasc9ation
 ( /rife col\rs & subdues its horror2   
its h]oisms hypnotize1 its ranc\rs drug 
all reason1 blur all vision4 ,b 9 ! cold
 ?9n$ blood ( a maim$ future1 h[ diff]5t
 x w all seem1 h[ t]rifically           
disproportionate6  ,love ( c\ntry has   
nev] be=e _h su* calls made on x2 m5 h  
nev] s suff]$ = _! patriotism4 ,t1 too1 
mu/ br+ a sweep+ reaction1 :i* w        
gradually =ce ! h&s ( reluctant         
,gov]nm5ts into adhesion to any s*eme   
:i* promises relief f a repetition ( su*
 agonies4 ,& s1 9 spite ( all !         

difficulties1 ,i believe "s sort (      
,league = ,peace w come1 imp]fect &     
exp]im5tal at fir/1 b :i*1 once f\nd$1 w
 wax & gr[ /rong1 9 ! real--n m]ely     
pi\s--horror ( w> :i* w foll[ ?is fe>ful
 c>nival4 ,let x b hold toge!r = a few  
ye>s1 survive "o or two s]i\s trials1 & 
,i ?9k no sane nation w ev] desire its  
dissolution4  ,su* a s*eme w n come d[n 
to u f ,heav54 ,f our own bra9s & wills 
x mu/ spr+2 f our s5se (--%all we say--!
 inconv5i5ce ( w>s l ?is4 ,if ! kill+ & 
disablem5t ( "s t5 million m51 ! wa/e ( 
"s t5 to tw5ty ?\s& million p\nds1      
p]suades u to no?+ b ! leav+ ( ! _w     
exactly z x 01 z liable to ^! irruptions
 ( dea? & mis]y--!n1 bett] say ) !      
,spani% poet1 8,( all ! mis=tunes ( man1
 ! greate/ is to h be5 born40  ,ev5 be=e
 ! guns cease ro>+1 %all n our n9e      
,alli$ peoples agree in=mally among     
!mselves ^u ! /ructure ( a ,league =    
,peace1 & secure ! sympa!tic und]/&+ (  
,am]ica1 & ! o!r neutral c\ntries1 on ^:
 wisdom & good-w s mu* dep5ds8  ,i1 =   

"o1 w\ld wi% my ,c\ntry =emo/ 9 pursu+  
?is great *ance--wi% t %e might place   
all h] p[] 9 ! fav\r+ scale2 ,i w\ld wi%
 to see h] z ready to submit to !       
decisions ( an ,int]national ,tribunal1 
z ea* "o ( u is ready z a matt] ( c\rse 
to submit to ! decisions ( our judges4  
,we 9 ?is gre5 ,brita9 ( ours1 /ill free
 ( ! invad]'s foot1 c measure ! value ( 
fre$om n[1 look+ across to l&s wait+ =  
deliv]ance4 ,no c\ntry ( ,europe b has  
suff]$1 dur+ long c5turies1 outrage &   
trampl+1 siege & slaught]1 t we h be5   
sp>$--sav$ by our sea4 ,x is n irony t  
calls ^! ! isl&s ( ! bless$4  ,b ,=tune 
is a jeal\s goddess2 & (f]+s are due to 
h] :o has giv5 u an inviolate soil4 ,i  
seem to see ,=tune /&+ ap>t1            
wat*+--wond]+4 8,:at h !y made--:at are 
!y go+ to make ( _! ,l&80 ,i seem to see
 ,=tune ?9k+3 8,if ,i grant !m success  
once m1 ^! isl&]s1 are !y great en\gh to
 survive x8 ,"u my smile ! empires ( !  
pa/ "o by "o w5t d[n--,assyria1 ,egypt1 
,p]sia1 ,rome1 o!rs ( long1 long ago4 ,w

 ?is empire live1 or w x too rot away1 &
 s9k80  ,^? empires ( ! pa/ fell ?r\gh  
prosp]ity1 ?r\gh inord9ate pride1 ?r\gh 
luxury & slav]y h& 9 h&4 ,may ,=tune    
hold up a mirror to u1 t we see         
ourselves z we are6 ,fre$om & ,humanity 
are n m]e words2 nor is a p's greatness 
measur$ 9 acres or 9 p\nds1 9 ! numb] ( 
its %ips on ! sea1 or ( ! rifles x c    
mu/]4 ,a p's greatness is 9 ! bread? &  
quality ( its s\l1 9 its =titude1       
al]tness1 ju/ice1 g5tl5ess1 )9 itself & 
to ! _w )\t2 & 9 its fai? t man has 8   
fate 9 8 own h&s4  ,z ! individual1 s ! 
,/ate2 ! aggregate ( individual virtue  
decides & %apes ! lot ( nations4 ,may   
!re be no slaves among u & none :o fatt5
 ^u slav]y2 no brutes among u & none :o 
c[] "u brutality6 ,let u n hold         
ourselves z ! elect 9 a bl9d patriotism1
 b h "s vision ( ! _w beyond our %ores1 
( its hopes & dreads & natural          
ambitions4 ,a n>r[ national _s nev] s]v$
 mank9d6  ,let ! sea be our inspiration 
& our rem9d]6 ,=1 if x is our           

=tification1 ! sea is also our l9k ) all
 ! _w1 & ! greate/ =ce ( untam$ ,nature4
 ,x seems to me t !y :o live dep5d5t on 
! sea %\ld nev] be puff$ up4 ,its *ang+ 
moods & salt w9ds1 its wildness1 beauty1
 desolation1 ! sudd5 fates t lurk )9 x1 
t leap & clut* & draw away f u our be/2 
! great spaces ( x b5ea? sun & />s--^!  
are con/ant1 & to our s\ls %\ld surely  
c>ry bread?1 sweep out ( u ! littl5ess (
 ,imp]ial complac5cy4 ,! sea is nev]    
*a9$1 & ! eyes ( sailors h 9 !m a look t
 any man might covet--a /eady front+ (  
some?+ inscrutable1 %ift+1 dang]\s4 ,!y 
"k ! little wor? ( human /r5g?1 ! ne$ ( 
unity2 !y "k t :5 a man slack5s 8 wat*1 
,fate leaps ^u him4  ,! %ip ( ea* nation
 sails a sea ( incalculable curr5ts &   
un*>t$ *annels4 ,sail+ t sea1 may we h !
 eyes ( sailors1 le/ our ,fate leap ^u  
u6  ,:o w\ld n desire1 ru%+ ?r\gh ! ?ick
 d>k ( ! future1 to /& on ! cliffs (    
vision--two hundr$ ye>s1 say1 h5ce--&   
view ?is _w8  ,w !re !n be ?is ,league =
 ,w>1 ?is cauldron :]e1 b5ea? ! ?9 cru/1

 a boil+ lava bubbles1 & at any m9ute   
may break ?r\gh & leap up1 z n[1 jet    
high8 ,w !re /ill be reek & desolation1 
& man at ! m]cy ( ! ma*9es he has made2 
/ill be n>r[ national policies &        
ranc\rs1 & su* mutual fe>1 t no c\ntry  
d>e be g5]\s8 ,or w !re be ov] ! :ole _w
 some?+ ( ! glam\r t ea* "o ( u n[ sees 
hov]+ above 8 own c\ntry2 & m5 &        
wom5--all--feel !y are natives ( "o l&8 
,:o d>e say8  ,:5 ! guns cease fire &   
all is /ill1 f ! woods & fields & seas1 
f ! skeleton t[ns ( ravag$ c\ntries1 !  
wi/ful dead w rise1 & ) _! eyes accuse  
u4 ,9 t h\r we %all h = answ] only ?is3 
,we f\ght = a bett] ,future = ,mank9d6  
,did we8 ,d we8 ,t is ! great "q4 ,is   
our gaze really fix$ on ! f> horizon8   
,or d we only dream x2 & h ! sla9 no    
com=t 9 _! untimely d>kness2 ! maim$1 ! 
ru9$1 ! b]eav$1 no %r$ ( consolation8   
,is x all to be = no?+ b ! salv+ (      
national prides8 ,& %all ! ,ironic ,_s  
fill ! :ole _w ) 8 laught]8  ,or %all ! 
nations take ! fir/ /ep 9 t gr& m>* (   

real deliv]ance :i* w make ! :ole       
e>?--at la/--! isl&s ( ! bless$8        
,,! ,,:itefri>s ,,press1 ,,ltd41        
,,london ,,& ,,tonbridge4               
,,by ,,! ,,same ,,au?or4                
,issu$ by ,william ,he9emann4           
,,! ,,isl& ,,ph>isees4                  
,,! ,,man ,,( ,,prop]ty4                
,,! ,,c\ntry ,,h\se4                    
,,frat]nity4                            
,,! ,,patrician4                        
,,! ,,d>k ,,fl[]4                       
,,! ,,freel&s4                   99     
99        99        99        99        
,a ,,motley4                         ,,!
 ,,inn ,,( ,,tranquillity4              
,,! ,,little ,,man ,,& ,,o!r ,,satires4 
99        99        99        99        
99                        ,,moods1      
,,songs1 ,,& ,,dogg]els4                
99        99        99        99        
99                                      
,,memories4                             
,illu/rat$ by ,,maud ,,e>l4             
99        99        99        99        

99                       ,issu$ by o!r  
,publi%]s4                      ,,villa 
,,rube9 ,,& ,,o!r ,,/ories4             
,,plays3 #c vols4                       
,a ,,comm5t>y4                   99     
99        99        99        99        
,transcrib]'s ,notes3      ,! li/ ( o!r 
works by ! au?or has be5 mov$ f !       
front ( ! book to ! end4 ,spell+ &      
hyph5ation h be5     left z 9 ! orig9al4
 ,a few obvi\s typesett+ punctuation    
errors h be5 correct$ )\t note4  ,! end 
( ,a ,%eaf by ,john ,galswor?y