,transcrib]'s ,notes ,obvi\s typographical errors h be5 sil5tly correct$4 ,italics are repres5t$ ?us italic4 ,footnotes h be5 plac$ at ! end ( ea* ,lecture4 ,,!ism ,,& ,,humanism ,,be+ ,,! ,,gif=d ,,lectures ,,deliv]$ ,,at ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,glasg[1 #aiad ,,by ,,! ,,rt4 ,,hon4 ,,ar?ur ,,james ,,balf\r ,m4,a41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,,ll4,d41 ,d4,c4,l4 7,,hon4 ,,fell[ ,,( ,,tr9ity ,,college1 ,,cambridge7 ,,hodd] ,,& ,,/\ghton ,,london ,,new ,,york ,,toronto ,,mcmxv ,pr9t$ 9 ,great ,brita9 by ,hazell1 ,watson ,v9ey1 ,ld4 ,london & ,aylesbury4 ,,to ,,! ,,pr(essors ,,& ,,/ud5ts ,,( ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,glasg[1 ,,:o ,,gave ,,s ,,k9d ,a ,,reception ,,to ,,^! ,,lectures ,,on ,,_! ,,deliv]y ,,9 ,,! ,,bute ,,hall1 ,i ,,d$icate ,,?is ,,volume4 ,,preface ,?is volume conta9s ! sub/ance ( ! ,gif=d ,lectures deliv]$ at ! ,univ]sity ( ,glasg[ 9 ,janu>y & ,febru>y #aiad4 ,i say ! sub/ance ( ! lectures1 le/ any ( ^? :o =m$ "p ( my mo/ k9dly audi5ce %\ld expect a v]bal reproduction ( :at !y !n he>d4 ,no su* reproduction w\ld h be5 ei!r exp$i5t or possible4 ,! lectures 7 n read3 !y 7 spok5 7) ! aid ( brief notes7 9 su* t]ms z sugge/$ !mselves at ! mom5t2 & _! duration 0 rigidly fix$1 to suit my academic audi5ce1 s z j to occupy ! cu/om>y h\r4 ,al?\gh1 !re=e1 !y 7 l>gely 7?\gh n :olly7 bas$ ^u writt5 drafts1 none ( ! language1 & n all ! ideas & illu/rations conta9$ 9 ! orig9al c\ld be reproduc$ 9 ! spok5 lectures1 nor did ev]y?+ 9 ! spok5 lectures repres5t passages 9 ! writt5 orig9als4 ,x is n1 9 ^! circum/ances1 surpris+ t ! "w has _h1 9 l>ge measure1 to be rewritt51 ?\gh ! argum5t itself1 & ! ord] 9 :i* its v>i\s p>ts are pres5t$ = consid]ation1 rema9s sub/antially un*ang$4 ,i %\ld n h tr\bl$ ! read] ) ?is v unimportant n>rative except = ! purpose ( expla9+ ! long int]val t has elaps$ betwe5 ! deliv]y ( ! lectures & _! publication4 ,lit]>y composition ,i h always f\nd labori\s & sl[1 ev5 9 fav\rable conditions4 ,b ! conditions h n be5 fav\rable4 ,my anxiety to make ! argum5t easy to read = p]sons :o take little int]e/ 91 & h small k (1 philosophical controv]sies did n make x easy to write2 :ile ext]nal circum/ances 7 s+ul>ly unfav\rable to rapid composition4 ,no "o :o took any "p 9 public affairs betwe5 ,m>* #aiad & ! outbreak ( ! w>1 or betwe5 ! outbreak ( ! w> & ! pres5t mom5t1 is likely to reg>d ^! mon?s z provid+ conv5i5t occasion = quiet ?\ght & c>eful writ+4 ,i say ?is1 h[ev]1 n z an excuse = poor workman%ip1 b only z an explanation ( long delay4 ,x may be desirable to w>n ! int5d+ read] be=e he emb>ks on ^! lectures1 t ?\gh ! basis ( ! argum5t is wide1 its conclusion is n>r[3 & ?\gh t conclusion is religi\s1 ! discussions lead+ up to x are secul>4 ,i make no dialectical use ( ! religi\s s5tim5t2 nor d ,i attempt any analysis ( its ess5tial "*4 ,/ill less d ,i deal ) any doctr9es outside :at is call$ 8natural0 religion2 = to 8natural0 religion ! ,gif=d ,lectur] is expressly conf9$4 ,b ev5 !mes :i* might well be deem$ to fall )9 ^! limits are sc>cely ref]r$ to4 ,= example1 ,god1 fre$om1 & immortality h be5 treat$ by at lea/ "o em95t writ] z ! great realities beyond ! _w ( s5se4 ,i believe 9 !m all4 ,b ,i only discuss ! fir/--& t only f a limit$ po9t ( view4 ,"o o!r caution ,i mu/ give1 ?\gh x is h>dly necess>y4 ,no "o1 ,i suppose1 is likely to consult ?is small volume 9 ! hope ( f9d+ an hi/oric survey1 prop]ly 8docum5t$10 ( ! great !i/ic controv]sy4 ,b1 if s misguid$ an individual exi/s1 he is doom$ to ! sev]e/ disappo9tm5t4 ,!re h be51 & w be1 ,gif=d ,lectur]s well equipp$ = s great an und]tak+2 b mo/ assur$ly ,i am n among !m4 ,my w>m ?anks are due to my bro!r1 ,mr4 ,g]ald ,balf\r2 my si/]1 ,mrs4 ,sidgwick1 & my bro!r-9-law1 ,"l ,rayleigh1 = ! tr\ble !y h tak5 9 read+ ! pro(s1 & = ! aid !y h giv5 me 9 correct+ !m4 ,9 connection ) a passage 9 ! n9? lecture1 ,sir ,oliv] ,lodge has be5 good en\gh to give me an int]e/+ note on 8en]gy10 :i* appe>s 9 its prop] place4 #d ,,c>lton ,,g>d5s ,may #bd1 #aiae4 ,,cont5ts ,,"p ,i ,,introductory ,,lecture ,i ,,page ,i4 ,,introductory3 ,,metaphysics ,,& ,,! 8,,pla9 ,,man0 #c ,,ii4 8,,inevitable0 ,,beliefs ,,& ,,common ,,s5se #ac ,,iii4 ,,! ,,mat]ial ,,( ,,! ,,pres5t ,,argum5t ,,= ,,!ism3 ,,! ,,"* ,,( ,,! ,,!ism ,,to ,,be ,,e/abli%$ #ag ,,iv4 ,,:at ,,! ,,argum5t ,,is ,,n4 ,,"s ,,( ,,its ,,limitations #bc ,,lecture ,,ii ,i4 ,,design ,,& ,,selection #bh ,,ii4 ,,argum5t ,,f ,,values4 ,,! ,,cognitive ,,& ,,! ,,causal ,,s]ies #dd ,,"p ,,ii ,,/hetic ,,& ,,e?ical ,,values ,,lecture ,,iii ,,/hetic ,,& ,,!ism ,i4 ,,/hetic ,,describ$ #ee ,,ii4 ,,:5ce ,,comes ,,x8 #eh ,,iii4 ,,values ,,& ,,! ,,high] ,,emotions #fc ,,iv4 ,,natural ,,beauty #gg ,v4 ,,/hetic ,,( ,,hi/ory #ha ,,lecture ,,iv ,,e?ics ,,& ,,!ism ,i4 ,,e?ics ,,describ$ #ie ,,ii4 ,,egoism1 ,,altruism1 ,,& ,,selection #ih ,,iii4 ,,selection ,,& ,,! ,,high] ,,morality #ajg ,,iv4 ,,same ,,subject ,,cont9u$ #aai ,v4 ,,!ism ,,& ,,! ,,collision ,,( ,,ends #abb ,,"p ,,iii ,,intellectual ,,values ,,lecture ,v ,,introduction ,,to ,,"p ,,iii ,i4 ,,retrospect #acc ,,ii4 ,,reason ,,& ,,causation #acd ,,iii4 ,,leslie ,,/eph51 ,,& ,,locke',s ,,aphorism #acf ,,iv4 ,,reason ,,& ,,empirical ,,agno/icism #ade ,,lecture ,,vi ,,p]ception1 ,,common ,,s5se1 ,,& ,,sci5ce ,i4 ,,common ,,s5se ,,& ,,! ,,ext]nal ,,_w #adi ,,ii4 ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,! ,,ext]nal ,,_w #aec ,,iii4 ,,prim>y ,,& ,,second>y ,,qualities #aef ,,iv4 ,,p]ception ,,z ,a ,,causal ,,s]ies #afj ,v4 ,,p]ception ,,z ,a ,,cognitive ,,act #afe ,,vi4 ,,an ,,irresi/ible ,,assumption #agj ,,lecture ,,vii ,,probability1 ,,calculable ,,& ,,intuitive ,i4 ,,ma!maticians ,,& ,,probability #age ,,ii4 ,,calculable ,,probability #agh ,,iii4 ,,intuitive ,,probability #ahi ,,lecture ,,viii ,,uni=mity ,,& ,,causation ,i4 ,,habit1 ,,expectation1 ,,induction #aib ,,ii4 ,,regul>ity1 ,,causation #aie ,,iii4 ,,! ,,pr9ciple ,,( ,,negligibility #aii ,,iv4 ,,causation ,,& ,,=ekn[l$ge #bjg ,,lecture ,,ix ,,t5d5cies ,,( ,,sci5tific ,,belief ,i4 ,,f ,,beliefs ,,t ,,we ,,mu/ ,,hold ,,to ,,beliefs ,,t ,,we ,,are ,,incl9$ ,,to ,,hold #bag ,,ii4 ,,atomism4 ,,beliefs ,,( ,,cons]vation #bbj ,,iii4 ,,epilogue #bch ,,"p ,,iv ,,summ>y ,,& ,,conclusion ,,lecture ,x ,i4 ,,humanism ,,& ,,!ism #bdg ,,ii4 ,,! ,,doctr9e ,,( ,,congruity #bdi ,,iii4 ,,is ,,?is ,,sy/ematic ,,philosophy8 #bfa ,,iv4 ,,conclusion #bfh ,! p>agraph head+s 9 ?is ,table ( ,cont5ts are n design$ to give m ?an a v imp]fect sugge/ion ( ! subjects discuss$4 ,i h put !m 9 = ! conv5i5ce ( ^? :o1 hav+ read ! book1 wi% to ref] back to "s p>ticul> passage4 ,! head+s d n appe> 9 ! text4 ,,"p ,i ,,introductory ,,lecture ,i ,i ,^? responsible = ! selection ( ,gif=d ,lectur]s h made x cle> t1 9 _! int]pretation ( ,"l ,gif=d's ,tru/1 /udies 9 a v wide range ( subjects are relevant to ! !me ( ,natural ,religion4 ,gif=d lectures h be5 devot$ to su* div]se !mes z ,comp>ative ,religion1 ,primitive ,my?ologies1 ,vitalism1 ,psy*ology ( ,religi\s ,exp]i5ces1 ! ,hi/ory ( ,religi\s ,developm5t at p>ticul> ,epo*s4 ,&1 9 addition to ^!1 we h _h exp\nd$ to u sy/ems ( ,metaphysics ( m ?an "o type1 & draw+ _! inspiration f m ?an "o s*ool4 ,:5 ,i 0 hon\r$ by an invitation to take a %>e 9 ! p]5nial debate :i* c5tres r\nd :at ,"l ,gif=d describ$ z ,natural ,religion1 ,i _h to consid] :at k9d ( contribution ,i 0 lea/ unfitt$ to make4 ,p]haps if ?is consid]ation _h prec$$ my reply to ! invitation1 in/ead ( foll[+ x1 ,i might h decl9$ ! p]il\s hon\r4 ,nei!r 9 my own op9ion nor 9 t ( anybody else1 am ,i qualifi$ to contribute a special /udy ( any ( ! sci5tific1 psy*ological1 an?ropological1 or hi/orical problems :i* may ?r[ light ^u ! c5tral issue4 ,?is mu/ ( necessity be ! "w ( speciali/s4 ,no metaphysical sy/em1 aga91 am ,i 9 a position to provide2--= reasons :i* w appe> 9 ! sequel4 ,a m]ely critical comm5t>y ^u ! sy/ems ( o!r p might h>dly meet ei!r ! expectations ( my audi5ce1 or ! wi%es ( ^? :o appo9t$ me to ! po/4 ,inde$1 ! enorm\s range ( mod]n philosophic lit]ature1 & ! div]g5t t5d5cies ( mod]n philosophic ?\ght w\ld make ! task1 9 any case1 "o ( extreme difficulty4 ,few1 inde$1 are ^? :o1 by ! wid? ( _! read+ & ! quickness ( _! intellectual sympa?y1 are qualifi$ to survey ! :ole field ( contempor>y speculation2 &1 assur$ly1 ,i am n among !m4 ,! va/ amplitude ( relevant mat]ial daily gr[+ ) ! gr[? ( k1 _c b hamp] ! s9c]e/ ef=ts ( ^? :o desire to take a compreh5sive view ( ! great problems :i* ,"l ,gif=d desir$ to solve4 ,mo/ m5 are amateurs 9 all dep>tm5ts ( activity b ! "o1 be x sci5tific or practical1 or arti/ic1 to :i* !y h devot$ _! lives4 ,bacon1 inde$1 ) ! magnific5t audacity ( y\?1 took all k = 8 prov9ce4 ,b he did s 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 n 9 ! tw5tie?2 & ev5 ,bacon did n escape ! *>ge ( be+ an amateur4 ,no "o1 :ile human faculty rema9s un*ang$1 is likely to imitate 8 ambitions4 ,m & m does ! division & subdivision ( lab\r become necess>y = k1 z = indu/ry4 ,m & m h m5 to *oose :e!r !y %all be dabbl]s 9 _m subjects or speciali/s 9 "o4 ,m & m does x become cle> t1 :ile ea* class has its *>act]i/ic defects1 bo? are requir$ 9 ! republic ( k4 ,s f> z speciali/s are conc]n$1 ?is la/ proposition is self-evid5t4 ,speciali/s are a necessity4 ,& x may well be t ^? :o h successfully press$ =w>d ! conqu]+ =ces ( discov]y along "s n>r[ front1 c>eless h[ ! /ruggle t[>ds enlight5m5t f>$ else:]e1 may be deem$ by ! hi/orian to h be5 n only ! happie/1 b ! mo/ useful ?9k]s ( _! g5]ation4 ,_! a*ievem5ts are def9ite4 ,_! contributions to k c be nam$ & catalogu$4 ,! memory ( !m w rema9 :5 contempor>y ef=ts to rea* "s g5]al po9t ( view w seem to po/]ity /rangely ill-direct$1 wor?less to all b ! antiqu>ian explor]s ( half-=gott5 speculation4 ,yet su* ef=ts c nev] be ab&on$1 nor c !y be conf9$ to philosoph]s4 ,!re are = all m5 mom5ts :5 ! ne$ = "s g5]al po9t ( view becomes insi/5t2 :5 nei!r lab\r1 nor c>e1 nor pleasure1 nor idl5ess1 nor habit w /op a man f ask+ h[ he is to reg>d ! univ]se ( reality1 h[ he is to ?9k ( x z a :ole1 h[ he is to ?9k ( 8 own relation to x4 ,n[ ,i h no wi% to ov]praise ^! mom5ts ( reflection4 ,!y are n among ! greate/4 ,!y d n ( necessity involve /r5u\s action1 or deep emotion1 or conc5trat$ ?\ght4 ,(t5 !y are p]iods ( relaxation r ?an ( t5sion1 moods t pass & leave no trace4 ,yet x is n always s2 & :5 ! pressure ( ^! anci5t problems becomes oppressive1 !n ^? :o1 f ta/e or necessity1 h liv$ only f h\r to h\r1 seek aid f ^? :o h _h leisure & incl9ation to give !m a m prolong$ consid]ation4 ,( ^! !re is no lack2 "s speak+ 9 ! "n ( sci5ce1 "s 9 ! "n ( religion1 "s 9 ! "n ( philosophy4 ,! f\nd] ( ^! lectures reg>d$ philosophy1 & 7if ,i mi/ake n7 philosophy 9 its mo/ metaphysical aspect1 z ! sure/ guide to ! tru?s ( :i* he 0 9 se>*4 ,& c]ta9ly ,i am ! la/ to criticise su* a view4 ,x is cle>ly ! bus9ess ( metaphysicians1 if !y h any bus9ess at all1 to provide u ) a univ]sal sy/em4 ,!y _c lose !mselves 9 concrete details1 z may happ5 to m5 ( sci5ce4 ,!y are nei!r aid$1 nor trammell$1 z all work+ organisations1 :e!r 9 ,*ur* or ,/ate1 are necess>ily aid$ & trammell$1 by in/itutional traditions & practical necessities4 ,!y exi/ to supply answ]s to ! v que/ions ( :i* ,i h be5 speak+4 ,yet metaphysics does n appeal1 & has nev] appeal$1 to ! _w at l>ge4 ,= "o man :o climbs to 8 *os5 po9t ( view by a metaphysical pa?way1 a ?\s& use "s o!r road2 & if we ask ourselves h[ _m p]sons !re are at ?is mom5t 9 exi/5ce ^: views ( ! univ]se h be5 consci\sly modifi$ by ! great metaphysical sy/ems 7except 9 s f> z ^! h be5 turn$ to acc\nt by !ologians71 we mu/ admit t ! numb] is insignificant4 ,n[1 ,i d n ?9k ?is is due to ! fact1 s (t5 comm5t$ ^u1 bo? by ! fri5ds ( metaphysics & its foes1 t 9 ?is bran* ( inquiry !re is little agreem5t among exp]ts2 t ! lab\rs ( c5turies h produc$ no accept$ body ( k2 t1 :ile ! sep>ate sci5ces progress1 metaphysics1 :i* %\ld ju/ify !m all1 seems alone to *ange )\t advanc+4 ,mank9d is n s easily disc\rag$4 ,new rem$ies are n less eag]ly adopt$ because old rem$ies h s (t5 fail$4 ,few p]sons are prev5t$ f ?9k+ !mselves "r by ! reflection t1 if !y be "r1 ! re/ ( ! _w is wrong4 ,& 7 metaphysical sy/ems :at m5 want$1 ! disagreem5ts among metaphysicians w\ld no m de/roy int]e/ 9 metaphysics ?an ! disagreem5ts among !ologians de/roys int]e/ 9 !ology4 ,! evil1 if evil x be1 lies deep]4 ,x is n s mu* t mank9d reject metaphysical sy/ems1 z t !y omit ! prelim9>y /age ( consid]+ !m4 ,philosophy is n[1 p]haps has always be51 an academic discipl9e :i* t\*es n our ord9>y life4 ,a g5]al k ( ! hi/oric s*ools ( ?\ght may inde$ be acquir$ by ! "y z "p ( _! education2 b x is commonly =gott5 by ! middle-ag$2 &1 :e!r =gott5 or rememb]$1 is r>ely treat$ z 9 any vital relation to ! beliefs & disbeliefs :i* repres5t _! work+ !ories ( life & dea?4 ,if y desire confirmation ( ?is /atem5t1 consid] h[ few m5 ( sci5ce h %[n ! smalle/ int]e/ 9 metaphysical speculation4 ,philosoph]s1 ) "o or two notori\s exceptions1 h commonly _h a fair amateur acqua9tance ) ! sci5ce ( _! day4 ,kant1 ?\gh ,i believe t 8 me*anics 7 n always beyond reproa*1 anticipat$ ,laplace 9 "o fam\s hypo!sis4 ,desc>tes & ,leibnitz w\ld be immortalis$ z ma!maticians if !y _h nev] t\*$ philosophy1 & z philosoph]s if !y _h nev] t\*$ ma!matics4 ,9 our own day ,huxley n only contribut$ to biology1 b wrote on philosophy4 ,yet1 speak+ g5]ally1 metaphysics has 9 mod]n times be5 treat$ by m5 ( sci5ce ) an indiff]5ce :i* is sometimes respectful1 m commonly contemptu\s1 almo/ always complete4 ,nor c we attribute ?is attitude ( m9d1 :e!r on ! "p ( sci5tific speciali/s or ! g5]al public1 to absorption 9 m]ely mat]ial int]e/s4 ,!re are "s obs]v]s :o w\ld h u believe t ! en]gies ( ,we/]n civilisation are n[#a entirely occupi$ 9 ! d\ble task ( creat+ weal? & disput+ ov] its di/ribution4 ,i _c ?9k s2 ,i d\bt :e!r !re has be5 = g5]ations a deep] int]e/ ?an at ?is mom5t 9 ?+s spiritual--h[ev] diff]5t be its manife/ations f ^? ) :i* we are famili> 9 hi/ory4 ,we mu/ look else:]e = an explanation ( our problem4 ,!re mu/ be o!r reasons :y1 to ! _w at l>ge1 ^? :o /udy metaphysics seem to sit 7z x 77 f> ap>t f _! fell[-m51 seek+ wisdom by me?ods h>d ( compreh5sion1 & g5tly qu>rell+ ) ea* o!r 9 an unkn[n tongue4 ,among ^! reasons mu/ no d\bt be reckon$ ! v te*nical "* ( mu* metaphysical exposition4 ,"s ( ?is c\ld be avoid$1 mu* ( x c\ld n2 &1 9 any case1 philosoph]s might well ask :y p %\ld expect metaphysics--to say no?+ ( logic & psy*ology--to be easi] ( compreh5sion ?an ! diff]5tial calculus or ! electro-magnetic !ory ( light4 ,pla9ly1 !re is no reason3 &1 9 s f> z ! ?\ghts to be express$ are difficult1 & ! language requir$ to express !m is unfamili>1 ! evil admits ( no rem$y4 ,b !re is some?+ m to be said4 ,x mu/1 ,i ?9k1 be admitt$ t mo/ m5 approa* ! difficulties ( a sci5tific exposition f> m hopefully ?an ! difficulties ( a metaphysical argum5t4 ,!y w take m tr\ble because !y expect m result4 ,b :y8 ,9 "p1 ,i ?9k1 because s mu* metaphysical debate is n1 or does n appe> to be1 address$ to ! problems ( :i* !y feel ! p9*4 ,on ! contr>y1 x confuses :at to !m seems pla92 x raises d\bts ab\t :at to !m seems obvi\s2 &1 ( ! d\bts :i* !y d ent]ta91 x provides no simple or conv9c+ solution4 ,! fact is1 ( c\rse1 t ! metaphysician wants to re-?9k ! univ]se2 ! pla9 man does n4 ,! metaphysician seeks = an inclusive sy/em :]e all reality c be rationally h\s$4 ,! pla9 man is less ambiti\s4 ,he is cont5t ) ! k9d ( k he possesses ab\t m5 & ?+s--s f> z x goes4 ,sci5ce has already told him mu*2 ea* day x tells him m4 ,&1 )9 ! cle>+ ?us made = him 9 ! tangl$ wild]ness ( ! unkn[n1 he feels at home4 ,"h he c manage 8 own affairs2 "h he ne$s no philosophy to help him4 ,if philosophy c speak to him ab\t que/ions on :i* sci5ce has little to say1 he w li/52 provid$ always t ! problems dealt ) are int]e/+1 & ! treatm5t ( !m easily und]/ood4 ,he w\ld l1 = example1 to he> ab\t ,god1 if !re be a ,god1 & 8 ,s\l1 if he has a ,s\l4 ,b he turns sil5tly away f discussions on ! ,"o & ! ,_m1 on ,subject & ,object1 on degrees ( ,reality1 on ! possibility ( ,error1 on ,space & ,"t1 on ,reason & ,intuition1 on ! nature ( ,exp]i5ce1 on ! logical *>act]i/ics ( ! ,absolute4 ,^! may be v prop] topics = metaphysicians1 b cle>ly !y are no topics = him4 ,n[ ,i am f> f say+ t 9 ^! op9ions ! pla9 man is "r4 ,8 speculative ambitions are small1 & 8 tacit assumptions are _m4 ,:at is famili> seems to him easy2 :at is unfamili> seems to him useless4 ,& he is provok+ly unaw>e ( ! difficulties ) :i* 8 common-s5se doctr9es are beset4 ,yet 9 spite ( all ?is1 he has my sympa?y2 & ,i propose1 ) due qualifications & explanations1 to approa* ! great subject1 describ$ by ! ,tru/ z ,natural ,religion1 f 8--! pla9 man's--po9t ( view4 ,,ii ,b :at is ! pla9 man's po9t ( view8 ,:at is ! cre$ ( common s5se8 ,x has nev] be5 summ$ up 9 articles1 nor f5c$ r\nd ) def9itions4 ,b 9 our ord9>y mom5ts we all hold x2 & !re %\ld be no insup]able difficulty 9 com+ to an agreem5t ab\t c]ta9 ( its *>act]i/ics :i* are relevant to ! purposes ( my imm$iate argum5t4 ,"o su* *>act]i/ic is t its mo/ important =mulas repres5t beliefs :i*1 :e!r true or false1 :e!r prov$ or unprov$1 are at lea/ inevitable4 ,all m5 accept !m 9 fact4 ,ev5 ^? :o criticise !m 9 !ory live by !m 9 practice4 ,n[ ?is category ( 8inevitabl5ess0 is n (t5 met ) 9 metaphysics2 inde$1 s f> z ,i "k1 x is n met ) at all4 ,we he> ( innate beliefs1 a priori judgm5ts1 axioms1 laws ( ?\ght1 tru?s ( reason1 tru?s ! opposite ( :i* is 8inconceivable0--& s =?4 ,^! v>i\s descriptions are all devis$ 9 ! int]e/s ( epi/emology1 i4e4 ! !ory ( k4 ,!y are int5d$ to m>k (f classes ( judgm5ts or beliefs :i* possess peculi> validity4 ,b none ( ^! classes are id5tical ) ! class 8inevitable40 ,!re are inevitable beliefs :i* nobody w\ld ?9k ( describ+ ei!r z a priori or axiomatic4 ,!re are o!rs ( :i* ! contradictory is p]fectly conceivable2 ?\gh no "o :o _h o!r ?+s to d w\ld take ! tr\ble to conceive x4 ,an inevitable belief ne$ n be self-evid5t1 nor ev51 9 ! la/ analysis1 self-consi/5t4 ,x is en\gh t ^? :o deem x 9 ne$ ( pro( yet _c prove x1 & ^? :o ?9k x lacks coh]5ce yet _c h>monise x1 believe x all ! same4 ,b1 are !re su* inevitable beliefs8 ,!re c]ta9ly are4 ,we _c1 9 ob$i5ce to any dialectical pressure1 suppose ! _w to be empti$ ( p]sons :o ?9k1 :o feel1 :o w2 or ( ?+s :i* are mat]ial1 indep5d5t1 ext5d$1 & endur+4 ,we _c d\bt t su* entities exi/1 nor t !y act on "o ano!r1 nor t !y are 9 space or "t4 ,nei!r c we d\bt t1 9 ! _w ?us pictur$1 !re reigns an am\nt ( /ability & repetition1 :i* sugge/s anticipations & retrospects--& sometimes ju/ifies !m4 ,^! beliefs are beliefs ab\t :at are sometimes call$ 8facts0 & sometimes 8ph5om5a0--nei!r t]m be+ ei!r v conv5i5t or v accurate4 ,!y are assum$ 9 all sci5ces ( nature1 9 all hi/ories ( ! pa/1 9 all =eca/s ( ! future1 9 all practice1 9 all !ory1 outside philosophy itself4 ,b !re are two o!r k9ds ( beliefs :i* mu/1 ,i ?9k1 be also reg>d$ z inevitable1 ( :i* ,i %all h to speak 9 ! c\rse ( ^! lectures4 ,!y h un=tunately no g5]ic names1 & ,i mu/ def] any description ( !m till future lectures4 ,x is suffici5t = ! mom5t to say t "o ( !m relates to ! ends ( action1 & includes morals2 :ile ! o!r relates to objects ( contemplative int]e/1 among :i* is beauty4 ,9 "s %ape or o!r--p]haps 9 %apes :i* seem to u utt]ly immoral or disgu/+--beliefs ( bo? k9ds are1 s f> z ,i c judge1 ent]ta9$ by all m54 ,& ?\gh !y h n ! co]cive =ce possess$ by su* beliefs z ^? 9 ! indep5d5t exi/5ce ( ?+s & p]sons1 !y may be c\nt$1 = my purposes1 among ! inevitable4 ,"h1 !n1 are ?ree classes ( belief :i* 9 "s %ape or o!r common s5se holds1 has always held1 & _c help hold+4 ,b evid5tly ! %apes 9 :i* !y may be held are _m4 ,!y v>y f age to age & f p]son to p]son4 ,!y are modifi$ by education1 by temp]am5t1 by ! g5]al condition ( le>n+1 by individual opportunities1 & by social pressure4 ,! common s5se ( ! tw5tie? c5tury ,a4,d4 is v diff]5t f ! common s5se ( ! tw5tie? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,yet1 diff]5t ?\gh x be1 x possesses unalt]able simil>ities1 & up to a c]ta9 po9t submits to ! same classification4 ,if y desire an illu/ration1 consid] ! case ( matt]1 or ( mat]ial ?+s4 ,all m5 believe 9 :at is commonly call$ ! 8ext]nal _w0--!y believe 9 x ) evid5ce1 or )\t evid5ce1 sometimes 7l ,david ,hume7 9 ! tee? ( evid5ce1 9 any case indep5d5tly ( evid5ce4 ,b z to :at ?is 8ext]nal _w0 really is !y diff] pr(\ndly4 ,! exp]t ( to-day diff]s f ! exp]t ( ye/]day1 bo? diff] f ! av]age man1 ! av]age man ( ! tw5tie? c5tury diff]s f 8 pr$ecessors1 & !y diff] f ea* o!r accord+ to ! /age ( g5]al & sci5tific culture at :i* !y h sev]ally arriv$4 ,,iii ,b1 ?\gh all ?is be grant$1 to :at1 y may be dispos$ to ask1 does x lead8 ,:at has x got to d ) ,!ism8 ,x is n alleg$ t 9 any %ape ^! inevitable beliefs are necess>ily true2 x is admitt$ t 9 mo/ ( ! %apes 9 :i* m5 h held !m !y are actually false2 x is n ev5 sugge/$ t a belief 9 ,god is to be c\nt$ among !m4 ,h[1 !n1 is ,natural ,!ology advanc$8 ,to answ] ?is "q w\ld be to anticipate ! n9e lectures :i* are /ill to come4 ,9 ! mean:ile1 x may be en\gh to say t ^! beliefs ( common s5se supply ! mat]ial on :i* ,i propose to "w2 t ,i %all treat !m z a develop+ & improv+ sy/em1 ( :i* ! pres5t phase is ! mo/ develop$ & ! be/4 ,x is ) ?is phase t ,i am *iefly conc]n$4 ,if1 = example1 ,i make use ( beliefs ab\t ! 8ext]nal _w0 !y w be 7ma9ly7 ! beliefs ( contempor>y or rec5t sci5ce s f> z ,i "k !m4 ,if ,i make use ( e?ics or /hetics1 x w be ! e?ics & /hetics ( ,we/]n civilisation1 n ( ,melanesia4 ,i %all n add to !m nor subtract f !m4 ,i %all n criticise nor "q !m4 ,i %all accept !m at _! face values4 ,b ,i %all ask :at ?is acceptance implies4 ,i %all ask h[ ^! values are to be ma9ta9$4 ,& 9 p>ticul> ,i %all inquire :e!r ! c\rse ( developm5t1 ^: la/ kn[n /ages ^! beliefs repres5t1 c be reg>d$ z a m]ely naturali/ic process )\t do+ fatal damage to _! cr$it4 ,! answ] ,i %all give to ?is la/ "q w be 9 ! negative4 ,&1 if ! only alt]native to ,naturalism be ,!ism1 z f ! common-s5se /&po9t x c]ta9ly is1 !n ! effect ( my argum5t1 = ^? :o accept x1 w be to l9k up a belief 9 ,god ) all t is1 or seems1 mo/ assur$ 9 k1 all t is1 or seems1 mo/ beautiful 9 art or nature1 & all t is1 or seems1 mo/ noble 9 morality4 ,at ?is po9t y w inevitably ask me to expla9 :at sort ( ,deity ,he is ^: exi/5ce ,i wi% to e/abli%4 ,m5 h ?\ght ( ,god 9 _m ways4 ,9 :at way is ,he ?\ght ( 9 ^! lectures8 ,! "q is legitimate1 ?\gh ,i am 9 "s d\bt h[ f> y w reg>d my answ] z satisfactory4 ,i1 ( c\rse1 admit t ! conception ( ,god has tak5 _m %apes 9 ! long-drawn c\rse ( human developm5t1 "s ( !m degrad$1 all ( !m inadequate4 ,b ?is1 or some?+ l ?is1 0 inevitable on any !ory ( developm5t2 & ! subject-matt] ( !ology does n seem to h f>$ diff]5tly 9 ?is respect f ! subject-matt] 7say7 ( physics or psy*ology4 ,x is 9 all cases ! lat] /ages ( ! process :i* ma9ly conc]n u4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 some?+ m to be said4 ,! highe/ conceptions ( ,god seem to approximate to "o ( two types1 :i*1 )\t prejudice1 & m]ely = conv5i5ce1 ,i may respectively call ! religi\s & ! metaphysical4 ,! metaphysical conception emphasises ,8 all-inclusive unity4 ,! religi\s type emphasises ,8 e?ical p]sonality4 ,! metaphysical type t5ds to reg>d ,him z ! logical glue :i* holds multiplicity toge!r & makes x intelligible4 ,! religi\s type will+ly turns away f su* speculations ab\t ! ,absolute1 to love & wor%ip a ,_s among spirits4 ,:i* ( ^! types is contemplat$ 9 ! argum5t t foll[s8 ,to ?is "q ,i w\ld reply by ano!r4 ,are ! two conceptions incompatible8 ,mu/ we ab&on ! second if we accept ! fir/8 ,if s1 x is ! second ( :i* ,i propose to speak4 ,x is ! ,god accord+ to religion1 & n ! ,god accord+ to metaphysics1 ^: be+ ,i wi% to prove4 ,b !re are !ologians & philosoph]s ( repute :o ?9k ! two conceptions c be h>monis$4 ,!y hold t belief 9 a p]sonal & transc5d5t ,god is consi/5t ) ! acceptance ev5 ( ^? =ms ( ,absolute ,idealism :i* _! fri5ds call logical & _! critics call intellectual--9 bo? cases1 p]haps1 )\t suffici5t ju/ification4 ,= myself1 ,i mu/ admit t ,i h nev] succe$$ to my own satisfaction 9 fus+ ! two conceptions4 ,yet ,i d n pr(ess to be cont5t ) _! sep>ation4 ,! attribution ( p]sonality to ,god1 ?\gh mu* tru]1 ,i ?9k1 ?an ! d5ial ( x1 is manife/ly inadequate to ! full reality we are /ruggl+ to express4 ,"s ( ! greate/ religi\s tea*]s1 ,*ri/ian & non-,*ri/ian1 t ! _w has se5 h m or less explicitly held bo?1 or at lea/ h lean$ t[>ds nei!r exclusively4 ,?is is surely true1 = example1 ( ,plato ! ,greek philosoph]1 ( ,philo ! platonis+ ,jew1 ( ,/4 ,paul ! ,*ri/ian ,apo/le1 ( ,/4 ,augu/9e ! patri/ic !ologian4 ,nor 7s f> z ,i "k71 has religi\s my/icism ev] felt ! lea/ difficulty 9 bridg+ ! *asm by :i*1 9 ! eyes ( discursive reason1 ! two conceptions seem to be divid$4 ,?is may well repres5t ! highe/ wisdom4 ,b1 ! argum5t ( ^! lectures has a n>r[] scope3 & :51 9 ! c\rse ( !m1 ,i speak ( ,god1 ,i mean some?+ o!r ?an an ,id5tity :]e9 all diff]5ces vani%1 or a ,unity :i* includes b does n transc5d ! diff]5ces :i* x someh[ holds 9 solution4 ,i mean a ,god :om m5 c love1 a ,god to :om m5 c pray1 :o takes sides1 :o has purposes & pref]5ces1 ^: attributes1 h[soev] conceiv$1 leave unimpair$ ! possibility ( a p]sonal relation betwe5 ,himself & ^? :om ,he has creat$4 ,b is n ?is 7x may be object$7 ! degradation ( religion8 ,:at is a deity s conceiv$ b ! old tribal god1 ) 8 "* improv$ & 8 local limitations swept away8 ,if ,god be n ! ,absolute1 c he be m ?an a magnifi$ man8 ,c y hope to cleanse ^! religi\s conceptions f ! mud 9 :i* !y once s rankly fl\ri%$8 ,n[ !re are pl5ty ( unsolv$1 & p]haps insoluble1 difficulties involv$ 9 ! religi\s1 or inde$ 9 any o!r1 conception ( ,god4 ,b ,i h>dly c\nt among !m ! l[ly orig9 & crime-/a9$ hi/ory ( religi\s developm5t4 ,on ?is po9t y w be able to =m a bett] op9ion z ^! lectures proce$4 ,b1 9 ! mean:ile1 x may be obs]v$ t ?\gh no tragic accompanim5ts atta* to ! gr[? ( a purely ,absoluti/ philosophy1 ?is by no means implies t metaphysics is bett] ?an religion4 ,x is true t1 = ! sake ( a purely logical ,absolute1 no man has be5 mov$ to d :at a lat] & high] morality condemns--to placate x1 = example1 ) bloody rites or obsc5e revels4 ,b ?is is because1 = ! sake ( su* an ,absolute1 no man has ev] yet be5 mov$ to d any?+ at all4 ,a belief 9 x may be ! conclusion ( our intellectual lab\rs2 b h>dly 7z x seems to me7 _! motive or _! rew>d4 ,,iv ,let me n[ br+ ?is introductory lecture to a close by add+ to :at1 s f>1 mu/ seem a b>e & obscure sugge/ion ( :at my argum5t is1 a w>n+ h9t z to :at1 at fir/ sight1 x might seem to be1 b is n4 ,x is n an argum5t f common s5se1 z t phrase ought prop]ly to be int]pret$4 ,x does n say to ! oppon5ts ( ,!ism3 8,y accept curr5t beliefs 9 sci5ce1 9 morality1 9 e?ics4 ,9 "s %ape or o!r common s5se has always accept$ !m1 9 "s %ape or o!r y _c help accept+ !m4 ,y d1 9 fact1 probably accept !m 9 ! %ape :i* f9ds fav\r ) ! #8be/ ?\ght ( ! age' or :at y conceive to be su*4 ,?is is common s5se4 ,:y n d 9 ! sph]e ( religion :at y are admitt$ly do+ 9 ^! o!r sph]es ( !ory & practice8 ,w\ld n ?is be common s5se also8 ,true1 !re is "o important diff]5ce betwe5 ! two cases4 ,!ological beliefs are n inevitable--at lea/ n at our pres5t /age ( culture4 ,x is possible to be an a!i/2 & easy to be an agno/ic4 ,b inevitabl5ess1 9 itself1 is no gr\nd ( philosophic c]titude4 ,s ?is po9t may be ignor$2 & 9 all o!r respects ! p>allel seems to be complete4 ,"s =m ( ,!ism has be5 preval5t f an immemorial pa/4 ,x has /rongly appeal$ to ! ne$s & feel+s ( mank9d4 ,y d n pause be=e accept+ beliefs ab\t ?+s & p]sons till philosophy has solv$ all ! speculative d\bts ab\t !m :i* philosophy itself has rais$4 ,:y1 !n1 %\ld y apply a /&>d ( rationality to religion :i*1 ) g5]al approval1 y reject 9 ! case ( sci5ce80 ,n[ ,i d n sugge/ t ?is is bad advice4 ,q ! contr>y4 ,nei!r is x necess>ily bad argum5t4 ,b x is n ! argum5t ( ^! lectures4 ,:atev] be its intr9sic m]its1 x has1 f my po9t ( view1 ! defect ( imply+ a !ory ( k--a v mode/ & unassum+ !ory inde$2 b /ill a !ory4 ,& x !re=e comes into competition ) all o!r !ories ( k--,absoluti/1 ,empirical1 ,pragmatic1 ,neo-,kantian1 ,neo-,hegelian1 ,reali/1 ,new ,reali/1 to say no?+ ( ,pr(essor ,ma*'s philosophy ( sci5ce1 or ,m4 ,b]gson's _w-fam\s speculations4 ,n[ ,i prea* no !ory ( k2 p>tly because ,i h none to prea*1 p>tly because1 9 ^! lectures1 ,i desire to dogmatise z little z ,i c ab\t fundam5tals1 & to be con/ructive r ?an critical4 ,if y ask me h[ x is possible to be con/ructive )\t fir/ settl+ fundam5tals1 & h[ x is possible to settle fundam5tals )\t fir/ be+ critical1 ,i reply t x is only possible if y />t f premises :i* are practically accept$ by bo? p>ties to ! controv]sy1 h[ev] little agreem5t !re may be z to _! speculative pro(2 & ?is is :at ,i am try+ to d4 ,nor ought ?is proc$ure to be deem$ unwor?y ( ! att5tion ( s]i\s ?9k]s4 ,x is provisional1 no d\bt2 b ,i d n ?9k x %all[4 ,x c nev] give u a metaphysic ( ! univ]se2 b ! creators ( su* a metaphysic1 :5 !y come1 w n f9d x /& 9 _! way4 ,moreov]1 x takes acc\nt ( facts z !y are4 ,a cre$ ( "s k9d1 religi\s or irreligi\s1 is a vital necessity = all1 n a speculative luxury = ! few3 & ! practical cre$ ( ! few :o speculate has a s+ul>1 & ev5 suspici\s1 resemblance to t ( ! _m :o d n4 ,:ile ^? r>e individuals :o h ?\ght deeply ab\t ! !ory ( k are pr(\ndly divid$ z to :y we %\ld believe1 !y l>gely agree z to :at we %\ld believe ) t va/ multitude :o1 on ! !ory ( k1 h nev] ?\ght at all4 ,is n ?is a circum/ance 9 itself mo/ wor?y ( clos] consid]ation8 ,may x n guide u to "s approximate solution ( our pres5t p]plexities8 ,! pres5t lectures are an attempt to answ] ?is "q4 ,is my argum5t1 !n1 no?+ bett] ?an an appeal f ! compet5t to ! incompet5t1 f ! few to ! _m8 ,by no means4 ,progress1 ?\gh ( small acc\nt unless x t\* ! _m1 gets its vital impetus always f ! few4 ,x is to ! pati5t lab\rs ( ^? r>e intellig5ces :o possess orig9ality1 c\rage1 subtlety1 & sympa?y t we mu/ look = ! gradual work+ out ( a !ory ( ! univ]se :i* %all z fully satisfy our reason & our consci5ce z ! limitations ( our faculties p]mit4 ,b t consummation is n yet4 ,& s9ce1 :e!r we be philosoph]s or n1 we all act on a work+ body ( root-beliefs ab\t m5 & ?+s3 s9ce we are also 9 g5]al agreem5t z to ! =m 9 :i* ^? beliefs c be/ express ! pres5t /ate ( k1 is x n legitimate to ask :e!r1 on ! basis ?us provid$1 a /ill l>g] measure ( practical h>mony _c 9 ! meantime be reasonably e/abli%$8 ,x is true t ,!ism c\ld nev] by su* me?ods acquire a c]titude ei!r great] ?an1 or indep5d5t (1 ! beliefs ( sci5ce & common s5se4 ,b1 c\ld x acquire z mu*1 !ologians might well be cont5t1 ?\gh philosoph]s mo/ rightly /rove = m4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,writt5 be=e ! w>4 ,,lecture ,,ii ,i ,! argum5t1 !n1 :i* ,i propose to lay be=e y1 ?\gh its mat]ial is provid$ by our common-s5se beliefs1 is n an argum5t f common s5se4 ,x does n ext5d to !ology ^? uncritical me?ods :i* we accept 7mo/ ( u )\t prote/7 9 ! sph]e ( our e-day activities4 ,is x1 !n1 y may be tempt$ to ask1 "s =m ( ! yet m famili> argum5t f design8 ,is x m ?an ,paley & ! ,bridgwat] treatises br\ght up to date8 ,&1 if s1 has n ! vanity ( all su* endeav\rs be5 demon/rat$ 9 advance3 f ! side ( sceptical philosophy by ,hume2 f ! side ( ideali/ philosophy by ,kant & 8 successors2 f ! side ( empirical philosophy by ! n9ete5?-c5tury agno/ics2 f ! side ( sci5ce by ! !ory ( ,natural ,selection8 ,d n ! v cat*-words ( ! argum5t--8contrivance10 8design10 8adaptation10 ex]cis$ by ! 8,ar*itect ( ! ,univ]se0 fill u ) a c]ta9 we>9ess8 ,d !y n repres5t ! v dregs ( /ale apologetics2 ! outworn residue ( half-=gott5 controv]sies8 ,= my own "p1 ,i d n ?9k ! argum5t f contrivance bad1 b ,i d ?9k x v limit$3 limit$ 9 respect ( its premises2 limit$ also 9 respect ( its conclusions4 ,x may1 p]haps1 be wor? dwell+ on "s ( ^! limitations1 if only to make my own position cle>] by contra/4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x mu/ be not$ t1 f a consid]ation ( inanimate nature alone x is difficult1 p]haps impossible1 to inf] design4 ,! m]e exi/5ce ( natural laws is n1 z x seems to me1 a suffici5t basis = ! argum5t2 we require also t ^! laws %\ld comb9e to subs]ve an end4 ,7 ! univ]se1 = example1 l a huge imp]vi\s res]voir ( "s simple gas1 :]e no?+ re/$ b no?+ *ang$1 :]e amid all ! hurry & bu/le ( collid+ atoms no new ?+ 0 ev] born1 nor any old ?+ ev] p]i%$1 we might f9d 9 x admirable illu/rations ( natural law1 b no h9ts1 s f> z ,i c see1 ( purpose or design4 ,nor is ! case really m5d$ if1 in/ead ( ?us artificially simplify+ inanimate nature1 we consid] x 9 all its concrete complexity4 ,ev5 cosmic evolution ( ! ,sp5c]ian type w sc>cely help u4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 z we "k1 reg>d$ ! _w-/ory z a cont9u\s progress f ! simple to ! complex1 9 :i* ! em]g5ce ( ! liv+ out ( ! n-liv+ is treat$ z a h>moni\s episode 9 "o va/ evolution>y drama4 ,! plot op5s 9 ! fir/ *apt] ) diffus$ nebul2 x culm9ates 9 ! la/ ) ! social organisation ( man4 ,un=tunately its c5tral episode1 ! transition f ! n-liv+ to ! liv+1 0 nev] expla9$ by ! au?or ( ! 8,syn!tic ,philosophy02 & ! lam5table gap mu/ be fill$ 9 by ea* disciple accord+ to 8 p]sonal pr$ilections4 ,= ! mom5t1 h[ev]1 we are conc]n$ only ) "o "p ( ! /ory1 t :i* deals ) ! evolution ( inanimate nature4 ,c ?is be reg>d$ z display+ design8 ,i h>dly ?9k s4 ,grant+1 = ! sake ( argum5t1 ! validity ( ! ,sp5c]ian physics1 grant+ t ! mat]ial ,univ]se exhibits ?is g5]al tr5d f ! simple to ! complex1 f a loose diffusion ( nebul\s matt] to ! balanc$ movem5ts ( suns & satellites1 does ?is ( itself give any h9t ( purpose8 ,only1 ,i believe1 if we conf\nd evolution ) elaboration & elaboration ) improvem5t1 & read into x "s sugge/ion ( progress borr[$ f biology or e?ics1 sociology or religion4 ,b we h n ! slighte/ "r to d ?is4 ,ap>t f life & ?\ght1 !re is no reason to reg>d "o =m ( mat]ial di/ribution z 9 any respect sup]ior to ano!r4 ,a sol> sy/em may be m int]e/+ ?an its p>5t nebula2 x may be m beautiful4 ,b if !re be none to unravel its intricacies or admire its spl5d\rs1 9 :at respect is x bett]8 ,its con/itu5t atoms are m def9itely gr\p$1 ! gr\ps move 9 assignable orbits2 b :y %\ld ! process by :i* ^! results h be5 a*iev$ be reg>d$ z o!r ?an "o ( purposeless *ange sup]-induc$ ^u mean+less uni=mity8 ,:y %\ld ?is type ( 8evolution0 h ab\t x any sugge/ion ( progress8 ,&1 if x has n1 h[ c x indicate design8 ,sp5c] himself 01 ( c\rse1 no advocate ( 8design0 aft] ! mann] ( ,paley2 & ,i only m5tion 8 cosmic speculations because _! unav[$ optimism--! optimism t is always apt to lurk 9 ! ^w 8evolution0--makes ( !m mat]ial peculi>ly suitable = ^? :o seek = m>ks ( design 9 lifeless nature4 ,b let u add two t\*es to ,sp5c]'s picture1 & see h[ ! argum5t !n /&s4 ,i h already comm5t$ on ! great omission :i* m>s ! cont9uity ( 8 _w-/ory--! omission1 ,i mean1 ( any acc\nt ( ! transition f ! n-liv+ to ! liv+4 ,i %all h aga9 to ref] to x4 ,b !re are1 besides ?is1 two o!r omissions1 "o at ! beg9n+ ( 8 n>rative1 & ! o!r at ! end1 ^: significance 9 relation to 8design0 %\ld receive a pass+ comm5t4 ,z ,i und]/& ! matt]1 an intellig5ce suffici5tly end[$--let u call him ,laplace's calculator--might inf] ! pa/ /ate ( ! mat]ial univ]se f ! pres5t by a process ( rigor\s d$uction1 on accept$ physical pr9ciples4 ,b1 if he c>ri$ back 8 inve/igations into a p]iod suffici5tly remote1 he w\ld f9d a po9t at :i* c]ta9 fundam5tal processes rea* a !oretical limit2 &1 ?\gh we mu/ believe t ?is condition ( ?+s _h antec$5ts1 yet inf9ite p[]s ( calculation1 bas$ ^u inf9ite k ( ! pres5t1 c\ld n1 x seems1 tell u :at !y 74 ,s mu* = ! pa/4 ,n[ = ! future4 ,"h our calculator w\ld be m successful4 ,8 prophecy1 unlike 8 hi/ory1 w\ld n break helplessly aga9/ any impassable b>ri]4 ,he c\ld range at w ov] ! illimitable future4 ,b ! prospect1 ?\gh unb\nd$1 w\ld n be exhil>at+4 ,no fa9te/ t+e ( optimism w\ld col\r 8 anticipations4 ,ev]y?+ t happ5$1 good or bad1 w\ld subtract some?+ f ! less5+ /ore ( useful en]gy1 till a "t arriv$ :5 no?+ c\ld happ5 any m1 & ! univ]se1 froz5 into et]nal repose1 w\ld = ev] be z if x 7 n4 ,d our ideas ( mat]ial evolution1 ?us correct$ & supplem5t$1 l5d !mselves easily to ! argum5t f design8 ,i h>dly ?9k s4 ,x is true t 9 retrospect we c ideally rea* a limit :i* no calculations1 bas$ ^u physical laws1 w p]mit u to ov]pass1 & t :]e 7:at 9 old-fa%ion$ language 7 call$7 8second>y causes0 fail u1 a ,fir/ ,cause may plausibly be invok$2 b1 if we gaze =w>d in/ead ( backw>d1 ! physical c\rse ( nature does n m]ely fail to indicate design1 x seems l\dly to proclaim its abs5ce4 ,a _w :]e all en]gy suff]s inevitable degradation1 consid]$ by itself1 appe>s a!i/ic on ! face ( x3 nor c ev5 life consci\sness or ?\ght r$eem x1 if !y1 too1 are doom$ to p]i% :5 fur!r trans=mations ( en]gy become impossible4 ,x is n1 !re=e1 on any g5]al survey ( mat]ial nature t1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( our k1 we c base ! argum5t f 8design40 ,nor is ?is ! f\ndation on :i* ^? :o use ! argum5t h *iefly built4 ,!y h always s\ght = pro(s ( contrivance r among ! liv+ ?an among ! dead4 ,9 ! intricate adju/m5t ( diff]5t p>ts ( an organism to ! int]e/s ( ! :ole2 9 ! adaptation ( t :ole to its environm5t1 !y f\nd ! evid5ce !y requir$4 ,arrangem5ts :i* s irresi/ibly sugge/$ purpose c\ld n 7!y ?\ght7 be reasonably attribut$ to *ance4 ,?is argum5t possess$ imm5se =ce 9 :at 01 comp>atively speak+1 ! infancy ( biology4 ,has t =ce be5 less5$ by ! gr[? ( k8 ,yes & ,no4 ,if we consid] organic adaptations & adju/m5ts 9 !mselves1 sci5tific discov]y has increas$ a ?\s&-fold our s5se ( _! exquisite nicety & _! amaz+ complexity4 ,i take x z c]ta9 t1 _h no su* !ory z ,natural ,selection be5 devis$1 no?+ w\ld h p]suad$ mank9d t ! organic _w came into be+ unguid$ by intellig5ce4 ,*ance1 :atev] *ance may mean1 w\ld nev] h be5 accept$ z a solution4 ,agno/icism w\ld h be5 sc\t$ z /upidity4 ,all ?is has be5 *ang$1 z e "o kn[s1 by ,d>w94 ,b :at exactly 0 x t1 9 ?is connection1 ,d>w9 did8 ,he is ju/ly reg>d$ z ! greate/ among ! f\nd]s ( ! doctr9e ( organic evolution2 b !re is no?+ 9 ! m]e idea ( organic evolution :i* is incongru\s ) design4 ,on ! contr>y1 x almo/ sugge/s guidance1 x has all ! appe>ance ( a plan4 ,:y1 !n1 has ,natural ,selection be5 suppos$ to %ake teleology to its f\ndation8 ,! reason1 ( c\rse1 is t ?\gh ! fact ( ,selection does n make x h>d] to believe 9 design1 x makes x easi] to believe 9 accid5t2 &1 z design & accid5t are ! two mutually exclusive alt]natives betwe5 :i* ! argum5t f design requires u to *oose1 ?is comes to ! same ?+4 ,be=e ,d>w9's great discov]y ^? :o d5i$ ! exi/5ce ( a ,contriv] 7 h>d put to x to expla9 ! appe>ance ( contrivance4 ,d>w91 )9 c]ta9 limits & on c]ta9 suppositions1 provid$ an explanation4 ,he %[$ h[ ! mo/ complicat$ & purposeful organs1 if only !y 7 useful to ! species1 might gradually arise out ( r&om v>iations1 cont9u\sly we$$ by an un?9k+ process ( elim9ation4 ,assume ! exi/5ce ( liv+ organisms1 h[ev] simple1 let !m multiply en\gh & v>y en\gh1 let _! v>iations be h]itable1 !n1 if suffici5t "t be grant$1 all ! re/ w foll[4 ,9 ^! conditions1 & out ( ?is mat]ial1 bl9d causation w adapt means to ends ) a weal? ( +5uity :i* we n only _c equal1 b :i* we are b>ely beg9n+ to compreh5d4#b ,! !ory ( selection ?us de/roys mu* ( ! f\ndation on :i*1 a hundr$ ye>s ago1 ! argum5t f design 0 bas$4 ,:at does x leave unt\*$8 ,x leaves unt\*$ all t c be inf]r$ f ! exi/5ce ( ! conditions :i* make organic evolution possible3 matt] :i* lives1 multiplies1 & v>ies2 an environm5t :i* possesses ! m>vell\sly complex con/itution requir$ to make ^! processes possible4 ,selection may modify ^! conditions1 b x _c />t !m4 ,x may modify ! mann] 9 :i* multiplication is secur$2 x may modify ! l9es :i* v>iations foll[2 x may enable organic species to adapt _! p[]s to _! environm5t1 & 7)9 n>r[ limits7 _! environm5t to _! p[]s4 ,b x _c produce ei!r ! orig9al environm5t or ! orig9al liv+ matt]4 ,^! mu/ be due ei!r to luck or to contrivance2 &1 if !y be due to luck1 ! luck 7we mu/ own7 is great4 ,h[ great we _c say4 ,we _c measure ! improbability ( a =tuit\s arrangem5t ( molecules produc+ n m]ely liv+ matt]1 b liv+ matt] ( ! "r k9d1 liv+ matt] on :i* selection c act4 ,"h1 inde$1 ,laplace's calculator might conceivably help u4 ,b suppose him to h done s1 suppose him to h measur$ ! odds aga9/ ! accid5tal em]g5ce ( ! desir$ br& ( protoplasm1 h[ are we to comp>e ?is probability ) its assum$ alt]native--intellig5t design8 ,"h1 ,i ?9k1 ev5 ,laplace's calculator w\ld fail u2 = he is only at home 9 a mat]ial _w gov]n$ by me*anical & physical laws4 ,he has no pr9ciples :i* w\ld enable him to make exhau/ive inf]5ces ab\t a _w 9 :i* o!r elem5ts are includ$3 & su* a _w is ours4 ,= a ,greek philosoph] to ass]t t ! _w is mat]ial 0 legitimate en\gh4 ,he 0 9 se>* ( a univ]sal pr9ciple2 & if he f\nd x 9 matt] we ne$ nei!r wond] nor criticise4 ,aft] all1 matt] lies r\nd u on e side2 we are imm]s$ 9 x2 we are l>gely dep5d5t on x4 ,x may well seem b a small /ep fur!r1 & a v natural "o1 to treat x z ! ess5ce ( all t is4 ,b1 z x seems to me1 we n[ "k too mu* ab\t matt] to be mat]iali/s4 ,! philosophical difficulties 9 ! way ( accept+ a mat]iali/ic _w-sy/em are notori\s--at lea/ to philosoph]s4 ,b ,i am n speak+ ( !m4 ,i am ?9k+ ( ! sci5tific difficulties1 ^? t _c b sugge/ !mselves :5 we consid] ! brea* ( cont9uity involv$ 9 ! appe>ance ( life1 & /ill m obvi\sly ( feel+1 at p>ticul> po9ts 9 ! long procession ( mat]ial causes & effects4 ,! v ess5ce ( ! physical ord] ( ?+s is t x creates no?+ new4 ,*ange is nev] m ?an a r$i/ribution ( t :i* nev] *anges4 ,b s5sibility belongs to ! _w ( consci\sness1 n to ! _w ( matt]4 ,x is a new creation1 ( :i* physical equations c give no acc\nt2 nay1 r1 :i* falsifies su* equations2 :i* requires u to say t1 be=e a c]ta9 date 9 ! hi/ory ( ! univ]se1 en]gy 9 "o %ape 0 conv]t$ into precisely ! same am\nt ( en]gy 9 ano!r %ape1 & into no?+ m2 t matt] 9 "o position 0 transf]r$ to ano!r position )\t increase or dim9ution3 b t1 aft] ?is date1 ! trans=mations ( en]gy & ! movem5ts ( matt] 7 sometimes accompani$ by psy*ical 8epiph5om5a0 :i* diff] f !m 9 k9d1 :i* are incomm5surable ) !m 9 am\nt1 & :i* no equations c repres5t4 ,babbage1 9 ord] to %[ h[ occasional 8miracles0 might 8naturally0 break ! cont9uity ( ! longe/ sequ5ces1 devis$ a ma*9e :i* produc$ numb]s accord+ to a p>ticul> law = an indef9ite p]iod1 !n broke ?is uni=mity by a s+le exception1 &1 !reaft]1 rev]t$ = ev] to its orig9al pr9ciple ( action4 ,b ,babbage's results1 h[ev] />tl+1 dep5d$ :olly on kn[n ma!matical & me*anical laws4 ,_! irregul>ity 0 only app>5t4 ,to ,laplace's calculator1 !y w\ld h seem$ n m]ely inevitable b obvi\s4 ,x is q o!rwise ) ! appe>ance & disappe>ance ( feel+1 ?\ght1 w1 consci\sness 9 g5]al1 )9 ! /rictly det]m9al s]ies ( me*anical causes & effects4 ,"h ! anomaly is real3 ! brea* ( cont9uity inexplicable by any physical laws & inde$ incompatible ) !m4 ,i am n at ?is mom5t conc]n$ ei!r to d5y or to ass]t t at ! critical fronti] :]e m9d & matt] meet1 ! ev5 c\rse ( nature suff]s viol5ce4 ,i am n sugge/+1 = example1 t1 if a giv5 physiological /ate 7 exactly repeat$1 ! psy*ical /ate =m]ly associat$ ) x w\ld n be repeat$ also4 ,my po9t is diff]5t4 ,x is t 9 a /rictly det]m9$ physical sy/em1 dep5d+ on ! laws ( matt] & en]gy alone1 no room has be5 f\nd1 & no room c be f\nd1 = psy*ical /ates at all4 ,!y are novelties1 ^: intrusion into ! mat]ial _w _c be d5i$1 b ^: pres5ce & behavi\r _c be expla9$ by ! laws :i* t _w obeys4 ,! difficulty is a v famili> "o2 & ,i _c see t ! progress ei!r ( sci5ce or philosophy has br\ght u ne>] to its solution4 ,b :at 7y may be dispos$ to ask7 has x to d ) ! argum5t f design8 ,at lea/ ?is mu*3 ,^? :o refuse to accept design d s because !y ?9k ! _w-/ory at lea/ z intelligible )\t x z ) x4 ,?is op9ion is v commonly associat$ ) a conception ( ! univ]se accord+ to :i* ! laws ( matt] & en]gy are suffici5t to expla91 n only all t is1 b all t has be5 or t w be4 ,if we ?us "k ! sort ( explanation :i* is suffici5t to cov] ! facts1 :y 7x is ask$7 %\ld we travel fur!r afield into ! mi/y realms ( !ology or metaphysics8 ,b ! explanation does n cov] ! facts1 ev5 :5 all has be5 conc$$ to ! oppon5ts ( design t ,i1 at lea/1 am ready to conc$e4 ,grant t ! inorganic _w1 consid]$ 9 & = itself1 does n sugge/ contrivance2 grant t ! contrivance :i* ! organic _w does und\bt$ly sugge/ may 9 great "p be c\nt]feit--!re /ill rema9s a va/ residue ( fact q recalcitrant to m]ely physical explanation4 ,i w n argue :e!r 9 ?is residue we %\ld or %\ld n include life4 ,x is en\gh t we mu/ und\bt$ly include feel+ & all o!r phases ( consci\sness4 ,we mu/ include !m1 ev5 if !y be no m ?an ! passive accompanim5ts ( mat]ial *ange2 /ill m mu/ we include !m if we speculatively accept 7:at ,i deem to be7 ! inevitable belief t !y c1 )9 limits1 !mselves initiate movem5t & guide en]gy4 ,! *oice1 !re=e1 is n betwe5 two acc\nts ( ! univ]se1 ea* ( :i* may conceivably be suffici5t4 ,! me*anical acc\nt is n suffici5t4 ,x d\bly fails to provide a satisfactory sub/itute = design4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x requires u to believe t ! extraord9>y comb9ation ( mat]ial conditions requir$ = organic life is due to haz>d4 ,9 ! second place1 x has to admit t ^! mat]ial conditions are insuffici5t1 & h someh[ to be supplem5t$4 ,we mu/ assume1 t is to say1 an inf9itely improbable accid5t1 &1 :5 we h assum$ x1 we are /ill unprovid$ ) an explanation4 ,nay1 ! case is ev5 worse--= ! laws by ^: bl9d op]ation ?is inf9itely improbable accid5t has be5 br\ght ab\t are1 by hypo!sis1 me*anical2 &1 ?\gh me*anical laws c acc\nt = re>rangem5ts1 !y _c acc\nt = creation2 s9ce1 !re=e1 consci\sness is m ?an re>rangem5t1 its causes mu/ be m ?an me*anical4 ,to me1 !n1 x seems t ! common-s5se 8argum5t f design0 is /ill ( value4 ,b1 if x c>ries u beyond me*anical mat]ialism1 x mu/ be own$ t x does n c>ry u v f> t[>ds a religi\s !ology4 ,x is inconsi/5t ) ,naturalism3 x is inconsi/5t ) ,agno/icism4 ,b its dem&s w\ld be satisfi$ by ! b>e/ cre$ :i* ackn[l$g$ t ! univ]se1 or "p ( x1 %[$ m>ks ( intellig5t purpose4 ,&1 ?\gh mo/ p]sons will+ to accept ?is impov]i%$ =m ( ,!ism w c]ta9ly ask = m1 ?is is n because !y are swept =w>d by ! inevitable logic ( ! argum5t1 b because ! argum5t has done some?+ to cle> a pa? :i* !y 7 already anxi\s to pursue4 ,,ii ,z ! conclusions :i* ,i desire to e/abli% are ri*] 9 cont5ts ?an any :i* c be d]iv$ m]ely f m>ks ( contrivance1 s ! me?od ( arriv+ at !m is ess5tially diff]5t4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is bas$ n ^u consid]ations drawn f ext]nal nature1 b f ! m9d & s\l ( man4 ,/ress is laid1 n ^u contrivances1 adju/m5ts1 & ! happy adaptation ( means to ends1 b on ! "* ( c]ta9 results atta9$4 ,x is n an argum5t f design1 b an argum5t f value4 ,to emphasise ! contra/1 x might be call$ an argum5t to design4 ,value 7we ass]t7 is lo/ if design be abs5t4 ,value 7y w ask7 ( :at8 ,( our mo/ valuable beliefs1 7,i answ]7 & ( _! associat$ emotions4 ,we are1 no d\bt1 accu/om$ to connect ! notion ( value r ) ?+s believ$ 91 ?an ) ! beliefs ( :i* !y are ! subjects4 ,a f9e symphony1 an h]oic de$1 a good d9n]1 an assur$ livelihood1 h admitt$ values4 ,b :at values c we attribute to beliefs & judgm5ts1 except is s f> z !y are aids & in/rum5ts = obta9+ valuable objects8 ,?is "q1 h[ev]1 is bas$1 z ,i ?9k1 ^u an insuffici5t survey ( ! subject4 ,we are 9 se>* ( a _w outlook4 ,cre$s1 !re=e1 are our conc]n4 ,! inquiry ) :i* ^! lectures are conc]n$ is :e!r1 among ! beliefs :i* toge!r con/itute our g5]al view ( ! univ]se1 we %\ld1 or %\ld n1 include a belief 9 ,god4 ,& to ?is "q x is c]ta9ly relevant to inquire :e!r ! elim9ation ( su* a belief might n involve a loss ( value 9 o!r elem5ts ( our cre$--a loss 9 :i* we are n prep>$ to acquiesce4 ,b h[1 y w ask1 is ?is loss ( value br\ght ab\t8 ,:at is ! connection betwe5 a belief 9 ,god & a belief conc]n+ 7say7 beauty1 or goodness1 or natural law8 ,evid5tly ! connection is n1 9 ! ord9>y s5se1 a logical "o4 ,nei!r /hetic1 nor e?ic1 nor sci5tific judgm5ts c be #8d$uc$' f ,!ism2 nor c ,!ism be #8d$uc$' f !m4 ,we are n deal+ ) premises & conclusions b\nd toge!r by a =mal *a9 ( inf]5ce4 ,h[1 !n1 is our proc$ure to be describ$8 ,9 ord] to make ?is cle>1 ,i mu/ call y\r att5tion to a d\ble aspect possess$ by all beliefs alike1 :atev] be ! subject-matt] ) :i* !y deal4 ,all beliefs h a position1 actually or pot5tially1 9 a cognitive s]ies2 all beliefs1 aga91 h a position1 kn[n or unkn[n1 9 a causal s]ies4 ,all beliefs1 9 s f> z !y belong to ! fir/ k9d ( s]ies1 are elem5ts 9 "o or m collections ( int]dep5d5t propositions4 ,!y are conclusions1 or premises1 or bo?4 ,all beliefs1 9 s f> z !y belong to ! second k9d ( s]ies1 are elem5ts 9 ! temporal succession ( int]dep5d5t ev5ts4 ,!y are causes1 or effects1 or bo?4 ,x has1 fur!r1 to be not$ t :]eas reasons may1 & usually d1 figure among ! proximate causes ( belief1 & ?us play a "p 9 bo? k9ds ( s]ies1 x is always possible to trace back ! causal s]ies to a po9t :]e e trace ( rationality vani%es2 :]e we are left face to face ) conditions ( beliefs--social1 physiological1 & physical--:i*1 consid]$ 9 !mselves1 are q a-logical 9 _! "*4 ,x is on ?is la/ po9t t ,i p>ticul>ly desire to insi/4 ,we are all v famili> ) ! equivocal orig9 ( mo/ human cre$s4 ,to be sure1 we obs]ve x *iefly 9 ! case ( o!r p4 ,9 our own case1 we dwell by pref]5ce on ^? causes ( our beliefs :i* are also reasons4 ,b 9 our deta*$ /udies ( ! op9ions we d n %>e1 we easily p]ceive h[ insuffici5t are ! argum5ts (ficially urg$ on _! behalf1 & h[ (t5 ev5 ^! insuffici5t argum5ts h only a nom9al connection ) ! convictions ( :i* !y claim ! legal pat]nity4 ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 g yet "o /ep fur!r4 ,we mu/ realise t1 on any m]ely naturali/ic hypo!sis1 ! rational elem5ts 9 ! causal s]ies lie always on ! surface4 ,p5etrate b a %ort way d[n1 & !y are f\nd no m4 ,y might z easily detect life 9 ! m9]als :]e9 plants are root$1 z reason 9 ! physiological & physical *anges to :i* ! s\rce ( our mo/ c>efully reason$ beliefs mu/1 9 ! la/ resort1 be trac$4 ,consid]1 = example1 an extreme case--say a proposition ( ,euclid4 ,"h we h a belief logically inf]r$ f well-assur$ premises--s1 at lea/1 we 7 accu/om$ to suppose be=e ma!maticians became s v fa/idi\s 9 ! matt] ( pro(4 ,c we n say t 9 ?is case ! elem5ts ( ! two s]ies are 9 a s5se id5tical1 t all ! causes = our belief are also reasons = x8 ,c]ta9ly we are n mov$ by prejudice1 or affection1 or au?ority4 ,x is nei!r self-int]e/ nor p>ty passion t induces u to believe1 = example1 t ! ?ree angles ( a triangle are equal to two "r angles4 ,has our ?\ght1 !n1 9 ?is case fre$ itself f ! dom9ion ( a-logical conditions8 ,is our belief ! *ild ( uncontam9at$ reason8 ,i answ]--,no4 ,?\gh ! argum5t1 qua argum5t1 is d\btless indep5d5t ( "t1 ! argum5tative process by :i* we are 9 fact conv9c$ occurs 9 "t1 &1 l all psy*ological processes1 is someh[ associat$ ) physiological *anges 9 ! bra91 ,^!1 aga91 are "p ( ! g5]al /ream ( physical happ5+s1 :i* 9 !mselves h no?+ rational ab\t !m4 ,foll[ up ?is /ream b a little fur!r & e trace1 n only ( m9d b ( life1 is completely lo/2 & we are left face to face ) un?9k+ matt] & its purposeless movem5ts4 ,logical inf]5ce is ?us no m ?an ! reason$ t]m9ation ( an unreason+ process4 ,scrat* an argum5t1 & y f9d a cause4 ,if ?is be admitt$1 ! "q at once arises :e!r we c treat ! two k9ds ( s]ies ?us intimately connect$ z sep>able :5 we are e/imat+ ! values ( ! beliefs ) :i* !y are bo? associat$4 ,is x p]missible1 is x ev5 possible1 to ignore ! g5esis ( k :5 we are consid]+ its validity8 ,d n orig9s qualify values8 ,9 _m cases !y notori\sly d4 ,a di/+ui%$ agno/ic once obs]v$ t 9 ^! days ,*ri/ianity 0 n refut$1 x 0 expla9$4 ,d\btless ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two op]ations 01 9 8 view1 a matt] r ( =m ?an ( sub/ance4 ,t :i* 0 once expla9$ ne$$1 he ?\ght1 no fur!r refutation4 ,& c]ta9ly we are all made happy :5 a belief1 :i* seems to u obvi\sly absurd1 is %[n nev]!less to be natural 9 ^? :o hold x4 ,b we mu/ be c>eful4 ,true beliefs are effects no less ?an false4 ,9 ?is respect magic & ma!matics are on a level4 ,bo? dem& sci5tific explanation2 bo? are susceptible ( x4 ,manife/ly1 !n1 we _c admit t explanation may be treat$ z a k9d ( refutation4 ,=1 if s1 ! m successfully sci5ce c>ri$ out its explanatory task1 ! m completely w\ld x %att] its own pr9ciples4 ,?is way lies univ]sal scepticism4 ,?us w\ld all intellectual values be utt]ly de/roy$4 ,b we h n to d ) intellectual values alone4 ,!re are beliefs 7z ,i h already said7 r\nd :i* cry/allise complex emotions1 /hetic & e?ic1 :i* play no small "p 9 our highe/ life4 ,)\t ! beliefs ! emotions w\ld dw9dle2 )\t ! emotions ! beliefs w\ld lose _! wor?4 ,?\gh !y d n imply ea* o!r 9 ! _w ( logic1 !y are mutually necess>y 9 ! _w ( values4 ,"h1 ( c\rse1 !re is no "q ( a contra/ betwe5 ! logical & ! causal s]ies4 ,emotions are always effects2 !y are nev] inf]5ces4 ,9 _! case1 !re=e1 ! relation ( value to orig9 is n obscur$ by consid]ations l ^? :i* mu/ occupy u 9 ! case ( m]e beliefs2 & we h to face 9 a simpl] & m direct =m ! c5tral problem ( ^! lectures3 ! problem ( ! relation :i* orig9 be>s to value4 ,x is ) ?is bran* ( my subject z x is rais$ by /hetic & by e?ic emotions t ,i %all be ma9ly occupi$ 9 ! next two lectures4 ,& z 9 ! lat] "p ( my c\rse ,i %all cont5d t x is de/ructive ( rational values to root !m 9 unreason1 s ,i %all n[ cont5d t ! emotional values associat$ )1 & requir$ by1 our beliefs ab\t beauty & virtue mu/ h "s m congru\s s\rce ?an ! bl9d trans=mation ( physical en]gy4 ,if ,i am successful 9 my endeav\r ,i %all h done some?+ to %[ t 8design0 is dem&$ by all t we deem mo/ valuable 9 life1 by beauty1 by morals1 by sci5tific tru?3 & t x is design f> deep] 9 purpose1 f> ri*] 9 significance1 ?an any :i* c\ld be inf]r$ f ! mo/ +5i\s & elaborate adju/m5ts display$ by organic life4 ,,footnotes3 #b ,z ,i %all (t5 h to m5tion 8selection0 9 ! c\rse ( ^! lectures1 ,i mu/ obs]ve t x is no "p ( my bus9ess to weigh ! comp>ative m]its ( compet+ evolution>y !ories4 ,x may be t ! hypo!sis ( small r&om v>iations accumulat$ or elim9at$ accord+ z !y help or h9d] survival1 is1 9 ! light ( rec5t rese>*1 insuffici5t & unsatisfactory4 ,f my po9t ( view ?is is immat]ial4 ,i use ! ^w 8selection0 z a conv5i5t "n = any non-rational process1 act+ ?r\gh h]$ity1 :i* successfully imitates contrivance4 ,d>w9's !ory1 be x true or false1 /ill provides1 ,i suppose1 ! only sugge/ion z to h[ ?is feat may be accompli%$1 & 8 t]m9ology may be us$ )\t dang] ( misund]/&+4 ,,"p ,,ii ,,/hetic ,,& ,,e?ical ,,values ,,lecture ,,iii ,,/hetic ,,& ,,!ism ,i ,9 ?is lecture ,i h und]tak5 to consid] c]ta9 beliefs & emotions relat+ to beauty1 & to inquire h[ f> _! value is affect$ by our views z to _! orig94 ,! pov]ty ( language1 h[ev]1 makes x r difficult to describe ) any exactness ! scope ( su* an inquiry4 ,beauty is an ill-def9$ attribute ( c]ta9 memb]s ( an ill-def9$ class2 & = ! class itself !re is no v conv5i5t "n4 ,we might describe its memb]s z 8objects ( /hetic int]e/0 always be>+ 9 m9d t ?is description 7z ,i use x7 applies to objects ( ! mo/ v>y+ degrees ( excell5ce--to ! small z well z ! great1 ! trifl+ z well z ! sublime3 to conjur+ & danc+2 to lit]ature1 art1 & natural beauty4 ,x foll[s f ?is description t1 :ile all ?+s ( beauty possess /hetic int]e/1 n all ?+s ( /hetic int]e/ w\ld 9 common p>lance be describ$ z beautiful4#c ,!y might1 = example1 display wit1 or f9i%1 or skill4 ,!y might1 !re=e1 prop]ly excite admiration4 ,b beauty is a t]m ^: use may well be conf9$ to ! qualities :i* excite only ! highe/ =ms ( /hetic int]e/1 & x is ?us ,i propose to employ x4 ,n[ :at are ! *>act]i/ics :i* di/+ui% objects ( /hetic int]e/ f int]e/+ objects g5]ally8 ,i w m5tion two4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! value ( /hetic objects dep5ds on ! intr9sic quality ( ! emotions !y ar\se1 & n ^u ! importance ( any ult]ior purpose :i* !y may happ5 to subs]ve4 ,9 ! second place1 ! emotions !mselves1 :atev] be _! value1 mu/ be contemplative4 ,!y mu/ n prompt to action or rea* =w>d to any end4 ,!y mu/ be self-suffici5t1 & self-conta9$4 ,( c\rse1 ,i d n sugge/ t works ( art are useless4 ,a build+ may be beautiful1 al?\gh x is also conv5i5t4 ,a sword mo/ delicately damasc5$ may be an admirable eng9e ( de/ruction4 ,we may ev5 g fur!r & admit t utility unadorn$ may h ab\t x an /hetic flav\r4 ,nice adju/m5t & fitness exquisitely accompli%$ are )\t d\bt agreeable objects ( contemplation4 ,b1 9 ! fir/ two ( ^! cases1 beauty is delib]ately add$ to utility1 n organically connect$ ) x4 ,an ill-proportion$ build+ might h be5 equally fitt$ = its purpose2 a pla9 sword might h be5 equally le?al4 ,9 ! ?ird case ! connection betwe5 utility & /hetic int]e/ is organic1 yet undesign$4 ,f ! v nature ( ! case x =ms no "p ( ! purpose = :i* ! me*anism 0 contriv$4 ,aga9--:5 ,i say t /hetic int]e/ does n prompt to action1 ,i am1 ( c\rse1 speak+ ( ^? :o enjoy1 n ( ^? :o are labori\sly try+ to enjoy1 /ill less ( ^? :o create :at is to be enjoy$4 ,x commonly requires ef=t1 consci\s & unconsci\s1 to be a good spectator2 x always requires ef=t to become a good arti/4 ,yet ^! are no real exceptions to ! pr9ciple4 /hetic int]e/s1 once ar\s$1 d n prompt to action2 & x is1 ,i conceive1 ( _! ess5ce t !y %\ld n4 ,! mo/ emotional spectator does n ru% to save ,desdemona f ,o!llo2 &1 ?\gh trag$y may 7or may n7 purify by 8pity & t]ror10 ! pity does n sugge/ a rescue1 nor ! t]ror urge to flight4 ,,ii ,n[ ^! *>act]i/ics ( /hetic emotions & beliefs raise problems ( great int]e/4 ,h[ came !y to be :at !y are8 ,to :at causal process are !y due8 ,9 ! case ( e?ics 7to anticipate a discussion t w occupy u 9 ! next lecture7 ! e>li] /ages at lea/ are seem+ly due to selection4 ,!y lead to action1 & to action :i* has survival value4 ,b :at survival value h /hetic judgm5ts & feel+s at any /age ( culture8 ,x is true t actions :i* are sometimes repres5t$ z primitive =ms ( arti/ic creation play _! "p 9 ! drama ( animal c\rt%ip4 ,"s animals dance1 "s s+1 "s croak2 "s flaunt col\rs1 "s exhale smells4 ,apes 7x seems7 make in>ticulate noises :i* 7accord+ to ,sp5c]7 7 ! humble beg9n+s1 n only ( spee*1 b ( music4 ,i own t to me ?is sort ( explanation leaves our /hetic int]e/s q unexpla9$4 ,grant1 = ! sake ( argum5t t1 7 our k suffici5t1 we c\ld trace a cont9u\s hi/ory ( musical emotions f ! simple satisfaction excit$ 9 ! female ape by ! h[l+ ( ! male1 d[n to ! delicate delights ( ! mod]n musician1 %\ld we be ne>] an answ] to ! problem ( /hetic causation8 ,i d\bt x4 ,c]ta9ly we %\ld n h succe$$ 9 c\pl+ ! developm5t ( our feel+s = beauty to ! g5]al process ( organic evolution4 ,be=e ?is c be satisfactorily accompli%$ x mu/ be %[n1 n m]ely t ! ta/es ( an?ropoid apes are useful to an?ropoid apes1 b t ! ta/es ( m5 are useful to m51 & 9 p>ticul> t ! ta/es ( civilis$ m5 are useful to civilis$ m54 ,nor w\ld ev5 ?is be en\gh unless usefulness be c>efully def9$ 9 t]ms ( survival value4 ,x mu/1 9 o!r words1 be %[n t communities ri* 9 ! g5ius :i* creates beauty & 9 ! s5sibility :i* enjoys x1 w !re=e bre$ m freely & /ruggle m successfully ?an _! less gift$ neighb\rs4 ,& ,i am n aw>e t any attempt to e/abli% su* a doctr9e has ev] be5 s]i\sly und]tak54 ,b1 if s1 our /hetic s5sibilities mu/ be reg>d$ 7f ! naturali/ic /&po9t7 z ! "w ( *ance4 ,!y =m no "p ( ! quasi design :i* we attribute to selection2 !y are unexpla9$ accid5ts ( ! evolution>y process4 ,?is conclusion h>monises ill ) ! importance :i* civilis$ man assigns to !m 9 8 s*eme ( values4 ,on ?is po9t1 at lea/1 !re reigns a s+ul> unanimity4 ,h[ev] p may diff] z to :at we %\ld admire1 all are agre$ t we %\ld admire some?+4 ,h[ev] !y may diff] ab\t ! b5efits to be d]iv$ f /hetic1 all are agre$ t ! b5efits are great4 ,! pessimi/ f9ds 9 art ! solit>y mitigation ( human mis]ies4 ,a c]ta9 type ( agno/ic treats x z an undogmatic sub/itute = religion4 ,he wor%ips beauty1 b no?+ else2 & expects f x all ! consolations ( religi\s exp]i5ce )\t ! burd5s ( religi\s belief4 ,ev5 ^? :o w\ld refuse to art & lit]ature ?is exalt$ position1 are prep>$ to praise !m )\t /9t4 ,!y reg>d ! contemplative /udy ( beautiful ?+s z a mo/ pot5t in/rum5t ( civilisation2 9 c\ntless p]orations !y prea* its virtues2 delicacy ( /hetic discrim9ation !y deem ! sure/ pro( ( culture1 & ! enjoym5t ( /hetic excell5ce its highe/ rew>d4 ,! case is app>5tly1 b n really1 diff]5t :5 we turn f beauty to ! m9or /hetic int]e/s--! popul> novel1 ! music-hall song1 ! cricket-mat* 7z spectacle71 ! c9ematograph1 & s =?4 ,nobody1 x is true1 greatly praises ^! ?+s1 b multitudes greatly enjoy !m4 ,! space !y occupy 9 ! life ( ! community has increas$ beyond computation4 ,z locomotion becomes easi] & leisure great] t space w increase yet m4 ,?is may be good or bad2 b none w d5y t x is important4 ,:at a p>adox ?is seems6 ,!ories ( selection 7 devis$ to expla9 ! complex /ructures & ! m>vell\s adju/m5ts ( ! organic _w )\t ne$lessly po/ulat+ design4 ,we %\ld ?9k b poorly ( !m if !y acc\nt$ = "s organs by me?ods q inapplicable to o!rs--if !y %[$ u1 = example1 h[ ! eye _h develop$1 b appeal$ to "s :olly diff]5t pr9ciple 7say special creation7 :5 !y set to "w on ! e>2 or taught t ! nose mu/ be reg>d$ z an evolution>y accid5t n to be expla9$ on any g5]al pr9ciple at all4 ,if :at requir$ explanation 0 ( small biological importance1 ?is la/ hypo!sis w\ld n seem p]haps />tl+4 ,! mo/ conv9c$ selectioni/ is n oblig$ to suppose t selection elim9ates ev]y?+ :i* does n make = survival4 ,useless v>iations may be sp>$ if !y be h>mless4 ,ev5 h>mful v>iations may be sp>$ if !y be l9k$ to v>iations s advantage\s t _! jo9t effect proves b5eficial on balance4 ,b is ?is ! case ) /hetic8 ,are we to treat z unconsid]$ trifles our p[]s ( enjoy+ beauty & ( creat+ x8 ,c we be cont5t ) a _w-outlook :i* assigns to ^! *ance products ( matt] & motion s va/ a value measur$ on ! scale ( culture1 & no value wor? c\nt+ measur$ on ! scale ( race survival8 ,if design may ev] be invok$ :]e selection fails & luck seems incr$ible1 surely x may be invok$ "h4 ,,iii ,^! obs]vations are applicable1 m or less1 to ! :ole body ( our /hetic int]e/s--:e!r !y be r\s$ by objects we deem relatively trivial1 or by objects :i* are admitt$ly r>e & spl5did4 ,b :ile nei!r fit com=tably into a purely naturali/ic framework1 x is only ! second :i*1 9 virtue ( _! intr9sic quality1 dem& a s\rce beyond & above ! _w ( s5se p]ception4 ,"h1 !n1 we are face to face ) a new "q4 ,s f> we h be5 conc]n$ to ask :e!r t :i* is admitt$ly valuable c be plausibly attribut$ to *ance4 ,n[ we mu/ ask :e!r t :i* is attribut$ to *ance c !reaft] reta9 its value4 ,( ^! que/ions ! fir/ is g]mane to ! ord9>y argum5t f design4 ,x is ! second :i* *iefly conc]ns u 9 ^! lectures4 ,p]haps an affirmative answ] may seem to h be5 already giv5 by implication4 ,! admission t ! second problem only t\*es ! highe/ values 9 ! /hetic scale may be ?\ght to r5d] ! :ole inquiry va94 ,& ! admission _c be avoid$4 ,no "o supposes t :5 we are look+ 7= example7 at an acrobat1 x matt]s 9 ! lea/ :at we ?9k ( ! univ]se4 ,our beliefs & disbeliefs ab\t ! ,cosmic ord] w n modify ei!r 9 quantity or quality su* satisfaction z we c d]ive f ! contemplation ( 8 grace & agility4 ,:]e1 !n1 x w be ask$1 d we rea* ! po9t 9 ! /hetic scale at :i* values beg9 to require metaphysical or !ological po/ulates8 ,is x ! po9t :]e beauty beg9s8 ,if s1 :o det]m9e :]e ?is lies2 & by :at au?ority d !y speak8 ,evid5tly we are "h on difficult & delicate gr\nd4 ,on que/ions ( ta/e !re is notori\sly ! wide/ div]g5ce ( op9ion4 ,nor1 if we reg>d our /hetic int]e/s simply z ! *ance flotsam & jetsam ( ! evolution>y tides1 c\ld x well be o!rwise4 ,if !re be practically no 8limits ( deviation0 impos$ by selection2 if1 f a survival po9t ( view1 "o ta/e be z good z ano!r1 x is n ! v>ieties 9 ta/e :i* %\ld cause surprise s mu* z ! uni=mities4 ,to be sure1 ! uni=mities h (t5 no deep /hetic roots4 ,!y repres5t no /rong specific likes & dislikes %>$ by all m5 at a c]ta9 /age ( culture1 b r t5d5cies to agreem5t 7z ,i h else:]e call$ !m71 :i* gov]n our social ritual1 & !reby make social life possible4 ,we rail at 8fa%ion10 :i* by an unfelt compulsion drives multitudes simultane\sly to approve ! same dresses1 ! same plays1 ! same pictures1 ! same ar*itecture1 ! same music1 & ! same sc5]y4 ,we smile at ! obsequi\s zeal ) :i* m5 /rive to admire :at ! prophets ( ! mom5t assure !m is admirable4 ,b admitt+1 z ,i ?9k we mu/1 t ^! prophets nei!r possess any inh]5t au?ority1 nor c po9t to any /&>d ( appeal1 we mu/ also admit t if 9 ,art !re 7 no or?odoxies1 if ! h]esies !mselves 7 unorganis$1 if e man bas$ 8 /hetic practice on a too respectful consid]ation ( 8 own moods & fancies1 ! _w we live 9 w\ld be ev5 m uncom=table ?an x is4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 x is cle> t ?is second portion ( my argum5t1 :i* is n bas$1 l ! fir/1 on any objective survey ( ! "p play$ 9 human affairs by g5]al /hetic int]e/s1 has special difficulties to surm\nt4 ,= x re/s on exp]i5ces ( high emotion r>e = all1 unkn[n to _m1 r\s$ 9 diff]5t m5 by diff]5t objects4 ,h[ c any conclusions be securely bas$ on f\ndations at once s sl5d] & s %ift+8 ,i agree t ! values dealt ) 9 ?is "p ( ! argum5t are n values = ev]ybody4 ,yet ev]ybody1 ,i ?9k1 w\ld be prep>$ to g "s way 9 ! direction ,i desire4 ,!y w\ld ackn[l$ge t1 9 art1 orig9 & value _c be treat$ z indep5d5t4 ,!y w\ld agree t ^? :o enjoy poetry & pa9t+ mu/ be at lea/ dimly aw>e ( a poet beyond ! poem & a pa9t] beyond ! picture4 ,if by "s unimag9able process works ( beauty c\ld be produc$ by ma*9]y1 z a symmetrical col\r patt]n is produc$ by a kaleidoscope1 we might ?9k !m beautiful till we knew _! orig91 aft] :i* we %\ld be r dispos$ to describe !m z +5i\s4 ,& ?is is n1 ,i ?9k1 because we are unable to e/imate works ( art z !y are 9 !mselves1 n because we mu/ ne$s buttress up our op9ions by extrane\s & irrelevant consid]ations2 b r because a "w ( art requires an arti/1 n m]ely 9 ! ord] ( natural causation1 b z a matt] ( /hetic necessity4 ,x conveys a message :i* is valueless to ! recipi5t1 unless x be und]/ood by ! s5d]4 ,x mu/ be expressive4 ,su* phrases are no d\bt easily misund]/ood4 ,let me1 !re=e1 ha/5 to add t by an 8expressive0 message ,i d n mean a message :i* c be express$ 9 words4 ,a "w ( art c nev] be transf]r$ f "o m$ium into ano!r1 z f m>ble to music4 ,ev5 :5 words are ! m$ium employ$1 p]fect translation is impossible4 ,"o poet may p>aphrase1 9 a diff]5t language1 ! "w ( ano!r2 & a new "w ( art may ?us be produc$4 ,b h[ev] closely x foll[s ! orig9al1 x w nev] be ! same4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! m$ium us$ be 7= example7 col\r1 or s\nd1 or /one1 ! "w ( art _c be translat$ into words at all4 ,x may be describ$2 & ! description may bett] ! orig9al4 ,yet x _c replace x4 ,= e "w ( art is unique2 & its mean+ _c be alt]natively r5d]$4 ,b are we1 !re=e1 to conclude t x has no mean+8 ,because its message _c be translat$1 has x !re=e no message8 ,to put ^! que/ions is to answ] !m4 ,_m p1 h[ev]1 :o w\ld travel ) me s f> w\ld refuse to g fur!r4 ,!y w\ld grant t a "w ( art mu/ be due to g5ius1 & n1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 to me*anism or to *ance4 ,b :e!r1 9 ! la/ resort1 me*anism or *ance has produc$ ! g5ius1 !y w\ld reg>d z1 f ! /hetic po9t ( view1 q immat]ial4 ,music & poetry mu/ h a p]sonal s\rce4 ,b ! musician & ! poet may come :5ce !y w4 ,& p]haps1 9 v _m cases1 ?is is s2 b n1 ,i ?9k1 9 all1 nor 9 ! highe/4 ,if any man w te/ ?is = himself1 let him recall ! too r>e mom5ts :5 beauty gave him a delight :i* /ra9$ to its extreme/ limit 8 p[]s ( feel+2 :5 n only ! small ?+s ( life1 b ! small ?+s ( ,art--its te*nical dext]ities1 its hi/orical associations--vani%$ 9 ! spl5d\r ( an un=gettable vision2 & let him ask :e!r ! attribution ( an effect l ?is to un?9k+ causes1 or to an arti/ creat$ & :olly controll$ by un?9k+ causes1 w\ld n g f> to impair its value4 ,to su* an appeal x is n difficult to raise objections4 ,x may be said1 = example1 t1 "u ! /ress ( emotions l ^? ,i h describ$1 no man tr\bles 8 head ab\t problems ( cosmology2 ?\ght is m]g$ 9 feel+2 speculation is smo!r$4 ,b ?\gh ?is is true1 x is n :olly true4 ,z no pa91 ,i suppose1 is s int5se z to exclude all reflections on its probable duration1 s no rapture is s absorb+ z to exclude all reflections on its probable s\rce4 ,i grant t at su* mom5ts we d n philosophise2 we d n analyse a problem1 turn+ x ?is way or t1 & not+ e aspect ( x ) a cool curiosity4 ,nev]!less1 = ^? accu/om$ to reflect1 reflection is nev] :olly *ok$ by feel+4 ,nor c feel+1 9 ! long run1 be :olly unaffect$ by reflection4 ,aga91 x may be said t su* mom5ts too seldom occur 9 any man's exp]i5ce to ju/ify ev5 ! mo/ mode/ g5]alisations--let alone g5]alisations t embrace ! univ]se4 ,b ?is objection seems to re/ on a misappreh5sion4 ,we mu/ rememb] t ! argum5t f /hetic values is n a sci5tific induction or a logical inf]5ce4 ,!re is "h no "q ( tru? & falsehood1 or ev5 ( good ta/e & bad ta/e4 ,we are n /riv+ to isolate :at is ess5tial to beauty by well-devis$ exp]im5ts2 nor are we conc]n$ ) psy*o-physical det]m9ation ( ! normal relation betwe5 feel+ & /imulus4 ,if x be urg$ t "s p>ticul> example ( deep /hetic emotion q outruns ! m]its ( its object1 s t s\nd canons ( criticism require its value to be l[]$1 we ne$ n d5y x4 ,we are n deal+ ) s\nd canons ( criticism2 ?\gh ,i may obs]ve1 9 pass+1 t if !y l[] emotional values 9 "o direction )\t rais+ !m 9 o!rs1 good ta/e becomes a some:at co/ly luxury4 ,my po9t is diff]5t4 ,i am n appeal+ to all m51 b only to "s m5--to ^? & to ^? only :o1 :5 !y explicitly face ! problem1 become deeply consci\s ( ! incongruity betwe5 our feel+s ( beauty & a mat]iali/ic acc\nt ( _! orig94 ,! extreme individualism ( ?is po9t ( view may seem repulsive to _m4 ,are ! feel+s 7!y w ask7 ( "s transi5t mom5t to be treat$ z au!ntic guides ?r\gh ! my/]ies ( ! univ]se1 m]ely because !y are /rong en\gh to ov]:elm our cool] judgm5t8 ,&1 if s1 h[ f> is ?is me?od ( metaphysical inve/igation to be press$8 ,are we1 = example1 to atta* transc5d5tal value to ! feel+s ( a man 9 love8 ,!re is evid5tly a close1 ?\gh d\btless n a p]fect1 p>allel betwe5 ! two cases4 ,x is true t love is root$ 9 appetite1 & t appetite has a survival value :i* ,i1 at lea/1 _c f9d 9 ! purely contemplative emotions4 ,b romantic love goes f> beyond race requirem5ts4 ,f ?is po9t ( view x is z useless z /hetic emotion itself4 ,&1 l /hetic emotion ( ! pr(\nd] sort1 x is r>ely satisfi$ ) ! def9ite1 ! limit$1 & ! imm$iate4 ,x ev] rea*es out t[>ds an unrealis$ inf9ity4 ,x _c re/ cont5t ) ! prose ( m]e fact4 ,x sees visions & dreams dreams :i* to an unsympa!tic _w seem no bett] ?an amiable follies4 ,is x f s\rces l ^!--! illusions ( love & ! en?usiasms ( ignorance--t we propose to supplem5t ! _w-outlook provid$ = u by sob] s5se & sci5tific obs]vation8 ,yet :y n8 ,"h we h values :i* by supposition we are reluctant to lose4 ,nei!r sci5tific obs]vation nor sob] s5se c pres]ve !m4 ,x is surely p]missible to ask :at w4 ,& if ,naturalism be inimical to _! ma9t5ance1 ! fact %\ld at lea/ be not$4 ,x is true1 no d\bt1 t ^! high-wr\ght feel+s h worse enemies ev5 ?an naturalism4 ,:5 ! impassion$ lov] has sunk into a good husb&1 & ! wor%ipp] ( beauty has cool$ into a judici\s critic1 !y may look back on _! e>ly raptures ) intellig5t disda94 ,9 t ev5t !re are = !m no values to be ma9ta9$4 ,!y 7 "y1 !y 7 fooli%1 !y made a mi/ake1 & !re is no m to be said4 ,b !re is a high] wisdom4 ,)\t ignor+ :at exp]i5ce has to tea*1 !y may /ill believe t ?r\gh ^! emotions !y h obta9$ an au!ntic glimpse ( a _w m respl5d5t & n less real ?an t 9 :i* !y tramp _! daily r\nd4 ,&1 if s1 !y w attribute to !m a value indep5d5t ( _! imm$iate cause--a value :i* _c be ma9ta9$ 9 a m]ely naturali/ic sett+4#d ,?is may seem a doctr9e too my/ical to suit ! g5]al t5or ( ^! lectures4 ,let me1 !re=e1 ha/5 to add t our ord9>y & repeatable exp]i5ces ( beauty seem to po9t 9 ! same direction z ^! r>] & m int5se emotions4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 true t ev5 ab\t ^! we _c g5]alise z we may 7= example7 ab\t ! ext]nal _w4 ,we _c1 ,i mean1 assume t !re is a great body ( /hetic exp]i5ce :i* all normal p]sons possess 9 common4 ,!re is always some?+ ab\t our feel+ = beautiful ?+s :i* c nei!r be describ$ nor communicat$1 :i* is un%>$ & un%>eable4 ,_m normal p]sons h no su* feel+s1 or none wor? talk+ ab\t4 ,_! /hetic int]e/s may be great1 b !y lie at a l[] level ( int5sity4 ,!y d n really c>e = beauty4 ,aga91 !re are _m :o d c>e1 & c>e greatly1 :o w\ld yet utt]ly repudiate ! doctr9e t ! highe/ /hetic values 7 9 any s5se dep5d5t on a spiritual view ( ! univ]se4 ,! fact t s mu* ( ! greate/ art has be5 produc$ 9 ! s]vice ( religion !y w\ld n reg>d z relevant4 ,!y w\ld rem9d u t "o great poet at lea/ has be5 a passionate mat]iali/2 t _m h be5 pessimi/s2 t _m h be5 a!i/s2 t _m h be5 9 viol5t revolt aga9/ ! religion ( _! age & c\ntry4 ,( ^! we _c say t _! art suff]$ f _! op9ions1 = we _c imag9e :at _! art w\ld h be5 l _h _! op9ions be5 diff]5t4 ,nei!r c we say t ! read]s :o %>$ _! op9ions1 became1 !reby1 less qualifi$ to enjoy _! art4 ,su* a p>adox w\ld be too viol5t4 ,h[1 !n 7! objectors may ask71 are facts l ^! to be h>monis$ ) ! views ,i am recomm5d+8 ,probably !y _c be h>monis$4 ,we are confront$ ) a diff]5ce ( temp]am5t :i* mu/ be accept$ z f9al4 ,yet ! contradiction may (t5 be less ?an at fir/ appe>s4 ,9 ! case :i* ,i br\ght =w>d j n[1 /rong /hetic emotion 0 assum$ to c>ry ) x1 bo? at ! crisis ( imm$iate exp]i5ce & yet m 9 p]iods ( reflective retrospect1 a dem& = "s cause emotionally adequate to its effect4 ,9 o!r words1 x 0 assum$ t su* an exp]i5ce sugge/$ ! "q--:5ce comes x8 ( matt]8 or ( _s8 & requir$ ! answ]--if x be n born ( _s x is little1 or x is naught4 ,b 9 _m cases ?is answ] is n giv5 because ! "q is n ask$2 or1 if x be ask$1 is misund]/ood4 ,& !re are _m reasons :y x %\ld n be ask$2 & _m :y x %\ld be misund]/ood4 ,= !re are two ?+s :i* mu/1 9 ?is connection1 be rememb]$4 ,! fir/ is t mat]ialism has nev] be5 ! prevail+ cre$ among lov]s ( beauty4 ,! second is t ?\gh 7z ,i cont5d7 a deep-ly+ incongruity infects !ories :i* trace ! ultimate g5esis ( beauty exclusively to causes :i* nei!r ?9k1 nor feel1 nor w1 su* !ories involve no contradiction1 nor c ^? :o hold !m be tax$ ) inconsi/5cy4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 little 9 ! ord9>y r\t9e ( arti/ic criticism :i* raises ! po9t :i* we are n[ discuss+4 ,a critic exam9+ "s arti/ic :ole--a picture1 a poem1 a symphony--is mu* occupi$ 9 sep>at+ out ! elem5ts :i* contribute to ! total effect1 & 9 obs]v+ _! "*1 value1 & mutual relations4 ,b x is only :5 we cease to analyse1 :5 we contemplate1 directly or 9 retrospect1 ! :ole z a :ole1 t ! problem ( orig9 arises2 & ev5 !n x ne$ nev] become explicit4 ,x may rema9 9 ! %ape ( an unsatisfi$ long+ = a spiritual reality beyond ! s5su\s impression1 or ( a vaguely felt assurance t ! spiritual reality is !re4 ,& 9 nei!r case has x develop$ into a "q def9itely pres5t$--& press+ = a def9ite reply4 ,:ile1 !n1 ,i am q ready to believe t !re are _m p]sons ^: enjoym5t ( beauty is q indep5d5t ( _! _w outlook1 ,i am also conv9c$ t !re are "s :o c\nt !mselves among ! numb] only because !y h nev] put ! matt] to ! pro(4 ,x may be t !y h giv5 b little ?\ght to que/ions ( !ology or metaphysics4 ,x may be t !y are pan!i/s aft] ! mann] ( ,%elley1 or pessimi/s aft] ! mann] ( ,s*op5hau]4 ,p]haps1 aga91 !y hold "o or o!r ( ! !osophies :i* pass curr5t 9 ! ,we/ z ! esot]ic wisdom ( ! ,ea/4 ,9 any case1 !y are av]se f or?odoxy1 or :at !y reg>d z su*4 ,a lov] ( ! beautiful belong+ to any type l ^!1 if ask$ :e!r 8 e/imate ( /hetic values dep5d$ on 8 cre$1 might easily miss ! po9t ( ! inquiry1 & 8 negative reply w\ld be wor?less4 ,let ! "q1 !re=e1 be put 9 diff]5t t]ms4 ,let him be ask$ :e!r beauty w\ld n lose value = him if 8 _w-outlook requir$ him to reg>d x z a purposeless accid5t2 :e!r ! /hetic delights :i* he deems mo/ exquisite w\ld n be some:at dimm$ if reflection %[$ !m to be z va91 z transitory1 ?\gh n s useful1 z ! lea/ consid]$ pleasures ( s5se4 ,if he replies 9 ! negative1 !re is no m to be said4 ,?is lecture is n address$ to him4 ,b ,i believe !re are _m to :om su* an answ] w\ld be pr(\ndly unsatisfy+2 & !y1 at lea/1 c h>dly d5y t /hetic values are 9 "p dep5d5t ^u a spiritual conception ( ! _w we live 94 ,,iv ,s f> ,i h be5 consid]+ art & ! beauty express$ by art4 ,b !re are two k9ds ( /hetic int]e/1 :i*1 ?\gh n arti/ic 9 ! ord9>y s5se ( ! ^w1 are s important t some?+ mu/ be said ab\t !m be=e ?is lecture closes4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is natural beauty4 ,hegel1 if ,i rightly und]/& him1 altoge!r exclud$ ?is f ! sph]e ( /hetic4 ,= him ! po9t ( importance 0 ,_s--! ,idea--express+ itself 9 art2 & s9ce nature is n _s1 nor natural beauty art1 ! exclusion 0 logical4 ,= me1 on ! o!r h&1 ! ma9 ?+ is feel+ r\s$ by contemplation2 & p>ticul>ly feel+ at its highe/ level ( quality & int5sity4 ,natural beauty1 !re=e1 _c be ignor$2 s9ce no feel+s ( contemplation possess high] quality1 or great] int5sity1 ?an ^? :i* natural beauty c ar\se4 ,evid5tly1 h[ev]1 !re is1 ev5 f my po9t ( view1 a great diff]5ce betwe5 beauty 9 art & beauty 9 nature4 ,=1 9 ! case ( nature1 !re is no arti/2 :ile1 z ,i obs]v$ j n[1 8a "w ( art requires an arti/1 n m]ely 9 ! ord] ( natural causation1 b 9 ! ord] ( /hetic necessity4 ,x conveys a message :i* is valueless to ! recipi5t unless x be und]/ood by ! s5d]4 ,x mu/ be significant40 ,are we1 !n1 to lay d[n "o rule = arti/ic beauty & ano!r rule = natural beauty8 ,mu/ ! fir/ be expressive1 b n ! second8 ,is creative m9d necess>y 9 "o case1 & sup]flu\s 9 ! o!r8 ,& if 9 ! case ( nature x be necess>y1 :]e is x to be f\nd8 ,on ! naturali/ic hypo!sis1 x is n to be f\nd at all4 ,! glory ( m\nta9 & ( pla91 /orm & sun%9e1 mu/ be reg>d$ z resembl+ ! kaleidoscopic patt]n ( :i* ,i j n[ spoke2 ) ?is diff]5ce only--t ! kaleidoscope 0 design$ to give "s patt]n1 ?\gh no "o patt]n m ?an ano!r2 :ile nature 0 n design$ ) any int5tion at all1 & gives u its patt]ns only by accid5t4 ,i "k n :e!r y w ?9k t ?is tra9 ( ?\ght is help$ or h9d]$ by br++ x into relation ) our sci5tific k ( natural realities4 ,! _w :i* /irs our /hetic emotions is ! _w ( s5se1 ! _w z x appe>s4 ,x is n ! _w z sci5ce asks u to conceive x4 ,?is is v ill-qualifi$ to af=d /hetic delight ( ! usual type2 al?\gh ! contemplation ( complicat$ relations r$uc$ to law may produce an intellectual pleasure 9 ! nature ( /hetic int]e/4 ,yet none1 ,i ?9k1 w\ld ma9ta9 t mass & motion ab/ractly consid]$1 nor any concrete arrangem5t ( mov+ atoms or undulat+ e!r1 are beautiful z repres5t$ 9 ?\ght1 or w\ld be beautiful c\ld !y become objects ( p]ception4 ,we h a bad habit ( say+ t sci5ce deals ) no?+ b 8ph5om5a40 ,if by ph5om5a are meant appe>ances1 x is to /hetics r ?an to sci5ce t1 on ! pr9ciple ( ,solomon's judgm5t1 ph5om5a mo/ prop]ly belong4 ,to get away f appe>ances1 to read ! physical fact beh9d its s5su\s effect1 is "o *ief aim ( sci5ce2 :ile to put ! physical fact 9 place ( its s5su\s effect w\ld be ! total & imm$iate ru9 ( beauty bo? 9 nature & 9 ! arts :i* draw on nature = _! mat]ial4 ,natural beauty1 9 o!r words1 w\ld p]i% if physical reality & physical appe>ance became "o1 & we 7 r$uc$ to ! lam5table pr$icam5t ( p]ceiv+ nature z nature is6 ,n[1 to me1 x seems t ! feel+ = natural beauty _c1 any m ?an sci5tific curiosity1 re/ satisfi$ ) ! _w ( s5su\s appe>ance4 ,b ! reasons = its discont5t are diff]5t4 ,sci5tific curiosity hung]s = a k ( causes2 causes :i* are physical1 &1 if possible1 measurable4 ,our admiration = natural beauty has no su* ne$s4 ,x c>es n to und]/& ei!r ! physical !ories :i* expla9 :at x admires1 or ! psy*ological !ories :i* expla9 its admiration4 ,x does n d5y ! tru? ( ! fir/1 nor 7)9 due limits7 ! suffici5cy ( ! second4 ,b x requires m4 ,x feels itself belittl$ unless consci\s purpose c be f\nd some:]e 9 its p$igree4 ,physics & psy*o-physics1 by !mselves1 suffice n4 ,x longs to reg>d beauty z a revelation--a revelation f _s to _s1 n f "o k9d ( atomic agitation to ! 8psy*ic0 accompanim5t ( ano!r4 ,on ?is condition only c its highe/ values be ma9ta9$4#e ,v ,!re is yet "o o!r subject ( /hetic int]e/ on :i* ,i desire to say some?+ be=e ! c\rse ( ^! lectures c>ries me into v diff]5t regions ( speculation4 ,! subject ,i ref] to is hi/ory4 ,t hi/ory has /hetic value is evid5t4 ,an age :i* is bo? sci5tific & utilit>ian occasionally pret5ds to see 9 x no m ?an ! raw mat]ial ( a sci5ce call$ sociology1 & a /oreh\se ( prec$5ts f :i* /atesm5 may draw maxims = ! guidance ( mank9d4 ,x may be all ?is1 b x is c]ta9ly m4 ,:at has 9 ! ma9 caus$ hi/ory to be writt51 & :5 writt5 to be eag]ly read1 is nei!r its sci5tific value nor its practical utility1 b its /hetic int]e/4 ,m5 love to contemplate ! p]=mances ( _! fell[s1 & :atev] enables !m to d s1 :e!r we belittle x z gossip or exalt x z hi/ory1 w f9d admir]s 9 abundance4 ,yet ! diff]5ce betwe5 ?is subject ( contemplative int]e/ & ^? provid$ ei!r by beauty 9 art or beauty 9 nature are /rik+4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 hi/ory is n conc]n$ to express beauty4 ,i d n d5y t a great hi/orian1 9 n>rat+ "s h]oic incid5t1 may rival ! epic & ! saga4 ,he may tell a tale :i* w\ld be fasc9at+ ev5 if x 7 false4 ,b su* cases are exceptional1 & ought to be exceptional4 ,directly x appe>s t ! gov]n+ preoccupation ( an hi/orian is to be picturesque1 8 n>rative becomes intol]able4 ,?is is because ! int]e/--,i mean ! /hetic int]e/--( hi/ory l>gely dep5ds ^u its accuracy2 or 7m /rictly7 ^u its suppos$ accuracy4 ,fictiti\s n>rative1 :e!r reali/ic or romantic1 may sugge/ deep] tru?s1 may tell u m ab\t ! he>t ( man1 ?an all ! hi/ories t ev] 7 writt52 & may tell x m agreeably4 ,b fact has an int]e/1 because x is fact2 because x actually happ5$2 because actual p :o really liv$ & really suff]$ & really rejoic$ caus$ x to happ51 or 7 affect$ by its happ5+4 ,& on ?is int]e/ ! *>m ( hi/ory ess5tially dep5ds4 ,9 ?is respect !re is1 ,i ?9k1 a c]ta9 analogy betwe5 ! /hetic int]e/ ar\s$ by hi/ory & t ar\s$ by natural beauty4 ,our pleasure 9 a l&scape is qualifi$ if we discov] ourselves to h be5 ! victims ( an optical delusion4 ,if1 = example1 purple peaks are se5 on a f> horizon1 ! travell] may exclaim1 8,:at beautiful m\nta9s60 ,some?+ !reupon conv9ces him t ! m\nta9s are b cl\ds1 & 8 delight suff]s an imm$iate *ill4 ,b :y8 ,! m\nta9s1 x is true1 prov$ unreal2 b !y _h z mu* reality z m\nta9s 9 a picture4 ,:]e lies ! ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 a repres5tation accid5tally produc$ by cond5s$ vap\r & a repres5tation delib]ately embodi$ 9 pa9t & canvas8 ,x is n to be f\nd1 z might be at fir/ suppos$1 9 ! fact t ! "o deceives u & ! o!r does n4 ,7 we famili> ) ?is p>ticul> l&scape1 did we "k t no?+ b a level pla9 /ret*$ be=e u to ! limits ( our vision1 we might /ill feel t1 if ! cl\ds on ! horizon 7 :at !y seem$ to be1 ! view w\ld ga9 greatly 9 magnific5ce4 ,"h !re is no deception & no %ock ( disillusionm5t4 ,if1 !re=e1 we rema9 dissatisfi$1 x is because 9 ?is case v]isimilitude does n suffice u2 we insi/ on facts4 ,x has1 p]haps1 n be5 suffici5tly notic$ t brute fact1 tru? z x is appreh5d$ 9 c\rts ( law1 tru? z x is giv5 by an accurate witness speak+ on oa?1 has = "s purposes great /hetic value4 ,t x is all-important 9 ! deal+s betwe5 man & man w\ld be univ]sally conc$$2 t x has no importance ei!r 9 f9e art or imag9ative lit]ature1 & no mean+ 9 music or ar*itecture1 mo/ p w\ld be ready to admit4 ,b t x possesses wor? :]e no practical issues are involv$1 & t ?is wor? is ( ! contemplative or /hetic ord]1 is p]haps n s easy ( acceptance4 ,yet s x is4 ,a tale :i* w\ld be inexpressibly t$i\s if we ?\ght x 0 79 ! 8law c\rt0 s5se7 false may become ( absorb+ int]e/ if we ?9k x true4 ,& ?is n because x t\*es morals or practice1 n because x has !oretic int]e/ or controv]sial importance1 b 9 its own "r & on its own m]its4 ,n[ ?is /hetic quality is1 x seems to me1 requir$ bo? f 8natural beauty0 & hi/oric n>rative2 b if !re is "h a resemblance betwe5 !m1 9 o!r respects !y are pr(\ndly diff]5t4 ,l&scape appeals to u directly4 ,i d n mean t our enjoym5t ( x1 bo? 9 quality & quantity1 is n l>gely due to ! "w ( arti/s4 ,our ta/es h1 no d\bt1 be5 =m$ & our s5sibilities educat$ by ! int]pretation ( nature :i* we owe to pa9t]s & poets4 ,b ?\gh ?is is true1 x is also true t :at we see & :at we enjoy is n art b nature1 nature at fir/ h&1 nature se5 imm$iately1 if n z %e is1 at lea/ z %e appe>s4 ,9 ! case ( hi/ory x is o!rwise4 ,except :5 we happ5 to h be5 ourselves spectators ( important ev5ts1 !re is always an arti/ to be reckon$ )4 ,x may be ,?ucydides4 ,x may be ,dr4 ,dryasdu/4 ,x may be a m$ival *ronicl]4 ,x may be ,mrs4 ,c&\r at ! tea-table4 ,b !re is always somebody2 & ?\gh t somebody might repudiate ! notion t 8 n>rative 0 a "w ( art1 yet he _c evade responsibility = selection1 = emphasis1 & = col\r4 ,we may ?9k him a bad arti/1 b1 ev5 9 8 own despite1 an arti/ he is2--an arti/ ^: mat]ial is n m>ble or s\nd1 b brute fact4 ,!re is ano!r way 9 :i* ! /hetic int]e/ ( hi/ory *>act]i/ically diff]s f ! int]e/ we feel 9 beauty1 :e!r ( art or ( nature4 ,x is massive r ?an acute4 ,p>ticul> episodes may inde$ raise ! mo/ poignant emotions4 ,b1 broadly speak+1 ! long-drawn /ory ( man & 8 =tunes /irs feel+s :i* 7to borr[ a metaphor f physics7 are great 9 quantity b ( l[ int5sity4 ,s x comes ab\t t1 :]eas 9 ! case ( art ! emotions /& out prom95tly above _! associat$ judgm5ts1 9 ! case ( hi/ory ! positions are commonly rev]s$4 ,yet ?is ne$ n be s2 & 9 p>ticul> x ne$ n be s :5 we are contemplat+ ! hi/orical process z a :ole4 ,details are !n m]g$ 9 a g5]al impression2 & ! g5]al impression drives u beyond ! limits ( hi/ory prop] into que/ions ( orig9 & purpose1 into reflections ab\t man & de/9y1 into problems ( :5ce & :i!r4 ,speculations l ^! h an emotional z well z an intellectual value1 :i* mu/ be affect$ by ! answ]s we give !m4 ,let me illu/rate & expla94 ,x is possible1 inde$ x is easy1 to contemplate aspects ( hi/ory ) ! coole/ intellectual int]e/4 ,9 ?is mood we might1 = in/ance1 /udy ! developm5t ( sci5ce & religion out ( primitive magics & sup]/itions4 ,9 ?is mood we might obs]ve ! *>act]i/ics ( ! city /ate1 or ! gr[? & decay ( feudalism1 or ! hi/ory ( ! ,mongols4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! int]e/ (t5 becomes t+$ ) /rong] feel+s :5 we sympa!tically foll[ ! *ang+ =tunes ( p>ticul> individuals or communities4 ,we are !n1 z x 71 spectators ( a drama1 mov$ by dramatic hopes & fe>s1 dramatic likes & dislikes1 dramatic 8pity & t]ror40 ,& our emotions are n m]ely ^? appropriate to drama2 !y h1 besides1 t special quality 7already ref]r$ to7 :i* dep5ds on ! belief t !y are occasion$ by real ev5ts 9 a _w ( real p4 ,b !re is yet a ?ird case to be consid]$1 9 :i* ! two previ\s cases are includ$ & p>tially subm]g$4 ,?is occurs :5 ! object ( our contemplative int]e/ is n episodic b g5]al1 n ! fate ( ?is man or t nation1 ?is type ( polity or t /age ( civilisation1 b ! fate ( mank9d itself1 its pa/ & future1 its collective de/9y4 ,n[ we may1 if we please1 treat ?is z no m ?an a *apt] ( natural hi/ory4 ,comp>$ ) ! *apt] devot$1 let u say1 to ! ,d9osaurs x no d\bt has ! disadvantage ( be+ z yet unf9i%$1 = ! ,d9osaurs are ext9ct1 & man /ill survives4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ?\gh ! natural hi/ory ( 8,homo ,sapi5s0 is incomplete1 we may admit t x possesses a peculi> int]e/ = ! biologi/2 b ?is int]e/ is sci5tific1 n hi/orical4 ,= :at does hi/orical int]e/ require8 ,n m]ely 8brute fact10 b brute fact ab\t be+s :o are m ?an animals1 :o look be=e & aft]1 :o dream ab\t ! pa/ & hope ab\t ! future1 :o plan & /rive & suff] = ends ( _! own inv5tion2 = ideals :i* rea* f> beyond ! appetites & fe>s :i* rule ! lives ( _! bro!r bea/s4 ,su* be+s h a 8natural hi/ory10 b x is n ) ?is t we are conc]n$4 ,! hi/ory :i* conc]ns u is ! hi/ory ( self-consci\s p]sonalities1 & ( communities :i* are 79 a s5se7 self-consci\s also4 ,c ! contemplative values :i* ?is possesses1 especially 9 its mo/ compreh5sive %ape1 be reg>d$ z indep5d5t ( our _w-outlook8 ,surely n4 ,obs]ve t hi/ory1 s conceiv$1 mu/ ne$s comp>e faculty ) desire1 a*ievem5t ) expectation1 fulfilm5t ) design4 ,& no morali/ has ev] f\nd pleasure 9 ! comp>ison4 ,! vanity ( human wi%es & ! brevity ( human life are immemorial !mes ( lam5tation2 nor d !y become less lam5table :5 we ext5d our view f ! individual to ! race4 ,inde$1 x is mu* ! o!r way4 ,m5's wi%es are n always va91 nor is e life too brief to satisfy its possessor4 ,only :5 we attempt1 f ! po9t ( view p]mitt$ by physics & biology1 to sum up ! possibilities ( collective human endeav\r1 d we fully realise ! 8vanity ( vanities0 proclaim$ by ! ,prea*]4 ,i am n1 ( c\rse1 sugge/+ t hi/ory is un9t]e/+ because m5 are unhappy3 nor yet t naturalism c>ries pessimism 9 its tra94 ,x may well be t if mank9d c\ld draw up a h$oni/ic balance-%eet1 ! pleasures ( mundane exi/5ce w\ld turn out to be great] ?an its suff]+s4 ,b ?is is n ! "q4 ,i am n 7= ! mom5t7 conc]n$ ) ! mis]ies ( ! race1 b ) its futility4 ,its mis]ies might be indef9itely dim9i%$1 yet leave its futility un*ang$4 ,we might live )\t c>e & die )\t pa92 nature1 tam$ to our desires1 might p\r e luxury into our lap2 &1 ) no mat]ial wi% unsatisfi$1 we might contemplate at our ease ! inevitable1 if di/ant1 ext9ction ( all ! life1 feel+1 ?\ght1 & ef=t ^: reality is admitt$ by a naturali/ic cre$4 ,b h[ %\ld we be advanc$8 ,:at int]e/ w\ld !n be left 9 ! /ory ( ! human race f its sordid beg9n+s to its ineffectual end8 ,poets & ?9k]s ( old dimly pictur$ a controll+ ,fate to :i* ev5 ! ,olympian gods 7 subject4 ,! unkn[n p[]1 :i* !y ignorantly wor%ipp$1 any text-book on physics w n[ decl>e unto y4 ,b no alt>s are erect$ 9 its hon\r4 ,its "n is *ang$4 ,x is no long] call$ ,fate or ,de/9y1 b is kn[n by a title less augu/ if m precise1 ! law ( en]gy-degradation1 or 7if y please7 8! second law ( !rmo-dynamics40 ,x has become ! subject ( sci5tific exp]im5t2 ! physici/s h tak5 x ov] f ! se]s1 & its attributes are def9$ 9 equations4 ,all t]re/rial life is 9 revolt aga9/ x2 b to x1 9 ! end1 mu/ all t]re/rial life succumb4 ,es*atology1 ! doctr9e ( ! la/ ?+s1 has laps$ f prophecy to calculation1 & has become 7at lea/ pot5tially7 a quantitative sci5ce4 ,&1 f a sci5tific po9t ( view1 ?is is q satisfactory4 ,b x is n satisfactory :5 we are weigh+ ! /hetic values ( univ]sal hi/ory4 ,%akespe>e1 9 ! passionate indictm5t ( life :i* he puts into ! m\? ( ,macbe?1 decl>es x to be 8a tale told by an idiot1 full ( s\nd & fury10 & 7m>k well ! climax7 8signify+ no?+40 ,t is ! po9t ) :i* 9 ?is lecture we are *iefly conc]n$4 ,x mo/ cle>ly em]ges :51 9 mom5ts ( reflection1 we enl>ge ! circuit ( our ?\ghts beyond ! ne$s ( action1 &1 9 a mood unt\*$ by p]sonal hopes or fe>s1 endeav\r to survey man's de/9y z a :ole4 ,till a p]iod )9 ! memory ( m5 n[ liv+ x 0 possible to cr$it t]re/rial life ) an inf9ite future1 :]e9 !re 0 room = an inf9ite approa* t[>ds "s1 z yet1 unpictur$ p]fection4 ,x c\ld always be hop$ t human ef=ts w\ld leave beh9d !m "s endur+ traces1 :i*1 h[ev] sl[ly1 might accumulate )\t end4 ,b hopes l ^! are possible no m4 ,! wid] is ! sweep ( our contemplative vision ! m cle>ly d we see t ! rle ( man1 if limit$ to an e>?ly /age1 is mean+less & futile2--t1 h[ev] x be play$1 9 ! end x 8signifies no?+40 ,w any "o ass]t t univ]sal hi/ory c ma9ta9 its int]e/ undimm$ if /eep$ 9 ! atmosph]e ( a cre$ l ?is8 ,"h1 h[ev]1 we are evid5tly ne>+ ! fronti] :i* divides /hetic f e?ic4 ,be=e ,i cross x1 & beg9 a new subject1 let me v briefly t\* on a difficulty :i* may h occurr$ to "s ( my he>]s4 ,! l9e ( ?\ght foll[$ 9 ! la/ section ( ?is lecture assumes1 or seems to assume1 t our only *oice lies betwe5 hi/ory fram$ 9 a naturali/ic1 & hi/ory fram$ 9 a !i/ic1 sett+4 ,9 ! fir/ case we h a _w-outlook :i* =bids ! attribution ( p]man5t value to human ef=t2 9 ! second case we h a _w-outlook :i* requires1 or1 at ! lea/1 p]mits x4 ,b are ^! ! only alt]natives8 ,:at are we to say1 = example1 ab\t ^? metaphysical religions :i*1 :e!r !y be describ$ z !i/ic1 pan!i/ic1 or a!i/ic1 agree 9 reg>d+ all life z illusion1 all desire z wret*$ness1 & deem ! true end ( man to be absorption 9 ! timeless id5tity ( ! real8 ,su* cre$s h no aff9ity ) naturalism4 ,philosophically !y are 9 %>pe/ contra/ to x4 ,b ev5 less ?an naturalism d !y provide hi/ory ) a suitable sett+4 ,= naturalism does1 aft] all1 leave unt\*$ ! int]e/ ( hi/orical episodes1 s long z !y are consid]$ out ( relation to ! :ole ( :i* !y =m a "p4 ,z we are cont5t1 9 ! realm ( fiction1 to bid f>ewell to ! h]o & h]o9e on _! m>riage1 unmov$ by anxieties ab\t _! *ildr51 s1 9 ! realm ( 8brute fact10 we may arbitr>ily isolate any p]iod we *oose1 & treat ! /ory ( x )\t ref]5ce to any !ories conc]n+ ! future de/9y ( man4 ,b ?is process ( ab/raction mu/ surely be useless = ^? :o ?9k ( ! _w 9 t]ms ( ! metaphysical religions to :i* ,i h ref]r$4 ,9 _! eyes all ef=t is inh]5tly wor?less1 all desire inh]5tly va94 ,nor w\ld !y *ange _! op9ion ev5 7 !y p]suad$ t progress 0 real & un5d+2 t ef=t & desire 7 build+ up1 h[ev] sl[ly1 an imp]i%able polity ( sup]-m54 ,= ^? :o 9 ?is _s face ! /ruggl+ _w ( common exp]i5ce ! contemplative int]e/ ( univ]sal hi/ory mu/ be small inde$4 ,,footnotes3 #c ,i greatly regret hav+ to /ret* ! ord9>y mean+ ( ! ^w 8/hetic0 to ! ext5t requir$ by ! argum5t ( ?is *apt]4 ,i got into tr\ble 9 a previ\s "w by ! ext5sion ,i gave to ! ^w 8,au?ority40 ,& z1 9 t case1 no explanation seem$ suffici5t to avoid misconception1 s ,i am afraid x w be 9 ! pres5t case4 ,b :at bett] c\rse is op5 to me8 ,i require a ^w to express a concept :i* is vital to ! doctr9es ,i am prea*+4 ,:]e am ,i to get x8 ,if !re is no su* ^w 9 ord9>y use1 ,i mu/ ei!r inv5t a new ^w1 or ,i mu/ modify ! famili> mean+ ( an old ^w4 ,!re are objections to bo? c\rses2 yet "o ( !m mu/ be tak54 ,i h *os5 ! second2 & c d no m ?an ask = ! indulg5ce ( ^? read]s :o ?9k ,i %\ld h *os5 ! fir/4 #d ,cf4 ,plato 9 ! 8,phdrus40 #e ,x is p]haps to ?is t5d5cy we may 79 "p7 attribute ! eag]ness ) :i* poetry & f9e art h us$ & abus$ ! p]sonifications ( natural objects provid$ = !m by primitive sup]/ition4 ,if n1 x is curi\s t ^! t$i\s my?ologies %\ld h be5 *]i%$ by poets long aft] !y 7 ab&on$ by ev]ybody else2 & t we /ill use e exp$i5t = end[+ mat]ial nature ) fictiti\s sympa?ies & p[]s4 ,b x is1 ,i ?9k1 an error to see no?+ 9 su* metaphors b a trick ( /yle4 ,!y repres5t ! same deep-root$ t5d5cy :i* f9ds significance 9 su* phrases z 8,"m ,e>?10 :i* has sugge/$ c]ta9 poetic =ms ( ,pan!ism2 or :i* ga!rs a vague1 semi-spiritual consolation f ! ?\ght t1 :5 we die1 our bodies1 resolv$ into _! elem5ts1 may /ill %>e 9 ! new manife/ations ( life :i* ,nature 7half p]sonifi$7 p\rs out 9 exhau/less pr(usion4 ,,lecture ,,iv ,,e?ics ,,& ,,!ism ,i ,i turn n[ f contemplation to action2 f /hetics to ,e?ics4 ,& 9 s do+ ,i mu/ ask p]mission to /ret* ! ord9>y mean+ ( ! t]m :i* ,i use to describe ! subject-matt] ( ! pres5t lecture1 z ,i h already /ret*$ ! mean+ ( ! t]m :i* describ$ ! subject-matt] ( ! la/4 8/hetics0 !re includ$ mu* besides beauty2 8,e?ics0 "h w include mu* besides morality4 ,z1 "u ! fir/ head1 7 rang$ contemplative int]e/s f> l[] 9 ! scale ?an 7= example7 ^? ( art1 s ,i %all ext5d ! use ( ! ^w 8,e?ics0 till x embraces ! :ole range ( :at us$ to be call$ ! 8spr+s ( action10 f ! l(tie/ love d[n to impulses :i* 9 !mselves are non-moral1 in/9ctive1 ev5 automatic4 ,! gr\nds = ?is proc$ure are simil> 9 bo? cases4 ,i am ma9ly1 almo/ exclusively1 conc]n$ ) beliefs & emotions t\*+ beauty & goodness4 ,yet x is important to rememb] t1 consid]$ z natural products1 ^! %ade (f by ins5sible gradations into manife/ations ( life to :i* ! words 8belief0 & 8emotion0 are q inapplicable1 :]e 8beauty0 & 8goodness0 h little mean+ or none4 ,& z ?is l>g] class1 :5 conc]n$ ) action1 has at pres5t no bett] "n1 ,i may be p]mitt$ to describe x z e?ical4 ,i am ma9ly conc]n$1 h[ev]1 ) t high] "p ( ! e?ical scale :i* all w\ld agree to call ,moral1 & ) ! debatable region imm$iately bel[ x4 ,( purposive action1 or :at seems to be su*1 ( a /ill l[] type1 ,i ne$ say little--b we mu/ nev] =get t x is !re4 ,morals1 z ,i conceive !m1 are conc]n$ ) ends ( action3 & pr9cipally ) ultimate ends ( action4 ,an end ( action1 9 s f> z x is ultimate1 is "o :i* is pursu$ = itself alone1 & n z a means to "s o!r end4 ,( c\rse an end may be1 & con/antly is1 bo? ultimate & contributory4 ,x is s\ght = on its own acc\nt1 & also z an in/rum5t = procur+ some?+ else4 ,x is ma9ly 9 ! fir/ ( ^! capacities1 h[ev]1 t x conc]ns morality4 ,= ! purposes ( ?is lecture ,i %all classify ultimate ends z ei!r egoi/ic or altrui/ic--egoi/ic ends be+ ^? t are imm$iately connect$ )1 or c5tr$ 91 ! ag5t2 altrui/ic ends be+ ^? t are n4 ,b ,i beg y to rememb] t ?is di/9ction does n correspond to t betwe5 "r & wrong4 ,egoism is n necess>ily vici\s1 nor is altruism necess>ily virtu\s4 ,inde$1 z ,i %all h occasion to po9t out lat]1 ! blacke/ vices1 su* z cruelty & hatr$1 are (t5 altrui/ic4 ,?is is an unusual1 ?\gh n1 ,i ?9k1 an unreasonable1 use ( language4 8,egoism0 & 8altruism0 are t]ms hi/orically associat$ ) ! moral !ories :i* reg>d happ9ess z ! only end ( action1 b are "u ! necessity ( di/+ui%+ betwe5 actions design$ to secure ! happ9ess ( ! ag5t & actions design$ to secure ! happ9ess ( o!r p4 ,i d n accept ^! !ories1 ?\gh ,i borr[ _! phraseology4 ,happ9ess may1 or may n1 be ! highe/ ( all ultimate ends1 ! "o to :i* all o!rs %\ld give way4 ,b x seems to me q mislead+ to call x ! only "o4 ,to describe ! s5sual man1 ! va9 man1 ! m]ely selfi% man1 ! mis]1 ! ascetic1 ! man mov$ by rational self-love1 ! man absorb$ 9 ! task ( 8self-realisation10 ! man consum$ by ! passion = po/hum\s fame1 z all pursu+ ! same egoi/ic end by diff]5t means1 is surely to confuse di/9ctions ( great moral importance )\t any ga9 ( sci5tific cl>ity4 ,9 l mann]1 to suppose t ! man :o sp5ds himself 9 ! s]vice 7say7 ( 8 family1 8 c\ntry1 or 8 *ur*1 is only /riv+ = ! 8happ9ess0 ( ! human race1 or ( c]ta9 select$ memb]s ( ! human race1 is 7x seems to me7 to ignore ! pla9 tea*+ ( daily exp]i5ce4 ,z !re are _m egoi/ic ends besides our own happ9ess1 s !re are _m altrui/ic ends besides ! happ9ess ( o!rs4 ,! ext5d$ s5se1 !re=e1 9 :i* ,i employ ^! t]ms seems ju/ifi$ by facts4 ,,ii ,i %all n attempt to det]m9e ! po9t at :i* we c fir/ cle>ly discrim9ate betwe5 ! 8egoi/ic0 & 8altrui/ic0 elem5ts 9 animal in/9ct4 ,evid5tly1 h[ev]1 x is ant]ior to & indep5d5t ( any conceptual recognition ei!r ( an ego or an alt]4 ,x might be argu$ t !re is an altrui/ic elem5t 9 ! mo/ egoi/ic in/9cts4 ,eat+1 multiply+1 fight+1 & runn+ away--acts pla9ly direct$ t[>ds pres]v+ & satisfy+ ! individual--also conduce to ! pres]vation ( ! race4 ,b1 h[ev] ?is may be1 ! conv]se is c]ta9ly untrue4 ,!re are altrui/ic in/9cts into :i* no elem5t ( egoism ent]s4 ,( ^! ! mo/ important is p>5tal1 especially mat]nal1 love3 ! mo/ amaz+ are ! impulses :i* regulate ! complex polity ( 7= example7 a hive ( bees4 ,9 ^! cases "o organism w "w or fight or endure = o!rs3 x w sacrifice its life = its (fspr+1 or = ! commonweal? ( :i* x is a memb]4 ,egoism is :olly lo/ 9 altruism4 ,n[1 ,i suppose t1 9 ! ord] ( causation1 all ^! animal in/9cts1 be !y egoi/ic or altrui/ic1 mu/ be treat$ z contrivances = aid+ a species 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,if any?+ be due to selection1 surely ^! mu/ be4 ,?is is pla9ly true ( ! egoi/ic appetites & impulses on :i* dep5d ! ma9t5ance ( life & its propagation4 ,x mu/ also be true ( ! altrui/ic in/9cts4 ,take1 = in/ance1 ! case ( p>5tal devotion4 ,its survival value is cle>ly imm5se4 ,! high] animals1 z at pres5t con/itut$1 c\ld n exi/ )\t x2 & ?\gh1 = all we c say to ! contr>y1 developm5t might h foll[$ a diff]5t c\rse1 & a race n less effectively end[$ ?an man might fl\ri% ?\gh p>5tal c>e play$ no great] "p 9 ! life-hi/ory ( its memb]s ?an x does 9 ! life-hi/ory ( a h]r+1 yet ?is is n :at has actually happ5$4 ,altrui/ic ef=t1 9 ! _w z we "k x1 is z ess5tial to ! high] organisms z ! self-reg>d+ in/9cts & appetites are to organic life 9 g5]al2 & !re seems no reason = attribut+ to x a diff]5t orig94 ,c ?is be said ) a l confid5ce ab\t ! high] portions ( ! e?ical scale8 ,are ^! also due to selection8 ,evid5tly ! diff]5ce betwe5 primitive in/9cts & develop$ morality is imm5se2 & x is z great 9 ! egoi/ic z 9 ! non-egoi/ic region ( e?ics4 ,ideals ( conduct1 ! =mulation ( ends1 judgm5ts ( _! relative wor?1 actions bas$ on pr9ciples1 delib]ate *oice betwe5 alt]native policies1 ! realis$ di/9ction betwe5 ! self & o!r p]sonalities or o!r c5tres ( feel+-- all ^! are involv$ 9 develop$ morality1 :ile 9 animal e?ics !y exi/ n at all1 or only 9 ! mo/ rudim5t>y =ms4 ,comp>e1 = in/ance1 a society ( bees & a society ( m54 ,9 bo? !re is division ( lab\r2 9 bo? !re is organis$ ef=t t[>ds an end :i* is o!r & great] ?an ! individual good ( any s+le memb] ( ! community4 ,b ?\gh !re are ^! deep-ly+ resemblances betwe5 ! two cases1 h[ important are ! diff]5ces :i* divide !m6 ,9 ! bee-hive altruism is obey$1 b n *os54 ,alt]native ends are n contra/$4 ,no memb] ( ! community ?9ks t x c\ld d some?+ diff]5t f1 & m agreeable ?an1 ! inh]it$ task4 ,nor 9 tru? c\ld x4 ,g5]al int]e/ & individual int]e/ are nev] oppos$1 = !y are nev] di/+ui%$4 ,! ag5t nev] comp>es1 & !re=e nev] selects4 ,f> diff]5t are ! e?ical conditions requir+ consid]ation :5 we turn f bees to m54 ,"h egoism & altruism are n only di/+ui%$ 9 reflection2 !y may be1 & (t5 are1 incompatible 9 practice4 ,nor does ?is conflict ( ends only %[ itself betwe5 ^! two great e?ical divisions2 x is n less app>5t )9 !m4 ,"h1 !n1 we f9d ourselves 9 a _w ( moral conflict v fa9tly =e%ad[$ 9 animal e?ics4 ,= u1 ultimate ends are _m4 ,!y may re9=ce ea* o!r1 or !y may weak5 ea* o!r4 ,!y may h>monise1 or !y may cla%4 ,p]sonal ends may prove incompatible ) gr\p ends3 "o gr\p end may prove incompatible ) ano!r4 ,loyalty may be rang$ aga9/ loyalty1 altruism aga9/ altruism2 nor is !re any c\rt ( appeal :i* c decide betwe5 !m4 ,b !re are yet o!r diff]5ces betwe5 ! e?ics ( in/9ct & ! e?ics ( reflection4 ,in/9cts are 7relatively7 def9ite & /able2 !y move 9 n>r[ *annels2 !y _c easily be enl>g$ 9 scope1 or *ang$ 9 "*4 ,! animal "m1 = example1 c>es = its "y *ildr51 b nev] = its "y gr&*ildr54 ,! lifelong fidelity ( ! p>5t birds 9 c]ta9 species 7a fidelity seem+ly indep5d5t ( ! pair+ season1 or ! c>e ( p>ticul> broods7 nev] becomes ! nucleus ( a wid] association4 ,altrui/ic in/9cts may lead to actions :i* equal1 or surpass1 man's highe/ ef=ts ( abnegation2 b ! actions are matt]s ( r\t9e1 & ! in/9cts nev] v>y4 ,!y em]ge 9 ! same =m at ! same /age ( individual gr[?1 l any o!r attribute ( ! species--its col\r1 = in/ance1 or its claws4 ,& if !y be1 l col\r & claws1 ! products ( selection1 ?is is exactly :at we %\ld expect4 ,b !n1 if ! loyalties ( man be also ! product ( selection1 :y d !y n %[ a simil> fixity8 ,pla9ly !y d n4 ,man inh]its ! capacity = loyalty1 b n ! use to :i* he %all put x4 ,! p]sons & causes 7if any7 to :i* he %all devote himself are sugge/$ to him1 (t51 inde$1 impos$ ^u him1 by education & environm5t4 ,nev]!less1 !y are 8 by *oice1 n by h]$it>y compulsion4 ,& 8 *oice may be bad4 ,he may unselfi%ly devote himself to :at is petty or vile1 z he may to :at is g5]\s & noble4 ,b on ! possibility ( error dep5ds ! possibility ( progress2 & if 7to borr[ a phrase f physics7 our loyalty possess$ z few 8degrees ( fre$om0 z t ( ants or bees1 our social organisation w\ld be z rigid4 ,! mo/ c>eless glance at ! pages ( hi/ory1 or ! _w ( our own exp]i5ce1 w %[ h[ v>i$ are ! =ms 9 :i* ?is capacity = loyalty is display$4 ,! ,sp>tans at ,!rmopyl1 ! 8,blues0 & ! 8,gre5s0 at ,byzantium1 rival politicians 9 a h>d-f\ght election1 play]s & spectators at an ,eton & ,h>r[ ,mat*1 supply famili> illu/rations ( its v>iety & vig\r4 ,& d n suppose t 9 ?us br++ toge!r ! sublime1 ! famili>1 & ! trivial1 ,i am p>adoxically associat+ matt]s ess5tially disp>ate4 ,?is is n s4 ,i am n putt+ on a moral level ! patriot & ! p>tisan1 ! m>tyr to "s great cause & ! %\t+ spectator at a s*ool mat*4 ,:at ,i am insi/+ on is t !y all h loyalty 9 common2 a loyalty :i* (t5 is1 & always may be1 pure f egoi/ic alloy4 ,loyalties1 !n1 :i* are *>act]i/ically human diff] pr(\ndly f ^? :i* are *>act]i/ically animal4 ,! latt] are due to in/9cts :i* include bo? ! end to be s\ght = & ! means by :i* x is to be atta9$4 ,! =m] are root$ 9 a g5]al capacity =1 or incl9ation to1 loyalty1 ) little inh]it$ guidance ei!r z to ends or means4 ,yet1 if we accept selection z ! s\rce ( ! fir/1 we c h>dly reject x z ! s\rce ( ! second4 ,= ! survival value ( loyalty is manife/4 ,x lies at ! root ( all effective co-op]ation4 ,)\t x ! family & tribe w\ld be impossible2 & )\t ! family & ! tribe1 or "s yet high] organisation1 m51 if !y c\ld exi/ at all1 w\ld be m helpless ?an cattle1 weak aga9/ ! ali5 =ces ( nature1 at ! m]cy ( human foes m capable ( loyalty ?an !mselves4 ,a m p[]ful aid 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce _c easily be imag9$4 ,we are inde$ apt to =get h[ important are its consequ5ces1 ev5 :5 x supplies no m ?an a fa9t qualification ( o!r & m obvi\s motives4 ,x acts l ^? alloys :i*1 9 doses relatively m9ute1 add /r5g? & ela/icity ev5 to /eel4 ,! relation 7= example7 betwe5 a comm]cial company & its (ficials is ess5tially a bus9ess "o4 ,! employ] pays ! m>ket price = hone/y & compet5ce1 & has no claim to m4 ,yet t company is surely ei!r un=tunate or undes]v+ ^: s]vants are :olly indiff]5t to its =tunes1 feel+ no fa9te/ flick] ( pride :5 x succe$s1 no t+e ( regret :5 x fails4 ,hon\rable is ! tie betwe5 ^? :o ex*ange hone/ wage & hone/ "w2 yet loyalty c easily bett] x4 ,& a l tru? is manife/ 9 sph]es ( action less reputable ?an ^? ( comm]ce4 ,m]c5>ies1 to be wor? hir+1 mu/ be p>tly mov$ by =ces high] ?an puni%m5t or pay4 ,ev5 pirates c\ld n plund] ) pr(it 7 _! selfi%ness unr$eem$ by "s slight t9cture ( reciprocal loyalty4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 _m :o w\ld admit ! occasional importance ( loyalty :ile /r5u\sly d5y+ t social life 0 :olly bas$ ^u x4 ,= !m society is an inv5tion2 ( all inv5tions ! mo/ useful1 b /ill only an inv5tion4 ,x 0 7!y ?9k7 orig9ally devis$ by individuals 9 _! individual int]e/2 &1 ?\gh common action 0 ! ma*9]y employ$1 p]sonal advantage 0 ! end desir$4 ,by enlight5$ egoism social organisation 0 creat$2 by enlight5$ egoism x is ma9ta9$ & improv$4 ,contrivance1 !re=e1 n loyalty1 is ! ma/] faculty requir$4 ,?is is a great delusion--q unsupport$ by any?+ we "k or c plausibly conjecture ab\t ! hi/ory ( mank9d4 ,no "o1 inde$1 d\bts t delib]ate adaptation ( means to ends has help$ to create1 & is con/antly modify+1 human societies2 nor yet t egoism has con/antly p]v]t$ political & social in/itutions to m]ely private uses4 ,b !re is some?+ m fundam5tal to be borne 9 m9d1 namely1 t )\t loyalty !re w\ld be no societies to modify1 & no in/itutions to p]v]t4 ,if ^! 7 m]ely well-design$ in/rum5ts l /eam-eng9es & telegraphs1 !y w\ld be wor?less4 ,!y w\ld p]i% at ! fir/ %ock1 did !y n at once fall into ru9 by _! own weight4 ,if !y are to be useful z means1 !y mu/ fir/ impose !mselves z ends2 !y mu/ possess a quality beyond ! rea* ( contrivance3 ! quality ( comm&+ dis9t]e/$ s]vice & uncalculat+ devotion4 ,,iii ,i %\ld !re=e be ready to admit1 z a plausible conjecture1 t ! capacity = altrui/ic emotions & beliefs is a direct product ( organic evolution2 an attribute pres]v$ & enc\rag$1 because x is useful to ! race1 & transmitt$ f p>5ts to (fspr+ by physiological inh]itance4 ,on ?is !ory loyalty 9 "s %ape or o!r is z natural to man z mat]nal affection is natural to mammals4 ,d\btless x is m v>iable 9 /r5g?1 m flexible 9 direction1 m easily smo!r$ by compet+ egoisms2 b ! capacity = x is n less innate1 & n less necess>y 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,b :5 we ask h[ f> selection has be5 responsible = ! developm5t ( high altrui/ic ideals out ( primitive =ms ( loyalty1 we t\* on problems ( mu* great] complexity4 ,evid5tly !re has be5 a pr(\nd moral trans=mation 9 ! c\rse ( ages4 ,none suppose t e?ical values are apprais$ 9 ! tw5tie? c5tury z !y 7 9 ! fir/ /one age4 ,b :at has caus$ ! *ange is n s cle>4 ,!re are obvi\s1 &1 ,i ?9k1 insurm\ntable difficulties 9 attribut+ x to organic selection4 ,selection is ( ! fitte/--( ! fitte/ to survive4 ,b 9 :at consi/s ?is p>ticul> k9d ( fitness8 ,! answ] f ! biological po9t ( view is q simple3 almo/ a matt] ( def9ition4 ,t race is 8fit0 :i* ma9ta9s its numb]s2 & t race is fitte/ :i* mo/ increases !m4 ,! judge ( su* 8fitness0 is n ! morali/ or ! /atesman4 ,x is ! ,regi/r>-,g5]al4 ,s little is 8fitness0 insep>ably atta*$ to excell5ce1 t x w\ld be ra% to say t !re is any quality1 h[ev] unattractive1 :i* might n 9 conceivable circum/ances assi/ survival4 ,high au?orities1 ,i believe1 hold t at ?is mom5t 9 ,brita9 we h s manag$ matt]s t cong5ital idiots increase fa/] ?an any o!r class ( ! population4 ,if s1 !y mu/ be deem$ ! 8fitte/0 ( our c\ntrym54 ,no d\bt ?is fact1 if x be a fact1 is an accid5t ( our social sy/em4 ,legislation has produc$ ?is happy adaptation ( environm5t to organism1 & legislation might de/roy x4 ,! fitte/ to-day might become ! unfitte/ to-morr[4 ,b ?is is no?+ to ! purpose4 ,t "p ( man's environm5t :i* is due to man does no d\bt usually v>y m quickly ?an ! "p :i* is due to nature2 none ! less is x environm5t 9 ! /ricte/ s5se ( ! ^w4 ,! !ory ( selection draws no ess5tial di/9ction betwe5 7say7 ! secul> congelation ( a cont95t 9 ! ice age1 & ! work+s ( ! ,engli% ,poor ,law 9 ! tw5tie? c5tury4 ,x is en\gh t ea*1 :ile x la/s1 fav\rs or disc\rages p>ticul> h]itable v>iations1 & modifies ! qualities t make = 8survival40 ,:at is m important1 h[ev]1 ?an ! fact t h]itable 8fitness0 may be completely divorc$ f m5tal & moral excell5ce1 is ! fact t s l>ge a "p ( man's m5tal & moral *>act]i/ics are n h]itable at all1 & _c !re=e be directly due to organic selection4 ,races may accumulate accompli%m5ts1 yet rema9 organically un*ang$4 ,!y may le>n & !y may =get1 !y may rise f b>b>ism to culture1 & s9k back f culture to b>b>ism1 :ile ?r\gh all ^! revolutions ! raw mat]ial ( _! humanity v>ies nev] a bit4 ,9 su* cases !re c be no "q ( ,natural ,selection 9 ! s5se 9 :i* biologi/s use ! t]m4 ,& !re are o!r consid]ations :i* sugge/ t1 z developm5t proce$s1 ! =ces ( organic selection dim9i%4 ,:ile man 0 9 ! mak+ we may easily believe t ^? possess+ no cong5ital in/9ct = loyalty fail$1 & t failure involv$ elim9ation4 ,9 su* circum/ances1 ! h]$it>y in/9ct w\ld become an inbr$ *>act]i/ic ( ! race4 ,b 9 a civilis$1 or ev5 9 a semi-civilis$1 _w1 ! success ( "o competitor has r>ely involv$ ! ext9ction ( ! o!r--at lea/ by m]e slaught]4 ,:5 ext9ction has foll[$ defeat1 x has be5 due r to ! gradual effects ( disease & h>d%ip1 or to o!r causes m obscure1 b n less deadly4 ,! endless /ruggles betwe5 tribes1 cities1 nations1 & races1 h 9 ! ma9 be5 /ruggles = dom9ation1 n = exi/5ce4 ,slav]y1 n dea?1 has be5 ! p5alty ( failure2 & if dom9ation has produc$ a *ange 9 ! inh]it$ type1 x is n because ! conqu]$ has p]i%$ be=e ! conqu]or1 b because1 conque/ hav+ br\ght !m toge!r1 ! two h int]m>ri$4 ,!re is ?us no close or necess>y connection betwe5 biological 8fitness0 & milit>y or political success4 ,! beat5 race1 ^: in/itutions or culture p]i%1 may be ! race :i* 9 fact survives2 :ile victors :o firmly e/abli% _! language1 religion1 & polity may1 aft] a few c5turies1 leave sc>ce a trace beh9d !m ( any h]itable *>act]i/ics :i* ! an?ropologi/ is able to detect4 ,?is obs]vation1 h[ev]1 sugge/s a new po9t4 ,is !re n1 y may ask1 a 8/ruggle = exi/5ce0 betwe5 non-h]itable acquirem5ts :i* fa9tly resembles ! biological /ruggle betwe5 individuals or species8 ,religi\s sy/ems1 political organisations1 speculative cre$s1 indu/rial inv5tions1 national policies1 sci5tific g5]alisations1 & 7:at specially conc]ns u n[7 e?ical ideals1 are 9 p]petual competition & conflict4 ,"s ma9ta9 !mselves or exp&4 ,^! are1 by def9ition1 ! 8fit40 ,"s wane or p]i%4 ,^! are1 by def9ition1 ! unfit4 ,"h we f9d selection1 survival1 elim9ation2 &1 ?\gh we see !m at "w 9 q o!r regions ( reality ?an ^? explor$ by ! /ud5t ( organic evolution1 ! analogy betwe5 ! two cases is obvi\s4 ,b is ! analogy m ?an sup]ficial8 ,is x relevant to our pres5t argum5t8 ,c x expla9 ei!r ! spread ( high] moral ideals or _! developm5t8 ,let u consid] = a mom5t "s examples ( ?is psy*ological 8/ruggle = exi/5ce40 ,take1 z a simple case1 ! competition betwe5 rival inv5tions--betwe5 ! sp9n+-j5ny & ! h&-loom1 ! bree*-load] & ! muzzle-load]1 pre-,li/]ian & po/-,li/]ian me?ods ( surg]y4 ,unless ! environm5t be /rongly *>g$ ) prejudice1 ignorance1 or s9i/] int]e/s1 ! 8fitte/0 9 su* cases is t :i* be/ s]ves its purpose4 ,measurable effici5cy is ! quality :i* w9s4 ,b ?is supplies u ) no useful analogy :5 we are deal+ ) e?ics4 ,morality1 z ,i h already insi/$1 is n an inv5tion design$ to s]ve an ext]nal purpose4 ,! 8/ruggle = exi/5ce0 betwe5 high] & l[] e?ical ideals has no resemblance to ! /ruggle betwe5 ! sp9n+-j5ny & ! h&-loom4 ,x is a /ruggle betwe5 ends1 n betwe5 means4 ,effici5cy is n 9 "q4 ,a l obs]vation applies to t quality ( our beliefs :i* might be describ$ z 8argum5tative plausibility40 ,?is is to ab/ract !oris+ :at effici5cy is to practical inv5tion4 ,x has survival value4 ,bo?1 ( c\rse1 are relative t]ms1 ^: application v>ies ) circum/ances4 ,an inv5tion is only effici5t :ile ! commodity x produces is 9 dem&4 ,a !ory is only plausible :ile x hits (f ! intellectual temp] ( ! day4 ,b if effici5cy & plausibility be ?us und]/ood1 ! m effici5t inv5tion & ! m plausible doctr9e w ou/ _! less fav\r$ rivals4 ,!y are ! 8fitte/40 ,b z morality is n a means1 s nei!r is x a conclusion4 ,:atev] be its relation to ,reason1 reason+ c nev] det]m9e ! ess5tial nature ( its cont5ts4 ,plausibility1 !re=e1 is no m 9 "q ?an effici5cy4 ,i d n1 ( c\rse1 d5y t e?ics are always "u discussion1 or t ! basis ( moral rules & _! application are !mes ( un5d+ controv]sy4 ,?is is pla9ly true4 ,b x is also true t !re is no argum5tative me?od ( %ak+ any man's allegiance to an end :i* he deems intr9sically wor?y1 except by %[+ x to be inconsi/5t ) "s o!r end :i* he 7n y7 deems m wor?y /ill4 ,dialectic c br+ into cle> consci\sness ! implicit beliefs :i* und]lie action1 b x _c ei!r prove !m or refute !m4 ,x is z untrue to say t !re is no disput+ ab\t morals z to say t !re is no disput+ ab\t ta/es4 ,b also x is z true2 & ! tru?1 prop]ly und]/ood1 is fundam5tal4 ,:at pass = oppos+ argum5ts are really rival appeals2 & x is int]e/+ to obs]ve t ! appeal :i*1 to ! unreflect+1 seems ! mo/ rational is ! appeal to selfi%ness4 ,i am told#f t on any f9e ,sunday aft]noon 9 "s ( our big t[ns y may f9d an orator ask+ :y any man %\ld love 8 c\ntry4 8,:at10 he inquires1 8does a man get by x8 ,w national success br+ ei!r to himself or to any ( 8 he>]s m food1 m dr9k1 m amusem5ts8 ,if n1 :y make p]sonal sacrifices = :at w nev] conf] p]sonal advantage80 ,to ?is p>ticul> "q x might be repli$ 7?\gh n always ) tru?7 t ! anti!sis is a false "o1 & t on ! :ole ! selfi% ideal & ! patriotic ideal are bo? promot$ by ! same policy ( public s]vice4 ,b !re is ano!r "q ( ! same type to :i* no su* answ] is possible4 ,we h all he>d x1 ei!r 9 je/ or 9 e>ne/4 8,:y0 7x is ask$7 8%\ld we d any?+ = po/]ity1 see+ t po/]ity w d no?+ = u80 ,! implication is infam\s1 b ! /atem5t is true4 ,we _c extract f po/]ity an equival5t = ! sacrifices we make on its behalf4 ,^! are debts t w nev] be recov]$4 ,! unborn _c be su$2 ! dead _c be repaid4 ,b :at !n8 ,altruism is n bas$ on egoism2 x is n egoism 9 disguise4 ,! ends to :i* x po9ts are ends 9 !mselves2 & _! value is q indep5d5t ( argum5t1 nei!r capable ( pro( nor requir+ x4 ,9 :at1 !n1 consi/s ! psy*ological 7z di/+ui%$ f ! organic7 8fitness0 ( ! high] moral ideals8 ,if x _c be f\nd 9 _! practical effici5cy1 nor yet 9 _! argum5tative plausibility1 :]e %all we seek x8 ,sometimes1 no d\bt1 ! explanation is to be f\nd 9 _! association ) a culture1 o!r elem5ts ( :i* d possess bo? ^! k9ds ( 8fitness40 ,?us ,we/]n morality--or 7to be accurate7 ,we/]n notions ( morality--f9d fav\r ) backw>d races1 because !y are associat$ ) ,we/]n armam5ts & ,we/]n arts4 ,aga91 !y may be diffus$1 p]haps z "p ( "s militant religion1 by ! p[] ( ! sword or by its pre/ige4 ,!y rea* new regions 9 ! tra9 ( a conqu]or1 & will+ly or unwill+ly ! conqu]$ accept !m4 ,b ^! associations are seem+ly q casual4 ,! pre/ige ( ,we/]n arts & sci5ce may assi/ ! diffusion ( ,we/]n morals1 z x assi/s ! diffusion ( ,we/]n languages1 or ,we/]n clo!s4 ,conque/s by ,mahomm$an or ,*ri/ian ,/ates may sub/itute a high] = a l[] e?ical cre$ 9 ?is or t region ( ! _w4 ,su* cases1 h[ev]1 leave u /ill 9 ! realm ( accid5t4 ,! causes ?us assign$ = ! spread ( a p>ticul> type ( e?ical ideal h no?+ to d ) ! quality ( t type4 ,!y w\ld promote bad morals n less effectively ?an good2 z a hose w1 ) equal ease1 scatt] dirty wat] or clean4 ,moreov]1 ! gr[? ( ! high] type 9 its place ( orig9 is left :olly unexpla9$4 ,its 8fitness0 seems a m]e matt] ( luck due nei!r to design nor to any natural imitation ( design4 ,! rig\r ( ?is conclusion w\ld be little mitigat$ ev5 if we c\ld connect psy*ological fitness ) "s q non-moral peculi>ity habitually associat$ ) ! high] morality1 b n ) ! l[]4 ,if1 = example1 ! =m] 7 f\nd to lead normally to worldly success1 its repute w\ld ne$ no fur!r explanation4 ,if1 9 private life1 ^? end[$ ) ,sir ,*>les ,gr&ison's m]its usually possess$ ,sir ,*>les ,gr&ison's e/ate1 if1 9 political or national life1 victory & virtue w5t ev] h& 9 h&1 morality might be none ! bett]1 b c]ta9ly x w\ld be m ! fa%ion4 ,heav5 w\ld be we>i$ ) pray]s = an unselfi% _s1 utt]$ by suppliants f purely selfi% motives4 ,sa9ts w\ld become ! d>l+s ( society1 & ! book ( ,job w\ld be /ill unwritt54#g ,i c devise no m extravagant hypo!sis4 ,b ?\gh1 if x 7 true1 ! 8fitness0 ( ! high] morality might seem to h f\nd an explanation1 x is n ! explanation we require4 ,x is too ext]nal4 ,x gives no acc\nt ( ! appeal :i* ! nobl] ends ( action make to our judgm5ts ( intr9sic value4 ,x sugge/s ! way 9 :i* a high] ideal might increase ! numb] ( its possessors at ! exp5se ( a l[]1 b n ! way 9 :i* ! high] ideal might itself arise4 ,inde$1 we mu/ g fur!r4 ,few are ! morali/s :o w\ld ma9ta9 t indiff]5ce to worldly triumphs 0 n1 on ! :ole1 a b> to _! atta9m5t4 ,few are ! biologi/s :o w\ld ma9ta9 t c>e & k9dness1 lavi%$ on ! biologically unfit1 w nev] t5d to dim9i% ! relative numb] ( ! biologically fit4 ,b1 if s1 we mu/ agree ) ,nietzs*e 9 ?9k+ t e?ical values h become 8d5aturalis$40 ,9 _! primitive =ms ! products ( selection1 !y h1 by a k9d ( int]nal mom5tum1 ov]pass$ _! primitive purpose4 ,made by nature = a natural object1 !y h develop$ along l9es :i* are c]ta9ly indep5d5t ( selection1 p]haps 9 opposition to x4 ,& ?\gh n z remote f _! fir/ manife/ations z is ! /hetic ( m5 f ! /hetic ( monkeys1 no evolution>y explanation w bridge ! int]val4 ,if we treat ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt z a naturali/ic product1 x is z mu* an evolution>y accid5t z ,hamlet or ! ,n9? ,symphony4 ,,iv ,9 :at sett+1 !n1 are we to place morality s t ^! 8d5aturalis$0 values may be reta9$8 ,c we be cont5t to reg>d ! highe/ loyalties1 ! mo/ devot$ love1 ! mo/ limitless self-abnegation z ! useless excesses ( a _w-sy/em1 :i* 9 its ef=ts to adapt organism to environm5t has ov]%ot its m>k8 ,i deem x impossible4 ,! naturali/ic sett+ mu/ be exp&$ into "o :i* %all give ! high] e?ics an orig9 congru\s ) _! "*4 ,selection mu/ be treat$ z an in/rum5t ( purpose1 n simply z its mimic4 ,!i/ic teleology mu/ be sub/itut$ = ,naturalism4 ,?us1 & ?us only1 c moral values1 z x seems to me1 be successfully ma9ta9$4 ,?is w\ld n1 ,i suppose1 h be5 d5i$ by ,nietzs*e & ,nietzs*e's pr$ecessors 9 revolt4 ,on ! contr>y1 !y w\ld admit ! int]dep5d5ce ( morals & religion1 z ^! are commonly und]/ood 9 ,*ri/5dom1 & !y w\ld condemn bo?4 ,x w\ld1 h[ev]1 h be5 vehem5tly d5i$ by agno/ics l ,huxley2 = ,huxley accept$1 broadly speak+1 ,*ri/ian e?ics1 :ile refus+ to accept ! ,*ri/ian1 or1 inde$1 any o!r =m ( !ology4 ,9 my op9ion1 ?is position is n p]man5tly t5able4 ,i d n mean t x involves a logical contradiction4 ,i d mean t x involves an emotional & doctr9al incompatibility ( a v fundam5tal k9d4 ,& ?is is a defect :i* may be ev5 m fatal ?an logical contradiction to ! /ability ( e?ical beliefs4 ,= :at 0 ,huxley's position8 ,8 condemnation ( evolution>y e?ics 0 f> m viol5t ?an my own4 ,he /ates categorically t 8,:at is e?ically be/ involves conduct :i* 9 all respects is oppos$ to t :i* leads to success 9 ! cosmic /ruggle = exi/5ce40 ,on a biological "q ,i diff] f him ) misgiv+2 b1 z ,i h already urg$1 selection may plausibly be cr$it$ ) ! e>li] /ages ( ! noble/ virtues4 ,i _c ?9k t ! "m :o sacrifices h]self = h] *ild1 ! clansman :o dies = 8 *ief1 ! g5]ation :i* suff]s = ! sake ( its po/]ity1 are indulg+ 9 8conduct :i* is 9 all respects oppos$ to t :i* leads to success 9 ! cosmic /ruggle = exi/5ce40 ,b1 :e!r ,huxley be "r on ?is po9t or ,i1 x is surely impossible = ! mass ( mank9d to ma9ta91 at ! co/ ( mu* p]sonal loss1 an ideal ( conduct :i* sci5ce tells u is n m]ely an evolution>y accid5t1 b an evolution>y mi/ake2 some?+ :i* 01 & is1 contr>y to ! :ole tr5d ( ! cosmic process :i* br\ght u into be+1 & made u :at we are4 ,x requires b a small k ( hi/ory to %[ h[ easily mank9d idealises nature2 witness su* phrases z 8! return to nature10 ! 8/ate ( nature10 8natural rights10 8natural law10 & s =?4 ,appeals f\nd$ ^u ^! notions h prov$ p[]ful1 ev5 :5 !y ran c\nt] to individuali/ic selfi%ness4 ,:5 ! two are 9 alliance1 h[ c !y be resi/$8 ,is x possible = ! ord9>y man to ma9ta9 undimm$ 8 altrui/ic ideals if he ?9ks ,nature is aga9/ !m8--unless1 inde$ he also believes t ,god is on _! side8 ,v ,"h are que/ions rais$ to :i* !re is no p>allel 9 ! case ( /hetics4 ,d\btless diff]5ces ( /hetic judgm5t ab\nd2 b !y d n produce difficulties q mat*+ ^? due to ! collision ( incompatible ends2 nor is _! solution s important4 ,on ?is subject ,i mu/ say a few words be=e br++ ?is lecture to a conclusion4 ,possible collisions betwe5 ends are _m1 = ends !mselves are _m4 ,& ( ^! ends "s are 9 _! v nature irreconcilable2--bas$ on ess5tial diff]5ces :i* reflection only makes m app>5t1 & moral gr[? m pr(\nd4 ,n[ ^! collisions are n always betwe5 altruism & egoism4 ,(t5 !y are betwe5 diff]5t =ms ( altruism--call !m1 if y please1 ! positive =m & ! negative4 ,enmity1 hate1 cruelty1 tyranny1 & all t odi\s brood ^: end & object is ! pa9 & abasem5t ( o!rs are n intr9sically egoi/ic4 ,?\gh !y be ! vile/ ( all passions1 yet !y d n necess>ily involve any ta9t ( selfi% alloy4 ,(t5 z dis9t]e/$ z ! mo/ devot$ love or ! mo/ s+le-m9d$ loyalty1 !y may dem& no small] sacrifices on ! "p ( ^? :om !y inspire1 & ! dem& may be n less will+ly obey$4 ,x is1 p]haps1 wor? obs]v+ t ^! altrui/ic ends1 ! positive & ! negative1 ! b5evol5t & ! malevol5t1 irreconcilably oppos$ z !y are 9 moral !ory1 h (t5 be5 associat$ 9 e?ical practice4 ,family affection has 9 _m half-civilis$ communities produc$ ! b9d+ cu/om ( family v5detta4 ,political loyalty1 :i* has blossom$ into "s ( ! noble/ =ms ( positive altruism1 has also br$ cruelty & hatr$ aga9/ ^? :o are outside ! pale ( ! tribe1 ! /ate1 ! p>ty1 or ! cre$4 ,! brighte/ light has ca/ ! deepe/ %ad[s4 ,to torture & enslave1 n because x br+s pr(it to ! victor1 b because x br+s pa9 to ! vanqui%$1 has1 ?r\gh long ages1 be5 deem$ a fitt+ sequel to victories born ( ! mo/ h]oic c\rage & ! noble/ self-sacrifice2 :ile no small "p ( moral progress has consi/$ 9 expell+ ?is p]v]t$ altruism f ! accept$ ideals ( civilis$ mank9d4 ,egoism is f> m reputable4 ,! ag5t's own good1 consid]$ 9 itself1 is1 :at negative altruism c nev] be1 a p]fectly legitimate object ( endeav\r4 ,:51 !re=e1 !re is a collision betwe5 egoism & positive altruism1 problems ( real difficulty may arise2 ! compet+ ends may bo? h value1 & ! ne$ = a reconciliation1 practical z well z speculative1 ( necessity impresses bo? morali/s & legislators4 ,9 practice ! evils ( ?is conflict arise l>gely f ! fact t ! end :i* has mo/ wor? has too (t5 lea/ p[]4 ,?is is n surpris+ if ! acc\nt ( e?ical evolution1 :i* ,i h provisionally adopt$ 9 ?is lecture1 be ne> ! tru?4 ,= ! extra-reg>d+ in/9cts are ( lat] bir? ?an ! self-reg>d+4 ,all animals look aft] !mselves4 ,only ! m develop$ look also aft] o!rs4 ,! g]m ( :at1 9 reflection1 becomes egoism is ( f> e>li] gr[? ?an ! g]m ( :at1 9 reflection1 becomes altruism4 ,be+ m primitive1 x is m deeply root$ 9 our nature2 &1 ev5 :5 recognis$ z morally l[]1 x t5ds1 :5 !re is conflict1 to prevail ov] its rival4 8,! evil t ,i w\ld n1 t ,i d40 ,n[ ?is result has1 z we all "k1 s]i\s social consequ5ces4 ,ev5 ! lea/ /able society mu/ be organis$ on "s firm framework ( cu/om1 rule1 & law2 & ^!1 9 _! turn1 mu/ f9d _! ma9 support 9 ! will+ loyalty ( ! g5]al community4 ,b1 ?\gh loyalty is ! great ess5tial1 x is n suffici5t4 ,legislators1 lawy]s1 morali/s1 all agree t 9 ! collision betwe5 ends--especially betwe5 egoi/ic & altrui/ic ends--x is n always ! highe/ end z judg$ by ! ag5t himself1 /ill less ! highe/ end z measur$ by ! /&>ds ( ! community1 :i* f9ally prevails4 ,!re=e mu/ law & cu/om h ! support ( sanctions3 sanctions be+ no?+ else ?an devices = br++ a l[] motive to ! aid ( a high]1 & s produc+ bett] conduct1 if n#h bett] morals4 ,public approval & disapproval1 ! jail] & ! hangman1 heav5 & hell1 are famili> examples4 ,c !y 9 any true s5se effect a reconciliation betwe5 discordant ends1 &1 9 p>ticul>1 betwe5 altruism & egoism8 ,i h>dly ?9k s4 ,:5 !y are effective !y d\btless dim9i% e?ical conflict2 b x is by ignor+ ! intr9sic value ( "o set ( e?ical ends4 ,9 s f> z we are hone/ because hone/y is ! be/ policy1 9 s f> z we d n injure le/ we %\ld ourselves be injur$1 9 s f> z we b5efit t we may be b5efit$ ourselves--j 9 t proportion we treat altrui/ic actions m]ely z ! means ( atta9+ egoi/ic ends4 ,! two competitors are n reconcil$1 b a work+ arrangem5t is rea*$ "u :i* ! conduct appropriate to ! high] ideal is pursu$ f motives *>act]i/ic ( ! l[]4 ,is any tru] reconciliation possible8 ,sc>cely1 z ,i ?9k1 )\t religion4 ,i d n sugge/ t any religi\s !ory gets rid ( e?ical anomalies1 or !oretically light5s by a fea!r-weight ! heavy problem ( evil4 ,b ,i d sugge/ t 9 ! love ( ,god by ! individual s\l1 ! collision ( ends = t s\l loses all its h>%ness1 & h>mony is produc$ by rais+1 n l[]+1 ! e?ical ideal4 ,kant1 by a fam\s feat ( speculative audacity1 s\ght to extract a pro( ( ,god's exi/5ce f ! moral law4 ,9 8 view ! moral law requires u to hold t ^? :o are good w also 9 ! end be happy2 &1 s9ce )\t ,god ?is expectation _c be fulfill$1 ! be+ ( ,god becomes a po/ulate ( morality4 ,is ?is 7y may ask71 or any v>iant ( ?is1 ! argum5t sugge/$ 9 ! la/ p>agraph8 ,x is n4 ,9 ,kant's argum5t1 z ,i und]/& x1 ,god 0 ext]nal to morality 9 ! s5se t ,he 0 n ,himself a moral end4 ,x 0 n our feel+ ( love & loyalty to ,him t 0 ( mom5t1 b ,8 guidance ( ! _w 9 ! int]e/s ( virtue & ! virtu\s4 ,my po9t is diff]5t4 ,i f9d 9 ! love ( ,god a moral end :i* reconciles o!r moral ends1 because x includes !m4 ,x is n intol]ant ( desires = our own good4 ,x dem&s _! due subord9ation1 n _! complete suppression4 ,x implies loyal s]vice to ,"o :o by ,8 ess5tial nature wills ! good ( all4 ,x requires1 !re=e1 t ! good ( all %all be an object ( our endeav\r2 & x promises t1 9 /riv+ = ?is inclusive end1 we %all1 9 ,paul9e phrase1 be fell[-work]s ) ,him4 ,i w n fur!r pursue ?is !me4 ,its developm5t is pla9ly inappropriate to ^! lectures1 :i* are n directly conc]n$ ) p]sonal religion4 ,9 any case1 ?is portion ( my argum5t1 ?\gh important1 is subsidi>y4 ,my ma9 cont5tion re/s1 n ^u ! difficulty ( h>monis+ moral ends 9 a ,godless univ]se1 b ^u ! difficulty ( ma9ta9+ moral values if moral orig9s are purely naturali/ic4 ,t !y nev] h be5 s ma9ta9$ on any l>ge scale is a matt] ( hi/oric fact4 ,at no "t has ! mass ( mank9d treat$ morals & religion z mutually indep5d5t4 ,!y h left ?is to ! enlight5$2 & ! enlight5$ h 7z ,i ?9k7 be5 wrong4 ,!y h be5 wrong ?r\gh _! omission to face ! full results ( _! own !ories4 ,if ! mo/ we c say = morality on ! causal side is t x is ! product ( non-moral1 & ultimately ( mat]ial ag5ts1 guid$ up to a c]ta9 po9t by selection1 & !reaft] left ! sport ( *ance1 a s5se ( hum\r1 if no?+ else1 %\ld prev5t u wa/+ f9e language on ! spl5d\r ( ! moral law & ! rev]5tial ob$i5ce ow$ x by mank9d4 ,t debt w n long be paid if morality comes to be g5]ally reg>d$ z ! causal effect ( petty causes2 comp>able 9 its l[e/ manife/ations ) ! appetites & t]rors :i* rule1 = _! good1 ! animal creation2 9 its highe/ phases no m ?an a p]sonal accompli%m5t1 to be acquir$ or neglect$ at ! bidd+ ( individual caprice4 ,m ?an ?is is ne$ful if ! noble/ ideals are n to lose all p[] ( appeal4 ,e?ics mu/ h its roots 9 ! div9e2 & 9 ! div9e x mu/ f9d its consummation4 ,,footnotes3 #f ,writt5 9 #aiac4 #g ,d\btless "u su* circum/ances ideal virtue might also h survival value 9 ! biological s5se4 #h ,indirectly1 no d\bt1 sanctions may p]=m a mo/ important educational "w 9 /imulat+ & guid+ ! high] loyalties4 ,! approval or disapproval ( our fell[s1 ! 8t]rors ( ! law10 ! belief 9 future rew>ds & puni%m5ts1 ?\gh _! imm$iate appeal is only to self-int]e/1 may p[]fully aid 9 ! creation ( moral judgm5ts suffici5tly free f any 8empirical elem5ts ( desire0 to h satisfi$ ,kant himself4 ,,"p ,,iii ,,intellectual ,,values ,,lecture ,v ,,introduction ,,to ,,"p ,,iii ,i ,9 ! prec$+ lectures ,i h giv5 reasons = ?9k+ t 9 two great dep>tm5ts ( human int]e/--/hetics & ,e?ics--! highe/ beliefs & emotions _c claim to h any survival value4 ,!y mu/ be treat$ z by-products ( ! evolution>y process2 & are1 !re=e1 on ! naturali/ic hypo!sis1 d\bly accid5tal4 ,!y are accid5tal 9 ! l>g] s5se ( be+ ! product ( ! undesign$ collocation & int]play ( mat]ial entities--molecul> atoms1 sub-atoms1 & e!r--:i* prec$$1 & w presumably outla/1 t fraction ( "t dur+ :i* organic life w h appe>$1 develop$1 & p]i%$4 ,!y are also accid5tal 9 ! n>r[] s5se ( be+ only accid5tally associat$ ) t process ( selective elim9ation1 :i*1 if ,d>w9ism be true1 has s happily imitat$ contrivance 9 ! adaptation ( organisms to _! environm5t4 ,!y are ! accid5ts ( an accid5t4 ,i disagre$ ) ?is conclusion1 b ,i did n attempt to refute x4 ,i cont5t$ myself ) po9t+ out t x 0 de/ructive ( values2 & t1 ! great] ! values1 ! m de/ructive x became4 ,! difficulty1 inde$1 on :i* ,i h s f> insi/$ is n a logical "o4 ,we h n be5 conc]n$ ) premises & conclusions4 ,nei!r our /hetic emotions nor our moral s5tim5ts are ! product ( ratioc9ation2 nor is x by ratioc9ation t !y are likely to suff] ess5tial wrong4 ,if y w\ld damage !m beyond repair1 yoke !m to a !ory ( ! univ]se :i* robs !m ( all g5]al significance4 ,!n1 at ! v mom5t :5 !y aspire to transc5d5t au?ority1 _! own hi/ory w rise up 9 judgm5t aga9/ !m1 impugn+ _! pret5sions1 & te/ify+ to _! impo/ure4 ,,ii ,! inquiry on :i* ,i n[ propose to ent] w foll[ a m or less p>allel c\rse1 & w rea* a m or less simil> conclusion4 ,yet "s *>act]i/ic diff]5ces x mu/ necess>ily exhibit4 ,9 ! high] regions ( /hetics & e?ics1 emotions & beliefs are inextricably int]tw9$4 ,!y are :at naturali/s describe z 8symbiotic40 ,?\gh ess5tially diff]5t1 !y are mutually dep5d5t4 ,if "o be de/roy$1 ! o!r )]s away4 ,b ,k--! dep>tm5t ( human int]e/ to :i* ,i n[ turn--is diff]5tly plac$4 ,! values ) :i* we %all be conc]n$ are ma9ly rational2 & intellectual curiosity is ! only emotion ) :i* !y are associat$4 ,yet "h also two que/ions arise correspond+ to ^? :i* we h already dealt ) 9 a diff]5t connection3 7#a7 :at are ! causes ( our k1 or ( t "p ( our k :i* conc]ns ! _w ( common s5se & ( sci5ce8 7#b7 does ! naturali/ic acc\nt ( ^! causes affect ! rational value--9 o!r words ! validity--( _! results8 ,we are1 p]haps1 m s5sitive ab\t ! p$igree ( our intellectual cre$ ?an we are ab\t ! p$igree ( our ta/es or our s5tim5ts4 ,we l to ?9k t beliefs :i* claim to be rational are ! product ( a purely rational process2 & ?\gh1 :]e o!rs are conc]n$1 we complac5tly admit ! intrusion ( non-rational l9ks 9 ! causal *a91 we h high] ambitions = ourselves4 ,yet surely1 on ! naturali/ic !ory ( ! _w1 all su* ambitions are va94 ,x is abundantly evid5t t1 h[ev] important be ! "p :i* reason plays among ! imm$iate antec$5ts ( our beliefs1 !re are no beliefs :i* d n trace back _! orig9 to causes :i* are :olly irrational4 ,proximately1 ^! beliefs may take rank z logical conclusions4 ,ultimately1 !y are )\t exception root$ 9 matt] & motion4 ,! rational ord] is b a graft ^u ! causal ord]2 &1 if ,naturalism be true1 ! causal ord] is bl9d4 ,,iii ,be=e ,i fur!r develop ?is l9e ( speculation x may help y to und]/& :at ,i am driv+ at if ,i v5ture ^u an autobiographical p>5!sis4 ,! po9t ,i h j endeav\r$ to make ,i h made be=e 9 ^! lectures1 & ,i h made x else:]e4 ,x is "o ( a numb] ( consid]ations :i* h l$ me to "q ! preval5t acc\nt ( ! !oretical gr\nd-"w ( our accept$ beliefs4 ,tak5 by itself1 its t5d5cy is sceptical2 &1 s9ce x has be5 associat$ ) argum5ts 9 fav\r ( a spiritual view ( ! univ]se1 ,i h be5 *>g$ 7& n always by unfri5dly comm5tators7 ) ! desire to =ce d\bt into ! s]vice ( or?odoxy by recomm5d+ mank9d to believe :at !y wi%1 s9ce all beliefs alike are de/itute ( pro(4 ,z we _c extricate ourselves f ! labyr9? ( illusion1 let u at lea/ see to x t our illusions are agreeable4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n :at ,i h ev] want$ to say1 nor is x :at ,i want to say n[4 ,if ,i h giv5 j occasion = su* a trave/y ( my op9ions1 x mu/ h be5 an indirect consequ5ce ( my e>ly1 & no d\bt emphatically express$1 contempt = ! complac5t dogmatism ( ! empirical philosophy1 :i* 9 ,great ,brita9 reign$ supreme ?r\gh ! ?ird qu>t] ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,b 0 ?is contempt altoge!r unreasonable8 ,i w5t to ,cambridge 9 ! middle sixties ) a v small equipm5t ( ei!r philosophy or sci5ce1 b a v ke5 desire to discov] :at ,i ought to ?9k ( ! _w1 & :y4 ,= ! hi/ory ( speculation ,i c>$ n a jot4 ,dead sy/ems seem$ to me ( no m int]e/ ?an ab&on$ fa%ions4 ,my bus9ess 0 ) ! gr\nd-"w ( liv+ beliefs2 9 p>ticul>1 ) ! gr\nd-"w ( t sci5tific k ^: rec5t developm5ts _h s pr(\ndly mov$ mank9d4 ,& surely !re 0 no?+ p]v]se 9 ask+ mod]n philosoph]s to provide u ) a !ory ( mod]n sci5ce6 ,i 0 ref]r$ to ,mill2 & ! %ock ( disillusionm5t rema9s ) me to ! pres5t h\r4 ,mill possess$ at t "t an au?ority 9 ! ,engli% ,univ]sities1 &1 = any?+ ,i "k to ! contr>y1 9 ! ,scot* ,univ]sities also1 comp>able to t wield$ =ty ye>s e>li] by ,hegel 9 ,g]many & 9 ! ,middle ,ages by ,ari/otle4 ,precisely ! k9d ( que/ions :i* ,i wi%$ to put1 8 ,logic 0 deem$ qualifi$ to answ]4 ,he 0 suppos$ to h done = sci5tific inf]5ce :at ,bacon tri$ to d1 & fail$4 ,he _h provid$ sci5ce ) a philosophy4 ,i c\ld h =giv5 ! claims !n made = him by 8 admir]s2 ,i c\ld h =giv51 ?\gh "y & intol]ant1 :at seem$ to me ! futility ( 8 philosophic sy/em1 if he _h ev] display$ any s]i\s misgiv+ z to ! scope & validity ( 8 empirical me?ods4 ,if he _h admitt$1 = example1 t1 :5 all _h be5 done t c\ld be done to sy/ematise our ord9>y modes ( exp]im5tal inf]5ce1 ! und]ly+ problem ( k /ill rema9$ unsolv$4 ,b he seem$ to hold1 9 common ) ! :ole empirical s*ool ( :i*1 9 ,engli%-speak+ c\ntries1 he 0 ! head1 t ! fundam5tal difficulties ( k d n beg9 till ! fronti] is cross$ :i* divides physics f metaphysics1 ! natural f ! sup]natural1 ! _w ( 8ph5om5a0 f ! _w ( 8n\m5a10 8positive0 exp]i5ces f religi\s dreams4 ,x may be urg$ t1 if ^! be errors1 !y are errors %>$ by n9ety-n9e out ( e hundr$ p]sons educat$ 9 ! atmosph]e ( ,we/]n civilisation1 :atev] be _! !ological views3 & ,i admit t x has sunk deep into our ord9>y habits ( ?\ght4 ,apologetics are saturat$ ) x1 n less ?an agno/icism or infidelity4 ,b1 = my own "p1 ,i feel n[1 z ,i felt 9 ! e>ly days ( :i* ,i am speak+1 t ! problem ( k _c prop]ly be sund]$ 9 ?is fa%ion4 ,its difficulties beg9 ) ! convictions ( common s5se1 n ) remote1 or subtle1 or o!rworldly speculations2 & if we c\ld solve ! problem 9 respect ( ! beliefs :i*1 r\ghly speak+1 ev]ybody %>es1 we might see our way m cle>ly 9 respect ( ! beliefs on :i* _m p are pr(\ndly divid$4 ,t ,mill's reason+ %\ld h satisfi$ himself & 8 imm$iate disciples is /range4 ,b t ! wid] public ( ?9k+ m51 :om he s p[]fully influ5c$1 %\ld on ! /r5g? ( ?is flimsy philosophy adopt an attitude ( dogmatic assurance bo? z to :at c be kn[n & :at _c1 is surely /rang] /ill4 ,?us1 at lea/1 ,i ?\ght ne>ly half a c5tury ago1 & ?us ,i ?9k /ill4 ,consid]1 = example1 a typical =m ( ! ord9>y agno/ic position3 t pres5t$ by ,leslie ,/eph54 ,! be/ "w ( ?is excell5t writ] 0 biographical & lit]>y2 b he 0 always deeply int]e/$ 9 speculation2 & 8 own cre$ seems e>ly to h tak5 its f9al %ape "u ! philosophical influ5ces ( ! ,briti% empirici/s4 ,he reg>d$ ! 8appeal to exp]i5ce0 z ! fundam5tal dogma ( agno/icism1 & by ! 8appeal to exp]i5ce0 he meant :at ,mill meant by x4 ,he s9c]ely suppos$ t ?is gave y indisputable k ( 8ph5om5a10 & t if y w5t beyond 8ph5om5a0 y 7 dream+1 or y 7 inv5t+4 ,?is is a possible cre$2 & x is1 9 fact1 ! cre$ held implicitly1 or explicitly1 by _m ?\s&s ( q s5sible p4 ,b :y %\ld ^? :o hold x suppose t x mu/ always satisfy imp>tial inquir]s8 ,:y %\ld !y assume t ^? :o reject x are sacrific+ _! reason to _! prejudices or _! fancies8 ,x may repres5t ! be/ we c d1 b is x1 aft] all1 s obvi\sly reasonable8 ,on ?is subject ! empirical agno/ic has no d\bts4 ,he holds1 ) un%ak5 confid5ce1 t no?+ des]ves to be believ$ b t :i* 9 ! la/ resort is prov$ by 8exp]i5ce02 t ! /r5g? ( our beliefs %\ld be exactly proportion$ to ! evid5ce :i* 8exp]i5ce0 c supply1 & t e "o kn[s or c discov] exactly :at ?is evid5ce am\nts to4 ,leslie ,/eph5 ref]s to a well-kn[n aphorism ( ,locke1 :o decl>$ t 8!re is "o un]r+ m>k by :i* a man may "k :e!r he is a lov] ( tru? 9 e>ne/1 viz4 ! n ent]ta9+ any proposition ) great] assurance ?an ! pro(s x is built on w w>rant40 ,^u :i* ,leslie ,/eph5 obs]ves t ! s5tim5t is a platitude1 b1 9 view ( ! weakness ( human nature1 a useful platitude4 ,is x a platitude8 ,did ,locke act up to x8 ,did ,hume act up to x1 or any o!r ( ,leslie ,/eph5's philosophic prog5itors8 ,does anybody act up to x8 ,does anybody s9c]ely try to act up to x8 ,read ?r\gh ! relevant *apt]s 9 ,locke's ,essay1 & obs]ve 8 ineffectual /ruggles1 self-imprison$ 9 ! circle ( 8 own s5sations & ideas1 to rea* ! ext]nal _w 9 :i* he believ$ ) a f> 8great] assurance0 ?an 0 w>rant$ by any pro(s :i* he1 at all ev5ts1 0 able to supply4 ,read ,hume's criticism ( our gr\nds = believ+ 9 a real _w )\t1 or a real self )91 & comp>e x ) 8 admission t scepticism on ^! subjects is a practical impossibility4 ,b we ne$ n g beyond ! fir/ *apt] ( 8,an ,agno/ic's ,apology0 to f9d an illu/ration ( my argum5t4 ,leslie ,/eph5 !re absolves himself f giv+ he$ to ! conclusions ( philosoph]s1 because !re are none on :i* all philosoph]s are agre$1 none on :i* !re is ev5 a cle> prepond]ance ( op9ion4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he is ready to agree ) a/ronom]s1 because a/ronom]s1 8f ,galileo to ,adams & ,lev]ri]10 sub/antially agree ) ea* o!r4 ,agreem5t among exp]ts is1 9 8 op9ion1 a gu>antee ( tru?1 & disagreem5t a pro( ( error4 ,b !n he =gets t ^! di/ress+ diff]5ces among philosoph]s d n t\* m]ely su* entities z ,god & ! s\l1 or ! o!r subjects ) :i* agno/ics conceive man's faculties are incapable ( deal+4 ,!y are conc]n$ 7among o!r ?+s7 ) ! presuppositions on :i* our k ( 8ph5om5a0--includ+1 ( c\rse 8a/ronomy f ,galileo to ,adams & ,lev]ri]10 is entirely con/ruct$4 ,:at1 9 ^! circum/ances1 is ,locke's 8s9c]e lov] ( tru?0 to d8 ,h[ is he to avoid 8ent]ta9+ propositions ) great] assurance ?an ! pro(s !y are built on w w>rant08 ,:]e w he f9d a refuge f ! 8pure scepticism0 :i* is1 9 ,leslie ,/eph5's op9ion1 ! natural result ( divid$ op9ions8 ,h[ is he to get on :ile he is mak+ up 8 m9d :e!r any !ory ( ! _w )9 8 rea* w satisfy unbias$ reason8 ,! fact is t ! adh]5ts ( ?is philosophic s*ool apply1 q unconsci\sly1 v diff]5t canons ( intellectual probity to !mselves & to _! oppon5ts4 8,:y10 asks ,mr4 ,/eph51 8%\ld a lad :o has j run ! gauntlet ( exam9ation & escap$ to a c\ntry p>sonage be dogmatic80 ,if to be dogmatic is to hold op9ions ) a conviction 9 excess ( any reason t c be assign$ = !m1 !re seems to be no escape = ! poor fell[4 ,! common lot ( man is n go+ to be rev]s$ = him4 ,?\gh he ab&on 8 p>sonage & r5\nce 8 ,*ur*1 ?\gh he scrupul\sly purify 8 cre$ f e ta9t ( ! 8metempirical10 ?\gh he rigidly conf9e himself to !mes :i* 8 critics decl>e to be )9 ! range ( 8 intellectual vision1 fate w pursue him /ill4 ,he may argue mu* or argue little2 he may believe mu* or believe little2 b1 h[ev] mu* he argues & h[ev] little he believes1 8 beliefs w always transc5d 8 argum5ts1 & to fai?1 9 8 own despite1 he mu/ /ill appeal4 ,^? :o accept ,leslie ,/eph5's philosophy suppose t = ?is "y man1 z = all o!rs1 a way ( escape may be f\nd by appeal+ to exp]i5ce4 ,b surely none are s sangu9e z to suppose t1 by appeal+ to exp]i5ce1 !y are go+ to avoid :at ,mr4 ,/eph5 describes z 8endless & hopeless controv]sies40 ,alas1 ?is is n s6 ,! field ( exp]i5ce is no well-def9$ & protect$ region "u ^: cle> skies useful k fl\ri%es un*all5g$1 :ile ! mi/-en%r\d$ t]ritories ( its metaphysical neighb\rs are deva/at$ by un5d+ disputations4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is ! v battlefield ( philosophy1 ! cockpit ( metaphysics1 /rewn ) ab&on$ argum5ts1 :]e e /rategic position has be5 tak5 & retak51 to :i* e s*ool lays =mal claim1 :i* e cont5d+ sy/em pret5ds to hold 9 effective occupation4 ,inde$1 by a s+ul> irony1 ! ?9k]s :o1 at ?is p>ticul> mom5t1 talk mo/ ab\t exp]i5ce are ^? metaphysicians ( ! ,absolute 9 ^: speculations ,mr4 ,/eph5 saw no beg9n+ ( int]e/1 except t ( be+ 7z he suppos$7 at once ! refuge & ! ru9 ( traditional religion4 ,b ^! philosoph]s h no monopoly4 ,all m5 n[adays speak well ( exp]i5ce4 ,!y beg9 to diff] only :5 !y attempt to say :at exp]i5ce is1 to def9e its "*1 expla9 its cr$5tials1 & exp\nd its message4 ,b1 unhappily1 :5 ?is /age is rea*$ _! diff]5ces are endless4 ,,iv ,i am1 ( c\rse1 n conc]n$ ) ,mr4 ,/eph5 except z a brilliant repres5tative ( a mode ( ?\ght to :i* ,i mo/ vehem5tly object4 ,i d n object to x m]ely because x is 9 my judgm5t insuffici5t & errone\s1 /ill less because ,i dislike its conclusion4 ,i object to x because x talks l\dly ( exp]i5ce1 yet nev] faces facts2 & boa/s its rationality1 yet r>ely reasons home4 ,^! are f> grav] crimes aga9/ ! _s ( tru? ?an any condemn$ 9 ,locke's pret5ti\s aphorism1 & !y lead to f> m s]i\s consequ5ces4 ,if y ask me :at ,i h 9 m9d :5 ,i say t agno/ic empiricism nev] faces facts1 ,i reply t x nev] really takes acc\nt ( t natural hi/ory ( k1 ( t complex ( causes1 rational & non-rational1 :i* h br\ght our accept$ /ock ( beliefs into be+4 ,& if y ask me :at ,i h 9 m9d :5 ,i say t ?\gh x reasons1 x r>ely reasons home1 ,i reply t1 :5 x is resolv$ n to "p ) a conclusion1 any?+ w s]ve x = an argum5t2 only :5 x is incr$ul\s does x "k h[ to be critical4 ,?is is n an error into :i* ,i propose to fall4 ,b ,i hope t ,i %all n on t acc\nt be deem$ indiff]5t to ! claims ( reason1 or incl9$ to treat lightly our beliefs ei!r ab\t ! mat]ial _w or ! immat]ial4 ,on ! contr>y1 my object1 & my only object1 is to br+ reason & belief into ! close/ h>mony t at pres5t seems practicable4 ,& if y !reupon reply t su* a /atem5t is by itself en\gh to prove t ,i am no ard5t lov] ( reason2 if y tell me t x implies1 if n p]man5t cont5tm5t1 at lea/ tempor>y acquiesc5ce 9 a cre$ imp]fectly rationalis$1 ,i altoge!r d5y ! *>ge4 ,s f> z ,i am conc]n$1 !re is no acquiesc5ce4 ,let him t ?9ks o!rwise %[ me a bett] way4 ,let him produce a body ( beliefs :i* %all be at once liv+1 logical1 & suffici5t2--n =gett+ t x _c be suffici5t unless x includes )9 ! circuit ( its doctr9es "s acc\nt ( itself reg>d$ z a product ( natural causes1 nor logical unless x provides a rational explanation ( ! good =tune :i* has made causes :i* are n reasons1 mix$1 x may be1 ) causes :i* are n good reasons1 issue 9 :at is1 by hypo!sis1 a p]fectly rational sy/em4 ,he :o is =tunate en\gh to a*ieve all ?is may trample z he likes ^u less successful inquir]s4 ,b ,i d\bt :e!r1 :5 ?is discov]] appe>s1 he w be f\nd to h rea*$ 8 goal by ! beat5 road ( empirical agno/icism4 ,?is1 ?\gh x be fa%ionably frequ5t$1 is b a bl9d alley aft] all4 ,9 ! mean:ile we mu/1 ,i fe>1 suff] "u a sy/em ( beliefs :i* is f> %ort ( rational p]fection4 ,b we ne$ n acquiesce1 & we %\ld n be cont5t$4 ,:e!r ?is /ate ( affairs w ev] be cur$ by ! sudd5 fla% ( "s great philosophic discov]y is ano!r matt]4 ,my pres5t aim1 at all ev5ts1 is f> m mode/4 ,b !y1 at lea/1 %\ld make no compla9t :o hold t common-s5se beliefs1 & sci5ce :i* is a developm5t ( common-s5se beliefs1 are1 if n true1 at lea/ on ! way to tru?4 ,= ?is conviction ,i %>e4 ,i pr(ess x2 ,i desire to act ^u x4 ,& surely ,i _c act ^u x bett] ?an by endeav\r+1 s f> z ,i c1 to place x 9 ! sett+ :i* %all mo/ effectually pres]ve its intellectual value4 ,?is1 at all ev5ts1 is ! object to :i* ! f\r lectures t imm$iately foll[ are design$ to contribute4 ,,lecture ,,vi ,,p]ception1 ,,common ,,s5se1 ,,& ,,sci5ce ,i ,no?+ w\ld seem easi]1 at fir/ sight1 ?an to give a g5]al description ( ! ord9>y beliefs ( ord9>y p ab\t our famili> _w ( ?+s & p]sons4 ,x is ! _w 9 :i* we live2 x is = all m5 a real _w2 x is = _m m5 ! real _w2 x is ! _w ( common s5se1 ! _w :]e ! pla9 man feels at home1 & :]e ! practical man seeks refuge f ! va9 subtleties ( metaphysics4 ,our /ock ( beliefs ab\t x may p]haps be difficult to ju/ify1 b x seems /range t !y %\ld be difficult to describe2 yet difficult1 ,i ?9k1 !y are4 ,"s /atem5ts ab\t x may1 h[ev]1 be made ) confid5ce4 ,x is 9 space & "t2 i4e4 ! mat]ial ?+s ( :i* x is compos$1 includ+ liv+ bodies1 are ext5d$1 h mutual position1 & possess at lea/ "s measure ( duration4 ,?+s are n *ang$ by a m]e *ange ( place1 b a *ange ( place relative to an obs]v] always *anges _! appe>ance = him4 ,common s5se is1 !re=e1 compell$ 9 ?is1 z 9 c\ntless o!r cases1 to di/+ui% ! appe>ance ( a ?+ f its reality2 & to hold1 z an ess5tial article ( its work+ cre$1 t appe>ances may alt]1 leav+ realities un*ang$4 ,common s5se does n1 h[ev]1 draw ! inf]5ce t our exp]i5ces ( mat]ial ?+s is o!r ?an direct & imm$iate4 ,x has nev] held ! op9ion--or1 if y w1 ! h]esy--t :at we p]ceive 7at lea/ by sight & t\*7 are /ates ( our own m9d1 :i* someh[ copy or repres5t ext]nal ?+s4 ,nei!r has x ev] held t ! "* or duration ( ext]nal ?+s 9 any way dep5ds ^u our obs]vations ( !m4 ,9 p]ception !re is no reaction by ! p]ceiv+ m9d on ! object p]ceiv$4 ,?+s 9 _! true reality are n affect$ by m]e obs]vation1 /ill less are !y con/itut$ by x4 ,:5 mat]ial objects are 9 "q1 common s5se nev] supposes t esse & p]cipi are id5tical4 ,b !n1 :at1 accord+ to common s5se1 are ?+s 9 _! true reality8 ,:at are !y 89 !mselves10 :5 no "o is look+ at !m1 or :5 only "s ( _! aspects are "u obs]vation8 ,we c1 at all ev5ts1 say :at 7accord+ to common s5se7 ?+s are n4 ,!y are m ?an collections ( aspects4 ,if we c\ld simultane\sly p]ceive a 8?+0 at a ?\s& diff]5t di/ances1 at a ?\s& diff]5t angles1 "u a ?\s& v>ieties ( illum9ation1 ) its int]ior ideally expos$ 9 a ?\s& diff]5t sections1 common s5se1 if press$1 w\ld1 ,i suppose1 /ill hold t ^! 7 no m ?an specim5s ( ! endless v>iety ( ways 9 :i* ?+s may appe>1 )\t ei!r *ang+ _! nature or fully reveal+ :at t nature is4 ,b ?\gh common s5se might give ?is answ]1 x w\ld c]ta9ly res5t ! "q be+ put4 ,x f9ds no difficulty 9 c>ry+ on its "w )\t />t+ ^! di/urb+ inquiries4 ,x is cont5t to say t1 ?\gh a ?+ is d\btless always m ?an ! sum ( ^? aspects ( x to :i* we happ5 to be att5d+1 yet our k t x is & :at x is1 h[ev] imp]fect1 is1 = practical purposes1 suffici5tly cle> & tru/wor?y1 requir+ ! support nei!r ( metaphysics nor psy*ology4--,?is1 ) all its difficulties1 is1 ,i believe1 an acc\nt1 true z f> z x goes1 ( ! _w ( ?+s z common s5se conceives x4 ,?is is ! sort ( _w :i* sci5ce sets out to expla94 ,let me give an illu/ration4 ,we p]ceive "s object--let u say ! sun4 ,we p]ceive x directly & n symbolically4 ,:at we see is n a m5tal image ( ! sun1 nor a complex ( s5sations caus$ by ! sun2 b ! sun itself4 ,moreov]1 ?is mat]ial ext]nal object reta9s its id5tity :ile x v>ies 9 appe>ance4 ,x is r$ 9 ! morn+2 x is :ite at midday2 x is r$ once m 9 ! ev5+2 x may be obscur$ by cl\ds or hidd5 9 eclipse2 x vani%es & reappe>s once 9 e tw5ty-f\r h\rs2 yet1 amid all ^! *anges & vani%+s1 its id5tity is unque/ion$4 ,?\gh we p]ceive x diff]5tly at diff]5t times1 & ?\gh !re are times :5 we d n p]ceive x at all1 we "k x to be ! same2 nor d we = a mom5t believe 7) ,h]aclitus7 t :5 x is lo/ to view x has1 on t acc\nt1 ei!r alt]$ its "* or ceas$ to exi/4 ,9 ! ma91 !re=e1 exp]i5ce is1 accord+ to common s5se1 a v simple affair4 ,we see some?+1 or we feel some?+1 or1 l ,dr4 ,johnson1 we kick some?+1 & 8!re's an end on't40 ,exp]i5ce is ! s\rce ( all k1 & !re=e ( all explanation2 b1 9 itself1 x seems sc>cely to require to be expla9$4 ,common s5se is prep>$ to leave x :]e x f9ds x4 ,no d\bt ! occurr5ce ( optical or o!r illusions may di/urb ?is mood ( intellectual tranquillity4 ,common s5se1 :5 x has to consid] ! case ( appe>ances1 "s ( :i* are held1 on extrane\s gr\nds1 to be real & o!rs to be illusory1 may feel t !re are1 aft] all1 problems rais$ by p]ception--by ! direct exp]i5ce ( ?+s--:i* are n )\t _! difficulties4 ,b ! case ( illusions is exceptional1 & r>ely di/urbs ! ev5 t5or ( our daily r\nd4 ,,ii ,n[ sci5ce1 z x gladly ackn[l$ges1 is b an ext5sion ( common s5se4 ,x accepts1 among o!r matt]s1 ! common-s5se view ( p]ception4 ,l common s5se1 x di/+ui%es ! ?+ z x is f ! ?+ z x appe>s4 ,l common s5se1 x reg>ds ! ?+s :i* are exp]i5c$ z be+ !mselves unaffect$ by exp]i5ce4 ,b1 unlike common s5se1 x devotes great att5tion to ! way 9 :i* exp]i5ce is produc$ by ?+s4 ,its bus9ess is ) ! causal s]ies4 ,?is1 to be sure1 is a subject :i* common s5se does n :olly ignore4 ,x w\ld ackn[l$ge t we p]ceive a lamp ?r\gh ! light :i* x %$s1 & recognise a trumpet ?r\gh ! s\nd :i* x emits2 b ! nature ( light or s\nd1 & ! mann] 9 :i* !y produce our exp]i5ce ( bright or sonor\s objects1 x h&s ov] to sci5ce = fur!r inve/igation4 ,& ! task is *e]fully und]tak54 ,sci5ce also deems p]ception to be ! s\rce ( all our k ( ext]nal nature4 ,b x reg>ds x z some?+ m1 & diff]5t4 ,= p]ception is itself a "p ( nature1 a natural process1 ! product ( antec$5t causes1 ! cause ( subsequ5t effects4 ,x requires1 !re=e1 l o!r natural facts1 to be obs]v$ & expla9$2 & x is ! bus9ess ( sci5ce to expla9 x4 ,?us we are br\ght face to face ) ! contra/ on :i* s mu* ( ! argum5t ( ^! lectures turns3 ! contra/ betwe5 beliefs consid]$ z memb]s ( a cognitive s]ies1 & beliefs consid]$ z memb]s ( a causal s]ies4 ,9 ! cognitive s]ies1 beliefs ( p]ception are at ! root ( our :ole k ( natural laws4 ,9 ! causal s]ies1 !y are ! effects ( natural laws 9 actual op]ation4 ,?is is s important an example ( ?is dual /ate t y mu/ p]mit me to consid] x 9 "s detail4 ,we may exam9e :at goes on betwe5 ! p]ceiv+ p]son & ! ?+ he p]ceives f ei!r end2 b x is by no means a matt] ( indiff]5ce ) :i* end we beg94 ,if we exam9e ! relation ( ! p]ceiv] to ! p]ceiv$ x does n seem conv5i5t or accurate to describe t relation z a process4 ,x is an exp]i5ce1 imm$iate & intuitive2 n inde$ infallible1 b direct & self-suffici5t4 ,if ,i look at ! sun1 x is ! sun ,i see1 & n an image ( ! sun1 nor a s5sation :i* sugge/s ! sun1 or symbolises ! sun4 ,/ill less d ,i see e!real vibrations1 or a ret9al image1 or a n]v\s reaction1 or a c]ebral di/urbance4 ,=1 9 ! act ( p]ceiv+1 no int]m$iate entities are !mselves p]ceiv$4 ,b n[ if we1 z x 71 turn r\nd1 &1 beg9n+ at ! o!r end1 consid] ! relation ( ! p]ceiv$ to ! p]ceiv]1 no simil> /atem5ts c be made4 ,we f9d ourselves conc]n$1 n ) an act ( intuition1 b ) a physical process1 :i* is complicat$1 :i* occupies "t1 :i* involves _m /ages4 ,we h left beh9d cognition2 we are plung$ 9 causation4 ,exp]i5ce is no long] ! imm$iate appreh5sion ( fact2 x is ! transmission ( a message convey$ f ! object to ! p]cipi5t by relays ( mat]ial mess5g]s4 ,z to h[ ! transmission is effect$ explanations v>y ) ! gr[? ( sci5ce4 ,!y h be5 entirely alt]$ m ?an once s9ce ! mod]n era began1 & ) ea* alt]ation !y become m complicat$4 ,!y dep5d1 n on "o bran* ( sci5ce only1 b on _m4 ,newtonian a/ronomy1 sol> physics1 ! !ory ( radiation1 ! optical prop]ties ( ! atmosph]e1 ! physiology ( vision1 ! psy*ology ( p]ception1 & ,i d>esay _m o!r bran*es ( rese>*1 h to be drawn ^u3 & all ?is to tell u :at x is we see1 & h[ x is we come to see x4 ,,iii ,n[ !re is no "o :o possesses ! lea/ smatt]+ ( philosophy :o does n "k t ! views ,i h j endeav\r$ to describe are saturat$ ) difficulties3 difficulties connect$ ) ! nature ( p]ception2 difficulties connect$ ) ! nature ( ! object z p]ceiv$2 difficulties connect$ ) its unp]ceiv$ physical basis2 difficulties connect$ ) ! relation 9 :i* ^! ?ree /& to ea* o!r4 ,= common s5se ! mat]ial object consi/s ( a c]ta9 numb] ( qualities & aspects :i* are p]ceiv$1 an inexhau/ible numb] :i* might be p]ceiv$1 b are n1 & 7p]haps7 a vaguely conceiv$ 8some:at0 ly+ beh9d bo?4 ,! m$ieval ,ari/otelian1 if ,i rightly und]/& him 7:i* v likely ,i d n71 develop$ ?is 8some:at0 into ! notion ( sub/ance--an entity some:at loosely connect$ ) ! qualities :i* x support$1 & 9 no way expla9+ !m4 ,!re 0 8sub/ance0 9 a piece ( gold1 & 8sub/ance0 9 a piece ( lead2 b !re 0 no?+ unreasonable 9 ! endeav\r to associate ! qualities ( gold ) ! sub/ance ( lead1 & ?us = all practical purposes to turn lead into gold4 ,mod]n sci5ce tea*es a v diff]5t lesson4 ,x has1 p]haps1 n :olly ab&on$ ! notion ( mat]ial sub/ance1 if ?is be def9$ z ! unp]ceivable support ( p]ceivable qualities2 b x p]si/5tly /rives to connect ! *>act]i/ics ( matt] ) its /ructure1 &1 among o!r *>act]i/ics1 t ( produc+1 or help+ to produce1 9 u ^? imm$iate p]ceptions :i* we describe z our exp]i5ce ( matt] itself4 ,an important /age 9 ?is endeav\r 0 m>k$ by ! fam\s di/9ction betwe5 ! prim>y & ! second>y qualities ( matt]3 ! prim>y qualities be+ ! attributes ( ext]nal mat]ial ?+s :i* 7 deem$ to be indep5d5t ( ! obs]v] 7= example1 imp5etrability1 d5sity1 weight1 configuration72 ! second>y qualities be+ ^? :i*1 ap>t f obs]v]s end[$ ) s5ses l our own1 w\ld ei!r exi/ diff]5tly1 or w\ld n exi/ at all 7= example1 col\r & ta/e74 ,on ?is view ! prim>y qualities 7 among ! causes ( ! second>y qualities1 & ! second>y qualities 7 transf]r$ f ! ?+ p]ceiv$ to ! p]son p]ceiv+4 ,i am n ! lea/ conc]n$ to def5d ?is !ory4 ,x has be5 mu* d]id$1 & is c]ta9ly op5 to attack4 ,b some?+ l x seems to be an inevitable /age 9 ! developm5t ( mod]n views ( nature4 ,! :ole ef=t ( physical sci5ce is to discov] ! mat]ial or non-psy*ical facts :i* %all1 among o!r ?+s1 acc\nt = our psy*ical exp]i5ces4 ,x is true t !re are m5 ( sci5ce1 z well z philosoph]s1 :o reg>d all su* con/ructions z purely arbitr>y--m]e lab\r-sav+ devices :i* h no?+ to d ) reality4 ,b ?\gh ,i %all h some?+ to say ab\t ^! !ories 9 my next c\rse ( lectures1 = ! pres5t ,i ne$ only obs]ve t !y d n repres5t ord9>y sci5tific op9ion1 ei!r z x is1 or z x has ev] be54 ,sci5ce ?9ks1 rightly or wrongly1 t %e is conc]n$ ) a real _w1 :i* p]si/s indep5d5tly ( our exp]i5ce3 %e has nev] ass5t$ to ! doctr9e t ! object ( h] pati5t inve/igations is no m ?an a well-contriv$ inv5tion = enabl+ u to =etell1 & p]haps to modify1 ! c\rse ( our p]sonal feel+s4 ,b !n1 if sci5ce is "r1 we are committ$ to a division betwe5 ! cont5ts ( imm$iate exp]i5ce & its causes1 :i* %[$ itself dimly & t5tatively 9 ! di/9ction betwe5 ! second>y & ! prim>y qualities ( matt]1 b has become deep] & m impassable ) e advance 9 physics & physiology4 ,x 0 possible to ma9ta9 7?\gh1 ,i admit1 n v easy7 t1 :ile ! second>y qualities ( matt] are due to ! action ( ! prim>y qualities on our organs ( p]ception1 ! prim>y qualities !mselves are1 nev]!less1 ! objects ( direct exp]i5ce4 ,! fact1 = example1 t col\r is no m ?an a s5sation ne$ n preclude u f p]ceiv+ ! mat]ial qualities :i*1 l %ape1 or motion1 or mass1 are ! ext]nal & indep5d5t causes to :i* ! s5sation is due4 ,i d n say t ?is view 0 ev] explicitly ent]ta9$--nor does x signify4 ,=1 if we accept ! tea*+ ( sci5ce1 x c1 ,i suppose1 be ent]ta9$ no m4 ,! physical causes ( p]ception are inf]r$1 b n p]ceiv$4 ,! real mat]ial _w has be5 driv5 by ! gr[? ( k fur!r & fur!r into ! realm ( ! unse51 & n[ lies completely hidd5 f direct exp]i5ce beh9d ! imp5etrable scre5 ( its own effects4 ,,iv ,= consid] :at ! causal process ( p]ception really is if we trace x f ! obs]v$ to ! obs]v]--if we foll[ ! ma9 /r&s 9 ! complex l9es ( communication ?r\gh :i* ! object se5 reveals itself to ! man :o sees x4 ,i rev]t to my previ\s example--! sun4 ,we ne$ n consid] ^? ( its attributes :i* are notori\sly arriv$ at by indirect me?ods--:i* are n p]ceiv$ b inf]r$--its magnitude1 = example1 or its mass4 ,conf9+ ourselves to :at is directly p]ceiv$1 its angul> size1 its %ape 7project$ on a plane71 its w>m?1 its brightness1 its col\r1 its 7relative7 motion1 its sep>ation f ! obs]v] 9 space--h[ are ^! imm$iate exp]i5ces produc$8 ,! answ]s h v>i$ ) ! progress ( sci5ce2 nor1 = my pres5t purpose1 does x greatly matt] :i* answ]s we adopt4 ,let u take ^? :i* are commonly accept$ at ! pres5t mom5t4 ,!y are n only ! true/1 b ! fulle/2 & = t v reason !y put ! difficulty ) :i* we are conc]n$ 9 ! highe/ relief4 ,we beg9 our causal s]ies ) electrons1 or1 if y d n accept ! electric !ory ( matt] 9 any ( its =ms1 !n ) atoms & molecules4 ,we />t ) ^!1 because ! sun is a collection ( !m1 & because x is _! movem5ts :i* set go+ ! :ole tra9 ( causes & effects by :i* ! sun produces 9 u ! p]ception ( itself4 ,we may take1 z ! next /age1 e!real vibrations1 ( v>i\s l5g?s & v>i\s amplitudes1 s5t travell+ into space by ! mov+ p>ticles4 ,a fraction ( ^! waves rea*es our atmosph]e1 & ( t fraction a fraction rea*es our eyes1 & ( t fraction a fur!r fraction falls )9 ! n>r[ limits ( l5g? to :i* our eyes are s5sitive4 ,x is ?r\gh ^! t we are able to see ! sun4 ,/ill ano!r fraction1 n necess>ily id5tical 9 wave-l5g?s1 affects ! n]ves :i* produce 9 u ! s5sation ( w>m?4 ,x is ?r\gh ^! t we are able to feel ! sun4 ,b1 be=e we ei!r see or feel1 !re is mu* /ill to be accompli%$4 ,! causal s]ies is n ne>ly complet$4 ,complicat$ neural processes1 z yet only imp]fectly und]/ood2 complicat$ c]ebral processes--z yet und]/ood /ill less--bo? involv+ physiological *anges f> m complicat$ ?an ! electrical 8accel]ations0 or electro-magnetic di/urbances ) :i* we h hi!rto be5 deal+1 br+ u to ! end ( ! mat]ial sequ5ce ( causes & effects1 & lay ! message f ! object p]ceiv$ on ! ?re%old ( ! p]ceiv+ consci\sness4 ,s does a po/man slip into y\r lett]-box a message :i* has be5 fir/ writt51 !n c>ri$ by h&1 !n by a mail-c>t1 !n by a tra91 !n by h& aga91 till x rea*es its de/9ation1 & no?+ fur!r is requir$ except t :at has be5 writt5 %\ld be read & und]/ood4 ,?us f> ! mat]ial process ( transmission4 ,! psy*ical process has /ill to come4 ,psy*ology is a sci5ce1 n less ?an physiology or physics2 & psy*ology has mu* to say on ! subject ( p]ception4 ,x is true t sci5tific explor]s ^: po9t ( dep>ture is introspective2 :o conc]n !mselves prim>ily ) ideas1 conceptions1 s5sations1 & s =?1 r>ely succe$ 9 fitt+ _! conclusions )\t a break to ^? ( _! colleagues :o beg9 ) ! 8ext]nal0 causes ( p]ception4 ,! two tunnels1 driv5 f opposite sides ( ! m\nta91 d n always meet "u its cre/4 ,/ill1 we _c on t acc\nt ignore ! tea*+ ( psy*ology on ! g5esis ( p]ceptual exp]i5ce reg>d$1 n z ! gr\nd ( k1 b z a natural product4 ,i d n mean to attempt a summ>y ( psy*ology f ?is po9t ( view1 any m ?an ,i h attempt$ a summ>y ( physics or physiology4 ,my argum5t is really indep5d5t1 9 ?is case z 9 ! o!r1 ( p>ticul> sy/ems4 ,all ,i ask = is ! admission t 9 p]ception !re are conditions antec$5tly suppli$ by ! p]ceiv+ consci\sness :i* pr(\ndly modify e p]ceptual exp]i5ce--& t ^! conditions 7unlike ,kant's =ms7 are natural gr[?s1 v>y+1 l o!r natural gr[?s1 f individual to individual4 ,?is admission mu/1 ,i ?9k1 be made by e empirical psy*ologi/1 to :atev] s*ool he happ5s to belong4 ,if ?is /atem5t seems obscure 9 its g5]al & ab/ract =m1 consid] a p>ticul> application ( x4 ,let u assume1 ) _m psy*ologi/s1 t ,w1 9 ! =m ( selective att5tion1 lies at ! root ( our p]ceptual activities2 t we may !re=e be said1 9 a s5se1 volunt>ily to create ! objects we p]ceive2 t exp]i5ce ( ! pres5t is l>gely qualifi$ by memories ( ! pa/1 & t ! p]ceptual m\ld into :i* our s5sations are run is l>gely a social product--born ( ! int]c\rse betwe5 human be+s1 &1 9 its turn1 r5d]+ t int]c\rse possible4 ,is x n cle> t1 on assumptions l ^!1 consci\sness1 s f> f passively receiv+ ! messages convey$ to x ?r\gh physical & physiological *annels1 actively modifies _! "*8 ,v ,b :y1 x may be ask$1 %\ld ^! consid]ations involve any difficulty8 ,&1 if !re be a difficulty1 :at is its exact "*8 ,9 its mo/ g5]al =m ! difficulty is ?is4 ,x is claim$ by sci5ce t its conclusions are bas$ ^u exp]i5ce4 ,! exp]i5ce spok5 ( is unque/ionably ! famili> p]ception ( ext]nal ?+s & _! movem5ts z und]/ood by common s5se2 &1 h[ev] mu* our p[]s ( p]ception be increas$ by telescopes1 microscopes1 balances1 !rmomet]s1 electroscopes1 & s =?1 ?is common-s5se view suff]s no alt]ation4 ,! p]ceptions ( a man ( sci5ce are1 9 ess5ce1 ! p]ceptions ( ord9>y m5 9 _! ord9>y mom5ts1 beset ) ! same difficulties1 accept$ ) ! same assurance4 ,:atev] be ! prop] way ( describ+ sci5tific results1 ! exp]im5tal data on :i* !y re/ are s\ght & obta9$ 9 ! _s ( 8naf realism40 ,on ?is f\ndation sci5ce proce$s to build up a !ory ( nature by :i* ! f\ndation itself is %att]$4 ,x saws (f ! bran* on :i* x is support$4 ,x kicks d[n ! ladd] by :i* x has climb$4 ,x dissolves ! ?+ p]ceiv$ into a remote reality :i* is nei!r p]ceiv$ nor p]ceivable4 ,x turns ! _w ( common s5se into an illusion1 & on ?is illusion x calmly re/s its case4 ,b ?is is n ! only logical emb>rassm5t 9 :i* we are involv$4 ,:5 sci5ce has suppli$ u ) a description ( ext]nal ?+s z !y 8really are10 & we proce$ to ask h[ ! physical reality reveals itself to u 9 exp]i5ce1 a new difficulty arises1 or1 if y l1 ! old difficulty ) a new face4 ,= sci5ce requires u to admit t exp]i5ce1 f ?is po9t ( view1 is equival5t to p]ception2 & t p]ception is a remote psy*ological effect ( a long tra9 ( causes1 physical & physiological1 orig9ally set 9 motion by ! ext]nal ?+1 b 9 no way resembl+ x4 ,look c>efully at ?is process f ! outside1 & ask y\rselves :y !re %\ld be any su* correspond5ce betwe5 ! fir/ ( ^! causes & ! la/ ( ^! effects1 z %\ld enable u to "k or inf] ! "o f ! o!r8 ,:y %\ld ! long tra9 ( unp]ceivable int]m$i>ies t connect ! p]ceiv$ ) ! p]ceiv] be tru/$ to speak ! tru?8 ,i j n[ lik5$ ^! int]m$i>ies to relays ( mess5g]s4 ,b mess5g]s are expect$ to h& on _! message 9 ! =m 9 :i* !y h receiv$ x4 ,! mess5g]s *ange1 b n ! message4 ,! metaphor1 !re=e1 is f> too complim5t>y to ! tra9 ( physical causes :i* reveal ! mat]ial ?+ to ! p]ceiv+ consci\sness4 ,! neural *anges :i* are 9 imm$iate causal contiguity ) t psy*ical effect :i* we call 8! exp]i5ce ( an ext]nal object0 h no resemblance :atev] ei!r to ! ?+ z x is p]ceiv$ or to ! ?+ z x really is4 ,nor h !y any resemblance to ! proximate cause :i* sets !m go+1 namely1 ! e!real vibrations2 nor h ^! to ! accel]at$ electrons :i* con/itute ! inc&esc5t object :i* we 8exp]i5ce0 z ! sun4 ,nor has ! sun1 z exp]i5c$1 ! slighte/ resemblance to ! sun z x really is4 ,hume1 9 8 8,dialogues on ,natural ,religion10 urges ! absurdity ( argu+ f an effect l ! univ]se to a cause l ,god1 s9ce ! argum5t f a p>ticul> effect to a p>ticul> cause1 or f a p>ticul> cause to a p>ticul> effect1 is only legitimate :5 we h _h "s previ\s exp]i5ce ( t p>ticul> class ( causal sequ5ce2 & nobody1 x is pla91 has _h ! opportunity ( obs]v+ ,creation4 ,:atev] be ! value ( ?is argum5t 9 ! case ( ,god & ! _w1 x seems to me conclusive 9 ! case ( matt] & man4 ,we _c argue f purely psy*ical effects1 l p]ceptions & s5sations1 to ext]nal causes1 l physiological processes or e!real vibrations1 unless we c exp]i5ce bo? sets ( facts 9 causal relation4 ,& ?is1 if we accept ! conclusions ( sci5ce1 we c nev] d--p>tly because ! int]m$iate memb]s ( ! causal s]ies are unp]ceivable2 p>tly because1 if !y 7 p]ceivable1 p]ception has be5 r$uc$ by sci5ce to a purely psy*ical effect--:i* obvi\sly _c include its mat]ial cause4 ,?is la/ mu/ = ev] rema9 outside ! clos$ circle ( s5sible exp]i5ces4 ,"h1 ( c\rse1 we f9d ourselves face to face ) a famili> objection to ^? philosophies ( p]ception :i* d5y t we h any access to ext]nal reality1 except ?r\gh ideas :i* are its copy4 ,b !y are 9 a bett] case ?an sci5ce4 ,!y ne$ n explicitly admit a discrepancy betwe5 _! premises & _! conclusions4 ,!y arrive at ! subjectivity ( p]ception by me?ods ( introspection4 ,!y int]rogate consci\sness1 & are conv9c$ t e exp]i5ce c be analys$ into s5sations & ideas1 "s ( :i*1 no d\bt1 sugge/ ext]nality1 b none ( :i* are ext]nal4 ,if1 !n1 ! wor/ comes to ! wor/1 !y c1 & (t5 d1 light5 _! philosophic %ip by pit*+ ! :ole mat]ial univ]se ov]bo>d z a bit ( sup]flu\s c>go4 ,b physical sci5ce _c 7at lea/ 9 my op9ion7 d any?+ ( ! k9d4 ,its :ole bus9ess is ) ! mat]ial univ]se4 ,its premises are exp]i5ces ( ext]nal ?+s1 n ( int]nal s5sation & ideas4 ,& if x has associat$ its =tunes ) a !ory ( p]ception :i* treats exp]i5ce z a natural effect ( ! ?+ exp]i5c$2 if x has !reby w&]$ )9 sight ( ! p]il\s problems :i* haunt ! fronti] :]e m9d & matt] meet1 x has n done s 9 a _s ( reckless adv5ture1 b 9 ! legitimate pursuit ( its own affairs4 ,?is does n necess>ily make ?+s easi]4 ,we are n "h conc]n$ ) que/ion+s ab\t ! remot] prov9ces ( k--prov9ces unexplor$ except by speciali/s1 negligible by ord9>y m5 engag$ on ord9>y bus9ess4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! difficulties to :i* ,i h call$ y\r att5tion ?reat5 ! unque/ion$ assumption ( daily life1 ! presupposition ( e sci5tific exp]im5t1 & ! mean+ ( e sci5tific g5]alisation4 ,!y _c be ignor$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ?reat5 z !y may1 ^! difficulties c nev] modify our attitude ei!r t[>ds practical action or sci5tific !ory4 ,beliefs :i* 7 inevitable be=e rema9 inevitable /ill4 ,! supreme act ( in/9ctive fai? involv$ 9 ! p]ception ( ext]nal objects /&s q un%ak54 ,:atev] we may ?9k ( ,b]keley1 we _c give up ,dr4 ,johnson4 8,see+10 says ! prov]b1 8is believ+02 & x speaks bett] ?an x kn[s4 ,,vi ,c we1 !n1 adopt a middle c\rse1 &1 imitat+ ! s]5e acquiesc5ce ( ,hume1 accept ! position ( sceptics 9 ! /udy & believ]s 9 ! m>ket-place8 ,?is seems em95tly unsatisfactory2 &1 s9ce believ]s on ?is subject we mu/ p]=ce rema91 x behoves u to consid] h[1 & on :at t]ms1 we c be/ qualify our scepticism4 ,obs]ve1 !n1 t ! p>ticul> difficulty :i* has be5 occupy+ our att5tion arises 9 ! ma9 f ! assumption t our common-s5se beliefs 9 ! reality & "* ( mat]ial ?+s h no o!r f\ndation ?an ! fact t we s p]ceive !m4 ,f su* premises x 0 impossible1 x seem$1 to inf] t !y exi/ o!rwise ?an z !y are p]ceiv$2 & /ill m impossible to reg>d ! imm$iate intuition by :i* we appreh5d ! object1 & ! long-drawn sequ5ce ( causes by :i* ! object is reveal$1 z be+ ! same process look$ at f diff]5t ends4 ,b ?is difficulty is greatly mitigat$ if we hold t our belief 9 an indep5d5t _w ( mat]ial objects1 h[ev] x may be caus$1 is nei!r a conclusion drawn f ?is or t p>ticul> exp]i5ce nor f all our exp]i5ces put toge!r1 b an irresi/ible assumption4 ,grant ! exi/5ce ( ext]nal ?+s1 & x becomes possible & legitimate to attempt explanations ( _! appe>ance1 to reg>d our p]ceptions ( !m z a psy*ical & physiological product ( mat]ial realities :i* d n !mselves appe> & _c be p]ceiv$4 ,refuse1 on ! o!r h&1 to grant ?is assumption1 & no inductive leg]dema9 w enable u to erect our sci5tific !ories ab\t an endur+ _w ( mat]ial ?+s ^u ! frail f\ndation ( successive p]sonal p]ceptions4 ,if ?is does n seem cle> at fir/ sight x is1 ,i ?9k1 because we d n consid] our exp]i5ces z a :ole4 ,a limit$ gr\p ( exp]i5ces--say ,f>aday's exp]im5ts ) electro-magnets--may guide u into new k ab\t ! ext]nal _w1 includ+ aspects ( t _w :i* are n op5 to s5se p]ception4 ,b !n ^! exp]i5ces assume t ?is ext]nal _w exi/s1 !y assume x to be indep5d5t ( p]ception1 !y assume x to be a cause ( p]ception4 ,^! assumptions once grant$1 exp]im5t may be1 & is1 ! s\rce ( fre% discov]ies4 ,b exp]im5t bas$ on ^! assumptions nev] c e/abli% _! tru?2 & if our !ory ( k requires u to hold t 8no proposition %\ld be ent]ta9$ ) great] assurance ?an ! pro(s x is built on w w>rant10 our fate is seal$1 & we ne$ nev] hope to extricate ourselves f ! entanglem5ts 9 :i* a too cr$ul\s empiricism has involv$ u4 ,?is means t "o at lea/ ( ! inevitable beliefs enum]at$ 9 ! fir/ lecture--! belief 9 an ext]nal _w--is a po/ulate :i* sci5ce is compell$ to use b is unable to demon/rate4 ,h[1 !n1 are we to class x8 ,x is n a law ( ?\ght 9 ! accept$ mean+ ( t expression4 ,we are n rationally requir$ to accept x by ! v /ructure ( our ?9k+ faculties4 ,_m p1 inde$1 !oretically reject x2 none1 s f> z ,i "k1 reg>d x z self-evid5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is n an inf]5ce f exp]i5ce2 nei!r is x an analytic judgm5t 9 :i* ! pr$icate is involv$ 9 ! subject4 ,describ$ 9 te*nical language1 x w\ld seem to be a priori )\t be+ necess>y1 & syn!tic )\t be+ empirical--qualities :i*1 9 comb9ation1 sc>cely fit into any famili> philosophic classification4 ,accord+ to ! view :i* ,i desire to press 9 ^! lectures1 ?is m>ks a philosophic omission4 ,i reg>d ! belief 9 an ext]nal _w z "o ( a class ^: importance has be5 ignor$ by philosophy1 ?\gh all sci5ce dep5ds on !m4 ,!y refuse to be lo/ 9 ! common h]d ( empirical beliefs2 ?\gh !y h no claim to be treat$ z axioms4 ,we are incl9$ to accept !m1 b n rationally compell$4 ,! incl9ation may be s /rong z practically to exclude d\bt2 & x may dim9i% f ?is maximum to a fa9t feel+ ( probability4 ,b1 :atev] be ! /r5g? ( ^! beliefs1 & :atev] ! nature ( _! claims1 ! importance ( ! "p !y play 9 ! developm5t & /ructure ( our curr5t cre$ _c easily be exagg]at$4 ,be=e1 h[ev]1 ,i consid] o!r specim5s ( ?is class1 ,i mu/ int]polate a long p>5!sis ^u probability4 ,i h j describ$ ^! fundam5tal beliefs z be+ 8probable0 9 v>y+ degrees4 ,gradations ( probability are famili> to ! ma!matical !ori/4 ,are we1 !n1 "h conc]n$ ) probability z conceiv$ by ! ma!matician8 ,x is evid5tly ess5tial to settle ?is "q be=e proce$+ ) ! ma9 argum5t2 & ,i propose1 !re=e1 to turn aside & devote ! next lecture to its consid]ation4 ,,lecture ,,vii ,,probability1 ,,calculable ,,& ,,intuitive ,i ,i wi% ,i 7 a ma!matician4 ,!re is 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ma!matical sci5ces1 z 9 _! sub/ance1 some?+ t /rangely /irs ! imag9ation ev5 ( ! mo/ ignorant4 ,its y\ng] si/]1 ,logic1 is z ab/ract1 & its claims are yet wid]4 ,b x has nev] %ak5 itself free f a c]ta9 pret5ti\s futility3 x always seems to be tell+ u1 9 language q unnecess>ily te*nical1 :at we und]/ood mu* bett] be=e x 0 expla9$4 ,x nev] helps to discov]1 ?\gh x may gu>antee discov]y2 x nev] p]suades1 ?\gh x may %[ t p]suasion has be5 legitimate2 x nev] aids ! "w ( ?\ght1 x only acts z its auditor & acc\ntant-g5]al4 ,i am n ref]r+1 ( c\rse1 to :at ,i see describ$ 9 rec5t works z 8mod]n sci5tific logic40 ,( ?is ,i d n presume to speak4 ,/ill less am ,i ref]r+ to s-call$ ,inductive ,logic4 ,( ?is x is sc>ce wor? :ile to speak4#i ,i ref] to _! m fam\s pr$ecessor1 ! =mal logic ( ! s*ools4 ,b 9 :at diff]5t tones mu/ we speak ( ma!matics6 ,mill1 if ,i rememb] rightly1 said x 0 z full ( my/]ies z !ology4 ,b :ile ! value ( !ology = k is disput$1 ! value ( ma!matics = k is indisputable4 ,its triumphs c be appreciat$ by ! mo/ fooli%1 !y appeal to ! mo/ mat]ial4 ,if !y seem sometimes lo/ to ord9>y view 9 ! realms ( ab/ract inf9ities1 !y d n disda9 to s]ve u 9 ! humbl] fields ( practice4 ,!y h help$ mank9d to all ! greate/ g5]alisations ab\t ! physical univ]se3 & )\t !m we %\ld /ill be fumbl+ ov] simple problems ( practical me*anics1 entangl$ 9 a co/ly & ineffectual empiricism4 ,b :ile we ?ank ! ma!matician = 8 aid 9 conqu]+ ,nature1 we envy him 8 p[]s ( und]/&+ h]4 ,?\gh he deals1 x w\ld seem1 entirely ) ab/ractions1 !y are ab/ractions :i*1 at 8 p]suasion1 supply ! key to ! pr(\nde/ secrets ( ! physical univ]se4 ,he holds ! clues to mazes :]e ! cle>e/ intellect1 unaid$1 w\ld w&] hopelessly a/ray4 ,he belongs to a privileg$ ca/e4 ,i int5d no s]i\s qualification ( ?is high praise :5 ,i add t1 z reg>ds ! imm$iate subject ( ?is lecture1 ,i mean ,probability1 ma!maticians d n seem to h giv5 ignorant inquir]s l myself all ! aid :i* p]haps we h a "r to ask4 ,!y h treat$ ! subject z a bran* ( appli$ ma!matics4 ,!y h suppli$ u ) mu* excell5t !ory4 ,!y h ex]cis$ admirable skill 9 ! solution ( problems4 ,b ,i own t1 :5 we inquire into ! rational basis ( all ?is impos+ sup]/ructure1 _! explanations1 f ! lay po9t ( view1 leave mu* to be desir$4 8,probability10 says an (t5-quot$ phrase ( ,butl]1 8is ! guide ( life40 ,b ! ,bi%op did n def9e ! t]m2 & he wrote be=e ! !ory ( probability _h atta9$ to all its pres5t dignities4 ,nei!r ,d',alemb]t nor ,laplace _h discuss$ x4 ,quetelet _h n appli$ x to sociology1 nor ,maxwell to physics4 ,jevons _h n describ$ x z ! 8noble/ creation ( ! intellect40 ,x is d\btful :e!r ,butl] meant by x exactly :at ! ma!maticians mean by x1 & c]ta9 t he did n suspect any lurk+ ambiguity 9 ! expression4 ,nor1 inde$1 w\ld ! exi/5ce ( su* ambiguity be commonly admitt$ by any s*ool ( ?\ght4 ,! ord9>y view is t ! !ory ( probabilities is1 z ,laplace describ$ x1 8common s5se r$uc$ to calculation40 ,t !re c\ld be two k9ds ( probability1 only "o ( :i* fitt$ ?is description1 w\ld be g5]ally reg>d$ z a h]esy4 ,b x is a h]esy 9 :i* ,i myself believe2 & :i*1 ) mu* diffid5ce1 ,i n[ propose to def5d4 ,,ii ,! well-kn[n p>adox ( ! !ory ( probabilities is t1 to all seem+1 x c extract k f ignorance & c]ta9ty f d\bt4 ,! po9t _c be bett] put ?an by ,po9c> 9 discuss+ ! physical !ory ( gases1 :]e ! doctr9e ( probability f9ds an important application4 ,let me give y 8 view--p>tly 9 p>aphrase1 p>tly 9 translation4 8,= omnisci5ce10 he says 9 sub/ance1 8*ance w\ld n exi/4 ,x is b ! measure ( our ignorance4 ,:5 we describe an ev5t z accid5tal we mean no m ?an t we d n fully compreh5d ! conditions by :i* x 0 br\ght ab\t4 8,b is ?is ! full tru? ( ! matt]8 ,are n ! laws ( *ance a s\rce ( k8 ,&1 /rang] /ill1 is x n sometimes easi] to g5]alise 7say7 ab\t r&om movem5ts ?an ab\t movem5ts :i* obey ev5 a simple law--witness ! k9etic !ory ( gases8 ,&1 if ?is be s1 h[ c *ance be ! equival5t ( ignorance8 ,ask a physici/ to expla9 :at goes on 9 a gas4 ,he might1 p]haps1 express 8 views 9 "s su* t]ms z ^!3 #8,y wi% me to tell y ab\t ^! complex ph5om5a4 ,if by ill luck ,i happ5$ to "k ! laws :i* gov]n !m1 ,i %\ld be helpless4 ,i %\ld be lo/ 9 endless calculations1 & c\ld nev] hope to supply y ) an answ] to y\r que/ions4 ,=tunately = bo? ( u1 ,i am completely ignorant ab\t ! matt]2 ,i c1 !re=e1 supply y ) an answ] at once4 ,?is may seem odd4 ,b !re is some?+ odd] /ill1 namely1 t my answ] w be "r4'0 ,n[1 :at are ! conditions :i* make x possible ?us to extract a correct answ] f mat]ial app>5tly s unpromis+8 ,!y w\ld seem to be a special comb9ation ( ignorance & k1 ! jo9t effect ( :i* is to ju/ify u 9 suppos+ t ! p>ticul> collection ( facts or ev5ts ) :i* we are conc]n$ are happ5+ 8at r&om40 ,if we c\ld calculate ! complex causes :i* det]m9e ! fall ( a p5ny1 or ! collisions ( a molecule1 we might conceivably deal ) p5nies or molecules individually2 & ! calculus ( probability might be disp5s$ )4 ,b we _c2 ignorance1 !re=e1 real or assum$1 is ?us "o ( ! conditions requir$ to provide u ) ! k9d ( *aos to :i* ! doctr9e ( *ances may mo/ fitt+ly be appli$4 ,b !re is ano!r condition n less ne$ful1 namely1 k--! k t no extrane\s cause or int]nal t5d5cy is infect+ our *aotic gr\p ) "s bias or drift :]eby its requir$ r&omness w\ld be de/roy$4 ,our p5ny mu/ be symmetrical1 & ,maxwell's demons#aj mu/ n m$dle ) ! molecules4 ,! sl[ dis9tegration ( radium admirably illu/rates ! behavi\r ( a gr\p or collection possess+ all ! qualities :i* we require4 ,! myriad atoms ( :i* ! m9ute/ visible fragm5t is compos$ are num]\s en\gh to neutralise ecc5tricities su* z ^? :i*1 9 ! case ( a game ( *ance1 we call 8runs ( luck40 ,( ^! atoms we h no individual k4 ,:at we "k ( "o we "k ( all2 & we treat !m n only z a collection1 b z a collection made at r&om4 ,n[1 physici/s tell u t out ( any su* r&om collection a c]ta9 proportion w dis9tegrate 9 a giv5 "t2 & always ! same proportion4 ,b :5ce comes _! confid5ce 9 ! p]man5ce ( ?is ratio8 ,:y are !y s assur$ ( its fixity t ^! r&om explosions are ?\ght to provide u ) a bett] "t-keep] ?an ! a/ronomical *anges :i* h s]v$ mank9d 9 t capacity ?r\gh immemorial ages8 ,! reason is t we h "h ! necess>y ignorance & ! necess>y k 9 a v complete =m4 ,no?+ c well exce$ our ignorance ( ! diff]5ces betwe5 "o individual radium atom & ano!r1 ?\gh relevant diff]5ces !re mu/ be4 ,no?+1 aga91 seems bett] assur$ ?an our k t no special bias or drift w make "o collection ( ^! atoms behave diff]5tly f ano!r4 ,= ! atomic dis9tegration is due to no ext]nal %ock or mutual reaction :i* might affect n "o atom only1 b ! :ole gr\p4 ,a milligram ( radium is n l a magaz9e ( %ells1 :]e if "o spontane\sly explodes all ! re/ foll[ suit4 ,! disruption ( ! atom is due to "s int]nal pr9ciple ( decay ^: effects no kn[n ext]nal ag5t c ei!r ha/5 or ret>d4 ,al?\gh1 !re=e1 ! proportion ( atoms :i* w dis9tegrate 9 a giv5 "t c only be discov]$1 l ! annual dea?-rate among m51 by obs]vation1 yet once discov]$ x is discov]$ = ev]4 ,our human dea?-rate n only may *ange1 b does *ange4 ,! dea?-rate ( radium atoms *anges n4 ,9 ! "o case1 causes are 9 op]ation :i* modify bo? ! organism & ! surr\nd+s on :i* its life dep5ds4 ,9 ! o!r case1 x w\ld seem t ! av]age ( successive g5]ations ( atoms does n v>y1 & t1 once br\ght into exi/5ce1 !y sev]ally run _! appo9t$ c\rse unaffect$ by ea* o!r or by ! _w outside4 ,s f> we h be5 conc]n$ ) gr\ps or collections or s]ies2 & ab\t ^! ! doctr9e ( *ances & ! !ory ( error may app>5tly supply mo/ valuable in=mation4 ,b 9 practical affairs--nay1 ev5 9 _m que/ions ( sci5tific speculation--we are yet m conc]n$ ab\t individual happ5+s4 ,we h1 !re=e1 next to ask h[ we c inf] ! probability ( a p>ticul> ev5t f our k ( "s gr\p or s]ies to :i* x belongs4 ,!re seems at fir/ sight no difficulty 9 ?is1 provid$ we h suffici5t k ( ! gr\p or s]ies ( :i* ! p>ticul> ev5t is a memb]4 ,if we "k t a toss$ p5ny w 9 ! long run give heads & tails equally (t51 we d n hesitate to decl>e t ! *ances ( a p>ticul> ?r[ giv+ 8heads0 are ev54 ,to expect 9 any giv5 case heads r ?an tails1 or tails r ?an heads1 is inconsi/5t ) ! objective k ( ! s]ies :i* by hypo!sis we actually possess4 ,b :at if our in=mation ab\t ! gr\p or s]ies is mu* less ?an ?is8 ,suppose t1 in/ead ( kn[+ t ! two possible alt]natives d 9 fact occur equally (t51 we are 9 ! less advantage\s position ( kn[+ no reason :y !y %\ld n occur equally (t54 ,we ought1 ,i suppose1 /ill to reg>d ! *ances ( a p>ticul> toss z ev52 al?\gh ?is e/imate1 express$ by ! same fraction 77 & held ) ! same confid5ce1 is app>5tly a conclusion bas$ on ignorance1 :]eas ! fir/ conclusion 0 app>5tly bas$ on k4 ,if1 = example1 we "k t a die is fairly made & fairly ?r[n1 we c tell h[ (t5 a p>ticul> numb] w turn up 9 a long s]ies ( ?r[s1 & we c tell :at ! *ances are t x w turn up on ! occasion ( a s+le ?r[4 ,moreov]1 ! two conclusions seem to be logically connect$4 ,b if we "k t ! die is load$ we c no long] say h[ ! numb]s w be di/ribut$ 9 a s]ies ( ?r[s1 h[ev] long1 ?\gh we are sure t ! di/ribution w be v diff]5t f :at x w\ld h be5 _h ! die be5 a fair "o4 ,nev]!less1 we c /ill say 7be=e ! ev5t7 :at ! *ances are ( a p>ticul> numb] turn+ up on a s+le ?r[2 & ^! *ances are exactly ! same :e!r ! die be load$ or :e!r x be fair--namely1 "o-six?4 ,our objective k ( ! gr\p or s]ies has vani%$1 b1 ) ! !ory ( probability to help u1 our subjective conviction on ?is po9t app>5tly rema9s un*ang$4 ,!re is "h1 surely1 a r awkw>d transition f ! 8objective0 to ! 8subjective0 po9t ( view4 ,we 7 deal+1 9 ! fir/ case1 ) gr\ps or s]ies ( ev5ts ab\t :i* ! doctr9e ( *ances enabl$ u to say some?+ positive1 some?+ :i* exp]i5ce w\ld always confirm if ! gr\ps or s]ies 7 l>ge en\gh4 ,a p]fect calculator1 end[$ ) complete k ( all ! sep>ate gr\p memb]s1 w\ld h no correction to make 9 our conclusions4 ,8 in=mation w\ld be m complete ?an our own1 b n m accurate4 ,x is true t = him 8av]ages0 w\ld h no int]e/ & 8*ance0 no mean+4 ,nev]!less1 he w\ld agree t 9 a long s]ies ( fair ?r[s ( a fair die any select$ face w\ld turn up "o-six? times z (t5 z all ! o!rs tak5 toge!r4 ,b 9 ! second case ?is is no long] s4 ,=esight bas$ on complete k w\ld app>5tly diff] f =esight bas$ on ! calculation ( *ances4 ,our calculator w\ld be aw>e ( ! exact mann] 9 :i* ! die 0 load$1 & ( ! exact advantage :i* ?is gave to c]ta9 numb]s4 ,he w\ld1 !re=e1 "k t 9 ass]t+ ! *ance ( any p>ticul> numb] turn+ up on ! fir/ ?r[ to be "o-six?1 we 7 wrong4 ,9 :at s5se1 !n1 d we deem ourselves to h be5 "r8 ,! answ]1 ,i suppose1 is t we 7 "r n ab\t a gr\p ( ?r[s made ) ?is load$ die1 b ab\t a gr\p ( su* gr\ps made ) dice load$ at r&om--a gr\p 9 :i* 8r&omness0 0 s happily pres]v$ among its con/itu5t gr\ps t its abs5ce )9 ea* ( ^! gr\ps 0 immat]ial1 & no "o ( ! six alt]native numb]s 0 fav\r$ above ano!r4 ,a simil> reply might be giv5 if we suppose our ignorance c>ri$ yet a /ep fur!r4 ,in/ead ( kn[+ t our die 0 load$1 & be+ ignorant only ( ! mann] ( its load+1 we might be entirely ignorant :e!r x 0 load$ or n4 ,! *ances ( a p>ticul> numb] turn+ up on ! fir/ ?r[ w\ld /ill be "o-six?4 ,b ! s]ies to :i* ?is e/imate w\ld ref] w\ld nei!r be "o compos$ ( fair ?r[s ) a fair die1 nor "o compos$ ( a s]ies ( ?r[s ) dice load$ at r&om1 b "o compos$ ( a s]ies ( ?r[s ) dice *os5 at r&om f a r&om collection ( dice1 load$ & n load$6 ,x seems pla9 t we h no exp]im5tal k ( s]ies pil$ on s]ies aft] ?is fa%ion4 ,our conclusions ab\t !m are n bas$ on obs]vation1 nor collect$ f /ati/ics4 ,!y are arriv$ at a priori2 & :5 ! "* ( a s]ies is arriv$ at a priori1 ! probability ( a p>ticul> ev5t belong+ to x c be arriv$ at indep5d5tly by ! same me?od4 ,no ref]5ce to ! s]ies is requir$4 ,! reason we e/imate ! *ances aga9/ any "o ( ! six possible ?r[s ( a die z five to "o "u ea* & all ( ! suppositions we h be5 discuss+ is t "u none ( !m h we any gr\nd = ?9k+ any "o ( ! six m probable ?an ano!r2--ev5 ?\gh we may h gr\nd = ?9k+ t 9 a s]ies ( ?r[s made ) t p>ticul> die1 "s numb]1 to u unkn[n1 w 9 fact turn up ) exceptional frequ5cy4 ,! mo/ *>act]i/ic examples1 !re=e1 ( problems 9 probability dep5d = _! solution on a bold use ( ! 8pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason40 ,we treat alt]natives z equally likely :5 we _c see any gr\nd = suppos+ t "o is m likely ?an ano!r4 ,?is seems s5sible en\gh2 b h[ f> may we c>ry ?is process ( extract+ k f ignorance8 ,an agno/ic decl9es to (f] any op9ion on ! be+ ( ,god because x is a matt] ab\t :i* he pr(esses to "k no?+4 ,b ! univ]se ei!r has a spiritual cause1 or x has n4 ,if ! agno/ic is z ignorant z he supposes1 he _c h any reason = pref]r+ ! fir/ alt]native to ! second1 or ! second to ! fir/4 ,mu/ he1 !re=e1 conclude t ! *ances ( ,!ism are ev58 ,! man :o kn[s ?is kn[s mu*4 ,he kn[s1 or may "k1 t ,god's exi/5ce is slightly m probable ?an 8 own *ance ( w9n+ a c\p at ,monte ,c>lo4 ,he kn[s1 or may "k1 ! exact fraction by :i* ! two probabilities diff]4 ,h[1 !n1 c he call himself an agno/ic8 ,e "o mu/1 ,i ?9k1 feel t su* reason+ involves a misuse ( ! !ory ( probability4 ,b is t misuse )\t "s ju/ification8 ,! !ory1 unless ,i misread x1 p]mits1 or r requires1 u to express by ! same fraction probabilities bas$ on :at is little less ?an complete k1 & probabilities bas$ on :at is little m ?an complete ignorance4 ,to arrive at a cle> conclusion1 x seems only necess>y to apply ! 8law ( suffici5t reason0 to def9$ alt]natives2 & x is app>5tly a matt] ( p]fect indiff]5ce :e!r we apply ?is law 9 its affirmative or its negative %ape2 :e!r we say 8!re is e reason = believ+ t su* & su* alt]natives happ5 equally (t510 or :e!r we say 8!re is no reason = ?9k+ t "o alt]native happ5s m (t5 ?an ! o!r40 ,i d n criticise ?is me?od2 /ill less d ,i qu>rel ) x4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,i am lo/ 9 admiration ( ?is in/rum5t ( inve/igation1 ! quality ( ^: output seems to dep5d s little on ! sort ( raw mat]ial ) :i* x is suppli$4 ,,iii ,my object1 inde$1 is nei!r to discuss ! basis on :i* re/s ! calculus ( probabilities--a task = :i* ,i own myself totally unfit--nor yet to %[ t a c]ta9 obscurity hangs ov] ! limits )9 :i* x may prop]ly be employ$4 ,i desire r to sugge/ t1 :]ev] ^? limits are plac$1 !re lies beyond !m a k9d ( probability yet m fundam5tal1 ab\t :i* ! ma!matical me?ods c tell u no?+1 ?\gh x possesses supreme value z a 8guide ( life40 ,:]e9 lies ! di/9ction betwe5 ! two8 ,9 ?is3 ! doctr9e ( calculable probability 7if ,i may s call x7 has its only application1 or its only assur$ application1 )9 gr\ps ^: "* is ei!r po/ulat$1 or is indep5d5tly arriv$ at by inf]5ce & obs]vation4 ,^! gr\ps1 be !y natural or conv5tional1 provide a framework1 m>k+ out a region :]e9 prevails ! k9d ( ignorance :i* is ! subjective reflection ( objective 8r&omness40 ,?is is ! k9d ( ignorance :i* ! calculus ( probabilities c mo/ successfully transmute into k3 & h]e9 lies ! reason :y ! discov]]s ( ! calculus f\nd _! orig9al inspiration 9 ! haz>ds ( ! gambl+-table1 & :y _! successors /ill f9d 9 games ( *ance its happie/ illu/rations4 ,= 9 games ( *ance ! gr\p framework is provid$ by conv5tion2 p]fect 8r&omness0 is secur$ by fitt+ devices2 & he :o attempts to modify x is expell$ f society z a *eat4 ,none ( ^! obs]vations apply to ! k9d ( probability on ^: importance ,i am n[ insi/+4 ,if calculable probability be inde$ 8common s5se r$uc$ to calculation10 intuitive probability lies deep]4 ,x supports common s5se1 & x supplies ! ultimate gr\nd--be x secure or insecure--( all "w-a-day practice & all sci5tific !ory4 ,x has no?+ to d ) 8r&omness02 x kn[s no?+ ( av]ages2 x obeys no =mal laws2 no light is ?r[n on x by c>ds or dice2 x _c be r$uc$ to calculation4 ,h[1 !n1 is x to be treat$8 ,:at place is x to occupy 9 our g5]al s*eme8 ,^! are all important que/ions4 ,b no answ] to !m c be giv5 till we h press$ some:at fur!r ! l9e ( ?\ght :i* ! discussion 9 ?is pres5t lecture has = a mom5t int]rupt$4 ,be=e ,i began ?is long p>5!sis on ! !ory ( *ance1 ,i 0 occupi$ ) a mo/ important example ( a belief :i* possesses ! highe/ degree ( intuitive probability1 b no calculable probability at all4 ,i mean ! belief 9 an indep5d5t physical univ]se4 ,9 ! next lecture ,i %all resume ! g5]al ?read ( my argum5t1 & consid] ano!r belief ( ! same k9d :i* is n less--"s w\ld say ev5 m--ess5tial to natural sci5ce ?an ! "o ) :i* ,i h already dealt4 ,i mean a belief 9 ! regul>ity ( nature4 ,,footnotes3 #i ,al?\gh1 z a matt] ( fact1 ,i d speak ( x 9 ! next lecture4 #aj ,maxwell1 z all :o int]e/ !mselves 9 physics are aw>e1 arriv$ at v int]e/+ conclusions by consid]+ :at w\ld happ5 if little demons int]f]$ ) ! r&om motions ( ! molecules con/itut+ a gas4 ,,lecture ,,viii ,,uni=mity ,,& ,,causation ,i ,9 my la/ lecture b "o ,i dwelt ^u ! int]play ( causes & reasons 9 "o special case--! case ( our imm$iate exp]i5ces ( ! ext]nal _w1 ! _w 9 :i* we move1 ! _w inve/igat$ by ! physical sci5ces4 ,no case c inde$ be m important2 = ^! imm$iate exp]i5ces are deem$ by e man to be 8 guide ?r\gh all ! h\rs ( 8 wak+ life1 & by e man ( sci5ce to supply ! evid5ce on :i* dep5ds all our k ( natural laws4 ,yet ?is v /atem5t sugge/s ! exi/5ce ( ano!r s]ies ( problems n less important & n less closely connect$ ) my g5]al argum5t4 ,=1 h[ d we get f p>ticul> exp]i5ces to g5]al laws--f beliefs ab\t individual occurr5ces to beliefs ab\t ! ord]+ ( ! univ]se8 ,^! beliefs1 look$ at f ! sci5tific po9t ( view1 are1 z ,i h s (t5 obs]v$1 a natural product4 ,!y h a hi/ory l o!r natural products4 ,!y are ! effects ( a long tra9 ( causes2 & among ^? causes are "s :i* claim1 rightly or wrongly1 to be reasons1 an unc\nt$ multitude :i* make no su* claim1 & o!rs1 aga91 :i* occupy a d\btful position betwe5 ! two4 ,imag9e an ext]nal intellig5ce /udy+ ! me?ods by :i* e>?-born creatures ( v>i\s types adju/ !mselves to future circum/ances4 ,! mo/ primitive me?od is1 ,i suppose1 no m ?an simple n]v\s reaction4 ,! mo/ develop$ me?od involves reason$ expectation4 ,& betwe5 ^! two extremes our suppos$ obs]v] w\ld see a long s]ies ( int]m$iate =ms melt+ into "o ano!r by ins5sible gradation4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( ! argum5t ,i am endeav\r+ to pres5t to y1 ?is developm5t is ( ! greate/ int]e/4 ,! creation ( a capacity = expectation1 & ( an incl9ation to expect a future simil> to ! pa/1 mu/ be deem$ "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable triumphs ( selection--if to selection x inde$ be due4 ,"h we h ?is irrational mimic ( reason1 />t+ f ! simple/ =ms ( response to ext]nal /imulus1 improv+ !m into su* excell5t imitations ( inductive reason+ z ^? :i* lead a *ick1 no m ?an a few h\rs old1 to reject food :i* x has once f\nd na/y#aa2 & f9ally evolv+ out ( ^! humble beg9n+s a mode ( inf]5ce :i*1 accord+ to empirical philosophy1 is ! true & only s\rce ( all our g5]al k1 :e!r ( nature or ( man4 ,x mu/ be own$1 inde$1 t ! attempt to treat in/9ctive expectation z a =m ( rational inf]5ce has be5 a lam5table failure4 ,by no ex]cise ( +5uity c beliefs ab\t :at is n exp]i5c$ be logically extract$ f p>ticul> exp]i5ces1 multiply !m z y w4 ,x is 9 va9 t empirical philosoph]s attempt to give an air ( rationality to ?is leap f ! kn[n to ! unkn[n by ! use ( high-s\nd+ logical titles4 8,induction by simple enum]ation0 is d\btless an impos+ "n4 ,b ^? :o practise ! ?+ are 9 no wise improv+ on _! pr$ecessor1 ! *ick4 ,inde$ !y lag beh9d x4 ,= ! *ick expects--b gives no reason2 ! empirical philosoph] expects--& gives a bad "o4 ,,ii ,expectation1 !n1 if x is to be rational1 c only be rationally extract$ f exp]i5ces by ! aid ( "o or m g5]al pr9ciples4 ,:at pr9ciples are !y8 ,"o ( !m1 at all ev5ts1 mu/ be ! regul>ity ( nature4 ,9 "s =m or o!r1 & to "s degree or o!r1 ?is is assum$ 9 e sci5tific speculation & 9 e purposeful action reflectively p]=m$4 ,x is1 z y may recollect1 "o ( ! 8inevitable beliefs ( common s5se0 to :i* ,i ref]r$ 9 my fir/ lecture4 ,b y may also recollect t 9 ! same lecture ,i po9t$ out t inevitable beliefs1 ?\gh we _c avoid hold+ !m 9 "s %ape1 are1 & h be51 held 9 _m %apes2 %apes :i* v>y ) ! *anges 9 our g5]al outlook on m5 & ?+s4 ,9 :at %ape1 !n1 %\ld our belief 9 regul>ity n[ be held8 ,! %ape 9 :i* x is v commonly =mulat$ is some?+ ( ?is k9d3 8ev]y?+ is caus$2 & ! same causes are always foll[$ by ! same effects40 ,?is is ! s-call$ 8law ( univ]sal causation40 ,x has be5 treat$ z an assur$ tru? by philosoph]s ( _m diff]5t s*ools1 ?\gh n always = ! same reasons2 &1 s f> z ! physical univ]se is conc]n$1 ! mod]n _w accepts x )\t demur4 ,x is1 nev]!less1 op5 to criticism f two po9ts ( view4 ,x ass]ts some:at m ab\t ! c\rse ( nature ?an exp]i5ce sugge/s1 & some:at less ?an sci5ce requires4 ,let me take ! two po9ts sep>ately4 ,:5 ,i 0 deal+ ) e?ics ,i _h occasion to po9t out t if ! primitive manife/ations ( loyalty & love are products ( selection1 !y h develop$ by a k9d ( int]nal mom5tum1 to a po9t f> beyond t to :i* selection c possibly h c>ri$ !m4 ,some?+ ( ! same k9d has happ5$ 9 ! case ( ! causal po/ulate4 ,selection1 we mu/ suppose1 has produc$ ! capacity = acquir+ habitual expectations2 & habitual expectation is induction )\t reason+4 ,l induction1 x w\ld n only be useless1 b h>mful1 if no regul>ity exi/$2 if at any mom5t ! future ceas$ to be> "s resemblance to ! pa/4 ,b ! regul>ity ass]t$ by ! law ( univ]sal causation is f> 9 excess ( ?is requirem5t4 ,! law applies to regions :i* nev] come )9 ! range ( f9ite exp]i5ce2 &1 z reg>ds regions :i* d come )9 t range1 exp]i5ce h>dly confirms x4 ,we may1 ( c\rse1 attribute ! app>5t irregul>ities 9 nature to our ignorance or our errors2 & ?is1 9 fact1 is :at we always d4 ,we mu/ 7we ?9k7 h obs]v$ wrongly or insuffici5tly2 or x may be t a cle>] insight w\ld %[ h[ app>5t ab]rations really illu/rate "s l>g] law1 or dep5d on conditions at pres5t beyond our k54 ,su* explanations are easy2 &1 :at is m1 !y are true4 ,!re is no compla9t to be made ( a v]dict 9 fav\r ( absolute uni=mity except t x outruns ! evid5ce4 ,none surely1 :o und]/& ! mean+ ( ! words !y use1 w d>e to ass]t t nature appe>s regul>4 ,:at !y may ass]t is1 t ! m y exam9e x1 ! m regul> x appe>s4 ,! reign ( law is always ext5d+4 ,new prov9ces are always be+ add$ to its doma9s4 ,anomalies vani% z k gr[s2 & ! absolute uni=mity :i* we n[ only "k by fai?1 we may "s day "k by sight4 ,to ?is 8cr$o0 7) res]vations7 ,i readily subscribe4 ,b x s\nds a little /range 9 ! m\?s ( "s :o prea* x4 ,does x n imply t we int]pret our exp]i5ces 9 ! light ( a preconceiv$ s*eme ( ?+s2 t we =ce our obs]vations into a m\ld :i* !y d n naturally fit8 ,if1 9 unravell+ a cyph]1 ,i come across passages :i* are un9telligible1 ,i attribute ! *eck to my own ignorance or dullness4 ,:y8 ,because ,i "k indep5d5tly t ! cyph] has a mean+1 if only ,i c\ld f9d x4 ,b ! empirical agno/ic pr(esses to "k no?+ ab\t ! _w1 except :at he has obs]v$ himself or :at o!r p h obs]v$ = him4 ,:y1 !n1 %\ld he suppose p]fect regul>ity to exi/ :5 no p]fect regul>ity appe>s8 ,:y is he n cont5t to accept :at he f9ds1 namely1 a regul>ity :i* is real b incomplete8 ,x is no reply to say t pati5t g5ius is con/antly detect+ ord] 9 app>5t *aos4 ,s x is4 ,& :5 ?is happ5s1 by all means re>range y\r map ( ! univ]se accord+ly4 ,b d n argue t *aos is !re=e non-exi/5t4 ,! belief 9 univ]sal causation is n bas$ on argum5t1 nor yet on obs]vation4 ,x dep5ds on :at ,i h describ$ z intuitive probability4 ,& if we refuse to reg>d nature z liable to lapses f p]fect uni=mity1 ?is is n because su* a !ory is un?9kable1 n because x is contr>y to exp]i5ce1 n because x is incompatible ) k1 n because x is fatal to purposeful action2 = x is none ( ^! ?+s4 ,we reject x because x is out ( h>mony ) ! ideal we h =m$ ( :at ! mat]ial univ]se ought to be & is3 & s /rong is ?is speculative prepossession t !re is no exp]im5tal evid5ce :i* w\ld conv9ce a man ( sci5ce t1 :5 physical causes 7 ! same1 physical consequ5ces c\ld be diff]5t4 ,,iii ,b ?is obs]vation br+s me to my second comm5t>y on ! =mula ( univ]sal causation4 ,if1 z ,i h cont5d$1 x goes beyond :at m]e exp]i5ce sugge/s1 x also falls %ort ( :at sci5tific inf]5ce requires4 ,! uni=mity x po/ulates lacks a c]ta9 k9d ( 8/ructure0 :i* is absolutely necess>y if ! pa/ is to be expla9$ & ! future =ese54 ,x is n en\gh = ?is purpose t ! c\rse ( ,nature %\ld be det]m9$4 ,x mu/ be det]m9$ aft] a p>ticul> patt]n2 its uni=mity mu/ con=m to a p>ticul> type4 ,at fir/ sight ?is /atem5t may seem r obscure4 ,:at 7y w ask7 is ?is 8/ructure0 or patt]n ^: abs5ce w\ld be s disa/r\s to k8 ,x is a /ructure 7,i reply7 :i* makes x possible to break up ! fl[ ( ev5ts into intelligible repetitions4 ,x is n en\gh t ! condition ( ! _w at any mom5t %\ld be /rictly det]m9$ by its condition at ! prec$+ mom5t4 ,su* a _w w\ld1 ,i suppose1 completely con=m to ! doctr9e ( uni=mity1 & obey bo? 9 _s & 9 lett] ! law ( univ]sal causation4 ,yet1 unless x also con=m$ to ! additional canon ,i h j laid d[n1 x w\ld provide no basis ei!r = sci5tific k or = practical decision4 ,! same consequ5t w\ld always succe$ ! same antec$5t1 if & :5 x recurr$4 ,b1 unless we accept ! cyclic !ories ( ! ,/oics1 x nev] w\ld recur4 ,! complete/ k ( ! pa/ w\ld tell u no?+ ab\t ! future2 n because ! succession ( ev5ts 0 arbitr>y or 7z ! ^w is commonly misus$7 miracul\s2 b because ea* cross-section ( ! /ream ( ,"t 7t is to say1 ! sum ( all contemporane\s facts & ev5ts7 _h to be consid]$ z a s+le cause1 completely det]m9+ ! :ole cross-sections imm$iately 9 front ( x2 &1 z a s+le effect1 completely det]m9$ by ! :ole cross-section imm$iately beh9d x4 ,su* a _w might h a hi/ory1 b x c\ld nev] h a sci5ce4 ,! reason is pla94 ,sci5ce requires uni=mities ev5 m ?an uni=mity2 & a univ]se su* z ,i h j describ$ has uni=mity b no uni=mities4 ,! v phrase 8laws ( nature0 %[s t x is ^! subord9ate uni=mities = :i* we look4 ,! :ole ef=ts ( ! skill$ inve/igator are direct$ t[>ds s isolat+ ! sequ5ces he is exam9+ t 8 exp]im5ts %all become 7z ! phrase goes7 crucial4 ,if no su* isolation c\ld be effect$1 x w\ld nev] be possible to po9t to "s 8ph5om5on0 & say ( x 8,"h is a cause10 & to "s o!r 8ph5om5on0 & say ( x 8,"h is its effect40 ,! _w1 9 %ort1 mu/ h a /ructure :i* connects its successive phases 9 su* a way t def9ite p>ts ( all t exi/s or happ5s are knit ) peculi> clos5ess to def9ite p>ts ( :at exi/$ or happ5$ be=e4 ,x is on ^! connect+ /r&s t we ma9ly fix our gaze2 !y are (t5 difficult to trace1 !y are sometimes hopelessly entangl$2 b :5 we c br+ !m into cle> vision1 !n1 & n till !n1 we triumphantly say t we h discov]$ a law ( nature4 ,we are s famili> ) ?is 8fibr\s0 /ructure ( ! natural _w t x seems almo/ a matt] ( c\rse4 ,mill1 = example1 assumes x1 unconsci\sly no d\bt1 ?r\gh all 8 exposition ( inductive me?ods3 & if he _h n assum$ x1 ^! me?ods w\ld h come tumbl+ ab\t 8 e>s 9 irrep>able ru94 ,b assur$ly nei!r he nor any o!r logician has a "r to make su* an assumption 9 sil5ce4 ,9 spite ( _m speculative difficulties1 !re is no pr9ciple m vital to k1 practical & !oretical1 ?an ! pr9ciple ( 8negligibility02 ! pr9ciple :i* ass]ts t sequ5ces c be isolat$ & repeat$1 & t va/ bodies ( contemporane\s facts & happ5+s may be :olly neglect$4 ,x is mu* m important ?an ! pr9ciple ( causation1 if by causation is meant1 n a work+1 ?\gh possibly imp]fect1 regul>ity1 b ! speculative complet5ess impli$ by ! phrase 8univ]sal causation0 z commonly int]pret$4 ,x may be said1 & ,i ?9k ) tru?1 t ^! obs]vations sc>cely apply to a mat]ial _w conceiv$ 9 a purely me*anical fa%ion4 ,9 su* a _w negligibility is !oretically measurable4 ,! mass ( ,sirius1 )\t d\bt1 modifies ! weight ( ! p5 ) :i* ,i am writ+4 ,b ! effect is demon/rably inf9itesimal1 & negligibility is n assum$1 b prov$4 ,laplace's calculator1 survey+ ! univ]se1 w\ld h no difficulty ei!r 9 fix+ 8 att5tion on p>ticul> repetitions :i* exemplify ! 8laws ( nature10 or 9 reg>d+ !m z integral p>ts ( a s+le me*anical :ole1 ^: successive phases 7if ! law ( en]gy dissipation be univ]sal7 c nev] be repeat$4 ,b ?is does n light5 ! difficulty4 ,! _w may1 or may n1 be a s+le me*anical sy/em2 b1 if x is1 ! fact c only be empirically kn[n to u ?r\gh induction3 & induction assumes negligibility1 & _c1 s f> z ,i c see1 move a /ep )\t x4 ,*oose ! mo/ p]fect exp]im5t on record1 idealise its conditions to y\r he>t's cont5t2 = great] security1 suppose x repeat$ ev5 to we>9ess1 h[ w y be advanc$8 ,!re are1 ,i suppose1 millions ( circum/ances1 = ! mo/ "p utt]ly unkn[n1 :i* h co-exi/$ ) all ! exp]im5ts already tri$1 b w h vani%$ be=e ! next exp]im5t is und]tak54 ,does ?is di/urb y8 ,d y ask y\rself :e!r1 among ! unnumb]$ circum/ances 9 :i* ! _w ( to-day diff]s f ! _w ( ye/]day1 !re may n be "o :i* is necess>y to ! expect$ effect8 ,n at all4 ,y bru% !m aside4 ,y say !y may be neglect$4 ,& d\btless y d well4 ,b :y8 ,n on any gr\nds :i* obs]vation or reason+ c supply1 n on any gr\nds =mulat$ 9 ! logic ( induction1 or ! calculus ( *ances4 ,y tru/ y\rself to a feel+ ( antec$5t probability2--! intuitive probability on ^: importance ,i dwelt 9 ! la/ lecture1 :i* is n ! fl[] ( exp]i5ce b its root2--& y\r tru/ w sometimes be betray$4 ,! pr9ciple ( negligibility1 or 79 t]ms ( belief7 ! belief t obs]v$ regul>ities may (t5 be treat$ z if !y 7 complete & self-conta9$ cases ( cause & effect1 sep>able f contempor>y ev5ts1 is ?us a necess>y presupposition ( concrete sci5ce2 &1 l o!r presuppositions1 x is incapable ( sci5tific pro(4 ,we (t5 he> x said1 inde$1 t pr9ciples ( ?is k9d %\ld be reg>d$ z hypo!ses v]ifi$ by an ev]-increas+ volume ( exp]im5tal pro(4 ,!y are f\nd to "w2 :at m c be desir$8 ,b x is n accurate to say t ^! & o!r fundam5tal pr9ciples are1 or ev] h be51 reg>d$ ei!r by common s5se or sci5ce z inf]5ces f exp]i5ce or z hypo!ses requir+ v]ification4 ,nor is x accurate to sugge/ t v]ification diff]s ess5tially f any o!r k9d ( exp]im5tal evid5ce except 9 ! date ( its occurr5ce4 ,if evid5ce foll[s conjecture1 b n o!rwise1 x is call$ v]ification2 & ?\gh1 f ! po9t ( view ( me?od1 ?is *ronological ord] is ( imm5se importance1 f ! po9t ( view ( logic x is no?+4 ,a d\btful conjecture 7let u suppose7 is 8v]ifi$0 by exp]im5t4 ,if ! exp]im5t _h come e>li] !re w\ld h be5 no conjecture1 b !re w\ld h be5 equal evid5ce1 inde$ ! same evid5ce4 ,x is true t )\t ! conjecture !re might h be5 no exp]im5t1 & t )\t ! exp]im5t !re might h be5 no pro(4 ,b1 ?\gh ! conjecture occasion$ ! pro(1 x c]ta9ly adds no?+ to its =ce1 & we !re=e come back to ! "q already discuss$--namely1 :e!r pr9ciples )\t :i* no inf]5ce f exp]i5ces is possible1 c be !mselves inf]r$ f exp]i5ces8--a "q to :i*1 z ,i conceive1 only "o answ] is possible4 ,exp]i5ces may produce habit1 & habit may produce expectation1 & ?is process may masqu]ade z induction4 ,b expectations ?us eng5d]$ belong to ! causal s]ies1 n ! cognitive4 ,physiology & psy*ology may expla9 !m4 ,b !y c nei!r be prov$ nor treat$ z axiomatic4 ,axiomatic !y c]ta9ly are n2 nor d !y possess ! univ]sality & precision ( outl9e :i* we are accu/om$ to associate ) axioms4 ,x is curi\s1 9 ?is connection1 to note t ! philosoph]s :o are mo/ firmly resolv$ to root ! pr9ciple ( regul>ity 7!y ignore negligibility7 9 exp]i5ce always insi/ on giv+ x t absolute "* :i* our inf]5ces f exp]i5ce r>ely possess4 ,! notion t fundam5tal beliefs %\ld be liable to exception1 %\ld be capable ( degrees1 & %\ld apply unequally 9 diff]5t fields ( obs]vation1 is z abhorr5t to !m z to any metaphysician out ( ! opposite camp4 ,"o w\ld suppose1 to he> !m talk1 t1 unless causation be univ]sal1 exp]i5ce is wor?less4 ,,iv ,! region :]e ^! uncompromis+ doctr9es %[ to lea/ advantage is human "*4 ,i d n propose to discuss causation & free w2 b ,i may ) advantage say some?+ on a less hackney$ !me1 namely1 negligibility & =ekn[l$ge4 ,! !sis ,i desire to ma9ta9 is t1 9 deal+ ) a human "*1 full =ekn[l$ge is !oretically impossible1 ev5 ?\gh free w be :olly abs5t1 & ! succession ( psy*ic /ates be completely det]m9$4 ,practically impossible we "k x to be4 ,b mo/ det]m9i/s w\ld hold t ?is impossibility is due p>tly to our ignorance & p>tly to our incapacity4 ,we "k too little ei!r ( ! g5]al laws ( m9d1 or ( individual "*1 or ( surr\nd+ circum/ances1 to make accurate =eca/s2 &1 ev5 if we possess$ ! requisite in=mation1 we c\ld n use x1 ow+ to ! irrem$iable weakness ( our p[]s ( calculation4 ,x is ?is cont5tion t ,i wi% to trav]se4 ,i hold t1 _h we ! sup]natural p[]s ( ,laplace's calculator1 arm$ ) a k ( ! human he>t :i* sup]natural p[]s ( obs]vation c\ld alone supply1 we %\ld /ill fail1 because we are face to face ) t :i* is inh]5tly incalculable4 ,! contr>y op9ion is due1 ,i ?9k1 to an imp]fect compreh5sion ( ! doctr9es ,i h t\*$ on 9 ?is lecture4 ,all human =ekn[l$ge dep5ds on detect+ old sequ5ces 9 a new context4 ,! context1 ( c\rse1 is always new4 ,!re is nev] full or complete repetition4 ,b1 unless !re be p>tial repetitions emb$d$ 9 ! univ]sal flux1 presci5ce is impossible4 ,?is is ! doctr9e ( 8negligibility40 ,n[ consid] two illu/rative examples4 ,fir/1 imag9e y\rself /&+ on ! edge ( a valley d[n :i* a l&slip has j let loose ! wat]s ( "s great res]voir 9 ! hills4 ,! cata/rophe is sudd5 9 its onset1 brief 9 its duration1 wildly irregul> 9 its "*4 ,ev5 ! mo/ tumultu\s cat>act reta9s a c]ta9 /ead9ess ( outl9e3 & few sights are m impressive ?an ! /ation>y waves 9 a great rapid4 ,b !re is "h no trace ( ord] impos$ on disord]1 fixity on motion4 ,! ru%+ wall ( wat]1 sp\t+ into foam ov] e ob/acle x enc\nt]s1 ! toss+ flood t foll[s furi\sly beh9d1 seem 9 _! brief viol5ce to pres5t ! v ideal ( incalculable confusion4 ,b we "k x is n s4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( su* a spectacle our calculator w\ld n feel a mom5t's emb>rassm5t4 ,he c\ld =eca/ )\t difficulty ! :ole sc5e d[n to its m9ute/ eddy2 ! motions ( ea* drop obey laws ) :i* he 0 p]fectly famili>2 & ! total effect1 cata/rophic ?\gh x be1 is b ! sum ( all ^! compon5t examples ( natural uni=mity4 ,turn n[ & contemplate a calm] sc5e4 ,consid] ! commonplace life ( a commonplace man z x develops 9 ! untr\bl$ prosp]ity ( a /eady bus9ess & a quiet home4 ,su* a c>e] seems z ord]ly & uni=m z ! flood ,i h be5 describ+ is t]rible & /range4 ,surely no sup]natural calculator is requir$ to ca/ ! horoscope ( its h]o3 = he does1 & leaves undone1 ! same actions1 he ?9ks & leaves un?\ght ! same ideas1 z ?\s&s ( 8 contempor>ies2 &1 s f> z outw>d appe>ance goes1 he is an indi/+ui%able memb] ( an undi/+ui%$ cr[d4 ,yet1 9 spite ( ?is1 we "k him to be unique4 ,!re nev] has be5 be=e1 nor w !re ev] be aga91 ano!r individual exactly l him4 ,a simil> /atem5t1 x may be urg$1 c be made ab\t our cata/rophic flood4 ,?\gh ?is has pl5ty ( p>allels1 none ( !m1 /rictly speak+1 are exact4 ,:]e1 !n1 lies ! di/9ction on :i* ,i am try+ to insi/8 ,let me endeav\r to m>k ! contra/4 ,if ! mat]ial _w be conceiv$ z a me*anical sy/em1 ! flood 9 my illu/ration may be reg>d$ z a piece arbitr>ily cut out ( x at ! :im ( ! spectator4 ,x possesses no natural unity2 &1 l ! :ole ( :i* x is a fraction1 ! mov+ p>ticles :i* compose x d ea* obey laws :i* are 7we assume7 p]fectly well kn[n1 & h be5 endlessly exemplifi$4 ,its behavi\r is ! sum ( ! behavi\r ( ^! sev]al p>ts3 & x is by e/imat+ _! movem5ts t our imag9>y calculator c prophesy its c\rse ) absolute exactness4 ,he is nev] p]plex$ by ! problem ( negligibility2 = negligibility 9 su* a case c be accurately measur$1 & our calculator possesses all ! data requir$ = its measurem5t4 ,9 %ort1 ! pr9ciple ( regul>ity may "h be appli$ 9 its mo/ uncompromis+ =m2 x requires no qualification1 nor c x be press$ too boldly or too f>4 ,b ! case is o!rwise :5 we h to ab&on ! /rictly me*anical po9t ( view1 & inve/igate regions :]e negligibility has a small & unc]ta9 application4 ,su* a region is individual consci\sness4 ,?is possesses a natural or intr9sic unity4 ,its phases are nev] precisely repeat$2 nor c x be reg>d$ z a collection ( indep5d5t elem5ts1 ! sequ5ces ( :i* may be sep>ately exam9$1 v]ifi$1 & repeat$4 ,n only is ! :ole unique1 b ! p>ts are unique also4 ,or1 p]haps x w\ld be m accurate to say t !re are no p>ts possess+ a fix$ "* ( _! own ap>t f ! :ole4 ,n only is ev]y?+ qualifi$ by ev]y?+ else1 b few ( ^! qualifications are negligible4 ,p]fect repetition is !re=e impossible1 & our calculator1 :atev] 8 p[]s1 c\ld nev] feel at home ) 8 premises1 or secure 9 8 conclusions4 ,! pres5t w\ld always be new1 & ! future w\ld always be d\btful4 ,if ?is seems p>adoxical x is1 ,i ?9k1 ma9ly = two reasons4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 su* a doctr9e seems inconsi/5t ) ! fact t1 :atev] ,laplace's calculator c\ld d1 humbl] be+s l ourselves manage someh[ or o!r to =eca/ ! behavi\r ( our neighb\rs ) "s small measure ( success4 ,?is1 no d\bt1 is true4 ,b x is 9 "p because ! alt]natives ( behavi\r are v few & v def9ite comp>$ ) ! inf9itely graduat$ v>iations ( ?\ght1 w1 & feel+4 ,action is 8canalis$40 ,x c fl[ only along *annels eng9e]$ = x by circum/ances1 & among ^! ! *oice is commonly small4 ,b ! "* :i* lies beh9d action is complex beyond all p[] ( analysis1 & v>iable beyond all p[]s ( anticipation4 ,! r\t9e :i* is unwav]+ly pursu$ f mon? to mon? & ye> to ye> is pursu$ ea* day 9 a diff]5t _s3 & (t5 a critical h\r /rikes :5 "s well-drill$ creature ( cu/om1 to 8 own surprise & ! sc&al ( 8 fri5ds1 des]ts ! anci5t ways & w&]s sudd5ly =? into ! unkn[n4 ,( c\rse1 ^! viol5t ab]rations are ! exception4 ,! m famili> exp]i5ce is t1 9 an ord]ly society1 ! alt]natives ( action :i* ne$ be tak5 into acc\nt are few1 & ! 8limits ( deviation0 n>r[4 ,(t51 !re=e1 we c anticipate conduct )\t any real insight into ! dep?s ( "* or ! complexities ( motive f :i* ! conduct spr+s4 ,& truly ?is is =tunate2 =1 if mutual compreh5sion 7 necess>y to social int]c\rse1 h[ c\ld society exi/8 ,b !re is ano!r reason :y we take little note ( ! di/9ction ,i am endeav\r+ to draw betwe5 ! calculable uni=mities ( a mat]ial _w & ! incalculable regul>ities ( psy*ic life4 ,! di/9ction is r speculative ?an practical4 ,x does n affect ! r\t9e ( daily exi/5ce4 ,=1 al?\gh ! c\rse ( ! mat]ial _w is calculable1 we mortals h nei!r ! "t nor ! k nor ! m5tal p[]s requir$ to calculate x4 ,we behave1 !re=e1 t[>ds nature z we behave t[>ds man4 ,we cont5t ourselves ) approximations1 ) analogies1 ) resemblances4 ,ev5 if we _h ! p[]1 we %\ld n h ! "t to resolve ! movem5t ( all ! bits ( matt] ) :i* we h to deal f m9ute to m9ute into ! exact sequ5ces ( :i* !y are compos$4 ,we w\ld n if we c\ld4 ,we apply r\gh me?ods2 we are satisfi$ ) imp]fect results4 ,nor are ^! results always m imp]fect 9 ! psy*ic ?an 9 ! mat]ial sph]e ( obs]vation4 ,! ways 7= example7 ( ,briti% wea!r are ev5 m my/]i\s ?an ! ways ( ,briti% m54 ,:y1 !n1 %\ld we int]e/ ourselves 9 a speculation :i* tells u1 h[ev] truly1 t p]fect =ekn[l$ge is !oretically possible 9 ! fir/ case1 b !oretically impossible 9 ! second8 ,9 practice x is impossible 9 bo?4 ,& ) ?is we mu/ be cont5t4 ,& yet ! speculation is int]e/+4 ,= ! di/9ction betwe5 ! two cases lies deep4 ,x has no?+ 7let me say aga97 to d ) free w4 ,x has no?+ to d ) our ignorance ( facts4 ,x has no?+ to d ) our intellectual insuffici5cy4 ,x is due to a fundam5tal diff]5ce betwe5 ! uni=mities ( matt] & ! regul>ities ( m9d4 ,p]fect =esight requires p]fect repetition1 & 9 ! psy*ic sph]e p]fect repetition c nev] happ54 ,e self is unique2 all its exp]i5ces are unique2 & ^! unique :oles are n comp\nd$ ( int]*angeable elem5ts obey+ id5tical laws4 ,!y d n alt] by m]e addition1 subtraction1 or re>rangem5t ( p>ts4 ,!y gr[4 ,& ! sequ5ce ( "o phase ^u ano!r fa9tly resembles t :i* w\ld prevail 9 ! imag9>y univ]se ( :i* ,i spoke j n[1 ! univ]se :]e all contemporane\s ev5ts 7 treat$ z ! s+le effect ( ! imm$iate pa/ & ! s+le cause ( ! imm$iate future4 ,( su* a univ]se ,i obs]v$ t x w\ld h a hi/ory1 b c\ld h no sci5ce4 ,& ?\gh we _c g s f> :5 speak+ ( psy*ic unities1 ?\gh we _c rule out psy*ology or sociology1 x mu/ be admitt$ t no regul>ities :i* obs]vation discloses c ev] possess ! precision :i* we !oretically attribute to mat]ial me*anism4 ,in/ructive lik5esses we %all f9d 9 abundance1 complete det]m9ation we may assume if we please2 b 8laws10 9 ! full & /rict s5se ( ! t]m1 we %all n f9d1 = !y are n !re4 ,,note ,! %ortcom+s ( me*anism h be5 discuss$ by ,m4 ,b]gson 9 a mann] :i* no o!r ?9k] is likely to rival4 ,he has1 h[ev]1 usually dealt ) ! subject 9 connection ) fre$om2 :]eas 9 ?is section ,i h only dealt ) x 9 connection ) =ekn[l$ge1 repetition1 & :at ,i h t]m$ ! doctr9e ( 8negligibility40 ,he approa*es x f ! side ( reality4 ,i approa* x f ! side ( inductive inf]5ce & ! law ( univ]sal causation4 ,,footnotes3 #aa ,extract f ,morgan's 8,habit & ,in/9ct10 page #dj4 8,a "y *ick two days old1 = example1 _h le>nt to pick out pieces ( yolk f o!rs ( :ite ( egg4 ,i cut little bits ( orange-peel ( ab\t ! same size z ! pieces ( yolk1 & "o ( ^! 0 soon seiz$1 b at once rel9qui%$1 ! *ick %ak+ 8 head4 ,seiz+ ano!r1 he held x = a mom5t 9 ! bill1 b !n dropp$ x & scrat*$ at ! base ( 8 beak4 ,t 0 en\gh2 he c\ld n aga9 be induc$ to seize a piece ( orange-peel4 ,! obnoxi\s mat]ial 0 n[ remov$1 & pieces ( yolk ( egg sub/itut$1 b !y 7 left unt\*$1 be+ probably tak5 = orange-peel4 ,subsequ5tly1 he look$ at ! yolk ) hesitation1 b pres5tly peck$ d\btfully1 n seiz+1 b m]ely t\*+4 ,!n he peck$ aga91 seiz$1 & swall[$40 ,,lecture ,,ix ,,t5d5cies ,,( ,,sci5tific ,,belief ,i ,9 ! six? & eigh? lectures ( ?is c\rse ,i dealt ) two inevitable beliefs :i* lie at ! root ( all sci5ce & all practice--! beliefs t an indep5d5t1 or1 z x is commonly call$1 an 8ext]nal0 _w exi/s1 & ! belief t ! _w1 :e!r ext]nal or int]nal1 has at lea/ a measure ( regul>ity4 ,9 ! sev5? lecture ,i int]polat$ a discussion ^u probability2 & %[$1 or attempt$ to %[1 t we mu/ take acc\nt ( a k9d ( probability o!r ?an t :i*1 9 ! h&s ( ma!maticians1 has s greatly contribut$ to k4 ,if1 n[1 we consid] ^! subjects 9 _! mutual relation1 we p]ceive t an 8inevitable0 belief is "o :i* possesses ! highe/ degree ( ?is intuitive probability4 ,^! are two descriptions ( ! same quality--"o emphasis+ ! objective1 ! o!r ! subjective1 aspects ( a s+le fact4 ,b ?is at once sugge/s a fur!r inquiry4 ,probability is evid5tly a matt] ( degree4 ,a belief may be m probable or less probable4 ,inevitabl5ess1 on ! o!r h&1 seems at fir/ sight to be insusceptible ( gradation4 ,x is1 or x is n4 ,yet ?is extreme def9it5ess vani%es if we reg>d x z a limit+ case--z ! la/ t]m ( a s]ies ^: e>li] memb]s repres5t v>y+ degrees ( plausibility4 ,on ?is view we %\ld reg>d our beliefs ab\t ! univ]se z m\ld$ by =mative =ces1 :i* v>y f irresi/ible co]cion to fa9t & d\btful incl9ation4 ,beliefs 9 ! reality ( ! ext]nal _w & 9 its regul>ity are important products ( ! fir/4 ,i n[ propose to call att5tion to "s beliefs :i* are due to ! less obvi\s action ( ! second4 ,bo? k9ds1 :e!r capable ( pro( or n1 are m or less indep5d5t ( x4 ,bo? are to be reg>d$ r z ! results ( t5d5cies ?an z ! conclusions ( logic4 ,i am well aw>e t a doctr9e l ?is w f9d few admir]s among sy/ematic ?9k]s4 ,inevitable beliefs :i* are fundam5tal )\t be+ axiomatic2 :i* lack def9it5ess & precision2 :i* d n seem equally applicable to e field ( exp]i5ce2 :i* d n claim to be ( ! ess5ce ( our und]/&+1 l ! categories ( ! critical philosophy1 or ! s-call$ laws ( ?\ght1 h little to recomm5d !m to philosoph]s4 ,& :5 inevitabl5ess is treat$ z m]ely an extreme =m ( plausibility1 :5 guidance is discov]$ 9 t5d5cies :i* are weak & ( unc]ta9 application1 lead+ to error z well z to tru?1 _! objections w sc>cely be mitigat$4 ,_m ( ^? :o look at ^! problems f 7:at !y deem to be7 a /rictly sci5tific po9t ( view are n likely to be m fav\rable4 ,_! loyalty to exp]i5ce takes ! =m ( suppos+ t m5 accumulate k by pe]+ ab\t = 8sequ5ces0 among 8ph5om5a10 z a *ild looks = %ells ^u ! bea*--equally ready to g nor? or s\?1 ea/ or we/1 z ! hum\r ( ! mom5t moves him4 ,!y w\ld reg>d any antec$5t pref]5ce = ?is or t sort ( explanation z a s9 aga9/ ! categorical imp]atives ( intellectual morals4 ,sci5ce1 !y ?9k1 %\ld h no p>tialities3 & z ! hone/ inve/igator 8ent]ta9s no belief ) a conviction ! lea/ 9 excess ( ! evid5ce10#ab s he w resi/ any lean+ t[>d "o k9d ( conclusion r ?an ano!r4 ,su* is _! view ( sci5tific duty4 ,sci5tific practice1 h[ev]1 has be5 o!rwise4 ,t ! practice ( ord9>y humanity has be5 o!rwise seems inde$ suffici5tly pla94 ,! folk-lore1 ! magic1 & ! religions ( primitive races1 ) all _! unborr[$ resemblances1 are !re to atte/ x4 ,b ^! 7y w say7 are sup]/itions4 ,! objection is n1 ,i ?9k1 relevant2 yet1 = ! sake ( peace1 let u pass to :at is n reg>d$ z a sup]/ition1 namely1 morality4 ,"h y h ! s+ul> spectacle ( a close agreem5t among morali/s z to ! cont5ts ( ! moral law1 & a pr(\nd disagreem5t z to ! gr\nds on :i* ! moral law is to be accept$4 ,c ! p[] ( 8t5d5cy0 be bett] %[n8 ,c !re be a cle>] illu/ration ( ! way 9 :i* x may guide belief & anticipate pro(8 ,,ii ,b our bus9ess to-day is nei!r ) magic nor morality4 ,x is ) physical sci5ce4 ,:5 we survey man's /riv+s to und]/& ! _w 9 :i* he lives1 c we detect any secul> lean+s t[>ds c]ta9 types ( belief1 any deep-ly+ incl9ation to guess by pref]5ce 9 "o direction r ?an ano!r8 ,we surely c4 ,!re are "s answ]s1 = example1 :i* we refuse to take f exp]im5t & obs]vation4 ,i h already ref]r$ to "o su* case 9 connection ) causation4 ,no man ( sci5ce c be provok$1 by any seem+ irregul>ities1 into suppos+ t ! c\rse ( nature is subject to lapses f ! rule ( p]fect uni=mity4 ,consid]1 aga91 ano!r case1 :]e ! t5d5cy is f> less /rong1 b :]e few c d\bt t x is real4 ,i ref] to ! deep-seat$ reluctance felt by mo/ physici/s to accept z f9al any sci5tific explanation :i* involves a belief 9 8action at a di/ance0--a reluctance :i* is ! m rem>kable s9ce action at a di/ance seems a famili> fact ( exp]i5ce1 :ile action by contact1 :5 y attempt to "w x out 9 detail1 seems h>d to compreh5d4 ,b !re are t5d5cies feebl] & less g5]al ?an ^! :i* give mu* food = reflection4 ,consid]1 = example1 ! famili> hi/ory ( atomism4 ,at lea/ z f> back z ,democritus we f9d ! confid5t ass]tion t ! _w consi/s ( atoms1 & t its inf9ite v>iety is due to ! motions & positions ( immutable & imp]ceptible units1 :i*1 if !y are n exactly alike1 at lea/ diff] less among !mselves ?an d ! visible objects into :i* !y are comp\nd$4 ,?r\gh successive c5turies ?is !ory nev] di$4 ,) ! revival ( le>n+ & ! beg9n+ ( mod]n sci5ce x bur/ into fre% life4 ,x 0 believ$ 9 firmly by ,bacon1 ! prophet ( ! new era4 ,x 0 treat$ z almo/ self-evid5t by philosoph]s l ,gass5di & ,hobbes4 ,boyle held x 9 its mo/ uncompromis+ =m4 ,newton assum$ x )\t "q4 ,aft] a p]iod ( v>y+ =tunes 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 a modification ( x 9 ! h&s ( ,dalton />t$ a new era 9 *emi/ry4 ,tak5 ov] by ! physici/s1 x n[ lies at ! root ( ! mod]n !ory ( gases & liquids2 ! mod]n !ory ( matt]1 ! mod]n !ory ( heat1 & ! mod]n !ory ( electricity4 ,?is is a v /range /ory2 & x is n really made less /range by ^? :o emphasise ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! atoms ( ,democritus1 :i* are ! !me ( its fir/ *apt]1 & ! electrons ( ,sir ,joseph ,?omson1 :i* appe> 9 its la/4 ,diff]5t inde$ !y are2 b1 ?\gh ! diff]5ce be great1 ! agreem5t is fundam5tal4 ,!re are "s :o ?9k t ! a*ievem5t sung by ,lucretius is less5$ by %[+ t ! anci5ts :o believ$ 9 atoms _h no exp]im5tal w>rant = _! convictions4 ,& ?is is p]fectly true4 ,!y _h n4 ,nor _h ,bacon1 nor ,gass5di1 nor ,hobbes1 nor ,boyle1 nor ,newton4 ,b ?is only br+s into cle>] relief ! po9t ,i desire to emphasise4 ,if exp]i5ce did n e/abli% ! belief1 :5ce came x8 ,if x repres5ts no?+ bett] ?an an individual guess1 :y did x appeal s p]si/5tly to lead]s ( sci5tific ?\ght1 & by :at /range haz>d does x turn out to be true8 ,x is c]ta9ly curi\s t ,tyndal1 9 a once fam\s address to ! ,briti% ,association at ,belfa/1 %\ld h sket*$ ! /ory f ,democritus to ,lucretius1 & f ,lucretius to #ahgd1 )\t ev] putt+ ^! que/ions to 8 audi5ce1 or1 s f> z ,i "k1 to himself4 ,b ! ,atomic ,!ory is by no means ! only example ( t5d5cies :i* h play$ an important "p 9 ! evolution ( sci5ce4 ,!re are o!r beliefs1 or k9ds ( beliefs1 ( ! mo/ f>-rea*+ importance :i* h almo/ exactly simil> *>act]i/ics4 ,!y anticipate evid5ce1 !y guide rese>*1 & 9 "s %ape or o!r !y turn out to be true4 ,consid]1 = example1 ! gr\p ( beliefs :i* may be describ$ g5]ally z beliefs 9 p]si/5ce1 or beliefs 9 cons]vation--! k9d ( belief :i* has be5 appli$ at diff]5t p]iods1 & by diff]5t s*ools ( sci5tific ?\ght1 to matt]1 mass1 bulk1 weight1 motion1 =ce1 heat1 & en]gy4 ,z e "o kn[s1 ^! ascriptions h n always be5 correct4 ,b ?is only emphasises ! /r5g? ( ! t5d5cy4 ,weight 0 at "o "t suppos$ to be inv>iable4 ,we "k n[ t ! weight ( a body v>ies ) its position relatively to o!r bodies4 ,x is diff]5t1 = example1 at ! poles f :at x is at ! ,equator4 ,b h[ 0 ! error discov]$8 ,n by exp]im5t4 ,!re 7 exp]im5ts1 no d\bt4 ,b ^? :o und]took !m already believ$ 9 ! law ( gravitation2 & ! law ( gravitation made x necess>y to di/+ui% ! mass ( any giv5 fragm5t ( matt] bo? f its weight & f ! occult quality ( gravity1 :i* is "o ( ! factors on :i* its weight 9 any giv5 situation dep5ds4 ,! desire = cons]vation 0 n1 h[ev]1 defeat$2 s9ce physici/s1 till )9 ! la/ few ye>s1 reg>d$ bo? mass & gravity z unalt]able *>act]i/ics ( all mat]ial bodies4 ,aga91 consid] ! case ( heat4 ,?is also has be5 reg>d$ by p[]ful s*ools ( sci5tific ?\ght z a sub/ance t 0 8cons]v$40 ,x is s reg>d$ no long]4 ,b is ! incl9ation to believe 9 cons]vation !reby defeat$8 ,n at all4 ,?\gh heat may vani%1 en]gy rema9s1 & heat is a =m ( en]gy4 ,?is doctr9e ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy is inde$ ! cr[n+ triumph ( ! t5d5cy ,i am discuss+1 & provides ! be/ illu/rations ( its /r5g?4 ,= natural philosoph]s1 int5t on f9d+ cons]vation :]ev] !y c\ld1 />t$ too boldly on _! que/4 ,desc>tes reg>d$ ! cons]vation ( motion z a self-evid5t inf]5ce f ! rationality ( ,god4 ,x is true t he nei!r _h exp]im5tal evid5ce ( 8 doctr9e1 nor c\ld he1 "u any circum/ances1 h obta9$ x2 = ! en]gy ( motion1 z he incorrectly describ$ x1 is n cons]v$4 ,leibnitz describ$ x correctly1 & _h z great a confid5ce z 8 pr$ecessor 9 its cons]vation1 & z little pro( to support him4 ,s confid5t inde$ 0 he1 & s indep5d5t ( exp]im5tal evid5ce 0 8 fai?1 t he dogmatically ass]t$ t1 :5 motion seem$ to disappe>1 :at 0 lo/ by ! bodies :i* we see1 0 exactly tak5 up by _! compon5t elem5ts :i* we d n see2 s t no?+ 9 ! nature ( :at he call$ vis viva 0 ei!r lo/ or creat$4 ,t ?is trans=mation ( en]gy f mol> to molecul> motion is con/antly occurr+ we n[ h suffici5t pro(4 ,b ,leibnitz _h no pro(2 & app>5tly ?\ght none 0 requir$ o!r ?an ! ,c>tesian d$uction f ! rationality ( ,god4 ,he made a bold anticipation ( exp]i5ce1 ) no?+ to support him b a priori incl9ation4 ,8 anticipation1 h[ev]1 0 n only bold2 x 0 =tunate4 ,k9etic en]gy may really be trans=m$ f mol> to molecul> motion1 & suff] no v>iation4 ,x is cons]v$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x may n4 ,x may altoge!r cease1 & :at becomes ( cons]vation !n8 ,! sci5tific =mula :i* satisfies bo? ! facts ( ! case & our desire = cons]vation is well kn[n4#ac ,en]gy1 we are taught1 is ( two k9ds3 k9etic & pot5tial en]gy--en]gy 9 act & en]gy 9 possibility4 ,ea* may turn into ! o!r1 & is cont9ually s turn+4 ,ea*1 !re=e1 may v>y 9 quantity1 & does v>y 9 quantity4 ,x is only _! sum :i* is inde/ructible4 ,few sci5tific g5]alisations h be5 m fruitful2 few h be5 accept$ on m sl5d] evid5ce2 none are m c]ta92 none m cle>ly illu/rate our natural appetite = beliefs ( cons]vation4 ,=1 inde$1 to ! ov]-critical ?is sort ( cons]vation mu/ ne$s leave some?+ to be desir$4 ,:5 we ass]t ! inde/ructibility ( matt] we mean t a real entity cont9ues ?r\gh "t un*ang$ 9 quantity4 ,b ! ^w has a less obvi\s mean+ :5 x is appli$ to en]gy4 ,! propriety ( describ+ motion z en]gy seems inde$ cle> en\gh2 & if all en]gy 7 en]gy ( motion1 & if en]gy ( motion 7 always cons]v$1 ! cons]vation ( en]gy w\ld be on all f\rs ) ! cons]vation ( matt]4 ,b ?is is n ! case4 ,9 spite ( ,leibnitz1 ! am\nt ( vis viva is n inde/ructible4 ,:at1 !n1 happ5s :5 "s ( x is de/roy$8 ,9 t case1 says sci5ce1 en]gy *anges its =m b n its quantity4 ,en]gy ( motion becomes en]gy ( position4 ,:at 0 k9etic becomes pot5tial2 &1 z ! trans=mation is effect$ )\t loss1 ! pr9ciple ( cons]vation is sav$4 ,:51 h[ev]1 en]gy ?us becomes pot5tial1 9 :at s5se does x /ill exi/1 & :y d we /ill call x en]gy8 ,en]gy sugge/s 8do+s0 & 8happ5+s40 ,9 ! case ( 8pot5tial0 en]gy !re are no 8do+s0 & no 8happ5+s40 ,x is 8/or$02 & /or$ x may = ev] rema91 hib]nat+ 7z x 77 to all et]nity1 nei!r *ang+ nor caus+ *ange4 ,i d n qu>rel ) ?is2 b ,i ask myself :y 8en]gy0 %\ld be treat$ m l5i5tly ?an 8=ce40 ,?\gh =ce is n[ kn[n n to be 8cons]v$10 ord9>y ?\ght attributes to x a c]ta9 cont9uity ( exi/5ce ev5 :5 x does n %[ itself 9 motion4 ,=ce may be ex]t$ ?\gh no?+ moves2 z1 = example1 by a book press+ on a table4 ,b ?is view is pr(\ndly unsatisfactory to _m sci5tific ?9k]s4 ,= !m =ce is no?+ ap>t f 8accel]ation02 x does n repres5t a cause1 x only measures an effect4 ,& if 9 our ord9>y mom5ts we ?9k o!rwise1 ?is 7!y ?9k7 is simply because we illegitimately attribute to matt] some?+ :i* corresponds to muscul> ef=t 9 man4 ,x is n1 p]haps1 s easy z ^! critics suppose to extrude f sci5tific ?\ght 7,i say no?+ ( sci5tific language7 ?is notion ( lat5t =ce--=ce :i* w\ld produce movem5t if x c\ld2 & is actively1 ?\gh imp]ceptibly1 /riv+ to %[ itself 9 motion4 ,b :y %\ld !y try8 ,!y welcome pot5tial en]gy--:y %\ld !y ana!matise lat5t =ce8 ,i ?9k ! answ] is to be f\nd 9 ! fact t1 :e!r =ce has1 or has n1 any be+ ap>t f accel]ation1 x is c]ta9ly n cons]v$2 :ile1 if en]gy be z real :5 x is pot5tial z :5 x is k9etic1 x c]ta9ly is cons]v$4 ,a lapse into an?ropomorphism1 !re=e1 is )\t excuse 9 ! fir/ case1 :ile a lapse into metaphysics is ju/ifi$ 9 ! second4 ,any h]esy may be =giv51 & any evid5ce is wor? respectful att5tion :5 cons]vation is ! ?+ to be prov$4 ,i h sometimes amus$ myself by wond]+ :at w\ld h happ5$ ab\t ! ye> #ahdb if ! cons]vation ( en]gy _h be5 a !ological dogma in/ead ( a sci5tific guess4 ,desc>tes1 z ,i m5tion$ j n[1 inf]r$ ! cons]vation ( motion f ! attributes ( ,god4 ,cold+ & ,j\le us$ ! same argum5t 9 fav\r ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy4 ,n[1 if a belief 9 ! cons]vation ( en]gy _h be5 an integral "p ( religi\s or?odoxy 9 ! e>ly =ties ( ! la/ c5tury surely "s positivi/ philosoph] w\ld h us$ ,j\le's fir/ inve/igation on ,"w & ,heat to upset ! v dogma !y 7 int5d$ to e/abli%4 8,"h0 7he w\ld h said7 8y h a believ] 9 ^! metaphysico-!ological me?ods ( discov]+ ! laws ( nature2 & m>k :at happ5s4 ,9 true m$ieval fa%ion he beg9s ) "s fanciful d$uctions f ! way 9 :i* he ?9ks ,god mu/ h made ! _w4 ,=tunately1 h[ev]1 ?\gh 8 pr9ciples are m$ieval1 8 me?ods are mod]n4 ,n only is he a mo/ brilliant exp]im5t]1 b he has ! c\rage to put 8 own speculations to an exp]im5tal te/4 ,he takes ! m9ute/ precautions1 he *ooses ! mo/ fav\rable conditions1 & :at happ5s8 ,does he prove 8 case8 ,d 8 results squ>e ) 8 !ories8 ,does he f9d a fix$ relation betwe5 "w & heat8 ,does he ju/ify 8 views ( ,god8 ,n at all4 ,betwe5 8 l[e/ det]m9ation ( ! me*anical equival5t ( heat1 & 8 highe/1 !re is an imm5se & lam5table gap4 ,:at does he d8 ,he takes _! mean value3--a v prop] me?od if he knew !re 0 a me*anical equival5t ( heat2 a v improp] me?od if ! reality ( su* an equival5t 0 ! ?+ to be prov$4 ,cle>ly1 if he _h n put 8 !ological op9ions into 8 sci5tific premises :5 he began 8 exp]im5t1 he nev] w\ld h got !m out aga9 z sci5tific conclusions :5 he _h rea*$ its end40 ,= my own "p1 ,i ?9k ?is imag9>y critic w\ld1 at t date1 h _h some?+ to say = himself--suppos+ always we are prep>$ to accept 8 presuppositions ab\t sci5tific me?od4 ,if s\nd reason & intellectual integrity require u to foll[ ! lead ( obs]vation & exp]im5t ) no antec$5t pref]5ce = "o class ( conclusions r ?an ano!r1 !n no d\bt ,j\le & a long l9e ( di/+ui%$ pr$ecessors 7 ! spoilt *ildr5 ( =tune4 ,!y made _! discov]ies 9 advance ( _! evid5ce1 & 9 spite ( _! me?ods4 ,if !y turn$ out to be "r1 or1 at lea/1 on ! "r road1 :at c we d b criticise _! cr$ulity & wond] at _! luck8 unless1 inde$1 _! luck be a =m ( inspiration4 ,be=e leav+ beliefs ( cons]vation1 ,i mu/ say "o m ^w ab\t ! mo/ fam\s ( !m all--! belief 9 ! cons]vation ( matt]4 ,?is 0 an important article 9 ! sci5tific cre$ ( ! e>ly atomi/s1 :o _h no bett] evid5ce = x ?an !y _h = ! ,atomic ,!ory itself4 ,! mat]ial 8sub/ance0 ( ! m$ieval ,ari/otelians 01 ,i imag9e1 also cons]v$2 ?\gh z all t c\ld be kn[n ab\t x 7 its qualities1 & z ^! 7 n necess>ily cons]v$1 ! doctr9e 9 practice did n1 p]haps1 am\nt to mu*4 ,!n came ! !ory :i*1 *iefly 9 ! h&s ( ,boyle#ad at ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 initiat$ mod]n *emi/ry4 ,:at 0 cons]v$1 accord+ to ?is view1 0 n a metaphysical sub/ance ) deta*able qualities1 b elem5t>y k9ds ( matt] ) insep>able qualities2 & out ( ^! qualifi$ entities 0 comp\nd$ ! :ole mat]ial univ]se4 ,i may incid5tally obs]ve t a company promot] :o %\ld issue a prospectus bas$ on no bett] evid5ce ?an ,boyle c\ld advance = ?is trem5d\s !ory w\ld c]ta9ly be 9 p]il ( ! law4 ,yet ,boyle 0 "r3 &1 not)/&+ subsequ5t developm5ts1 8 conjecture rema9s ! corn]-/one ( mod]n *emical rese>*4 ,n[1 :at is x t we int5d to ass]t :5 we say t matt] is cons]v$1 or is inde/ructible8 ,we c]ta9ly d n mean t its qualities nev] suff] *ange3 = mo/ ( ^? :i* are obvi\s & /rik+ are always liable to *ange4 ,if y suffici5tly v>y temp]ature or pressure2 if y effect *emical composition or decomposition1 ! old *>act]i/ics w vani% & new *>act]i/ics w take _! place4 ,:at1 !n1 is cons]v$8 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! lo/ qualities c 79 !ory7 always be re/or$1 ?\gh n always )\t ! exp5diture ( en]gy4 ,wat] nev] ceases to be conv]tible into /eam1 nor /eam into wat]4 ,! *>act]i/ics may vani%1 b 9 appropriate conditions !y w always reappe>4 ,n[ sci5ce1 z we h j se51 is tol]ant ( ?is notion ( lat5cy or pot5tiality1 & is ready en\gh to use x 9 aid ( beliefs 9 cons]vation4 ,x 0 s us$ 9 connection ) heat :5 heat 0 reg>d$ z a mat]ial sub/ance4 ,x is /ill s us$ 9 connection ) en]gy1 :i* is sometimes describ$ z an immat]ial sub/ance4 ,b 7z ,i h already not$7 x has nev] be5 s us$ 9 connection ) matt]4 ,! reason1 ,i suppose1 is t ! cons]vation ( matt] is mu* m a belief ( common s5se ?an ! cons]vation ( en]gy4 ,en]gy is a conception :i* has b rec5tly be5 dis5gag$ f o!r conceptions1 l =ce & mom5tum1 & has b rec5tly be5 associat$ ) heat1 ) *emical reactions1 ) *anges ( physical phase1 & ) electro-magnetic ph5om5a4 ,x is1 !re=e1 a remote & some:at ab/ract product ( sci5tific reflection2 & sci5ce may d :at x w ) its own4 ,! notion ( matt]1 on ! o!r h&1 is ! common possession ( mank9d4 ,:atev] difficulties x may pres5t to reflective analysis1 x pres5ts none to our "w-a-day beliefs4 ,we are q ready to reg>d x z inde/ructible2 b we are n ready to comb9e ?is conviction ) ! view t x possesses no s+le *>act]i/ic :i* may n be tempor>ily e!realis$ into a 8pot5tiality40 ,on su* t]ms ! et]nal & un*ang+ id5tity ( ?is or t p>cel ( matt] w\ld seem a difficult & elusive doctr9e1 inappropriate to ! famili> & sub/antial _w 9 :i* we suppose ourselves to live4 ,a belief 9 ! cons]vation ( matt] has !re=e always1 or almo/ always1 c>ri$ ) x a belief 9 ! un*ang+ cont9uity ( at lea/ "s mat]ial qualities2 ?\gh z to :at ^! qualities are !re has be5 mu* dispute4 ,desc>tes1 ?\gh n consi/5t1 f\nd un*ang+ cont9uity 9 ! attribute ( size2 s also did ,hobbes4 ,i presume t ! old] atomi/s1 :o expla9$ ! appe>ances ( matt] by ! %ape ( its con/itu5t atoms1 w\ld h reg>d$ bo? atomic =m & atomic magnitude z p]si/5t4 ,b x 0 ! assumption t ! same piece ( pond]able matt] always possess$ ! same gravitat+ p[]1 & t ! same gravitat+ p[] 0 always associat$ ) ! same mass1 :i*1 9 ! h&s ( ,lavoisi]1 made s great a revolution 9 eighte5?-c5tury *emi/ry4 ,matt] might *ange its size1 its %ape1 its col\r1 its phase1 its p[] ( act+ & react+2 b its mass & ! quality :i* caus$ its weight x c\ld n *ange2 ^! *>act]i/ics 7 always associat$ ) ea* o!r1 & 7 nev] 9 abeyance4 ,to ,lavoisi] ?is d\ble pr9ciple seem$ self-evid5t4 ,x 0 n a hypo!sis t requir$ te/+1 b a t\*/one by :i* o!r hypo!ses might safely be te/$4 ,if1 9 ! c\rse ( "s *emical op]ation1 weight increas$1 !n no fur!r pro( 0 requir$ to %[ t mass _h increas$ also1 & t matt] _h be5 add$4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 weight dim9i%$1 !n no fur!r pro( 0 requir$ to %[ t mass _h dim9i%$ also1 & t matt] _h be5 subtract$4 ,:atev] o!r qualities matt] might ga9 or lose1 mass & gravity 7 inde/ructible & un*ang+4 ,m5 ( sci5ce seem$1 on ! :ole1 cont5t sil5tly to assume ^! pr9ciples ( cons]vation )\t inconv5i5tly rais+ ! "q ( evid5ce4 ,philosoph]s h n always be5 s cauti\s4 ,kant suppos$ himself to h demon/rat$ !m a priori4 ,s*op5hau] foll[$ suit4 ,sp5c] decl>$ _! contr>ies to be inconceivable4 ,mill said !y 7 prov$ by exp]i5ce4 ,9 %ort1 all ^! em95t ?9k]s vi$ ) ea* o!r 9 conf]r+ ^u ?is doctr9e ! highe/ hon\rs p]mitt$ by _! respective philosophies4 ,b app>5tly !y 7 ha/y4 ,rec5t discov]ies h *ang$ our po9t ( view4 ,mass 7x seems7 is no long] to be reg>d$ z un*ang+4 ,:5 bodies move at spe$s approa*+ ! velocity ( light _! mass rapidly increases2 s t ?is quality1 :i* is peculi>ly *>act]i/ic ( matt]1 mu/ be remov$ f ! category ( ^? :i* p]si/ un*ang$1 & plac$ 9 ! category ( ^? :i* *ange b c always be re/or$4 ,are we s to class gravitation8 ,w\ld ! weight ( a body mov+ ne>ly at ! spe$ ( light increase z1 9 l circum/ances1 its in]tia increases8 ,if ! answ] is 8no10 !n ! l9k is brok5 :i* has = long be5 ?\ght to connect gravity & mass4 ,if ! answ] is 8yes10 !n :at ,kant reg>d$ z c]ta9 a priori is false2 :at ,sp5c] reg>d$ z 8inconceivable0 is true2 ano!r c>ri] ( 8p]si/5ce0 is lo/1 & "s fre% *>act]i/ic mu/ be f\nd :i* w rema9 un*ang$ ?r\gh all "t1 & "u all conditions4 ,if ?is *>act]i/ic %\ld turn out to be electric *>ge1 :at a curi\s light x w ?r[ ^u our t5d5cy to 8beliefs ( cons]vation0#ae4 ,aft] long seek+ = "s inde/ructible attribute ( matt]2 aft] tak+ up & reject+ size1 %ape1 weight1 mass1 & 7p]haps7 imp5etrability1 we %all at la/ f9d ! object ( our que/ 9 a conception :i* has 7,i suppose7 be5 cle>ly realis$ only )9 ! la/ hundr$ ye>s1 ab\t :i* our s5ses tell u no?+1 & ( :i* ! g5]al run ( educat$ mank9d are /ill completely ignorant6 ,,iii ,x is possible1 b n1 ,i hope1 probable1 t "s ha/y read] may suppose t 9 ?is & ! prec$+ lectures ,i am recomm5d+ a new me?od or in/rum5t ( discov]y4 8,if y want to rea* tru?1 foll[ y\r unreason$ incl9ation10 may be 8 summ>y ( my doctr9e3 brief--b also unju/4 ,( ! mann] 9 :i* discov]ies are go+ to be made ,i say no?+1 = ,i "k no?+4 ,i am deal+ ) ! pa/3 & 9 ! hi/oric movem5ts ( sci5tific ?\ght ,i see1 or ?9k ,i see1 drifts & curr5ts su* z a/ronom]s detect among ! />s ( heav54 ,&1 z ! law ( gravitation w h>dly 7,i suppose7 expla9 ! la/1 s obs]vation1 exp]im5t1 & reason+ w h>dly expla9 ! fir/4 ,!y belong to ! causal1 n to ! cognitive1 s]ies2 & ! beliefs 9 :i* !y issue are effects r ?an conclusions4 ,^? :o feel little sympa?y = su* a view may be incl9$ to reg>d ! relatively fa9t incl9ations dealt ) 9 ?is lecture z ord9>y sci5tific hypo!ses confirm$ by ord9>y sci5tific me?ods4 ,?is view1 z ,i h already obs]v$1 is n applicable to ! inevitable beliefs dealt ) 9 e>li] lectures4 ,:atev] philosoph]s may say aft] ! ev5t ! conviction t we live 9 an ext]nal _w ( ?+s & p]sons1 :]e ev5ts are m or less regul>ly repeat$1 has nev] be5 treat$ z a speculative conjecture ab\t :i* d\bt 0 a duty till tru? 0 prov$4 ,beliefs l ^! are n sci5tific hypo!ses1 b sci5tific presuppositions1 & all criticism ( _! validity is a speculative aft]-?\ght4 ,! same may be said1 ?\gh ) less emphasis & "s qualification1 ab\t beliefs fo/]$ by ! intellectual t5d5cies consid]$ 9 ?is *apt]4 ,^!1 z we h se51 are _m4 ,!y are (t5 inconsi/5t2 !y are nev] inevitable2 & !y p]petually *ange _! =m "u ! pressure ( sci5tific discov]y4 ,atomism 9 "o %ape foll[s atomism 9 ano!r2 doctr9es ( cons]vation rise1 fall1 & rise aga92 incr$ulity ab\t 8action at a di/ance0 bre$s explanations ^: failure 79 ! case ( gravity7 leaves ! hope ( f9al success unt\*$4 ,n[1 x w\ld be an error to say t sci5ce does n1 :5 x c1 apply to ^! v>i\s !ories its ord9>y me?ods ( v]ification4 ,!y are 9 a diff]5t position f inevitable beliefs1 :i* c h>dly be v]ifi$ because ! process ( v]ification assumes !m4 ,yet !y mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) ord9>y sci5tific hypo!ses1 = !y are some?+ m & some?+ diff]5t4 ,l ^!1 !y are guesses1 b !y are guesses direct$1 n by ! imm$iate sugge/ion ( p>ticul> exp]i5ces 7:i* inde$ !y sometimes contradict71 b by g5]al t5d5cies :i* are endur+ ?\gh sometimes feeble4 ,^? :o make !m d n attempt ! int]rogation ( ,nature :olly free f c]ta9 =ms ( bias4 ,9 cross-exam9+ t mo/ /ubborn & recalcitrant ( witnesses !y nev] hesitate to ply h] ) lead+ que/ions2 &1 :e!r ?is proc$ure be logically def5sible or n1 no lov] ( tru? ne$ regret its results4 ,read]s ( ,m4 ,b]gson's 8,creative ,evolution0 may rememb] ! picture he draws ( ! lan vital--! pr9ciple ( life--=c+ its way along diff]5t pa?s ( organic evolution1 "s )\t issue or promise ( progress2 o!rs lead+ on ?r\gh regions hi!rto untrav]s$ to ends remote & un=ese54 ,! secul> movem5ts ( sci5ce1 z ,i conceive !m1 some:at resemble ?is process1 ev5 ?\gh x be fa9tly & at a di/ance4 ,!re is 9 bo? a /riv+ t[>ds "s imp]fectly =e%ad[$ end2 & 9 bo? ! advance is irregul>1 t5tative1 prec>i\s1 ) _m *anges ( direction1 & "s rev]sals4 ,yet ,i w\ld n press ! p>allel ov]-f> or plunge too deeply into metaphor4 ,x is en\gh to say t z1 accord+ to ,m4 ,b]gson1 ! c\rse foll[$ by organic evolution _c be :olly due to ,selection1 s ! c\rse foll[$ by sci5tific discov]y1 z ,i read its hi/ory1 _c be :olly due to reason+ & exp]i5ce4 ,9 bo? cases we seem =c$ to assume some?+ 9 ! nature ( a direct+ influ5ce1 & 7z ,i %\ld add1 ?\gh p]haps ,m4 ,b]gson w\ld n7 ( supramundane design4 ,& if 8a ,p[] t makes = tru?0 be requir$ to ju/ify our sci5tific fai?1 we mu/ surely c\nt ourselves z !i/s4 ,,note ,extracts f a lett] f ,sir ,oliv] ,lodge on c]ta9 passages 9 ?is lecture relat+ to ,en]gy & its trans=mations4 99 99 99 99 99 ,y say1 on page #bbf1 8,en]gy1 we are taught1 is ( two k9ds3 k9etic & pot5tial en]gy--en]gy 9 act & en]gy 9 possibility40 ,s long z emphasis is laid ^u ! words 8we are taught10 ,i h no objection4 ,p h taught t1 ?\gh ,i /rongly object to su* tea*+1 because ,i object to ! idea 8,en]gy 9 possibility0 or 8possible ,en]gy0 ( any k9d4 ,i tea* ! id5tity ( ,en]gy 9 mu* ! same t]ms z ! id5tity ( ,matt]2 n m]ely ! cons]vation1 ) ! idea t "o quantity c disappe> & ano!r quantity reappe>4 ,x is n ano!r quantity1 b ! same2 ?\gh x may h be5 lock$ up = any l5g? ( "t4 ,b !n x has n be5 usually taught s1 & ,i ?9k y are deal+ ) :at is usual4 99 99 99 99 99 ,aga91 y say on page #bbg1 8,en]gy sugge/s #8do+s' & #8happ5+s4'0 ,no1 say ,i1 activity sugge/s do+s & happ5+s1 & activity is ,en]gy 9 trans=mation4 ,en]gy alone is some?+ /or$1 l ,capital4 ,! e>?'s rotational en]gy1 = in/ance1 is /or$ j z really z1 & = a long] "t ?an1 ! vegetation ( ! c>bonif]\s epo*4 ,l[] d[n y obs]ve t 8,=ce may be ex]t$ ?\gh no?+ moves40 ,c]ta9ly x may1 :5 resi/$ by an equal opposite =ce4 ,b ,i fully admit t a lot ( nons5se has be5 talk$ ab\t ! accel]ation measure ( =ce1 z if x 7 ! only measure1 & t "s criticism on ?is proc$ure is useful4 ,b ,i %\ld n speak ( 8lat5t0 =ce2 x is real =ce y h 9 m9d1 or at lea/ real /ress--i4e4 two equal & opposite =ces4 ,x is lat5t ,activity :i* becomes active :5 ! o!r factor1 viz4 ,motion1 is suppli$ or all[$--e4g4 by ! release ( a b5t b[1 or a w\nd-up spr+1 or a rais$ weight4 ,s x is also ) ! ,en]gy ( a fly-:eel4 ,t1 too1 is lat5t ,activity until ! o!r factor1 viz4 ,=ce1 is suppli$1 i4e4 :5 x is employ$ to ov]come resi/ance1 & !re=e d "w4 ,o!rwise its ,motion w be /or$ to all et]nity4 ,9 %ort1 activity1 or do+ ( "w1 has two factors1 ,=ce & ,motion4 ,:5 bo? are pres5t1 "w is done2 :5 ei!r is pres5t alone1 ,en]gy is /or$4 ,/atic ,en]gy is ! ,=ce factor1 ) ! possibility ( a c]ta9 range ( effectiv5ess und]/ood2 l a head ( wat]1 = in/ance1 a c]ta9 height above ! sea4 ,k9etic ,en]gy is ! ,motion factor1 ) a c]ta9 in]tia or possibility ( ,=ce und]/ood2 n ,motion alone1 b a mass 9 motion1 s t x may be able to ov]come resi/ance4 ,!re is no real reason :y "o =m ( ,en]gy %\ld be consid]$ m 8actual0 or real ?an ano!r2 our eyes appreciate ! "o =m1 our muscles c\ld appreciate ! o!r4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 consid]+ cases ( ,pot5tial ,en]gy1 x is wise to realise t our k ab\t ,gravitation is altoge!r too vague to make ! case ( a rais$ weight useful4 ,& our k ( solid ela/icity1 ?\gh n s insignificant1 is small en\gh to make ! case ( a b5t b[ or w\nd spr+ n v easy = fundam5tal contemplation4 ,a case ( *emical ,en]gy1 l gun-cotton1 is 9 mu* ! same pr$icam5t4 ,b a typical & satisfactory example ( ,pot5tial ,en]gy is ! case ( a vessel ( compress$ air4 ,"h is ,en]gy /agnant en\gh1 & viol5t en\gh :5 releas$1 & "o t c be lock$ up app>5tly to all et]nity1 & yet releas$ by ! pull+ ( a trigg]4 ,x repres5ts1 h[ev]1 a case ( :i* we "k some?+ conc]n+ ! int]nal me*anism2 & we h le>nt t 9 ?is case ! =ce /atically ex]t$ on ! walls ( a vessel is really a k9etic bomb>dm5t ( ! molecules4 ,9 o!r words1 we recognise 9 ?is case t ,pot5tial ,en]gy is ultimately resolvable into ,k9etic4 ,x may be s 9 ! o!r cases4 ,& on ,kelv9's ,k9etic ,!ory ( ,ela/icity1 :i* he %[$ a t5d5cy 9 lat] life to ab&on1 all /ra9 or /ress 9 ,e!r may be ultimately due to its ultramicroscopic vortex circulation4 ,b none ( ?is is yet prov54 99 99 99 99 99 ,! g5]al argum5t ( y\r lecture deals ) ! ease ) :i* c]ta9 g5]al propositions are accept$ z x 7 intuitively1 )\t real conclusive evid5ce4 ,i am entirely ) y4 ,& ! way we feel secure ab\t g5]al laws1 :5 adequate evid5ce = !m is really impossible1 has (t5 /ruck me z rem>kable4 ,ev5 :5 facts appe> to g aga9/ !m1 we "q ! facts1 & f9d aft] all t 9 s do+ we h be5 "r4 ,,footnotes3 #ab ,see ,lecture ,,vi4 #ac ,see note at ! end ( ! ,lecture4 #ad ,i got ?is view ( ,boyle's relation to mod]n *emi/ry f ,o/wald's "w4 #ae ,9 ?is *apt]1 especially 9 t "p ( x :i* deals ) beliefs ( cons]vation1 ,i am greatly indebt$ to ,mey]son's 8,id5tit et ,ralit40 ,?is acute & le>n$ "w is n writt5 f ! same po9t ( view z t :i* ,i h adopt$2 b ?is 9 no way dim9i%es ! am\nt ( my obligation to its au?or4 ,,"p ,,iv ,,summ>y ,,& ,,conclusion ,,lecture ,x ,,summ>y ,,& ,,conclusion ,i ,n[ t we h rea*$ our clos+ lecture1 ^? :o h foll[$ ! c\rse f ! beg9n+ may1 on look+ back1 f9d !mselves some:at bewild]$ by ! v>iety ( subjects :i* ,i h ask$ !m to consid]4 ,art1 ,hi/ory1 ,morals1 ! ,!ory ( ,probability1 ! ,logic ( ,p]ception1 ! presuppositions ( ,sci5ce1 h all be5 t\*$ on4 ,!mes t might fill volumes--nay1 t h fill$ volumes--are made ! text = an h\r's disc\rse4 ,introduc$ "o aft] ! o!r ) brea?less rapidity1 ea* = a mom5t has be5 %[n "u ! limelight1 & !n hurri$ (f ! /age to make room = its successor4 ,x seems h>d to believe t ) su* div]sity ( mat]ials !re c be cont9uity ( argum5t4 ,b ! critic :o w\ld judge ! matt] fairly mu/ be> 9 m9d ! title ( ! c\rse1 & ! purpose = :i* x has be5 deliv]$4 ,my desire has be5 to %[ t all we ?9k be/ 9 human culture1 :e!r associat$ ) beauty1 goodness1 or k1 requires ,god = its support1 t ,humanism )\t ,!ism loses m ?an half its value4 ,?\gh1 !re=e1 ! subjects discuss$ are emb>rass+ 9 _! v>iety1 no dim9ution ( _! numb] seems possible4 ,! argum5t w\ld h brok5 d[n _h ,i conf9$ myself to a n>r[] scope--_h ,i1 = example1 be5 cont5t to %[ ! importance ( ,!ism = morality1 leav+ unt\*$ its importance = sci5ce & /hetic4 ,su* a limitation w\ld h %att]$ ! :ole design4 ,no d\bt !re are prec$5ts = su* a proc$ure4 ,kant1 = in/ance1 kept ,god out ( ! critique :i* dealt ) ord9>y k1 :ile giv+ ,him a place ( hon\r 9 ! critique :i* dealt ) ! moral law4 ,b ! proc$ure has always seem$ to me s+ul>ly artificial1 ev5 9 a philosophy :i* is artificial ?r\gh & ?r\gh4 ,9 any case1 su* a limitation is q inconsi/5t ) ! s*eme ( ^! lectures4 ,?is c\ld n be accompli%$ by sett+ up a dep>tm5tal ,deity--ev5 7 8 dep>tm5t ! :ole prov9ce ( e?ics4 ,"r conduct is mu*1 b x is n all4 ,we n only act1 b we "k1 & we admire2 nor c\ld ,i be q cont5t ) any =m ( ,!ism :i* did n su/a9 9 e ess5tial "p ! full circle ( human int]e/s4 ,,ii ,b :5 all explanations h be5 giv51 & all excuses made1 ,i am well aw>e t 9 ! actual pres5tation ( my case ,i h introduc$ s mu* illu/rative mat]ial1 & ( ?is mat]ial s mu* is disputable1 t "s ( my he>]s may feel !mselves di/ract$ r ?an enlight5$ by ! numb] ( seem+ly subsidi>y po9ts ( :i* !y are ask$ to take acc\nt4 ,i tru/ su* p]sons are 9 a m9ority2 & t1 on ! :ole1 my ma9 cont5tion w seem enri*$ & /r5g!n$1 n emb>rass$ or confus$1 by ! mann] ( its exposition4 ,nev]!less1 x may n be amiss1 be=e ,i br+ ! c\rse to an end1 to re/ate ! mo/ important po9ts 9 ! g5]al case ,i h endeav\r$ to pres5t4 ,! root pr9ciple :i*1 by its con/ant recurr5ce 9 slightly diff]5t =ms1 b9ds toge!r1 l an op]atic leit-motif1 ! mo/ div]se mat]ial1 is t if we w\ld ma9ta9 ! value ( our highe/ beliefs & emotions1 we mu/ f9d = !m a congru\s orig94 ,beauty mu/ be m ?an an accid5t4 ,! s\rce ( morality mu/ be moral4 ,! s\rce ( k mu/ be rational4 ,if ?is be grant$1 y rule out ,me*anism1 y rule out ,naturalism1 y rule out ,agno/icism2 & a l(ty =m ( ,!ism becomes1 z ,i ?9k1 inevitable4 ,x is1 ,i imag9e1 ! application ( ?is me?od to k :i* w be mo/ g5]ally res5t$ by ^? :o refuse to ackn[l$ge its validity4 ,9 ! case ( beauty1 = example1 ! po9t w seem ( small importance to ^? = :om art means little4 ,x may n greatly impress _m ( ^? = :om art means mu*4 ,= x proclaims no new canons ( ta/e4 ,x belittles no /hetic s*ool4 ,x asks no critic to revise 8 judgm5ts4 ,x t\*es ! int]e/s nei!r ( arti/ nor au?or4 ,x may well be ignor$4 ,) e?ics ! case is some:at diff]5t4 ,!re are1 no d\bt1 sceptics 9 religion :o treat scepticism z a luxury :i* c be safely enjoy$ only by ! few4 ,religion !y ?9k good = morals2 morals !y ?9k good = society2 society !y ?9k good = !mselves4 ,su* p]sons may well treat ! op9ions express$ 9 ! lecture on e?ics ) b5evol5t disagreem5t4 ,b !re are m robu/ ?9k]s :o w n be s l5i5t4 ,!y w reject z intol]able ! idea t ! morality !y desire to pres]ve dep5ds on a religion !y desire to de/roy2 & any doctr9e :i*1 l ! pres5t1 b9ds ! two m closely toge!r w enc\nt] _! uncompromis+ ho/ility4 ,nev]!less1 x is ! lectures deal+ ) intellectual values t w r\se1 z ,i suppose1 ! mo/ s]i\s opposition4 ,! endeav\r to treat our beliefs ab\t ! _w & our beliefs ab\t ,god z int]dep5d5t w seem to _m extravagant1 ev5 unnatural4 ,x w be urg$ t1 = all reasonable be+s1 reason mu/ be ! supreme judge 9 matt]s ( belief4 ,x c nei!r resign its (fice nor delegate its au?ority4 ,let x !n endorse ,sci5ce1 z x mu/2 & e/abli% ,!ism1 if x c2 b d n require x to commit ! folly ( treat+ tru?s ab\t :i* op9ions are agre$ z dep5d5t on conjectures ab\t :i* op9ions are divid$4 ,?is may be excell5t advice2 b x is h>dly to ! po9t4 ,i ask = no?+ bett] ?an ! supremacy ( reason3 n "o ( its pr]ogatives d ,i desire to curtail4 ,inde$ 7z ,i h already compla9$7 x is ! agno/ic empirici/s :o mo/ ob/9ately %r9k f foll[+ x to conclusions !y dislike1 :o mut9y1 l "s old-"t m>9]s1 :5ev] !y are requir$ to navigate unfamili> seas4 ,i h no sympa?y ) ! s+ul> comb9ation ( intellectual arrogance & intellectual timidity s (t5 pres5t$ by ?is p>ticul> s*ool ( ?\ght4 ,i l x no bett] ?an ,i l ! attitude ( ^? :o decl>e t1 s9ce reason is bankrupt1 au?ority %\ld take ov] its liabilities1 h[ev] small be ! prospect ( dis*>g+ !m 9 full4 ,my po9t ( view is utt]ly diff]5t4 ,& if ,i urge t ! criticism ( common k br+s u ultimately to ,!ism1 ?is involves no intol]able p>adox1 nor inde$ any?+ v new or /range4 ,desc>tes1 = example1 ?\ght t all k 0 bas$ on cle> & di/9ct ideas1 & t cle> & di/9ct ideas c\ld be tru/$ because1 be+ due to ,god1 !y 7 gu>ante$ by ,8 tru?fulness4 ,t !re is a ,god possess+ e p]fection 0 indep5d5tly e/abli%$ by an a priori argum5t into :i* ,i ne$ n ent]4 ,b ! po9t ( int]e/ is t1 ?\gh ,desc>tes conceiv$ himself to h f\nd a refuge f scepticism 9 ! fam\s 8,i ?9k1 !re=e ,i am10 he c\ld only get f ?is n>r[ assurance to g5]al k by ! use ( 8cle> & di/9ct ideas0 c]tifi$ by div9e v]acity4 ,if1 !re=e1 belief 9 "o's self 0 ! fir/ ( tru?s1 belief 9 ,god 0 ! second2 & on ?is second tru? all subord9ate beliefs1 ma!matical1 physical1 & metaphysical1 71 9 8 op9ion1 ultimately f\nd$4 ,9 "o s5se1 & f "o po9t ( view1 ?is is no d\bt an exact inv]sion ( ! argum5t develop$ 9 ^! lectures4 ,desc>tes re/s ! belief 9 sci5ce on a belief 9 ,god4 ,i re/ ! belief 9 ,god on a belief 9 sci5ce4 ,nev]!less1 b5ea? ?is contra/ !re is deep-ly+ agreem5t4 ,bo? views reject ! notion t we possess 9 ! g5]al body ( common-s5se assumptions & sci5tific tru?s a cre$ self-suffic+ & indep5d5t1 to :i* we may add at our pleasure ,!ism 9 su* doses z suit our intellectual palate4 ,bo? views1 !re=e1 are pr(\ndly divid$1 n m]ely f all t calls itself agno/ic1 b f mu* t calls itself religi\s4 ,i mu/ n1 h[ev]1 press ! p>allel too f>4 ,desc>tes did n1 & c\ld n1 reg>d our beliefs z a develop+ sy/em1 :i* is n m]ely increas+ by ext]nal accretion1 l a cry/al 9 its "m-liquid1 b is gr[+ & *ang+ ?r\gh & ?r\gh l a liv+ organism4 ,su* conceptions 7 n ( 8 age or c\ntry1 nor1 if !y _h be51 c\ld !y h be5 easily accommodat$ to 8 peculi> g5ius4 ,8 0 ! ma!matical temp]am5t1 always /riv+ = precise def9itions & rigor\s pro(2 always tol]ant ( any simplification ( ! concrete complexities ( reality1 :i* w\ld make !m am5able to d$uctive treatm5t4 ,( ?is1 z a me?od1 we ne$ make no compla9t4 ,)9 due limits x is invaluable4 ,b ,desc>tes1 s to speak1 8objectifi$0 x4 ,he assum$ t any judgm5t :i* c\ld prop]ly be describ$ z 8cle> & di/9ct0 0 n only conv5i5t 9 =m1 b true 9 sub/ance4 ,! _w1 alas6 is n s made4 ,! ?+s :i* are cle> & di/9ct are usually ?+s ( our own creation4 ,def9itions1 ab/ractions1 diagrams1 syllogisms1 ma*9es--su* & su* l are1 or may be1 8cle> & di/9ct40 ,b ! great facts :i* we h n made--^!1 at our pres5t level ( k1 are nev] cle> & nev] di/9ct4 ,life1 ! organism1 ! self1 ! /ate1 ! _w1 fre$om1 causality1 ! fl[ ( "t1 ! relation betwe5 m9d & body1 betwe5 p]ceiv] & p]ceiv$1 betwe5 consci\sness & sub-consci\sness1 betwe5 p]son & p]son 7,i say no?+ ( beauty1 ( virtue1 or ( ,god7--:o is !re w d>e to say t he ei!r f9ds 9 ^! notions1 or c put into !m )\t injury1 ! qualities :i* ,desc>tes deem$ ! inevitable m>ks ( real & c]ta9 k8 ,tru?1 = u1 is a plant ( a diff]5t & ( a sl[] gr[?4 ,h[ mu* inde$ ( t gr[? consi/s 9 discov]+ t :at we ?\ght 0 cle> is 9 fact obscure2 :at we ?\ght 0 simple is 9 fact complex2 :at we ?\ght 0 di/9ct is 9 fact confus$2 & h[ helpful are su* discov]ies to ! augm5tation ( le>n+6 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 !re is no?+ 9 ! doctr9e ( 8congruity0 :i* %\ld %ock ^? :o are jeal\s = ! supremacy ( reason & ! dignity ( sci5ce4 ,x is sci5ce itself :i* assures u t all premises1 all conclusions1 & all ! logical l9ks by :i* !y are connect$ mu/ be reg>d$ z natural products4 ,x is sci5ce itself :i* assures u t !y belong1 l all natural products1 to ! tissue ( causes & effects ^: l5g!n+ web is cont9u\sly ?r[n (f by ! loom ( "t4 ,x is sci5ce itself :i* requires u to h>monise ^! two aspects ( ! kn[+ process--! "o logical & timeless2 ! o!r causal & successive4 ,b h[ are !y to be h>monis$ if ! causal s]ies is fundam5tally non-rational8 ,suppose y\rself able to obs]ve ! developm5t ( beliefs 9 "s ali5 be+ 7say an inhabitant ( ,m>s7 z a bact]iologi/ obs]ves a gr[+ colony ( microbes3 suppose1 fur!r1 t y\r obs]vation %[$ h[ ^! beliefs arose f causes :i* _h 9 !m no t9cture ( reason1 & t1 s f> z y c\ld see1 !y 7 q unsupport$ by any indep5d5t evid5ce :i*--= y--_h weight or ev5 mean+4 ,w\ld y rate _! value high8 ,surely n4 ,n[ x is q true t :5 we exam9e our own sy/em ( beliefs we _c imitate ?is attitude ( complete deta*m5t1 s9ce 9 ! v act ( exam9ation "s ( ^! beliefs are assum$4 ,b we c exam9e ! beliefs ( o!r p1 & we d1 z a matt] ( common-s5se practice1 rate l[ ! value ( ! beliefs ^: s\rces we p]ceive to be non-rational4 ,h[1 !n1 c we refuse to apply to ourselves a pr9ciple ( judgm5t :i* we ?us apply )\t scruple to our neighb\rs8 ,:5ev] we d s apply x1 we %all1 ,i ?9k1 be =c$ to admit t all cre$s :i* refuse to see an intellig5t purpose beh9d ! un?9k+ p[]s ( mat]ial nature are intr9sically incoh]5t4 ,9 ! ord] ( causation !y base reason ^u unreason4 ,9 ! ord] ( logic !y involve conclusions :i* discr$it _! own premises4 ,nor is !re1 z f> z ,i c see1 any mitigation ( ?is condemnation to be look$ = except by appeal+ to ! pr9ciple ( ,selection4 ,& h[ f> w ?is help u out ( ! difficulty8 ,j s f> z an imitation ( intellig5t purpose c be a sub/itute = its reality1 b no fur!r4 ,& h[ f> is ?is8 ,at fir/ sight we might suppose t1 at ! wor/1 ! cognitive s]ies & ! causal s]ies might be h>monis$ on ! basis ( natural selection if k nev] aspir$ to rise above ! level :i* promot$ race survival1 if no faculties ( kn[+ 7 tru/$ beyond ! po9t :]e !y ceas$ effectively to fo/] ! multiplication ( ! species4 ,up to ?is po9t x w\ld seem t1 if selection be true1 !re is congruity betwe5 beliefs & _! orig94 ,! sequ5ce ( ev5ts :i* br\ght !m into be+ sugge/s no d\bt ab\t _! value4 ,?is s*eme ( ?\ght1 !re=e1 ?\gh n>r[ly re/rict$1 is app>5tly coh]5t4 ,yet ev5 ?is mode/ claim mu/ be deem$ excessive3 = ! speculation on :i* x re/s does viol5ce to its own pr9ciples4 ,manife/ly we _c indulge ourselves 9 reflections ^u ! limits ( ! 8kn[able0 )\t us+ our intellect = a purpose nev] contemplat$ by selection4 ,i d n allege t our intellect is !re=e unequal to ! task4 ,i only say t1 if x be inde$ equal to x1 we are 9 ! pres5ce ( a v surpris+ co9cid5ce4 ,:y %\ld faculties1 8design$0 only to help primitive man1 or 8 animal prog5itors1 successfully to bre$ & fe$1 be fitt$ to solve philosophic problems s useless & s remote8 ,:y1 inde$1 d su* problems occur to u8 ,:y d we long = _! solution8 ,to su* que/ions ,naturalism c nei!r f9d an answ] nor be cont5t )\t "o4 ,we>i$ ) unavail+ ef=ts to p5etrate ! unkn[n1 _m n ignoble spirits h prea*$ ! wisdom ( dull+ unheal?y curiosity by ! aid ( heal?y lab\r4 8,let u cultivate our g>d5s0 7!y say71 seek+ no solution ( ! insoluble4 ,b ! advice is ambigu\s4 ,w ! propos$ rem$y1 9 _! op9ion1 cure ! ill1 or only help u to =get x8 ,if ! latt]1 !n1 9 "s circum/ances & ) "s pati5ts1 x w d\btless fulfil its promise4 ,oblivion may be atta9$ by gr[+ vegetables1 z by o!r less reputable exp$i5ts4 ,b if absorption 9 daily lab\r be recomm5d$ z ! f9al /age ( a rational cure1 x _c be effectual4 ,no rational cure is1 on naturali/ic pr9ciples1 )9 our rea*4 ,c\ld we empty ourselves ( all t makes u m51 c\ld we l[] our intellectual level to ! po9t :]e ! scope ( our m5tal activities h>monis$ ) _! naturali/ic s\rce1 we %\ld d\btless free ourselves f ! malady ( va9 speculation4 ,b ?\gh ! rem$y1 if appli$1 w\ld be effectual1 x w\ld n be rational4 ,reflective ,agno/icism _c be comb9$ ) sci5tific ,naturalism1 because reflective ,agno/icism is ! product ( a process :i* ,naturalism inevitably discr$its4 ,& if ,naturalism be incompatible ev5 ) reason$ ignorance1 h[ c we hope to h>monise x ) ! claims ( reason$ k8#af ,! be/ imitation ( creative purpose1 !re=e1 :i* ,naturalism c provide breaks d[n :]e x is mo/ requir$--namely1 at ! highe/ levels ( value4 ,i h j %[n ?is 9 connection ) our p[]s ( ?\ght1 & ! beliefs to :i* !y lead4 ,b ! failure is n conf9$ to !m4 ,x is z wide z ,humanism itself4 ,:]ev] we f9d great intr9sic wor?1 !re we are 9 a region :]e ! direct effect ( selection is negligible4 ,! noble/ ?+s 9 speculation1 9 art1 9 morals1 possess small survival value2 &1 ?\gh ! g5iuses to :om we owe !m h add$ greatly to ! glory ( _! race1 !y h add$ b little to its animal successes4 ,9 ! language ( ^! lectures1 !y are 8accid5tal0--due nei!r to purpose nor to any arrangem5t ( causes by :i* purpose is successfully copi$4 ,,iii ,y are n[ 9 a position to judge h[ f> ! hopes held out to y at ! beg9n+ ( ?is c\rse h be5 fulfill$1 & to measure ! m]its & ! dem]its1 ! claims & ! limitations1 ( ! s*eme ,i h endeav\r$ to exp\nd4 ,i dis[n$1 z y rememb]1 any int5tion ( provid+ y ) a philosophical sy/em--n because ,i despise philosophical sy/ems or ^? :o lab\r to con/ruct !m1 b 9 "p because ,i h none to recomm5d1 & 9 "p because x seems to me d\btful :e!r at our pres5t /age ( developm5t a satisfactory sy/em is possible4 ,b h[ 7y may ask7 does my po9t ( view diff] f a philosophical sy/em8 ,x may be a bad sy/em1 z x c]ta9ly is a mo/ imp]fect "o4 ,yet1 see+ t x t\*es on ev]y?+ 9 heav5 & e>?1 see+ t its v title embraces ,god & man1 :y %\ld x repudiate a description :i* seem+ly is n a :it 9 excess ( its pret5sions8 ,! "q ?us rais$ is m ?an a m]ely v]bal "o1 & a few obs]vations ^u x may fitt+ly conclude ! c\rse4 ,note1 !n1 9 ! fir/ place1 t my s*eme ( beliefs does n %[ itself unwor?y to be consid]$ sy/ematic m]ely because x is incomplete4 ,all sy/ems are incomplete4 ,all sy/ems1 h[ev] ambiti\s1 admit _! inability to exhau/ reality4 ,nor is its unwor?9ess due to any m]e accid5t ( execution1 su* z inf]ior workman%ip or defective le>n+4 ,its failures are ess5tial & irrem$iable4 ,!y are insep>able f 8! po9t ( view40 ,let me expla94 ,e sy/em t des]ves to be describ$ z a con/ructive philosophy--be x dogmatic1 critical1 empirical1 ideali/1 :at y w--conceives itself n m]ely to be root$ 9 reason1 b to be rationalis$ ?r\gh\t4 ,! conceptions ) :i* x works %\ld be sift$1 cl>ifi$1 def9$4 ,x %\ld assume no?+ :i* requires pro(4 ,x %\ld re/ no?+ 79 ! la/ resort7 on fai? or probability4 ,x %\ld admit no inexplicable residues4 ,philosoph]s seem to me entirely "r if !y ?9k t ?is is :at a sy/em ought to be2 b n entirely "r if !y ?9k t ?is is :at any sy/em is1 or has ev] be54 ,9 any case1 no description c\ld be less applicable to ! po9t ( view :i* ,i am provisionally recomm5d+4 ,! philosoph] refuses--9 !ory--to assume any?+ :i* requires pro(4 ,i assume 7among o!r ?+s7 ! common-s5se outlook ^u life1 & ! :ole body ( ! sci5ces4 ,! philosoph] admits--9 !ory--no gr\nd ( k b reason4 ,i recognise t1 9 fact1 ! :ole human race1 includ+ ! philosoph] himself1 lives by fai? alone4 ,! philosoph] asks :at cre$ reason requires him to accept4 ,i ask on :at t]ms ! cre$ :i* is 9 fact accept$ c mo/ reasonably be held4 ,! philosoph] conceives t )9 ! un*ang+ limits ( 8 sy/em an appropriate ni*e c be f\nd = e new discov]y z x arises4 ,my view is t ! cont5ts ( a sy/em are always react+ on its fundam5tal pr9ciples1 s t no philosophy c flatt] itself t x w n be alt]$ out ( all recognition z k gr[s4 ,?is la/ /atem5t may look l a truism2 b x is a truism :i* few philosoph]s are1 9 practice1 dispos$ to accept2 & ! g5]ality ( mank9d are p]haps ev5 less dispos$ to accept x ev5 ?an philosoph]s4 ,t !re are beliefs :i* c & %\ld be held1 ) ! same %ade ( mean+1 by all m51 9 all ages1 & at all /ages ( culture1 is a view to :i* by nature we easily incl9e4 ,b x is1 to say ! lea/1 mo/ d\btful4 ,language is "h no true or c]ta9 guide4 ,ev5 :5 beliefs h n outgr[n ! =mulas by :i* !y h be5 traditionally express$1 we mu/ bew>e ( treat+ ?is fixity ( =m z indicat+ complete id5tity ( sub/ance4 ,m5 d n necess>ily believe exactly ! same ?+ because !y express _! convictions 9 exactly ! same phrases4 ,& mo/ =tunate x is1 9 ! int]e/s ( individual lib]ty1 social co-op]ation1 & in/itutional cont9uity t ?is latitude %\ld be secur$ to u1 n by ! policy ( philosoph]s1 /atesm51 or div9es1 b by ! inevitable limitations ( language4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 by ! way4 ,! po9t ,i wi% to press is t1 speak+ g5]ally1 we mu/ n conceive ! developm5t ( k z a process ( add+ new tru?s to old tru?s1 9 ! c\rse ( :i* old tru?s are supplem5t$ b are n *ang$4 ,x r resembles ! increase ( "s pla/ic body :i*1 :]ev] x takes place1 involves a readju/m5t ( e "p4 ,add brick to brick1 & y may f9i% y\r h\se1 yet nev] alt] its f\ndation4 ,add belief to belief1 & y w set up /ra9s & /resses )9 y\r sy/em ( k :i* w compel x to move t[>ds "s new position ( equilibrium4 ,sometimes1 no d\bt1 ! process is m viol5t & cata/rophic ?an ?is metaphor naturally sugge/s4 ,!n occurs 9 ! moral _w ! analogue ( ! e>?quake1 ! lava flood1 & ! tidal wave1 :i* %att] m\nta9s & sweep cities to de/ruction4 ,m5's outlook on ! univ]se suff]s sudd5 revolution3 ! obvi\s becomes incr$ible1 & ! incr$ible obvi\s2 :ole societies lose _! balance1 & /ately sy/ems are tumbl$ 9 ! du/4 ,m (t51 h[ev]1 ! movem5ts ( belief are gradual4 ,!y resemble ! sl[ rise or fall ( anci5t coa/-l9es1 :]e1 by imp]ceptible degrees1 sea turns into l&1 or l& into sea4 ,s1 )\t %ock or clam\r1 man smoo?ly modifies 8 po9t ( view1 till1 gaz+ ov] ! spaces he has trav]s$1 he greatly m>vels at ! *ange4 ,b we mu/ look =w>d z well z backw>d4 ,! spaces /ill to be trav]s$ f> exce$ ^? t h be5 trav]s$ already4 ,we c set no limits to ! intellectual voyage :i* lies be=e ! race4 ,ev5 if we arbitr>ily limit ! life ( m5 to t :i* is possible "u t]re/rial conditions1 we mu/ anticipate trans=mations ( belief comp>able 9 magnitude ) ^? :i* already divide u f primitive mank9d4 ,h[1 9 circum/ances l ^!1 c we hope to sket*1 ev5 9 outl9e1 an endur+ sy/em ( philosophy8 ,:y %\ld we succe$ :]e "u simil> conditions ! greate/ ( our =efa!rs h already fail$8 ,if1 !n1 we _c atta9 to a s*eme ( belief :i*1 :atev] be its %ortcom+s1 is good 7s f> z x goes7 = all "t1 we mu/ be cont5t ) some?+ less4 ,we mu/ put up ) :at ,i h call$ 9 ^! lectures 8a po9t ( view40 ,we mu/ recognise t our beliefs mu/ be provisional1 because1 till we approa* complete k1 all beliefs are provisional4 ,we _c claim t !y are good 8s f> z !y g02 b only t !y are z good z we are at pres5t able to make !m4 ,& we mu/ recognise t ! two /atem5ts are pr(\ndly diff]5t4 ,n[1 if ,i 7 ask$ :at categories or conceptions su* a 8po9t ( view0 requir$ = its expression1 ,i %\ld answ] ,provid5ce & ,inspiration--categories = :i* sy/ematic philosophy has s f> f\nd no great use4 ,^! t]ms1 x mu/ be own$1 are n[ a little ! worse = we>4 ,defac$ & batt]$ by c5turies ( h>d usage1 !y h suff]$ ! fate :i* ! curr5t co9 ( popul> discussion _c easily avoid4 ,b !y h m]its negative & positive1 :i* make !m peculi>ly apt = my pres5t purpose4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !y d n sugge/ a philosophy ( ! univ]se4 ,!y op5ly evade ! great problems ( !ological metaphysics4 ,no "o1 = example1 w\ld employ !m 9 discuss+ ! ess5tial nature ( an ,absolute ,god1 or ,8 relation to "t1 to ! act ( creation1 to ! worlds creat$4 ,!y belong to a diff]5t level ( speculation4 ,9 ! second place1 !y conc5trate att5tion on ! humani/ic side ( ,!ism1 on ! relation ( ,god to man1 & to man's high] spiritual ne$s4 ,div9e 8guidance0--! purposeful work+ ( in=m+ ,_s--is ! notion on :i* emphasis is specially laid4 ,! t]m 8,provid5ce0 sugge/s ?is 9 a broad & g5]al way4 ,! t]m 8,inspiration0 sugge/s x 9 ! n>r[] sph]e ( beliefs & emotions4 ,& d n compla9 t no endeav\r is made to expla9 ! mode 9 :i* div9e guidance works ei!r on matt] or on _s4 ,^! are my/]ies z h>d ( solution z ^? :i* surr\nd ! action ( m9d on matt]1 & ( m9d on m9d4 ,b ! difficulties are difficulties ( !ory1 n ( practice4 ,!y nev] di/urb ! ord9>y man--nor ! extraord9>y man 9 8 ord9>y mom5ts4 ,human int]c\rse is n emb>rass$ by ! second1 nor simple piety by ! fir/4 ,& p]haps ! enlight5$ l\ng]1 reque/+ a club-wait] to %ut ! w9d[1 bru%es aside1 or ignores1 z _m philosophic puzzles z a "m passionately pray+ = ! safety ( h] *ild4 ,,iv ,to "s ?is conclusion ( a long & intricate discussion w seem curi\sly trivial 9 its unambiti\s simplicity4 ,especially w ?is be true ( ^? :o accept empirical ,naturalism 9 any ( its =ms4 8,!re is 7!y may admit7 some?+ gr&iose ab\t ! great metaphysical sy/ems :i* appeals ev5 to ^? :o are lea/ able to accept !m4 ,x 0 no ignoble ambition :i* inspir$ _! ar*itects4 ,x 0 no light lab\r1 or trivial +5uity1 :i* br\ght !m into be+4 ,on ! o!r h& 7!y w say71 if naturali/ic me?ods are m mode/1 naturali/ic results are m secure4 ,!y aim l[]1 b !y rea* ! m>k4 ,if ! long-drawn 8conflict betwe5 religion & sci5ce0 has robb$ u ( "s illusions :i* we ab&on ) regret1 ! k x has sp>$ u we may hold ) assurance4 ,b :5 we turn to ! n>r[ ,!ism ( ^! lectures1 fitt+ly c\*$ 9 ! outworn language ( ! pulpit & ! ,sunday-s*ool1 c we f9d 9 x ei!r ! glory ( metaphysical speculation or ! security ( positive k8 ,x has n ! c\rage to explore ! unkn[able1 nor ! p[] to add to ! kn[n4 ,x d>e n fly2 x w n walk4 ,x is nei!r philosophy nor sci5ce2 nor does x seek ! mode/ security ( "s middle way4 ,h[1 !n1 are we to class ?is /range amalgam ( criticism & cr$ulity8 ,:at purpose c x s]ve8 ,to :om w x appeal8 ,^: beliefs w x alt] ev5 by a hair's bread?80 ,^! are p]t95t que/ions4 ,let me try to answ] !m4 ,! cu/om>y claims ( ,naturalism1 :i* ,i h "h put into ! m\? ( my imag9>y critic1 seem to me 7z y "k7 to be q unreasonable4 ,o!rwise ,i h no great objection to ! /atem5ts conta9$ 9 8 indictm5t--h[ev] little ,i may agree ) its _s4 ,9 p>ticul> ,i admit ! *>ge t ! argum5t ( ^! lectures1 elaborate z x may appe>1 does n aft] all c>ry u f> beyond ! position occupi$ by uncritical piety & simple fai?4 ,c\ld x be o!rwise8 ,if we build1 z ,i build1 ^u our common-s5se beliefs ab\t ! natural _w1 our !ories ( ! sup]natural _w w surely %>e ! defects inh]5t 9 _! f\ndation4 ,x may--or may n--be possible to "k all ab\t ! evolution ( ,god z ! ,absolute ,idea1 :ile lam5tably ignorant ( mu* t p]ta9s to ! ,p>ticul>4 ,b if we beg9 ) ! ,p>ticul>--& t mo/ imp]fectly appreh5d$--we _c hope to grasp ! full reality ( ! ,absolute4 ,on ?is l9e ( advance ! philosoph] w n f> out/rip ! peasant4 ,:51 !re=e1 my suppos$ critic satirically asks :o x is t ,i hope to influ5ce1 ,i grant at once t x is n ! pla9 man :o already accepts )\t d\bt or comm5t>y a !i/ic view ( ! ,univ]se4 ,he is beyond my argum5ts2--p]haps above !m4 ,nei!r d ,i greatly hope to influ5ce ! tra9$ man ( speculation1 :o has already f\nd a !ory ( ?+s :i* satisfies 8 reason1 or is sure t no su* !ory is )9 8 rea*4 ,ev5 he may1 ,i tru/1 f9d 9 ^! lectures discussions ( "s philosophic int]e/4 ,i ask him to consid] :e!r 8 sy/em provides an hon\rable place = ! actual beliefs by :i* 8 wak+ life is rul$2 :e!r all ! gradations ( intuitive probability1 f inevitable compulsion to fa9t incl9ation1 f9d h\se-room n m]ely 9 8 psy*ology ( belief1 b 9 8 !ory ( k2 :e!r he is satisfi$ ) 8 logic ( sci5ce1 or c br+ into "o h>moni\s s*eme 8 cre$ reg>d$ z a body ( rational conclusions & 8 cre$ reg>d$ z a bundle ( natural effects4 ,if he replies 9 ! affirmative 8 /ate is ! m graci\s4 ,b he is n likely to be int]e/$ 9 my argum5ts2 & assur$ly !y w n conv]t him to my views4 ,i ne$ say no?+ ab\t 8 pret5ti\s imitator1 :o1 "u _m names1 has long be5 a famili> figure 9 c]ta9 societies4 ,) no deep desire = tru?1 & poorly equipp$ = pursu+ x1 8 ma9 ambition is to indicate discreetly t he holds :at ! fa%ion ( ! mom5t reg>ds z 8advanc$0 views 9 _! mo/ advanc$ =m4 ,:]e9 ! quality ( 8advancem5t0 consi/s1 x might be h>d to det]m9e2 nor is x 79 ?is connection7 a subject wor?y ( inve/igation4 ,x is en\gh to say t 8advanc$0 views mu/ h an air ( novelty1 mu/ be mak+ "s /ir 9 ! _w1 mu/ be suffici5tly unor?odox to %ock ! old-fa%ion$1 & ei!r suffici5tly plausible to deceive ! simple or suffici5tly impos+ to ov]awe !m4 ,i d n ?9k t ,i %all f9d _m conv]ts among memb]s ( ?is class2 nor is x to !m t ,i desire to speak4 ,b !re are _m p]sons1 bo? e>ne/ & s9c]e1 to :om ! conclusions :i* mod]n ,naturalism extracts f mod]n sci5ce are a s\rce ( deep p]plexity & intellectual unre/4 ,_! mood1 if ,i rightly read x1 is some?+ ( ?is k9d4 ,!y w\ld agree t a _w :]e ,god is ei!r d5i$ or ignor$ is a _w :]e "s high] values are greatly impov]i%$4 ,!y w\ld read ! lectures ,i h devot$ to ,beauty & ,morals ) sympa?y1 if n ) agreem5t4 ,life1 !y w\ld admit1 is b a poor ?+ if x does no m ?an fill ) va9 desires ! brief int]val betwe5 two mat]ial 8accid5ts0--! 8accid5t0 :i* br\ght x into be+1 & ! 8accid5t0 :i* w ext+ui% x = ev]4 ,b ?is 7!y w say7 is no argum5t4 ,a wise man faces facts1 a good man pref]s ! h>de/ tru? to ! mo/ allur+ illusion4 ,if !re be no gr\nd = assum+ a liv+ purpose beh9d ! indiff]5t mask ( nature1 let u n fill ! vacancy ) a phantasm ( our own creation4 ,let u at lea/ s9k back into ! no?+ness f :i* we rose ) our intellectual integrity undamag$4 ,let all o!r values p]i%1 s long z rational values rema9 undimm$4 ,"h1 accord+ to my view1 lies ! great illusion4 ,^? :o 9 all s9c]ity1 & (t5 ) deep emotion1 plead aft] a fa%ion l ?is1 pr(\ndly misund]/& ! situation4 ,!y are inde$ wor?y ( respect4 ,!y mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) ^? un/able s\ls :o ignore ,god :5 !y are happy1 d5y ,him :5 !y are wret*$1 tol]ate ,him on ,sundays1 b truly call on ,him only :5 life1 or =tune1 hangs d\btfully 9 ! balance4 ,!y are ( a diff]5t & m virile temp]4 ,b are !y less mi/ak58 ,!y se>* = pro(s ( ,god1 z m5 se>* = evid5ce ab\t gho/s or wit*es4 ,%[ u1 !y say1 ! m>ks ( ,8 pres5ce4 ,tell u :at problems ,8 exi/5ce w\ld solve4 ,& :5 ^! tasks h be5 happily accompli%$1 !n w we will+ly place ,him among ! hypo!tical causes by :i* sci5ce endeav\rs to expla9 ! only _w we directly "k1 ! famili> _w ( daily exp]i5ce4 ,b ,god mu/ n ?us be treat$ z an entity1 :i* we may add to1 or subtract f1 ! sum ( ?+s sci5tifically kn[n z ! canons ( induction may sugge/4 ,he is ,himself ! condition ( sci5tific k4 ,if ,he be exclud$ f ! causal s]ies :i* produces beliefs1 ! cognitive s]ies :i* ju/ifies !m is corrupt$ at ! root4 ,& z x is only 9 a !i/ic sett+ t beauty c reta9 its deepe/ mean+1 & love its brighte/ lu/re1 s ^! great tru?s ( /hetics & e?ics are b half-tru?s1 isolat$ & imp]fect1 unless we add to !m yet a ?ird4 ,we mu/ hold t reason & ! works ( reason h _! s\rce 9 ,god2 t f ,him !y draw _! inspiration2 & t if !y repudiate _! orig91 by ?is v act !y proclaim _! own insuffici5cy4 ,,footnotes3 #af ,let me "h p>5!tically rem9d y t aga9 7z ,i obs]v$ 9 an e>li] lecture7 ! ,naturalism ( :i* ,i speak is ,naturalism 9 :at1 f our pres5t po9t ( view1 mu/ be reg>d$ z its mo/ plausible %ape4 ,^? :o h foll[$1 ev5 at a di/ance1 ! tr5d ( biological ?\ght are aw>e t _m naturali/s ( ! highe/ au?ority are %ak5 9 _! allegiance to natural selection4 ,!y d n1 inde$1 exclude x f ! evolution>y drama1 b !y r$uce its rle to insignificance4 ,:y !n1 y may ask1 d ^! lectures s con/antly ref] to selection1 b say nev] a ^w ab\t o!r !ories ( organic evolution8 ,! answ] is t selection1 & only selection1 really imitates contrivance4 ,o!r !ories may deal1 & d deal1 ) v>iation & h]$ity4 ,b selection alone c expla9 adju/m5t2 :5ce x foll[s t selection alone c imitate design4 ,pr9t$ 9 ,great ,brita9 by ,hazell1 ,watson ,v9ey1 ,ld41 ,london & ,aylesbury4