,,! ,,?read ,,( ,,life                  
,illu/ration3 ,infanta ,eulalia ( ,spa92
 signature                              
,,!                             ,,?read 
,,( ,,life                              
,,by                                    
,h4,r4,h4 ,,! ,,infanta                 
,,eulalia ,,( ,,spa9                ,,) 
,a ,,rembr&t ,,photogravure             
,,frontispiece1                ,,f\r    
,,full-,,page ,,plates1 ,,& ,a ,,note   
,,on ,,!                                
,,au?or ,,& ,,h] ,,book                 
,,cassell ,,& ,,company1 ,,ltd4         
,london1 ,new ,york1 ,toronto &         
,melb\rne                               
#aiab                                   
,,all ,,rights ,,res]v$     ,,preface   
,"s preface1 h[ev] %ort1 is ne$$ to ?is 
book1 ! mirror ( "s ( my ideas1 &1 fir/ 
( all1 ,i wi% to put my read]s on _!    
gu>d aga9/ a false int]pretation ( !    
motives by :i* ,i h be5 actuat$4  ,9    
publi%+ ^! op9ions ( m9e1 x has n be5 my
 wi% to accompli% a lit]>y "w4 ,i h n   

aim$ at any display ( le>n+1 & ,i make  
no pret5ce ( =c+ on anyone my diff]5t   
po9ts ( view4  ,z a spectator 9 close   
en\gh contact ) pres5t social problems  
to und]/& all ! po9ts "u discussion1 yet
 at ! same "t suffici5tly remov$ f !m to
 analyse !m coolly & judge !m )\t       
prejudice1 ,i br+ =w>d my evid5ce       
un%ackl$ by conv5tions4 ,x has seem$ to 
me t su* fair1 exact evid5ce might      
int]e/ ^? :o seek to glean1 among/ all  
classes ( society1 ! ?\s& dissimil> &   
contradictory elem5ts :5ce proce$ !     
lessons ne$$ bo? = ! pres5t & ! future4 
,^? :o c>e to glance ?r\gh ! %ort *apt]s
 ( ?is book w soon see t !y h be5 writt5
 ) ! s9c]e conviction ) :i* ,i always   
express my ideas & op9ions1 or p]=m any 
"w indep5d5tly und]tak54  ,i only ask my
 read]s to excuse any faults ( /yle1 :i*
 ,i h tri$ to make up = by              
/raight=w>dness ( tone4                 
,,eulalia                               
,infanta ( ,spa9     ,,cont5ts          
,,page  ,,g5]al ,,causes ,,( ,,happ9ess 

#c  ,,! ,,education ,,( ,,! ,,w         
#aa  ,,hone/y                           
#ai  ,,fri5d%ip                         
#be  ,,divorce                          
#cc  ,,! ,,family                       
#de  ,,! ,,complete ,,indep5d5ce ,,(    
,,woman                                 
#ec  ,,! ,,w> ,,aga9/ ,,fem9ism         
#fa  ,,! ,,equalis+ ,,( ,,classes ,,by  
,,education                             
#fi  ,,socialism                        
#gg  ,,! ,,work+ ,,classes              
#he  ,,dome/ic ,,s]vice                 
#ic  ,,int]national ,,s*ools            
#aja  ,,! ,,necessity ,,( ,,religion ,,&
 ,,its ,,influ5ce ,,ov] ,,! ,,p         
#aji  ,,! ,,press                       
#aag  ,,morality                        
#abe  ,,public ,,op9ion                 
#acc  ,,prejudices                      
#aci  ,,judgm5t                         
#ade  ,,! ,,fe> ,,( ,,ridicule          
#aea  ,,moral ,,c\rage                  
#aei  ,,traditions                      
#afg  ,,criticism                       

#age  ,,! ,,dang] ,,( ,,excessive       
,,analysis                              
#aha  ,,! ,,law ,,( ,,comp5sation       
#ahg  ,,! ,,au?or ,,& ,,h] ,,book       
#aie     ,,g5]al ,,causes ,,( ,,happ9ess
     ,,! ,,?read ,,( ,,life     ,g5]al  
,causes ( ,happ9ess   ,! mo/ imp]ative  
motive ( all human actions is ! desire  
to be happy4 ,b x is difficult to atta9 
happ9ess if ! se>* = x is made ! con/ant
 aim ( "o's life1 al?\gh ! primordial   
crav+ = x is an in/9ct 9 our nature4  ,!
 art ( liv+ is "o 9 :i* we are b ill    
in/ruct$ by philosoph]s1 sci5ti/s &     
metaphysicians2 ! fir/1 because !y leave
 ! mean+ ( life z x is to %[ u "s end 9 
view2 ! second1 because !y are b        
rationali/ !ori/s2 & ! la/1 because !y  
claim to be able to lift ! veil f !     
,beyond4 ,! tru? is t life is wor? liv+1
 & t 9 ord] to live happily "o mu/ "k h[
 to draw f life a relative am\nt (      
happ9ess4  ,simply by realis+ ! *>m ( ! 
pleasures--small ?\gh !y be--:i* e      
in/ant ( ! day (f]s u1 "o may create =  

oneself a s\rce ( happ9ess1 = ?is       
realisation gives :at is usually call$ !
 joie de vivre 7! joy ( liv+71 !        
pr9ciple 9 all happy nature4            
,un=tunately1 9 ! majority ( cases1 man 
does n see cle>ly ! road lead+ to       
happ9ess because he is seek+ x 9 !      
imm$iate & complete satisfaction ( 8    
desires1 9 mat]ial or intellectual      
delights ^: wor? he exagg]ates2 9       
sup]fluity1 9 possession1 9 all t he    
takes = happ9ess1 b :i* is 9 reality m]e
 enjoym5t alli$ to fe>s1 dang]s1 &      
regrets4  ,x is necess>y1 fir/ ( all1 to
 simplify ! causes ( happ9ess4 ,to      
illu/rate my doctr9e1 ,i ask ev]yone to 
imag9e ! idyll 9 its true =m1 t is to   
say1 z be+ ! p]fect pres5tm5t ( !       
s5tim5t ( love4 ,simplicity1 :e!r 9     
p]sonal ta/es1 9 ! affections1 or 9     
daily actions1 is ! great secret (      
happ9ess4  ,) our nature1 h[ev]         
ju/ifiable x may be to acqua9t ourselves
 ) p>tial & transitory satisfactions1 we
 _c build up happ9ess on s fragile a    

f\ndation4 ,=tune is un/able2 notoriety1
 :atev] its cause1 fades ) "t2 glory is 
a va9 ^w2 heal? decl9es1 & all is ru9 & 
sorr[ ev]y:]e1 save :]e complete        
satisfaction has be5 built up by        
cont9ually aspir+ t[>ds ! ,true1 !      
,beautiful1 & ! ,good4  ,aga91 t aspir+ 
mu/ be ! result ( cultivat+1 9 all      
simplicity1 our m5tal 8,i40 ,happ9ess   
lies 9 ! dep?s ( ourselves2 x is by ! "r
 developm5t ( our p]sonality t we may   
br+ x into manife/ation1 make ( x !     
enfold+ com=t ( our days4  ,is x n true1
 t 9 love1 if y live 9 ! _s1 y possess m
 happ9ess ?an if y live 9 ! s5ses8 ,x is
 ! same ) mat]ial exi/5ce2 simplifi$1   
r$uc$ to ! normal ex]cise ( our         
faculties1 x br+s u a great] %>e (      
happ9ess ?an does excess4 ,all ! vices (
 our nature furni% b a mom5t>y          
satisfaction1 & t n unmix$ ) bitt]ness4 
,b h[ %all we atta9 to ! developm5t (   
our m5tal p]sonality8 ,fir/ ( all by !  
tra9+ ( our ,self1 !n by ! selection (  
aff9ities4 ,9 ?is way ea* "o1 consci\s (

 8 own true desires1 may br+ ar\nd him  
^? ^: ta/es & feel+s are 9 h>mony ) 8   
own4 ,s may he avoid ! pa9ful &         
regrettable %ocks & collisions :i* lead 
fatally to /rife1 f :i* combative &     
provocative natures _c em]ge )\t w\nds1 
we>9ess1 or disgu/4  ,if y are oblig$ to
 live 9 a c\ntry diff]5t f y\r own1 or  
amid surr\nd+s :]e ! m5tal atmosph]e    
does n h>monise ) y\rs1 face ! situation
 coolly2 le>n to be by turns ! wise     
tea*] & ! will+ disciple3 9 ?is way y w 
become und]/ood1 appreciat$1 & y w      
pres]ve intact y\r inn] happ9ess4  ,y   
mu/ le>n to pass ?r\gh moral &          
intellectual atmosph]es z y pass ?r\gh  
^? ( ! physical _w4 ,j z y put on !     
co/ume suitable to ! season1 s mu/ y\r  
_s assume ! co/ume adapt$ to its        
surr\nd+s4 ,_m p fe> life1 !y are 9     
despair ov] ! lea/ ill-success2 !y tack 
ab\t1 dread+ to ent] ! hav51 & _!       
mi/akes vex & disconc]t !m4 ,rememb] t  
!re is no circum/ance :i* %\ld ca/ y d[n
 or prev5t y\r enjoy+ life1 because1 ,i 

repeat1 happ9ess is inw>d cont5t1 a     
support+ _s :i* "o may atta9 9 spite ( !
 wor/ vicissitudes or unavoidable       
cata/rophes4 ,s9ce inw>d happ9ess       
proce$s f a habit ( "* produc$ by !     
tra9+ ( oneself1 ! cultivation (        
simplicity1 & adapt+ oneself to !       
uncong5ial1 x is necess>y to submit to  
^! ?+s if "o w\ld /e] 8 b>que skilfully 
& ta/e all t con/itutes ! supreme       
enjoym5t ( life4  ,he :o has foll[$ ^!  
precepts w be able1 :5 8 days beg9 to   
decl9e1 to look back calmly on ! pa/4 ,z
 he has drawn f e circum/ance 9 8 life !
 greate/ possible good1 z he w possess !
 c]ta9ty ( hav+ injur$ no "o1 he w see )
 inf9ite tranquillity ! gates ( ,dea?   
op5+ be=e him2 m especially if he has   
also cultivat$ a love ( ,nature1 = !    
pleasure x gives by its re/fulness & its
 et]nal lovel9ess4     ,,! ,,education  
,,( ,,! ,,w   ,! w is ! faculty ( freely
 det]m9+ to d c]ta9 actions4 ,b 9 ord] t
 ! w may always be ! result ( ideas     
noble 9 aim1 x is necess>y to give x "s 

tra9+1 ?r\gh ! inve/igation ( conflict+ 
causes & motives4  ,z ,ribot says3 8,!  
,i w decl>es a situation1 b does n      
con/itute "o40 ,to con/itute a situation
 requires ! =mation ( "*1 :i* is no?+ m 
?an w p[]4 ,& ?is may be obta9$ by a    
progressive tra9+1 ! secret cultivation 
( "o's p]sonality4  ,! human be+ %\ld   
impress ^u all 8 actions a unity ( aim1 
& %[ =? 8 "* 9 :at he does4  ,!         
education ( ! w1 !n1 is indisp5sable 9  
life1 if only = ! avoidance ( useless   
ef=t & to give u cle>ness ( moral sight4
 ,?is tra9+ br+s u to ! ma/]y (         
ourselves1 to /eady p]si/5ce 9 action1 &
 uni=mity ( conduct4 ,?us consid]$1 ! w 
assumes p>am\nt importance 9 ! life ( ! 
individual1 & =ms "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful =ces
 9 ! _w--free & will+ action "u !       
control ( s\nd judgm5t4  ,if y educate  
y\r w1 desir+ t :i* is good1 beautiful &
 j1 y w nev] und]take m5tal "w at a "t  
:5 inauspici\s circum/ances make x      
liable to failure2 no?+ :i* y und]take w
 rema9 una*iev$2 y w foll[ no aim ^:    

fulfilm5t does n seem to y c]ta94  ,!   
immortal ,guyau says3 8,he ^: action is 
n 9 accordance ) 8 ?\ght1 ?9ks          
incompletely40 ,n[1 9 ord] to ?9k       
completely1 an idea mu/ be solidly bas$ 
^u k4 ,& k is ! result ( ! education ( !
 w4  ,let u make no mi/ake1 su* tra9+   
gives u =ce :i* is invaluable4 ,a man1  
hav+ consid]$ ! action he is ab\t to    
p]=m1 p]ceiv$ :at w be its results1     
grasp$ its utility1 & %ap$ x to ! end 9 
view1 may safely obey 8 w1 provid$ 8    
moral s5se is satisfi$4 ,he ?us assumes1
 9 full und]/&+1 ! responsibility ( 8   
actions4  ,! effect ( ?is idea (        
responsibility is t ! individual w      
becomes answ]able to itself only4 ,f !  
mom5t ! education ( ! w is complet$1    
p]sonal det]m9ation is almo/            
in/antane\s4 ,! result is ! avoidance ( 
loss ( "t--we no long] exhau/ ourselves 
9 hesitation1 que/ion+s1 indecision4    
,besides1 z we are able to br+ into     
play1 ?r\gh m5tal use1 ! =ces :i* are   
ours1 ! s5se ( fre$om gr[s /rong]1 & ) x

 ! s5se ( possess+ ! p[] to atta9 ! end 
9 view4  ,! education ( ! w is ( su*    
utility t1 )\t x1 ! intellect is p[]less
 to influ5ce action4 ,t is ! reason :y1 
9 ^! days1 s _m intellectual p are !    
victims ( hesitation & d\bt1 incapable (
 reason$ & logical action4  ,a tra9$ w  
br+s great /ability into a man's life1  
fir/ because x enables him to d ev]y?+  
at ! "r "t1 !n because x prev5ts        
conflict+ feel+s1 by /r5g!n+ ! reason+  
p[]s2 &1 ?r\gh sy/ematis$ ?\ght1 saves  
him f ^? emotional /orms :i* are z      
injuri\s to heal? z to free play ( ! w4 
,let u no long] =get t all truly        
pr(itable actions & /rong *>act]s are ! 
"w ( ! w4  ,timidity1 to specify among/ 
qualities detrim5tal to ! intellect1    
only comes f a lack ( w-tra9+1 be+ a =m 
( ov]-emotionalism )\t control4 ,he :o  
is ignorant ( ! laws :i* gov]n feel+1 w 
be unable to act accord+ to ! dictates (
 reason4  ,i mu/ make x cle> t1 9 speak+
 ( ! education ( ! w1 ,i d n mean moral 
re/ra9t4 ,! individual %\ld feel himself

 at lib]ty1 b\nd only by an ideal (     
goodness :i* repudiates all ?\ght (     
au?ority2 nei!r claim+ nor suff]+ x4    
,?is ideal1 insep>able f our conception 
( :at is useful bo? to ourselves & o!rs1
 always takes =m ?r\gh ! education ( our
 w2 giv+ consi/5cy to ! expression (    
feel+1 & ju/ify+ u 9 our actions4  ,to  
envelop oneself 9 an idea1 s t no?+ has 
p[] to di/ract--to )draw1 conc5trate ^u 
x1 burn = its realisation1 obey its     
laws--su* are ! pr9cipal features (     
w-tra9+1 by means ( :i* our actions &   
feel+s1 f> f los+ 9 /r5g?1 acquire      
great] =ce4  ,viol5ce & precipitation   
are foes to all wisely plann$ action4   
,:at "o loses 9 int5sity by calm        
reflection1 "o ga9s 9 quality z ! result
 ( ?is law4  ,if y tra9 y\r w wisely1 y 
w d\ble ! wor? ( exi/5ce2 y w leave     
undone :at is useless1 y w realise to ! 
full ! purpose ( y\r s\l4  ,&1 z all y\r
 actions w be p]=m$ ) ! approval ( y\r  
own _s1 y w "k ! joy ( well-do+4        
,,hone/y   ,hone/y1 ! quality           

correspond+ to hon\r1 may be said to be 
relative1 accord+ to ! cu/oms ( diff]5t 
c\ntries4 ,= mank9d g5]ally1 hone/y     
consi/s 9 n exce$+ ! limits ( lic5s$    
di%one/y4 ,?us 9 comm]ce1 :i* is1 at    
bottom1 a *eat+ game1 integrity is n1 z 
,dr4 ,dubois says1 ! same ev]y:]e4 8,!re
 are communities1 little cultivat$ 9 o!r
 respects1 :]e x is obs]v$ scrupul\sly2 
!re are o!rs 9 :i*1 9 spite ( sci5tific1
 arti/ic & lit]>y developm5t1 ?is moral 
p]ception seems to be atrophi$4 ,a p ^: 
bus9ess hone/y is prov]bial may h a v   
ela/ic consci5ce 9 reg>d to morality    
betwe5 ! sexes40  ,9 ! pr(essions1 or 9 
social positions :i* place ! individual 
above ! mass ( p1 a man's hone/y consi/s
 9 adapt+ 8 consci5ce to ! circum/ances 
( ! mom5t4  ,9 que/ions ( comm]cial or  
indu/rial ent]prise1 intellectual       
v5tures1 public or private morals1 g5]al
 or p>ticul> int]e/s1 mascul9e hone/y is
 an adju/able matt] :i* spr+s f ! desire
 = free action1 )\t infr++ ^u ! law4    
,woman's hone/y is q a diff]5t matt]4 ,x

 consi/s simply 9 safegu>d+ ! 8hon\r ( !
 home10 9 keep+ away all 8intrud]s0 ^u !
 sacr$ gr\nd ( m>riage1 & 9 av]t+ any   
fracas t5d+ to dim9i% ! au?ority ( !    
man1 ! husb&1 ! own]1 & free ! fem99e   
s\l f its ance/ral slav]y4  ,?is is :y  
m5 & wom5 _c be 9 p]fect accord1 s long 
z hone/y1 tak5 9 ! wide/ s5se1 is n !   
same = bo?4 ,bas$ ^u respect = :at is   
fair1 j & good1 hone/y has ess5tially no
 sex4 ,:e!r /rict or comp>ative1 x does 
n imply a diff]5t moral law =           
individuals ( diff]5t natures4  ,?is    
primordial "q has always be5 treat$ too 
lightly1 ?\gh x has be5 ! s\rce (       
cont9ual misund]/&+1 especially 9       
matrimonial que/ions4  ,h[ _m examples  
"o c\ld give ( want ( scruple violat+ ! 
idea ( hone/y & responsibility6  ,h[ _m 
s9s1 grave 9 !mselves1 are committ$ by  
m5 9 p[]1 kn[+ !mselves safe f ! arm ( !
 law2 h[ _m actions1 unpuni%able1 yet   
:i* are an outrage ^u ! lib]ty ( o!rs1 a
 brea* ( respect = human nature1 & an   
injury to society6  ,h[ _m m5 sacrifice1

 = ! sake ( ambition1 _! c\ntry's vital 
int]e/s1 & incur no c5sure save t (     
p[]less public op9ion6  ,! orator :o1 9 
a mom5t ( national excitem5t1 ?r[s 8    
vision>y dreams & int]e/$ lies broadca/ 
into ! press2 ! lead] :o1 9 full        
consci\sness ( 8 abom9able "w1 deceives 
! p2 ! p]jur$ politician :o d5ies 8     
convictions to atta9 promotion1 %\ld all
 h _! hon\r call$ 9 "q4 ,to su* z ^!1 z 
to o!rs1 woman owes respect & ob$i5ce1  
)\t ! option ( comp>+ h] own hon\r1 bas$
 on imp]ative duty1 ) t ( ^! empty      
talk]s & tub-orators4  ,x is true t1 on 
! o!r h&1 a woman may1 )\t c5sure1 give 
out t h] de>e/ fri5d's husb& is mak+    
love to h]--t %e may ?us1 by a ^w1      
de/roy a home's peace--)\t any pangs (  
consci5ce1 & )\t ! man attack$ be+ able 
to call h] to acc\nt4  ,9 ! relations   
betwe5 m5 & wom5 "s solution %\ld be    
f\nd by :i* bo? may be plac$ on equal   
gr\nd z reg>ds morality &               
responsibility4 ,9 ?is way loss ( e/eem 
betwe5 !m w\ld be avoid$1 & ! value (   

ea* enhanc$4  ,b1 to obta9 su* a result1
 tol]ance & ! pr9ciple ( h>mony mu/ fir/
 be taught2 m5 mu/ become less selfi%1 &
 wom5 le>n t _! life is n only a "w (   
love b a "w ( reason4 ,social rights mu/
 be equalis$ 9 ! light ( consci5ce &    
moral responsibility4 ,9 fact1 ?or\gh   
s9c]ity mu/ br+ ab\t loyalty bo? 9      
bus9ess & private affairs1 creat+ a     
moral atmosph]e 9 :i* =g]y1 fraud1      
plagi>ism1 ! lie t corrupts ! s\l ( a p1
 all ! mon/r\s gr[?s ( our mod]n        
society1 c no long] exi/4 ,!n hone/y1 f 
be+ comp>ative1 w become supreme1       
incumb5t equally ^u man & woman1 b\nd no
 long] only by social1 b by moral ties4 
,,fri5d%ip   ,fri5d%ip1 tak5 9 its /rict
 s5se1 t is to say z affection exempt f 
! attraction ( ! s5ses1 plays an imm5se 
"p 9 ! lives ( m5 & wom54  ,fri5d%ip1 z 
betwe5 m51 is bas$ on moral equality4 ,!
 tie unit+ two m9ds & two he>ts creates 
! same rights & ! same duties = ea* ( ! 
fri5ds1 no matt] h[ diff]5t _! degree ( 
=tune & rank 9 ! _w4 ,:]e fri5d%ip is1  

!re is reciprocity4 ,?is is :at made ,la
 ,botie1 ,montaigne's great fri5d1 say3 
8,fri5d%ip is a sacr$ "n1 x is a holy   
?+4444 ,!re c be no fri5d%ip :]e !re is 
cruelty1 disloyalty1 or inju/ice4444 ,! 
wick$ are n fri5ds1 b accomplices40  ,i 
mu/ quote "h an admirable passage f     
,em]son1 ^: judgm5t is s\nd conc]n+ :at 
is high1 great & =ceful 9 ! dual "* (   
,fri5d%ip3 8,! suffici5t reply to !     
sceptic1 :o d\bts ! p[] ( ! furniture ( 
man1 is 9 t possibility ( joyful        
int]c\rse ) p]sons1 :i* makes ! fai? &  
practice ( all reasonable m54 ,i "k (   
no?+ life has to (f] s satisfy+ z !     
pr(\nd good und]/&+ :i* c subsi/1 aft]  
mu* ex*ange ( good (fices1 betwe5 two   
virtu\s m51 ea* ( :om is sure ( himself1
 sure ( 8 fri5d4 ,x is a happ9ess :i*   
po/pones all o!r gratifications1 & makes
 politics1 & comm]ce1 & *ur*es1 *eap4   
,=1 :5 m5 %all meet z !y ought1 ea* a   
b5efactor1 a %[] ( />s1 clo!d ) ?\ghts1 
) de$s1 ) accompli%m5ts1 x %\ld be a    
fe/ival ( ,nature :i* all ?+s ann\nce4  

,( su* fri5d%ip1 love 9 ! sexes is !    
fir/ symbol1 z all o!r ?+s are symbols (
 love4 ,^! relations to ! be/ m5--:i*1  
at "o "t1 we reckon$ ! romances (       
y\?--become1 9 ! progress ( "*1 ! mo/   
solid enjoym5t40  ,fri5d%ip betwe5 wom5 
is some:at diff]5t f t betwe5 m51 j     
because x excludes ! feel+ ( equality4  
,x is v r>e1 9 spite ( ! be/ education1 
t a woman w =get h] rank & =tune ) a    
fri5d :o becomes h] protge4 ,x is no    
less r>e :5 a woman 9 a humble position 
does n res5t any outw>d inequality4 ,!  
result is t fri5d%ip betwe5 wom5 is n a 
cont9ual delightful ex*ange ( feel+ &   
op9ion1 b re/s m on int]e/4  ,"o ( ! mo/
 beautiful =ms ( fri5d%ip1 z "s ?9k1 is 
t betwe5 man & woman4 ,betwe5 p]sons ( !
 highe/ education & ref9$ ta/es1 su*    
fri5d%ip n only plays a great "p 9 life1
 b becomes a necessity1 = x increases ! 
intellectual p[] ( bo? p>ties4 ,x is v l
 dis9t]e/$ love1 & is gov]n$ by secret  
influ5ces :i* give x its value4 ,c]ta9 p
 h ! gift ( draw+ out our confid5ces2   

!re are o!rs ! v sight ( :om makes our  
he>t rejoice4 ,our spiritual =ce1 our   
eloqu5ce1 (t5 come into play simply     
?r\gh ! pres5ce ( su* a belov$ fri5d4   
,!re is a peculi> feel+ ( confid5ce     
betwe5 ! sexes2 fri5d%ip betwe5 a man & 
a woman has some?+ 9 x grav]1 deep] ?an 
any o!r4 ,ev5 9 family relation%ips1 :at
 ,i call 8home fri5d%ip0 dep5ds entirely
 on ?is k9d ( mutual dep5d5ce4 ,cases   
are r>e ( sons turn+ aga9/ _! "m1 or (  
si/]s :o fail _! bro!rs4  ,fri5d%ip is  
said to be bl9d2 ,i believe1 on !       
contr>y1 t x is cle>-sight$ z to !      
duties entail$ ^u x1 & ne$s no v[ to    
make x b9d+4  ,if1 = a man1 a fri5d ( 8 
own sex is a second self1 = a woman a   
man-fri5d is at once a confidant1 a     
c\nsellor & a protector4 ,he repres5ts  
au?ority ) rev]5ce1 incalculable        
devotion2 he becomes ! symbol ( t ,good 
:i* signifies refuge f suff]+1 =giv5ess 
:5 "o has err$4  ,= a man1 a woman fri5d
 is ev]y?+2 yet 8 feel+ = h] is ! pure/ 
9 ! _w1 ! affection :i* asks no?+ 9     

return4  ,yet too great intimacy may    
kill fri5d%ip1 :i*--to quote ,em]son    
aga9--foll[s ! laws ( div9e necessity2  
unless ! ?+s ( daily life h become (    
common int]e/ betwe5 ! fri5ds4 ,b ev5 !n
 ! fri5d%ip %\ld be 9 "s sort kept 9 a  
%r9e ap>t le/ x fall into ! commonplace4
  ,yes1 truly1 ! human he>t desires a   
fri5d4 ,x seeks him ev]y:]e1 ev5 f      
*ildhood1 & :5 x has f\nd him1 x is pr\d
 ( him z ( a victory ?r\gh :i* x has won
 happ9ess1 /r5g?1 ! inc5tive to become  
bett]4 ,we c>ry our fri5d's eyes 9 our  
own2 9 8 abs5ce1 !y mirror 8 c>e = u4 ,8
 com+ /rikes a note ( triumph 9 our     
bra91 8 pres5ce light5s e mom5t & makes 
our happ9ess4 ,montaigne did viol5ce to 
a beautiful gift ( ! _s 9 d5y+ ! exi/5ce
 ( fri5d%ip betwe5 m5 & wom52 &         
,nietzs*e decl>es too lightly1 & )\t    
tak+ into acc\nt ! moral wor? ( !       
individual1 t = ! ma9t5ance ( fri5d%ip  
betwe5 a man & woman a little physical  
av]sion is necess>y4  ,c]ta9ly1 ,don    
,juan & ,n9on de ,l5clos c\ld n h be5   

fri5ds2 b x is equally c]ta9 t a        
beautiful woman may w9 ! pure/ fri5d%ip 
( a *>m+ man1 = fri5d%ip betwe5 man &   
woman spr+s f a tra9 ( circum/ances :i* 
lead !m into s\l fell[%ip1 ! %>+ (      
simil> ta/es1 & an affection entirely ( 
! _s4 ,! con/ant int]*ange ( high ?\ght1
 ! bro!rly & si/]ly tone ( !            
relation%ip1 safegu>d ! fri5ds aga9/    
becom+ lov]s4  ,! nature ( ea*          
contributes greatly1 9 ^! he>t unions1  
to ! fri5d%ip's be+ compatible ) prud5ce
 & consid]ation = ! feel+s ( o!rs4 ,x is
 obvi\s t a fri5d%ip begun betwe5 two p 
( unbalanc$ m9d is almo/ always fatal1 b
 two dissimil> natures1 if morally      
equal1 /eady "o ano!r by a fri5d%ip :i* 
becomes = !m a safety-valve4  ,=        
in/ance1 a man ) a calm temp]am5t1 b n a
 cold he>t1 w be ! be/ ( fri5ds = an    
impulsive woman1 & r5d] h] ! greate/    
s]vices t life c give4  ,let u look at  
?is lov+ fri5d%ip1 s mu* discuss$1 s (t5
 describ$ & cri$ d[n4  ,i said t        
fri5d%ip betwe5 man & woman 0 a =m (    

dis9t]e/$ love2 x is a love bas$ on     
m5tal sympa?y1 on respect = moral       
qualities1 on admiration = c]ta9 actions
 or c]ta9 ?\ghts expressive ( a "*4 ,9  
?is k9d ( fri5d%ip1 affection1 :i* spr+s
 f ! he>t1 gov]ns love1 :i* spr+s f !   
s5ses4  ,?is =m ( fri5d%ip is n to be   
despis$1 dang]\s ?\gh x may seem 9 !    
eyes ( sev]e morali/s or ( hypocrites4  
,take su* a case4 ,if ei!r ( ! fri5ds   
ne$s advice on "s matt] he or %e has    
deeply at he>t1 su* advice w n be well  
consid]$1 unbias$1 & to ! po9t1 unless  
free f all jeal\sy--com+ f ! he>t & n f 
! n]ves4  ,!n1 & !n only1 c ?is fri5d%ip
 be a preci\s res\rce1 a deep1          
protective affection claim+ n possession
 z its rew>d4     ,,divorce   ,m>riage1 
consid]$ by society z a necess>y mode ( 
union1 is a contract gov]n$ by law4  ,9 
! eyes ( ,roman ,ca?olics1 m>riage be+ a
 sacram5t1 :i* r5d]s x indissoluble1    
divorce does n exi/4 ,accord+ to ?is    
pr9ciple we mu/ accept z a sacram5t an  
e>?ly tie :i* t\*es m ne>ly on mat]ial  

?an on spiritual que/ions4 ,b x seems   
/range t ! ,*ur* ( ,rome %\ld tea* m51  
by ! voice ( h] s]vants1 t human        
p]fection consi/s 9 ! acceptance ( all !
 sacram5ts1 & !n =bid m>riage--:i* w\ld 
be1 f a practical po9t ( view1 ! mo/    
useful to !m--to h] repres5tatives4 ,9 s
 do+1 ! ,*ur* creates an illogical      
exception to h] imp]i\s rule4  8,f !    
psy*ological po9t ( view10 says ,dr4    
,t\l\se1 8m>riage is ! union1 fir/ ?r\gh
 passion1 !n ?r\gh sympa?y1 ( two be+s2 
f ! social po9t ( view1 x repres5ts a   
mutual ef=t t[>ds reproduction4  8,!    
union ( feel+ betwe5 two be+s has n be5 
too highly exalt$ by ! poets4 ,x        
manife/s 9 ! highe/ degree t selection  
:i* purifies ! in/9ct ( sex4  8,?is     
selection is 9 itself a pro( ( ! free w 
:i* works--) re/ra9+ effect--on !       
tyranny ( passion4 ,aga91 ! woman1 9    
giv+ h]self to "o only1 demon/rates 9 ! 
mo/ /rik+ mann] t %e belongs to1 & c    
dispose (1 h]self4  8,sex fre$om1 !n1   
:i* is a condition ( evolution1 is      

manife/$ mo/ cle>ly 9 a m>riage ent]$ ^u
 will+ly by bo? p>ties4 ,b ! coroll>y to
 ?is is1 t divorce %\ld also be possible
 simply at ! wi% ( bo?40  ,let u /udy   
divorce f ! po9t ( view ( its utility4  
,divorce (f]s an advantage 9 prev5t+    
m>riage f be+ reg>d$ z an endless *a91 a
 cru%+ yoke1 or a prison delib]ately    
*os5 z a livelihood4 ,x means1 9 fact1 t
 p ne$ n be tightly b\nd toge!r :o _c   
be> s to live2 x w\ld put an end to :at 
is sometimes extreme m5tal suff]+1      
aboli% dang]s :i* sometimes lead to     
murd]2 9 a ^w1 x means escape f 8!      
s5tim5tal & emotional results ( !       
indissolubility ( m>riage40  ,!         
t]m9ation ( mis]able 8m>riages (        
conv5i5ce0 w\ld ensure = _m a new life1 
! production ( heal?i] *ildr5 "u normal 
conditions2 f ! social po9t ( view1 x   
w\ld increase ! value ( ! man & ! woman4
  ,h[ _m live toge!r = long ye>s :o are 
/rang]s to ea* o!r 9 body & s\l6 ,h[ _m 
slaves ( m>riage !re are1 ^: union is   
unnatural1 *ildless1 & made hide\s by   

mutual hatr$6  ,:y %\ld "o see1 9 ! "n (
 a religi\s pr9ciple1 ^! inf]nos--^:    
tortures are z v>i$ z !y are            
cru%+--p]petuat$8 ,:y %\ld n reason1    
individual rights1 be all[$ to correct  
ill-*ance1 false calculations1 &        
disappo9t$ hopes8  ,:y %\ld a woman1 :o 
no long] f9ds 9 h] husb& ! moral support
 %e ne$s1 submit to ! horrors ( a long  
agony )\t def5ce1 ( p]petual /rife 9 :i*
 %e is mis]ably vanqui%$2 on ! o!r h&1  
:y %\ld ! man :o does n f9d 9 8 wife !  
companion--or ev5 ! slave--he desir$1   
see ! way to happ9ess clos$ to him =    
ev]8  ,m>riage is bas$ on a contract4 ,e
 contract c be rectifi$1 modifi$1 or    
brok54 ,9 a compact1 !re mu/ be mutual  
agreem5t2 f ! mom5t :5 ! agreem5t ceases
 to be respect$ by ei!r ( ! p>ties1 x is
 naturally dissolv$4  ,be=e ! e/abli%m5t
 ( divorce ! husb& & wife :o liv$ on bad
 t]ms _h to endure suff]+ worse ?an     
dea?1 = no?+1 ,i repeat1 is to be comp>$
 ) ! torm5t ( be+ ti$1 body & s\l1 9    
hatr$1 contempt1 or ev5 m]ely 9         

indiff]5ce4  ,9 =m] days1 !             
indep5d5t-m9d$1 ^? :o fe>$ n public     
op9ion1 or ?\ght little ( social        
conv5tions1 w5t ea* _! way1 to live 9 a 
diff]5t dwell+--z happ5s /ill 9 c]ta9   
c\ntries 79 ,spa91 = in/ance1 :]e       
divorce does n exi/2 :]e legal sep>ation
 is n ev5 recognis$72 b ?\gh !y might   
live ap>t1 ! m>riage contract held none 
! less1 & ! "q ( =tune rema9$ a grave   
problem = solution4 ,x is ! same to-day 
:51 ?r\gh worldly exp$i5cy1 or weakness1
 an ill-assort$ c\ple %>e a mis]able    
life or seek solace 9 sep>ation4 ,!     
woman1 m>ri$ "u ! ,napoleonic ,code1 _c 
dispose ( h] d[ry1 & ! man1 on 8 side1  
_c sell )\t 8 wife's signature4 ,! socit
 d'acquts 7common prop]ty ( m>ri$ p7 is 
a con/ant m5ace 9 a situation ( ?is k9d2
 "o comes to ?9k t x is ( no use = a    
c\ple to economise = ! sake ( _! heirs1 
=1 :5 "o ( ! two p>ties dies1 ! common  
prop]ty goes to ! o!r4 ,ano!r case1 also
 s]i\s1 may occur4 ,if ei!r husb& or    
wife incurs debts1 ^!1 "u ! law1 become 

common to bo?1 & x comes ab\t t ! "o :o 
has n run into debt f9ds him or h]self  
compell$ to meet ! liabilities ( ! o!r6 
,:at manifold complications1 :at op5+s =
 diss5sion1 :at accumulat$ vexations6   
,wid[hood1 wid[]hood1 seems ! only      
deliv]ance f a desp]ate situation4  ,b  
!re is some?+ worse /ill4 ,9 a h\sehold 
completely at v>iance1 we>y ) /rife1 !  
*ildr5 h to look on at sc5es :i* w\nd _!
 belief 9 ! love betwe5 husb& & wife4 ,9
 su* a case !y suff] ?r\gh ! abs5ce (   
divorce1 bo? f ! moral /&po9t & because 
!y are depriv$ ( prop]ty :i* %\ld fall  
to !m1 s9ce ?r\gh ! socit d'acquts--t   
/]n claimant--! *ildr5's capital _c be  
increas$4  ,if we pass f ?is array (    
facts to ano!r1 :i* conc]ns ?is         
unnatural life ( two p1 ! evil is no    
less great4  ,f ! "t :5 life toge!r has 
become impossible1 ! husb& m or less    
op5ly sub/itutes illicit union =        
m>riage1 & mo/ frequ5tly takes to live )
 him ! woman he has *os5 z 8 new        
companion4 ,because ! m>riage contract  

rema9s unbrok51 ?is is an insult to !   
wife1 = 8 h\se is /ill h] home by law4  
,al?\gh 9 a case ( sep>ation1 ! wife    
almo/ always acts ) great]              
circumspection & caution1 %e w f9d x    
difficult to prev5t ! e*o ( any att5tion
 %e may accept f rea*+ ! e>s ( h] husb&1
 or 8 k t %e gives will+ly to ano!r :at 
%e has yield$ ) su* av]sion to himself4 
,divorce prev5ts ?is gratuit\s insult to
 m>riage4 ,! advantages x (f]s exce$ by 
f> ! disadvantages cit$ by ! def5d]s (  
an in/itution :i* to-day has gr[n weak  
because x has rema9$ un*ang$ 9 ! mid/ ( 
social evolution4  ,! enemies ( divorce 
ass]t t x is ! de/roy] ( ! family4 ,t is
 n s1 = !re are no m families to de/roy4
 ,frankly1 hone/ly1 :]e is ! family (   
old1 s9ce ! law ( ! majority has fre$ ! 
*ild1 s9ce compulsory education has     
less5$ ! moral au?ority ( p>5ts1 )\t    
p]ceptibly improv+ ! mass ( ! p2 s9ce 9 
! va/ field ( high] education boys &    
girls1 ?r\gh s*ool life1 become /rang]s 
to ! au?ors ( _! be+ & are ma9ly indebt$

 to ! ,/ate = _! tra9+8  ,if hypocrisy 7
 n at ! bottom ( ! :ole matt]1 x w\ld be
 quickly se5 t no?+ rema9s ( ! family z 
a sacr$ in/itution4  ,au?ority on ! "o  
side1 submission on ! o!r1 are !        
exception2 ! sacrifices1 too1 :i* p>5ts 
made 9 ! pa/1 to ! po9t ( =gett+ _! own 
well-be+1 h to-day no long] any reason =
 exi/+4  ,yes1 divorce is useful1       
necess>y1 moral4 ,b x may1 x %\ld1      
become m s1 & und]go modification4      
,divorce by mutual cons5t mu/ become !  
rem$y = evils :i* di%on\r ! human s\l2  
victims ( unhappy m>riages %\ld be able 
to dissolve _! union )\t ! mo/ intimate 
details ( two lives--poison$ by         
misund]/&+1 incompatibility ( temp]1    
excess1 cruelty1 & insult--be+ made a   
prey to public curiosity1 ! malice (    
b>ri/]s1 & ! op9ions ( judges4 ,^?      
lib]at$ f _! matrimonial prison1 & rip5$
 by exp]i5ce1 mu/ be all[$ to m>ry !    
belov$ "o :o has lov$1 consol$1 & help$ 
!m ?r\gh ! battle ( _! days4  ,n9e times
 out ( t51 ^! new m>riages w\ld be      

happy1 because ! husb& & wife w\ld h _h 
"t to appreciate ea* o!r's qualities1   
because !y w\ld h obey$ ! law ( love1   
escap$ conv5tion & n be5 guid$1 g5]ally 
speak+1 by int]e/1 t *ief & p]nici\s    
elem5t 9 conflict betwe5 ! sexes4       
,divorce1 z at pres5t e/abli%$1 does n  
af=d en\gh solutions = ! melan*oly      
problems result+ f m>riage4 ,x is       
inadmissible1 inhuman1 ev5 immoral1 t "o
 :o has suff]$ pati5tly tw5ty ye>s 8= ! 
*ildr5's sake0 %\ld be condemn$1 because
 he or %e has left ! torture-*amb]1 to  
pass ! rema9d] ( life )\t ! "r to create
 a new home & consecrate by m>riage !   
affection & devotion :i* h heal$ ! old  
w\nds1 giv5 back joy 9 liv+1 & creat$ = 
him or h] obligations at once moral &   
social4  ,! day :5 divorce %all become a
 law ( ju/ice1 & no long]--z x sometimes
 is n[--a tacit agreem5t cov]+ wrongdo+2
 ! day :5 divorce %all exi/ by ! w ( him
 or h] :o gives valid reasons = x1 &    
also by mutual cons5t2 ! day1 f9ally1 :5
 lov] & belov$1 "u normal conditions1   

may m>ry1 !n true & rightful solutions w
 h be5 br\ght to impossible situations1 
& a noble "w done = ! individual &      
society at l>ge4     ,,! ,,family   ,!  
conditions ( ! mod]n family1 9 ! nor!rn 
c\ntries p>ticul>ly1 h 9 reality become 
almo/ artificial2 & x seems probable t1 
9 ! ne> future1 ! family w be completely
 dis9tegrat$4  ,9 ,france1 especially   
among/ ! b\rgeoisie1 ! family appe>s to 
me likely to rema9 = a long "t :at x has
 be5 h]et(ore1 because x con/itutes an  
association ! memb]s ( :i*1 closely     
gr\p$1 protect _! common int]e/s1 :e!r  
comm]cial or indu/rial4  ,?is family1   
repres5t+ a society 9 ! possession (    
prop]ty1 w exi/ z long z its memb]s1 9  
virtue ( _! fell[%ip1 pres]ve intact _! 
old social conditions1 ea* ( !m cont9u+ 
to h an int]e/ 9 ! success ( _! common  
ent]prise4  ,9 ,spa91 :]e ! ,moori%     
gov]nm5t has left s _m traces ( its     
primitive organisation1 ! family /ill   
cont9ues 9 a /ate ( slav]y1 a /ate :]e9 
! woman glories4  ,b ! "q "h is n ( ^!  

two p>ticul> cases1 :]e ! ma9ta9+ ( !   
family gr\p s]ves ! int]e/s ( ! man1 !  
head1 ! ma/]2 = ! family diff]s accord+ 
to diff]5t c5tres1 c\ntries1 cu/oms1 &  
ca/es4  ,to come to m g5]al /atem5ts1 we
 mu/ fir/ g back to ! f\nta9-head1 &    
consid] ! family 9 its evolution ?r\gh !
 c\rse ( civilisation4  ,! family1 z x  
fir/ appe>s 9 ! hi/ory ( humanity1 0 a  
patri>*al association =m$ ( ! fa!r1 "m &
 *ildr54 ,!re 0 no b9d+ m>riage1 b      
repeat$ unions4 ,! conditions 7 su* t ! 
wom5 7 = all m5 indiscrim9ately1 & !    
*ildr5 knew no fa!r 9 p>ticul>4 ,?is    
/ate ( ?+s 9 _m cases cont9u$ s long t !
 ,*ri/ian ,*ur* 0 oblig$1 at its bir?1  
to w9k at ?is communism4 ,h]odotus tells
 u t ! *ildr5 ( ! ,lycians bore ! "n (  
_! "m2 ,v>ro assures u t x 0 ! same 9   
,a!ns1 & t ! woman1 be+ ! produc] (     
weal?1 0 ! only "o to inh]it4  ,:5      
polygamy began1 ! woman 0 r$uc$ to a    
/ate ( seclusion & (t5 ( slav]y4 ,h] "p 
consi/$ pr9cipally 9 br++ *ildr5 into ! 
_w1 & h] c>e ( !m 0 m ?r\gh in/9ct ?an  

love4  ,z = ! man1 he s\ght no?+1 z     
reg>d$ ! woman1 b 8 own gratification1 &
 conc]n$ himself n at all ab\t fa!rhood4
  ,lat] on1 ?r\gh ! gr[? ( civilisation1
 monogamy decid$ ! limits ( ! family &  
=m$ class gr\ps2 b gradually1 ^! gr\ps  
becom+ mix$ & los+ _! old *>act]i/ic (  
bro!rhood1 ! conditions ( ! family      
became mu* modifi$4  ,! causes ( ?is sl[
 process ( break+ up accumulat$1 accord+
 to ! p>ticul> c5tre & to social        
degrees4 ,9 "o place primog5iture%ip    
began to take to itself privileges2 9   
ano!r ! pat]nal p[] less5$ ! "m's       
au?ority ov] h] daught]s2 ev]y:]e !re 0 
a t5d5cy t[>ds emancipation1 &1 f9ally1 
9 our own day1 at ! two poles ( society1
 family conditions h become almo/       
artificial4  ,! home peace is tr\bl$1 & 
ev5 :]e !re is no rupture betwe5 ! husb&
 & wife1 !re is m5tal friction betwe5   
p>5ts & *ildr51 betwe5 bro!rs & si/]s1  
?r\gh ! cla% ( op9ion1 mutual           
intol]ance1 & ! collision ( p]sonal     
int]e/s2 x is r>ely t h>mony prevails 9 

! h\sehold4  ,x mu/ be said t ! reasons 
= m>riage are n ! same z !y 7 9 ! old   
days1 :5 ! bond 0 indissoluble1 bas$ on 
! in/9ct ( own]%ip1 on ! gov]nm5t ( a   
community4 ,besides1 ! m>riage = love1 !
 only "o wor?y ( respect1 has de/roy$ ! 
orig9al idea ( ! association1 &1 unable 
to gu>antee its own cont9uance1 calls = 
an adju/m5t ( responsibilities by means 
( ! law1 s t ! man %all no long] be !   
brutal ma/]1 & ! woman--?\gh %e be m    
moral1 m virtu\s1 & m temp]ate ?an      
he--humiliat$ & degrad$4 ,x has be5 said
 t x is en\gh = a woman to be beautiful 
& to be a "m4 ,t is altoge!r absurd     
nons5se4 ,! woman has a "r to ! complete
 developm5t ( h] faculties1 a "r to br+ 
into play all ! res\rces ( h] be+4      
,noble wom5 h prov$ t1 q ap>t f         
mat]nity1 !y are fit to walk 9 !        
immortal foot/eps ( h]oes1 arti/s &     
?9k]s1 & e day we see wom5              
,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,infanta ,,eulalia   
,photograph by ,baumann1 ,muni*4        
becom+1 9 tal5t1 en]gy1 & pati5t        

det]m9ation1 rivals ( sci5ti/s1 poets1 &
 all :o devote !mselves to ent]prise 9 !
 _w ( m9d4  ,b1 x may be said1 su*      
claims are contr>y to ! idea ( ! family4
 ,n at all4 ,! family1 ess5tially       
modifi$1 ea* memb] subject to !         
det]m9ism ( ?\ght & ensur+ ! obs]vance (
 mutual rights & duties1 w only become a
 m beautiful in/itution ?an be=e1 its   
*ildr5 born ( s9c]e love & no long] !   
product ( undesirable or que/ionable    
unions bas$ ^u ! int]e/s ( ! /ronge/4   
,,! ,,complete ,,indep5d5ce ,,( ,,woman 
,to ?is "q squ>ely put3 8,:y does a man 
arrogate to himself ! "r to live z he   
*ooses1 & :y %\ld a woman submit to a   
prohibitive moral code80--m5 answ] t 9  
m>riage ! virtue ( ! wife & ! legitimacy
 ( h] *ildr5 are absolutely & supremely 
ess5tial4  ,?is t\*es "o po9t m]ely1 &  
only applies to m>ri$ wom54 ,9 all t    
conc]ns 8free0 wom51 by :at "r are !y   
condemn$ to ab/a9 f mak+ full use ( _!  
indep5d5ce1 z mo/ m5 d8 8,woman's life1 
l man's10 says ,miramont1 8is a h>moni\s

 evolution1 by :i* e phase is develop$1 
& :i* ?us br+s into play a succession ( 
=ms & aspects ( exi/5ce4 ,daught]1 "m & 
gr&mo!r2 dream]1 fight]1 ?9k]--woman1 l 
man1 passes ?r\gh _m trans=mations 9 !  
c\rse ( life1 & is always progressive40 
,by ! same fact ( social evolution1     
?anks to h] p>ticipation 9 ! battle (   
life1 & also to a rational education1 x 
has long be5 prov$ t woman is n an      
inf]ior creature1 ( no use save = !     
propagation ( ! species4  ,we are f>    
remov$1 happily1 f ! !ories (           
,s*op5hau]1 :o decl>$ t woman 0 afflict$
 ) intellectual %ortness ( sight1 t %e 0
 *ildi%1 futile & n>r[1 inf]ior to man 9
 ev]y?+ conc]n+ rectitude & scrupul\s   
hone/y2 t %e 0 lack+ 9 s5se &           
reflection1 incapable ( tak+ any unbias$
 view1 etc4 etc4  ,if woman's *>act]i/ic
 feature be t nature has de/9$ h] =     
mo!rhood1 x is none ! less true t1 j z  
%e has a f9e sk9 & quick s5sibilities1  
h] intellect is prompt to seize details1
 & t %e possesses a bra9 z well furni%$ 

z t ( man4  ,h] app>5t inf]iority comes 
f ! fact t woman is oppress$ by ! law & 
ill-treat$ by ! morali/1 :5ce result h] 
native timidity & diffid5ce4 ,! tru? is 
t man1 desir+ to keep ! supremacy       
attribut$ to him1 does n c>e to see 9   
woman ! qualities ( c\rage & indep5d5ce4
 ,he w n admit ! imman5t /ruggle betwe5 
two be+s inspir$ by ! same ne$s & ! same
 desires4 ,m5 w\ld l wom5 to rema9 ti$  
d[n to h\sehold c>es1 :ile ?9k+ wom5 :o 
h ceas$ to resign !mselves to ?is wi% _!
 sex to pr(it by all ! rights ( m54  ,! 
p>tisans ( absolute fem9ism desire t !re
 %\ld be no diff]5ce betwe5 m5 & wom51 9
 ! "n ( biological equality :i* incites 
!m to claim social equality4  ,)\t go+ s
 f> z ?is1 x is c]ta9 t wom5 %\ld n[    
enjoy m indep5d5ce & be au?oris$1 )\t   
los+ ca/e 9 ! eyes ( morali/s1 to prove 
! /r5g? ( _! p]sonal faculties4         
,un=tunately1 z a mod]n ?9k] has obs]v$3
 8,kept ap>t f magnific5t realities 444 
ma9ta9$ cont9ually 9 a /ate ( moral     
indep5d5ce worse ?an physical slav]y1   

only quitt+ ! mat]nal yoke to fall "u t 
( a husb&1 tra9$ entirely ) a view to   
m>riage1 :i* is to trans=m at a /roke ! 
*ild into ! wife1 ! wife into ! "m1     
educat$ accord+ to ! prejudices ( _! set
 at ! sacrifice ( expansion ( _! own    
p]sonality1 wom5 d n develop normally1  
except by f9d+ a k9dr$ s\l1 accord+ to !
 ideal =m$ 9 _! dim consci\sness4 ,& z  
social conv5tions d n p]mit !m to seek  
?is ideal1 :i* is falsifi$ & made vague1
 too1 by novel-read+1 enlight5m5t       
usually comes to !m too late to de/roy !
 effect ( a n>r[ exi/5ce accept$ ?r\gh  
timidity1 ignorance1 or *agr91 & m\ld$  
by ! dictates ( society2 s !y live1 = ! 
mo/ "p1 ei!r l *ildr5 brok5 9 to _!     
de/9y1 or l rebels 9 se>* ( vision>y    
comp5sations3 9 any case misund]/ood40  
,i h no?+ bett] to add4 ,= c5turies1 man
 has d5i$ to woman h] f9e/ qualities1   
:i* are fe>lessness & pres5ce ( m9d1 & !
 majority ( wom5 h come to be conv9c$   
!mselves t ^! qualities are unwomanly & 
to be reckon$ faults4  ,n[1 if t5d]ness 

be woman's mo/ beautiful attribute1 x   
%\ld be recognis$ t true t5d]ness is    
especially f\nd among/ ^? wom5 :o are   
c\rage\s1 /rong & end[$ ) %rewd s5se4 ,!
 acceptance ( s]vitude does n admit (   
real t5d]ness1 su* z influ5ces1 =       
in/ance1 ! conception & c>ry+ out (     
works ( art1 z incites to noble action1 
& produces wond]ful results 9 e degree (
 ! social scale4  ,= ye>s1 9 _m         
c\ntries1 ! att5tion ( ?9k]s has be5    
fix$ ^u ! lib]ation ( woman4 ,_m mi/akes
 h be5 made4 ,aga9/ "o ,john ,/u>t ,mill
 a cr[d ( philosoph]s l ,nietzs*e h     
aris51 b ! idea is ga9+ gr\nd 9         
sci5tific c5tres1 &1 ) ! help ( rational
 ,socialism1 ! "w ( woman's emancipation
 is be+ /eadily pursu$4  ,rev]t+ to old 
times1 we f9d t 9 _m primitive races1 ! 
males 7 *os5 by ! females = _! val\r1   
physical /r5g?1 or natural beauty4 ,?is 
selection hav+ l$ to ! progressive      
developm5t ( ! male 9 ! majority (      
races1 result$ 9 an ideal female type   
also4  ,b :5 ! woman became ! 8prop]ty0 

( ! man1 ! slave de/9$ to "w = ! male1 !
 developm5t ( ! race /opp$ %ort2 !      
salut>y effect ( ! woman's free *oice   
hav+ ceas$4  ,9 a new /ate ( society1 :5
 woman1 duly tra9$ = h] "p1 %all recov] 
h] complete fre$om1 we %all see !       
triumph ( aff9ities1 & ! p[] ( a fem99e 
ideal w ensure = ! future a new &       
vigor\s race4     ,,! ,,w> ,,aga9/      
,,fem9ism   ,x is incompreh5sible t s _m
 intellectual1 s5sible m51 claim+ to be 
logical1 %\ld be ho/ile to mod]n        
fem9ism4 ,i say 8mod]n0 to m>k ! actual 
/ate ( conflict1 = et]nal fem9ism is    
contemporane\s ) ! et]nal fem99e1 z     
,luci5 ,muhlfeld says4 ,foll[+          
,s*op5hau] & ,/r9db]g1 :o /rove to      
demon/rate ! inf]iority ( woman1 our    
detractors1 9 mak+ w> ^u fem9ism1 %[    
!mselves to be v inconsi/5t4 ,z woman1  
is1 9 _! eyes1 an inf]ior be+1 !y are   
ei!r fight+ :at !y h no reason to fe>1  
:i* %[s lack ( c\rage on _! "p2 or1 by  
admitt+ t "u pres5t conditions woman    
plays an important "p 9 ev]yday life1 !y

 recognise 9 h] a c]ta9 value1 :i* %[s a
 lack ( s9c]ity4  ,on ! day woman fir/  
recognis$ ! fact t %e c\ld e>n h] liv+  
by tak+ up ! employm5ts hi!rto res]v$ = 
m51 %e made good h] claim to a %>e (    
in/ruction & tra9+ by means ( :i* to put
 an end to h] m5tal inequality4  ,unable
 to escape f ! subord9ate position 9 !  
family ?ru/ ^u h] by ! ,civil ,code1 %e 
det]m9$ to free h] m9d fir/1 & ga9      
recognition ( h] rights 9 ! doma9 (     
intellect4 ,?is seem$ inadmissible1 ev5 
9 respect ( ! pr9ciples ( sci5ce4  ,n[1 
9 times gone by1 wom5 work$ z mu* z1 &  
(t5 m ?an1 m51 ?us ga9+ recognition ( _!
 physical /r5g?4 ,:5 man 0 /ill a       
b>b>ian1 hunt+ & fight+ = m]e subsi/5ce1
 woman hunt$ & f\ght ) him2 j z 8       
comrade1 %e c>ri$ ! sla9 bea/ ov] h]    
%\ld]4 ,lat]1 %e spun flax to clo! h]   
family2 %e 0 oblig$1 9 h] enslav$       
condition1 to turn to common uses h]    
intellect & devotion1 & :51 lat] /ill1 !
 family 0 plac$ on a legal foot+1 %e 0  
oblig$ to give all h] faculties to      

manual lab\r4  ,long c5turies pass$4    
,man _h no long] to fight = 8 daily     
bread4 ,"o inv5tion aft] ano!r _h       
gradually modifi$ ! conditions ( 8 life2
 he _h become educat$1 _h atta9$ to     
diff]5t trades & pr(essions1 develop$ 8 
p[] & au?ority1 :ile woman rema9$ ! same
 dep5d5t creature1 ti$ to h] duties z   
wife & "m4 ,a "t came :5 woman1 too1    
le>nt trades :i* %e made h] own4 ,man   
took !m f h]1 possess$ himself ( h]     
ne$le1 ( clo!s-mak+1 hairdress+1 cook]y4
 ,?is is :y1 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 wom5  
attempt$ an inroad into lett]s & ! arts4
 ,?is is :y1 help$ by ! ,revolution1 !y 
s\ght to claim common rights4 ,to-day1  
tra9$ at s*ool & college1 wom5 "k t !y c
 utilise _! faculties m nobly ?an       
hi!rto4 ,!y no long] live 9 an epo* :51 
m5 hav+ absorb$ ev]y?+1 !y h to resign  
!mselves to be+ m>ri$1 :il/ h>dly m ?an 
*ildr51 = a livelihood4  ,consid] h[ sad
 0 ! lot ( ! woman :51 devoid ( ! means 
to free h]self hone/ly f slav]y1 %e 0   
compell$ to sell h]self1 by legal       

m>riage or o!rwise4  ,:atev] c]ta9      
philosoph]s & anti-fem9i/s may say1 !   
reason :y ! p]sonality ( ! woman weak5$ 
9 ! c\rse ( ages1 0 t h] physical =ce _h
 be5 exhau/$1 :i* entail$ m5tal         
inf]iority4  ,b ?r\gh ! progress (      
sci5ce1 innovations ( all k9ds1 economic
 & social evolution1 daily ev5ts2       
?r\gh\t ! complexities ( a new life1    
woman began to make h] influ5ce felt1   
became consci\s ( h] p[]s1 /r5g!n$ by   
/udy1 sy/em & exp]i5ce4  ,/r9db]g1 !    
misogyni/1 :5 he decl>$ t 8woman is     
incapable ( acquir+ complete k 9 any    
bran* ( /udy :atsoev]10 said a fooli%   
?+4 ,9 pro( ( ! contr>y1 9 ! univ]sity1 
9 ! art s*ools1 9 law1 wom5 are said to 
be1 if n sup]ior to m51 at lea/ _!      
equal4  ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t x is less  
?an a c5tury s9ce woman1 ev5 9 ! mo/    
advanc$ c\ntries1 0 fir/ all[$ to       
receive ! same tra9+ z man4 ,tak+ into  
consid]ation h[ f> beh9d h] rival 9     
intellect %e !n 01 ! results %e has     
obta9$ give a flat contradiction to ^?  

:o oppos$ h] equality1 :i*1 orig9ally a 
law ( nature1 has1 "u mod]n social      
conditions1 become a law ( exi/5ce4  ,if
 x be true t x takes sev]al g5]ations to
 p]fect a race f a physical po9t ( view1
 x is equally true t sev]al g5]ations   
are ne$$ = ! developm5t ( ! moral &     
intellectual qualities4 ,if only ?r\gh !
 consci\sness ( h] ego1 woman is call$  
to take a m important place 9 ! life (  
nations4  ,f ! dep5d5t t %e once 01     
woman w become ! ag5t requir$ by h]     
times4 ,if %e no long] receives f h]    
comrade1 z 9 old ,teutonic days1 !      
cuirass1 helmet1 & sword1 t %e may fight
 by 8 side1 %e w none ! less endeav\r to
 equal him 9 ! field ( intellect4  ,!   
/>t :i* man has ga9$ & /ill keeps 9 !   
realms ( ,sci5ce & ,art does n ju/ify   
him 9 boa/+ ov] ! inf]iority ( woman4   
,to sum up1 woman claims no m ?an h] "r 
to-day :5 %e dem&s k ( all ! occupations
 9 :i* man is employ$ & res]ves =       
himself2 :5 %e desires to ex]cise h]    
judgm5t & prove bo? h] skill & ta/e4    

8,:]eas 9 m510 says ,l\is ,dimi]1 8ta/e1
 :i* is a p[] ( ! m9d1 prec$es & comm&s 
skill1 :i* is organic aptitude2 9 wom51 
on ! o!r h&1 x seems to be skill :i*    
det]m9es & comm&s ta/e4 ,"o might say   
lit]ally t ) a woman ! feel+ = !        
beautiful is 9 h] f+]s4 ,all wom51 too1 
"s m & "s less1 b )\t exception1 make   
use ( _! p[]s ( action2 b a man _c rely 
all 8 life on ! possession ( 8 capacity 
= judgm5t40  ,yes1 woman is1            
fundam5tally1 man's equal4 ,belittl$ z  
%e has be5 till rec5tly by conditions   
:i* made h] a non5tity1 %e is n[1 ?anks 
to ! spread ( education1 ! m+l+ (       
classes1 & social *anges1 becom+ a      
respect$ work] & a valu$ be+4 ,born into
 a new life1 %e w no long] be ! jeal\s  
rival ( man1 b 8 useful fell[-work]1 z  
%e has always be5 8 g5]\s comrade1 %>+ 8
 joys & sorr[s4     ,,! ,,equalis+ ,,(  
,,classes ,,by ,,education   ,!         
education :i* is ! progressive          
adaptation ( humanity to ! conditions ( 
social life has be51 9 a g5]al way1 s   

greatly develop$ by our mod]n           
civilisation1 t x has1 if n creat$ !    
complete equalisation ( ! classes1 at   
lea/ br\ght ! ari/ocracy1 ! middle      
classes1 & ! p toge!r 9 a common ef=t   
t[>ds individual action4  ,x _c be d5i$ 
t a v curi\s ph5om5on exi/s 9 !         
equalisation s f> effect$1 ! causes (   
:i* are manifold1 & among/ :i* ! mo/    
noticeable & obvi\s are ! p>tition (    
l>ge =tunes1 ! importance assum$ by     
,lab\r ,syndicalism1 & ! competition    
e/abli%$ 9 all trades & pr(essions4     
,sc>cely any?+ rema9s n[ ( ! anci5t     
conditions ( nations2 ! abolition (     
slav]y has trans=m$ ! idea ( s]vitude2  
compulsory education has rais$ ! level (
 ! l[] classes1 & by ?is means ! fir/   
/one ( ! ,sociali/ic edifice has be5    
laid4 ,b humanity1 9 atta9+ to a high]  
degree ( self-consci\sness1 to a new    
ideal1 has develop$ a _s on new l9es1 & 
creat$ = itself ne$s ) :i* ! old in/9cts
 h no?+ to d4 ,capitali/s1 manufactur]s1
 m]*ants1 lab\r lead]s1 workpeople ( all

 k9ds1 f9d !mselves array$ aga9/ "o     
ano!r 9 a new p]ception ( _! rights 7if 
n always ( _! duties71 & all1 9 ! light 
( newly discov]$ ne$s1 are jo/l+ "o     
ano!r 9 life 9 ?is all-p]vad+ /ruggle4  
,! mass ( ! p1 ^: "o in/9ct 9 =m] times 
0 ! b>e pres]vation ( life1 is on ! way 
to emancipation2 ! pressure f b5ea? is  
m\nt+ l a wave1 leap+ upw>d to ! social 
/rata :]e hi!rto ! monopoly ( lucre &   
jobb]y has be5 jeal\sly held2 ! workm5's
 associations1 9 _! w> aga9/ capital1   
want !mselves to capitalise2 memb]s ( ! 
work+ class1 ) gr[+ improvem5t 9        
education1 are ent]+ ! pr(essional      
field2 ! middle classes are /ruggl+ = ! 
atta9m5t ( public (fices1 &1 by an      
inevitable reaction1 ! ari/ocracy1      
mulct$ ( "s ( its ance/ral rights &     
privileges1 is turn+ its eyes t[>ds     
manufacture & comm]ce4  ,?is does n mean
 t ! balance has become ev51 = ,i am (  
,jean ,lahor's op9ion3 8,! plutocrats   
may be prep>+ = ! masses ( ! future a   
/ill m cru%+ yoke1 ) m falsity & m      

dead5+ effect--by ! sugge/ions ( !      
,press1 :i* !y h completely 9 _!        
p[]--?an has ev] be5 ! case )           
ari/ocracies or autocracies1 ^: au?ority
 _h its orig9 at lea/ 9 ! f9] human     
en]gies1 9 a noble desire = p[]40  ,x   
mu/ nev]!less be recognis$ t1 9 ord] t !
 relations betwe5 man & man %\ld no     
long] be 9 ! h&s ( ^? devoid ( consci5ce
 & feel+1 a c]ta9 equality1 a meet+ on  
common gr\nd = action1 has be5 already  
e/abli%$ 9 mod]n society2 if ! l[]      
classes h climb$ ! ladd] f> en\gh to    
atta9 to t doma9 :i* seem$ b\nd to rema9
 9 ! h&s ( ! high]1 ! latt]1 on ! o!r   
h&1 h n hesitat$ to leave ! heights to  
:i* class prejudice might h held !m1 &  
invade ! t]ritory ( trade & comm]ce4  ,a
 man ( high position w no long] lose    
ca/e by becom+ ! head ( a motor factory2
 a nobleman may take "p 9 comm]cial     
ent]prise1 a pr9ce ( ! blood sell1 9 8  
own "n1 ! products ( 8 v9ey>ds & l&s4   
,x is ! same f ! po9t ( view ( wom54 ,z 
!y ?9k m1 z !y become c>ri$ away by !   

desire to prove _! value & ! ne$ =      
individual ef=t1 ! middle-class woman is
 rea*+ t[>ds high] & high] bran*es (    
education4 ,great ladies1 ev5 pr9cesses1
 d n disda9 to draw pr(it f ! indu/rial 
arts1 f pa9t+ & lit]ature4  ,^! new     
social conditions c\ld n cont9ue b by ! 
spread & improvem5t ( education & ! gr[+
 s5se ( ju/ice z und]/ood by ,h]b]t     
,sp5c]2 t is to say1 ! responsibility ( 
! individual tak5 9 connection ) ! ne$ =
 social co-op]ation4  ,complete equality
 w nev] exi/2 comp>ative equality mu/ be
 bas$ on su* lib]ty z1 by its ex]cise1  
_c infr+e ^u ! lib]ties ( o!rs4  ,x mu/ 
n be =gott5 t social h>mony is ! result 
( ! adju/m5t ( conflict+ rights &       
duties4 ,"o has to-day to take into     
consid]ation ! fact t ! humble/ artisan 
is work+ = ! good ( society j z is ! mo/
 fam\s eng9e]1 ! greate/ inv5tor1 !     
noble/ writ]1 or ! mo/ celebrat$        
/atesman4 ,!re=e1 be+ 8morally equal 9  
duty1 !y are morally equal 9 rights40   
,education1 t levell] ( ca/es1 disp5s] (

 good1 ju/ice1 & h>mony1 is ! outcome ( 
! exp]i5ce ( ea* utilis$ = ! good ( all4
 ,x %\ld come f ourselves z well z f    
o!rs1 & pass ?r\gh ! way ( reason4  8,x 
is ?r\gh ! comb9$ work+ ( all sy/ems (  
education & hygi5e10 says ! au?or (     
,pessimisme ,h]oque1 8x is ?r\gh !      
comb9$ en]gy ( all educators & hygi5i/s1
 t we %all ) c]ta9ty obta9 "s day       
fundam5tal re=ms1 & imm5se progress 9 ! 
physical1 intellectual1 & moral life (  
humanity40     ,,socialism   ,oppos$ to 
,individualism1 ,socialism is ! idea (  
social equality 9 utilis+ ! p[]1        
capital1 prop]ty1 lab\r1 etc41 ( !      
community4 ,! g5]alisation ( ! t]m means
 a social compact1 a contract betwe5 !  
memb]s ( a society4  ,born 9 ! eighte5? 
c5tury1 ) ! !ory ( good to be %>$ by !  
community1 ,socialism1 :i* %\ld be a    
unit$ inh]5t organisation ( ! social    
classes1 & ( ! relations ( diff]5t      
classes to "o ano!r1 has become divid$  
into sev]al ho/ile cliques4 ,ea* has its
 p>tisans2 !re is ,possibili/           

,socialism1 ! ,socialism ( ,m>x1        
,agr>ian ,socialism1 ,p>liam5t>y        
,socialism1 ,engli% ,municipal          
,socialism1 ,collectivi/ ,socialism1    
,/ate ,socialism1 ,*ri/ian ,socialism1  
,pulpit ,socialism--& m = aught ,i "k4  
,! v splitt+ up ( ! initial idea :i*    
aim$ at ! regulation ( ! ne$s ( society1
 proves t x is a v difficult ?+ to      
create1 9 its entirety1 a new social    
ma*9e1 capable ( satisfy+ ev]yone4  ,x  
is above all a "q1 9 my op9ion1 (       
discov]+ a =m ( association :i* %all    
def5d & protect by its collective =ce ! 
p]son & prop]ty ( ea* ( its memb]s1 &   
?r\gh :i* ea* "o1 :ile unit$ to all1 is 
answ]able only to himself 7ap>t f       
obligations agre$ ^u71 & rema9s free 9 8
 actions4  ,x %\ld gu>antee t no "o %\ld
 be ri* en\gh to take anyone into       
bondage1 & t no "o %\ld be poor en\gh to
 be compell$ to sell himself4  ,aga91 no
 man %\ld be able to say3 8,i am hungry1
 ,i d n "k h[ to get food3 ,i am cold1  
,i h no means ( w>m+ myself3 ,i am      

homeless1 ,i d n "k :]e to re/ my head40
 ,no woman mu/ ne$ to make m]*&ise (    
h]self to escape />vation4  ,man be+ no 
long] oblig$ to sell 8 physical /r5g? or
 intellect1 woman no long] con/ra9$ to  
?r[ h]self into ! m>ket1 security ( life
 w\ld exi/ = all1 & a sort ( equality   
w\ld be e/abli%$4  ,b is n ?is equality 
a *im]a1 & c x exi/ 9 practice8 ,are n  
abuses inevitable8 ,h[ c ! feel+s &     
duties ( ev]yone be subject to rule1 9  
su* a way z to re/rict ! great z to _!  
weal? & p[] & ! small z to _! av>ice &  
covet\sness8  ,socialism w\ld h to      
impose a sort ( economic equality :i*   
w\ld satisfy ev]yone2 s t he :o _h      
climb$ a few rungs ( ! social ladd] ne$ 
n envy him :o is already at ! top4 ,x   
mu/1 9 %ort1 d away ) e cause (         
discont5t1 envy1 & rev5ge1 betwe5 !     
classes :o are compell$ to h con/ant    
deal+s ) "o ano!r4 ,?us w\ld great      
social disord] be avoid$4 ,b x w\ld be  
necess>y to keep cle> ( side issues1 to 
take z ! base ( ,socialism ! 8simplify+ 

( life10 always keep+ an intellectual & 
spiritual ideal z ! end 9 view4  8,!    
*>act]i/ic ( social organisation10 says 
,nicati1 8is to be ! means ( in=mation2 
a fai?ful m$ium betwe5 ! individuals f  
:om prim>ily all activity emanates1 & ) 
:om x ends3 j z ! p]sonal intellect     
int]v5es 9 ! emotional doma91 betwe5    
impressions & ! impulses to :i* !y give 
rise4  8,! function ( ?is natural       
organisation con=ms to ! religi\s       
pr9ciples regulat+ its =mation & acts4  
8,its ultimate object is to ma9ta9      
h>mony betwe5 m51 z ! intellect ma9ta9s 
h>mony among/ ! emotions1 & to unite !m 
9 a common desire = equalisation1       
balance4  8,! doctr9e ( ! cultivation ( 
an intellectual & spiritual ideal1 !n1  
may be def9$ z a natural social         
organisation hav+ = aim ! religi\s      
pursuit ( good1 rememb]+ t we und]/& by 
#8religi\s' t :i* is consi/5t ) !       
natural fabric ( social relation%ip2 &  
by #8good' ! necess>y & natural result (
 all h>mony1 balance40  ,9 reality1     

h[ev]1 x appe>s to me t social          
equilibrium is no bett] e/abli%$ n[ ?an 
x 0 be=e4 ,! weight :i* tipp$ "o side ( 
! scale is n[ on ! o!r4 ,! drawbacks ( !
 lack ( /ability h n yet disappe>$4     
,:y1 = in/ance1 %\ld x be ?\ght         
advantage\s t "o class1 n[ 9 possession1
 be completely despoil$ to pr(it ano!r  
class1 :i* w\ld !n take its place8 ,:e!r
 ! inequality exi/$ z f ! heights       
d[nw>ds or f ! dep?s upw>ds1 w\ld n !   
results be exactly ! same8 ,is n !      
supreme p[] z dang]\s 9 ! h&s ( ! _m z 9
 ! h&s ( ! privileg$8  ,if x be true t  
man has a natural "r to all t he ne$s1 x
 is none ! less true t 8 8"r0 %\ld n    
exce$ ! limits ( ! ne$ful4  ,9 spite (  
all !ories1 ! social organisation (     
humanity is n 9 exi/5ce yet1 & w n exi/ 
s long z society fails to compreh5d t   
its aim is to satisfy ! ne$s ( ea* "o1 9
 ! ord] 9 :i* !y become manife/4     ,,!
 ,,work+ ,,classes   ,! "p play$ by !   
work+ man 9 mod]n society is ( extreme  
importance4 ,?is produc] ( national     

weal? is ! art]y :i* keeps ! he>t ( a   
c\ntry beat+4  ,jean ,lahor says3 8,!   
weal?1 p[]1 & glory ( ! c\ntry are1 9   
great "p1 ! "w ( ! humble/ ( h]         
*ildr5--( ! artisan1 ! work]1 ! common  
soldi]1 ( unkn[n h]oes ( :om no "o      
speaks1 nev] w speak2 sil5t :il/ 9 life 
z !y w be :5 dead40  ,"l ,avebury1 too1 
says3 8,x is an int]e/+ illu/ration ( ! 
,unity ( ,man1 & an enc\ragem5t to ^? ( 
u :o h no claims to g5ius1 t ?\gh1 (    
c\rse1 !re h be5 exceptions1 /ill1 on ! 
:ole1 p]iods ( progress h g5]ally be5 ^?
 :5 a nation has work$ & felt toge!r2 ! 
advance has be5 due n entirely to !     
ef=ts ( a few great m51 b ( _! c\ntrym5 
g5]ally2 n to a s+le g5ius1 b to a      
national ef=t40  ,!n1 s9ce ! work+ man  
is ! great factor 9 national greatness1 
x is b j t he %\ld be an object (       
consid]ation = ! ?9k]s4 ,?is is a tru?3 
! education receiv$ by ! work+ man is n 
consi/5t ) ! place :i* he occupies 9 !  
,/ate4  ,i h 9 m9d1 = ! *ildr5 ( ! work+
 class1 s*ools specially adapt$ to t    

class1 :]e ! *ild %\ld be taught 8 rle 9
 life z a sort ( religion2 8 employ] ( !
 future appe>+ z a k9d ( protective     
deity4 ,! *ild de/9$ to become an       
artisan %\ld be made to und]/&1 f ! mo/ 
t5d] age1 n to reg>d himself z a m]e    
tool1 b z ! mo/ active elem5t 9 society4
 ,he %\ld be inculcat$ ) pride 9 8      
condition1 n h 8 temp] embitt]$ & be    
taught to hate ! upp] classes1 :i* are1 
f ano!r po9t ( view1 a vital elem5t     
equally ) 8 own class4 ,! work+         
classes--& ?is is a po9t :i* ,socialism 
& ,evolutionism h fail$ to              
recognise--%\ld =m a majority set ap>t 9
 ! nation1 n = ! purpose ( exclud+ !m f 
! common good1 b1 on ! contr>y1 = _!    
advantage1 z be+ ! mo/ active & lea/    
=tunate4  ,9 all c\ntries :i* recognise 
:]e9 _! /r5g? consi/s1 ! work+ man %\ld 
be ! object ( con/ant c>e on ! "p ( !   
adm9i/ration2 he %\ld be recomp5s$      
accord+ to 8 m]its1 & receive help 9 8  
ne$s4 ,! entire heal? ( a c\ntry dep5ds 
s mu* on t ( ! work+ population1 t      

dwell+s built 9 accordance ) ! mo/      
p]fect sanit>y conditions1 public ba?s &
 wa%-h\ses1 national p>ks z 9 ,am]ica1 &
 in/itutes :]e he c\ld educate himself  
to a high] m5tal life1 %\ld be gu>ante$ 
to ! work+ man4  ,x is v /range t1 9    
democratic c\ntries1 ! mo/ urg5t re=ms  
are g5]ally delay$1 t !y put (f !       
amelioration ( ! wret*$ conditions      
prevail+ among/ ! humble/--yet1 by      
numb]s & activity1 ! /ronge/--class2    
amelioration :i* is fir/ c>ri$ out 9    
ari/ocratic c\ntries1 su* z ,engl&4  ,:5
 ,fr5* hospitals1 = in/ance1 are comp>$ 
) ^? 9 ,engl&1 ,g]many1 & ,russia1 a    
cle> idea is ga9$ ( ! great diff]5ce1   
:i* does hon\r to ! latt] c\ntries4  ,x 
is said t ! fir/ idea ( work+ m5's      
dwell+s orig9at$ 9 ,france4 ,i admit x2 
b !y only came into exi/5ce !re aft]    
,engl& & ,belgium _h set ! example4     
,:]e 9 ! great ,fr5* c5tres w y f9d !   
g>d5 cities ( ,engl& & ,g]many8 ,ev5 9 !
 matt] ( food1 f ! po9t ( view ( price &
 quality1 ! ,fr5* artisan has reason to 

envy 8 ,engli% neighb\r4  ,! artisan is 
too cramp$ by mat]ial conditions &      
con/ant lab\r1 too mu* cut (f f m5      
sup]ior 9 m5tal tra9+ to himself2 he    
ne$s to be tak5 out ( 8 sordid          
environm5t1 all[$ to acquire prop]ty ( 8
 own1 to give him a ta/e = home life4   
,:5 legislators & rul]s1 tea*]s &       
employ]s1 h taught ! work+ man to       
recognise 8 own "* & claim respect = 8  
value to society1 a ?\s& rational re=ms 
w spr+ into be+ spontane\sly4  ,x seems 
to me t 9 manufactur+ c5tres e h\se %\ld
 be a temple ( frat]nity4 ,i w give an  
illu/ration3 ,an artisan m>ries4 ,8 wife
 & he live 9 a v small h\se1 :i*1 aft] !
 bir? ( _! *ildr5 becomes too cramp$ =  
!m1 & inadequate f a hygi5ic po9t (     
view4 ,close by1 !re is an artisan liv+ 
9 a mu* l>g] h\se1 z he has _h a l>ge   
family4 ,! *ildr51 hav+ gr[n up1 h left 
_! p>5ts1 & = ?is reason ! h\se has     
become mu* too l>ge = !m4 ,! c\ple ^:   
family h gone take ! little dwell+1 & ! 
h\seful ( *ildr5 move into ! l>ge "o4 ,9

 ?is way a k9dly int]*ange is made 9    
response to p>ticul> requirem5ts2 h5ce1 
a %>e ( happ9ess = ev]yone1 & heal? =   
all4  ,utopia6 someone w say4 ,:y8 ,!re 
is really no?+ simpl]4 ,b !n1           
un=tunately1 ! simple is always ho/ile  
to reason4     ,,dome/ic ,,s]vice       
,s9ce ! disappe>ance ( slav]y1 dome/ic  
s]vice has tak5 on new =ms--v>iable1    
oppressive--& n[ x seems likely to      
disappe> altoge!r4 ,! t]ms1 ,lib]ty1    
,equality1 ,frat]nity1 misund]/ood by   
"s1 miscon/ru$ by o!rs1 h creat$ great  
disquietude 9 society4 ,! s]vant ( =m]  
days--! wage-e>n+ man or woman--:o =m$  
an integrant "p ( ! family1 exi/s no    
long]1 & ^? succe$+ h *ang$ ! old ways &
 mann]s to ! po9t ( r5d]+ !m            
unacceptable--f ! "t :5 atta*m5t        
disappe>$ be=e a false conception (     
lib]ty4 ,s t to-day1 among/ p ( only    
mod]ate means1 ! lack ( s]vants is      
becom+ a s]i\s problem1 al?\gh *ang+    
fa%ions & ! competition 9 8special l9es 
( "w0 secures u assi/ance 9 mu* ( our   

daily bus9ess4  ,we occupy ourselves )  
workm5's dwell+s1 h hone/ly s\ght to    
secure bett] conditions = ! poor2 :y    
%\ld we n consid] ! case ( ^? blocks (  
flats :]e ! clos5ess ( ! qu>t]s has     
become "o ( ! pr9cipal h9drances to !   
8good & loyal s]vice0 s mu* appreciat$  
by our =be>s8  ,s]vants 9 ^! days       
consid] !mselves z employees ( a special
 k9d1 able to dictate _! own t]ms &     
exempt f v>i\s duties4 ,_! s]vice1      
cont9u\s & de>ly paid1 is no long]      
suitable except 9 palaces & l>ge private
 h\ses4  ,9 ^! !y =m a community ( _!   
own :i* is n1 ea* memb] ( x             
individually1 e mom5t ( ! day 9 direct  
contact ) ! ma/] & mi/ress4 ,9 su* cases
 z ^! "o sc>cely realises ! irritat+    
position ( s]vants ) reg>d to _!        
employ]s1 & vice v]sa4  ,! "q to be     
consid]$ is t ( small e/abli%m5ts &     
blocks ( dwell+s 9 l>ge t[ns :]e1 = !   
sake ( great] accommodation1 ! employ]s'
 & ! s]vants' qu>t]s are close toge!r1  
p]haps only divid$ by glass doors & ?9  

p>titions4 ,n[1 to ensure respect = !   
ma/] & mi/ress 9 _! private life1 &     
will+ ob$i5ce f ! s]vants1 di/ance 9    
po9t ( fact %\ld be 9 proportion to     
di/ance 9 po9t ( position & education4  
8,no great man is a h]o to 8 valet10    
says ! prov]b4 ,?is prov]b is           
un=tunately true4 ,x describes an evil  
:i* has gr[n to su* a degree z to make  
dome/ic s]vice 9 ap>tm5ts impossible4   
,9 ,am]ica ?is "q is almo/ completely   
settl$4 ,9 ,engl& ! example set by !    
,unit$ ,/ates is beg9n+ to be foll[$4 ,!
 ,cont95t 9 its turn %\ld evolve "s     
practical exp$i5t = ! indep5d5ce ( bo?  
employ] & employee4  ,to ?is end !re    
%\ld be a sy/em ( 8s]vice by ! h\r40    
,?is w h to be arrang$ 9 view ( ! fe> t 
we may f9d ourselves s]vantless4 ,x does
 n imply t ! s]vice n[ extant w disappe>
 entirely4  ,l all innovations1 my      
sugge/ion w at fir/ al>m "s & br+ a     
smile to o!rs2 x w seem p>adoxical 9    
spite ( its simplicity4 ,h[ev]1 ,i w    
expla9 my idea4  ,x is n to be d5i$ t we

 h become s]vants to our dome/ics1 = !y 
dictate t]ms on ent]+ our s]vice1 & we  
are compell$ to accept _! conditions =  
fe> ( f9d+ ourselves boycott$ & unable  
to get !m at all4 ,9 ,am]ica--,i quote  
typical cases--p h ceas$ to h _! meals  
at home on ,sunday because ! *ef or cook
 sp5ds t day 9 ! c\ntry4 ,9 ,engl&      
ladies' maids refuse to wait up = _!    
mi/resses' return f ev5+ p>ties4 7,i    
knew an unm>ri$ lady :o 0 compell$ to   
sleep "o night dress$ z %e 0 because h] 
maid1 hav+ lock$ h]self into h] room1   
decl9$ to get up to unfa/5 h] dress =   
h]67 ,9 ,g]many ! s]vants make x a      
condition t !y %all sp5d s _m ev5+s at  
mask$ balls2 9 ,france a weekly or      
=tnightly 8day (f0 is "o ( ! lea/       
inconv5i5ces creat$ by dome/ic s]vice4  
,is x n ! tru? t 9 flats1 if "o _h a    
woman 9 9 case ( ne$1 & a sort ( wat*man
 to gu>d aga9/ burgl>s1 no?+ m w\ld be  
ne$$8  8,s]vice by ! h\r0 w\ld h !      
advantage ( provid+ regul> att5dance1 & 
! s]vants !mselves w\ld e>n m2 !y w\ld n

 be oblig$ to li/5 to ! voice ( comm& f 
! same ma/] or mi/ress all day long2 !y 
c\ld *oose ! k9d ( s]vice !y pref]r$1 j 
z ! employ] c\ld *oose 8 employees4 ,!re
 w\ld be m fre$om on bo? sides3 ! "o    
p>ty w\ld "w m consci5ti\sly1 ! o!r     
enjoy great] peace ( m9d4 ,!re w\ld be  
less friction1 m ju/ice1 all r\nd4 ,9 ! 
abs5ce ( close proximity !re w\ld be no 
m irritat+ surveillance1 no fe> (       
gossip1 no ill-temp] ov] "w ill-done or 
neglect$4  ,if y h a masseur or         
masseuse1 ev5 a 8ba? att5dant10 a       
hairdress]1 a manicuri/1 a pack]1 a     
8vacuum clean]10 & a floor poli%]1 :at  
rema9s = y to ask ( y\r s]vants8  ,if a 
woman c come & fet* y\r dresses to be   
iron$ or 8fre%5$10 & a man d ! same )   
y\r coats1 & someone else come & poli%  
y\r boots1 is n t all-important8        
,companies = 8s]vice by ! h\r0 w\ld h to
 be e/abli%$ 9 diff]5t di/ricts4        
,accord+ to "o's ne$s he w\ld telephone 
to "o ( ^! e/abli%m5ts = a ba? att5dant1
 = someone to truss p\ltry1 = h\sework1 

etc4  ,& !n h[ delightful x w\ld be to  
be alone aga91 no long] spi$ ^u1 to be  
"o's own ma/]--)\t any s]vants6  8,b !  
exp5se60 someone w say4 ,if y calculate 
:at ! s]vants liv+ 9 y\r h\se co/ y 9 "o
 way & ano!r1 y w come to ! conclusion t
 !re w\ld be less exp5se = ! employ] &  
c]ta9 pr(it = ! s]vants1 ^: s]vice by ! 
h\r w\ld be bett] paid4  ,9 "s ( ^!     
mod]n blocks ( dwell+s !re is b "o      
common kit*54 ,x w\ld be suffici5t to   
m5tion ! h\r = meals & ! numb] to be    
s]v$ to ensure regul> att5dance4        
8,s]vice by ! h\r0 w\ld d away ) a ?\s& 
annoyances1 "s m]ely irritat+ by _!     
frequ5cy1 b o!rs s]i\s1 z 9 ,engl&1 =   
in/ance1 :]e ! evid5ce ( s]vants has s  
mu* weight 9 cases ( divorce4  ,)       
8s]vice by ! h\r0 !re w\ld be no m spy+1
 no m mean rev5ges1 no m di%on\rable    
compromises4 ,z ! l[] classes h %ak5 (f 
! yoke ( _! slav]y1 :y %\ld we /ill be !
 victims ( a new /ate ( ?+s 9 matt]s    
dome/ic8  ,!re is no p]fect happ9ess )\t
 real indep5d5ce4 ,let u aim at         

indep5d5ce = ev]yone4  ,9 do+ good 9 a  
new way ! human end 9 view has n *ang$4 
,let u be> 9 m9d t good = all is only   
f\nd 9 individual fre$om4               
,,int]national ,,s*ools   ,n[ t !       
diff]5t peoples frat]nise ov] sci5ce1   
comm]ce1 & indu/ry1 n[ t !y are jo9tly  
liable1 9 ! "n ( economic relations1 n[ 
t collective "w1 free f 8national       
etiquette10 is in/rum5tal 9 produc+     
mat]ial & moral progress = all1         
int]national s*ools ought to be f\nd$ 9 
! diff]5t civilis$ c\ntries4  ,^!       
nurs]ies ( ! intellect & w w\ld br+     
pupils toge!r by "o s+le rational sy/em 
( tra9+2 ! pupils w\ld be subject to !  
same exam9ations2 & !re w\ld be effect$ 
betwe5 ! diff]5t c\ntries an ex*ange (  
individualities1 de/roy+ race hatr$ 9 ! 
idea ( rights common to all & ! rightful
 adm9i/ration ( collective communities4 
,arm$ peace1 co/ly z x is = e nation1 is
 a b5efit 9 ^! mod]n times4 ,ea* nation1
 by pres]v+ ! integrity ( its own       
t]ritory1 is m at lib]ty = int]c\rse )  

its neighb\rs1 & = ! developm5t ( ! high
 ideals :i* are urg+ ! peoples t[>ds    
economic unity4  ,9 =m] times1 tak+     
,france z an example1 ! v>i\s prov9ces  
dete/$ "o ano!r1 & 7 at v>iance ?r\gh   
all k9ds ( conflict+ int]e/s4 ,!y 7     
sep>at$ by ! b>ri] ( opposite           
temp]am5ts1 dissimil> cu/oms2 ea* ( !m  
pref]r+ to rema9 a /rang] to ! re/1 ?\gh
 !y all spoke ! same language4 ,b by    
means ( gradual *anges1 !y 7 at l5g?    
drawn toge!r1 ea* prov9ce grew to feel a
 c]ta9 on5ess ( ?\ght ) ! o!rs1 until   
f9ally ! rigid b>ri]s broke d[n1 &      
to-day ! :ole race aims at ! tra9+ 9    
int]national feel+ ( e individual1      
desir+ t future g5]ations1 free f too   
local a patriotism1 %\ld atta9 to :at ,i
 may call geographical frat]nity4 ,= ?is
 object no?+ w\ld be s valuable z !     
creation ( int]national s*ools1 by :i* !
 tide ( diff]5t ideas may ent]1 & ?us   
solve ! great problem ( comp>ative      
education4  ,let u imag9e simil> s*ools 
9 e c\ntry4 ,"y m5 & girls1 s5t abroad  

to foll[ up ! c\rse ( /udy !y h begun 9 
_! own c\ntry1 w\ld f9d ! completion (  
_! education 9 ! m5tal int]c\rse (f]$ by
 contact ) ! boys & girls ( ! =eign     
s*ool4 ,!y w\ld by ?is means wid5 !     
horizon ( _! ideas1 !y w\ld become      
cosmopolitan )\t ef=t1 reap su*         
advantages f =eign life z w\ld greatly  
add to ! =ce ( _! own p]sonality1 &     
return home ) an equipm5t ( s\nd judgm5t
 & self-possession4 ,9 addition1 !y w\ld
 h le>nt ! =eign languages s necess>y to
 ! pursuit ( comm]ce1 manufacture1      
lett]s1 & ! arts4  ,! "y man & ! girl   
?us educat$ 9 ! idea ( _w-relation%ip   
w\ld hold _! own 9 ! circles to :i* !y  
belong$1 & w\ld be c]ta9 to d _! c\ntry 
good s]vice at an age :51 9 ! ord9>y    
c\rse ( ?+s1 !y might dream ( go+ abroad
 = ! sake ( see+ ! _w1 )\t any ability  
to pr(it by t ex*ange ( ideas &         
comp>ison ( mann]s :i* ! int]national   
s*ool w\ld secure to !m j at !          
impressionable age4  ,:5 "o consid]s h[ 
useless 9 mo/ cases1 & h[ inv>iably     

co/ly to p>5ts1 travell+ is 9 ! case (  
"y m5 de/9$ = pr(essional or ev5        
comm]cial c>e]s1 :5 und]tak5 aft] _!    
education is complet$1 "o mu/ ackn[l$ge 
! advantage :i* w\ld result f ! ex*ange 
betwe5 ! c\ntries ( "y1 am5able pupils1 
quick to assimilate all ! elem5ts ne$$ =
 complete tra9+4  ,( c\rse ea* /ud5t s5t
 abroad w\ld h pr(essors ( 8 own tongue 
& race to cont9ue ! c\rse ( /udy he 0   
pursu+ at home4 ,b f ! v fact t !y 7    
liv+ 9 a =eign l&1 !y w\ld be able to   
le>n ! new language outside ! classroom 
)\t any tr\ble1 & become initiat$ 9 new 
ways & ideas1 acquir+ all sorts ( useful
 k1 :i* w\ld help to mature _! m9ds4 ,s 
w\ld ea* "o1 )\t los+ contact ) 8 own   
l&1 pr(it by ! con/ant recurr5ce (      
matt]s = comp>ison & analysis4          
,sa9te-,beuve _h conceiv$ ! project (   
su* a /ate ( ?+s :51 on ! eve ( !       
,franco-,g]man ,w> 9 #ahgj1 he said3    
8,w> is be+ prep>$ betwe5 ! two greate/ 
peoples 9 ,europe4444 ,x w\ld be bett]  
to f\nd two s*ools1 "o 9 ,b]l9 & "o 9   

,p>is4 ,! fl[] ( our y\? w\ld g & /r5g!n
 _! m9ds 9 ! laboratories ( ,b]l91 :i*  
are ri*] ?an ours2 ! ,prussians w\ld    
come "h & be m\ld$ to our ,fr5* grace40 
,! real difficulty betwe5 nations is t (
 mutual und]/&+4 ,:e!r x be a "q (      
m$ic9e1 manufacture1 comm]ce1 or        
education1 !re are _m ef=ts made :i*1 9 
! fir/ in/ance1 are unkn[n 9 neighb\r+  
c\ntries1 & !reby progress is h9d]$4 ,by
 means ( int]national s*ools1 a solution
 w\ld be f\nd to problems common to all1
 = in/ruction w\ld pass f "o to ano!r4  
,9 comm]cial & indu/rial matt]s1        
especially1 deal+s betwe5 "o c\ntry &   
ano!r w\ld be c>ri$ out m easily1 & on a
 l>g] scale4  ,?r\gh uni=mity ( cu/oms1 
& h>mony 9 feel+ & ideas1 br\ght into   
play = ! good ( all1 peace w\ld be      
assur$1 :ile rivalry1 on :i* progress   
dep5ds1 w\ld /ill exi/4 ,autocracy1     
democracy1 imp]ialism1 all w\ld be m]g$ 
9 ! common desire = improv$ conditions4 
,on ! day :5 h>moni\s endeav\r %all     
become ! rule betwe5 p & p1 ! weal? ( ! 

_w w increase t5fold1 simply ?r\gh !    
work+ ( all intellig5ce = ! good ( e    
nation4     ,,! ,,necessity ,,(         
,,religion1 ,,& ,,its ,,influ5ce ,,ov]  
,,! ,,p   ,religion is nei!r a          
collection ( natural laws nor a         
philosophic dogma4 ,x is high] 9 dignity
 ?an tea*]s ( to-day repres5t x1 & x w  
be und]/ood if we consid] ! mean+ ( ! ^w
 8religion0 z appli$ to ! life ( !      
individual4 ,9 ! words ( ,dr4 ,nicati10 
444 appli$ to an individual1 x d5otes ! 
alli$ op]ations ( ! _s ^u :i* re/s 8    
judgm5ts & actions4 ,z appli$ to        
society1 x is ! symbol ( ! facts :i*    
det]m9e ! relations betwe5 individuals2 
x embraces 9 "o common t]m ! pr9ciples (
 social h>mony40  ,9 giv+ u ?is         
def9ition ( religion1 ,dr4 ,nicati is n 
consid]+ any cre$ 9 p>ticul>1 b all     
religions1 ea* ( :i*1 tak5 sep>ately1 is
 a moral code4  ,! religi\s idea1 :i*   
,fr5* gov]nm5ts ( to-day set aside z    
useless1 is1 on ! contr>y1 ( obvi\s     
utility1 prim>ily = all ^? ^: bra9s1    

ill-suppli$ ) m5tal n\ri%m5t1 ne$ bo?   
spiritual food & also a curb4 ,:at a    
/rong re/ra9+ =ce is ! fe> ( et]nal     
puni%m5t2 :at an enc\ragem5t ! desire ( 
endless rew>d6  ,9 va9 h all our orators
 /riv51 our mat]iali/s %[n _! contempt2 
x is none ! less true t ! wis]          
spirits--m5 l ,littr1 ,ta9e1 & ,r5an--h 
ma9ta9$ 9 spite ( all t 8! p mu/ h a    
religion1 a religion consid]$ purely z  
an idea inculcat+ morality40  ,i w n    
emb>k ^u ! /udy ( ! evolution (         
religions1 ( ! ,roman ,ca?olic religion 
9 p>ticul>1 :i*1 f its orig91 rema9s !  
moral au?ority ( ! ,lat9 peoples4 ,i w  
simply /ate t1 compulsory education     
not)/&+1 crim9ality 9 ,france has       
increas$ 9 al>m+ proportion1 :]eas 9    
,engl&1 z ! noble ?9k] ,"l ,avebury     
rem>k$ "s "t ago1 8prisons h _h to be   
clos$ = want ( prison]s40  ,let u make  
no mi/ake4 ,fr5* crim9ality is 9 exact  
proportion ) ! l[]+ ( ! moral level2 !  
abs5ce ( crim9ality 9 ,engl& comes ( !  
respect %[n by our neighb\rs = all      

religi\s sects1 provid$ !y use _!       
influ5ce = ! developm5t ( ! religi\s    
pr9ciple 9 *ildr5--t is to say1 ! fe> ( 
! puni%m5t :i* comes ( wrongdo+1 & !    
hope ( ! rew>d :i* good m]its4  ,until !
 moral s5se has become ?or\ghly develop$
 9 ev]yone1 religion--t is to say1 a    
prev5tive tra9+ aga9/ ! passions--w     
cont9ue necess>y4  8,we h s*ools en\gh (
 e description10 says ! au?or (         
,l',education de ,soi-,mme1 8:i* give u 
g5]al k & admirable skill 9 ! te*nique (
 e bran* ( human activity2 :at we ne$ is
 a s*ool = ! mak+ ( m540 ,! ,*ur* w\ld h
 rema9$ su* a s*ool if ! ,romani/s _h n 
made ( _! au?ority a political weapon4  
,nev]!less1 religi\s morality dwells 9 !
 dep?s ( ! m9d1 & ?us x is1 accord+ to  
,maurice de ,fleury1 8t mod]n savants :o
 h lo/ _! fai?1 & _c believe 9 human    
free w1 become reconcil$ ultimately to !
 tea*+ giv5 u by ! ,*ur*40  ,! rational 
morality :i* comes ( m5tal tra9+ may be 
suffici5t = ! /rong1 reliev+ !m ( a ?\s&
 illusions & *ildi% fancies4 ,x rema9s  

none ! less true1 h[ev]1 t1 ev5 among/  
^? :o are pa/ ma/]s 9 ! arts1 9 sci5ce1 
& politics1 !re are "s :o1 f an e?ical  
po9t ( view1 are spiritual weakl+s1     
ne$+1 9 place ( ! ,lat9 intellig]e1 "s  
cre$1 hidd5 or av[$1 adapt$ to _!       
imag9ative & imp]fectly-controll$ bra94 
,:atev] may be said1 ! mass ( ! p has to
 be consid]$ z an 8inf]ior majority40   
,ap>t f x1 a 8sup]ior m9ority0 /&s out2 
no long] b\nd by all ! old beliefs1 b   
all ! same giv5 to an 8inn]0 religion1  
:i* is ! e?ical intellig5ce :5ce spr+s  
rational morality4  ,let u consid] !    
apo/le4 ,! inf]iority ( 8 foll[]s is    
manife/1 b z soon z ^! disciples rea* a 
high] level1 ?r\gh ! education ( _! _s1 
!y 9 _! turn w become apo/les1 & moral  
equality w exi/ 9 a gr\p :i*1 9 its turn
 aga91 w w9 ov] o!r gr\ps4  ,we mu/ !n  
conc$e to ! p a religion :i* may take ! 
place ( ! moral law1 "o giv+ !m ! hope (
 liv+ aga9 9  ,illu/ration3 ,,!         
,,infanta ,,eulalia ,,& ,,h] ,,two      
,,sons  ,photograph by ,boissonnas      

,taponi]1 ,p>is4  a bett] life1 af=d+   
com=t 9 affliction1 & re/ra9+ _! crav+s4
 ,religi\s beliefs are b ! poetic       
mat]ialisation ( moral tru?s4 ,by matur+
 ! popul> m9d1 by improv$ education1 !  
"t w come--9 "s f>-di/ant future--:5 man
 w ne$ no o!r dogma ?an t natural "o :i*
 is fai? 9 himself1 )\t :i* he does n   
7consci\sly7 exi/4  ,on ! day :5        
religion %all no long] s]ve to gov]n    
morals1 x w be useless4 ,= _m x is      
already a dead lett]4 ,t matt]s no?+ 9 !
 case ( ^? ^: morality1 ,i repeat1 is   
bas$ on reason2 b h[ regrettable :5 x is
 a "q ( p]sons ( inf]ior intellig5ce :o1
 )\t fix$ rules1 are unable to atta9 !  
p]ception ( good & evil6  ,among/ c]ta9 
peoples1 a religion 0 f\nd$ by          
philosoph]s z long ago z #ejj ye>s be=e 
,*ri/4 ,did n ,confucius correct !      
habits ( 8 c\ntry1 re=m ju/ice1 & br+ 9 
prosp]ity1 ?r\gh moral tra9+8 ,*ief     
au?ority ( a new sect1 gov]n$ by ! idea 
( rectitude 9 ! life1 he organis$ a /ate
 ( ?+s :i* cont9ues yet4  ,?is may happ5

 lat] on 9 our ,we/]n c\ntries2 b until 
we h replac$ ! anci5t cre$s by a moral  
,ideal impress$ ^u all m9ds1 x w be     
necess>y to keep up ! religi\s s5tim5t  
among/ ! p1 :o h rema9$ hi!rto an       
unconsci\s =ce4     ,,! ,,press   8,!   
newspap]10 says ,eugne ,tav]ni]1 8is !  
expression ( society40 ,t is a rudim5t>y
 tru? :i* has /rangely lo/ its mean+    
s9ce ! ,press1 ^: social rle 0 t ( an   
educator1 gave itself up to sect>ianism1
 &1 9 consequ5ce1 0 no long] able to    
ex]cise1 = ! mo/ "p1 a really moral     
influ5ce4  ,f ! fact t ! ,press sells   
itself %amelessly to its support]s1 x   
(t5 happ5s t x attacks ! weak & bl9dly  
def5ds ! /rong1 ?us mak+ capital out (  
o/racism & inju/ice4  ,pres5t-day morals
 h de/roy$ ! orig9al "* ( ! newspap]4 ,9
 ! h&s ( m5 m conc]n$ ) _! p]sonal      
int]e/s ?an ! good ( _! c\ntry or !     
pursuit ( tru?1 ! ,press has sacrific$  
ev]y?+ to pr(it1 = money is its object4 
,newspap]s are baza>s :]e ev]y?+ is     
sold1 calumny includ$4 ,& ! turmoil (   

life has made ( ! j\rnali/ a purveyor ( 
s5sational news1 ( p>adoxes :i* falsify 
! popul> judgm5t1 & in=mation z mislead+
 z x is swiftly obta9$4 ,! result is t 9
 our democratic times1 :5 ev]yone claims
 ! "r to give expression to 8 ideas1 we 
see mo/ j\rnali/s writ+ to ord] & play+ 
! sorry "p ( imp]sonal ma*9es4  ,s9ce   
writ]s wor?y ( ! "n f\nd !mselves oblig$
 to b[ to ! w ( ^! deal]s 9 spoilt pap]1
 _m ( !m h refus$ to write = ! daily    
pap]s4  ,n[1 z j\rnali/ic ov]-production
 increases cont9ually1 & z ! success (  
_m ent]prises 7bas$ on ! exploitation ( 
cr$ulity1 ! fe> ( sc&al1 & excessive    
adv]tisem5t7 is almo/ always 9 inv]se   
ratio to integrity1 ho/s ( ignorant     
m51--8m5 ( all "w0--%elt] !mselves beh9d
 ! newspap] & make a livelihood out ( _!
 tra%4 ,! day aft] ! ,commune1 ,l\is    
,veuillot said ( ! ,press3 8,i h be5    
associat$ ) x all my life1 & ,i d n l x4
 ,i may say t ,i hate x2 b x belongs to 
! consid]able class ( necess>y evils4   
,newspap]s h become su* a dang] t x is  

necess>y to create _m4 ,y _c cont5d     
aga9/ ! ,press1 except ?r\gh its        
multitude4 ,add flood to flood1 & let !m
 dr[n "o ano!r1 =m+ no m ?an a swamp1   
or1 if y w1 a sea4 ,! swamp has its     
lagoons1 ! sea its mom5ts ( slumb]4 ,we 
w see :e!r x is possible to build "s    
,v5ice )9 x44440  ,! d>+ controv]siali/ 
& uncompromis+ fight] did n =esee t !   
,press1 f> f neutralis+ itself ?r\gh its
 numb]s1 w\ld1 lat] on1 create a ,/ate  
)9 a ,/ate1 develop$ to su* an ext5t1 & 
s imbu$ ) dis9tegrat+ pr9ciples1 t x    
w\ld become z dang]\s to social gr\ps z 
to individuals4  ,i %all be told t1 s9ce
 its v mode/ beg9n+s1 9 ! "t ( ,l\is    
,,xiv41 ! ,press 0 z =midable "u !      
,revolution z lat]1 & t all gov]nm5ts   
suff]$ ?r\gh x4 ,b ,i reply t 9 =m]     
times ! j\rnali/1 9 spite ( _m excesses1
 held 8 call+ sacr$1 & t 8 ex]cise ( x  
f\nd an excuse 9 8 tal5t & s9c]ity4 ,x 0
 a "t :5 m5 ( /rong op9ions f\ght b5ea? 
! same flag2 9 our own day we (t5 see m5
 pass f "o side to ! o!r & def5d by     

turns diametrically opposite views4  ,9 
! critic's doma91 = in/ance1 x 0 e/eem$ 
an hon\r to %[ oneself possess$ ( a s5se
 ( ! beautiful4 ,m5 l ,?ophile ,gauti]1 
,sa9te-,beuve1 ,paul de ,sa9t-,victor1  
sp>$ n _! p]sonal pref]5ces to pay      
homage to tal5t1 no matt] :5ce x came4  
,art 0 ! fir/ object ) spirits l ^!4    
,to-day1 m]e talk]s1 ) "s dubi\s int]e/ 
at _! back1 are will+ to boom any       
m$iocrity :o makes x wor? _! :ile4      
,ev]y?+ is done ) an eye to exp$i5cy4 ,!
 indep5d5t arti/ is reg>d$ z an enemy   
because he w n condesc5d to pay ! pap]'s
 price = praise & puff]y4 ,x is ! same 9
 politics2 & :osoev]1 9 comm]ce or      
indu/ry1 fails to sacrifice to !        
omnipot5t god ( adv]tisem5t1 f9ds       
himself *eckmat$ by rivals pu%$ =w>d at 
a great exp5diture ( bank-notes4  ,x    
comes ab\t !n t1 9 a free /ate1 a       
privileg$ class1 g5]ally recruit$ f     
among/ ! quasi-intellectual ( !         
8fla%-9-!-pan0 type1 is able to place   
itself above ! law because1 9 _m cases1 

sl&] is--or s x appe>s--a means (       
in/ruct+ or amus+ ! public4  ,n long    
ago1 :5 ! ,press 0 c5sor$1 p cri$ out at
 ! abuse ( p[]2 b :5 x 0 giv5 fre$om to 
express ev5 de/ructive op9ions1 x ha/5$ 
to turn ?is fre$om into lic5ce4 ,&1 9   
fact1 to-day ! evil has become s great1 
?r\gh ! falsity & bas5ess ( !           
subject-matt]1 t ! lea/ well-in=m$      
read]1 seldom ?\gh he may look at a     
pap]1 kn[s be=eh& ! /uff t w be s]v$ up 
to him1 :e!r z reg>ds politics1 art1    
sci5ce1 or ! small *ange ( public       
sc&als4  ,! intrusion ( adv]tisem5t1    
too1 is su* t ! man ^: article is       
publi%$ is (t5 ! "o :o pays4 ,9 ?is way1
 ! ,lie1 9 a ?\s& diff]5t =ms1 is       
retail$ e h\r ( ! day to ! poor delud$  
read+ public4  ,9 ord] t ! ,press may   
fill ! rle ( educator ( ! p1 lead] ( !  
masses1 x mu/ adh]e to a political1     
social1 & moral ideal1 frankly s9c]e1 & 
) a p]sonal s5se ( ! beautiful4  ,!     
op9ions ( hone/1 enlight5$ m9ds1 fre$ f 
! sn>e ( "t-s]v+1 w\ld be (f]$ to       

society1 in/ead ( su* z corrupt         
individual aspirations or br+ a f]m5t ( 
confusion into ! diff]5t social sph]es4 
,b1 to make t possible1 e newspap] %\ld 
be1 fir/ ( all1 an ent]prise possess+   
consid]able capital1 suppli$ by         
indep5d5t %>ehold]s1 uncompromis+1      
hon\rable m51 ^: =tune w\ld be an elem5t
 mak+ = success4  ,e/abli%$ on a solid &
 la/+ f\ndation1 ! ,press1 9 spite (    
diff]5ces ( op9ion1 w\ld become an      
admirable organ ( in/ruction1 su* z w\ld
 wak5 ! intellect1 b n satisfy morbid   
curiosity4  ,= ! spread ( ?\ght1        
selection ( ! be/ in=mation f all s\rces
 mu/ be consid]$1 n extortion &         
satisfaction ( deprav$ ta/e4  ,:5 !     
,press becomes g5u9e1 writ]s ( m]it (   
all k9ds w br+ to x ! tribute ( _!      
obs]vation1 ideas1 & workman%ip4 ,:5 t  
day comes1 ! newspap] w be entirely free
 ) reg>d to political & social gr\ps &  
private individuals alike1 s9ce x w be a
 common ent]prise ( good m5--m5 well    
in=m$1 wor?y ( _! (fice1 & fit = !      

accompli%m5t ( s\nd1 hone/1 &           
praisewor?y "w4     ,,morality          
,morality is a metaphysical quality by !
 help ( :i* our practical actions are   
ju/ifi$1 & :i* 9 mo/ cases con/itutes   
re/ra9t4 ,morality is a sci5ce1 say "s2 
morality is an art1 say o!rs2 = _m      
ideali/s x rema9s a revan*e ( reason1 & 
,m4 ,rodrigues sees 9 x ! w :i* b9ds    
itself & :i* we b9d4 8,individual       
lib]ty10 he says1 8if x exi/s1 only     
plays a "p on ! second plane2 9 practice
 x signifies little :5 humanity 9 its   
entirety is consid]$4 ,b\nd to an       
organism1 & /ill m to society1 !        
psy*ological or moral consci\sness1 :5 x
 draws inspiration f )9 itself1 f9ds !re
 9 effect :at its milieu has plac$ !re4 
,x expresses a sy/em ( repres5tations1  
to ! =m+ ( :i* x has 9 itself contribut$
 b a small "p4444 ,morality1 too1 has   
und]gone an evolution p>allel 9 all     
po9ts to t ( sci5ce40  ,yes1 truly1     
morality1 l ev]y?+ :i* t\*es on conduct1
 social laws1 rites1 traditions1        

ance/ral prejudices1 ! ne$ ( fre$om1 !  
"r ( ! individual1 und]goes cont9ual    
evolution accord+ to ! conditions ( a   
community4 ,we are to-day f> f !        
morality :i*1 accord+ to ,kant1 is      
legislation on ! "p ( ! reasonable be+1 
enjo9+ ^u all p]sons ! same duties4     
,accord+ to ! morality ( ,epictetus1    
re/+ on ! idea ( lib]ty1 8man may free  
himself ( all dep5d5ce ) reg>d to o!r m5
 & to ,nature1 & raise himself to       
absolute fre$om1 di/+ui%+ betwe5 ! ?+s  
:i* re/ on him & ^? :i* d n1 & despis+ !
 latt] z immat]ial02 accord+ to ! e?ics 
( ,epicurus1 pleasure is ! sov]eign good
 ( man1 & all our ef=ts %\ld t5d t[>ds  
its atta9m5t1 provid$ t pleasure consi/ 
z mu* ( ! satisfaction ( ! he>t & m9d z 
( ! s5ses1 b mod]n morality has become  
sect>ian1 & diff]s accord+ to class4  ,!
 pr9ciple ( b\rgeois morality is to     
pres]ve ! unity ( ! community )\t any   
consid]ation = ! lib]ty ( ! individual2 
! b\rgeois family be+ a sort ( comm]cial
 association1 x conf9es its morality to 

! idea ( a duty :i* is1 above all1 !    
protection ( ! int]e/s ( ! community4 ,x
 is a morality :i* is q beside ! po9t1 &
 :i* has no intr9sic value4  ,! pr9ciple
 ( ari/ocratic morality is to pres]ve = 
! glory ( its escut*eon all ! spl5d\r x 
deems requisite4 ,x does n tr\ble itself
 z to ! means by :i* t escut*eon ga9s 9 
radiance1 because x has made a virtue ( 
its pride4 ,! sup]add$ adornm5ts tr\ble 
x ) no pangs ( consci5ce1 because = x   
duty consi/s 9 ! integrity ( appe>ances4
 ,?is morality is n1 9 ! ma91 m false 9 
conception ?an t ( ! b\rgeois2 x is !   
gu>dian ( appanage z ! o!r is ! gu>dian 
( selfi% int]e/s4  ,! morality ( ,c\rts 
consi/s 9 pres]v+ tradition intact1 & x 
does n hesitate to sacrifice individuals
 to ! ,cause :i* is "o1 un*angeable1 &  
imp]ative4 ,x is ?us a morality         
extraord9>y1 hav+ au?ority above "r &   
outside duty4  ,b :atsoev] con/itutes ! 
quality deem$ ess5tial1 :e!r x be !     
comm]cial & indu/rial /ability ( !      
b\rgeois1 ! true or false spl5d\r ( !   

nobleman's escut*eon1 or ! m or less    
artificial halo ( ! ,c\rt1 x is none !  
less true t class morality is daily     
oblig$ to yield to circum/ances & b5d to
 conditions4  ,be+ "o ( ! manife/ations 
( human action1 morality is necess>ily  
subject to ! law ( liv+ accord+ to su* &
 su* an epo*4 ,x has to adapt itself to 
*ange4 ,= ?is reason p]sonal int]e/1    
selfi%ness1 pride ( bir?1 & ! idea ( be+
 above humanity mu/ all1 9 spite ( _!   
rules1 con=m to new conceptions (       
altruism & idealism1 = !re is no moral  
f9ality4  ,to speak truly1 e individual 
be>s ! moral s5se )9 himself1 b he has  
to rememb] t ! sanction ( moral judgm5t 
is "o ( ! mo/ important factors (       
civilisation & progress1 & _c be        
dissociat$ to-day f ! sci5tific elem5t4 
,no?+ leads m5 m a/ray ?an to let !m    
believe t c]ta9 p]sons or c]ta9 ?+s     
injuri\s to society are desirable4  ,!  
p]sonal int]e/ ( ! m]*ant is n adapt$ to
 ! artisan's life conditions2 an        
escut*eon is n a ?+ to be covet$ by !   

work]2 & ! "r call$ 8,div9e0 dim9i%es 9 
no degree ! "r ( a p4 ,on ! contr>y1    
class morality is ho/ile to ! new moral 
ideas answ]+ to new social ne$s2 ?is is 
! reason :y its value has depreciat$1   
because humanity is mak+ a con/ant ef=t 
t[>ds an ideal :i* x creates & *anges   
accord+ to ! difficulties ( ! way1 &    
because ! /raight road leads to         
righte\sness4     ,,public ,,op9ion     
8,x is easy1 9 ! _w1 to live aft] ! _w's
 op9ion10 says ,em]son2 8x is easy 9    
solitude to live aft] our own2 b ! great
 man is he :o1 9 ! mid/ ( a cr[d1 keeps 
) p]fect sweetness ! indep5d5ce (       
solitude40  ,9 ?is logical r\nd+ ( 8    
?\ght1 ! ma/] has giv5 u a rule (       
conduct bas$ on self-confid5ce1 ! result
 ( vigor\s m9d-tra9+ & ! ex*ange (      
op9ion4  ,e slave to public op9ion lives
 irresponsibly1 because he fails to     
possess 8 own s\l1 is incapable ( inw>d 
control1 & unable to arrive at an       
indep5d5t view4  ,to be *eck$ by public 
op9ion means ! ab&onm5t ( m5tal ef=t1 ! 

surr5d] ( ! 8,i02 x means resign+       
oneself to become m]e reflection1 a     
non5tity4  ,n to ev]yone is x giv5 to be
 able to brave public op9ion2 only a few
 h ! =ce to ?r[ (f social conv5tions4   
,"o ( ! conditions p]mitt+ ( contempt ( 
public op9ion is to h no ne$ ( anyone1  
bo? f ! po9t ( view ( mat]ial exi/5ce & 
( moral /atus4 ,i am n speak+ ( ^? on   
:om =tune has smil$ f _! bir?1 b ( !    
great majority :o1 lack+ firmness ( "* &
 matur$ p]sonality1 obey bl9dly z       
circum/ances dictate4  ,:at is public   
op9ion if n a collection ( incongru\s   
judgm5ts turn$ to g5]al use1 rules      
foll[$ f =ce ( cu/om1 hypocritical      
virtues1 lies 9 disguise8 ,& :y %\ld n  
,i hold to my own private view1 9 spite 
( curr5t op9ion1 if1 9 ! consci\sness ( 
pure int5tion1 wisdom 9 action1 ,i %[ =?
 9 my conduct ! precepts guid+ my life8 
,is public op9ion responsible = my      
mi/akes8 ,am ,i less good1 less j1 less 
loyal because un%ackl$ by imitation1    
lack ( orig9ality1 & affectation8 ,:y1  

!n1 %\ld ,i deprive myself ( hone/      
happ9ess = fe> op9ion %\ld turn aga9/   
me8  ,:y %\ld ,i b[ to circum/ances :i* 
,i h n creat$8 ,:y1 once m1 %\ld ,i n be
 myself8  ,! desire = g5]al approbation 
is a sign ( weakness1 a defect ( ! m9d &
 consci5ce4 ,x is all[+ someone else to 
"k y\r duty bett] ?an y\rself & =ce ^u y
 preconceiv$ notions1 neutral1 limit$   
ideas ( action & ?\ght4  ,woe betide ^? 
:o fall "u su* influ5ce4 ,!y resign     
!mselves to an exi/5ce ( m5tal          
wret*$ness1 pa9fully dragg+ out _! days 
9 hesitation & spiritual c[>dice1 nev]  
able to realise t public op9ion has no  
moral wor?1 b1 ?\gh v>y+ accord+ to     
c\ntry1 conditions1 & tra9+1 is         
nev]!less intol]ant1 mean1 & arbitr>y   
ev]y:]e4  ,! c>eless judgm5ts giv5 by   
public op9ion always assume too mu*1 &  
are n ! result ( h>mony betwe5 conduct &
 pr9ciple on ! "p ( ^? :o =m !m4 ,we    
%\ld %[ ourselves fe>lessly = :at we    
are1 speak our own language ) s9c]ity1  
express our ?\ght directly to-day1      

to-morr[1 ! day aft] to-morr[4 ,ev5 if  
we contradict ourselves on c]ta9 po9ts1 
t is b a pro( ( our read9ess to be      
bett]1 m j4 ,to be true to oneself is ! 
great secret ( p]sonality1 & prev5ts all
 fe> ( our neighb\r4  ,a matur$1 /eadfa/
 _s1 a s\nd bra9 giv5 to m$itation1 a   
consci5ce %>p5$ by tra9+1 con/itute a "*
 :i* c af=d to despise public op9ion1 & 
comm& an entrance = itself to all ! pa?s
 ( life4  ,?is /ate ( individualism does
 n imply sy/ematic opposition to !      
cu/oms ( ! day4 ,x is n ho/ile to       
society1 b x enables "o to %ake (f !    
yoke ( public op9ion1 & ass]t )         
sweetness 8 p]sonality4     ,,prejudices
   ,prejudices1 or preconceiv$ op9ions  
adopt$ at r&om1 subsi/ indef9itely4 ,l  
cre$s1 !y are a malady ( weak m9ds :i*  
unque/ion+ly accept relative moral laws1
 =mulas :i* ! reason _c admit1 & errors 
:i* live & propagate fa/] ?an tru?s4    
,^? are p]sons )\t judgm5t or disc]nm5t 
:o pr(ess to d z all ! _w does1 because 
!y h n ! =ce to =m an indep5d5t op9ion1 

und]go ! discipl9e ( ?\ght1 exam9e _!   
own actions1 & confess ! absurdity ( _! 
own weaknesses4  ,x is n to be d5i$ t   
m9ds tra9$ by m5tal gymna/ics h little  
to say to prejudices4 ,_! judgm5t be+   
indep5d5t1 !y require p]fect fre$om (   
action1 & !y _c p]mit a ho/ ( trifl+    
consid]ations to h9d] !m 9 _! way ( liv+
 & ?9k+4  ,prejudices--a =m ( m5tal     
ab]ration--are a /&>d by :i* ! lea/     
intellig5t claim to e/imate ! capacities
 ( o!rs4 ,& ^? prejudices :i* proce$ f  
/upid cu/oms1 absurd fe>s1 silly        
sup]/itions1 h l$ to ! mo/ annoy+       
ass]tions4  ,x is a matt] ( g5]al       
belief1 = in/ance1 t ! numb] #ac is     
unlucky1 t ! song ( a black bird is a   
sign ( dea?1 t ?ree lights br+ mis=tune2
 & ! belief is n less g5]al t p]sons (  
high bir? are inevitably lack+ 9 great  
intellig5ce4 ,x has be5 decid$ once =   
all t !y are unfit = intellectual "w1 & 
capable only ( be+ pleasant company1 z  
sup]ficial z useless4 ,if ^! p]sons take
 up any intellectual pursuit1 be x !    

publi%+ ( books1 or devot+ !mselves to  
art1 !y are misjudg$1 !re is an outcry  
at ! unreality1 ! gross impossibility2 =
 x has be5 decid$ t high bir? %\ld be a 
pat5t ( incapacity4  ,prejudice ?us     
de/roys be=eh& ! pro( ( intellig5ce &   
t>ni%es reputation4 ,at ! same "t1 9 !  
=m ( conv5tional1 g5]ally-receiv$       
op9ions1 x ov]awes timid spirits4  ,x is
 9 frivol\s society t prejudices are mo/
 in]adicable4 ,!y creep into            
conv]sation1 obtrude !mselves 9 all _!  
b>5ess & ugl9ess into ! mid/ ( *att] &  
complim5ts4  ,ev5 if "s /rong p]sonality
 appe>s1 & disposes ( "s prejudice1 x   
%oots up aga9 directly ! di/urb] is     
gone4 ,born ( folly & fe>1 prejudices   
are p>asitic plants ^: roots are 9 !    
bra91 & :i* are transmitt$1 l an        
heirloom ( ignorance1 f "o c5tury to    
ano!r4  ,prejudices1 s num]\s 9 ^! days1
 fall f\l ( ev]y?+3 art1 sci5ce1 law1 ! 
lib]ty ( ! individual1 consci5ce1 tru?4 
,is x n reg>d$ z a fact1 9 c]ta9        
circles1 t ! ,jew is incapable ( f9e    

intellig5ce8 ,n[1 = ! la/ tw5ty-five    
ye>s dramatic art has giv5 ! lie flatly 
to su* an ass]tion4 ,has n ! man (      
sci5ce1 9 spite ( e pro( ( 8 capacity1  
be5 attack$ by prejudic$ p :o see 9 him 
an insult] ( ! ,div9ity8  ,is n !       
education ( ! p reg>d$ 9 _m cases z a   
dang] to society8 ,is n ! creation ( new
 laws1 design$ = ensur+ ! rights ( all1 
consid]$ mon/r\s8 ,n[ t human           
consci\sness has develop$1 n[ t ! w is  
be+ tra9$ to righte\sness1 n[ t p]sonal 
responsibility has ent]$ our life       
conditions1 & moral education has become
 rational1 x is really /range to see p  
:o claim intellig5ce1 & :o pass = well  
in=m$1 accept ! absurd prejudices 9     
vogue4  ,wom51 x mu/ be said1 are = !   
mo/ "p ho/ile to progress4 ,?r\gh       
h]$ity1 ?r\gh habit1 !y take up         
prejudices ) a f]v\r t deludes _!       
sup]ficial m9ds4 ,two p]nici\s elem5ts1 
jeal\sy & envy1 conduce to ?is4         
,prejudic$ m5 are no less dang]\s1 =1   
be+ incapable ( ?9k+ = !mselves1 & n    

will+ to ?9k ?r\gh o!rs1 !y are unable  
to correct _! own errors4  ,my          
conclusion is t all slaves ( prejudice  
%\ld be compell$ to live toge!r1 sep>at$
 f ! liv+ & ?9k+ _w1 until ! day comes  
:51 be+ no long] satisfi$ ) !mselves1 !y
 w beg9 to be endurable to o!rs4        
,,judgm5t   ,judgm5t is ! faculty (     
discrim9ation 9 ideas1 ( e/abli%+ a     
connection betwe5 ! /ate ( our consci5ce
 & reality4 ,b z consci5ce v>ies accord+
 to ! nature ( social situations1 x does
 n seem possible to apply a fix$ rule to
 judgm5t1 ?\gh x always requires        
affirmation4 ,:atev] be ! degree (      
judgm5t "o possesses1 "o _c ex]cise x 9 
! case ( o!rs )\t fir/ apply+ ! precept1
 8,"k ?yself0--an anci5t utt]ance :i*   
has lo/ a little 9 value s9ce x has be5 
h&$ d[n1 )\t s9c]ity1 f g5]ation to     
g5]ation4 ,?is precept is1 nev]!less1   
held 9 hon\r by ! f9] spirits1 = x is   
obvi\s t ! appeal to our consci5ce %\ld 
be plac$ above all o!rs4 ,)\t ?is1 z    
,nicati says1 8! man :o =gets to exam9e 

himself1 & ^: p]sonality is effac$      
!reby1 c\nts = less ?an ! in]t matt] ^: 
v resi/ance con/itutes p]sonality40  ,he
 :o lives accord+ to 8 consci5ce1 & aft]
 8 own moral laws1 may be satisfi$4 ,:5 
he comes to judge himself1 he kn[s t 8  
life has be5 pass$ 9 ! obs]vance ( 8 own
 p]sonal pr9ciples4  ,we mu/1 !n1 seek 9
 ourselves a /&>d ( judgm5t1 rememb]+ ! 
beautiful words ( ,?omas  ,kempis3      
8,turn ?9e eyes unto ?yself1 & bew>e ?\ 
judge n ! de$s ( o!r m54 ,9 judg+ (     
o!rs1 a man lab\re? 9 va91 (t5 erre?1 & 
easily s9ne?2 b 9 judg+ & discuss+ (    
himself1 he always lab\re? fruitfully40 
,nev]!less1 9 self-judgm5t1 x is "r to  
apply sev]ely to ourselves ! rules (    
reason & virtue s f> z our own nature   
p]mits4 ,x is to be not$ t witty p1 or  
^? ) a good memory1 are n ! mo/ capable 
( cle> & pr(\nd judgm5t4 ,assimilation  
is prejudicial to reflection2 memory is 
n ?\ght4  ,:5 our own ideas are cle> to 
u1 we %all n judge o!rs )\t due /udy (  
_! reasons = :at !y d1 ! motives by :i* 

!y h be5 gov]n$1 ! circum/ances :i* may 
h influ5c$ _! e/imate ( good & evil4    
,?us our attitude w be m k9dly1 & we    
%all avoid all ! evils spr++ f inju/ice 
& false judgm5t4  ,our own consci5ce is 
n always 9 ! asc5dant4 ,we (t5 yield to 
weakness1 & x is only j t our k ( !     
limitations ( ! human w %\ld move u to  
indulg5ce t[>ds our fell[-m54  ,su*     
indulg5ce consi/s 9 recognis+ our own   
weaknesses1 & 9 n condemn+ o!rs = :at we
 consid] _! errors4  ,! fir/ condition =
 judg+ cle>ly & s\ndly is ! con/ant     
att5tion to our m5tal life1 ackn[l$g+ to
 ourselves our own *anges ( mood1       
ceaselessly fight+ ! enemy )9 u4  ,f !  
altrui/ic po9t ( view1 we %\ld picture  
to ourselves ! p]son to be judg$ 9 !    
circum/ances :i* h prompt$ 8            
action--difficult ?\gh x be to p]ceive !
 diff]5ces betwe5 *>act]s & %ades (     
feel+--accord+ to ! numb]less cases 9   
:i* su* action takes place4 ,?is is !   
reason :y hi/orians1 9 ! act (          
composition1 s (t5 pass false judgm5ts  

on ! pa/4 ,9 _! desire to make ! *>act]s
 live aga91 to call up vani%$ sc5es1 !y 
become p>tisans1 lov+ or hat+ ^? :om !y 
h nev] kn[n4 ,purely 9 def]5ce to _! own
 op9ion1 !y fail 9 tol]ance & indulg5ce4
 ,!y d n e/imate ! wor? ( m5 ( pa/ days 
accord+ to ! moral tone ( ! epo* 9 :i*  
!y liv$2 !y judge ( a society z a :ole 9
 ! light ( isolat$ docum5ts1 s t ! m5 ( 
vani%$ ages cut b a poor figure 9 _!    
eyes to-day4  ,n[1 ! tru? is t m5 are no
 great] n[ ?an 9 ! o!r ages ( ! _w4     
,remov$ f our own "t by tw5ty-two       
c5turies1 ! h]oes ( ,plut>* rema9 z     
noble z our h]oes ( to-day2 & 9 ! doma9 
( sci5ce1 religion1 & philosophy we h b 
*ang$ names )\t *ang+ at all 9 judgm5t &
 logic1 )\t modify+ ! conditions (      
happ9ess or ! outw>d signs ( c\rage1 &  
)\t develop+ ! human 8,i40     ,,! ,,fe>
 ,,( ,,ridicule   ,! fe> ( ridicule is a
 t]rible & p[]ful weapon 9 ! eyes ( _m  
p4 ,clev]ly h&l$ by ^? :o are slaves to 
cu/om & fa%ion1 ?is fe> ( ridicule (t5  
prev5ts our obey+ our true feel+s1 &    

leads u to act aga9/ our own int]e/s4   
,_m p]sons ^: social position is        
unc]ta91 or ^: moral =ce is b little    
develop$1 h _! days embitt]$ by ! ?\ght 
( 8:at p w say40  ,if ^! p]sons c\ld    
only compreh5d t no?+ :i* is simple &   
s9c]e c be ridicul\s1 if vanity &       
am\r-propre w\ld p]mit !m to und]/& t   
criticism is inevitable1 t x increases  
self-confid5ce 9 well-balanc$ p1 & 9 _m 
cases helps u t[>ds ! end we wi% to     
atta91 !y w\ld n only cease to fe> !    
obs]vation ( o!rs1 b no long] wi% to    
suppress ! p]sonality ( a neighb\r4  ,!y
 w\ld say ) ,em]son3 8,t :i* ,i ought to
 d conc]ns my p]sonality1 & n :at p ?9k 
,i ought to d40  ,!y w\ld rememb] ^!    
words ( ,la ,bruyre's3 8#8,we mu/ d z   
o!rs d' is a suspici\s maxim1 signify+  
ne>ly always #8,we mu/ d wrong' z soon z
 x ext5ds beyond ! purely outw>d ?+s :i*
 result 9 no?+1 & :i* dep5d ^u cu/om1   
fa%ion1 & mann]s40  ,a mod]n ?9k]1 "u ! 
veil ( anonymity1 rem>ks wittily3 8,if  
"o wi%es to be 9 good society1 ev5 ) ^? 

:o are n ( x1 ne$ "o give up be+        
oneself8 ,good society1 pu%$ to ?is     
excess1 is only folly & trick]y4 ,:at on
 e>? h y done ) y\r am\r-propre on ^!   
occasions8 ,d>e to say :at y ?9k1 if y d
 ?9k40 ,i add to ?is3 ,d>e to d :at     
seems to y good1 useful1 & s5sible2 flee
 preconceiv$ op9ions1 d n let y\rself be
 influ5c$ by ! ideas ( o!rs1 keep y\r   
indep5d5ce 9 ! face ( new sugge/ions1   
conv9ce y\rself ( y\r own value1 call   
y\r p]ceptions into play1 suppress y\r  
self-love--9 a ^w1 get rid ( ! fe> (    
ridicule1 :i*1 c>ri$ to excess by p1 has
 spoilt f9e c>e]s1 ru9$ ! noble/ hopes2 
de/roy$ = "o 8 dawn+ happ9ess1 = ano!r  
possible =tune4 ,:y ?is mean respect =  
:at is done1 & absurd fe> ( :at is n    
done8 ,:y ?is fooli% imitation1 ?is     
hold+ back ( y\r real self8 ,:y don't y 
eat & dr9k :at y l8 ,:y spoil y\r       
behavi\r 9 public by hypocrisy8 ,:]e is 
! s5se ( ?is p]petual dress+ up ( ?+s   
:i* ties y d[n to conv5tion n 9 keep+ ) 
! real impulses ( y\r he>t & m9d8  ,!re 

is s mu* fe> ( ridicule 9 ! _w t "o may 
see a man miss an int]view :i* might be 
morally or mat]ially useful to him      
because he is afraid to appe>           
unfa%ionably dress$1 because he has n ! 
late/ hat1 or ! %oes :i* snobbism has   
decre$ ! correct ?+4  ,wom51 9 :om ! fe>
 ( ridicule is s /rong1 s intimately    
l9k$ ) ! ta/e ( ! mom5t1 w will+ly risk 
_! heal? r ?an g d[n 9 ! e/imation (    
o!rs4  ,if1 = example1 fa%ion decrees ?9
 summ] clo?+1 a woman w brave bron*itis 
& ! aft]-effects to we> x2 & %e acts 9 a
 simil> _s ) reg>d to w9t] fa%ions1     
because x is n ! "r ?+ to ?9k ) "o's own
 m9d1 feel ) "o's own he>t1 or live     
accord+ to "o's own means1 n]ves1 or    
s5ses6  ,?is passive life by rule is a  
curi\s ?+1 & ,montaigne 0 "r--= folly   
belongs to all p]iods--9 ?us speak+ ( x 
= 8 own epo*3 8,9 "s sort all ! op9ions 
we h are tak5 on au?ority1 or on cr$it1 
444 ,ev]yone is ri*] ?an he ?9ks1 b we g
 ab\t borr[+ & seek+2 x suits u bett] to
 make use ( o!rs ?an ( ourselves4444 ,we

 nei!r essay nor "k our own faculties2  
we inve/ 9 ^? ( o!rs1 & let our own lie 
idle44440  ,yes1 truly1 ! fe> ( ridicule
 is "o ( ! wor/ %ortcom+s ( education1 =
 x de/roys "*1 leads all our impulses   
t[>ds folly1 & (t5 incites to irrep>able
 wrong4  ,h[ _m m>riages :i* might h be5
 happy are prev5t$ because ( diff]5ce 9 
=tune1 age1 or bir?6 ,! fe> ( ridicule  
br+s a dis9tegrat+ elem5t ev5 into !    
que/ aft] happ9ess1 :i* is a law (      
,nature4  ,x is ! same ) ! fe> (        
ridicule z ) morality2 ev]yone %\ld base
 8 individual action on "s good to be   
ga9$1 get rid ( all con/ra9t--9 a ^w1 be
 himself )\t dep5d+ on cu/om & outw>d   
circum/ances2 pres]v+ ! balance betwe5 8
 consci5ce1 tra9$ by exp]i5ce & reason1 
& 8 p]sonal faculties4     ,,moral      
,,c\rage   ,moral c\rage is t en]gy ( "*
 :i* leads u to confess & uphold :at we 
?9k & believe4 ,?is quality1 "o ( ! r>e/
 9 man1 is nev]!less indisp5sable to    
:omsoev] uses 8 faculties 9 any public  
capacity1 :e!r he be a /atesman1 a      

soldi]1 an arti/1 or a writ]2 t is to   
say1 ev]yone :o has to take             
responsibility1 mak+ no?+ ( op9ion or   
criticism4  ,i h (t5 he>d x said t moral
 c\rage corresponds to physical         
developm5t4 ,t is true1 provid$ t !     
physical developm5t be att5d$ by good   
heal?4 ,we (t5 see m5 insignificant 9   
appe>ance gift$ ) moral c\rage :i*      
a?letes lack4 ,x is because1 9 spite (  
_! physical slightness1 ^! m5 possess   
heal? s robu/ z to save !m f m5tal      
weakness & give !m p]fect balance4  ,b  
!re is some?+ besides4 ,al?\gh !re is   
/ill mu* to le>n ab\t "*1 x is c]ta9 t  
we c cultivate ! moral c\rage :i* spr+s 
f in/9ct & temp]am5t by ! *oice ( our   
own ideas & actions4  ,nev] has ! ne$ ( 
"*-=m+ made itself felt s mu* z 9 our   
days4 ,"* is becom+ r>e because         
intellects are 9 disord]4 ,dilettantism 
kills reason1 /heticism /rays )\t       
direction ?r\gh ! m9d1 ready-made       
op9ions take ! place ( ?\ght1 & !       
caprice ( ! mom5t s]ves = moral or      

mat]ial int]e/s & weak5s ! w4  ,! sign (
 ! individual1 ! dom9ant feature ( 8    
p]sonality1 is "*1 & "* gives bir? to   
moral c\rage4 ,dr4 ,f]r& says3 8,"*     
assumes consid]able importance 9 ! life 
( ! individual & 9 ! life ( all !       
natural or social gr\ps :i* individuals 
=m among/ !mselves2 x is1 accord+ly to  
,smiles1 "o ( ! greate/ motive p[]s 9 ! 
_w4 ,by ! unity ( direction :i* he      
impresses ^u all 8 actions1 ! man ( "*  
is n only ma/] ( himself1 ?\gh t is mu*1
 b he be>s naturally ^u ! activity (    
o!rs1 &  ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,infanta    
,,eulalia ,,& ,,h] ,,two ,,sons         
,photograph by ,boissonnas  ,taponi]1   
,p>is4  draws !m aft] him1 z a mighty   
%ip draws into its track all ! craft x  
enc\nt]s 9 its c\rse40  ,!re is yet     
ano!r consid]ation4 ,by ! side ( !      
intellectual elem5t1 by :i* we e/imate  
our ?\ghts & actions1 !re is feel+2 t   
is1 ! s5sibility :i* modifies ! judgm5t 
& enlight5s ! deep ?\ght det]m9+ our    
responsibility4 ,he :o obeys feel+1 :5 !

 latt] is n subject to ! control (      
?\ght1 commits _m errors ( judgm5t &    
lets himself be guid$ by moods :i* may  
lead him into inju/ice & brea* ( tru/4  
,let u n =get t ju/ice is tru? appli$ to
 ! ?+s ( life4 ,n[1 x is precisely !    
abs5ce ( ?is idea ( ju/ice 9 ! mod]n    
consci\sness :i* br+s u daily face to   
face ) a sort ( failure 9 moral c\rage1 
bo? z reg>ds attack & def5ce4  ,politics
 dur+ ! la/ few ye>s h furni%$ u ) sad  
examples ( ?is weakness2 lett]s & ! arts
 h also giv5 u in/ances1 & !y are v     
regrettable f e po9t ( view4  ,lit]>y & 
musical criticism is to be not$         
p>ticul>ly = _m lapses2 sci5ce itself is
 n exempt f deal+s :i* reason           
disapproves1 & x is n ev5 to lack (     
education t ?is %ortcom+ is due4 ,& we  
f9d ?is lack ( moral c\rage 9           
communities :i* h bl9dly turn$ lib]ty to
 a revolt+ slav]y4  ,consid] p>liam5ts1 
/udy ca/es1 look closely at gr\ps (     
individuals s]v$ by op9ion1 & y w see t 
real *>act]s wor?y to inspire ! good1 ! 

beautiful1 & ! true are ov]:elm$ 9 ! ho/
 occupi$ 9 ru9+ ! popul> consci5ce4     
,individual moral c\rage is :at makes ! 
greatness ( a p4 ,?is =m ( c\rage t5ds  
to disappe> m & m1 because ev]yone is   
los+ ! idea ( 8 own responsibility1 &1  
inspir$ by selfi%ness1 tr\bles himself n
 at all to make ju/ice & virtue         
respect$4  ,h[ few m5 we see use _!     
au?ority to repair an error1 puni% a lie
 or any villa9y :atsoev]6 ,weakness1    
hesitation1 d\bt1 lack ( initiative1    
indiff]5ce1 h tak5 ! place ( moral      
c\rage1 & t ?r\gh ! lack ( "*-tra9+4 ,z 
,em]son says3 8,no *ange ( circum/ances 
c repair a fault ( "*4444 ,:at h ,i ga9$
 444 if ,i quake at op9ion1 ! public    
op9ion1 z we call x2 or at ! ?reat (    
assault1 or contumely1 or bad neighb\rs1
 or pov]ty1 or mutilation1 or at ! rum\r
 ( revolution1 or ( murd]8 ,if ,i quake1
 :at matt]s x :at ,i quake at80  ,ea* ( 
u1 !n1 %\ld 9 8 own sph]e ( action      
become consci\s ( :at is "r1 & n        
hesitate to /ruggle1 ev5 to ! detrim5t (

 8 private int]e/s1 aga9/ all false     
judgm5t attack+ hon\r1 e op9ion conceal+
 bas5ess1 e action :i* is an insult to  
reason & to ! lib]ty ( ! individual4    
,,traditions   ,tradition is a l9k ( !  
pres5t ) ! pa/1 ! transmitt+ ( leg5d>y  
memories f c5tury to c5tury--memories   
bas$ on real facts1 exagg]at$ or de=m$  
by ! popul> m9d 9 que/ ( ! ideal4       
,traditions ( pagan or religi\s ess5ce  
are multi=m4 ,9 mo/ cases !y d5ote bl9d 
rev]5ce1 unconsci\s v5]ation = cre$s    
turn$ into cu/oms2 !y are a sign ( !    
passivity ( ! human m9d1 ^: *ief        
weakness is sup]/ition4  ,:e!r z reg>ds 
action or ?\ght1 tradition appeals to ! 
special organisation ( c]ta9 temp]am5ts 
( a primitive ord]1 or :i* are purely   
dogmatic4  ,! desire to ma9ta9 tradition
 implies uncontroll$ def]5ce to cu/om   
toge!r ) ! ne$ = moral or sect>ian ord]1
 & = ?is reason x is detrim5tal to !    
gradual *ange ( ?\ght on :i* progress   
dep5ds4  ,9 all ages ( ! _w1 s9ce !     
p]iod :5 oral n>ration 0 h&$ d[n f      

g5]ation to g5]ation1 traditions h be5  
accept$ z tru?s4 ,n[1 t :i* 0 tru? at ! 
exact mom5t :5 a c]ta9 ?+ occurr$ is no 
long] tru? aft] a long lapse ( "t1      
because ( *anges ) reg>d to ! orig9al   
fact & ! false int]pretations put ^u x  
by ! cr[d4  ,locke says ) mu* tru?3 8,a 
man wor?y ( belief br++ te/imony ( a ?+ 
kn[n to him af=ds a good pro(2 b if     
ano!r man equally wor?y ( cr$5ce        
te/ifies on ! report ( t man1 8 witness 
is weak]2 :ile t ( a ?ird :o atte/s a   
he>say is /ill less to be consid]$2 s t 
9 tru?s t come by tradition ea* degree (
 remot5ess f ! orig9al s\rce weak5s !   
=ce ( ! pro(2 & 9 proportion z a        
tradition passes successively ?r\gh m   
h&s1 x has ev] less =ce & evid5ce40     
,?is is ! reason t traditions1 f        
:atsoev] s\rce !y come1 con/itute false 
propositions all ! m dang]\s because to 
_m !y appe> inconte/able4 ,aft]         
,*ri/ianity 0 e/abli%$1 tradition _h all
 ! value ( an idealism capable ( inspir+
 individual action2 "u diff]5t aspects x

 induc$ respect = great moral acts1 l9k$
 up m closely famili> ties 7! fe/ival ( 
,*ri/mas--,nol or ,yule--is a case 9    
po9t71 x cem5t$ fri5d%ips1 gave value to
 ! idea ( good rew>d$ & evil puni%$1    
creat$ an atmosph]e ( ju/ice & fe>1     
inw>d joy & hope4  ,b ) "t1 z ! s5se (  
p]sonality develop$ & social friction   
became m frequ5t1 x came ab\t t         
traditions 7 divid$ into diff]5t camps1 
"s be+ simply a consolation = !         
afflict$1 o!rs becom+ au?oritative 9 !  
h&s ( prie/s & judges4 ,c5turies pass$1 
*ang+ names & beliefs1 modify+ desires &
 int]e/s2 !n tradition weak5$ & alt]$ 9 
"* & significance4  ,ev5 9 our own day1 
h[ev]1 _m anci5t traditions are         
rigor\sly obs]v$ bo? 9 t[n & c\ntry4    
,/ill1 z ! social movem5t has become m  
acc5tuat$1 m consci\s1 !y h s weak5$ t  
!y are m l a li/ ( fe/ival days 9 !     
cal5d> ?an any?+ else4 ,9 spite ( ca/es 
:i*1 by hold+ toge!r1 /ill ma9ta9$      
tradition1 ! evolution ( ! masses       
gradually br\ght ab\t1 ?r\gh =ce (      

circum/ances1 ! de/ruction ( su* z 0    
useless4 ,?is is good because1 ,i       
repeat1 tradition is ho/ile to progress 
9 t x makes error 9 ! guise ( cu/om     
pr$om9ate ov] sci5ce & altrui/ic duty4  
,! weak5+ ( pagan or religi\s traditions
 is v noticeable to-day4 ,= in/ance1 !  
obs]vance ( ! anniv]s>ies ( ! dead is   
fall+ into desuetude4 ,"o sc>cely sees1 
except 9 ! ,lat9 c\ntries :]e           
civilisation is backw>d1 ! relatives 9  
deep black com+ at a fix$ date to m\rn  
_! dead f midnight to midnight4 ,?is    
traditional cu/om1 besides1 has lo/ s   
mu* ( its anci5t solemnity t ! m\rn]s d 
n hesitate to dance & fea/ directly ! "t
 ( =c$ grief is ov]4 ,?is anomaly is    
frequ5t 9 ,spa9 n[adays4 ,z soon z !    
8accessories0 ( ! tradition disappe>1 ! 
tradition itself w vani% 9 its turn4  ,g
 ?r\gh ! villages & y w note !          
disappe>ance ( numb]s ( cu/oms to :i* ! 
inhabitants 7 slaves n long ago4 ,:]e1  
to-day1 are ! processions 9 ! op5       
fields1 ! patronal fe/ivals1 ! inquiries

 at f\nta9s1 all ! traces ( anci5t      
beliefs8 ,:]e1 z 9 ,rome 9 times pa/1 is
 ! la*rymatory1 9 :i*1 on days (        
fun]als1 ev]yone collect$ 8 te>s8  ,man1
 z he gr[s consci\s ( 8 =ces1 8 rights1 
?r[s (f a ?\s& obligations creat$ = !   
mo/ "p by fe>1 t slay] ( ! w4  ,s x is t
 lov]s ( tradition1 /ill /ruggl+ to     
ma9ta9 obscurantism among/ ! simple &   
poor1 & au?oritative cre$s among/ ! o!r 
classes1 are attempt+ a "w z difficult z
 x is inauspici\s4 ,_! task w soon be   
unavail+1 = ! masses are ! true         
support]s or de/roy]s ( tradition1 & !  
masses w no long] keep up wor?less      
traditions ! object ( :i* is to oppose  
_! enlight5m5t & _! int]e/s4            
,,criticism   ,criticism1 tak5 9 its    
g5]al s5se1 is ! free ex]cise ( judgm5t4
 ,:e!r x be a "q ( lit]>y1 arti/ic1 or  
intellectual analysis--t is to say1 !   
obs]vation ( ! beautiful--or (          
philosophy1 hi/ory1 or philology1       
exp]im5tal or exact sci5ces1 criticism  
is necess>y1 z x %[s ! value ( a        

conception & realisation4 ,n[ ?is       
criticism is a s\rce ( dread 9 _m       
circles1 fett]+ ! actions ( _m1 &       
p>alys+ _! wills4 ,z aga9/ ?is evil1 :i*
 is too frequ5t n[adays1 "s reaction is 
ne$$2 = x is n m unwise to seek         
criticism z a means ( adv]tisem5t ?an to
 make a bugbe> ( x or %un x = fe> (     
w\nd$ pride4  ,i say t ! expression ( an
 op9ion contr>y to our own %\ld n1      
logically speak+1 slack5 our ef=ts1     
suppress our incl9ations1 or lead u to  
hypocritical actions4  ,x helps u       
greatly aga9/ ! fe> ( o!rs' criticism to
 =ce ourselves to become our own        
critics--a v difficult matt]1 b exce$+ly
 pr(itable4  ,by ?is k9d ( ex]cise ( !  
consci5ce we arrive m easily at an      
und]/&+ ( ! criticism we receive f )\t1 
& le>n to despise ! envy & jeal\sy by   
:i* x may be actuat$4 ,s1 too1 we may   
b5efit by ! lessons d]iv$ f an hone/    
analysis ( our own qualities & defects4 
,criticism1 if s9c]e1 only expresses :at
 x p]ceives cle>ly4 ,= x1 p]sonal       

evid5ce becomes a gu>antee4  ,b1 x w be 
said1 criticism is (t5 ! expression (   
sev]ity4 ,w\ld y h x ! expression (     
culpable indulg5ce8 ,:5 sev]e1 x is an  
elem5t t5d+ t[>ds self-control2 too     
indulg5t1 x c only fo/] vanity4 ,!      
mission ( criticism is n to det]m9e our 
actions2 its duty is to judge !m to its 
own satisfaction4  ,= in/ance1 x is     
obvi\s t1 9 ! case ( writ]s1 pa9t]s1 &  
musicians1 ! critic has only to consid] 
! "q ( ta/e4 ,if he attempts to de/roy  
:at is e/imable1 he di%on\rs himself1 & 
s becomes useless2 if he accords praise1
 he c only express x accord+ to 8       
p]sonal judgm5t4  ,)9 ourselves1 !      
critic ( our reason$ or impulsive       
actions is a spectator look+ ?r\gh !    
w9d[s ( our s\l1 see+ our motives z x 7 
f betwe5 ! curta9s1 & = ?is reason      
unable to judge cle>ly4 ,?is critic1 z  
we "k by sad exp]i5ce1 is n wor? li/5+  
to4  ,we %all be safe1 h[ev]1 :5 we are 
consci\s ( ! f95ess ( our a*ievem5ts1 ! 
purity ( our int5tions1 ! dignity ( our 

actions1 or ! m]e joy ( our feel+s1 9   
p]mitt+ criticism to d its "w & pursu+  
our way4  ,?is does n imply t x always  
answ]s to treat judici\s criticism )    
contempt4  ,j z 9 politics1 opposition  
is necess>y = ! be/ public adm9i/ration 
( ! p>ty 9 p[]1 s 9 private life        
criticism is an elem5t 9 t emulation :i*
 aids u to atta9 ! end we h 9 view4     
,,! ,,dang] ,,( ,,excessive ,,analysis  
,if !re exi/ b few p :o h any ta/e =    
syn!sis1 !re are _m ^: passion =        
analysis is pu%$ to ! mo/ exagg]at$     
limits4  ,c]ta9ly1 a cont9ual exam9ation
 ( consci5ce is necess>y if we w\ld     
escape bo? useless scruples & irrational
 desires2 c]ta9ly1 x is good to look    
squ>ely 9 ! face ! ne> or remote        
consequ5ces ( our actions2 c]ta9ly1 too1
 we ought to inve/igate 9 all s9c]ity ! 
secret motives :i* cause our acts1 s t  
we may correct our errors1 ta/e !       
delight ( well-do+1 pr(it by ! lessons (
 ! pa/1 &1 9 %ort1 satisfy ! ne$s (     
e?ical culture4  ,by criticis+          

ourselves1 look+ inw>d1 tra9+ ourselves 
9 ab/ract ideas1 & submitt+ to ! laws ( 
m5tal atta9m5t1 we ga9 ! moral in/9ct   
:i* ev]yone %\ld possess4  ,if1 on ! o!r
 h&1 pu%$ by ! desire to be /rictly     
hone/1 we analyse our actions too       
m9utely1 we %all di/urb ! balance ( our 
judgm5t2 :ile1 if we ?us inve/igate !   
do+s ( o!rs1 we %all beg9 to depreciate 
great or noble actions until1 by our    
false int]pretation ( !m1 we lose ! p[] 
to p]ceive !m at all4  ,if1 tak+        
sep>ately ea* idea compris$ 9 an ab/ract
 g5]al notion1 ea* small fact compos+ "s
 important action1 we /udy su* p>ts     
analytically1 we falsify _! quality &   
quantity j z we falsify =ms obs]v$ ?r\gh
 a magnify+ glass4 ,trifl+ defects appe>
 enl>g$ & develop$1 & injure ! beauty ( 
! :ole--! h>mony ( a great idea1 or !   
c>ry+ out ( an ent]prise4 ,i d n d5y t1 
to become morally great1 we mu/ imag9e  
great ?+s2 ,i "k well t an action is    
only ( value 9 proportion to ! virtue ( 
! end 9 view2 ,i am n ignorant ( ! fact 

t x is useful to look inw>d2 b ,i d say 
t too sev]e analysis appli$ to all our  
actions1 or ^? ( o!rs1 z mu* 9 ! case ( 
trifles z 9 s]i\s matt]s1 makes "o unju/
 to 8 neighb\r & himself1 & always t5ds 
to impair ! work+s ( ! intellect4  ,by  
scrut9is+ all ! motives by :i* action   
has be5 det]m9$1 y rob t action ei!r (  
its beauty or its goodness1 & y w suff] 
d\bly--bo? ) reg>d to y\rself & o!rs4   
,= in/ance1 y say to y\rself3 8,0 ,i "r 
9 do+ su* a k9d action80 ,& if1 9 !     
process ( d$uction 7:e!r y consid] !    
s]vice useless because r5d]$ to "o n    
p]fectly wor?y ( x1 or d\bt be=eh& ( !  
gratitude due to y71 y come to regret ! 
altrui/ic impulse on :i* y act$1 y w at 
once de/roy all ! pleasure y felt1 & y w
 d wrong to ! p]son y h befri5d$ by a   
coldness ( feel+ he has n des]v$4       
,examples might be cit$ indef9itely4 ,by
 ?is excessive analysis y c trans=m an  
act ( self-sacrifice into an act ( n>r[ 
egotism1 an excuse into a meanness1 a   
c]ta9ty into an hypo!sis1 or a s9c]e    

affection into a selfi% pret5ce4 ,?is1 z
 reg>ds o!rs2 9 reg>d to oneself1 !     
result w be great hesitation1 confusion 
( ideas1 di/urbance ( ?\ght1 cont9ual   
uneas9ess & dissatisfaction4  ,i h only 
spok5 ( ! misuse ( analysis1 = its      
normal use 9 ! m5tal life is useful1    
especially :5 ! :ole ( ! facts ( ! case 
9 po9t are tak5 into consid]ation1 z !y 
%\ld nev] fail to be4  ,paulhan says3   
8,?\gh analysis is to "s ext5t necess>y 
to all m5tal action1 x assumes supreme  
importance 9 c]ta9 op]ations ( ! _s4 ,!y
 are ^? :i* we see gov]n analytical m9ds
 lack+ ! p[] ( syn!sis4 ,obs]vation1 !  
habit ( notic+ details1 re/s ma9ly on   
analysis1 & ! same is true ( ! faculty (
 compreh5d+ ! ?\ghts ( o!rs4 ,memory1   
too1 especially ! organis$ memory :i*   
implies ! discrim9ation betwe5          
impressions & ideas1 is also f\nd$ on   
analysis2 ! same ) criticism1 ! detail$ 
& reason$ appreciation ( a "w ( art1    
sci5ce1 or philosophy4 ,c]ta9 qualities 
( ! m9d & ev5 ! "*1 aga91 imply !       

faculty ( analysis 9 a high degree2 =   
in/ance1 f9esse1 delicacy1 ! _s (       
scepticism & ! love ( detail40  ,grant+ 
all ?is1 ,i say t excessive analysis is 
a dang]4 ,to be useful1 x mu/ h !       
qualities ( precision1 delicacy1 & dep?1
 & n ^? ( vagu5ess1 viol5ce1 &          
exagg]ation4     ,,! ,,law ,,(          
,,comp5sation   ,:5 ,azas1 at ! beg9n+ (
 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 publi%$ 8            
,comp5sations dans les ,de/9es ,huma9es1
 he /at$1 9 pr9ciple1 ?is proposition3  
8,! lot ( man1 consid]$ 9 its entirety1 
is ! "w ( ! :ole ( ,nature1 & all m5 are
 equal by _! lot40  ,la ,ro*ef\cauld1   
long be=e him1 said3 8,:atsoev] diff]5ce
 may appe> betwe5 =tunes1 !re is1       
nev]!less1 a c]ta9 balanc+ ( good & evil
 :i* makes !m equal40  ,"o sees t       
comp5sation is a pr9ciple ( optimism4   
,:atev] may be advanc$ by ! _m mak]s (  
sy/ems1 ?is law is manife/ among/ all   
peoples z 9 all individuals1 includ+ ^? 
:o1 :il/ ceaselessly regrett+ _!        
ill-=tune1 yet ta/e1 relatively1 a      

little ( ! sweetness ( comp5sation if   
only 9 _! own prud5ce & c\rage4  ,! law 
( comp5sation is c]ta9ly ! mo/ consol+ t
 we c desire1 & to x all human morality 
is alli$4  ,x is surpris+ to read ^!    
words f ! p5 ( ,droz3 8,! absurd sy/em (
 comp5sation1 w\ld h1 z its result1     
apa?y1 contempt = ! tr\bles ( o!rs1 & ! 
mo/ odi\s selfi%ness40 ,! conviction t  
sorr[ has joy on ! rev]se side1 t suff]+
 makes heal? priz$1 t regret is d\bl$ by
 memory1 is no h9drance1 t ,i am aw>e (1
 to %>+ 9 ! griefs & joys ( o!rs4       
,altruism1 besides1 :i* s _m tea*]s     
practise s ill1 is no?+ b ! p]fection ( 
egoism1 p>adoxical ?\gh ?is may seem to 
"s4  ,nietzs*e says3 8,an altrui/ic     
morality1 a morality 9 :i* selfi%ness   
dies1 is 9 e case a bad sign4 ,x is s 9 
! case bo? ( individuals & peoples4 ,we 
lose ! be/ ( our in/9cts :5 we beg9 to  
fail 9 egoism4 ,! in/9ctive selection ( 
t :i* is detrim5tal to u1 ! all[+       
ourselves to be delud$ by #8dis9t]e/$'  
motives1 is almo/ ! doctr9e ( decad5ce40

  ,)\t go+ s f> z ?is ma/] ( aphorisms1 
,i say t egoism _c be oppos$ to         
altruism1 & t ! law ( comp5sation does n
 create repreh5sible egoism--t :i*      
consi/s 9 ?9k+ ( oneself only4  ,egoism 
is useful2 x is legitimate :5 x is an   
action only conc]n+ ourselves & n       
prejudicial to o!rs4 ,( ?is v egoism    
comes ! moral philosophy ( comp5sation1 
= ! que/ ( happ9ess is fundam5tally !   
utmo/ possible mitigation ( evil4 ,let u
 he> ,em]son3 8,! same dualism und]lies 
! nature & condition ( man4 ,e excess   
causes a defect2 e defect an excess4 ,e 
sweet ha? its s\r2 e evil its good4 ,e  
faculty :i* is a receiv] ( pleasure has 
an equal p5alty put on its abuse4 ,x is 
to answ] = its mod]ation ) its life4 ,= 
e gra9 ( wit !re is a gra9 ( folly4 ,=  
ev]y?+ y h miss$ y h ga9$ some?+ else2 &
 = ev]y?+ y ga9 y lose some?+40  ,x is q
 c]ta9 t ! ambiti\s man :o has ga9$ p[] 
& :o rules a nation has great]          
responsibilities ?an ! humble artisan4  
,if he break 8 promises1 if 8 ideas be n

 realis$1 he falls1 betray$1 despis$1   
ab&on$1 :ile ! work] goes on ) 8 task ) 
! satisfaction ( duty done4 ,9 :at      
conc]ns ! real bless+s ( man all are    
alike1 tak+ into consid]ation class &   
accompany+ circum/ances4 ,weal? _c      
prev5t dea? f ent]+ ! dwell+2 pov]ty    
kn[s ! joys ( ! deepe/ affection4 ,:5 a 
great tyrant arises1 ! /r5g? ( ! p to   
resi/ increases t5fold2 puni%m5t lies   
close to rew>d4 ,all conditions are 9 ! 
human s\l4 ,to come "u ! law (          
comp5sation is n to be able to escape   
"o's de/9y4 ,! acceptance ( evil is !   
assurance ( bett] ?+s ?r\gh moral ef=t4 
,! s5suali/ suff]s ?r\gh 8 s5sations1 ! 
sage rejoices 9 8 wisdom4 ,& ev]y:]e is 
! s\l untir+ 9 ! que/ ( :at is good1 "r1
 & j4 ,x mu/ h life1 ?\gh x f9d life    
amid ! wor/ mis]y & ! l[e/ ( decay4  ,= 
?is reason ! doctr9e ( ,nemesis is      
et]nal4 ,e action entails reaction1 e   
sorr[ & e joy has its degree 9 ! social 
scale4 ,! man born ri* w suff] m ?r\gh !
 mis]y creat$ by ru9 ?an ! poor man ^:  

pockets are always empty4 ,"o has no?+  
to envy ! o!r4  8,no man _h ev] a po9t (
 pride t 0 n injuri\s to him10 says     
,burke4 ,fe> is ! puni%m5t ( ! unju/4 ,!
 law ( comp5sation is n t ( indiff]5ce1 
=1 )\t ! moral s5se no excuse is f\nd = 
error1 & !re is no satisfaction = a     
fault gr[n to a habit4  ,! belief t a   
grief w be comp5sat$ = by a joy w br+ no
 com=t to ! _s1 unless ! s\l ass]t      
itself4  ,we mu/ 9 e circum/ance ass]t  
our 8,i10 keep our consci5ce on ! al]t1 
& look to ! nature ( our own s\l to f9d 
comp5sation = inequality ( condition4   
,let ! ri* man receive ! ri*2 if ,i am  
poor1 ,i w take ! poor to my he>t4  ,!  
love ( ^? above me 9 =tune & p[] _c     
prev5t my love f be+ :at x is2 my little
 sorr[s & joys w be nei!r heavi] nor    
less sweet ?an ! griefs ( ! ri* & _!    
triumphs4  ,reg>d$ s1 ! law (           
comp5sation is ! f9e/ elem5t 9 ! =mation
 ( "*4     ,,! ,,au?or ,,& ,,h] ,,book  
,! =ego+ pages mu/ inevitably ar\se 9 ! 
read]'s m9d a curiosity to "k m ( !     

au?or4 ,x is r>ely t a pr9cess ( ,royal 
blood sets d[n 9 writ+1 & publi%es = all
 ! _w to read1 h] p]sonal views ( !     
e/abli%$ in/itutions ( civilisation & ! 
inh]5t virtues & vices ( mank9d1 & :5 ^?
 views prove to be ! v anti!sis ( :at   
might be expect$ f "o born & br$ 9 !    
re/rict$ atmosph]e ( a ,european ,c\rt1 
curiosity is /ill fur!r :ett$4 ,! broad 
socialism--us+ ! ^w 9 its wide/         
s5se--:i* *>act]ises ! ,infanta         
,eulalia's views ( life w\ld h be5 a    
surpris+ product ( any ,royal ,h\se2    
emanat+ z x does f ! ,royal ,h\se (     
,spa9 x is no less ?an amaz+1 z ,k+     
,alfonso's action 9 reg>d to ?is book   
7:i* we deal ) lat]7 fur!r %[s4  ,a k ( 
! ,infanta's life w enable ! disc]n+    
read] to detect ! influ5ces :i* h laid  
op5 h] m9d to lib]al & democratic ideas1
 fo/]$ h] rem>kable indep5d5ce ( ?\ght1 
& giv5 h] ! moral c\rage to express h]  
well consid]$ op9ions4 ,%e 0 little m   
?an a baby :5 ! revolution :i* de?ron$  
h] "m1 ,isabella ,,ii41 s5t !m bo? 9    

exile to ,france4 ,x 0 9 ,septemb]1     
#ahfh1 t ,que5 ,isabella1 :o _h be5 liv+
 9 a fool's p>adise at ,lequetio1 on !  
,biscay coa/1 enjoy+ sea-ba?+1 at la/   
realis$ t ,spa9 w\ld no long] tol]ate h]
 rule1 = ,admiral ,topete1 9 comm& ( !  
squadron 9 ,cadiz ,bay1 hoi/$ ! flag (  
revolt4 ,all ,spa9 0 wait+ = ?is sp>k1  
:i* k9dl$ a fire n easily to be         
ext+ui%$4 ,! ,battle ( ,alceola foll[$1 
:5 ,s]rano1 repres5t+ ! ,revolution1    
defeat$ ,pavia1 :o def5d$ ! tott]+      
regime1 & ! road to ,madrid 0 op54      
,isabella he>d ( ,alceola five days aft]
 ! fight1 i4e4 on ! #bi? ,septemb]1     
#ahfh4 ,soon aft]1 ! news rea*$ h] ( !  
unanim\s ris+ ( ,madrid1 ! deposition ( 
! ,b\rbon dyna/y1 & ! =mation ( a       
provisional ,gov]nm5t4 ,%e realis$ !n t 
!re 0 no?+ left = h] to d b to cross !  
fronti] into ,france4 ,! abdication ( h]
 ?rone 9 fav\r ( h] son ,alfonso took   
place "s ye>s lat]4 ,9 ,france %e fir/  
resid$ at ! ,ca/le ( ,pau1 !n 9 ,p>is1 9
 ! ,pavillon de ,rohan1 an annexe ( !   

,tuil]ies front+ on ! ,rue de ,rivoli4  
,dur+ ! w9t] ( #ahfh-ahfi %e b\ght a    
h\se 9 ! ,av5ue du ,roi de ,rome 7n[ !  
,av5ue ,klb]71 nam$ x ! ,palace (       
,ca/ile1 & dwelt !re till h] dea?4  ,at 
t "t1 ! au?oress ( 8,! ,?read ( ,life10 
! ,infanta ,m>ie-,eulalie-,franoise     
d',assise-,m>gu]ite-,rob]te-,isabelle-,f
ranoise de ,paule-,*ri/9e-,m>ie de la   
,pi$ad1 to m5tion a few ( ! _m names    
be/[$ on h]1 0 ?ree & a half ye>s old1  
hav+ be5 born 9 ,madrid on ! #ab? (     
,febru>y1 #ahfd4 ,two & a half ye>s     
lat]1 ! little girl's education 0       
entru/$ to ! ,ladies ( ! ,sacr$ ,he>t1  
^: fam$ in/itution 9 ,p>is /ood 9 ! ,rue
 de ,v>5ne4 ,!re %e rema9$ until %e 0   
?irte5 & a half4 ,dur+ h] /ay at !      
,conv5t ( ! ,sacr$ ,he>t1 no di/9ction 0
 made betwe5 h] & ! o!r pupils1 ! nuns  
gov]n+ ! in/itution be+ no flatt]]s (   
,royalty1 accu/om$ z !y _h be51 = ye>s  
to educate ! daught]s ( ! highe/        
families4 ,to !m1 ! ,infanta ,eulalia 0 
an ord9>y bo>d]4  ,:ile %e 0 /ill at    

s*ool1 h] bro!r1 ,alfonso ,,xii41 begg$ 
8 "m1 ! ex-,que51 to let ,eulalia return
 to ,spa91 = ! "y girl 0 8 fav\rite     
si/]4 ,s to ,spa9 ! little pr9cess w5t1 
& al?\gh1 to "o ( h] nature & upbr++1   
,c\rt life mu/ h be5 /iff & unpleasant1 
%e rema9$ 9 ,spa9 until aft] h] bro!r's 
dea? 9 #ahhe4  ,h] homes 9 ,spa9 7 !    
,escorial & ,la ,granja1 & %e liv$ !    
usual life ( a ,spani% pr9cess4 ,( t    
life no?+ ne$ be record$ "h4 ,! hi/ory (
 ! ,infanta ,eulalia may be said to     
beg91 = ! read]s ( h] book1 ) h] m>riage
 on ,m>* #f?1 #ahhf1 to ,pr9ce          
,anto9e-,l\is-,philippe-,m>ie1 ,infante 
( ,spa91 ,duc de ,galli]a4 ,aft] h]     
m>riage1 ! ,infanta ,eulalia aga9 took  
up h] resid5ce 9 ,p>is4 ,%e has s9ce    
sp5t mo/ ( h] life 9 ,france & 9 ,engl&4
 ,9 ! latt] c\ntry %e frequ5tly visit$  
h] si/]-9-law1 ! ,comtesse de ,p>is1 &  
_m ,engli% fri5ds dur+ ! ,london season1
 be+ on "o occasion ! gue/ ( ,"l & ,lady
 ,clif=d ( ,*udleigh at ,ugbrooke4  ,!  
ye> #ahic is a memorable "o 9 ! life ( !

 ,infanta ,eulalia1 = x 0 !n t %e       
visit$1 9 company ) h] husb&1 ,cuba & ! 
,unit$ ,/ales4 ,9 ,cuba1 "o ( ! remnants
 ( ! old ,spani% ,empire--& t1 too1 soon
 to be torn away--!y 7 receiv$ &        
ent]ta9$ ) mu* pomp & c]emony1 9        
accordance ) ! requirem5ts ( ,spani%    
etiquette4 ,9 ,am]ica1 mo/ democratic ( 
c\ntries1 !y m+l$ freely ) ! p1 & !     
contact d\btless /irr$ 9 ! ,infanta's   
m9d ^? lib]al ideas conc]n+ m5 & ?+s :i*
 h br\ght h] into su* wor?y prom95ce4   
,:ile 9 ,cuba ! royal visitors 7        
ent]ta9$ ) a bull-fight1 six bulls hav+ 
be5 import$ = ! occasion f ,spa91 & a   
g>d5 p>ty 0 giv5 9 _! hon\r by          
,capta9-,g5]al ,rodriguez ,arrico at 8  
summ] resid5ce1 ,los ,mol9os1 ! p>ty be+
 att5d$ by all ! *ief (ficials & ! lite 
( ,havana society4 ,! ,royal gue/s also 
visit$ ! ,asylum ,b5efic5cia            
,domicilirria1 7 pres5t at a p]=mance at
 ! ,albizu ,!atre1 att5d$ a great       
milit>y review1 & a ball at ! ,cas9o    
,espaol4 ,on ,may #ae? !y sail$ = ,new  

,york on ! ,re9a ,m>ia ,cri/9a1 hav+ be5
 s]5ad$ ! night be=e by ! firem5 &      
volunte]s ( ,havana4  ,previ\s to !     
dep>ture ( ! ,infante & ,infanta f      
,cuba1 ! p ( ,wa%+ton1 ,new ,york1 &    
,*icago1 :o _h be5 prep>+ = ! visit1 7  
?r[n into a /ate ( anxiety by a rum\r t 
! ,infanta might n1 aft] all1 visit !   
,unit$ ,/ates ow+ to ill-heal?4         
,repres5tatives ( ! newspap]s1 :o call$ 
^u ! ,spani% ,m9i/]1 ,seor ,murugua1 7  
told t ! ,royal lady dread$ ! burd5 ( ! 
social functions arrang$ = h] ent]ta9m5t
 9 ! cities %e 0 expect$ to visit2 %e _h
 read ( ! 8lionis+0 ( ! ,duke ( ,v]agua1
 ! l9eal desc5dant ( ,*ri/oph]          
,columbus1 & a not$ bre$] ( bulls = !   
ar5a1 :o _h prec$$ h]1 & %e %rank f !   
fatigue t w\ld accompany ! r\nd (       
pleasure prep>$ = "o ( h] rank4 ,!      
,spani% ,c\rt consid]$ t1 z ! ,infanta  
_h be5 invit$ by ,act ( ,congress to be 
! gue/ ( ! nation1 z repres5tative ( !  
,que5-,reg5t ( ,spa91 %e ought to be    
receiv$ ) ! hon\rs due to h] exalt$     

position4 ,b1 :5 x 0 le>n$ t ! ,presid5t
 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates refus$ to return h]  
propos$ call1 great 0 ,spani%           
indignation1 & x 0 at "o "t fe>$ t %e   
w\ld return direct to ,spa9 f ,havana4  
,h[ev]1 ! p]son mo/ conc]n$ disreg>d$ ! 
diplomatic hubbub & left = ! ,/ates1 z  
already /at$4  ,! ,re9a ,m>ia ,cri/9a   
arriv$ 9 ,new ,york late 9 ! night ( !  
#ah? ( ,may4  ,9 ! morn+1 ! ,u4,s4      
dispat*-boat ,dolph91 be>+ !            
repres5tative ( ! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$  
,/ates1 0 se5 to be ly+ at an*or j      
outside ,s&y ,hook1 on ! ,new ,j]sey    
coa/4 ,x w\ld seem t ! ,dolph9 expect$ !
 ,re9a ,m>ia ,cri/9a to move into ! bay1
 :ile ! latt] await$ ! =m] outside ! b>4
 ,etiquette _h aga9 crept 94 ,f9ally1 an
 und]/&+ 0 rea*$ ?r\gh ! m$iation ( !   
,spani% consul1 = x 0 expla9$ t x 0     
impossible = ! ,infanta to ent] a =eign 
port 9 any %ip b a ,spani% man-(-w>1    
:]eupon ! ,dolph9 salut$ ! ,infanta )   
tw5ty-"o guns1 & !n foll[$ 9 ! wake ( ! 
cutt] s5t = h] by ! ,spani% frigate     

,isabel1 on bo>d ( :i* %e 0 receiv$ )   
,royal hon\rs4 ,:ile on ! cruis]1 a     
delegation f ! ,spani% colony 9 ,new    
,york came to welcome h]1 & to pay h]   
its respects4 ,! c]emony 0 ( ! briefe/ &
 mo/ =mal k9d1 ! visitors be+ introduc$ 
by h] *amb]la91 ! ,duc de ,tamames4     
,%ortly aft]w>ds1 %e l&$ at ,j]sey      
,city1 & entra9$ !nce = ,wa%+ton4  ,!   
,infanta arriv$ at ! capital at eight   
o'clock ! same ev5+1 be+ met at ! /ation
 by ,secret>y ,gre%am1 repres5t+ !      
,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & by       
,assi/ant ,secret>ies ,qu9cy & ,adee1   
:o1 aft] welcom+ ! nation's gue/1       
convey$ h] 9 ! ,presid5t's /ate c>riage 
to ! ,arl+ton ,hotel4 ,next day1 %e     
call$ on ! ,presid5t at ! ,:ite ,h\se1 &
 two h\rs lat] h] call 0 return$ by     
,mrs4 ,clevel& & ! wives ( ! memb]s ( ! 
,cab9et4  ,dur+ h] brief & enjoyable /ay
 9 ,wa%+ton1 ! ,infanta devot$ mo/ ( h] 
"t to sight-see+1 & visit$ ! home (     
,george ,wa%+ton at ,m\nt ,v]non1 on !  
opposite side ( ! ,potomac4 ,! ,presid5t

 & ,mrs4 ,clevel& gave a d9n] 9 hon\r ( 
,h] ,royal ,highness1 & ,sir ,julian    
,pauncefote's ball at ! ,briti% ,embassy
 to celebrate ,que5 ,victoria's bir?day 
0 hon\r$ by ! ,infanta's pres5ce4 ,dur+ 
h] soj\rn 9 ! capital1 %e att5d$ ,/4    
,mat!w's ,*ur*4 ,%e naturally 0 besieg$ 
by call]s f ! ,embassies & ,legations1 z
 well z by p prom95t 9 social circles ( 
! capital4  ,on ,may #be? %e left       
,wa%+ton en r\te = ,new ,york1 & at     
,j]sey ,city 0 greet$ by committees ( ! 
citiz5s ( ,new ,york & ( ! ,spani%      
resid5ts1 ! pr9cipal (fic]s ( ! ,spani% 
w>%ips 9 port1 & ! ,spani% consul4 ,on  
rea*+ ,new ,york %e 0 welcom$ by !      
,mayor 7! ,hon4 ,?omas ,f4 ,gilroy71 &  
aft]w>ds escort$ to ! ,savoy ,hotel4 ,9 
reply to ! address deliv]$ by ,mayor    
,gilroy ! ,infanta said3  8,i am        
delight$ ) ! graci\sness ( ! pleasant   
reception y h t5d]$ me4 ,9 fact1 my     
welcome has be5 s he>ty & spontane\s t  
,i am confus$1 & h>dly "k :at to say40  
,h] r\nd ( pleasure 0 to beg9 on ! v    

ev5+ ( h] arrival4 ,:ile d9+1 %e 0      
greet$ ) ! /ra9s ( ,spa9's 8,royal ,m>*0
 f a b& /ation$ on ! ,piazza1 :ile a    
gr\p ( ,new ,york ,spani>ds *e]$        
vocif]\sly1 & clam\r$ = h] appe>ance4   
,%e graci\sly %[$ h]self on ! balcony4  
,:51 j z %e 0 return+ to ! d9+-room1 %e 
0 ask$ at :at h\r %e desir$ to g to !   
!atre1 h] answ]1 z record$ by an        
,am]ican j\rnali/1 03  8,f n9e to t51 to
 %[ myself to ! p :o h be5 s k9d to me2 
b ,i %\ld s l to be back at t5 o'clock1 
= ,i am v tir$1 & ,i w\ld l to come home
 & g to sleep40  ,on ! foll[+ day %e 0  
ent]ta9$ at a ball giv5 9 h] hon\r 9 !  
,conc]t ,hall ( ,madison ,squ>e ,g>d54  
,x 0 !re t %e made an impression t s]v$ 
h] well ?r\gh\t h] /ay 9 ! ,unit$       
,/ates1 h] tact & simplicity ( mann]    
plac+ ev]yone at ease4 ,!re _h be5 bitt]
 he>t-burn+s z to :o w\ld be spok5 to by
 ! ,infanta1 & mu* intrigu+ _h tak5     
place1 9 ord] to secure an entre to !   
*>m$ ,royal circle4 ,^! jeal\sies 7     
dispell$ by ! ,infanta h]self1 :o *att$ 

affably ) all1 mak+ no invidi\s         
di/9ctions4  8,we felt we 7 all         
ho/esses10 0 ! comm5t ( a prom95t ,new  
,york lady4  ,! ,infanta _h a busy "t 9 
,new ,york4 ,%e cruis$ up ! ,hudson z f>
 z ,yonk]s1 0 tak5 ov] ,gov]nor's ,isl& 
9 ,new ,york ,h>b\r1 & ! ,u4,s4 ,milit>y
 ,academy at ,we/ ,po9t1 att5d$ ! review
 on ,decoration ,day1 & laid a wrea? on 
,g5]al ,grant's s>cophagus at ,riv]side4
 ,a little incid5t1 :i* reveals !       
sympa!tic1 w>m-he>t$ impulsiv5ess ( !   
,infanta1 occurr$ :5 %e visit$ ! ,normal
 ,s*ool1 :]e %e 0 gracefully welcom$ by 
#a1ijj girls4 ,9 a *>act]i/ic outbur/ ( 
womanly feel+1 %e exclaim$3  8,i c only 
say t ,i wi% ,i 7 sitt+ on ! b5*es ) y1 
girls40  ,on ,june #e? %e left =        
,*icago1 & ,*icago 0 det]m9$ n to be    
beh9d ,new ,york & ,wa%+ton 9 !         
en?usiasm ( its reception4 ,x _h be5    
ann\nc$ t only ! 8be/ society0 w\ld be  
invit$ to meet ! ,infanta1 & mu* bad    
feel+ 0 creat$ :5 a memb] ( ?is select  
cot]ie1 on be+ ask$ by a local j\rnali/ 

:e!r ! ,city ,fa!rs w\ld be invit$1     
ungu>d$ly repli$3  8,! ,city ,c\ncil    
c\ld h>dly claim to repres5t our be/    
society40  ,9 ! end1 h[ev]1 ev]ybody :o 
0 or :o pret5d$ to be entitl$ to hobnob 
) ,royalty 0 invit$4  ,at ! ,union      
,depot %e 0 met by ,mayor ,c>t]         
,h>rison--s soon to be f\lly murd]$4 ,%e
 spe$ily became z popul> 9 ,*icago z 9  
,new ,york & ,wa%+ton1 & :5 %e visit$ ! 
,exhibition %e 0 at once nam$ 8,que5 ( !
 ,fair40 ,h] desire = privacy 0         
c\rte\sly respect$1 & on sev]al         
occasions %e 0 p]mitt$ to leave ! hotel 
& to g out = a walk unnotic$4 ,! ,duke (
 ,v]agua1 :o 0 ab\t to leave ,*icago1   
call$ on h]1 & a reception 0 giv5 9 h]  
hon\r at ! ,mayor's private resid5ce1 b 
on ! :ole %e 0 left to h]self mu* m ?an 
%e _h be5 9 ,new ,york4 ,) visits to !  
,niag>a ,falls1 ,bo/on1 & "s ( !        
wat]+-places on ! ,atlantic seabo>d1 ?is
 pr9cess ( old ,spa9 conclud$ h] /ay 9 !
 we/]n republic4 ,%e left ,new ,york on 
bo>d ! ,t\ra9e = ,havre1 en r\te =      

,madrid1 c>ry+ ) h] all ! v>i$          
impressions :i* ! mod]n in/itutions &   
indu/rial & social =w>dness ( ! ,unit$  
,/ates _h made ^u h] receptive m9d4 ,!  
foll[+ lett] to ,seor ,arturo ,cuyas1 ( 
! ,circulo ,colon-,c]vantes1 ,new ,york1
 writt5 9 ,engli% ! day be=e h]         
dep>ture1 is evid5ce ( ! feel+s ! c\ntry
 ar\s$ 9 h]3--                          
,,new ,,york1 #bc ,,june1 #ahic4        
,,de> ,,mr4 ,,cuyas1       ,y\r inquiry 
ab\t ! impressions ! ,unit$ ,/ates h    
produc$      on my m9d h met my         
expectations 7sic74 ,!y are mo/         
fav\rable &1 judg+ f ! pres5t1 w be     
la/+1 z s      _m pleasant remembrances 
w be atta*$ to !m4       ,x w\ld require
 m ?an ,longfell['s ?or\gh k (          
,engli%1 ,depew's imag9ation1 & ,m>y    
,&]son's s5tim5tality to      express   
all ! feel+s :i* ,i ent]ta9 = ?is       
c\ntry4       ,! (ficial _w1 ! ,press1 !
 p & society at l>ge h      be5 mo/ k9d 
to me4       ,let me close ) a ,fr5*    
say+1 8,la di/ance n'e/ pas l'oubli40   

,au revoir6                             
,,infanta ,,eulalia    ,! dome/ic       
affairs ( ! ,infanta & h] husb& ab\t    
twelve ye>s ago receiv$ t undesirable   
publicity :i* ! 8fi]ce light :i* beats  
^u a ?rone0 gives ev5 to ^? :o are only 
relat$ to its occupant4 ,! result 0 a   
rum\r t ! ,royal c\ple 7 divorc$4 ,?is 0
 :olly untrue4 ,! fact 0 t1 by mutual   
cons5t & )\t any int]v5tion on ! "p ( ! 
,c\rts ( ,ju/ice1 a sep>ation 0 arrang$4
 ,by ?is arrangem5t1 ! ,infanta cont9ues
 n only to receive ! #f1jjj annually    
vot$ by ! ,cortes1 b also ! all[ances "u
 h] m>riage settlem5t4 ,h] t[n resid5ce 
is 9 ,madrid1 & %e has a cottage at     
,navas de ,p9>es1 9 ! ,prov9ce ( ,avila1
 high up 9 ! ,si]ra de ,malagon1 a      
cont9uation ( ! ,si]ra de ,guad>rama4 ,!
 "n ,comtesse d',avila1 "u :i* ! ,fr5*  
edition ( ?is book 0 publi%$1 is tak5 f 
! prov9ce 9 :i* h] c\ntry resid5ce is   
situat$4  ,! ,infanta has two sons1 bo? 
( :om 7 educat$1 fir/ at ,beaumont      
,college1 ! ,jesuit in/itution ne>      

,w9dsor kn[n z ! 8,ca?olic ,eton10 &    
lat] at ! ,spani% ,milit>y ,academy at  
,tol$o4 ,! elde/ is ,pr9ce              
,alphonse-,m>ie-,franois ,diego1 born 9 
,madrid 9 #ahhf4 ,he holds a commission 
9 ! infantry regim5t ( ,san ,f]n&o4     
,?ree ye>s ago he m>ri$ ,pr9cess        
,beatrice ( ,saxe-,coburg & ,go?a1      
daught] ( !  ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,infanta
 ,,eulalia ,,at ,,"w ,,on 8,,! ,,?read  
,,( ,,life0  late ,duke1 bett] kn[n 9   
?is c\ntry z ! ,duke ( ,ed9burgh4 ,!    
,pr9ce ,alfonso s]v$ 9 ! rec5t ,melilla 
campaign1 & z late z ,decemb] ( #aiaa 0 
receiv$ by ,k+ ,alfonso1 :o conv]s$ )   
him ab\t ! situation 9 t ,spani% colony 
on ! ,moroccan coa/4 ,ab\t ! same "t !  
,k+ also receiv$ ! ,infanta's second    
son1 ,infante                           
,l\is-,f]d9&-,m>ie-,zac>ias1 :o 0 born  
at ,madrid 9 #ahhh4  ,x w be notic$ t ! 
eld] bro!r does n be> ! title ( ,infante
 ( ,spa94 ,he 0 depriv$ ( x on 8 m>riage
 to a ,prote/ant pr9cess4 ,x has be5    
report$--x _c be said ) :at am\nt (     

tru?--t 8 "m decl>$ t 8h] cup (         
bitt]ness 0 full0 aft] ! treatm5t met$  
out to h] son aft] s]v+ 9 ! ,moroccan   
campaign1 = %e ass]t$ t a promise _h be5
 made t 8 title %\ld be re/or$ to him if
 he s]v$ effici5tly 9 ,morocco4  ,!     
*equ]$ c>e] ( ! ,infanta f h] e>lie/    
*ildhood--a c>e] almo/ )\t prec$5t 9 !  
annals ( ,royal h\ses--has giv5 h] !    
wide purviews1 ! all-embrac+1 g5]\s     
sympa?y ) human joys1 woes & /riv+s1 :i*
 c be ! attributes only ( "o :o1 by     
nature broad-m9d$1 has _h ! opportunity 
& ! disc]nm5t to =m h] own op9ions on ! 
great problems ( life4 ,! ,royal infant1
 hurri$ f a c\ntry 9 revolution2 !      
little ,p>is s*oolgirl 9 ! c>e ( ! nuns 
( ! ,conv5t ( ! ,sacr$ ,he>t2 ! "y      
pr9cess receiv+ h] rightful homage at h]
 bro!r's ,c\rt2 h] visit to ! ,unit$    
,/ates1 ) all t x taught h]2 ! failure (
 h] m>ri$ life2 h] unassum+ lat] ye>s 9 
,france1 & h] frequ5t visits to h]      
,engli% fri5ds--all ^! v>i$ exp]i5ces   
contribut$ to ! mak+ ( a "* "s int]e/+  

details ( :i* 7 giv5 by a ,p>is         
correspond5t to ! ,daily ,telegraph on !
 occasion ( ! ,k+ ( ,spa9's s5sational  
action reg>d+ 8,! ,?read ( ,life40 ,he  
wrote z foll[s3--  8,! ,infanta         
,eulalia1 ( :om ,i h (t5 he>d a good    
deal ?r\gh ! ,cuban & ,spani% colonies  
"h1 is h]self "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable      
examples ( ! simple life4 ,& _m unju/ & 
untrue ?+s h be5 said ( h] on t v       
acc\nt4 ,! pr9cess1 on ! contr>y1 :ile  
be+ mo/ simple & unaffect$ 9 h] ways1 is
 a g5]\s1 highly intellectual & resolute
 p]sonality4 ,%e read to me ! *apt] on !
 cultivation ( ! w & "o's own p]sonal   
individuality1 & int]rupt$ to tell me3  
8#8,i %all conqu]4 ,i believe t ! mo/   
necess>y ?+ 9 life is to h a p]sonal1   
prop]ly develop$ w ( "o's own4 ,i h     
always be5 resolute myself4 ,i h all my 
life done my own w :5 ,i ?\ght x 0      
prop]4 ,i reflect$ well be=eh&1 & !n no 
"o c\ld /op me2 & ,i always conqu]$1 &  
,i %all conqu] aga94'  8,?is la/ 0 said 
) a c]ta9 am\nt ( defiance4 #8,anyway1' 

%e said1 #8,i am q prep>$ = any?+ !y may
 n[ d4 ,i "k t !re has always be5 an    
antipa?y betwe5 me & ! ,c\rt life4 ,i   
hate ,c\rt life1 anyway1 because x is s 
absurd 9 _m ( its /iff =malities4 ,x    
puts a b>ri] betwe5 y & p]sons ( !      
intellectual _w4  8#8,y may mix ) only a
 c]ta9 set ( p1 :o may be ! mo/ oppos$  
to y1 :om y feel to be un9tellectual1 & 
:o are incapable ( attract+ y\r sympa?y4
 ,i hate ! b>ri] t w\ld prev5t y f free 
association ) m5 ( m]it & ( und]/&+ j   
because !y are n 9 ,c\rt circles4 ,at   
,c\rt !y h also kn[n = long t ,i did n  
c>e = !m4 ,i love my own simple life4   
,no?+ gives me great] pleasure ?an my   
little home "h 9 ! ,b\lev>d ,lannes1    
fac+ ! beautiful ,bois de ,b\logne4 ,:5 
,i feel l x1 ,i take a ride on my       
bicycle 9 ! alles ( ! ,bois4 ,i         
frequ5tly take a ride r\nd ! lakes all  
by myself1 & come back ) a heal?y feel+ 
( pleasure aft] my ex]cise4 ,i l simple 
meals & no great fuss ab\t my table4 ,i 
l to conv]se ) p]sons ( intellect or    

arti/ic ta/e4 ,i love my *ildr5 & my    
gr&*ildr54'0  ,probably no "o 0 m       
surpris$ ?an ! ,infanta h]self t h]     
book--:i* %e describ$ to ! above-m5tion$
 int]view] z repres5t+ 8m]ely my own    
exp]i5ce 9 life0--%\ld s di/urb ! ,c\rt 
( ,madrid4 ,on ! #bnd ,decemb]1 #aiaa1  
%e receiv$ 9 ,p>is a telegram f h]      
nephew1 ,k+ ,alfonso1 c\*$ 9 ! foll[+   
t]ms3       8,i am a/oni%$ to le>n f !  
newspap]s t y are      publi%+ a book z 
! ,c\ntess ( ,avila1 & f o!r            
in=mation ,i suppose ?is w cause a great
 s5sation4 ,i ord]      y to susp5d     
publication till ,i h se5 ! book & till 
y      h receiv$ my p]mission to publi% 
x40  ,! foll[+ telegram 9 reply 0 s5t by
 ! ,infanta3       8,i am mu* surpris$ t
 ! book %\ld be judg$ be=e !            
cont5ts are kn[n4 ,t is a ?+ :i* only   
happ5s 9 ,spa94      ,hav+ nev] lik$    
,c\rt life1 f :i* ,i h always kept alo(1
      ,i take ?is opportunity to say    
good-bye to x1 = aft] ?is      proce$+1 
wor?y ( ! ,inquisition1 ,i consid]      

myself free to      act 9 my private    
life z ,i ?9k prop]40  ,! text ( ^!     
telegrams 0 communicat$ by ! pr9cess to 
! ,p>is ,temps1 &1 judg+ f :at %e said  
at an int]view :i* %e grant$ to a       
repres5tative ( t j\rnal1 !re c be no   
d\bt t ! bitt]ness creat$ by ! unju/    
treatm5t :i* %e decl>$ h] soldi] son _h 
be5 subject$ to 0 l>gely responsible = !
 def9ite r5unciation ( ! ,c\rt ( ,madrid
 to :i* ! telegram gives expression4  ,!
 rupture ?us creat$ betwe5 ! ,k+ & !    
,infanta 0 (ficially admitt$ on ! #e? ( 
,decemb] 9 ! ,c\ncil ( ,m9i/]s at       
,madrid4 ,?r\gh\t e>ly ,decemb] x =m$ ! 
p>am\nt topic ( conv]sation 9 ! ,spani% 
capital4 ,! p]emptory tone ( !          
,infanta's reply to ! ,k+'s telegram    
evok$ v>i$ op9ions4 ,x 0 felt by "s t h]
 attitude _h be5 unnecess>ily defiant1 b
 o!rs reg>d$ x z ju/ifiable res5tm5t (  
an act ( unw>rant$ int]f]5ce4 ,! ,spani%
 newspap]s 7 also divid$ 9 op9ion1 b1   
judg+ by ! numb] ( telegrams & lett]s ( 
approval & congratulation :i* arriv$ at 

! ,infanta's ,p>is resid5ce1 !re mu/ h  
be5 a v l>ge body ( p 9 h] native c\ntry
 :o 7 ar\s$ to en?usiasm by h] action4  
,on ! #e? ,decemb] ! ,infanta telegraph$
 z foll[s to ,seor ,canalejas1 ! ,spani%
 ,premi]3--       8,i am await+         
puni%m5t1 & ,i beg y to let me "k :at x 
is      z soon z possible1 s9ce ,i am   
ab\t to />t on a j\rney40  ,to ?is      
telegram ,seor ,canalejas s5t ! foll[+  
reply3--       8,i h ! hon\r to         
ackn[l$ge y\r telegram1 & ,i am to in=m 
y t ! ,cab9et has s f> conf9$ itself to 
regrett+ !      attitude :i* y h adopt$1
 z x reg>ds ! repres5tations      ( !   
head ( ! ,spani% ,royal ,family z       
absolutely      w>rant$4--,,canalejas40 
,at t "t ! ,gov]nm5t 7 engag$ 9 discuss+
 ! "q :e!r ! pr9cess c\ld               
con/itutionally be depriv$ ( h] rank (  
an ,infanta ( ,spa94 ,! paym5t ( h]     
,civil ,li/ income 0 assess$ at #bej1jjj
 pesetas 7ab\t #i1bjj74 ,! pr9cess1     
h[ev]1 e/imat$ h] own income at ab\t    
#f1jjj1 & ?is e/imate 0 practically     

confirm$ on ! #f? ,decemb] by a         
semi-(ficial communiqu1 :i* ass]t$ t !  
am\nt 9 h] ,civil ,li/ 0 #aej1jjj       
pesetas1 i4e4 ab\t #e1ejj4 ,on !        
solution ( ! con/itutional "q ( !       
integrity or o!rwise ( h] rank1 ! "q ( !
 deprivation ( h] income 0 kn[n to      
dep5d4  ,! attitude ( ! ,k+ at ?is "t 0 
a fix$ det]m9ation to act /rictly 9     
accordance ) ! ,con/itution1 ?\gh x 0   
und]/ood t 9 any case ! ,infanta's      
p]sonal relations ) ! ,spani% ,c\rt w\ld
 h5ce=? be reg>d$ z at an end4 ,!       
pr9cess /at$ h] int5tion ( mak+ a pres5t
 ( h] ,spani% e/ates to h] elde/ son1 & 
( h5ce=? liv+ incognito4  ,?r\gh ! m$ium
 ( ! ,p>is correspond5t ( ! ,imp>cial1 !
 ,infanta address$ a lett] to t j\rnal  
decl>+ h] unalt]$ affection = ,spa91 !  
,k+1 & ! ,que5-,"m4 ,%e said t %e w\ld  
be dispos$ to ask = p>don1 7 x n t by s 
do+ %e might appe> to be anxi\s ab\t h] 
,civil ,li/4 ,by ! #g? ,decemb]1 x      
appe>$ improbable t any sev]e measures  
w\ld be tak5 aga9/ ! ,infanta1 & !      

excitem5t caus$ 9 ,madrid by !          
extraord9>y incid5t began to subside4   
,:at 0 ! cause ( ! attempt by ! ,spani% 
,c\rt to /op ! publication ( 8,! ,?read 
( ,life08 ,! ,infanta h]self believ$ t  
8! reason !y took s mu* (f5ce 0 t !y    
imag9$ x 0 go+ to be a book on "s o!r   
subject--a book t w\ld make a sc&al4    
,?is 0 ! mo/ remote possible ?+ f my    
m9d4 ,i _h no idea t anyone w\ld tr\ble 
ab\t my book4 ,x 0 = t reason t ,i _h   
only a small numb] ( copies pr9t$1 to be
 h&$ r\nd to my fri5ds40  ,! book 0     
writt5 9 ,fr5* because ! ,infanta assum$
 t x w\ld n ar\se v mu* int]e/ 9 ,spa94 
8,i ?9k10 %e said to a correspond5t ( ! 
poca1 8t ! g5]al mode ( ?\ght 9 ,spa9 is
 n p>ticul>ly 9 h>mony ) ! ideas :i* my 
book reveals40  ,! incid5t1 h[ev]1 has  
s]v$ ! useful purpose ( draw+ ! att5tion
 ( ! _w to a volume ( ?\ghtful essays by
 "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable p]sonages to be   
f\nd 9 ! ,royal families (              
,europe--essays :i* are ! m int]e/+     
because !y are ! reason$ conclusions (  

"o :o1 born & br$ 9 ! purple1 has       
emancipat$ h]self f ! circumscrib$ pa/  
by contact & sympa?y ) ! wid] _w (      
common ?+s4  ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,cassell ,,& 
,,company1 ,,limit$1 ,,la ,,belle       
,,sauvage1 ,,london1 ,e4,c4